From 4f69dfd1a1a351695b5129ba59e5d4aa743c282a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nicholas Renner Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2024 17:01:03 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Develop Main Merge 2 (#358) * add gunicorn py files (#269) Co-authored-by: lind * epoll test and textfile (#274) * just the test and text file * with .py and slight change to test * fixing .py error Co-authored-by: lind * add fchmod test to test suite (#275) * add fchmod test to test suite * fixing error message Co-authored-by: lind * Add test cases for truncate and ftruncate (#283) * Add test case for truncate and ftruncate * Fix grammar mistake in error message * Update dettests.txt * Add fflush(NULL) after every print statement * Add a separate testfile for truncate.c * Add individual testfiles for different test cases * Fix pipepong.c and Add mutex.c (#286) * Fix pipepong.c and Add mutex.c * Fix indentation * Socketpair test (#290) * socketpair test * Added socketpair test in to dettests Co-authored-by: lind * LAMP Scripts (#292) * setuptools * init * add setup tools * reorg * reorg * pr fix --------- Co-authored-by: lind * Remove random prints from template.py and forkandopen.py (#295) * Net shutdown test case (#294) * [WIP]Setup threading and sockets * Incorrect version(passes in lind) * Add shutdown in fork test case * Add more comments * Add more comments and update nondet.txt * Add 1sec delay for synchronization and more verbose error messages * Use pthread barrier to sync up client and server in shutdown, socketselect, and socketepoll * Destroy closebarriers and add correctness checking in shutdown.py * small fix to epoll (#297) Co-authored-by: lind * LAMP application and load scripts (#299) * add flask app and config files * Delete nginx.conf.backup --------- Co-authored-by: lind * Simple web example (#300) * libffi bootstrap * Pared down webpage, trying to set up python to get ctypes working * Made ctypes compile properly --------- Co-authored-by: lind * Fixed #301 libfii ctypes segfaulting (#304) * fixed #301 libfii ctypes segfaulting Signed-off-by: lind * fix #301: update comments and load_python.sh Signed-off-by: lind --------- Signed-off-by: lind Co-authored-by: lind * Tests of statfs/fstatfs (#312) * Add statfs test * Add fstatfs test * Statfs test file * fstatfs test file * Add to test suite * Update filepath * Update filename * Update * Update * Add new line * Add new line * Add check * Change to dettests * Make statfs/fstatfs work in test suite * Update typo * Update typo * Add new line and remove extra space * Refine format * Test files for mknod/fchdir/poll (#313) * Added Mknod, Fchdir and Poll Tests * Auto Test Done * Update fchdir.c Updated else clauses * Update dettests.txt * Update mknod.c * Update fchdir.c * Update poll.c * Update fchdir.c * Update fchdir.py * Delete mknod.c * Update dettests.txt * Update dettests.txt --------- Co-authored-by: lind * Feature/new syscall tests cases (#306) * Implementd test for pipe2 syscall. * Implemented test for getifaddrs syscall. * Implemented test for getppid syscall. * Implemented test for mkdir and rmdir syscalls. * Implemented test for access syscall. * Updated getppid test to verify that pids match. * Renamed access test; changed print string. * Moved file name in creat_access test to #define clause. * Renamed rmdir test to mkdir_rmdir; moved dir name to #define clause. * Updated dettests.txt * Added pipe2.py to check pipe2 test output; updated nondet.txt * Added python script to verify getifaddrs; updated nondet.txt * Updated pipe2 output checking; added missing newlines at the end of test files. * Added newline characters at the end of files. * Added fflush after printfs. * Added fflushes. * Add include * Added flock test. (#315) * Added flock test. * Updated the flock test case to verify concurrent shared lock acquisition. * Added newline at end of file. * Fix Compilation Warning for flock.c * Update flock.c * fix: load libffi.so.5 in load_python.sh (#324) Signed-off-by: RusherRG * Add Shared memory and semaphore tests (#323) * tests: add shared memory and semaphores tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add shared sempahores with multiple cages test Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add buffer detach and removalin shm sem tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: remove prints in shm sem tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: update sleeps in shm sem tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: fix exits Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add semaphore fork tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: make shm_sem_fork_t a non-deterministic test Signed-off-by: RusherRG --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: update regex in forkandopen.py (#325) Signed-off-by: RusherRG * Flask app fix (#330) * fix: flask myproject.py sample app Signed-off-by: RusherRG * chore: update run_lamp.sh Signed-off-by: RusherRG --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG * Adding fdatasync test files and fixing flock warning (#338) Co-authored-by: lind * Test files for sync_file_range (#340) * Adding fdatasync test files and fixing flock warning * Adding sync_file_range * Update dettests.txt * Update sync_file_range.c * Update sync_file_range.c * Update sync_file_range.c * Update sync_file_range.c --------- Co-authored-by: lind * signal tests (#332) Co-authored-by: lind * Uds tests (#333) * tests: uds test files Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: uds tests update Signed-off-by: RusherRG * chore: update mklind script Signed-off-by: RusherRG --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG Co-authored-by: Nicholas Renner * tests: add IPC performance tests (#353) * tests: formatting ipc_performance tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add optimization to ipc performance tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update ipc performance test compile scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add buffer read write tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add timers to buffer_read_write Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update buffer read write scripts Signed-off-by: lind * graphs * graphs * graphs * graphs * graphs * tests: add buffer_read_write times Signed-off-by: lind * feat: add ping/pong inet test scripts Signed-off-by: lind * feat: update ping/pong inet test scripts Signed-off-by: lind * test: remove flamegraphs from buffer_read_write Signed-off-by: lind * test: remove perf files from inet Signed-off-by: lind * test: update syscall_ratios with plotting scripts Signed-off-by: lind * test: update total_runtime with plotting scripts Signed-off-by: lind * test: update buffer_read_write formatting Signed-off-by: lind * test: update total_runtime formatting Signed-off-by: lind * test: add README.md in buffer_read_write Signed-off-by: lind * test: add README.md in inet Signed-off-by: lind * test: add README.md for all the tests in ipc_performance_tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: remove target/ from ipc_performance_tests/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe Signed-off-by: lind * tests: remove graphs Signed-off-by: lind * tests: remove data output files from ipc performance tests Signed-off-by: lind --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG Signed-off-by: lind Co-authored-by: lind * tests: unix bash pipelines (#354) * tests: bash pipeline scripts Signed-off-by: RusherRG * grep perf data Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: chain of cats benchmark Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add scripts to benchmark coreutils pipelines on native and lind Signed-off-by: RusherRG * update Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: pipeline_tests cleanup Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: reorganize pipeline-tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: change extension of scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update pipeline_tests scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: remove unnecessary files Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update cat_bench.py Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add README.md Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add plotting scripts to pipeline_tests Signed-off-by: lind --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG Signed-off-by: lind * tests: lamp stack (#356) * tests: lamp stack pgbench tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: lamp stack profiling Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: update lamp stack scripts Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: fix lamp stack postgres queries Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: chmod for lamp stack scripts Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: lamp stack remove create.html Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: native lamp stack updates Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: make scripts executable Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: add prints to pgbench run Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: fixing lamp-stack tests and update sleep times Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update nginx configuration Signed-off-by: lind * tests: reformatting lamp stack tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: reformatting lamp stack tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: adding -O3 flag to postgres bootstrap_nacl Signed-off-by: lind * tests: adding scripts for no postgres versions Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update pgbench and profiling scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add no-flask test scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update no-flask test times Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update flask app to restructure the data generation Signed-off-by: lind * fix: nginx platform word size Signed-off-by: lind * fix: use unix sockets for gunicorn Signed-off-by: lind * feat: update pgbench scripts Signed-off-by: lind * feat: add nginx only scripts Signed-off-by: lind * feat: update lamp_stack scripts and files Signed-off-by: lind * test: add scripts about select_accept Signed-off-by: lind * tests: refactor pgbench tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: refactor profiling tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: refactor profiling select_accpet tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: update nginx scripts Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add README.md and compile.sh to profiling Signed-off-by: lind --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG Signed-off-by: lind * tests: Unix domain sockets (#355) * tests: formatting ipc_performance tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * uds ipc test and scripts * removing prints * push * tests: reorganize uds ipc tests Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: update uds ipc tests to support more than 1GB data Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: uds native test str(total_size) Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: uds plot scripts Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: update uds ipc test Signed-off-by: RusherRG * tests: adding -O3 to uds tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: updating uds script to uds_send_recv Signed-off-by: lind * chore: remove unnecessary files Signed-off-by: lind * tests: cleanup uds tests Signed-off-by: lind * tests: add README.md and plot scripts in uds Signed-off-by: lind * tests: remove data output files from uds Signed-off-by: lind --------- Signed-off-by: RusherRG Signed-off-by: lind Co-authored-by: lind * Fix UDS tests after signal merge (#357) * updating submodules to latest commits for Merge into main --------- Signed-off-by: lind Signed-off-by: RusherRG Co-authored-by: lind Co-authored-by: Justin Koe <100324413+justyoyo123@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Tian(Maxwell) Yang <31149339+AlpacaMax@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: jesings <34111484+jesings@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Devansh Patel <45604637+Devansh-Patel@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Rushang Gajjal Co-authored-by: Y. W <40227173+Yaxuan-w@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: kuzeyardabulut <54737933+kuzeyardabulut@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Keyur Panchal Co-authored-by: Yaxuan-w Co-authored-by: Mayank Ramnani Co-authored-by: Yashaswi Makula --- src/lind-misc | 2 +- src/lind_glibc | 2 +- src/nacl-binutils | 2 +- src/nacl-gcc | 2 +- src/native_client | 2 +- src/safeposix-rust | 2 +- src/scripts/nginx/load_nginx.sh | 1 + src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf | 210 +- .../nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf | 104 + src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/old_nginx.conf | 129 + .../applications/nginx/src/core/ngx_config.h | 2 +- tests/applications/postgres/bootstrap_nacl | 6 +- .../buffer_read_write/README.md | 15 + .../buffer_read_write/benchmark.sh | 13 + .../buffer_read_write/cleanup.sh | 8 + .../buffer_read_write/compile.sh | 14 + .../buffer_read_write/run_lind.py | 39 + .../buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw.py | 45 + .../buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw_call.py | 45 + .../buffer_read_write/run_native.py | 38 + .../buffer_read_write/run_native_rw.py | 46 + .../buffer_read_write/run_native_rw_call.py | 46 + .../scripts/buffer_read_write.c | 53 + .../scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c | 67 + .../scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c | 71 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/README.md | 11 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/benchmark.sh | 13 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/cleanup.sh | 4 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/compile.sh | 8 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/perf_flames.sh | 9 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_lind.py | 34 + tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_native.py | 31 + .../inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c | 143 + .../ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/README.md | 30 + .../{benchmark => benchmark.sh} | 10 +- .../ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/cleanup.sh | 6 + .../syscall_ratios/{compile => compile.sh} | 1 - .../{gen_sysbar_lind => gen_sysbar_lind.sh} | 12 +- ...gen_sysbar_native => gen_sysbar_native.sh} | 68 +- .../syscall_ratios/gen_syscall_plots.py | 100 + .../syscall_ratios/plot_syscall_ratios.sh | 8 + .../{run_sysbar_lind => run_sysbar_lind.sh} | 9 +- .../syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native | 11 - .../syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native.sh | 10 + .../scripts/{pstime2 => pstime2.sh} | 2 - .../syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.c | 56 +- .../syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.c | 53 +- .../syscall_ratios/stats_collector.py | 54 +- tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/README.md | 30 + tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark | 14 - .../total_runtime/benchmark.sh | 16 + .../ipc_performance/total_runtime/cleanup.sh | 4 + .../total_runtime/{compile => compile.sh} | 1 - .../total_runtime/gen_lindps2.py | 40 +- .../total_runtime/gen_natps2.py | 39 +- .../total_runtime/gen_runtimes_plots.py | 64 + .../total_runtime/gen_userps2.py | 39 +- .../total_runtime/plot_runtimes.sh | 5 + .../{run_lindps2 => run_lindps2.sh} | 3 +- .../{run_natps2 => run_natps2.sh} | 1 - .../{run_userps2 => run_userps2.sh} | 1 - .../scripts/{ps16var2 => ps16var2.sh} | 1 - .../total_runtime/scripts/read16var.c | 13 +- .../scripts/userpipe/src/main.rs | 33 +- .../scripts/userpipe/src/pipe.rs | 67 +- .../total_runtime/scripts/write16var.c | 26 +- tests/ipc_performance/uds/README.md | 20 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/benchmark.sh | 13 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/cleanup.sh | 3 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/compile.sh | 8 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_linduds.py | 31 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_natuds.py | 25 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_uds_plots.py | 55 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/perf_flames.sh | 25 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/plot.sh | 3 + .../uds/scripts/uds_send_recv.c | 132 + tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_test.c | 91 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/README.md | 22 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/compile.sh | 8 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh | 9 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_lind.sh | 18 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh | 10 + tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh | 12 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/README.md | 36 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/compile.sh | 4 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py | 51 + .../profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py | 8 + .../profiling/flask-app/init_table.py | 23 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh | 13 + .../profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py | 28 + .../profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html | 37 + .../profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html | 13 + .../lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py | 71 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py | 4 + .../profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py | 4 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_benchmark.sh | 49 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup.sh | 15 + .../profiling/lind_setup_nginx_only.sh | 13 + .../profiling/lind_setup_no_flask.sh | 15 + .../lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_pg.sh | 12 + .../lamp_stack/profiling/native_benchmark.sh | 49 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_setup.sh | 15 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/nginx_setup.sh | 9 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html | 75 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/pg_setup.sh | 12 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh | 14 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_native.sh | 15 + .../profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh | 5 + .../lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh | 10 + tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh | 8 + .../profiling/select_accept/compile.sh | 21 + .../select_accept/contention_test_server.c | 109 + .../select_accept/polluted_select_client.c | 83 + .../select_accept/polluted_select_server.c | 138 + .../profiling/select_accept/select_accept.c | 94 + .../select_accept/select_accept_client.c | 61 + tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep | 3 - .../bash-pipelines/catgrep-large | 3 - tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrepwc | 3 - tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc | 3 - .../pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc-large | 3 - tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscat | 3 - tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscatwc | 3 - tests/pipeline-tests/dd-var.sh | 6 - tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/bible.txt | 30383 ---- tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/cast | 19 - tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/lebowski | 1 - tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/wordlist | 122823 -------------- tests/pipeline_tests/README.md | 31 + tests/pipeline_tests/benchmark.sh | 14 + tests/pipeline_tests/cat_bench.py | 74 + tests/pipeline_tests/data/lind_pipelines.json | 11 + .../pipeline_tests/data/native_pipelines.json | 11 + tests/pipeline_tests/gen_cat_plots.py | 60 + tests/pipeline_tests/gen_pipeline_plots.py | 59 + tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_lind.sh | 38 + tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_native.sh | 38 + tests/pipeline_tests/gen_test_content.sh | 11 + tests/pipeline_tests/lind_pipelines.py | 38 + tests/pipeline_tests/native_pipelines.py | 38 + tests/pipeline_tests/prep.sh | 16 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_uniq.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_wc.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr.sh | 1 + .../scripts/cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_wc.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort.sh | 1 + .../pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort_uniq.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_uniq.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_wc.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/sort.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/tr.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/uniq.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/wc.sh | 1 + tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/big.txt | 128457 +++++++++++++++ tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/nums.txt | 0 tests/pipeline_tests/tests.txt | 9 + tests/test_cases/dettests.txt | 1 - tests/test_cases/nondet.txt | 1 + tests/test_cases/uds-serverclient.py | 24 + tests/test_cases/uds-socketselect.py | 11 +- 164 files changed, 132231 insertions(+), 153623 deletions(-) create mode 100644 src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf create mode 100644 src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/old_nginx.conf create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/README.md create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/cleanup.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/compile.sh create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw_call.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw_call.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write.c create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/inet/README.md create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/inet/benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/inet/cleanup.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/inet/compile.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/inet/perf_flames.sh create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_lind.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_native.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/README.md rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/{benchmark => benchmark.sh} (77%) create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/cleanup.sh rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/{compile => compile.sh} (99%) rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/{gen_sysbar_lind => gen_sysbar_lind.sh} (92%) rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/{gen_sysbar_native => gen_sysbar_native.sh} (62%) create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_syscall_plots.py create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/plot_syscall_ratios.sh rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/{run_sysbar_lind => run_sysbar_lind.sh} (69%) delete mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native.sh rename tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/{pstime2 => pstime2.sh} (96%) create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/README.md delete mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/cleanup.sh rename tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/{compile => compile.sh} (99%) create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_runtimes_plots.py create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/plot_runtimes.sh rename tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/{run_lindps2 => run_lindps2.sh} (93%) rename tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/{run_natps2 => run_natps2.sh} (99%) rename tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/{run_userps2 => run_userps2.sh} (99%) rename tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/{ps16var2 => ps16var2.sh} (97%) create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/README.md create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/uds/benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/uds/cleanup.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/uds/compile.sh create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_linduds.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_natuds.py create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_uds_plots.py create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/uds/perf_flames.sh create mode 100755 tests/ipc_performance/uds/plot.sh create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_send_recv.c create mode 100644 tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_test.c create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/README.md create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/compile.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_lind.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/README.md create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/compile.sh create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/init_table.py create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_nginx_only.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_flask.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_pg.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_benchmark.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_setup.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/nginx_setup.sh create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/pg_setup.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_native.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh create mode 100755 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/compile.sh create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/contention_test_server.c create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_client.c create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_server.c create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept.c create mode 100644 tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept_client.c delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep-large delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrepwc delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc-large delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscat delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscatwc delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/dd-var.sh delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/bible.txt delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/cast delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/lebowski delete mode 100644 tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/wordlist create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/README.md create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/benchmark.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/cat_bench.py create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/data/lind_pipelines.json create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/data/native_pipelines.json create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/gen_cat_plots.py create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/gen_pipeline_plots.py create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_lind.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_native.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/gen_test_content.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/lind_pipelines.py create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/native_pipelines.py create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/prep.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_uniq.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_wc.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_wc.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort_uniq.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_uniq.sh create mode 100755 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_wc.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/sort.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/tr.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/uniq.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/wc.sh create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/big.txt create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/nums.txt create mode 100644 tests/pipeline_tests/tests.txt create mode 100644 tests/test_cases/uds-serverclient.py diff --git a/src/lind-misc b/src/lind-misc index 866bde6f42..be5da33c4b 160000 --- a/src/lind-misc +++ b/src/lind-misc @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit 866bde6f42347bfbd4b8dfef373c78e9325c7577 +Subproject commit be5da33c4be5249bf7a6ffffadcd48e580ed6ec2 diff --git a/src/lind_glibc b/src/lind_glibc index 708c0815f6..25c7f13deb 160000 --- a/src/lind_glibc +++ b/src/lind_glibc @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit 708c0815f64f804128ab0dc860b6e479c0605f80 +Subproject commit 25c7f13deb17b1c190d50c067a93e447ec6f4683 diff --git a/src/nacl-binutils b/src/nacl-binutils index c0c566d0d1..f096ef934b 160000 --- a/src/nacl-binutils +++ b/src/nacl-binutils @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit c0c566d0d15a77649020ef58704c38afb356a154 +Subproject commit f096ef934b8e4c7b8151744d9bd8fe0e8eeb106b diff --git a/src/nacl-gcc b/src/nacl-gcc index a4d20c3c18..d890ef61af 160000 --- a/src/nacl-gcc +++ b/src/nacl-gcc @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit a4d20c3c1819a22363469a2fc073cef5e24af144 +Subproject commit d890ef61af7abdf22c9c3307276c028c924d9dbe diff --git a/src/native_client b/src/native_client index 5828f69e41..9cce185ce1 160000 --- a/src/native_client +++ b/src/native_client @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit 5828f69e4135ad9e870c20292e5d68185b70f2cf +Subproject commit 9cce185ce18088ab5f48e891301229fc11b47650 diff --git a/src/safeposix-rust b/src/safeposix-rust index 5c9ff685eb..d11bf3e665 160000 --- a/src/safeposix-rust +++ b/src/safeposix-rust @@ -1 +1 @@ -Subproject commit 5c9ff685ebeaaa892e89d223b409288cd7294046 +Subproject commit d11bf3e6653764d4e6b23a0fe088856761808a43 diff --git a/src/scripts/nginx/load_nginx.sh b/src/scripts/nginx/load_nginx.sh index 0942d1e3ad..20958bab37 100755 --- a/src/scripts/nginx/load_nginx.sh +++ b/src/scripts/nginx/load_nginx.sh @@ -3,5 +3,6 @@ lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/lind/tmp/usr/local/nginx/ /usr/local/nginx lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/lind/tmp/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /bin/nginx lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx_static.conf lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/nginx/sites/sites-available/myproject /etc/nginx/sites-available/myproject lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/nginx/sites/sites-enabled/myproject /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/myproject diff --git a/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf index 02e67a9774..be1bdbf9b0 100644 --- a/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf +++ b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf @@ -1,129 +1,103 @@ -#user nobody; -worker_processes 1; - -#error_log /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/var/logs/nginx/error.log debug; -#error_log logs/error.log notice; -#error_log logs/error.log info; - -#pid logs/nginx.pid; - +# user www-data; +worker_processes auto; +# pid /run/nginx.pid; +# include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf; events { - worker_connections 1024; + worker_connections 1024; + # multi_accept on; } - http { - include mime.types; - #include /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*.*; - default_type application/octet-stream; - - #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' - # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' - # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; - -# access_log /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/var/logs/nginx/access.log; - -# sendfile on; -# #tcp_nopush on; -# -# #keepalive_timeout 0; -# keepalive_timeout 65; -# -# #gzip on; + ## + # Basic Settings + ## + + sendfile on; + tcp_nopush on; + types_hash_max_size 2048; + # server_tokens off; + + # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; + # server_name_in_redirect off; + + include mime.types; + default_type application/octet-stream; + + ## + # SSL Settings + ## + + # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; + + ## + # Logging Settings + ## + + access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log; + error_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log; + + ## + # Gzip Settings + ## + + # gzip on; + + # gzip_vary on; + # gzip_proxied any; + # gzip_comp_level 6; + # gzip_buffers 16 8k; + # gzip_http_version 1.1; + # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; + + ## + # Virtual Host Configs + ## + + # include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; + # include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; + upstream app_server { + # fail_timeout=0 means we always retry an upstream even if it failed + # to return a good HTTP response + + # for UNIX domain socket setups + server unix:/tmp/gunicorn.sock fail_timeout=0; + + # for a TCP configuration + # server 192.168.0.7:8000 fail_timeout=0; + } + + server { + listen 80; + + location / { + proxy_buffering off; + proxy_pass http://app_server; + proxy_set_header Host $host; + proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; + } + } +} - server { - listen 80; - #server_name myproject; - location / { - proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000; - proxy_set_header Host $host; - proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; - } -} -# -# server { -# listen 80; -# server_name localhost; -# -# #charset koi8-r; +#mail { +# # See sample authentication script at: +# # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript # -# #access_log logs/host.access.log main; +# # auth_http localhost/auth.php; +# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; +# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; # -# location / { -# root html; -# index index.html index.htm; -# } +# server { +# listen localhost:110; +# protocol pop3; +# proxy on; +# } # -# #error_page 404 /404.html; -# -# # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html -# # -# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; -# location = /50x.html { -# root html; -# } -# - # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 - # - #location ~ \.php$ { - # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; - #} - - # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 - # - #location ~ \.php$ { - # root html; - # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; - # fastcgi_index index.php; - # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; - # include fastcgi_params; - #} - - # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root - # concurs with nginx's one - # - #location ~ /\.ht { - # deny all; - #} -# } - - - # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration - # - #server { - # listen 8000; - # listen somename:8080; - # server_name somename alias another.alias; - - # location / { - # root html; - # index index.html index.htm; - # } - #} - - - # HTTPS server - # - #server { - # listen 443 ssl; - # server_name localhost; - - # ssl_certificate cert.pem; - # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; - - # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; - # ssl_session_timeout 5m; - - # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; - # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; - - # location / { - # root html; - # index index.html index.htm; - # } - #} - -} +# server { +# listen localhost:143; +# protocol imap; +# proxy on; +# } +#} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1f799354e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx_static.conf @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# user www-data; +worker_processes auto; +# pid /run/nginx.pid; +# include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf; +daemon on; + +events { + worker_connections 1024; + # multi_accept on; +} + +http { + + ## + # Basic Settings + ## + + sendfile on; + tcp_nopush on; + types_hash_max_size 2048; + # server_tokens off; + + # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; + # server_name_in_redirect off; + + include mime.types; + default_type application/octet-stream; + + ## + # SSL Settings + ## + + # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; + + ## + # Logging Settings + ## + + access_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log; + error_log /usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log; + + ## + # Gzip Settings + ## + + # gzip on; + + # gzip_vary on; + # gzip_proxied any; + # gzip_comp_level 6; + # gzip_buffers 16 8k; + # gzip_http_version 1.1; + # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; + + ## + # Virtual Host Configs + ## + + # include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; + # include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; + upstream app_server { + # fail_timeout=0 means we always retry an upstream even if it failed + # to return a good HTTP response + + # for UNIX domain socket setups + server unix:/tmp/gunicorn.sock fail_timeout=0; + + # for a TCP configuration + # server 192.168.0.7:8000 fail_timeout=0; + } + + server { + listen 80; + + root /; + autoindex on; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ =404; + } + } +} + + +#mail { +# # See sample authentication script at: +# # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript +# +# # auth_http localhost/auth.php; +# # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; +# # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; +# +# server { +# listen localhost:110; +# protocol pop3; +# proxy on; +# } +# +# server { +# listen localhost:143; +# protocol imap; +# proxy on; +# } +#} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/old_nginx.conf b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/old_nginx.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61f7023c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/old_nginx.conf @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +#user nobody; +worker_processes 1; + +#error_log /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/var/logs/nginx/error.log debug; +#error_log logs/error.log notice; +#error_log logs/error.log info; + +#pid logs/nginx.pid; + + +events { + worker_connections 1024; +} + + +http { + include mime.types; + #include /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*.*; + default_type application/octet-stream; + + + #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' + # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' + # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; + +# access_log /home/lind/lind_project/fake_fs/var/logs/nginx/access.log; + +# sendfile on; +# #tcp_nopush on; +# +# #keepalive_timeout 0; +# keepalive_timeout 65; +# +# #gzip on; + + server { + listen 80; + #server_name myproject; + + location / { + proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000; + proxy_set_header Host $host; + proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; + } +} +# +# server { +# listen 80; +# server_name localhost; +# +# #charset koi8-r; +# +# #access_log logs/host.access.log main; +# +# location / { +# root html; +# index index.html index.htm; +# } +# +# #error_page 404 /404.html; +# +# # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html +# # +# error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; +# location = /50x.html { +# root html; +# } +# + # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 + # + #location ~ \.php$ { + # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; + #} + + # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 + # + #location ~ \.php$ { + # root html; + # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; + # fastcgi_index index.php; + # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; + # include fastcgi_params; + #} + + # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root + # concurs with nginx's one + # + #location ~ /\.ht { + # deny all; + #} +# } + + + # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration + # + #server { + # listen 8000; + # listen somename:8080; + # server_name somename alias another.alias; + + # location / { + # root html; + # index index.html index.htm; + # } + #} + + + # HTTPS server + # + #server { + # listen 443 ssl; + # server_name localhost; + + # ssl_certificate cert.pem; + # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; + + # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; + # ssl_session_timeout 5m; + + # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; + # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; + + # location / { + # root html; + # index index.html index.htm; + # } + #} + +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/applications/nginx/src/core/ngx_config.h b/tests/applications/nginx/src/core/ngx_config.h index 1861be6013..26da0eece0 100644 --- a/tests/applications/nginx/src/core/ngx_config.h +++ b/tests/applications/nginx/src/core/ngx_config.h @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typedef intptr_t ngx_flag_t; #ifndef NGX_ALIGNMENT -#define NGX_ALIGNMENT sizeof(unsigned long) /* platform word */ +#define NGX_ALIGNMENT 2 * sizeof(unsigned long) /* platform word */ #endif #define ngx_align(d, a) (((d) + (a - 1)) & ~(a - 1)) diff --git a/tests/applications/postgres/bootstrap_nacl b/tests/applications/postgres/bootstrap_nacl index 9e35644674..b518043410 100755 --- a/tests/applications/postgres/bootstrap_nacl +++ b/tests/applications/postgres/bootstrap_nacl @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ fi export CC=x86_64-nacl-gcc export CXX=x86_64-nacl-g++ export LD=x86_64-nacl-ld -export CFLAGS='-g -fno-pie' -export CXXFLAGS='-g -fno-pie' -export LDFLAGS='-g -fno-pie' +export CFLAGS='-g -fno-pie -O3' +export CXXFLAGS='-g -fno-pie -O3' +export LDFLAGS='-g -fno-pie -O3' export PATH="/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:$PATH" if [[ ! -e ./configure ]]; then diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/README.md b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..659347383f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# Buffer Read-Write tests + +These tests perform writes and reads between the file descriptor and character buffers. The test runs on pretty large files (GBs in size) and benchmarks the time taken in reads and writes on both lind and native. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +Change the python script name in `benchmark.sh` to run different tests. Options to choose are as follows: + +- `run_lind.py` and `run_native.py`: Benchmarks total time taken by the program +- `run_lind_rw.py` and `run_native_rw.py`: Benchmarks total time taken by the program and the time taken by reads and writes +- `run_lind_rw_call.py` and `run_native_rw_call.py`: Benchmarks time taken by each read and write system call diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/benchmark.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..5ee1877136 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +mkdir -p data/ +./compile.sh + +echo -e "Running on native linux" +python3 run_native.py -c $1 -t $2 + +echo -e "\nRunning on lind stack" +python3 run_lind.py -c $1 -t $2 + +echo -e "\nCleaning up" +./cleanup.sh diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/cleanup.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/cleanup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..891819529c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/cleanup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +rm scripts/buffer_read_write +rm scripts/buffer_read_write.nexe +rm scripts/buffer_read_write_times +rm scripts/buffer_read_write_times.nexe +rm scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times +rm scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.nexe diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/compile.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..913673598d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Compiling native test binaries" +gcc scripts/buffer_read_write.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +gcc scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write_times -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +gcc scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt + +echo "Compiling lind test binaries" +x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/buffer_read_write.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write.nexe -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write.nexe /buffer_read_write +x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write_times.nexe -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_times.nexe /buffer_read_write_times +x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c -o scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.nexe -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.nexe /buffer_read_write_call_times diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f8a45c8d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind.py @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across Lind's unix domain socket implementation with varying buffersize" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(2, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) + run_times[size] = [] + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["lind", "-t", "/buffer_read_write", buffer_size, str(args.total)], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + run_time = int(float(stderr.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[size].append(run_time) + run_times[size] = sum(run_times[size]) / args.count + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/lind.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..820ace5545 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across Lind's unix domain socket implementation with varying buffersize" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(8, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) + total_time = 0 + rw_time = 0 + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["lind", "/buffer_read_write_times", buffer_size, str(args.total)], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + total, rw, _ = stdout.decode().split("\n") + total_time += int(float(total.split()[-1]) * 1000) + rw_time += int(float(rw.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[size] = ( + round((total_time / args.count), 1), + round((rw_time / args.count), 1), + ) + print(f"Runtime: {run_times[size][0]}") + print(f"Read/Write time: {run_times[size][1]}") + +with open(f"data/lind_times.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw_call.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw_call.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0dadcecc0f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_lind_rw_call.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across Lind's unix domain socket implementation with varying buffersize" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(8, 17, 1): + buffer_size = str(size) + total_time = 0 + rw_time = 0 + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["lind", "/buffer_read_write_call_times", buffer_size, str(args.total)], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + total, rw, _ = stdout.decode().split("\n") + total_time += float(total.split()[-1]) + rw_time += float(rw.split()[-1]) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[size] = ( + total_time / args.count, + rw_time / args.count, + ) + print(f"Write time/call: {run_times[size][0]}") + print(f"Read time/call: {run_times[size][1]}") + +with open(f"data/lind_call_times.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d243ef3f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +import argparse +import json +import subprocess +import timeit + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across unix domain sockets with varying buffersize in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + + +def execute_script(buffer_size, total_size=args.total): + _ = subprocess.call( + ["./buffer_read_write", buffer_size, str(total_size)], cwd="./scripts/" + ) + + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(2, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + run_times[size] = timeit.timeit( + f'execute_script("{buffer_size}")', + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) + run_times[size] = round((run_times[size] / args.count) * 1000, 1) + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/native.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f5caffc003 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across unix domain sockets with varying buffersize in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(8, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) + total_time = 0 + rw_time = 0 + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["./buffer_read_write_times", buffer_size, str(args.total)], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + cwd="./scripts/", + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + total, rw, _ = stdout.decode().split("\n") + total_time += int(float(total.split()[-1]) * 1000) + rw_time += int(float(rw.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError as e: + continue + run_times[size] = ( + round((total_time / args.count), 1), + round((rw_time / args.count), 1), + ) + print(f"Runtime: {run_times[size][0]}") + print(f"Read/Write time: {run_times[size][1]}") + +with open(f"data/native_times.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw_call.py b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw_call.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9820a0af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/run_native_rw_call.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across unix domain sockets with varying buffersize in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(8, 17, 1): + buffer_size = str(size) + total_time = 0 + rw_time = 0 + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["./buffer_read_write_call_times", buffer_size, str(args.total)], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + cwd="./scripts/", + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + total, rw, _ = stdout.decode().split("\n") + total_time += float(total.split()[-1]) + rw_time += float(rw.split()[-1]) + except ValueError as e: + continue + run_times[size] = ( + total_time / args.count, + rw_time / args.count, + ) + print(f"Write time/call: {run_times[size][0]}") + print(f"Read time/call: {run_times[size][1]}") + +with open(f"data/native_call_times.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write.c b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..62aa30af89 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write.c @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define GB (1 << 30) +const char *FILENAME = "large_file.txt"; + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: [executable] [read_write_buffer_size] [total_size_in_GBs]\n"); + exit(1); + } + + int buffer_size = 1 << atoi(argv[1]); + int N = atoi(argv[2]); + int file_size = N * GB; + + char buffer[buffer_size]; + char read_buffer[buffer_size]; + + memset(buffer, 'A', sizeof(buffer)); + memset(read_buffer, 0, sizeof(read_buffer)); + + int test_fd = open(FILENAME, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644); + if (test_fd == -1) + { + perror("Failed to open file"); + exit(1); + } + + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + write(test_fd, buffer, buffer_size); + } + + lseek(test_fd, 0, SEEK_SET); + + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + read(test_fd, read_buffer, buffer_size); + } + + close(test_fd); + + unlink(FILENAME); // Delete the file + + return 0; +} diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c198928e02 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_call_times.c @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define GB (1 << 30) +const char *FILENAME = "large_file.txt"; + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: [executable] [read_write_buffer_size] [total_size_in_GBs]\n"); + exit(1); + } + + int buffer_size = 1 << atoi(argv[1]); + int N = atoi(argv[2]); + int file_size = N * GB; + + char buffer[buffer_size]; + char read_buffer[buffer_size]; + + memset(buffer, 'A', sizeof(buffer)); + memset(read_buffer, 0, sizeof(read_buffer)); + + struct timespec read_start, read_end; + struct timespec write_start, write_end; + + int test_fd = open(FILENAME, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644); + if (test_fd == -1) + { + perror("Failed to open file"); + exit(1); + } + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &write_start); + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + write(test_fd, buffer, buffer_size); + } + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &write_end); + + lseek(test_fd, 0, SEEK_SET); + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &read_start); + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + read(test_fd, read_buffer, buffer_size); + } + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &read_end); + + close(test_fd); + + unlink(FILENAME); // Delete the file + + // Calculate the elapsed time in seconds. + double read_time = (read_end.tv_sec - read_start.tv_sec) * 1000 + (read_end.tv_nsec - read_start.tv_nsec) / 1000000.0; + double write_time = (write_end.tv_sec - write_start.tv_sec) * 1000 + (write_end.tv_nsec - write_start.tv_nsec) / 1000000.0; + + printf("Write time per call: %f\n", write_time / (file_size / buffer_size)); + printf("Read time per call: %f\n", read_time / (file_size / buffer_size)); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c1c2eefd12 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/buffer_read_write/scripts/buffer_read_write_times.c @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define GB (1 << 30) +const char *FILENAME = "large_file.txt"; + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: [executable] [read_write_buffer_size] [total_size_in_GBs]\n"); + exit(1); + } + + int buffer_size = 1 << atoi(argv[1]); + int N = atoi(argv[2]); + int file_size = N * GB; + + char buffer[buffer_size]; + char read_buffer[buffer_size]; + + memset(buffer, 'A', sizeof(buffer)); + memset(read_buffer, 0, sizeof(read_buffer)); + + struct timespec start, end; + struct timespec rw_start, rw_end; + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start); + + int test_fd = open(FILENAME, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644); + if (test_fd == -1) + { + perror("Failed to open file"); + exit(1); + } + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &rw_start); + + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + write(test_fd, buffer, buffer_size); + } + + lseek(test_fd, 0, SEEK_SET); + + for (int i = 0; i < file_size / buffer_size; i++) + { + read(test_fd, read_buffer, buffer_size); + } + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &rw_end); + + close(test_fd); + + unlink(FILENAME); // Delete the file + + clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end); + + // Calculate the elapsed time in seconds. + double total_elapsed_time = (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec) + (end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec) / 1000000000.0; + double rw_elapsed_time = (rw_end.tv_sec - rw_start.tv_sec) + (rw_end.tv_nsec - rw_start.tv_nsec) / 1000000000.0; + + printf("Toztal time taken: %f\n", total_elapsed_time); + printf("Read-Write time taken: %f\n", rw_elapsed_time); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/README.md b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0479f516d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# INET poll performance tests + +This test compares the performance of poll syscalls in a INET TCP ping pong program. There is a pinger process in the child fork and a ponger process in the parent, both the processes perform ping pong using INET TCP sockets. The times are compared between lind and native. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +Change the `ROUNDS` constant value in `scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c` based on your requirements to increase or decrease the number of ping pong messages between the processes. diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/benchmark.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..543c78449c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +mkdir -p data/ +./compile.sh + +echo -e "Running on native linux" +python3 run_native.py -c $1 + +echo -e "\nRunning on lind stack" +python3 run_lind.py -c $1 + +echo -e "\nCleaning up" +./cleanup.sh diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/cleanup.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/cleanup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4274519ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/cleanup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +rm scripts/poll_inet_tcp +rm scripts/poll_inet_tcp.nexe diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/compile.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cbc4acc434 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Compiling native test binaries" +gcc scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c -o scripts/poll_inet_tcp -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt + +echo "Compiling lind test binaries" +x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c -o scripts/poll_inet_tcp.nexe -lpthread -std=gnu99 -O3 -lrt +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.nexe /poll_inet_tcp diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/perf_flames.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/perf_flames.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..c20d137159 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/perf_flames.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- ./scripts/poll_inet_tcp +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/native.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /poll_inet_tcp +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/lind.svg diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_lind.py b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_lind.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5d393a8b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_lind.py @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across Lind's unix domain socket implementation with varying buffersize" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(1): + run_times[size] = [] + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["lind", "-t", "/poll_inet_tcp"], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + run_time = int(float(stderr.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[size].append(run_time) + run_times[size] = sum(run_times[size]) / args.count + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/lind.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_native.py b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_native.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e45ffba17 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/run_native.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +import argparse +import json +import subprocess +import timeit + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across unix domain sockets with varying buffersize in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + + +def execute_script(): + _ = subprocess.call(["./poll_inet_tcp"], cwd="./scripts/") + + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(1): + run_times[size] = timeit.timeit( + f"execute_script()", + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) + run_times[size] = round((run_times[size] / args.count) * 1000, 1) + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/native.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6f6dab42d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/inet/scripts/poll_inet_tcp.c @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define MSG "ping" +#define ACK "pong" +#define ROUNDS 1e6 + +int main() +{ + int listen_fd, conn_fd, parent_conn_fd, addr_len; + struct sockaddr_in serv_addr, cli_addr; + char buffer[100]; + for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) + { + *(buffer + i) = 0; + } + struct pollfd pfd; + int ret; + + // Create listening socket + if ((listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) + { + perror("creating listening socket failed"); + exit(1); + } + + int reuse = 1; + if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const char *)&reuse, sizeof(reuse)) < 0) + { + perror("setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR) failed"); + exit(1); + } + + // Prepare the sockaddr_in structure + serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1"); + serv_addr.sin_port = htons(8080); + + // bind + if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("bind failed"); + exit(1); + } + + // Listen + if (listen(listen_fd, 1) < 0) + { + perror("listen failed"); + exit(1); + } + + pid_t pid = fork(); + if (pid == -1) + { + perror("fork failed"); + exit(1); + } + else if (pid == 0) + { + // child: pinger process + // make a connected socket to parent + if ((conn_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) + { + perror("creating connecting socket failed"); + exit(1); + } + if (connect(conn_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("connect failed"); + exit(1); + } + + // setup pollfd + pfd.fd = conn_fd; + pfd.events = POLLIN; + int i; + for (i = 0; i < ROUNDS; i++) + { + write(conn_fd, MSG, strlen(MSG)); + ret = poll(&pfd, 1, -1); + if (ret > 0) + { + read(conn_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); + // printf("Pinger received: %s\n", buffer); + // fflush(stdout); + } + else + { + perror("poll"); + } + } + close(conn_fd); + } + else + { + // parent: ponger process + // accept the connection from ponger + addr_len = sizeof(cli_addr); + parent_conn_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&cli_addr, (socklen_t *)&addr_len); + if (parent_conn_fd < 0) + { + perror("accept failed"); + exit(1); + } + + // setup pollfd + pfd.fd = parent_conn_fd; + pfd.events = POLLIN; + + // use poll for waiting the message from pinger + int i; + for (i = 0; i < ROUNDS; i++) + { + ret = poll(&pfd, 1, -1); + if (ret > 0) + { + if (pfd.revents & POLLIN) + { + read(parent_conn_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); + // printf("Ponger received: %s\n", buffer); + // fflush(stdout); + write(parent_conn_fd, ACK, strlen(ACK)); // reply to pinger + } + } + else + { + perror("poll"); + } + } + close(parent_conn_fd); + } + + close(listen_fd); + return 0; +} diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/README.md b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61e70f0264 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# Read-Write syscall ratios + +The purpose of the test is to find out the ratio of the time taken by different parts of the reads and writes - (`base_func`, `kernel_func`, `pipe_func`, `copy_func`). This test runs 2 processes a write program piped to a read program. Each program write and read can be configured to run with a particular buffer size, the write program writes data to the pipe and read program reads data from the pipe. The benchmark runs the read and write programs with varying buffer sizes from 4 to 16 and compares the times in lind and native. + +## Instructions to run test + +To run all 3 configurations - `N-N`, `16-N`, `N-16` of the read-write buffer sizes +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +Or run each configuration individually +```sh +# varying read and write buffer sizes +./gen_sysbar_.sh a + +# varying read buffer sizes +./gen_sysbar_.sh r + +# varying write buffer sizes +./gen_sysbar_.sh w +``` + +## Instructions to plot graphs + +```sh +./plot_syscall_ratios.sh +``` + +It generates the bar charts for all the 3 configurations - `N-N`, `16-N`, `N-16`. diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark.sh similarity index 77% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark.sh index 4e9d1e6ed8..3e6ec84be8 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/benchmark.sh @@ -1,16 +1,18 @@ #!/bin/bash -mkdir data/ -./compile +mkdir -p data/ +./compile.sh echo "Running on lind stack" -./run_sysbar_lind $1 +./run_sysbar_lind.sh $1 echo -e "\nRunning on native linux" -./run_sysbar_native $1 +./run_sysbar_native.sh $1 echo -e "\nCollecting stats" python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_n_n data/sysbar_lind_n_n data/sysbar_n_n.json python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_n_16 data/sysbar_lind_n_16 data/sysbar_n_16.json python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_16_n data/sysbar_lind_16_n data/sysbar_16_n.json +echo -e "\nCleaning up" +./cleanup.sh diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/cleanup.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/cleanup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..b049ab16ce --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/cleanup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +rm perf.data* report.txt times.txt +rm scripts/perf.data* scripts/report.txt scripts/times.txt +rm scripts/write_var_time scripts/read_var_time +rm scripts/write_var_time.nexe scripts/read_var_time.nexe diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile.sh similarity index 99% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile.sh index a4734256f8..ae31b87bb1 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/compile.sh @@ -7,4 +7,3 @@ gcc scripts/read_var_time.c -o scripts/read_var_time -lpthread echo "Compiling lind test binaries" x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/write_var_time.c -o scripts/write_var_time.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread -lrt x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/read_var_time.c -o scripts/read_var_time.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread -lrt - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind.sh similarity index 92% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind.sh index d906db2374..cd96cb5d5d 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_lind.sh @@ -7,30 +7,30 @@ do if [[ "$1" == "w" ]]; then SIZE1=16 SIZE2=$SIZE - elif [[ "$1" == "r" ]]; then + elif [[ "$1" == "r" ]]; then SIZE1=$SIZE SIZE2=16 else SIZE1=$SIZE SIZE2=$SIZE fi - - perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /bin/bash pstime2 $SIZE1 $SIZE2 &> times.txt + + perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /bin/bash pstime2.sh $SIZE1 $SIZE2 &> times.txt perf report > report.txt - + echo "$SIZE1-$SIZE2 (write)" grep write times.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $2 }' grep NaClSysWrite report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep write_syscall report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep "write_to_pipe" report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep push_copy report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 - + echo "$SIZE1-$SIZE2 (read)" grep read times.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $2 }' grep NaClSysRead report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep read_syscall report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep "read_from_pipe" report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 grep pop_copy report.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:] \n]' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort -gr | head -n 1 - + done done diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native.sh similarity index 62% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native.sh index 6f52391098..d5a74f4b2e 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_sysbar_native.sh @@ -8,38 +8,38 @@ do if [[ "$1" == "w" ]]; then SIZE1=16 SIZE2=$SIZE - elif [[ "$1" == "r" ]]; then + elif [[ "$1" == "r" ]]; then SIZE1=$SIZE SIZE2=16 else SIZE1=$SIZE SIZE2=$SIZE fi - - perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- /bin/bash pstime2 $SIZE1 $SIZE2 &> times.txt + + perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- /bin/bash pstime2.sh $SIZE1 $SIZE2 &> times.txt perf report > report.txt - + echo "$SIZE1-$SIZE2 (write)" grep write times.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $2 }' - LIBC=$(grep libc report.txt | grep write | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') - KSYSWRITE=$(grep ksys_write report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') - PIPEWRITE=$(grep pipe_write report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + LIBC=$(grep libc report.txt | grep write | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + KSYSWRITE=$(grep ksys_write report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEWRITE=$(grep pipe_write report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') if [[ $LIBC ]]; then - echo $LIBC - else + echo $LIBC + else echo "1" - fi - if [[ $KSYSWRITE ]]; then - echo $KSYSWRITE - else + fi + if [[ $KSYSWRITE ]]; then + echo $KSYSWRITE + else echo "0" - fi - if [[ $PIPEWRITE ]]; then + fi + if [[ $PIPEWRITE ]]; then echo $PIPEWRITE - else + else echo "0" fi - + WRITER=$(grep write_var_time report.txt | grep copy_page_from_iter | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') WRUNROLL=$(grep write_var_time report.txt | grep copy_user_generic_unrolled | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') WRSTRCOPY=$(grep write_var_time report.txt | grep copy_user_enhanced_fast_string | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') @@ -58,30 +58,30 @@ do else echo "0" fi - - + + echo "$SIZE1-$SIZE2 (read)" grep read times.txt | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $2 }' - LIBC=$(grep libc report.txt | grep read | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') - KSYSREAD=$(grep ksys_read report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') - PIPEREAD=$(grep pipe_read report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + LIBC=$(grep libc report.txt | grep read | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + KSYSREAD=$(grep ksys_read report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEREAD=$(grep pipe_read report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') if [[ $LIBC ]]; then - echo $LIBC - else + echo $LIBC + else echo "1" - fi - if [[ $KSYSREAD ]]; then - echo $KSYSREAD - else + fi + if [[ $KSYSREAD ]]; then + echo $KSYSREAD + else echo "0" - fi - if [[ $PIPEREAD ]]; then + fi + if [[ $PIPEREAD ]]; then echo $PIPEREAD - else + else echo "0" - fi - - RDITER=$(grep read_var_time report.txt | grep copy_page_to_iter | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + fi + + RDITER=$(grep read_var_time report.txt | grep copy_page_to_iter | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') RDUNROLL=$(grep read_var_time report.txt | grep copy_user_generic_unrolled | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') RDSTRCOPY=$(grep read_var_time report.txt | grep copy_user_enhanced_fast_string | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') if [[ $RDITER ]]; then diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_syscall_plots.py b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_syscall_plots.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e61898e130 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/gen_syscall_plots.py @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib.cm as cm +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import seaborn as sns +import json +import sys + + +def plot_clustered_stacked(dfall, labels=None, H="/", **kwargs): + """Given a list of dataframes, with identical columns and index, create a clustered stacked bar plot. + labels is a list of the names of the dataframe, used for the legend + title is a string for the title of the plot + H is the hatch used for identification of the different dataframe""" + + n_df = len(dfall) + n_col = len(dfall[0].columns) + n_ind = len(dfall[0].index) + axe = plt.subplot(111) + + for df in dfall: # for each data frame + axe = df.plot( + kind="bar", + linewidth=0, + stacked=True, + ax=axe, + legend=False, + grid=True, + **kwargs, + ) # make bar plots + + h, l = axe.get_legend_handles_labels() # get the handles we want to modify + for i in range(0, n_df * n_col, n_col): # len(h) = n_col * n_df + for j, pa in enumerate(h[i : i + n_col]): + for rect in pa.patches: # for each index + rect.set_x(rect.get_x() + 1 / float(n_df + 1) * i / float(n_col)) + rect.set_hatch(H * int(i / n_col) * 2) # edited part + rect.set_width(1 / float(n_df + 1)) + + axe.set_xticks((np.arange(0, 2 * n_ind, 2) + 1 / float(n_df + 1)) / 2.0) + axe.set_xticklabels(dfall[0].index, rotation=0) + + # Add invisible data to add another legend + n = [] + for i in range(n_df): + n.append(axe.bar(0, 0, color="gray", hatch=H * i * 5)) + if labels is not None: + l2 = plt.legend(n, labels, loc=[0.85, 1.025]) + + l1 = axe.legend(h[:n_col], l[:n_col]) + axe.add_artist(l1) + axe.add_artist(l2) + return axe + + +with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as fp: + alldata = json.load(fp) +raw_nativedata = alldata["native"] +raw_linddata = alldata["lind"] + +nativedata = {"data": [], "index": []} +linddata = {"data": [], "index": []} +for i in range(0, len(raw_nativedata["index"]), 4): + nativedata["data"].extend(raw_nativedata["data"][i : i + 2]) + nativedata["index"].extend(raw_nativedata["index"][i : i + 2]) + linddata["data"].extend(raw_linddata["data"][i : i + 2]) + linddata["index"].extend(raw_linddata["index"][i : i + 2]) + +nativedf = pd.DataFrame( + nativedata["data"], + index=nativedata["index"], + columns=["base_func", "kernel_func", "pipe_func", "copy_func"], +) +linddf = pd.DataFrame( + linddata["data"], + index=linddata["index"], + columns=["base_func", "kernel_func", "pipe_func", "copy_func"], +) + +plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5)) +pd.set_option("display.max_rows", None, "display.max_columns", None) +sns.set(style="darkgrid") +sns.set_palette("muted") +fig = plot_clustered_stacked([nativedf, linddf], ["native", "lind"]) +sns.move_legend( + fig, + "lower center", + bbox_to_anchor=(0.425, 1), + columnspacing=0.75, + ncol=4, + title="Syscall", + frameon=False, +) + +plt.xlabel("Buffer Exponents (r/w call)\nNative Time") +plt.ylabel("Lind/Native Time Ratio") +# plt.title(f"Stacked Syscall Ratios for Buffers: {sys.argv[2]}", y=-0.175, fontsize=16) +plt.tight_layout(pad=0.25) + +plt.savefig(sys.argv[3], dpi=200) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/plot_syscall_ratios.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/plot_syscall_ratios.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..11d774c974 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/plot_syscall_ratios.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash +python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_n_n data/sysbar_lind_n_n data/sysbar_n_n.json +python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_16_n data/sysbar_lind_16_n data/sysbar_16_n.json +python3 stats_collector.py data/sysbar_native_n_16 data/sysbar_lind_n_16 data/sysbar_n_16.json + +python3 gen_syscall_plots.py data/sysbar_n_n.json N-N syscall-stacked-n-n.png +python3 gen_syscall_plots.py data/sysbar_16_n.json 16-N syscall-stacked-16-n.png +python3 gen_syscall_plots.py data/sysbar_n_16.json N-16 syscall-stacked-n-16.png diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind.sh similarity index 69% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind.sh index 613a057daa..7e03ef2b80 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_lind.sh @@ -1,16 +1,15 @@ #!/bin/bash echo "Copying scripts to lindfs" -lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2 /pstime2 +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2.sh /pstime2.sh lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.nexe /write_var_time lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.nexe /read_var_time echo -e "\nVarying write and read buffers" -./gen_sysbar_lind a $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_n_n +./gen_sysbar_lind.sh a $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_n_n echo -e "\nVarying write buffers" -./gen_sysbar_lind r $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_n_16 +./gen_sysbar_lind.sh r $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_n_16 echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" -./gen_sysbar_lind w $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_16_n - +./gen_sysbar_lind.sh w $1 | tee data/sysbar_lind_16_n diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native deleted file mode 100755 index 1811f91a4b..0000000000 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -echo "Varying write and read buffers" -./gen_sysbar_native a $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_n_n - -echo -e "\nVarying write buffers" -./gen_sysbar_native r $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_n_16 - -echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" -./gen_sysbar_native w $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_16_n - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..dd62f88fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/run_sysbar_native.sh @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Varying write and read buffers" +./gen_sysbar_native.sh a $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_n_n + +echo -e "\nVarying write buffers" +./gen_sysbar_native.sh r $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_n_16 + +echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" +./gen_sysbar_native.sh w $1 | tee data/sysbar_native_16_n diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2 b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2.sh similarity index 96% rename from tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2 rename to tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2.sh index 7eff274e9f..b2e7c94692 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2 +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/pstime2.sh @@ -1,4 +1,2 @@ #!/bin/bash - ./write_var_time $1 | ./read_var_time $2 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.c b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.c index d32eaa357c..41641a0a69 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.c +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/read_var_time.c @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ -#include -#include -#include +#include +#include +#include #include #include -#define READ_BUFFER_SIZE 1UL << 30 +#define READ_BUFFER_SIZE 1UL << 30 -long long gettimens(void) { +long long gettimens(void) +{ struct timespec tp; - if( clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == -1 ) { - perror( "clock gettime" ); - exit( EXIT_FAILURE ); + if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == -1) + { + perror("clock gettime"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return (tp.tv_sec * 1000000000) + tp.tv_nsec; @@ -22,30 +24,28 @@ long long execution_time = 0; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { - char* buffer = (char*)calloc(READ_BUFFER_SIZE, sizeof(char)); + char *buffer = (char *)calloc(READ_BUFFER_SIZE, sizeof(char)); + int i = atoi(argv[1]); - int i = atoi(argv[1]); + unsigned long long READ_BUFFER_CHUNK = 1UL << i; + unsigned long long READ_TOTAL = 1UL << (30 - i); - unsigned long long READ_BUFFER_CHUNK = 1UL << i; - unsigned long long READ_TOTAL = 1UL << (30 - i); + int total_read = 0; + int readlen = 1; - int total_read = 0; - int readlen = 1; - - long long start_time = gettimens(); - while(readlen > 0) { - readlen = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer + total_read, READ_BUFFER_CHUNK); - total_read += readlen; - } - long long end_time = gettimens(); - long long total_time = end_time - start_time; + long long start_time = gettimens(); + while (readlen > 0) + { + readlen = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer + total_read, READ_BUFFER_CHUNK); + total_read += readlen; + } + long long end_time = gettimens(); + long long total_time = end_time - start_time; - free(buffer); + free(buffer); - long long average_time = total_time/READ_TOTAL; - fprintf(stderr, "%d read calls, average time %lld ns\n", READ_TOTAL, average_time); - fflush(stderr); - + long long average_time = total_time / READ_TOTAL; + fprintf(stderr, "%d read calls, average time %lld ns\n", READ_TOTAL, average_time); + fflush(stderr); } - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.c b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.c index 45b87ba4ce..88579a4d58 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.c +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/scripts/write_var_time.c @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ -#include -#include -#include +#include +#include +#include #include #include -long long gettimens(void) { +long long gettimens(void) +{ struct timespec tp; - if( clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == -1 ) { - perror( "clock gettime" ); - exit( EXIT_FAILURE ); + if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tp) == -1) + { + perror("clock gettime"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } return (tp.tv_sec * 1000000000) + tp.tv_nsec; @@ -19,28 +21,29 @@ long long execution_time = 0; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { - int i = atoi(argv[1]); + int i = atoi(argv[1]); - unsigned long long WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = 1UL << i; - unsigned long long NUMBER_OF_WRITES = 1UL << (30 - i); + unsigned long long WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = 1UL << i; + unsigned long long NUMBER_OF_WRITES = 1UL << (30 - i); - char* buffer = malloc(sizeof(char) * WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); + char *buffer = malloc(sizeof(char) * WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); - for (int i = 0; i < WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) buffer[i] = 'A'; + for (int i = 0; i < WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) + buffer[i] = 'A'; - long long start_time = gettimens(); - for (int count = 0; count < NUMBER_OF_WRITES; count++) - { - if (count == (NUMBER_OF_WRITES - 1)) buffer[WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = '\0'; - write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); - } - long long end_time = gettimens(); - execution_time = (end_time - start_time); + long long start_time = gettimens(); + for (int count = 0; count < NUMBER_OF_WRITES; count++) + { + if (count == (NUMBER_OF_WRITES - 1)) + buffer[WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = '\0'; + write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); + } + long long end_time = gettimens(); + execution_time = (end_time - start_time); - free(buffer); + free(buffer); - long long average_time = execution_time/NUMBER_OF_WRITES; - fprintf(stderr, "%d write calls, average time %lld ns\n", NUMBER_OF_WRITES, average_time); - fflush(stderr); + long long average_time = execution_time / NUMBER_OF_WRITES; + fprintf(stderr, "%d write calls, average time %lld ns\n", NUMBER_OF_WRITES, average_time); + fflush(stderr); } - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/stats_collector.py b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/stats_collector.py index 24866d1cb1..c5ad82e3d7 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/stats_collector.py +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/syscall_ratios/stats_collector.py @@ -16,31 +16,40 @@ index = native_report[i] run_time = float(native_report[i + 1]) native_times.append(run_time) - + if not native_data.get(index): native_data[index] = [] base_func = float(native_report[i + 2]) kern_func = float(native_report[i + 3]) pipe_func = float(native_report[i + 4]) - copy_func = float(native_report[i + 5]) + float(native_report[i + 6]) + float(native_report[i + 7]) + copy_func = ( + float(native_report[i + 5]) + + float(native_report[i + 6]) + + float(native_report[i + 7]) + ) copy_percent = copy_func / base_func pipe_percent = (pipe_func / base_func) - copy_percent kern_percent = (kern_func / base_func) - pipe_percent - copy_percent base_percent = 1 - kern_percent - pipe_percent - copy_percent - native_data[index].append(( - run_time, - base_percent, - kern_percent, - pipe_percent, - copy_percent, - )) + native_data[index].append( + ( + run_time, + base_percent, + kern_percent, + pipe_percent, + copy_percent, + ) + ) native_stats = {"index": [], "data": []} for key in native_data: - data = [[native_data[key][i][j] for i in range(len(native_data[key]))] for j in range(len(native_data[key][0]))] + data = [ + [native_data[key][i][j] for i in range(len(native_data[key]))] + for j in range(len(native_data[key][0])) + ] data = [sum(stat) / len(stat) for stat in data] native_stats["index"].append(f"{key}\n{data[0]}ns") native_stats["data"].append(data[1:]) @@ -55,7 +64,7 @@ for i in range(0, len(lind_report), num_stats): index = lind_report[i] run_time = float(lind_report[i + 1]) - + if not lind_data.get(index): lind_data[index] = [] @@ -63,7 +72,7 @@ kern_func = min(base_func, float(lind_report[i + 3])) pipe_func = min(kern_func, float(lind_report[i + 4])) copy_func = min(pipe_func, float(lind_report[i + 5])) - + copy_percent = copy_func / base_func pipe_percent = (pipe_func / base_func) - copy_percent kern_percent = (kern_func / base_func) - pipe_percent - copy_percent @@ -71,17 +80,22 @@ lind_ratio = float(run_time) / native_times[i // num_stats] - lind_data[index].append(( - run_time, - lind_ratio * base_percent, - lind_ratio * kern_percent, - lind_ratio * pipe_percent, - lind_ratio * copy_percent, - )) + lind_data[index].append( + ( + run_time, + lind_ratio * base_percent, + lind_ratio * kern_percent, + lind_ratio * pipe_percent, + lind_ratio * copy_percent, + ) + ) lind_stats = {"index": [], "data": []} for key in lind_data: - data = [[lind_data[key][i][j] for i in range(len(lind_data[key]))] for j in range(len(lind_data[key][0]))] + data = [ + [lind_data[key][i][j] for i in range(len(lind_data[key]))] + for j in range(len(lind_data[key][0])) + ] data = [sum(stat) / len(stat) for stat in data] lind_stats["index"].append(f"{key}\n{data[0]}ns") lind_stats["data"].append(data[1:]) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/README.md b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..086709606f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# Read-Write total runtime + +The purpose of the test is to find out the total time taken for write and read. This test runs 2 processes a write program piped to a read program. Each program write and read can be configured to run with a particular buffer size, the write program writes data to the pipe and read program reads data from the pipe. The benchmark runs the read and write programs with varying buffer sizes from 4 to 16 and compares the times in lind, native and userspace. + +## Instructions to run test + +To run all 3 configurations - `N-N`, `16-N`, `N-16` of the read-write buffer sizes +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +Or run each configuration individually +```sh +# Varying write and read buffers" +python3 gen_ps2.py -w x -r x -c + +#\nVarying write buffers" +python3 gen_ps2.py -w x -r 16 -c + +echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" +python3 gen_ps2.py -w 16 -r x -c +``` + +## Instructions to plot graphs + +```sh +./plot_runtimes.sh +``` + +It generates the bar charts for all the 3 configurations - `N-N`, `16-N`, `N-16`. diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark deleted file mode 100755 index 34bdec4f23..0000000000 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -mkdir data/ -./compile - -echo "Running on lind stack" -./run_lindps2 $1 - -echo -e "\nRunning on native linux" -./run_natps2 $1 - -echo -e "\nRunning in userspace" -./run_userps2 $1 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..0f662c11a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +mkdir -p data/ +./compile.sh + +echo "Running on lind stack" +./run_lindps2.sh $1 + +echo -e "\nRunning on native linux" +./run_natps2.sh $1 + +echo -e "\nRunning in userspace" +./run_userps2.sh $1 + +echo -e "\nCleaning up" +./cleanup.sh diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/cleanup.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/cleanup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..62b210f046 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/cleanup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +rm scripts/read16var scripts/write16var +rm scripts/read16var.nexe scripts/write16var.nexe diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile.sh similarity index 99% rename from tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile rename to tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile.sh index 33f2e158ca..16714b35bb 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/compile.sh @@ -11,4 +11,3 @@ x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/read16var.c -o scripts/read16var.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthre echo "Compiling user test binaries" cargo build --release --manifest-path=scripts/userpipe/Cargo.toml cp scripts/userpipe/target/release/userpipe scripts/userpipetest - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_lindps2.py b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_lindps2.py index 02335a83cb..903868d037 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_lindps2.py +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_lindps2.py @@ -3,10 +3,28 @@ from subprocess import Popen, PIPE -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in lind") -parser.add_argument("-w", "--write-buffer", dest="write_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Read buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-r", "--read-buffer", dest="read_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Write buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs") +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in lind" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-w", + "--write-buffer", + dest="write_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Read buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-r", + "--read-buffer", + dest="read_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Write buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) args = parser.parse_args() run_times = {} @@ -17,7 +35,18 @@ run_times[size] = [] print(f"Write buffer: {write_buffer_size}, Read buffer: {read_buffer_size}") for _ in range(args.count): - output = Popen(["lind", "-t", "/bin/bash", "ps16var2", write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) + output = Popen( + [ + "lind", + "-t", + "/bin/bash", + "ps16var2.sh", + write_buffer_size, + read_buffer_size, + ], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) stdout, stderr = output.communicate() try: @@ -30,4 +59,3 @@ with open(f"data/lind_{args.write_buffer}_{args.read_buffer}.json", "w") as fp: json.dump(run_times, fp) - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_natps2.py b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_natps2.py index aca4783dc1..38f81765c6 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_natps2.py +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_natps2.py @@ -3,14 +3,36 @@ import subprocess import timeit -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in native linux") -parser.add_argument("-w", "--write-buffer", dest="write_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Read buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-r", "--read-buffer", dest="read_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Write buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs") +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-w", + "--write-buffer", + dest="write_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Read buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-r", + "--read-buffer", + dest="read_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Write buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) args = parser.parse_args() + def execute_script(write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size): - process = subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", "ps16var2", write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size], cwd="./scripts/") + process = subprocess.call( + ["/bin/bash", "ps16var2.sh", write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size], cwd="./scripts/" + ) + run_times = {} @@ -18,10 +40,13 @@ def execute_script(write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size): write_buffer_size = str(size) if args.write_buffer == "x" else args.write_buffer read_buffer_size = str(size) if args.read_buffer == "x" else args.read_buffer print(f"Write buffer: {write_buffer_size}, Read buffer: {read_buffer_size}") - run_times[size] = timeit.timeit(f"execute_script(\"{write_buffer_size}\", \"{read_buffer_size}\")", setup="from __main__ import execute_script", number=args.count) + run_times[size] = timeit.timeit( + f'execute_script("{write_buffer_size}", "{read_buffer_size}")', + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) run_times[size] = round((run_times[size] / args.count) * 1000, 1) print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") with open(f"data/nat_{args.write_buffer}_{args.read_buffer}.json", "w") as fp: json.dump(run_times, fp) - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_runtimes_plots.py b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_runtimes_plots.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..acd95d65cc --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_runtimes_plots.py @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +import numpy as np +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import seaborn as sns +import json +import sys + + +dataset = dict() +dataset["relative_time"] = list() +dataset["platform"] = list() +dataset["time"] = list() +dataset["bufsize"] = list() + +nativeavgs = dict() + +with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as fp: + nativedata = json.load(fp) +with open(sys.argv[2], "r") as fp: + linddata = json.load(fp) +with open(sys.argv[3], "r") as fp: + userdata = json.load(fp) + +for key in userdata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(userdata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(userdata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("User (unsafe)") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + +for key in linddata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(linddata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(linddata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Lind") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + +for key in nativedata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(nativedata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(nativedata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Native") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + + +df = pd.DataFrame(data=dataset) +pd.set_option("display.max_rows", None, "display.max_columns", None) +plt.figure(figsize=(5, 4)) +sns.set(style="darkgrid") +sns.set_palette("bright") +fig = sns.barplot(x="bufsize", y="relative_time", hue="platform", data=df) +sns.move_legend( + fig, + "lower center", + bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1), + ncol=3, + title="Platform", + fontsize=10, + frameon=False, +) + +plt.xlabel("log(buffersize)", fontsize=10) +plt.ylabel("Relative runtime w.r.t Native runtime", fontsize=10) +plt.title("Piping 32GB Varying Buffersize: " + sys.argv[4], y = -0.275, fontsize=12) +plt.tight_layout(pad=0.25) + +plt.savefig(sys.argv[5], dpi=400) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_userps2.py b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_userps2.py index 9323d85cd9..b0c5b20fdb 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_userps2.py +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/gen_userps2.py @@ -3,14 +3,36 @@ import subprocess import timeit -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in userspace") -parser.add_argument("-w", "--write-buffer", dest="write_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Read buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-r", "--read-buffer", dest="read_buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Write buffer size") -parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs") +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark piping 16GB varying buffersize in userspace" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-w", + "--write-buffer", + dest="write_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Read buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-r", + "--read-buffer", + dest="read_buffer", + type=str, + default="x", + help="Write buffer size", +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) args = parser.parse_args() + def execute_script(write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size): - process = subprocess.call(["./scripts/userpipetest", write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size]) + process = subprocess.call( + ["./scripts/userpipetest", write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size] + ) + run_times = {} @@ -18,10 +40,13 @@ def execute_script(write_buffer_size, read_buffer_size): write_buffer_size = str(size) if args.write_buffer == "x" else args.write_buffer read_buffer_size = str(size) if args.read_buffer == "x" else args.read_buffer print(f"Write buffer: {write_buffer_size}, Read buffer: {read_buffer_size}") - run_times[size] = timeit.timeit(f"execute_script(\"{write_buffer_size}\", \"{read_buffer_size}\")", setup="from __main__ import execute_script", number=args.count) + run_times[size] = timeit.timeit( + f'execute_script("{write_buffer_size}", "{read_buffer_size}")', + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) run_times[size] = round((run_times[size] / args.count) * 1000, 1) print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") with open(f"data/user_{args.write_buffer}_{args.read_buffer}.json", "w") as fp: json.dump(run_times, fp) - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/plot_runtimes.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/plot_runtimes.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..874527af1c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/plot_runtimes.sh @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +python3 gen_runtimes_plots.py data/nat_x_x.json data/lind_x_x.json data/user_x_x.json N-N bar3-N-N.png +python3 gen_runtimes_plots.py data/nat_16_x.json data/lind_16_x.json data/user_16_x.json 16-N bar3-16-N.png +python3 gen_runtimes_plots.py data/nat_x_16.json data/lind_x_16.json data/user_x_16.json N-16 bar3-N-16.png diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2 b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2.sh similarity index 93% rename from tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2 rename to tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2.sh index 714cf357d2..e86d990af0 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2 +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_lindps2.sh @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ #!/bin/bash echo "Copying scripts to lindfs" -lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2 /ps16var2 +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2.sh /ps16var2.sh lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/write16var.nexe /write16var lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/read16var.nexe /read16var @@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ python3 gen_lindps2.py -w x -r 16 -c $1 echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" python3 gen_lindps2.py -w 16 -r x -c $1 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2 b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2.sh similarity index 99% rename from tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2 rename to tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2.sh index 06d526f59d..80032de985 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2 +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_natps2.sh @@ -8,4 +8,3 @@ python3 gen_natps2.py -w x -r 16 -c $1 echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" python3 gen_natps2.py -w 16 -r x -c $1 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2 b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2.sh similarity index 99% rename from tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2 rename to tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2.sh index a3773a323c..0ea574f95a 100755 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2 +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/run_userps2.sh @@ -8,4 +8,3 @@ python3 gen_userps2.py -w x -r 16 -c $1 echo -e "\nVarying read buffers" python3 gen_userps2.py -w 16 -r x -c $1 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2 b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2.sh similarity index 97% rename from tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2 rename to tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2.sh index a8464e54a7..4c48f9dc17 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2 +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/ps16var2.sh @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ #!/bin/bash ./write16var $1 | ./read16var $2 - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/read16var.c b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/read16var.c index 56978ae428..bb22583da0 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/read16var.c +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/read16var.c @@ -1,23 +1,22 @@ -#include -#include -#include +#include +#include +#include #include - int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i = atoi(argv[1]); unsigned long long READ_BUFFER_CHUNK = 1UL << i; - char* buffer = (char*)calloc(READ_BUFFER_CHUNK, sizeof(char)); + char *buffer = (char *)calloc(READ_BUFFER_CHUNK, sizeof(char)); int total_read = 0; int readlen = 0; - while((readlen = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, READ_BUFFER_CHUNK)) > 0){ + while ((readlen = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, READ_BUFFER_CHUNK)) > 0) + { } free(buffer); - } diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/main.rs b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/main.rs index e426ca2381..14fd577743 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/main.rs +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/main.rs @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ - #![feature(once_cell)] +#![feature(lazy_cell)] use std::env; pub mod pipe; use crate::pipe::EmulatedPipe; pub use std::thread::spawn; const PIPE_SIZE: usize = 65535; -use std::sync::Arc; -pub use std::sync::{LazyLock}; use parking_lot::Mutex; +use std::sync::Arc; +pub use std::sync::LazyLock; -pub const TOTALSIZE : usize = usize::pow(2, 34); +pub const TOTALSIZE: usize = usize::pow(2, 34); pub static READFD: LazyLock>>> = - LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(None))); + LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(None))); pub static WRITEFD: LazyLock>>> = - LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(None))); + LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(None))); fn write_syscall(bufptr: *const u8, writebuf: usize) -> usize { let writeopt = WRITEFD.lock(); @@ -31,15 +31,14 @@ fn read_syscall(bufptr: *mut u8, readbuf: usize) -> usize { } fn main() { - let args: Vec = env::args().collect(); let writesize = args[1].parse::().unwrap(); - let readsize= args[2].parse::().unwrap(); + let readsize = args[2].parse::().unwrap(); let writebuf: usize = usize::pow(2, writesize); - let readbuf: usize = usize::pow(2, readsize); + let readbuf: usize = usize::pow(2, readsize); - let num_writes = TOTALSIZE/writebuf; + let num_writes = TOTALSIZE / writebuf; let pipe = pipe::new_pipe(PIPE_SIZE); @@ -53,10 +52,11 @@ fn main() { drop(writeopt); let writer = std::thread::spawn(move || { - let mut buf: Vec = Vec::with_capacity(writebuf); let bufptr = buf.as_mut_ptr(); - unsafe { buf.set_len(writebuf); } + unsafe { + buf.set_len(writebuf); + } for _i in 0..num_writes { let _ret = write_syscall(bufptr, writebuf); @@ -67,23 +67,20 @@ fn main() { writepipe.set_eof(); }); - let reader = std::thread::spawn(move || { - let mut bytes_read: usize = 1; let mut buf: Vec = Vec::with_capacity(readbuf); - unsafe { buf.set_len(readbuf); } + unsafe { + buf.set_len(readbuf); + } let bufptr = buf.as_mut_ptr(); while bytes_read != 0 { bytes_read = read_syscall(bufptr, readbuf); } - - }); writer.join().unwrap(); reader.join().unwrap(); } - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/pipe.rs b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/pipe.rs index db2dd216c5..02613509c0 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/pipe.rs +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/userpipe/src/pipe.rs @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ #![allow(dead_code)] use parking_lot::Mutex; -use std::slice; -use std::sync::Arc; -use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, Ordering}; -use ringbuf::{RingBuffer, Producer, Consumer}; +use ringbuf::{Consumer, Producer, RingBuffer}; use std::cmp::min; use std::fmt; +use std::slice; +use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, Ordering}; +use std::sync::Arc; const O_RDONLY: i32 = 0o0; const O_WRONLY: i32 = 0o1; @@ -30,14 +30,21 @@ pub struct EmulatedPipe { pub refcount_write: Arc, pub refcount_read: Arc, eof: Arc, - size: usize + size: usize, } impl EmulatedPipe { pub fn new_with_capacity(size: usize) -> EmulatedPipe { let rb = RingBuffer::::new(size); let (prod, cons) = rb.split(); - EmulatedPipe { write_end: Arc::new(Mutex::new(prod)), read_end: Arc::new(Mutex::new(cons)), refcount_write: Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(1)), refcount_read: Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(1)), eof: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)), size: size} + EmulatedPipe { + write_end: Arc::new(Mutex::new(prod)), + read_end: Arc::new(Mutex::new(cons)), + refcount_write: Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(1)), + refcount_read: Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(1)), + eof: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)), + size: size, + } } pub fn set_eof(&self) { @@ -53,18 +60,25 @@ impl EmulatedPipe { } pub fn incr_ref(&self, flags: i32) { - if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_RDONLY {self.refcount_read.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);} - if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_WRONLY {self.refcount_write.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);} + if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_RDONLY { + self.refcount_read.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } + if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_WRONLY { + self.refcount_write.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } } pub fn decr_ref(&self, flags: i32) { - if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_RDONLY {self.refcount_read.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);} - if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_WRONLY {self.refcount_write.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);} + if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_RDONLY { + self.refcount_read.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } + if (flags & O_RDWRFLAGS) == O_WRONLY { + self.refcount_write.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } } // Write length bytes from pointer into pipe pub fn write_to_pipe(&self, ptr: *const u8, length: usize) -> i32 { - let mut bytes_written = 0; let buf = unsafe { @@ -75,15 +89,22 @@ impl EmulatedPipe { let mut write_end = self.write_end.lock(); while bytes_written < length { - if self.get_read_ref() == 0 { return -1 } // EPIPE, all read ends are closed + if self.get_read_ref() == 0 { + return -1; + } // EPIPE, all read ends are closed let remaining = write_end.remaining(); // we write if the pipe is empty, otherwise we try to limit writes to 4096 bytes (unless whats leftover of this write is < 4096) - if remaining != self.size && (length - bytes_written) > PAGE_SIZE && remaining < PAGE_SIZE { continue }; + if remaining != self.size + && (length - bytes_written) > PAGE_SIZE + && remaining < PAGE_SIZE + { + continue; + }; let bytes_to_write = min(length, bytes_written as usize + remaining); write_end.push_slice(&buf[bytes_written..bytes_to_write]); bytes_written = bytes_to_write; - } + } bytes_written as i32 } @@ -91,37 +112,37 @@ impl EmulatedPipe { // Read length bytes from the pipe into pointer // Will wait for bytes unless pipe is empty and eof is set. pub fn read_from_pipe(&self, ptr: *mut u8, length: usize) -> i32 { - let buf = unsafe { assert!(!ptr.is_null()); slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, length) }; let mut read_end = self.read_end.lock(); - let mut pipe_space : usize = read_end.len(); + let mut pipe_space: usize = read_end.len(); // wait for something to be in the pipe, but break on eof // check cancel point after 2^20 cycles just in case while pipe_space == 0 { - if self.eof.load(Ordering::SeqCst) { return 0; } + if self.eof.load(Ordering::SeqCst) { + return 0; + } pipe_space = read_end.len(); } let bytes_to_read = min(length, pipe_space); read_end.pop_slice(&mut buf[0..bytes_to_read]); - + bytes_to_read as i32 } - } impl fmt::Debug for EmulatedPipe { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { f.debug_struct("EmulatedPipe") - .field("refcount read", &self.refcount_read) - .field("refcount write", &self.refcount_write) - .field("eof", &self.eof) - .finish() + .field("refcount read", &self.refcount_read) + .field("refcount write", &self.refcount_write) + .field("eof", &self.eof) + .finish() } } diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/write16var.c b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/write16var.c index 01900e8b11..6ce3e076f9 100644 --- a/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/write16var.c +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/total_runtime/scripts/write16var.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -#include -#include -#include +#include +#include +#include #include int main(int argc, char *argv[]) @@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) unsigned long long WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = 1UL << i; unsigned long long NUMBER_OF_WRITES = 1UL << (30 - i); unsigned long long OUTLOOP = 1UL << 4; - char* buffer = malloc(sizeof(char) * WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); + char *buffer = malloc(sizeof(char) * WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); - for (int i = 0; i < WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) buffer[i] = 'A'; - - for (int n = 0; n < OUTLOOP; n++) { - for (int count = 0; count < NUMBER_OF_WRITES; count++) - { - write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); - } + for (int i = 0; i < WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) + buffer[i] = 'A'; + + for (int n = 0; n < OUTLOOP; n++) + { + for (int count = 0; count < NUMBER_OF_WRITES; count++) + { + write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE); + } } free(buffer); - } - diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/README.md b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8fbce1ddd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# Unix Domain Sockets + +The purpose of the test is to compare the performance of unix domain sockets in lind and native linux. There are two types of tests `uds_send_recv.c` and `uds_test.c`; in the first one we have the child and parent processes exchanging data between each other i.e. both processes send and recv data via domain sockets whereas in the second one the data transfer is one-way i.e. the parent is sending data while the child is receiving that data. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +Or run each platform individually +```sh +python3 gen_uds.py -b -c -t +``` + +## Instructions to plot graphs + +```sh +python3 gen_uds_plots.py data/nat_x.json data/lind_x.json data/uds.png +``` diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/benchmark.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4aaf801edb --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +mkdir -p data/ +./compile.sh + +echo "Running on lind stack" +python3 gen_linduds.py -c $1 -t $2 + +echo -e "\nRunning on native linux" +python3 gen_natuds.py -c $1 -t $2 + +echo -e "\nCleaning up" +./cleanup.sh diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/cleanup.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/cleanup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..219d894e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/cleanup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +rm scripts/uds scripts/uds.nexe diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/compile.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..f6966a8f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Compiling native test binaries" +gcc scripts/uds_send_recv.c -o scripts/uds -O3 -std=gnu99 + +echo "Compiling lind test binaries" +x86_64-nacl-gcc scripts/uds_send_recv.c -o scripts/uds.nexe -std=gnu99 -O3 +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds.nexe /uds diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_linduds.py b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_linduds.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..abf74bb32d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_linduds.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +import argparse +import json + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across Lind's unix domain socket implementation with varying buffersize") +parser.add_argument("-w", "--buffer", dest="buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Buffer size") +parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs") +parser.add_argument("-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs") +args = parser.parse_args() + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(4, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) if args.buffer == "x" else args.buffer + run_times[size] = [] + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen(["lind", "-t", "/uds", buffer_size, str(args.total)], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + try: + run_time = int(float(stderr.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[size].append(run_time) + run_times[size] = sum(run_times[size]) / args.count + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/lind_{args.buffer}.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) + diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_natuds.py b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_natuds.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2774c3c2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_natuds.py @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +import argparse +import json +import subprocess +import timeit + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark sending n GBs across unix domain sockets with varying buffersize in native linux") +parser.add_argument("-b", "--buffer", dest="buffer", type=str, default="x", help="Buffer size") +parser.add_argument("-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs") +parser.add_argument("-t", "--total", dest="total", type=int, default="1", help="Total size in GBs") +args = parser.parse_args() + +def execute_script(buffer_size, total_size=args.total): + process = subprocess.call(["./uds", buffer_size, str(total_size)], cwd="./scripts/") + +run_times = {} + +for size in range(4, 17, 2): + buffer_size = str(size) if args.buffer == "x" else args.buffer + print(f"Buffer: {buffer_size}") + run_times[size] = timeit.timeit(f"execute_script(\"{buffer_size}\")", setup="from __main__ import execute_script", number=args.count) + run_times[size] = round((run_times[size] / args.count) * 1000, 1) + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[size]}") + +with open(f"data/nat_{args.buffer}.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_uds_plots.py b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_uds_plots.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f7bcd0691 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/gen_uds_plots.py @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +import numpy as np +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import seaborn as sns +import json +import sys + + +dataset = dict() +dataset["relative_time"] = list() +dataset["platform"] = list() +dataset["time"] = list() +dataset["bufsize"] = list() + +nativeavgs = dict() + +with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as fp: + nativedata = json.load(fp) +with open(sys.argv[2], "r") as fp: + linddata = json.load(fp) + +for key in linddata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(linddata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(linddata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Lind") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + +for key in nativedata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(nativedata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(nativedata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Native") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + + +df = pd.DataFrame(data=dataset) +pd.set_option("display.max_rows", None, "display.max_columns", None) +plt.figure(figsize=(5, 4)) +sns.set(style="darkgrid") +sns.set_palette("bright") +fig = sns.barplot(x="bufsize", y="relative_time", hue="platform", data=df) +sns.move_legend( + fig, + "lower center", + bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1), + ncol=3, + title="Platform", + frameon=False, +) + +plt.xlabel("log(buffersize)") +plt.ylabel("Relative runtime w.r.t Native runtime") +# plt.title("Piping 16GB Varying Buffersize: " + sys.argv[4], y = -0.125, fontsize=16) +plt.tight_layout(pad=0.25) + +plt.savefig(sys.argv[3], dpi=400) diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/perf_flames.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/perf_flames.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..b145c3dcf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/perf_flames.sh @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +#! /bin/bash + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- ./scripts/uds 4 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/native-4-32GB.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- ./scripts/uds 8 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/native-8-32GB.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- ./scripts/uds 16 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/native-16-32GB.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /uds 4 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/lind-4-32GB.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /uds 8 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/lind-8-32GB.svg + +perf record -F 99 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /uds 16 32 +perf script | ../../../../FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl > out.perf-folded +../../../../FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl out.perf-folded > data/lind-16-32GB.svg diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/plot.sh b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/plot.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..8de4db37d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/plot.sh @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +python3 gen_plot.py data/nat_x.json data/lind_x.json uds.png diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_send_recv.c b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_send_recv.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72a2ef31f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_send_recv.c @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define GB (1 << 30) + +void parent(int socket, int buf_size, int N) +{ + char *send_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + char *recv_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + + memset(send_buf, 'a', buf_size); + for (int a = 0; a < N; ++a) + { + // printf("iter,a : %d\n", a); + for (int i = 0; i < GB / buf_size; ++i) + { + // printf("parent send\n"); + if (send(socket, send_buf, buf_size, 0) == -1) + { + perror("Send"); + exit(1); + } + } + // printf("Done sending in parent\n"); + for (int j = 0; j < GB / buf_size; ++j) + { + // printf("parent recv\n"); + int total_received = 0; + while (total_received < buf_size) + { + int received = recv(socket, recv_buf + total_received, buf_size - total_received, 0); + if (received == -1) + { + perror("Recv"); + exit(1); + } + total_received += received; + } + } + // printf("Done receiving in parent\n"); + } + free(send_buf); + free(recv_buf); +} + +void child(int socket, int buf_size, int N) +{ + char *send_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + char *recv_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + + memset(send_buf, 'b', buf_size); + for (int b = 0; b < N; ++b) + { + // printf("iter,b : %d\n", b); + for (int x = 0; x < GB / buf_size; ++x) + { + // printf("child recv\n"); + int total_received = 0; + while (total_received < buf_size) + { + int received = recv(socket, recv_buf + total_received, buf_size - total_received, 0); + if (received == -1) + { + perror("Recv"); + exit(1); + } + total_received += received; + } + } + // printf("Done receiving in child\n"); + for (int y = 0; y < GB / buf_size; ++y) + { + // printf("child send\n"); + if (send(socket, send_buf, buf_size, 0) == -1) + { + perror("Send"); + exit(1); + } + } + // printf("Done sending in child\n"); + } + free(send_buf); + free(recv_buf); +} + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: [executable] [send_recv_buf_size] [total_size_in_GBs]\n"); + exit(1); + } + + int buf_size = 1 << atoi(argv[1]); + int N = atoi(argv[2]); + + int sockets[2]; + pid_t pid; + + if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sockets) == -1) + { + perror("Socketpair"); + exit(1); + } + + pid = fork(); + if (pid == -1) + { + perror("Fork"); + exit(1); + } + + if (pid == 0) + { + // Child process + close(sockets[1]); + child(sockets[0], buf_size, N); + close(sockets[0]); + } + else + { + // Parent process + close(sockets[0]); + parent(sockets[1], buf_size, N); + close(sockets[1]); + } + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_test.c b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_test.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61a802883e --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/ipc_performance/uds/scripts/uds_test.c @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define GB (1 << 30) + +void parent(int socket, int buf_size, int N) +{ + char *send_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + + memset(send_buf, 'a', buf_size); + for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) + { + for (int i = 0; i < GB / buf_size; ++i) + { + if (send(socket, send_buf, buf_size, 0) == -1) + { + perror("Send"); + exit(1); + } + } + } + free(send_buf); +} + +void child(int socket, int buf_size, int N) +{ + char *recv_buf = (char *)malloc(buf_size); + for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) + { + for (int i = 0; i < GB / buf_size; ++i) + { + if (recv(socket, recv_buf, buf_size, 0) == -1) + { + perror("Recv"); + exit(1); + } + } + } + free(recv_buf); +} + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: [executable] [send_recv_buf_size] [total_size_in_GBs]\n"); + exit(1); + } + + int buf_size = 1 << atoi(argv[1]); + int N = atoi(argv[2]); + + int sockets[2]; + pid_t pid; + + if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sockets) == -1) + { + perror("Socketpair"); + exit(1); + } + + pid = fork(); + if (pid == -1) + { + perror("Fork"); + exit(1); + } + + if (pid == 0) + { + // Child process + close(sockets[1]); + child(sockets[0], buf_size, N); + close(sockets[0]); + } + else + { + // Parent process + close(sockets[0]); + parent(sockets[1], buf_size, N); + close(sockets[1]); + } + + wait(NULL); + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/README.md b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fd9b21082c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Postgres PGBench + +The purpose of the test is to run the `pgbench` performance test on the Postgres database instance to benchmark the database on both lind and native linux. The test suite compiles and loads postgres into lindfs and then runs the pgbench binary which is part of postgres source code to performance the postgres benchmark tests on lind. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +# compile postgres for lind (need not run always) +./compile.sh + +# to run the benchmark +./run_lind.sh +``` + +To run pgbench only +```sh +# on the first run +./run_pgbench.sh + +# on consecutive runs +./run_pgbench_2.sh +``` diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/compile.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..b72d59eae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo -e "Compiling bash and coreutils" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/base/compile_bash.sh +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/base/compile_coreutils.sh + +echo -e "Compiling postgres" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/postgres/compile_postgres.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..7c52afb555 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/base/load_confs.sh +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/base/load_bash.sh +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/base/load_coreutils.sh +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/postgres/load_postgres.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pg.sh run_pg.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh run_pgbench.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh run_pgbench_2.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_lind.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_lind.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cba105dde9 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_lind.sh @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo -e "Resetting lind fs" +cd /home/lind/lind_project/lind/lindenv/fs +rm * +cd /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench + +echo -e "Loading lind" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/mklind install &> /dev/null + +echo -e "Loading postgres and bash" +/home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/load.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "Initializing postgres" +lind /bin/bash init_postgres.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "\nRunning pgbench" +lind /bin/bash run_pgbench.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..9c868aa116 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench.sh @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -o "-F -c listen_addresses=''" -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ start & +sleep 15 +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pgbench -i -U lind postgres +echo "PGBENCH -i -U COMPLETE" +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pgbench -t 100000 -U lind postgres +echo "PGBENCH COMPLETE" +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl stop -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ -m smart +echo "POSTGRES STOPPED" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..e3162b3b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/pgbench/run_pgbench_2.sh @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/bin/unlink /usr/local/pgsql/data/postmaster.pid +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_resetwal -f /usr/local/pgsql/data/ +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -o "-c listen_addresses=''" -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ start & +sleep 20 +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pgbench -i -U lind postgres +echo "PGBENCH -i -U COMPLETE" +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pgbench -U lind postgres +echo "PGBENCH COMPLETE" +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ -m smart stop +echo "POSTGRES STOPPED" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/README.md b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a7592217da --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# LAMP stack benchmark + +The purpose of the test is to run performance benchmarks on the LAMP stack comprising of Postgres, Nginx, Flask and gunicorn. The test suite compiles and loads the entire LAMP stack into lindfs and then we can run different scripts to run specific benchmarks tests on the LAMP stack. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +# compile LAMP stack for lind (need not run always) +./compile.sh +``` + +Open 2 terminal sessions on the machine +```sh +# 1st terminal +# to setup and run the LAMP stack in lind +./lind_setup.sh + +# 2nd terminal +# run the wrk benchmark +wrk -t1 -c1 -d30 --timeout 30 http://localhost:80 +``` + +To benchmark Postgres using a Python client connection (without Flask and Nginx) +```sh +./lind_setup_no_flask.sh +``` + +To benchmark Flask application served using an Nginx server (without Postgres) +```sh +./lind_setup_no_pg.sh +``` + +To benchmark Nginx serving a static output HTML (without Flask and Postgres) +```sh +./lind_setup_nginx_only.sh +``` diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/compile.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..734852bc2d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Compiling LAMP stack" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/lamp/compile_lamp.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2571fc6daa --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +import psycopg2 +from flask import Flask, render_template +import string +import random + +app = Flask(__name__) +size = 65535 +num_pages = 5 +conn = psycopg2.connect(database="postgres", user="lind", host="/tmp") + + +def rand_generator(size=size, chars=string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits): + return "".join(random.choice(chars) for _ in range(size)) + + +data = [] +for n in range(num_pages): + title = rand_generator() + author = rand_generator() + review = rand_generator() + data.append((title, author, n, review)) + + +@app.route("/") +def index(): + cur = conn.cursor() + + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute( + "INSERT INTO books (title, author, pages_num, review)" + "VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)", + data[n], + ) + conn.commit() + + books = [] + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute("SELECT * FROM books WHERE pages_num = %s", (n,)) + books.append(cur.fetchone()) + + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute("DELETE FROM books WHERE pages_num = %s", (n,)) + + cur.close() + conn.commit() + return render_template("index.html", books=books) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + app.run(host="0.0.0.0", debug=True) + conn.close() diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a40feba997 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +import re +import sys +from gunicorn.app.wsgiapp import run + +if __name__ == "__main__": + sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r"(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$", "", sys.argv[0]) + print(sys.argv[0]) + sys.exit(run()) diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/init_table.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/init_table.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..42353807e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/init_table.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +import psycopg2 + + +conn = psycopg2.connect(database="postgres", user="lind", host="/tmp") + +# Open a cursor to perform database operations +cur = conn.cursor() + +# Execute a command: this creates a new table +cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS books;") +cur.execute( + "CREATE TABLE books (id serial PRIMARY KEY," + "title varchar (65535) NOT NULL," + "author varchar (65535) NOT NULL," + "pages_num integer NOT NULL," + "review text," + "date_added date DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);" +) + +conn.commit() + +cur.close() +conn.close() diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..ecdb312987 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +lindfs mkdir /templates +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/gunicornexec.py /gunicornexec.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py /wsgi.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py /wsgi_no_pg.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/app.py /app.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py /test_pg.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py /no_pg_app.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/init_table.py /init_table.py +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html /templates/base.html +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html /templates/index.html +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh /run_lamp.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh /run_lamp_no_flask.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh /run_lamp_no_pg.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..774415e7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/no_pg_app.py @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +from flask import Flask, render_template +import string +import random + +app = Flask(__name__) +size = 1024 +num_pages = 64 + + +def rand_generator(size=size, chars=string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits): + return "".join(random.choice(chars) for _ in range(size)) + + +@app.route("/") +def index(): + books = [] + + for n in range(num_pages): + title = rand_generator() + author = rand_generator() + review = rand_generator() + books.append((title, author, n, review)) + + return render_template("index.html", books=books) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + app.run(host="0.0.0.0", debug=True) diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..594389947f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/base.html @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ + + + + + {% block title %} {% endblock %}- FlaskApp + + + + +
+
+ {% block content %} {% endblock %} +
+ + diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f2970e009d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/templates/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{% extends 'base.html' %} + +{% block content %} +

{% block title %} Books {% endblock %}

+ {% for book in books %} +
+

#{{ book[0] }} - {{ book[1] }} BY {{ book[2] }}

+

({{ book[3] }} pages)

 +

{{ book[4] }}

+

Added {{ book[5] }}

 +
+ {% endfor %} +{% endblock %} diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..120a59ef21 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/test_pg.py @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +import psycopg2 +import string +import random +import time + +size = 65535 +num_pages = 5 +conn = psycopg2.connect(database="postgres", user="lind", host="/tmp") + + +def rand_generator(size=size, chars=string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits): + return "".join(random.choice(chars) for _ in range(size)) + + +def test(): + books = [] + for n in range(num_pages): + title = rand_generator() + author = rand_generator() + review = rand_generator() + books.append((title, author, n, review)) + + start_time = time.time() + cur = conn.cursor() + + insert_start_time = time.time() + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute( + "INSERT INTO books (title, author, pages_num, review)" + "VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)", + books[n], + ) + conn.commit() + insert_end_time = time.time() + + select_start_time = time.time() + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute("SELECT * FROM books WHERE pages_num = %s", (n,)) + select_end_time = time.time() + + delete_start_time = time.time() + for n in range(num_pages): + cur.execute("DELETE FROM books WHERE pages_num = %s", (n,)) + cur.close() + conn.commit() + delete_end_time = time.time() + + end_time = time.time() + return { + "insert": insert_end_time - insert_start_time, + "select": select_end_time - select_start_time, + "delete": delete_end_time - delete_start_time, + "total": end_time - start_time, + } + + +def run(num_requests=100): + average_times = {"insert": 0, "select": 0, "delete": 0, "total": 0} + for _ in range(num_requests): + times = test() + for key in times: + average_times[key] += times[key] / num_requests + + print("Average times") + for key in ["insert", "select", "delete", "total"]: + print(key + ": " + str(round(average_times[key] * 1000, 3)) + " ms") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + run() + conn.close() diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..11e7de6da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi.py @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +from app import app + +if __name__ == "__main__": + app.run() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c8e53f1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/wsgi_no_pg.py @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +from no_pg_app import app + +if __name__ == "__main__": + app.run() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_benchmark.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..677c3017c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +set_cols(){ + COL_NC='\e[0m' # No Color + COL_LIGHT_GREEN='\e[1;32m' + COL_LIGHT_RED='\e[1;31m' + TICK="[${COL_LIGHT_GREEN}✓${COL_NC}]" + CROSS="[${COL_LIGHT_RED}✗${COL_NC}]" + INFO="[i]" + DONE="${COL_LIGHT_GREEN} done!${COL_NC}" + OVER="\\r\\033[K" +} + +while [[ "$#" -gt 0 ]]; do + case $1 in + -t|--threads) threads="$2"; shift ;; + -c|--connections) connections="$2"; shift ;; + -d|--duration) duration="$2"; shift;; + -s|--size) size="$2"; shift;; + -n|--num-pages) num_pages="$2"; shift;; + *) echo "Unknown parameter passed: $1"; exit 1 ;; + esac + shift +done + +set_cols + +FILE_PATH="benchmark_stats/lind_t${threads}_c${connections}_d${duration}_s${size}_n${num_pages}" +echo $FILE_PATH + +echo -e "${INFO} Configuring LAMP stack" +./lind_setup.sh +sleep 5 +echo -e "${INFO} Benchmarking the LAMP stack using perf and wrk" +perf record -F 99 -a -o lamp.perf.data --call-graph dwarf -- wrk -t$threads -c$connections -d$duration --timeout $duration http://127.0.0.1 +echo -e "${TICK} LAMP stack configured and benchmarked" +sleep 5 +echo -e "${INFO} Killing LAMP stack" +pkill python +pkill nginx +pkill postgres +echo -e "${TICK} LAMP stack killed" + +echo -e "${INFO} Parsing perf stats" +perf report -i lamp.perf.data > lamp.perf.report +python3 parser.py lamp.perf.report > $FILE_PATH +echo -e "${TICK} Parsing completed and stats are stored in ${FODLER_PATH}/lamp.perf.stats" +cat $FILE_PATH +echo -e "${DONE}" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cc6f11c1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/lind/lindenv/fs +rm * +/home/lind/lind_project/src/mklind install &> /dev/null + +echo -e "Loading LAMP stack\n" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/lamp/load_lamp.sh > /dev/null +/home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "Initializing Postgres" +lind /bin/bash init_postgres.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "\nSetting up LAMP stack" +lind /bin/bash run_lamp.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_nginx_only.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_nginx_only.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..0d15a26206 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_nginx_only.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/lind/lindenv/fs +rm * +/home/lind/lind_project/src/mklind install &> /dev/null + +echo -e "Loading LAMP stack\n" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/lamp/load_lamp.sh > /dev/null +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh /run_lamp_nginx_only.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html /out.html + +echo -e "\nSetting up LAMP stack" +lind /bin/bash run_lamp_nginx_only.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_flask.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_flask.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..20f3a4bd37 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_flask.sh @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/lind/lindenv/fs +rm * +/home/lind/lind_project/src/mklind install &> /dev/null + +echo -e "Loading LAMP stack\n" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/lamp/load_lamp.sh > /dev/null +/home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "Initializing Postgres" +lind /bin/bash init_postgres.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "\nSetting up LAMP stack" +lind /bin/bash run_lamp_no_flask.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_pg.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_pg.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..7396c974e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/lind_setup_no_pg.sh @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/lind/lindenv/fs +rm * +/home/lind/lind_project/src/mklind install &> /dev/null + +echo -e "Loading LAMP stack\n" +/home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/lamp/load_lamp.sh > /dev/null +/home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/flask-app/load.sh > /dev/null + +echo -e "\nSetting up LAMP stack" +lind /bin/bash run_lamp_no_pg.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_benchmark.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..f14824b9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +set_cols(){ + COL_NC='\e[0m' # No Color + COL_LIGHT_GREEN='\e[1;32m' + COL_LIGHT_RED='\e[1;31m' + TICK="[${COL_LIGHT_GREEN}✓${COL_NC}]" + CROSS="[${COL_LIGHT_RED}✗${COL_NC}]" + INFO="[i]" + DONE="${COL_LIGHT_GREEN} done!${COL_NC}" + OVER="\\r\\033[K" +} + +while [[ "$#" -gt 0 ]]; do + case $1 in + -t|--threads) threads="$2"; shift ;; + -c|--connections) connections="$2"; shift ;; + -d|--duration) duration="$2"; shift;; + -s|--size) size="$2"; shift;; + -n|--num-pages) num_pages="$2"; shift;; + *) echo "Unknown parameter passed: $1"; exit 1 ;; + esac + shift +done + +set_cols + +FILE_PATH="benchmark_stats/t${threads}_c${connections}_d${duration}_s${size}_n${num_pages}" +echo $FILE_PATH + +echo -e "${INFO} Configuring LAMP stack" +./setup.sh +sleep 5 +echo -e "${INFO} Benchmarking the LAMP stack using perf and wrk" +perf record -F 99 -a -o lamp.perf.data --call-graph dwarf -- wrk -t$threads -c$connections -d$duration --timeout $duration http://127.0.0.1 +echo -e "${TICK} LAMP stack configured and benchmarked" +sleep 5 +echo -e "${INFO} Killing LAMP stack" +pkill python +pkill nginx +pkill postgres +echo -e "${TICK} LAMP stack killed" + +echo -e "${INFO} Parsing perf stats" +perf report -i lamp.perf.data > lamp.perf.report +python3 parser.py lamp.perf.report > $FILE_PATH +echo -e "${TICK} Parsing completed and stats are stored in ${FODLER_PATH}/lamp.perf.stats" +cat $FILE_PATH +echo -e "${DONE}" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_setup.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_setup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4c2e18a457 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/native_setup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +CWD="$PWD" +echo -e "\nSetting up postgres\n" +./pg_setup.sh +cd $CWD +echo -e "\nPostgres setup complete\n" + +echo -e "\nSetting up NGINX\n" +./nginx_setup.sh +cd $CWD +echo -e "\nNGINX setup complete\n" + +echo -e "\nStarting LAMP\n" +./run_lamp_native.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/nginx_setup.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/nginx_setup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4bf91197ce --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/nginx_setup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/tests/applications/nginx +./auto/configure +make +make install DESTDIR=/home/lind/nginx +cp /home/lind/lind_project/src/scripts/nginx/nginx-conf/nginx.conf /home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf +touch /home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log +touch /home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b6285b0750 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/out.html @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + + + + + Books - FlaskApp + + + + +
+
+ +

Books

+ +
+

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

+

(0 pages)

 +

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

+

Added 2024-02-11

 +
+ +
+

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

+

(1 pages)

 +

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

+

Added 2024-02-11

 +
+ +
+

#3 - Q3588UW9DAJS1AWVBW7BHY60J9JKM7UXQRWHLUULJF8MG4IDMXPYM84RWMKA5OU5XDK9YN7OUMTJKLDK1DTU3U8JCYDRABNGSYNUF2JG9W5YP4R2J1O915WKF1P0M7R7V3Q32Y5KWNVSDJAVA2LVZPRUNVQURXN7RFKMFXPKSOHVWN6IP0YDQHFDCUBY3OXLJ3HJOW00BDXYXYIUNQPHZBKSG9EBQ0XZXWNDYCMD3DBTTIA79F73OQ21UV2PYNLN85EOZYPPV8VV6LFVV722C1QDCP401EGRD6098OMB7JIUPIYMJP5YHRGFBG4IEAX8K4WS8IQQKDUA6AEUR0IS6P3J1ONL7XO3O40F5YBMYYUZJRMPC44Q5OJL70EDH445KYERFF2EUEMTUODUY689N2RXXX9GMJPWIUKOGBZ7IRJGCI4QQ95IR90XRWN75MKCPWHTSJ01VIYWQKYXJZTRS53EBAMC23IY79UPLI14YKYXQ4CH8EG0F4S79HDOOTO4H8H4P3TMAGMNCXKA7V5DGQ4OB5I8554ICZWK0JHQ8WG9VXVXTOOAB8JLBZFJ8HDEM07DZ2DHA07GZ8TR582PNZAKWTLLJHXBPOLI0HD514GW7NEZOD0OWR3R79HOJ3J3N9IFDLKU3YZHWJO0ASCQ7KJHQWIL5LDLFQLW2SZPJ930H4M10D5BTT4L7ISNT6YOECKI57FB8T94XCPZG8QL8X9UY2FYEHE23FQU98YC4KKIMKGANFZX08MO4JCR8MMQRYNDE1SVA4ME04MINMW7YPVFRTMQWLFLMHJR0K0MPEPVBSPU1NW5W7OKQUD2QV4PU1VA8M9C1UHXXPIN1ZFB9CH3JTUFQFE21JTSN822BOU3RXICXA99BV23RUGCBHIGHWCUKCSPD53O034FR9TRQ7DBHNOCRY4S9QPZVSOOCATQEO58QEZSMQB7E9CH3AMUQY37HQ9P6AOE9KDAMLJ5ZNLHB4ITI8IQEDB9AKF29INYBHP109KIETGX8XG519HJB2FYFHJKQC6M5PWDTK64YZWY3SG864H6ME3QXYV4VEX7NXGFN2976Q06ZF8NEA6UXLFC7KUUMC02HWWAEMAUQ6C74Q7N2GLPQ0CPMSXZ6BX2Q7RJF0LWK8OAQFG8QKIQGAO7917OX8ON17OGWV8Y5F14EE3P29WTT8LFYTQXPYJER11B3QZ5XO2R5DE5DV6LQV6CE6EKP5E162ZBVJUEWARXR4IMV8XT1LNLT9GV66H4XMNHRNO2O9JUHCCY06KLO65BPG5YXCDD8C2XKFIZ490AUH95QQJ2Q2T33PPZT8U2331HABYKRSAQ5KXBJ07EZ6LL6X10YM50GWEUUT305J45N2J8Z4UCLWT4Q4XS4RAN7HONRO2D3YVSF5IAHZIO8OAL6O64KD0O5JA9FG0G9CX0WWG6WS5JW873J4YA4HN5LOZT37TC2HTPFP760BUJCKMKWHDSTDEDC8BO4HLT5R24711EEQW3Q0PB363IDW3U5SJBC2WCQW6X7TL99TZCGBVZK17X2DZ76QFD0N20TFAR9IXU517YD5D3TB68Z3BJKDORZSWG2UDMGTHLGMUVM0XHNF9G0CR9KZ6XA6GRFABL8LLKHG55EJRBNTRLLB2JP6UAG830YLA2B8GKABZ2ZJEEDFHM0IGDW0RZXH1DX0XI3AHJUIG4BGGR2M6L58G5Q3LXEG1BWSUUSD504HE8ENSPA0EMGX6XU5FKSI7UWNUM97049T0P9K85C1K5ACRY59QWVQPQ4UR5ZO4LXZ05LKFNO0L89TWNXWN562LPA61RQEYIXLC6BHHF1G5HK5P8TUDCXS2P64ANU5W9OYA5N2RRGND52HAW714DHASVTJNSSLQYN29LBAZV907ZL0LL0VDWQUK1ZL4GZ5LX76UJAISEMAVKUCEE3TPAARTRF2PU7XZD646C738USVJBL5RMTNEWYHCSKQCVTUUR9MDEUZAC5O9PB3BNRM1F0S39YTT94BUUYCMOKO1CTWX7BV129TVSE992GPP3SR0F9Z95YNY5XFXFNKE0JTYTB451XXHQ78ZJ4P9Y52MKWASJQ5TC9WKWV6C3VK0QJ6Y532C656C8MV4TG68XQGL0YKJ6RD9CQWUKL5AZHAA8PTE2KCEW0NM6VPX0UT48I40F0NBIFPI5IIEIRC9OPWQFOK2THG5HKN7OET00OQ0N7PSYHRZKJRUEAT0S51U7S5FN541KGOJ8CYMN26N9E9M7B8ZPNPIZ7JFT41E6VX5Q50ZU54W4230XOJ6PHBCKN433632VA03IEJHHN2HJQDBJ4C7PF9O9FSA54F8ZCVOP2XYJGFQPU5WKIQ17CXJA7EYAIIA2E5IYS0B68QOEKFSEKGRKUV5J7E8J5Q6TVXURFZKDEXPN37QKMQBGYTIODK1HY0F5E0VA9SFT3Z3GYX2TYEYR7FO1QU8SY607QMN4HIS38P2FHXWWQRV59VPIS7J088Q49FR3MH4FXSI6TNYMA90PAMBXEQC469CFISJ9JPQNFGF7JFHZDUHE15QBMDH9QTHYQGTDP6WYHFX8KPMTTQ5YQ779BSYO08TD0NF9GI6T5QZOTR177K7QVWP2UNE7ABE59HM0U3I4JLYYG4Z6E77GY69X4ZXSLPW0D8WY1OPX78LRLF4AV3KWYQ2LTT768ELYI4W8WIHY05CIDMUTG1KPGMTHXB8IUEVA142TDWCHP8KWQLV18W5ZW6M5RBCI4J3XQMGLR873Z71H216GSK8Y2G42E6TVSKF4IF7Q902I8THPQSO4QK2CYNVOYREWWYKNE42FGJLXMV9V86LSN06SOKAQM6PSTLLB87IXBY5XHI29RRWDYOLJX2JL3B1LETYRBKAPLG8C5C78SXIRW7GKDGNYGHSFI786FN004RIGMN41FKZCL1KOIPPOU1FRIHCZCA2XE4ECC1VOQYNFO7NH66CDE0GN7U7QMMUXMYTN82GOJ0MLOBQ71CKLURS05FDYMJL1WGUD1OX2D36QZ42CV0A57JT7EZUAQT4SA6DIPZJWRSF5PFQM81GJ1VNQR2H7JGRRW2EGSAUC423TE4N8W3FXK6GCGWB61KEGQ0RXLNOV1HCVWD0S4NCTSZ8LMQCXX6XFSCSVR7PHKZPX2I938GVE4GS3BU4KZUREG3AOE64HJLXGHK0WWC2M7TO6GKDCSJGN5FQTQPUZOQA6U89ONX1NSR0355FNSLWBX1VAXH6HW2DNXQY3ZM4USIPVH26P0CVE65S6U99PRKQZUCZT5PH0FC59RVJV21ANJ46E9LB0Q6NCHUGOZ7R1GZ5BCH26XL2CH2ONU362O231C2I9J4O2BK06GV1PAFQPCY0VMZO1QZRLINUD8Z2TOMORQACRAZ2CX991AYPWI0KW0K5Y9R1BB3LMRIU7N4XFB4H8EFBDS5YBWOILB8A88KGHP7O6EFAWW5CDYA439OVKOQ6MJ5AUYDC6I2FHVSK5KHY41WGSON0JADHZVSJMDRUCNUJS16455153UGG9711D2X1RHQPC9QKE5324KFQ8VHHWUREKVDPJV55J4QRXKQ1UO4OG6CS9XVAOA079D52YKKHEZ1RBY8A1C9IFXPNBAF65S3AFKQHLB3LQYBC8FS80VFJ24Z9H07VBD877HQLB3D1W1F3SGBEA6MWBL1F2LBUWYJ0PYZIZGRLG52ELRH96CA6QTA5P7N7E5SQIT7PEG1US75IZ2V2NNPTQ4MLX6Q07WIFG2B2I5PND3TV8USXWRA52DBBVYAC0Q90GJKFT6YBJ7XWIGXVWXY5BBB3Y3S5C6C8X0V3TPOIKS8CEGBUSKSL5Z951FZHU4V30E69HW4T84KQIA9VVJ8QFUNFV0FCSMKJA35RK2F4IV9T3QUE5QU42DW2WL3DGCYEXY546FUN3WR3LAV4CI753PYUEIYA59CVNXETTAEG2JP1G02EW0Q2TZVWI6JE8VTCUBNUCPHCQI4A0BAUC6SSU82PQ8DM56H9FPYB3Z5H43E9MA0W4XSRMWUYWYQT6AMXB342H22OOXCNF2GG5FCCN7ZLMGZQN3A6YHO946SK2DHA01H6M51Z7L5MFF1ZAY2Y91Y6P1ZLQ171J84IBBIOF8QDEAQ5VS6J43GGDB4MZX4AHDPG1CRIIXULO64VSEI66O5APPC2R2VMY03O46CJ1T8TUVREXMNO91T2OATEF34IERHGPL56S0GRAHPTJQEWH8IM402D78HR9GKH6CL1U7DQ24U30M3VG4Q8KG6WAKXS4HQ29AZU5Q5UCNF6WUP38UMP97QWSCHT5IKWG854Y4Q5IQY4V1046EG6BDNQ0NZM3LSR56WLBQKSB7GXC34JZPMGJ9U7RDZNDTJLHX2GAVFHVNTX7M80FQZ2A2TW5W49UHDLP4HX9X4673YQGVX7T7FRGGTBIC8ZX7JT9AB8WWMV2SQRFEWOW93IA77P6X8HTTRGILV4FTGSZ3C15T3RXKOX0AP73III3C8KM40ONBZ2R2X6ZFWN9IVCFHQWDJEIZMRCLY6ODUSG3N3O6NVTAU8R0Q4RV04ZIBCMI9GQQ8N89H7AKNRO7J906FPDA1PF2TQD6NJ995U4WZ35UN9MLNBCP97YG81QK68ABLOBH7Y2ZGSJG5NERPF2TOXPPEX8HVJXHR4D7LU9NYY503U5G9AS05SRWF77ZWL5O1XAHC9QP8B8ON2IX6PN51QTILZWIQTLMXSMD7JR3T8HK1NPMPOCX5GRZZIDTNI5WOSNYS0ZXCX3J45416HYSZJHFL5MNR5USKJESJNNS03LRCS8TCEV13R78HL7LDFEXZG76EE313OEXPPS030PV3YMJK4KX4W92QZB557RF3IIH7FD7Z2MEI63ZYOOEXJXVOX0KDCQCD5LD9NYVFAORJ2B8K6ZZI6NY8E25IARIWHGKF5E9ZGG589Z0VH2QIBHF8PR38983UOQSNMTW0F6MCI0L0COPKRNX3GKJMSDMM07LYBZQIMF6FTQ0FI4H5TSE5VC7PILKWSC46PA65POGW992XP44E0Y7IU84XP6KBFLGKW8NEP7LLDADGD9OPHPFJXTQMTNYDB1P3V9F7LLRZUKA737T1N5EBBCO04GVMJLA8SDIGG9M5GYBLGBTWWWJC8DV8XJ85FE2T0JHDED9RCQEHYYLNJSRM71FAKU0PBM9A6098NVP0L4ZL5C44GCDT2SXFHWMZCCAWUBVOPUFDI7888A5IXH20EFI432CTAIRPX9DHPQ1PX6N7ILDPPZ3W1KNRX3GDSS1WX6VY9R3H72P7O5N90AOS8G3GCHXVAGQMOFX79FPK8O734TMDTCZY926IT2WZSAM8KNEKBUZA7LP0UF1KA4NS8ZCIJSSQ5BQX90QE0W8QAIIBSFUUJEJIONX7V6NCLSX0A7V6RDEH6G9BF4B6O3LLF0Z5JOBORFF5S0J1UKUFPFXYK34WRT1B5A5UWU7RHQ770VCGR7VM78TLRLLIZLY5YX0L4FL7F13YAAZQBI3ZCS6K284JSUCPZ3N1CJU0PPYCPNFC6S7Z9OX6G0SO593XON5MKY9W907PBI4QUIO90HOI4X6N02BGH5C4UUO9M6ZZ7RIJHC144PFMOVVFMMTJN7ULPTWRYNPK51BOXOTOP8OXSHGJ0WRUKB1APLZBFN8JWGP5PROHCMJWCFTKPBRDYO7D4CBHPFTT9HNEO6S8QZFWUCE7USLG5G6XY4ZLKTCEQTE80BZJXSGRWMPZ6XTJO3TDEI1S71HFYN26XBG43OCCIFJ31JGPM00ZCJE0T79HAU6B0HGPRNQ54LSIL7D6OI3Q8G0574OIB3Q4QWWMCK69PZXEBKI45R90WYGJ5GXXBX61HXDRPA4JT14UDZQHF81WA7JXL6QNXZ9LAFSQJI3HQ65MMKR3AL5BY49JPARG1NV3RZIEC2XIWFJGXED9SPFY31GF9HIKKVLBJW9FY7QUQ5GFWGGQVBIHB8IS72TPQPZVNO1TRGLMV1AKQAK3IOOAKSWTQ09MUDYC08P3CMVDS6AWC2IEI743CQ4XGU46WUHRRZECFINB2SFB6J8E64N3EN1ZNE1MGDLNC8H91SKDJLCGBF8R607H8KPRTRVM12R0RRIHA6IQ7H43X40WLHRRZWLBJD7F0YL0177B6EMOCXIMT897U42R7OJSDDUAXO19HQEXQP5A1O4GEFL6H6MK5XU1NPSBIUTONVDRZGETKLJBYIS3ZW0FQGF41Q2I5LZCI9UPYOQBDN7848JU02XPSCKT4PV5A9FRCN1Q024IPYI2KA38DDTGTHSC561HXVJH9STL6ZO2YF3Y55VWICKDO26IF2QUG9BO1YIS6CJY97UQCHNN30ER6CVVHY9GKFCR2KZKTBOUBWMPSD8IMFJ7OE4QKL4ZCPSMW3DU5SJ38ACD8IAKFSZKEEAQCQRMBNHMCJH3OAP589QIR3394JE2U7G8EQN1Z21KBPKU8JQGS8Q3VSWOI1ESTM6K0W4G3MHV2W0LVL0UGEJOYRVTPQ7J69PVD7OOVZZP7C9EIUTSK2IFEE30CP8J2GVFN5VV59JGOKOZ0WSG4YHX7LCDRUGQ3TCBD15AMGI2FLCPRFTNPXQOWXTCCGAVL0VYM7ELIQW9B34UDD72R468G5CA6BBE1ALIOO0CIC2ASKMWN4A8O2FRIYZW5QIU0ISUNU0B5MM4ED4WAWDB7IZ9ZURA036OZ9R78ZIN01W1IN021G67NYAWENS38T46GH0X5AQQ05HC349NO0CLK91FZAZNN2HQ4OEZ96NJC3GNRBO5CSNB7ORBVLDSBQXMNFY7PA5N5F3PNXUG3B4MH106MG95EFN99VXL5PPEFB6V20FUVMDHERQQWHHTWMCKM3Y6XQT4QBTENP867BGCHI5XH49FP7V7YNWYVUHI7X63F0PFFEZ7VJ0GK6Y92R5R6XUJYZVBRGW10ZVIIOUUQM9QS0TBIJXB429JNI5CVDJK1CMZH6NS56HCYV16DPU4U1EDBPML8WRRVUII9LGE6QX4JJ62XMKEZHT7N9CN34HSC96LOGJVOYMAMJ8N3E69HVT8U525YOKAEXSL0RIRIZWRRZ6OB7AGHWACJC457TJRIAHL8V689XG1F7W5V6IHKK4Z8WFJ6EP0B3SZVJV8XBA9N4HIPNQ0HIT3SPSARZ6ZDXETY0HRWE0Y4HXJ5PVA4YO8WO0IVY5QPKGWLKJ3ME6WHZ64RYF9BBAV4L90F28CA7ZBSJ0B3KQAQ87IT641ILQM1GSKQSPV6DMBDFV1C3NIM2RV9YMD9YY7MB1UAMATN7HJTN62QJYPEQ24UZ72ST6I3CODXSDLJQ8EAEW9W70RHF18DYM792U97390U2SK0QS3LGHY6HRCI1NM28HWUPRZ2XWEUKYUMEHAU4F7Q44TRVYD1RJEDGCF8AZX3KZPB89147OWAD1JXCVJQREG4R98ECTTRFNQW0U3TNCYA83TYOJLWTZAV49MA28MGXSVZ4BVU3JFCM1XA7EPAKK3S48TPOOL5CJYVPNSYTOQY491T7XP447N4BWZAP14H28AYT964Y6W1J9F2P6B03INK7VQLAKZF11SP172SMWTW35EW37SWK46UBWKYRCU4DAFWA7V2PJIVI1SIWR6ZIP2DFIV04OMVBW0A2W07IFL2W4TM7GH56386U4I20CD8BRIK35MGS0POZSZCBWVASAWUC486U1SHAT29I9P8YAH761AXHFWIADO5BHEP72JRJ0WV7WPU5TVO4F0I6ONSV7CVJO5IVQBVVGHJZBJD59JP0OYNW2S8S1HZK4LWPA7WL8ONVCF4BQLKQPUQ2C3L01M2WVRG5UQKEZROROGRRJGN18375V2E7LOE72BSU9L2MOLY4REPFU0IYA8YD47RAQPMB8U8V8ZJ7RT6JFCJAIR71PUU5FLVK8VYILU7DYTBCAESWPNTHIL85976GOHJJMSRRNPP7NLTLYEW984RNCNBXBMCEN59RBXJHHGM2EFNC9ZZRTDXZJ4256145MVTQJIUPV24FIUSPKPGPYWABQ0IPC95SN0081QQKRYKAX17BP19HIGDMSPR8MYQW13BWXWHBC681BJE553MWVQSB4TEVP1FJ017HGLH799QS7B7PFUGAW3QETGE0I9FCFTES8DRDSJ7HU63LM9VNY8DCQ3135O33HEJU0W9G7V2NZ79HJP9IV5JA4U3M09O1ZHW2VQSHOBWU3341DO7A3YJ19DDFH2HF5BBYT1QXGRMRY8951KJG5RAC41QZ0PCM46QDKMG6QEXI2YEHRT8AQHIQT0IZLZX84ME0UMNEEFINDT0AEWEEBJUD7VLXVD2X7POUUXJVSBK5GSY3PFDC4H298RWAT8KIE9XXHHPPAV0PH7HEA9EUXYQH4S5L5REALZTV6IBNCW5CR361VZXKPSWGYKX0NDXV6V3563JMICASJ6Y8CNYO5R7ZQZPK1XXL5ABXS5V45LNSOSMVYXG0D39JH4CJUZ0OGOFDPEZ267O7157196XR5Z3138KBLXBMLPJ7IY52LSPPZ874Q5T8CC2FGBQYUV5DYPR34KSH541AC32CICHC8L02ODT5RAZHPOANZL6FLNL7A2RWJYJMI6BGUDBYZOZESFIIXS9CUD9SC8PQ2LAZ8ASHTV62TMUFDVW9P3FFTBFDJEWD82OXCB3DPI5WYMQBB9JAOFB57FR3NVP2UK1HOKAMR8SJJIPLVGGYLYDNJ3H3X6AYI93FZCZLQ5CJLAY08MICV0X5Y9QOHCKRV0055AWBVA8A5WLXJFDKOWDILRZSPPA590G1V0VCO6ZWLMPAVI2WDRGRKXGCKEVTMGWW1IJV10GN5UXYDTEGYE33DLA45KHM78OPJ4ZCYAHP5C6BHVUHK4QE8WGVZZK611BY6YV96SJZV6MLAPIRFLEO69IZ18BHWLUR7TJF7W08OHB5YNMC2R4GJE66LBFZ6MIY554C02HOC9EP8JDKKKIJVDAT8JM0Z3NRWVHH8SNWPZCTQ2KII8MG9IGME6Z5QE2SSOYIDRP84T8RJGNXJHMQOZO2KJ3WF5M5PEJECI600J03R7JV8EDUCWRJCSST0MR93LT5NPDQFDUK82ENPUEYPFOJXL64NWLN9W9HOQ2PHQUCJB14I7UBRQHH54FG6QHP62A5EX54VI6LTCHRXWYHKTNYMFP0ILO4Z6A1ONSD418TGI0ADTAIGB9WJ3SH1IY6MTLA9WJPY36F9INXK0R7PF5SRI7SB4IS6PASD4IA5R2P3HNQ0MHXIRHDK98C5CBCXBS43UINRSWD0TEDJ5YKD30YFP801I44QCLGQNEHJ7AHHNHSVM5F314MPDIMIGWET79EWXTDW4TGMXF0PUN3ABSQN8GOX09YND5L9Z1A61I90FZM2I728NEO9ZICBW1SCFTOF75EVUYU09MQQ4NP93WCM9Q6PUJRQKXIY3U15TXENUF5P7BFUP1YTIUA3FDR05FT9QPUPBJ1XJ2CN8C8ZURXE67W3B5O0A4F7BO16L3TLT63BVC24JUVSTO77X27YQ4L82AE54IFOKCJ36I24CQ41T2KD6KB3QHARX39MIQHWYOR8HXQHAQ5DPAJE39TJ39FO0F4M3O90PCJIFEXBMWWD9J5TXIIFDKOZ955ZJ21P8VTVBBA4A4CWVMEFWKS7TEJ3CV4JESM6L7ERHIUR9PVOUOJMDLTMD8Y5XZL665KE31G312US5TP4815CPZOLBWAEYZCYAGJ5T9GZ692Z3705G2HG8VL4H9PMJBRX4U6CM5XWFM6FDOM7HAL78OOXN0GV3F4A8XTMUDXK2TKO98OZ7T6QWVVPYKFJYS5EC0GJWBMM73SGQWODKFCTPK8TF67OZIOFT4SW3T6KL6S18Y2GOM77HNOJ54WPGOHPXW8BGAXKHPXPA70DE347O0BKACKATSWWY1TX73PF51UFSDP8HUSCTC8L1ZVG6LWBCKEC2YB9O2R290HLZ5PYTAPJLRZ1CCGWBR8NEPN51J7CV1MWG6JU6LWMXCSPYEBXLMDIB3DAFFMRT3SJ9U2K1J1VJLMO5541VJYJSP62DNCITS599M339BHVFRFIYB5LHTK72PYDR3LEAB34UDHM5CHO16OYIA3RI4GIBHVVTTT7X1CBHUAPNZZPB50PQZCI3FRQ5YEQFQURTY2HVKF6BXIDH1XNH423J4O34FG13KSC6Z4W1CX2R815C6MHV5FOZSFI6OU9M097KXPQC64IJ0CH6ACKO0ENC3OTGVM0ADQM1V6EJHCQYV6PSUBL11ZZJ7YIPVTQNTD68AHJ8QKQTIII38O8V3AK1I88UBLSBE0K5YG87LV8ECZ0OKISIJVYDW4JUY5Z1OE3M8FUQ73JS1KSL9AHOAJGBVE7TUHGQQM6A0PVHURLUAG3MULI65THUH5HRDW8DNAJMILTP4I60CZJAIH1W1198Y2M52XLJ0ZCU8N1K0NNDGXZMKCYJ6ZONAHLYOMI4CCQIXCCPSPG6K144PLJIFCEX5QVTU0FR66VTOJ31CVDVDM96SVAK3XRWHNJEH433LJQSWT5DK44JNRX20P6ARXD6GOZRCF9B982PY06S74DGEH1ZCU48ZFE4GLS63OUUADRV732F1W4ULB66D7S64LTXUNBQO421TIQMX39P40A5UNRJJ7RUVTDEL40R6L4G90IV64BF5AA6OH4CPSM0UFL4J0WSROTIG87N6AZ8AFNYTOUFYK60Z3TKU1059TQ48DM5Y32GH0G7P6BHLQ07EAEWTK4QWF4SSFOGQXDJQ2DW5CC5RIF068RG9OO37Q5EDSF31DAK9T999NJ1AT086OKKURLIOFLEZ4UM0SMB94Q7GR3X6YO74MIXZQD05LU6YAOZ680QPUJFVNLEFKPKI94WQ257GSYXAGIQ2EWK87CA7702PCZMVOFA4EWD0EYIWAGGCTGELA8CVM7F2Y4BTZ5SA6CHYEZ50CKE8AMETQAB3U5HFF6DRVWQMJLP40DNV5RWANJX0AKFBSWG9F20KX2PPS0NPQBWPGQKJUR2CY62BI844MW1BP039EIQKL118TW3ZN3DJ9SDRW141W8DW6APU5IVY7QFSNJEMSR8KF6APFPZOLJYX8RBABAEQ9HJ8WSEVU3URNWJWM8XFTMIG2YEXK8LD57VR5787T35PXL8X2SF7RFGDSWEERVN6SK4HH840XRYQY0JABY7QKB7TH9HXLIG9D58NPRV9G0QOTCX59T4R47REI5ZV71KEYSBC78VBBE43ZQ7HU7M0YHFPJVNNNYOXEH31SQJNK56JNWY10HFE72Z53YOF1BZ9NIBSBNDZAFD2ROUMSL56N8W44CSO41N5Y2Q8JKEFGV3PEAOH7D56YSUCGKFJ7RNDDZDA80OU7N3FHV0GN0WLABWOHKH0UWRCF52EVEQCNUO7099KFUI334RIH2YCHYWI61GP33CTK3UT6IAZ4BKIBBNDG1CG08L9R2WQJ0OYJSVL8BI2CEAPTMEMG6ONUGR04WWXL52ZVUJYRFA4IBPJZJRK5PQ7IJNAWP6SRN65UJR6ZJHY620SIS1V6HD9VVDFS54PKOI2189N8F9KCDRDV9LUOD5UTSUR9TTE0DYOZQUA050XANAYRA4FOEQ1DNU5Z9V9FX6A881TIX9SRV1L71UJ3MZUEK805EYMVC387W4IOLTR15RFQ07M2BEIB06DOBIYFHHC7AF8AC1RGVIB6DXBT614GDQM1SKIIAYPAEHWBI50IJ3N4YBIKX5Z77GVNG8WPXN8V4O4O3M5WVG7R2K84DHO31780VE0FMCBSK2QCS7GW9CG2HTAAHF2H145BRBYPE387JUMLBX2117YMINWOX6O5L7Z1QDCTI7S161ZQVK9GD6V48VU0DSRJNKX46901GG7EB40UIN9OCWV8OX4LCZNPW0ZMI7141LX337GSKUXT4NJJCXNH2UK0W1FZMFGGBDNA46I5MZF9DO6GW0QWAVEU5IH1MI5ZODPFYL6UHCBU28T49FK20F3OW8EDVA4UUVLP1ZAU7HB549MJLFU1Q8V6UK686BS558INJA82T1Q2WF5A03AOXPQDIBMNDEYQBI6WCUWMSAA19BLZPAJT59SU13VPC5KJH7V7RFIR0K02UB77YNWJT2GRXZBHSJ6QFHNLA0H5CMMDXUIJFMXQOLVRKAU3OZDPGYXQJRYUQHHVMGBSUB71PYBOXEJ1WW8UBOJE6ZJCVP9WM340AMCDLZIQ2D0WL03MBTM4VNB4L96XNUKO4Y9DE21ZHPQO5G3BZFT3HD8H8IYQ3BDDXP345V0D1FQJ3UN054A5YXYW6HB61ZD560VF635P4NGREJUY956G2WZD9XJQ9G5QJMA3FXCM9T1BUIXTY6MK69LQ0YG97TD9JPZ0IR17JENCMA03D6HKCWWQ9ZNMFNK81CVC9NUZ6J35SLA4W0EQAXOHJ4XBFLDJJ7Z6LV5B7T8FXON5STWEKK9MMM3LKBZPQ5N1ULZPK1XF0MUPWUT7B99Z3HXJVVB1GO87UHHXHDW38KPIXDZ996RW66XSF5HPI894IJ964EVY8RXD4VFAYONA0N2FGVR3R8FCAG20ACNW0AO9UCHPZU7MZH00SJFK2PO5YR35P0SVYDXLSNA4RKL09GPT5MUMD7QR31523QJZHKL5XEIBKX01CBFL8II3FFASBRDYM5D2GSM0LLW5DU8ILU4BB0NICHWPMJ4SMO45JXE574Q54WKSM2Y0DCTKPA7CXHIX2N8I6DBRRAC57FNIJSDB3QZWGBWHZD7DB9ALBA9F9FAD9OAFIADM8J0EAUFLPJLCOZ44Z5HL31TMC11NRJPQJV2ST3NCIQD401F71IDV91648IJ1NIHKUJCR5EAHZNJ1PCUNU4X44W7TKC7GH0U14P5HGAPIR6V1KY6OBZVP2EYOSLTJODJL4YPLXCV9UW6HMO9PDFMEGJYMBY40MV5619LSB06RH2NRXDFZRHDN0Q5PEDHDSACB62WO4KIGSFBG0ZGK44PIXYL4VORB2M3HQXHWJSD06GOJY9G15HG8AB3Y4Z4032Z51R674LJ8ER5Q9WAORVEZ0RR63P3M2VHXDIG3ZG2ZQF1QIQNVBUBUVYQ63DORBEEVGGEV3OE3OCJIQBG481KO5ARZMHVAJGSIKA6DPKSEVDCPDIAULF7EDJOPDOQM1IUJ9U0NKGQWF3ZFQJGLPWBTM8NK1FQO5EMO1ITEZHH3LEYUK1EZEXA7GLFH268JEAZOVSFEY2W6EU7A0283MPIWURR3M9YXTE0HJTA5TH6GMBS02UVBH2HZAIYF06REOSCAL3FLEGF06YO73V0E4O6XGK6H1MWA1ZVTCDZ5Z3OHZQQZ7UUGLF4T1BM4GLKAJ2VRH2MWRBQC05PYC3DM5CIZJD307J1DZEH50GJ9WXO5FA3B7HLFEM7J238HKWVBMVY5O1VOB8OBTR534FOM05774LZ4JKN9SI0O23QQ3EMYBKZPRWSZPXBVE6629XWONSIKVAK7BDB4YW8KR0I23Z017RQROWQ1LTQ81K2JQY4PEJ4TSU38BSXA64KSMKHYLTNTHU8F8UX2JEVLM9IXAE7HTLEG9I6JOE4UYBSMVRXRR79XSXR5ZS4UNHKKWMUOBC3YXY9NSXC692UKMNIN85PR1K1G68GLMRDRKFEWXFDD4NNOGPATN7QEJ6MTL3PKNFU8MFBJOOLH45NI54EIJU3EKPYHC3KC1MUXPZ93CEKWZKZ7L9LNAPGGGDU9PDFDBYBIQ8XNYVTRJI86PVI71O181JDQ6P1FEVMD4KCU9JU43LHWI3VVSPYPK51H0PGP3GGMDXPIDFWMMKNXL2F9VRB4ZK810C2LVD0H4GSN2XBZX7MHJ1RGURLPVKVHVVW636CZIQKJGK44FMI1D3DL2KP743DN4PPZXOER2RLN8Y6R5LQTRVOMVGQOPKGHXBSSGNUU2FK25SUS3M8SIZV2STSABIG8O7404GLHRZK9EITUB19S37VOWNXNSTNNPIDQOOCQXEUFOD9312EE39PLIH3FJQI95X67ZBBDIO6A8GLTQQCPL3ONO5D4MJXVHMBX05RX9TMAC78UN9GWL9DSNAK0VCN7RM8QTND2XYKTWLVNWP9KP14UPWCKF5QFNMBUHM54LPWI03K5YNIRFGB5W3ZZ234R5FC7IFARMVCMHNMVVK4ZLMFYUE3I8ZS9VVF0IM5YKDT2S45N4KOG269NDCY7C92P5YPNOC0YIVQEWRXTG8951P53Z2615ZH3UZT6RF5P3TK0HT4TVQTX2WOTEV6ZDAZE7GGX02XQMK9189MUCMQ4B2IZSAJCMHLZ8WN96U0NOV181D8UZMI6XE0MYK09BUDR16ZKA365BHXHNE55L25C8YDCSXT3LS55GLL5X219XVMEN7ZAKB8OF5YNO3LMR35H956CVP9N451CWQHDRFMHIQAT8KVRMBYCCME1CJQ2N2DWMENTUBQ210KK3WRN395NW39NLR07WAUZUIQCOBOYD3LZDC68GC1I3HYQDZK15LX03FBGAEB9682B0A2IEMAEXB5RSVTSNHH240W8WHV89UT52CDZ1EVM9339OKAEKA2DLSGHU4LM3CMV4KVLJD2VD4WYPXAE95SP0MNAA16LRJUZ0KBBXW5W659447KX9SS0F16WSTU8BIBM6M7LG13QRN5591CS3CIWXAURUYYWYQLEAPVOYER3BVHN9IGPETA1HUNFYWYVCO57C0XSPWHB8Q1WHKJ6Z3HNIAIZO96QF3T4A9QOIWD01C8RDQPG7MDWZKBPIEPMAF4D2S9D4249Q8JLSIVPHBR4J9Q8VOAIPRBGAZWZD2LBVX8TIFGBORJOSSSALIDUVZFLBYAT15V0JAR4U2SXUAH5BX68P58Y8QNEUG5OIZ0OAPHAFE3DL7MPDDR3TKK283NFZQU8FGY8PBJYZ6JYQ0H4O5OHFHR9G89NK6O4NGLRO5U467Y3NJFBS2GU95RHM4BJFFDO5ANQQSPVRRBEXA0ADXXC872ZSDVNTGKTTQ9UBYCMVX05RXX54504DGW8NNJ02DY6UQ9SF2UTV5MUAZDV4ZNV452SJP11XQJYN94GFTLX7ORMJFTFG0ESQXCLKHH9NYBKFD99HNFG4FJOO8ZTJ9WVSK18GDUJFX1F59GX53GT6ELN5Z2TV4O24KSGEESDFEVMTR1WHSR47D8H9ZU360711RQOA53Y0LO8O0QJAO9DTNOJRRQBVZCDANV6XFUDKRNUKCEYEODFEW1CEXLSON7L3DIHQ95LMUE8F6Q6PDNRIDHECL7YJZ19BKT71EP38FKZCR1ELKTCVQJ261IR8CVBTGLIQOTQL5JEL95TOQF0758Z98Q8VU4PBM523GVAIHUKYYL9O78943NZ5ALDJRHM7J71E3DE6YLO92TEFSD0AE9C1DUGIJ64OL19RRNIMZ8RUV0T84OUACMZMKMU80QHHYFNWK4TZKOHAE59TV4J3DOYOLKPD72KDI3QAIU3DLACE6R68GCTRU2MX8U2RFEZO4NXQE8WH2RZ551K7VZMO4N0JX9DQYBYJMP3NE0MTSMWSA6BCJY45P2T1JO0QIBFX29UT1NNG0VCIOI0AIO002JY0JRXADT3PM5LXBD9EV28OYG7PGTHUWVK0UHWGFMK364XZQMDNGWS7B83O3Q90RONF9HPTTSKKVFWFHM58V5Q20IISSD3M1UIMCQ8IIP4F5MVTHYP95L9FHMAVQYSO8XHPZAOACTB1MKPUUYEQYL1W4HFCFETHJ7RB22QD2KOOA4L2YGSLSZ2O8DN4YXTH4PSYLSW2HIBULLV25BIHL3FLBZMJOYR02YJ2YI6Q47KUTUJKKOFEZU9EQRRIWQ3ATX3U8QWZ0IY4DLWHDHBULWZFYNAATQYO2YBUM7FYNVD7QK9Z64PN30N3FTAP9SHWFEEI4AKX67BHR5XMORTWKN7ADUJSFIEKCXD6VODV8R42YU4JPYJMMDJV85AKQK2KOT5Q7SY3R73BPSZLBC64QR28Z5ZWPQBZD1RNKPR07B9CGVB3T4Q66QJIIUZWYJNOVKCN7WSTP4LJ1R44436DWVKLU66QIBJBCWXTLSK5W2MNHY3YPAFOM5OMIOX11T4GU7PG3RLKXSFC64L8C15G8WME4BKFAJ6NOFF14Z95AEXLNXFMPYFE1BEVD616I1U5LQV6BE54K8DGILDLO7B8FD3KTC8MJP44R4CFRBRTFXL0OVZ21OXF2DSFYH1LJVKCQA6YO5D8CDHO7WT1CBVPKM25U3FL2LJANMHGHKRQHHHRFUYA8BXRZRY48K3B7EV2VKH7LHUHNKO3IOBA468VXAKLKYF23ZEF684N4CDTYDIOFZ0RD4FIQN3CF4OLFJQXQXRLU089I2XI73QYVEZBROAIJUIIFEJVX068J8ELZID45DBWF21EBXEAP1JDFWWCF9QO5MMOTKHYMU61QF7RA1X38FV4QMK6MBHRMVLSBR48ZGSQIRT38B8VF8B684CZWFP09X9L222AN1GSHRDO13XZF3HG63ZR3LXRG3BTDG5KSG9EO05VMJJRXLGLIF8PDUECMORDBSD1KY5S2GFJQ7RPELTBBG1T8S148KVGR3YHA3XDDS4YQ612YKR3FSOY4JTRR8P7P7G9X4AYE2WJUWF7X3N0CYQKGGJF8ABEOHFAKXFE95O7EHAQHB1F8QNPT635YFBGIOX0LU9YOLS54KDO1DLIBBWP2XLHNT7Y0PGY7YYROSKWBOLTMVNGIMOL4W46YLT7H984GQ422OWGB9B73KDUYOPXCT1AVYPKIXP7FVTDZCE1YVNEGZMJTO19HDCRIVMSJ0TEGWPVPJKQ6WLP1K8EWL8WAH73EFS0HB0DM3ENLXXV7GHH2NFERKP3MFTU4EA3PY3VKK6K2VVJNVA05QEWJLEYXQCB11H4B450IMJA7ZI62U4OGB72T4WENQ0X039Q5MQSNN09RYZW5LYUDPWMOFCS3UKH9CFDLK11UR1HQ5URPCUS4Z2MNJAWO1PEG79WAVC15PR9FYL1S1680STZCVKSZGQ762F5U285E8Z6MOZ3T0Q3U7KWZB7QOH815EJFMDNYJG3YTKP1R6QNNNSTU9WG37DHKRK9ST98XWSFN9322PH3WZTNUZJD7OTAYEQALQH7AJ0734N5B5P26ZX4LHKJ6Z2X1991MY9HRJMM9DB1L8RXZ22K3WQ56AG39FJQWLQZIJ40A3ZR3YX147M90IVI3VKUSTNK81W0ZZJNJDNOIM99KLXQY4A8YLRV7F0Q77XC0G769B4UMCV576HFBZPZG4KAU8AR4MMPVD0EKSE0F8QBMIWOUE39DK4P14AD0TB75GK61YCZXVKWQYR6GNWD3AEUXLMQXGL3JWFKHQPT21T2P0I2XM3EWIEYBO2HRWLDVADVTO8MYQ4M7HTV2H4S2DU18STLTXRXMELL4YFNIBXIC09C8O8PT6RJOWY7Q5ZMX2THUQXXOM4NWTLNM73FS7HORN7B00QY3WTLAFKBVRYI7FNQJ869KPSJB8PTHH9ICLE3Q8J5Z61NSGRKCE99IQFDVQZ1H6GDH57C7IKNTX2JPSP7R230MDHA2MJ39FYBEZ4HQPGTVS5V7Z4AQ47XXW3KLVROLRHOZN1AIO46YMBFGO78K8E4ZTQ4YQS8RR0XPLUSY9ZM8S6RW87RIGVBNPJ8E53YACZP37BOT048CLFKRLY0Q6IEOKEA5TZG5G873YZMIN3TU8JJDH57D41AM88X6EFR3PW3H8FGF6QSOUQ6X4X8NBL2VSFQFOYF57AKP7QQ1GLQVBGYKGIASW177QAU8DIE3LTBPGX3WWSKXEB3L4PVHPDXQC0KD2LE042A60XLCTSPC8EUP1WRJ4BCFDP1SAPE7LCABRB8VHXBZRF75IQHRGHVQL90N864TKQ6PR2KX4V11YI9O8N85D2YYP0VXW61XOG4LXVGK1ATXHLEXCESI0N3BQFX6ZXBJXIT1SFSIBGT9LR4C6CFEEX0D8ES2LOALWG67I33857Z2CNM651JO4Y3C2JRH9849WLDREN7N0H8FH5R85AR7FNYUKFEGQMDR25SDU0R3B6NSF19RZNWV8PR3QNG6S4XLL73TWTL1CAIHBA6PN56H6A7MPATUHYHXE2CMAXX1NMYYY0YE3TBS6LF3CFQPAIMKN8GNC5U3URIRMALRB82JXHMF1EL52EU09FOLZKKLWKCC1IMECUX1N53NCTOLWU6MWAUUITL45AI2BJLCTPERD17TYVGCZUZZ2CIRZPXGE5NKZRTHPP4XZI0KS9HJI7ERTPM8AQTFLP6IS6FR7TTQUSC1T6BMVIXJ3M45RXPERYVMOQ2E2NXYMOOM60XHA3HH6NL1GIOCP74OA5GTUTGW9XDMYKS99HW75GQUWWX5RO6OW13ZRHI1W0D2JKY3TDJ1GDXAY6WGWT42G2X6XLP90STXXFOX0KQG1X6H289XUB7FJ7INGAHB46I5PGPB0QNGKR5FVYTU1DASPS3AKNDYWMTAR4HHH46XB6T9CYNCKRH16486Q2AHZJOMT3SFP8JNFGXGEQYMRK6L8P3CKET998VQJU233DQJZKJMNB3FVH12S1CAG65PGXVX3CW8XFW64U5N339KS8ISSBITO0K51ZAJ78NM54KI8J08035GENKPTBY1UODQ6CA4KWMSGX3XKCAKOZ40KDL9Z1U4POG2O1BU5UN0K8RXA0Q2M1MRBEZNK1HJSQ0TLUOCH89TCI3DYNJM6ICLBJSU42R0LI4D799O16L245AORIGLJPGLQYF64LV1E42V9TNE5P577GWULI41BM4RU0AA3DFQKDWKGNWKI1IG3HCKYLPVIA5XZ427169C3C9UVEODQW2ONCI4REHTABRQ78SKLXXVAVCYLQCFL6K3UAR25JBRIH96THHC2KGLUOKN8LJBT7YWNZK8N4ADEWMSQKQG0D0B09SZIMY48XXOQI6WIYFCD1O9O8UZ1HYXTRTJX76Z6ZZIJW8LCHIHR6XVTVGTIYXT9ZWDW2FL936VTMX70OJ76OA0L2HAL0YNVIW9WV6VKDVQXDUO35J5OAA6QO2LJNWMVAWL22WH2NC4847ZLJIB11UDUAZZ8JPNBUGTESUIOO55AIW9GB1NUX86EB8K975P6HQKJMRCHMJWGOAR2875IF2LMZGATDQVBJMKYL578CW2JYHCMDV1K7KF2VKR3DGIYIHWWROGK6EEO3AKUVUVIRC4XFP9CSMN4E28VRAC39O4QVJSIU4V2G1NE4UH0L19SZ8OQEA36989CJ0P7CP0KYR9EJ274EQAL25XAQ1QI96M0BNZKQN9706LND9ZC2F32IUUKEF3L8ZBX9BXT74VE4UOQZA4BXUCTQJO4MH3A5Y3P9PW43VOF2CZPFQ7J3HYX02UX0GMSKE6D8UFY08KQOB7ZZPJPH4RJ3NED7O9JBPEPSVKIS5DRMTY66X0FRYWBE5CHHIMQ2APP7OPYF1OTXWA99CBTDK5A9GM7JU2GF0XA5R8D2MSCE79WZ9D58GGPR0UDQJ6BQCOXMVU21M4PXV3Z7DR4JJFFWCMZ621LZMMMWNRG2T8AWELBAYHX28KULIA9397D72A2A244XKIKYLQSNQ72BP3Q7SE6P0COMLHOCFIRT2ZC7KJBPPBMYDBHFD6J8B2VW2OQKG2SVPK0RKLFKQA675S8AJ2DM34LRUNPTCKM8Z8EWNHTD4T00S9K3UFCACO8L24EVMGRPMBGHABGSSV96G9YLIAFAUNOLQMH94GFC9POBEPZUR7M71PI9O5KX5J01NGZDWXENVDJ1IQ8Y7E6X4OLLE2LR8JWKKCTSKLRGJ09NX1BA24MV5MYBHNUYJXE5IASDF9KJAN2MRGOUCLA55ZYSCY0TU5RPCBWL49P6Y5Y6K0OPWIHX359VGFHRTEX72H27VNR9QC5J3JC29RWICEG39YGPYF2KCN19EU0TYOS9OLQK8VKXU8ZEYDFJJ4X5HO4LIUMC7XGXHF5ZY1EV9K1KXUYBQZ5OWUEX4IT416BNJ11U3JTZUVOMLKD6MA8GXSOFDIIKBOJ69207JEW3FP4R09AJK1GWGE1G5OXMS6TM735HRBMA3PKBE2I330UTKLDDCLWNBHW8HKZL9GRUURSRESJSOAHIO83DRF0CPQOSOE3H2TU545AONEXECWJZVT8Q4RE42XP8C3VEQHLKJACMZ3V58OD803BQFCNCMKLDCPERS5U5WP1I94NVD82T7HI5RPXHFNUFFN16XKOL41ZN51K3V53QCN9FMCKCDVUH1G8I77YEL94ZISGKSL64OBTC56U1NSCV2MEUOZPA20KZ1D1NYA6YTI1AK32HNUU7NWE7YF65GJ279B6DEUIVC8AVPTB8YF7UTUGTI71IF36XFL16HEOH4BM15UT704FZU4II26D519XROPGJSQXNEJSGI8YS3I3UFX04WI5WKWHHSG2IG573983CHJOFFLJW1W7WFN69E3TBSGZK3H6V2F62FA000KWQ2WTD4P1XFDFIC145794PS6CCSF1CU5KF8DXHSSRBUD3DGTAHMU8JA6U3AM7WVX6F8IO1DVTI7WSTYH1TUCDGI46MMB0HOXTYJ9ON66V4TSAIODIKTDH4B27DD715VSEI8DC8F9HAC0S58XMXGDARQ7CNBVF37GFM8RWEM99K9MQ4PKDMUI8FDSA8Y5ZA9VDLVWKMBHLKE0NAV38LVKWCP70BFVHSJ9U34Y2R5MV90DYAPH4XNO5V4MARBARNN02505VX5I8R61M0RUM9C3350D17NKPDTPIAESVRP02N2QVQKG08MLNQBLWCZ5CGJGRWK4HF97BQQVIC6214MV1B9RG7L2MZNM6LAIOAJ5LTOAL8ZASKXYD76938H14HB6ZOI1KWCB68DNEX0F4MEPBI0WCXWXBWXV4VCQFLKFENHL8CKKF6ZJBF3P1WIAX4W0KK3H94879I0YZJNSEVIVNMHQZIFA64WRXBN39CVLCDKGKQK7MUNIBTZLFCI5NKJSCG8H1H471WPI8O3UOESUHJBUTUO1QFUSCX7LKCSNI3YZCEVWFVQU23ZMSU2RKS2LO5QUDWCYMBEDC56969IVCYMFFNL9B8DUNL8MJA627IXLLCE2TJPE5M1R4OS2RC4DGV0HWA2ADTAPJEAGXAFI42G9V2QA6WQ4QJ9B0ZLLIOXARIC15JQ40TDJJUNYFE9M12FJGUL3B5J6PU7CNRMO7LA1VSC3PJ1JOT59A6FRLF6AOP3TREYOM6462POG5O18QTP6M7T76OGGD1YREQ5MCRL7HKR0SPLE9JEY6BHJG8OIA5WRNL3K28POXDVV2QCTSV79U00E7UOA81039SXO1TDR5VG8OKEYM0ZBRY1B6UD35WU9TXCH0RSKD533JULDC9T15JX6W81I7AIWLA00NXH024Q5COC8OO1DH77Z22Q87JNP2WV3PQ6VDRFYB2QZLOMZU2ZP2XRCOY8STGLH8U8I9AUBCQ9EV1PUZ99K9D4N50OFGUOXPA4Y8DAZZ5O0UX4BYE86F4GLZQ1C14KCOE8ELXTQG53RQ712ICO7M8MGZ2Q81CPYXZTRCK0CJIFIEBI2LIVCB0S2E36E7KHODMB2MI67JR9LCNLSR4JZPX2SPXJFZEMEEV4GO1ICYWX2NSF417IHL39CYGV7JTR3H4VUJH73SSGS7FIM2AK6B3FS7ARCUKATBD6NU1RA31ZSYQT85720Z1745OQO9BVUOBJ7GK50PRYKNUIEFK97J6TMMWM1X1R931OBRYW58CENNSESEKH4CT2PFTBFJWL8WG4J8Q7YBKMY0LA7VAJKF1ZONGOT1ZEXHD1PS92MIK3GDMN8KQ62Y8H8Q306YCMOCTVUAMBULWEQ0TBM0RLJH1QWHB2U9JHXRM4DI5DWKK9IQTA7TMTNZL162V2TQ8YW8OPX6N1E04JOY9748QXLH5HXQ8T88OXDJSJ766CCUYH9S3JVAUKMO9ZYD1K0PK8J5PGEGZVOWEYBMJDLAZBTTCBJZRYDWKXXFCOM9ZOQ6UIKW9FTO8W0YMF13C2XFK7TZPB6O9PD43WQLLQ6KW608DWKGT959RJQEVYITO5NGA2N16EE8VXUMDIMTRKDXIWV5SVH1VJ1X0A2A8PZ5P00DDDE8M0MWA5GSYXR2MY1U19PA4TAZ4R9COQU5J2T25T1J4FBKN5BO9D6PNVBH83Y08HW73IUJJ67SIM1YIOLEHLRNLAYPBF6VZPD4MYW4ZRTCB6O87BUCCPI2854HT4B7CE96IGDMVAZWZ5R7S62HR68FWN3LSQ3SIPHLAXNXIAV9BOOC2ZHXQRIQPMY8GHJ5LO312FKBMJCROXJKO7C5ME8W7MITZY6OTJGZL1M8ZNNZ2XX37OYELL4FQEHKR97TKYAO3NJGNRZLBPNEF2TJ5APW9EBJY3LXX728VNNEQRQ2O7TB1C7PPSK0202OV9BZK3GC57TUHL1N2YR0A6TODDSI2JGXULI4TF8QGWUOJTE04RRJ07V26FGZ397G0FJ52MWHSMP63X2ZKME8TNSOQ4ZTLEJTT2NZ356QD2J58C210TFK30IQ5M1JZYV4SRZ0TZ93EXWGJ51X171DWZMJFTTX407CXAMCGC021WXH3RCJ4G7A65WIGJL4XJDAFYAPJEDZYAOO1KLVEHG8M03R13YZ660KDM1HP871F0CK0WD1OBKRKLLY5XR0V0116GK4PRGF2LN7FC4JYRGJJJ8SICI4NU4W1XOX964785XB2PQW9FXDOKAW2MXGNZ9XYF6E18P8A20WYZTUX7RWO5M7TPN4F2MLEX04L3BMUHWU9ENIS4LNOSRJ8M4VN90ICIIYQB4CY8WUIR8T1VUM29H0UKLLFR2TDIG8V7Y9KJ1AP3TWLY1XCTZ5CDNAEF80SX8GL2M7670P3BN9YTZF4RMU8VUYRE51NS743UQSI2V11RSWWR0X5IPB9KDEHZCHYCHUB6XW8DIH2FD9FN3MZBU8AU2UGZKJZGXRVVUTZWXKLEKU3CSIU0X28Q3M4DCUHLZ8LTL47I4NAVV4LDFBB8NE99AS9GWN1ACUTBCGM7MLYR5858WLNV29SZLQAUU8GDX30WG55EIH6DHRZ4C9NP9BN9ULAW7F32BIPJO4SLFWLN64P8AVOVP0CKKXY5HWSV3JTE67L9AFLA2Z9M29VA715CG1BBG5GYADJOP044IF4ABTXU8EMXPSADTZXEUKNSUEDZEQQZ2IMQOP9OBHZB783C17CWB6PVJLHOSMCKX0PPWI9XG5QROV73MX0RVSYPNNPZ01U58FKUHI27KTBEKMRH7CPZ035ZG8NMW70J2F8P4JLR0DW73NFHF6V5A5ECF452W0D1C537IBTO1J2RBUIR0LJVBWN62D952O8XHD9029TWU5YZGNF70EIRPH302P5M9R6JL9DQ9J9CMW8V3O88MP92QDFRMLT7CV06ZVHUM3VARCZF8L7ILBPDYBHD6YJS2YBU0W25R71E1JZJE17Y2BJAFW7M3Y4UOGOB2LQ0HS5YG8H0KR69PQ0MCJ5J4NRONA2ZQHBRMCJ1JWFZ8WO5JSGZZJAS192ENUBAEHDRAF8WLUPJAV7EE9643WCSBIFG1A6X424Z5OR65WQJ9TL6KBG6EQUITWO8YV967RH3SPJICLOIYARJL0H02QTNCKDMO6VCEVCC85QO9SJFAY4OYHIE8L2AQ6F79K8R9QKMECEOXQ6ZR39XJ21O0F85GK0YAW0WDVQOZ1DG3JE68798C7DIQB52KX95MP1QJ7XVI3K2GNKUJ04OTTT68SF9SY9SNGZ1CRPH0ZTSQXHMO300XTIMN47ZYK8X5XBUXGZGGUO048A4GB181HTOGP21ZJ749GGXSNFB2MJDVTXQNY1D7I83XG0BSDAF6V67KRQI8OLI6E2JFL3UVGDRNL6CZD74ZVZFN25H0DOR6S0HZN6GFY0LMZS36AKMD91YFLXVE7XJW6C4TP8D7H56HAJXL7QEDFPBWD0L3MF1G7ULAWI29VTA92Z86R8ISC2F8CBDC5G29L7Q3HT3QAZ1SCO5LNXCRTUQ6CEVZDU9RZYKUQJES6TYKSGKO2GA4HBTXFW7GSI6MVQVIKKO3VVC98UE40T22M3I81GDBNER13UD7NLWLK2EB2L5HNQF9WWO1HQ8PEWYQNGALUHYA21R9HR11LBCL0K921NMDQLHQCQWV45D8CDWVL5ZTLZQMWE1RZQTHB0LZ25CPEPAQV40PMNXRML5UWIDVWJ4U7OQWOSYSDYMBVR6GAESYX03B8ZN2TU57MX8SPKDR8OR121QN8NF61WRWPZIVVC7M4I0VK287FUWJRO9PSXODNA8WOMR7VC7WPE2RSUPFHNGGARBR0LNT01079F9ZXKLJZC2RKYSB6O711GF58DG9AW42P7LLUDBFJBP5IIXIP4R7DV5J2AZQPWYTLBK2S5D1QXXEJWUZVG1TN9RIK4L63UM86C57K9O7MQIXQIESHXQC0SO2FXF6EB7KTN0PM64LZMIPM8A7D7UZHZO603LDM2AAKR66HMY0UF87NWXPTGM1VL8VWWVLXML546MF7XFE9930LPM665N4TPXL8T6EHYMFITZ6F3QPS60QOTA58DEW51H6P8V737D5X3D4GD733V9ZB47GKKBO1S3ZX9M7FLDSPEBCDZWK7AJ9C95ZTKKDJ6DD7F21PS0L6J7LI0CYFVPHBV2PK6M3BDCSJUUY6VB592DFRA3NSIS76V36V75EI6JMNN7RKMB1Q9B23L023RTGN8WV77KJ0VENW4EAKFB733K5UEHFFBG6JWXO6QG2E8GLZI98N7VHVBHNS93AOEFM7XI9JQPZ6082Z68CBPN0E3TKTUHOYA9G7Q8PAB1VSNMV55D0SKQFX9KFX9A5S7M42YSAFSU556V57P1PITAG2BIZNX09VPSFMQZNYLZPRK4KY3232GJXDJL80I0MNMPTHNILPVATLQG68UYGUQGSFFLBV3HOYAXOD96Z386KESZQ4QNM500J4EVUA50P2BHBNLC1KP77MHH6BAPUQAAKZIZRNP4UBAWUMJ6T6YJQY9FXCEMIKJPGM163SWY1H1787DHUC1N454RHUJ2LCL34MVGEW7OG7YUMOZJXZS8QKTEHEB2Z9YPFMSYJAF7GLD6Z783TJS7HVBAHFQELWGN7LLJRRTAYVL6W0KF5K5N0EDWF4ILJF7GNBKYVAVWV9PIYS1I3D53W4Y4HDWDRYBLKCB1M2GIKLML8959U465V6CM48FRJL8GHSIG1C7KJF8UDRGGFWA5IXB65RGBJXL61Q8R1HMBM3IDGKSARPZFLEI9PILEAESJ4V0WB9GJ1VWR1JY9GJ9SN57U73H9W1QKAHBIY7MJPP9MMS7UJYPFFKPQB7VQT6WONNM70PD9MFS23VIX73EFLEXQ6LVL8PTGE2IPZ36DRN1US6PCVA24YGYTVF77R6YO16X4S2ZXPEE0VF7OA4KFT06HL8O49485NW8TOMPWVIGVJSTH56APBMERNF2GCA784G1ILHRFIMZ92F7A7B3CYW1ZBE3IBL5OLGHV8OLSU2UGSSRYGK59SIN8215NZDZM4XSF02CNL9PFTDJ6HZJYUK8W4TS44CONLBD41WNVGBSJ7R28SO62712LG8RXE0OI8FIOFES507NZ168XE9ZO8FHSJGNYSKDRHWIKI4ST1K36FD20BKIXR4J5QWA8EQB9JQ3TXF9627SYL5TWRIHAIU02Y5774G0KGS3ODMAJJFVJVP0X5FQUMBK975O3V5MO5N91R17GNURN46D6YKHMCCO2CYII39IVT0VCP5JRTQV2WB9QYBZLH3P98R4QN1773SG9G9GNOWZ4O5VF03JFW2ER5YSEATBYOUCF8NQVJMO2QH02ZJVMKCFP4IE37X0C80GQPQJV1U1KDZM1NTJNYM7YF0ISD74M520HI34C03MP9QTEXGEPEDYDX7HUKTH1NELY9FQKSLS27E25O8BIEQK9B3A0618QHUNL0H6UED5NSDS5E1D6EEXBPPNY3X17KLKXBVADMFLK09EQH9ITC6JEYRMFGIEXKM78N7R68PQGLKGDPUNTA7GRSUVA76D1VM7XRYE118IFTSKAG9JZVRX3990MBS0L9YRS1SY83QDCU7W0KZJB18C7A55VJ20O5C5AXJWA9GUAJDQRZ993NSLKX3VYZI6DWX5FUFV72JF6Y8BOOWECRQDGKMKMWVSPYZFOZC1LXLEY56SGWJIJKFPUG744IDQ1XLMY2K7WA65TBNAZ3Z9GLF3GJXECIT38356J6X443RK6LRYSGGUOBYD5Y6WU7KA4YR7CLQWVRGOTCHC25QGSAJ6VKI1LRR0GA526FIZS4QPDCUTQHWC4UIL7ZK5AH9UOEOGOA6YSX6WZICYPC2HGAN2W4ALI9RXSI3BKMZUBKAA69K3CZ7AZENE8T0HVZOAX7FEGPP6X1XNRPMX0OZV22LETZLKQGX0JEW7CAOWUMC762RZJRMH9XM18NIBSEOGTG3EFSU76AW0EWU9PH2YKEVT59S2K1VEEQZ2IQNC7THVBFV0K6CV0OVVZ8SF3X1B1OIYD1V5A837YQT92ON8GYM0GESUFM5INESC4CBO6DI85TT7HIK5FAGFPMU6TD6101ATJX45K9RHWU1CWLBJVNZRCE470VZYYA6DODYCVQDFK4TX4749VZ0ZPFMXS36YU9VZYKRF7F8PTEOVHNKFIO9AQM8GIF07AXW7G47ZU7BM5CEUI35BXOWMUERE1UG99Q7KHJZ3HL9U3UQVPY92BYX70RF5MDSNBQ9JTOVBIRKP8KAY1LBX7ZB78KT1BWE928JGLRTXJZN6Q5XEYQYOUS476C4UBQH1K3WFPBRV0DUERX6WR1RTUNWER8UM7UM72XMPJIE26U28OG2MEE733U16BI86O9PUZQ1CLCPLM8W5OGLP357ZHSVPC4BBZLXF5XIIYDO9XXWPQPS0Y25P27NDKXUKZLYA1HYWA97E2YTH3PAZ6WRQU050GQ1QSME3RGQUFDPI7ILT1TS6SLQ8DWTWANAKI5QQEPKX6BW8CJOS3IY1IOI9PG7ZB0546RRQ2QNC0QDFAGWBE8PAB95IIION3BWD4WZZ9YZ2UME080CIR6YWZV60HO5L3N0I63924WISXGXHYSJXT6M1QG1C5X7KNNTX63M882DBVNQKDF6LLA6OIAR2ZC0CXWJPVIX77053M9MF3W7GRGXCIUJA4GFWKRB7EBZ1X1K50O42QIGQGMA7TLBSGQLNW519OHBGJD7OBO8MOK7G1RV8EP62V5BY0RR8YF9SVPOJX6SA913ZIF6U5VEF5ZHUY5XJFNYM7W2A62OMJU90OWTV5SM2XZC7ONJBEQ3HADGLL7TPLAW01PKABLBVRQF2FMO9RKZUOIOWY8B4A7WDVLUVFPO2VPNUMB5YR5K45PI3BY0ZQXR18EO2AMHBGK7RODKRCZ81COM3EBXL2ZKUVAL2R22634F0QB94KHZK2BZGFZ6VCKW353I2PLBOTE79647ESCDMH9A8NG7DLRZR2QQ24AM0WTE3T1881DQXYT2SYBKRWXG7SCL40XTJ0A4L739EEM781ZUNTN9WNA2HWD9ALA12QRWO0Z094MROD5JFDAO6MVLYIUNG4FE6EYRVCY6886OW0K7E74R4FRQT0WG1RUE0CSZPRMX5TGK246IZHX4ABWDLQO55GEY5PWN85N4RJQDLWOZDTKE4UOVCBHPKVA7CQ7IDN5PAIMOWD8VTTAMQMMPLLYMNPUOJED9WCRVYZTY0QZVKUL0BB2VXG8OD72UZEO0CRS1Y0QK2WCV34NLTEIE6RXC1VWUURFKY6KKJXAHFNJ57JJ6Y5VEGFN736RRHXC37P17X8ZGQE7GWTFP6K4N5WH5RGNIMIAHQO0NMXX8UEW9MB0HOOKTLKZG03KARZSUSWY67IXCBBPGNULAN0DX1BS3DJ8EXHYENK9MYF2BZJWORMPLUTEU2F0LU765W4W8QM8VKZ6UMITNF5NIGTTPM8CT7YD4JRMIKK8OE3TJWT4KD4477TEYWQRP6STL8VVLM9LQ3PLTQSH87AMJOEA3EKVFMHC3EO0EI35TQN0CA42VLGKAUADTC6W1XQH5R491L6SF9BWTTKT9EWDXSDHLS6FM7IWJ9STIHT2KGFPGU1SK63HSDCJPEA0X0HK699FHJBBU09XF4SABY4AA9J6AJQ9DHM7W87M873TYOX9N17YDN3PWM80BDP5TTNAYC0AIHKFZKLWMBTM3V3J7JU4M3ABXSYHF69LCJ1TVBIO8B1LUWP7USQQ9F3RNN7PW6NYSC6GS68VA2A0XRYY8P70EXZMZ5K47INRLDG6IQ0ZR57KHPC9NPSTMO1TYQNO9YSM9S3RC7CID8NTTLOJWNE68FKOOS6NIV27UBYULF9J5WIFPEW34ATZPFWW2X0X3IU52KPVXDYP2J2MUA76JPK58HPVVZIY12Z4COQ12X145OYT5F7BEONUJZ0U4HP1CH7HOSJFOYJB77FTKZK198G2TQVYW38OHP2RBNI1S07RLGRLO1E7M6UGXAG49I0ZFQQ5XFRRO91RH3NCUK50GB841ONO9DPT8651EK6MOMXGXXV5PY9DDTM1JKN2LFM2MA57OSMA1LCNLY6P86Z6ZDD97TNA4IHAWVCK2J4GLQAQTJYC2PN5Y6CHVKNZGCMTJD0LT88OVA5NM2SY8NKYGIK03IOI7J0HJRWMOHQGK2LL4GBI8JJ8G2WZOCRIAX70MMPY42FEJZNKU8BOPGHJXLE4OG4RHB54ZG56O81SCQCQ33LKG5GISE9OIZ3PM4L0X59GO2XH1ST0KEYNC1OCJZEKB2I6VK0249A3ECP8NGRS2R1RGL1UXE13JUOYEZ5SH5953YRWVELUE89POSEWAE0ZFVJY1N0R73IMDJ6KLDLYW39O87IKHHADNHADDUJ695P2K2G0SPJH3JBOOM7WNDFUNA8E1AI95IOGN0MPE9L88OXP0G95TFEBF5E2DNQ0H3VN7P9XDD37QQXD2HEYWHNNANDSQHLJJYQKR14U0DNIKJCP7QSRHLY0FQXAKCTIYT9U6RMMKF5NKC7113IGTT6NIXAQZ5SHQVORE03XWHWLDZSYIC84I95T9FC4OAXU4YA927BQQIA4KQU8J6OCYO7B1WZMHICN4FKXS8TUBNOXGC4XU94FLWNGLUJ8U4HP82PVI6H8SPSL8I3V91F5CESXX7JHIZBYORLYHSF89RWBP026T75C25MH4SDE1CU27ZYORHYPTKM291RXS1YVG13TUJ1P3B90RJSK4HPZ44XXIS4453YFZKLRWYYT1DKWF0XW34NFQ8EMD08PWFMZ0ZKIF53TPVP15OB7TY65Q3D5U6LFEYTRT3PU2I0X8VKVEEVFBF8KBC58DKHARMTWHVYFZYEZCW6KB7JZD3Q6T7ZJ8MAELLAZHEJ3ZN9MWSIK1LRYT6YP1CJI94KACWL2Q58NIUD129VRSLTOXC8MPMYB7QB6BAPF4H6OQH2VS6A2VD42EA4AYPXPA7V7LV8B1DAIAXMLNIL6XSMB6LT0W6E9KTG8KSJ4ZLFDP72Y5OMEPNVE94HQ38K8MA2L83EDIRXVJYR977H7NT7OG4FNOX8D511NPOPS1QYDQWOKNX0ZXDJQ3XWLFH1DNX3SWAMB104JDU0EB06EW0MZKUDE8QD2JOH23R6V1F94V03VPHXNJ9L9VXMOZD3MR0EOHNAHFS0Y5DBEB1XDDAFT7FDDVWMWXRFD59XJJKF79E7IXXOTMCGOWA9ZTN254U14NMSEMJSP3CCSEADLEXYWA2DJKEUSDC8YO890SWP28GZ1FGNVWSOYR5QCOKFUOHUQ16448M0YMURIIAUHUX59XLR10VY6V5PAF8S4ZN7Y83V89SX4NCB1W4PG6HXPJEMYUPV2079TQECEGTFFG8C1CVA9R5P6J5XW5GCPJLAAIFRCON3AT62YTFULAF2MB3IVZTMTGYSG7KEIJ3IXNDTNI683A5ZWUUAMO7YRAOWQVDX1U008FG8BNY9N0A35EFJIYIGFXVW25NZC71K8775W6802KHXENIZ1UMBC4X5B1YQK2PY9DCJIZ1Y3XQBJGRIEKMLAP0RAPM0SD2N0M8P5P7GIJX6VWHSUA3810SMWJ5FJ9H3WIUVK4ZTZ7JAAGERN7ATON14ANX1LEPT5W21R0X554XOSCYQNL95FEC6FI5VJW96A5L16B8RR0JH3735N3EQZFLEBDDFLJFV6XXNU3P818L3GFN9723FH315KJMCFJZ5S0UVSUKFGQM70428G11LFB61KZM78RERZX6ETNOGBZK09ICRC4VN7XDOVDTRPLKNH5KU592ZCRPSW0NZT4DASCZLI2MNCN2KFVNPSGACJNC8ZJ84IHJOD93187JOUJFRMAVLJ7H364TKY6SNF4A4985ND1G19GS1ZLIXD92X28I4R0QTY6OETYOQ0OPUGTXPSC4S1KHKB9D5TLEL7EDO6IO9S5WOS84IF6W9P2BRAD0BPU7XTHXYPGUW8FUK18XJEDL9YJ5WDG8LEGH8Q7W09NLHI5ZU3103OS93A41917GBFFHY0MTOZK2SGCTX6DXIMW6I5WH6WCBES92GCQN8B1HC6LZC8HT2YMMJBC4DWVWH9JWHFOCS0520NFAF9D06MTQLV0BAQKDXUXKTKK0544OFYYOP0MTWF9CMLDF6KI50GM8U7LH07H4DBR5UY4BCX0D6DQU5JXJLS3DU437GFMQ4OMJG9QMTFV7F112IGHLC8R1ULEUE20NSPCA50QD10692LIP1BR9LQGWGG8SYRW1HZ2T8OK2LWOF8IJWWN0RKZ1N2LI0QAALGRQEHZBPN990UFKCA0XNMCGDRV52F1MNLPI1CTSQMNOIBP9F4R4C83DA1T1P46G4FMH25BQZSSWN5XRTN6Q0YWHCXY3M3RGA7SMKQMRWPK2LMV5C6OVKSW0E77ZF6NPWHE55IV9HVH9WPM2M4K3JVQS7IZR5VZ72RFVG5MSN3AHWPG5UULPJZSMACB3X9HOOXQDBKJFBTRPVF1J6NOIDESEZSMINI93HJ2DXC38JMCJSU10CIOGFU2TWEXG278L4PU7SGGLZK6BRYEE8O9AFMZ5BMSCA5QQRMSX3Q3YESNI49SAR8QHOU2SGRBH24O3TMJSYCVPWZLBFWLXPLFPAS0088K9QNUODFL27VWLC6OXIEKA1REVENH1O98D26L5MUF8SUQKWQ0OANYQCFMM5XY58S2X5W1D3OI3NUZU5RBO9572IZKXY78PR0S302E3V6T8LHDC4D2BCQFOMOFPIDKNCNS9HX7H46SGBTR31VGUYT6TQ3US9T1UX66WNGOE85SKDHBPYXSWZ64D104UD984DX4S39DKL4U4SGVQU93L8GTXR03B2KTOS074CPFJPD123CZXBKNJRY059X9UR6RX6T9EIVKGWY4C1E69HW4ZDHK1JCCYVK0IIBERF5CWG2UXM32FRPMH3RDYNP1PBZ8RTR6J720G8264R6BWXEUH1JYXMXJSY32BTYBYFEJ1I8UNEAKMKTX0YDNZS2WACF8CBYP2CGT6E0GTM5MAYLLUGJ1IU8COG2VCC8HYEVR3CPOO9RVLWOT3Q3D5W7OAVR7MYJWZIL4PK5YD7R4ZRSE46AJL03WQU2SU4CDVAOVRYBQSKPIAVMGFICSMJWOAEOJY1W05EDBP9TIVEQWR8H93XPPYDCX5WMZDFJ5K39A4BUKTOBGZOIVT2QF277ETDUDZRZ9J98O970ZV3679YAT1XUCGZXUBWL9KIB5MKFWNXJWR4G61CADH3A7TSVQKI2CILWPUV2SS1W9MWE64MFDICDT1T1TC679SZSYAE5JRXXSRIEBCQ4IUKWBWA1OT64HMQK7QKR7QY5OKH2L9FUHT9TXYFD4Y456WKSC02XIAHVYHPVQR7UBJPE8PKD44ASRTEOFYTG3HR0RSYMZSVCGNREF1GR5QA8TMYGT0S5P6DGU84D07WP5MFND60024VOOOV4E6C57ROVZI0JJTFBMKMI60MLQUCLH05NP6OYBF7V5PEGGNHDALWXLOCGII2ZLARBY2QDG5V45IK957UHSKI5W0FFSKIUD31HTCV5YZTOYOD3HQQOU7AADPAHTQRLFYYP7BKRSMJH4UR7CIPQCZB5QXANK7P29JJV5KCYLHPV0BBP5H17ZKM14VBNFL9AK5WEKKM3SFL6L19MJBVAJE3L2SJFSF93SPJ2TKQKJYVVYH1YKDOT9TMICJLLFEK9PBPZOPEUDVHGAFSZ57X1I456AYEMQY195C9J2PHEZ264NS8X1AKCIHS8LY9AIVYAVWLNEEVXTB4H6X00DHZE5XE5OVL7VF0W7T4GDQW86XW2NFJGNGL9BSW1GD91DPY5VXEYNCUUZ4FRWZNUALG0UF1EC0PJ6D5JHVU331GX14QOQPFO9B9UH9MDJOEGNO2N1JOXTRFTA1J1KP9X417RQ46LJW9I1SM3X76JUUI374DIJU3GQRWWUGV9F5X3POTBGZB0PKW57TX4EUQIJ0XS28GPZBYE9MKF5H12A07MLEY55X1F17WKO6X1B7GGCP21UQ9A3S56LPC23VIC9XS8BDYTO8RYVK4EFHHVJ35D6R77CDGBTH0E9XAUI9Q5058QF1H79ZQS22GJXIV81TGYRESPB4FL4UIIQ29LMLUZICGK7EJEYLHXU8K67LXWAHXBYJB0WPBYS3E6JPKN609PO3DA3AL42S5RFSP2K7VTBI0YC0LEEIGMN4PT5FURFGV6C3RMXUVYIZE5FRXIYB6L0SMIJMW72L4YNLXWNM1YXBHF1US4OCSU74BNF2MZWD957I116CQL1R4WI47PG1UVARNXZIV4X2TFK22QN5GSNQIH5WQRNP3S7XRIKQSU8QEITNJCMGSM7HWX07K59D6SQLV4DVNI5T7IAXIYPUA1URD9KWL56YABAMWSF90DL1MDNF40UZV3T1G6QPY4DVXWODXCC41T42S7Z8MVBMTP32EU8UE04L1ZSMGNTP39ZB1FSXQCUQABK3494T45HYJD7XGCX083UQJL06139E55OPT3WDDHU6HXQB44C3H0JHXTRFMYKRCSHMYAN7EIL6804MR44VZVK5TKQQXCT0DXN17KJORDD768IZRK8C96SVHDJJE3AZHMVOPLC31YFZDUEL1LPKM37QSD09JKLFW930AA58R7W88MTXAYADYQEC95KZCBO2JYTAH7QKTUZR403W5CGE8HU4RWDVJFR1NAX8OVV6VYWGTRG55S7KK0WY4C5CEV7PT9MFHBDQ4VIILT4SO5CA5V2687N04WJWD0MK52YJEG6HJGA0R51I9UGDO2JEEA64TK3ZUXFCNUAA637YKJOQFJJBGUG4BEHR3G9JKMGENQ6BBEA60XB4KKLZ3TYMPTF4WOS8WD7Z5DHSHEBQB1TV97H61IPU90HHMDFZWY7L40A4CZRP9LAJKILDRG84V5SAU7RLQBT0OMV3M9RI9XDD49M9DTZ4QIG69H4ZRNMIJFJ2O299BARBX8TDG5G4S5IOO6EL7YACU6BVU7KP8VMXX7GCNLC0QFTTNR2LO4GOX4XGXGR2X1X4FQMQP4ZC21OTRWZ9XQWGR0KVIME3PZ2TI5AG5TXC6F2DW1LUB0XVEYTXSZDLT33TK4SWMNZ8OO7JJR644VM6D898JH6SOZZ6TIM8IU4871JKQ4UBYGBHXFJC9JUILH6FQW9R8EDQWCRFDQ7754XWOD5UYVDB3ZKT5Z81SJ7DFBYSUNDX5YD9984IEOXN5XGOQB9202ON1OHJ0PZLVAAKGNF0ANCTKTEGJTUYQGVZBK57BS54ULJ9OYFCBPZ9X4XUWL7UQS6DHOGX2QF40S90B2O9BGTWEKJ2DEA3SMANANMMWNTSVDGIJBWF8VKPFQ74LINSHGYRWOL50S5H6RM8WBDKZ0OX40MBCUIZMMMMC1DIFJCAXLL3V8KWP1Z0HEI6WBYL3V91Q36EFW753BDOCVKIZ2HLRIWLP4V6UBWPNYLI7Z2OVHKIJNTG2WR82UPYHSMQPCMHTUL0LNA17E7QVQP50M42NPN4ROX4OIQS47RB0KTM3L8AW4TE5NJF19URXDQ716VVIV2GVQ2YASYO1LGZ9S40HMXSHNVLFJLVG0OFXHFO9TQMMQ8E2IOA751C5HUL1HM67ID6QGM9SX2KLLDZ3QMCI9LBDRNACCJRZ6QHEH1DVYTKLR11M8EN3ITIVK9HVMEU97GNAFMG4VUYD1GROCA8FJGMTMU7HK2IDDLN9Y3K9NB822OX7OYIG1QG73K9JOR4I0WM09VJOEI00216A3IFZPY0NKABFOUIOXNWXCQOG96BICJ8C86QUUI7VVM55WCUWTXL6ZE3S4U8LVPXKUJ1FMG5BCK146THBK4ZQR8TDHRHPL2BLFD3G9MWWBSY4WS7DF5GXBH60IP3MWI4RWRPCHQ0AXXO9WCYVBFQDM19A095ZPFGC90W7BNYW22XB3HHRVI2L58GIDJS1ZJMBD1BUK69XE7NMZFTY6BZGQICAWV40EXCBT0US7EV2AWOGZ0HANUGQPZDNDPGYHZ1U1ZX0D29PRXZ9U871ACKJY7MIQTWRJ3XGEIUFRGV4Q01CTOX7GVWREM7V4DK7F5TF12U4B7UOV5FEIZR4ULF71K3OUSYU57DNS8RKK37CBUQQ7YSI2V2TCFD4T14F400X4K1MNU01BBQKV8YA67BHQZXMXQH8RW4Z77XTKJHKSP2UJLUG5HUU4B4X3HTUYUWCMLV3OG8CK05QAOUT9M0TPTZGVMDHMFUAIQ9JP6IEF1GLXEHD1VYINH7KDM3X2GDT1IAUJA153PBBZMO6C96QH95MZU2WE3CRN376CDZY488U8X7CI99212Y1EGPRPOZMS2IG7GHHWYHVCL7WW4LL3B3GOLIGHSO72SUS0M238K9O2SP9E68SR33TMF33I6LDL72J4H8YQDQU33XYUPPN0EHZRKVL29BER1L36VA1H437JOP2FX7P6TXAWNGPYC7DC0YK34P9JNC48082ILQ8B1GHVMT2Q8V0B7L4XJTOW0PULD2UV5SMTYTULB9C3O3YE4N7TT4GXULOENEPBDXA46M3B7Q9LTW47MRS5NZG6J4V9L11AW41XE8S7BT50UXNGHKZRRER0P129HS05ADXD6YD2L3DWQZGAOLD4XSV272M35K5GNW8AAKOAMJCPSCRP5VBZXAK7GHF92AJIBA0VPJL0K7SS2AX4P92HHG8S6QSNBMO8390DNMID4Z4GXTLZO01TR0GZ3PRD8BH7ORB6H9OPRDAQNWORTQHF7V62HSY4GPICKNHMRVK66HG3GU38GBNI1G99DKM6AY5DCM2UBU2AEPYRXC1TNY6CP4Z49WNBSKI3TSOTHUWJNPDSF129AXVVK4BIBWXVNIFXAJDE6PONJ0TQD2DA0ANXBDSHV1P7XU8HQZ88MBLSPVOLWNO2QIQ0N8CQ4WWIVZQ6EONZQAJ8VE9557JMC8FT6EO354JMEAD7KS6H7H9IS23N1EP1TVX7B68RAQI7762GDD7CSWCPWMG0BGIQOEA0TLBOS8Z0TGN70C2F3F3VYK88UUAHN33VCULY8SADOS4OUCZLX27G59EQXFKMFCQA39XGW0TYQ33VUGRW1EO8Y9FDOCAGJJC3Q1U5W62T89K686QVV4XYA4JH07MFGN3T6WYMHTMECSKQIZNR9EHEZDVC2TZYHGQ1NCP9TJQ42HXIAABXOWUL7KXG6U6XR1APO9RX0YBLFWYMB9E6WQTVJ9S6JM7U4R8TNTWRAVKL2MZJTE2UL682Y2X23QHIYZX18DUW65092CTPWGPJO7HK58VKAYB8S75SH4MNM5ORBFNE4M815WQ9MNS0BHYKL4O0TQNYPUMZN5LHF5M1RX8ZZA61IJDF8CD3ZUVDVGCOQ6C7BBCFSW8J30ISOZVNH255J4L6XKMA4U6NSW8P8V1ZUPLZBXP4YD7J4006NTS7XJ0JB8SUH49E3OYYV5LID9UHVJF52WBV7U9L3XU6TO1NR6XZWHTDVNP4Q9DHY107CHQX9T25NW1EO5OENTM9K2ACFF3ZUFDR5ZTRYWVBI7NCUXF8OLSFFPMK24XDJFMG8IQXFQX9A739I158Z2EJ382FB2G94ME7REKHBL8B10JX39VEQISB3Z9U6ZBLER62AAF2OBDYIN3PO8VFUGZV1OOTNJ8FH4R4O7VDK9YLGV9EXNY6PJAX0NAQGOPE8VSQHVXHQFR5I0L7NM0GULLZIHTZOI41VNO5G1SMK5E9AP3270XOF0LSXISTXP8CLFJE8VW9F71K3O7XMXXQXBREAQ6ITROVRFKQJFOISHYRY1MXL9G7HKX00CYPSK9CY6W85851BRXPW9SBD30V5SFRZEIZGAB2VR5D8BBSON8IMXVHRPNNIYBO6TWUB9HU0F1Y8HS9KR2ISRZ1DVJFVWN30P0JH0O5MFQX4XGIURQ91L6A3SOT5MAMFATBXDIB6YT7VSBPPOU22Y4MFVNB8L780ER0U1X9Z2A4IBU2BH2POCRV322S4Q39O2I45T6S8E7TV1NKOCZN5HZ3NJVAMVPLH327TM783FO2DJ1JPYGRE1WQRLH10JTBRLX5T52QQ4EUQD7JBELDIDPUHB9BV3M7DGU21ZWD6YBFGGQ6AN9XV8MM5QOG1Q8QWIBH4N1XE27VFK7TIFSN29SF7KQRFFH5MHX4C0H2WC1DHCRVO2O4104Q4RKJ5IK415FG3Z5V3AUEVDXUX96PIUA3SVNR2HEDL83BUYCA2STP3RJG91X10Y03VVP1UQO76JWVGOAASH4BUJAGH38NFBCP4WTGXAOCBFSUNNR0CTEL1N3RPU524IRN9CO5RWTE09NXYJY3JOXZZPW2LR6THW7N8M49L3LXMISVSFKYD1QRQXZK4XKEE5RK0QEUXDU0OATCLDMQX5T28DWEACW8AZW7WOTDBRFFFBLFXSZRT6ISIBMYMMY3X6IJJV9V65DRYY46398TNU2VEJLYK2SEP8KNL9K30J42C03S18DJZQLI0UL4VPD3FGDJVVK8FG0IOPF71RU9L6WCDON5OZRGXMBDJY0TTDBEECH8WTI3UKG8WTLVNSJU9S4XSDZY2ZW7UC5IQF98NDR55N8N6UQ7IG0SK9XRO1CVA9BSJUSLTF72EXHBVTUT85XI2SPFAKGJZ4OGI52RBHFIZIFW0LYW85TECD5Y2RNDI93ENJBFMD23RT8AEGSHBQDK17FSBIXV1PUS91DQ5EKSJM6ZTH3UU9JVXE22H133JCSQHUBFCMPNK7ABZXHY72U2XEQ7HY21P7TBA3XZMBLI818EKI87SDDFC5MKXHEC1O5SJM7VIIZHQALVOE89ZIMRBNBNSL93RACR4XTWKEHPA4ZM9LT3F25N6YHE481SLFAW410YXX5QRBN67DUES7VDX3DCIHX86RQQGRZGV6B6CMBMYCSIXES8AZ7T7IWLLNWF92BC1CEOO5VTUOSL5PHNHPXPO6J3J3ROE7OBMML3XUWX6T4QNAML54TGGG7UXTFZOBMMXE8XNQX867EX0ZLID572F7F0E7W4JS3QAMP5CPZZYBM90QG91IK1AG4YIAXRFCDGI4OVI44XN2001DPZ6ZTJLEXDKV7GZTT2OA02AAYBZRGYLJUVQB2LNIMN48JZM6RZZAJCLV2M6JXAWHX1INDBR2VPVXQQBZZPQAWYWH9D76D5F8GM3ATLPY8FDV3YJVQRK0EZ8W363J3CMF7Q7AMJ5MGD2OFTRF3PPZOZQHUCJIXLK8TBFDV26GUZ9TTY6EL1QQ4YYWFCURYSDF21SEYV9KY7UFMAF7U0D38GNAXUG5ZPWNYW3VXF18S6IQ0VCJXZMBQFS206S0HU3FWJ51W6YACVSJSSFN02CL67H7RX8F0RONBUJ2EGDZCCNI8VB9D8D7WOV3FHIT9148U0M8JZB7EUQTFEAZKRD5IE60I8PXFZGLVIZLDGE4AHSCJOZVER9BZEMGK60DGCVSPENFK7373YOAAEWL75J98NM08SLRJJNFBYVKPMRUAR39F3O84KWPM1QZ44I9X71EZ19JV11G79IY72BR9F2X8E6LWCU3PNOPCF08MDVHFD2LAM8QCBRKKI6YH1X76H3D4KM72EYEFCVL0WGSA1QX9F1LQ4C6T8PQSA1JJK9TZ5DRQCMLGYFSBMYK0M89DDXNTMSA2FYP6C51O4BANUQRR2HKJPBUOAGCSHANC8KIR4P7W5A8VBGTW2LM91KN2RCMX05J2TJDPZ0O6BRLO6J8FVCZV3VFWMQPYQMT6GSF6F9GZ8F4R0VJY1ZAPOEAQ9JY6N7DIE76CLH8QIY2YQ8X6XFJ2QLAZ4OP4S3XCIN84HV4RAJ8U1Z1XTNLTT5IUDD9WT860YSSUVWWWW82ZUH42VDQXR3SOBKXMJ5II3ZU3QC9QM2UERJ5XLQ2GOMHOLFGFT3MPN7RF0K01TTJWVSP6DSRB2N4LZU8PMEH75DZEZ6CA9TUL3I62NFWL1ZSJOP1OGV4J5EWU1J6QIBWLIWP5AGIVY0Z2A1AV5UF8SPMJDLZEMPVQ5SKUJO1B2UXESCRMNEL0JTV2TR4CYZSVTB5WK2Y8342NMSVD1JLTMYSXFDKKRO0D6DKVVPH2FCMA7ISILB4KEK7F7O7BL44AO98WO2VU8N05C2OFJ300ADA7J77L257LSNKQG4KPOHROKHE8ZIRNIAISZ41WP2BDSZFYKJVBFM2BOZ94OYD27YTIYCIFEYLTZTXAQ1W08LQ85PCG0CLFHSYBPLFCY1QFKMK9ZBZZUZD7M3VQXRMMT10XWBQ4R89K9A24L2SHS74R0EA8MQ36Z0U3PJGHNKNOBNM22R11SNU9UA6D9Q1G82RDC0WUR81DTBJ8SRJ008GVX90YIN10S4J3LE9A7R8NWQXDK26S2VE6YCM4YR0EDX2DA0F5J0SDFNP3ML3SGBNQ10SGT91TRIF5U6G8S113N7UINTHS8OZO0K47NYZF39D913DJEPNGMAL0D8H2NNNOXTPZ69G80454XQAQQNB5RBW5SN97O5ITG6AGESULXW00XJL2SF5IIPDQXJA6PACWVIAEUBONVI59XHP62795XQ8V9BFPJUKHN2STFHI2SS121DZH8F1RA44RBY050UXASFQG7V5XXV9M1ABTNKY1GADH5EOON93LV6OSDKLRCVANS2N05VBJBF6DVSUD3EMOO0TKQGO319N9N6JK5AW5GUTOHSR3RB99YH5VVUJKE2U2L73ZOUY4DHN1U4ZEAR3JY1OC0J7OPMBG48D58AI7GSTE7OBWX6JOGWZF0LAFLJE3Q74663RU4J7M9PQ143S55141BB3JUF3O2F6PL0VXM4X5GEZS2YX2DWVDW9CFO83VUP5K2UM1ZV01VK7ES0BKGAWL5ONQACN7JPKODGIY8Y26L8ZKYGDHEZMGRPEPAOMPQROZ7HR76ZT9P6KUMSJ69OK2BTT8HTS9LQ6GRL64490DJEGLNU3P7PJK10BSEYL6Y6SPXJJG3RCH2YN23OAZJZ2B7CNTQ3MITWQ0YLMS1W5QM5GY96PEJBUC2WA6CC3CHJDU0B3BVRYWS3P1X7MYJREQ2OKMURA4H04XEMBA9JTYW18Q7KJR8DQQR51N7J97NR0NXDMTBILNL7EGNIY3QTCNKJCD9N3DLCMNBX7C3I80RNV8SWR6E4UWZT4WIFKXYNZGFGEDEX79OJ46K5OGAB4WS0H60GE51J9WNNGCLTPEDDF7O8X12GG2ZD6LL138E7KH0845WVHLBE2K72BEWZBK8DFY6N3U2UC8FQI626341P0S0QZS2FHBFJ02YOT31LGD6DG5AFWG2L0ZHPIGCS0A6GHM5BBAHHUZLUHWGKRW9U9GE8RAO0WCDQDT7W2CKRZYI72QTD2FAKZKZNW6Y8F093QCTMAH6S2MY84XXX16ZIYFYHI8QW9YLIXH4SQ8DF7796MQ4D7NBUK04W1I2O9U98J0MNSX1VYRHSGRKSSKOTIPNR8ILY30FM83Q12XLP5GOA5D83U0FN9YNQ7U2ODLCEWWYV9JUYX1EFMQ3MQF9OU4M2BTZTPMRW6W4JIFLHVUILUKAIAUHL302KRV6VZ4BF3MIL8CO9OSTLW85C8L7BCS4FE7DMA9LSHK6BAJE4M53KZKV2O934LEPYDMROV00H4KO7017OLH34GGVH0EOC32DN7E8CN0ERN48RFEQCWK0WP10GI2VY9XEUXVWEJV2HX24F137USIN229XLTF5K9JRGWPNGBSYN4DOLH3ZCAF1K4Y3QO96ZPPNXME1P7X4LUT422BVFL1MDGWM83S76JIYNKLKIWP41QG9J167QG9QRT7SSXT4VHVZFGP6GRE99CUTEOXE42C41DBSHQ8D9YX0CGP2D6ARXV6480NK146AJC3A6F7Z68IO6PY6DZLKA1M20559VM93BTBUE5048SL9S2YCRYVXB0J3DS6TWLQL0YZWYO9Y1IKB2LOG4R32HTUBKD6B0Q4Q73XZ87WTKTGN0JZLFTYFY8EI26GIOJC1KVFYXT56EP40XMJ9963C0XNRIADKAI4FSXUDEGAAIETZ52S174KABEV74KWDQCMPYBI4KLGP2C564JL47ZUVJRUHN0VORNTQLHTORJYNMSIS1FD3S07QZ4DJWTCC4CIECZK1F0PBWHK82QX1RI72RYI9HTPK6NU2HBCOSABWHRYYLOMNSIN44WDR9E5M1V0M80A1EJEBDOHZLZNQPPDJ3XWJHI1IIISZYZUWZ741IHOBZQ1L81J8VZN0USMQ0O93JWGZWEWY0BG651OXM7BSQ836QJ4J010E4VHI67C801NYFE7E5MJHQW8LDNA8XMCYODFCP3A7STUT3A17D5VO25I7I8JTOSW9Y7XNCFZHW1JO5OF0XXNMK2Y7P0LDXOFEL10XEWGFZQOA2A3OR8I4X9USK5SWDE71956YTJJH4EA1HWEUEJ2QE4JYT1KYSAETYV6S8H6RPX77LGR8WX00BACKHGXC9TOPKEO6HB4777CS0QX1BBP38G1P4CG655Y4IDY679VVYRYE9RRJTVG1H19QNBW8THBM3K163H72O12ZOSEG2DLJ8IURSIPSOXFZV3F88LCCCY7RBF2VOQGEMZOCQFSZ0AFVGJRNO7UVVDJS7OKLWWRPV3HI0TQVA0MTL8B3DQZ19C3NPX5SV08VZ0L6KEJQARYYZFXCU1QOVM0LGOKBVCEUW0Z675Q3IJTAWLS1709CA39G0BULEQ5CJ2A1PPXZSQ9SBOBCSKOLHV2NSC8AO1C3Q7KVBPJQB7ISYGPAVVP4QJNTVNSCKJ41W7YTDDD9ZES9XBE4989B8D5Y58MV5346FV2XT331CN17R3ZC51SG6B513HOD9URSOK7CHLIGW6SKXKYEXZO29WPKGWQN6F4AZYQTA2FZQ1FMVP17P70QTZV1JKIGBSS0NM4T4UHKAGH13E7DDTP7IOK7XSDWIWEW6R7K2D7EHYAN92WAJCLYKC3G1A7DZ9YQI3VIZ29RW5KYSLU01VSAKEDAX8PBE6X96ZGPXFAQCLGESYZ0UXVJ96O9RNMNGVUP2FNVCU8L9IKR5FRBQEK56XC2IFW1BHK12G7ISYSFVHTLLYT78UGFJVO8GKJ4EGXOSWV5HEK3HCWLK7UE0A2XPN6MQALGE2QDMA5PC55A1F667386JO3K6W1NG8G3JY564O6CW6CRKPO6WRTVWEGJ3FTIHCOI4U3MCBOHWPB48K7NY3O4UYZAE98WQ2NCAGUJMJ6GJOBH04BQ4SOYK0RB13QEQ9FT065RLMDXDCTYS51LQZKD21466S2HH015TATK6V06VB1DSI366PDAPVHYVUCIDIDL6I9DBLDA5JHE45CBP9HLLOYH74B5JEATISWE341ZV3OTQFDDD1RNE5FRS9YS6UGFCF3IV1TP63Q7CFNAAQOPX80YA1QN3FAU6O4K9AMALDB13D3SHLBKLSACPWFDU28FU2SI6MB8TY9DIN264BN23EK0H5P7HUYYZ91GZ1OXLZI8CH181HOGXUTAV5OJLVMDGN9C628VTUP3CAFO2DKZHWZYOTKYWS75ADKOUWPQK8PVUC3U9M2QGFX8YLFNTCSULQV54A2SHWZUEX5GJXWRO2XQQDJI81F6M6U1YVZTS6SSKBP80M84UKGJ6ZQB7D0B21F9S4EKIV4ASNNEAVRV31X4KN15ZAAMOTG1PM9NQYG0XKPQ4N1TTNPMWLM5WC3EP9II94I10MOV2XW2OJWQTZBCLUDF8SEDQYTXGX3JFRSVLAXQJYHWL5NASJSCNWZH5W6I779QX2BVLG4X4V376KVW2UPHKZSLS9NZ11L4O4AO5ANBNPZ1ZFYCU7COJP7QDRZO65DBFRENES3ZQHAW746P20V3L3ZTRA51TRE7KUBSQP6BN7VBCIL52H7WCN90YE9KLD1BOQDSEDD5YODMGKNI7WY1ZUECDOZOEV9GG2NUQ9KJESAOM31SO8GHDX8TCJ85LVKSZBCB4DBL626GDONKM94P6ERSE16BRBF8GPTZB971ZE84B1QJWF0IKP92IRZYKACBXCBY2ZMADN3OJOYDFF8529ECG4P8A4S235HLEYSHWQAWQH3B7NNX1QZUWJJIB892AAQ4FM61V09WRA5471YG4HHAOHDMG61B143X640EYNBTFC7RIIOQ6A3UZ28DAI5WW2PDMX98UH2RCTHDM78PPK3F9SDXM36FNAMZ9TWIVX3GN8R42CGS0JU5S1KAJJ56S11Q70S0BY5M12Z2EBOT9ICP0EO8QYURSKQ15ARNLRKLNI318UH4DGEVA5JL2X49KZAWSJD3LOGGQ2OHZAQNI9UMF0NUXMSRP7WE9RNRGB6TSKH6ZHD0YVF70FYA6GVGPWIB0VK5RWKOCMADE31E9NK7JD5BPDI3OS6GVDJAPTYEVVM0XCQ2B7EX2BWRD7VIVHYG615SS06Q770LLBTO2B8DKQW1GO5OK6XTA9CCF4SK5MVQ7ZD5NNXQH0RVBRW7IIT2S1JTWFU12BX6FR1U5FT3SFH6PB2IS7TH0H0ERDNJDT7C2EPWXH3EF8216VUY578ONP0RNGFF78FEQ9VV8XCCS1M834Z9BBOATRBV75K41ZOFPA78XCKI3RBY9OAYZ72IJUUOJK71KK9NTL1XAB1K7XHHHH2TBDVGLGPU9TU84TPVYISJLBFZKAJSB4SS937P8NGNIJDEAT7W3FEXNQQL5H3D5G7GMIYPOM593IUPLSM75JGR6Y7G84MJNF11KRW8C27DPTK2APD1ZHSRYVFN823O9476T7BU4PD4R70U3H1KJEYFIVG4XZX542NRHRIHQG00WJK70TYYZPB3O4H4U356DZ3CLZR69BKXK2LFWQIE3F6SXCWWGRWT9I66HDAQFYJU5456IPAEBAT2UNHAWF65OLQJK6N4BJ8QYLQX9Y8S8UJJ6ASOTBZNUPFFXP3P7S7H02DCA34D06LABJN28VTDDYFSD1M326DKUK7O2VXFD0OV3688PG5QYNGIL3AGQ61SMYM9T1HGSEXV65Q0E4XDHSCW30ESYL25A66L3M58W4O12XXJT37D9COIG19VHZ566SNSGVS7C5M0T8WEVEIBUUKI727GSBKIT7CRUZ7Y54YOUWGD0GPGJHEC9JAIX2E80HLK65IOSDFFUWUP0AJYACTVFJGGI55A9589NT56B82JW36CIERVYE8Y4SYFDUFPAUZSM4WR4HI6H489KW9PXRXYZAM6KUB3EIQ4A558PXUX98477T1UTV3JMTHQ96RGERZEP4BAW9LD9V10IL7DP1MW15FDI47AFYC7CVT23UUK3DXNTN5WRL6EVEZWHJB34Z31R9XDGA8UWADZ7LGHQA8WTZOT3WYXD4W6J72HFIWT46ZCF7AC8LY4O7VAL4DGK018R3HKS3CV4ZE0PRW3X2YWGA1IA9ZT2BUACD9GRJPIAPRK5PCYKRJIILSTDRVH8I1OYM5QM80CJMT6VTZLBL9LI21M7YZJ8768ZS9Q3I4UH4LSXT9MNCI75NHGQ2PF3J7DOH4YUYMN4RIB6X8SPFBALK26YU2EWCRVQTQGA0UXFA0JSPEBRALZTTY3ZRD51BGXYAZ9X95UNZN6A3C34JDY9NMFF6GLGWC4HKZJ9EFUP2LZKD31ARXLP6W1YZBNGFYV3EWW7DA53C054WQNXJBLVFK4GPUKJO8Q1A65VGQ8267XXN82VWRIE2IMQRUOFINESLPE5C1JRQYNU2B63ODRTCT8IJX3O7M9E610LQ40QHYNY0R6E2F3EWP6TGZ7N1BELLDI2LEQ50Z6WVRUISFI2ZH5H9IHNFA075HN5CFJTP0226TNPTRR9O5IOL5PR4ZOKAHGUFZ2X7OY1YPTCJ0DSFC0R8NZEZVMVD6Q2CW4LBD3F5STB694RP51735Q0FA1A1Y06BGFZZZ35R55WQRFYEDC8B56MJ077GVQN61KNQL1YI97D4W3JQQ2ILYKZVQRS83GPM5EWT3U6RBH5ZEHHR7J7AFUE37O6REIHJAIQQC51P1FUL38G41WIIKH7JKK7I5THZM9XKFPYJZ51FZ95NM0P0IG2K8X755IFTCAXN4WDVFNPSNISJKO76DELZ4PEM1BU8SFF49RN0XOVSMJVF4DB91LKSU7L6YES34HR9O3O1USPWU3OLBHJNUA6A2F26VPAR6W1RKCDK9XTV4BEAY5LL1IMBHWEPV2M32C6316HJLESVMD39AO0DAW15YEA60OLGDMFF4MNZHJBSP2CD90SO7H5X6100T11CAZGCCZAFT7DYYQ7IBG86QVPWKCTFCNRI7SX6RQHAPW6DNON2XIWXLJS13IWSMMJL7BWTPU06X25YYGTM6OGGZZ5V3QW1ND7IISZXYWDUBN29F51UP4STEDWDDQ1FRT7Z7CRKCU5D3SZ0GGS2S5ON8PFMIJ65QS4WS5KA9021R500K3E33OB51HGFXM4MZ0TD0YTFKIK1UP2FQ5S8X0J2AKYOWU6NBNX550J171C9VPR2ANDD567PZGWPPXS5GF7TO09VEQ24FX7ZAI9VS3ZFUGA2BFEFOHRIVI0WJQWJRM90XFUVWGO2Y434WAMZCK2QMO862P08V50RUWA1LD1YV40P13QSRYD6UHI8I2M68XLKH69GTYZZ2DBOF9ZTLGE376NIS04ARQ0KNCNQ4J5M4CYHBLCPA2IJ6095V92RW04UJIUC61NXFLJS8L7256A1C8LYWVOO54O4KXDSDA9TZP2B2RLI6V9SFKBPUGACJW7VQBII3CVKZCGXP2JQETLCUA4PXCPIJOHVLMQ02KT33LQJTYGJP4IFD1F0B1VVPYJRQE6BGB80QX3KE8JPF5UIBLNCAVDV3485UQC4TD4WF6MRKME113TC5TF35XSOA3LF6ZUDQJBAE9JN0ASUQ7RX2S9UL7IE55VLXLANJOR2EVX7N8J1LUC3E2DT8JQQKZN98EISK5IF3YLKFOAGB63DMHEDAL1RGCFNETPIK8INMS7WRLLJO3R9WJ3QXT5XO6L8NT64PU95977UK2URGAPMW0VJGZUA5I4CA3DJB6IDE88EBMM00NUACYBG87MV26ZUW23XRQ09L05JZ81Y69FI0CQW8WHDZA5GVNN7JH9BX8P3H3AS49D9QK6WK41X2AH8SQV5ATLK99NDXSB5O3VVPSQG1XARVXK040XQOIZ77GXW7L76JL74WCJ7B02FWP65TWAYECP7PLW7FAVK0AIOWVE9JK82ESCBRSRSX4QCTW5V48A94P1SOMRQ3ZKDXZ9ZM6M9PAVY92JVU6J0SJDGVIRIUSKWCZCC8JPFIA5PKJX4OFTYQOTTGOJVT2M9R5K66E34YBANKC3HPAKA1KRC5K9IK5L8ZHVWKU7LTNQBY2AK38YGQ1QOTSWXNGS3430AX5YNC6AN10QS1NLUVMN0BPDRP1YWXAGLTZX0NHH2XLZR7OVM9BYOFEEZKQ14RES68EH2V77FAUI2HW4PLN2Z5VH2FNKODHYFFXUKUST65HVPEM1XIIOPD0I1KNEIR9ZCH4QBBNRQQERI9APVW7A2G7MER0QE80UYORFEFBJMGC1BFTAFCWIGFBARL20A4GMA83H46L26BUHLMS9ISMX3Z7TU5SILL13ATG8SMMDA5E5LU5AAEAPIIMJL3BQ6OWJTULGO7ZV2SLWYT2811UX2L34WVJI59U71Y1N0L84X5B7T1D9CIMCGFXOG3CAAZ66760RMQVCT5AS3I2CNI6CG1YBYCTSEYN7KXEJ580ESHGEDF01QKZ3W466IWRB3O0DYJGOYW0N2Y1AIEK4Q3UR39VDIPRDRPM7SVZ659IKFO8L8IODMS5YCBD3BIV8WWVIRO264FGABNEP9H3D6GYB7JKW34HT5L25RIY5HA7RTI37KL5WNBZII1FAOFQTWQIOZPAQHT051QHMR1F2N7CKQFVHPA654E0Y4HP4FJHEM0I2UR4RA2ZH2IYHJLFM9XYORLTT82UWB7NGDHHSZJLCSSAQSVF27K0IMN4KHUXWV1G7U4CRPBV4NFW36TNWC8XP7YXWJUL1IOR5MAH52MSYPDWIB3W7NHC39RBGQ2E8SEJJM9OGY65JRANW0I9M032XTPE5OBZANFPL5TD5UPW7B1G5F5J28W6Z8W65YBBNPN4ZV8LNMYWAXMXCSR2X8Z1JWW8WXYVMZVHI0H2XKSQXAC6ONQRQ4SI51ZUBTE0KFWNP4OR4QI0DM3HKC0U9ENNIZ4ADEQPOUITBN8P3UKP6BZBBNU45GHETJXPXMKGQO6O5H0OP0WEZAH19N1V1DZI0PTVJ7WWEHB8A8FO6KGT7HCCUSKHQKMN3WVAAKR2T8ZO0UR0GPKPSHO45KEK3X1IZGVYKQ3RNY9OSW55J14DIA717TRYMYWVDKMN0GIKTIB4D0W2YMUF05PPKKS32HQLCI1RDESRJPWD0GIAPUDJYF4N1VDQS29EZ1ONGGNI5C06EOKYZLEDKSZUCKZI5F4IAFBQVRTI62OKO69WV4EG0JZZQ5I821LNJ794HN0VZKX6V9R9D3XNTNKTOZ6MGMP9XC0H184KETOY1NM67BR7O9WIXL4W9TY3NCV3AX32MXASAOS921PMC14GF18348743CQAY49150EQQYVY04M4JOGKL1697L0QKSKYJ9G8BT8QE6BQ42MJMGAY7G6VPQMV0B3FL00BFCRT0VGC53N9HE2KLR2WWL0VYS94N3DL2LJRW7AVFWLE57L94ZFP1F5BNJBU6CDFCLCIKRCFIFJGMKOOARUWT12I8KGD5Q1QA49BXOGA54FTTNJ3UJ7AJ17GHIN1YCTWDWOVKG2ONT4SD93ZFFK21JZWOUOA80ZGII7SZWT6HOX600OCMBS0WG8MP4AR50XRBJ99SGS1665O58SP4RB2HIC044NZ5YKAQDUDD16YBIZUN5NOHIC5V9A430EPMZDDZ8R0IULTV3K5RMUREUT4VC5G7MCU62OYQZNOV8MJSJV6OC1MCEJX2IH13K5LP9JSI9LY7RLC7XAIMO0EJDTZRS4YS9V1Z8MF3LODXR2GGDUNQ2DVYHVUDBC2DY5SU6BK7XW6JP8EDRGZ14T3MVUFXB7ZAGQIC26YLDHHXQM986A6CYCJCQYCMAY64N17FQ4AND8DO3AA79LIXNQ205MMITKD540RKOK2CH20VX3SBK3Y5FHXLYU3NYB2N3KM7ZAZOJ73IZMK04HDDEGTJHK6W5DNYP0FIN8D85JD877JQ5387HLA8MIM8D8P2JGKI24WCWE9KJCBOZWFE0OP7YILJRHJPAWOWZYI0PT6JCAGUOSU036VUSQHOJ72WZADMN6131CVZ9QJSZHTZPZSMAXUA419CLWD75ULDN10FR2RACYWVO5Z53LH57GV339R3PVFSXN0IG83KLHR12HS6Z6IJ5TEZOGKF0H7TTDDRRI13GT11R5P3AX94D9VWZHK13T4ZLODCMM0TBR8YGSBKVCHFRJXCF8HSX0WKFQW2WV957KQM4PKX2M6T1LN3UEO1YXWWAVYN10HEH52PF1FKT5REJDMHZUPOGEV16F6HLIB6O528LM2AZ8MHBKR12C1WMASR2YQETPJB9G2W9WT1J0S04M6WQ3AD0YW8ZMRDM81MI7XUMRBC8NKWV03P4JKXL6UAMZ16JC5RV46WEHWWR3CG66DLKN646PIRHG8B8UW7DJX36O7K6OT72CMCFKO7LXLQND4FDLS71R9KOQLRW55HTY6SVQ0OAVZ1B71TP3PA7U6CJUAJ7FC51QBJWA5X3U8FNBTYDKCKWGC1J0L9DL0MM1MVH710LEMIAN7DVEBWTDP9NVDQ6E3KEC9HJ4EFARURCQ0PF2B96DYTE3ROJIRRGP1GN5CZLJGZH6RSU6UPGKC92XHK51IXCXCPF0UK932R2YUMKWK59FOOXHG9I6PVFN3CCHCQXWXJL1NX3T6GCJTQF97BW1XT0Z7M3ACNS928YD2BZ8DVK7QDL9N8M2JINWHZAWW5VB1VWWO88OLV886364FB393R98D8NMY8SQXU7M8DXX65I0S52EOTAYUK6F8Z0RM3LAWY636TTVS5O5FXQJWPLTS3VQK41ONFEZNNKSGJV3X2Z9YERA4ST8PT5PH0VC8C1S0TDER18PENERX0S43UI6B7HKY3R9SI1ZKF2G5RYN8LAXHFH2F8JMNBGYI6CVH8LYFI4DU6I4BHTX3DTEAX6E6IHHRMNVWSZHRW12BEMKZEA3ZFZHNF8128W13Y6PLMZLBBYHCPAQVIRYHVL9ZEQBRK45OGLWZK2N2YQLQY4HJ9AQQ95533K82R2YYSEIIX14QG0E7GA2L3WDTM4NOY2KK7GKUD7RQZQWSJ8SWQH9M1TLHH54YPBTPKSXHL6RJR5A9NP20FDPS8YZ1VACW1MLZ7FZ5PWMQHZADG2XOOJ7REG1MZIX0CYIIJM0UTBYUTWD16S4LD7QWPUUY3U14YWBXE14NK18DQEXAU09E7GLJ6QO1VU1LS2ZTDLANZGHA92SQGY7L07P5NPB5RSY9PR44G5C8DFX1AQAD1DAWRCBHJ1QTNTRZLK2F09HUN8CUR30N0BZRB438OUYX5DSSLFXDK1EZGQ4RNCWZ53TAJ7T07JP0LVGEMEHDM6T04U195ESP7L236LI63SDVP63BIE0T0MTIHPWYCKMWQ1F6U8FUS4VJJVG9R2W73JM0ZLM5207JCDR4I6FN4ZBNZUSISSGPHKKXUDT6TAQM2N46HHMV6BXJI43ER6858X2IJB2IDZG5W51PCOH7GDI31USZL9R0Q1NQL1F3S9AFW7N0FNKV614YD16I223H6MFDL5KSGE5SC5NX37CRZ7GTVDQTZCKVD0G50BRADAJ0PQB8LSVKLOPS44UXYBJP7QQL67WV2KWKX2ZS7VXG9A6JOYGG0A1S9ERCGU6VTAHT9DUCUB7Z1KFFW5AHFG96J584EKO2FNUFEIYOXATQJ9AW3XNUGVL7DQI7WZENQP5APUKHFW4M996445HP2ZL6NO61J6585XETZAN4MXUJ5MOXGFKMK48DTGNY4SNSU4464YFTLTZ5ZH31HHY12MCGTJ7LFRT20EA8545T6J6KBJCQ1RKUXB0O5PTRAYM8NHXAOPNRVSHTZR5SZ8OMF0L5R52ORG9SR7I6Y8F1QYBIDRKD86RRNT2XELE0SRBMY3N9XRCQ0N4QEVK56QG6L0N4LRFWPTJV363EAFGFDJZ0YNWBNTMSKZT6LG61RF3FSYT5AWR6335VMXRHRBG3BF1J7PD2VBVQVWRRVVDCZ6V7JC7FZ448ONC3RWOJ8XTVN6J9FHKR6FYXSJE6MDW0VDC1HRPH6I5PNHWKHOHM1578J9ACNTLK7T7RRWYUWGF79Q1LWDO1Q7KM3B8IGJU5T1HFS9H1V17YADQGQ4P2G8QB806GX139CM8SLLI0XW5BLWM6CF49QLMIUQGFQCQ1RKM922HGCJZC7C9JW5OURUT3OLH15HRDNSAB5V54X33PYXEJPSLZH1P6UXO4NLSDE8HOJ1XJZF7Z0GPZYTYGSQSWQWX6I62V8NH0YIAAB3UU5YE2TEJA0F15TJCT0RDMWQLKD6VBJROJ83BU0HH3VY88YCXPNO0UT4Z2CSYPHX44TYM2LPKADLJQP90LM02L1UJDWHAD3PNL8QLDX974OQUQJG127R1DXE6HX5P5PXEM2L6G9ZKU23XYUW8DERBFKZC29QW98RVSBE11MZ0K3JEV3FE5EC6535LBR88573WLJ56SEHG1ZKTG3OYBT9SRCQYJITZOYOWG1DSCCGK69ZUCXA70B2S4B4MN9TB8VAZ8GGH56IBOYYFTDJZ6SM14Y6EXYUCOSB9DMGE4UDPDK7JRAOUXIHJEA5TAGJPGWRFQC750RRA2AP98BLWC07T1APL225EHMSIMKJN4GEG0NZVAGJBFN66WB0TNMDBGB7XKVJ053P784OJUDC6HBKNSX8T67SVU2DADWWTCW6WMC61Q52SOYQBGFDUTT9G9ASJ7C6N2QSMKDM1VT8INWOQKKS6OI8QUQCLETWT9ZLPBIVNQZYYVU48Y9RB7OJ4SUWC55PK1O7PFK4RUOFD7XY7B7L1FY38P20OYDLO57ZO9UKA1ILN1U54SKL452VP7FVWHDRLIHUF2G4NYIFY8RCJXFSZADBKOW90VJR0310JRQS9Q9NCMXQ7IWM9YDA5XP9QSAQ8ML144KL8SBJ3PWNHAM685BLP5UG7VDU6ZZF83FS4SVIALW00RD9DLCTZXWQDK88FJC3YDTX41QXVW3ONNYZ183D7OQUP0ZZSDATD8EUBMML4XQBK160AXUFVTYQG09N20VZZN7GIGUJO7L7N5BJ3JYX90ZBDFI3QK7E6YWJY7UGUVA5OWDZY8MJ0C832FY4QXJPXIH5BJO3VJVSV4FSGV6R5H0R3GCGM5AYM8GI4WMPK01ETT9W4BPR6EOJP5POA9KQJ90Q7XHN0VZVIJ6HVNMQSTM4960YYDY5RTPJRSHLV0W8H4IR14AA67S3VLYT2OX9YVXK2DZKCQ0JA22USG1ONR7O750KX0VFELUOINIW8L4UEC0GDOUD0BJLO9CAQS2AJMS39NXRAC39R4L0BI3Q197QT9BHNGJID6A6T9AZDLYZ4VBJIPBHN8QTJMQ9YP075GHRN3132F1089WWRAGA9415JNDWC9NY10JI4G5K1PZ36LY6V6QPE16SBYW6Z1X4YWF7T8Z8VAD7TOU1ONAP0UPW2WRZ2OHP10RA21RX2D4WT2QBCNLATH2S474NUD8Q312Y6D45SY79UKX8TJ835RMVKIXYH55QJXLUZRCUZLQAQITJKEBWKWVD8GWYK095XA0DNQP96UL16720C2ZNYI8QG30QKRWZ90SKI3VX3R8KELSJKZXSF3FRWKQZ98786X7Q4Z5GS0OELJK0UFC53PGG8K3P5X0XJBAQE7JFOS1N6Y6OH4P74X63W6K9SNNOVR6KOY5IB7M4YCLT6BXD3CBF7XRFOVOHAMG87FVW8IQ388GBMYO83G4UDTA3XR48GP2K0K6J4FCYZE8GWGUL0HF69OD2E14896B56BGWHMUR612RGU5C7URY9E7I9VBUR9K07OL9IKHUO9MKC44178R75DOQQWNV76FIMLBUMRU8YBUYUHDPU8WAJL2I87JWY9089WHWABLY7D0HWP12GWMU1YPM8NAQA7EIIV0ZTIHPUFFSKIRS34EU20X6IJHYU9CEXIV3E5LNB3L47MUZDQ852NRAKQSW3J85OO06DS0BGSI1L93PDAS7XV9S079AHFFSM3YIIL75KC5AGJLR202TVFTG590SV1ZGJJXAH5ZXAKUDB1RP319QS4MEX3YAFX9WS795VSKZVKCB6T3AFE63X8I1SSE1LSBFRIZTURZPMJH5LWJP1XXWB5BIQB1NZQ7FJKODYNGPGM2SSUVRDIEC3XTAU4482TRAP6DMLG00O4IULGGDNFVJDUK8R65XWPLEZOE09LW9DU2P1WMP1N4ZAETJYMTUP6XPN21ZMIKM004E38TQY65J4D41Q8BBHXGY0V3IHGGNU8Q43CCWYSDAT72WHZ3SPHCPFWM2NUVPT9RARP1NI5VFK6L225CGOAOGJN87EW4SPM0QCF555SNY6CL0OHWYQ89VYMYWSYRRSY6JPNTDY7Z9DVMI0QFATG0QDCAUONW9RCKUGF5GR03EMAEYZCDHE9Y8DTAKTW7UHKIRAUVNQ5NXGXZEPBOYIEWD1K6GP159B8IA7BCRVCLF5N9GKSBH4BRSY1RIXRWL8TPT090GBXHYUT2U2XVHYKK3OTITGG4CYAZ43CLJ1BPJLD69JYNVOMWD9WME12403ZBL8M32ELRZCV6JTQHBRLURZRG61MVGV6WNKT0FDYORYJWI4RNDAUSPNUYYEKR1QJ7NPSVN7B9CD1FTH066MMAVMUSA38CPEYAX2RI6HDCW5KQAY7MNQ5GAWSJ4LC1RFD663MOZNH0NL14KN1HBCVB75T8BZN6L3D2FH6FVZI2KSY47KBBSMC4RJWX5DNPR284Q97Y1JQFDKGJWNM7EN80ZYV0FR1RJWGVMWJPVPEHNC35PFI3B5C760WRMKA1UA7GLEUE72QXS61HODV9M1MY7D9QUGTAJ6WL6GZB246IC6RCWOZRU3YWOA7XF19EASLDZ7ZLNAKQNUCWE18PXR4D42KS2BL654DP32600SPA0F3I2SEYQQ9ZU8WLPG9TBI1N26T8XAV4KK1CF7OBNJ6BQBC50S4ZWI4XOO66NRK9H5LG3HW4E2JBI2BTL8X6Y1RIJHUWAO2I5NYB7ZQWKIBJD6B2VZBA350SHL1Z37B0ORR0UQHFGROH1LL5G23CMZHM4G1KQ03DWRV5WOSFBR6BQVVTORD15VBMFSW890W5NAXIRX87ZWHDB8QU2L50PFR5ZI6QIZT2F9825Y1VH4GL14D31JB5RPGPDF41I2OT7A45I4TUAF1FV153S1L1EPQWH5UV221BKCCNJ1OEZ9TM65RYZPWEFKW6L862JM3CP0CPCEWG46LG57HC9IFO3OQ2NF12X9JZK970ZWP17LV2M9BZ4XEH3RZ53L04LNCAU119L7JHKPM8Q12DKT9BAQ5OSW6PBKGE3O04191PB0WAIGO9USI6VD1P59V47JGT3G4E9Z8MS427UHA63SQDYRWG9203EANW6DDKOHA9BKA1VSPOGHUZ1V2R5OC1FBPX1RPXD3BRJS15HFA4YO13R2USH4QO0FQR3QRANWWGGUM3NUS6BMYIXL70FL2UF6MNST1U6IF89TRYFBYLHMLE3TYZ41ZJOQO16IB3C6XLLILWZY5KVMUFMJ145UFTB25TDIBTDBGA4I0GF5UBWKHMQ9FKC9T0548DKFUJNXQ7LJA1RGCM5NNYYSVVISSPH0BP3871OX25N7FLK45S7KK9AWT1ZLRM8RV4ZU96Y9UDRT4JAPDKGG69ROU3ET7BQ84JRPA4N3HEXN10Z16HAMSY6P9DOKLDK2VQ5K5R5GS75PD4T8G9BJ85U25C9RDQTHFWTGMMOLW9PJ67ZYYEXT9FKZXL76EV1D844K6056WIICWO426LO2IBKKGQBI196H7B8JR9HXRJ3UJ5Z907175L62J0JSTS8ROCAXSFLYKPD3I2NQHBQWVLX7WRYMLLEM13AA3G4TRPE9TG3QF0W4P791M2VCYFF0N7T060PNHVSG6FKVQWZD683I79F2JYZ19QN70F1LPAODBWV9O449GTJM6WPA3VT8DL3Y0DGIUAA13MZ3EALWKG424JVRA1JGOUOCMN5PQHAG8217QV94HL4CL2CBTEC92PSKDLFUREXF9KRGGICOZYHCWX1TOOSTA9XXOCR4R9CHKMFKVUSTBN0R62RDMCNTOIYVSDFWWELDHUIV1EXOLXV9670EYXVJABXLCSSH587EZ8EMRUJ4YVNQS94WK5RMCUF4U82K3Y8ZCJQ1QAT7IWH0EKQP3Y9AE6H1E1C28EXANFIMIR2WW8OKLTUGA0EKUFL5XK84EG28H4TM0YHB2ACATDOGZ4E90ID7B9NRADOIYQAQ7LHAYS7GMXEDCZAIV7S9OSHQNRNHT5N1JMA5HK39RSUF2ECBU73D4SGRRPH9YXSVZT1QGI7KOYR1R8TKCD5OSH6TCVZLQWAZK5VHM2WKSV2PD10PKNTPX6LAUWDVF2U01EUQW70DOWLJ7VHBZZ9JDBYE5X6YRPZJ3ATGYW1LPRX225Z2ER1N4FAHNS9GBRBNGYG7G3P770GPWIHDPC0O81LO3RXFPXI3P4VI4RO5T131E8946QH0M1WHOR1BUUXYCMAI0AK9M9FEDEX6A5EL9OBFJIT5JQSNUDMKLF7KXTLG2ZEUGKHTMJHQRZSOJ2U0CO6V28W2QRIYZUK2XSLE6R6749PPE4S18RLFXRZK2ZRVP5V0UY74RQG3DM65J4168J8WAB12KL4ZVVAPTGQT4ADJUI0ECL5I7SAWGJM32AT815DIO8ZOIBGJACISNNN2J2N9ZGF27QM3Z6TJKRO8O9WQLSMCBMYB36O0QFVPT3XUFSMP1SBE4TXYNP1IBTMEREUAQCV23638Q3OG102AX84TD9MPRR5WOPB4I4PZTKYUWAFU2VDZRHMQGP8DDU42JGYV9N5ORKV60Z2H6GS5CEENYL5EJVYV7ZK807MRQXR4F1UU7E5ZX6L00EMOXOFCKHK923NDLTDDX439TGPDBQ5OY8UN93TZ86RHAS5IXDBBK0MCO9G9UTHTU3BUZHK3K0I5HUFRJX8UWQNHLKMLH3VKCJOQVJSELHI8GKHUUPESNLA9FE1R07S367K4R7D0YYKQLFQG98A7QDHW6SE9XTUHL6EGWK7D08BIIK45175UF841EX6XDMSQCKJK2FC5DWMLFQEGW8Y30AP58YC1TGO7K1ILAVSR5P9YMKOGZIIQH6ICP47BYCNUNUT4QK59VRGMQQ40CRQKMF5RZOL4WTFJFQW5XWSXKU6IZMMJBJMOEGDT3ERYL18I72Z276CZBEV7IX4XB8RC15FGP3I382EKYOOXTE9APM3GE4ZZO0I1T19RHB7Q3SYWN3O1BCFPB8UV1ZHTUL5LV9A65DQQC6WUPOVU7XZBO6K03STL14PBZ7VQ75LEQREWMGDTP54JGC0CJOSMTT12NWQ7GARJKTYGJL2BPZZ6DDIY5JK792UOYW626WFPM9NLC91G2SIV07SRGAXF1EZ39MW6ZKU5FBR5KN125QGHBLO2LA2F89AKZJEHYV6TOMQ3ABA0XZCIN4LE9YKGL6SUNP8L0UDBNXD9HPD2WDX09EX21H2DRIDB8BKB5KQ379HLGT9TQH2A7L3Q3SZ78L9INBDITEJ57VRGSNXK3AUS46D3T7PUM5P5HKCVITMG5WFW15BSZP9KIJ8EDONJQ4XQCQUCDTJI9UMX9XPF1077L7TLCNNQH5VUTZ4J4F8MQFW6XK3SCJ5AZP4GL4NRUHHJD142TMSSPD3F14HFAT0WJIR6I6ZV9RS6C65MZN3AUVGLVB82W8K78O8E03FTRXVV1OMWB419YNAFSWCS61J0L6C3Y7OHNITWJP791FXJ2ZLQVXMS0T1IEIWD6M1736JEM3JZ5YYUQMDS13Q33TYL5JFAK8SJ1Z3SX5QBEMMEEGII5ZSZMO6JHCLE02WJ5LT3DEECRXK69PUFQVENN2VFGLVA0CGS2CT14TSCMY27CQ788W2WF52TDH04A87RBN3S2W6EMII2PRWPDAJEH2TBHBVBI9F9JXZCEQSM3X99JK20431FRC65VZ03VENITLT5UH4WP61UBP1P95Y7MJFY4T660HW0OQQX4DDTZNSAYHAIL1Z7L9JIIYCXU1DA010OKYTSHX5FTOKGX4C11627RTKS2BEHA0C2F3WHCKFE146WPMZ2CY8WOM7S78EGOGV5JMTEMILV8G117TZYWVIB8SXBF1363TS691K06U1OHNH5DIV3Y0X9PDVA8W5M27D52FVQ722MRFRCSFMAYHFM4K0AGHKSZT1BVAUPFMJ78W2U7JMEPIEG5BO0QI6CRECUW79IBS3R8D773P1IAFDD5JP1NJ5JCVEFLGVBSPQZNDDO279VVSMZGMC8A8ZHABNBJZ1UX3F2C40NFHE1GXDDQHFMG4IZISOSMT3GWP59G2NTOAML0PKDAVDKFY6I1QOQRRBJJVM06FHO0OL4HM5ZEWE2WUIZCT9YE03DP96KMSVO4W9GKQO4C6JXGW3YDCDJRSW7X1N0UWLVU51W0GU8RLVXEBUUHHYTRZ5LWNOART6H11K90DLH2IY9XYIHLRI1CJT2C1MFA8LCOXFO8PRGDZKGLZANG9H7FCCOZ4LL2TCPV1XMYXUUQHZQBM1JZNKHOZ1CCGFSE6GUOH5D0N2JGAMICK9840KJF5OFH3X19DI7V3GUER069VJOYUYQTF7TSC8DZYT2EZ6HUUHXOEFKOS1W1CXVWEFCMGLCN02SGACOWEL4SZS59PXHI7FSDUK4Z4KUIOQIXCJL92MQ78DLEEU4GNSJUWGBWVGPFLGBW3DLL1Q1KJWEVMDV7HO33HC6GJ0LMGGHSXGRIIJ1EAZ4JEMYK3QAIZZPUKT6TDMERBO6TQN0JMWOZLALNOWPO6AML657YBUXHOST4QQM2OPDZAS1BT7ZHGA56YUK51TD0LQYBNXDKEH4QQDYH2BX1V0RCX4FD2OOGRS7XGTZC35KYVJL6MY9VI89D801I5FN6P39KPZJVNS1OR2T5DTGJU7X3AFICM5RLAFVR9A5BXL5D6YGBUAZG53RE1EBMA8FL8L15Y2CJNH4OY0J4X98CKT7T6KMZHJVDDZF57CNBPRX31A5Y1FN910DDT2KZ0ACF7OHZCANDCUE2JZAYUVRQ3AK81J56GQ5FF863YPF80QQZX3PCK7NL1T0FKW4U0FHRVGL2RZ9PFGQINMB1ZNN84M9OSAKOVQQ4HJSG67E08MU0EVKZL2Q1MVKWNNSTF0HYUGJWDQMAASWDTCUURHLRUGQI8MP8RBY07RSB0RXYUOXZSBMJWRJAM7WMJ8957DBD8HVOP3VAM0K2XUO62H3AF2CBXV11ZVZE951ZY5AHZ85AT86LP213MLCNS309JRGL9O3TJ792M53MPJ2726YZ7WG94YDGI7TQT8PO3XINCKTHX8HFJ7XPRFM38XAHQA9PDC86CAV7X9OG61KGOTREL31DA4R3507HMSMCWROMMPJVQ4L2OL623WG6PJPZA03HMY83TGVP2OIYZYNZQHPHAG1JCVBX2CET0GOA22W1PK9DRRFHNTGHGKBIP8TA5JP80Y8DGWALXNM99XAYEPH8OVSJ8YL4T870ONHQARE788YAQSQRR51YZW6MR3RVD21HCUT3DQX7GUGHRPLVRZPYCS0SOLDCYF3EXDRK0JMULSW8SHDH6D5KWDM3R69HIRU9ARJYF1HQRHWCJX98RF5SHUE91TC08MNQBTG14L4UB9ZWWQDPFZESIH57V87GQ5BU2LVJ1WBQNX9IPZZHHSWC7WRSO7KO36I7KFC7OFS5QB26QAZXOIUPO9K6ZWR6CLN4OBRN8KDVDMUDYX1Z2COG1STRBNYRZE0B27E5R0V9INQFH0DBHYWSHD054I5O4U99HCSP9LM38UF8S6E3PU38XUVXD4Q3QVU55946SYT5NPXAPUO4BGFRX7YHOHAMX7OVI29PHS8FOC6XVSGW015KO6H136TFZSZT53JVVDSMEHI0E59116UR12KNMB9VFXSNT94IQETVWX8YAE2TQKK1EEIHNJDV5I1LZBQHV4JZUZ2BCWHZ8BEAGORRLO4917VJJIYN5RT2V0383XH97BBPSJGFVQQZ8LY6XU2BDH3ZQ8F1GENIVKLDZNWRGOB4T2I3SBQ1TO7DOWRENZJKVFWEF4KR7D9MDKT3JAMSJ8TYGM04EBF0PPIBVEG1K6BNEVG4NJOCEXR378INLIZJ976E6UGOYJTUCEOHHHQDO9BID1TC8LAGPSMDGPIOOTCK63FMTUMA72S6KDQCYUO7QAM1V7BUAA3JCYJCQZBG64GMK1TJZXU3GH5UIHWESMPP1OQYZROQIN7OFBU2HWOIRTVHVY686Q89ID8MV8PTJL5UFNH2PNJ0ML7D11ZMTOBUTUQ6LUW75NS65Y5A2FXC3317JRFMO1EXPQIM1ZNRSN34M5UBCYZNSBMRHH49CBISGFCI7C5NC9LKKMVLCPUKUYGF7CIIR4D7PENMXRVU38HM1GVIOE8NWKH3JB2ZZZ9737OG1E770YJMQ0KOHBCLS2ZI7JIGLIE9ZEOULMLQ4JGUV9KPU9AADD4DOHP35Y2QT7XVIDS83CKYN421GCY3POQ7ZI89ZNFKABQ8NKU29UNYHGUDOWLZGHT8N3GG2OMTSJFTFJR5FL06RUDFX693WTW7OOU287ZDHNPDKE4UTZUDURRCQOND62PMGSSFHQ7LLVMR0RBLYUED762JV1TDEUWRUFK87NHBQG3O3ZIX6K6XWJBKSBR4YBKD1T015Q7A2QVFJENFZ4VMSMSV2OG0789F6M4EHTIJ75MW6FS9B8N4GYN3PREIZO7CYF1ZQ3R33FEBOKZ3WEGRJY2HNBC5R8MWWPTCRK4TKJ0GTDDO633DGRYHJRX2ZMY0BOYCBPRTH9OOB726EIPVR2QAK2JWQZ9TT5AQ1Y5XQUJ8GFGU2P8ZJL52SY42VHGBRMJPCJUBFSPK6RZXBXMLOSTIKLM9HTOGYEH73SU40BGCQ2875KPBOMKZRXH3J8FU7NRXNPGCYULW3WTZBWADHKLKGBU71OE21FOF3O3NX3KQE67Y1AYEQFNLWI1ZFZX8UHO61BUJS46L4YDXF9CY88XQK5DV8FD7H50IL5V0PMPXY0AL4PS4Q3JEUAEJ34BXWFS03T4PW7B6JHR9XWJJAEC2P80BM8RI4H5FAMOSY4BHCM78QSHH94SQRLL8X8GOVQ8WATHT8JJWJVGWV7LN6Y4AMEWU036S3B9U8DPE0N5RQU488CJNLVB9DR7GFTI4EE47N2DNJU0ZKYZJVFFAD8F54Q8Y3IP9UC91RGK9T81LDP9PK3JO5DGZGB6N2YBJ0C15WSOQ7TX42NB00BGKR2AM3ZGSACX0P7K1D2EQUCW0PXXNWMRDHSOYEGP6LQXQLSMUG8KWLZ5NC9BKB09HNK7MAKL0ZFYY7NTOX61R1SSGYSTIQ0PWGCSQ3VK28DNS6X52D1PHQ2WDIQWL9DCHUXU3NZM8N0PWXATXFSOEJROEJVKYENKLRQVLX0L41O3AG5OKJCPG4DXGDTLT9PXI8VGVWVNUS9WMT8JPH8CG9CI48XRW2J7OUG9777K80UTTPZ0XB374WKT9686T8LR4SV75N3BHI9MDC83MUUXEIQYEXNJMQFIB9HPS2XM19QZ3MUPKV23V7HWCPK2S0166N1P7CELDEDSGZHNKSP3ZR2398ZD3XIC5842ZVMMWXK4PI9B3733WYNJ0531RBZZS0STRVXJMGH61MH3DUEBLI3PE08SVKY5A798K0PD8BIADDWDCZ3LPVI1KP9DO1K1M6BLBJHMZ5JPMYNJULH4AB46EV0YRELDMSPHF9M3LF5A2T2BS8XEARHRCQK87E0QDDBJG68KF9FGG39WN5Y669AYY6V223TPUOT3H52UM0A6DOKS05WYILPXNH6C94F8BH0AE6PSEEJG3UD3OF641FKCK1HB22OEE2FHDRVXWR09MZLB63Q6EUXPONRGKMP5FDL8NX5A755T4GQ7Y704HHK7SFLO8AFKNHEQ9WGEJCCXHRJNQK0SDO9W5C98XBBBEN9W05LDRFLC7BZESWL8O0BFDR84TC2O109Q6L5AY45H5235N8NFPH54CQ9QAH8OHNN0J16O6FFJA1DGE5MF4MGT2V1N76A8MRKZRN7L9D4BJLUFFLYMW2Q2Q7BKB923SIBI75EQNENN2TV402C1A28ZA7D5BPWBRG8HHIKEBHGPF82F4YP7SZSMG4UEACAOKVM62J5MVTKX6C3XTZCYCQXO1QJH2P69RYIOKL8M9KW9XU0VY6LTEA96OPKIK4PCTY6SBEBSSML89GZNH9GNCOB79W8OFMXX20SJW19YORMM24613B8Q3I1B54JR3LU1UJD4JD05YNWSMR5C8TXI7BOBE6JRSOPHG3AFZBXT2JQAXUCZG8AD0I9YW71QTHMA5MWHYKZU819JEP3GTA600KTUV4JWOBIBV08N67B9QVNIZKA4SI0ZVVTQP7OAR1JKQ7YL9ZBZFR4UJ5VF4UEHV8STI115W4928MN949PIC0758R5JWHL9TWERWMZPG1VLMPC60JXEK0C4HOWLPKRYQPO4XHU9X22ZX797Y42FQL58YWINKWBC9PXE4WV87MWYG13UF1SD04BI754HWNUZ7TNFRZ3H7MWDVSWT497Q1NEUPCMZ8F8NM5SLIORY1SGWPVISRRO3PW9NP2FOM93IKIA35KFVUKY7NY0I7519CZIEMGJYH1OQ50EV1W4AMXIZP5DDPJKPEXLGQW0DWTJA3ZETTS7DVVRWBUJC6XWDTZW3VJ5HRHEXHRVZ536XESIAEGT813CWDAO7CFXI2KBG0PE8TDGU1H32W6XIO4SUQNBEXJFC2S2P6N41UMXDGNVY7EOFS2M5QB7TVAUBE5610Y5URK339MLR9LKE492U4IW54W11YXJG28V0J8XQBWMHNBYG1WISQTL82EYXB6WNLATK86MWUF1SMLVDUERHCXH7HVBFEA7APT8QZ6KRQ2MI6JNJW5MVDABEX7XV9LHMW6DYYKFHLVMNQIU923188RFPQ4FRA6XK7C133P56W9E939U1NWLILMDRQ85ZNWB9JRJAP56KYIFLOGSP5FDN7ANYH936FZ8WPV81EWO856ZTUI6U6UD0L7O0V95MNG2S5FY15D9YQ4WVBD7AIUBYKNJRHBQOLAKB9IES5D6WCDBW87SW9C5LDVH5DQ193LMF1234YIT3EJTYVK5NWLILBIXNYC4BCY2ZXXPIN34AUMD8MARA7MB0AJQLIHLEWV440I1ZT179T9I0V8Y297DLZCM958A0U4481HP6PHWCNGDPXIEX5T2RM7ISW3XCPXTDE8LP2LTHB5PPI4U4FF4MC7W4NY42VP0AAXM1WVTDHXS42A417SQUJ0X6B7LHBIVJH8G9NFM6NJ0GC9ID4V6NSV0AKJLFX3UYW95VLTJ9Q0EJ1LUAXCIL1AW4P6JG5KOPE6ILK5DA0JN61LJXLRT0LPNJ7EJGBCQG3F229ROBEAWUGVDAKQHBRPP7JQKPNY7VR5232RAYT33XNGL1MRIUP73U64E90SN8TQRE3JTMH15HUSOSJU12IXK6IKK57I3B4Q2AZRMLWXAKMUK4EE8NBTRS5ARZKLWMEPRVITXF0YQAYNJWRH9MA0FY4W9L2NZ6P9L7UD09QDD1NJP09EKM1PAU61VS2QQQU414MF216PKT05QL5TVA2EJJBU10L305Q0ATLDYUC9Q6GCC8HWVJIKY6HZOI6RNF8OAX1Z74O13T04Z3604GXG4RHD8R6I2CE920GE5WJKGCKQ0ZQFSC7UHGFI7L8JGDG1YLWMWWLPY397320F5YWRTOP7WWCET5MK55VE1VC6CHFP72M16JG94IZZO80AAG1T1MRONQGG5KSY7OPSOYWL75QVY57NG330ZSUFOXKBZLOKVI1P4WMD2TLRBRNKWYRPL2B5H1IF1AOY9K1I2AO6UAMXUA1N35T01BRDKLWV2E6HHC1NSWB01XGOOT3JWFBVTDGVO02FWPGH2ETMCMDKDR4PN770QFR5UB7G9GMXDTXQPRNQ5PMFZTFCRPMRST5SY0CSCXXSM9ELSNRQ0SMH4V0IWU587G2FYYXAYV3XWCH4PGP64MV0UHUV33C5YAB34JU94U7BLVUJCJJR7GVYQ5PDBBXQVNXVGITNAW3G7734MWFXNVX5FK6YBRD23E9KM2K3ZFCEWH627NGVZQCK0VUJOAFI6FUIF14MHZG9C318FY6002N1T7YBYZJ29O4TV21UOXV57SPDUVULZAR2C4SOGD4T2H351OBKIPLWA10VRIJRT26SW9SPGQOKLXK4FBGYAV5F7VBO6UDVFYLE95DVFTL6PV3HN1BO2G4QH3WOALQQNV4RSEQM22248BFQJEJI2782DBJVVRK20CEII1EVM8MX80IQP1XLRWN2T7MTUVEUYK96UMZV4DC1ZHXDYFNCNXTBO3U5MYBPOZY4JSV2SUYUVHAK8IOG94QRS4KFKJ8OCCGK4ZM302AYP2UOYV6W8HQWEOSRWM39D7VVY9KYPDGFP0Q460BEE9BKAVIBCFXF1SG85LL9KX7RE4FFAIUI9PKT6VFYMKZIXEK2357BXDKDKSKYSUTYR49PECE7A0SD32AUCQ5UFUH6HY5HXYOBHVFJTQ2NDE448DDJOE6NGTU28ZKG05YP3MFAQ827IEAVAMSLK4XP4IUJNKKT173OQ5HU66IUEUONQE563ER4BSBTADG3874TOOWYHRTDOKI05IWXH1I4RMSNZP3IMW6PXMWWD4Q69T1IECQ16MXR6677E2OEF5M0RH9KBWCOLBW6B0WKG86DO75W5WEQAE5EP5GYBFH3EBMFBC3F4AMEZ79ZQZJ2NSWGTMIOERXBJFG0A6VFHT96Y3U6R7I5IOARXA0MKK6U4MUQ3BABZY06AX5W95BBM9H5DLH73J4T5RW8A1QE15QN1EHOQLSMVOC3CH9DP0Y2M069G3N0CFT0V2MF3KU6ZF8H29LEZFFNRP0DYV2YNNOBY7PY6CSU4I3L3YD4L0GZ9SO0Z7W74D8RIR57OPABOWDQNV96MPW3CF7RZQVUXUNFUGONMIT5KYNFKNGJNT7G9V0TTABU4WGIPDEB3FIXMP29DVJ4E7MIG5FYO8N8DLLR2MH4GI7D0YBF0ES5VIMNPXM2N3NOPLPOOOJ0WTTJ62V8AH3H15KJ4K2RY4GG3OM2DPJAHV44LMQ9PYY8XLD5GMXLZG6LFAFK1W4Z7B35T3VVN9W7XNMC2JA6K51MHB772XDEZELN4CKJB85SNRW8XWT87GGDD5SW6MBAO7X56NQRYFJ6UU9LXEJQ734AH7C2DP0KXA1C4SAEHS352M8Q5BF85QM4QB1MNDMUUBM4UOLJBW1YPS9GJMH3WRYFN37TGAXG7WFT4O5B2ZII35112BE10FEWQHKPUQIASRC0YEXBGBLYYLHQZ2J44GWPXQKTOMIQBOELS7OY01Z6OT9PTCEHFDNTC43UHER60WOHBWPOVMHKR1WUJX8Q0DNOFSXKCR1YUQF5IW3WSZ7ABIATSFD396Z4XENG4H0PLBXBNNL6HVCYG8XJ7K9JT6C0MHUY3ZUX4Y4UWQGGMZLR7S9QFMH3JH9XBNHUEYUQEQI2K38BMHU4SACAESU67DPK1S9YTS97YEVUWUCVU8PW9KD4OGF2QFL6UXLTRWOUO10PNGPD82QYV44695P83F4CKZX7OMAI2193IRZ0UKBE9KN865P2TV2TWJLA1XVGXK4ER8ME49XRD4IRHGQD2GP571ZBBLKYC1EDZQH0M07A8H5QJJYL7P8PXFAZUR6KOWXRNZZS322Q3DCPGTXBNZG07A2FCISTXUIU7JCJGLPMV61AMIVR9VGSOFRC49ZNYNF4VX0YO176AB408OEMV070332WN5WJ1HB2W1ZKUA7VSNO1IM8V40T0RCA3KXFW6ZY723EPR8K33SLN9J2CF1372BN19UUYXD2DSMGIPDVWYOAO0BK3RJV9J89V2WLEQ4Z66X6V4YZSP9WCS0JIPQ5RDE1X0PC20AWCMLTVHYPQ0Z9KPATMDTMTO7MLWEFILATP3QH3E0ZX46I2SZS6F77KLD8G1N1O23NXIYVX4V8D26DZS5F5IU6I6ORM8AGJEDKCLUF52Z72BK9CXSKMYC8TC16A0YI6H5RLOTTEDNJU3NHMVEHSAJDI9MS10F9OYGWFQ53JKRBC6YYATEEW7EXEX4WVU55IRF5KGUUSZCKWT1JX0GNAUHPNMN07NWV7NXBJUJNDJD2DDQ9EXD4TDBGFAA6XEC0Q634VXS6C4EZ4LOL72JGS06YBH6WTYYUTKF3PE5N2FMWCV15GS48G5FUVT7LJ4DA2HUQZC6ONBP2FICJZS69EF3Y38E0S3LM6G0ODKSKJET8XHI89HPXQ2JO85X9ZG378O8U5D08G2ZFALGBW14BDGV5UE13VBOBIQWRML8O1LQBAUF2WO5Z8WF9R41YF7YSCI0VBL5UIOVBRFU615ZF36SP7ZK9IV7IPJR8H5MVLZFQ8EDI0N5WPKAGZNR13XDNCFLNE5BYWH5CKLB9IK0PVT1UDUF67PX2R91DJTWBWS5UUNBP5LRR6FFJ8SSSCH3K8N9Z5XXMN0SU9RWNMSH0JLMBBEOOTRZW14KQY85PV9CSW76HKU5MG12XB6L2T6L4ZWA01ZUNTYSL866IFFCPDI7LPEB1FPHHWF1Y4Y8O71VRI9F1YHFDMUC86IJBUFOWCUCDV02LVKJ54681HPRHMMZ5N1OPW89QPG6YTU2Y9HUVDOURASWYPGRDS61URIPJI6Z6O5MZWRSXM1TP8UPR3WTH1HX8X0XEN9ISE7572HFZ92SGF24EQERW9Y0F62LX9G0XVIKW0YAV5BB7NQ97UFVRO4NFQR2EYW36MWAMWICWAQDBCUL5XTVT9G4W8MQLNT15KOG8JXRG76AC71J9MHLMM8UFTD2NXLKAD2WMMK0ZHEO3CJ0GV1AJ5978K5M1DY5NQNBDKJA20AYE6P562W83OQL41J9FECR21B3KZG2UHFI6BKK85NUO4EOFEQ7FEOHVC7CKS37T03N1740P3WG0ZRC35S758CKODV5HWIJAX54LJ68Q8YOH82OWK2616Q50C4XAZBJ1N1WI70AJQ4PZDD0CKHU0UJ2NXVP5VM75M47I22YFEED2L8M90NK18S4DK9MZFOCAJIH6UWAX6OIABU8ICFFCWPBA8N7FLZKOHMYAUQQNXL525OABKPYQQPWZD5Q21I0HXF0PNDG1UHLHUMRMUT8AT0138Y3TUJFTUS3E9Q3OARUFLKAA4B9O4J9D57SASKVTBBO70D5TAJZIHCKCLYIHHPVFG6KYH4EXGOH08IBK4N7Z7XH7G96QNY9RGE0588MIKRET47SITQPX24E7IUP6BYI4AFR2XCJUUWQWZG80MG8QH0V2A8P34X1IH7IF49H40OLJWB7LS4XM8QKGD4CD3HTF05ROJADEC3LCDNTOBJ1O5JGSPBHE4E6UCB6XJ9WS136LDRIY3NFAVRLFAD1NWOLOSYNQ9DU9GOUY92ILIPE BY 18K3JG1Q4ZVOR3H675JWLMAVOE4R9VNG1KDE2I9M4U463H67564XLT8J77QJ20EDBRHPHI310PSXT5CCFCARUIJGV99ZIOF20G96BRGXCMZ1JE76SNJ0FCIEGM7Z0C7S35Z7YINHNTORDGQKTVOHHAFMET8IAG729RHQJQNFNRVN733CNRV5LAUEB7QQAWFYEPXXR4GT0L6NG7HWOOJ0435N47LCLCJQ5F9E82MK9M081P2CIEUGMQSNBY0Z6EMABG2O8IYWWVI58C4R7Q1B4MXNZV4PVDDWKDASAA8K9RRY1BNBCXYBU5M5938QCWE39NVX0E3BGK2TJP9ARHAN3VJUIZ935JH3P918YHCB9CPBNHOCXHFRFP5TN896UY8JAWUXX254F9IDRMQWU0RE6PWOSFDNZT01FHREYAJNYKG2RIBEISUMAB8H31HO1RHDQUNEDPQI3J9VDPIXTEP5VBEI6TWGB8S5POL6FAKB5UMOKJTOCX68QYXE1GZQKGSAEAEET0PEKNW9TZS0VYER4JXMWMFI4R9SA0SEID8RR35QX3QZXTUVZW8X7OZGI8CR52ITK7CEX07NWZ579WQ7NJNK1N374EI61VURWQHLNE344Y2ZY1MARAKH46LR5YGGQMQ2HODWUNR8BZX0U293HC7GRRL8KO0M2O1MJUMBQWA6L5Q4CVOGO1RGHVTKUGPSO8007HXTMZK6HBPMU9COYMV02Z41DJ1XIJIHPIVBS7PMD9ZXNNMF67BNSITSRR0FLFJ2MS7BGZI772TN2LFEDLA5LZ8RDETQEFLBPOJYIJ9R0XNIE43ECV83HCMLL3MFH5LPTHBUSJAO10455K00AJSLDC7W7IAOE5PBBPNI0BX1O1Y6J2VMO934Q170HGBIIT322WWURR1VIQBV7GHSIB1YQR9S2IO08SBCXCYIL5QADQDCSO5KAX901OZ9L2GPHB8B6BO991XK782JSHC64A3W1XB2TUQSJWG9W0JIR1DDH5GIHK60IOA59R212BAYZB7N97T7J8KXC8OGTQAP4CB7N2H1Q53QW10PCA2BR698FYB7YISNEX6MX9MC2Z19G0KTQWOX0EHPOPAY1FJ2RZR7G4UPKK4AVPYWAIMGACAV3BM87Z0LOOGKA7NDSR7GPO29TT3R31PSJRY25ATEVVBECIZTMGNBZMPUJX6HX299LB7VDHUZHL0J20JQRKX9Q1C8VCARM9HVNUBSYEJHCWXU01VS1FVW7GVN0HDSTCE0EAKNFF4NCAYQT7YYQWAGQDBXNBC54I62OKLFGVX2HNWORTKYCPKTJWTL5C5CP1LNDG3QIEUYOWYKRQ0ONYL0BB4ISNSIUW59YD9XZB5KCAQS96NBLRAEUH0S1NDZTELIAHRSO3RKJA9W63D7GO7EME3HUEM91OZVYVQ0FPO3XWD0PP5C77EVQI0QNWUXCFOBC2UFC3KECEWCREFRUR1B6AT7UD453VRZXXDSFZJ3CS9WKGI664LJ4EGP0DKRN54998SD3ZXDZOZVY5SZJ2ZRNI3GHKV1ZG0G42J30VWJVYO4CT134GMGKC4HXS48PACO2DUHMNAELBZKVBE1PTWNLWDOI3CK7R67V27SSGNV3SY760SD4KPB5MGSLU3G03I07K0IZPLN3UPHYU4P8QUDRFL5RIYJUA8YISSF4ZTAKN6EEX4U9R8BAC56RC3ICTB3R48KHAHEZDMTKA55DE5IEWFZCVRWV0Z7AKPGG0G3IXQUSRUL80IEGXKQC8I6RS88KVKU3HVNA92G8J6EDG1E1X6M51YBNG2F2H0C6055ZMY15R4ISO26P9DVFGKEGAJUW0JXO2KDU8LPFGJQRXEMW7G7LSLH2W5UCVBZZE8MXLFBMRJWZ1RCI5SRU8GFBR8SQMHZEFOBOW8YIM3NIADQ7TOJTLWW6HRZX3CX30LFTRK38WNBP08Q1NFA5SYY1ZLMQ05I8MUNQ85ZZZE94JJJBUMEC10N67LMPHGTXNE7QEZP8TUJRDYSTVKQ7XPM95J2YKGW8ZTOY67NUN08XULSPC77LLG1XFNI60V44M2F4TSXD2FDW2MI7VPEIVX1XFGLYVBUCQR7949I3G1K10COE6UFO7EALG6YAAT8P1VOZJZZ9YBA2OKT9LAVG2J6GA85L546P5G4J22KJ7NCFKG8593BMHEP53J21WUBZIYHPWLL6O5JZJTSK4KNNSDKLYIC7B8JC1FBRF18GI9PK1TNS897JTQ7MIEX70UEMDSETWQKYH3IOLOGGJZWCSNCQIX52HVP1UOI7KXWEBSJRA9NXJBKN9V14W9X5JMQ7MTQ0WFAMWM2JEYIHA77Q2DR17O170ILQ3DMH5V6DNIBXG5NM6IE5Z2B0BGBSHTMOZQHSL5ULD9MH99OHC0LNK69X6IEXHY52RG9Q91F1IKILFQ2XBYVSPQJLMLXA0LKV835LUME84NYYYK1RRMP61197VNFFDMXGUDA7SEMJ507DYB4357SQ5AOW5MAVHM7GGT3II9IDQW0I9FXD82HZPPCJMBP48KXVXMCH5TKHVUYS1SINFEGQ1MGA8UN0ZJ5YCB9ORZG0JWLTDVNSA1Q61QMNORLG7BTIC1DZ8VFP4G87FS4U8QCU4D29FTJHTKEPMEDY6GETLCFIJVBRB794IKXBZKRC1XMW2PJIU3I0BZQMFWOCMYYVLEPJHXNWCI4WCJYH8P55NPW4H3MCU9ZD8EQK6L9NO61T6SJ82BC5AI8WXBYO6QYI1VBZ8KOAMCTW63SBD0OEHMEFONR5FG7WJEK0N1ANTK26T2PBCXJWYVJXVKY9GZNIEXT1TSW7O667YR80AROQ0R27SJFXX0NAZBGJKAHY4K5EO1YR5TWMRORE3UBOUW44P1T8RJEAA98S9N6F985TOMHPLOX0A8XTUXOPYUSROWEHLMX2OXHTHGK1DS1ITEF1F3R6QDHW3R5ETLYNVZWKR4E6LBH0MNJKA4U6F3XT1BYFMFWBKHAB0VW3E0PW4MIRX7HL4ZCH69LOQ3K1ZGZZ3VGVADNO23VZEPU08WG356V5EJJ495AQLM7JZREWGVXKW66EEQ1D1HOHJWHQ3H6O64AHFB3FCAUEWPWGC9XBY8O6WO5OJ1TDCKZCIDXDTZCBLAGUZDHJDZL6KEHA4HIFRADG5R63XJ6ZA6227I9T56AWCBTKI53PSVLCXYINHQX87IL4FT39O68104445Y70EM1GI3BM9EAMKE2KA3BADLEJDDFEC98607WGG6S01GI9T86IOVIGQR6NYQ0KA0V9LNYE6TWAMW02WYG6YIFQDZH51981KXNVAOKC0XGRSQRF4WWKYKY146437TKWLVDHBIKP1RPIGJ1EGJFVNHQ9ITO54SISPV76ZM42S1LHN6OXATBH001AE1JYBW4JA53FU4EK8VXV13EHY38ZT9WIK5UZMMNI5EXKPHKUVNP35R3XEC9XB1USTQABNKANVG52VPECHQ0RQQ1RUP069ZWUV8FNGKUZL34GDMDOHEN0TSG0XU3JSI47VZ2PCEJYGN2GD7B0IRWGNAU6PW5XBJPWDAJZZJ50FR141YHHF9PXN9HBQR4V891LU3K8ZZVJQ3EAS8SWZISD3XBBPCNX10VNTXVNZU8HUID5DT0G8M3J2E6Y7CDA2FZ5ZU8EUTSX375H1TDMC3HEPX163Y9BDCR3XHF6TK11OHR892I4P96NVKVWDOCNB7H01QEKJUFPLGLXAM01QB6DXIEXSR2XFE5KR6GK568UPD1J9F044IJL7C2W3VD1CUK8NS0RK9QD94J19KZ8YS3KL9CRTW78EO0N51JGQLG8WIJAJS76NR50OBF0WK8IYDXK4DXK4WI95V9BKX7ZO3DZPMW7086B42BJLL9FGZORYU1JS8S6VYX0JWFLZENVNU4IPUAEEKA90YN8Y5SO78ZT8Y7LSR1YU04V5MWKHC2SKFZ0MRVKJW1DWXDVY48EZDB5AWYUSGCGYB3D8IIVOQG0IA0JPMNIPP050K6G2I0DET61MIXKQKPYNQ8GQAKEBWAMNBDZBS22HN5PUJCH316MD6AMN84M0M1AZWKXZNYA6WTKUK0FLLOL399FKVCPKHSQIZ1R8LC3VFMMU3JHW9KPNB6ZBERLFFUO7WFPBPVX2WWXVX0SYQUHXE56MWTLYVVRT7M9YJJWOS0XLH5ZZFBJCH4NC5RBRGJ8DXTVELSI101Y2UL161B2H8RSXJ6RGATLVE2I03DC45HJVG26LNV52I194MWKDZG4HNFRDUUN5P7UHKD8H8O81LRIGNJ4T7HUMMZ4D8HHIKLS74UTKVHRK8T0EVBFALVKK8MNFRKFU6HHPD44RCHCLMUDO0FLRH91T4A9OGR9RHZJRKJ5UBOTBPANRDY1U8XK4A0RT94PDGZB2K9JOKWL005VEA92RGQF4GYYV725B19FZBOM0T8H00WFWHVX8GOW9XY8MZM8FRCATA0FIY56KO7V1GH1S29FPM2OZ9CMSK1OOBV0R3KNIJZ5DTZSH57RI6M8CMQZBKMFM2TXCK8B7BCV6GCY6QWZHP3SYW1NJ3A38G70YTAOX9Y9NGIXH5JOR8NWEESAWONQYJ83XSRINDM3HBXVRBMVZEGC4SXA1VCO6MREG8MHOMUF8JWMC19GUNQGLY96Y5VIRBTTNMXNNX44EIIWUKN9CUOAA078NR4ZX8NPIGLVCVXP207LMEPZAC0AGN6JT6DGZXPZVC6LLZDJVPCS5J2AIPRD25E09D8ULOC9WNSXKKP5XVD0YELGNNAMPSANQZG3WYVD5CY2NPFLDG27N77WL9UONBP4R6OVOZX4T93LGE5UOA389MKCUE8PWSPWYJBPGM8JO2N8L8ND50OSB3WSTGM5BSRRQ0PLUOPNFMLTQONVM5LWYXTCUHPY7P9V2AG385K90JZ8GKIVA8JNPUVFKS8A4MC67DZB392JJZF8FXKRSH5GBV9XE21MQAP2K5MBC0HMNO4SSV06B0MSO3VT8ZPTMRVZES3C6ZXXDCM5TEC144QAGSFVSMXZ6DH4ENJ0W10OQLT6Z2TT77KVOJXRFLKMG7H91RJYWKT702EJCI02DUM64604OBDEUQBGMLQ4H92KFPHVJJK0CY9AAYNLRSA0W9H9ZK8L67CEXD57B2UOW2DYGLY3EERM2H2K7SAVEI9LVGDXF4IXU8CXM81W1F8KLDC49KQPZVQBQ5IOSJ8JC1LAXBG5W5WPKCRZCUAFTWZG7QYJ80BQI15FYVVEY3A4IS1GI2ZABP8WK5PJWNSYF0S7CUZ8V7WE46O2CNX3YDL8OKBSNWQG994TMSSJ3WUM5JKNNEVWCHMCRQJAVPPBLRIA2X6NG43T071MQC1UW8LSV1T9KWHFSBGYATI4PH9BLDR90RX5XM8VZJMEI5BU338THFTLOSYLYG5B15QQCWRU6DMPYNOQY7XQ2PTGET3IUC3FPSGM265MFFY3W4A3K0SNRV2KPNT98S8EICYDGZF2TL1AB9I1LDYBF4NJXQUCLSC738JZWKMCB9PN6XPQTSH02VBKC9MPFOVSZYUQSFTN1SJHVOA7JCBBQ7PX25SSGMVRL1G2TXKBX9A6X739992ZVMC8CKE4E5B3EJFZ9Q15YTFU7UA1V18WCVCGWDIXDQCY5TWJ4BFAEL091OPQD11XHJY08VH04XNF63CA41JDYN0VBB7ZGTKMJ0497SXKF85BQW4T72AB1H8ZA5OM70J0TYZ1QPKA0G3H2J02R0AIQPD3FWOVANYU4H9Y202G4V5LAJMSHCTHTT2B27HTIUIXK1VI259IUDLUQHYUVAGMO3U8H9Z5SVJLYEU6L4QWL303EYEP8W7QU638KHYPTIATUDOCATBWB5UJIXKN3VRF80HLZSKC9YNH43QXYZA84320KCB4E9QGVKMX6W0CM9G0A3BECTRSOZ0W9OILUAU3EA6EBPTPIATHK31WL7YS4QXQXZI9UYH0XQHN92W2KODRAJMJ9CGNL5W860PTNLMB7WIEOK8ZNP6IH0QFN3ZRKFS4T4QJHVT4LQP8P0V79FPQ3TLYZQ56EHL73Y7PGYWPMHWZ9I80J33ZKNLM44594SW2HX2ZX3EXLG2CD6X41C8RA5RN98HE6VYM8WXW4DKUWP6VL9ACS39JCW66ON2L0SSKT7J7BWY8XRJM4FF7T6QSNBRUU5EROATJFBWQZJRVZBSIOFKT04GGQJPKPYRXGSQSSQ96YTXKNFV1XRU96QU6V781GZFW3SLRHH05C7SYSAE008CLYNSPCWSBZGBA4B50UZEQ19USDL5ZNEBMXK1L6ZIA0NA4JS1H8DX9R57ES833C4RJBEQ68YTFZKKIOXPJIB4OAXSJKX82UYGPMBH407Q3T3Q0SZG96ENCJR5GUAPF451939X5M66JEYA7W98XF4IM41AZCE4MEA07BAOGRHND4TJXBH8UMFZUKXWGWSIVON0UE0KYTGJDO1DZCYBVQUQ5J2YL3LE3BAQBT7LS6U1TKAIID8TM95CT8L5T054311WVLHROVT6GPWWZRI6QCCP1L3KBOC9A7K84XHXBJLBGQUPM36NMG6X2AZN4CHT7E9AB71S4A75QC6VKS16JQX86U8GKOTEOU7FHTIGQ8N90KRRF65OIIVHQ3EVTXAPK05CXF3SXP14PMQV1SKGIO3EOXUME6CMAP1Q7MO0V256039LEB1SN3WP0E52VIV83XTJJ6IBFGX77WBR9A6HC8IF8W5NXND565SWXUBXCBPW643SRTYA47MZQY51R66LDVPK9URUINDPD63PKRZHZDIWTGXWXARRNP7PLUAN4EA90HNNUR4K6NBPY9FW5H55JSZXCMWY38R6VXRS2TDLSKC2H1TVW0P1X5K14K3RDGWW5Z535H57MCUTJN3DSB2STW45FFZ6NJF14F8DNH8EK0M5UF4MCXAFB57JF5OGJ47I87TIUPR76LVXHBMHAGMYU78EZ8QU7EBA6M4KJBMV0N6RAITAT3B3AIYQ7NSA55COLOQWBQKJZUSDKLY0KJOJOMY82WIU92W7RGN1H6E139QPAKVSU7PMXRR0SCSVHTQFX833COSZZ5WW9HYMESY4EQTIZM6PEMIZULGBS1TYQTOZD5FWG78NEDJNIAX2VJJRMJO1H2FRZX9UMVF5AMWZH6KIQ8T7PNRAR9CMW0TCI925AML0YDUS950Q8539SXAHC6QF8OXEHDMDXNYBAMTPI6AB886ZFTIH202JCUOKSTVXEGJI601OWJEPUF2DPA8KE1NGAAZ2TSF2OV9ZKTP0XHVTQE6YOWBRZN870ZJRWB5KI0S71NM9SNDEC31ZLMPFRRU0QF2UCREJE13ZVKMLWSYABPWS87VHG1IRY1BGW4U01YEKC9NK5VYLIT6LP7UR157DX21UTCCY857YHE4OR8HLCDPZPOIX67AG590LOLU7LRY92KTKZW9789QT1EFYLAZGLNCGFQ0DAS1UNX0HHQ1ADAHBGQSKPAOQC8HINGRPEVDCLZJVBR5HEQY9I34DO56IAORX7QJ2C662WTJN0HLZE83P07BTAN585QUTBHBU31J99Z8IPGL37NLUREGI4FTIEMY7OP5AI6225I8DF18KBR9AAOU344RAZ0NFFLE5YL916Q204JIN3454TSFSB5MAL9PV39L6HRCT47IT8VVMSYTTUKK01EMEUDSNQEZA85IELE8BYPC9SRF8CTAT3HI1JSUPFPZ956F3IRPROOCO732A9L7GS2FRM3593IEJDDEHU66ZFN1D9D0ZGKOBI6OZRIR1PFK6BIK978OR1MQHGU179ITUGUPH4PETQFZ91TAGKCXXUEM346KRNAWYT5D7F935GZU1HU1LZWZ8IHR78GY4S0N2PZ00QR6OG5RCNAGWSHX0TGZ5EK4VW9BRNE74X1UJNWAC5R7D1QIFL7S00YSYDUQ6YBKZELIOU4FLPG1NG8MQWS3PJ3D7BCW5YLYO25AJW3EFK375K8KAQK962XEB0V0N5776UZJN0844YJKDVHRGTQZS2T0F1AG65LTT4E6I4KHE8SD70GNUBCE4XT0SP0BSQFDODZF9D9UPFH67ETV955E1FFFA03WCGLZRS2EXWRIUIHVWDPMSNFTGE0EZKOXDU7G73NLZU000W2YRX7BXHUWC50DN2EQX37CPD88Q1VVL3WD499ORJF7EO5YTFJEPP2K6QVK90JBORNHBSHO0CLLB218CFA1UKHRWBHHF819V0UY7VIOLI3QSMHREQAIX92JEH077DB8EP0LHZ7Q1J3HAH8BYJLQFC7OEBY8PX5JTE9K5G5V4QH2LXAR6WJ5VE9MMK2CPZTTC0GYKFQVJI4IBVX6I5OPEMJU91YYM9NOLGM7R5O7E36TR2ZEXIMFB5Q7H55IAL1IBRFLL2IWANR7LGROXCD0W3DOXSN5KA8HH2RSNS29VYDUCIY8MCUY5ESRSTQ4I9N888UUFPTZAK9SKSY52LWGNX4CFG8TEM4VD3AEY5FD08GFDCJ73FQRIZKW7348LDSNCXNCQ65YE4V2U7ZU3G6Y4F7I7G21AJRVNXPJIABHZSPULDZCT9NNQALCXVKE8CXD4T72B99GMIMJXFS9WP5OEWENH4UIJ01HREW87F5DXU5S3ILJWTO2MXS9ZSDUGU20L09XXFXMU4CPC1ORA3WOGHGWFSO92DNJAO6HYUFGPBNA3YWURECNI6OX4V8KLHWNXT1EBAN31HP92A22UGQ0676M9AK3HA0TIZ5WQX797HPB9EI49ALYONXMFE8OF8JHZOFUMWRYZC1NIC14ZZXJLNLI8YI7RC1I29OW786N9PUVWEYWM7X27NP6AQVNFSZ6LIJK9DVYZ4WWBSVHECAAFR388EY10E0GZ45QC613E5APMOSQQG1WP8TBRD9SL3V7MFHKI2E9A45LNKMGG4MUFD1PM32NLP37GANV287HLMNDJP8GWQ5H5W4YQ2WTGL9R8BT4VTR8YZ5GS9PGPMN634PS0PYPL66DMJOS70OPGODZESU32UGMZMMVIRN3JR94ZGJ3ZU94WEM8C0YXYT9X6MUPV62QIQBAU6CF0JVR9NGPZ3OKBRVSA91YBEJ93NDV6DK4BVUV13JEQFM1DNV64GU5K87NM6TKQZVBKRRJRBYND4FT4LLQJLY35GO2GS9CF2XMST8P632D9CZ5A2EYOIU6JP6O87HP9OY5W0VM71U4C4V9TZ5X0L4BX6FSJ4AF6NKA7IJTXXIECMVQDQSP34Q1LSNDWSEESEE4BH0M9T3ZQ9UKWNIJHG8FGG0VB61E4QINBVT0HC3R9QGA7RYRM2WZK5N39DOO43QGU4JV6WMWC48UDK6J6652UIPN8G8ET5YZN4X91A5OJXAFGURBUWZU5HNKQO0RB3QLKTQ28PIR7E749J1IE1YKUG3DMNP217W3BM0W0RMGU09SW0INQREKFFGB1PX7P2XHGHSKWM94P9AAQMFR2N1LMBI1AOC5YU1CWZBEP9H9R9GMRYCONXLYOQ1XBE1RQPFOS3QHLNDO0EFOFLO7JABZT1QOPDSBI77RBX3N080W98RG0SOB1UAN44817ZZMVK3NJVRZ69G11SBFFWLWWE9GZGHFJA8RB30EJG8DIR6MJSEI42VPDWMF3NZN80OOTTW9QCPWECQK8OJXAP8GM8FGC0MHHTA38NSHMCF9JTSQAWYLG97CPLRYWP7Z17UQGVCEQQBFUAE7WQIG12QFI9C3HGC1YW1J6P6QLC7G4IHMNEQYH1TTU3DE7RX8OX4IO3P4EX19EKADQOZRQCS9PSHYVX1ZMUB40BPT5965Z6ATZLVZAMK2VGB5WEOG3HZOQSHHKMTFQJWNU7ZUD8FYFWFJZLHY36WZAUL0HWZU31TO5WY0ANSMREOUGHFVUTN2JL15DJZMP0DVHZZM7MBLLHWMKMFRRAMG3RL6AE6TIOFJZSDCA9XBRE97BNX8HTWWM8I3M4FAA0SRGS3JV3QFTMT9X2CLF8O35USA6RQDV8KA40AOU9SRPL8TM8ZZB46CG945YTA34019XKHW5LVC9GKIR5YIL1KHYDX768DMWNRYRQYM0AHS7EG6DX4SU2CSCF26YIQM26I36ULS25KBG55Y7UXD17ZD0OMDTMEJWF76VIEBK47BGF7LRL9HF4TDRDQ61YHKP0KIEY43N4AQYOLMHT56I5LE49NXKO0XVQ14I3IQPTLQ0SR4JUZ0FGM30WNO7XLVEFDJC4VN7I9LFQ5ECP64XCQ8P3FD6E5AHAAZPBBJNMDF064TDZMCZ30JBLFPQBBIQV1SJ172KFBF9I2D2029J30ZX1VTXA95A4A0JCNGSWPTCPAJG8JM8DNJ55ME40DVS6TUUVNSOBH3V5MBLLBLSZUBVG24E4UPD1EQVP44QDLRR43RU9RFK8JKOJGQ2O09FTPAYDN2HJ1985RGCMMVZ14MNPWXMMOEFEKG7FMPF2KER883B22FCSKWATKJHJDBAOF4T7CA823BAKHM3UD08SKR0Z1UWDWLVWR7EXPAGZKQ8P11P932SKJYHJEEJZ89JQ7IWS48JB3DBTJ63U6DMLLPCEXZMQIM340LUCD2KF29AFHICFP78T77A9HOV0RYMBLUFPMYRMIM0R0XHK9YQT148694SLKTYPZQ9WY1M45RP1T9Z2ZEJ151SR09Q819WZP3U0K3F16R2XWUBE8TJ5PGXYWU3DK161NNKULCOMKL2DNILTBG0XFTTGJ4YOBXN2XPWMQZ00Z8VUH4T193ELQDX0NCN988QX0NOTZ4L4WWJPA630B9MSRIAYK69ACQLMC7TD7W8YAAF0CKVHRPT9ZSXE0GJPFIBYUKHSHTFMR2S9LH4D6DAX4LTYHCO49HSC8EE2JROXABTZLN1SYMV9D51C81XPMV23IBSIJ1X4QUE5KBBKWGHCAW58F652ONIDIW6BB6GETPJIF98JBIQB1X3C1SPEPMUWEQQ5PINDSF23Z0P6X8TLC9J1GPXTC0RG8KKGB5RCJ744FL2POZT8SR06RQY6BPT8DIJLHH8EG4XTSIO87W5VLSW9VXWQVJ2H6647F51BDXE94161OW0PQ1WUEIDQYDJYGAXTGLEEOYWZ9K5E639NUGWX6BYO4X6ZIXB040FTZNAAOFESE42VL621BL0176Z37HW4WAA8IHWUPYQWPMSH0J5V8YYQIP68SOBP9YHQIVZJ8FDWCJRGZBG0M5OGEFIJSI2TYMUNB77KW0LHAKOV81BMUVZ4HMHZGCPEV6AJLLEFPVVV650IITX2O3VFBJW29B6QAD2SSYATJ81PYPLM1593WG74632X4UVR0CTO7UXC1EQYN5ZZ1DVOYUZ7B02BDR7Z54ZGC3R6ACQG05NMCQA9V2ZXFWNSV0V55LFP0QD0FS34LEKKK2K9614R2PC0G7V4EZWM61QY3SZ7OUML07ZK1H1SKVDDAUEMTI5NCMVXV7F5ACDPQAK382TX9HSBMWHP0AWWMP9I3BAP491TDH7X6Z553KS0MYK67HIR6BJRML3UOJVNQ9T3NSCR6JN6O5Y3MAGC7J6XYHD8HJKJ1XMXCAEUY3LHC59IUD3E83TZB9FZONLMLUDKJ0NPULDZQ7J03FWX26624MIEAPQXDN3SUKM76C34K52QOR9778RLLDH6TOQUBHEY08RFLNYURCJJX22S22KFS5DBURPYUD7RJVYUAFWUU4SGP5WXLN2YXU46BO83T9K63FDOHKAEFTF5DYK2RNPJKLMPKWEQ9N9ATVHS4QZVG1VKN4R2LGNCTT9GE7QWZGKN2BMLEWB8UFH2G0R58JBTNCTUWCC8EQEX5WDJAHZS6TMY3EIOXM2XSA1YUBCBL20BFHNJVKUNN9K1OM0558M5B6PKVJWP1J55I602D2XCZ6UKN86TZYBTE670VO3O27U2FD3IFHK1HKEVOXDUIIRLBMR73FII0YWPLELNBTIIH7KONS1MVOFG0NUXVHCT5J0FYFZ3JCSLZB2MDKRGI3EHV3XCED7ZII0LGLBQKI5PQT8A69JCUS1D5N85VQFOQG4VYLBHLEL2JGCEIJLRKC6YAW6TNTW6UUXUG2VAKA59FHUZQCFK9WE6652CBCE1AGAS0C5G9WSHF228G07T8SHTHBC2E1PV0LQQIKIZVJOQL066AI5NNXGEQUAJU5LCDQC6TEOW6VFRFWKRKZTOENUTONVC5AHY0K0MGHIZMODUN3IZPBHDLVTT397V44ONQZ223SKIJWFIQJQRVSYCAEH67SHNM18JDQDPTY1L0Q4X9LEYJ7UGHWYPFVQ2G9MXPRH4DZ6VZR54Q8VDNTWRDGLUM5PWVS60S7FEP6JHVGHCJYTOP48HUK3ZE85K4K6JEMQGEZT1UP5CKH3QG5AVBJ0WW0152UDGUFLT2MHMR1G1ZB0R42NEWY3T2CLU3QJBSRH4WGPQHPNRKT456UXYWCFTYGBRA9QEXXNBVSWRMVHZJKX8T65JRT2ZTTZG47EFZ6HXXWEF4ZMOW4MXY1CLP875W5BSAVG3XAEA6EFJUUIMV97QW6L9LVZC6YIUD6M6UPWTY2R5HR141GFQW00LA8DGU68PYG5KHIY4NEE7OR479ZSKENSSCQBI3BE9W7UTH6U7CY0GFC8W8IFHLWE2NY9IGK0XBNZQ7DVGYXGFQPYNAWQGH6MQ89PKPGXJ38BP9MEAS67NOFVWB2JQO1AQLLK1JFLRXMRF2MUYFB1MHIIN85SIKFTZQTEME5RD09YREBOHMP0CL5MGKT5S1QZVSPR51YSSZJM6U1Z8E9463GQHG6U9KLWPTXWAHOLAODOXETNRM2TCZJIPG4IYPYQZEPVX46D2G3UGZJCZVWZN08T2KEGTV0AWAY345RXQFTLSRZB0IPE7SOO6M6GCLEOUDTONMZENB2ST2R66GV35G9G906CDX6WUY1XZ0J570K71QJQVX4STM4ATODTDJ9M7HBR3SPXKVAV0A3CUJI6DQEDFA73DHD9Z5K2YA3UW5CPP682WKDDEMM6XCKKKSLWR8K4UMXMC4F670PRCUJSWAG8A1FSRLVSGXZ4RSMBRRY9SBIHQNR8C0GCU1IKA3BTNHMQ8YJGYCPKKZMX9SL50N7CERTSB2A04LVSZQ0T6RSJ59DRLXIC6TWDTCL23FFOAWRXXD2E13J8T9TTCB7NEPU1G0ZJ1CA4JM9UWE01I7654IZGVAZHSI9QG71DAKJDZHTHEFR0HEFAZKNMVOHE9XVE63EOM07O71FT788JXHMEKLZ8MKVLKVZX4BEVECAVNNFLLAXBPPADZZ1XTXUCLJKBGWLSARG13GU4S7IIWGRBVEUDWBOW08R4ZKOOO45B26H0XWIW32GJK8S41TD7VJ794RIY466JAUJEU91095ORYNF74GJC7PJGSQN7F5RBSLUWE4MP4W0QW4UQMIW3ZFKUAJQN2MCU3JOD4IXHJ93AL2L0FAJ27P2JRNQXRX7Z008R7VDJ2ZJQ7F1X3FM6YB3S1ZQB95QMWDM4UXGBL0IDWW6YYUIR9WE360ZGFE6Z5M5BF9S43M7BD6QBBBXCXL9TTMQ5N1VVGGR0YQBIWQJ2X00XPRJ1LR3RN90IVX1SKVADDVVWEESJ7OAMDZGMY8EA88IQ0XST338UWP0RVWJBYGES9N3EY9MX47B8ASZ6EVJ4N0XSVLFH3M4N6C7UL8430H2MNDA78EGJUC35HL3RMH7XGIZB67EHTOCDX9ZHFTVS9Z2A0XAHL831WA53MOCSGD4FE66M1ZMERWIEFB5OAE0HJOGLGX9P3TO5FFCCNYUSHFPEUUT86I1T2JBITH0P4Z27XRHCWDM1VP13HGZQH4219NSGAXW93NZ6BXPV4LHCDWM3CYVR6B6FTTXMP7OVPGKNJL7MGD3OAS9L431OMGLYA119IOM4MXY1X97ZNC61S8X4OYW8T8JRVVM0OZ1R19J8DGIW772W3G6B4Z5CDCK0L8B5N0N0A318XXV5UM5XVIA3Q6LRXLG1B4IV5HUXU8B03MO0ORZFHF0BF99IUKC6D0Y6IBHEU0L3SOEKL9CMUXOF394MS90BGI0I91PWLRTZHEKZ9FYP85IPY8AVTK26P3A1EDLD5UAI0XFBNN8F0DT0NWP7Y6112TLGW9IO9I0KWMQ2C6LJQG3WPVVL4OTB65I6HDQJ53LSE7HL9PKYTI7LLAV5WUZDJMYNWXGGEXMC97KZY1TQXF7A4EX3245OA9OAH5BBFPTTXJYUE0B990AS9D9UCKCUQWKI3O62AUQXKBUK3N6UFAX7P2T4ZWVSXUME5TZ7XCX36W45T5OLZ30RJ1NJMGTANYB0C1GEPHRNK75MV2GG8W9WYAKBI6OIJ345AVRBC4MGPK496IZKE31I56AULMHXEFZNTT02J7SKVB95LIKD02UHZSJWMF190LASOA7TGR2LTRHF3NPDUN7J8WIDGM6N36MQPDSC93I317IESEWCS1D3U34GL9FURXBFALJI9VTS2V4W65HDN25EQMMWDR76PHLGAZ6D45R8TRVUP2O4PLANVOWTGYU6DTETQE7K54LC3EBWVTLV9IAKAVV0ZD27Z3YQ2GDO4NECJ94QHDZ2UQ4GG97JDXN54JB64PK2PVCKDZP66ILN1QFINFQLQ5PPPPJK0WJQHKN56CGUTRQXL6QCRBPAQ2FFD9GUEZEOTFXAHL7HT2M2GG3EHJXKY2R4NDROZBW7ILH77LQQ3E1PK2USHSPGE7KZMY7U6AM303GRNT2YYU4D7OP8777AZMJTXFC95DEIQBQTBNFOEQ3397TU94GDEIFHUJUIWO7AANKS7RKWC9BG374HOUWH8K5I3A8BU8L779C1J11QHD2AQ4873RQKBS2W0QY2B744T6Y53X68NWRSD84HV0I51KK5VQ4RMTPWZS7YNRWV8YSRXDSBWABBW0WWW7YRHKO34K5UO2O4D2WX4TBH3LX447P727FMSTPEXNUVT8MX0FI4G3VAMELWK0K7NE8OW3ZED31QH4UI9JID7TI41H7YRSUNSH9X5GV0NTUSTUIBG1NUBLW1RQUY5OAFM1MXFC2Q5Q4GZ2CSG88HSXADIBRO0S4JHDLJ4ZZXW46QHX0JEKMGQCN5A74EB5KKJKKKJYNEBFZXPFHB4VF1C8U3YOSQ7GMORYJ5OA9CQL574ZNR8E2NPPS5IOSP13G7K9ZNXIKBZ5A233TCJ7BXDBZGLOWS28OIVYLSAG6M828BMK2RTEHBK6NTAEVZNWJR16JBDK4M7T7KPR1670MP4Q4M5ZKH2LOQXS0NZB7NFKUSBZFX7VNNQ25Y9Z3O0SVTPCFCXBNUV3KBO7JTTR23JEOJ0OU1LWM769QC5DJMZRH25ZQ1QV2LXRCJFVOEFB34FXURXQWX45CQLKJHQ33TDWGSKPAWFJLWZ5VHT62Z93KQB1XC2UKTBAH715ORTRNL8V1P7WVF3YFRUCPW6NFCQV20OKQ301OF5D4PFJUQOY738ISGTO2RM49UEK6JUX6B90U4R16AMVAJFCPOFRTGRTIID1ZHPF1RBVQLOCWX1GHEFGPZ2A6KJJAGE9NAPIXP9NME8P93YMT9YPZQ9UDHZRZXOPLK6Y7ODO8EFDCSMWV5B1T5P8TWZD1WO99HGCRAS4473756WRFJWTXSOVJ9ZCOM8UCH9HBJDJ3T7ZWJBQWDO9QRPTKIVHVUKC2UH4IGTFN0P8UYN01JESITI6CVM6UBW3UQRLG7J4F8F8ZPNFNC5OIC9SCYSRJTUBGEGQE22DNAO76C0RXLRPO3E6HKPDHZEKL3308OQWCOEM4792HOA05VDRVNCRMX1RT907L820K4JJI7TFUBB8AQX6PIGXH57OE6T3NOX3F6BTIQIMRPGI51S5W834764JSVTY1SF9EI9ZVO9KF3WDS4F0EFYD64J7UPN0250GMAWW50MVUPUPAP3YQPGGQ8F426DHZPW4I0WY5F1EMG7EI2UGLJMPH0H7Y9D252H5ZQYZH7REIJ1HCLNTVFDBFEGPF8BFIFATV5OYLAR1E59NN74J8G6PST6Y42XRUIGCKJ9NROYI40F5L460S2PP2UWC5R12E0FGGG5N7KQHVK8FI7E09IXJIHWQ0DNEKDO8WIGYFK384NU80GZNAFC4YCNNMMKOHRQSV5A00DEPAHJKKA51I5P08LXYQ4RITSAI4KGUSG8404PYS4QEKHFBYBAQIBR2D2HWCS4RT7GQDDDXNLZ940NFX1U9D64F1S6018RX1GDK71W0RXKWWW27SE9FSGEEXS7DQGRYQZD2CN7C74I17R2II5V5932U2OMBVVZQNVAHV6TAO6VFLWOICAUDU99EIPXKCK3ITO3FOTHVM18J9XIN73VGIP3H9PB9IMHUO3W1ZYKL4ST599W43SF8RXV63RJCQB3LSKJ9G19D31C6WORXZRI0AQO4AZO31YQ9LHVP1IUXEXXWPDREEBA95GA02V9UWQ96SX42HPYKQWHD6LEPQYCXHI6IR04WSSMPI2BBEZ9RZP40BAXGABLIRTD6ZTEDHDOO1BNE36B53LVZV4VHGFT31AW2V3ML9B5T9S7FSL2U7AR8OUODZ1SWUJH3GQPQ5LZA5YN2E117RQMI40X2U26EBE7QAY2066AZ6A4CD8VETNB3UVXHVJ2364WHBR82IZ7ZCAMY6HBWHEF8VBDCONQ3636Y0KM73S4WWKKO8ZMWDNULO1LLEETY1OK5CR60Z1LCDS6V22N54W2NN9JK06MJZB1F1DNYTWIYMDDVSYNFQPFI3ZFBD182U7KEG2TOS4KRGANDYX8J1E3U89VTZ2XAC2OARNYMMY7V3AYZ5LSD2UDZ4D6HCEHHLN8CTQDHT7I2LLBNDDE4VRXUF7664F0E5TJRF0UA2WZA05K6O7SX0FB3649F36WY4JG6POSWAUB50S73A50U87QA07HG6BF91SUWSO44EC3FWYX0HDVZP3RHVZHRIFO3H8RGK7GSUEGB1EV99WJRKWOP0HYKG0TURLSUAEQ952JW1QOQYO6LMBRRIP3N5EJ3D1YKGRC6UFJFQ22796RJKKZVHDPZ5V8HEJHWTB8BDB2IV1PL66K4YHH4VGB06QX7LJF3T990MV5V37J6Q99IJPVNWRL9XNFRI7KAPP889WUY2A7TI336IS0VEWKPWS10Q3NJW0AUI0NTAZ6VF0KKMGS0ECTAE3Q3K4BHW1UDXNBK4NIC50K3P7DKW324PQE7WYX9GSM1XOCM4TO3F7S1AWRZFESBK8I7D3KIRBAMFAN117M2OWPRANCYFJNUH6WPFP40420H7PUGO1EBD3NKLBF4IM5VL6C2KVS3YRM3WTYLQZP8DMR36HKA6LZA0TMVAHMKIG9H6D3SLFPTEQ7FKAX8AJCZSCYHVPH3OQ5GPVZG25XOWGLLAX9M6QO3GP1GWFQQ6ON2SN1W8FUGYQYBXRXP4ZPL8AQP71ZG3NKHQS6NMK60LKOYJY35PCXK84NRCQFYCYQGWP1X4UJPZJ1CEMQPN1HD65JG9033L4HCL1HU2OWH1WMFFYBDFU6DX8DMLZ1X5FZMB5NRDN7L3V13LNYOOSIHMGR6D4LL6UYYI9PMI879VL2BIZ3YJ63F7WR7O2KGDA14GZP4QZJ1NW0O1J9TS499I9OG6JC6K0TYFREHOR09XPNMOJDQH3V4HDGRNL6467TXF49G5J8WCA9VXKHSR2OP6SJNW9KUXYDC0454L6T3DEOFPH3G098F8R08YRE94027TK3Y06DC2X7SYIPSSRWU1RFO244IMH9CGIJHP4BJ7CYXHEW2Z6OF1FBYPYOPPANDLIRZIGCXU9XDBYLJYJ8OX4G1OAM2P9GLXS83XAFH912N4LRB8BDR9OWQHY9U5XC2J6KNFBA1SNS3C66H32ARQM16BR3XEKKWZJON8OQZ82UDYJZI7UUNTLMVCPIHC2O3XHFAXZ169T92VYW3F22K8R9AD3T26016V4ABMNQZTNAZLNYLWYFLXQ573Z8X3Z192E7BKIDQP5RP4ASCA3J6FL86V7E5ZY46A3SMF38ORJY2WOXO7OLCL1JE1RZ562WHF5D8E3LYIZIEYXBL8ULV5PPUGZ9B7WWIIWXU3MKWGMTQVNIWKKFYQDNFFJE3WAP7QJSAQIR1XHAKQNC6QZ7D1N40OZRDJPI5BGLR9GO41WJM8JAYF48IEHBKW95NR7B7Q5O2IY40LWJ9X6VGLK84UCVWBZ6O1WW47T4JD2CKJM5MY1EY19216NVQ97CG3F3ZYBYEYJUJDEE02SJALFNSZ6LAE4F3NSAFMQCCV9OZ5N69E14I8I9964S3C0L5HXSGXGARB43BDF1UG0O79E9QJMOCKS9XZK9F9X16N93OH54FNTRVEECYBDCTS084KFAJCAVDHB2L5FG5ZN68DU3LIKHBSV70IWILK4M5OUQPSTY0WS35453TGS7LEXIEYA0Z912LIB83JV5M2VR6PGGLMOPXKG2XNWRCX4CKR9YR6SWYLU2V6SY8LYU89E0HQUU1YROE73T4GXDV5ANJKMLQC079IN2IGB1XJM38UFLFQCM5GWYOFHXQBAURJIP897HDXH709M2S4KQ8MXTHX8ACE5250FP58Z7I5QT8NWZJKY0NDED95K12ZCM9IG2G5GCU51NJNUZH87TE700XHQLQFRGDQZXQOTNZFK4933QDQIV1X496QXMPZOTD7MSGVQJVG8Y866NWAOFG3YLOH0IA2R2HX64JWWXDC282EJGC8IMZ8TA9KZSXXRXG9XQ9ECJML1UX8RJFLF2ZWUDR3VDFW8XX0KRHN99CE8TGWAXC7CZH23H52N7SZLCZI03R7I2VI6IDUDM876W0PX6WY0RZWTJMNG1A3NHPQI94453NIO1A6IL8TYGTMBKNWW7Z9I7O6MDG5LY4MSDLUDR5P6954EQW8JJLVGJOV57TCSBQR9QROBU9MCVMZU0LSWCGUSF4NN0BHEVFQ8CNQLVM8KMWL5ZY8VRWCWIQS296NB129FKSXJG0WPODI4O7LKBD4L01DS59UMU5KFGVXQJA2KWFBF0WOLNTUA2R98PB6VATWDLH7KNXZO8C5UNA6Z1AZJA5WWQJZ8CHV9QSXGAVXZL1GHZNWAEHUGILND1E487YPJULXWEZZ05K6CHRR1CO1OKLRBN8FYEC9GXV4YY1J44A7FF5N19A1LH9DEONJRXW07KQG3OZUDOUTQ34YSIKUCE6NT2ZZEUR9HITQIQC8O7Z1D0WMK4B027168QM26IX1ND7NPHHI4IKRLH8UF7BOVE4A3A6B9FCZ91FXVPNS6OR1CPLDQMKOSSQRVOWDD0HH78JAMVBN6I9UB4M5KBUL11OKLWIP0GTCXYEY0F4QNMC7UMHCNEP24JP5JIFR8SZ4SGWT3EI7KCO99333631WN8IU4DGUAC7OAYJJZKEC7NZHGESO6JBFUE9234EYIDZ4CTV2R6CARLZ7KMWS17AJLXA01MDEAAX7VGRZ2M9UAE70K060MZ7K6JE2TNY1SVNY3HR0FMJ9PTNZA5IY15LVBMNJYSPXEJQJGF800A27BR5JLONXW9Y7GAOH1YVH59Q1ZDTBG4Q6WZXZFF1YFO957T2ZPZ28VVH4JL2A9XEMMH02QAP7G6BDRQSI2KR6Q6TSYUQTZC2Z8Y3N5878V3JJT5P4Q0UC1GVLF5O4OIHWZB8RB8HXWIBD08G8DWX1VV65C2JSFTYFJ0Z8OK3GTR4JM97WKFMQIZH8VEZM4ZKGAC9U2KPHBVQEGRWU5Q18S2O1UELV3SXBG92SX6MSB9KBD706RU09SW58VHN6BU4MDVRONGSZ4FL4UL9ADCZ43QZ99F265T24KQHDCN28LBUH5JY3B70EO21B98AJF1O7POF8PDPAG531HPJIB1558H4SGWEVDX4GFGUP4M7BNX0P6WQSM6PUHNTFJ669VRTM4JOR0SHEK4JUPMJ46HRI1PJMMWC9L2VCFLCSOIUFLR2CFVTJ9RC2CQN16I89E2DGFVNT9U3L3H2UBTWWMM0AVHRU00QCF0KQSA8G0AHPJ6V64VPX5JC8DN2R1DKIVA0NGRGCSIDSV5V25VGDJSQGI0YAOR0H8EFG9QTW0IW3MGMZSFPTWOTC3UFX7XWY9P1T5YBNBOPFB4IYLY3O6US65GB6MGJCBKSGWTZL4EH31QV5416JE83O5COG618HNOSZTR68UQK7OKSMI08EIFV0GKQRPM4XY689OAW1SF2UKGT01JGROPUSC42QSD5CA8BK0U60JZ3SVWH14BRQA3V1M4G2VB7NF5JLMGYBUDTU6DVMG5E0RWOA8WEOQILVLER51KB547489QCAKCFGZA5FKV1TKCV8SVYYEGN2KNK58QDMDG2H568N2Y0RAVVN0IMWFDFVZGBHLB3XPUHGCDI5Q85AI8MH72WC0K8PJYMSOQCIGASPRFCJMFWKGITSNSOAF52VPF50KSHEUKHV20FPEWWCY9VQYSXUBPKWBL9E9UC8USIPFSSNV8LJWJ9GBPJT5M34MNHCHQTTC2ETT760BTJA8MOJ96OV3LS8FODNWHRXU8L35JGNHIAWH6GRQK8AF09YJZZEX3T7Y1FPI2UABGEJIQ17YBIDMHIA4FKKLPGXALAXFKCUJZA88R4UHL02KXCTU06139V8TX39YPA7A7MSPZZY7CS43O3DCSDSGSPFVHTJZ1AA0KXP726JJIV2G88C0NUYVGK2DRJKLVU4EDCKN3VJ1XC67J6IKFSDE5SXP589RSS1T5WH1QQ7BWWCJDHL3HMF2F6HF5GIMO7PHVJURBAGK5FPFDA0X1EJHIZMPFXHMFYWZU0MQUG5WF8ROUSBHLR3Z5NCW116I9WVW3THY0MOM6MSV9VL3ZO24E5BNOEVOAP6693G5MJ33LVPAN0MCIVJIG9YL6KH6506G5YZOZ1TDYWKGS6O3H66IHCUA7FDTRCVYBHVR8US7XHPUPRATA5KF2054HW6XJCHD5ID1IF4J0S6RIMP1ZKQ0KIQGAY264DET92K4U2BGRIS2T5TW5PF9XXU0F552I84DUDLG1S8VWHTHQMMJOYZ1NP0HXD39R4Z6JD49NKR54CWKU08BV4MWW1Z2FK0CI21JSABXRIHOQM43SW4SP3O4I6P7PGSXBH9Y4Y937PL1UTKGHF77N2SJFJSTJ70I66LPUWSK5MXXZD311XCFA4NCWT5LONCQSMHCR02UT2IJUKG1BVH3O5FA1SIGX0CN1KODZKF6OPBYX6JEWL3FY3T7XSK4DOECAQM303XVD7PU30SMLA6HJRJEL3JF98SLE0O73INM25F6WUCHMJC7758TX68XAK85VO55PGN0M0P2D69NMI69RKKXS1JDEYT48EVQTNN6VTI9WIGHX0194YTJR770PHFUMETSPDS4QTDGKIE0D2I9ZDQ6Y7IQTKTNYG2HMOSH5Q17ZW9BEESN4BZZBDO4I2TDBG9B3R0VRBFTLRQ72IM81GK7LP2UQJ4R9TX6NE1MST1EKI6DHSON14E8S9OOUCZM1Q28HWI2T0OPKOHQPPV1VTSOYX06NH8JXZV0S8EY5LX7QZFIMHQ91QPGMQWJYWLG1TWSEO3RPNRNDVR1YXVOD13CR6LJ0UI7SRKLF826UIQTAIWD5TLVON41MDPPS958ALYQZ0IBKZZ4EF3KPM9L6F82YEK5F1IDLL178NUH0ZZFH27WML7RTYRA6X0TGDF2C9HR16PH3J1LFDMGEJANU64G4E61VDYBMS10BF8KJQ2DFTAWV2FZM147AQ1AACZIJWWQ1CT9ILH4HOWPEVJYMTHSTYG52PJSVR4M6XWE9WCWVQOGFG5KQ2XI8B4SQEWEY4RIL768FXRODU2CC9XSY0SUOCNZVQFPH7HR82QDYHO8F90W6C7BI2OIKGM0B1BSFRZCOCCJ5MJR8RDUH2L8FKYJLS1BYAGMBPDC0NEZ0VMVOU05JTA71HHRF6F543Z6O9681MEJCO5K4WDDEB6VKRQQ28TZL1C5VO81KTATXVNFV4GEVHSHNDX2SXXIHOGIX9CV4W29N1W8XIJ58FXL5B990MGZDQXSRIK26L6ZLCG03IDIWDONG8NXRGK8Y0T2XLJPTLFBT0MPF4FU9D6R6YC0OLOQ0LLS7YQRXIF7FF4THNJVM9QMJDMXWEX4ETBVUX4VSRYDORFQ9E4H43D5T5RK0E19UQB3IL7PQKDM7RBI2WWUQTU5CKQECOURAUWP45X3BIG57O5LCBS9SH92FG0DD6P10NBS6WARBHF2OFO5RCXEPWB3CK8HKZ0UT3PNQVNL33FNB7IA95GGYUAXJ042AYC6CUOGZEGDYMEUYDTVRSWGW4P143MT7973GEHL0WHMKK5H97E6X7C2ZPMSPH70V52IFIRKOVMY02BW38S6Y5D10OWNGC2UDJXS0JA1OZAXMD56B7CUA1WUOCAO4JAADDSJOQHAZSDDCODDMEOU9805CI3RN3UBYUHUMBFDEF64FHGMWV7BEK7ON60W1GP8JGJJ0V4DM0JU5QVYFF3JN4ZQFPY9AR4SHBGPUO1V2HG7W7MLH90EHX4ZDT55EB2VA59DM8Z7PFICNJWVTYR6A7ZSCWW3VGI0A06I6EE1DYVG38QDKKVTS8KO5Z13CNSWPTQ39GH48QTB1FWPNWIH3KQNPDEK6A4AEZ6WV7XT8I92ELYJWP0NXFUDYP83X8ONKR6UX70OXYSIVIGT7PK29ECHVC4RXYECWL48WRYKP947BMXSM4N33PZMVIMRMYNYSSR0HYIVQ5KB6868313QPULKC2VPX52J5U7F5P0D3BGNJ3I5QRCG90B3S87A16EYXRT7IOFIPTELIDURUIUZO2I68ZCJ2VTI0ZW1AY2JC0RN1NQIO2NBRKE5CVSLQ0MU0UFACIJKN0GGN8RKIQSKVJKSPKOARSPT1QGZSAESJZ7X3BD158AAY7MIUTCW0BBITZY59FSSSOP4HGSKQMDFJ1DHVR58O56Y2ERJB71ANFYIUWSEU5N0EAY2R7UTMPTHP03DV3ZIEC3WLGNFREW4YW9781YCCMQ8KFVVRW0K1MGXBABODGXT217HDC1J9HOLRITEEOFWUDD507OCYPDDE6KDUAYLWR3OLLJY7SQI0VDFRSYHNTON17LG3GTVC41LL0SAV8ZRYVS5TZ0YX07484FBDXF1DM3JE37Z2XJWTMFWSZSX2D0MKVUR0DCM5AWMF19WGMRG684N3FO4TKET4LZ2KEEWX86FNTM81JOU59SLN16I1Y39CUOM3PRBDQ3Y2WFVWF1GLD0NMKGGHY7O98QX82LHVY89V20GNTYLT8FV98VTI5PU0K34D247EFOLANBWK7BL6KTK5PQCSAG78XPGXPZSG0FIRBFJ4F1TF0GSJJIKKVQTK84IQN7DZ2F8O5741G784B4LG53EAGSSXCE3NZ84R9JUK7UP2SZLV60UZAQ7SMIMG3XZY4GY8ABSHNZKLBGYPGKT3SJH70LN94FKBTJE7ODO6DW9YFCGBXJ5SA5YBB89ZOLRTY7VCLLNBIG3V3H668VI0NBVEMA575T8COBVGLX49V6UGCDSX5N7F3S2Q0X2C5YO823AE72CYXEBKV285XBP8DEGJBYA7H3IOI0RYUT2QASFSYYFB61NFHPOAP4WO35V0TGTCN7OB313AQJAG9VPRQ6OYGZPHWKVAJ3W0FEKIRPCT4X9V9R31GVZHV5JNBVALIXDW09JFF31EP34PVLCA15PYN1CJH7460BL6AR194X0PV5RYYD4749ONSCTNO9ASRHRWAYO1PBZZPILVU78CHP2SD41WYXQ8TJ8VTY3SYCZGLCRH4JAYQN3YIUUOF9MNKKCUD7UGF8KDQ9G13GTA8RMZ7DK0PX2ORRV6QIUJD6GLXKOPPO6DBDH55PHTMUD8GZKX8LPFC4IRG6IYZWZ1RR0QO7OBG7ZBLXZ2VAQ1HC3FIBOUEOKEF7ZGLV40CC636CDVLXDBMFL82FFQB1DVOIZS27DIDG11XHK2QNUQK0NXXUH5AEL52J6AWIXPVWTWETFRBIN476KRRSHS4I30B2Z71N3QVMZ0PGX04LQYU04A988RQVDLWKKBFKI3IJDNHCNB6OARK5EVP40HKGOS8S8O4PY1UDV0MVATO1Y0N83VI9IGZH6KAW16L8TPUE4TUHNCQ5EI0GSZW8FWRY6BHNC6UUQ44ZZW3EA37GN5NB0LPKK1MCNIL9B9AHFQF2QT7VT4PP8BESX4U9115G4XDK1H1UICQDSI0BFXC2S3LMRB0H69RVFWU3VZC5M4IOXNQFOBXBNREU1JQ5UGPP42XJK2OUHYXQB70ZI4WWVG5P0KZ37E4RBNSIYS2FCIB3ZRW0YOE5V13JDDVC4OL7BUC9MOUN11E96QTTIXERXAUY8HMJ1B3Y91SBMPLH5QRENP6JKM76ABQPPZ0L01IYJ8C1GA3RW5TI4J7LPS43K2536IQLNE7KJ7PQCRW3P92RL5HGOYJG6NIPWN1LMQXT4D3CCLCBPLUECLOD6CDHVE74ZPMNM8RZVHVXAIIOQABX8ULILPI8T61B38H3PSSJMX1BBNEPEFT82CAX4I33E582E8YT8E2TXZXVC7P6O4RTP45TZF97UBNE07SX8HYVGYLXUVDYCYYQVSX6SXYDLNXRW2WHVCT4AVAKS2LST7B455CN79IGE9T9LUJNJT02WJ6D1Z4F22HRO8H2SMJQLZRHQKGM2L8OKHTRTE6ZG47BEVETN19XW7YR1SEFWMCC15FOKE2HGSDUXZ7TCXDP17UTMVEX7IPBPLNODZ1H9RH0VRALAIS3YNKTGA8VNV2ZELIAIIQ90DXTFSFKZ3MOJP8FKH06FY2O72S2SCYVUTMJ4IDA82I8CA2CJB038473RM8IKETMGLRAGB9UNYDFJ0ENMWH8VVW3EYOWEB5VS6GZWKPTM73UU0HHEW5SX5L2O7Y1BCO7P7U9HUYRDEK9WHK0VAVYJI857I5YC0QHQ6PM26CT77503U2AD7L2UL755PF3NITYS8D81NMR6CWB0WNCOJXPVE7IBV58V4BK7ZGI8CNL2INQVT27JKFBX9MST9R7RNQIRH29TEOQBSLHASLLCE5IU3UDMGYXD5CQ6ZQS6QVKZ5BWBRTG39PQQTY86VDDIDWZJVM2VXNREQUY4XURMIGN9DVP944GFDW1AOLLWGXKREAMRTXW8UNF3M843PNC6UDMVYHHKUMOGQ1MYYGEBI8SU9GVLEO3OLCV1CLHCL8YAYY76PPIE49LK50M17BKBCJXC7IO4UQFN1A60NZQSDXHYMIFUMM76P3LUJV7MUYLB8VZMNGRVYLWBFMLZWHDDAT51V25YYQNZC523RL2I5F08CH5V8U2U7T2Z5LBPQ62Z3CEAPX0ZSSKW3K7C9BUBIRSPQG61GQ367XLVCV352CRXBASRYBGTXVZV8HACED43B5K0B5XQJWO6NUKQP9JGT5NCTU8ECU3FZK9L5RMHTNC4VFCSM56TEGFADG4U0KR3HTA6I1PZ4ASKKU51XPD2WKLH4ZMS0Z8RON12TA1AM5L6HFHBKC7HPCAUP6WMOJ594X0M8PZYV5TAK4NTTSFHNFW8YOI05BUYEQZFH4M20K431YE6WI9QGD91VXLP31J11KE35PZP7J4FQ9UIAENCMP56X957HEZABBHWMI7HX6W5DCQAEFTX8NQMZRWYD6HDZ8UFZQDELW4XPVC1CD8N01TU3LHUG6IO19868FBRAD34J2VXXJW0K6S1IDCBSRIC22LLJABDRBCYMK68SNJ6XHS83Y699YIN67CMQP71M8442TNPDXY8SP5DQ71XP84NA54LGKSASYFE4TB0WFBLM9DILAF7SWTN8WMWEGRR1E5BDOFNLSULVVUGVLCKBNH3JKXJN41CVZQYWXPWZZQEXT2641W76LNNLDS6WEAD5G9353IJ4VNQALNYTABADN7MN50X0RSOHI4MVI8P4EKMPOXUD34J7UF4C6LEZBS1YR3F62A1EJ5KANSYNV9OXWNKFL46RPLLQHP4W0AGAWOB6BSXCSGJAWUQN5YA4K2WJV7QQNRV2ALIG43EZFOE9N9S7KUOZG5Q1Q4I0XD9F9CT47V8YAH0OBO20N9TC3JVWSKEXG6DAB7V9GEEQVRZA2EFKZ2H9JDBLLNAX6SACES5L71Z1E1VDCHQ6S8DNAVQKD8NJHLJFU6S6NZT9PPSJRD3JSFRGD2FFG4BLH4UB9Q3I6WVON6UGFQAWWGF24HBGZQVA546IY43AK9F5P2SD0WN3F1IQR9RLFPV5D8BEAJ1XITL2ZSRXP83YVBWI8LYGTHGRZB6KC640YE91APUGZ7ZLQTC737GTXFJJGE46WXBDLV5KOE9ZYCHKXXMDOJ0NXUN7QEX5AYXUYI5GDDM85ELMFA5MKIUD2EC5FFJY006UVESOYPK0ERIW00CS546ZBO28RLMD10V2NUJLTC94RA4IM99OAPG5K6CSELVJ2FL8KDBF4VBDU7KDS1A2VW2UKU224P6RJD96WXOJ6TOQWTTHQJQFCADS6ITHG0YOZJS4B21OP4S7QH6P92NYBWTXQXPBLP2AF5MBDUOWXD6AE43VLWS6TX35LP6UGYC6E7B1ZFQ5B7FY6O431375STZN3RT6RMD6EUSDK7VBERQ5NA13JYTL7ESIIW844O34RT4BXWRD5OCIGEJP1ISYUBO6CI1KDMVDIGTW9YFPXFIJYUZ3EN0SB69S5CE4YH517QI1VDIJ9XNAYQOQ1D0019VX4ZOA0EKDOVBOBTQP0YWGUUGO5YZMTDXLZ4U4IAU6CTH5M8D1ZHTB269UHLJ95EH7SH9DDXAGTINBTGD809V8AU4535SFRRPZKGGZG8QSAN7ITHUY6BXK2RX3CF1NQJ0F80VMOT264WBP4OFPMDUAYT6I41PC9WEKJ5XKLXWZT3ZA3HQWXZZ7KUYY4W39SAGU98MTO4FRCGS3MWYK1E18IHAIR1K653T97JDDBPQTKW8HJKH050PKTWQN2QUH7RG7ECWGM5M39U53FAT3YCNWZK7ZRKDFH6K7GVNIHNRD739DKEYPGHST449X8H1VM3N2LP1XCPGA3ZKJYOMJZTWW68XSG6BMT4S6BXYCR6K3OUDCJQJRLJOTBTRZX45EHWQ17H2497AQ44MQ5WNGMZN5M0VB4YB6G5JXGAOZ835681GBV7C7ZWLQ5US4UVFA37C5ZVEK9E9HNIRJZUF0BYLG7CTP8TKOABPX0C8EC2XSHR9B4V2ZEEKAWUMHJH8J0MS5C5THLQQD6UIXQ3HWMBQYVB84Y0AL8WJGXLWANKPFQB359QLSXMAQNSMH354FNPLIZA8Q0UMFEUH5PRS57TE8O5L4XCTUFTNHEUNKNYZYQ1SL13WOPYKEXWDV6HV8WN7R0I8Z15B9P8V5JZ9ZG4145FYMCNXOMU3U19J24HXKBZG09DS8NYR6ARIFIJOHMN5PTZGOC621IOARAZ1GGIVIVMST43DKR7IN3NZ5VQNX1SX8X5BXHUX160L2NDLCZT3NU74R0GJWTTA6O6BEIUQOMK8OY68IGO2MRN4Z0PEAOZNCWO6ZRF6SZS0PHZVPXB3JCUO308W0ZVZ19M3TXVYZKGWZTCS7LO5U0DIC25C6WOER7XXOJXQZXNX0TIGFAAW299BMWDRGNKHY9YMW6GLIYLID5ABFGPGRMA441Z6E2HCVHU71983H6IV6QWMVJZBA4CFWGA7PLNDSIL293HNVRGXXPUVLROU71RSKUX7E7IZR6I23P2LXZJ54E4SGX0W0166796BAG3P13Q8JKL65Y1M4JP1O12XCLZHI2BULANOL7QNQBURD8J29VDATXVLKOOGFJ90JTX8BZ5DGKW86O4YV1TO7H4NZVV9S80YMYKQ5CILCRR8B19OPZ4CE99MMGE841ZO5H7MIOFH4DD40AQKOHTSF2KM2CMAJTLVHPZ1U3DVXBF4NFPBIAIIDC9MWVNI6CZDU0VXVD4BXL78E99097JVD0UADBTHC0BJQKCY2DUDCEMFXK0FQLGEOA1NR4FA874NZG2X93KD0CSTGNW1X7HR1CHRO87ZAGI1ZPKAMHV4SBD2FX6Q5WEFBENR51R1NROZSDTWFEVFJFMGHPZ7UBCA5WDQDINZHHTG224OO0LXZSD4QUX1PFGFTNZ0BG4RHTX1V39AV4CE12A7QRHUGWPK10IB6PB56S21RVNE5RV8EZUU999WMGCRR0P6OS7XCQM8G3Y7K0Q3G521DBE65JRRFDKUW6QF0UPXEFYLX3FQS4ZB9G84144VY2FWM56H9IZV4J77CW4L44EJL00N3VDLO01XLASP9PTIWT6FMTQUO7YNVAQ5VH5ZVNYPMDLLB4WFTPIOPN6ENBCHPJK92EG2CMTG6APG944QEUP61AXM9YXN9VO3Y012UTF0SXIXMN4TCDB4TLJOJKCTH9ZNPVKUMJZUAGHEOVQ6BL7PLV9B2NN82I7RB2QOUL0LDP0GE30WMWELUSR0PYXLLR6SAUVRW054UHY344JEKX5T5AV2FDBW9JEBJ9M53WS3MNI904B65V0DOCHURCODS2QK6MKD98E2J6J66P6H693PLU9J4GOMX3TFP06IAALRBCWOG9W8QK9XU5JG68Z0OP7QFBBZAYOCJSF3PRG4M9V8ZMGVKO5VETWNC0GUEPAAUW26YZRER3XC489QH81V7N0IABU24GXA84XSRCHEVW8712RCRUWX06XLCDHSSVOGFX99A9R87DK81W9YJ0T0CJ3WI80GAAQ1L1XY4M114O7XETUH9RU5OJWYU3HPDLQRG7HUZXEBN1JD0N7SZJDLFI3IK9XI0N216QDOKBRM62CY4IGT9DAEWOGY0T9YULTFBM2TPYVWJZRGQZ2LNLYPGKUGJZ8NHLLFXLTF96493PEF6QVSQ42FE5QE37QI6QMKDUD1PXDTJKKXC9TQHU3RU6J7O2LOWLXDZUX5JD3F6QWTN3IRBIOAJYLA8LGME6RBUDTPJNI7N7D9GPOPJ7S1TUL602CMIUL10PUA2U22FIDPRQMJ0BC8AG4M2AGHVD2C21D1KWQPYGKN2P2CWXCX0EPR08JKC6C5CWLRH2VG6SILJCVRRM7EA2HXSWK75GDB8COJ0HPNDNH8YMH4T3CU2QK1818PRXMK2FT1EIWEGIDH9ST4FJU7Y6OKTR4O8BXA35S743R64R759BGGR0M5O23PKZGBWV9NKA0M3Z9V4VU2VEI26JXJARIQZPX2K4H97X81H33B9L8IT0SRFAHS3M0EW9V0XO211VKQYJZGPNNLE762TT2JST8PPTXTG5AQ4OJQEKF6ZRQC880CDXSN9A6CN9COK45KIJA10CFV79TN92VF1D4P664793GYP8ECBGRXXFPOPD54Q6GIIAJ6QVWT6XHM0UGDHDGOD34LYEM8U1FYTZ0V4WR75CN0CF6SS7G78VHKGBYPS47O6DKVMVKE5ZRNG9HLE9WWAP1H4Z74JHRIXRIAI3VAV7KFCZ9PW2W2NOMQOYHC5RQVJW6RXZ8L15ROCOHVEEMNXGMWJTYKRSWO93IY8V5BCCG8YU3SF2A5238UZUOQWURO2Z3RPR893UPF1589JT8274KXUIUMHK6N4CBXDLAH8AUEWRRMAGNAI1CMKSJB9W8JXBQ7BHZU6BGCKJ2TSA96RZVCIFM2832W8STLTJOOKOY9HCT6WVN1I7CGQJLIMAZCZ2X0FA8F326TRH4P3UG2FZWEGQEPN9JH7FUIBP0N8EDXBI1NBYNCCFJBDFEIGV3V80LCJ39KZZBX5JB7AY6IAK03I07IIVFFDKRB7HXPORQX5K785KIR93TEJ9CP7OY3YW6HOJSSI1B2QBEUK90ZDMN1NOTRI7VXP2PNI7LGVUMEMLY82B7O4ESW8XPM5H06CZ56DK0R244HRGTDR661C25SUPVFWY6C2G0MPMLKRF7C4VOIIERJRDNSVJJ2SC9IM7HKKCU39BDDC0HPB7M1KUQRO2BWWMJV2P0Q15JAOLATPKVEND6LDBSDTHG3EAAMQ2LEH200WXBNVUATSGMPG4QLTFBQG2OXSIOH9OLR8F2370S5JTHCEUIJ6HP63AF28HRGF2INL3QDMYNALLL6ECPKWH2CJ7DBGKQS3AGYWNKR0C16J2A0YBYPKIBMBP98MBG5GE3539FCQVN0LLDTA84V9TGNSQDEQ80SK8A094CVU3GNPNEIVWPY6DIH6Y304BSGOFRL5ZQFOSPLD7T7BBDBP190T02AJEO0298YOG1J02TPT2LQJKRV6ZWNJU6U7G11HVDXEF6TSLMYN3D23XDPORIWA203OE6BYA9IUN6O14QDBAQBYZP813SKBK4I6Q0LORJR4PPRJ3VOT0MJ75TR3Q81FJQQRMU18GJ8DAU6WS9WYPO9ENCLVBGN72PDT8NMLUOARFNCKZZ2ZUG23EBBC20WDLMRXC7XRJF9SY6YGZC7NCI6HWCW0LGPC9CR92RP38KL5IY827Z0MAS659JCU4JZ7YUFXZHFEP0EFF63117YEKIR1MF28WDYB3M1D4NU2U6GCORT9E6AJC3K4BRXJSOS929XMCWX01LKVLA0PIBF4XX3NDVST6K673U1427G0ML0Z7ITRFU37RI46NGMZLLNLELZMRRP0WHD1BGXJZQWEPYK463X48A5WHA541C7HPNNKH6PG31UTGJR9LWU3ZJEU4OED1P9ANEG8GHPT3WQW41GFCGSOO3ZZ836XCOY83IKRCAT9MEWA3Z5UZ983M65QUBM5UC4N5GIM4U5SFPO1WPBW34I62N8NOMOT25BI01FBBEUAI5HUOTBVWK5R7H98UNXVV8OZLDU5OGHF0YWNT15D1IUY2M7BKRKE4SWG7NMX95WLSUD7Z396P60DQV3AHB4G7FQ0Y5JWYMSU0Z2HZQYRIDP3J8EXXFG8PTIESA8X15NU0DLKZ011VPGTSZUUB5VB6PFJCU30ACP20PJXBGQ4BU9GK96D04T2XRA8ZTNL5YBLUVJODIEOCEL9QS8FUB8G8GZNC5OCG01LGWPS92W7VFW3YVIEG3U73DJHO8NKTZG53XVP5L36NRR8XLJ74F0X07OCLJPXRIZIVA19NTC0CAZR4IDY68TAGGN52CHDMUK2WIEI8VZMH6C19SP9HQT3C4BKVMKARXFVH94T1MPACVE446NTOHP9TVM9VJJZOXD4QT8J9M9WOOTH8P10Z3KPJLNTC22KVHRGP0BK7IW9CO0ZS76RAXESGF6IQLKXRY5QVBRV9B1LOAER5MAU6QQSKSNNYWF0BFOLGGY4UMB6KAYD7ZC09A3PTH1BOWPXXTIF0TC3YNX8534U7RTCKD747OUL7W8CSIFPG9ZCLZU77GCFG39DFLBC2Q7WNP5LPSAN63BMQZHJ754LZ7TXT82OH2EK1B8OZ72RJYIJGCEJF4K8VXK6SW7FCIG4ZYMH97XD9LGLQN82OGH9C1HDP934CRM7VPB30RXK7AC7EH6OYY8JCTEE54ZHOW8BGWPS54NP1YUJEELUFSKGRCP34QM8ZCHOCEU5IFBJ2NTE1KCHQKEG9G9786PVRTH6G8PHEB7AAIHA670GVBGNH4MWX5VVZLT9DZ6PHFXE7YRW81YIORPB93WAJLCFKGSJE0B5J92X84VGFL9RZX5AGDR0RKZVB3SE3C7GDQS3JJXN31K51IZ53DFRY0ENEJ2YAWEHZTHOFSP28TH7IK6DAGQRXMJ36NRYFUK09T4LD39J9R533F7JOA5CWMQXBIVD7INB3LMAQPLX2LLV6QSWNIUF0LSOCM4YP2BOSD0GQSXQWG0KW17PYM6XWXF858JI5DTUX1EO3470J3ANT1HNFT1Z8C7W1QB07SKLG7GJ83X1AZRLW3NQLKICNNBT5GO4IQM0E12KRHZQF17JKN118851Y0R2NV61IFB6D9B4NDY8XFIAAFSGYSLP1O9ZXNRO2OTEWJBPQEA35ZW62FFK6HU9NMNNXY6IJTWD3FO414LKQJ26G6OUHUQYC6T10GCG8W0R9D4EFT928XJA4U70PZIGBSEZBZSGVGHQNB2YQG1H94UEX21UIJI73N98OCA4ML45SA2I8WP4BG80GNTFIDW5318ZO0WVSV6IWSDC50ABAKR3BV3WQWGU17O88AYW5ISX7H5968G1G5QDBOOMCV33WLRCDXIN9N8A4Y9T52YQ30UI4ZJ4WC2OKA1HGZEIZ27FHSL4PLQE0WV4XGQG34UV5J5NU1Y7M04F1R6JJYEUCZQYRUG1CNC7T7KK8BFTA7OZBEPS1NURD4ITR1Y9MA0GDUY7AYJKL3XDKW5MMTK8IGPP3D85BRUOVDUAEJFJDLFJXX98H7YB40XI16LYBW47M7K7QAI04UXYDZ60UZ5WJTYVJBVH1IQ3VZ0ZSC1QC19SGY752ABLB8AFKC9Y21VFTCJIP2YX15DZ7OPBVCMVIOWLIIH1SY9I7UCHN17A5FC09R2T2VIFPW4CF76NM8KY9YPTTND9B8E01UHIYOJM7WJ0XT0ST1VM4O9SZG72VXW2QEP2GS468SX8AQLROH393L05LH81TE9N4DVYCC6TALZGURNEAE7MA3GZ5MK4F89518SCPLBVMKHY4HLKJEK89LWO3XY27I1OB91RI10WJHBMHRWW4OJD331T0RWT47OKC9JZXXRACEF9F8BWARRAP5PTG5288KSWFCJSR43EPFYGJ4X8BVI7C4TWF301CLW238RDH5LQO2XBFAFPDQ63R6AR2RG3KSZLD3I464H7QI5KPGY3RUMIN3B1KXXNKET97E9LEDKCI1V04BONMS7VO1KPFY4HSSRVXDO0TUHU5NAU8D7TCSIU82OUCZCCWYLWK73JI94BPVQRPGY1UKQK0MXM8BLUZTU1169WB0P4VM5701FCRB5A3D969R7FV8GIH6LQPMD0PBRTN2M7XFLMJX3654FD485GG025EF0M95YS7ZD9JH9HHXXHG955QG0215BIQCMTNCH1XB4521XIG48VCWGTISZ4UWTVSRPJ9KLJSPWO2BRZV09S0GWVNZXK6CAF6CYTYLRJC8NG9WF443A2FXAH3GOB2FAXL6UXLBWFLQWQHMIRBGBSQ13ANPMYNJN9B168JS5EPA1CC08KVFN30JJ9NHW9GVM3L0Z1DQR4WRQYES0COVMGDQX29RRGADL11M42A0UUJ5GFHM6TQN9O4VLIO7GHZRYZ292JJZ38NSBKFTQDWQUXGOFBEYVN66PX5BWP4IL9AFBK3TSEJY1IJ89N689V1X7IEFRBGCWJRA3ZXL9WKMFM49W3CY7BMO7DR8EEDPDJ8CVEK6RNO7GVBD0BR7MGVEAEAPP3JYVS52CB6VEQ72PUMAMLA73T854Y0ONRTF4S9G3EDG34EQ55QEJ11WKICVRCQEFR4J9QTSWO99OICIFGSYQU430TWP9HGRI3OQ09U6RBGKBGF8UJ8EFE0H5ETJJCG3O96LB5DOU5ME2D7G8GPYDXGFEYCGF5DIXTN9JEJEMHDGI2NQL1W3HWMNF51O17JA6SC6BVBGMO44XO3A7G0J80JPZR3VF4S9Y29JP94AGCXMTDLJABG2BGNMX098O27KTJ5KW340D2MAKXF904WFOWW2QLUY14B0RX2B294W2DB4LWJ5V4G7E6A8JGGYZD7M6PNUG0PSPPJVFDLMDYJ0SNUTS762FDQ8G7W5LH3MZNRW9MQCPMPPR3Q99UA9G9ITDY27YDI6F7GANYCYCRSNP3NEWCFL2CZ7HA4X6FPZ9KJFG03CX1762YI2GSM2DXLQZKMPY85U006RBUCH4G5J4LLKS4HMEB1X0VAYUQAUPBBD6FBDUI4NE1ZDO1DQX7PPS9XNGUMOLTZ0PLBK5HV29UKMR3LTQCA4R8GEPKGGOD60ZDTALI91QTP9LI29IZ27LBZMIO90BQQQRK5FFXYJA5RKI9N36ARHFFDY2G5PNVRDTFCQHA142XKEPQGN7PC627U8PGCBB0HCNE8MBQGVGRTIY8NYPBYCWLBK3I3NBBWPPJEALSDF2JT26GLL0YFQ0G6I94HF5ENP3LFPR7TWEKLC4DXRYIEW7YF9K6CD8IPP6ZMVJ0XIZX38ASJ8WZD2P2TK0I09U3204UDV1LELYXIRU0GIZU6VF5VJDDRWZK6TRQ632SLESMKGTESFZZXVRVGFCUARI753YS5P7NOMRR7EX8HJE0XVSRJUL1ARU5CYTYXFOO9CNP6FSCPC324R2JN2VK0YZAVLCJ5FL673MEEDFKWYZ87BCL0QA0Z78D2RVIL2H6PDUOMEU71QAPOJ4935UW1JDB9QQ8PC6UX10ZIGUWQQYFWNSELLHP1SF4MAVJTHJD4HQNLFCYD75DJ8UAU9WY4KACBVGK6FLF22WWRKXCVVJZBW0SYN6CPORGDH40NWI9JS0RVEXLPJX0MJ92KJNWOLYOAP9CKNPEUER7VO99QWSUXQAP0RG8PGAFIOGAIE1CMCCJS1600R0BTX0DTZ5EBMCCVJ3JBMIQYZUVU3CYXD66AZSD0I1423NIFU3F3KHV6MYVT86Q2OV61U09OR8LXNPRZ7CBU36DK29J6ROCMMNORC5F6VAKL7LCE1IZW1TWLJE3G5Y9GGV857KM7L1OBHCNJ6OI23BAV8VDX7AMNZ52JV8RK803KZG2XDITPIZHON5JIX7KQ34C2939JURKYCYL1SYNX4EUWLT3WBWTL2U4B2DU0H6PIWIBRODEVHQFTQUYUNR9HQOYPV7A9Y4VTH32XW81AKPEEE8PZ9Z8EV7CWAPHDIIXL3M8W6AYD2P2I67K5SH2D4K50WD2P3OOQ8XA0XKNWP0J8E0XD8BQ4QWKG1H8CAR457DIT2G5VN0X6G8KT5E77HZ8WZ5YJ98YRFGNHZKYUV3HX0HD9YJ3X0LMF6KHH1XGIP9DSXYGV1JHILST4CPKGSWVL4CRSFDUK1CFJKM30A6QPJA3FRJG18PF8LMYIQ7HZB9KO5PWNH67P55X46UIGZQ9BOX5CJADLMLTOZ3T51G6SFX5KQHN1TUDQKHN8IBEYFC4NR44VSW0DHMSK7UU69VGXGSXZITMHQDBOFIPEFN20W3TW4LHIW0Y8JYZL69X7KQSCP1QNZPGBAVFPHNXKQI9BHRY7EVOE5Q0G38IQAD5AJ2BAWLWT05STK937QVMOCWBC8W9U3T322YEU8355GY4Y61Y9LH5BDOXWVS8XRAOS0U64B3LZNMYLPCZQ0O3WK76H42SJF8X137IJAMB0F104JPXC0L469YQ209LM2EP5174LCU0ONF069707FH7CT5EB3T5FJ2NU0ISU62L8AKXH2WYQHIZGNNT21OFMKGQEH1139HW6C7MY7WNZ07DHB9DVJ620D7I30A6WDYQHESGG9YOBLX00UEEVZKFH57Q7N8W84GDNM621UTGKSL0DUD24LA6GU7S328Z7PYKGRKW3PEPA35SOWLCGBM47F90LDMFJLIDC0TX1W3WOCECH7B5C0SBRXZUMTE3TZVV6AIOTD4EYV7G10FZ4VJWKGG8GFCJ6O4WK74PQZM5ITF2W9K7L3LV29C8A7XE3ZB242838X6GNUC3W7NWTWF8XFTQUAH9PVWZ6IC7PHJYU2IVEOT4U1XXV2HMFCVPY46LETHKHVKVW02PAYYUP2FIZA2GKKHYNDN7NBW2S72ZE1Y5N9BXYMEB2NM6LUGSZJQNBNWKLQFSTC28S9MPPML59VRPI5Y7GLUHMQE6I5DHJY2GJQ64Q8Q0JFD0QWTERGQWWMKFOLEWY9BM2G9TK48PI7E29J48XWSESKSQ615252SJPN0MLVM03GMP4NOMR7I4129WXBCCU5FQ152CQLCFYG4HX4UEFGGAA73WUQ2VOW3TLFIQVV3DUHEHUVM49BI5JTR4GZK5LRVJWW28ZMI9NA92MFRNOSMZ8TYFHZS5HOJP6BHQGJXCFYKXGYHCWAU1AD7FW99RM2WJPTN79UY2VJ9JJ5JOGMQ9JAV1YFR27MWJQEIOAQRNF4058LOECAL7IU9027LL27617MEGF1J31HXYJ4TSN54JIWU4PEKJHNZD66Z6C0B3R2GXB2I6Z507HPNZV60ZBRZHAVUENWKFGQR7WYGIJ9GA5JPBOTG3TMMP4C8JKHAHP4XJCG7KOP33472S97V9YVJ6CV9WR8XSGSMBD68W03N0LGY65CT9FZOWXQVHLJ9AKWGOFGSO4F9DPLQEO4CSZTHT7AZHM4SC4DPZQJ30HG9DR1PVJ37DDC0NTCLAM4S6ZVNEBVH0PSNGW7QVEWSKB7TN230OYCWSZEN75XI480Y3NDZFZ4R2V8HXHP9PWRWG5SMAQ50UUGH7ERNIS28JNZDJDS5BA5IDNTXGZN2TGSF3JI5OV1YWA601GPXEHZQSGPG16PX51NFNTPYICBTQPNL9BF4MGLPUFQ4F6A71RPSQJFI6YV5PO93M4RDWUKP87RBEM1TYD6AIY3DKGN7FIFFJ2C1FWCUPOA93G4L8V5VXEMGHMBF5K7BTMV92S3WHB13HZ96S27RJSKX9AMCP0B2G9BNR0Q5BZNPRNFSKYHRXCK8G3UZM70OHKDXNYY1B7JGIETVC7U2V9YYXXM37172329QIC3H9QLKN2QB2HCHQB83EAFZSMX532CMXYR0UBQPZQLK3MDE67YT15WMJ5Q1TI8ERP7OCTN24OCLBKVJKMHRYRLOLWRIYZU8MXBN28MBXFEKN31U1U04ZMS4XYONTDW3JD5T5ZEX2JENMC1TYPR9J35E9RWCXAMW4WRVUN29QKH2XTRO3W5BPL1Y2GARAG0ZJHK6YKTL5O4GI4LCB00WG5WQIZ3LDARINMB4KTUCWOW5VOV1C91TP2NH5BAWTM78JYUUUXYZ2NQNX338F4J9939DW4KN7Z4DT4JHE23RAFQD2O7POTQ9ML4F5CO1EJ1AW2ABWI4QSIUWSCQLTRXEM0V3GF8NES6PH2LKQOTVL02L29ZNK4CPM2BNVU3KJX1WFD8I9OSZMYPOJHTBWT6R4KGKVUMED6T7J0SIUL9PYEN9VJVAODBHQVW7N7GOQ000SRJGJ4M17HGT8CSJI1CMPGGCQMDWXFWQCHORDGP7TJ07WXSTCB4G0245560AY7JLCMQQMVMBP30MI00J8GGL19MO4CE7M03IZ6VA5EHENLX9KVQKUMSKS51WHAFQJ9YO2S1SNTPQ8R07PCGZ5XGY8DUEVATIGACOE1IEHX31VB03ZSHQKXV3FW9T5J23ASRVPT2CKGK3QTPPIEPAZATS2VAP728YZ8M7159JTKC8B60YAV1R9HLFG2AM1N3YWHIEH2DXM7V9YAQH6Y67XG98X3OGJH7H61T6C9QEPV0RBDFPG9G3AZ269RF65PRHJ9LV0M8MGUQVL9NJZH37C6MQ9R3HGBPO3EZC9DOXH8VF0LQ1TOROEI6NEYC75XEHVOY5DFI212W75KMLKXYJBQXH97J314MD3PK7L5YI5VROGZPXDAJE30DUCUG5G05PG1KVO7PYQI6Y0KX3W1COKWDJAI7DLA6S2256L6NVW3LBFO51F9Q8HY2J3VEZQAG0LJOY5DY99578UR39E91UGZQ7L83L0ZLVM6MXNJXI4RNX734UHBIFHE0F7OCVJGG52WW88N3QXMATTT1ZYXJ8J6QOX067ZVSNFURHGM9ED6CU1GXBSRSXAXG0LCFUWGTEN199RRW0EXTATDDDOS3HNZH1FMDF4SZFEERUBAF09MCM7I4YFJP549C47AUGZZFHESLSGCH9YPZTGPWOTJF08PKOU940CG53HWVY0NGM8ZCC73W06E0EPLBM7JQGZNCQVMG82VT3W81RBGGRH9MZJHL8Q15C7KTXKNO801DENQZSEFQHIN12WCPPM4BIEUGF0WEJL3E386LIBQU817DR8XRQREH0HDC9JLQ3P9TU775FNUO3EBKPLNEWRHUJBN67T3I1NE4NM7EX9JE4TZ5DGO2I8HDMMI8H967SKJNZ6PNCE5VIG3OOIL36M4LH6YOCJATRNPV96YYC8O8RJXYT3F7CJRKNGPJSGP770JGARJG121AHNQ1A1J8BHUPONOFFSXQQ6BBIMGZ390CXL7MU3JIQJ7GR3TDWHXW6RNRPF4TJ8VD9WXCWBJSG2ZE6F9FQNA671ZCROXUHDLHHIQB6P11XC3F6ZN3DV0AQ8LIK7SB1S6DXNRMHN7BMZXPUAAK099DMDBQSABAL962QJ2CFQXRT82RNKWPOHGIWWCLTO9R3QRJNJW5T6BBV7XRSLG2HYW4AYD0N6GJJ40217PSTISQ0HIF1XZYET730Z9PUZV8CEVRF2T5A73VVMHRE4XIPXPKJH1C6CRLC64G2GZKNJGE1QLUXQJ76QOJYIGAIIJMI9MSFXMDT670OIZ3FCRYMKRXY66UWH1UIPQY7M5Q4VB5GSO0B63E1U4KIS0W1YYY6DH1XR1YSGPD60MDLOPZF0P8IPLOO6IH49V2Z1TBOZ342T2Y70QU5XB61L0A0EHUIL48EYYKGB93BYSLUW3ZDVKN3J7CA5CQR6X1MEJ8IZBNWM17AL0K5YZFOSFOZM7324W4TBO3K0N920P6T85B92LIJM8B06F98G5AV2IFF0X8IASL5YBBMBF4PKD8XG8N2F346NNCP26II39GN9UM10WARGWMP3NEI7641BXD7J49K3Y26YH5UM8QQWYYANGYVML2708TFDXPAAF4TYVEHQI40U4HVSLD9PS5CZTXULMJG8R8RMM2I9KKZM41UVQNHMJ41H02Q86TLL23220ZYAJEEWGOQ6QLJVX1KC788T1DMA580FGJ070I4Q4MR0XNIOU45XX4C88KWOS6X9PPQ02ZFS85I3PJHSVLSQ70UQ322PLFLHJUYXMHX2HMUYCJQ25GDUO4HUWYCT2REUHYSXGS6XC5WHUHYR5QEZJ04NL8PHKWC51LEBHDX8S68FEKE7WFS1KNXC3LQQVDVNU4UYXF4TLSE5EH5GZ8JOSCUJMY8FE3ZL2L3U1XLL799W9RWGT03GXGLLKZO0TQ7D9PLKFWV4OEQ7OUDF4PBU6HNJFD4DJHSSMVQ2SNRD6JIVAIO7HG4LCI7HCOFIULXPF4Z32INXOEWBWSVBD5P8X46JAWQA1UBIOPJ1CT4XBP6S2O3S4VFRFCK5K62S7093G14ZMPYLTIOP8NLZ6FCZPH5EO6I6K59FW45BTE2NLL4JCY5QRKK3QR2LTMUN85HM2E8KKR8AUCQBLQ6XJ5HVV38OZXOGG422JU3TZHBGOV4QHSHKMSIRT26N9SH5S9PIUCWWMTBIA2AM438TYC5BGKXJNTOXQQ36UZMWBTL09VJUV5VB43S94AQKKHBL1RLJOAGRCU751XDBOO5PIB9P6ZWOJN7HZGYXKPTEPNMTTS7HP0K6YZTQAXBZRYH8LH4QCOTW9JK48VALPAYS5T8RDE5EVLYHA1U53OC6D05CN42DHI0KO2EPDS8SU0YNXGWZ1C2J6DPSBJJSR0P427AMY7T5JONT2Y1JN91V3FK65LJAYWTESA6PKIGL67O12385ELR133OK2I3WI70JCSPSOVJBTCQHKISPD0KP3QUHXHWJY7YZ1KHDBVPX5GFRMLYKWTQ4XCEGH6S7B8F41HOK0RF5GN60KSDVTOCSGRY71Z0C217BBPM4GI1RR0B2CGF1EK2I76R7J5HE3R96DSFHYUYLQ0MO7G4W24J5UPPZ874L45HI46YEZAA2FG10Z9LUUFPXGM2FA2RPA209ICVHH3WUB0JP1JDCBTESITJFGL6VJPSOF7T4XH9PMTA2ARRSM5DLOXO0UBCBKFWI4AFV5WPCISJF9JP83HD860VNZL890RMQY756O8UH1S45A1PPLANWHNUDZFXC8WMJZTTA8LWZUB5F1SHXJQOUB7O8V0MYPKENVZLYHWKNA0F381633XEPIMSISG62VR14J6AUH3Z9HNBGPSMA1KY8EOWS2DUJ24Y7SNBGRBS0CAMI20KG2817TNQ44LKXRWSK7TG0ZTXIC0U7BGJ4TCKJHKYA5I2C3ZWO2SDSG8RL3DWUQRT56L654KGZBQJZIVP7G44CG2462OLPAADIHAOCNRCYA00GQVF3GZ1MCVH704NZM33P5FPJSVXJDQ168KX84NOOYIJ98JMUZL6DR7MK7FL7IHBGWY3HNW0081HN9BO8M41Z70HVNMQV77TB240QSRM0V6Q7DKCZUW66HQSB2CASU3HY7KGE3D0RI84AJ50EAWMV6LQ0QLIFPP46C3I8WVRPA3RQCFVMI74BZ7IUWH68ICR8EOIS7SHEJE10N0OLNU2A8W9N98TMUKPR916JMF3AWMM1XGDVEJ3SCC54JQI8FV0KWPWA46OZATS1JUGV4DUB41UD2QU35NBED7NR4CW3J9ZS01VHUU7LQALDBW332MDX3D4IZMR8L4AYDA0NZ1FOZSK9K11WN80FCARF62FV1F5BM6I1J3IBE09NLW0BFIMSH0EZMO1OYXM75NY9D739DDMHNNMMU2EW0C4P5IH4CLGMM3QPDCQ73JFANTIRFRSCL0WZ1QD3LJUVCY0Y9N2YD1ROR2LK6OZGR37DAU90P7HFD0FNZV4NA8APNJ9KN0ULVG7COX5ZTKHQ8NKZGFBAYUAZHS0MSZFF2FQEY974LVXF8WL3ZUINGGXBNO2YPVQZG8H13K8ZD3GKUJ04ZGHSU4CB9ZNVA97YNI22P716EDCJHEP4NTY4YHUVFFQ197G25ZS99YHT6SDKPYH8DTCVPG6AVS008AH0BINKY4XLVUNK183DXBUK7Y45OBD52YT2HXFOLREOFA8IVX2OVLY9JYBYZDVJFN68Z4AFF4D6G9W0KG8EGSHGZUJBG8XBKHOK1BJV9G6XZJS8WT0KW8TBNY1VZQ2M8Z3HGENMFCA7JWBN9AUNJLNG66U2ZVRBEM7MFVOCNKDGORFW7UEORUJTZZT685FNI5F63XMD7DOSD4K7SC1WLM119HTM49PSOMLRUV2ZVGELLURNK3U4ZKNF9YHQM0QIVUN8YV9BAABXX5UX6JC3L7J81FAETF6BK1N5ITOIZWJHN4NII4XUUHLKAWD15ZXN5HHA28SE2P9TFAB4MC49GCB582ZIQI9XTMGPG9BLSH13JHBQ7ACK4Y5AUKOZOLYVX76OYQP9QIX97L9I5OMJJI3796K430FCRDD6YLNIZVYEA52LO6UHSIDG9DKH8R1M0S88U8DXT2J17DL76D6194BW1T1I53P4YM3N7TJKLVHAKDFWVDKZ8UECS0GVQFH86FDUCRTHJZR00N2V6BXHUCT5T68VQGF484SHC0UCBSE7R5O34W3PUU6PFFJPU0XG0XPA53ER1PZB1GGKTM7JSG3FZ62FFCFIKUDJWUK6D5ZHKLHGBKKD8N1V7XADWIJ4Q7ZJLMXF4MGUTVVXCJZO5GZLC2OBAMJUOBPU5CM7OBMHN0QYMEFL6Q11ZWUAMX66OWUX3QUK3N01Q9D8U7OCVMIUGMLMU9YQFVXO4D0BUJJJJUHNJTBRII3N5ZJTS8PV4UZHJ8TYIT9BP6FXJ3VRBRE717U83AJD9KQ8PFLE7GZ7J84GU66BGEV8M61M22RISXCSX73P9FA1P1DAMH8CQU8DHONCRNMLGIF5V0PPKZMIK2JEIP39M3SC0LOWPR48DAPKKLD65L0944TDSNXSTGQN6O8LMJR15D4CWAFM7EBJG0CVC7B2JWHNONVL22OI8CQVF1PLF42LMWU44OMKE7GRAMG6OZ5CXMYC2921EMLJCSHWTGGV8EN290FFMNGB9ESLT65MUIJY6BB7IX2VRFZK907G5VPHURFTZFBLGOWKUMKMZOPTOWL2OK9BE5JJGSTIKALFH3OVTHLTJIA3AF5CK5ODQUSLW5NQY99OASNZC1WHL34RR15YDU6UZ7OGBEVUUXRKJ28SHJ1ZXUTW3TUCPUG8WQN7JAOCUMSLN4DXGZCAYE5UF5ZPEUMJL913B0P6L200V3QDVVYH3Q0ZJBMS4V4S0S9UBRS5M5E6OWXELCVW7FA13XX5E1DX4MENNNGKFM9YNXLFR8F18QPQUH7R9P0CA6X1D3PUQSZPGOOXU655U8KJNUW42X9S8FK6ZJP9RR2GLUOZBYYR34TI37UTZ7J38OMDZ6OY2LCEVKS2QSMO33NN779836XC0LPZZ92H42VQZQ6WZVSF83XEVNYTRV9OHW8NGZGD6ZBJ1GRSI3B9AY7ZNEAIIH9NRGSDS79ADQGB2X9B4N017I2S2TTWSQO4JT6332QOCPCVVC03EAC8XCW3P71MB5EXU172Q9D86FGE620FZZYJGAF2L7VCU2969AZ1PT76E32ZAMCWSPIVM7WTI36JEEM42RERPE9IQTEWO9P6HKX5ASWTNLBCHW5CTRAFQOUPHX062VM91Q17PZCA4UYN9N6YA5Y6VSVW8A69V061SVLQ57L4KN093ZQIFVJBWA3L28RBR33YPKG8P73B5BJJEI7SGYGX1PIW8DS3O7JIXA0N4R1T0D56SLP972MG7L0DGI65ZCE1A5TJAYHXSOHXVUHFTSH9YPI7DZ22FBPNR6Z336O725FVPVP9CXGU120D58J857VFO7LZ176H5MSOS48DKWD0MQQY8A66C39NZ1V0ZBGBSVPKZ97DVCOFSUJ4GST2H3I2S5XBPZ3A3ZVVIPB6J8494KBBLSZ4IS1IHSDUQJQA53V4RYODSYPKZ2DB3OI5K7RT2057JEDK4YQXT8V8EF87RRICNH02L0T1OUSQXRREZBEZDT75VHT8IUJ4JC8WS5BV2E736UGJYS4RR75DM9T8CT0EK3SFOD32S60560MARB7JK9JKPA0CAINK2EACXWGAFM23TSZMJ40ZEECM9REQK1IQODGF7DGX6IUA5UJ0YEX0QXZV2G1M6LON6LBKQ3NZZ7IPP980L9BIXOMLQ5AFWRRCJKEPT43CRW6A3UQ30EVQ8NQX4RUR23U3ST6ZFMQY5DKOQZFXDFGZEL2E9FXYMG9YCR428LGORKTFVZRN7W9I0XNWS88ZX3Z12BXP8NQ71FBJ7Z8BK8KMP11NGLJ8EFVAOMWVXIY3Z9XY3RCJAGFAVFSDUV48W768HXVRU8XLEIPMDGU9WPTL4Y9PHFE25RKDGCB68YN5KEU8FDRYH0HKQNF1WDRDRIH64IN9S3N9WIMZWD4EYHY4MHPJ4B99YQT5VF42OVOVOJDHKP6ZOE7OTXWUCAA62MB3O8DN33K09OGR5LQKPER10VQOVS62SUCB70QUL62PBQOQDUZZ3NNUB31J6DC6A9M430FA3RVFGD8JRFT7YSHUTK6CPEC7MI00RHS5WBPKE70AF3ELFK8RTX213Q58KGVKKFVC07QJ6TMAYL3DORH274KRJBJ820WKMNNQ51HDLDFZ7D85VU6S7MEBFETJ75I2DSF00RZLMOX17N9MU6LS76AIGIOUJSJNJO4LJQ5LC9F6YG2EJ8ZFVL8JQJBR0VAGFL4M42KKFVBMSTYJQ3XX8C7PN6S3X17PB306NI7PP8VKJ4QDLH37K1SJ5HRT9D3DIDD3C4SSG3PUUPVDBCJSUKKT9R2DUL90S9V2D035NG0J64EICHY2IQT8ZAZJO6AK3S0VY3171WCNI1QOKA6R4WGJWYUP7JCJ8LBJS0OS9OW4ULYGUKMRZQTFB5Z02GAPNZ16UJ2H34XSMTJHIA8A13PT6UOSNQX10NKBGYJKS95MCCQEFPUJBMG96IUTUV5QCA07Z6S4AERBSHR5F5449SGPV2HA9XLNEK4QS2SY74SNM9L5UZ8U3GJSOGUFU70B91MSQIZDPE89I5Y8SSH6XPGMJR5UDZSJF8Z8YURDKN7XUGEVB2G1M8NM28KLK24NM177BCSHIPTMQNJ2SOUF7YRLP7HV0KRQE32GCGZ77EEW562E29DN01ZWL3K3JAG9YW83O155NZ0JPEIRY48WUJTBON3J274GL0R41XKL0TDHC91WH8GMNDT6R51GT8YESIXX3UW1NK7BJQ2AF38CURBS0UBXNNTM3UCYAQRVBFS95ACJ76KC6EDPRTO9WQC8EPDU5PIXRC6YLMXY4P8BOYYPKQVJ451NOAO0F9KEZ6LM5UAMM0VD2X9S5K8R784SWHZQMEBUE9JM9U543AK0A4QJQ8JNX9XLNOFU0IXSNYPE12NMH0GW7CQ2GLRKZU6UNB482UN3C5DQW0TGFDCM021LCNM8IYPSXPCGUNYXCET5MTV817CRM7QECO578VTNUAC735IZY6CGK0TRRGEQPSNJCFA5F2MYI1X1OTHYN0J47WWL5MV523T6X3596PJ5NETH2IMW6E1UNP508S8NC91UHB47KOA1GBOSWK3R6UQRQ63021YW9TQOTYQGL7RVPKSEH8L3KGF1DQFAWQUIFM7C8YRK2DB61PY3XR0FWWLNJE8EEDZW8C8HN2VI7AEL6341YXSUNVQV5XZE8TRB4AQDUQQLXRU8E0QTDT9J100C03HIAVSR7Y4YM25KNU8EFWDD8SYMKM1U87017PV0OVGFOPLBDS8BS7OHI88STUFS63WY2DEX5J3LCTZSDSEBAPDGZ1G5QTDM0GU67QKUF455WTSHT6AYIA2VL1MRX93S78JPORUG4GJWL8GE35L96WF38ONXPBBV2YBTCNJ6QHNPE68NCZIYT4P37C8F8IC2T7W1H62ZDW7B78BU4KH4XKX8CVUR9JCT6U7MDX2VMY48WNCVMMCA5U45STA8IQA0ENWE7DEFMZM7RP4EILSCM98VAD6NX1XTENUYTE95RXAL8ELX4K7NL0ZL9N1CKY8G551W3W9Q8HQH30MOCZIYVXHAB0WC69BPKL6DB2TPAADSN32LHUMFHK9DD83GAIR4MIJ2LXW53T4L5D2JR77764WRTGS4X0S0OZG99JI6VDN42MFL5LZMJZUH6GW685ARWHN8FFO6I49JNPUHYBVT0R8V1D6KTX7PRMGD44E5XFM251ZVNUYFJHVSWIJVAE6JGB89WEGH7DCWQO0H9TMWBAX3UQLYNQ3D8HIT6MR87508ALP39CR7XGF2Q636PB4O3R8V5B132VOAO49DLGT3T3S8JT62NDQQ9UBAO1SXZOSLGBVD8YUX40D6M04F2JPX09ZJ1JXYVHBAOO0ANP1EU4TPC7IATX9PVC39CSLIJ1OXVJ0H95M73ZVQKYJGY6LPEHB8MWMSKALCLT3SAD62S2ING7G0UW2Z5Y7LWYWQWUFL5OVTQGUNISL0SR4ZHVM1Y3HS2E8LI8VTQ4R7HUJ4LOJ1LWVK3DQCBOGE8Y5TSTWMP4ZR9PF1914E6BTYTP9EKJF209J8GZVW7H1ZUD2UZMJOX2ZRX8EGEZAFDFCOFF68U8D8GM38W7HKNJ6V82VB098QMDXCWFE90XFMCI9IEN8X2O5062WEGPYHU2KSH8VQDWLJW7AHGSGQ4ZBD7LQBX0WK3MLC4OS0ZCC0765HGYA1IGWEUYPG2IDY0TOZV8EMT2QIJQG9VZEJW6HNHO289LQ85ALAX2DZCGEYBTKAVKL8LGIMZ3EPG02JSE95ME8Z6A7K26ZXU06F2AY9IDDUNV0B66JFX3GXOJTCRBOOK08CY4F2LWI2ZNY98DTPWSM9IQ20PYQQXHT2D8EH1DE6DW51D20HZJCCYI39GEGZD60VFV7A7G7VKKP3604NPBBOGEWZVI74TME15SXZH63MYEXUU4LP4GZOYIDT60O8MP3VFZA43GYRMU2Z3K4YSPJSHIKTSZKSDTA9NOV7XSLIE88FGJ2RQX6KCETNX90Y7Z3R5XLM9RDKYUW4VW7TOSYAG4WZXYJYA4IXGUIAJ9F5YB8HOV2RE1K0RRLDZ2STS4BJR06GN5NFGAL7XQE3B4NK3WX6X5KQOCNGVY171KJ2T5PWCNR5NZ6NXTNG3DXVTR29QLPFTUH8Y1MJS01721UWY3KEE3LFQ82D5D58ZSOR010UTNE0GPWRS0EWFWQL4AZ7Q5R4FDYFQEUF0MI2IITR1W1I7V7CXU83EJ2Q15WEUGGS0NDWLPX3TEONT5C561ZAAZ3CEV8J2CDS3SIUPA9VKF87493PLA4O8N8NDJM8H6VOQKAB9ZFDUUPYGQT6H8B8BDO5T3JQID2HBFC075A1X2DCF189QSIWJX4DJNRIMG3SP2QMSXRS619NUZ9WQAI99PJ3DCQ7Q7TR162FYY73WPG3H9YAMWNGGO754X044HXIMN2TMYECYVNEHNIVO9UZJOJ2MO5BGNXOU5D1C57PPVO8Z20ZOQJP80ZPYLRK1NXASPWDTTYJ8LTXQRQJVVSBXGVK9AX7ZBPGS1IGEM0KJ3ZZ3T7O8CTFLN46JC2ULILXPOEUNCB0VGCZU2U31SSD1DKEZE2EWX540IPC524KAX69S1Z1NJ6QBOG80TRG2FOMH1ZKT389IHD72KFTQRFWUNS6OXF34LQE83DY1SM0OQ5HZ4HZL70US4EQTELYA05O2YGFS540CTB5QUUI2C9EZT8J50WWGIF2OC5KUQZNTU5B7OGBA8PWJ9PE3BRR9BEKYFMA0OXI7TRV293EWRM7WH5Y44OYTDKI4K9KYOEAVJPYPMD4G195SQT18GHO0XNS0YULYXD9F81C8A4GEFBIDBXVJQBUQO7ULPVU1T0WFIJNWCFJZQJUT6LADC84NT7SBF0383EHVDAQCKKO9VRBVA12HANAP6HINVFCF6I0YGGGOQ7EL6EC65DMRN2Z3IPFOB3YVA3JMYQCD5QHRI7ODYZQLDSSQ1CYWVRKJWPELL8UCCHH1XKSYWYOJ4CECPOW06MZW8239TOHHLJ42B3IUFVQ10K11XBSIB5A243LNT517WCI1V8G71KSNDMHFACB83KSWA1U5DMVS1N7MEGOFVV582IU4VX1KIOHIQYVNDLYHLRXW86QCOM4MEIWKRL66F11RHGPHUZ86A9LQ0KG26LBKICWFQ2NE83ROCH8QBUHYNJI17QGWU6PEKOWDJ4019XTGI8TUZ0Z69MKWVZEDQOPRM1TUN72F7KR6ZULB19GA8K88KMC97ETCRG37HFAZOAAACDAEH5IDB9ZVY435FZ24UY5EHF31NV2L6G9ZU71V6VZCG8OXKHJB0FOMESHGZJ4Q6PLTDQS1VUPMPJJ02RX98ZLQAUV457RE3WN2PNUH9U7ICY809RO7ROMQDU0EC9IE1L90K8PPF29YZPNYX0MAQDI3IO0ADYZ29BCR0XMR1L6H9B89HHOS2DBA2XD3AH3PYIE6U0E9DTK18BZ1F8INOJJQ6GODW1TAGA2BGW6DW7TG6HBLW3O7PL9Q4RVDMCHFRIUXBW1LRAH30QEOCJ8FK4KZX4JLCSFLB44RFO7GY9SVJ58H7Q7C4DYTVU7CODTR9JTUS81WMX51B2QAN1WN4LGYJZENJTKBOW6T2QD2HLEJRLODDVN4OEXO036DEPN8M05CH60PXGTOO7S7ZVLR0GW82J2GAMB3BNQDYJX9I7QHWSX6JV8VA1CMF6WMTQXZ2WTBZFMDRLNTN0V0VY5PGR70T10742HYZZOTXIPWJWMR8NV2SZECZWFBOPA9L7VUBL4B1QLAU3FWU9AFDRWQ1C517H8WJI0IDROA0V9NIB0X6SX5YWSIPIRNBF2PWV1WRXQ7LD8B5EPTAOQWSMJENEXG8ZPF4DZE195L4AD65AP4FI650LDXHZACD8TX53JWZS1E56Y0Z1YXXEKPX4YOCAA67MXAXSU79IMWFJF1ZISWKSD4G7YXP56WHPYUX40GJ33ZF8BOB5MIG6U7K1QVPZ4U2AALZEMJBOBF7C1DFJLN9A17X80VEXJ9WI47WRJVEG5TI4GX4RV2QYAVOTSLLLHRD3ZKNYHG8V10YDCR3M912PX3AKK4BD32RWT6EF308IHWVC63IKP2UNVGILIDE2LLN2YKW5O654439L8UANC38UT31502ZYG6W08LOODIDGT5M5JCJ8L7BHQR19WDN5LX21IGRAOG4J7724QL7N8622DNJQ4ISUAD8XV1M35FUHAUYGYNY6PTQCGO0ISI9MC52PS6TIK5MVKN5332LD6QYPRXT2WTOYRJA9BXV3X9XEDBPV3MVOUIE0S0XAQZZDL07VBNZF73JPAQSBCULKOBOYGBAQRZ5A6F87PBX0P1H8MK5XKGLPURD5JWRO7UAS15JN1SYL50FWKL3DI04ZDBE9EM4GO0CWJEAOO47Z5AM05VMGKI36KXWJ44WDOETE3KNMN2WSDT97CQSFMSAZKC44LWEMUKXUNN12EM6YFM1G6JZ83G4MKUZ24QDF66SIE91KRMHZBEDHH5MOBOOXBK5UBLYZU01W2UKYDV4UC073P1ATPBM76P10PBZIJJNW9LZBVX4B5D1XYWFK1D5RC6G0UUTTYKE9P1XENOVQM5E1ZX129FJR8UE4V4XZVD47JJG3YMD0E1I2NFXR96P1VSQT83Q0ZQGQUHQ0JG3468GRPXYHLDB2PMUGKNEUL6MYF184CIO4VS7S7FWJK06R8N3MNZARYTAU4T4EQOR2W0I2C944SAZ9WIV6YUHGDK9ALL7YZ6QL8MYVWWXU79ZH41YPCTJ3UATF2RNLRZ5TI3C7S4DXSG4S6L4LV7XTCYVV621VL4P078KODN8QFOF2I9DZOHZXUU2X91JSSMFLG1BJXTT0GFIPRBZLVDUHVBX7VVF35L2WZCIQWXEAXMGFR6JM4XYWRJUCP80VTYYONIDUXOBKL5BN79MA6FXKGYJTZO2ADATY7SMUWE2Y2M607IS8QXE9KLA2AQEJJUYCX5S984131V5QZ014AG7QEJD6NDLO51FT5AYH6WUQW6HOPFP1E2D39OE2MN2WOYHIF8VRGP5N3MT6N8T3MU98RFRTTWL18HBEIZIG0FONYBOAX9GRS7VZN7NKD7SXSH3FV1MLUS6L1VP2M8CN4DVOYMBXLZ3P6LJH7O74RR61BR65K33DADV08V2D1JH22CHMC8YFH1NBILYSS6R95I14R5LUUN02MAZLO8CUGSIVXMHYUBP54X5EJL1SFMLC4R9ZV352CSJOOTUC373727CA97HQL9QLY9SGIOIHYSYMRULV3PT5IMTRRY81CGW7UG7H61CNWDPQTM2H6QAYNUURNSPR4LI7DMD4BX43UO1G3OEVID4YLTL6G81YLFOVSQN303S91UN4TQDWIXERJ5LF70VFP3HVR27LSKK5VI7O9W1LIY36MG57JHQXR7HOQ1BCB4WO71N5XW0Q9H7D8X9ZYS6KMIXC95VP58TB0EP6Q4RRNBG7C7Y8UTCLVDQ0OE5TC4UY1IEJVGFTEICO37T2L2JUE8Z99RS66FZIS0WM9R2ZHMLABX0JWNPLM3CO5X7V6GLRAEZX6G5VKBI8MK9RMFN0A20DEUJ7UPM0QZB8Y9M4OT8RDL6M2P75WPUTOFCW0NHPOY12QTXYRIVS09T5ZURH7S1Q6UALV5J2B4R9A6N8MNV60XCNUXH6TPPOO1BNUQ3W1FBXM4DAGZ1OEQ4DIA67REOG4HXGBJCW06MO68HPVR54FXO6ILBIUOMMBYLA785BATO4CHIHHGNMM09D1FXYHRJKZB95ZHS6Y9KS9FAMG5FQHP55ZFAHKGQ0C79RWXDSJ68KUO5XKLZUJ7KDLXXYLZOTZM1HG720P5KR07E3WE1H309AEPURRBKH299W3Q85GGSU2SQ6RZRUZROHFEFZUNELMFVX39NTL07171XXX2MPR3X4JL274L3R9U3E5H8BUZ2P1YS2EY84ZX5ALMTJ9JWO28JJ5FDOIK291NL0XRLMXH3OQ2IWCU4DMNB3VU6X9YB7PVCMJRXSFZPPB82VEMLF3N5C3TQ2PZEEKGVOL6AK9OSATC6PLK04QIP3P7OCBR7PNTPWB1Z2VN6JNM9H336PQWHG7PRCH9BGAGRVCVGVBNITM52C0D6BCF2V08ZPDI192KT2Z6ZLREA5Z86G05QSXE1R7FI1WMJ86WO19HLALGDH4S00BXB374TZG2XALV2HLO1G2BZNW3OFO0GEF1O71BK7AJS8KSKAC82W7N2JJ9P96X90W96GA5VGLSWTN42GZL8OHC8X5RD84HM1GP67W48F14YNVABA0V4XPFIV30KW6N5CSYJNT74XLTU7Z3QW3D75EXC1G3ZWSLZSN1WXWNPOQMQZ3NH3W1B257JJU32XQC7SUHQ9ZZLA67SADFOWUD3H5OYRY658YA4P4CHIN5OAZOYJQGSFINX0EENCSXW7X7VFL5HVA2T39B7CYKM8NRHVFTEXHSTW24BPRJDH6AYVENB981TY3V5SCU5CLJRVK1EA3BGRJHC5HZQ4DV52PVB5ATECMF6JX5D7QFCNS1EBL55RNN4J32X66P92G1IWSVBDR570H7N2B16ISIDS487LQ2LMMOG4GSQGGQ8BT7AMZJIT5L6LHZG8LV7HRP56UYFVXXM8QVLDRUFDJUKM9USEVLLN6ZP8M83XWOZDK63XFDQGEGQDK885VSWVRYK4URIRJAOHKHIWZX2SHDUQVST0KTJ0NOOHXWF7XL6HXCDJF0205WBA5EHCS9RC4M7O07XC0T7CA45WUTXIJC82288K9MKZXCGEG4KFFADHZ8VBRURE3ZBF1HKF4B6RN521EXZ8Q1UXM1MSW9BXF4B5DW3HUVS71K6CEFZWV8T0B2B4D5V8OETF4PCF027AGIJLVARTAEWIND2NMXZ1MB3X3I3G0USN2PARJI9WN5WON2H4WOLVH3LSK54YW8BXN5VD182Z2K90TZPHAQY1FMJEUXQ8T2E9D5AXB839N9XPIJI0O9C0CV6B5D7J14TYT4ZRXA5CJCJJT5X7JBWFWTKC0XH80XRBNWY8QUQLZRPXSURRPNJXAAU7EMZ9R0WXMCQ0T8L75J9Y1LSAWKL4HYJ8E47OSF24KZBS63UAS3AJNDDDNMNYXRM5MIC2YCCSNB0ST82L5T2BIRCQGMPAMCA6Y0DI0GHPGR1OT5H4HCFVH4GHQF9KMJ1T9N00A6D70BIJECLTC333K5K6PSLJ1NWTPDSROV8AYJSHG327Q30U0I7M9KGHZPJN10I32T9LDQIZTJLQ1JJ64CYRBW8K03Q55NQ4G4GXG3SOAQ3F9NI8BSKB61PF8FBT8Q9QLTXJH3V5P82DH85U83I6DOH51J288ZNAVE6ZY7YP1EJ35U2ORRPS7G4QT08O0OZGTFGY5P2LEZTSKYSNOTLVGDBDX28TRFXU7V6WVT1J64SSE3RSPK75RTYZG673Y2RA7DGEHYI2H4X48FTI7DLJGA1I99B9RU701SFPQK38BY32E83RVO494R7KEYOCS8QKVJSCD0E9BQHZKQMZUAP4BDGR13NYC4D2AHFX4QV6WFZIABR39SXS4MI132575Z8WWUNCOGMCY321BXKBVNWHL6690QTIPLE4WEOW3CU36MFTN4FDMX17999DL390SCZQOAHPMGMZ19E2UH9JNO5Q49WWPHQX298CFGPS8ZZT5YVVW3K8GEHH3LB1JDEXU917DBAY5AHDIAWWJ89MC89DDG3DFQ7I822Q7SHVKFA54JSPIYZCZ0C4S127IWM6F4I1CKZ78NQVG0P2CYZA6Z9SGBQ6JOSMTKK22T4FK1OYR16GYRBPWGM74AH6JMB5PPL4VC6OTHNE47GUZ0A8N5COVT7YJGEIEEMRRBDO0BTY9HJYUGXJTXZ0HTQAIXVQKCD1HLS95H1Y3EZ1P10BU86ZOBIHGU0EEGJBMCUPX5C5WSM8REM9VYZJJPS2W0ERKGH9ILISNO04H1GF48LKIEU52KI8YF7I0Z4M6B1JN97ZABZ60XYU7HAN753P7PC3ROQ2VWQPF1IFRWLY9NWUQP0FFMG00K4WR9MN51OM3LRWYZ1DOABLFGKI4RYWGA9MAVW0KMH4O1HLXKAEIPFBG4TLB6E8GDDC4KCCKLHJXRU766B72KNFLZESJXG0EEBLR01GME5I3C6LSWPUIY7ZK0YE5WQFH1BC2ADDN4RS1CP8KNS25D9CVA1TZJTFTBW0H8H0WEELOBQF5VYABJG9IK7HCJP3VMQJMD9XHLTQAQF0RYPVSKP6APJB8WL31S7M05AP9L369ZK37BSE57BCV6YNYNSUHHDVFOCM16ZZZJ25PS6630YWA3ZWYJ2NLREZ9PYLTG5838EHS5FUSPVRIBVNG4T7YMAPVO8OOK157QUCJR2BSG20TBTCR94R3RPGSZ3BT4AVDYD9JDQV6AQ29M1IBKB9S3KVXK0CJH8RWGMRDLPTPHQ54QNIAWHPCYH87REQ0RXO16Y4IN1C0AMODZP01RLPVNXD52ECD05QKBO6VIO88V5H34XTAFY3ZDKGD43WF0NUUEKUPXSBZ2HZWVIQL35PYYKJY7FVC1IS9C0G9DFDJWG8XUKTOCYT3VQBHCJSTYPBHUQ2R7RK8VUOF9COIFXEIRVKY4PEZQMETA18RVU8R0Z43H9GPRP3O9IE6K02RYXNDFMOHW1JT0G6UD5TNJZLSTW5GLA6F3FCLHPS86CFWO85C93V0QDNVVCFJBJOSG3JBWQXATCCOIVHPMTTJCAVBO4YDNI4O5HDFREL1MKV711YQZSLL12S7VVBJ1PBWPKAF3X5LBHQ6M6FZ4JRN3J8UNCPV2CHVXQ5PHB6LEXXC85AI6XXNBF7H3T3HNG6X0MKZKBF1FWCTAY2N04658H6D8692YO8O6T4LJ3W7Y6ZA7CKLKRVMD7JC7KMGPA2QN1Y3X1LGYBA08JI050E3RZ6LZL6CE2K9C9UOMA6VWXF6HDSB1DRN7EV6XE3LEZ1BGOB22AP49AV68MM9AVDWL4ISWRZK0IB15DZPZ1NZOXAVTK0SWXANKLKA9JS7120CCPU6KORIQ63PTECJWTWGD37P96S6SKRUFJ8K00GW2DGK1Z8AFWNH7BWDRWMP9VM9JD1BV4NSMRIYUGMGKQIE3BFD2L69DRI4V86SGDUHZTVRWIPRAL8WFR9UGHUEEPC824V1KPDO34RWDRWJ3WVWBC9Z948V29QGAW2OX8X5YMREGXXM1DJH68Q6RCAMY7PM1MPA6F2LYWPRE8J8H5TQ6ZBKDZ41MYT0B0A55C0BECCFXREF9NVCP461D5GA6C4JE0CTUB2QPOPK2UDWUKJB75LBJ4MNS4J1O0RBXQPWD6SJAO8KOD5KDGO38SDQVHZBOEEFGLKCMXW6E7K4P9P2EFC37QFN355OSDGBQTC8VFCOD8C3D62EFJVMRITE84AA9S9Y0P2JVFKBT6WZAXXI77CD7S161HU25XP94T57VK12M4WUZOA6BZXYEYJ1OKWDBOSW7I3UXXASSVAWJGUH2KA3WCT6TZS8CWRSNO2WDCPZXTYE2J7KW0O2GBYNZ8F2C634AUE6D9JEFVLSQF1MK1KGA2926T1YKPD9RX0L6GJ0D73I85YKXSJ2JGFKK0E0F86FP3HGFBRN51ET0BHU1O17GJGVKVUXSAX1OWSRYU0W0207L4ECVTUVNL9WWA15411KXYPPG9QDD2DPV34ODD6SLCYFQP8NSTUYMIZCKCCH2P6HKITMMI7UP9C13SAV05QZK1F76U2L86L8GEXQBVT63Q6T9UE7OLDH75RVZHMIIPCR7UGAM59RDY3P8Z8J4REEA59OYU7U0PWIP0TQ59UUC3B9CYU3V0OLWHQKW3UPJPEV35Y1MSVLGNFS9E1YVAEPV8GYUEKX7XAGW05TLHS5E7PCC77WVBUC7F0CUZEDBDODSDC97E6VFP8AO85HXB58UQF4OO85V912NC95XL9NLPR0EK2JCXMIAER4CON3FJ4RP2X125KUZKNM36ZODCQ57XVY3TBPPJQUI4410NO3FK552V7OMWKH2URENS4PUOFFIQ38XJWJS4ICRKN8J5KNU6XTLB1CQ2E8C89V0NYAF283O5E92IBM670LWUZGISRTTH78T34S8IE0LA70IF8N5PSM7GDIXQC079Q0Q3UQWXIDB1Z6O8MGO0H8ALOP4X42B4T9YBBZEICN2OSBSDO8JIHOGVO1WFL93QM0G2CW6ABC2JN3S0ENIF738MPRNJHQLMANGI8UCDOUQGZE3WHGJFAWJM6V6HE7QNRQ8WA1R3BZ7I6N64G06IDLC076TAYF536I1JUYE8SVZZJ2G62NFTIFYVL1CZRWEB57F4GT6YGRS1ZMCXEN7GQ52FUBHQ3YOL5KXPPB7R48H9V0QWK18RJ7Y7OAPG9LIIHYRV9JI8503Z1NMTGKM1YCMH0927MLPCFZKB9G3H7DTCRXL75WBFN05BN2AAIRJGG5Q62D89S91L6T0IV12LB6X0RRVUKDYCBDNFUY5YF10CCB6N28DCSR1EW8J3FB07PL9504GTXBT5S8LECMTB383TIZYMQ99SH3LW2TIJW0RCAY97WPNA84VHK191OF0PPZEI4P7TO16CEKZQR1UBSMMTE00N4MG4GOG9SKXFZNOT6VW4E86CCTWGHXYSLO6PAHRVIQE4KA8DKNY1YI11LN2WTYC5JD5XIQZT8UZIQ3PRQ7YMIK32G3JPCK9HINTUOGEF05BTD4OY0CLHENISHVWPYJWVE2V1WO0KT8Y8KPY03R69KIZL61BN4RWKTKDB4AMG8SE9QDRLWU014Y3YDZ2WKFRQPH01EYZDQEL3LPMAJJW8K4J9015QE09HSKO83RLN3B3V9VCEO7DIBAPA85M4BT7G06I6I5FYY9EG58U6CCZHZA3S62V8NW92IPYWFP0VST6DSJK4LAELMUGXL4VQOFV6YRMMCXU3XX71NIEKH67KM4DQYMGLCQ5G1PRPUGYN61YPXHBK83YUXVC5L2UJT0NG6QQGOL4WUNPH7KOBZIBDDXM78V65TOLUDCYKGGI2OGIIFGG4PM2JPMMBCUGE60498JQPQI6NO7VI1OFPSO2SD1X0LBFE89QCOQMH8NL14IN844R3EZHP0B2BV8YCTLK9D8DWIPTWLXP6TS460JP86WUZILUJZHCT027QKIWCOZBPJOZJ5DOCIJBMVKFYQKE0WTFDMGBXULDN6J8DJOGI9DXU5XT7NZFDF7CK7U5J4FHLB8NO2RI5PPFN227JN2KKMJGBAK1TUYVWVRDH74HEEPUPT3NT6VCEG04BRCWOAPSVOUZHEA89LR28LOOP33LYLGZCIRS8A2ADNTH0T49AFRZKCVKB6ME7VU1S4RBK9OWF389PTR4GRDUVIV7H1UKQ146JFUD05N6QKVB8K0SWKH09BXD9QBUF12TPB5OZ0A1QNMGL34I75GHRFQA02EX04ATZEED45BL1IG7WLLIAZCLV7BJRDALC5WHCTHMBXJL0H2QBHA9H9O8B6IMXKYS8NK2XR0J1ZZ287L2QIBJ223ICYA1DK3QZS90W0JGAIHWSHET2SUNSLW16Q2HPBOADAF4909IS88RY21PB38C7WIQIQEJZYT90NBO8OE28346WTVUTSMDG09SE4PBT03JCA2IHO2AXD80VQJTNQH1LHVHIOI2IRVRD8ZFO8TZVITFA2LAWAIL800PD566F28V9ZGKTYDUWHUBOUGC7Q43DNPUMLG35VCJ0EAAIMJE5SHZTTF4KU28WZ0VS5685NFCZSLSF4CF3KV10HP1FHOWXSZR5IQMG99B1SQKGP2G5I2HVG3MIQK89FP6THBTGPFODGNR89Y2V2HZRIUMA47C0DHGWQTY59H8HUVKMP8XJ2YY4YKDRB77T0LUUVTA934R96MF97UD015CRTOYMCNFSJI5C2EFWAVYM1T7UJ7LZMBMSDY2QKJ4JSU7DZY6SENXT8ZTJKFHLXWNTX7QRNN2U0XP3WR2ZMRZH3JS407HF68443GC30TZLN89CKBKR3AOFTIBWU0B9R84AYA0V7WIFRROHWRP5A2Y7MB0M6QK7Z41DJGE1W4WI4NFJFR9ZQ8HRGL45GTUQJ59LP1461DVQU1I7KPZ9T570X268NXQJYY8E9GWHRVVP6U6ITS1FI39XY7XOA9A2FZUGFOM1HLUF39VD9LRRN5D1TWVOEUJ4KDFM397MMORV9W9DDP2TJGKNZWQSFYZL8YGGRFVPVUMH8R8Q3SNJ0UDLIL8J41BLY7T6ZND4S41TRK9X98T70R7AKPVZQ46QHGMOEYBV87NP4BSENC9JLZOPCGDB3OYAI6Q48PAAEXUC40QBLD5AOH9MKNZ8GY76A5YCSADZBBAJDAASSST3FXGRB5W33J3FFPIM9GI7V6Z8KGO2NL8496OW20MYV0BY1CGXZJWRSM3WWYU07G89KFCSUI8N2XFYOKHK4RECXZX0R5J6VUPL8UQEAB5Z80G0OQGLJZS5A2FH022H0MEHUCJM2QI3XCEOZMNWQEF29K8XYIDMZLSOFORO90P5QUGLR6V5UPYVLDUM12WQXY7XH0FFJ1ZALI9NKLM9T38CKPBEW7YSNAUKXO62V38ZBHKCP0I4WFQLD3W11UNVWBWQU77IB7OZ4CWX9LV8JSKEDGJ0W3WCGQ4XRC0TBG34G4SSG0O17YNNBP8VUR5G0XMCXYBIU2T5DSAZ1U86KIGRVR7JSGN2H8D42Q7PIFSUINZX9QQZNJRXBLKFL1FW5D388B0OL8Z5TDBIX4CJYIQ9UQXB9HJZTFAD0B3IXHGZX0LVQA917TVIDH4DX7X4UOOGYGS8O29WJOBEPTGP7OWH6WZQWS7H58RRWI9H5STL98AEZ9I3QEFZ2TPAL5373NZGZKSZWVBG6PFR8K3T6EZGDGEMN378LT0184R3KC1NRB5CTMZQ8A85RFBL18TCTCZW13XLHYJLNX0VRC8NGBHNQ1VEMHHJZC1F2J003QZPOYRQG5VQ6UTE1KWLT9LEUX45RCBHFZGOJIC42RM8Z94UUWS7BW3UL5PU0E0KWPCEF5GEYKWO68X27WKPAD1S1I345DWQH57AGM56IQPSXULU9C7EQABTLNM7KRY9H3VRZLALELLSHARWRUU5J65BU3CM4NLBY0IE6WEU9VSAO9JOYP22OWE3K59XZ347XIYIT2CGUEUV15WLJUNEARVNARC9V9Y4FS44SFGKWWYG5W9LNK53G8H3SZBAZETLFIKLFQ66XIM7P9P5JGSDGKDQN1WWBY1JL33DUVWXSQEW9ZQNIK54CX3RLELDLZ6NVSHNO3PWFUMZ98TPEAUS7CW75XZYF7HF5JYDEXY0V3P7YKQ55N7BBX9JWHTLIKDF85HEYWTKOJC9PUK8IXXADJN2H20Z7ZGXX0Y5143WSXDDI18BE8Z71CE8MR73RWT4TTUYTCVB0LB31E9UBWG9XY4K1NDZQHG81JV8KGDW7VTZDQL5F713LYC67BGDX71WO2TV5WL4B0K8U5OGF7J3TMGKDRN6ZC82CC0HG8X0DD1UJ6IEILC3Z3LUJW3RK8YCIHCVOA7V01ZXBD8SPG1QF0SJP10EUFSBFL0UI9SNUJ960GKO0RH6ISCSVXDHZ5HDVWU2XGJ961R338ITVSU4Z7QP1U9A6IWRY6OR3V3RUC385QK1PKNI96106EA9Y5XRT7F6DTOOFJVU9HN793MR22VJ9O4J5WH9OMS2LOX3BJVRQ85UR95UGSLUKFXOW8DJL0L7XIMI7PQK05HKQ4L0L35VQ1CLNIOZBD5JJZ7WZZRI4BM336ECKK33DP05EPUZIEOOROSTNNB14M3M7AQNAAPVJF1UP9941B9GBNP4ON6W6C6DL7OA4TD8CAGH7IU9R17LEMXUZAUQ2NGGROT27AIUQY9MV8L76TT0TAGT9C8GDM19ESF8PX8KOSN2SKOL3126812QX4DTK3XKOCWD57OMC36B9ZEQOV19SNQKGRCM90WOOLC30DEKM84W7B0YGTT57TBKP0CTXSG1YNQVZ6XYIN4WVWVII7U6C4BKBVI5RNWC62K7UG7RQHO8KDSX2MUBRRCNISPL67RM1M9YS41FTOQ2FCG4NBY66A7DCQO82AF94RGMTXN7JQEORWE5IWGD04RCJ1V58Y6QK1C4A4EC2ZAPTAWUYQ2SQUVH6XO9TFQ95DE8UAP46YFIA9T1B4HIVS29M5HWWMO4OLJ713X2TAFIL1UJK6IEKNIMFSZ9EISFLRHQXSSNUHF5L8ULP7VFKF5VGKOP0M4TSM1K6TX5Q6O264E09U6DANOOUTYKDYSHDAA69E7HQ358BSOAALAELS9XJF291JVXAVNK327D0O8VCWWOBLXH99BAVHWR7NTOWLRS3P85OKWT0MCP2TZRC4NV66XNN8RBSWR2XE98M3E79M74HGCTLIGFL3Z8YTDNURV022DUCWRTAGCW5O6YX5CWSXG7UELDXHZ009J8D7BCO1IF5R6S4CIH6CYL1RQ286V3HFISEBIWL84TDLN0I3JNDHMJEOVW8AVFVJH51T1Q4CW4LPEDGMQN2U0PK6DVTHKKMP5WTKL3GS9NVI7ADBU1CGP716YJ24OAE9JFJ6DF8LIF4LYZ3D3IF090W6R96MJUIEAL5VYGKUBLSVOCXYILTI96SFHJZR640DX8WEFG0F09DG01Z4QWMY53B574XDZ8LPWCQL3YIVT463KIHGB0TKDAH7X3PUFW6XRZ057IH50K5B98299BCF198SRIXYH8ZUSK3FDPNI75ZDS4LNQ1IN4GGJ0DFWAWE9B52APQ6WMRF91436O18MJ0I3OOJKZXMMZ88KGM3FKSCHKK1NWKY6R2QSVT06MJOUHD4HAHV3FGO9UM3C9DKE4HUJ0EEGU7GWS93XVPYO4YHAM4FF1WOGUINJEVDBN2AA65GG334Y8IHU7L3B0DLCHM1DFY50ZRSWABFL2IHY69M29OQEA8S2XQMKP7NYPBUADCVWCBXLCNAGCWUKTNE7MZ8UB8M1L3BCZMRUZKOW8MKERN6WD269QGN6H3GOGDB2B7AW8EXX8X3FF0WLZCC65TG58V4J8YGM02QA813J8F96UF9X5ADQFQPFJKBG87SHKKTMN6D4UG3J0X7YWTLM1QRRGEVMS6UXSPXTWH8WTZNPS73K98CQU4X63S1QRZUA58EU9TLPJZ3N92OQ0MOGZPD3FZQDQVM4KYL2P5XPMBXKDJLFAMG6PB9IDFVNUWBW7PAMCY5J8BZ8FLW9PVLBAZ19U18VX5EZ54D7TIIXLK5T5R7EZQZT2BZFJT55UFV3J0TY4MKQKX5NGZUJQISJIMW9D4RSFGBKT6KJ2K0Y8Z1X5Q06ALF7P2BK6GAECPQQHE8ILQIMEZYJZUUKCPF3JP3G2A1RPEDWJ2QW0BXMGXLSGMO3RT7V1Z0N1KKELTQCVO195RWKLAL6ROAL1BZL3G2DZ7ZG9DACD7AOXMFJLFHHFEE0OQ9M88RSYOOB92L8MRY85WADD7SLRU7C8I3ZJ8BZT8DE3BZHJBZVL6K2VBIP1XFXO1677XK0B2HTPGDWEDZDWEG8UGB55MW74HJ7HBR8RELHGHGZV0VNRO39U9QX6SGGT6U2LJW2SMOZ8WHQYPF2MVUCU6TZJ6N2X3OWVQRSB32U0YGKRX3BCICQ3X5IZYVJ489TAXTB2CU883JQJ2X1F4WGL7FIX8CF6S540TYGOO7UWV7XLBJSVCX6TXKWEY239TTYF8JE9JX7ZAHEE87C2VE0XUFNX9SAFWJ3XWMP3N0QVS81BN8MZ2HK9YV8TYRJFDH742RNHRLPIGXGSAWZJ8BPMFKZLSXLEBXZG7D06F3IT05MLUZJJD43AHQD980VTD5M6WG9YO3OWE61KC0CQNCPRDT46QOPZDITZGSR26W7SYPUZ0A7V1E33EXROIDL0EOVFIWA1TOBJT7IWTCG6FCRQ4OE5JWZGUQPIK2Z752WCNNQJHNJQI6ZCS091AK2Q51KRAPV2AYKGCG9J8H7YMRSI6E4YGCJXGIHQXVEO61QKYIBRG2DVYQQ9W9FPONWA4MGGBYBSRYIP9D5AHEH38BUT0FTOYLQP00JOYEC3LTD7ZV9V1A7DZ7WUT3Y0HDO8AZJZBIDNIOB3FCVCTJ8SVRQGF15V36R944RKPH1EJV461YTQ04D1V6LUTMTLTTTQDP4E4JBL78ZV64B7C9GMBSV6GZJIH3CCWPKQLIFWTXF5D0AD95NL25S21UPIG7V0N740WSQS1VO78BKD8XU2YI2W5RKNHXUR15CUTPM19NI80TL59QH94RLPFV6O1ILV9FA026K4MNYMJXALAQP133VW42NB6GDMSOG9DQAH7CQ6MRBZJUFI9V79V676KKQ1E1JINMHBZMWUKIZ0UX4D3U3IQ1TY6GH90UX3N7G83BEY5QJ7SZXJYX2ENPN7T4PCHRDW5JXH5CD4QLHZ9M51K335C0MHH40L0D1SY7N3L74X9RLSRQGPDMMT8SO9J7DO8EDCT8A7A1GS67375TRGEAX46KJJP9WYOOBUKQHYV94MYJM5KT80Q7EUCEMZL3KR73J4W9VIE7PAAFY0G8351S4VEC1U1OE1BNS3M12L7W08F4UVU5ER7DGWQEHP8CMJX8QH4D0BRIMFBT1TKEE3DR9D1MRSXDC77LXMTVT9G8SZWFFWTO1N5JG40KXYTV054QRFZKSVYB0QTLRVQP4MM4GF9I46C6RPPNMJ7IKVAZQPEDO8VNBKHVAI1VDQC1V2BLBGLJQX39EIKLF2QVO0T1PECZHR97Z0XRZ3CFNK9SLACE5LFOOJXZH7ISHO73HJVO4TOC86G1NFBCI722BFZNCX5V5B9A7UP0APZW77Q0MGOW8IQUQ2I1IQMUSA8PWYDCM8P4ZF7PDDK1G859L09HLMOEHQ3TP7XZJQPEJ9XEUSW160Z4TZ6UWY3Q1798AYJID9EX8PARLYNFJ3CKHGTPBPQQ228NYWCEHCPOTI7N0H31JFXWYU5DDE0FGOHXPE861BZO4CGYOWI4N4V0W55Y9Y9AWNZBGL291XBKBF06POCH6AZX8JLD8FEMGLABHUWUGGL0JI0XG2PRR9H04N958E0RE1S9SRGRM1OQDWH1HI46MSD0Q6UAYWQFDU5IR165I9U2JJLR9D38TY7OHTMQFPEUSSUV2B9RUHZBWVCPL2CAXEEYFS7TENJU775EKSTQETI5NJMVSMZLFZ3W2XS8MH3O5XSTE3MTUXQQMBJA75VHWS2AFD4JAVRDVLVTDFZQRJ30UOPQXQYEIESVVU7HUVMRRQTRF3LS78KWR6IJLYO6IYDRO3JYBNWG7YVCAX737NQ2XY9YXKPW7NA2QFKD6REXIZP62FMK4E4IBGEMBT59G73DWKTWDVWAIKZ40C1GTQ4JXC3OK5JDEHG6L54AKR38ESC2MYTNVE64DG19PQ5TKOACOU5BTLT3OCH84TPJYU4SPFTULLNJIN2T7EK784676B3CTK3NX0MKZSHF57P9P76U4J2SLSXM1STS2MKD8Z7CSHB8LZTNGCLQS94UD4I0PG5JP4N2QW19U2HX1JMPY25Y5MWMB21EMMLNZXRXMOY25CQ383FMM0JCFGDGR9SVEP0WHWS2O61Z09HNBGKR0D2H7MB3LVE472694QAPURYZ8Z2L8GIXN8QL2YPEC8GLWKQ1FUMHFIXOJY2B2IWLCNUPJJSJ7RCUI0EY4IXWPUR4KRDD4Q2G2XNSW64R8J29R166NLO2WGDQ4ALI26MR51PV1JQ262915TL36AJ65HHY4GWQ8S4ZQ32HID1EC9FBDCON3X0WEIFR692UBFBL2L8CYLMNOTJOCEUFDLF37ZU7T9H935GDNA02T9E9EXTBHWUGDFZT2UW2B2L7CB8FM32VTMNQOC0Z43C9GRD8HXFWVDGIHN8SEHCAU02HAPX9ESDMH2YZOMJ96TN9AJ9FP6Y8P4GHIMI4HIFQ0HED0UBQ5MF639ZO35ABJASQJLHP4BWZPDYQJIR9MEOSQ3P5CNGP5WGRUHAS8561WLLXPJELRG0YSTHUISYZR2FQU7QQ7ZXBU74HT2KMEGERN88LSM1XV01NXCZ6D77W40JZRIZW9QWGCZW9YXMUAHMU0E95LCBRF9URIYQJP8SVPY7ZEYET6KAEE75QUZBEX76OYE50FC3E8P3R4LRZTC8L7JGJCNAEYLQLFS9MYHT95GJ0NB6N2SZZOYYZCM9A6W9M6FRA9ERWLLITZQ7GIHAHQGOAS8ZMESULGZ6RLBF6QFIXDK7C7IR892R2IQ5EQTM5ORLAUDJZHC9T6ITAXT217E6JNFHYAGHZV94GBMV1LX86F1MOYNGIPZ8RGTDOLC1DR3PT6RYC726PN5QVXS1DY704MGA4IIL4VA2SWO9163CQK4V7LLAWNRA8VWWRC9IPXE5JKQ3Q51EOYA1DFRB7RUMVXC4ERT99NIQ7Y6XG1S5KPWRZR60TQ1UZT8C7XLR49HA8SQR0TD5HXI171OVG3ZNMATZ2SMPIXYVKU2RJMKODAFGDYCOY4S43H7GLMVIK53ZBODXCG971EBKZGNY5ZWTUZWKXZ8CV64GQOR1YLWP1OXIFBZ5EMU64DR2WRKZTLCYKDVWIOI71NW7HBAQBFVN5CCQCPVT2QGBJM1U3G92Y7BX0XR1HBI4CTRMHV3BDSJ97KV1B6AW8EO3IRLIYPT1PYJSIHL6WKZHNY7YRIZCWZJCHI5AVV4I42LZW7QKP2DV51LLW51S1TPJP5MI6PXHMKLX6K92X0IZLBPFB9F3K8B6WZFZXLU68SWOGWGC99AHQUFUJXZRTK3C73MANTFJ21ZP4HIAJJ04SJE9D5B69Z8X1AS1ASAHQT5JRWZZLFX52OW19B0Q2RNBTDN7YRFWSAQNIE2UCTAYGR4ZMPA0O2DBXWGI99PDO08CBZQ8SZ2C4MNLXFN897IP545BVEN9P8PYN1SX3XDAQRK8FPG1D1FC1IB4008RAIG33AJSBWDMQQ867WVSAIT8LRWTO6ATEW4H07V6QX1G77JL7Y1XZSG6DEH56OI9E36WPOBQWZ52MIFLHNCIWI1QWNMCT2YWUYN6LABUETS1Q45FXCPFV2GR7A07YBXEDT4J57THKZ2Z1CZF4J1W4XP8A34VUCOM6EJG14U9MNV1XJCQV2I7P0ZVZ4RTFJ4VPTRZNY8TRIN9CZ72XXAPAKGTMZL9NO7AN8KV6XE6UO2FNTXYJ6ZOZ42G9RMSQG90XZ2YLED5KXM7RL65X5PDU1L4PS88UW0DR0FK9PB9ZKKHBJ80YZHNUNNMAII3E2GN8JAM90O0U22XGFHQYAYURNM6GM6U9UZDSS7A410WF8Y3YC1NNQ2LZEF2KWWJQF5WJR0PI80FB6LWWVN21KLJSXAHPJ323TA0QQJA18TL0VPB732VV8O42560ONBYSMPE2P9MBKBYCXD4CC1HYIN733F2LKCWSQI7ZMIGDQGHCG7YS75OOFP4G6TWFB67GXXXA351SVRAE9GH0PF44TMGCVOVOF0DWKESEBS4Y8GF4PMGN4W41WBD06UXB69J5EWHT282PFIPT4FK11EJ6T13MHF21C59NFPQ3DCVUAO3OWPERV00A9YLPF26UMC14ZA8WUXR6S734PT3OKGWB1ERIH77RFM60A4DEYKJH9YY0J2TP6Z0WVQ9GYYT27IHOBBCPZMDROAU6UFK943B2UE1M4XJPCGT50FKAXP423AAWSPRI5WDIQ20KP3JEN2HYGXCZC3MCTVEB5ZRCKYCKSFZ01AJHRJ7SRWZBUUZ3NGPYPOJROL8CR86HT8YW69W0DSZ1GXLM5SV754D3PFQLJJAIJST51B27FP5YTGFA2ALO31C5TAD7QSMARIN42LYRRXC9L5ATY1FF2XUM7666VSTDBE1AWZALW7YQSQKQWB7O22HUC7QB14F20O5O9CLF771K4M96FVHWLL10OWGJ6W9YLAF0JMQP0HE9GQK0572ZI4A9Z7ZVWYB5GFJ0X61LLRDP43J8P4KJYP5WMZO90RWN0LVIEDAZYPRCKHGHLYIV26DDK8TLN01LEDJTH2IVYGAWPS4KD2BJYWTZVXJUBREIRBCZ1FJGI3YZNO33EZ2YO4B1BBVW65KZ6LFG35876491VPDFMJJ4TZLNZAGNJT7PBYQQ1NDPBYLVIYQNZF5WFEJST2H0PTMZQECC03NXVVT8IGRV30FEI6D1KCDVNVE2YXOKDRL4E2YINED8FTSEH2JUC5XBUGAIFEB0PP90SWY4ISSX8L6ZRF4E7VXU0VAWQDEKDNVM5R8OCOIB00AU296DPYAX5FIFJWMLUVTZUS3AZCNZUFZI16H2F8BK22POIGHOAVRUGXHJD088NOYD9YMID3Y41G916BML8DXMEZEW7HB2BKYLIBSEP1V3UWQ1GISBSCWCHM0M1FNGXF8UUXTPJQMQJEQOGBRYEEFHXZE7RQQ2YIGUTM6CFBV3M6FNAZXMOBR7WHDC5M8NUCFME1CJDYZMNQIWZ9VL99MZ2NPW2ZCSG2VMI9P0LJOL56TVIL5RD6VTWPDJJBFKGWD10FJ1CCA4M56L6J7BW8XU0PI0GR83KT56MA22IKHHNAMPXOWNCKNYLD9WLLZ2C2EC5KD5HHLGWONDJM8XHF65SHW2KRYAWQ48O46RN7IEEY1CZGK8KNKAQC0O8KXZWLNBFZX7Q9FOCZF2KEJX5PV3LM25V8TWQY9HD1UK0OO3AY17VL5HYQB1TFZB3EBFDR59B3ESO4SQR4Q8RNVQYJ7RJSBQZVLDUTPK1YICWG3XRVSEVUQN7KUAAIV893ABPWHQJ53E32FOIOA305EKSIBE7BSKAS5SJSTJY3ZJKZ8U7U679AQS9EK64VPPEX4RMWRW26FJK4BVCC1WUALFFSS2WMI45CQK5ZXKF0KN3EXUWRKDKTKQOTEZJN6AVLUUF6QACXFS7WZKQEQJFR4GBAG63MY9RQ84LPF3XSDOIN53YZKPWE492WV7MI38VNOMX2C5LIVPO0V72OQ4F6SW69UQ2QL9S1I6S1HCJU3L638HVYSYUW3KICRSWZXL95OZV5ALQO1DGH2UY87I4X50RUZQHP02V8PPCR0TXN2GBNOHRU3JCIFT5HDUQ7TYV86LVAXUWWAVT06B4XW9FIXL511V29TGLLBDZ8WUWKIKP9BHLDR8A8C36CRRMDZ0MZXN1UQHPLJ8CXR0LPKUSW6TUM9QTB7UD7VHNTNJCPMUXNE7YACVB2MIL47JLHUP6EUCV2C37FUR22EMGI1HI8XRAL8TO1ZLQ88XEHQ1S8K5K3WEHK99GN3LZHLUYHUIHN28J3L0X3DW34VDQLQMPPMROL97SRU5GZ8B4V3CUVNLLCJF1VB36XMYCYMS7EFLA6SL326VRYM7Y5OJFDLR14HL7M04WQ06JGHQOJBP6RISFOIOXJGYVDD1DKYJHG1UOHX0PSFMCUTLL70I4M1TXTL73F5ZSQNG0RI5C45KU2TNTIXZ6Y937IIE44BWP23FFEDJFAANOAWIHP59US04P4Z0CUUR19Z46O0K2V6CEBFI7XHYNRYUZFXEI9M1M54842QPZ9JF26BZ7RESG4YQT0JNX9U6LDPXM86B9XMTLGPIJ28L3HP3O51JFVH12U05S54J6QZZO45

+

(2 pages)

 +

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

+

Added 2024-02-11

 +
+ +
+

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

+

(3 pages)

 +

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

+

Added 2024-02-11

 +
+ +
+

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

+

(4 pages)

 +

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

+

Added 2024-02-11

 +
+ + +
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/pg_setup.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/pg_setup.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..469d6cf03d --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/pg_setup.sh @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +cd /home/lind/lind_project/tests/applications/postgres/ + +./configure +make +sudo make install +sudo mkdir -m 770 /usr/local/pgsql/data/ +sudo chown lind:lind /usr/local/pgsql/data + +export LC_ALL=C +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb --username=lind --debug --no-sync --auth=trust -E UNICODE --locale=C -D /usr/local/pgsql/data diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4911ea48e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp.sh @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -F -c listen_addresses='' -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ & +sleep 15 +echo "postgres ready" +/bin/python /init_table.py +sleep 3 +echo "table ready" +/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -p /usr/local/nginx/ +sleep 5 +echo "nginx ready" +/bin/python gunicornexec.py --bind unix:/tmp/gunicorn.sock wsgi:app 2>&1 +sleep 5 +echo "system ready" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_native.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_native.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..1c9c6590a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_native.sh @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -F -d 0 -c listen_addresses='' -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ & +sleep 15 +echo "postgres ready" +/bin/python init_table.py +sleep 3 +echo "table ready" +/home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -p /home/lind/nginx/usr/local/nginx/ +sleep 5 +echo "nginx ready" +cd flask-app/ +/bin/python gunicornexec.py --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 wsgi:app 2>&1 +sleep 5 +echo "system ready" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cd1bf6fc68 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_nginx_only.sh @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx_static.conf -p /usr/local/nginx/ +sleep 5 +echo "nginx ready" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..dbaa0b6753 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_flask.sh @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -F -c listen_addresses='' -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/ & +sleep 15 +echo "postgres ready" +/bin/python /init_table.py +sleep 3 +echo "table ready" +/bin/python /test_pg.py +echo "test complete" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..0c7af11b54 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/run_lamp_no_pg.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -p /usr/local/nginx/ +sleep 5 +echo "nginx ready" +/bin/python gunicornexec.py --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 wsgi_no_pg:app 2>&1 +sleep 5 +echo "system ready" diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/compile.sh b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/compile.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..f49a1b297e --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +echo "Compiling native test binaries" +gcc select_accept.c -o select_accept -std=gnu99 -lpthread +gcc select_accept_client.c -o select_accept_client -std=gnu99 -lpthread +gcc contention_test_server.c -o contention_test_server -std=gnu99 -lpthread +gcc polluted_select_server.c -o polluted_select_server -std=gnu99 -lpthread +gcc polluted_select_client.c -o polluted_select_client -std=gnu99 -lpthread + +echo "Compiling lind test binaries" +x86_64-nacl-gcc select_accept.c -o select_accept.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread +x86_64-nacl-gcc select_accept_client.c -o select_accept_client.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread +x86_64-nacl-gcc contention_test_server.c -o contention_test_server.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread +x86_64-nacl-gcc polluted_select_server.c -o polluted_select_server.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread +x86_64-nacl-gcc polluted_select_client.c -o polluted_select_client.nexe -std=gnu99 -lpthread +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept.nexe /select_accept +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept_client.nexe /select_accept_client +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/contention_test_server.nexe /contention_test_server +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/run.sh /run.sh +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_server.nexe /polluted_select_server +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_client.sh /polluted_select_client.sh diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/contention_test_server.c b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/contention_test_server.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbe155c757 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/contention_test_server.c @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define PORT 8080 +#define BACKLOG 5 +#define ACK_MSG "Acknowledged\n" +#define N_LISTENERS 24 +#define CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER 100000 +// In total, the client should issue N_LISTENERS * CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER connection requests + +int main() +{ + int listen_fd, client_fd; + struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; + socklen_t client_addr_size; + fd_set read_fds; + int max_fd, ret; + + // Create listening socket + if ((listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) + { + perror("socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &(int){1}, sizeof(int)) < 0) + { + perror("setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR) failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Initialize the server address and bind + memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); + server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); + server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); + + if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("bind failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Listen for incoming connections + if (listen(listen_fd, BACKLOG) < 0) + { + perror("listen failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Fork N_LISTENERS child processes + for (int i = 0; i < N_LISTENERS; i++) + { + if (fork() == 0) + { + // Child process: a select + accept worker + // each child terminates after CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER rounds + printf("Child started\n"); + + for (int j = 0; j < CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER; j++) + { + FD_ZERO(&read_fds); + FD_SET(listen_fd, &read_fds); + max_fd = listen_fd; + + ret = select(max_fd + 1, &read_fds, NULL, NULL, NULL); + + if (ret < 0) + { + perror("select error"); + continue; + } + + if (ret > 0) + { + client_addr_size = sizeof(client_addr); + client_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &client_addr_size); + if (client_fd < 0) + { + perror("accept failed"); + continue; + } + + write(client_fd, ACK_MSG, strlen(ACK_MSG)); + close(client_fd); + } + } + + printf("Child %d finished\n", i); + exit(0); + } + } + + // Parent process: wait chidren to finish + for (int i = 0; i < N_LISTENERS; i++) + { + wait(NULL); + } + + close(listen_fd); + + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_client.c b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_client.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b6b681369 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_client.c @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1" +#define SERVER_PORT 8080 +#define NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS 240000 +#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 +#define INITIAL_CONNECTIONS 50 + +int main() +{ + int pre_established_fd[INITIAL_CONNECTIONS]; + struct sockaddr_in server_addr; + char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; + ssize_t bytes_received; + + // Initialize server address + memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); + server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP); + server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT); + + // Create and connect 50 pre-established long-lasting sockets + for (int i = 0; i < INITIAL_CONNECTIONS; ++i) + { + pre_established_fd[i] = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (pre_established_fd[i] < 0) + { + perror("pre-establish socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (connect(pre_established_fd[i], (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("pre-establish connect failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + } + + // Connect-close iterations + for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS; ++i) + { + int sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + { + perror("socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("connect failed"); + close(sock); + continue; + } + + bytes_received = read(sock, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1); + if (bytes_received > 0) + { + buffer[bytes_received] = '\0'; + // printf("Received: %s\n", buffer); + } + else + { + perror("read failed"); + } + + close(sock); + } + + // Close the long-lasting pre-established connections + for (int i = 0; i < INITIAL_CONNECTIONS; ++i) + { + close(pre_established_fd[i]); + } + + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_server.c b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_server.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9ca6772e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/polluted_select_server.c @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define PORT 8080 +#define BACKLOG 5 +#define ACK_MSG "Acknowledged\n" +#define N_LISTENERS 24 +#define CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER 10000 +#define INITIAL_CONNECTIONS 50 + +int main() +{ + int listen_fd, client_fd; + struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; + socklen_t client_addr_size; + fd_set read_fds; + int max_fd, ret, pre_established_fds[INITIAL_CONNECTIONS]; + + // Create listening socket + if ((listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) + { + perror("socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &(int){1}, sizeof(int)) < 0) + { + perror("setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR) failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Initialize the server address and bind + memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); + server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); + server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); + + if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("bind failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Listen for incoming connections + if (listen(listen_fd, BACKLOG) < 0) + { + perror("listen failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Accept 50 connections, just for polluting the select + // those 50 connections will not be really touched by this test + for (int i = 0; i < INITIAL_CONNECTIONS; i++) + { + client_addr_size = sizeof(client_addr); + client_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &client_addr_size); + if (client_fd < 0) + { + perror("accept failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + pre_established_fds[i] = client_fd; + } + + // Create a master fd_set, which doesn't change throughout the iterations + fd_set master_fd_set; + FD_ZERO(&master_fd_set); + FD_SET(listen_fd, &master_fd_set); + max_fd = listen_fd; + // add pre-established connections to master_fd_set + for (int k = 0; k < INITIAL_CONNECTIONS; k++) + { + FD_SET(pre_established_fds[k], &master_fd_set); + if (pre_established_fds[k] > max_fd) + { + max_fd = pre_established_fds[k]; + } + } + + // Fork N_LISTENERS child processes + for (int i = 0; i < N_LISTENERS; i++) + { + if (fork() == 0) + { + // Child process + printf("Child started\n"); + + for (int j = 0; j < CONNECTIONS_PER_LISTENER; j++) + { + // Create a working set from the master set + fd_set working_fd_set; + memcpy(&working_fd_set, &master_fd_set, sizeof(fd_set)); + + ret = select(max_fd + 1, &working_fd_set, NULL, NULL, NULL); + + if (ret < 0) + { + perror("select error"); + continue; + } + + if (ret > 0) + { + client_addr_size = sizeof(client_addr); + client_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &client_addr_size); + if (client_fd < 0) + { + perror("accept failed"); + continue; + } + + write(client_fd, ACK_MSG, strlen(ACK_MSG)); + close(client_fd); + } + } + + printf("Child %d finished\n", i); + exit(0); + } + } + + // Parent process: wait chidren to finish + for (int i = 0; i < N_LISTENERS; i++) + { + wait(NULL); + } + + close(listen_fd); + + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept.c b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aedad8eaa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept.c @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define PORT 8080 +#define BACKLOG 5 +#define ACK_MSG "Acknowledged\n" +#define NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS 1e6 + +int main() +{ + int listen_fd, client_fd; + struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr; + socklen_t client_addr_size; + fd_set read_fds; + int max_fd, ret; + int count = 0; + + // Create listening socket + if ((listen_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) + { + perror("socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (setsockopt(listen_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &(int){1}, sizeof(int)) < 0) + { + perror("setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR) failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Initialize the server address and then bind + memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); + server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); + server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); + + if (bind(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("bind failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Listen incoming connections + if (listen(listen_fd, BACKLOG) < 0) + { + perror("listen failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + printf("Server listening on port %d\n", PORT); + fflush(stdout); + + while (count++ < NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS) + { + // Clear and set up the read_fds + FD_ZERO(&read_fds); + FD_SET(listen_fd, &read_fds); + max_fd = listen_fd; + + ret = select(max_fd + 1, &read_fds, NULL, NULL, NULL); + + if (ret < 0) + { + perror("select error"); + continue; + } + + if (ret > 0) + { + // Accept incoming connection + client_addr_size = sizeof(client_addr); + client_fd = accept(listen_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &client_addr_size); + if (client_fd < 0) + { + perror("accept failed"); + continue; + } + + // Send acknowledgment message + write(client_fd, ACK_MSG, strlen(ACK_MSG)); + close(client_fd); + } + } + + close(listen_fd); + + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept_client.c b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept_client.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..60b046d77f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/lamp_stack/profiling/select_accept/select_accept_client.c @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define SERVER_IP "127.0.0.1" +#define SERVER_PORT 8080 +#define NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS 2400000 +#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 + +int main() +{ + int sock; + struct sockaddr_in server_addr; + char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; + ssize_t bytes_received; + + // Initialize server address + memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); + server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; + server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(SERVER_IP); + server_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT); + + for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ROUNDS; ++i) + { + // Create socket + sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + if (sock < 0) + { + perror("socket failed"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + // Connect to server + if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) + { + perror("connect failed"); + close(sock); + continue; + } + + // Receive acknowledgment message + bytes_received = read(sock, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1); + if (bytes_received > 0) + { + buffer[bytes_received] = '\0'; + // printf("Received: %s\n", buffer); + } + else + { + perror("read failed"); + } + + close(sock); + } + + return 0; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep deleted file mode 100644 index 3f28c382af..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -cat test-content/cast | grep "Lebowski" diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep-large b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep-large deleted file mode 100644 index 2e4e0346be..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrep-large +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -cat test-content/wordlist | grep "computer" diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrepwc b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrepwc deleted file mode 100644 index 63efd6cb8e..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catgrepwc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -cat test-content/cast | grep "Lebowski" | wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc deleted file mode 100644 index f81c137584..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -cat test-content/lebowski | wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc-large b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc-large deleted file mode 100644 index b64c8c33fa..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/catwc-large +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -cat test-content/wordlist | wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscat b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscat deleted file mode 100644 index 267db6cc7b..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscat +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -ls test-content | cat diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscatwc b/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscatwc deleted file mode 100644 index f1a0a0e984..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/bash-pipelines/lscatwc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -ls test-content | cat | wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/dd-var.sh b/tests/pipeline-tests/dd-var.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 1ee60eb4e7..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/dd-var.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash - -let size=2**$1 -let size2=2**$2 -dd if=test1gb.txt bs=$size | dd of=testcopy.txt bs=$size2 - diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/bible.txt b/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/bible.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4f86979424..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/bible.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30383 +0,0 @@ -In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. -And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. -And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. -And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. -And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. -And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. -And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. -And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. -And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. -And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. -And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. -And the evening and the morning were the third day. -And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: -And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. -And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. -And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, -And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. -And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. -And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. -And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. -And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. -And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. -And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. -And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. -And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. -So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. -And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. -And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. -And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. -And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. -Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. -And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. -And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. -These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, -And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. -But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. -And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. -And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. -And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. -And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. -The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; -And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. -And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. -And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. -And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. -And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: -But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. -And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. -And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. -And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. -And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; -And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. -And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. -Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. -And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. -Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? -And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: -But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. -And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: -For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. -And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. -And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. -And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden. -And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? -And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself. -And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? -And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. -And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. -And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: -And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel. -Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. -And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; -Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; -In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. -And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living. -Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them. -And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: -Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. -So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life. -And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD. -And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground. -And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD. -And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering: -But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. -And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen? -If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him. -And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him. -And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper? -And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground. -And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand; -When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth. -And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear. -Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me. -And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. -And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. -And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch. -And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad begat Mehujael: and Mehujael begat Methusael: and Methusael begat Lamech. -And Lamech took unto him two wives: the name of the one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah. -And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle. -And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ. -And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructer of every artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubalcain was Naamah. -And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. -If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold. -And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew. -And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD. -This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him; -Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. -And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, and after his image; and called his name Seth: -And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters: -And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died. -And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos: -And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died. -And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan: -And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and five years: and he died. -And Cainan lived seventy years and begat Mahalaleel: -And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Cainan were nine hundred and ten years: and he died. -And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared: -And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died. -And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and he begat Enoch: -And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and he died. -And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: -And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: -And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him. -And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech. -And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. -And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son: -And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed. -And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters: -And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died. -And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth. -And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, -That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. -And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. -There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. -And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. -And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. -And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. -But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD. -These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God. -And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. -The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. -And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. -And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. -Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. -And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. -A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it. -And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die. -But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. -And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. -Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive. -And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them. -Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he. -And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. -Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. -Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth. -For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth. -And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him. -And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. -And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. -Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth, -There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah. -And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. -In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. -And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. -In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; -They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. -And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life. -And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in. -And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth. -And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. -And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. -Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. -And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: -All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. -And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark. -And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days. -And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged; -The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained; -And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. -And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat. -And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen. -And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made: -And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth. -Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; -But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. -And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; -And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. -And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more. -And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry. -And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried. -And God spake unto Noah, saying, -Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. -Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth. -And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him: -Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark. -And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. -And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done. -While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. -And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth. -And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are they delivered. -Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things. -But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat. -And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it, and at the hand of man; at the hand of every man's brother will I require the life of man. -Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man. -And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein. -And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, -And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after you; -And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth. -And I will establish my covenant with you, neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth. -And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations: -I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth. -And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: -And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. -And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth. -And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth. -And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. -These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. -And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard: -And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent. -And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without. -And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness. -And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done unto him. -And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren. -And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. -God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. -And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years. -And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and he died. -Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. -The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. -And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. -And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. -By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations. -And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. -And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtechah: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. -And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth. -He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD. -And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. -Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, -And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city. -And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim, -And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim. -And Canaan begat Sidon his first born, and Heth, -And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite, -And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite, -And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad. -And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha. -These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations. -Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born. -The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram. -And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. -And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber. -And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan. -And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, -And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, -And Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba, -And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan. -And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east. -These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. -These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. -And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. -And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. -And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. -And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. -And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. -And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. -Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. -So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. -Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. -These are the generations of Shem: Shem was an hundred years old, and begat Arphaxad two years after the flood: -And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Arphaxad lived five and thirty years, and begat Salah: -And Arphaxad lived after he begat Salah four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Salah lived thirty years, and begat Eber: -And Salah lived after he begat Eber four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg: -And Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reu: -And Peleg lived after he begat Reu two hundred and nine years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Reu lived two and thirty years, and begat Serug: -And Reu lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Serug lived thirty years, and begat Nahor: -And Serug lived after he begat Nahor two hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and begat Terah: -And Nahor lived after he begat Terah an hundred and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters. -And Terah lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nahor, and Haran. -Now these are the generations of Terah: Terah begat Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran begat Lot. -And Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees. -And Abram and Nahor took them wives: the name of Abram's wife was Sarai; and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah. -But Sarai was barren; she had no child. -And Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran his son's son, and Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram's wife; and they went forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan; and they came unto Haran, and dwelt there. -And the days of Terah were two hundred and five years: and Terah died in Haran. -Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: -And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: -And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed. -So Abram departed, as the LORD had spoken unto him; and Lot went with him: and Abram was seventy and five years old when he departed out of Haran. -And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of Canaan; and into the land of Canaan they came. -And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Sichem, unto the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land. -And the LORD appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I give this land: and there builded he an altar unto the LORD, who appeared unto him. -And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Hai on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the LORD, and called upon the name of the LORD. -And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. -And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was grievous in the land. -And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look upon: -Therefore it shall come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his wife: and they will kill me, but they will save thee alive. -Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister: that it may be well with me for thy sake; and my soul shall live because of thee. -And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman that she was very fair. -The princes also of Pharaoh saw her, and commended her before Pharaoh: and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house. -And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels. -And the LORD plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai Abram's wife. -And Pharaoh called Abram and said, What is this that thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? -Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so I might have taken her to me to wife: now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way. -And Pharaoh commanded his men concerning him: and they sent him away, and his wife, and all that he had. -And Abram went up out of Egypt, he, and his wife, and all that he had, and Lot with him, into the south. -And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. -And he went on his journeys from the south even to Bethel, unto the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Hai; -Unto the place of the altar, which he had make there at the first: and there Abram called on the name of the LORD. -And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks, and herds, and tents. -And the land was not able to bear them, that they might dwell together: for their substance was great, so that they could not dwell together. -And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelled then in the land. -And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. -Is not the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee, from me: if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left. -And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered every where, before the LORD destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, even as the garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt, as thou comest unto Zoar. -Then Lot chose him all the plain of Jordan; and Lot journeyed east: and they separated themselves the one from the other. -Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan, and Lot dwelled in the cities of the plain, and pitched his tent toward Sodom. -But the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly. -And the LORD said unto Abram, after that Lot was separated from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place where thou art northward, and southward, and eastward, and westward: -For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed for ever. -And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth: so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered. -Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it; for I will give it unto thee. -Then Abram removed his tent, and came and dwelt in the plain of Mamre, which is in Hebron, and built there an altar unto the LORD. -And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations; -That these made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar. -All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea. -Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. -And in the fourteenth year came Chedorlaomer, and the kings that were with him, and smote the Rephaims in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzims in Ham, and the Emins in Shaveh Kiriathaim, -And the Horites in their mount Seir, unto Elparan, which is by the wilderness. -And they returned, and came to Enmishpat, which is Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazezontamar. -And there went out the king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar;) and they joined battle with them in the vale of Siddim; -With Chedorlaomer the king of Elam, and with Tidal king of nations, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings with five. -And the vale of Siddim was full of slimepits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and fell there; and they that remained fled to the mountain. -And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their victuals, and went their way. -And they took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who dwelt in Sodom, and his goods, and departed. -And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew; for he dwelt in the plain of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner: and these were confederate with Abram. -And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, he armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan. -And he divided himself against them, he and his servants, by night, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus. -And he brought back all the goods, and also brought again his brother Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people. -And the king of Sodom went out to meet him after his return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer, and of the kings that were with him, at the valley of Shaveh, which is the king's dale. -And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God. -And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high God, possessor of heaven and earth: -And blessed be the most high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all. -And the king of Sodom said unto Abram, Give me the persons, and take the goods to thyself. -And Abram said to the king of Sodom, I have lift up mine hand unto the LORD, the most high God, the possessor of heaven and earth, -That I will not take from a thread even to a shoelatchet, and that I will not take any thing that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I have made Abram rich: -Save only that which the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men which went with me, Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre; let them take their portion. -After these things the word of the LORD came unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward. -And Abram said, LORD God, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus? -And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir. -And, behold, the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, This shall not be thine heir; but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine heir. -And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be. -And he believed in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness. -And he said unto him, I am the LORD that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it. -And he said, LORD God, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it? -And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three years old, and a she goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtledove, and a young pigeon. -And he took unto him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid each piece one against another: but the birds divided he not. -And when the fowls came down upon the carcases, Abram drove them away. -And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him. -And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not their's, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years; -And also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they come out with great substance. -And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age. -But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full. -And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces. -In the same day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates: -The Kenites, and the Kenizzites, and the Kadmonites, -And the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Rephaims, -And the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites. -Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar. -And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai. -And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife. -And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes. -And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee. -But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, thy maid is in thine hand; do to her as it pleaseth thee. And when Sarai dealt hardly with her, she fled from her face. -And the angel of the LORD found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur. -And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress Sarai. -And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands. -And the angel of the LORD said unto her, I will multiply thy seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude. -And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Behold, thou art with child and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; because the LORD hath heard thy affliction. -And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren. -And she called the name of the LORD that spake unto her, Thou God seest me: for she said, Have I also here looked after him that seeth me? -Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered. -And Hagar bare Abram a son: and Abram called his son's name, which Hagar bare, Ishmael. -And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram. -And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. -And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly. -And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying, -As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations. -Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee. -And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee. -And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. -And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God. -And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations. -This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised. -And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you. -And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed. -He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. -And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant. -And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be. -And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people shall be of her. -Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear? -And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee! -And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. -And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. -But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year. -And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham. -And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had said unto him. -And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. -And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. -In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son. -And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him. -And the LORD appeared unto him in the plains of Mamre: and he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; -And he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood by him: and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the ground, -And said, My LORD, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant: -Let a little water, I pray you, be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree: -And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort ye your hearts; after that ye shall pass on: for therefore are ye come to your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said. -And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes upon the hearth. -And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetcht a calf tender and good, and gave it unto a young man; and he hasted to dress it. -And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they did eat. -And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent. -And he said, I will certainly return unto thee according to the time of life; and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard it in the tent door, which was behind him. -Now Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age; and it ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women. -Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also? -And the LORD said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child, which am old? -Is any thing too hard for the LORD? At the time appointed I will return unto thee, according to the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son. -Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. And he said, Nay; but thou didst laugh. -And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went with them to bring them on the way. -And the LORD said, Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do; -Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him? -For I know him, that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do justice and judgment; that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him. -And the LORD said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous; -I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know. -And the men turned their faces from thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before the LORD. -And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with the wicked? -Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city: wilt thou also destroy and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein? -That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? -And the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sakes. -And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, which am but dust and ashes: -Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five? And he said, If I find there forty and five, I will not destroy it. -And he spake unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure there shall be forty found there. And he said, I will not do it for forty's sake. -And he said unto him, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall thirty be found there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there. -And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD: Peradventure there shall be twenty found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for twenty's sake. -And he said, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak yet but this once: Peradventure ten shall be found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for ten's sake. -And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left communing with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place. -And there came two angels to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom: and Lot seeing them rose up to meet them; and he bowed himself with his face toward the ground; -And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your ways. And they said, Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. -And he pressed upon them greatly; and they turned in unto him, and entered into his house; and he made them a feast, and did bake unleavened bread, and they did eat. -But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both old and young, all the people from every quarter: -And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. -And Lot went out at the door unto them, and shut the door after him, -And said, I pray you, brethren, do not so wickedly. -Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore came they under the shadow of my roof. -And they said, Stand back. And they said again, This one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge: now will we deal worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and came near to break the door. -But the men put forth their hand, and pulled Lot into the house to them, and shut to the door. -And they smote the men that were at the door of the house with blindness, both small and great: so that they wearied themselves to find the door. -And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides? son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the city, bring them out of this place: -For we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is waxen great before the face of the LORD; and the LORD hath sent us to destroy it. -And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the LORD will destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons in law. -And when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot, saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two daughters, which are here; lest thou be consumed in the iniquity of the city. -And while he lingered, the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; the LORD being merciful unto him: and they brought him forth, and set him without the city. -And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed. -And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my LORD: -Behold now, thy servant hath found grace in thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou hast shewed unto me in saving my life; and I cannot escape to the mountain, lest some evil take me, and I die: -Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one: Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live. -And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow this city, for the which thou hast spoken. -Haste thee, escape thither; for I cannot do anything till thou be come thither. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar. -The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered into Zoar. -Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; -And he overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground. -But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt. -And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the place where he stood before the LORD: -And he looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the country went up as the smoke of a furnace. -And it came to pass, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in the which Lot dwelt. -And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, and his two daughters with him; for he feared to dwell in Zoar: and he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters. -And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the manner of all the earth: -Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. -And they made their father drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that the firstborn said unto the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight with my father: let us make him drink wine this night also; and go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. -And they made their father drink wine that night also: and the younger arose, and lay with him; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. -Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father. -And the first born bare a son, and called his name Moab: the same is the father of the Moabites unto this day. -And the younger, she also bare a son, and called his name Benammi: the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this day. -And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar. -And Abraham said of Sarah his wife, She is my sister: and Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah. -But God came to Abimelech in a dream by night, and said to him, Behold, thou art but a dead man, for the woman which thou hast taken; for she is a man's wife. -But Abimelech had not come near her: and he said, LORD, wilt thou slay also a righteous nation? -Said he not unto me, She is my sister? and she, even she herself said, He is my brother: in the integrity of my heart and innocency of my hands have I done this. -And God said unto him in a dream, Yea, I know that thou didst this in the integrity of thy heart; for I also withheld thee from sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her. -Now therefore restore the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live: and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine. -Therefore Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his servants, and told all these things in their ears: and the men were sore afraid. -Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said unto him, What hast thou done unto us? and what have I offended thee, that thou hast brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin? thou hast done deeds unto me that ought not to be done. -And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing? -And Abraham said, Because I thought, Surely the fear of God is not in this place; and they will slay me for my wife's sake. -And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. -And it came to pass, when God caused me to wander from my father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness which thou shalt shew unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me, He is my brother. -And Abimelech took sheep, and oxen, and menservants, and womenservants, and gave them unto Abraham, and restored him Sarah his wife. -And Abimelech said, Behold, my land is before thee: dwell where it pleaseth thee. -And unto Sarah he said, Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of silver: behold, he is to thee a covering of the eyes, unto all that are with thee, and with all other: thus she was reproved. -So Abraham prayed unto God: and God healed Abimelech, and his wife, and his maidservants; and they bare children. -For the LORD had fast closed up all the wombs of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah Abraham's wife. -And the LORD visited Sarah as he had said, and the LORD did unto Sarah as he had spoken. -For Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him. -And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac. -And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him. -And Abraham was an hundred years old, when his son Isaac was born unto him. -And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me. -And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that Sarah should have given children suck? for I have born him a son in his old age. -And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned. -And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking. -Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac. -And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight because of his son. -And God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall thy seed be called. -And also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation, because he is thy seed. -And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. -And the water was spent in the bottle, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs. -And she went, and sat her down over against him a good way off, as it were a bow shot: for she said, Let me not see the death of the child. And she sat over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept. -And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar? fear not; for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is. -Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation. -And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink. -And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer. -And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt. -And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phichol the chief captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee in all that thou doest: -Now therefore swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son's son: but according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned. -And Abraham said, I will swear. -And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of a well of water, which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away. -And Abimelech said, I wot not who hath done this thing; neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to day. -And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant. -And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves. -And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves? -And he said, For these seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be a witness unto me, that I have digged this well. -Wherefore he called that place Beersheba; because there they sware both of them. -Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines. -And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God. -And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines' land many days. -And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am. -And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of. -And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told him. -Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off. -And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye here with the ass; and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you. -And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it upon Isaac his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife; and they went both of them together. -And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood: but where is the lamb for a burnt offering? -And Abraham said, My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering: so they went both of them together. -And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood. -And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. -And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I. -And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me. -And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son. -And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovahjireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen. -And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time, -And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son: -That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies; -And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice. -So Abraham returned unto his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beersheba; and Abraham dwelt at Beersheba. -And it came to pass after these things, that it was told Abraham, saying, Behold, Milcah, she hath also born children unto thy brother Nahor; -Huz his firstborn, and Buz his brother, and Kemuel the father of Aram, -And Chesed, and Hazo, and Pildash, and Jidlaph, and Bethuel. -And Bethuel begat Rebekah: these eight Milcah did bear to Nahor, Abraham's brother. -And his concubine, whose name was Reumah, she bare also Tebah, and Gaham, and Thahash, and Maachah. -And Sarah was an hundred and seven and twenty years old: these were the years of the life of Sarah. -And Sarah died in Kirjatharba; the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan: and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her. -And Abraham stood up from before his dead, and spake unto the sons of Heth, saying, -I am a stranger and a sojourner with you: give me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight. -And the children of Heth answered Abraham, saying unto him, -Hear us, my lord: thou art a mighty prince among us: in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy dead; none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead. -And Abraham stood up, and bowed himself to the people of the land, even to the children of Heth. -And he communed with them, saying, If it be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight; hear me, and intreat for me to Ephron the son of Zohar, -That he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end of his field; for as much money as it is worth he shall give it me for a possession of a buryingplace amongst you. -And Ephron dwelt among the children of Heth: and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the audience of the children of Heth, even of all that went in at the gate of his city, saying, -Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee; in the presence of the sons of my people give I it thee: bury thy dead. -And Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land. -And he spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me: I will give thee money for the field; take it of me, and I will bury my dead there. -And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, -My lord, hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver; what is that betwixt me and thee? bury therefore thy dead. -And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant. -And the field of Ephron which was in Machpelah, which was before Mamre, the field, and the cave which was therein, and all the trees that were in the field, that were in all the borders round about, were made sure -Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city. -And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre: the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan. -And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth. -And Abraham was old, and well stricken in age: and the LORD had blessed Abraham in all things. -And Abraham said unto his eldest servant of his house, that ruled over all that he had, Put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh: -And I will make thee swear by the LORD, the God of heaven, and the God of the earth, that thou shalt not take a wife unto my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I dwell: -But thou shalt go unto my country, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son Isaac. -And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman will not be willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son again unto the land from whence thou camest? -And Abraham said unto him, Beware thou that thou bring not my son thither again. -The LORD God of heaven, which took me from my father's house, and from the land of my kindred, and which spake unto me, and that sware unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will I give this land; he shall send his angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife unto my son from thence. -And if the woman will not be willing to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from this my oath: only bring not my son thither again. -And the servant put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master, and sware to him concerning that matter. -And the servant took ten camels of the camels of his master, and departed; for all the goods of his master were in his hand: and he arose, and went to Mesopotamia, unto the city of Nahor. -And he made his camels to kneel down without the city by a well of water at the time of the evening, even the time that women go out to draw water. -And he said O LORD God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day, and shew kindness unto my master Abraham. -Behold, I stand here by the well of water; and the daughters of the men of the city come out to draw water: -And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: let the same be she that thou hast appointed for thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shewed kindness unto my master. -And it came to pass, before he had done speaking, that, behold, Rebekah came out, who was born to Bethuel, son of Milcah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham's brother, with her pitcher upon her shoulder. -And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her: and she went down to the well, and filled her pitcher, and came up. -And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Let me, I pray thee, drink a little water of thy pitcher. -And she said, Drink, my lord: and she hasted, and let down her pitcher upon her hand, and gave him drink. -And when she had done giving him drink, she said, I will draw water for thy camels also, until they have done drinking. -And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran again unto the well to draw water, and drew for all his camels. -And the man wondering at her held his peace, to wit whether the LORD had made his journey prosperous or not. -And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the man took a golden earring of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold; -And said, Whose daughter art thou? tell me, I pray thee: is there room in thy father's house for us to lodge in? -And she said unto him, I am the daughter of Bethuel the son of Milcah, which she bare unto Nahor. -She said moreover unto him, We have both straw and provender enough, and room to lodge in. -And the man bowed down his head, and worshipped the LORD. -And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of my master Abraham, who hath not left destitute my master of his mercy and his truth: I being in the way, the LORD led me to the house of my master's brethren. -And the damsel ran, and told them of her mother's house these things. -And Rebekah had a brother, and his name was Laban: and Laban ran out unto the man, unto the well. -And it came to pass, when he saw the earring and bracelets upon his sister's hands, and when he heard the words of Rebekah his sister, saying, Thus spake the man unto me; that he came unto the man; and, behold, he stood by the camels at the well. -And he said, Come in, thou blessed of the LORD; wherefore standest thou without? for I have prepared the house, and room for the camels. -And the man came into the house: and he ungirded his camels, and gave straw and provender for the camels, and water to wash his feet, and the men's feet that were with him. -And there was set meat before him to eat: but he said, I will not eat, until I have told mine errand. And he said, Speak on. -And he said, I am Abraham's servant. -And the LORD hath blessed my master greatly; and he is become great: and he hath given him flocks, and herds, and silver, and gold, and menservants, and maidservants, and camels, and asses. -And Sarah my master's wife bare a son to my master when she was old: and unto him hath he given all that he hath. -And my master made me swear, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife to my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell: -But thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son. -And I said unto my master, Peradventure the woman will not follow me. -And he said unto me, The LORD, before whom I walk, will send his angel with thee, and prosper thy way; and thou shalt take a wife for my son of my kindred, and of my father's house: -Then shalt thou be clear from this my oath, when thou comest to my kindred; and if they give not thee one, thou shalt be clear from my oath. -And I came this day unto the well, and said, O LORD God of my master Abraham, if now thou do prosper my way which I go: -Behold, I stand by the well of water; and it shall come to pass, that when the virgin cometh forth to draw water, and I say to her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher to drink; -And she say to me, Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels: let the same be the woman whom the LORD hath appointed out for my master's son. -And before I had done speaking in mine heart, behold, Rebekah came forth with her pitcher on her shoulder; and she went down unto the well, and drew water: and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray thee. -And she made haste, and let down her pitcher from her shoulder, and said, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: so I drank, and she made the camels drink also. -And I asked her, and said, Whose daughter art thou? And she said, the daughter of Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bare unto him: and I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets upon her hands. -And I bowed down my head, and worshipped the LORD, and blessed the LORD God of my master Abraham, which had led me in the right way to take my master's brother's daughter unto his son. -And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my master, tell me: and if not, tell me; that I may turn to the right hand, or to the left. -Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing proceedeth from the LORD: we cannot speak unto thee bad or good. -Behold, Rebekah is before thee, take her, and go, and let her be thy master's son's wife, as the LORD hath spoken. -And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard their words, he worshipped the LORD, bowing himself to the earth. -And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment, and gave them to Rebekah: he gave also to her brother and to her mother precious things. -And they did eat and drink, he and the men that were with him, and tarried all night; and they rose up in the morning, and he said, Send me away unto my master. -And her brother and her mother said, Let the damsel abide with us a few days, at the least ten; after that she shall go. -And he said unto them, Hinder me not, seeing the LORD hath prospered my way; send me away that I may go to my master. -And they said, We will call the damsel, and enquire at her mouth. -And they called Rebekah, and said unto her, Wilt thou go with this man? And she said, I will go. -And they sent away Rebekah their sister, and her nurse, and Abraham's servant, and his men. -And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her, Thou art our sister, be thou the mother of thousands of millions, and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. -And Rebekah arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man: and the servant took Rebekah, and went his way. -And Isaac came from the way of the well Lahairoi; for he dwelt in the south country. -And Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide: and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming. -And Rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel. -For she had said unto the servant, What man is this that walketh in the field to meet us? And the servant had said, It is my master: therefore she took a vail, and covered herself. -And the servant told Isaac all things that he had done. -And Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah's tent, and took Rebekah, and she became his wife; and he loved her: and Isaac was comforted after his mother's death. -Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. -And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. -And Jokshan begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. -And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Hanoch, and Abidah, and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah. -And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac. -But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country. -And these are the days of the years of Abraham's life which he lived, an hundred threescore and fifteen years. -Then Abraham gave up the ghost, and died in a good old age, an old man, and full of years; and was gathered to his people. -And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre; -The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth: there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife. -And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that God blessed his son Isaac; and Isaac dwelt by the well Lahairoi. -Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bare unto Abraham: -And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, -And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa, -Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah: -These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their castles; twelve princes according to their nations. -And these are the years of the life of Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years: and he gave up the ghost and died; and was gathered unto his people. -And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria: and he died in the presence of all his brethren. -And these are the generations of Isaac, Abraham's son: Abraham begat Isaac: -And Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah to wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padanaram, the sister to Laban the Syrian. -And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because she was barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived. -And the children struggled together within her; and she said, If it be so, why am I thus? And she went to enquire of the LORD. -And the LORD said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and the one people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younger. -And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled, behold, there were twins in her womb. -And the first came out red, all over like an hairy garment; and they called his name Esau. -And after that came his brother out, and his hand took hold on Esau's heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaac was threescore years old when she bare them. -And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in tents. -And Isaac loved Esau, because he did eat of his venison: but Rebekah loved Jacob. -And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau came from the field, and he was faint: -And Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray thee, with that same red pottage; for I am faint: therefore was his name called Edom. -And Jacob said, Sell me this day thy birthright. -And Esau said, Behold, I am at the point to die: and what profit shall this birthright do to me? -And Jacob said, Swear to me this day; and he sware unto him: and he sold his birthright unto Jacob. -Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: thus Esau despised his birthright. -And there was a famine in the land, beside the first famine that was in the days of Abraham. And Isaac went unto Abimelech king of the Philistines unto Gerar. -And the LORD appeared unto him, and said, Go not down into Egypt; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of: -Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and will bless thee; for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all these countries, and I will perform the oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father; -And I will make thy seed to multiply as the stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed all these countries; and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; -Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws. -And Isaac dwelt in Gerar: -And the men of the place asked him of his wife; and he said, She is my sister: for he feared to say, She is my wife; lest, said he, the men of the place should kill me for Rebekah; because she was fair to look upon. -And it came to pass, when he had been there a long time, that Abimelech king of the Philistines looked out at a window, and saw, and, behold, Isaac was sporting with Rebekah his wife. -And Abimelech called Isaac, and said, Behold, of a surety she is thy wife; and how saidst thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said unto him, Because I said, Lest I die for her. -And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done unto us? one of the people might lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldest have brought guiltiness upon us. -And Abimelech charged all his people, saying, He that toucheth this man or his wife shall surely be put to death. -Then Isaac sowed in that land, and received in the same year an hundredfold: and the LORD blessed him. -And the man waxed great, and went forward, and grew until he became very great: -For he had possession of flocks, and possession of herds, and great store of servants: and the Philistines envied him. -For all the wells which his father's servants had digged in the days of Abraham his father, the Philistines had stopped them, and filled them with earth. -And Abimelech said unto Isaac, Go from us; for thou art much mightier than we. -And Isaac departed thence, and pitched his tent in the valley of Gerar, and dwelt there. -And Isaac digged again the wells of water, which they had digged in the days of Abraham his father; for the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abraham: and he called their names after the names by which his father had called them. -And Isaac's servants digged in the valley, and found there a well of springing water. -And the herdmen of Gerar did strive with Isaac's herdmen, saying, The water is ours: and he called the name of the well Esek; because they strove with him. -And they digged another well, and strove for that also: and he called the name of it Sitnah. -And he removed from thence, and digged another well; and for that they strove not: and he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said, For now the LORD hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land. -And he went up from thence to Beersheba. -And the LORD appeared unto him the same night, and said, I am the God of Abraham thy father: fear not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee, and multiply thy seed for my servant Abraham's sake. -And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well. -Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Ahuzzath one of his friends, and Phichol the chief captain of his army. -And Isaac said unto them, Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me, and have sent me away from you? -And they said, We saw certainly that the LORD was with thee: and we said, Let there be now an oath betwixt us, even betwixt us and thee, and let us make a covenant with thee; -That thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away in peace: thou art now the blessed of the LORD. -And he made them a feast, and they did eat and drink. -And they rose up betimes in the morning, and sware one to another: and Isaac sent them away, and they departed from him in peace. -And it came to pass the same day, that Isaac's servants came, and told him concerning the well which they had digged, and said unto him, We have found water. -And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city is Beersheba unto this day. -And Esau was forty years old when he took to wife Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite: -Which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah. -And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his eldest son, and said unto him, My son: and he said unto him, Behold, here am I. -And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death: -Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; -And make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. -And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. -And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, -Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the LORD before my death. -Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command thee. -Go now to the flock, and fetch me from thence two good kids of the goats; and I will make them savoury meat for thy father, such as he loveth: -And thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may eat, and that he may bless thee before his death. -And Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man: -My father peradventure will feel me, and I shall seem to him as a deceiver; and I shall bring a curse upon me, and not a blessing. -And his mother said unto him, Upon me be thy curse, my son: only obey my voice, and go fetch me them. -And he went, and fetched, and brought them to his mother: and his mother made savoury meat, such as his father loved. -And Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest son Esau, which were with her in the house, and put them upon Jacob her younger son: -And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his hands, and upon the smooth of his neck: -And she gave the savoury meat and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob. -And he came unto his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I; who art thou, my son? -And Jacob said unto his father, I am Esau thy first born; I have done according as thou badest me: arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy soul may bless me. -And Isaac said unto his son, How is it that thou hast found it so quickly, my son? And he said, Because the LORD thy God brought it to me. -And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I pray thee, that I may feel thee, my son, whether thou be my very son Esau or not. -And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he felt him, and said, The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau. -And he discerned him not, because his hands were hairy, as his brother Esau's hands: so he blessed him. -And he said, Art thou my very son Esau? And he said, I am. -And he said, Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless thee. And he brought it near to him, and he did eat: and he brought him wine and he drank. -And his father Isaac said unto him, Come near now, and kiss me, my son. -And he came near, and kissed him: and he smelled the smell of his raiment, and blessed him, and said, See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the LORD hath blessed: -Therefore God give thee of the dew of heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and plenty of corn and wine: -Let people serve thee, and nations bow down to thee: be lord over thy brethren, and let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: cursed be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be he that blesseth thee. -And it came to pass, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting. -And he also had made savoury meat, and brought it unto his father, and said unto his father, Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that thy soul may bless me. -And Isaac his father said unto him, Who art thou? And he said, I am thy son, thy firstborn Esau. -And Isaac trembled very exceedingly, and said, Who? where is he that hath taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before thou camest, and have blessed him? yea, and he shall be blessed. -And when Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with a great and exceeding bitter cry, and said unto his father, Bless me, even me also, O my father. -And he said, Thy brother came with subtilty, and hath taken away thy blessing. -And he said, Is not he rightly named Jacob? for he hath supplanted me these two times: he took away my birthright; and, behold, now he hath taken away my blessing. And he said, Hast thou not reserved a blessing for me? -And Isaac answered and said unto Esau, Behold, I have made him thy lord, and all his brethren have I given to him for servants; and with corn and wine have I sustained him: and what shall I do now unto thee, my son? -And Esau said unto his father, Hast thou but one blessing, my father? bless me, even me also, O my father. And Esau lifted up his voice, and wept. -And Isaac his father answered and said unto him, Behold, thy dwelling shall be the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven from above; -And by thy sword shalt thou live, and shalt serve thy brother; and it shall come to pass when thou shalt have the dominion, that thou shalt break his yoke from off thy neck. -And Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing wherewith his father blessed him: and Esau said in his heart, The days of mourning for my father are at hand; then will I slay my brother Jacob. -And these words of Esau her elder son were told to Rebekah: and she sent and called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him, Behold, thy brother Esau, as touching thee, doth comfort himself, purposing to kill thee. -Now therefore, my son, obey my voice; arise, flee thou to Laban my brother to Haran; -And tarry with him a few days, until thy brother's fury turn away; -Until thy brother's anger turn away from thee, and he forget that which thou hast done to him: then I will send, and fetch thee from thence: why should I be deprived also of you both in one day? -And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these which are of the daughters of the land, what good shall my life do me? -And Isaac called Jacob, and blessed him, and charged him, and said unto him, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of Canaan. -Arise, go to Padanaram, to the house of Bethuel thy mother's father; and take thee a wife from thence of the daughers of Laban thy mother's brother. -And God Almighty bless thee, and make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou mayest be a multitude of people; -And give thee the blessing of Abraham, to thee, and to thy seed with thee; that thou mayest inherit the land wherein thou art a stranger, which God gave unto Abraham. -And Isaac sent away Jacob: and he went to Padanaram unto Laban, son of Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebekah, Jacob's and Esau's mother. -When Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob, and sent him away to Padanaram, to take him a wife from thence; and that as he blessed him he gave him a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughers of Canaan; -And that Jacob obeyed his father and his mother, and was gone to Padanaram; -And Esau seeing that the daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father; -Then went Esau unto Ishmael, and took unto the wives which he had Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael Abraham's son, the sister of Nebajoth, to be his wife. -And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran. -And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there all night, because the sun was set; and he took of the stones of that place, and put them for his pillows, and lay down in that place to sleep. -And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it. -And, behold, the LORD stood above it, and said, I am the LORD God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed; -And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed. -And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of. -And Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the LORD is in this place; and I knew it not. -And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place! this is none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. -And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it. -And he called the name of that place Bethel: but the name of that city was called Luz at the first. -And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on, -So that I come again to my father's house in peace; then shall the LORD be my God: -And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house: and of all that thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee. -Then Jacob went on his journey, and came into the land of the people of the east. -And he looked, and behold a well in the field, and, lo, there were three flocks of sheep lying by it; for out of that well they watered the flocks: and a great stone was upon the well's mouth. -And thither were all the flocks gathered: and they rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the sheep, and put the stone again upon the well's mouth in his place. -And Jacob said unto them, My brethren, whence be ye? And they said, Of Haran are we. -And he said unto them, Know ye Laban the son of Nahor? And they said, We know him. -And he said unto them, Is he well? And they said, He is well: and, behold, Rachel his daughter cometh with the sheep. -And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither is it time that the cattle should be gathered together: water ye the sheep, and go and feed them. -And they said, We cannot, until all the flocks be gathered together, and till they roll the stone from the well's mouth; then we water the sheep. -And while he yet spake with them, Rachel came with her father's sheep; for she kept them. -And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother, that Jacob went near, and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother. -And Jacob kissed Rachel, and lifted up his voice, and wept. -And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's brother, and that he was Rebekah's son: and she ran and told her father. -And it came to pass, when Laban heard the tidings of Jacob his sister's son, that he ran to meet him, and embraced him, and kissed him, and brought him to his house. And he told Laban all these things. -And Laban said to him, Surely thou art my bone and my flesh. And he abode with him the space of a month. -And Laban said unto Jacob, Because thou art my brother, shouldest thou therefore serve me for nought? tell me, what shall thy wages be? -And Laban had two daughters: the name of the elder was Leah, and the name of the younger was Rachel. -Leah was tender eyed; but Rachel was beautiful and well favoured. -And Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter. -And Laban said, It is better that I give her to thee, than that I should give her to another man: abide with me. -And Jacob served seven years for Rachel; and they seemed unto him but a few days, for the love he had to her. -And Jacob said unto Laban, Give me my wife, for my days are fulfilled, that I may go in unto her. -And Laban gathered together all the men of the place, and made a feast. -And it came to pass in the evening, that he took Leah his daughter, and brought her to him; and he went in unto her. -And Laban gave unto his daughter Leah Zilpah his maid for an handmaid. -And it came to pass, that in the morning, behold, it was Leah: and he said to Laban, What is this thou hast done unto me? did not I serve with thee for Rachel? wherefore then hast thou beguiled me? -And Laban said, It must not be so done in our country, to give the younger before the firstborn. -Fulfil her week, and we will give thee this also for the service which thou shalt serve with me yet seven other years. -And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week: and he gave him Rachel his daughter to wife also. -And Laban gave to Rachel his daughter Bilhah his handmaid to be her maid. -And he went in also unto Rachel, and he loved also Rachel more than Leah, and served with him yet seven other years. -And when the LORD saw that Leah was hated, he opened her womb: but Rachel was barren. -And Leah conceived, and bare a son, and she called his name Reuben: for she said, Surely the LORD hath looked upon my affliction; now therefore my husband will love me. -And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Because the LORD hath heard I was hated, he hath therefore given me this son also: and she called his name Simeon. -And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Now this time will my husband be joined unto me, because I have born him three sons: therefore was his name called Levi. -And she conceived again, and bare a son: and she said, Now will I praise the LORD: therefore she called his name Judah; and left bearing. -And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. -And Jacob's anger was kindled against Rachel: and he said, Am I in God's stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? -And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her. -And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife: and Jacob went in unto her. -And Bilhah conceived, and bare Jacob a son. -And Rachel said, God hath judged me, and hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son: therefore called she his name Dan. -And Bilhah Rachel's maid conceived again, and bare Jacob a second son. -And Rachel said, With great wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed: and she called his name Naphtali. -When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she took Zilpah her maid, and gave her Jacob to wife. -And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a son. -And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad. -And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a second son. -And Leah said, Happy am I, for the daughters will call me blessed: and she called his name Asher. -And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes. -And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast taken my husband? and wouldest thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And Rachel said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to night for thy son's mandrakes. -And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I have hired thee with my son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night. -And God hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare Jacob the fifth son. -And Leah said, God hath given me my hire, because I have given my maiden to my husband: and she called his name Issachar. -And Leah conceived again, and bare Jacob the sixth son. -And Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry; now will my husband dwell with me, because I have born him six sons: and she called his name Zebulun. -And afterwards she bare a daughter, and called her name Dinah. -And God remembered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened her womb. -And she conceived, and bare a son; and said, God hath taken away my reproach: -And she called his name Joseph; and said, The LORD shall add to me another son. -And it came to pass, when Rachel had born Joseph, that Jacob said unto Laban, Send me away, that I may go unto mine own place, and to my country. -Give me my wives and my children, for whom I have served thee, and let me go: for thou knowest my service which I have done thee. -And Laban said unto him, I pray thee, if I have found favour in thine eyes, tarry: for I have learned by experience that the LORD hath blessed me for thy sake. -And he said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it. -And he said unto him, Thou knowest how I have served thee, and how thy cattle was with me. -For it was little which thou hadst before I came, and it is now increased unto a multitude; and the LORD hath blessed thee since my coming: and now when shall I provide for mine own house also? -And he said, What shall I give thee? And Jacob said, Thou shalt not give me any thing: if thou wilt do this thing for me, I will again feed and keep thy flock. -I will pass through all thy flock to day, removing from thence all the speckled and spotted cattle, and all the brown cattle among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats: and of such shall be my hire. -So shall my righteousness answer for me in time to come, when it shall come for my hire before thy face: every one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and brown among the sheep, that shall be counted stolen with me. -And Laban said, Behold, I would it might be according to thy word. -And he removed that day the he goats that were ringstraked and spotted, and all the she goats that were speckled and spotted, and every one that had some white in it, and all the brown among the sheep, and gave them into the hand of his sons. -And he set three days' journey betwixt himself and Jacob: and Jacob fed the rest of Laban's flocks. -And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chesnut tree; and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. -And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should conceive when they came to drink. -And the flocks conceived before the rods, and brought forth cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted. -And Jacob did separate the lambs, and set the faces of the flocks toward the ringstraked, and all the brown in the flock of Laban; and he put his own flocks by themselves, and put them not unto Laban's cattle. -And it came to pass, whensoever the stronger cattle did conceive, that Jacob laid the rods before the eyes of the cattle in the gutters, that they might conceive among the rods. -But when the cattle were feeble, he put them not in: so the feebler were Laban's, and the stronger Jacob's. -And the man increased exceedingly, and had much cattle, and maidservants, and menservants, and camels, and asses. -And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father's; and of that which was our father's hath he gotten all this glory. -And Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was not toward him as before. -And the LORD said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee. -And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock, -And said unto them, I see your father's countenance, that it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father hath been with me. -And ye know that with all my power I have served your father. -And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not to hurt me. -If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the cattle bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstraked shall be thy hire; then bare all the cattle ringstraked. -Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given them to me. -And it came to pass at the time that the cattle conceived, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the rams which leaped upon the cattle were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled. -And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob: And I said, Here am I. -And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee. -I am the God of Bethel, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land of thy kindred. -And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's house? -Are we not counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured also our money. -For all the riches which God hath taken from our father, that is ours, and our children's: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do. -Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon camels; -And he carried away all his cattle, and all his goods which he had gotten, the cattle of his getting, which he had gotten in Padanaram, for to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan. -And Laban went to shear his sheep: and Rachel had stolen the images that were her father's. -And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled. -So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead. -And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled. -And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven days' journey; and they overtook him in the mount Gilead. -And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream by night, and said unto him, Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad. -Then Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mount: and Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount of Gilead. -And Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters, as captives taken with the sword? -Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly, and steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp? -And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou hast now done foolishly in so doing. -It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad. -And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods? -And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Peradventure thou wouldest take by force thy daughters from me. -With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them. -And Laban went into Jacob's tent, and into Leah's tent, and into the two maidservants' tents; but he found them not. Then went he out of Leah's tent, and entered into Rachel's tent. -Now Rachel had taken the images, and put them in the camel's furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban searched all the tent, but found them not. -And she said to her father, Let it not displease my lord that I cannot rise up before thee; for the custom of women is upon me. And he searched but found not the images. -And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me? -Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us both. -This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten. -That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by day, or stolen by night. -Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes. -Thus have I been twenty years in thy house; I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy cattle: and thou hast changed my wages ten times. -Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now empty. God hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight. -And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, These daughters are my daughters, and these children are my children, and these cattle are my cattle, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children which they have born? -Now therefore come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee. -And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar. -And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap. -And Laban called it Jegarsahadutha: but Jacob called it Galeed. -And Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed; -And Mizpah; for he said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another. -If thou shalt afflict my daughters, or if thou shalt take other wives beside my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness betwixt me and thee. -And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold this pillar, which I have cast betwixt me and thee: -This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me, for harm. -The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac. -Then Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount, and called his brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night in the mount. -And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place. -And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him. -And when Jacob saw them, he said, This is God's host: and he called the name of that place Mahanaim. -And Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his brother unto the land of Seir, the country of Edom. -And he commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye speak unto my lord Esau; Thy servant Jacob saith thus, I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed there until now: -And I have oxen, and asses, flocks, and menservants, and womenservants: and I have sent to tell my lord, that I may find grace in thy sight. -And the messengers returned to Jacob, saying, We came to thy brother Esau, and also he cometh to meet thee, and four hundred men with him. -Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed: and he divided the people that was with him, and the flocks, and herds, and the camels, into two bands; -And said, If Esau come to the one company, and smite it, then the other company which is left shall escape. -And Jacob said, O God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, the LORD which saidst unto me, Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred, and I will deal well with thee: -I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies, and of all the truth, which thou hast shewed unto thy servant; for with my staff I passed over this Jordan; and now I am become two bands. -Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau: for I fear him, lest he will come and smite me, and the mother with the children. -And thou saidst, I will surely do thee good, and make thy seed as the sand of the sea, which cannot be numbered for multitude. -And he lodged there that same night; and took of that which came to his hand a present for Esau his brother; -Two hundred she goats, and twenty he goats, two hundred ewes, and twenty rams, -Thirty milch camels with their colts, forty kine, and ten bulls, twenty she asses, and ten foals. -And he delivered them into the hand of his servants, every drove by themselves; and said unto his servants, Pass over before me, and put a space betwixt drove and drove. -And he commanded the foremost, saying, When Esau my brother meeteth thee, and asketh thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither goest thou? and whose are these before thee? -Then thou shalt say, They be thy servant Jacob's; it is a present sent unto my lord Esau: and, behold, also he is behind us. -And so commanded he the second, and the third, and all that followed the droves, saying, On this manner shall ye speak unto Esau, when ye find him. -And say ye moreover, Behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us. For he said, I will appease him with the present that goeth before me, and afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of me. -So went the present over before him: and himself lodged that night in the company. -And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and his two womenservants, and his eleven sons, and passed over the ford Jabbok. -And he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent over that he had. -And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. -And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him. -And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. -And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. -And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. -And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there. -And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved. -And as he passed over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he halted upon his thigh. -Therefore the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew that shrank. -And Jacob lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, Esau came, and with him four hundred men. And he divided the children unto Leah, and unto Rachel, and unto the two handmaids. -And he put the handmaids and their children foremost, and Leah and her children after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. -And he passed over before them, and bowed himself to the ground seven times, until he came near to his brother. -And Esau ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him: and they wept. -And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the women and the children; and said, Who are those with thee? And he said, The children which God hath graciously given thy servant. -Then the handmaidens came near, they and their children, and they bowed themselves. -And Leah also with her children came near, and bowed themselves: and after came Joseph near and Rachel, and they bowed themselves. -And he said, What meanest thou by all this drove which I met? And he said, These are to find grace in the sight of my lord. -And Esau said, I have enough, my brother; keep that thou hast unto thyself. -And Jacob said, Nay, I pray thee, if now I have found grace in thy sight, then receive my present at my hand: for therefore I have seen thy face, as though I had seen the face of God, and thou wast pleased with me. -Take, I pray thee, my blessing that is brought to thee; because God hath dealt graciously with me, and because I have enough. And he urged him, and he took it. -And he said, Let us take our journey, and let us go, and I will go before thee. -And he said unto him, My lord knoweth that the children are tender, and the flocks and herds with young are with me: and if men should overdrive them one day, all the flock will die. -Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before his servant: and I will lead on softly, according as the cattle that goeth before me and the children be able to endure, until I come unto my lord unto Seir. -And Esau said, Let me now leave with thee some of the folk that are with me. And he said, What needeth it? let me find grace in the sight of my lord. -So Esau returned that day on his way unto Seir. -And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built him an house, and made booths for his cattle: therefore the name of the place is called Succoth. -And Jacob came to Shalem, a city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Padanaram; and pitched his tent before the city. -And he bought a parcel of a field, where he had spread his tent, at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, for an hundred pieces of money. -And he erected there an altar, and called it EleloheIsrael. -And Dinah the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land. -And when Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of the country, saw her, he took her, and lay with her, and defiled her. -And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spake kindly unto the damsel. -And Shechem spake unto his father Hamor, saying, Get me this damsel to wife. -And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter: now his sons were with his cattle in the field: and Jacob held his peace until they were come. -And Hamor the father of Shechem went out unto Jacob to commune with him. -And the sons of Jacob came out of the field when they heard it: and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth, because he had wrought folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter: which thing ought not to be done. -And Hamor communed with them, saying, The soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter: I pray you give her him to wife. -And make ye marriages with us, and give your daughters unto us, and take our daughters unto you. -And ye shall dwell with us: and the land shall be before you; dwell and trade ye therein, and get you possessions therein. -And Shechem said unto her father and unto her brethren, Let me find grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto me I will give. -Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give according as ye shall say unto me: but give me the damsel to wife. -And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father deceitfully, and said, because he had defiled Dinah their sister: -And they said unto them, We cannot do this thing, to give our sister to one that is uncircumcised; for that were a reproach unto us: -But in this will we consent unto you: If ye will be as we be, that every male of you be circumcised; -Then will we give our daughters unto you, and we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we will become one people. -But if ye will not hearken unto us, to be circumcised; then will we take our daughter, and we will be gone. -And their words pleased Hamor, and Shechem Hamor's son. -And the young man deferred not to do the thing, because he had delight in Jacob's daughter: and he was more honourable than all the house of his father. -And Hamor and Shechem his son came unto the gate of their city, and communed with the men of their city, saying, -These men are peaceable with us; therefore let them dwell in the land, and trade therein; for the land, behold, it is large enough for them; let us take their daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our daughters. -Only herein will the men consent unto us for to dwell with us, to be one people, if every male among us be circumcised, as they are circumcised. -Shall not their cattle and their substance and every beast of their's be our's? only let us consent unto them, and they will dwell with us. -And unto Hamor and unto Shechem his son hearkened all that went out of the gate of his city; and every male was circumcised, all that went out of the gate of his city. -And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore, that two of the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword, and came upon the city boldly, and slew all the males. -And they slew Hamor and Shechem his son with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went out. -The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and spoiled the city, because they had defiled their sister. -They took their sheep, and their oxen, and their asses, and that which was in the city, and that which was in the field, -And all their wealth, and all their little ones, and their wives took they captive, and spoiled even all that was in the house. -And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, Ye have troubled me to make me to stink among the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the Perizzites: and I being few in number, they shall gather themselves together against me, and slay me; and I shall be destroyed, I and my house. -And they said, Should he deal with our sister as with an harlot? -And God said unto Jacob, Arise, go up to Bethel, and dwell there: and make there an altar unto God, that appeared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of Esau thy brother. -Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments: -And let us arise, and go up to Bethel; and I will make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I went. -And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem. -And they journeyed: and the terror of God was upon the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob. -So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of Canaan, that is, Bethel, he and all the people that were with him. -And he built there an altar, and called the place Elbethel: because there God appeared unto him, when he fled from the face of his brother. -But Deborah Rebekah's nurse died, and she was buried beneath Bethel under an oak: and the name of it was called Allonbachuth. -And God appeared unto Jacob again, when he came out of Padanaram, and blessed him. -And God said unto him, Thy name is Jacob: thy name shall not be called any more Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name: and he called his name Israel. -And God said unto him, I am God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come out of thy loins; -And the land which I gave Abraham and Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after thee will I give the land. -And God went up from him in the place where he talked with him. -And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked with him, even a pillar of stone: and he poured a drink offering thereon, and he poured oil thereon. -And Jacob called the name of the place where God spake with him, Bethel. -And they journeyed from Bethel; and there was but a little way to come to Ephrath: and Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour. -And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that the midwife said unto her, Fear not; thou shalt have this son also. -And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she died) that she called his name Benoni: but his father called him Benjamin. -And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. -And Jacob set a pillar upon her grave: that is the pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day. -And Israel journeyed, and spread his tent beyond the tower of Edar. -And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine: and Israel heard it. Now the sons of Jacob were twelve: -The sons of Leah; Reuben, Jacob's firstborn, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun: -The sons of Rachel; Joseph, and Benjamin: -And the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid; Dan, and Naphtali: -And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid: Gad, and Asher: these are the sons of Jacob, which were born to him in Padanaram. -And Jacob came unto Isaac his father unto Mamre, unto the city of Arbah, which is Hebron, where Abraham and Isaac sojourned. -And the days of Isaac were an hundred and fourscore years. -And Isaac gave up the ghost, and died, and was gathered unto his people, being old and full of days: and his sons Esau and Jacob buried him. -Now these are the generations of Esau, who is Edom. -Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan; Adah the daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite; -And Bashemath Ishmael's daughter, sister of Nebajoth. -And Adah bare to Esau Eliphaz; and Bashemath bare Reuel; -And Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah: these are the sons of Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan. -And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all the persons of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all his substance, which he had got in the land of Canaan; and went into the country from the face of his brother Jacob. -For their riches were more than that they might dwell together; and the land wherein they were strangers could not bear them because of their cattle. -Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: Esau is Edom. -And these are the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites in mount Seir: -These are the names of Esau's sons; Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau. -And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. -And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife. -And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. -And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. -These were dukes of the sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn son of Esau; duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz, -Duke Korah, duke Gatam, and duke Amalek: these are the dukes that came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these were the sons of Adah. -And these are the sons of Reuel Esau's son; duke Nahath, duke Zerah, duke Shammah, duke Mizzah: these are the dukes that came of Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. -And these are the sons of Aholibamah Esau's wife; duke Jeush, duke Jaalam, duke Korah: these were the dukes that came of Aholibamah the daughter of Anah, Esau's wife. -These are the sons of Esau, who is Edom, and these are their dukes. -These are the sons of Seir the Horite, who inhabited the land; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, -And Dishon, and Ezer, and Dishan: these are the dukes of the Horites, the children of Seir in the land of Edom. -And the children of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; and Lotan's sister was Timna. -And the children of Shobal were these; Alvan, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shepho, and Onam. -And these are the children of Zibeon; both Ajah, and Anah: this was that Anah that found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed the asses of Zibeon his father. -And the children of Anah were these; Dishon, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah. -And these are the children of Dishon; Hemdan, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran. -The children of Ezer are these; Bilhan, and Zaavan, and Akan. -The children of Dishan are these; Uz, and Aran. -These are the dukes that came of the Horites; duke Lotan, duke Shobal, duke Zibeon, duke Anah, -Duke Dishon, duke Ezer, duke Dishan: these are the dukes that came of Hori, among their dukes in the land of Seir. -And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel. -And Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom: and the name of his city was Dinhabah. -And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in his stead. -And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani reigned in his stead. -And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Avith. -And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. -And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. -And Saul died, and Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his stead. -And Baalhanan the son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Pau; and his wife's name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab. -And these are the names of the dukes that came of Esau, according to their families, after their places, by their names; duke Timnah, duke Alvah, duke Jetheth, -Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, -Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, -Duke Magdiel, duke Iram: these be the dukes of Edom, according to their habitations in the land of their possession: he is Esau the father of the Edomites. -And Jacob dwelt in the land wherein his father was a stranger, in the land of Canaan. -These are the generations of Jacob. Joseph, being seventeen years old, was feeding the flock with his brethren; and the lad was with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives: and Joseph brought unto his father their evil report. -Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age: and he made him a coat of many colours. -And when his brethren saw that their father loved him more than all his brethren, they hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto him. -And Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it his brethren: and they hated him yet the more. -And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this dream which I have dreamed: -For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright; and, behold, your sheaves stood round about, and made obeisance to my sheaf. -And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us? And they hated him yet the more for his dreams, and for his words. -And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me. -And he told it to his father, and to his brethren: and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth? -And his brethren envied him; but his father observed the saying. -And his brethren went to feed their father's flock in Shechem. -And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the flock in Shechem? come, and I will send thee unto them. And he said to him, Here am I. -And he said to him, Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren, and well with the flocks; and bring me word again. So he sent him out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to Shechem. -And a certain man found him, and, behold, he was wandering in the field: and the man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? -And he said, I seek my brethren: tell me, I pray thee, where they feed their flocks. -And the man said, They are departed hence; for I heard them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brethren, and found them in Dothan. -And when they saw him afar off, even before he came near unto them, they conspired against him to slay him. -And they said one to another, Behold, this dreamer cometh. -Come now therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some pit, and we will say, Some evil beast hath devoured him: and we shall see what will become of his dreams. -And Reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands; and said, Let us not kill him. -And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood, but cast him into this pit that is in the wilderness, and lay no hand upon him; that he might rid him out of their hands, to deliver him to his father again. -And it came to pass, when Joseph was come unto his brethren, that they stript Joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours that was on him; -And they took him, and cast him into a pit: and the pit was empty, there was no water in it. -And they sat down to eat bread: and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a company of Ishmeelites came from Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt. -And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his blood? -Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content. -Then there passed by Midianites merchantmen; and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmeelites for twenty pieces of silver: and they brought Joseph into Egypt. -And Reuben returned unto the pit; and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit; and he rent his clothes. -And he returned unto his brethren, and said, The child is not; and I, whither shall I go? -And they took Joseph's coat, and killed a kid of the goats, and dipped the coat in the blood; -And they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it to their father; and said, This have we found: know now whether it be thy son's coat or no. -And he knew it, and said, It is my son's coat; an evil beast hath devoured him; Joseph is without doubt rent in pieces. -And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many days. -And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him. -And the Midianites sold him into Egypt unto Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, and captain of the guard. -And it came to pass at that time, that Judah went down from his brethren, and turned in to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah. -And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name was Shuah; and he took her, and went in unto her. -And she conceived, and bare a son; and he called his name Er. -And she conceived again, and bare a son; and she called his name Onan. -And she yet again conceived, and bare a son; and called his name Shelah: and he was at Chezib, when she bare him. -And Judah took a wife for Er his firstborn, whose name was Tamar. -And Er, Judah's firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD slew him. -And Judah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother's wife, and marry her, and raise up seed to thy brother. -And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to pass, when he went in unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother. -And the thing which he did displeased the LORD: wherefore he slew him also. -Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at thy father's house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father's house. -And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah's wife died; and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite. -And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep. -And she put her widow's garments off from her, and covered her with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was not given unto him to wife. -When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she had covered her face. -And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in unto me? -And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it? -And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is in thine hand. And he gave it her, and came in unto her, and she conceived by him. -And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood. -And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite, to receive his pledge from the woman's hand: but he found her not. -Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no harlot in this place. -And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place. -And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her. -And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her be burnt. -When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and staff. -And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he knew her again no more. -And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb. -And it came to pass, when she travailed, that the one put out his hand: and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first. -And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that, behold, his brother came out: and she said, How hast thou broken forth? this breach be upon thee: therefore his name was called Pharez. -And afterward came out his brother, that had the scarlet thread upon his hand: and his name was called Zarah. -And Joseph was brought down to Egypt; and Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him of the hands of the Ishmeelites, which had brought him down thither. -And the LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man; and he was in the house of his master the Egyptian. -And his master saw that the LORD was with him, and that the LORD made all that he did to prosper in his hand. -And Joseph found grace in his sight, and he served him: and he made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put into his hand. -And it came to pass from the time that he had made him overseer in his house, and over all that he had, that the LORD blessed the Egyptian's house for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of the LORD was upon all that he had in the house, and in the field. -And he left all that he had in Joseph's hand; and he knew not ought he had, save the bread which he did eat. And Joseph was a goodly person, and well favoured. -And it came to pass after these things, that his master's wife cast her eyes upon Joseph; and she said, Lie with me. -But he refused, and said unto his master's wife, Behold, my master wotteth not what is with me in the house, and he hath committed all that he hath to my hand; -There is none greater in this house than I; neither hath he kept back any thing from me but thee, because thou art his wife: how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God? -And it came to pass, as she spake to Joseph day by day, that he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her, or to be with her. -And it came to pass about this time, that Joseph went into the house to do his business; and there was none of the men of the house there within. -And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie with me: and he left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got him out. -And it came to pass, when she saw that he had left his garment in her hand, and was fled forth, -That she called unto the men of her house, and spake unto them, saying, See, he hath brought in an Hebrew unto us to mock us; he came in unto me to lie with me, and I cried with a loud voice: -And it came to pass, when he heard that I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment with me, and fled, and got him out. -And she laid up his garment by her, until his lord came home. -And she spake unto him according to these words, saying, The Hebrew servant, which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto me to mock me: -And it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment with me, and fled out. -And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of his wife, which she spake unto him, saying, After this manner did thy servant to me; that his wrath was kindled. -And Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, a place where the king's prisoners were bound: and he was there in the prison. -But the LORD was with Joseph, and shewed him mercy, and gave him favour in the sight of the keeper of the prison. -And the keeper of the prison committed to Joseph's hand all the prisoners that were in the prison; and whatsoever they did there, he was the doer of it. -The keeper of the prison looked not to any thing that was under his hand; because the LORD was with him, and that which he did, the LORD made it to prosper. -And it came to pass after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker had offended their lord the king of Egypt. -And Pharaoh was wroth against two of his officers, against the chief of the butlers, and against the chief of the bakers. -And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard, into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound. -And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them, and he served them: and they continued a season in ward. -And they dreamed a dream both of them, each man his dream in one night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the butler and the baker of the king of Egypt, which were bound in the prison. -And Joseph came in unto them in the morning, and looked upon them, and, behold, they were sad. -And he asked Pharaoh's officers that were with him in the ward of his lord's house, saying, Wherefore look ye so sadly to day? -And they said unto him, We have dreamed a dream, and there is no interpreter of it. And Joseph said unto them, Do not interpretations belong to God? tell me them, I pray you. -And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, In my dream, behold, a vine was before me; -And in the vine were three branches: and it was as though it budded, and her blossoms shot forth; and the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes: -And Pharaoh's cup was in my hand: and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand. -And Joseph said unto him, This is the interpretation of it: The three branches are three days: -Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and restore thee unto thy place: and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler. -But think on me when it shall be well with thee, and shew kindness, I pray thee, unto me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house: -For indeed I was stolen away out of the land of the Hebrews: and here also have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon. -When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said unto Joseph, I also was in my dream, and, behold, I had three white baskets on my head: -And in the uppermost basket there was of all manner of bakemeats for Pharaoh; and the birds did eat them out of the basket upon my head. -And Joseph answered and said, This is the interpretation thereof: The three baskets are three days: -Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree; and the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee. -And it came to pass the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head of the chief butler and of the chief baker among his servants. -And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand: -But he hanged the chief baker: as Joseph had interpreted to them. -Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but forgat him. -And it came to pass at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and, behold, he stood by the river. -And, behold, there came up out of the river seven well favoured kine and fatfleshed; and they fed in a meadow. -And, behold, seven other kine came up after them out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed; and stood by the other kine upon the brink of the river. -And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat up the seven well favoured and fat kine. So Pharaoh awoke. -And he slept and dreamed the second time: and, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good. -And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind sprung up after them. -And the seven thin ears devoured the seven rank and full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and, behold, it was a dream. -And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled; and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh. -Then spake the chief butler unto Pharaoh, saying, I do remember my faults this day: -Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and put me in ward in the captain of the guard's house, both me and the chief baker: -And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he; we dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream. -And there was there with us a young man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard; and we told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams; to each man according to his dream he did interpret. -And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was; me he restored unto mine office, and him he hanged. -Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon: and he shaved himself, and changed his raiment, and came in unto Pharaoh. -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I have dreamed a dream, and there is none that can interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that thou canst understand a dream to interpret it. -And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, It is not in me: God shall give Pharaoh an answer of peace. -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, In my dream, behold, I stood upon the bank of the river: -And, behold, there came up out of the river seven kine, fatfleshed and well favoured; and they fed in a meadow: -And, behold, seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for badness: -And the lean and the ill favoured kine did eat up the first seven fat kine: -And when they had eaten them up, it could not be known that they had eaten them; but they were still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke. -And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears came up in one stalk, full and good: -And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them: -And the thin ears devoured the seven good ears: and I told this unto the magicians; but there was none that could declare it to me. -And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The dream of Pharaoh is one: God hath shewed Pharaoh what he is about to do. -The seven good kine are seven years; and the seven good ears are seven years: the dream is one. -And the seven thin and ill favoured kine that came up after them are seven years; and the seven empty ears blasted with the east wind shall be seven years of famine. -This is the thing which I have spoken unto Pharaoh: What God is about to do he sheweth unto Pharaoh. -Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt: -And there shall arise after them seven years of famine; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt; and the famine shall consume the land; -And the plenty shall not be known in the land by reason of that famine following; for it shall be very grievous. -And for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass. -Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. -Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint officers over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous years. -And let them gather all the food of those good years that come, and lay up corn under the hand of Pharaoh, and let them keep food in the cities. -And that food shall be for store to the land against the seven years of famine, which shall be in the land of Egypt; that the land perish not through the famine. -And the thing was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants. -And Pharaoh said unto his servants, Can we find such a one as this is, a man in whom the Spirit of God is? -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Forasmuch as God hath shewed thee all this, there is none so discreet and wise as thou art: -Thou shalt be over my house, and according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the throne will I be greater than thou. -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt. -And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck; -And he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had; and they cried before him, Bow the knee: and he made him ruler over all the land of Egypt. -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt. -And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave him to wife Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On. And Joseph went out over all the land of Egypt. -And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. -And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by handfuls. -And he gathered up all the food of the seven years, which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was round about every city, laid he up in the same. -And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left numbering; for it was without number. -And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. -And Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh: For God, said he, hath made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house. -And the name of the second called he Ephraim: For God hath caused me to be fruitful in the land of my affliction. -And the seven years of plenteousness, that was in the land of Egypt, were ended. -And the seven years of dearth began to come, according as Joseph had said: and the dearth was in all lands; but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. -And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do. -And the famine was over all the face of the earth: and Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians; and the famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt. -And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because that the famine was so sore in all lands. -Now when Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, Jacob said unto his sons, Why do ye look one upon another? -And he said, Behold, I have heard that there is corn in Egypt: get you down thither, and buy for us from thence; that we may live, and not die. -And Joseph's ten brethren went down to buy corn in Egypt. -But Benjamin, Joseph's brother, Jacob sent not with his brethren; for he said, Lest peradventure mischief befall him. -And the sons of Israel came to buy corn among those that came: for the famine was in the land of Canaan. -And Joseph was the governor over the land, and he it was that sold to all the people of the land: and Joseph's brethren came, and bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth. -And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew them, but made himself strange unto them, and spake roughly unto them; and he said unto them, Whence come ye? And they said, From the land of Canaan to buy food. -And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him. -And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. -And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy food are thy servants come. -We are all one man's sons; we are true men, thy servants are no spies. -And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. -And they said, Thy servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is not. -And Joseph said unto them, That is it that I spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies: -Hereby ye shall be proved: By the life of Pharaoh ye shall not go forth hence, except your youngest brother come hither. -Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother, and ye shall be kept in prison, that your words may be proved, whether there be any truth in you: or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies. -And he put them all together into ward three days. -And Joseph said unto them the third day, This do, and live; for I fear God: -If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound in the house of your prison: go ye, carry corn for the famine of your houses: -But bring your youngest brother unto me; so shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die. And they did so. -And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us. -And Reuben answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore, behold, also his blood is required. -And they knew not that Joseph understood them; for he spake unto them by an interpreter. -And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and returned to them again, and communed with them, and took from them Simeon, and bound him before their eyes. -Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to restore every man's money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way: and thus did he unto them. -And they laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence. -And as one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, he espied his money; for, behold, it was in his sack's mouth. -And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their heart failed them, and they were afraid, saying one to another, What is this that God hath done unto us? -And they came unto Jacob their father unto the land of Canaan, and told him all that befell unto them; saying, -The man, who is the lord of the land, spake roughly to us, and took us for spies of the country. -And we said unto him, We are true men; we are no spies: -We be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land of Canaan. -And the man, the lord of the country, said unto us, Hereby shall I know that ye are true men; leave one of your brethren here with me, and take food for the famine of your households, and be gone: -And bring your youngest brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall traffick in the land. -And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid. -And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away: all these things are against me. -And Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him to thee again. -And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. -And the famine was sore in the land. -And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the corn which they had brought out of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again, buy us a little food. -And Judah spake unto him, saying, The man did solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with you. -If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down and buy thee food: -But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down: for the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with you. -And Israel said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to tell the man whether ye had yet a brother? -And they said, The man asked us straitly of our state, and of our kindred, saying, Is your father yet alive? have ye another brother? and we told him according to the tenor of these words: could we certainly know that he would say, Bring your brother down? -And Judah said unto Israel his father, Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go; that we may live, and not die, both we, and thou, and also our little ones. -I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt thou require him: if I bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee, then let me bear the blame for ever: -For except we had lingered, surely now we had returned this second time. -And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in the land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds: -And take double money in your hand; and the money that was brought again in the mouth of your sacks, carry it again in your hand; peradventure it was an oversight: -Take also your brother, and arise, go again unto the man: -And God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your other brother, and Benjamin. If I be bereaved of my children, I am bereaved. -And the men took that present, and they took double money in their hand and Benjamin; and rose up, and went down to Egypt, and stood before Joseph. -And when Joseph saw Benjamin with them, he said to the ruler of his house, Bring these men home, and slay, and make ready; for these men shall dine with me at noon. -And the man did as Joseph bade; and the man brought the men into Joseph's house. -And the men were afraid, because they were brought into Joseph's house; and they said, Because of the money that was returned in our sacks at the first time are we brought in; that he may seek occasion against us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen, and our asses. -And they came near to the steward of Joseph's house, and they communed with him at the door of the house, -And said, O sir, we came indeed down at the first time to buy food: -And it came to pass, when we came to the inn, that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money in full weight: and we have brought it again in our hand. -And other money have we brought down in our hands to buy food: we cannot tell who put our money in our sacks. -And he said, Peace be to you, fear not: your God, and the God of your father, hath given you treasure in your sacks: I had your money. And he brought Simeon out unto them. -And the man brought the men into Joseph's house, and gave them water, and they washed their feet; and he gave their asses provender. -And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon: for they heard that they should eat bread there. -And when Joseph came home, they brought him the present which was in their hand into the house, and bowed themselves to him to the earth. -And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive? -And they answered, Thy servant our father is in good health, he is yet alive. And they bowed down their heads, and made obeisance. -And he lifted up his eyes, and saw his brother Benjamin, his mother's son, and said, Is this your younger brother, of whom ye spake unto me? And he said, God be gracious unto thee, my son. -And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there. -And he washed his face, and went out, and refrained himself, and said, Set on bread. -And they set on for him by himself, and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians, which did eat with him, by themselves: because the Egyptians might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an abomination unto the Egyptians. -And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth: and the men marvelled one at another. -And he took and sent messes unto them from before him: but Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of their's. And they drank, and were merry with him. -And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, Fill the men's sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put every man's money in his sack's mouth. -And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. -As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away, they and their asses. -And when they were gone out of the city, and not yet far off, Joseph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the men; and when thou dost overtake them, say unto them, Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good? -Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby indeed he divineth? ye have done evil in so doing. -And he overtook them, and he spake unto them these same words. -And they said unto him, Wherefore saith my lord these words? God forbid that thy servants should do according to this thing: -Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought again unto thee out of the land of Canaan: how then should we steal out of thy lord's house silver or gold? -With whomsoever of thy servants it be found, both let him die, and we also will be my lord's bondmen. -And he said, Now also let it be according unto your words: he with whom it is found shall be my servant; and ye shall be blameless. -Then they speedily took down every man his sack to the ground, and opened every man his sack. -And he searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the youngest: and the cup was found in Benjamin's sack. -Then they rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and returned to the city. -And Judah and his brethren came to Joseph's house; for he was yet there: and they fell before him on the ground. -And Joseph said unto them, What deed is this that ye have done? wot ye not that such a man as I can certainly divine? -And Judah said, What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants: behold, we are my lord's servants, both we, and he also with whom the cup is found. -And he said, God forbid that I should do so: but the man in whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my servant; and as for you, get you up in peace unto your father. -Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou art even as Pharaoh. -My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a father, or a brother? -And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother, and his father loveth him. -And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto me, that I may set mine eyes upon him. -And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave his father: for if he should leave his father, his father would die. -And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your youngest brother come down with you, ye shall see my face no more. -And it came to pass when we came up unto thy servant my father, we told him the words of my lord. -And our father said, Go again, and buy us a little food. -And we said, We cannot go down: if our youngest brother be with us, then will we go down: for we may not see the man's face, except our youngest brother be with us. -And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my wife bare me two sons: -And the one went out from me, and I said, Surely he is torn in pieces; and I saw him not since: -And if ye take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. -Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, and the lad be not with us; seeing that his life is bound up in the lad's life; -It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave. -For thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father, saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the blame to my father for ever. -Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren. -For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me? lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father. -Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from me. And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren. -And he wept aloud: and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard. -And Joseph said unto his brethren, I am Joseph; doth my father yet live? And his brethren could not answer him; for they were troubled at his presence. -And Joseph said unto his brethren, Come near to me, I pray you. And they came near. And he said, I am Joseph your brother, whom ye sold into Egypt. -Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither: for God did send me before you to preserve life. -For these two years hath the famine been in the land: and yet there are five years, in the which there shall neither be earing nor harvest. -And God sent me before you to preserve you a posterity in the earth, and to save your lives by a great deliverance. -So now it was not you that sent me hither, but God: and he hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler throughout all the land of Egypt. -Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto him, Thus saith thy son Joseph, God hath made me lord of all Egypt: come down unto me, tarry not: -And thou shalt dwell in the land of Goshen, and thou shalt be near unto me, thou, and thy children, and thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou hast: -And there will I nourish thee; for yet there are five years of famine; lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, come to poverty. -And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin, that it is my mouth that speaketh unto you. -And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt, and of all that ye have seen; and ye shall haste and bring down my father hither. -And he fell upon his brother Benjamin's neck, and wept; and Benjamin wept upon his neck. -Moreover he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon them: and after that his brethren talked with him. -And the fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, saying, Joseph's brethren are come: and it pleased Pharaoh well, and his servants. -And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Say unto thy brethren, This do ye; lade your beasts, and go, get you unto the land of Canaan; -And take your father and your households, and come unto me: and I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the fat of the land. -Now thou art commanded, this do ye; take you wagons out of the land of Egypt for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring your father, and come. -Also regard not your stuff; for the good of all the land of Egypt is your's. -And the children of Israel did so: and Joseph gave them wagons, according to the commandment of Pharaoh, and gave them provision for the way. -To all of them he gave each man changes of raiment; but to Benjamin he gave three hundred pieces of silver, and five changes of raiment. -And to his father he sent after this manner; ten asses laden with the good things of Egypt, and ten she asses laden with corn and bread and meat for his father by the way. -So he sent his brethren away, and they departed: and he said unto them, See that ye fall not out by the way. -And they went up out of Egypt, and came into the land of Canaan unto Jacob their father, -And told him, saying, Joseph is yet alive, and he is governor over all the land of Egypt. And Jacob's heart fainted, for he believed them not. -And they told him all the words of Joseph, which he had said unto them: and when he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry him, the spirit of Jacob their father revived: -And Israel said, It is enough; Joseph my son is yet alive: I will go and see him before I die. -And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father Isaac. -And God spake unto Israel in the visions of the night, and said, Jacob, Jacob. And he said, Here am I. -And he said, I am God, the God of thy father: fear not to go down into Egypt; for I will there make of thee a great nation: -I will go down with thee into Egypt; and I will also surely bring thee up again: and Joseph shall put his hand upon thine eyes. -And Jacob rose up from Beersheba: and the sons of Israel carried Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. -And they took their cattle, and their goods, which they had gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob, and all his seed with him: -His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters, and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with him into Egypt. -And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn. -And the sons of Reuben; Hanoch, and Phallu, and Hezron, and Carmi. -And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman. -And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. -And the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Pharez, and Zarah: but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And the sons of Pharez were Hezron and Hamul. -And the sons of Issachar; Tola, and Phuvah, and Job, and Shimron. -And the sons of Zebulun; Sered, and Elon, and Jahleel. -These be the sons of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob in Padanaram, with his daughter Dinah: all the souls of his sons and his daughters were thirty and three. -And the sons of Gad; Ziphion, and Haggi, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri, and Arodi, and Areli. -And the sons of Asher; Jimnah, and Ishuah, and Isui, and Beriah, and Serah their sister: and the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel. -These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to Leah his daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls. -The sons of Rachel Jacob's wife; Joseph, and Benjamin. -And unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. -And the sons of Benjamin were Belah, and Becher, and Ashbel, Gera, and Naaman, Ehi, and Rosh, Muppim, and Huppim, and Ard. -These are the sons of Rachel, which were born to Jacob: all the souls were fourteen. -And the sons of Dan; Hushim. -And the sons of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shillem. -These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave unto Rachel his daughter, and she bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven. -All the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt, which came out of his loins, besides Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were threescore and six; -And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt, were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten. -And he sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen; and they came into the land of Goshen. -And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel his father, to Goshen, and presented himself unto him; and he fell on his neck, and wept on his neck a good while. -And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let me die, since I have seen thy face, because thou art yet alive. -And Joseph said unto his brethren, and unto his father's house, I will go up, and shew Pharaoh, and say unto him, My brethren, and my father's house, which were in the land of Canaan, are come unto me; -And the men are shepherds, for their trade hath been to feed cattle; and they have brought their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have. -And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and shall say, What is your occupation? -That ye shall say, Thy servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and also our fathers: that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians. -Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh, and said, My father and my brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan; and, behold, they are in the land of Goshen. -And he took some of his brethren, even five men, and presented them unto Pharaoh. -And Pharaoh said unto his brethren, What is your occupation? And they said unto Pharaoh, Thy servants are shepherds, both we, and also our fathers. -They said morever unto Pharaoh, For to sojourn in the land are we come; for thy servants have no pasture for their flocks; for the famine is sore in the land of Canaan: now therefore, we pray thee, let thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen. -And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: -The land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over my cattle. -And Joseph brought in Jacob his father, and set him before Pharaoh: and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. -And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old art thou? -And Jacob said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years: few and evil have the days of the years of my life been, and have not attained unto the days of the years of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage. -And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before Pharaoh. -And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded. -And Joseph nourished his father, and his brethren, and all his father's household, with bread, according to their families. -And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very sore, so that the land of Egypt and all the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine. -And Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the corn which they bought: and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's house. -And when money failed in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians came unto Joseph, and said, Give us bread: for why should we die in thy presence? for the money faileth. -And Joseph said, Give your cattle; and I will give you for your cattle, if money fail. -And they brought their cattle unto Joseph: and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for horses, and for the flocks, and for the cattle of the herds, and for the asses: and he fed them with bread for all their cattle for that year. -When that year was ended, they came unto him the second year, and said unto him, We will not hide it from my lord, how that our money is spent; my lord also hath our herds of cattle; there is not ought left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies, and our lands: -Wherefore shall we die before thine eyes, both we and our land? buy us and our land for bread, and we and our land will be servants unto Pharaoh: and give us seed, that we may live, and not die, that the land be not desolate. -And Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh; for the Egyptians sold every man his field, because the famine prevailed over them: so the land became Pharaoh's. -And as for the people, he removed them to cities from one end of the borders of Egypt even to the other end thereof. -Only the land of the priests bought he not; for the priests had a portion assigned them of Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which Pharaoh gave them: wherefore they sold not their lands. -Then Joseph said unto the people, Behold, I have bought you this day and your land for Pharaoh: lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall sow the land. -And it shall come to pass in the increase, that ye shall give the fifth part unto Pharaoh, and four parts shall be your own, for seed of the field, and for your food, and for them of your households, and for food for your little ones. -And they said, Thou hast saved our lives: let us find grace in the sight of my lord, and we will be Pharaoh's servants. -And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the priests only, which became not Pharaoh's. -And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the country of Goshen; and they had possessions therein, and grew, and multiplied exceedingly. -And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years: so the whole age of Jacob was an hundred forty and seven years. -And the time drew nigh that Israel must die: and he called his son Joseph, and said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly with me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt: -But I will lie with my fathers, and thou shalt carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in their buryingplace. And he said, I will do as thou hast said. -And he said, Swear unto me. And he sware unto him. And Israel bowed himself upon the bed's head. -And it came to pass after these things, that one told Joseph, Behold, thy father is sick: and he took with him his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. -And one told Jacob, and said, Behold, thy son Joseph cometh unto thee: and Israel strengthened himself, and sat upon the bed. -And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, -And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a multitude of people; and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting possession. -And now thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which were born unto thee in the land of Egypt before I came unto thee into Egypt, are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. -And thy issue, which thou begettest after them, shall be thine, and shall be called after the name of their brethren in their inheritance. -And as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by me in the land of Canaan in the way, when yet there was but a little way to come unto Ephrath: and I buried her there in the way of Ephrath; the same is Bethlehem. -And Israel beheld Joseph's sons, and said, Who are these? -And Joseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom God hath given me in this place. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee, unto me, and I will bless them. -Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not see. And he brought them near unto him; and he kissed them, and embraced them. -And Israel said unto Joseph, I had not thought to see thy face: and, lo, God hath shewed me also thy seed. -And Joseph brought them out from between his knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth. -And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near unto him. -And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the firstborn. -And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all my life long unto this day, -The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth. -And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him: and he held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's head. -And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head. -And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations. -And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel bless, saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh: and he set Ephraim before Manasseh. -And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers. -Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow. -And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. -Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your father. -Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power: -Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father's bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch. -Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations. -O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their selfwill they digged down a wall. -Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel. -Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow down before thee. -Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? -The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. -Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes: -His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk. -Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon. -Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens: -And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute. -Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. -Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward. -I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD. -Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the last. -Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties. -Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words. -Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall: -The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him: -But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:) -Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb: -The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren. -Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil. -All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that their father spake unto them, and blessed them; every one according to his blessing he blessed them. -And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite, -In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace. -There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah. -The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth. -And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people. -And Joseph fell upon his father's face, and wept upon him, and kissed him. -And Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father: and the physicians embalmed Israel. -And forty days were fulfilled for him; for so are fulfilled the days of those which are embalmed: and the Egyptians mourned for him threescore and ten days. -And when the days of his mourning were past, Joseph spake unto the house of Pharaoh, saying, If now I have found grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of Pharaoh, saying, -My father made me swear, saying, Lo, I die: in my grave which I have digged for me in the land of Canaan, there shalt thou bury me. Now therefore let me go up, I pray thee, and bury my father, and I will come again. -And Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury thy father, according as he made thee swear. -And Joseph went up to bury his father: and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, -And all the house of Joseph, and his brethren, and his father's house: only their little ones, and their flocks, and their herds, they left in the land of Goshen. -And there went up with him both chariots and horsemen: and it was a very great company. -And they came to the threshingfloor of Atad, which is beyond Jordan, and there they mourned with a great and very sore lamentation: and he made a mourning for his father seven days. -And when the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the floor of Atad, they said, This is a grievous mourning to the Egyptians: wherefore the name of it was called Abelmizraim, which is beyond Jordan. -And his sons did unto him according as he commanded them: -For his sons carried him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the field for a possession of a buryingplace of Ephron the Hittite, before Mamre. -And Joseph returned into Egypt, he, and his brethren, and all that went up with him to bury his father, after he had buried his father. -And when Joseph's brethren saw that their father was dead, they said, Joseph will peradventure hate us, and will certainly requite us all the evil which we did unto him. -And they sent a messenger unto Joseph, saying, Thy father did command before he died, saying, -So shall ye say unto Joseph, Forgive, I pray thee now, the trespass of thy brethren, and their sin; for they did unto thee evil: and now, we pray thee, forgive the trespass of the servants of the God of thy father. And Joseph wept when they spake unto him. -And his brethren also went and fell down before his face; and they said, Behold, we be thy servants. -And Joseph said unto them, Fear not: for am I in the place of God? -But as for you, ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive. -Now therefore fear ye not: I will nourish you, and your little ones. And he comforted them, and spake kindly unto them. -And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he, and his father's house: and Joseph lived an hundred and ten years. -And Joseph saw Ephraim's children of the third generation: the children also of Machir the son of Manasseh were brought up upon Joseph's knees. -And Joseph said unto his brethren, I die: and God will surely visit you, and bring you out of this land unto the land which he sware to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. -And Joseph took an oath of the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you, and ye shall carry up my bones from hence. -So Joseph died, being an hundred and ten years old: and they embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt. -Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob. -Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, -Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, -Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. -And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already. -And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. -And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them. -Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph. -And he said unto his people, Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we: -Come on, let us deal wisely with them; lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there falleth out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us, and so get them up out of the land. -Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses. -But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew. And they were grieved because of the children of Israel. -And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour: -And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour. -And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah: -And he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall kill him: but if it be a daughter, then she shall live. -But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive. -And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why have ye done this thing, and have saved the men children alive? -And the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them. -Therefore God dealt well with the midwives: and the people multiplied, and waxed very mighty. -And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he made them houses. -And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive. -And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi. -And the woman conceived, and bare a son: and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months. -And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child therein; and she laid it in the flags by the river's brink. -And his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him. -And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river; and her maidens walked along by the river's side; and when she saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it. -And when she had opened it, she saw the child: and, behold, the babe wept. And she had compassion on him, and said, This is one of the Hebrews' children. -Then said his sister to Pharaoh's daughter, Shall I go and call to thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee? -And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, Go. And the maid went and called the child's mother. -And Pharaoh's daughter said unto her, Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages. And the women took the child, and nursed it. -And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. And she called his name Moses: and she said, Because I drew him out of the water. -And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out unto his brethren, and looked on their burdens: and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren. -And he looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there was no man, he slew the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand. -And when he went out the second day, behold, two men of the Hebrews strove together: and he said to him that did the wrong, Wherefore smitest thou thy fellow? -And he said, Who made thee a prince and a judge over us? intendest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? And Moses feared, and said, Surely this thing is known. -Now when Pharaoh heard this thing, he sought to slay Moses. But Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh, and dwelt in the land of Midian: and he sat down by a well. -Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters: and they came and drew water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock. -And the shepherds came and drove them away: but Moses stood up and helped them, and watered their flock. -And when they came to Reuel their father, he said, How is it that ye are come so soon to day? -And they said, An Egyptian delivered us out of the hand of the shepherds, and also drew water enough for us, and watered the flock. -And he said unto his daughters, And where is he? why is it that ye have left the man? call him, that he may eat bread. -And Moses was content to dwell with the man: and he gave Moses Zipporah his daughter. -And she bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land. -And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage. -And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. -And God looked upon the children of Israel, and God had respect unto them. -Now Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in law, the priest of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert, and came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb. -And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. -And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. -And when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. And he said, Here am I. -And he said, Draw not nigh hither: put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. -Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God. -And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; -And I am come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites. -Now therefore, behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come unto me: and I have also seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians oppress them. -Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth my people the children of Israel out of Egypt. -And Moses said unto God, Who am I, that I should go unto Pharaoh, and that I should bring forth the children of Israel out of Egypt? -And he said, Certainly I will be with thee; and this shall be a token unto thee, that I have sent thee: When thou hast brought forth the people out of Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain. -And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them? -And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you. -And God said moreover unto Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, the LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations. -Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and say unto them, The LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, appeared unto me, saying, I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt: -And I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt unto the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, unto a land flowing with milk and honey. -And they shall hearken to thy voice: and thou shalt come, thou and the elders of Israel, unto the king of Egypt, and ye shall say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath met with us: and now let us go, we beseech thee, three days' journey into the wilderness, that we may sacrifice to the LORD our God. -And I am sure that the king of Egypt will not let you go, no, not by a mighty hand. -And I will stretch out my hand, and smite Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will let you go. -And I will give this people favour in the sight of the Egyptians: and it shall come to pass, that, when ye go, ye shall not go empty. -But every woman shall borrow of her neighbour, and of her that sojourneth in her house, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment: and ye shall put them upon your sons, and upon your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians. -And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not appeared unto thee. -And the LORD said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he said, A rod. -And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a rod in his hand: -That they may believe that the LORD God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee. -And the LORD said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow. -And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as his other flesh. -And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign. -And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land. -And Moses said unto the LORD, O my LORD, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue. -And the LORD said unto him, Who hath made man's mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the LORD? -Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say. -And he said, O my LORD, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send. -And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart. -And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do. -And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God. -And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs. -And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace. -And the LORD said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life. -And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand. -And the LORD said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go. -And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD, Israel is my son, even my firstborn: -And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn. -And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the LORD met him, and sought to kill him. -Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art thou to me. -So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art, because of the circumcision. -And the LORD said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him. -And Moses told Aaron all the words of the LORD who had sent him, and all the signs which he had commanded him. -And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel: -And Aaron spake all the words which the LORD had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people. -And the people believed: and when they heard that the LORD had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped. -And afterward Moses and Aaron went in, and told Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Let my people go, that they may hold a feast unto me in the wilderness. -And Pharaoh said, Who is the LORD, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go? I know not the LORD, neither will I let Israel go. -And they said, The God of the Hebrews hath met with us: let us go, we pray thee, three days' journey into the desert, and sacrifice unto the LORD our God; lest he fall upon us with pestilence, or with the sword. -And the king of Egypt said unto them, Wherefore do ye, Moses and Aaron, let the people from their works? get you unto your burdens. -And Pharaoh said, Behold, the people of the land now are many, and ye make them rest from their burdens. -And Pharaoh commanded the same day the taskmasters of the people, and their officers, saying, -Ye shall no more give the people straw to make brick, as heretofore: let them go and gather straw for themselves. -And the tale of the bricks, which they did make heretofore, ye shall lay upon them; ye shall not diminish ought thereof: for they be idle; therefore they cry, saying, Let us go and sacrifice to our God. -Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let them not regard vain words. -And the taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spake to the people, saying, Thus saith Pharaoh, I will not give you straw. -Go ye, get you straw where ye can find it: yet not ought of your work shall be diminished. -So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw. -And the taskmasters hasted them, saying, Fulfil your works, your daily tasks, as when there was straw. -And the officers of the children of Israel, which Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, Wherefore have ye not fulfilled your task in making brick both yesterday and to day, as heretofore? -Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried unto Pharaoh, saying, Wherefore dealest thou thus with thy servants? -There is no straw given unto thy servants, and they say to us, Make brick: and, behold, thy servants are beaten; but the fault is in thine own people. -But he said, Ye are idle, ye are idle: therefore ye say, Let us go and do sacrifice to the LORD. -Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given you, yet shall ye deliver the tale of bricks. -And the officers of the children of Israel did see that they were in evil case, after it was said, Ye shall not minish ought from your bricks of your daily task. -And they met Moses and Aaron, who stood in the way, as they came forth from Pharaoh: -And they said unto them, The LORD look upon you, and judge; because ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in their hand to slay us. -And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, LORD, wherefore hast thou so evil entreated this people? why is it that thou hast sent me? -For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in thy name, he hath done evil to this people; neither hast thou delivered thy people at all. -Then the LORD said unto Moses, Now shalt thou see what I will do to Pharaoh: for with a strong hand shall he let them go, and with a strong hand shall he drive them out of his land. -And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the LORD: -And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them. -And I have also established my covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they were strangers. -And I have also heard the groaning of the children of Israel, whom the Egyptians keep in bondage; and I have remembered my covenant. -Wherefore say unto the children of Israel, I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will rid you out of their bondage, and I will redeem you with a stretched out arm, and with great judgments: -And I will take you to me for a people, and I will be to you a God: and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God, which bringeth you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. -And I will bring you in unto the land, concerning the which I did swear to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; and I will give it you for an heritage: I am the LORD. -And Moses spake so unto the children of Israel: but they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Go in, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land. -And Moses spake before the LORD, saying, Behold, the children of Israel have not hearkened unto me; how then shall Pharaoh hear me, who am of uncircumcised lips? -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, and gave them a charge unto the children of Israel, and unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt. -These be the heads of their fathers' houses: The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel; Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi: these be the families of Reuben. -And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman: these are the families of Simeon. -And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years. -The sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, according to their families. -And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three years. -And the sons of Merari; Mahali and Mushi: these are the families of Levi according to their generations. -And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an hundred and thirty and seven years. -And the sons of Izhar; Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri. -And the sons of Uzziel; Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Zithri. -And Aaron took him Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab, sister of Naashon, to wife; and she bare him Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. -And the sons of Korah; Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph: these are the families of the Korhites. -And Eleazar Aaron's son took him one of the daughters of Putiel to wife; and she bare him Phinehas: these are the heads of the fathers of the Levites according to their families. -These are that Aaron and Moses, to whom the LORD said, Bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their armies. -These are they which spake to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt: these are that Moses and Aaron. -And it came to pass on the day when the LORD spake unto Moses in the land of Egypt, -That the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, I am the LORD: speak thou unto Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say unto thee. -And Moses said before the LORD, Behold, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how shall Pharaoh hearken unto me? -And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet. -Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land. -And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt. -But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments. -And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them. -And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they. -And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent. -And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent. -Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments. -For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods. -And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh's heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go. -Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river's brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand. -And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear. -Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood. -And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone. -And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood. -And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt. -And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said. -And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also. -And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river. -And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me. -And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs: -And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs: -And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt. -And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt. -And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt. -Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD. -And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only? -And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God. -And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only. -And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh. -And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields. -And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank. -But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt. -And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt. -And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast. -Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me. -Else, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are. -And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth. -And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be. -And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants' houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies. -And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land. -And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us? -We will go three days' journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us. -And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me. -And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD. -And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD. -And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one. -And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go. -Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me. -For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still, -Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain. -And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children's of Israel. -And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land. -And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one. -And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go. -And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh. -And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt. -And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast. -And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians. -And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me. -For I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth. -For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth. -And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth. -As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go? -Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now. -Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die. -He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses: -And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt. -And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt. -So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. -And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field. -Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail. -And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked. -Intreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer. -And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD's. -But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God. -And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. -But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up. -And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth. -And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants. -And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him: -And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son's son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD. -And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me. -Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast: -And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field: -And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh. -And Pharaoh's servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed? -And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go? -And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD. -And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you. -Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh's presence. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left. -And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. -And the locust went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. -For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt. -Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you. -Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only. -And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD. -And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt. -But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt. -And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days: -They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings. -And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you. -And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God. -Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither. -But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them go. -And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die. -And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence: when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence altogether. -Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver and jewels of gold. -And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh's servants, and in the sight of the people. -And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt: -And all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first born of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill; and all the firstborn of beasts. -And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more. -But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel. -And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in a great anger. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you; that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt. -And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go out of his land. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt saying, -This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you. -Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: -And if the household be too little for the lamb, let him and his neighbour next unto his house take it according to the number of the souls; every man according to his eating shall make your count for the lamb. -Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats: -And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening. -And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it. -And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it. -Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof. -And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire. -And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD's passover. -For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD. -And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt. -And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever. -Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses: for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. -And in the first day there shall be an holy convocation, and in the seventh day there shall be an holy convocation to you; no manner of work shall be done in them, save that which every man must eat, that only may be done of you. -And ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread; for in this selfsame day have I brought your armies out of the land of Egypt: therefore shall ye observe this day in your generations by an ordinance for ever. -In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even. -Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses: for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, even that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or born in the land. -Ye shall eat nothing leavened; in all your habitations shall ye eat unleavened bread. -Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover. -And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is in the bason; and none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning. -For the LORD will pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the LORD will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you. -And ye shall observe this thing for an ordinance to thee and to thy sons for ever. -And it shall come to pass, when ye be come to the land which the LORD will give you, according as he hath promised, that ye shall keep this service. -And it shall come to pass, when your children shall say unto you, What mean ye by this service? -That ye shall say, It is the sacrifice of the LORD's passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped. -And the children of Israel went away, and did as the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they. -And it came to pass, that at midnight the LORD smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon; and all the firstborn of cattle. -And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead. -And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of Israel; and go, serve the LORD, as ye have said. -Also take your flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be gone; and bless me also. -And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out of the land in haste; for they said, We be all dead men. -And the people took their dough before it was leavened, their kneadingtroughs being bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders. -And the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment: -And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them such things as they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians. -And the children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children. -And a mixed multitude went up also with them; and flocks, and herds, even very much cattle. -And they baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought forth out of Egypt, for it was not leavened; because they were thrust out of Egypt, and could not tarry, neither had they prepared for themselves any victual. -Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. -And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt. -It is a night to be much observed unto the LORD for bringing them out from the land of Egypt: this is that night of the LORD to be observed of all the children of Israel in their generations. -And the LORD said unto Moses and Aaron, This is the ordinance of the passover: There shall no stranger eat thereof: -But every man's servant that is bought for money, when thou hast circumcised him, then shall he eat thereof. -A foreigner and an hired servant shall not eat thereof. -In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth ought of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall ye break a bone thereof. -All the congregation of Israel shall keep it. -And when a stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the passover to the LORD, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is born in the land: for no uncircumcised person shall eat thereof. -One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among you. -Thus did all the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they. -And it came to pass the selfsame day, that the LORD did bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Sanctify unto me all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine. -And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened bread be eaten. -This day came ye out in the month Abib. -And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee, a land flowing with milk and honey, that thou shalt keep this service in this month. -Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh day shall be a feast to the LORD. -Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days; and there shall no leavened bread be seen with thee, neither shall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy quarters. -And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the LORD did unto me when I came forth out of Egypt. -And it shall be for a sign unto thee upon thine hand, and for a memorial between thine eyes, that the LORD's law may be in thy mouth: for with a strong hand hath the LORD brought thee out of Egypt. -Thou shalt therefore keep this ordinance in his season from year to year. -And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanites, as he sware unto thee and to thy fathers, and shall give it thee, -That thou shalt set apart unto the LORD all that openeth the matrix, and every firstling that cometh of a beast which thou hast; the males shall be the LORD's. -And every firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb; and if thou wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt break his neck: and all the firstborn of man among thy children shalt thou redeem. -And it shall be when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What is this? that thou shalt say unto him, By strength of hand the LORD brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage: -And it came to pass, when Pharaoh would hardly let us go, that the LORD slew all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man, and the firstborn of beast: therefore I sacrifice to the LORD all that openeth the matrix, being males; but all the firstborn of my children I redeem. -And it shall be for a token upon thine hand, and for frontlets between thine eyes: for by strength of hand the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt. -And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: -But God led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea: and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt. -And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him: for he had straitly sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you; and ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you. -And they took their journey from Succoth, and encamped in Etham, in the edge of the wilderness. -And the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night: -He took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea. -For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in. -And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the LORD. And they did so. -And it was told the king of Egypt that the people fled: and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was turned against the people, and they said, Why have we done this, that we have let Israel go from serving us? -And he made ready his chariot, and took his people with him: -And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them. -And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the children of Israel: and the children of Israel went out with an high hand. -But the Egyptians pursued after them, all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh, and his horsemen, and his army, and overtook them encamping by the sea, beside Pihahiroth, before Baalzephon. -And when Pharaoh drew nigh, the children of Israel lifted up their eyes, and, behold, the Egyptians marched after them; and they were sore afraid: and the children of Israel cried out unto the LORD. -And they said unto Moses, Because there were no graves in Egypt, hast thou taken us away to die in the wilderness? wherefore hast thou dealt thus with us, to carry us forth out of Egypt? -Is not this the word that we did tell thee in Egypt, saying, Let us alone, that we may serve the Egyptians? For it had been better for us to serve the Egyptians, than that we should die in the wilderness. -And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and see the salvation of the LORD, which he will shew to you to day: for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no more for ever. -The LORD shall fight for you, and ye shall hold your peace. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward: -But lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea. -And I, behold, I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them: and I will get me honour upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. -And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I have gotten me honour upon Pharaoh, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. -And the angel of God, which went before the camp of Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them: -And it came between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these: so that the one came not near the other all the night. -And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the LORD caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. -And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. -And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen. -And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the LORD looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, -And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily: so that the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for the LORD fighteth for them against the Egyptians. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their chariots, and upon their horsemen. -And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and the LORD overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. -And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. -But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea; and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. -Thus the LORD saved Israel that day out of the hand of the Egyptians; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore. -And Israel saw that great work which the LORD did upon the Egyptians: and the people feared the LORD, and believed the LORD, and his servant Moses. -Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the LORD, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. -The LORD is my strength and song, and he is become my salvation: he is my God, and I will prepare him an habitation; my father's God, and I will exalt him. -The LORD is a man of war: the LORD is his name. -Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea. -The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone. -Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O LORD, hath dashed in pieces the enemy. -And in the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown them that rose up against thee: thou sentest forth thy wrath, which consumed them as stubble. -And with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were gathered together, the floods stood upright as an heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea. -The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them. -Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters. -Who is like unto thee, O LORD, among the gods? who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders? -Thou stretchedst out thy right hand, the earth swallowed them. -Thou in thy mercy hast led forth the people which thou hast redeemed: thou hast guided them in thy strength unto thy holy habitation. -The people shall hear, and be afraid: sorrow shall take hold on the inhabitants of Palestina. -Then the dukes of Edom shall be amazed; the mighty men of Moab, trembling shall take hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away. -Fear and dread shall fall upon them; by the greatness of thine arm they shall be as still as a stone; till thy people pass over, O LORD, till the people pass over, which thou hast purchased. -Thou shalt bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of thine inheritance, in the place, O LORD, which thou hast made for thee to dwell in, in the Sanctuary, O LORD, which thy hands have established. -The LORD shall reign for ever and ever. -For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea. -And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances. -And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. -So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness, and found no water. -And when they came to Marah, they could not drink of the waters of Marah, for they were bitter: therefore the name of it was called Marah. -And the people murmured against Moses, saying, What shall we drink? -And he cried unto the LORD; and the LORD shewed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made sweet: there he made for them a statute and an ordinance, and there he proved them, -And said, If thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in his sight, and wilt give ear to his commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon thee, which I have brought upon the Egyptians: for I am the LORD that healeth thee. -And they came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water, and threescore and ten palm trees: and they encamped there by the waters. -And they took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came unto the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt. -And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness: -And the children of Israel said unto them, Would to God we had died by the hand of the LORD in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, and when we did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger. -Then said the LORD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or no. -And it shall come to pass, that on the sixth day they shall prepare that which they bring in; and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily. -And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel, At even, then ye shall know that the LORD hath brought you out from the land of Egypt: -And in the morning, then ye shall see the glory of the LORD; for that he heareth your murmurings against the LORD: and what are we, that ye murmur against us? -And Moses said, This shall be, when the LORD shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to the full; for that the LORD heareth your murmurings which ye murmur against him: and what are we? your murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD. -And Moses spake unto Aaron, Say unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, Come near before the LORD: for he hath heard your murmurings. -And it came to pass, as Aaron spake unto the whole congregation of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness, and, behold, the glory of the LORD appeared in the cloud. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel: speak unto them, saying, At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread; and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God. -And it came to pass, that at even the quails came up, and covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the host. -And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar frost on the ground. -And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat. -This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, Gather of it every man according to his eating, an omer for every man, according to the number of your persons; take ye every man for them which are in his tents. -And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. -And when they did mete it with an omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they gathered every man according to his eating. -And Moses said, Let no man leave of it till the morning. -Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses was wroth with them. -And they gathered it every morning, every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted. -And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses. -And he said unto them, This is that which the LORD hath said, To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the LORD: bake that which ye will bake to day, and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning. -And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade: and it did not stink, neither was there any worm therein. -And Moses said, Eat that to day; for to day is a sabbath unto the LORD: to day ye shall not find it in the field. -Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day, which is the sabbath, in it there shall be none. -And it came to pass, that there went out some of the people on the seventh day for to gather, and they found none. -And the LORD said unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my commandments and my laws? -See, for that the LORD hath given you the sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day. -So the people rested on the seventh day. -And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey. -And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commandeth, Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations; that they may see the bread wherewith I have fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt. -And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a pot, and put an omer full of manna therein, and lay it up before the LORD, to be kept for your generations. -As the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept. -And the children of Israel did eat manna forty years, until they came to a land inhabited; they did eat manna, until they came unto the borders of the land of Canaan. -Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah. -And all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, after their journeys, according to the commandment of the LORD, and pitched in Rephidim: and there was no water for the people to drink. -Wherefore the people did chide with Moses, and said, Give us water that we may drink. And Moses said unto them, Why chide ye with me? wherefore do ye tempt the LORD? -And the people thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said, Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? -And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, What shall I do unto this people? they be almost ready to stone me. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Go on before the people, and take with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod, wherewith thou smotest the river, take in thine hand, and go. -Behold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people may drink. And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel. -And he called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they tempted the LORD, saying, Is the LORD among us, or not? -Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim. -And Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek: to morrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in mine hand. -So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. -And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. -But Moses hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun. -And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven. -And Moses built an altar, and called the name of it Jehovahnissi: -For he said, Because the LORD hath sworn that the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation. -When Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father in law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel his people, and that the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt; -Then Jethro, Moses' father in law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her back, -And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land: -And the name of the other was Eliezer; for the God of my father, said he, was mine help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh: -And Jethro, Moses' father in law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped at the mount of God: -And he said unto Moses, I thy father in law Jethro am come unto thee, and thy wife, and her two sons with her. -And Moses went out to meet his father in law, and did obeisance, and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they came into the tent. -And Moses told his father in law all that the LORD had done unto Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, and all the travail that had come upon them by the way, and how the LORD delivered them. -And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the LORD had done to Israel, whom he had delivered out of the hand of the Egyptians. -And Jethro said, Blessed be the LORD, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh, who hath delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians. -Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods: for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them. -And Jethro, Moses' father in law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God: and Aaron came, and all the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father in law before God. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people: and the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the evening. -And when Moses' father in law saw all that he did to the people, he said, What is this thing that thou doest to the people? why sittest thou thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning unto even? -And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people come unto me to enquire of God: -When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them know the statutes of God, and his laws. -And Moses' father in law said unto him, The thing that thou doest is not good. -Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou, and this people that is with thee: for this thing is too heavy for thee; thou art not able to perform it thyself alone. -Hearken now unto my voice, I will give thee counsel, and God shall be with thee: Be thou for the people to God-ward, that thou mayest bring the causes unto God: -And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must walk, and the work that they must do. -Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens: -And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee. -If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou shalt be able to endure, and all this people shall also go to their place in peace. -So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did all that he had said. -And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens. -And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves. -And Moses let his father in law depart; and he went his way into his own land. -In the third month, when the children of Israel were gone forth out of the land of Egypt, the same day came they into the wilderness of Sinai. -For they were departed from Rephidim, and were come to the desert of Sinai, and had pitched in the wilderness; and there Israel camped before the mount. -And Moses went up unto God, and the LORD called unto him out of the mountain, saying, Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob, and tell the children of Israel; -Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself. -Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine: -And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel. -And Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and laid before their faces all these words which the LORD commanded him. -And all the people answered together, and said, All that the LORD hath spoken we will do. And Moses returned the words of the people unto the LORD. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Lo, I come unto thee in a thick cloud, that the people may hear when I speak with thee, and believe thee for ever. And Moses told the words of the people unto the LORD. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Go unto the people, and sanctify them to day and to morrow, and let them wash their clothes, -And be ready against the third day: for the third day the LORD will come down in the sight of all the people upon mount Sinai. -And thou shalt set bounds unto the people round about, saying, Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it: whosoever toucheth the mount shall be surely put to death: -There shall not an hand touch it, but he shall surely be stoned, or shot through; whether it be beast or man, it shall not live: when the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the mount. -And Moses went down from the mount unto the people, and sanctified the people; and they washed their clothes. -And he said unto the people, Be ready against the third day: come not at your wives. -And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that was in the camp trembled. -And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with God; and they stood at the nether part of the mount. -And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly. -And when the voice of the trumpet sounded long, and waxed louder and louder, Moses spake, and God answered him by a voice. -And the LORD came down upon mount Sinai, on the top of the mount: and the LORD called Moses up to the top of the mount; and Moses went up. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Go down, charge the people, lest they break through unto the LORD to gaze, and many of them perish. -And let the priests also, which come near to the LORD, sanctify themselves, lest the LORD break forth upon them. -And Moses said unto the LORD, The people cannot come up to mount Sinai: for thou chargedst us, saying, Set bounds about the mount, and sanctify it. -And the LORD said unto him, Away, get thee down, and thou shalt come up, thou, and Aaron with thee: but let not the priests and the people break through to come up unto the LORD, lest he break forth upon them. -So Moses went down unto the people, and spake unto them. -And God spake all these words, saying, -I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. -Thou shalt have no other gods before me. -Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. -Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; -And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments. -Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. -Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. -Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: -But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: -For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it. -Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. -Thou shalt not kill. -Thou shalt not commit adultery. -Thou shalt not steal. -Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. -Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's. -And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off. -And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die. -And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin not. -And the people stood afar off, and Moses drew near unto the thick darkness where God was. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel, Ye have seen that I have talked with you from heaven. -Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold. -An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me, and shalt sacrifice thereon thy burnt offerings, and thy peace offerings, thy sheep, and thine oxen: in all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee. -And if thou wilt make me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stone: for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast polluted it. -Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy nakedness be not discovered thereon. -Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them. -If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. -If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him. -If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself. -And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: -Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever. -And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. -If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. -And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. -If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. -And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money. -He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. -And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. -But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die. -And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death. -And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. -And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death. -And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed: -If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed. -And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. -Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money. -If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. -And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, -Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, -Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. -And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake. -And if he smite out his manservant's tooth, or his maidservant's tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake. -If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. -But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death. -If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him. -Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him. -If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned. -And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; -The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his. -And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide. -Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own. -If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. -If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him. -If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution; if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft. -If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double. -If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man's field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution. -If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed therewith; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution. -If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man's house; if the thief be found, let him pay double. -If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour's goods. -For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing which another challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the judges; and whom the judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto his neighbour. -If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it: -Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour's goods; and the owner of it shall accept thereof, and he shall not make it good. -And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof. -If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn. -And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof being not with it, he shall surely make it good. -But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire. -And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife. -If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins. -Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. -Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death. -He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed. -Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. -Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child. -If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry; -And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless. -If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury. -If thou at all take thy neighbour's raiment to pledge, thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down: -For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear; for I am gracious. -Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people. -Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and of thy liquors: the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou give unto me. -Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with his dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me. -And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs. -Thou shalt not raise a false report: put not thine hand with the wicked to be an unrighteous witness. -Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment: -Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man in his cause. -If thou meet thine enemy's ox or his ass going astray, thou shalt surely bring it back to him again. -If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his burden, and wouldest forbear to help him, thou shalt surely help with him. -Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor in his cause. -Keep thee far from a false matter; and the innocent and righteous slay thou not: for I will not justify the wicked. -And thou shalt take no gift: for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous. -Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger: for ye know the heart of a stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. -And six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the fruits thereof: -But the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie still; that the poor of thy people may eat: and what they leave the beasts of the field shall eat. In like manner thou shalt deal with thy vineyard, and with thy oliveyard. -Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest: that thine ox and thine ass may rest, and the son of thy handmaid, and the stranger, may be refreshed. -And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect: and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy mouth. -Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year. -Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: (thou shalt eat unleavened bread seven days, as I commanded thee, in the time appointed of the month Abib; for in it thou camest out from Egypt: and none shall appear before me empty:) -And the feast of harvest, the firstfruits of thy labours, which thou hast sown in the field: and the feast of ingathering, which is in the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the field. -Three items in the year all thy males shall appear before the LORD God. -Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the fat of my sacrifice remain until the morning. -The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring into the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. -Behold, I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way, and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared. -Beware of him, and obey his voice, provoke him not; for he will not pardon your transgressions: for my name is in him. -But if thou shalt indeed obey his voice, and do all that I speak; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies, and an adversary unto thine adversaries. -For mine Angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the Amorites, and the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: and I will cut them off. -Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works: but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images. -And ye shall serve the LORD your God, and he shall bless thy bread, and thy water; and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee. -There shall nothing cast their young, nor be barren, in thy land: the number of thy days I will fulfil. -I will send my fear before thee, and will destroy all the people to whom thou shalt come, and I will make all thine enemies turn their backs unto thee. -And I will send hornets before thee, which shall drive out the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before thee. -I will not drive them out from before thee in one year; lest the land become desolate, and the beast of the field multiply against thee. -By little and little I will drive them out from before thee, until thou be increased, and inherit the land. -And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert unto the river: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt drive them out before thee. -Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods. -They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin against me: for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare unto thee. -And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. -And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the people go up with him. -And Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD, and all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which the LORD hath said will we do. -And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. -And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the LORD. -And Moses took half of the blood, and put it in basons; and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar. -And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people: and they said, All that the LORD hath said will we do, and be obedient. -And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the LORD hath made with you concerning all these words. -Then went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel: -And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. -And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand: also they saw God, and did eat and drink. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. -And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. -And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you: and, behold, Aaron and Hur are with you: if any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them. -And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. -And the glory of the LORD abode upon mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days: and the seventh day he called unto Moses out of the midst of the cloud. -And the sight of the glory of the LORD was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. -And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into the mount: and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring me an offering: of every man that giveth it willingly with his heart ye shall take my offering. -And this is the offering which ye shall take of them; gold, and silver, and brass, -And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, -And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers' skins, and shittim wood, -Oil for the light, spices for anointing oil, and for sweet incense, -Onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod, and in the breastplate. -And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them. -According to all that I shew thee, after the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all the instruments thereof, even so shall ye make it. -And they shall make an ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. -And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about. -And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in the four corners thereof; and two rings shall be in the one side of it, and two rings in the other side of it. -And thou shalt make staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. -And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, that the ark may be borne with them. -The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be taken from it. -And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. -And thou shalt make a mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof. -And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat. -And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the other end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the cherubims on the two ends thereof. -And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims be. -And thou shalt put the mercy seat above upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee. -And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel. -Thou shalt also make a table of shittim wood: two cubits shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. -And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, and make thereto a crown of gold round about. -And thou shalt make unto it a border of an hand breadth round about, and thou shalt make a golden crown to the border thereof round about. -And thou shalt make for it four rings of gold, and put the rings in the four corners that are on the four feet thereof. -Over against the border shall the rings be for places of the staves to bear the table. -And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold, that the table may be borne with them. -And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons thereof, and covers thereof, and bowls thereof, to cover withal: of pure gold shalt thou make them. -And thou shalt set upon the table shewbread before me alway. -And thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work shall the candlestick be made: his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. -And six branches shall come out of the sides of it; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side: -Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop and a flower in one branch; and three bowls made like almonds in the other branch, with a knop and a flower: so in the six branches that come out of the candlestick. -And in the candlesticks shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers. -And there shall be a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches that proceed out of the candlestick. -Their knops and their branches shall be of the same: all it shall be one beaten work of pure gold. -And thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof: and they shall light the lamps thereof, that they may give light over against it. -And the tongs thereof, and the snuffdishes thereof, shall be of pure gold. -Of a talent of pure gold shall he make it, with all these vessels. -And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was shewed thee in the mount. -Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work shalt thou make them. -The length of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: and every one of the curtains shall have one measure. -The five curtains shall be coupled together one to another; and other five curtains shall be coupled one to another. -And thou shalt make loops of blue upon the edge of the one curtain from the selvedge in the coupling; and likewise shalt thou make in the uttermost edge of another curtain, in the coupling of the second. -Fifty loops shalt thou make in the one curtain, and fifty loops shalt thou make in the edge of the curtain that is in the coupling of the second; that the loops may take hold one of another. -And thou shalt make fifty taches of gold, and couple the curtains together with the taches: and it shall be one tabernacle. -And thou shalt make curtains of goats' hair to be a covering upon the tabernacle: eleven curtains shalt thou make. -The length of one curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: and the eleven curtains shall be all of one measure. -And thou shalt couple five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves, and shalt double the sixth curtain in the forefront of the tabernacle. -And thou shalt make fifty loops on the edge of the one curtain that is outmost in the coupling, and fifty loops in the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. -And thou shalt make fifty taches of brass, and put the taches into the loops, and couple the tent together, that it may be one. -And the remnant that remaineth of the curtains of the tent, the half curtain that remaineth, shall hang over the backside of the tabernacle. -And a cubit on the one side, and a cubit on the other side of that which remaineth in the length of the curtains of the tent, it shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that side, to cover it. -And thou shalt make a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering above of badgers' skins. -And thou shalt make boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood standing up. -Ten cubits shall be the length of a board, and a cubit and a half shall be the breadth of one board. -Two tenons shall there be in one board, set in order one against another: thus shalt thou make for all the boards of the tabernacle. -And thou shalt make the boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards on the south side southward. -And thou shalt make forty sockets of silver under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and two sockets under another board for his two tenons. -And for the second side of the tabernacle on the north side there shall be twenty boards: -And their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. -And for the sides of the tabernacle westward thou shalt make six boards. -And two boards shalt thou make for the corners of the tabernacle in the two sides. -And they shall be coupled together beneath, and they shall be coupled together above the head of it unto one ring: thus shall it be for them both; they shall be for the two corners. -And they shall be eight boards, and their sockets of silver, sixteen sockets; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. -And thou shalt make bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle, -And five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the side of the tabernacle, for the two sides westward. -And the middle bar in the midst of the boards shall reach from end to end. -And thou shalt overlay the boards with gold, and make their rings of gold for places for the bars: and thou shalt overlay the bars with gold. -And thou shalt rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion thereof which was shewed thee in the mount. -And thou shalt make a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen of cunning work: with cherubims shall it be made: -And thou shalt hang it upon four pillars of shittim wood overlaid with gold: their hooks shall be of gold, upon the four sockets of silver. -And thou shalt hang up the vail under the taches, that thou mayest bring in thither within the vail the ark of the testimony: and the vail shall divide unto you between the holy place and the most holy. -And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place. -And thou shalt set the table without the vail, and the candlestick over against the table on the side of the tabernacle toward the south: and thou shalt put the table on the north side. -And thou shalt make an hanging for the door of the tent, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with needlework. -And thou shalt make for the hanging five pillars of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold, and their hooks shall be of gold: and thou shalt cast five sockets of brass for them. -And thou shalt make an altar of shittim wood, five cubits long, and five cubits broad; the altar shall be foursquare: and the height thereof shall be three cubits. -And thou shalt make the horns of it upon the four corners thereof: his horns shall be of the same: and thou shalt overlay it with brass. -And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and his shovels, and his basons, and his fleshhooks, and his firepans: all the vessels thereof thou shalt make of brass. -And thou shalt make for it a grate of network of brass; and upon the net shalt thou make four brasen rings in the four corners thereof. -And thou shalt put it under the compass of the altar beneath, that the net may be even to the midst of the altar. -And thou shalt make staves for the altar, staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with brass. -And the staves shall be put into the rings, and the staves shall be upon the two sides of the altar, to bear it. -Hollow with boards shalt thou make it: as it was shewed thee in the mount, so shall they make it. -And thou shalt make the court of the tabernacle: for the south side southward there shall be hangings for the court of fine twined linen of an hundred cubits long for one side: -And the twenty pillars thereof and their twenty sockets shall be of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets shall be of silver. -And likewise for the north side in length there shall be hangings of an hundred cubits long, and his twenty pillars and their twenty sockets of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. -And for the breadth of the court on the west side shall be hangings of fifty cubits: their pillars ten, and their sockets ten. -And the breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be fifty cubits. -The hangings of one side of the gate shall be fifteen cubits: their pillars three, and their sockets three. -And on the other side shall be hangings fifteen cubits: their pillars three, and their sockets three. -And for the gate of the court shall be an hanging of twenty cubits, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with needlework: and their pillars shall be four, and their sockets four. -All the pillars round about the court shall be filleted with silver; their hooks shall be of silver, and their sockets of brass. -The length of the court shall be an hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty every where, and the height five cubits of fine twined linen, and their sockets of brass. -All the vessels of the tabernacle in all the service thereof, and all the pins thereof, and all the pins of the court, shall be of brass. -And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn always. -In the tabernacle of the congregation without the vail, which is before the testimony, Aaron and his sons shall order it from evening to morning before the LORD: it shall be a statute for ever unto their generations on the behalf of the children of Israel. -And take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office, even Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron's sons. -And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother for glory and for beauty. -And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. -And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate, and an ephod, and a robe, and a broidered coat, a mitre, and a girdle: and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. -And they shall take gold, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen. -And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cunning work. -It shall have the two shoulderpieces thereof joined at the two edges thereof; and so it shall be joined together. -And the curious girdle of the ephod, which is upon it, shall be of the same, according to the work thereof; even of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. -And thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel: -Six of their names on one stone, and the other six names of the rest on the other stone, according to their birth. -With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel: thou shalt make them to be set in ouches of gold. -And thou shalt put the two stones upon the shoulders of the ephod for stones of memorial unto the children of Israel: and Aaron shall bear their names before the LORD upon his two shoulders for a memorial. -And thou shalt make ouches of gold; -And two chains of pure gold at the ends; of wreathen work shalt thou make them, and fasten the wreathen chains to the ouches. -And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning work; after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it; of gold, of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine twined linen, shalt thou make it. -Foursquare it shall be being doubled; a span shall be the length thereof, and a span shall be the breadth thereof. -And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. -And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. -And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. -And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. -And the stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes. -And thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of wreathen work of pure gold. -And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate. -And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings which are on the ends of the breastplate. -And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt fasten in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod before it. -And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate in the border thereof, which is in the side of the ephod inward. -And two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart thereof, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod. -And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it may be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod. -And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy place, for a memorial before the LORD continually. -And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart, when he goeth in before the LORD: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before the LORD continually. -And thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue. -And there shall be an hole in the top of it, in the midst thereof: it shall have a binding of woven work round about the hole of it, as it were the hole of an habergeon, that it be not rent. -And beneath upon the hem of it thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the hem thereof; and bells of gold between them round about: -A golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, upon the hem of the robe round about. -And it shall be upon Aaron to minister: and his sound shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before the LORD, and when he cometh out, that he die not. -And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. -And thou shalt put it on a blue lace, that it may be upon the mitre; upon the forefront of the mitre it shall be. -And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. -And thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen, and thou shalt make the mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make the girdle of needlework. -And for Aaron's sons thou shalt make coats, and thou shalt make for them girdles, and bonnets shalt thou make for them, for glory and for beauty. -And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office. -And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach: -And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they come in unto the tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity, and die: it shall be a statute for ever unto him and his seed after him. -And this is the thing that thou shalt do unto them to hallow them, to minister unto me in the priest's office: Take one young bullock, and two rams without blemish, -And unleavened bread, and cakes unleavened tempered with oil, and wafers unleavened anointed with oil: of wheaten flour shalt thou make them. -And thou shalt put them into one basket, and bring them in the basket, with the bullock and the two rams. -And Aaron and his sons thou shalt bring unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shalt wash them with water. -And thou shalt take the garments, and put upon Aaron the coat, and the robe of the ephod, and the ephod, and the breastplate, and gird him with the curious girdle of the ephod: -And thou shalt put the mitre upon his head, and put the holy crown upon the mitre. -Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his head, and anoint him. -And thou shalt bring his sons, and put coats upon them. -And thou shalt gird them with girdles, Aaron and his sons, and put the bonnets on them: and the priest's office shall be theirs for a perpetual statute: and thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons. -And thou shalt cause a bullock to be brought before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the bullock. -And thou shalt kill the bullock before the LORD, by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And thou shalt take of the blood of the bullock, and put it upon the horns of the altar with thy finger, and pour all the blood beside the bottom of the altar. -And thou shalt take all the fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul that is above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and burn them upon the altar. -But the flesh of the bullock, and his skin, and his dung, shalt thou burn with fire without the camp: it is a sin offering. -Thou shalt also take one ram; and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the ram. -And thou shalt slay the ram, and thou shalt take his blood, and sprinkle it round about upon the altar. -And thou shalt cut the ram in pieces, and wash the inwards of him, and his legs, and put them unto his pieces, and unto his head. -And thou shalt burn the whole ram upon the altar: it is a burnt offering unto the LORD: it is a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And thou shalt take the other ram; and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the ram. -Then shalt thou kill the ram, and take of his blood, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and upon the tip of the right ear of his sons, and upon the thumb of their right hand, and upon the great toe of their right foot, and sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about. -And thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar, and of the anointing oil, and sprinkle it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon the garments of his sons with him: and he shall be hallowed, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons' garments with him. -Also thou shalt take of the ram the fat and the rump, and the fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and the right shoulder; for it is a ram of consecration: -And one loaf of bread, and one cake of oiled bread, and one wafer out of the basket of the unleavened bread that is before the LORD: -And thou shalt put all in the hands of Aaron, and in the hands of his sons; and shalt wave them for a wave offering before the LORD. -And thou shalt receive them of their hands, and burn them upon the altar for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour before the LORD: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And thou shalt take the breast of the ram of Aaron's consecration, and wave it for a wave offering before the LORD: and it shall be thy part. -And thou shalt sanctify the breast of the wave offering, and the shoulder of the heave offering, which is waved, and which is heaved up, of the ram of the consecration, even of that which is for Aaron, and of that which is for his sons: -And it shall be Aaron's and his sons' by a statute for ever from the children of Israel: for it is an heave offering: and it shall be an heave offering from the children of Israel of the sacrifice of their peace offerings, even their heave offering unto the LORD. -And the holy garments of Aaron shall be his sons' after him, to be anointed therein, and to be consecrated in them. -And that son that is priest in his stead shall put them on seven days, when he cometh into the tabernacle of the congregation to minister in the holy place. -And thou shalt take the ram of the consecration, and seethe his flesh in the holy place. -And Aaron and his sons shall eat the flesh of the ram, and the bread that is in the basket by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And they shall eat those things wherewith the atonement was made, to consecrate and to sanctify them: but a stranger shall not eat thereof, because they are holy. -And if ought of the flesh of the consecrations, or of the bread, remain unto the morning, then thou shalt burn the remainder with fire: it shall not be eaten, because it is holy. -And thus shalt thou do unto Aaron, and to his sons, according to all things which I have commanded thee: seven days shalt thou consecrate them. -And thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for atonement: and thou shalt cleanse the altar, when thou hast made an atonement for it, and thou shalt anoint it, to sanctify it. -Seven days thou shalt make an atonement for the altar, and sanctify it; and it shall be an altar most holy: whatsoever toucheth the altar shall be holy. -Now this is that which thou shalt offer upon the altar; two lambs of the first year day by day continually. -The one lamb thou shalt offer in the morning; and the other lamb thou shalt offer at even: -And with the one lamb a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil; and the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering. -And the other lamb thou shalt offer at even, and shalt do thereto according to the meat offering of the morning, and according to the drink offering thereof, for a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -This shall be a continual burnt offering throughout your generations at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD: where I will meet you, to speak there unto thee. -And there I will meet with the children of Israel, and the tabernacle shall be sanctified by my glory. -And I will sanctify the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar: I will sanctify also both Aaron and his sons, to minister to me in the priest's office. -And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will be their God. -And they shall know that I am the LORD their God, that brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, that I may dwell among them: I am the LORD their God. -And thou shalt make an altar to burn incense upon: of shittim wood shalt thou make it. -A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; foursquare shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same. -And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, the top thereof, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns thereof; and thou shalt make unto it a crown of gold round about. -And two golden rings shalt thou make to it under the crown of it, by the two corners thereof, upon the two sides of it shalt thou make it; and they shall be for places for the staves to bear it withal. -And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. -And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee. -And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it. -And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense upon it, a perpetual incense before the LORD throughout your generations. -Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt sacrifice, nor meat offering; neither shall ye pour drink offering thereon. -And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements: once in the year shall he make atonement upon it throughout your generations: it is most holy unto the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul unto the LORD, when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them. -This they shall give, every one that passeth among them that are numbered, half a shekel after the shekel of the sanctuary: (a shekel is twenty gerahs:) an half shekel shall be the offering of the LORD. -Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and above, shall give an offering unto the LORD. -The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when they give an offering unto the LORD, to make an atonement for your souls. -And thou shalt take the atonement money of the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel before the LORD, to make an atonement for your souls. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and his foot also of brass, to wash withal: and thou shalt put it between the tabernacle of the congregation and the altar, and thou shalt put water therein. -For Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat: -When they go into the tabernacle of the congregation, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to burn offering made by fire unto the LORD: -So they shall wash their hands and their feet, that they die not: and it shall be a statute for ever to them, even to him and to his seed throughout their generations. -Moreover the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh five hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon half so much, even two hundred and fifty shekels, and of sweet calamus two hundred and fifty shekels, -And of cassia five hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, and of oil olive an hin: -And thou shalt make it an oil of holy ointment, an ointment compound after the art of the apothecary: it shall be an holy anointing oil. -And thou shalt anoint the tabernacle of the congregation therewith, and the ark of the testimony, -And the table and all his vessels, and the candlestick and his vessels, and the altar of incense, -And the altar of burnt offering with all his vessels, and the laver and his foot. -And thou shalt sanctify them, that they may be most holy: whatsoever toucheth them shall be holy. -And thou shalt anoint Aaron and his sons, and consecrate them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office. -And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, This shall be an holy anointing oil unto me throughout your generations. -Upon man's flesh shall it not be poured, neither shall ye make any other like it, after the composition of it: it is holy, and it shall be holy unto you. -Whosoever compoundeth any like it, or whosoever putteth any of it upon a stranger, shall even be cut off from his people. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight: -And thou shalt make it a perfume, a confection after the art of the apothecary, tempered together, pure and holy: -And thou shalt beat some of it very small, and put of it before the testimony in the tabernacle of the congregation, where I will meet with thee: it shall be unto you most holy. -And as for the perfume which thou shalt make, ye shall not make to yourselves according to the composition thereof: it shall be unto thee holy for the LORD. -Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, shall even be cut off from his people. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -See, I have called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah: -And I have filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship, -To devise cunning works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, -And in cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of timber, to work in all manner of workmanship. -And I, behold, I have given with him Aholiab, the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan: and in the hearts of all that are wise hearted I have put wisdom, that they may make all that I have commanded thee; -The tabernacle of the congregation, and the ark of the testimony, and the mercy seat that is thereupon, and all the furniture of the tabernacle, -And the table and his furniture, and the pure candlestick with all his furniture, and the altar of incense, -And the altar of burnt offering with all his furniture, and the laver and his foot, -And the cloths of service, and the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments of his sons, to minister in the priest's office, -And the anointing oil, and sweet incense for the holy place: according to all that I have commanded thee shall they do. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that ye may know that I am the LORD that doth sanctify you. -Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore; for it is holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for whosoever doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people. -Six days may work be done; but in the seventh is the sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD: whosoever doeth any work in the sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death. -Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant. -It is a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he rested, and was refreshed. -And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God. -And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. -And Aaron said unto them, Break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me. -And all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto Aaron. -And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. -And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation, and said, To morrow is a feast to the LORD. -And they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Go, get thee down; for thy people, which thou broughtest out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves: -They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. -And the LORD said unto Moses, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people: -Now therefore let me alone, that my wrath may wax hot against them, and that I may consume them: and I will make of thee a great nation. -And Moses besought the LORD his God, and said, LORD, why doth thy wrath wax hot against thy people, which thou hast brought forth out of the land of Egypt with great power, and with a mighty hand? -Wherefore should the Egyptians speak, and say, For mischief did he bring them out, to slay them in the mountains, and to consume them from the face of the earth? Turn from thy fierce wrath, and repent of this evil against thy people. -Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, thy servants, to whom thou swarest by thine own self, and saidst unto them, I will multiply your seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit it for ever. -And the LORD repented of the evil which he thought to do unto his people. -And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, and the two tables of the testimony were in his hand: the tables were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written. -And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables. -And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said unto Moses, There is a noise of war in the camp. -And he said, It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery, neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome: but the noise of them that sing do I hear. -And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount. -And he took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the fire, and ground it to powder, and strawed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it. -And Moses said unto Aaron, What did this people unto thee, that thou hast brought so great a sin upon them? -And Aaron said, Let not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief. -For they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us: for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. -And I said unto them, Whosoever hath any gold, let them break it off. So they gave it me: then I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf. -And when Moses saw that the people were naked; (for Aaron had made them naked unto their shame among their enemies:) -Then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, Who is on the LORD's side? let him come unto me. And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him. -And he said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour. -And the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. -For Moses had said, Consecrate yourselves today to the LORD, even every man upon his son, and upon his brother; that he may bestow upon you a blessing this day. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses said unto the people, Ye have sinned a great sin: and now I will go up unto the LORD; peradventure I shall make an atonement for your sin. -And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold. -Yet now, if thou wilt forgive their sin--; and if not, blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast written. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book. -Therefore now go, lead the people unto the place of which I have spoken unto thee: behold, mine Angel shall go before thee: nevertheless in the day when I visit I will visit their sin upon them. -And the LORD plagued the people, because they made the calf, which Aaron made. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Depart, and go up hence, thou and the people which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto the land which I sware unto Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, Unto thy seed will I give it: -And I will send an angel before thee; and I will drive out the Canaanite, the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite: -Unto a land flowing with milk and honey: for I will not go up in the midst of thee; for thou art a stiffnecked people: lest I consume thee in the way. -And when the people heard these evil tidings, they mourned: and no man did put on him his ornaments. -For the LORD had said unto Moses, Say unto the children of Israel, Ye are a stiffnecked people: I will come up into the midst of thee in a moment, and consume thee: therefore now put off thy ornaments from thee, that I may know what to do unto thee. -And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments by the mount Horeb. -And Moses took the tabernacle, and pitched it without the camp, afar off from the camp, and called it the Tabernacle of the congregation. And it came to pass, that every one which sought the LORD went out unto the tabernacle of the congregation, which was without the camp. -And it came to pass, when Moses went out unto the tabernacle, that all the people rose up, and stood every man at his tent door, and looked after Moses, until he was gone into the tabernacle. -And it came to pass, as Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended, and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and the Lord talked with Moses. -And all the people saw the cloudy pillar stand at the tabernacle door: and all the people rose up and worshipped, every man in his tent door. -And the LORD spake unto Moses face to face, as a man speaketh unto his friend. And he turned again into the camp: but his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tabernacle. -And Moses said unto the LORD, See, thou sayest unto me, Bring up this people: and thou hast not let me know whom thou wilt send with me. Yet thou hast said, I know thee by name, and thou hast also found grace in my sight. -Now therefore, I pray thee, if I have found grace in thy sight, shew me now thy way, that I may know thee, that I may find grace in thy sight: and consider that this nation is thy people. -And he said, My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest. -And he said unto him, If thy presence go not with me, carry us not up hence. -For wherein shall it be known here that I and thy people have found grace in thy sight? is it not in that thou goest with us? so shall we be separated, I and thy people, from all the people that are upon the face of the earth. -And the LORD said unto Moses, I will do this thing also that thou hast spoken: for thou hast found grace in my sight, and I know thee by name. -And he said, I beseech thee, shew me thy glory. -And he said, I will make all my goodness pass before thee, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before thee; and will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will shew mercy on whom I will shew mercy. -And he said, Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man see me, and live. -And the LORD said, Behold, there is a place by me, and thou shalt stand upon a rock: -And it shall come to pass, while my glory passeth by, that I will put thee in a clift of the rock, and will cover thee with my hand while I pass by: -And I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back parts: but my face shall not be seen. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest. -And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me in the top of the mount. -And no man shall come up with thee, neither let any man be seen throughout all the mount; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mount. -And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the LORD had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone. -And the LORD descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of the LORD. -And the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, -Keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation. -And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshipped. -And he said, If now I have found grace in thy sight, O LORD, let my LORD, I pray thee, go among us; for it is a stiffnecked people; and pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for thine inheritance. -And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation: and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of the LORD: for it is a terrible thing that I will do with thee. -Observe thou that which I command thee this day: behold, I drive out before thee the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite. -Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee: -But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves: -For thou shalt worship no other god: for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God: -Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice; -And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods. -Thou shalt make thee no molten gods. -The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt. -All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male. -But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty. -Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest. -And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end. -Thrice in the year shall all your menchildren appear before the LORD God, the God of Israel. -For I will cast out the nations before thee, and enlarge thy borders: neither shall any man desire thy land, when thou shalt go up to appear before the LORD thy God thrice in the year. -Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto the morning. -The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring unto the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel. -And he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments. -And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mount, that Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. -And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come nigh him. -And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned unto him: and Moses talked with them. -And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave them in commandment all that the LORD had spoken with him in mount Sinai. -And till Moses had done speaking with them, he put a vail on his face. -But when Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him, he took the vail off, until he came out. And he came out, and spake unto the children of Israel that which he was commanded. -And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses' face shone: and Moses put the vail upon his face again, until he went in to speak with him. -And Moses gathered all the congregation of the children of Israel together, and said unto them, These are the words which the LORD hath commanded, that ye should do them. -Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day there shall be to you an holy day, a sabbath of rest to the LORD: whosoever doeth work therein shall be put to death. -Ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the sabbath day. -And Moses spake unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD commanded, saying, -Take ye from among you an offering unto the LORD: whosoever is of a willing heart, let him bring it, an offering of the LORD; gold, and silver, and brass, -And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, -And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers' skins, and shittim wood, -And oil for the light, and spices for anointing oil, and for the sweet incense, -And onyx stones, and stones to be set for the ephod, and for the breastplate. -And every wise hearted among you shall come, and make all that the LORD hath commanded; -The tabernacle, his tent, and his covering, his taches, and his boards, his bars, his pillars, and his sockets, -The ark, and the staves thereof, with the mercy seat, and the vail of the covering, -The table, and his staves, and all his vessels, and the shewbread, -The candlestick also for the light, and his furniture, and his lamps, with the oil for the light, -And the incense altar, and his staves, and the anointing oil, and the sweet incense, and the hanging for the door at the entering in of the tabernacle, -The altar of burnt offering, with his brasen grate, his staves, and all his vessels, the laver and his foot, -The hangings of the court, his pillars, and their sockets, and the hanging for the door of the court, -The pins of the tabernacle, and the pins of the court, and their cords, -The cloths of service, to do service in the holy place, the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments of his sons, to minister in the priest's office. -And all the congregation of the children of Israel departed from the presence of Moses. -And they came, every one whose heart stirred him up, and every one whom his spirit made willing, and they brought the LORD's offering to the work of the tabernacle of the congregation, and for all his service, and for the holy garments. -And they came, both men and women, as many as were willing hearted, and brought bracelets, and earrings, and rings, and tablets, all jewels of gold: and every man that offered offered an offering of gold unto the LORD. -And every man, with whom was found blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, and red skins of rams, and badgers' skins, brought them. -Every one that did offer an offering of silver and brass brought the LORD's offering: and every man, with whom was found shittim wood for any work of the service, brought it. -And all the women that were wise hearted did spin with their hands, and brought that which they had spun, both of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine linen. -And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun goats' hair. -And the rulers brought onyx stones, and stones to be set, for the ephod, and for the breastplate; -And spice, and oil for the light, and for the anointing oil, and for the sweet incense. -The children of Israel brought a willing offering unto the LORD, every man and woman, whose heart made them willing to bring for all manner of work, which the LORD had commanded to be made by the hand of Moses. -And Moses said unto the children of Israel, See, the LORD hath called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah; -And he hath filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship; -And to devise curious works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, -And in the cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of wood, to make any manner of cunning work. -And he hath put in his heart that he may teach, both he, and Aholiab, the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. -Them hath he filled with wisdom of heart, to work all manner of work, of the engraver, and of the cunning workman, and of the embroiderer, in blue, and in purple, in scarlet, and in fine linen, and of the weaver, even of them that do any work, and of those that devise cunning work. -Then wrought Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted man, in whom the LORD put wisdom and understanding to know how to work all manner of work for the service of the sanctuary, according to all that the LORD had commanded. -And Moses called Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted man, in whose heart the LORD had put wisdom, even every one whose heart stirred him up to come unto the work to do it: -And they received of Moses all the offering, which the children of Israel had brought for the work of the service of the sanctuary, to make it withal. And they brought yet unto him free offerings every morning. -And all the wise men, that wrought all the work of the sanctuary, came every man from his work which they made; -And they spake unto Moses, saying, The people bring much more than enough for the service of the work, which the LORD commanded to make. -And Moses gave commandment, and they caused it to be proclaimed throughout the camp, saying, Let neither man nor woman make any more work for the offering of the sanctuary. So the people were restrained from bringing. -For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much. -And every wise hearted man among them that wrought the work of the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work made he them. -The length of one curtain was twenty and eight cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: the curtains were all of one size. -And he coupled the five curtains one unto another: and the other five curtains he coupled one unto another. -And he made loops of blue on the edge of one curtain from the selvedge in the coupling: likewise he made in the uttermost side of another curtain, in the coupling of the second. -Fifty loops made he in one curtain, and fifty loops made he in the edge of the curtain which was in the coupling of the second: the loops held one curtain to another. -And he made fifty taches of gold, and coupled the curtains one unto another with the taches: so it became one tabernacle. -And he made curtains of goats' hair for the tent over the tabernacle: eleven curtains he made them. -The length of one curtain was thirty cubits, and four cubits was the breadth of one curtain: the eleven curtains were of one size. -And he coupled five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves. -And he made fifty loops upon the uttermost edge of the curtain in the coupling, and fifty loops made he upon the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. -And he made fifty taches of brass to couple the tent together, that it might be one. -And he made a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering of badgers' skins above that. -And he made boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood, standing up. -The length of a board was ten cubits, and the breadth of a board one cubit and a half. -One board had two tenons, equally distant one from another: thus did he make for all the boards of the tabernacle. -And he made boards for the tabernacle; twenty boards for the south side southward: -And forty sockets of silver he made under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and two sockets under another board for his two tenons. -And for the other side of the tabernacle, which is toward the north corner, he made twenty boards, -And their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. -And for the sides of the tabernacle westward he made six boards. -And two boards made he for the corners of the tabernacle in the two sides. -And they were coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head thereof, to one ring: thus he did to both of them in both the corners. -And there were eight boards; and their sockets were sixteen sockets of silver, under every board two sockets. -And he made bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle, -And five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the tabernacle for the sides westward. -And he made the middle bar to shoot through the boards from the one end to the other. -And he overlaid the boards with gold, and made their rings of gold to be places for the bars, and overlaid the bars with gold. -And he made a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen: with cherubims made he it of cunning work. -And he made thereunto four pillars of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold: their hooks were of gold; and he cast for them four sockets of silver. -And he made an hanging for the tabernacle door of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, of needlework; -And the five pillars of it with their hooks: and he overlaid their chapiters and their fillets with gold: but their five sockets were of brass. -And Bezaleel made the ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half was the length of it, and a cubit and a half the breadth of it, and a cubit and a half the height of it: -And he overlaid it with pure gold within and without, and made a crown of gold to it round about. -And he cast for it four rings of gold, to be set by the four corners of it; even two rings upon the one side of it, and two rings upon the other side of it. -And he made staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold. -And he put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, to bear the ark. -And he made the mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half was the length thereof, and one cubit and a half the breadth thereof. -And he made two cherubims of gold, beaten out of one piece made he them, on the two ends of the mercy seat; -One cherub on the end on this side, and another cherub on the other end on that side: out of the mercy seat made he the cherubims on the two ends thereof. -And the cherubims spread out their wings on high, and covered with their wings over the mercy seat, with their faces one to another; even to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims. -And he made the table of shittim wood: two cubits was the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof: -And he overlaid it with pure gold, and made thereunto a crown of gold round about. -Also he made thereunto a border of an handbreadth round about; and made a crown of gold for the border thereof round about. -And he cast for it four rings of gold, and put the rings upon the four corners that were in the four feet thereof. -Over against the border were the rings, the places for the staves to bear the table. -And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold, to bear the table. -And he made the vessels which were upon the table, his dishes, and his spoons, and his bowls, and his covers to cover withal, of pure gold. -And he made the candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work made he the candlestick; his shaft, and his branch, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, were of the same: -And six branches going out of the sides thereof; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side thereof, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side thereof: -Three bowls made after the fashion of almonds in one branch, a knop and a flower; and three bowls made like almonds in another branch, a knop and a flower: so throughout the six branches going out of the candlestick. -And in the candlestick were four bowls made like almonds, his knops, and his flowers: -And a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches going out of it. -Their knops and their branches were of the same: all of it was one beaten work of pure gold. -And he made his seven lamps, and his snuffers, and his snuffdishes, of pure gold. -Of a talent of pure gold made he it, and all the vessels thereof. -And he made the incense altar of shittim wood: the length of it was a cubit, and the breadth of it a cubit; it was foursquare; and two cubits was the height of it; the horns thereof were of the same. -And he overlaid it with pure gold, both the top of it, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns of it: also he made unto it a crown of gold round about. -And he made two rings of gold for it under the crown thereof, by the two corners of it, upon the two sides thereof, to be places for the staves to bear it withal. -And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold. -And he made the holy anointing oil, and the pure incense of sweet spices, according to the work of the apothecary. -And he made the altar of burnt offering of shittim wood: five cubits was the length thereof, and five cubits the breadth thereof; it was foursquare; and three cubits the height thereof. -And he made the horns thereof on the four corners of it; the horns thereof were of the same: and he overlaid it with brass. -And he made all the vessels of the altar, the pots, and the shovels, and the basons, and the fleshhooks, and the firepans: all the vessels thereof made he of brass. -And he made for the altar a brasen grate of network under the compass thereof beneath unto the midst of it. -And he cast four rings for the four ends of the grate of brass, to be places for the staves. -And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with brass. -And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar, to bear it withal; he made the altar hollow with boards. -And he made the laver of brass, and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling, which assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And he made the court: on the south side southward the hangings of the court were of fine twined linen, an hundred cubits: -Their pillars were twenty, and their brasen sockets twenty; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets were of silver. -And for the north side the hangings were an hundred cubits, their pillars were twenty, and their sockets of brass twenty; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. -And for the west side were hangings of fifty cubits, their pillars ten, and their sockets ten; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. -And for the east side eastward fifty cubits. -The hangings of the one side of the gate were fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three. -And for the other side of the court gate, on this hand and that hand, were hangings of fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three. -All the hangings of the court round about were of fine twined linen. -And the sockets for the pillars were of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver; and the overlaying of their chapiters of silver; and all the pillars of the court were filleted with silver. -And the hanging for the gate of the court was needlework, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen: and twenty cubits was the length, and the height in the breadth was five cubits, answerable to the hangings of the court. -And their pillars were four, and their sockets of brass four; their hooks of silver, and the overlaying of their chapiters and their fillets of silver. -And all the pins of the tabernacle, and of the court round about, were of brass. -This is the sum of the tabernacle, even of the tabernacle of testimony, as it was counted, according to the commandment of Moses, for the service of the Levites, by the hand of Ithamar, son to Aaron the priest. -And Bezaleel the son Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the LORD commanded Moses. -And with him was Aholiab, son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, and a cunning workman, and an embroiderer in blue, and in purple, and in scarlet, and fine linen. -All the gold that was occupied for the work in all the work of the holy place, even the gold of the offering, was twenty and nine talents, and seven hundred and thirty shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary. -And the silver of them that were numbered of the congregation was an hundred talents, and a thousand seven hundred and threescore and fifteen shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: -A bekah for every man, that is, half a shekel, after the shekel of the sanctuary, for every one that went to be numbered, from twenty years old and upward, for six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty men. -And of the hundred talents of silver were cast the sockets of the sanctuary, and the sockets of the vail; an hundred sockets of the hundred talents, a talent for a socket. -And of the thousand seven hundred seventy and five shekels he made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their chapiters, and filleted them. -And the brass of the offering was seventy talents, and two thousand and four hundred shekels. -And therewith he made the sockets to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the brasen altar, and the brasen grate for it, and all the vessels of the altar, -And the sockets of the court round about, and the sockets of the court gate, and all the pins of the tabernacle, and all the pins of the court round about. -And of the blue, and purple, and scarlet, they made cloths of service, to do service in the holy place, and made the holy garments for Aaron; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. -And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires, to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work. -They made shoulderpieces for it, to couple it together: by the two edges was it coupled together. -And the curious girdle of his ephod, that was upon it, was of the same, according to the work thereof; of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And they wrought onyx stones inclosed in ouches of gold, graven, as signets are graven, with the names of the children of Israel. -And he put them on the shoulders of the ephod, that they should be stones for a memorial to the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he made the breastplate of cunning work, like the work of the ephod; of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. -It was foursquare; they made the breastplate double: a span was the length thereof, and a span the breadth thereof, being doubled. -And they set in it four rows of stones: the first row was a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this was the first row. -And the second row, an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. -And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. -And the fourth row, a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper: they were inclosed in ouches of gold in their inclosings. -And the stones were according to the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet, every one with his name, according to the twelve tribes. -And they made upon the breastplate chains at the ends, of wreathen work of pure gold. -And they made two ouches of gold, and two gold rings; and put the two rings in the two ends of the breastplate. -And they put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings on the ends of the breastplate. -And the two ends of the two wreathen chains they fastened in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod, before it. -And they made two rings of gold, and put them on the two ends of the breastplate, upon the border of it, which was on the side of the ephod inward. -And they made two other golden rings, and put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart of it, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod. -And they did bind the breastplate by his rings unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it might be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate might not be loosed from the ephod; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he made the robe of the ephod of woven work, all of blue. -And there was an hole in the midst of the robe, as the hole of an habergeon, with a band round about the hole, that it should not rend. -And they made upon the hems of the robe pomegranates of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and twined linen. -And they made bells of pure gold, and put the bells between the pomegranates upon the hem of the robe, round about between the pomegranates; -A bell and a pomegranate, a bell and a pomegranate, round about the hem of the robe to minister in; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And they made coats of fine linen of woven work for Aaron, and for his sons, -And a mitre of fine linen, and goodly bonnets of fine linen, and linen breeches of fine twined linen, -And a girdle of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, of needlework; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And they made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, and wrote upon it a writing, like to the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. -And they tied unto it a lace of blue, to fasten it on high upon the mitre; as the LORD commanded Moses. -Thus was all the work of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation finished: and the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they. -And they brought the tabernacle unto Moses, the tent, and all his furniture, his taches, his boards, his bars, and his pillars, and his sockets, -And the covering of rams' skins dyed red, and the covering of badgers' skins, and the vail of the covering, -The ark of the testimony, and the staves thereof, and the mercy seat, -The table, and all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread, -The pure candlestick, with the lamps thereof, even with the lamps to be set in order, and all the vessels thereof, and the oil for light, -And the golden altar, and the anointing oil, and the sweet incense, and the hanging for the tabernacle door, -The brasen altar, and his grate of brass, his staves, and all his vessels, the laver and his foot, -The hangings of the court, his pillars, and his sockets, and the hanging for the court gate, his cords, and his pins, and all the vessels of the service of the tabernacle, for the tent of the congregation, -The cloths of service to do service in the holy place, and the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and his sons' garments, to minister in the priest's office. -According to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so the children of Israel made all the work. -And Moses did look upon all the work, and, behold, they had done it as the LORD had commanded, even so had they done it: and Moses blessed them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -On the first day of the first month shalt thou set up the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation. -And thou shalt put therein the ark of the testimony, and cover the ark with the vail. -And thou shalt bring in the table, and set in order the things that are to be set in order upon it; and thou shalt bring in the candlestick, and light the lamps thereof. -And thou shalt set the altar of gold for the incense before the ark of the testimony, and put the hanging of the door to the tabernacle. -And thou shalt set the altar of the burnt offering before the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation. -And thou shalt set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and shalt put water therein. -And thou shalt set up the court round about, and hang up the hanging at the court gate. -And thou shalt take the anointing oil, and anoint the tabernacle, and all that is therein, and shalt hallow it, and all the vessels thereof: and it shall be holy. -And thou shalt anoint the altar of the burnt offering, and all his vessels, and sanctify the altar: and it shall be an altar most holy. -And thou shalt anoint the laver and his foot, and sanctify it. -And thou shalt bring Aaron and his sons unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and wash them with water. -And thou shalt put upon Aaron the holy garments, and anoint him, and sanctify him; that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. -And thou shalt bring his sons, and clothe them with coats: -And thou shalt anoint them, as thou didst anoint their father, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office: for their anointing shall surely be an everlasting priesthood throughout their generations. -Thus did Moses: according to all that the LORD commanded him, so did he. -And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the tabernacle was reared up. -And Moses reared up the tabernacle, and fastened his sockets, and set up the boards thereof, and put in the bars thereof, and reared up his pillars. -And he spread abroad the tent over the tabernacle, and put the covering of the tent above upon it; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he took and put the testimony into the ark, and set the staves on the ark, and put the mercy seat above upon the ark: -And he brought the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the vail of the covering, and covered the ark of the testimony; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he put the table in the tent of the congregation, upon the side of the tabernacle northward, without the vail. -And he set the bread in order upon it before the LORD; as the LORD had commanded Moses. -And he put the candlestick in the tent of the congregation, over against the table, on the side of the tabernacle southward. -And he lighted the lamps before the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he put the golden altar in the tent of the congregation before the vail: -And he burnt sweet incense thereon; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he set up the hanging at the door of the tabernacle. -And he put the altar of burnt offering by the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation, and offered upon it the burnt offering and the meat offering; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and put water there, to wash withal. -And Moses and Aaron and his sons washed their hands and their feet thereat: -When they went into the tent of the congregation, and when they came near unto the altar, they washed; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he reared up the court round about the tabernacle and the altar, and set up the hanging of the court gate. So Moses finished the work. -Then a cloud covered the tent of the congregation, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. -And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. -And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys: -But if the cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it was taken up. -For the cloud of the LORD was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, throughout all their journeys. -And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the herd, and of the flock. -If his offering be a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male without blemish: he shall offer it of his own voluntary will at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD. -And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him. -And he shall kill the bullock before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood round about upon the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And he shall flay the burnt offering, and cut it into his pieces. -And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar, and lay the wood in order upon the fire: -And the priests, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: -But his inwards and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And if his offering be of the flocks, namely, of the sheep, or of the goats, for a burnt sacrifice; he shall bring it a male without blemish. -And he shall kill it on the side of the altar northward before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall sprinkle his blood round about upon the altar. -And he shall cut it into his pieces, with his head and his fat: and the priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: -But he shall wash the inwards and the legs with water: and the priest shall bring it all, and burn it upon the altar: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons. -And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar: -And he shall pluck away his crop with his feathers, and cast it beside the altar on the east part, by the place of the ashes: -And he shall cleave it with the wings thereof, but shall not divide it asunder: and the priest shall burn it upon the altar, upon the wood that is upon the fire: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And when any will offer a meat offering unto the LORD, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and put frankincense thereon: -And he shall bring it to Aaron's sons the priests: and he shall take thereout his handful of the flour thereof, and of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof; and the priest shall burn the memorial of it upon the altar, to be an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: -And the remnant of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire. -And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil. -And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in a pan, it shall be of fine flour unleavened, mingled with oil. -Thou shalt part it in pieces, and pour oil thereon: it is a meat offering. -And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in the fryingpan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil. -And thou shalt bring the meat offering that is made of these things unto the LORD: and when it is presented unto the priest, he shall bring it unto the altar. -And the priest shall take from the meat offering a memorial thereof, and shall burn it upon the altar: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And that which is left of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire. -No meat offering, which ye shall bring unto the LORD, shall be made with leaven: for ye shall burn no leaven, nor any honey, in any offering of the LORD made by fire. -As for the oblation of the firstfruits, ye shall offer them unto the LORD: but they shall not be burnt on the altar for a sweet savour. -And every oblation of thy meat offering shalt thou season with salt; neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to be lacking from thy meat offering: with all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt. -And if thou offer a meat offering of thy firstfruits unto the LORD, thou shalt offer for the meat offering of thy firstfruits green ears of corn dried by the fire, even corn beaten out of full ears. -And thou shalt put oil upon it, and lay frankincense thereon: it is a meat offering. -And the priest shall burn the memorial of it, part of the beaten corn thereof, and part of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And if his oblation be a sacrifice of peace offering, if he offer it of the herd; whether it be a male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before the LORD. -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons the priests shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about. -And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, -And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. -And Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar upon the burnt sacrifice, which is upon the wood that is on the fire: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And if his offering for a sacrifice of peace offering unto the LORD be of the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without blemish. -If he offer a lamb for his offering, then shall he offer it before the LORD. -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons shall sprinkle the blood thereof round about upon the altar. -And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat thereof, and the whole rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone; and the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, -And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. -And the priest shall burn it upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And if his offering be a goat, then he shall offer it before the LORD. -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of it, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and the sons of Aaron shall sprinkle the blood thereof upon the altar round about. -And he shall offer thereof his offering, even an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, -And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. -And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat is the LORD's. -It shall be a perpetual statute for your generations throughout all your dwellings, that ye eat neither fat nor blood. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and shall do against any of them: -If the priest that is anointed do sin according to the sin of the people; then let him bring for his sin, which he hath sinned, a young bullock without blemish unto the LORD for a sin offering. -And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD; and shall lay his hand upon the bullock's head, and kill the bullock before the LORD. -And the priest that is anointed shall take of the bullock's blood, and bring it to the tabernacle of the congregation: -And the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle of the blood seven times before the LORD, before the vail of the sanctuary. -And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet incense before the LORD, which is in the tabernacle of the congregation; and shall pour all the blood of the bullock at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And he shall take off from it all the fat of the bullock for the sin offering; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, -And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away, -As it was taken off from the bullock of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall burn them upon the altar of the burnt offering. -And the skin of the bullock, and all his flesh, with his head, and with his legs, and his inwards, and his dung, -Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire: where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt. -And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance, and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which should not be done, and are guilty; -When the sin, which they have sinned against it, is known, then the congregation shall offer a young bullock for the sin, and bring him before the tabernacle of the congregation. -And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bullock before the LORD: and the bullock shall be killed before the LORD. -And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock's blood to the tabernacle of the congregation: -And the priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, even before the vail. -And he shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar which is before the LORD, that is in the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And he shall take all his fat from him, and burn it upon the altar. -And he shall do with the bullock as he did with the bullock for a sin offering, so shall he do with this: and the priest shall make an atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them. -And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn him as he burned the first bullock: it is a sin offering for the congregation. -When a ruler hath sinned, and done somewhat through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things which should not be done, and is guilty; -Or if his sin, wherein he hath sinned, come to his knowledge; he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a male without blemish: -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before the LORD: it is a sin offering. -And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out his blood at the bottom of the altar of burnt offering. -And he shall burn all his fat upon the altar, as the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall make an atonement for him as concerning his sin, and it shall be forgiven him. -And if any one of the common people sin through ignorance, while he doeth somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and be guilty; -Or if his sin, which he hath sinned, come to his knowledge: then he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a female without blemish, for his sin which he hath sinned. -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay the sin offering in the place of the burnt offering. -And the priest shall take of the blood thereof with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar. -And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat is taken away from off the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour unto the LORD; and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him. -And if he bring a lamb for a sin offering, he shall bring it a female without blemish. -And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering. -And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar: -And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of the peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them upon the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: and the priest shall make an atonement for his sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him. -And if a soul sin, and hear the voice of swearing, and is a witness, whether he hath seen or known of it; if he do not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity. -Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast, or a carcase of unclean cattle, or the carcase of unclean creeping things, and if it be hidden from him; he also shall be unclean, and guilty. -Or if he touch the uncleanness of man, whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty. -Or if a soul swear, pronouncing with his lips to do evil, or to do good, whatsoever it be that a man shall pronounce with an oath, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty in one of these. -And it shall be, when he shall be guilty in one of these things, that he shall confess that he hath sinned in that thing: -And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD for his sin which he hath sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a kid of the goats, for a sin offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his sin. -And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass, which he hath committed, two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, unto the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering. -And he shall bring them unto the priest, who shall offer that which is for the sin offering first, and wring off his head from his neck, but shall not divide it asunder: -And he shall sprinkle of the blood of the sin offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest of the blood shall be wrung out at the bottom of the altar: it is a sin offering. -And he shall offer the second for a burnt offering, according to the manner: and the priest shall make an atonement for him for his sin which he hath sinned, and it shall be forgiven him. -But if he be not able to bring two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for it is a sin offering. -Then shall he bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it, even a memorial thereof, and burn it on the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: it is a sin offering. -And the priest shall make an atonement for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him: and the remnant shall be the priest's, as a meat offering. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -If a soul commit a trespass, and sin through ignorance, in the holy things of the LORD; then he shall bring for his trespass unto the LORD a ram without blemish out of the flocks, with thy estimation by shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary, for a trespass offering. -And he shall make amends for the harm that he hath done in the holy thing, and shall add the fifth part thereto, and give it unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering, and it shall be forgiven him. -And if a soul sin, and commit any of these things which are forbidden to be done by the commandments of the LORD; though he wist it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity. -And he shall bring a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his ignorance wherein he erred and wist it not, and it shall be forgiven him. -It is a trespass offering: he hath certainly trespassed against the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -If a soul sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and lie unto his neighbour in that which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbour; -Or have found that which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein: -Then it shall be, because he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that which he took violently away, or the thing which he hath deceitfully gotten, or that which was delivered him to keep, or the lost thing which he found, -Or all that about which he hath sworn falsely; he shall even restore it in the principal, and shall add the fifth part more thereto, and give it unto him to whom it appertaineth, in the day of his trespass offering. -And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: -And the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD: and it shall be forgiven him for any thing of all that he hath done in trespassing therein. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Command Aaron and his sons, saying, This is the law of the burnt offering: It is the burnt offering, because of the burning upon the altar all night unto the morning, and the fire of the altar shall be burning in it. -And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen breeches shall he put upon his flesh, and take up the ashes which the fire hath consumed with the burnt offering on the altar, and he shall put them beside the altar. -And he shall put off his garments, and put on other garments, and carry forth the ashes without the camp unto a clean place. -And the fire upon the altar shall be burning in it; it shall not be put out: and the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and lay the burnt offering in order upon it; and he shall burn thereon the fat of the peace offerings. -The fire shall ever be burning upon the altar; it shall never go out. -And this is the law of the meat offering: the sons of Aaron shall offer it before the LORD, before the altar. -And he shall take of it his handful, of the flour of the meat offering, and of the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which is upon the meat offering, and shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour, even the memorial of it, unto the LORD. -And the remainder thereof shall Aaron and his sons eat: with unleavened bread shall it be eaten in the holy place; in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation they shall eat it. -It shall not be baken with leaven. I have given it unto them for their portion of my offerings made by fire; it is most holy, as is the sin offering, and as the trespass offering. -All the males among the children of Aaron shall eat of it. It shall be a statute for ever in your generations concerning the offerings of the LORD made by fire: every one that toucheth them shall be holy. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer unto the LORD in the day when he is anointed; the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meat offering perpetual, half of it in the morning, and half thereof at night. -In a pan it shall be made with oil; and when it is baken, thou shalt bring it in: and the baken pieces of the meat offering shalt thou offer for a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And the priest of his sons that is anointed in his stead shall offer it: it is a statute for ever unto the LORD; it shall be wholly burnt. -For every meat offering for the priest shall be wholly burnt: it shall not be eaten. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is the law of the sin offering: In the place where the burnt offering is killed shall the sin offering be killed before the LORD: it is most holy. -The priest that offereth it for sin shall eat it: in the holy place shall it be eaten, in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation. -Whatsoever shall touch the flesh thereof shall be holy: and when there is sprinkled of the blood thereof upon any garment, thou shalt wash that whereon it was sprinkled in the holy place. -But the earthen vessel wherein it is sodden shall be broken: and if it be sodden in a brasen pot, it shall be both scoured, and rinsed in water. -All the males among the priests shall eat thereof: it is most holy. -And no sin offering, whereof any of the blood is brought into the tabernacle of the congregation to reconcile withal in the holy place, shall be eaten: it shall be burnt in the fire. -Likewise this is the law of the trespass offering: it is most holy. -In the place where they kill the burnt offering shall they kill the trespass offering: and the blood thereof shall he sprinkle round about upon the altar. -And he shall offer of it all the fat thereof; the rump, and the fat that covereth the inwards, -And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul that is above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away: -And the priest shall burn them upon the altar for an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a trespass offering. -Every male among the priests shall eat thereof: it shall be eaten in the holy place: it is most holy. -As the sin offering is, so is the trespass offering: there is one law for them: the priest that maketh atonement therewith shall have it. -And the priest that offereth any man's burnt offering, even the priest shall have to himself the skin of the burnt offering which he hath offered. -And all the meat offering that is baken in the oven, and all that is dressed in the fryingpan, and in the pan, shall be the priest's that offereth it. -And every meat offering, mingled with oil, and dry, shall all the sons of Aaron have, one as much as another. -And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he shall offer unto the LORD. -If he offer it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mingled with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mingled with oil, of fine flour, fried. -Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings. -And of it he shall offer one out of the whole oblation for an heave offering unto the LORD, and it shall be the priest's that sprinkleth the blood of the peace offerings. -And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten the same day that it is offered; he shall not leave any of it until the morning. -But if the sacrifice of his offering be a vow, or a voluntary offering, it shall be eaten the same day that he offereth his sacrifice: and on the morrow also the remainder of it shall be eaten: -But the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burnt with fire. -And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity. -And the flesh that toucheth any unclean thing shall not be eaten; it shall be burnt with fire: and as for the flesh, all that be clean shall eat thereof. -But the soul that eateth of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, that pertain unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. -Moreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing, as the uncleanness of man, or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which pertain unto the LORD, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Ye shall eat no manner of fat, of ox, or of sheep, or of goat. -And the fat of the beast that dieth of itself, and the fat of that which is torn with beasts, may be used in any other use: but ye shall in no wise eat of it. -For whosoever eateth the fat of the beast, of which men offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, even the soul that eateth it shall be cut off from his people. -Moreover ye shall eat no manner of blood, whether it be of fowl or of beast, in any of your dwellings. -Whatsoever soul it be that eateth any manner of blood, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, He that offereth the sacrifice of his peace offerings unto the LORD shall bring his oblation unto the LORD of the sacrifice of his peace offerings. -His own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire, the fat with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be waved for a wave offering before the LORD. -And the priest shall burn the fat upon the altar: but the breast shall be Aaron's and his sons'. -And the right shoulder shall ye give unto the priest for an heave offering of the sacrifices of your peace offerings. -He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat, shall have the right shoulder for his part. -For the wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by a statute for ever from among the children of Israel. -This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the priest's office; -Which the LORD commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their generations. -This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meat offering, and of the sin offering, and of the trespass offering, and of the consecrations, and of the sacrifice of the peace offerings; -Which the LORD commanded Moses in mount Sinai, in the day that he commanded the children of Israel to offer their oblations unto the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, and the anointing oil, and a bullock for the sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of unleavened bread; -And gather thou all the congregation together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And Moses did as the LORD commanded him; and the assembly was gathered together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And Moses said unto the congregation, This is the thing which the LORD commanded to be done. -And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and washed them with water. -And he put upon him the coat, and girded him with the girdle, and clothed him with the robe, and put the ephod upon him, and he girded him with the curious girdle of the ephod, and bound it unto him therewith. -And he put the breastplate upon him: also he put in the breastplate the Urim and the Thummim. -And he put the mitre upon his head; also upon the mitre, even upon his forefront, did he put the golden plate, the holy crown; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the tabernacle and all that was therein, and sanctified them. -And he sprinkled thereof upon the altar seven times, and anointed the altar and all his vessels, both the laver and his foot, to sanctify them. -And he poured of the anointing oil upon Aaron's head, and anointed him, to sanctify him. -And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats upon them, and girded them with girdles, and put bonnets upon them; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he brought the bullock for the sin offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the bullock for the sin offering. -And he slew it; and Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about with his finger, and purified the altar, and poured the blood at the bottom of the altar, and sanctified it, to make reconciliation upon it. -And he took all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and Moses burned it upon the altar. -But the bullock, and his hide, his flesh, and his dung, he burnt with fire without the camp; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. -And he killed it; and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. -And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat. -And he washed the inwards and the legs in water; and Moses burnt the whole ram upon the altar: it was a burnt sacrifice for a sweet savour, and an offering made by fire unto the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And he brought the other ram, the ram of consecration: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. -And he slew it; and Moses took of the blood of it, and put it upon the tip of Aaron's right ear, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot. -And he brought Aaron's sons, and Moses put of the blood upon the tip of their right ear, and upon the thumbs of their right hands, and upon the great toes of their right feet: and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. -And he took the fat, and the rump, and all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and the right shoulder: -And out of the basket of unleavened bread, that was before the LORD, he took one unleavened cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put them on the fat, and upon the right shoulder: -And he put all upon Aaron's hands, and upon his sons' hands, and waved them for a wave offering before the LORD. -And Moses took them from off their hands, and burnt them on the altar upon the burnt offering: they were consecrations for a sweet savour: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And Moses took the breast, and waved it for a wave offering before the LORD: for of the ram of consecration it was Moses' part; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And Moses took of the anointing oil, and of the blood which was upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon his sons' garments with him; and sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons' garments with him. -And Moses said unto Aaron and to his sons, Boil the flesh at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and there eat it with the bread that is in the basket of consecrations, as I commanded, saying, Aaron and his sons shall eat it. -And that which remaineth of the flesh and of the bread shall ye burn with fire. -And ye shall not go out of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation in seven days, until the days of your consecration be at an end: for seven days shall he consecrate you. -As he hath done this day, so the LORD hath commanded to do, to make an atonement for you. -Therefore shall ye abide at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation day and night seven days, and keep the charge of the LORD, that ye die not: for so I am commanded. -So Aaron and his sons did all things which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. -And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel; -And he said unto Aaron, Take thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before the LORD. -And unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, saying, Take ye a kid of the goats for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both of the first year, without blemish, for a burnt offering; -Also a bullock and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before the LORD; and a meat offering mingled with oil: for to day the LORD will appear unto you. -And they brought that which Moses commanded before the tabernacle of the congregation: and all the congregation drew near and stood before the LORD. -And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commanded that ye should do: and the glory of the LORD shall appear unto you. -And Moses said unto Aaron, Go unto the altar, and offer thy sin offering, and thy burnt offering, and make an atonement for thyself, and for the people: and offer the offering of the people, and make an atonement for them; as the LORD commanded. -Aaron therefore went unto the altar, and slew the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself. -And the sons of Aaron brought the blood unto him: and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the bottom of the altar: -But the fat, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he burnt upon the altar; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the flesh and the hide he burnt with fire without the camp. -And he slew the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled round about upon the altar. -And they presented the burnt offering unto him, with the pieces thereof, and the head: and he burnt them upon the altar. -And he did wash the inwards and the legs, and burnt them upon the burnt offering on the altar. -And he brought the people's offering, and took the goat, which was the sin offering for the people, and slew it, and offered it for sin, as the first. -And he brought the burnt offering, and offered it according to the manner. -And he brought the meat offering, and took an handful thereof, and burnt it upon the altar, beside the burnt sacrifice of the morning. -He slew also the bullock and the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled upon the altar round about, -And the fat of the bullock and of the ram, the rump, and that which covereth the inwards, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver: -And they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burnt the fat upon the altar: -And the breasts and the right shoulder Aaron waved for a wave offering before the LORD; as Moses commanded. -And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the people, and blessed them, and came down from offering of the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and peace offerings. -And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of the congregation, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the people. -And there came a fire out from before the LORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat: which when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces. -And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the LORD, which he commanded them not. -And there went out fire from the LORD, and devoured them, and they died before the LORD. -Then Moses said unto Aaron, This is it that the LORD spake, saying, I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all the people I will be glorified. And Aaron held his peace. -And Moses called Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel the uncle of Aaron, and said unto them, Come near, carry your brethren from before the sanctuary out of the camp. -So they went near, and carried them in their coats out of the camp; as Moses had said. -And Moses said unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his sons, Uncover not your heads, neither rend your clothes; lest ye die, and lest wrath come upon all the people: but let your brethren, the whole house of Israel, bewail the burning which the LORD hath kindled. -And ye shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: for the anointing oil of the LORD is upon you. And they did according to the word of Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Aaron, saying, -Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations: -And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean; -And that ye may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the LORD hath spoken unto them by the hand of Moses. -And Moses spake unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his sons that were left, Take the meat offering that remaineth of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and eat it without leaven beside the altar: for it is most holy: -And ye shall eat it in the holy place, because it is thy due, and thy sons' due, of the sacrifices of the LORD made by fire: for so I am commanded. -And the wave breast and heave shoulder shall ye eat in a clean place; thou, and thy sons, and thy daughters with thee: for they be thy due, and thy sons' due, which are given out of the sacrifices of peace offerings of the children of Israel. -The heave shoulder and the wave breast shall they bring with the offerings made by fire of the fat, to wave it for a wave offering before the LORD; and it shall be thine, and thy sons' with thee, by a statute for ever; as the LORD hath commanded. -And Moses diligently sought the goat of the sin offering, and, behold, it was burnt: and he was angry with Eleazar and Ithamar, the sons of Aaron which were left alive, saying, -Wherefore have ye not eaten the sin offering in the holy place, seeing it is most holy, and God hath given it you to bear the iniquity of the congregation, to make atonement for them before the LORD? -Behold, the blood of it was not brought in within the holy place: ye should indeed have eaten it in the holy place, as I commanded. -And Aaron said unto Moses, Behold, this day have they offered their sin offering and their burnt offering before the LORD; and such things have befallen me: and if I had eaten the sin offering to day, should it have been accepted in the sight of the LORD? -And when Moses heard that, he was content. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth. -Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. -Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. -And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. -And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. -And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you. -Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they are unclean to you. -These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat. -And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall be an abomination unto you: -They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination. -Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you. -And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, -And the vulture, and the kite after his kind; -Every raven after his kind; -And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, -And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, -And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, -And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. -All fowls that creep, going upon all four, shall be an abomination unto you. -Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth; -Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind. -But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you. -And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even. -And whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even. -The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean. -And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on all four, those are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even. -And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you. -These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind, -And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. -These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even. -And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed. -And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth, whatsoever is in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it. -Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean. -And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be broken down: for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you. -Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean. -And if any part of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed which is to be sown, it shall be clean. -But if any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcase fall thereon, it shall be unclean unto you. -And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even. -And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even. -And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth shall be an abomination; it shall not be eaten. -Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination. -Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby. -For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. -For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy. -This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth: -To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a woman have conceived seed, and born a man child: then she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean. -And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised. -And she shall then continue in the blood of her purifying three and thirty days; she shall touch no hallowed thing, nor come into the sanctuary, until the days of her purifying be fulfilled. -But if she bear a maid child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her separation: and she shall continue in the blood of her purifying threescore and six days. -And when the days of her purifying are fulfilled, for a son, or for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb of the first year for a burnt offering, and a young pigeon, or a turtledove, for a sin offering, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest: -Who shall offer it before the LORD, and make an atonement for her; and she shall be cleansed from the issue of her blood. This is the law for her that hath born a male or a female. -And if she be not able to bring a lamb, then she shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons; the one for the burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for her, and she shall be clean. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, saying, -When a man shall have in the skin of his flesh a rising, a scab, or bright spot, and it be in the skin of his flesh like the plague of leprosy; then he shall be brought unto Aaron the priest, or unto one of his sons the priests: -And the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh: and when the hair in the plague is turned white, and the plague in sight be deeper than the skin of his flesh, it is a plague of leprosy: and the priest shall look on him, and pronounce him unclean. -If the bright spot be white in the skin of his flesh, and in sight be not deeper than the skin, and the hair thereof be not turned white; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague seven days: -And the priest shall look on him the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague in his sight be at a stay, and the plague spread not in the skin; then the priest shall shut him up seven days more: -And the priest shall look on him again the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague spread not in the skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean: it is but a scab: and he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. -But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin, after that he hath been seen of the priest for his cleansing, he shall be seen of the priest again. -And if the priest see that, behold, the scab spreadeth in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a leprosy. -When the plague of leprosy is in a man, then he shall be brought unto the priest; -And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the rising be white in the skin, and it have turned the hair white, and there be quick raw flesh in the rising; -It is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean, and shall not shut him up: for he is unclean. -And if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin, and the leprosy cover all the skin of him that hath the plague from his head even to his foot, wheresoever the priest looketh; -Then the priest shall consider: and, behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: it is all turned white: he is clean. -But when raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean. -And the priest shall see the raw flesh, and pronounce him to be unclean: for the raw flesh is unclean: it is a leprosy. -Or if the raw flesh turn again, and be changed unto white, he shall come unto the priest; -And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the plague be turned into white; then the priest shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: he is clean. -The flesh also, in which, even in the skin thereof, was a boil, and is healed, -And in the place of the boil there be a white rising, or a bright spot, white, and somewhat reddish, and it be shewed to the priest; -And if, when the priest seeth it, behold, it be in sight lower than the skin, and the hair thereof be turned white; the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a plague of leprosy broken out of the boil. -But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and if it be not lower than the skin, but be somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: -And if it spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a plague. -But if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not, it is a burning boil; and the priest shall pronounce him clean. -Or if there be any flesh, in the skin whereof there is a hot burning, and the quick flesh that burneth have a white bright spot, somewhat reddish, or white; -Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the hair in the bright spot be turned white, and it be in sight deeper than the skin; it is a leprosy broken out of the burning: wherefore the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is the plague of leprosy. -But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hair in the bright spot, and it be no lower than the other skin, but be somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: -And the priest shall look upon him the seventh day: and if it be spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is the plague of leprosy. -And if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not in the skin, but it be somewhat dark; it is a rising of the burning, and the priest shall pronounce him clean: for it is an inflammation of the burning. -If a man or woman have a plague upon the head or the beard; -Then the priest shall see the plague: and, behold, if it be in sight deeper than the skin; and there be in it a yellow thin hair; then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head or beard. -And if the priest look on the plague of the scall, and, behold, it be not in sight deeper than the skin, and that there is no black hair in it; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague of the scall seven days: -And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the plague: and, behold, if the scall spread not, and there be in it no yellow hair, and the scall be not in sight deeper than the skin; -He shall be shaven, but the scall shall he not shave; and the priest shall shut up him that hath the scall seven days more: -And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the scall: and, behold, if the scall be not spread in the skin, nor be in sight deeper than the skin; then the priest shall pronounce him clean: and he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. -But if the scall spread much in the skin after his cleansing; -Then the priest shall look on him: and, behold, if the scall be spread in the skin, the priest shall not seek for yellow hair; he is unclean. -But if the scall be in his sight at a stay, and that there is black hair grown up therein; the scall is healed, he is clean: and the priest shall pronounce him clean. -If a man also or a woman have in the skin of their flesh bright spots, even white bright spots; -Then the priest shall look: and, behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish white; it is a freckled spot that groweth in the skin; he is clean. -And the man whose hair is fallen off his head, he is bald; yet is he clean. -And he that hath his hair fallen off from the part of his head toward his face, he is forehead bald: yet is he clean. -And if there be in the bald head, or bald forehead, a white reddish sore; it is a leprosy sprung up in his bald head, or his bald forehead. -Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the rising of the sore be white reddish in his bald head, or in his bald forehead, as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh; -He is a leprous man, he is unclean: the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean; his plague is in his head. -And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and his head bare, and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip, and shall cry, Unclean, unclean. -All the days wherein the plague shall be in him he shall be defiled; he is unclean: he shall dwell alone; without the camp shall his habitation be. -The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it be a woollen garment, or a linen garment; -Whether it be in the warp, or woof; of linen, or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in any thing made of skin; -And if the plague be greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a plague of leprosy, and shall be shewed unto the priest: -And the priest shall look upon the plague, and shut up it that hath the plague seven days: -And he shall look on the plague on the seventh day: if the plague be spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in a skin, or in any work that is made of skin; the plague is a fretting leprosy; it is unclean. -He shall therefore burn that garment, whether warp or woof, in woollen or in linen, or any thing of skin, wherein the plague is: for it is a fretting leprosy; it shall be burnt in the fire. -And if the priest shall look, and, behold, the plague be not spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; -Then the priest shall command that they wash the thing wherein the plague is, and he shall shut it up seven days more: -And the priest shall look on the plague, after that it is washed: and, behold, if the plague have not changed his colour, and the plague be not spread; it is unclean; thou shalt burn it in the fire; it is fret inward, whether it be bare within or without. -And if the priest look, and, behold, the plague be somewhat dark after the washing of it; then he shall rend it out of the garment, or out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the woof: -And if it appear still in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a spreading plague: thou shalt burn that wherein the plague is with fire. -And the garment, either warp, or woof, or whatsoever thing of skin it be, which thou shalt wash, if the plague be departed from them, then it shall be washed the second time, and shall be clean. -This is the law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woollen or linen, either in the warp, or woof, or any thing of skins, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his cleansing: He shall be brought unto the priest: -And the priest shall go forth out of the camp; and the priest shall look, and, behold, if the plague of leprosy be healed in the leper; -Then shall the priest command to take for him that is to be cleansed two birds alive and clean, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop: -And the priest shall command that one of the birds be killed in an earthen vessel over running water: -As for the living bird, he shall take it, and the cedar wood, and the scarlet, and the hyssop, and shall dip them and the living bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over the running water: -And he shall sprinkle upon him that is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird loose into the open field. -And he that is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, and shave off all his hair, and wash himself in water, that he may be clean: and after that he shall come into the camp, and shall tarry abroad out of his tent seven days. -But it shall be on the seventh day, that he shall shave all his hair off his head and his beard and his eyebrows, even all his hair he shall shave off: and he shall wash his clothes, also he shall wash his flesh in water, and he shall be clean. -And on the eighth day he shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish, and three tenth deals of fine flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil. -And the priest that maketh him clean shall present the man that is to be made clean, and those things, before the LORD, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: -And the priest shall take one he lamb, and offer him for a trespass offering, and the log of oil, and wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: -And he shall slay the lamb in the place where he shall kill the sin offering and the burnt offering, in the holy place: for as the sin offering is the priest's, so is the trespass offering: it is most holy: -And the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and the priest shall put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot: -And the priest shall take some of the log of oil, and pour it into the palm of his own left hand: -And the priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his left hand, and shall sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the LORD: -And of the rest of the oil that is in his hand shall the priest put upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot, upon the blood of the trespass offering: -And the remnant of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall pour upon the head of him that is to be cleansed: and the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD. -And the priest shall offer the sin offering, and make an atonement for him that is to be cleansed from his uncleanness; and afterward he shall kill the burnt offering: -And the priest shall offer the burnt offering and the meat offering upon the altar: and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and he shall be clean. -And if he be poor, and cannot get so much; then he shall take one lamb for a trespass offering to be waved, to make an atonement for him, and one tenth deal of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering, and a log of oil; -And two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, such as he is able to get; and the one shall be a sin offering, and the other a burnt offering. -And he shall bring them on the eighth day for his cleansing unto the priest, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, before the LORD. -And the priest shall take the lamb of the trespass offering, and the log of oil, and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: -And he shall kill the lamb of the trespass offering, and the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot: -And the priest shall pour of the oil into the palm of his own left hand: -And the priest shall sprinkle with his right finger some of the oil that is in his left hand seven times before the LORD: -And the priest shall put of the oil that is in his hand upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot, upon the place of the blood of the trespass offering: -And the rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put upon the head of him that is to be cleansed, to make an atonement for him before the LORD. -And he shall offer the one of the turtledoves, or of the young pigeons, such as he can get; -Even such as he is able to get, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the meat offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for him that is to be cleansed before the LORD. -This is the law of him in whom is the plague of leprosy, whose hand is not able to get that which pertaineth to his cleansing. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -When ye be come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put the plague of leprosy in a house of the land of your possession; -And he that owneth the house shall come and tell the priest, saying, It seemeth to me there is as it were a plague in the house: -Then the priest shall command that they empty the house, before the priest go into it to see the plague, that all that is in the house be not made unclean: and afterward the priest shall go in to see the house: -And he shall look on the plague, and, behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with hollow strakes, greenish or reddish, which in sight are lower than the wall; -Then the priest shall go out of the house to the door of the house, and shut up the house seven days: -And the priest shall come again the seventh day, and shall look: and, behold, if the plague be spread in the walls of the house; -Then the priest shall command that they take away the stones in which the plague is, and they shall cast them into an unclean place without the city: -And he shall cause the house to be scraped within round about, and they shall pour out the dust that they scrape off without the city into an unclean place: -And they shall take other stones, and put them in the place of those stones; and he shall take other morter, and shall plaister the house. -And if the plague come again, and break out in the house, after that he hath taken away the stones, and after he hath scraped the house, and after it is plaistered; -Then the priest shall come and look, and, behold, if the plague be spread in the house, it is a fretting leprosy in the house; it is unclean. -And he shall break down the house, the stones of it, and the timber thereof, and all the morter of the house; and he shall carry them forth out of the city into an unclean place. -Moreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean until the even. -And he that lieth in the house shall wash his clothes; and he that eateth in the house shall wash his clothes. -And if the priest shall come in, and look upon it, and, behold, the plague hath not spread in the house, after the house was plaistered: then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed. -And he shall take to cleanse the house two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop: -And he shall kill the one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running water: -And he shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the house seven times: -And he shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and with the running water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the scarlet: -But he shall let go the living bird out of the city into the open fields, and make an atonement for the house: and it shall be clean. -This is the law for all manner of plague of leprosy, and scall, -And for the leprosy of a garment, and of a house, -And for a rising, and for a scab, and for a bright spot: -To teach when it is unclean, and when it is clean: this is the law of leprosy. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When any man hath a running issue out of his flesh, because of his issue he is unclean. -And this shall be his uncleanness in his issue: whether his flesh run with his issue, or his flesh be stopped from his issue, it is his uncleanness. -Every bed, whereon he lieth that hath the issue, is unclean: and every thing, whereon he sitteth, shall be unclean. -And whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And he that sitteth on any thing whereon he sat that hath the issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And he that toucheth the flesh of him that hath the issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And if he that hath the issue spit upon him that is clean; then he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall be unclean. -And whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be unclean until the even: and he that beareth any of those things shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And whomsoever he toucheth that hath the issue, and hath not rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And the vessel of earth, that he toucheth which hath the issue, shall be broken: and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water. -And when he that hath an issue is cleansed of his issue; then he shall number to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean. -And on the eighth day he shall take to him two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and come before the LORD unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and give them unto the priest: -And the priest shall offer them, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD for his issue. -And if any man's seed of copulation go out from him, then he shall wash all his flesh in water, and be unclean until the even. -And every garment, and every skin, whereon is the seed of copulation, shall be washed with water, and be unclean until the even. -The woman also with whom man shall lie with seed of copulation, they shall both bathe themselves in water, and be unclean until the even. -And if a woman have an issue, and her issue in her flesh be blood, she shall be put apart seven days: and whosoever toucheth her shall be unclean until the even. -And every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean: every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean. -And whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And whosoever toucheth any thing that she sat upon shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -And if it be on her bed, or on any thing whereon she sitteth, when he toucheth it, he shall be unclean until the even. -And if any man lie with her at all, and her flowers be upon him, he shall be unclean seven days; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean. -And if a woman have an issue of her blood many days out of the time of her separation, or if it run beyond the time of her separation; all the days of the issue of her uncleanness shall be as the days of her separation: she shall be unclean. -Every bed whereon she lieth all the days of her issue shall be unto her as the bed of her separation: and whatsoever she sitteth upon shall be unclean, as the uncleanness of her separation. -And whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean, and shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. -But if she be cleansed of her issue, then she shall number to herself seven days, and after that she shall be clean. -And on the eighth day she shall take unto her two turtles, or two young pigeons, and bring them unto the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for her before the LORD for the issue of her uncleanness. -Thus shall ye separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness; that they die not in their uncleanness, when they defile my tabernacle that is among them. -This is the law of him that hath an issue, and of him whose seed goeth from him, and is defiled therewith; -And of her that is sick of her flowers, and of him that hath an issue, of the man, and of the woman, and of him that lieth with her that is unclean. -And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died; -And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the vail before the mercy seat, which is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat. -Thus shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering. -He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these are holy garments; therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and so put them on. -And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. -And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house. -And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. -And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD's lot fell, and offer him for a sin offering. -But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him, and to let him go for a scapegoat into the wilderness. -And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make an atonement for himself, and for his house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin offering which is for himself: -And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the vail: -And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not: -And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times. -Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat: -And he shall make an atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth among them in the midst of their uncleanness. -And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy place, until he come out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the congregation of Israel. -And he shall go out unto the altar that is before the LORD, and make an atonement for it; and shall take of the blood of the bullock, and of the blood of the goat, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about. -And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel. -And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy place, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar, he shall bring the live goat: -And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: -And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness. -And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy place, and shall leave them there: -And he shall wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people. -And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar. -And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the camp. -And the bullock for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy place, shall one carry forth without the camp; and they shall burn in the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung. -And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp. -And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you: -For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD. -It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever. -And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes, even the holy garments: -And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation. -And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year. And he did as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron, and unto his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them; This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, saying, -What man soever there be of the house of Israel, that killeth an ox, or lamb, or goat, in the camp, or that killeth it out of the camp, -And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer an offering unto the LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD; blood shall be imputed unto that man; he hath shed blood; and that man shall be cut off from among his people: -To the end that the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices, which they offer in the open field, even that they may bring them unto the LORD, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest, and offer them for peace offerings unto the LORD. -And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and burn the fat for a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring. This shall be a statute for ever unto them throughout their generations. -And thou shalt say unto them, Whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers which sojourn among you, that offereth a burnt offering or sacrifice, -And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer it unto the LORD; even that man shall be cut off from among his people. -And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people. -For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul. -Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you shall eat blood, neither shall any stranger that sojourneth among you eat blood. -And whatsoever man there be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, which hunteth and catcheth any beast or fowl that may be eaten; he shall even pour out the blood thereof, and cover it with dust. -For it is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for the life thereof: therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh: for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof: whosoever eateth it shall be cut off. -And every soul that eateth that which died of itself, or that which was torn with beasts, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger, he shall both wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even: then shall he be clean. -But if he wash them not, nor bathe his flesh; then he shall bear his iniquity. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, I am the LORD your God. -After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do: neither shall ye walk in their ordinances. -Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein: I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them: I am the LORD. -None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD. -The nakedness of thy father, or the nakedness of thy mother, shalt thou not uncover: she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. -The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover: it is thy father's nakedness. -The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother, whether she be born at home, or born abroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover. -The nakedness of thy son's daughter, or of thy daughter's daughter, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover: for theirs is thine own nakedness. -The nakedness of thy father's wife's daughter, begotten of thy father, she is thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's sister: she is thy father's near kinswoman. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister: for she is thy mother's near kinswoman. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's brother, thou shalt not approach to his wife: she is thine aunt. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter in law: she is thy son's wife; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: it is thy brother's nakedness. -Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter, neither shalt thou take her son's daughter, or her daughter's daughter, to uncover her nakedness; for they are her near kinswomen: it is wickedness. -Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister, to vex her, to uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her life time. -Also thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is put apart for her uncleanness. -Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour's wife, to defile thyself with her. -And thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD. -Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination. -Neither shalt thou lie with any beast to defile thyself therewith: neither shall any woman stand before a beast to lie down thereto: it is confusion. -Defile not ye yourselves in any of these things: for in all these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you: -And the land is defiled: therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants. -Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and my judgments, and shall not commit any of these abominations; neither any of your own nation, nor any stranger that sojourneth among you: -(For all these abominations have the men of the land done, which were before you, and the land is defiled;) -That the land spue not you out also, when ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you. -For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people. -Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance, that ye commit not any one of these abominable customs, which were committed before you, and that ye defile not yourselves therein: I am the LORD your God. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, and say unto them, Ye shall be holy: for I the LORD your God am holy. -Ye shall fear every man his mother, and his father, and keep my sabbaths: I am the LORD your God. -Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am the LORD your God. -And if ye offer a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, ye shall offer it at your own will. -It shall be eaten the same day ye offer it, and on the morrow: and if ought remain until the third day, it shall be burnt in the fire. -And if it be eaten at all on the third day, it is abominable; it shall not be accepted. -Therefore every one that eateth it shall bear his iniquity, because he hath profaned the hallowed thing of the LORD: and that soul shall be cut off from among his people. -And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings of thy harvest. -And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and stranger: I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to another. -And ye shall not swear by my name falsely, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD. -Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbour, neither rob him: the wages of him that is hired shall not abide with thee all night until the morning. -Thou shalt not curse the deaf, nor put a stumblingblock before the blind, but shalt fear thy God: I am the LORD. -Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour. -Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer among thy people: neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour; I am the LORD. -Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart: thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him. -Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD. -Ye shall keep my statutes. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind: thou shalt not sow thy field with mingled seed: neither shall a garment mingled of linen and woollen come upon thee. -And whosoever lieth carnally with a woman, that is a bondmaid, betrothed to an husband, and not at all redeemed, nor freedom given her; she shall be scourged; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free. -And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, even a ram for a trespass offering. -And the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering before the LORD for his sin which he hath done: and the sin which he hath done shall be forgiven him. -And when ye shall come into the land, and shall have planted all manner of trees for food, then ye shall count the fruit thereof as uncircumcised: three years shall it be as uncircumcised unto you: it shall not be eaten of. -But in the fourth year all the fruit thereof shall be holy to praise the LORD withal. -And in the fifth year shall ye eat of the fruit thereof, that it may yield unto you the increase thereof: I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall not eat any thing with the blood: neither shall ye use enchantment, nor observe times. -Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard. -Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD. -Do not prostitute thy daughter, to cause her to be a whore; lest the land fall to whoredom, and the land become full of wickedness. -Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD. -Regard not them that have familiar spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the LORD your God. -Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour the face of the old man, and fear thy God: I am the LORD. -And if a stranger sojourn with thee in your land, ye shall not vex him. -But the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in meteyard, in weight, or in measure. -Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin, shall ye have: I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt. -Therefore shall ye observe all my statutes, and all my judgments, and do them: I am the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Again, thou shalt say to the children of Israel, Whosoever he be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel, that giveth any of his seed unto Molech; he shall surely be put to death: the people of the land shall stone him with stones. -And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people; because he hath given of his seed unto Molech, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name. -And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from the man, when he giveth of his seed unto Molech, and kill him not: -Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit whoredom with Molech, from among their people. -And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people. -Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy: for I am the LORD your God. -And ye shall keep my statutes, and do them: I am the LORD which sanctify you. -For every one that curseth his father or his mother shall be surely put to death: he hath cursed his father or his mother; his blood shall be upon him. -And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death. -And the man that lieth with his father's wife hath uncovered his father's nakedness: both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. -And if a man lie with his daughter in law, both of them shall surely be put to death: they have wrought confusion; their blood shall be upon them. -If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. -And if a man take a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no wickedness among you. -And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and ye shall slay the beast. -And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. -And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness; it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity. -And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be cut off from among their people. -And thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister, nor of thy father's sister: for he uncovereth his near kin: they shall bear their iniquity. -And if a man shall lie with his uncle's wife, he hath uncovered his uncle's nakedness: they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless. -And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless. -Ye shall therefore keep all my statutes, and all my judgments, and do them: that the land, whither I bring you to dwell therein, spue you not out. -And ye shall not walk in the manners of the nation, which I cast out before you: for they committed all these things, and therefore I abhorred them. -But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with milk and honey: I am the LORD your God, which have separated you from other people. -Ye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean, and between unclean fowls and clean: and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast, or by fowl, or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground, which I have separated from you as unclean. -And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine. -A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto the priests the sons of Aaron, and say unto them, There shall none be defiled for the dead among his people: -But for his kin, that is near unto him, that is, for his mother, and for his father, and for his son, and for his daughter, and for his brother. -And for his sister a virgin, that is nigh unto him, which hath had no husband; for her may he be defiled. -But he shall not defile himself, being a chief man among his people, to profane himself. -They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in their flesh. -They shall be holy unto their God, and not profane the name of their God: for the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and the bread of their God, they do offer: therefore they shall be holy. -They shall not take a wife that is a whore, or profane; neither shall they take a woman put away from her husband: for he is holy unto his God. -Thou shalt sanctify him therefore; for he offereth the bread of thy God: he shall be holy unto thee: for I the LORD, which sanctify you, am holy. -And the daughter of any priest, if she profane herself by playing the whore, she profaneth her father: she shall be burnt with fire. -And he that is the high priest among his brethren, upon whose head the anointing oil was poured, and that is consecrated to put on the garments, shall not uncover his head, nor rend his clothes; -Neither shall he go in to any dead body, nor defile himself for his father, or for his mother; -Neither shall he go out of the sanctuary, nor profane the sanctuary of his God; for the crown of the anointing oil of his God is upon him: I am the LORD. -And he shall take a wife in her virginity. -A widow, or a divorced woman, or profane, or an harlot, these shall he not take: but he shall take a virgin of his own people to wife. -Neither shall he profane his seed among his people: for I the LORD do sanctify him. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron, saying, Whosoever he be of thy seed in their generations that hath any blemish, let him not approach to offer the bread of his God. -For whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not approach: a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose, or any thing superfluous, -Or a man that is brokenfooted, or brokenhanded, -Or crookbackt, or a dwarf, or that hath a blemish in his eye, or be scurvy, or scabbed, or hath his stones broken; -No man that hath a blemish of the seed of Aaron the priest shall come nigh to offer the offerings of the LORD made by fire: he hath a blemish; he shall not come nigh to offer the bread of his God. -He shall eat the bread of his God, both of the most holy, and of the holy. -Only he shall not go in unto the vail, nor come nigh unto the altar, because he hath a blemish; that he profane not my sanctuaries: for I the LORD do sanctify them. -And Moses told it unto Aaron, and to his sons, and unto all the children of Israel. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron and to his sons, that they separate themselves from the holy things of the children of Israel, and that they profane not my holy name in those things which they hallow unto me: I am the LORD. -Say unto them, Whosoever he be of all your seed among your generations, that goeth unto the holy things, which the children of Israel hallow unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from my presence: I am the LORD. -What man soever of the seed of Aaron is a leper, or hath a running issue; he shall not eat of the holy things, until he be clean. And whoso toucheth any thing that is unclean by the dead, or a man whose seed goeth from him; -Or whosoever toucheth any creeping thing, whereby he may be made unclean, or a man of whom he may take uncleanness, whatsoever uncleanness he hath; -The soul which hath touched any such shall be unclean until even, and shall not eat of the holy things, unless he wash his flesh with water. -And when the sun is down, he shall be clean, and shall afterward eat of the holy things; because it is his food. -That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not eat to defile himself therewith; I am the LORD. -They shall therefore keep mine ordinance, lest they bear sin for it, and die therefore, if they profane it: I the LORD do sanctify them. -There shall no stranger eat of the holy thing: a sojourner of the priest, or an hired servant, shall not eat of the holy thing. -But if the priest buy any soul with his money, he shall eat of it, and he that is born in his house: they shall eat of his meat. -If the priest's daughter also be married unto a stranger, she may not eat of an offering of the holy things. -But if the priest's daughter be a widow, or divorced, and have no child, and is returned unto her father's house, as in her youth, she shall eat of her father's meat: but there shall be no stranger eat thereof. -And if a man eat of the holy thing unwittingly, then he shall put the fifth part thereof unto it, and shall give it unto the priest with the holy thing. -And they shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, which they offer unto the LORD; -Or suffer them to bear the iniquity of trespass, when they eat their holy things: for I the LORD do sanctify them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron, and to his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them, Whatsoever he be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers in Israel, that will offer his oblation for all his vows, and for all his freewill offerings, which they will offer unto the LORD for a burnt offering; -Ye shall offer at your own will a male without blemish, of the beeves, of the sheep, or of the goats. -But whatsoever hath a blemish, that shall ye not offer: for it shall not be acceptable for you. -And whosoever offereth a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD to accomplish his vow, or a freewill offering in beeves or sheep, it shall be perfect to be accepted; there shall be no blemish therein. -Blind, or broken, or maimed, or having a wen, or scurvy, or scabbed, ye shall not offer these unto the LORD, nor make an offering by fire of them upon the altar unto the LORD. -Either a bullock or a lamb that hath any thing superfluous or lacking in his parts, that mayest thou offer for a freewill offering; but for a vow it shall not be accepted. -Ye shall not offer unto the LORD that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut; neither shall ye make any offering thereof in your land. -Neither from a stranger's hand shall ye offer the bread of your God of any of these; because their corruption is in them, and blemishes be in them: they shall not be accepted for you. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -When a bullock, or a sheep, or a goat, is brought forth, then it shall be seven days under the dam; and from the eighth day and thenceforth it shall be accepted for an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And whether it be cow, or ewe, ye shall not kill it and her young both in one day. -And when ye will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving unto the LORD, offer it at your own will. -On the same day it shall be eaten up; ye shall leave none of it until the morrow: I am the LORD. -Therefore shall ye keep my commandments, and do them: I am the LORD. -Neither shall ye profane my holy name; but I will be hallowed among the children of Israel: I am the LORD which hallow you, -That brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are my feasts. -Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no work therein: it is the sabbath of the LORD in all your dwellings. -These are the feasts of the LORD, even holy convocations, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons. -In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the LORD's passover. -And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto the LORD: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread. -In the first day ye shall have an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. -But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD seven days: in the seventh day is an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land which I give unto you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: -And he shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted for you: on the morrow after the sabbath the priest shall wave it. -And ye shall offer that day when ye wave the sheaf an he lamb without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD. -And the meat offering thereof shall be two tenth deals of fine flour mingled with oil, an offering made by fire unto the LORD for a sweet savour: and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine, the fourth part of an hin. -And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, until the selfsame day that ye have brought an offering unto your God: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. -And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: -Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the LORD. -Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the LORD. -And ye shall offer with the bread seven lambs without blemish of the first year, and one young bullock, and two rams: they shall be for a burnt offering unto the LORD, with their meat offering, and their drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of sweet savour unto the LORD. -Then ye shall sacrifice one kid of the goats for a sin offering, and two lambs of the first year for a sacrifice of peace offerings. -And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits for a wave offering before the LORD, with the two lambs: they shall be holy to the LORD for the priest. -And ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein: it shall be a statute for ever in all your dwellings throughout your generations. -And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, neither shalt thou gather any gleaning of thy harvest: thou shalt leave them unto the poor, and to the stranger: I am the LORD your God. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, an holy convocation. -Ye shall do no servile work therein: but ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the LORD your God. -For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people. -And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day, the same soul will I destroy from among his people. -Ye shall do no manner of work: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. -It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the LORD. -On the first day shall be an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. -Seven days ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a solemn assembly; and ye shall do no servile work therein. -These are the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, and a meat offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings, every thing upon his day: -Beside the sabbaths of the LORD, and beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your freewill offerings, which ye give unto the LORD. -Also in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days: on the first day shall be a sabbath, and on the eighth day shall be a sabbath. -And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God seven days. -And ye shall keep it a feast unto the LORD seven days in the year. It shall be a statute for ever in your generations: ye shall celebrate it in the seventh month. -Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are Israelites born shall dwell in booths: -That your generations may know that I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. -And Moses declared unto the children of Israel the feasts of the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Command the children of Israel, that they bring unto thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamps to burn continually. -Without the vail of the testimony, in the tabernacle of the congregation, shall Aaron order it from the evening unto the morning before the LORD continually: it shall be a statute for ever in your generations. -He shall order the lamps upon the pure candlestick before the LORD continually. -And thou shalt take fine flour, and bake twelve cakes thereof: two tenth deals shall be in one cake. -And thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the LORD. -And thou shalt put pure frankincense upon each row, that it may be on the bread for a memorial, even an offering made by fire unto the LORD. -Every sabbath he shall set it in order before the LORD continually, being taken from the children of Israel by an everlasting covenant. -And it shall be Aaron's and his sons'; and they shall eat it in the holy place: for it is most holy unto him of the offerings of the LORD made by fire by a perpetual statute. -And the son of an Israelitish woman, whose father was an Egyptian, went out among the children of Israel: and this son of the Israelitish woman and a man of Israel strove together in the camp; -And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name of the Lord, and cursed. And they brought him unto Moses: (and his mother's name was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan:) -And they put him in ward, that the mind of the LORD might be shewed them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Bring forth him that hath cursed without the camp; and let all that heard him lay their hands upon his head, and let all the congregation stone him. -And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his sin. -And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him: as well the stranger, as he that is born in the land, when he blasphemeth the name of the Lord, shall be put to death. -And he that killeth any man shall surely be put to death. -And he that killeth a beast shall make it good; beast for beast. -And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him; -Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth: as he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to him again. -And he that killeth a beast, he shall restore it: and he that killeth a man, he shall be put to death. -Ye shall have one manner of law, as well for the stranger, as for one of your own country: for I am the LORD your God. -And Moses spake to the children of Israel, that they should bring forth him that had cursed out of the camp, and stone him with stones. And the children of Israel did as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the LORD. -Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather in the fruit thereof; -But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for the LORD: thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard. -That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed: for it is a year of rest unto the land. -And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for thy stranger that sojourneth with thee. -And for thy cattle, and for the beast that are in thy land, shall all the increase thereof be meat. -And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years. -Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land. -And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family. -A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed. -For it is the jubile; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field. -In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession. -And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of thy neighbour's hand, ye shall not oppress one another: -According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee: -According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee. -Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God:for I am the LORD your God. -Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety. -And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in safety. -And if ye shall say, What shall we eat the seventh year? behold, we shall not sow, nor gather in our increase: -Then I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years. -And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat yet of old fruit until the ninth year; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old store. -The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine, for ye are strangers and sojourners with me. -And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land. -If thy brother be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of his possession, and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he redeem that which his brother sold. -And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to redeem it; -Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may return unto his possession. -But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall return unto his possession. -And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year may he redeem it. -And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year, then the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to him that bought it throughout his generations: it shall not go out in the jubile. -But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be redeemed, and they shall go out in the jubile. -Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the cities of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time. -And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was sold, and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of jubile: for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the children of Israel. -But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold; for it is their perpetual possession. -And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger, or a sojourner; that he may live with thee. -Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee. -Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase. -I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God. -And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant: -But as an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile. -And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return. -For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: they shall not be sold as bondmen. -Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God. -Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids. -Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession. -And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour. -And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee, and thy brother that dwelleth by him wax poor, and sell himself unto the stranger or sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger's family: -After that he is sold he may be redeemed again; one of his brethren may redeem him: -Either his uncle, or his uncle's son, may redeem him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him; or if he be able, he may redeem himself. -And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of jubile: and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years, according to the time of an hired servant shall it be with him. -If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was bought for. -And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give him again the price of his redemption. -And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight. -And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out in the year of jubile, both he, and his children with him. -For unto me the children of Israel are servants; they are my servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the LORD your God. -Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD. -If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them; -Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit. -And your threshing shall reach unto the vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time: and ye shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell in your land safely. -And I will give peace in the land, and ye shall lie down, and none shall make you afraid: and I will rid evil beasts out of the land, neither shall the sword go through your land. -And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the sword. -And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of you shall put ten thousand to flight: and your enemies shall fall before you by the sword. -For I will have respect unto you, and make you fruitful, and multiply you, and establish my covenant with you. -And ye shall eat old store, and bring forth the old because of the new. -And I set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not abhor you. -And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall be my people. -I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, that ye should not be their bondmen; and I have broken the bands of your yoke, and made you go upright. -But if ye will not hearken unto me, and will not do all these commandments; -And if ye shall despise my statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my commandments, but that ye break my covenant: -I also will do this unto you; I will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning ague, that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall sow your seed in vain, for your enemies shall eat it. -And I will set my face against you, and ye shall be slain before your enemies: they that hate you shall reign over you; and ye shall flee when none pursueth you. -And if ye will not yet for all this hearken unto me, then I will punish you seven times more for your sins. -And I will break the pride of your power; and I will make your heaven as iron, and your earth as brass: -And your strength shall be spent in vain: for your land shall not yield her increase, neither shall the trees of the land yield their fruits. -And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me; I will bring seven times more plagues upon you according to your sins. -I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of your children, and destroy your cattle, and make you few in number; and your high ways shall be desolate. -And if ye will not be reformed by me by these things, but will walk contrary unto me; -Then will I also walk contrary unto you, and will punish you yet seven times for your sins. -And I will bring a sword upon you, that shall avenge the quarrel of my covenant: and when ye are gathered together within your cities, I will send the pestilence among you; and ye shall be delivered into the hand of the enemy. -And when I have broken the staff of your bread, ten women shall bake your bread in one oven, and they shall deliver you your bread again by weight: and ye shall eat, and not be satisfied. -And if ye will not for all this hearken unto me, but walk contrary unto me; -Then I will walk contrary unto you also in fury; and I, even I, will chastise you seven times for your sins. -And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat. -And I will destroy your high places, and cut down your images, and cast your carcases upon the carcases of your idols, and my soul shall abhor you. -And I will make your cities waste, and bring your sanctuaries unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours. -And I will bring the land into desolation: and your enemies which dwell therein shall be astonished at it. -And I will scatter you among the heathen, and will draw out a sword after you: and your land shall be desolate, and your cities waste. -Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth desolate, and ye be in your enemies' land; even then shall the land rest, and enjoy her sabbaths. -As long as it lieth desolate it shall rest; because it did not rest in your sabbaths, when ye dwelt upon it. -And upon them that are left alive of you I will send a faintness into their hearts in the lands of their enemies; and the sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them; and they shall flee, as fleeing from a sword; and they shall fall when none pursueth. -And they shall fall one upon another, as it were before a sword, when none pursueth: and ye shall have no power to stand before your enemies. -And ye shall perish among the heathen, and the land of your enemies shall eat you up. -And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them. -If they shall confess their iniquity, and the iniquity of their fathers, with their trespass which they trespassed against me, and that also they have walked contrary unto me; -And that I also have walked contrary unto them, and have brought them into the land of their enemies; if then their uncircumcised hearts be humbled, and they then accept of the punishment of their iniquity: -Then will I remember my covenant with Jacob, and also my covenant with Isaac, and also my covenant with Abraham will I remember; and I will remember the land. -The land also shall be left of them, and shall enjoy her sabbaths, while she lieth desolate without them: and they shall accept of the punishment of their iniquity: because, even because they despised my judgments, and because their soul abhorred my statutes. -And yet for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly, and to break my covenant with them: for I am the LORD their God. -But I will for their sakes remember the covenant of their ancestors, whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the heathen, that I might be their God: I am the LORD. -These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the LORD made between him and the children of Israel in mount Sinai by the hand of Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When a man shall make a singular vow, the persons shall be for the LORD by thy estimation. -And thy estimation shall be of the male from twenty years old even unto sixty years old, even thy estimation shall be fifty shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary. -And if it be a female, then thy estimation shall be thirty shekels. -And if it be from five years old even unto twenty years old, then thy estimation shall be of the male twenty shekels, and for the female ten shekels. -And if it be from a month old even unto five years old, then thy estimation shall be of the male five shekels of silver, and for the female thy estimation shall be three shekels of silver. -And if it be from sixty years old and above; if it be a male, then thy estimation shall be fifteen shekels, and for the female ten shekels. -But if he be poorer than thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest shall value him; according to his ability that vowed shall the priest value him. -And if it be a beast, whereof men bring an offering unto the LORD, all that any man giveth of such unto the LORD shall be holy. -He shall not alter it, nor change it, a good for a bad, or a bad for a good: and if he shall at all change beast for beast, then it and the exchange thereof shall be holy. -And if it be any unclean beast, of which they do not offer a sacrifice unto the LORD, then he shall present the beast before the priest: -And the priest shall value it, whether it be good or bad: as thou valuest it, who art the priest, so shall it be. -But if he will at all redeem it, then he shall add a fifth part thereof unto thy estimation. -And when a man shall sanctify his house to be holy unto the LORD, then the priest shall estimate it, whether it be good or bad: as the priest shall estimate it, so shall it stand. -And if he that sanctified it will redeem his house, then he shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto it, and it shall be his. -And if a man shall sanctify unto the LORD some part of a field of his possession, then thy estimation shall be according to the seed thereof: an homer of barley seed shall be valued at fifty shekels of silver. -If he sanctify his field from the year of jubile, according to thy estimation it shall stand. -But if he sanctify his field after the jubile, then the priest shall reckon unto him the money according to the years that remain, even unto the year of the jubile, and it shall be abated from thy estimation. -And if he that sanctified the field will in any wise redeem it, then he shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto it, and it shall be assured to him. -And if he will not redeem the field, or if he have sold the field to another man, it shall not be redeemed any more. -But the field, when it goeth out in the jubile, shall be holy unto the LORD, as a field devoted; the possession thereof shall be the priest's. -And if a man sanctify unto the LORD a field which he hath bought, which is not of the fields of his possession; -Then the priest shall reckon unto him the worth of thy estimation, even unto the year of the jubile: and he shall give thine estimation in that day, as a holy thing unto the LORD. -In the year of the jubile the field shall return unto him of whom it was bought, even to him to whom the possession of the land did belong. -And all thy estimations shall be according to the shekel of the sanctuary: twenty gerahs shall be the shekel. -Only the firstling of the beasts, which should be the LORD's firstling, no man shall sanctify it; whether it be ox, or sheep: it is the LORD's. -And if it be of an unclean beast, then he shall redeem it according to thine estimation, and shall add a fifth part of it thereto: or if it be not redeemed, then it shall be sold according to thy estimation. -Notwithstanding no devoted thing, that a man shall devote unto the LORD of all that he hath, both of man and beast, and of the field of his possession, shall be sold or redeemed: every devoted thing is most holy unto the LORD. -None devoted, which shall be devoted of men, shall be redeemed; but shall surely be put to death. -And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD's: it is holy unto the LORD. -And if a man will at all redeem ought of his tithes, he shall add thereto the fifth part thereof. -And concerning the tithe of the herd, or of the flock, even of whatsoever passeth under the rod, the tenth shall be holy unto the LORD. -He shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall he change it: and if he change it at all, then both it and the change thereof shall be holy; it shall not be redeemed. -These are the commandments, which the LORD commanded Moses for the children of Israel in mount Sinai. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, -Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of their names, every male by their polls; -From twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel: thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies. -And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head of the house of his fathers. -And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you: of the tribe of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur. -Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. -Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab. -Of Issachar; Nethaneel the son of Zuar. -Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon. -Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; Elishama the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. -Of Benjamin; Abidan the son of Gideoni. -Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. -Of Asher; Pagiel the son of Ocran. -Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel. -Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of Enan. -These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of the tribes of their fathers, heads of thousands in Israel. -And Moses and Aaron took these men which are expressed by their names: -And they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls. -As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai. -And the children of Reuben, Israel's eldest son, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Reuben, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. -Of the children of Simeon, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, those that were numbered of them, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. -Of the children of Gad, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty. -Of the children of Judah, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. -Of the children of Issachar, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. -Of the children of Zebulun, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. -Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred. -Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. -Of the children of Benjamin, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. -Of the children of Dan, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. -Of the children of Asher, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. -Of the children of Naphtali, throughout their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; -Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. -These are those that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: each one was for the house of his fathers. -So were all those that were numbered of the children of Israel, by the house of their fathers, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; -Even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. -But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them. -For the LORD had spoken unto Moses, saying, -Only thou shalt not number the tribe of Levi, neither take the sum of them among the children of Israel: -But thou shalt appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of testimony, and over all the vessels thereof, and over all things that belong to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the vessels thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle. -And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down: and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. -And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, throughout their hosts. -But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of testimony. -And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house: far off about the tabernacle of the congregation shall they pitch. -And on the east side toward the rising of the sun shall they of the standard of the camp of Judah pitch throughout their armies: and Nahshon the son of Amminadab shall be captain of the children of Judah. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. -And those that do pitch next unto him shall be the tribe of Issachar: and Nethaneel the son of Zuar shall be captain of the children of Issachar. -And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. -Then the tribe of Zebulun: and Eliab the son of Helon shall be captain of the children of Zebulun. -And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. -All that were numbered in the camp of Judah were an hundred thousand and fourscore thousand and six thousand and four hundred, throughout their armies. These shall first set forth. -On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben according to their armies: and the captain of the children of Reuben shall be Elizur the son of Shedeur. -And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. -And those which pitch by him shall be the tribe of Simeon: and the captain of the children of Simeon shall be Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. -Then the tribe of Gad: and the captain of the sons of Gad shall be Eliasaph the son of Reuel. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and five thousand and six hundred and fifty. -All that were numbered in the camp of Reuben were an hundred thousand and fifty and one thousand and four hundred and fifty, throughout their armies. And they shall set forth in the second rank. -Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall set forward with the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camp: as they encamp, so shall they set forward, every man in his place by their standards. -On the west side shall be the standard of the camp of Ephraim according to their armies: and the captain of the sons of Ephraim shall be Elishama the son of Ammihud. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty thousand and five hundred. -And by him shall be the tribe of Manasseh: and the captain of the children of Manasseh shall be Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. -Then the tribe of Benjamin: and the captain of the sons of Benjamin shall be Abidan the son of Gideoni. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. -All that were numbered of the camp of Ephraim were an hundred thousand and eight thousand and an hundred, throughout their armies. And they shall go forward in the third rank. -The standard of the camp of Dan shall be on the north side by their armies: and the captain of the children of Dan shall be Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. -And those that encamp by him shall be the tribe of Asher: and the captain of the children of Asher shall be Pagiel the son of Ocran. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. -Then the tribe of Naphtali: and the captain of the children of Naphtali shall be Ahira the son of Enan. -And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. -All they that were numbered in the camp of Dan were an hundred thousand and fifty and seven thousand and six hundred. They shall go hindmost with their standards. -These are those which were numbered of the children of Israel by the house of their fathers: all those that were numbered of the camps throughout their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. -But the Levites were not numbered among the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set forward, every one after their families, according to the house of their fathers. -These also are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai. -And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. -These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest's office. -And Nadab and Abihu died before the LORD, when they offered strange fire before the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had no children: and Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest's office in the sight of Aaron their father. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Bring the tribe of Levi near, and present them before Aaron the priest, that they may minister unto him. -And they shall keep his charge, and the charge of the whole congregation before the tabernacle of the congregation, to do the service of the tabernacle. -And they shall keep all the instruments of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the children of Israel, to do the service of the tabernacle. -And thou shalt give the Levites unto Aaron and to his sons: they are wholly given unto him out of the children of Israel. -And thou shalt appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall wait on their priest's office: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -And I, behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children of Israel instead of all the firstborn that openeth the matrix among the children of Israel: therefore the Levites shall be mine; -Because all the firstborn are mine; for on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt I hallowed unto me all the firstborn in Israel, both man and beast: mine shall they be: I am the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying, -Number the children of Levi after the house of their fathers, by their families: every male from a month old and upward shalt thou number them. -And Moses numbered them according to the word of the LORD, as he was commanded. -And these were the sons of Levi by their names; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari. -And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families; Libni, and Shimei. -And the sons of Kohath by their families; Amram, and Izehar, Hebron, and Uzziel. -And the sons of Merari by their families; Mahli, and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to the house of their fathers. -Of Gershon was the family of the Libnites, and the family of the Shimites: these are the families of the Gershonites. -Those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, even those that were numbered of them were seven thousand and five hundred. -The families of the Gershonites shall pitch behind the tabernacle westward. -And the chief of the house of the father of the Gershonites shall be Eliasaph the son of Lael. -And the charge of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation shall be the tabernacle, and the tent, the covering thereof, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, -And the hangings of the court, and the curtain for the door of the court, which is by the tabernacle, and by the altar round about, and the cords of it for all the service thereof. -And of Kohath was the family of the Amramites, and the family of the Izeharites, and the family of the Hebronites, and the family of the Uzzielites: these are the families of the Kohathites. -In the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were eight thousand and six hundred, keeping the charge of the sanctuary. -The families of the sons of Kohath shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle southward. -And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel. -And their charge shall be the ark, and the table, and the candlestick, and the altars, and the vessels of the sanctuary wherewith they minister, and the hanging, and all the service thereof. -And Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest shall be chief over the chief of the Levites, and have the oversight of them that keep the charge of the sanctuary. -Of Merari was the family of the Mahlites, and the family of the Mushites: these are the families of Merari. -And those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were six thousand and two hundred. -And the chief of the house of the father of the families of Merari was Zuriel the son of Abihail: these shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle northward. -And under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and the sockets thereof, and all the vessels thereof, and all that serveth thereto, -And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords. -But those that encamp before the tabernacle toward the east, even before the tabernacle of the congregation eastward, shall be Moses, and Aaron and his sons, keeping the charge of the sanctuary for the charge of the children of Israel; and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. -All that were numbered of the Levites, which Moses and Aaron numbered at the commandment of the LORD, throughout their families, all the males from a month old and upward, were twenty and two thousand. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Number all the firstborn of the males of the children of Israel from a month old and upward, and take the number of their names. -And thou shalt take the Levites for me (I am the LORD) instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel; and the cattle of the Levites instead of all the firstlings among the cattle of the children of Israel. -And Moses numbered, as the LORD commanded him, all the firstborn among the children of Israel. -And all the firstborn males by the number of names, from a month old and upward, of those that were numbered of them, were twenty and two thousand two hundred and threescore and thirteen. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take the Levites instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites instead of their cattle; and the Levites shall be mine: I am the LORD. -And for those that are to be redeemed of the two hundred and threescore and thirteen of the firstborn of the children of Israel, which are more than the Levites; -Thou shalt even take five shekels apiece by the poll, after the shekel of the sanctuary shalt thou take them: (the shekel is twenty gerahs:) -And thou shalt give the money, wherewith the odd number of them is to be redeemed, unto Aaron and to his sons. -And Moses took the redemption money of them that were over and above them that were redeemed by the Levites: -Of the firstborn of the children of Israel took he the money; a thousand three hundred and threescore and five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: -And Moses gave the money of them that were redeemed unto Aaron and to his sons, according to the word of the LORD, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -Take the sum of the sons of Kohath from among the sons of Levi, after their families, by the house of their fathers, -From thirty years old and upward even until fifty years old, all that enter into the host, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation. -This shall be the service of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation, about the most holy things: -And when the camp setteth forward, Aaron shall come, and his sons, and they shall take down the covering vail, and cover the ark of testimony with it: -And shall put thereon the covering of badgers' skins, and shall spread over it a cloth wholly of blue, and shall put in the staves thereof. -And upon the table of shewbread they shall spread a cloth of blue, and put thereon the dishes, and the spoons, and the bowls, and covers to cover withal: and the continual bread shall be thereon: -And they shall spread upon them a cloth of scarlet, and cover the same with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put in the staves thereof. -And they shall take a cloth of blue, and cover the candlestick of the light, and his lamps, and his tongs, and his snuffdishes, and all the oil vessels thereof, wherewith they minister unto it: -And they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar. -And upon the golden altar they shall spread a cloth of blue, and cover it with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put to the staves thereof: -And they shall take all the instruments of ministry, wherewith they minister in the sanctuary, and put them in a cloth of blue, and cover them with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put them on a bar: -And they shall take away the ashes from the altar, and spread a purple cloth thereon: -And they shall put upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it, even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it. -And when Aaron and his sons have made an end of covering the sanctuary, and all the vessels of the sanctuary, as the camp is to set forward; after that, the sons of Kohath shall come to bear it: but they shall not touch any holy thing, lest they die. These things are the burden of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation. -And to the office of Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest pertaineth the oil for the light, and the sweet incense, and the daily meat offering, and the anointing oil, and the oversight of all the tabernacle, and of all that therein is, in the sanctuary, and in the vessels thereof. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron saying, -Cut ye not off the tribe of the families of the Kohathites from among the Levites: -But thus do unto them, that they may live, and not die, when they approach unto the most holy things: Aaron and his sons shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service and to his burden: -But they shall not go in to see when the holy things are covered, lest they die. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take also the sum of the sons of Gershon, throughout the houses of their fathers, by their families; -From thirty years old and upward until fifty years old shalt thou number them; all that enter in to perform the service, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation. -This is the service of the families of the Gershonites, to serve, and for burdens: -And they shall bear the curtains of the tabernacle, and the tabernacle of the congregation, his covering, and the covering of the badgers' skins that is above upon it, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, -And the hangings of the court, and the hanging for the door of the gate of the court, which is by the tabernacle and by the altar round about, and their cords, and all the instruments of their service, and all that is made for them: so shall they serve. -At the appointment of Aaron and his sons shall be all the service of the sons of the Gershonites, in all their burdens, and in all their service: and ye shall appoint unto them in charge all their burdens. -This is the service of the families of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation: and their charge shall be under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. -As for the sons of Merari, thou shalt number them after their families, by the house of their fathers; -From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old shalt thou number them, every one that entereth into the service, to do the work of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And this is the charge of their burden, according to all their service in the tabernacle of the congregation; the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and sockets thereof, -And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords, with all their instruments, and with all their service: and by name ye shall reckon the instruments of the charge of their burden. -This is the service of the families of the sons of Merari, according to all their service, in the tabernacle of the congregation, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. -And Moses and Aaron and the chief of the congregation numbered the sons of the Kohathites after their families, and after the house of their fathers, -From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation: -And those that were numbered of them by their families were two thousand seven hundred and fifty. -These were they that were numbered of the families of the Kohathites, all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, which Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -And those that were numbered of the sons of Gershon, throughout their families, and by the house of their fathers, -From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation, -Even those that were numbered of them, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, were two thousand and six hundred and thirty. -These are they that were numbered of the families of the sons of Gershon, of all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, whom Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD. -And those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, -From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation, -Even those that were numbered of them after their families, were three thousand and two hundred. -These be those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, whom Moses and Aaron numbered according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -All those that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron and the chief of Israel numbered, after their families, and after the house of their fathers, -From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that came to do the service of the ministry, and the service of the burden in the tabernacle of the congregation. -Even those that were numbered of them, were eight thousand and five hundred and fourscore, -According to the commandment of the LORD they were numbered by the hand of Moses, every one according to his service, and according to his burden: thus were they numbered of him, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Command the children of Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that hath an issue, and whosoever is defiled by the dead: -Both male and female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them; that they defile not their camps, in the midst whereof I dwell. -And the children of Israel did so, and put them out without the camp: as the LORD spake unto Moses, so did the children of Israel. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, When a man or woman shall commit any sin that men commit, to do a trespass against the LORD, and that person be guilty; -Then they shall confess their sin which they have done: and he shall recompense his trespass with the principal thereof, and add unto it the fifth part thereof, and give it unto him against whom he hath trespassed. -But if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto, let the trespass be recompensed unto the LORD, even to the priest; beside the ram of the atonement, whereby an atonement shall be made for him. -And every offering of all the holy things of the children of Israel, which they bring unto the priest, shall be his. -And every man's hallowed things shall be his: whatsoever any man giveth the priest, it shall be his. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go aside, and commit a trespass against him, -And a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, and she be defiled, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken with the manner; -And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled: -Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance. -And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the LORD: -And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and put it into the water: -And the priest shall set the woman before the LORD, and uncover the woman's head, and put the offering of memorial in her hands, which is the jealousy offering: and the priest shall have in his hand the bitter water that causeth the curse: -And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say unto the woman, If no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness with another instead of thy husband, be thou free from this bitter water that causeth the curse: -But if thou hast gone aside to another instead of thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee beside thine husband: -Then the priest shall charge the woman with an oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman, The LORD make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the LORD doth make thy thigh to rot, and thy belly to swell; -And this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, to make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to rot: And the woman shall say, Amen, amen. -And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot them out with the bitter water: -And he shall cause the woman to drink the bitter water that causeth the curse: and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter. -Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the offering before the LORD, and offer it upon the altar: -And the priest shall take an handful of the offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water. -And when he hath made her to drink the water, then it shall come to pass, that, if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall rot: and the woman shall be a curse among her people. -And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean; then she shall be free, and shall conceive seed. -This is the law of jealousies, when a wife goeth aside to another instead of her husband, and is defiled; -Or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law. -Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity, and this woman shall bear her iniquity. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD: -He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried. -All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk. -All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow. -All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall come at no dead body. -He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head. -All the days of his separation he is holy unto the LORD. -And if any man die very suddenly by him, and he hath defiled the head of his consecration; then he shall shave his head in the day of his cleansing, on the seventh day shall he shave it. -And on the eighth day he shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons, to the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: -And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make an atonement for him, for that he sinned by the dead, and shall hallow his head that same day. -And he shall consecrate unto the LORD the days of his separation, and shall bring a lamb of the first year for a trespass offering: but the days that were before shall be lost, because his separation was defiled. -And this is the law of the Nazarite, when the days of his separation are fulfilled: he shall be brought unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: -And he shall offer his offering unto the LORD, one he lamb of the first year without blemish for a burnt offering, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish for a sin offering, and one ram without blemish for peace offerings, -And a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, and wafers of unleavened bread anointed with oil, and their meat offering, and their drink offerings. -And the priest shall bring them before the LORD, and shall offer his sin offering, and his burnt offering: -And he shall offer the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, with the basket of unleavened bread: the priest shall offer also his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And the Nazarite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it in the fire which is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings. -And the priest shall take the sodden shoulder of the ram, and one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them upon the hands of the Nazarite, after the hair of his separation is shaven: -And the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: this is holy for the priest, with the wave breast and heave shoulder: and after that the Nazarite may drink wine. -This is the law of the Nazarite who hath vowed, and of his offering unto the LORD for his separation, beside that that his hand shall get: according to the vow which he vowed, so he must do after the law of his separation. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron and unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel, saying unto them, -The LORD bless thee, and keep thee: -The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: -The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. -And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them. -And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and had anointed them, and sanctified them; -That the princes of Israel, heads of the house of their fathers, who were the princes of the tribes, and were over them that were numbered, offered: -And they brought their offering before the LORD, six covered wagons, and twelve oxen; a wagon for two of the princes, and for each one an ox: and they brought them before the tabernacle. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take it of them, that they may be to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; and thou shalt give them unto the Levites, to every man according to his service. -And Moses took the wagons and the oxen, and gave them unto the Levites. -Two wagons and four oxen he gave unto the sons of Gershon, according to their service: -And four wagons and eight oxen he gave unto the sons of Merari, according unto their service, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. -But unto the sons of Kohath he gave none: because the service of the sanctuary belonging unto them was that they should bear upon their shoulders. -And the princes offered for dedicating of the altar in the day that it was anointed, even the princes offered their offering before the altar. -And the LORD said unto Moses, They shall offer their offering, each prince on his day, for the dedicating of the altar. -And he that offered his offering the first day was Nahshon the son of Amminadab, of the tribe of Judah: -And his offering was one silver charger, the weight thereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them were full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One spoon of ten shekels of gold, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nahshon the son of Amminadab. -On the second day Nethaneel the son of Zuar, prince of Issachar, did offer: -He offered for his offering one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One spoon of gold of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nethaneel the son of Zuar. -On the third day Eliab the son of Helon, prince of the children of Zebulun, did offer: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliab the son of Helon. -On the fourth day Elizur the son of Shedeur, prince of the children of Reuben, did offer: -His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elizur the son of Shedeur. -On the fifth day Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai, prince of the children of Simeon, did offer: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. -On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel, prince of the children of Gad, offered: -His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, a silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliasaph the son of Deuel. -On the seventh day Elishama the son of Ammihud, prince of the children of Ephraim, offered: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elishama the son of Ammihud. -On the eighth day offered Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur, prince of the children of Manasseh: -His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. -On the ninth day Abidan the son of Gideoni, prince of the children of Benjamin, offered: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Abidan the son of Gideoni. -On the tenth day Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai, prince of the children of Dan, offered: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. -On the eleventh day Pagiel the son of Ocran, prince of the children of Asher, offered: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Pagiel the son of Ocran. -On the twelfth day Ahira the son of Enan, prince of the children of Naphtali, offered: -His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: -One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: -One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering: -And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahira the son of Enan. -This was the dedication of the altar, in the day when it was anointed, by the princes of Israel: twelve chargers of silver, twelve silver bowls, twelve spoons of gold: -Each charger of silver weighing an hundred and thirty shekels, each bowl seventy: all the silver vessels weighed two thousand and four hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: -The golden spoons were twelve, full of incense, weighing ten shekels apiece, after the shekel of the sanctuary: all the gold of the spoons was an hundred and twenty shekels. -All the oxen for the burnt offering were twelve bullocks, the rams twelve, the lambs of the first year twelve, with their meat offering: and the kids of the goats for sin offering twelve. -And all the oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings were twenty and four bullocks, the rams sixty, the he goats sixty, the lambs of the first year sixty. This was the dedication of the altar, after that it was anointed. -And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Aaron and say unto him, When thou lightest the lamps, the seven lamps shall give light over against the candlestick. -And Aaron did so; he lighted the lamps thereof over against the candlestick, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And this work of the candlestick was of beaten gold, unto the shaft thereof, unto the flowers thereof, was beaten work: according unto the pattern which the LORD had shewed Moses, so he made the candlestick. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take the Levites from among the children of Israel, and cleanse them. -And thus shalt thou do unto them, to cleanse them: Sprinkle water of purifying upon them, and let them shave all their flesh, and let them wash their clothes, and so make themselves clean. -Then let them take a young bullock with his meat offering, even fine flour mingled with oil, and another young bullock shalt thou take for a sin offering. -And thou shalt bring the Levites before the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt gather the whole assembly of the children of Israel together: -And thou shalt bring the Levites before the LORD: and the children of Israel shall put their hands upon the Levites: -And Aaron shall offer the Levites before the LORD for an offering of the children of Israel, that they may execute the service of the LORD. -And the Levites shall lay their hands upon the heads of the bullocks: and thou shalt offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, unto the LORD, to make an atonement for the Levites. -And thou shalt set the Levites before Aaron, and before his sons, and offer them for an offering unto the LORD. -Thus shalt thou separate the Levites from among the children of Israel: and the Levites shall be mine. -And after that shall the Levites go in to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt cleanse them, and offer them for an offering. -For they are wholly given unto me from among the children of Israel; instead of such as open every womb, even instead of the firstborn of all the children of Israel, have I taken them unto me. -For all the firstborn of the children of Israel are mine, both man and beast: on the day that I smote every firstborn in the land of Egypt I sanctified them for myself. -And I have taken the Levites for all the firstborn of the children of Israel. -And I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and to his sons from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in the tabernacle of the congregation, and to make an atonement for the children of Israel: that there be no plague among the children of Israel, when the children of Israel come nigh unto the sanctuary. -And Moses, and Aaron, and all the congregation of the children of Israel, did to the Levites according unto all that the LORD commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did the children of Israel unto them. -And the Levites were purified, and they washed their clothes; and Aaron offered them as an offering before the LORD; and Aaron made an atonement for them to cleanse them. -And after that went the Levites in to do their service in the tabernacle of the congregation before Aaron, and before his sons: as the LORD had commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did they unto them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -This is it that belongeth unto the Levites: from twenty and five years old and upward they shall go in to wait upon the service of the tabernacle of the congregation: -And from the age of fifty years they shall cease waiting upon the service thereof, and shall serve no more: -But shall minister with their brethren in the tabernacle of the congregation, to keep the charge, and shall do no service. Thus shalt thou do unto the Levites touching their charge. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the first month of the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, -Let the children of Israel also keep the passover at his appointed season. -In the fourteenth day of this month, at even, ye shall keep it in his appointed season: according to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof, shall ye keep it. -And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, that they should keep the passover. -And they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month at even in the wilderness of Sinai: according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel. -And there were certain men, who were defiled by the dead body of a man, that they could not keep the passover on that day: and they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day: -And those men said unto him, We are defiled by the dead body of a man: wherefore are we kept back, that we may not offer an offering of the LORD in his appointed season among the children of Israel? -And Moses said unto them, Stand still, and I will hear what the LORD will command concerning you. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If any man of you or of your posterity shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD. -The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. -They shall leave none of it unto the morning, nor break any bone of it: according to all the ordinances of the passover they shall keep it. -But the man that is clean, and is not in a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, even the same soul shall be cut off from among his people: because he brought not the offering of the LORD in his appointed season, that man shall bear his sin. -And if a stranger shall sojourn among you, and will keep the passover unto the LORD; according to the ordinance of the passover, and according to the manner thereof, so shall he do: ye shall have one ordinance, both for the stranger, and for him that was born in the land. -And on the day that the tabernacle was reared up the cloud covered the tabernacle, namely, the tent of the testimony: and at even there was upon the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire, until the morning. -So it was alway: the cloud covered it by day, and the appearance of fire by night. -And when the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after that the children of Israel journeyed: and in the place where the cloud abode, there the children of Israel pitched their tents. -At the commandment of the LORD the children of Israel journeyed, and at the commandment of the LORD they pitched: as long as the cloud abode upon the tabernacle they rested in their tents. -And when the cloud tarried long upon the tabernacle many days, then the children of Israel kept the charge of the LORD, and journeyed not. -And so it was, when the cloud was a few days upon the tabernacle; according to the commandment of the LORD they abode in their tents, and according to the commandment of the LORD they journeyed. -And so it was, when the cloud abode from even unto the morning, and that the cloud was taken up in the morning, then they journeyed: whether it was by day or by night that the cloud was taken up, they journeyed. -Or whether it were two days, or a month, or a year, that the cloud tarried upon the tabernacle, remaining thereon, the children of Israel abode in their tents, and journeyed not: but when it was taken up, they journeyed. -At the commandment of the LORD they rested in the tents, and at the commandment of the LORD they journeyed: they kept the charge of the LORD, at the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Make thee two trumpets of silver; of a whole piece shalt thou make them: that thou mayest use them for the calling of the assembly, and for the journeying of the camps. -And when they shall blow with them, all the assembly shall assemble themselves to thee at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And if they blow but with one trumpet, then the princes, which are heads of the thousands of Israel, shall gather themselves unto thee. -When ye blow an alarm, then the camps that lie on the east parts shall go forward. -When ye blow an alarm the second time, then the camps that lie on the south side shall take their journey: they shall blow an alarm for their journeys. -But when the congregation is to be gathered together, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm. -And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow with the trumpets; and they shall be to you for an ordinance for ever throughout your generations. -And if ye go to war in your land against the enemy that oppresseth you, then ye shall blow an alarm with the trumpets; and ye shall be remembered before the LORD your God, and ye shall be saved from your enemies. -Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the LORD your God. -And it came to pass on the twentieth day of the second month, in the second year, that the cloud was taken up from off the tabernacle of the testimony. -And the children of Israel took their journeys out of the wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran. -And they first took their journey according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -In the first place went the standard of the camp of the children of Judah according to their armies: and over his host was Nahshon the son of Amminadab. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Issachar was Nethaneel the son of Zuar. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Zebulun was Eliab the son of Helon. -And the tabernacle was taken down; and the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari set forward, bearing the tabernacle. -And the standard of the camp of Reuben set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elizur the son of Shedeur. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Simeon was Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Gad was Eliasaph the son of Deuel. -And the Kohathites set forward, bearing the sanctuary: and the other did set up the tabernacle against they came. -And the standard of the camp of the children of Ephraim set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elishama the son of Ammihud. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Manasseh was Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Benjamin was Abidan the son of Gideoni. -And the standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward, which was the rereward of all the camps throughout their hosts: and over his host was Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Asher was Pagiel the son of Ocran. -And over the host of the tribe of the children of Naphtali was Ahira the son of Enan. -Thus were the journeyings of the children of Israel according to their armies, when they set forward. -And Moses said unto Hobab, the son of Raguel the Midianite, Moses' father in law, We are journeying unto the place of which the LORD said, I will give it you: come thou with us, and we will do thee good: for the LORD hath spoken good concerning Israel. -And he said unto him, I will not go; but I will depart to mine own land, and to my kindred. -And he said, Leave us not, I pray thee; forasmuch as thou knowest how we are to encamp in the wilderness, and thou mayest be to us instead of eyes. -And it shall be, if thou go with us, yea, it shall be, that what goodness the LORD shall do unto us, the same will we do unto thee. -And they departed from the mount of the LORD three days' journey: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD went before them in the three days' journey, to search out a resting place for them. -And the cloud of the LORD was upon them by day, when they went out of the camp. -And it came to pass, when the ark set forward, that Moses said, Rise up, LORD, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee. -And when it rested, he said, Return, O LORD, unto the many thousands of Israel. -And when the people complained, it displeased the LORD: and the LORD heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the LORD burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts of the camp. -And the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto the LORD, the fire was quenched. -And he called the name of the place Taberah: because the fire of the LORD burnt among them. -And the mixt multitude that was among them fell a lusting: and the children of Israel also wept again, and said, Who shall give us flesh to eat? -We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: -But now our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside this manna, before our eyes. -And the manna was as coriander seed, and the colour thereof as the colour of bdellium. -And the people went about, and gathered it, and ground it in mills, or beat it in a mortar, and baked it in pans, and made cakes of it: and the taste of it was as the taste of fresh oil. -And when the dew fell upon the camp in the night, the manna fell upon it. -Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families, every man in the door of his tent: and the anger of the LORD was kindled greatly; Moses also was displeased. -And Moses said unto the LORD, Wherefore hast thou afflicted thy servant? and wherefore have I not found favour in thy sight, that thou layest the burden of all this people upon me? -Have I conceived all this people? have I begotten them, that thou shouldest say unto me, Carry them in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking child, unto the land which thou swarest unto their fathers? -Whence should I have flesh to give unto all this people? for they weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat. -I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too heavy for me. -And if thou deal thus with me, kill me, I pray thee, out of hand, if I have found favour in thy sight; and let me not see my wretchedness. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle of the congregation, that they may stand there with thee. -And I will come down and talk with thee there: and I will take of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they shall bear the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not thyself alone. -And say thou unto the people, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow, and ye shall eat flesh: for ye have wept in the ears of the LORD, saying, Who shall give us flesh to eat? for it was well with us in Egypt: therefore the LORD will give you flesh, and ye shall eat. -Ye shall not eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither ten days, nor twenty days; -But even a whole month, until it come out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto you: because that ye have despised the LORD which is among you, and have wept before him, saying, Why came we forth out of Egypt? -And Moses said, The people, among whom I am, are six hundred thousand footmen; and thou hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat a whole month. -Shall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them, to suffice them? -And the LORD said unto Moses, Is the LORD'S hand waxed short? thou shalt see now whether my word shall come to pass unto thee or not. -And Moses went out, and told the people the words of the LORD, and gathered the seventy men of the elders of the people, and set them round about the tabernacle. -And the LORD came down in a cloud, and spake unto him, and took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied, and did not cease. -But there remained two of the men in the camp, the name of the one was Eldad, and the name of the other Medad: and the spirit rested upon them; and they were of them that were written, but went not out unto the tabernacle: and they prophesied in the camp. -And there ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and Medad do prophesy in the camp. -And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his young men, answered and said, My lord Moses, forbid them. -And Moses said unto him, Enviest thou for my sake? would God that all the LORD'S people were prophets, and that the LORD would put his spirit upon them! -And Moses gat him into the camp, he and the elders of Israel. -And there went forth a wind from the LORD, and brought quails from the sea, and let them fall by the camp, as it were a day's journey on this side, and as it were a day's journey on the other side, round about the camp, and as it were two cubits high upon the face of the earth. -And the people stood up all that day, and all that night, and all the next day, and they gathered the quails: he that gathered least gathered ten homers: and they spread them all abroad for themselves round about the camp. -And while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the LORD smote the people with a very great plague. -And he called the name of that place Kibrothhattaavah: because there they buried the people that lusted. -And the people journeyed from Kibrothhattaavah unto Hazeroth; and abode at Hazeroth. -And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman. -And they said, Hath the LORD indeed spoken only by Moses? hath he not spoken also by us? And the LORD heard it. -(Now the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were upon the face of the earth.) -And the LORD spake suddenly unto Moses, and unto Aaron, and unto Miriam, Come out ye three unto the tabernacle of the congregation. And they three came out. -And the LORD came down in the pillar of the cloud, and stood in the door of the tabernacle, and called Aaron and Miriam: and they both came forth. -And he said, Hear now my words: If there be a prophet among you, I the LORD will make myself known unto him in a vision, and will speak unto him in a dream. -My servant Moses is not so, who is faithful in all mine house. -With him will I speak mouth to mouth, even apparently, and not in dark speeches; and the similitude of the LORD shall he behold: wherefore then were ye not afraid to speak against my servant Moses? -And the anger of the LORD was kindled against them; and he departed. -And the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold, Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam, and, behold, she was leprous. -And Aaron said unto Moses, Alas, my lord, I beseech thee, lay not the sin upon us, wherein we have done foolishly, and wherein we have sinned. -Let her not be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed when he cometh out of his mother's womb. -And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, Heal her now, O God, I beseech thee. -And the LORD said unto Moses, If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed seven days? let her be shut out from the camp seven days, and after that let her be received in again. -And Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again. -And afterward the people removed from Hazeroth, and pitched in the wilderness of Paran. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one a ruler among them. -And Moses by the commandment of the LORD sent them from the wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of Israel. -And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur. -Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori. -Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh. -Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph. -Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun. -Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu. -Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi. -Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi. -Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli. -Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael. -Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi. -Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi. -These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua. -And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain: -And see the land, what it is, and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many; -And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong holds; -And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe grapes. -So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath. -And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) -And they came unto the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff; and they brought of the pomegranates, and of the figs. -The place was called the brook Eshcol, because of the cluster of grapes which the children of Israel cut down from thence. -And they returned from searching of the land after forty days. -And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land. -And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the fruit of it. -Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the children of Anak there. -The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan. -And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it. -But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we. -And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature. -And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight. -And all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried; and the people wept that night. -And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron: and the whole congregation said unto them, Would God that we had died in the land of Egypt! or would God we had died in this wilderness! -And wherefore hath the LORD brought us unto this land, to fall by the sword, that our wives and our children should be a prey? were it not better for us to return into Egypt? -And they said one to another, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt. -Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the children of Israel. -And Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of them that searched the land, rent their clothes: -And they spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land. -If the LORD delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it us; a land which floweth with milk and honey. -Only rebel not ye against the LORD, neither fear ye the people of the land; for they are bread for us: their defence is departed from them, and the LORD is with us: fear them not. -But all the congregation bade stone them with stones. And the glory of the LORD appeared in the tabernacle of the congregation before all the children of Israel. -And the LORD said unto Moses, How long will this people provoke me? and how long will it be ere they believe me, for all the signs which I have shewed among them? -I will smite them with the pestilence, and disinherit them, and will make of thee a greater nation and mightier than they. -And Moses said unto the LORD, Then the Egyptians shall hear it, (for thou broughtest up this people in thy might from among them;) -And they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land: for they have heard that thou LORD art among this people, that thou LORD art seen face to face, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that thou goest before them, by day time in a pillar of a cloud, and in a pillar of fire by night. -Now if thou shalt kill all this people as one man, then the nations which have heard the fame of thee will speak, saying, -Because the LORD was not able to bring this people into the land which he sware unto them, therefore he hath slain them in the wilderness. -And now, I beseech thee, let the power of my lord be great, according as thou hast spoken, saying, -The LORD is longsuffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. -Pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people according unto the greatness of thy mercy, and as thou hast forgiven this people, from Egypt even until now. -And the LORD said, I have pardoned according to thy word: -But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the LORD. -Because all those men which have seen my glory, and my miracles, which I did in Egypt and in the wilderness, and have tempted me now these ten times, and have not hearkened to my voice; -Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither shall any of them that provoked me see it: -But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit with him, and hath followed me fully, him will I bring into the land whereinto he went; and his seed shall possess it. -(Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites dwelt in the valley.) Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -How long shall I bear with this evil congregation, which murmur against me? I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel, which they murmur against me. -Say unto them, As truly as I live, saith the LORD, as ye have spoken in mine ears, so will I do to you: -Your carcases shall fall in this wilderness; and all that were numbered of you, according to your whole number, from twenty years old and upward which have murmured against me. -Doubtless ye shall not come into the land, concerning which I sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. -But your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them will I bring in, and they shall know the land which ye have despised. -But as for you, your carcases, they shall fall in this wilderness. -And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcases be wasted in the wilderness. -After the number of the days in which ye searched the land, even forty days, each day for a year, shall ye bear your iniquities, even forty years, and ye shall know my breach of promise. -I the LORD have said, I will surely do it unto all this evil congregation, that are gathered together against me: in this wilderness they shall be consumed, and there they shall die. -And the men, which Moses sent to search the land, who returned, and made all the congregation to murmur against him, by bringing up a slander upon the land, -Even those men that did bring up the evil report upon the land, died by the plague before the LORD. -But Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of the men that went to search the land, lived still. -And Moses told these sayings unto all the children of Israel: and the people mourned greatly. -And they rose up early in the morning, and gat them up into the top of the mountain, saying, Lo, we be here, and will go up unto the place which the LORD hath promised: for we have sinned. -And Moses said, Wherefore now do ye transgress the commandment of the LORD? but it shall not prosper. -Go not up, for the LORD is not among you; that ye be not smitten before your enemies. -For the Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and ye shall fall by the sword: because ye are turned away from the LORD, therefore the LORD will not be with you. -But they presumed to go up unto the hill top: nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp. -Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land of your habitations, which I give unto you, -And will make an offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, or a sacrifice in performing a vow, or in a freewill offering, or in your solemn feasts, to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the herd or of the flock: -Then shall he that offereth his offering unto the LORD bring a meat offering of a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of oil. -And the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering shalt thou prepare with the burnt offering or sacrifice, for one lamb. -Or for a ram, thou shalt prepare for a meat offering two tenth deals of flour mingled with the third part of an hin of oil. -And for a drink offering thou shalt offer the third part of an hin of wine, for a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And when thou preparest a bullock for a burnt offering, or for a sacrifice in performing a vow, or peace offerings unto the LORD: -Then shall he bring with a bullock a meat offering of three tenth deals of flour mingled with half an hin of oil. -And thou shalt bring for a drink offering half an hin of wine, for an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -Thus shall it be done for one bullock, or for one ram, or for a lamb, or a kid. -According to the number that ye shall prepare, so shall ye do to every one according to their number. -All that are born of the country shall do these things after this manner, in offering an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And if a stranger sojourn with you, or whosoever be among you in your generations, and will offer an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; as ye do, so he shall do. -One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and also for the stranger that sojourneth with you, an ordinance for ever in your generations: as ye are, so shall the stranger be before the LORD. -One law and one manner shall be for you, and for the stranger that sojourneth with you. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land whither I bring you, -Then it shall be, that, when ye eat of the bread of the land, ye shall offer up an heave offering unto the LORD. -Ye shall offer up a cake of the first of your dough for an heave offering: as ye do the heave offering of the threshingfloor, so shall ye heave it. -Of the first of your dough ye shall give unto the LORD an heave offering in your generations. -And if ye have erred, and not observed all these commandments, which the LORD hath spoken unto Moses, -Even all that the LORD hath commanded you by the hand of Moses, from the day that the LORD commanded Moses, and henceforward among your generations; -Then it shall be, if ought be committed by ignorance without the knowledge of the congregation, that all the congregation shall offer one young bullock for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour unto the LORD, with his meat offering, and his drink offering, according to the manner, and one kid of the goats for a sin offering. -And the priest shall make an atonement for all the congregation of the children of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them; for it is ignorance: and they shall bring their offering, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD, and their sin offering before the LORD, for their ignorance: -And it shall be forgiven all the congregation of the children of Israel, and the stranger that sojourneth among them; seeing all the people were in ignorance. -And if any soul sin through ignorance, then he shall bring a she goat of the first year for a sin offering. -And the priest shall make an atonement for the soul that sinneth ignorantly, when he sinneth by ignorance before the LORD, to make an atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him. -Ye shall have one law for him that sinneth through ignorance, both for him that is born among the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them. -But the soul that doeth ought presumptuously, whether he be born in the land, or a stranger, the same reproacheth the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people. -Because he hath despised the word of the LORD, and hath broken his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off; his iniquity shall be upon him. -And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man that gathered sticks upon the sabbath day. -And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses and Aaron, and unto all the congregation. -And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what should be done to him. -And the LORD said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to death: all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp. -And all the congregation brought him without the camp, and stoned him with stones, and he died; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they make them fringes in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue: -And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them ; and that ye seek not after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go a whoring: -That ye may remember, and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God. -I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD your God. -Now Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On, the son of Peleth, sons of Reuben, took men: -And they rose up before Moses, with certain of the children of Israel, two hundred and fifty princes of the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of renown: -And they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron, and said unto them, Ye take too much upon you, seeing all the congregation are holy, every one of them, and the LORD is among them: wherefore then lift ye up yourselves above the congregation of the LORD? -And when Moses heard it, he fell upon his face: -And he spake unto Korah and unto all his company, saying, Even to morrow the LORD will shew who are his, and who is holy; and will cause him to come near unto him: even him whom he hath chosen will he cause to come near unto him. -This do; Take you censers, Korah, and all his company; -And put fire therein, and put incense in them before the LORD to morrow: and it shall be that the man whom the LORD doth choose, he shall be holy: ye take too much upon you, ye sons of Levi. -And Moses said unto Korah, Hear, I pray you, ye sons of Levi: -Seemeth it but a small thing unto you, that the God of Israel hath separated you from the congregation of Israel, to bring you near to himself to do the service of the tabernacle of the LORD, and to stand before the congregation to minister unto them? -And he hath brought thee near to him, and all thy brethren the sons of Levi with thee: and seek ye the priesthood also? -For which cause both thou and all thy company are gathered together against the LORD: and what is Aaron, that ye murmur against him? -And Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab: which said, We will not come up: -Is it a small thing that thou hast brought us up out of a land that floweth with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, except thou make thyself altogether a prince over us? -Moreover thou hast not brought us into a land that floweth with milk and honey, or given us inheritance of fields and vineyards: wilt thou put out the eyes of these men? we will not come up. -And Moses was very wroth, and said unto the LORD, Respect not thou their offering: I have not taken one ass from them, neither have I hurt one of them. -And Moses said unto Korah, Be thou and all thy company before the LORD, thou, and they, and Aaron, to morrow: -And take every man his censer, and put incense in them, and bring ye before the LORD every man his censer, two hundred and fifty censers; thou also, and Aaron, each of you his censer. -And they took every man his censer, and put fire in them, and laid incense thereon, and stood in the door of the tabernacle of the congregation with Moses and Aaron. -And Korah gathered all the congregation against them unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the congregation. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -Separate yourselves from among this congregation, that I may consume them in a moment. -And they fell upon their faces, and said, O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and wilt thou be wroth with all the congregation? -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the congregation, saying, Get you up from about the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. -And Moses rose up and went unto Dathan and Abiram; and the elders of Israel followed him. -And he spake unto the congregation, saying, Depart, I pray you, from the tents of these wicked men, and touch nothing of their's, lest ye be consumed in all their sins. -So they gat up from the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, on every side: and Dathan and Abiram came out, and stood in the door of their tents, and their wives, and their sons, and their little children. -And Moses said, Hereby ye shall know that the LORD hath sent me to do all these works; for I have not done them of mine own mind. -If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be visited after the visitation of all men; then the LORD hath not sent me. -But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD. -And it came to pass, as he had made an end of speaking all these words, that the ground clave asunder that was under them: -And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods. -They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation. -And all Israel that were round about them fled at the cry of them: for they said, Lest the earth swallow us up also. -And there came out a fire from the LORD, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered incense. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, that he take up the censers out of the burning, and scatter thou the fire yonder; for they are hallowed. -The censers of these sinners against their own souls, let them make them broad plates for a covering of the altar: for they offered them before the LORD, therefore they are hallowed: and they shall be a sign unto the children of Israel. -And Eleazar the priest took the brasen censers, wherewith they that were burnt had offered; and they were made broad plates for a covering of the altar: -To be a memorial unto the children of Israel, that no stranger, which is not of the seed of Aaron, come near to offer incense before the LORD; that he be not as Korah, and as his company: as the LORD said to him by the hand of Moses. -But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed the people of the LORD. -And it came to pass, when the congregation was gathered against Moses and against Aaron, that they looked toward the tabernacle of the congregation: and, behold, the cloud covered it, and the glory of the LORD appeared. -And Moses and Aaron came before the tabernacle of the congregation. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Get you up from among this congregation, that I may consume them as in a moment. And they fell upon their faces. -And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a censer, and put fire therein from off the altar, and put on incense, and go quickly unto the congregation, and make an atonement for them: for there is wrath gone out from the LORD; the plague is begun. -And Aaron took as Moses commanded, and ran into the midst of the congregation; and, behold, the plague was begun among the people: and he put on incense, and made an atonement for the people. -And he stood between the dead and the living; and the plague was stayed. -Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand and seven hundred, beside them that died about the matter of Korah. -And Aaron returned unto Moses unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the plague was stayed. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and take of every one of them a rod according to the house of their fathers, of all their princes according to the house of their fathers twelve rods: write thou every man's name upon his rod. -And thou shalt write Aaron's name upon the rod of Levi: for one rod shall be for the head of the house of their fathers. -And thou shalt lay them up in the tabernacle of the congregation before the testimony, where I will meet with you. -And it shall come to pass, that the man's rod, whom I shall choose, shall blossom: and I will make to cease from me the murmurings of the children of Israel, whereby they murmur against you. -And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, and every one of their princes gave him a rod apiece, for each prince one, according to their fathers' houses, even twelve rods: and the rod of Aaron was among their rods. -And Moses laid up the rods before the LORD in the tabernacle of witness. -And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds. -And Moses brought out all the rods from before the LORD unto all the children of Israel: and they looked, and took every man his rod. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Bring Aaron's rod again before the testimony, to be kept for a token against the rebels; and thou shalt quite take away their murmurings from me, that they die not. -And Moses did so: as the LORD commanded him, so did he. -And the children of Israel spake unto Moses, saying, Behold, we die, we perish, we all perish. -Whosoever cometh any thing near unto the tabernacle of the LORD shall die: shall we be consumed with dying? -And the LORD said unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father's house with thee shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood. -And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister before the tabernacle of witness. -And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die. -And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle: and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you. -And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of Israel. -And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the LORD, to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation. -Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's office for everything of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest's office unto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. -And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever. -This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the fire: every oblation of their's, every meat offering of their's, and every sin offering of their's, and every trespass offering of their's which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for thy sons. -In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat it: it shall be holy unto thee. -And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it. -All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the LORD, them have I given thee. -And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the LORD, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it. -Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine. -Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they bring unto the LORD, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine: nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem. -And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs. -But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as the right shoulder are thine. -All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer unto the LORD, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt for ever before the LORD unto thee and to thy seed with thee. -And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part and thine inheritance among the children of Israel. -And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even the service of the tabernacle of the congregation. -Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die. -But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance. -But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an heave offering unto the LORD, I have given to the Levites to inherit: therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Thus speak unto the Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye shall offer up an heave offering of it for the LORD, even a tenth part of the tithe. -And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of the winepress. -Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the LORD of all your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall give thereof the LORD'S heave offering to Aaron the priest. -Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the LORD, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of it. -Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress. -And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation. -And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, -This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD hath commanded, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring thee a red heifer without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke: -And ye shall give her unto Eleazar the priest, that he may bring her forth without the camp, and one shall slay her before his face: -And Eleazar the priest shall take of her blood with his finger, and sprinkle of her blood directly before the tabernacle of the congregation seven times: -And one shall burn the heifer in his sight; her skin, and her flesh, and her blood, with her dung, shall he burn: -And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer. -Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp, and the priest shall be unclean until the even. -And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even. -And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer, and lay them up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of separation: it is a purification for sin. -And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever. -He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days. -He shall purify himself with it on the third day, and on the seventh day he shall be clean: but if he purify not himself the third day, then the seventh day he shall not be clean. -Whosoever toucheth the dead body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself, defileth the tabernacle of the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from Israel: because the water of separation was not sprinkled upon him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him. -This is the law, when a man dieth in a tent: all that come into the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days. -And every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it, is unclean. -And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days. -And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel: -And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave: -And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even. -But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself, that soul shall be cut off from among the congregation, because he hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD: the water of separation hath not been sprinkled upon him; he is unclean. -And it shall be a perpetual statute unto them, that he that sprinkleth the water of separation shall wash his clothes; and he that toucheth the water of separation shall be unclean until even. -And whatsoever the unclean person toucheth shall be unclean; and the soul that toucheth it shall be unclean until even. -Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there. -And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. -And the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the LORD! -And why have ye brought up the congregation of the LORD into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there? -And wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink. -And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon their faces: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink. -And Moses took the rod from before the LORD, as he commanded him. -And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock? -And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them. -This is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with the LORD, and he was sanctified in them. -And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom, Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us: -How our fathers went down into Egypt, and we have dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians vexed us, and our fathers: -And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt: and, behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border: -Let us pass, I pray thee, through thy country: we will not pass through the fields, or through the vineyards, neither will we drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king's high way, we will not turn to the right hand nor to the left, until we have passed thy borders. -And Edom said unto him, Thou shalt not pass by me, lest I come out against thee with the sword. -And the children of Israel said unto him, We will go by the high way: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for it: I will only, without doing anything else, go through on my feet. -And he said, Thou shalt not go through. And Edom came out against him with much people, and with a strong hand. -Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border: wherefore Israel turned away from him. -And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto mount Hor. -And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in mount Hor, by the coast of the land of Edom, saying, -Aaron shall be gathered unto his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at the water of Meribah. -Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount Hor: -And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die there. -And Moses did as the LORD commanded: and they went up into mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation. -And Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount. -And when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel. -And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners. -And Israel vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou wilt indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities. -And the LORD hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and he called the name of the place Hormah. -And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea, to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way. -And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this light bread. -And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died. -Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live. -And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. -And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in Oboth. -And they journeyed from Oboth, and pitched at Ijeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising. -From thence they removed, and pitched in the valley of Zared. -From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of the Amorites: for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites. -Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the LORD, What he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon, -And at the stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth upon the border of Moab. -And from thence they went to Beer: that is the well whereof the LORD spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them water. -Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it: -The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it, by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves. And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah: -And from Mattanah to Nahaliel: and from Nahaliel to Bamoth: -And from Bamoth in the valley, that is in the country of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward Jeshimon. -And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, -Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn into the fields, or into the vineyards; we will not drink of the waters of the well: but we will go along by the king's high way, until we be past thy borders. -And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness: and he came to Jahaz, and fought against Israel. -And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon: for the border of the children of Ammon was strong. -And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the villages thereof. -For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon. -Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into Heshbon, let the city of Sihon be built and prepared: -For there is a fire gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon: it hath consumed ar of Moab, and the lords of the high places of Arnon. -Woe to thee, Moab! thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: he hath given his sons that escaped, and his daughters, into captivity unto Sihon king of the Amorites. -We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, and we have laid them waste even unto Nophah, which reacheth unto Medeba. -Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites. -And Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there. -And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and og the king of bashan went out against them, he, and all his people, to the battle at edrei. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon. -So they smote him, and his sons, and all his people, until there was none left him alive: and they possessed his land. -And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho. -And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites. -And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel. -And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time. -He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me: -Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed. -And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak. -And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as the LORD shall speak unto me: and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam. -And God came unto Balaam, and said, What men are these with thee? -And Balaam said unto God, Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, hath sent unto me, saying, -Behold, there is a people come out of Egypt, which covereth the face of the earth: come now, curse me them; peradventure I shall be able to overcome them, and drive them out. -And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed. -And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak, Get you into your land: for the LORD refuseth to give me leave to go with you. -And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said, Balaam refuseth to come with us. -And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they. -And they came to Balaam, and said to him, Thus saith Balak the son of Zippor, Let nothing, I pray thee, hinder thee from coming unto me: -For I will promote thee unto very great honour, and I will do whatsoever thou sayest unto me: come therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people. -And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of the LORD my God, to do less or more. -Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what the LORD will say unto me more. -And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do. -And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab. -And God's anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him. -And the ass saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way. -But the angel of the LORD stood in a path of the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side. -And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall: and he smote her again. -And the angel of the LORD went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left. -And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff. -And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times? -And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I kill thee. -And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee? and he said, Nay. -Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face. -And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me: -And the ass saw me, and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive. -And Balaam said unto the angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back again. -And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak. -And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in the utmost coast. -And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed to promote thee to honour? -And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak. -And Balaam went with Balak, and they came unto Kirjathhuzoth. -And Balak offered oxen and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the princes that were with him. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people. -And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. -And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. -And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place. -And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. -And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. -And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab. -And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel. -How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied? -For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. -Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his! -And Balak said unto Balaam, What hast thou done unto me? I took thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast blessed them altogether. -And he answered and said, Must I not take heed to speak that which the LORD hath put in my mouth? -And Balak said unto him, Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, from whence thou mayest see them: thou shalt see but the utmost part of them, and shalt not see them all: and curse me them from thence. -And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. -And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offering, while I meet the LORD yonder. -And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Go again unto Balak, and say thus. -And when he came to him, behold, he stood by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said unto him, What hath the LORD spoken? -And he took up his parable, and said, Rise up, Balak, and hear; hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor: -God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good? -Behold, I have received commandment to bless: and he hath blessed; and I cannot reverse it. -He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, neither hath he seen perverseness in Israel: the LORD his God is with him, and the shout of a king is among them. -God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn. -Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel: according to this time it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What hath God wrought! -Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion: he shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drink the blood of the slain. -And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all. -But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee, saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do? -And Balak said unto Balaam, Come, I pray thee, I will bring thee unto another place; peradventure it will please God that thou mayest curse me them from thence. -And Balak brought Balaam unto the top of Peor, that looketh toward jeshimon. -And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams. -And Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. -And when Balaam saw that it pleased the LORD to bless Israel, he went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness. -And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in his tents according to their tribes; and the spirit of God came upon him. -And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: -He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: -How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel! -As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river's side, as the trees of lign aloes which the LORD hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters. -He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be in many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his kingdom shall be exalted. -God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows. -He couched, he lay down as a lion, and as a great lion: who shall stir him up? Blessed is he that blesseth thee, and cursed is he that curseth thee. -And Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he smote his hands together: and Balak said unto Balaam, I called thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast altogether blessed them these three times. -Therefore now flee thou to thy place: I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but, lo, the LORD hath kept thee back from honour. -And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers which thou sentest unto me, saying, -If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak? -And now, behold, I go unto my people: come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days. -And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: -He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: -I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. -And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly. -Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city. -And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever. -And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock. -Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall carry thee away captive. -And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this! -And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever. -And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and Balak also went his way. -And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab. -And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods. -And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel. -And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baalpeor. -And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his hand; -And he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel. -And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy. -Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace: -And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an atonement for the children of Israel. -Now the name of the Israelite that was slain, even that was slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a chief house among the Simeonites. -And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur; he was head over a people, and of a chief house in Midian. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Vex the Midianites, and smite them: -For they vex you with their wiles, wherewith they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, which was slain in the day of the plague for Peor's sake. -And it came to pass after the plague, that the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, saying, -Take the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, from twenty years old and upward, throughout their fathers' house, all that are able to go to war in Israel. -And Moses and Eleazar the priest spake with them in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, -Take the sum of the people, from twenty years old and upward; as the LORD commanded Moses and the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt. -Reuben, the eldest son of Israel: the children of Reuben; Hanoch, of whom cometh the family of the Hanochites: of Pallu, the family of the Palluites: -Of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Carmi, the family of the Carmites. -These are the families of the Reubenites: and they that were numbered of them were forty and three thousand and seven hundred and thirty. -And the sons of Pallu; Eliab. -And the sons of Eliab; Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. This is that Dathan and Abiram, which were famous in the congregation, who strove against Moses and against Aaron in the company of Korah, when they strove against the LORD: -And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up together with Korah, when that company died, what time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men: and they became a sign. -Notwithstanding the children of Korah died not. -The sons of Simeon after their families: of Nemuel, the family of the Nemuelites: of Jamin, the family of the Jaminites: of Jachin, the family of the Jachinites: -Of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites: of Shaul, the family of the Shaulites. -These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty and two thousand and two hundred. -The children of Gad after their families: of Zephon, the family of the Zephonites: of Haggi, the family of the Haggites: of Shuni, the family of the Shunites: -Of Ozni, the family of the Oznites: of Eri, the family of the Erites: -Of Arod, the family of the Arodites: of Areli, the family of the Arelites. -These are the families of the children of Gad according to those that were numbered of them, forty thousand and five hundred. -The sons of Judah were Er and Onan: and Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. -And the sons of Judah after their families were; of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites: of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites: of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites. -And the sons of Pharez were; of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites. -These are the families of Judah according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and sixteen thousand and five hundred. -Of the sons of Issachar after their families: of Tola, the family of the Tolaites: of Pua, the family of the Punites: -Of Jashub, the family of the Jashubites: of Shimron, the family of the Shimronites. -These are the families of Issachar according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and four thousand and three hundred. -Of the sons of Zebulun after their families: of Sered, the family of the Sardites: of Elon, the family of the Elonites: of Jahleel, the family of the Jahleelites. -These are the families of the Zebulunites according to those that were numbered of them, threescore thousand and five hundred. -The sons of Joseph after their families were Manasseh and Ephraim. -Of the sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the Machirites: and Machir begat Gilead: of Gilead come the family of the Gileadites. -These are the sons of Gilead: of Jeezer, the family of the Jeezerites: of Helek, the family of the Helekites: -And of Asriel, the family of the Asrielites: and of Shechem, the family of the Shechemites: -And of Shemida, the family of the Shemidaites: and of Hepher, the family of the Hepherites. -And Zelophehad the son of Hepher had no sons, but daughters: and the names of the daughters of Zelophehad were Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. -These are the families of Manasseh, and those that were numbered of them, fifty and two thousand and seven hundred. -These are the sons of Ephraim after their families: of Shuthelah, the family of the Shuthalhites: of Becher, the family of the Bachrites: of Tahan, the family of the Tahanites. -And these are the sons of Shuthelah: of Eran, the family of the Eranites. -These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to those that were numbered of them, thirty and two thousand and five hundred. These are the sons of Joseph after their families. -The sons of Benjamin after their families: of Bela, the family of the Belaites: of Ashbel, the family of the Ashbelites: of Ahiram, the family of the Ahiramites: -Of Shupham, the family of the Shuphamites: of Hupham, the family of the Huphamites. -And the sons of Bela were ard and Naaman: of Ard, the family of the Ardites: and of Naaman, the family of the Naamites. -These are the sons of Benjamin after their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and six hundred. -These are the sons of Dan after their families: of Shuham, the family of the Shuhamites. These are the families of Dan after their families. -All the families of the Shuhamites, according to those that were numbered of them, were threescore and four thousand and four hundred. -Of the children of Asher after their families: of Jimna, the family of the Jimnites: of Jesui, the family of the Jesuites: of Beriah, the family of the Beriites. -Of the sons of Beriah: of Heber, the family of the Heberites: of Malchiel, the family of the Malchielites. -And the name of the daughter of Asher was Sarah. -These are the families of the sons of Asher according to those that were numbered of them; who were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. -Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites: -Of Jezer, the family of the Jezerites: of Shillem, the family of the Shillemites. -These are the families of Naphtali according to their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and four hundred. -These were the numbered of the children of Israel, six hundred thousand and a thousand seven hundred and thirty. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Unto these the land shall be divided for an inheritance according to the number of names. -To many thou shalt give the more inheritance, and to few thou shalt give the less inheritance: to every one shall his inheritance be given according to those that were numbered of him. -Notwithstanding the land shall be divided by lot: according to the names of the tribes of their fathers they shall inherit. -According to the lot shall the possession thereof be divided between many and few. -And these are they that were numbered of the Levites after their families: of Gershon, the family of the Gershonites: of Kohath, the family of the Kohathites: of Merari, the family of the Merarites. -These are the families of the Levites: the family of the Libnites, the family of the Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites, the family of the Mushites, the family of the Korathites. And Kohath begat Amram. -And the name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt: and she bare unto Amram Aaron and Moses, and Miriam their sister. -And unto Aaron was born Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. -And Nadab and Abihu died, when they offered strange fire before the LORD. -And those that were numbered of them were twenty and three thousand, all males from a month old and upward: for they were not numbered among the children of Israel, because there was no inheritance given them among the children of Israel. -These are they that were numbered by Moses and Eleazar the priest, who numbered the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. -But among these there was not a man of them whom Moses and Aaron the priest numbered, when they numbered the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai. -For the LORD had said of them, They shall surely die in the wilderness. And there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. -Then came the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of Joseph: and these are the names of his daughters; Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah. -And they stood before Moses, and before Eleazar the priest, and before the princes and all the congregation, by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, -Our father died in the wilderness, and he was not in the company of them that gathered themselves together against the LORD in the company of Korah; but died in his own sin, and had no sons. -Why should the name of our father be done away from among his family, because he hath no son? Give unto us therefore a possession among the brethren of our father. -And Moses brought their cause before the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -The daughters of Zelophehad speak right: thou shalt surely give them a possession of an inheritance among their father's brethren; and thou shalt cause the inheritance of their father to pass unto them. -And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a man die, and have no son, then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass unto his daughter. -And if he have no daughter, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his brethren. -And if he have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his father's brethren. -And if his father have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his kinsman that is next to him of his family, and he shall possess it: and it shall be unto the children of Israel a statute of judgment, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Get thee up into this mount Abarim, and see the land which I have given unto the children of Israel. -And when thou hast seen it, thou also shalt be gathered unto thy people, as Aaron thy brother was gathered. -For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes: that is the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin. -And Moses spake unto the LORD, saying, -Let the LORD, the God of the spirits of all flesh, set a man over the congregation, -Which may go out before them, and which may go in before them, and which may lead them out, and which may bring them in; that the congregation of the LORD be not as sheep which have no shepherd. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Take thee Joshua the son of Nun, a man in whom is the spirit, and lay thine hand upon him; -And set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation; and give him a charge in their sight. -And thou shalt put some of thine honour upon him, that all the congregation of the children of Israel may be obedient. -And he shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask counsel for him after the judgment of Urim before the LORD: at his word shall they go out, and at his word they shall come in, both he, and all the children of Israel with him, even all the congregation. -And Moses did as the LORD commanded him: and he took Joshua, and set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation: -And he laid his hands upon him, and gave him a charge, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season. -And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering. -The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even; -And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil. -It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. -And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering. -And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. -And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof: -This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. -And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot; -And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram; -And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. -And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year. -And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. -And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD. -And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten. -In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein: -But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish: -And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram; -A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs: -And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you. -Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering. -After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. -And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work. -Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: -But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year; -And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram, -A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs; -And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you. -Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings. -And in the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: it is a day of blowing the trumpets unto you. -And ye shall offer a burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year without blemish: -And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram, -And one tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs: -And one kid of the goats for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you: -Beside the burnt offering of the month, and his meat offering, and the daily burnt offering, and his meat offering, and their drink offerings, according unto their manner, for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. -And ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation; and ye shall afflict your souls: ye shall not do any work therein: -But ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD for a sweet savour; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year; they shall be unto you without blemish: -And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals to a bullock, and two tenth deals to one ram, -A several tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs: -One kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering of it, and their drink offerings. -And on the fifteenth day of the seventh month ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work, and ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days: -And ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; thirteen young bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year; they shall be without blemish: -And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto every bullock of the thirteen bullocks, two tenth deals to each ram of the two rams, -And a several tenth deal to each lamb of the fourteen lambs: -And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And on the second day ye shall offer twelve young bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without spot: -And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering thereof, and their drink offerings. -And on the third day eleven bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish; -And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And on the fourth day ten bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: -Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And on the fifth day nine bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without spot: -And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And on the sixth day eight bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: -And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. -And on the seventh day seven bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: -And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. -On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly: ye shall do no servile work therein: -But ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one bullock, one ram, seven lambs of the first year without blemish: -Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullock, for the ram, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: -And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. -These things ye shall do unto the LORD in your set feasts, beside your vows, and your freewill offerings, for your burnt offerings, and for your meat offerings, and for your drink offerings, and for your peace offerings. -And Moses told the children of Israel according to all that the LORD commanded Moses. -And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded. -If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth. -If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father's house in her youth; -And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand. -But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her. -And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul; -And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand. -But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her. -But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her. -And if she vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath; -And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand. -But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her. -Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void. -But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them. -But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity. -These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father's house. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites: afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy people. -And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of yourselves unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, and avenge the LORD of Midian. -Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, shall ye send to the war. -So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war. -And Moses sent them to the war, a thousand of every tribe, them and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the holy instruments, and the trumpets to blow in his hand. -And they warred against the Midianites, as the LORD commanded Moses; and they slew all the males. -And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword. -And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods. -And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all their goodly castles, with fire. -And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and of beasts. -And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and unto the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by Jordan near Jericho. -And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp. -And Moses was wroth with the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle. -And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive? -Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD. -Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. -But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves. -And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day. -And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and all work of goats' hair, and all things made of wood. -And Eleazar the priest said unto the men of war which went to the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commanded Moses; -Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, -Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth not the fire ye shall make go through the water. -And ye shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and ye shall be clean, and afterward ye shall come into the camp. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Take the sum of the prey that was taken, both of man and of beast, thou, and Eleazar the priest, and the chief fathers of the congregation: -And divide the prey into two parts; between them that took the war upon them, who went out to battle, and between all the congregation: -And levy a tribute unto the LORD of the men of war which went out to battle: one soul of five hundred, both of the persons, and of the beeves, and of the asses, and of the sheep: -Take it of their half, and give it unto Eleazar the priest, for an heave offering of the LORD. -And of the children of Israel's half, thou shalt take one portion of fifty, of the persons, of the beeves, of the asses, and of the flocks, of all manner of beasts, and give them unto the Levites, which keep the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD. -And Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the booty, being the rest of the prey which the men of war had caught, was six hundred thousand and seventy thousand and five thousand sheep, -And threescore and twelve thousand beeves, -And threescore and one thousand asses, -And thirty and two thousand persons in all, of women that had not known man by lying with him. -And the half, which was the portion of them that went out to war, was in number three hundred thousand and seven and thirty thousand and five hundred sheep: -And the LORD'S tribute of the sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen. -And the beeves were thirty and six thousand; of which the LORD'S tribute was threescore and twelve. -And the asses were thirty thousand and five hundred; of which the LORD'S tribute was threescore and one. -And the persons were sixteen thousand; of which the LORD'S tribute was thirty and two persons. -And Moses gave the tribute, which was the LORD'S heave offering, unto Eleazar the priest, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And of the children of Israel's half, which Moses divided from the men that warred, -(Now the half that pertained unto the congregation was three hundred thousand and thirty thousand and seven thousand and five hundred sheep, -And thirty and six thousand beeves, -And thirty thousand asses and five hundred, -And sixteen thousand persons;) -Even of the children of Israel's half, Moses took one portion of fifty, both of man and of beast, and gave them unto the Levites, which kept the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. -And the officers which were over thousands of the host, the captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, came near unto Moses: -And they said unto Moses, Thy servants have taken the sum of the men of war which are under our charge, and there lacketh not one man of us. -We have therefore brought an oblation for the LORD, what every man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, chains, and bracelets, rings, earrings, and tablets, to make an atonement for our souls before the LORD. -And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of them, even all wrought jewels. -And all the gold of the offering that they offered up to the LORD, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty shekels. -(For the men of war had taken spoil, every man for himself.) -And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of the congregation, for a memorial for the children of Israel before the LORD. -Now the children of Reuben and the children of Gad had a very great multitude of cattle: and when they saw the land of Jazer, and the land of Gilead, that, behold, the place was a place for cattle; -The children of Gad and the children of Reuben came and spake unto Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and unto the princes of the congregation, saying, -Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon, -Even the country which the LORD smote before the congregation of Israel, is a land for cattle, and thy servants have cattle: -Wherefore, said they, if we have found grace in thy sight, let this land be given unto thy servants for a possession, and bring us not over Jordan. -And Moses said unto the children of Gad and to the children of Reuben, Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here? -And wherefore discourage ye the heart of the children of Israel from going over into the land which the LORD hath given them? -Thus did your fathers, when I sent them from Kadeshbarnea to see the land. -For when they went up unto the valley of Eshcol, and saw the land, they discouraged the heart of the children of Israel, that they should not go into the land which the LORD had given them. -And the LORD'S anger was kindled the same time, and he sware, saying, -Surely none of the men that came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me: -Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite, and Joshua the son of Nun: for they have wholly followed the LORD. -And the LORD'S anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation, that had done evil in the sight of the LORD, was consumed. -And, behold, ye are risen up in your fathers' stead, an increase of sinful men, to augment yet the fierce anger of the LORD toward Israel. -For if ye turn away from after him, he will yet again leave them in the wilderness; and ye shall destroy all this people. -And they came near unto him, and said, We will build sheepfolds here for our cattle, and cities for our little ones: -But we ourselves will go ready armed before the children of Israel, until we have brought them unto their place: and our little ones shall dwell in the fenced cities because of the inhabitants of the land. -We will not return unto our houses, until the children of Israel have inherited every man his inheritance. -For we will not inherit with them on yonder side Jordan, or forward; because our inheritance is fallen to us on this side Jordan eastward. -And Moses said unto them, If ye will do this thing, if ye will go armed before the LORD to war, -And will go all of you armed over Jordan before the LORD, until he hath driven out his enemies from before him, -And the land be subdued before the LORD: then afterward ye shall return, and be guiltless before the LORD, and before Israel; and this land shall be your possession before the LORD. -But if ye will not do so, behold, ye have sinned against the LORD: and be sure your sin will find you out. -Build you cities for your little ones, and folds for your sheep; and do that which hath proceeded out of your mouth. -And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben spake unto Moses, saying, Thy servants will do as my lord commandeth. -Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our cattle, shall be there in the cities of Gilead: -But thy servants will pass over, every man armed for war, before the Lord to battle, as my lord saith. -So concerning them Moses commanded Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the chief fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel: -And Moses said unto them, If the children of Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over Jordan, every man armed to battle, before the LORD, and the land shall be subdued before you; then ye shall give them the land of Gilead for a possession: -But if they will not pass over with you armed, they shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan. -And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben answered, saying, As the LORD hath said unto thy servants, so will we do. -We will pass over armed before the LORD into the land of Canaan, that the possession of our inheritance on this side Jordan may be our's. -And Moses gave unto them, even to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and unto half the tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land, with the cities thereof in the coasts, even the cities of the country round about. -And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer, -And Atroth, Shophan, and Jaazer, and Jogbehah, -And Bethnimrah, and Bethharan, fenced cities: and folds for sheep. -And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Kirjathaim, -And Nebo, and Baalmeon, (their names being changed,) and Shibmah: and gave other names unto the cities which they builded. -And the children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed the Amorite which was in it. -And Moses gave Gilead unto Machir the son of Manasseh; and he dwelt therein. -And Jair the son of Manasseh went and took the small towns thereof, and called them Havothjair. -And Nobah went and took Kenath, and the villages thereof, and called it Nobah, after his own name. -These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron. -And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD: and these are their journeys according to their goings out. -And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians. -For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments. -And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth. -And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness. -And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol. -And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days'journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah. -And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there. -And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea. -And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin. -And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah. -And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush. -And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was no water for the people to drink. -And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai. -And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibrothhattaavah. -And they departed from Kibrothhattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth. -And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah. -And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmonparez. -And they departed from Rimmonparez, and pitched in Libnah. -And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah. -And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah. -And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher. -And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah. -And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth. -And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath. -And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah. -And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah. -And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah. -And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth. -And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Benejaakan. -And they removed from Benejaakan, and encamped at Horhagidgad. -And they went from Horhagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah. -And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah. -And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Eziongaber. -And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh. -And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom. -And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the LORD, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month. -And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor. -And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel. -And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah. -And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon. -And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth. -And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ijeabarim, in the border of Moab. -And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibongad. -And they removed from Dibongad, and encamped in Almondiblathaim. -And they removed from Almondiblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo. -And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. -And they pitched by Jordan, from Bethjesimoth even unto Abelshittim in the plains of Moab. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan; -Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places: -And ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it. -And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit. -But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell. -Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I thought to do unto them. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land of Canaan; (this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan with the coasts thereof:) -Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward: -And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin: and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadeshbarnea, and shall go on to Hazaraddar, and pass on to Azmon: -And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea. -And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea for a border: this shall be your west border. -And this shall be your north border: from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount Hor: -From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath; and the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad: -And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazarenan: this shall be your north border. -And ye shall point out your east border from Hazarenan to Shepham: -And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward: -And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea: this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about. -And Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying, This is the land which ye shall inherit by lot, which the LORD commanded to give unto the nine tribes, and to the half tribe: -For the tribe of the children of Reuben according to the house of their fathers, and the tribe of the children of Gad according to the house of their fathers, have received their inheritance; and half the tribe of Manasseh have received their inheritance: -The two tribes and the half tribe have received their inheritance on this side Jordan near Jericho eastward, toward the sunrising. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -These are the names of the men which shall divide the land unto you: Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun. -And ye shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land by inheritance. -And the names of the men are these: Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh. -And of the tribe of the children of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Ammihud. -Of the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the son of Jogli. -The prince of the children of Joseph, for the tribe of the children of Manasseh, Hanniel the son of Ephod. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Ephraim, Kemuel the son of Shiphtan. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Zebulun, Elizaphan the son of Parnach. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Issachar, Paltiel the son of Azzan. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Asher, Ahihud the son of Shelomi. -And the prince of the tribe of the children of Naphtali, Pedahel the son of Ammihud. -These are they whom the LORD commanded to divide the inheritance unto the children of Israel in the land of Canaan. -And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, -Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and ye shall give also unto the Levites suburbs for the cities round about them. -And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their beasts. -And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the Levites, shall reach from the wall of the city and outward a thousand cubits round about. -And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits; and the city shall be in the midst: this shall be to them the suburbs of the cities. -And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites there shall be six cities for refuge, which ye shall appoint for the manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add forty and two cities. -So all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with their suburbs. -And the cities which ye shall give shall be of the possession of the children of Israel: from them that have many ye shall give many; but from them that have few ye shall give few: every one shall give of his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he inheriteth. -And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, -Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan; -Then ye shall appoint you cities to be cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any person at unawares. -And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment. -And of these cities which ye shall give six cities shall ye have for refuge. -Ye shall give three cities on this side Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan, which shall be cities of refuge. -These six cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither. -And if he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. -And if he smite him with throwing a stone, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. -Or if he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. -The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him. -But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die; -Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him. -But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait, -Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm: -Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments: -And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed with the holy oil. -But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled; -And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood: -Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge until the death of the high priest: but after the death of the high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his possession. -So these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings. -Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die. -Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which is guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to death. -And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest. -So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood it defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it. -Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: for I the LORD dwell among the children of Israel. -And the chief fathers of the families of the children of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of Joseph, came near, and spake before Moses, and before the princes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel: -And they said, The LORD commanded my lord to give the land for an inheritance by lot to the children of Israel: and my lord was commanded by the LORD to give the inheritance of Zelophehad our brother unto his daughters. -And if they be married to any of the sons of the other tribes of the children of Israel, then shall their inheritance be taken from the inheritance of our fathers, and shall be put to the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall it be taken from the lot of our inheritance. -And when the jubile of the children of Israel shall be, then shall their inheritance be put unto the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall their inheritance be taken away from the inheritance of the tribe of our fathers. -And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the LORD, saying, The tribe of the sons of Joseph hath said well. -This is the thing which the LORD doth command concerning the daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them marry to whom they think best; only to the family of the tribe of their father shall they marry. -So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. -And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. -Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own inheritance. -Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of Zelophehad: -For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their fathers brothers' sons: -And they were married into the families of the sons of Manasseh the son of Joseph, and their inheritance remained in the tribe of the family of their father. -These are the commandments and the judgments, which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses unto the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. -These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab. -(There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.) -And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them; -After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei: -On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying, -The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount: -Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates. -Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them. -And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone: -The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude. -(The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!) -How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife? -Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you. -And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do. -So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes. -And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him. -Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it. -And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do. -And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea. -And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us. -Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged. -And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come. -And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe: -And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out. -And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us. -Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God: -And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us. -Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there. -Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them. -The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes; -And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place. -Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God, -Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day. -And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying, -Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers. -Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD. -Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither. -But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it. -Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it. -But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea. -Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill. -And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies. -So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill. -And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah. -And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you. -So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there. -Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days. -And the LORD spake unto me, saying, -Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward. -And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore: -Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession. -Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink. -For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing. -And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab. -And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession. -The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; -Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims. -The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them. -Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered. -And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them. -For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed. -So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people, -That the LORD spake unto me, saying, -Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day: -And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession. -(That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims; -A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead: -As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day: -And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.) -Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle. -This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee. -And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying, -Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left. -Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet; -(As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us. -But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day. -And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land. -Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz. -And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people. -And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain: -Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took. -From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us: -Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us. -Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei. -And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon. -So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining. -And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. -All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many. -And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city. -But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves. -And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon; -(Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;) -All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan. -For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man. -And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites. -And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants. -Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day. -And I gave Gilead unto Machir. -And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; -The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward. -And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war. -But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you; -Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you. -And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest. -Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you. -And I besought the LORD at that time, saying, -O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might? -I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon. -But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter. -Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan. -But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see. -So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor. -Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you. -Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you. -Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you. -But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day. -Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it. -Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people. -For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for? -And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day? -Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons; -Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children. -And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness. -And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice. -And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone. -And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it. -Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire: -Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female, -The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air, -The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth: -And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven. -But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day. -Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance: -But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land. -Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee. -For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God. -When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger: -I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed. -And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you. -And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell. -But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul. -When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice; -(For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them. -For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it? -Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live? -Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes? -Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him. -Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire. -And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt; -To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day. -Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. -Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever. -Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising; -That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live: -Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites. -And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel: -These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt. -On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt: -And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising; -From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon, -And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah. -And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them. -The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb. -The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day. -The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire, -(I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;) saying, -I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. -Thou shalt have none other gods before me. -Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth: -Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me, -And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments. -Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. -Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee. -Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work: -But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou. -And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day. -Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. -Thou shalt not kill. -Neither shalt thou commit adultery. -Neither shalt thou steal. -Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour. -Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's. -These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me. -And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders; -And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth. -Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die. -For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? -Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it. -And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken. -O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever! -Go say to them, Get you into your tents again. -But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it. -Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left. -Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess. -Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it: -That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged. -Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey. -Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD: -And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. -And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart: -And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. -And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. -And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates. -And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not, -And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full; -Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. -Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name. -Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you; -(For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth. -Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah. -Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee. -And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers. -To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken. -And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you? -Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand: -And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes: -And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers. -And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day. -And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us. -When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou; -And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them: -Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. -For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly. -But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire. -For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth. -The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people: -But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt. -Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations; -And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face. -Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them. -Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: -And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee. -Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle. -And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee. -And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee. -If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them? -Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt; -The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid. -Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed. -Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible. -And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee. -But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed. -And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them. -The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God. -Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing. -All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers. -And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no. -And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live. -Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years. -Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee. -Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. -For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; -A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey; -A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass. -When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee. -Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day: -Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein; -And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied; -Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage; -Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint; -Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; -And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth. -But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day. -And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish. -As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God. -Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven, -A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak! -Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee. -Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee. -Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. -Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people. -Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD. -Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you. -When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water: -And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly. -And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant. -And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image. -Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people: -Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they. -So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands. -And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you. -And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes. -And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger. -For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also. -And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time. -And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount. -And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath. -Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice. -Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you. -Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you. -I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand. -Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin: -Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness. -Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm. -At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood. -And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark. -And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand. -And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me. -And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me. -And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead. -From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters. -At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day. -Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him. -And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee. -And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them. -And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul, -To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good? -Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is. -Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day. -Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked. -For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward: -He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment. -Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. -Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name. -He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen. -Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude. -Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway. -And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm, -And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land; -And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day; -And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place; -And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel: -But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did. -Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it; -And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey. -For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs: -But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven: -A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. -And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul, -That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil. -And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full. -Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; -And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you. -Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. -And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. -And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates: -That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth. -For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him; -Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves. -Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be. -There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you. -Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse; -A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day: -And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known. -And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal. -Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh? -For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein. -And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day. -These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth. -Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree: -And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place. -Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God. -But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come: -And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks: -And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee. -Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes. -For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you. -But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety; -Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD: -And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you. -Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest: -But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee. -Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart. -Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water. -Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand: -But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto. -Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth. -When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after. -If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after. -Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike. -Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh. -Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water. -Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD. -Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose: -And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh. -Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God. -When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land; -Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise. -Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods. -What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it. -If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder, -And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them; -Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul. -Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him. -And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee. -If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers; -Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; -Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him: -But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. -And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. -And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you. -If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying, -Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known; -Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you; -Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword. -And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again. -And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers; -When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God. -Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead. -For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth. -Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing. -These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat, -The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois. -And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat. -Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you. -And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase. -These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat: -And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you. -Of all clean birds ye shall eat. -But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, -And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind, -And every raven after his kind, -And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, -The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan, -And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant, -And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. -And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten. -But of all clean fowls ye may eat. -Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. -Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year. -And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always. -And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee: -Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: -And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household, -And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee. -At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates: -And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest. -At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release. -And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release. -Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release; -Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it: -Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day. -For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee. -If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother: -But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth. -Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee. -Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto. -For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land. -And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee. -And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty: -Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him. -And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day. -And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee; -Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise. -It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest. -All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep. -Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household. -And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God. -Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart. -Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water. -Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night. -Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there. -Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life. -And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning. -Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee: -But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt. -And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents. -Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein. -Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn. -And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee: -And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there. -And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes. -Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: -And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates. -Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice. -Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty: -Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee. -Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment. -Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous. -That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. -Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee. -Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth. -Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God. -If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant, -And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded; -And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel: -Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die. -At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death. -The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you. -If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose; -And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment: -And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee: -According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left. -And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel. -And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously. -When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me; -Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother. -But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way. -Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold. -And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites: -And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them: -That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel. -The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance. -Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them. -And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw. -The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him. -For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever. -And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose; -Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD. -They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony. -When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations. -There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch. -Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. -For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee. -Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God. -For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do. -The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken; -According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not. -And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken. -I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him. -And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him. -But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die. -And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken? -When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him. -When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses; -Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it. -Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither. -And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past; -As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live: -Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past. -Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee. -And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers; -If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three: -That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee. -But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities: -Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die. -Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee. -Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it. -One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established. -If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong; -Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days; -And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother; -Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you. -And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you. -And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. -When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. -And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people, -And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them; -For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you. -And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it. -And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it. -And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her. -And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart. -And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people. -When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it. -And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee. -And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it: -And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword: -But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee. -Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations. -But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth: -But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee: -That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God. -When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege: -Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued. -If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him: -Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain: -And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke; -And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley: -And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried: -And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley: -And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it. -Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them. -So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD. -When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive, -And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife; -Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails; -And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife. -And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her. -If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated: -Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn: -But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his. -If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them: -Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place; -And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard. -And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear. -And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: -His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance. -Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother. -And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again. -In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself. -Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again. -The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God. -If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young: -But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days. -When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence. -Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled. -Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together. -Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together. -Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself. -If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her, -And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid: -Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate: -And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her; -And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city. -And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him; -And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days. -But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: -Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you. -If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel. -If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her; -Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you. -But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die. -But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter: -For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her. -If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found; -Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days. -A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt. -He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD. -A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD. -An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever: -Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee. -Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee. -Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever. -Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land. -The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation. -When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing. -If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp: -But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again. -Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad: -And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee: -For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee. -Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee: -He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him. -There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel. -Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God. -Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury: -Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it. -When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee. -But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee. -That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth. -When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel. -When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn. -When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house. -And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife. -And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife; -Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance. -When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken. -No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge. -If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you. -Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do. -Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt. -When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge. -Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee. -And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge: -In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God. -Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates: -At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee. -The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin. -Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge: -But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing. -When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands. -When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow. -When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow. -And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing. -If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked. -And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number. -Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee. -Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn. -If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her. -And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel. -And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother. -Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her; -Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house. -And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed. -When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets: -Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her. -Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small. -Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small. -But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. -For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God. -Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt; -How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. -Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it. -And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein; -That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there. -And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us. -And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God. -And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous: -And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage: -And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression: -And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders: -And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey. -And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God: -And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you. -When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled; -Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them. -I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me. -Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey. -This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul. -Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice: -And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments; -And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken. -And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day. -And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister: -And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee. -Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister. -And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them. -Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God: -And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God. -And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly. -And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God. -Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day. -And Moses charged the people the same day, saying, -These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin: -And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali. -And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice, -Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen. -Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen. -Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen. -And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth: -And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God. -Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. -Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. -Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store. -Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out. -The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways. -The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. -The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways. -And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee. -And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee. -The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow. -And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them: -And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them. -But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee: -Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. -Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store. -Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. -Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out. -The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me. -The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it. -The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish. -And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron. -The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed. -The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. -And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away. -The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed. -The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart: -And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee. -Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof. -Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them. -Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand. -The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway: -So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. -The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head. -The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone. -And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee. -Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it. -Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them. -Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit. -Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity. -All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume. -The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low. -He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail. -Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee: -And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever. -Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things; -Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee. -The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand; -A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young: -And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee. -And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee. -And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee: -So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave: -So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates. -The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter, -And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates. -If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD; -Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance. -Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee. -Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed. -And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God. -And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it. -And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone. -And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind: -And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life: -In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. -And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you. -These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb. -And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land; -The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles: -Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day. -And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot. -Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God. -And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them: -And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh. -Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do. -Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel, -Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water: -That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day: -That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. -Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath; -But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day: -(For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by; -And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:) -Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood; -And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst: -The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven. -And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law: -So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it; -And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath: -Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger? -Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt: -For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them: -And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book: -And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day. -The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law. -And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee, -And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul; -That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee. -If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee: -And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers. -And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live. -And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee. -And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day. -And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers: -If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul. -For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off. -It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? -Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? -But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it. -See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil; -In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it. -But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them; -I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it. -I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live: -That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them. -And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel. -And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan. -The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said. -And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed. -And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you. -Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee. -And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it. -And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed. -And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel. -And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, -When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. -Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law: -And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation. -And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle. -And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them. -Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us? -And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods. -Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel. -For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant. -And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware. -Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel. -And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee. -And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished, -That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying, -Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee. -For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death? -Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them. -For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands. -And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended. -Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth. -My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass: -Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God. -He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he. -They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation. -Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee? -Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee. -When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel. -For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance. -He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye. -As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings: -So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him. -He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock; -Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape. -But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation. -They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger. -They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not. -Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee. -And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters. -And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith. -They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation. -For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains. -I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them. -They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust. -The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs. -I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men: -Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this. -For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them. -O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end! -How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up? -For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges. -For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: -Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps. -Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures? -To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste. -For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left. -And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted, -Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection. -See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand. -For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever. -If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me. -I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy. -Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people. -And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun. -And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel: -And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law. -For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it. -And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying, -Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession: -And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people: -Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel. -Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel. -And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death. -And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them. -Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words. -Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob. -And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together. -Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few. -And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies. -And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah; -Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant. -They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar. -Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again. -And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders. -And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath, -And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon, -And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills, -And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren. -His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh. -And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents. -They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand. -And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head. -And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel. -And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan. -And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south. -And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil. -Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be. -There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky. -The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them. -Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew. -Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places. -And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan, -And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea, -And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar. -And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither. -So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD. -And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day. -And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. -And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended. -And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses. -And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face, -In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, -And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel. -Now after the death of Moses the servant of the LORD it came to pass, that the LORD spake unto Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' minister, saying, -Moses my servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, thou, and all this people, unto the land which I do give to them, even to the children of Israel. -Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, that have I given unto you, as I said unto Moses. -From the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast. -There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee: I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee. -Be strong and of a good courage: for unto this people shalt thou divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give them. -Only be thou strong and very courageous, that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law, which Moses my servant commanded thee: turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayest prosper withersoever thou goest. -This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success. -Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the LORD thy God is with thee whithersoever thou goest. -Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying, -Pass through the host, and command the people, saying, Prepare you victuals; for within three days ye shall pass over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land, which the LORD your God giveth you to possess it. -And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to half the tribe of Manasseh, spake Joshua, saying, -Remember the word which Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, saying, The LORD your God hath given you rest, and hath given you this land. -Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle, shall remain in the land which Moses gave you on this side Jordan; but ye shall pass before your brethren armed, all the mighty men of valour, and help them; -Until the LORD have given your brethren rest, as he hath given you, and they also have possessed the land which the LORD your God giveth them: then ye shall return unto the land of your possession, and enjoy it, which Moses the LORD's servant gave you on this side Jordan toward the sunrising. -And they answered Joshua, saying, All that thou commandest us we will do, and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go. -According as we hearkened unto Moses in all things, so will we hearken unto thee: only the LORD thy God be with thee, as he was with Moses. -Whosoever he be that doth rebel against thy commandment, and will not hearken unto thy words in all that thou commandest him, he shall be put to death: only be strong and of a good courage. -And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to spy secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they went, and came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged there. -And it was told the king of Jericho, saying, Behold, there came men in hither to night of the children of Israel to search out the country. -And the king of Jericho sent unto Rahab, saying, Bring forth the men that are come to thee, which are entered into thine house: for they be come to search out all the country. -And the woman took the two men, and hid them, and said thus, There came men unto me, but I wist not whence they were: -And it came to pass about the time of shutting of the gate, when it was dark, that the men went out: whither the men went I wot not: pursue after them quickly; for ye shall overtake them. -But she had brought them up to the roof of the house, and hid them with the stalks of flax, which she had laid in order upon the roof. -And the men pursued after them the way to Jordan unto the fords: and as soon as they which pursued after them were gone out, they shut the gate. -And before they were laid down, she came up unto them upon the roof; -And she said unto the men, I know that the LORD hath given you the land, and that your terror is fallen upon us, and that all the inhabitants of the land faint because of you. -For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea for you, when ye came out of Egypt; and what ye did unto the two kings of the Amorites, that were on the other side Jordan, Sihon and Og, whom ye utterly destroyed. -And as soon as we had heard these things, our hearts did melt, neither did there remain any more courage in any man, because of you: for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above, and in earth beneath. -Now therefore, I pray you, swear unto me by the LORD, since I have shewed you kindness, that ye will also shew kindness unto my father's house, and give me a true token: -And that ye will save alive my father, and my mother, and my brethren, and my sisters, and all that they have, and deliver our lives from death. -And the men answered her, Our life for yours, if ye utter not this our business. And it shall be, when the LORD hath given us the land, that we will deal kindly and truly with thee. -Then she let them down by a cord through the window: for her house was upon the town wall, and she dwelt upon the wall. -And she said unto them, Get you to the mountain, lest the pursuers meet you; and hide yourselves there three days, until the pursuers be returned: and afterward may ye go your way. -And the men said unto her, We will be blameless of this thine oath which thou hast made us swear. -Behold, when we come into the land, thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the window which thou didst let us down by: and thou shalt bring thy father, and thy mother, and thy brethren, and all thy father's household, home unto thee. -And it shall be, that whosoever shall go out of the doors of thy house into the street, his blood shall be upon his head, and we will be guiltless: and whosoever shall be with thee in the house, his blood shall be on our head, if any hand be upon him. -And if thou utter this our business, then we will be quit of thine oath which thou hast made us to swear. -And she said, According unto your words, so be it. And she sent them away, and they departed: and she bound the scarlet line in the window. -And they went, and came unto the mountain, and abode there three days, until the pursuers were returned: and the pursuers sought them throughout all the way, but found them not. -So the two men returned, and descended from the mountain, and passed over, and came to Joshua the son of Nun, and told him all things that befell them: -And they said unto Joshua, Truly the LORD hath delivered into our hands all the land; for even all the inhabitants of the country do faint because of us. -And Joshua rose early in the morning; and they removed from Shittim, and came to Jordan, he and all the children of Israel, and lodged there before they passed over. -And it came to pass after three days, that the officers went through the host; -And they commanded the people, saying, When ye see the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and the priests the Levites bearing it, then ye shall remove from your place, and go after it. -Yet there shall be a space between you and it, about two thousand cubits by measure: come not near unto it, that ye may know the way by which ye must go: for ye have not passed this way heretofore. -And Joshua said unto the people, Sanctify yourselves: for to morrow the LORD will do wonders among you. -And Joshua spake unto the priests, saying, Take up the ark of the covenant, and pass over before the people. And they took up the ark of the covenant, and went before the people. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day will I begin to magnify thee in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that, as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee. -And thou shalt command the priests that bear the ark of the covenant, saying, When ye are come to the brink of the water of Jordan, ye shall stand still in Jordan. -And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, Come hither, and hear the words of the LORD your God. -And Joshua said, Hereby ye shall know that the living God is among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Hivites, and the Perizzites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Jebusites. -Behold, the ark of the covenant of the LORD of all the earth passeth over before you into Jordan. -Now therefore take you twelve men out of the tribes of Israel, out of every tribe a man. -And it shall come to pass, as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests that bear the ark of the LORD, the LORD of all the earth, shall rest in the waters of Jordan, that the waters of Jordan shall be cut off from the waters that come down from above; and they shall stand upon an heap. -And it came to pass, when the people removed from their tents, to pass over Jordan, and the priests bearing the ark of the covenant before the people; -And as they that bare the ark were come unto Jordan, and the feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water, (for Jordan overfloweth all his banks all the time of harvest,) -That the waters which came down from above stood and rose up upon an heap very far from the city Adam, that is beside Zaretan: and those that came down toward the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the people passed over right against Jericho. -And the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan, and all the Israelites passed over on dry ground, until all the people were passed clean over Jordan. -And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over Jordan, that the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, -Take you twelve men out of the people, out of every tribe a man, -And command ye them, saying, Take you hence out of the midst of Jordan, out of the place where the priests' feet stood firm, twelve stones, and ye shall carry them over with you, and leave them in the lodging place, where ye shall lodge this night. -Then Joshua called the twelve men, whom he had prepared of the children of Israel, out of every tribe a man: -And Joshua said unto them, Pass over before the ark of the LORD your God into the midst of Jordan, and take you up every man of you a stone upon his shoulder, according unto the number of the tribes of the children of Israel: -That this may be a sign among you, that when your children ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean ye by these stones? -Then ye shall answer them, That the waters of Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the LORD; when it passed over Jordan, the waters of Jordan were cut off: and these stones shall be for a memorial unto the children of Israel for ever. -And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of Jordan, as the LORD spake unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel, and carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down there. -And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan, in the place where the feet of the priests which bare the ark of the covenant stood: and they are there unto this day. -For the priests which bare the ark stood in the midst of Jordan, until everything was finished that the LORD commanded Joshua to speak unto the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua: and the people hasted and passed over. -And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over, that the ark of the LORD passed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people. -And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh, passed over armed before the children of Israel, as Moses spake unto them: -About forty thousand prepared for war passed over before the LORD unto battle, to the plains of Jericho. -On that day the LORD magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel; and they feared him, as they feared Moses, all the days of his life. -And the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, -Command the priests that bear the ark of the testimony, that they come up out of Jordan. -Joshua therefore commanded the priests, saying, Come ye up out of Jordan. -And it came to pass, when the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD were come up out of the midst of Jordan, and the soles of the priests' feet were lifted up unto the dry land, that the waters of Jordan returned unto their place, and flowed over all his banks, as they did before. -And the people came up out of Jordan on the tenth day of the first month, and encamped in Gilgal, in the east border of Jericho. -And those twelve stones, which they took out of Jordan, did Joshua pitch in Gilgal. -And he spake unto the children of Israel, saying, When your children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean these stones? -Then ye shall let your children know, saying, Israel came over this Jordan on dry land. -For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before you, until ye were passed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red sea, which he dried up from before us, until we were gone over: -That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the LORD, that it is mighty: that ye might fear the LORD your God for ever. -And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites, which were on the side of Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, which were by the sea, heard that the LORD had dried up the waters of Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we were passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more, because of the children of Israel. -At that time the LORD said unto Joshua, Make thee sharp knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time. -And Joshua made him sharp knives, and circumcised the children of Israel at the hill of the foreskins. -And this is the cause why Joshua did circumcise: All the people that came out of Egypt, that were males, even all the men of war, died in the wilderness by the way, after they came out of Egypt. -Now all the people that came out were circumcised: but all the people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth out of Egypt, them they had not circumcised. -For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were consumed, because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: unto whom the LORD sware that he would not shew them the land, which the LORD sware unto their fathers that he would give us, a land that floweth with milk and honey. -And their children, whom he raised up in their stead, them Joshua circumcised: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them by the way. -And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the people, that they abode in their places in the camp, till they were whole. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of the place is called Gilgal unto this day. -And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of Jericho. -And they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow after the passover, unleavened cakes, and parched corn in the selfsame day. -And the manna ceased on the morrow after they had eaten of the old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year. -And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries? -And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my Lord unto his servant? -And the captain of the LORD's host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so. -Now Jericho was straitly shut up because of the children of Israel: none went out, and none came in. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, See, I have given into thine hand Jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour. -And ye shall compass the city, all ye men of war, and go round about the city once. Thus shalt thou do six days. -And seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of rams' horns: and the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets. -And it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with the ram's horn, and when ye hear the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall shout with a great shout; and the wall of the city shall fall down flat, and the people shall ascend up every man straight before him. -And Joshua the son of Nun called the priests, and said unto them, Take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD. -And he said unto the people, Pass on, and compass the city, and let him that is armed pass on before the ark of the LORD. -And it came to pass, when Joshua had spoken unto the people, that the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rams' horns passed on before the LORD, and blew with the trumpets: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD followed them. -And the armed men went before the priests that blew with the trumpets, and the rereward came after the ark, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. -And Joshua had commanded the people, saying, Ye shall not shout, nor make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out of your mouth, until the day I bid you shout; then shall ye shout. -So the ark of the LORD compassed the city, going about it once: and they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp. -And Joshua rose early in the morning, and the priests took up the ark of the LORD. -And seven priests bearing seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD went on continually, and blew with the trumpets: and the armed men went before them; but the rereward came after the ark of the LORD, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. -And the second day they compassed the city once, and returned into the camp: so they did six days. -And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early about the dawning of the day, and compassed the city after the same manner seven times: only on that day they compassed the city seven times. -And it came to pass at the seventh time, when the priests blew with the trumpets, Joshua said unto the people, Shout; for the LORD hath given you the city. -And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that are therein, to the LORD: only Rahab the harlot shall live, she and all that are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers that we sent. -And ye, in any wise keep yourselves from the accursed thing, lest ye make yourselves accursed, when ye take of the accursed thing, and make the camp of Israel a curse, and trouble it. -But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are consecrated unto the LORD: they shall come into the treasury of the LORD. -So the people shouted when the priests blew with the trumpets: and it came to pass, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, and the people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell down flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight before him, and they took the city. -And they utterly destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, and ox, and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the sword. -But Joshua had said unto the two men that had spied out the country, Go into the harlot's house, and bring out thence the woman, and all that she hath, as ye sware unto her. -And the young men that were spies went in, and brought out Rahab, and her father, and her mother, and her brethren, and all that she had; and they brought out all her kindred, and left them without the camp of Israel. -And they burnt the city with fire, and all that was therein: only the silver, and the gold, and the vessels of brass and of iron, they put into the treasury of the house of the LORD. -And Joshua saved Rahab the harlot alive, and her father's household, and all that she had; and she dwelleth in Israel even unto this day; because she hid the messengers, which Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. -And Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the LORD, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho: he shall lay the foundation thereof in his firstborn, and in his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it. -So the LORD was with Joshua; and his fame was noised throughout all the country. -But the children of Israel committed a trespass in the accursed thing: for Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, took of the accursed thing: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against the children of Israel. -And Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which is beside Bethaven, on the east of Bethel, and spake unto them, saying, Go up and view the country. And the men went up and viewed Ai. -And they returned to Joshua, and said unto him, Let not all the people go up; but let about two or three thousand men go up and smite Ai; and make not all the people to labour thither; for they are but few. -So there went up thither of the people about three thousand men: and they fled before the men of Ai. -And the men of Ai smote of them about thirty and six men: for they chased them from before the gate even unto Shebarim, and smote them in the going down: wherefore the hearts of the people melted, and became as water. -And Joshua rent his clothes, and fell to the earth upon his face before the ark of the LORD until the eventide, he and the elders of Israel, and put dust upon their heads. -And Joshua said, Alas, O LORD God, wherefore hast thou at all brought this people over Jordan, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us? would to God we had been content, and dwelt on the other side Jordan! -O LORD, what shall I say, when Israel turneth their backs before their enemies! -For the Canaanites and all the inhabitants of the land shall hear of it, and shall environ us round, and cut off our name from the earth: and what wilt thou do unto thy great name? -And the LORD said unto Joshua, Get thee up; wherefore liest thou thus upon thy face? -Israel hath sinned, and they have also transgressed my covenant which I commanded them: for they have even taken of the accursed thing, and have also stolen, and dissembled also, and they have put it even among their own stuff. -Therefore the children of Israel could not stand before their enemies, but turned their backs before their enemies, because they were accursed: neither will I be with you any more, except ye destroy the accursed from among you. -Up, sanctify the people, and say, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow: for thus saith the LORD God of Israel, There is an accursed thing in the midst of thee, O Israel: thou canst not stand before thine enemies, until ye take away the accursed thing from among you. -In the morning therefore ye shall be brought according to your tribes: and it shall be, that the tribe which the LORD taketh shall come according to the families thereof; and the family which the LORD shall take shall come by households; and the household which the LORD shall take shall come man by man. -And it shall be, that he that is taken with the accursed thing shall be burnt with fire, he and all that he hath: because he hath transgressed the covenant of the LORD, and because he hath wrought folly in Israel. -So Joshua rose up early in the morning, and brought Israel by their tribes; and the tribe of Judah was taken: -And he brought the family of Judah; and he took the family of the Zarhites: and he brought the family of the Zarhites man by man; and Zabdi was taken: -And he brought his household man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken. -And Joshua said unto Achan, My son, give, I pray thee, glory to the LORD God of Israel, and make confession unto him; and tell me now what thou hast done; hide it not from me. -And Achan answered Joshua, and said, Indeed I have sinned against the LORD God of Israel, and thus and thus have I done: -When I saw among the spoils a goodly Babylonish garment, and two hundred shekels of silver, and a wedge of gold of fifty shekels weight, then I coveted them, and took them; and, behold, they are hid in the earth in the midst of my tent, and the silver under it. -So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran unto the tent; and, behold, it was hid in his tent, and the silver under it. -And they took them out of the midst of the tent, and brought them unto Joshua, and unto all the children of Israel, and laid them out before the LORD. -And Joshua, and all Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had: and they brought them unto the valley of Achor. -And Joshua said, Why hast thou troubled us? the LORD shall trouble thee this day. And all Israel stoned him with stones, and burned them with fire, after they had stoned them with stones. -And they raised over him a great heap of stones unto this day. So the LORD turned from the fierceness of his anger. Wherefore the name of that place was called, The valley of Achor, unto this day. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear not, neither be thou dismayed: take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai: see, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city, and his land: -And thou shalt do to Ai and her king as thou didst unto Jericho and her king: only the spoil thereof, and the cattle thereof, shall ye take for a prey unto yourselves: lay thee an ambush for the city behind it. -So Joshua arose, and all the people of war, to go up against Ai: and Joshua chose out thirty thousand mighty men of valour, and sent them away by night. -And he commanded them, saying, Behold, ye shall lie in wait against the city, even behind the city: go not very far from the city, but be ye all ready: -And I, and all the people that are with me, will approach unto the city: and it shall come to pass, when they come out against us, as at the first, that we will flee before them, -(For they will come out after us) till we have drawn them from the city; for they will say, They flee before us, as at the first: therefore we will flee before them. -Then ye shall rise up from the ambush, and seize upon the city: for the LORD your God will deliver it into your hand. -And it shall be, when ye have taken the city, that ye shall set the city on fire: according to the commandment of the LORD shall ye do. See, I have commanded you. -Joshua therefore sent them forth: and they went to lie in ambush, and abode between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of Ai: but Joshua lodged that night among the people. -And Joshua rose up early in the morning, and numbered the people, and went up, he and the elders of Israel, before the people to Ai. -And all the people, even the people of war that were with him, went up, and drew nigh, and came before the city, and pitched on the north side of Ai: now there was a valley between them and Ai. -And he took about five thousand men, and set them to lie in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city. -And when they had set the people, even all the host that was on the north of the city, and their liers in wait on the west of the city, Joshua went that night into the midst of the valley. -And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that they hasted and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at a time appointed, before the plain; but he wist not that there were liers in ambush against him behind the city. -And Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled by the way of the wilderness. -And all the people that were in Ai were called together to pursue after them: and they pursued after Joshua, and were drawn away from the city. -And there was not a man left in Ai or Bethel, that went not out after Israel: and they left the city open, and pursued after Israel. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, Stretch out the spear that is in thy hand toward Ai; for I will give it into thine hand. And Joshua stretched out the spear that he had in his hand toward the city. -And the ambush arose quickly out of their place, and they ran as soon as he had stretched out his hand: and they entered into the city, and took it, and hasted and set the city on fire. -And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way: and the people that fled to the wilderness turned back upon the pursuers. -And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned again, and slew the men of Ai. -And the other issued out of the city against them; so they were in the midst of Israel, some on this side, and some on that side: and they smote them, so that they let none of them remain or escape. -And the king of Ai they took alive, and brought him to Joshua. -And it came to pass, when Israel had made an end of slaying all the inhabitants of Ai in the field, in the wilderness wherein they chased them, and when they were all fallen on the edge of the sword, until they were consumed, that all the Israelites returned unto Ai, and smote it with the edge of the sword. -And so it was, that all that fell that day, both of men and women, were twelve thousand, even all the men of Ai. -For Joshua drew not his hand back, wherewith he stretched out the spear, until he had utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai. -Only the cattle and the spoil of that city Israel took for a prey unto themselves, according unto the word of the LORD which he commanded Joshua. -And Joshua burnt Ai, and made it an heap for ever, even a desolation unto this day. -And the king of Ai he hanged on a tree until eventide: and as soon as the sun was down, Joshua commanded that they should take his carcase down from the tree, and cast it at the entering of the gate of the city, and raise thereon a great heap of stones, that remaineth unto this day. -Then Joshua built an altar unto the LORD God of Israel in mount Ebal, -As Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of whole stones, over which no man hath lift up any iron: and they offered thereon burnt offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace offerings. -And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel. -And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, as well the stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the people of Israel. -And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law. -There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them. -And it came to pass, when all the kings which were on this side Jordan, in the hills, and in the valleys, and in all the coasts of the great sea over against Lebanon, the Hittite, and the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard thereof; -That they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord. -And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done unto Jericho and to Ai, -They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses, and wine bottles, old, and rent, and bound up; -And old shoes and clouted upon their feet, and old garments upon them; and all the bread of their provision was dry and mouldy. -And they went to Joshua unto the camp at Gilgal, and said unto him, and to the men of Israel, We be come from a far country: now therefore make ye a league with us. -And the men of Israel said unto the Hivites, Peradventure ye dwell among us; and how shall we make a league with you? -And they said unto Joshua, We are thy servants. And Joshua said unto them, Who are ye? and from whence come ye? -And they said unto him, From a very far country thy servants are come because of the name of the LORD thy God: for we have heard the fame of him, and all that he did in Egypt, -And all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites, that were beyond Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon, and to Og king of Bashan, which was at Ashtaroth. -Wherefore our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spake to us, saying, Take victuals with you for the journey, and go to meet them, and say unto them, We are your servants: therefore now make ye a league with us. -This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on the day we came forth to go unto you; but now, behold, it is dry, and it is mouldy: -And these bottles of wine, which we filled, were new; and, behold, they be rent: and these our garments and our shoes are become old by reason of the very long journey. -And the men took of their victuals, and asked not counsel at the mouth of the LORD. -And Joshua made peace with them, and made a league with them, to let them live: and the princes of the congregation sware unto them. -And it came to pass at the end of three days after they had made a league with them, that they heard that they were their neighbours, and that they dwelt among them. -And the children of Israel journeyed, and came unto their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, and Chephirah, and Beeroth, and Kirjathjearim. -And the children of Israel smote them not, because the princes of the congregation had sworn unto them by the LORD God of Israel. And all the congregation murmured against the princes. -But all the princes said unto all the congregation, We have sworn unto them by the LORD God of Israel: now therefore we may not touch them. -This we will do to them; we will even let them live, lest wrath be upon us, because of the oath which we sware unto them. -And the princes said unto them, Let them live; but let them be hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation; as the princes had promised them. -And Joshua called for them, and he spake unto them, saying, Wherefore have ye beguiled us, saying, We are very far from you; when ye dwell among us? -Now therefore ye are cursed, and there shall none of you be freed from being bondmen, and hewers of wood and drawers of water for the house of my God. -And they answered Joshua, and said, Because it was certainly told thy servants, how that the LORD thy God commanded his servant Moses to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land from before you, therefore we were sore afraid of our lives because of you, and have done this thing. -And now, behold, we are in thine hand: as it seemeth good and right unto thee to do unto us, do. -And so did he unto them, and delivered them out of the hand of the children of Israel, that they slew them not. -And Joshua made them that day hewers of wood and drawers of water for the congregation, and for the altar of the LORD, even unto this day, in the place which he should choose. -Now it came to pass, when Adonizedec king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them; -That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty. -Wherefore Adonizedec king of Jerusalem, sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying, -Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel. -Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it. -And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us. -So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valour. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee. -Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal all night. -And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Bethhoron, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah. -And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword. -Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. -And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. -And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel. -And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. -But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at Makkedah. -And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in a cave at Makkedah. -And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them: -And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them into your hand. -And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities. -And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel. -Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave. -And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon. -And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them. -And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong and of good courage: for thus shall the LORD do to all your enemies against whom ye fight. -And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening. -And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day. -And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho. -Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah: -And the LORD delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto the king of Jericho. -And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it: -And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah. -Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining. -And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it: -And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish. -And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it: -And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein. -And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it: -And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king. -So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel commanded. -And Joshua smote them from Kadeshbarnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon. -And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel. -And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. -And it came to pass, when Jabin king of Hazor had heard those things, that he sent to Jobab king of Madon, and to the king of Shimron, and to the king of Achshaph, -And to the kings that were on the north of the mountains, and of the plains south of Chinneroth, and in the valley, and in the borders of Dor on the west, -And to the Canaanite on the east and on the west, and to the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Jebusite in the mountains, and to the Hivite under Hermon in the land of Mizpeh. -And they went out, they and all their hosts with them, much people, even as the sand that is upon the sea shore in multitude, with horses and chariots very many. -And when all these kings were met together, they came and pitched together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel. -And the LORD said unto Joshua, Be not afraid because of them: for to morrow about this time will I deliver them up all slain before Israel: thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots with fire. -So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against them by the waters of Merom suddenly; and they fell upon them. -And the LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel, who smote them, and chased them unto great Zidon, and unto Misrephothmaim, and unto the valley of Mizpeh eastward; and they smote them, until they left them none remaining. -And Joshua did unto them as the LORD bade him: he houghed their horses, and burnt their chariots with fire. -And Joshua at that time turned back, and took Hazor, and smote the king thereof with the sword: for Hazor beforetime was the head of all those kingdoms. -And they smote all the souls that were therein with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying them: there was not any left to breathe: and he burnt Hazor with fire. -And all the cities of those kings, and all the kings of them, did Joshua take, and smote them with the edge of the sword, and he utterly destroyed them, as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded. -But as for the cities that stood still in their strength, Israel burned none of them, save Hazor only; that did Joshua burn. -And all the spoil of these cities, and the cattle, the children of Israel took for a prey unto themselves; but every man they smote with the edge of the sword, until they had destroyed them, neither left they any to breathe. -As the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so did Moses command Joshua, and so did Joshua; he left nothing undone of all that the LORD commanded Moses. -So Joshua took all that land, the hills, and all the south country, and all the land of Goshen, and the valley, and the plain, and the mountain of Israel, and the valley of the same; -Even from the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir, even unto Baalgad in the valley of Lebanon under mount Hermon: and all their kings he took, and smote them, and slew them. -Joshua made war a long time with all those kings. -There was not a city that made peace with the children of Israel, save the Hivites the inhabitants of Gibeon: all other they took in battle. -For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, that they should come against Israel in battle, that he might destroy them utterly, and that they might have no favour, but that he might destroy them, as the LORD commanded Moses. -And at that time came Joshua, and cut off the Anakims from the mountains, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the mountains of Judah, and from all the mountains of Israel: Joshua destroyed them utterly with their cities. -There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the children of Israel: only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there remained. -So Joshua took the whole land, according to all that the LORD said unto Moses; and Joshua gave it for an inheritance unto Israel according to their divisions by their tribes. And the land rested from war. -Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east: -Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; -And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Bethjeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdothpisgah: -And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, -And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon. -Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh. -And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baalgad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions; -In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: -The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one; -The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one; -The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one; -The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one; -The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one; -The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one; -The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one; -The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one; -The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one; -The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one; -The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one; -The king of Shimronmeron, one; the king of Achshaph, one; -The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one; -The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one; -The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one; -The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one. -Now Joshua was old and stricken in years; and the LORD said unto him, Thou art old and stricken in years, and there remaineth yet very much land to be possessed. -This is the land that yet remaineth: all the borders of the Philistines, and all Geshuri, -From Sihor, which is before Egypt, even unto the borders of Ekron northward, which is counted to the Canaanite: five lords of the Philistines; the Gazathites, and the Ashdothites, the Eshkalonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also the Avites: -From the south, all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah that is beside the Sidonians unto Aphek, to the borders of the Amorites: -And the land of the Giblites, and all Lebanon, toward the sunrising, from Baalgad under mount Hermon unto the entering into Hamath. -All the inhabitants of the hill country from Lebanon unto Misrephothmaim, and all the Sidonians, them will I drive out from before the children of Israel: only divide thou it by lot unto the Israelites for an inheritance, as I have commanded thee. -Now therefore divide this land for an inheritance unto the nine tribes, and the half tribe of Manasseh, -With whom the Reubenites and the Gadites have received their inheritance, which Moses gave them, beyond Jordan eastward, even as Moses the servant of the LORD gave them; -From Aroer, that is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the plain of Medeba unto Dibon; -And all the cities of Sihon king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, unto the border of the children of Ammon; -And Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maachathites, and all mount Hermon, and all Bashan unto Salcah; -All the kingdom of Og in Bashan, which reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei, who remained of the remnant of the giants: for these did Moses smite, and cast them out. -Nevertheless the children of Israel expelled not the Geshurites, nor the Maachathites: but the Geshurites and the Maachathites dwell among the Israelites until this day. -Only unto the tribes of Levi he gave none inheritance; the sacrifices of the LORD God of Israel made by fire are their inheritance, as he said unto them. -And Moses gave unto the tribe of the children of Reuben inheritance according to their families. -And their coast was from Aroer, that is on the bank of the river Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the plain by Medeba; -Heshbon, and all her cities that are in the plain; Dibon, and Bamothbaal, and Bethbaalmeon, -And Jahaza, and Kedemoth, and Mephaath, -And Kirjathaim, and Sibmah, and Zarethshahar in the mount of the valley, -And Bethpeor, and Ashdothpisgah, and Bethjeshimoth, -And all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses smote with the princes of Midian, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, which were dukes of Sihon, dwelling in the country. -Balaam also the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the children of Israel slay with the sword among them that were slain by them. -And the border of the children of Reuben was Jordan, and the border thereof. This was the inheritance of the children of Reuben after their families, the cities and the villages thereof. -And Moses gave inheritance unto the tribe of Gad, even unto the children of Gad according to their families. -And their coast was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the children of Ammon, unto Aroer that is before Rabbah; -And from Heshbon unto Ramathmizpeh, and Betonim; and from Mahanaim unto the border of Debir; -And in the valley, Betharam, and Bethnimrah, and Succoth, and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon, Jordan and his border, even unto the edge of the sea of Chinnereth on the other side Jordan eastward. -This is the inheritance of the children of Gad after their families, the cities, and their villages. -And Moses gave inheritance unto the half tribe of Manasseh: and this was the possession of the half tribe of the children of Manasseh by their families. -And their coast was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, threescore cities: -And half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were pertaining unto the children of Machir the son of Manasseh, even to the one half of the children of Machir by their families. -These are the countries which Moses did distribute for inheritance in the plains of Moab, on the other side Jordan, by Jericho, eastward. -But unto the tribe of Levi Moses gave not any inheritance: the LORD God of Israel was their inheritance, as he said unto them. -And these are the countries which the children of Israel inherited in the land of Canaan, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel, distributed for inheritance to them. -By lot was their inheritance, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses, for the nine tribes, and for the half tribe. -For Moses had given the inheritance of two tribes and an half tribe on the other side Jordan: but unto the Levites he gave none inheritance among them. -For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim: therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the land, save cities to dwell in, with their suburbs for their cattle and for their substance. -As the LORD commanded Moses, so the children of Israel did, and they divided the land. -Then the children of Judah came unto Joshua in Gilgal: and Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite said unto him, Thou knowest the thing that the LORD said unto Moses the man of God concerning me and thee in Kadeshbarnea. -Forty years old was I when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me from Kadeshbarnea to espy out the land; and I brought him word again as it was in mine heart. -Nevertheless my brethren that went up with me made the heart of the people melt: but I wholly followed the LORD my God. -And Moses sware on that day, saying, Surely the land whereon thy feet have trodden shall be thine inheritance, and thy children's for ever, because thou hast wholly followed the LORD my God. -And now, behold, the LORD hath kept me alive, as he said, these forty and five years, even since the LORD spake this word unto Moses, while the children of Israel wandered in the wilderness: and now, lo, I am this day fourscore and five years old. -As yet I am as strong this day as I was in the day that Moses sent me: as my strength was then, even so is my strength now, for war, both to go out, and to come in. -Now therefore give me this mountain, whereof the LORD spake in that day; for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims were there, and that the cities were great and fenced: if so be the LORD will be with me, then I shall be able to drive them out, as the LORD said. -And Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh Hebron for an inheritance. -Hebron therefore became the inheritance of Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite unto this day, because that he wholly followed the LORD God of Israel. -And the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba; which Arba was a great man among the Anakims. And the land had rest from war. -This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah by their families; even to the border of Edom the wilderness of Zin southward was the uttermost part of the south coast. -And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea, from the bay that looketh southward: -And it went out to the south side to Maalehacrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side unto Kadeshbarnea, and passed along to Hezron, and went up to Adar, and fetched a compass to Karkaa: -From thence it passed toward Azmon, and went out unto the river of Egypt; and the goings out of that coast were at the sea: this shall be your south coast. -And the east border was the salt sea, even unto the end of Jordan. And their border in the north quarter was from the bay of the sea at the uttermost part of Jordan: -And the border went up to Bethhogla, and passed along by the north of Betharabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben: -And the border went up toward Debir from the valley of Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is before the going up to Adummim, which is on the south side of the river: and the border passed toward the waters of Enshemesh, and the goings out thereof were at Enrogel: -And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom unto the south side of the Jebusite; the same is Jerusalem: and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward: -And the border was drawn from the top of the hill unto the fountain of the water of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of mount Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah, which is Kirjathjearim: -And the border compassed from Baalah westward unto mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of mount Jearim, which is Chesalon, on the north side, and went down to Bethshemesh, and passed on to Timnah: -And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: and the border was drawn to Shicron, and passed along to mount Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel; and the goings out of the border were at the sea. -And the west border was to the great sea, and the coast thereof. This is the coast of the children of Judah round about according to their families. -And unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh he gave a part among the children of Judah, according to the commandment of the LORD to Joshua, even the city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron. -And Caleb drove thence the three sons of Anak, Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai, the children of Anak. -And he went up thence to the inhabitants of Debir: and the name of Debir before was Kirjathsepher. -And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife. -And Othniel the son of Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife. -And it came to pass, as she came unto him, that she moved him to ask of her father a field: and she lighted off her ass; and Caleb said unto her, What wouldest thou? -Who answered, Give me a blessing; for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water. And he gave her the upper springs, and the nether springs. -This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Judah according to their families. -And the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah toward the coast of Edom southward were Kabzeel, and Eder, and Jagur, -And Kinah, and Dimonah, and Adadah, -And Kedesh, and Hazor, and Ithnan, -Ziph, and Telem, and Bealoth, -And Hazor, Hadattah, and Kerioth, and Hezron, which is Hazor, -Amam, and Shema, and Moladah, -And Hazargaddah, and Heshmon, and Bethpalet, -And Hazarshual, and Beersheba, and Bizjothjah, -Baalah, and Iim, and Azem, -And Eltolad, and Chesil, and Hormah, -And Ziklag, and Madmannah, and Sansannah, -And Lebaoth, and Shilhim, and Ain, and Rimmon: all the cities are twenty and nine, with their villages: -And in the valley, Eshtaol, and Zoreah, and Ashnah, -And Zanoah, and Engannim, Tappuah, and Enam, -Jarmuth, and Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah, -And Sharaim, and Adithaim, and Gederah, and Gederothaim; fourteen cities with their villages: -Zenan, and Hadashah, and Migdalgad, -And Dilean, and Mizpeh, and Joktheel, -Lachish, and Bozkath, and Eglon, -And Cabbon, and Lahmam, and Kithlish, -And Gederoth, Bethdagon, and Naamah, and Makkedah; sixteen cities with their villages: -Libnah, and Ether, and Ashan, -And Jiphtah, and Ashnah, and Nezib, -And Keilah, and Achzib, and Mareshah; nine cities with their villages: -Ekron, with her towns and her villages: -From Ekron even unto the sea, all that lay near Ashdod, with their villages: -Ashdod with her towns and her villages, Gaza with her towns and her villages, unto the river of Egypt, and the great sea, and the border thereof: -And in the mountains, Shamir, and Jattir, and Socoh, -And Dannah, and Kirjathsannah, which is Debir, -And Anab, and Eshtemoh, and Anim, -And Goshen, and Holon, and Giloh; eleven cities with their villages: -Arab, and Dumah, and Eshean, -And Janum, and Bethtappuah, and Aphekah, -And Humtah, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, and Zior; nine cities with their villages: -Maon, Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah, -And Jezreel, and Jokdeam, and Zanoah, -Cain, Gibeah, and Timnah; ten cities with their villages: -Halhul, Bethzur, and Gedor, -And Maarath, and Bethanoth, and Eltekon; six cities with their villages: -Kirjathbaal, which is Kirjathjearim, and Rabbah; two cities with their villages: -In the wilderness, Betharabah, Middin, and Secacah, -And Nibshan, and the city of Salt, and Engedi; six cities with their villages. -As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not drive them out; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day. -And the lot of the children of Joseph fell from Jordan by Jericho, unto the water of Jericho on the east, to the wilderness that goeth up from Jericho throughout mount Bethel, -And goeth out from Bethel to Luz, and passeth along unto the borders of Archi to Ataroth, -And goeth down westward to the coast of Japhleti, unto the coast of Bethhoron the nether, and to Gezer; and the goings out thereof are at the sea. -So the children of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim, took their inheritance. -And the border of the children of Ephraim according to their families was thus: even the border of their inheritance on the east side was Atarothaddar, unto Bethhoron the upper; -And the border went out toward the sea to Michmethah on the north side; and the border went about eastward unto Taanathshiloh, and passed by it on the east to Janohah; -And it went down from Janohah to Ataroth, and to Naarath, and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan. -The border went out from Tappuah westward unto the river Kanah; and the goings out thereof were at the sea. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Ephraim by their families. -And the separate cities for the children of Ephraim were among the inheritance of the children of Manasseh, all the cities with their villages. -And they drave not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer: but the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, and serve under tribute. -There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the firstborn of Joseph; to wit, for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan. -There was also a lot for the rest of the children of Manasseh by their families; for the children of Abiezer, and for the children of Helek, and for the children of Asriel, and for the children of Shechem, and for the children of Hepher, and for the children of Shemida: these were the male children of Manasseh the son of Joseph by their families. -But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, had no sons, but daughters: and these are the names of his daughters, Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. -And they came near before Eleazar the priest, and before Joshua the son of Nun, and before the princes, saying, The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brethren. Therefore according to the commandment of the LORD he gave them an inheritance among the brethren of their father. -And there fell ten portions to Manasseh, beside the land of Gilead and Bashan, which were on the other side Jordan; -Because the daughters of Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons: and the rest of Manasseh's sons had the land of Gilead. -And the coast of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, that lieth before Shechem; and the border went along on the right hand unto the inhabitants of Entappuah. -Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah: but Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim; -And the coast descended unto the river Kanah, southward of the river: these cities of Ephraim are among the cities of Manasseh: the coast of Manasseh also was on the north side of the river, and the outgoings of it were at the sea: -Southward it was Ephraim's, and northward it was Manasseh's, and the sea is his border; and they met together in Asher on the north, and in Issachar on the east. -And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Bethshean and her towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Endor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns, even three countries. -Yet the children of Manasseh could not drive out the inhabitants of those cities; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land. -Yet it came to pass, when the children of Israel were waxen strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, but did not utterly drive them out. -And the children of Joseph spake unto Joshua, saying, Why hast thou given me but one lot and one portion to inherit, seeing I am a great people, forasmuch as the LORD hath blessed me hitherto? -And Joshua answered them, If thou be a great people, then get thee up to the wood country, and cut down for thyself there in the land of the Perizzites and of the giants, if mount Ephraim be too narrow for thee. -And the children of Joseph said, The hill is not enough for us: and all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley have chariots of iron, both they who are of Bethshean and her towns, and they who are of the valley of Jezreel. -And Joshua spake unto the house of Joseph, even to Ephraim and to Manasseh, saying, Thou art a great people, and hast great power: thou shalt not have one lot only: -But the mountain shall be thine; for it is a wood, and thou shalt cut it down: and the outgoings of it shall be thine: for thou shalt drive out the Canaanites, though they have iron chariots, and though they be strong. -And the whole congregation of the children of Israel assembled together at Shiloh, and set up the tabernacle of the congregation there. And the land was subdued before them. -And there remained among the children of Israel seven tribes, which had not yet received their inheritance. -And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which the LORD God of your fathers hath given you? -Give out from among you three men for each tribe: and I will send them, and they shall rise, and go through the land, and describe it according to the inheritance of them; and they shall come again to me. -And they shall divide it into seven parts: Judah shall abide in their coast on the south, and the house of Joseph shall abide in their coasts on the north. -Ye shall therefore describe the land into seven parts, and bring the description hither to me, that I may cast lots for you here before the LORD our God. -But the Levites have no part among you; for the priesthood of the LORD is their inheritance: and Gad, and Reuben, and half the tribe of Manasseh, have received their inheritance beyond Jordan on the east, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave them. -And the men arose, and went away: and Joshua charged them that went to describe the land, saying, Go and walk through the land, and describe it, and come again to me, that I may here cast lots for you before the LORD in Shiloh. -And the men went and passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book, and came again to Joshua to the host at Shiloh. -And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the LORD: and there Joshua divided the land unto the children of Israel according to their divisions. -And the lot of the tribe of the children of Benjamin came up according to their families: and the coast of their lot came forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph. -And their border on the north side was from Jordan; and the border went up to the side of Jericho on the north side, and went up through the mountains westward; and the goings out thereof were at the wilderness of Bethaven. -And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the side of Luz, which is Bethel, southward; and the border descended to Atarothadar, near the hill that lieth on the south side of the nether Bethhoron. -And the border was drawn thence, and compassed the corner of the sea southward, from the hill that lieth before Bethhoron southward; and the goings out thereof were at Kirjathbaal, which is Kirjathjearim, a city of the children of Judah: this was the west quarter. -And the south quarter was from the end of Kirjathjearim, and the border went out on the west, and went out to the well of waters of Nephtoah: -And the border came down to the end of the mountain that lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to Enrogel, -And was drawn from the north, and went forth to Enshemesh, and went forth toward Geliloth, which is over against the going up of Adummim, and descended to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben, -And passed along toward the side over against Arabah northward, and went down unto Arabah: -And the border passed along to the side of Bethhoglah northward: and the outgoings of the border were at the north bay of the salt sea at the south end of Jordan: this was the south coast. -And Jordan was the border of it on the east side. This was the inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the coasts thereof round about, according to their families. -Now the cities of the tribe of the children of Benjamin according to their families were Jericho, and Bethhoglah, and the valley of Keziz, -And Betharabah, and Zemaraim, and Bethel, -And Avim, and Pharah, and Ophrah, -And Chepharhaammonai, and Ophni, and Gaba; twelve cities with their villages: -Gibeon, and Ramah, and Beeroth, -And Mizpeh, and Chephirah, and Mozah, -And Rekem, and Irpeel, and Taralah, -And Zelah, Eleph, and Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath, and Kirjath; fourteen cities with their villages. This is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin according to their families. -And the second lot came forth to Simeon, even for the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families: and their inheritance was within the inheritance of the children of Judah. -And they had in their inheritance Beersheba, and Sheba, and Moladah, -And Hazarshual, and Balah, and Azem, -And Eltolad, and Bethul, and Hormah, -And Ziklag, and Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusah, -And Bethlebaoth, and Sharuhen; thirteen cities and their villages: -Ain, Remmon, and Ether, and Ashan; four cities and their villages: -And all the villages that were round about these cities to Baalathbeer, Ramath of the south. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. -Out of the portion of the children of Judah was the inheritance of the children of Simeon: for the part of the children of Judah was too much for them: therefore the children of Simeon had their inheritance within the inheritance of them. -And the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun according to their families: and the border of their inheritance was unto Sarid: -And their border went up toward the sea, and Maralah, and reached to Dabbasheth, and reached to the river that is before Jokneam; -And turned from Sarid eastward toward the sunrising unto the border of Chislothtabor, and then goeth out to Daberath, and goeth up to Japhia, -And from thence passeth on along on the east to Gittahhepher, to Ittahkazin, and goeth out to Remmonmethoar to Neah; -And the border compasseth it on the north side to Hannathon: and the outgoings thereof are in the valley of Jiphthahel: -And Kattath, and Nahallal, and Shimron, and Idalah, and Bethlehem: twelve cities with their villages. -This is the inheritance of the children of Zebulun according to their families, these cities with their villages. -And the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of Issachar according to their families. -And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and Shunem, -And Haphraim, and Shihon, and Anaharath, -And Rabbith, and Kishion, and Abez, -And Remeth, and Engannim, and Enhaddah, and Bethpazzez; -And the coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Bethshemesh; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages. -This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Issachar according to their families, the cities and their villages. -And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher according to their families. -And their border was Helkath, and Hali, and Beten, and Achshaph, -And Alammelech, and Amad, and Misheal; and reacheth to Carmel westward, and to Shihorlibnath; -And turneth toward the sunrising to Bethdagon, and reacheth to Zebulun, and to the valley of Jiphthahel toward the north side of Bethemek, and Neiel, and goeth out to Cabul on the left hand, -And Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon, and Kanah, even unto great Zidon; -And then the coast turneth to Ramah, and to the strong city Tyre; and the coast turneth to Hosah; and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib: -Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages. -This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Asher according to their families, these cities with their villages. -The sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali, even for the children of Naphtali according to their families. -And their coast was from Heleph, from Allon to Zaanannim, and Adami, Nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakum; and the outgoings thereof were at Jordan: -And then the coast turneth westward to Aznothtabor, and goeth out from thence to Hukkok, and reacheth to Zebulun on the south side, and reacheth to Asher on the west side, and to Judah upon Jordan toward the sunrising. -And the fenced cities are Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rakkath, and Chinnereth, -And Adamah, and Ramah, and Hazor, -And Kedesh, and Edrei, and Enhazor, -And Iron, and Migdalel, Horem, and Bethanath, and Bethshemesh; nineteen cities with their villages. -This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Naphtali according to their families, the cities and their villages. -And the seventh lot came out for the tribe of the children of Dan according to their families. -And the coast of their inheritance was Zorah, and Eshtaol, and Irshemesh, -And Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Jethlah, -And Elon, and Thimnathah, and Ekron, -And Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and Baalath, -And Jehud, and Beneberak, and Gathrimmon, -And Mejarkon, and Rakkon, with the border before Japho. -And the coast of the children of Dan went out too little for them: therefore the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem, and took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and possessed it, and dwelt therein, and called Leshem, Dan, after the name of Dan their father. -This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Dan according to their families, these cities with their villages. -When they had made an end of dividing the land for inheritance by their coasts, the children of Israel gave an inheritance to Joshua the son of Nun among them: -According to the word of the LORD they gave him the city which he asked, even Timnathserah in mount Ephraim: and he built the city, and dwelt therein. -These are the inheritances, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel, divided for an inheritance by lot in Shiloh before the LORD, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. So they made an end of dividing the country. -The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying, -Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses: -That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood. -And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them. -And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unwittingly, and hated him not beforetime. -And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days: then shall the slayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he fled. -And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah. -And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh. -These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation. -Then came near the heads of the fathers of the Levites unto Eleazar the priest, and unto Joshua the son of Nun, and unto the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel; -And they spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The LORD commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the suburbs thereof for our cattle. -And the children of Israel gave unto the Levites out of their inheritance, at the commandment of the LORD, these cities and their suburbs. -And the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites: and the children of Aaron the priest, which were of the Levites, had by lot out of the tribe of Judah, and out of the tribe of Simeon, and out of the tribe of Benjamin, thirteen cities. -And the rest of the children of Kohath had by lot out of the families of the tribe of Ephraim, and out of the tribe of Dan, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh, ten cities. -And the children of Gershon had by lot out of the families of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities. -The children of Merari by their families had out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities. -And the children of Israel gave by lot unto the Levites these cities with their suburbs, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. -And they gave out of the tribe of the children of Judah, and out of the tribe of the children of Simeon, these cities which are here mentioned by name. -Which the children of Aaron, being of the families of the Kohathites, who were of the children of Levi, had: for theirs was the first lot. -And they gave them the city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron, in the hill country of Judah, with the suburbs thereof round about it. -But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, gave they to Caleb the son of Jephunneh for his possession. -Thus they gave to the children of Aaron the priest Hebron with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Libnah with her suburbs, -And Jattir with her suburbs, and Eshtemoa with her suburbs, -And Holon with her suburbs, and Debir with her suburbs, -And Ain with her suburbs, and Juttah with her suburbs, and Bethshemesh with her suburbs; nine cities out of those two tribes. -And out of the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon with her suburbs, Geba with her suburbs, -Anathoth with her suburbs, and Almon with her suburbs; four cities. -All the cities of the children of Aaron, the priests, were thirteen cities with their suburbs. -And the families of the children of Kohath, the Levites which remained of the children of Kohath, even they had the cities of their lot out of the tribe of Ephraim. -For they gave them Shechem with her suburbs in mount Ephraim, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Gezer with her suburbs, -And Kibzaim with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the tribe of Dan, Eltekeh with her suburbs, Gibbethon with her suburbs, -Aijalon with her suburbs, Gathrimmon with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the half tribe of Manasseh, Tanach with her suburbs, and Gathrimmon with her suburbs; two cities. -All the cities were ten with their suburbs for the families of the children of Kohath that remained. -And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Beeshterah with her suburbs; two cities. -And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishon with her suburbs, Dabareh with her suburbs, -Jarmuth with her suburbs, Engannim with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with her suburbs, Abdon with her suburbs, -Helkath with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Hammothdor with her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs; three cities. -All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their suburbs. -And unto the families of the children of Merari, the rest of the Levites, out of the tribe of Zebulun, Jokneam with her suburbs, and Kartah with her suburbs, -Dimnah with her suburbs, Nahalal with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer with her suburbs, and Jahazah with her suburbs, -Kedemoth with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs; four cities. -And out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Mahanaim with her suburbs, -Heshbon with her suburbs, Jazer with her suburbs; four cities in all. -So all the cities for the children of Merari by their families, which were remaining of the families of the Levites, were by their lot twelve cities. -All the cities of the Levites within the possession of the children of Israel were forty and eight cities with their suburbs. -These cities were every one with their suburbs round about them: thus were all these cities. -And the LORD gave unto Israel all the land which he sware to give unto their fathers; and they possessed it, and dwelt therein. -And the LORD gave them rest round about, according to all that he sware unto their fathers: and there stood not a man of all their enemies before them; the LORD delivered all their enemies into their hand. -There failed not ought of any good thing which the LORD had spoken unto the house of Israel; all came to pass. -Then Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, -And said unto them, Ye have kept all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, and have obeyed my voice in all that I commanded you: -Ye have not left your brethren these many days unto this day, but have kept the charge of the commandment of the LORD your God. -And now the LORD your God hath given rest unto your brethren, as he promised them: therefore now return ye, and get you unto your tents, and unto the land of your possession, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave you on the other side Jordan. -But take diligent heed to do the commandment and the law, which Moses the servant of the LORD charged you, to love the LORD your God, and to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and to cleave unto him, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul. -So Joshua blessed them, and sent them away: and they went unto their tents. -Now to the one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given possession in Bashan: but unto the other half thereof gave Joshua among their brethren on this side Jordan westward. And when Joshua sent them away also unto their tents, then he blessed them, -And he spake unto them, saying, Return with much riches unto your tents, and with very much cattle, with silver, and with gold, and with brass, and with iron, and with very much raiment: divide the spoil of your enemies with your brethren. -And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go unto the country of Gilead, to the land of their possession, whereof they were possessed, according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -And when they came unto the borders of Jordan, that are in the land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to. -And the children of Israel heard say, Behold, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh have built an altar over against the land of Canaan, in the borders of Jordan, at the passage of the children of Israel. -And when the children of Israel heard of it, the whole congregation of the children of Israel gathered themselves together at Shiloh, to go up to war against them. -And the children of Israel sent unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, into the land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, -And with him ten princes, of each chief house a prince throughout all the tribes of Israel; and each one was an head of the house of their fathers among the thousands of Israel. -And they came unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, unto the land of Gilead, and they spake with them, saying, -Thus saith the whole congregation of the LORD, What trespass is this that ye have committed against the God of Israel, to turn away this day from following the LORD, in that ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the LORD? -Is the iniquity of Peor too little for us, from which we are not cleansed until this day, although there was a plague in the congregation of the LORD, -But that ye must turn away this day from following the LORD? and it will be, seeing ye rebel to day against the LORD, that to morrow he will be wroth with the whole congregation of Israel. -Notwithstanding, if the land of your possession be unclean, then pass ye over unto the land of the possession of the LORD, wherein the LORD's tabernacle dwelleth, and take possession among us: but rebel not against the LORD, nor rebel against us, in building you an altar beside the altar of the LORD our God. -Did not Achan the son of Zerah commit a trespass in the accursed thing, and wrath fell on all the congregation of Israel? and that man perished not alone in his iniquity. -Then the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh answered, and said unto the heads of the thousands of Israel, -The LORD God of gods, the LORD God of gods, he knoweth, and Israel he shall know; if it be in rebellion, or if in transgression against the LORD, (save us not this day,) -That we have built us an altar to turn from following the LORD, or if to offer thereon burnt offering or meat offering, or if to offer peace offerings thereon, let the LORD himself require it; -And if we have not rather done it for fear of this thing, saying, In time to come your children might speak unto our children, saying, What have ye to do with the LORD God of Israel? -For the LORD hath made Jordan a border between us and you, ye children of Reuben and children of Gad; ye have no part in the LORD: so shall your children make our children cease from fearing the LORD. -Therefore we said, Let us now prepare to build us an altar, not for burnt offering, nor for sacrifice: -But that it may be a witness between us, and you, and our generations after us, that we might do the service of the LORD before him with our burnt offerings, and with our sacrifices, and with our peace offerings; that your children may not say to our children in time to come, Ye have no part in the LORD. -Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say again, Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it is a witness between us and you. -God forbid that we should rebel against the LORD, and turn this day from following the LORD, to build an altar for burnt offerings, for meat offerings, or for sacrifices, beside the altar of the LORD our God that is before his tabernacle. -And when Phinehas the priest, and the princes of the congregation and heads of the thousands of Israel which were with him, heard the words that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the children of Manasseh spake, it pleased them. -And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the children of Manasseh, This day we perceive that the LORD is among us, because ye have not committed this trespass against the LORD: now ye have delivered the children of Israel out of the hand of the LORD. -And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, unto the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again. -And the thing pleased the children of Israel; and the children of Israel blessed God, and did not intend to go up against them in battle, to destroy the land wherein the children of Reuben and Gad dwelt. -And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is God. -And it came to pass a long time after that the LORD had given rest unto Israel from all their enemies round about, that Joshua waxed old and stricken in age. -And Joshua called for all Israel, and for their elders, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers, and said unto them, I am old and stricken in age: -And ye have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto all these nations because of you; for the LORD your God is he that hath fought for you. -Behold, I have divided unto you by lot these nations that remain, to be an inheritance for your tribes, from Jordan, with all the nations that I have cut off, even unto the great sea westward. -And the LORD your God, he shall expel them from before you, and drive them from out of your sight; and ye shall possess their land, as the LORD your God hath promised unto you. -Be ye therefore very courageous to keep and to do all that is written in the book of the law of Moses, that ye turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left; -That ye come not among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve them, nor bow yourselves unto them: -But cleave unto the LORD your God, as ye have done unto this day. -For the LORD hath driven out from before you great nations and strong: but as for you, no man hath been able to stand before you unto this day. -One man of you shall chase a thousand: for the LORD your God, he it is that fighteth for you, as he hath promised you. -Take good heed therefore unto yourselves, that ye love the LORD your God. -Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant of these nations, even these that remain among you, and shall make marriages with them, and go in unto them, and they to you: -Know for a certainty that the LORD your God will no more drive out any of these nations from before you; but they shall be snares and traps unto you, and scourges in your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye perish from off this good land which the LORD your God hath given you. -And, behold, this day I am going the way of all the earth: and ye know in all your hearts and in all your souls, that not one thing hath failed of all the good things which the LORD your God spake concerning you; all are come to pass unto you, and not one thing hath failed thereof. -Therefore it shall come to pass, that as all good things are come upon you, which the LORD your God promised you; so shall the LORD bring upon you all evil things, until he have destroyed you from off this good land which the LORD your God hath given you. -When ye have transgressed the covenant of the LORD your God, which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which he hath given unto you. -And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God. -And Joshua said unto all the people, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time, even Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nachor: and they served other gods. -And I took your father Abraham from the other side of the flood, and led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and multiplied his seed, and gave him Isaac. -And I gave unto Isaac Jacob and Esau: and I gave unto Esau mount Seir, to possess it; but Jacob and his children went down into Egypt. -I sent Moses also and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt, according to that which I did among them: and afterward I brought you out. -And I brought your fathers out of Egypt: and ye came unto the sea; and the Egyptians pursued after your fathers with chariots and horsemen unto the Red sea. -And when they cried unto the LORD, he put darkness between you and the Egyptians, and brought the sea upon them, and covered them; and your eyes have seen what I have done in Egypt: and ye dwelt in the wilderness a long season. -And I brought you into the land of the Amorites, which dwelt on the other side Jordan; and they fought with you: and I gave them into your hand, that ye might possess their land; and I destroyed them from before you. -Then Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and warred against Israel, and sent and called Balaam the son of Beor to curse you: -But I would not hearken unto Balaam; therefore he blessed you still: so I delivered you out of his hand. -And you went over Jordan, and came unto Jericho: and the men of Jericho fought against you, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Girgashites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; and I delivered them into your hand. -And I sent the hornet before you, which drave them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; but not with thy sword, nor with thy bow. -And I have given you a land for which ye did not labour, and cities which ye built not, and ye dwell in them; of the vineyards and oliveyards which ye planted not do ye eat. -Now therefore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt; and serve ye the LORD. -And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD. -And the people answered and said, God forbid that we should forsake the LORD, to serve other gods; -For the LORD our God, he it is that brought us up and our fathers out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage, and which did those great signs in our sight, and preserved us in all the way wherein we went, and among all the people through whom we passed: -And the LORD drave out from before us all the people, even the Amorites which dwelt in the land: therefore will we also serve the LORD; for he is our God. -And Joshua said unto the people, Ye cannot serve the LORD: for he is an holy God; he is a jealous God; he will not forgive your transgressions nor your sins. -If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good. -And the people said unto Joshua, Nay; but we will serve the LORD. -And Joshua said unto the people, Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve him. And they said, We are witnesses. -Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God of Israel. -And the people said unto Joshua, The LORD our God will we serve, and his voice will we obey. -So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and set them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem. -And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the LORD. -And Joshua said unto all the people, Behold, this stone shall be a witness unto us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which he spake unto us: it shall be therefore a witness unto you, lest ye deny your God. -So Joshua let the people depart, every man unto his inheritance. -And it came to pass after these things, that Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years old. -And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in Timnathserah, which is in mount Ephraim, on the north side of the hill of Gaash. -And Israel served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that overlived Joshua, and which had known all the works of the LORD, that he had done for Israel. -And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in a parcel of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for an hundred pieces of silver: and it became the inheritance of the children of Joseph. -And Eleazar the son of Aaron died; and they buried him in a hill that pertained to Phinehas his son, which was given him in mount Ephraim. -Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying, Who shall go up for us against the Canaanites first, to fight against them? -And the LORD said, Judah shall go up: behold, I have delivered the land into his hand. -And Judah said unto Simeon his brother, Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with thee into thy lot. So Simeon went with him. -And Judah went up; and the LORD delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand: and they slew of them in Bezek ten thousand men. -And they found Adonibezek in Bezek: and they fought against him, and they slew the Canaanites and the Perizzites. -But Adonibezek fled; and they pursued after him, and caught him, and cut off his thumbs and his great toes. -And Adonibezek said, Threescore and ten kings, having their thumbs and their great toes cut off, gathered their meat under my table: as I have done, so God hath requited me. And they brought him to Jerusalem, and there he died. -Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had taken it, and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire. -And afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites, that dwelt in the mountain, and in the south, and in the valley. -And Judah went against the Canaanites that dwelt in Hebron: (now the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba:) and they slew Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai. -And from thence he went against the inhabitants of Debir: and the name of Debir before was Kirjathsepher: -And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife. -And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife. -And it came to pass, when she came to him, that she moved him to ask of her father a field: and she lighted from off her ass; and Caleb said unto her, What wilt thou? -And she said unto him, Give me a blessing: for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water. And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the nether springs. -And the children of the Kenite, Moses' father in law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which lieth in the south of Arad; and they went and dwelt among the people. -And Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they slew the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. And the name of the city was called Hormah. -Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof. -And the LORD was with Judah; and he drave out the inhabitants of the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron. -And they gave Hebron unto Caleb, as Moses said: and he expelled thence the three sons of Anak. -And the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day. -And the house of Joseph, they also went up against Bethel: and the LORD was with them. -And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. (Now the name of the city before was Luz.) -And the spies saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city, and we will shew thee mercy. -And when he shewed them the entrance into the city, they smote the city with the edge of the sword; but they let go the man and all his family. -And the man went into the land of the Hittites, and built a city, and called the name thereof Luz: which is the name thereof unto this day. -Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants of Bethshean and her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns: but the Canaanites would dwell in that land. -And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out. -Neither did Ephraim drive out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer; but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them. -Neither did Zebulun drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites dwelt among them, and became tributaries. -Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob: -But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: for they did not drive them out. -Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Bethshemesh, nor the inhabitants of Bethanath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Bethshemesh and of Bethanath became tributaries unto them. -And the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the mountain: for they would not suffer them to come down to the valley: -But the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim: yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became tributaries. -And the coast of the Amorites was from the going up to Akrabbim, from the rock, and upward. -And an angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal to Bochim, and said, I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you unto the land which I sware unto your fathers; and I said, I will never break my covenant with you. -And ye shall make no league with the inhabitants of this land; ye shall throw down their altars: but ye have not obeyed my voice: why have ye done this? -Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them out from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare unto you. -And it came to pass, when the angel of the LORD spake these words unto all the children of Israel, that the people lifted up their voice, and wept. -And they called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed there unto the LORD. -And when Joshua had let the people go, the children of Israel went every man unto his inheritance to possess the land. -And the people served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great works of the LORD, that he did for Israel. -And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years old. -And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in Timnathheres, in the mount of Ephraim, on the north side of the hill Gaash. -And also all that generation were gathered unto their fathers: and there arose another generation after them, which knew not the LORD, nor yet the works which he had done for Israel. -And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and served Baalim: -And they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods, of the gods of the people that were round about them, and bowed themselves unto them, and provoked the LORD to anger. -And they forsook the LORD, and served Baal and Ashtaroth. -And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he delivered them into the hands of spoilers that spoiled them, and he sold them into the hands of their enemies round about, so that they could not any longer stand before their enemies. -Whithersoever they went out, the hand of the LORD was against them for evil, as the LORD had said, and as the LORD had sworn unto them: and they were greatly distressed. -Nevertheless the LORD raised up judges, which delivered them out of the hand of those that spoiled them. -And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them: they turned quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the commandments of the LORD; but they did not so. -And when the LORD raised them up judges, then the LORD was with the judge, and delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge: for it repented the LORD because of their groanings by reason of them that oppressed them and vexed them. -And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way. -And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel; and he said, Because that this people hath transgressed my covenant which I commanded their fathers, and have not hearkened unto my voice; -I also will not henceforth drive out any from before them of the nations which Joshua left when he died: -That through them I may prove Israel, whether they will keep the way of the LORD to walk therein, as their fathers did keep it, or not. -Therefore the LORD left those nations, without driving them out hastily; neither delivered he them into the hand of Joshua. -Now these are the nations which the LORD left, to prove Israel by them, even as many of Israel as had not known all the wars of Canaan; -Only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to teach them war, at the least such as before knew nothing thereof; -Namely, five lords of the Philistines, and all the Canaanites, and the Sidonians, and the Hivites that dwelt in mount Lebanon, from mount Baalhermon unto the entering in of Hamath. -And they were to prove Israel by them, to know whether they would hearken unto the commandments of the LORD, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses. -And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites: -And they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to their sons, and served their gods. -And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and forgat the LORD their God, and served Baalim and the groves. -Therefore the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia: and the children of Israel served Chushanrishathaim eight years. -And when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, who delivered them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother. -And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war: and the LORD delivered Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand; and his hand prevailed against Chushanrishathaim. -And the land had rest forty years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz died. -And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD. -And he gathered unto him the children of Ammon and Amalek, and went and smote Israel, and possessed the city of palm trees. -So the children of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab eighteen years. -But when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD raised them up a deliverer, Ehud the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a man lefthanded: and by him the children of Israel sent a present unto Eglon the king of Moab. -But Ehud made him a dagger which had two edges, of a cubit length; and he did gird it under his raiment upon his right thigh. -And he brought the present unto Eglon king of Moab: and Eglon was a very fat man. -And when he had made an end to offer the present, he sent away the people that bare the present. -But he himself turned again from the quarries that were by Gilgal, and said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king: who said, Keep silence. And all that stood by him went out from him. -And Ehud came unto him; and he was sitting in a summer parlour, which he had for himself alone. And Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee. And he arose out of his seat. -And Ehud put forth his left hand, and took the dagger from his right thigh, and thrust it into his belly: -And the haft also went in after the blade; and the fat closed upon the blade, so that he could not draw the dagger out of his belly; and the dirt came out. -Then Ehud went forth through the porch, and shut the doors of the parlour upon him, and locked them. -When he was gone out, his servants came; and when they saw that, behold, the doors of the parlour were locked, they said, Surely he covereth his feet in his summer chamber. -And they tarried till they were ashamed: and, behold, he opened not the doors of the parlour; therefore they took a key, and opened them: and, behold, their lord was fallen down dead on the earth. -And Ehud escaped while they tarried, and passed beyond the quarries, and escaped unto Seirath. -And it came to pass, when he was come, that he blew a trumpet in the mountain of Ephraim, and the children of Israel went down with him from the mount, and he before them. -And he said unto them, Follow after me: for the LORD hath delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand. And they went down after him, and took the fords of Jordan toward Moab, and suffered not a man to pass over. -And they slew of Moab at that time about ten thousand men, all lusty, and all men of valour; and there escaped not a man. -So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land had rest fourscore years. -And after him was Shamgar the son of Anath, which slew of the Philistines six hundred men with an ox goad: and he also delivered Israel. -And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, when Ehud was dead. -And the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, that reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose host was Sisera, which dwelt in Harosheth of the Gentiles. -And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel. -And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, she judged Israel at that time. -And she dwelt under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in mount Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment. -And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedeshnaphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the LORD God of Israel commanded, saying, Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun? -And I will draw unto thee to the river Kishon Sisera, the captain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude; and I will deliver him into thine hand. -And Barak said unto her, If thou wilt go with me, then I will go: but if thou wilt not go with me, then I will not go. -And she said, I will surely go with thee: notwithstanding the journey that thou takest shall not be for thine honour; for the LORD shall sell Sisera into the hand of a woman. And Deborah arose, and went with Barak to Kedesh. -And Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and he went up with ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him. -Now Heber the Kenite, which was of the children of Hobab the father in law of Moses, had severed himself from the Kenites, and pitched his tent unto the plain of Zaanaim, which is by Kedesh. -And they shewed Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to mount Tabor. -And Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people that were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon. -And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this is the day in which the LORD hath delivered Sisera into thine hand: is not the LORD gone out before thee? So Barak went down from mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him. -And the LORD discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host, with the edge of the sword before Barak; so that Sisera lighted down off his chariot, and fled away on his feet. -But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the host, unto Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the host of Sisera fell upon the edge of the sword; and there was not a man left. -Howbeit Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite: for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite. -And Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said unto him, Turn in, my lord, turn in to me; fear not. And when he had turned in unto her into the tent, she covered him with a mantle. -And he said unto her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink, and covered him. -Again he said unto her, Stand in the door of the tent, and it shall be, when any man doth come and enquire of thee, and say, Is there any man here? that thou shalt say, No. -Then Jael Heber's wife took a nail of the tent, and took an hammer in her hand, and went softly unto him, and smote the nail into his temples, and fastened it into the ground: for he was fast asleep and weary. So he died. -And, behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him, and said unto him, Come, and I will shew thee the man whom thou seekest. And when he came into her tent, behold, Sisera lay dead, and the nail was in his temples. -So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the children of Israel. -And the hand of the children of Israel prospered, and prevailed against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king of Canaan. -Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam on that day, saying, -Praise ye the LORD for the avenging of Israel, when the people willingly offered themselves. -Hear, O ye kings; give ear, O ye princes; I, even I, will sing unto the LORD; I will sing praise to the LORD God of Israel. -LORD, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the clouds also dropped water. -The mountains melted from before the LORD, even that Sinai from before the LORD God of Israel. -In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied, and the travellers walked through byways. -The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in Israel, until that I Deborah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel. -They chose new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel? -My heart is toward the governors of Israel, that offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless ye the LORD. -Speak, ye that ride on white asses, ye that sit in judgment, and walk by the way. -They that are delivered from the noise of archers in the places of drawing water, there shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the LORD, even the righteous acts toward the inhabitants of his villages in Israel: then shall the people of the LORD go down to the gates. -Awake, awake, Deborah: awake, awake, utter a song: arise, Barak, and lead thy captivity captive, thou son of Abinoam. -Then he made him that remaineth have dominion over the nobles among the people: the LORD made me have dominion over the mighty. -Out of Ephraim was there a root of them against Amalek; after thee, Benjamin, among thy people; out of Machir came down governors, and out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer. -And the princes of Issachar were with Deborah; even Issachar, and also Barak: he was sent on foot into the valley. For the divisions of Reuben there were great thoughts of heart. -Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of the flocks? For the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of heart. -Gilead abode beyond Jordan: and why did Dan remain in ships? Asher continued on the sea shore, and abode in his breaches. -Zebulun and Naphtali were a people that jeoparded their lives unto the death in the high places of the field. -The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan in Taanach by the waters of Megiddo; they took no gain of money. -They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera. -The river of Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon. O my soul, thou hast trodden down strength. -Then were the horsehoofs broken by the means of the pransings, the pransings of their mighty ones. -Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty. -Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be, blessed shall she be above women in the tent. -He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish. -She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer; and with the hammer she smote Sisera, she smote off his head, when she had pierced and stricken through his temples. -At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay down: at her feet he bowed, he fell: where he bowed, there he fell down dead. -The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the wheels of his chariots? -Her wise ladies answered her, yea, she returned answer to herself, -Have they not sped? have they not divided the prey; to every man a damsel or two; to Sisera a prey of divers colours, a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil? -So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And the land had rest forty years. -And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years. -And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and caves, and strong holds. -And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against them; -And they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance for Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass. -For they came up with their cattle and their tents, and they came as grasshoppers for multitude; for both they and their camels were without number: and they entered into the land to destroy it. -And Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites; and the children of Israel cried unto the LORD. -And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD because of the Midianites, -That the LORD sent a prophet unto the children of Israel, which said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage; -And I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all that oppressed you, and drave them out from before you, and gave you their land; -And I said unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but ye have not obeyed my voice. -And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon threshed wheat by the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites. -And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him, The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour. -And Gideon said unto him, Oh my Lord, if the LORD be with us, why then is all this befallen us? and where be all his miracles which our fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt? but now the LORD hath forsaken us, and delivered us into the hands of the Midianites. -And the LORD looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and thou shalt save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: have not I sent thee? -And he said unto him, Oh my Lord, wherewith shall I save Israel? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house. -And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one man. -And he said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, then shew me a sign that thou talkest with me. -Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring forth my present, and set it before thee. And he said, I will tarry until thou come again. -And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of flour: the flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak, and presented it. -And the angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them upon this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so. -Then the angel of the LORD put forth the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there rose up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes. Then the angel of the LORD departed out of his sight. -And when Gideon perceived that he was an angel of the LORD, Gideon said, Alas, O LORD God! for because I have seen an angel of the LORD face to face. -And the LORD said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die. -Then Gideon built an altar there unto the LORD, and called it Jehovahshalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abiezrites. -And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and cut down the grove that is by it: -And build an altar unto the LORD thy God upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place, and take the second bullock, and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the grove which thou shalt cut down. -Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as the LORD had said unto him: and so it was, because he feared his father's household, and the men of the city, that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night. -And when the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was cast down, and the grove was cut down that was by it, and the second bullock was offered upon the altar that was built. -And they said one to another, Who hath done this thing? And when they enquired and asked, they said, Gideon the son of Joash hath done this thing. -Then the men of the city said unto Joash, Bring out thy son, that he may die: because he hath cast down the altar of Baal, and because he hath cut down the grove that was by it. -And Joash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for Baal? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself, because one hath cast down his altar. -Therefore on that day he called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar. -Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. -But the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered after him. -And he sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; who also was gathered after him: and he sent messengers unto Asher, and unto Zebulun, and unto Naphtali; and they came up to meet them. -And Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said, -Behold, I will put a fleece of wool in the floor; and if the dew be on the fleece only, and it be dry upon all the earth beside, then shall I know that thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said. -And it was so: for he rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece, a bowl full of water. -And Gideon said unto God, Let not thine anger be hot against me, and I will speak but this once: let me prove, I pray thee, but this once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon all the ground let there be dew. -And God did so that night: for it was dry upon the fleece only, and there was dew on all the ground. -Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the people that were with him, rose up early, and pitched beside the well of Harod: so that the host of the Midianites were on the north side of them, by the hill of Moreh, in the valley. -And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people that are with thee are too many for me to give the Midianites into their hands, lest Israel vaunt themselves against me, saying, Mine own hand hath saved me. -Now therefore go to, proclaim in the ears of the people, saying, Whosoever is fearful and afraid, let him return and depart early from mount Gilead. And there returned of the people twenty and two thousand; and there remained ten thousand. -And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people are yet too many; bring them down unto the water, and I will try them for thee there: and it shall be, that of whom I say unto thee, This shall go with thee, the same shall go with thee; and of whomsoever I say unto thee, This shall not go with thee, the same shall not go. -So he brought down the people unto the water: and the LORD said unto Gideon, Every one that lappeth of the water with his tongue, as a dog lappeth, him shalt thou set by himself; likewise every one that boweth down upon his knees to drink. -And the number of them that lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, were three hundred men: but all the rest of the people bowed down upon their knees to drink water. -And the LORD said unto Gideon, By the three hundred men that lapped will I save you, and deliver the Midianites into thine hand: and let all the other people go every man unto his place. -So the people took victuals in their hand, and their trumpets: and he sent all the rest of Israel every man unto his tent, and retained those three hundred men: and the host of Midian was beneath him in the valley. -And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Arise, get thee down unto the host; for I have delivered it into thine hand. -But if thou fear to go down, go thou with Phurah thy servant down to the host: -And thou shalt hear what they say; and afterward shall thine hands be strengthened to go down unto the host. Then went he down with Phurah his servant unto the outside of the armed men that were in the host. -And the Midianites and the Amalekites and all the children of the east lay along in the valley like grasshoppers for multitude; and their camels were without number, as the sand by the sea side for multitude. -And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow, and said, Behold, I dreamed a dream, and, lo, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along. -And his fellow answered and said, This is nothing else save the sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel: for into his hand hath God delivered Midian, and all the host. -And it was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and the interpretation thereof, that he worshipped, and returned into the host of Israel, and said, Arise; for the LORD hath delivered into your hand the host of Midian. -And he divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put a trumpet in every man's hand, with empty pitchers, and lamps within the pitchers. -And he said unto them, Look on me, and do likewise: and, behold, when I come to the outside of the camp, it shall be that, as I do, so shall ye do. -When I blow with a trumpet, I and all that are with me, then blow ye the trumpets also on every side of all the camp, and say, The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon. -So Gideon, and the hundred men that were with him, came unto the outside of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch; and they had but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and brake the pitchers that were in their hands. -And the three companies blew the trumpets, and brake the pitchers, and held the lamps in their left hands, and the trumpets in their right hands to blow withal: and they cried, The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon. -And they stood every man in his place round about the camp; and all the host ran, and cried, and fled. -And the three hundred blew the trumpets, and the LORD set every man's sword against his fellow, even throughout all the host: and the host fled to Bethshittah in Zererath, and to the border of Abelmeholah, unto Tabbath. -And the men of Israel gathered themselves together out of Naphtali, and out of Asher, and out of all Manasseh, and pursued after the Midianites. -And Gideon sent messengers throughout all mount Ephraim, saying, come down against the Midianites, and take before them the waters unto Bethbarah and Jordan. Then all the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together, and took the waters unto Bethbarah and Jordan. -And they took two princes of the Midianites, Oreb and Zeeb; and they slew Oreb upon the rock Oreb, and Zeeb they slew at the winepress of Zeeb, and pursued Midian, and brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon on the other side Jordan. -And the men of Ephraim said unto him, Why hast thou served us thus, that thou calledst us not, when thou wentest to fight with the Midianites? And they did chide with him sharply. -And he said unto them, What have I done now in comparison of you? Is not the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer? -God hath delivered into your hands the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb: and what was I able to do in comparison of you? Then their anger was abated toward him, when he had said that. -And Gideon came to Jordan, and passed over, he, and the three hundred men that were with him, faint, yet pursuing them. -And he said unto the men of Succoth, Give, I pray you, loaves of bread unto the people that follow me; for they be faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, kings of Midian. -And the princes of Succoth said, Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thine army? -And Gideon said, Therefore when the LORD hath delivered Zebah and Zalmunna into mine hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briers. -And he went up thence to Penuel, and spake unto them likewise: and the men of Penuel answered him as the men of Succoth had answered him. -And he spake also unto the men of Penuel, saying, When I come again in peace, I will break down this tower. -Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor, and their hosts with them, about fifteen thousand men, all that were left of all the hosts of the children of the east: for there fell an hundred and twenty thousand men that drew sword. -And Gideon went up by the way of them that dwelt in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and smote the host; for the host was secure. -And when Zebah and Zalmunna fled, he pursued after them, and took the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and discomfited all the host. -And Gideon the son of Joash returned from battle before the sun was up, -And caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and enquired of him: and he described unto him the princes of Succoth, and the elders thereof, even threescore and seventeen men. -And he came unto the men of Succoth, and said, Behold Zebah and Zalmunna, with whom ye did upbraid me, saying, Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thy men that are weary? -And he took the elders of the city, and thorns of the wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of Succoth. -And he beat down the tower of Penuel, and slew the men of the city. -Then said he unto Zebah and Zalmunna, What manner of men were they whom ye slew at Tabor? And they answered, As thou art, so were they; each one resembled the children of a king. -And he said, They were my brethren, even the sons of my mother: as the LORD liveth, if ye had saved them alive, I would not slay you. -And he said unto Jether his firstborn, Up, and slay them. But the youth drew not his sword: for he feared, because he was yet a youth. -Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, Rise thou, and fall upon us: for as the man is, so is his strength. And Gideon arose, and slew Zebah and Zalmunna, and took away the ornaments that were on their camels' necks. -Then the men of Israel said unto Gideon, Rule thou over us, both thou, and thy son, and thy son's son also: for thou hast delivered us from the hand of Midian. -And Gideon said unto them, I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you: the LORD shall rule over you. -And Gideon said unto them, I would desire a request of you, that ye would give me every man the earrings of his prey. (For they had golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.) -And they answered, We will willingly give them. And they spread a garment, and did cast therein every man the earrings of his prey. -And the weight of the golden earrings that he requested was a thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold; beside ornaments, and collars, and purple raiment that was on the kings of Midian, and beside the chains that were about their camels' necks. -And Gideon made an ephod thereof, and put it in his city, even in Ophrah: and all Israel went thither a whoring after it: which thing became a snare unto Gideon, and to his house. -Thus was Midian subdued before the children of Israel, so that they lifted up their heads no more. And the country was in quietness forty years in the days of Gideon. -And Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and dwelt in his own house. -And Gideon had threescore and ten sons of his body begotten: for he had many wives. -And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son, whose name he called Abimelech. -And Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and was buried in the sepulchre of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the Abiezrites. -And it came to pass, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the children of Israel turned again, and went a whoring after Baalim, and made Baalberith their god. -And the children of Israel remembered not the LORD their God, who had delivered them out of the hands of all their enemies on every side: -Neither shewed they kindness to the house of Jerubbaal, namely, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shewed unto Israel. -And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem unto his mother's brethren, and communed with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother's father, saying, -Speak, I pray you, in the ears of all the men of Shechem, Whether is better for you, either that all the sons of Jerubbaal, which are threescore and ten persons, reign over you, or that one reign over you? remember also that I am your bone and your flesh. -And his mother's brethren spake of him in the ears of all the men of Shechem all these words: and their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech; for they said, He is our brother. -And they gave him threescore and ten pieces of silver out of the house of Baalberith, wherewith Abimelech hired vain and light persons, which followed him. -And he went unto his father's house at Ophrah, and slew his brethren the sons of Jerubbaal, being threescore and ten persons, upon one stone: notwithstanding yet Jotham the youngest son of Jerubbaal was left; for he hid himself. -And all the men of Shechem gathered together, and all the house of Millo, and went, and made Abimelech king, by the plain of the pillar that was in Shechem. -And when they told it to Jotham, he went and stood in the top of mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said unto them, Hearken unto me, ye men of Shechem, that God may hearken unto you. -The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and they said unto the olive tree, Reign thou over us. -But the olive tree said unto them, Should I leave my fatness, wherewith by me they honour God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees? -And the trees said to the fig tree, Come thou, and reign over us. -But the fig tree said unto them, Should I forsake my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to be promoted over the trees? -Then said the trees unto the vine, Come thou, and reign over us. -And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees? -Then said all the trees unto the bramble, Come thou, and reign over us. -And the bramble said unto the trees, If in truth ye anoint me king over you, then come and put your trust in my shadow: and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon. -Now therefore, if ye have done truly and sincerely, in that ye have made Abimelech king, and if ye have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done unto him according to the deserving of his hands; -(For my father fought for you, and adventured his life far, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian: -And ye are risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, threescore and ten persons, upon one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his maidservant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother;) -If ye then have dealt truly and sincerely with Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice ye in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you: -But if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech. -And Jotham ran away, and fled, and went to Beer, and dwelt there, for fear of Abimelech his brother. -When Abimelech had reigned three years over Israel, -Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech: -That the cruelty done to the threescore and ten sons of Jerubbaal might come, and their blood be laid upon Abimelech their brother, which slew them; and upon the men of Shechem, which aided him in the killing of his brethren. -And the men of Shechem set liers in wait for him in the top of the mountains, and they robbed all that came along that way by them: and it was told Abimelech. -And Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brethren, and went over to Shechem: and the men of Shechem put their confidence in him. -And they went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards, and trode the grapes, and made merry, and went into the house of their god, and did eat and drink, and cursed Abimelech. -And Gaal the son of Ebed said, Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? is not he the son of Jerubbaal? and Zebul his officer? serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem: for why should we serve him? -And would to God this people were under my hand! then would I remove Abimelech. And he said to Abimelech, Increase thine army, and come out. -And when Zebul the ruler of the city heard the words of Gaal the son of Ebed, his anger was kindled. -And he sent messengers unto Abimelech privily, saying, Behold, Gaal the son of Ebed and his brethren be come to Shechem; and, behold, they fortify the city against thee. -Now therefore up by night, thou and the people that is with thee, and lie in wait in the field: -And it shall be, that in the morning, as soon as the sun is up, thou shalt rise early, and set upon the city: and, behold, when he and the people that is with him come out against thee, then mayest thou do to them as thou shalt find occasion. -And Abimelech rose up, and all the people that were with him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies. -And Gaal the son of Ebed went out, and stood in the entering of the gate of the city: and Abimelech rose up, and the people that were with him, from lying in wait. -And when Gaal saw the people, he said to Zebul, Behold, there come people down from the top of the mountains. And Zebul said unto him, Thou seest the shadow of the mountains as if they were men. -And Gaal spake again, and said, See there come people down by the middle of the land, and another company come along by the plain of Meonenim. -Then said Zebul unto him, Where is now thy mouth, wherewith thou saidst, Who is Abimelech, that we should serve him? is not this the people that thou hast despised? go out, I pray now, and fight with them. -And Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with Abimelech. -And Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and many were overthrown and wounded, even unto the entering of the gate. -And Abimelech dwelt at Arumah: and Zebul thrust out Gaal and his brethren, that they should not dwell in Shechem. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people went out into the field; and they told Abimelech. -And he took the people, and divided them into three companies, and laid wait in the field, and looked, and, behold, the people were come forth out of the city; and he rose up against them, and smote them. -And Abimelech, and the company that was with him, rushed forward, and stood in the entering of the gate of the city: and the two other companies ran upon all the people that were in the fields, and slew them. -And Abimelech fought against the city all that day; and he took the city, and slew the people that was therein, and beat down the city, and sowed it with salt. -And when all the men of the tower of Shechem heard that, they entered into an hold of the house of the god Berith. -And it was told Abimelech, that all the men of the tower of Shechem were gathered together. -And Abimelech gat him up to mount Zalmon, he and all the people that were with him; and Abimelech took an axe in his hand, and cut down a bough from the trees, and took it, and laid it on his shoulder, and said unto the people that were with him, What ye have seen me do, make haste, and do as I have done. -And all the people likewise cut down every man his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them to the hold, and set the hold on fire upon them; so that all the men of the tower of Shechem died also, about a thousand men and women. -Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and took it. -But there was a strong tower within the city, and thither fled all the men and women, and all they of the city, and shut it to them, and gat them up to the top of the tower. -And Abimelech came unto the tower, and fought against it, and went hard unto the door of the tower to burn it with fire. -And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech's head, and all to brake his skull. -Then he called hastily unto the young man his armourbearer, and said unto him, Draw thy sword, and slay me, that men say not of me, A women slew him. And his young man thrust him through, and he died. -And when the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was dead, they departed every man unto his place. -Thus God rendered the wickedness of Abimelech, which he did unto his father, in slaying his seventy brethren: -And all the evil of the men of Shechem did God render upon their heads: and upon them came the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal. -And after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel Tola the son of Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of Issachar; and he dwelt in Shamir in mount Ephraim. -And he judged Israel twenty and three years, and died, and was buried in Shamir. -And after him arose Jair, a Gileadite, and judged Israel twenty and two years. -And he had thirty sons that rode on thirty ass colts, and they had thirty cities, which are called Havothjair unto this day, which are in the land of Gilead. -And Jair died, and was buried in Camon. -And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD, and served Baalim, and Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Zidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and forsook the LORD, and served not him. -And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he sold them into the hands of the Philistines, and into the hands of the children of Ammon. -And that year they vexed and oppressed the children of Israel: eighteen years, all the children of Israel that were on the other side Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which is in Gilead. -Moreover the children of Ammon passed over Jordan to fight also against Judah, and against Benjamin, and against the house of Ephraim; so that Israel was sore distressed. -And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, saying, We have sinned against thee, both because we have forsaken our God, and also served Baalim. -And the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Did not I deliver you from the Egyptians, and from the Amorites, from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines? -The Zidonians also, and the Amalekites, and the Maonites, did oppress you; and ye cried to me, and I delivered you out of their hand. -Yet ye have forsaken me, and served other gods: wherefore I will deliver you no more. -Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation. -And the children of Israel said unto the LORD, We have sinned: do thou unto us whatsoever seemeth good unto thee; deliver us only, we pray thee, this day. -And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served the LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel. -Then the children of Ammon were gathered together, and encamped in Gilead. And the children of Israel assembled themselves together, and encamped in Mizpeh. -And the people and princes of Gilead said one to another, What man is he that will begin to fight against the children of Ammon? he shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. -Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valour, and he was the son of an harlot: and Gilead begat Jephthah. -And Gilead's wife bare him sons; and his wife's sons grew up, and they thrust out Jephthah, and said unto him, Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house; for thou art the son of a strange woman. -Then Jephthah fled from his brethren, and dwelt in the land of Tob: and there were gathered vain men to Jephthah, and went out with him. -And it came to pass in process of time, that the children of Ammon made war against Israel. -And it was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah out of the land of Tob: -And they said unto Jephthah, Come, and be our captain, that we may fight with the children of Ammon. -And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, Did not ye hate me, and expel me out of my father's house? and why are ye come unto me now when ye are in distress? -And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, Therefore we turn again to thee now, that thou mayest go with us, and fight against the children of Ammon, and be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. -And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, If ye bring me home again to fight against the children of Ammon, and the LORD deliver them before me, shall I be your head? -And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, The LORD be witness between us, if we do not so according to thy words. -Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and captain over them: and Jephthah uttered all his words before the LORD in Mizpeh. -And Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon, saying, What hast thou to do with me, that thou art come against me to fight in my land? -And the king of the children of Ammon answered unto the messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took away my land, when they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and unto Jordan: now therefore restore those lands again peaceably. -And Jephthah sent messengers again unto the king of the children of Ammon: -And said unto him, Thus saith Jephthah, Israel took not away the land of Moab, nor the land of the children of Ammon: -But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the wilderness unto the Red sea, and came to Kadesh; -Then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying, Let me, I pray thee, pass through thy land: but the king of Edom would not hearken thereto. And in like manner they sent unto the king of Moab: but he would not consent: and Israel abode in Kadesh. -Then they went along through the wilderness, and compassed the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side of the land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, but came not within the border of Moab: for Arnon was the border of Moab. -And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, the king of Heshbon; and Israel said unto him, Let us pass, we pray thee, through thy land into my place. -But Sihon trusted not Israel to pass through his coast: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and pitched in Jahaz, and fought against Israel. -And the LORD God of Israel delivered Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel, and they smote them: so Israel possessed all the land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that country. -And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan. -So now the LORD God of Israel hath dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess it? -Wilt not thou possess that which Chemosh thy god giveth thee to possess? So whomsoever the LORD our God shall drive out from before us, them will we possess. -And now art thou any thing better than Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab? did he ever strive against Israel, or did he ever fight against them, -While Israel dwelt in Heshbon and her towns, and in Aroer and her towns, and in all the cities that be along by the coasts of Arnon, three hundred years? why therefore did ye not recover them within that time? -Wherefore I have not sinned against thee, but thou doest me wrong to war against me: the LORD the Judge be judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of Ammon. -Howbeit the king of the children of Ammon hearkened not unto the words of Jephthah which he sent him. -Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children of Ammon. -And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, -Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the LORD's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering. -So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD delivered them into his hands. -And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith, even twenty cities, and unto the plain of the vineyards, with a very great slaughter. Thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel. -And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter. -And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes, and said, Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou art one of them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the LORD, and I cannot go back. -And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth unto the LORD, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of thy mouth; forasmuch as the LORD hath taken vengeance for thee of thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon. -And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows. -And he said, Go. And he sent her away for two months: and she went with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the mountains. -And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed: and she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel, -That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year. -And the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together, and went northward, and said unto Jephthah, Wherefore passedst thou over to fight against the children of Ammon, and didst not call us to go with thee? we will burn thine house upon thee with fire. -And Jephthah said unto them, I and my people were at great strife with the children of Ammon; and when I called you, ye delivered me not out of their hands. -And when I saw that ye delivered me not, I put my life in my hands, and passed over against the children of Ammon, and the LORD delivered them into my hand: wherefore then are ye come up unto me this day, to fight against me? -Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim: and the men of Gilead smote Ephraim, because they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the Ephraimites, and among the Manassites. -And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; -Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. -And Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died Jephthah the Gileadite, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead. -And after him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel. -And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters, whom he sent abroad, and took in thirty daughters from abroad for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years. -Then died Ibzan, and was buried at Bethlehem. -And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged Israel; and he judged Israel ten years. -And Elon the Zebulonite died, and was buried in Aijalon in the country of Zebulun. -And after him Abdon the son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, judged Israel. -And he had forty sons and thirty nephews, that rode on threescore and ten ass colts: and he judged Israel eight years. -And Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite died, and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the mount of the Amalekites. -And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD delivered them into the hand of the Philistines forty years. -And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah; and his wife was barren, and bare not. -And the angel of the LORD appeared unto the woman, and said unto her, Behold now, thou art barren, and bearest not: but thou shalt conceive, and bear a son. -Now therefore beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine nor strong drink, and eat not any unclean thing: -For, lo, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and no razor shall come on his head: for the child shall be a Nazarite unto God from the womb: and he shall begin to deliver Israel out of the hand of the Philistines. -Then the woman came and told her husband, saying, A man of God came unto me, and his countenance was like the countenance of an angel of God, very terrible: but I asked him not whence he was, neither told he me his name: -But he said unto me, Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing: for the child shall be a Nazarite to God from the womb to the day of his death. -Then Manoah intreated the LORD, and said, O my Lord, let the man of God which thou didst send come again unto us, and teach us what we shall do unto the child that shall be born. -And God hearkened to the voice of Manoah; and the angel of God came again unto the woman as she sat in the field: but Manoah her husband was not with her. -And the woman made haste, and ran, and shewed her husband, and said unto him, Behold, the man hath appeared unto me, that came unto me the other day. -And Manoah arose, and went after his wife, and came to the man, and said unto him, Art thou the man that spakest unto the woman? And he said, I am. -And Manoah said, Now let thy words come to pass. How shall we order the child, and how shall we do unto him? -And the angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Of all that I said unto the woman let her beware. -She may not eat of any thing that cometh of the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean thing: all that I commanded her let her observe. -And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, I pray thee, let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee. -And the angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Though thou detain me, I will not eat of thy bread: and if thou wilt offer a burnt offering, thou must offer it unto the LORD. For Manoah knew not that he was an angel of the LORD. -And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, What is thy name, that when thy sayings come to pass we may do thee honour? -And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Why askest thou thus after my name, seeing it is secret? -So Manoah took a kid with a meat offering, and offered it upon a rock unto the LORD: and the angel did wonderously; and Manoah and his wife looked on. -For it came to pass, when the flame went up toward heaven from off the altar, that the angel of the LORD ascended in the flame of the altar. And Manoah and his wife looked on it, and fell on their faces to the ground. -But the angel of the LORD did no more appear to Manoah and to his wife. Then Manoah knew that he was an angel of the LORD. -And Manoah said unto his wife, We shall surely die, because we have seen God. -But his wife said unto him, If the LORD were pleased to kill us, he would not have received a burnt offering and a meat offering at our hands, neither would he have shewed us all these things, nor would as at this time have told us such things as these. -And the woman bare a son, and called his name Samson: and the child grew, and the LORD blessed him. -And the Spirit of the LORD began to move him at times in the camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol. -And Samson went down to Timnath, and saw a woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines. -And he came up, and told his father and his mother, and said, I have seen a woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines: now therefore get her for me to wife. -Then his father and his mother said unto him, Is there never a woman among the daughters of thy brethren, or among all my people, that thou goest to take a wife of the uncircumcised Philistines? And Samson said unto his father, Get her for me; for she pleaseth me well. -But his father and his mother knew not that it was of the LORD, that he sought an occasion against the Philistines: for at that time the Philistines had dominion over Israel. -Then went Samson down, and his father and his mother, to Timnath, and came to the vineyards of Timnath: and, behold, a young lion roared against him. -And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and he rent him as he would have rent a kid, and he had nothing in his hand: but he told not his father or his mother what he had done. -And he went down, and talked with the woman; and she pleased Samson well. -And after a time he returned to take her, and he turned aside to see the carcase of the lion: and, behold, there was a swarm of bees and honey in the carcase of the lion. -And he took thereof in his hands, and went on eating, and came to his father and mother, and he gave them, and they did eat: but he told not them that he had taken the honey out of the carcase of the lion. -So his father went down unto the woman: and Samson made there a feast; for so used the young men to do. -And it came to pass, when they saw him, that they brought thirty companions to be with him. -And Samson said unto them, I will now put forth a riddle unto you: if ye can certainly declare it me within the seven days of the feast, and find it out, then I will give you thirty sheets and thirty change of garments: -But if ye cannot declare it me, then shall ye give me thirty sheets and thirty change of garments. And they said unto him, Put forth thy riddle, that we may hear it. -And he said unto them, Out of the eater came forth meat, and out of the strong came forth sweetness. And they could not in three days expound the riddle. -And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they said unto Samson's wife, Entice thy husband, that he may declare unto us the riddle, lest we burn thee and thy father's house with fire: have ye called us to take that we have? is it not so? -And Samson's wife wept before him, and said, Thou dost but hate me, and lovest me not: thou hast put forth a riddle unto the children of my people, and hast not told it me. And he said unto her, Behold, I have not told it my father nor my mother, and shall I tell it thee? -And she wept before him the seven days, while their feast lasted: and it came to pass on the seventh day, that he told her, because she lay sore upon him: and she told the riddle to the children of her people. -And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the sun went down, What is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? and he said unto them, If ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle. -And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he went down to Ashkelon, and slew thirty men of them, and took their spoil, and gave change of garments unto them which expounded the riddle. And his anger was kindled, and he went up to his father's house. -But Samson's wife was given to his companion, whom he had used as his friend. -But it came to pass within a while after, in the time of wheat harvest, that Samson visited his wife with a kid; and he said, I will go in to my wife into the chamber. But her father would not suffer him to go in. -And her father said, I verily thought that thou hadst utterly hated her; therefore I gave her to thy companion: is not her younger sister fairer than she? take her, I pray thee, instead of her. -And Samson said concerning them, Now shall I be more blameless than the Philistines, though I do them a displeasure. -And Samson went and caught three hundred foxes, and took firebrands, and turned tail to tail, and put a firebrand in the midst between two tails. -And when he had set the brands on fire, he let them go into the standing corn of the Philistines, and burnt up both the shocks, and also the standing corn, with the vineyards and olives. -Then the Philistines said, Who hath done this? And they answered, Samson, the son in law of the Timnite, because he had taken his wife, and given her to his companion. And the Philistines came up, and burnt her and her father with fire. -And Samson said unto them, Though ye have done this, yet will I be avenged of you, and after that I will cease. -And he smote them hip and thigh with a great slaughter: and he went down and dwelt in the top of the rock Etam. -Then the Philistines went up, and pitched in Judah, and spread themselves in Lehi. -And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And they answered, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he hath done to us. -Then three thousand men of Judah went to the top of the rock Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines are rulers over us? what is this that thou hast done unto us? And he said unto them, As they did unto me, so have I done unto them. -And they said unto him, We are come down to bind thee, that we may deliver thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said unto them, Swear unto me, that ye will not fall upon me yourselves. -And they spake unto him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast, and deliver thee into their hand: but surely we will not kill thee. And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him up from the rock. -And when he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him: and the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and the cords that were upon his arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his bands loosed from off his hands. -And he found a new jawbone of an ass, and put forth his hand, and took it, and slew a thousand men therewith. -And Samson said, With the jawbone of an ass, heaps upon heaps, with the jaw of an ass have I slain a thousand men. -And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking, that he cast away the jawbone out of his hand, and called that place Ramathlehi. -And he was sore athirst, and called on the LORD, and said, Thou hast given this great deliverance into the hand of thy servant: and now shall I die for thirst, and fall into the hand of the uncircumcised? -But God clave an hollow place that was in the jaw, and there came water thereout; and when he had drunk, his spirit came again, and he revived: wherefore he called the name thereof Enhakkore, which is in Lehi unto this day. -And he judged Israel in the days of the Philistines twenty years. -Then went Samson to Gaza, and saw there an harlot, and went in unto her. -And it was told the Gazites, saying, Samson is come hither. And they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the gate of the city, and were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill him. -And Samson lay till midnight, and arose at midnight, and took the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and went away with them, bar and all, and put them upon his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of an hill that is before Hebron. -And it came to pass afterward, that he loved a woman in the valley of Sorek, whose name was Delilah. -And the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and said unto her, Entice him, and see wherein his great strength lieth, and by what means we may prevail against him, that we may bind him to afflict him; and we will give thee every one of us eleven hundred pieces of silver. -And Delilah said to Samson, Tell me, I pray thee, wherein thy great strength lieth, and wherewith thou mightest be bound to afflict thee. -And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man. -Then the lords of the Philistines brought up to her seven green withs which had not been dried, and she bound him with them. -Now there were men lying in wait, abiding with her in the chamber. And she said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he brake the withs, as a thread of tow is broken when it toucheth the fire. So his strength was not known. -And Delilah said unto Samson, Behold, thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: now tell me, I pray thee, wherewith thou mightest be bound. -And he said unto her, If they bind me fast with new ropes that never were occupied, then shall I be weak, and be as another man. -Delilah therefore took new ropes, and bound him therewith, and said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And there were liers in wait abiding in the chamber. And he brake them from off his arms like a thread. -And Delilah said unto Samson, Hitherto thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: tell me wherewith thou mightest be bound. And he said unto her, If thou weavest the seven locks of my head with the web. -And she fastened it with the pin, and said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awaked out of his sleep, and went away with the pin of the beam, and with the web. -And she said unto him, How canst thou say, I love thee, when thine heart is not with me? thou hast mocked me these three times, and hast not told me wherein thy great strength lieth. -And it came to pass, when she pressed him daily with her words, and urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death; -That he told her all his heart, and said unto her, There hath not come a razor upon mine head; for I have been a Nazarite unto God from my mother's womb: if I be shaven, then my strength will go from me, and I shall become weak, and be like any other man. -And when Delilah saw that he had told her all his heart, she sent and called for the lords of the Philistines, saying, Come up this once, for he hath shewed me all his heart. Then the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and brought money in their hand. -And she made him sleep upon her knees; and she called for a man, and she caused him to shave off the seven locks of his head; and she began to afflict him, and his strength went from him. -And she said, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awoke out of his sleep, and said, I will go out as at other times before, and shake myself. And he wist not that the LORD was departed from him. -But the Philistines took him, and put out his eyes, and brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he did grind in the prison house. -Howbeit the hair of his head began to grow again after he was shaven. -Then the lords of the Philistines gathered them together for to offer a great sacrifice unto Dagon their god, and to rejoice: for they said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand. -And when the people saw him, they praised their god: for they said, Our god hath delivered into our hands our enemy, and the destroyer of our country, which slew many of us. -And it came to pass, when their hearts were merry, that they said, Call for Samson, that he may make us sport. And they called for Samson out of the prison house; and he made them sport: and they set him between the pillars. -And Samson said unto the lad that held him by the hand, Suffer me that I may feel the pillars whereupon the house standeth, that I may lean upon them. -Now the house was full of men and women; and all the lords of the Philistines were there; and there were upon the roof about three thousand men and women, that beheld while Samson made sport. -And Samson called unto the LORD, and said, O Lord God, remember me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for my two eyes. -And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon which the house stood, and on which it was borne up, of the one with his right hand, and of the other with his left. -And Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And he bowed himself with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead which he slew at his death were more than they which he slew in his life. -Then his brethren and all the house of his father came down, and took him, and brought him up, and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in the buryingplace of Manoah his father. And he judged Israel twenty years. -And there was a man of mount Ephraim, whose name was Micah. -And he said unto his mother, The eleven hundred shekels of silver that were taken from thee, about which thou cursedst, and spakest of also in mine ears, behold, the silver is with me; I took it. And his mother said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my son. -And when he had restored the eleven hundred shekels of silver to his mother, his mother said, I had wholly dedicated the silver unto the LORD from my hand for my son, to make a graven image and a molten image: now therefore I will restore it unto thee. -Yet he restored the money unto his mother; and his mother took two hundred shekels of silver, and gave them to the founder, who made thereof a graven image and a molten image: and they were in the house of Micah. -And the man Micah had an house of gods, and made an ephod, and teraphim, and consecrated one of his sons, who became his priest. -In those days there was no king in Israel, but every man did that which was right in his own eyes. -And there was a young man out of Bethlehemjudah of the family of Judah, who was a Levite, and he sojourned there. -And the man departed out of the city from Bethlehemjudah to sojourn where he could find a place: and he came to mount Ephraim to the house of Micah, as he journeyed. -And Micah said unto him, Whence comest thou? And he said unto him, I am a Levite of Bethlehemjudah, and I go to sojourn where I may find a place. -And Micah said unto him, Dwell with me, and be unto me a father and a priest, and I will give thee ten shekels of silver by the year, and a suit of apparel, and thy victuals. So the Levite went in. -And the Levite was content to dwell with the man; and the young man was unto him as one of his sons. -And Micah consecrated the Levite; and the young man became his priest, and was in the house of Micah. -Then said Micah, Now know I that the LORD will do me good, seeing I have a Levite to my priest. -In those days there was no king in Israel: and in those days the tribe of the Danites sought them an inheritance to dwell in; for unto that day all their inheritance had not fallen unto them among the tribes of Israel. -And the children of Dan sent of their family five men from their coasts, men of valour, from Zorah, and from Eshtaol, to spy out the land, and to search it; and they said unto them, Go, search the land: who when they came to mount Ephraim, to the house of Micah, they lodged there. -When they were by the house of Micah, they knew the voice of the young man the Levite: and they turned in thither, and said unto him, Who brought thee hither? and what makest thou in this place? and what hast thou here? -And he said unto them, Thus and thus dealeth Micah with me, and hath hired me, and I am his priest. -And they said unto him, Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God, that we may know whether our way which we go shall be prosperous. -And the priest said unto them, Go in peace: before the LORD is your way wherein ye go. -Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that were therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure; and there was no magistrate in the land, that might put them to shame in any thing; and they were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any man. -And they came unto their brethren to Zorah and Eshtaol: and their brethren said unto them, What say ye? -And they said, Arise, that we may go up against them: for we have seen the land, and, behold, it is very good: and are ye still? be not slothful to go, and to enter to possess the land. -When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a large land: for God hath given it into your hands; a place where there is no want of any thing that is in the earth. -And there went from thence of the family of the Danites, out of Zorah and out of Eshtaol, six hundred men appointed with weapons of war. -And they went up, and pitched in Kirjathjearim, in Judah: wherefore they called that place Mahanehdan unto this day: behold, it is behind Kirjathjearim. -And they passed thence unto mount Ephraim, and came unto the house of Micah. -Then answered the five men that went to spy out the country of Laish, and said unto their brethren, Do ye know that there is in these houses an ephod, and teraphim, and a graven image, and a molten image? now therefore consider what ye have to do. -And they turned thitherward, and came to the house of the young man the Levite, even unto the house of Micah, and saluted him. -And the six hundred men appointed with their weapons of war, which were of the children of Dan, stood by the entering of the gate. -And the five men that went to spy out the land went up, and came in thither, and took the graven image, and the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image: and the priest stood in the entering of the gate with the six hundred men that were appointed with weapons of war. -And these went into Micah's house, and fetched the carved image, the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image. Then said the priest unto them, What do ye? -And they said unto him, Hold thy peace, lay thine hand upon thy mouth, and go with us, and be to us a father and a priest: is it better for thee to be a priest unto the house of one man, or that thou be a priest unto a tribe and a family in Israel? -And the priest's heart was glad, and he took the ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst of the people. -So they turned and departed, and put the little ones and the cattle and the carriage before them. -And when they were a good way from the house of Micah, the men that were in the houses near to Micah's house were gathered together, and overtook the children of Dan. -And they cried unto the children of Dan. And they turned their faces, and said unto Micah, What aileth thee, that thou comest with such a company? -And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? and what is this that ye say unto me, What aileth thee? -And the children of Dan said unto him, Let not thy voice be heard among us, lest angry fellows run upon thee, and thou lose thy life, with the lives of thy household. -And the children of Dan went their way: and when Micah saw that they were too strong for him, he turned and went back unto his house. -And they took the things which Micah had made, and the priest which he had, and came unto Laish, unto a people that were at quiet and secure: and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and burnt the city with fire. -And there was no deliverer, because it was far from Zidon, and they had no business with any man; and it was in the valley that lieth by Bethrehob. And they built a city, and dwelt therein. -And they called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan their father, who was born unto Israel: howbeit the name of the city was Laish at the first. -And the children of Dan set up the graven image: and Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son of Manasseh, he and his sons were priests to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity of the land. -And they set them up Micah's graven image, which he made, all the time that the house of God was in Shiloh. -And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehemjudah. -And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father's house to Bethlehemjudah, and was there four whole months. -And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father's house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. -And his father in law, the damsel's father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there. -And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel's father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way. -And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel's father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry. -And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again. -And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and the damsel's father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them. -And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel's father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home. -But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him. -And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it. -And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah. -And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah. -And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin. -And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging. -And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites. -And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou? -And he said unto him, We are passing from Bethlehemjudah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Bethlehemjudah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house. -Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing. -And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street. -So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink. -Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him. -And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly. -Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing. -But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go. -Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light. -And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold. -And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place. -And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel. -And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds. -Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh. -And the chief of all the people, even of all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand footmen that drew sword. -(Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel were gone up to Mizpeh.) Then said the children of Israel, Tell us, how was this wickedness? -And the Levite, the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge. -And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine have they forced, that she is dead. -And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel. -Behold, ye are all children of Israel; give here your advice and counsel. -And all the people arose as one man, saying, We will not any of us go to his tent, neither will we any of us turn into his house. -But now this shall be the thing which we will do to Gibeah; we will go up by lot against it; -And we will take ten men of an hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and an hundred of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand, to fetch victual for the people, that they may do, when they come to Gibeah of Benjamin, according to all the folly that they have wrought in Israel. -So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit together as one man. -And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying, What wickedness is this that is done among you? -Now therefore deliver us the men, the children of Belial, which are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death, and put away evil from Israel. But the children of Benjamin would not hearken to the voice of their brethren the children of Israel. -But the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of the cities unto Gibeah, to go out to battle against the children of Israel. -And the children of Benjamin were numbered at that time out of the cities twenty and six thousand men that drew sword, beside the inhabitants of Gibeah, which were numbered seven hundred chosen men. -Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men lefthanded; every one could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not miss. -And the men of Israel, beside Benjamin, were numbered four hundred thousand men that drew sword: all these were men of war. -And the children of Israel arose, and went up to the house of God, and asked counsel of God, and said, Which of us shall go up first to the battle against the children of Benjamin? And the LORD said, Judah shall go up first. -And the children of Israel rose up in the morning, and encamped against Gibeah. -And the men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin; and the men of Israel put themselves in array to fight against them at Gibeah. -And the children of Benjamin came forth out of Gibeah, and destroyed down to the ground of the Israelites that day twenty and two thousand men. -And the people the men of Israel encouraged themselves, and set their battle again in array in the place where they put themselves in array the first day. -(And the children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD until even, and asked counsel of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up again to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother? And the LORD said, Go up against him.) -And the children of Israel came near against the children of Benjamin the second day. -And Benjamin went forth against them out of Gibeah the second day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again eighteen thousand men; all these drew the sword. -Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up, and came unto the house of God, and wept, and sat there before the LORD, and fasted that day until even, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD. -And the children of Israel enquired of the LORD, (for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days, -And Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days,) saying, Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease? And the LORD said, Go up; for to morrow I will deliver them into thine hand. -And Israel set liers in wait round about Gibeah. -And the children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and put themselves in array against Gibeah, as at other times. -And the children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and they began to smite of the people, and kill, as at other times, in the highways, of which one goeth up to the house of God, and the other to Gibeah in the field, about thirty men of Israel. -And the children of Benjamin said, They are smitten down before us, as at the first. But the children of Israel said, Let us flee, and draw them from the city unto the highways. -And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put themselves in array at Baaltamar: and the liers in wait of Israel came forth out of their places, even out of the meadows of Gibeah. -And there came against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore: but they knew not that evil was near them. -And the LORD smote Benjamin before Israel: and the children of Israel destroyed of the Benjamites that day twenty and five thousand and an hundred men: all these drew the sword. -So the children of Benjamin saw that they were smitten: for the men of Israel gave place to the Benjamites, because they trusted unto the liers in wait which they had set beside Gibeah. -And the liers in wait hasted, and rushed upon Gibeah; and the liers in wait drew themselves along, and smote all the city with the edge of the sword. -Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel and the liers in wait, that they should make a great flame with smoke rise up out of the city. -And when the men of Israel retired in the battle, Benjamin began to smite and kill of the men of Israel about thirty persons: for they said, Surely they are smitten down before us, as in the first battle. -But when the flame began to arise up out of the city with a pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them, and, behold, the flame of the city ascended up to heaven. -And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of Benjamin were amazed: for they saw that evil was come upon them. -Therefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel unto the way of the wilderness; but the battle overtook them; and them which came out of the cities they destroyed in the midst of them. -Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them, and trode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward the sunrising. -And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were men of valour. -And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men; and pursued hard after them unto Gidom, and slew two thousand men of them. -So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of valour. -But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the rock Rimmon, and abode in the rock Rimmon four months. -And the men of Israel turned again upon the children of Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand: also they set on fire all the cities that they came to. -Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife. -And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore; -And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel? -And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. -And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the LORD? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the LORD to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death. -And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day. -How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by the LORD that we will not give them of our daughters to wives? -And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpeh to the LORD? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabeshgilead to the assembly. -For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead there. -And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children. -And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man. -And they found among the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan. -And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto them. -And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives which they had saved alive of the women of Jabeshgilead: and yet so they sufficed them not. -And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the LORD had made a breach in the tribes of Israel. -Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin? -And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel. -Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin. -Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the LORD in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah. -Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards; -And see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin. -And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty. -And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the cities, and dwelt in them. -And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance. -In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes. -Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehemjudah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. -And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehemjudah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there. -And Elimelech Naomi's husband died; and she was left, and her two sons. -And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelled there about ten years. -And Mahlon and Chilion died also both of them; and the woman was left of her two sons and her husband. -Then she arose with her daughters in law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that the LORD had visited his people in giving them bread. -Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters in law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah. -And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to her mother's house: the LORD deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me. -The LORD grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them; and they lifted up their voice, and wept. -And they said unto her, Surely we will return with thee unto thy people. -And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands? -Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have an husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should have an husband also to night, and should also bear sons; -Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them from having husbands? nay, my daughters; for it grieveth me much for your sakes that the hand of the LORD is gone out against me. -And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her. -And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law. -And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God: -Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me. -When she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, then she left speaking unto her. -So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved about them, and they said, Is this Naomi? -And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me. -I went out full and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me? -So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest. -And Naomi had a kinsman of her husband's, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech; and his name was Boaz. -And Ruth the Moabitess said unto Naomi, Let me now go to the field, and glean ears of corn after him in whose sight I shall find grace. And she said unto her, Go, my daughter. -And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on a part of the field belonging unto Boaz, who was of the kindred of Elimelech. -And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, The LORD be with you. And they answered him, The LORD bless thee. -Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers, Whose damsel is this? -And the servant that was set over the reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab: -And she said, I pray you, let me glean and gather after the reapers among the sheaves: so she came, and hath continued even from the morning until now, that she tarried a little in the house. -Then said Boaz unto Ruth, Hearest thou not, my daughter? Go not to glean in another field, neither go from hence, but abide here fast by my maidens: -Let thine eyes be on the field that they do reap, and go thou after them: have I not charged the young men that they shall not touch thee? and when thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and drink of that which the young men have drawn. -Then she fell on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, and said unto him, Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldest take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stranger? -And Boaz answered and said unto her, It hath fully been shewed me, all that thou hast done unto thy mother in law since the death of thine husband: and how thou hast left thy father and thy mother, and the land of thy nativity, and art come unto a people which thou knewest not heretofore. -The LORD recompense thy work, and a full reward be given thee of the LORD God of Israel, under whose wings thou art come to trust. -Then she said, Let me find favour in thy sight, my lord; for that thou hast comforted me, and for that thou hast spoken friendly unto thine handmaid, though I be not like unto one of thine handmaidens. -And Boaz said unto her, At mealtime come thou hither, and eat of the bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar. And she sat beside the reapers: and he reached her parched corn, and she did eat, and was sufficed, and left. -And when she was risen up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, Let her glean even among the sheaves, and reproach her not: -And let fall also some of the handfuls of purpose for her, and leave them, that she may glean them, and rebuke her not. -So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley. -And she took it up, and went into the city: and her mother in law saw what she had gleaned: and she brought forth, and gave to her that she had reserved after she was sufficed. -And her mother in law said unto her, Where hast thou gleaned to day? and where wroughtest thou? blessed be he that did take knowledge of thee. And she shewed her mother in law with whom she had wrought, and said, The man's name with whom I wrought to day is Boaz. -And Naomi said unto her daughter in law, Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off his kindness to the living and to the dead. And Naomi said unto her, The man is near of kin unto us, one of our next kinsmen. -And Ruth the Moabitess said, He said unto me also, Thou shalt keep fast by my young men, until they have ended all my harvest. -And Naomi said unto Ruth her daughter in law, It is good, my daughter, that thou go out with his maidens, that they meet thee not in any other field. -So she kept fast by the maidens of Boaz to glean unto the end of barley harvest and of wheat harvest; and dwelt with her mother in law. -Then Naomi her mother in law said unto her, My daughter, shall I not seek rest for thee, that it may be well with thee? -And now is not Boaz of our kindred, with whose maidens thou wast? Behold, he winnoweth barley to night in the threshingfloor. -Wash thyself therefore, and anoint thee, and put thy raiment upon thee, and get thee down to the floor: but make not thyself known unto the man, until he shall have done eating and drinking. -And it shall be, when he lieth down, that thou shalt mark the place where he shall lie, and thou shalt go in, and uncover his feet, and lay thee down; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do. -And she said unto her, All that thou sayest unto me I will do. -And she went down unto the floor, and did according to all that her mother in law bade her. -And when Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of corn: and she came softly, and uncovered his feet, and laid her down. -And it came to pass at midnight, that the man was afraid, and turned himself: and, behold, a woman lay at his feet. -And he said, Who art thou? And she answered, I am Ruth thine handmaid: spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid; for thou art a near kinsman. -And he said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my daughter: for thou hast shewed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning, inasmuch as thou followedst not young men, whether poor or rich. -And now, my daughter, fear not; I will do to thee all that thou requirest: for all the city of my people doth know that thou art a virtuous woman. -And now it is true that I am thy near kinsman: howbeit there is a kinsman nearer than I. -Tarry this night, and it shall be in the morning, that if he will perform unto thee the part of a kinsman, well; let him do the kinsman's part: but if he will not do the part of a kinsman to thee, then will I do the part of a kinsman to thee, as the LORD liveth: lie down until the morning. -And she lay at his feet until the morning: and she rose up before one could know another. And he said, Let it not be known that a woman came into the floor. -Also he said, Bring the vail that thou hast upon thee, and hold it. And when she held it, he measured six measures of barley, and laid it on her: and she went into the city. -And when she came to her mother in law, she said, Who art thou, my daughter? And she told her all that the man had done to her. -And she said, These six measures of barley gave he me; for he said to me, Go not empty unto thy mother in law. -Then said she, Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall: for the man will not be in rest, until he have finished the thing this day. -Then went Boaz up to the gate, and sat him down there: and, behold, the kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by; unto whom he said, Ho, such a one! turn aside, sit down here. And he turned aside, and sat down. -And he took ten men of the elders of the city, and said, Sit ye down here. And they sat down. -And he said unto the kinsman, Naomi, that is come again out of the country of Moab, selleth a parcel of land, which was our brother Elimelech's: -And I thought to advertise thee, saying, Buy it before the inhabitants, and before the elders of my people. If thou wilt redeem it, redeem it: but if thou wilt not redeem it, then tell me, that I may know: for there is none to redeem it beside thee; and I am after thee. And he said, I will redeem it. -Then said Boaz, What day thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi, thou must buy it also of Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the dead, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance. -And the kinsman said, I cannot redeem it for myself, lest I mar mine own inheritance: redeem thou my right to thyself; for I cannot redeem it. -Now this was the manner in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning changing, for to confirm all things; a man plucked off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour: and this was a testimony in Israel. -Therefore the kinsman said unto Boaz, Buy it for thee. So he drew off his shoe. -And Boaz said unto the elders, and unto all the people, Ye are witnesses this day, that I have bought all that was Elimelech's, and all that was Chilion's and Mahlon's, of the hand of Naomi. -Moreover Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be my wife, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance, that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren, and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day. -And all the people that were in the gate, and the elders, said, We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come into thine house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the house of Israel: and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in Bethlehem: -And let thy house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bare unto Judah, of the seed which the LORD shall give thee of this young woman. -So Boaz took Ruth, and she was his wife: and when he went in unto her, the LORD gave her conception, and she bare a son. -And the women said unto Naomi, Blessed be the LORD, which hath not left thee this day without a kinsman, that his name may be famous in Israel. -And he shall be unto thee a restorer of thy life, and a nourisher of thine old age: for thy daughter in law, which loveth thee, which is better to thee than seven sons, hath born him. -And Naomi took the child, and laid it in her bosom, and became nurse unto it. -And the women her neighbours gave it a name, saying, There is a son born to Naomi; and they called his name Obed: he is the father of Jesse, the father of David. -Now these are the generations of Pharez: Pharez begat Hezron, -And Hezron begat Ram, and Ram begat Amminadab, -And Amminadab begat Nahshon, and Nahshon begat Salmon, -And Salmon begat Boaz, and Boaz begat Obed, -And Obed begat Jesse, and Jesse begat David. -Now there was a certain man of Ramathaimzophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: -And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. -And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to sacrifice unto the LORD of hosts in Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the LORD, were there. -And when the time was that Elkanah offered, he gave to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions: -But unto Hannah he gave a worthy portion; for he loved Hannah: but the LORD had shut up her womb. -And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret, because the LORD had shut up her womb. -And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the LORD, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. -Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? and why eatest thou not? and why is thy heart grieved? am not I better to thee than ten sons? -So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after they had drunk. Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the LORD. -And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the LORD, and wept sore. -And she vowed a vow, and said, O LORD of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the LORD all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head. -And it came to pass, as she continued praying before the LORD, that Eli marked her mouth. -Now Hannah, she spake in her heart; only her lips moved, but her voice was not heard: therefore Eli thought she had been drunken. -And Eli said unto her, How long wilt thou be drunken? put away thy wine from thee. -And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit: I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my soul before the LORD. -Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto. -Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace: and the God of Israel grant thee thy petition that thou hast asked of him. -And she said, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. -And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the LORD, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the LORD remembered her. -Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the LORD. -And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the LORD the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. -But Hannah went not up; for she said unto her husband, I will not go up until the child be weaned, and then I will bring him, that he may appear before the LORD, and there abide for ever. -And Elkanah her husband said unto her, Do what seemeth thee good; tarry until thou have weaned him; only the LORD establish his word. So the woman abode, and gave her son suck until she weaned him. -And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought him unto the house of the LORD in Shiloh: and the child was young. -And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. -And she said, Oh my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, I am the woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the LORD. -For this child I prayed; and the LORD hath given me my petition which I asked of him: -Therefore also I have lent him to the LORD; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the LORD. And he worshipped the LORD there. -And Hannah prayed, and said, My heart rejoiceth in the LORD, mine horn is exalted in the LORD: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies; because I rejoice in thy salvation. -There is none holy as the LORD: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. -Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of your mouth: for the LORD is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. -The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. -They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she that hath many children is waxed feeble. -The LORD killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up. -The LORD maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. -He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the LORD's, and he hath set the world upon them. -He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. -The adversaries of the LORD shall be broken to pieces; out of heaven shall he thunder upon them: the LORD shall judge the ends of the earth; and he shall give strength unto his king, and exalt the horn of his anointed. -And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. And the child did minister unto the LORD before Eli the priest. -Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the LORD. -And the priest's custom with the people was, that, when any man offered sacrifice, the priest's servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with a fleshhook of three teeth in his hand; -And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. So they did in Shiloh unto all the Israelites that came thither. -Also before they burnt the fat, the priest's servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. -And if any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat presently, and then take as much as thy soul desireth; then he would answer him, Nay; but thou shalt give it me now: and if not, I will take it by force. -Wherefore the sin of the young men was very great before the LORD: for men abhorred the offering of the LORD. -But Samuel ministered before the LORD, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. -Moreover his mother made him a little coat, and brought it to him from year to year, when she came up with her husband to offer the yearly sacrifice. -And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The LORD give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the LORD. And they went unto their own home. -And the LORD visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare three sons and two daughters. And the child Samuel grew before the LORD. -Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel; and how they lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. -Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the LORD's people to transgress. -If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the LORD, who shall intreat for him? Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the LORD would slay them. -And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the LORD, and also with men. -And there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Did I plainly appear unto the house of thy father, when they were in Egypt in Pharaoh's house? -And did I choose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer upon mine altar, to burn incense, to wear an ephod before me? and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? -Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel my people? -Wherefore the LORD God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for ever: but now the LORD saith, Be it far from me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. -Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy father's house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. -And thou shalt see an enemy in my habitation, in all the wealth which God shall give Israel: and there shall not be an old man in thine house for ever. -And the man of thine, whom I shall not cut off from mine altar, shall be to consume thine eyes, and to grieve thine heart: and all the increase of thine house shall die in the flower of their age. -And this shall be a sign unto thee, that shall come upon thy two sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die both of them. -And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. -And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests' offices, that I may eat a piece of bread. -And the child Samuel ministered unto the LORD before Eli. And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision. -And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; -And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the LORD, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; -That the LORD called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. -And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me. And he said, I called not; lie down again. And he went and lay down. -And the LORD called yet again, Samuel. And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And he answered, I called not, my son; lie down again. -Now Samuel did not yet know the LORD, neither was the word of the LORD yet revealed unto him. -And the LORD called Samuel again the third time. And he arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And Eli perceived that the LORD had called the child. -Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, LORD; for thy servant heareth. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. -And the LORD came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. -And the LORD said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. -In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. -For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not. -And therefore I have sworn unto the house of Eli, that the iniquity of Eli's house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor offering for ever. -And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the house of the LORD. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. -Then Eli called Samuel, and said, Samuel, my son. And he answered, Here am I. -And he said, What is the thing that the LORD hath said unto thee? I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. -And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him. And he said, It is the LORD: let him do what seemeth him good. -And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. -And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the LORD. -And the LORD appeared again in Shiloh: for the LORD revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the LORD. -And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and pitched beside Ebenezer: and the Philistines pitched in Aphek. -And the Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and when they joined battle, Israel was smitten before the Philistines: and they slew of the army in the field about four thousand men. -And when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, Wherefore hath the LORD smitten us to day before the Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of Shiloh unto us, that, when it cometh among us, it may save us out of the hand of our enemies. -So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence the ark of the covenant of the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth between the cherubims: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God. -And when the ark of the covenant of the LORD came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again. -And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, What meaneth the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews? And they understood that the ark of the LORD was come into the camp. -And the Philistines were afraid, for they said, God is come into the camp. And they said, Woe unto us! for there hath not been such a thing heretofore. -Woe unto us! who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty Gods? these are the Gods that smote the Egyptians with all the plagues in the wilderness. -Be strong and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit yourselves like men, and fight. -And the Philistines fought, and Israel was smitten, and they fled every man into his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen. -And the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain. -And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head. -And when he came, lo, Eli sat upon a seat by the wayside watching: for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out. -And when Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, What meaneth the noise of this tumult? And the man came in hastily, and told Eli. -Now Eli was ninety and eight years old; and his eyes were dim, that he could not see. -And the man said unto Eli, I am he that came out of the army, and I fled to day out of the army. And he said, What is there done, my son? -And the messenger answered and said, Israel is fled before the Philistines, and there hath been also a great slaughter among the people, and thy two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the ark of God is taken. -And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years. -And his daughter in law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was taken, and that her father in law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her. -And about the time of her death the women that stood by her said unto her, Fear not; for thou hast born a son. But she answered not, neither did she regard it. -And she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father in law and her husband. -And she said, The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of God is taken. -And the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from Ebenezer unto Ashdod. -When the Philistines took the ark of God, they brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon. -And when they of Ashdod arose early on the morrow, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the earth before the ark of the LORD. And they took Dagon, and set him in his place again. -And when they arose early on the morrow morning, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the LORD; and the head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off upon the threshold; only the stump of Dagon was left to him. -Therefore neither the priests of Dagon, nor any that come into Dagon's house, tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod unto this day. -But the hand of the LORD was heavy upon them of Ashdod, and he destroyed them, and smote them with emerods, even Ashdod and the coasts thereof. -And when the men of Ashdod saw that it was so, they said, The ark of the God of Israel shall not abide with us: for his hand is sore upon us, and upon Dagon our god. -They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines unto them, and said, What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel? And they answered, Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried about unto Gath. And they carried the ark of the God of Israel about thither. -And it was so, that, after they had carried it about, the hand of the LORD was against the city with a very great destruction: and he smote the men of the city, both small and great, and they had emerods in their secret parts. -Therefore they sent the ark of God to Ekron. And it came to pass, as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried out, saying, They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel to us, to slay us and our people. -So they sent and gathered together all the lords of the Philistines, and said, Send away the ark of the God of Israel, and let it go again to his own place, that it slay us not, and our people: for there was a deadly destruction throughout all the city; the hand of God was very heavy there. -And the men that died not were smitten with the emerods: and the cry of the city went up to heaven. -And the ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months. -And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do to the ark of the LORD? tell us wherewith we shall send it to his place. -And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but in any wise return him a trespass offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you. -Then said they, What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him? They answered, Five golden emerods, and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines: for one plague was on you all, and on your lords. -Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land. -Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? when he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed? -Now therefore make a new cart, and take two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke, and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them: -And take the ark of the LORD, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go. -And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to Bethshemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us: it was a chance that happened to us. -And the men did so; and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home: -And they laid the ark of the LORD upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their emerods. -And the kine took the straight way to the way of Bethshemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Bethshemesh. -And they of Bethshemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley: and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it. -And the cart came into the field of Joshua, a Bethshemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered the kine a burnt offering unto the LORD. -And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Bethshemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto the LORD. -And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day. -And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering unto the LORD; for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one; -And the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fenced cities, and of country villages, even unto the great stone of Abel, whereon they set down the ark of the LORD: which stone remaineth unto this day in the field of Joshua, the Bethshemite. -And he smote the men of Bethshemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had smitten many of the people with a great slaughter. -And the men of Bethshemesh said, Who is able to stand before this holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us? -And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kirjathjearim, saying, The Philistines have brought again the ark of the LORD; come ye down, and fetch it up to you. -And the men of Kirjathjearim came, and fetched up the ark of the LORD, and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill, and sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the LORD. -And it came to pass, while the ark abode in Kirjathjearim, that the time was long; for it was twenty years: and all the house of Israel lamented after the LORD. -And Samuel spake unto all the house of Israel, saying, If ye do return unto the LORD with all your hearts, then put away the strange gods and Ashtaroth from among you, and prepare your hearts unto the LORD, and serve him only: and he will deliver you out of the hand of the Philistines. -Then the children of Israel did put away Baalim and Ashtaroth, and served the LORD only. -And Samuel said, Gather all Israel to Mizpeh, and I will pray for you unto the LORD. -And they gathered together to Mizpeh, and drew water, and poured it out before the LORD, and fasted on that day, and said there, We have sinned against the LORD. And Samuel judged the children of Israel in Mizpeh. -And when the Philistines heard that the children of Israel were gathered together to Mizpeh, the lords of the Philistines went up against Israel. And when the children of Israel heard it, they were afraid of the Philistines. -And the children of Israel said to Samuel, Cease not to cry unto the LORD our God for us, that he will save us out of the hand of the Philistines. -And Samuel took a sucking lamb, and offered it for a burnt offering wholly unto the LORD: and Samuel cried unto the LORD for Israel; and the LORD heard him. -And as Samuel was offering up the burnt offering, the Philistines drew near to battle against Israel: but the LORD thundered with a great thunder on that day upon the Philistines, and discomfited them; and they were smitten before Israel. -And the men of Israel went out of Mizpeh, and pursued the Philistines, and smote them, until they came under Bethcar. -Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, Hitherto hath the LORD helped us. -So the Philistines were subdued, and they came no more into the coast of Israel: and the hand of the LORD was against the Philistines all the days of Samuel. -And the cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel were restored to Israel, from Ekron even unto Gath; and the coasts thereof did Israel deliver out of the hands of the Philistines. And there was peace between Israel and the Amorites. -And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life. -And he went from year to year in circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places. -And his return was to Ramah; for there was his house; and there he judged Israel; and there he built an altar unto the LORD. -And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made his sons judges over Israel. -Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: they were judges in Beersheba. -And his sons walked not in his ways, but turned aside after lucre, and took bribes, and perverted judgment. -Then all the elders of Israel gathered themselves together, and came to Samuel unto Ramah, -And said unto him, Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us like all the nations. -But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel prayed unto the LORD. -And the LORD said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee: for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them. -According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee. -Now therefore hearken unto their voice: howbeit yet protest solemnly unto them, and shew them the manner of the king that shall reign over them. -And Samuel told all the words of the LORD unto the people that asked of him a king. -And he said, This will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: He will take your sons, and appoint them for himself, for his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run before his chariots. -And he will appoint him captains over thousands, and captains over fifties; and will set them to ear his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and instruments of his chariots. -And he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers. -And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants. -And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards, and give to his officers, and to his servants. -And he will take your menservants, and your maidservants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work. -He will take the tenth of your sheep: and ye shall be his servants. -And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you in that day. -Nevertheless the people refused to obey the voice of Samuel; and they said, Nay; but we will have a king over us; -That we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles. -And Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he rehearsed them in the ears of the LORD. -And the LORD said to Samuel, Hearken unto their voice, and make them a king. And Samuel said unto the men of Israel, Go ye every man unto his city. -Now there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a Benjamite, a mighty man of power. -And he had a son, whose name was Saul, a choice young man, and a goodly: and there was not among the children of Israel a goodlier person than he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people. -And the asses of Kish Saul's father were lost. And Kish said to Saul his son, Take now one of the servants with thee, and arise, go seek the asses. -And he passed through mount Ephraim, and passed through the land of Shalisha, but they found them not: then they passed through the land of Shalim, and there they were not: and he passed through the land of the Benjamites, but they found them not. -And when they were come to the land of Zuph, Saul said to his servant that was with him, Come, and let us return; lest my father leave caring for the asses, and take thought for us. -And he said unto him, Behold now, there is in this city a man of God, and he is an honourable man; all that he saith cometh surely to pass: now let us go thither; peradventure he can shew us our way that we should go. -Then said Saul to his servant, But, behold, if we go, what shall we bring the man? for the bread is spent in our vessels, and there is not a present to bring to the man of God: what have we? -And the servant answered Saul again, and said, Behold, I have here at hand the fourth part of a shekel of silver: that will I give to the man of God, to tell us our way. -(Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God, thus he spake, Come, and let us go to the seer: for he that is now called a Prophet was beforetime called a Seer.) -Then said Saul to his servant, Well said; come, let us go. So they went unto the city where the man of God was. -And as they went up the hill to the city, they found young maidens going out to draw water, and said unto them, Is the seer here? -And they answered them, and said, He is; behold, he is before you: make haste now, for he came to day to the city; for there is a sacrifice of the people to day in the high place: -As soon as ye be come into the city, ye shall straightway find him, before he go up to the high place to eat: for the people will not eat until he come, because he doth bless the sacrifice; and afterwards they eat that be bidden. Now therefore get you up; for about this time ye shall find him. -And they went up into the city: and when they were come into the city, behold, Samuel came out against them, for to go up to the high place. -Now the LORD had told Samuel in his ear a day before Saul came, saying, -To morrow about this time I will send thee a man out of the land of Benjamin, and thou shalt anoint him to be captain over my people Israel, that he may save my people out of the hand of the Philistines: for I have looked upon my people, because their cry is come unto me. -And when Samuel saw Saul, the LORD said unto him, Behold the man whom I spake to thee of! this same shall reign over my people. -Then Saul drew near to Samuel in the gate, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, where the seer's house is. -And Samuel answered Saul, and said, I am the seer: go up before me unto the high place; for ye shall eat with me to day, and to morrow I will let thee go, and will tell thee all that is in thine heart. -And as for thine asses that were lost three days ago, set not thy mind on them; for they are found. And on whom is all the desire of Israel? Is it not on thee, and on all thy father's house? -And Saul answered and said, Am not I a Benjamite, of the smallest of the tribes of Israel? and my family the least of all the families of the tribe of Benjamin? wherefore then speakest thou so to me? -And Samuel took Saul and his servant, and brought them into the parlour, and made them sit in the chiefest place among them that were bidden, which were about thirty persons. -And Samuel said unto the cook, Bring the portion which I gave thee, of which I said unto thee, Set it by thee. -And the cook took up the shoulder, and that which was upon it, and set it before Saul. And Samuel said, Behold that which is left! set it before thee, and eat: for unto this time hath it been kept for thee since I said, I have invited the people. So Saul did eat with Samuel that day. -And when they were come down from the high place into the city, Samuel communed with Saul upon the top of the house. -And they arose early: and it came to pass about the spring of the day, that Samuel called Saul to the top of the house, saying, Up, that I may send thee away. And Saul arose, and they went out both of them, he and Samuel, abroad. -And as they were going down to the end of the city, Samuel said to Saul, Bid the servant pass on before us, (and he passed on), but stand thou still a while, that I may shew thee the word of God. -Then Samuel took a vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said, Is it not because the LORD hath anointed thee to be captain over his inheritance? -When thou art departed from me to day, then thou shalt find two men by Rachel's sepulchre in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will say unto thee, The asses which thou wentest to seek are found: and, lo, thy father hath left the care of the asses, and sorroweth for you, saying, What shall I do for my son? -Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou shalt come to the plain of Tabor, and there shall meet thee three men going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three kids, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine: -And they will salute thee, and give thee two loaves of bread; which thou shalt receive of their hands. -After that thou shalt come to the hill of God, where is the garrison of the Philistines: and it shall come to pass, when thou art come thither to the city, that thou shalt meet a company of prophets coming down from the high place with a psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp, before them; and they shall prophesy: -And the Spirit of the LORD will come upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be turned into another man. -And let it be, when these signs are come unto thee, that thou do as occasion serve thee; for God is with thee. -And thou shalt go down before me to Gilgal; and, behold, I will come down unto thee, to offer burnt offerings, and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace offerings: seven days shalt thou tarry, till I come to thee, and shew thee what thou shalt do. -And it was so, that when he had turned his back to go from Samuel, God gave him another heart: and all those signs came to pass that day. -And when they came thither to the hill, behold, a company of prophets met him; and the Spirit of God came upon him, and he prophesied among them. -And it came to pass, when all that knew him beforetime saw that, behold, he prophesied among the prophets, then the people said one to another, What is this that is come unto the son of Kish? Is Saul also among the prophets? -And one of the same place answered and said, But who is their father? Therefore it became a proverb, Is Saul also among the prophets? -And when he had made an end of prophesying, he came to the high place. -And Saul's uncle said unto him and to his servant, Whither went ye? And he said, To seek the asses: and when we saw that they were no where, we came to Samuel. -And Saul's uncle said, Tell me, I pray thee, what Samuel said unto you. -And Saul said unto his uncle, He told us plainly that the asses were found. But of the matter of the kingdom, whereof Samuel spake, he told him not. -And Samuel called the people together unto the LORD to Mizpeh; -And said unto the children of Israel, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought up Israel out of Egypt, and delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all kingdoms, and of them that oppressed you: -And ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out of all your adversities and your tribulations; and ye have said unto him, Nay, but set a king over us. Now therefore present yourselves before the LORD by your tribes, and by your thousands. -And when Samuel had caused all the tribes of Israel to come near, the tribe of Benjamin was taken. -When he had caused the tribe of Benjamin to come near by their families, the family of Matri was taken, and Saul the son of Kish was taken: and when they sought him, he could not be found. -Therefore they enquired of the LORD further, if the man should yet come thither. And the LORD answered, Behold he hath hid himself among the stuff. -And they ran and fetched him thence: and when he stood among the people, he was higher than any of the people from his shoulders and upward. -And Samuel said to all the people, See ye him whom the LORD hath chosen, that there is none like him among all the people? And all the people shouted, and said, God save the king. -Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote it in a book, and laid it up before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the people away, every man to his house. -And Saul also went home to Gibeah; and there went with him a band of men, whose hearts God had touched. -But the children of Belial said, How shall this man save us? And they despised him, and brought no presents. But he held his peace. -Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabeshgilead: and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a covenant with us, and we will serve thee. -And Nahash the Ammonite answered them, On this condition will I make a covenant with you, that I may thrust out all your right eyes, and lay it for a reproach upon all Israel. -And the elders of Jabesh said unto him, Give us seven days' respite, that we may send messengers unto all the coasts of Israel: and then, if there be no man to save us, we will come out to thee. -Then came the messengers to Gibeah of Saul, and told the tidings in the ears of the people: and all the people lifted up their voices, and wept. -And, behold, Saul came after the herd out of the field; and Saul said, What aileth the people that they weep? And they told him the tidings of the men of Jabesh. -And the Spirit of God came upon Saul when he heard those tidings, and his anger was kindled greatly. -And he took a yoke of oxen, and hewed them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the coasts of Israel by the hands of messengers, saying, Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen. And the fear of the LORD fell on the people, and they came out with one consent. -And when he numbered them in Bezek, the children of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand. -And they said unto the messengers that came, Thus shall ye say unto the men of Jabeshgilead, To morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help. And the messengers came and shewed it to the men of Jabesh; and they were glad. -Therefore the men of Jabesh said, To morrow we will come out unto you, and ye shall do with us all that seemeth good unto you. -And it was so on the morrow, that Saul put the people in three companies; and they came into the midst of the host in the morning watch, and slew the Ammonites until the heat of the day: and it came to pass, that they which remained were scattered, so that two of them were not left together. -And the people said unto Samuel, Who is he that said, Shall Saul reign over us? bring the men, that we may put them to death. -And Saul said, There shall not a man be put to death this day: for to day the LORD hath wrought salvation in Israel. -Then said Samuel to the people, Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there. -And all the people went to Gilgal; and there they made Saul king before the LORD in Gilgal; and there they sacrificed sacrifices of peace offerings before the LORD; and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly. -And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto your voice in all that ye said unto me, and have made a king over you. -And now, behold, the king walketh before you: and I am old and grayheaded; and, behold, my sons are with you: and I have walked before you from my childhood unto this day. -Behold, here I am: witness against me before the LORD, and before his anointed: whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed? or of whose hand have I received any bribe to blind mine eyes therewith? and I will restore it you. -And they said, Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken ought of any man's hand. -And he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and his anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found ought in my hand. And they answered, He is witness. -And Samuel said unto the people, It is the LORD that advanced Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt. -Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to your fathers. -When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto the LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, which brought forth your fathers out of Egypt, and made them dwell in this place. -And when they forgat the LORD their God, he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought against them. -And they cried unto the LORD, and said, We have sinned, because we have forsaken the LORD, and have served Baalim and Ashtaroth: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve thee. -And the LORD sent Jerubbaal, and Bedan, and Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side, and ye dwelled safe. -And when ye saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon came against you, ye said unto me, Nay; but a king shall reign over us: when the LORD your God was your king. -Now therefore behold the king whom ye have chosen, and whom ye have desired! and, behold, the LORD hath set a king over you. -If ye will fear the LORD, and serve him, and obey his voice, and not rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall both ye and also the king that reigneth over you continue following the LORD your God: -But if ye will not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall the hand of the LORD be against you, as it was against your fathers. -Now therefore stand and see this great thing, which the LORD will do before your eyes. -Is it not wheat harvest to day? I will call unto the LORD, and he shall send thunder and rain; that ye may perceive and see that your wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of the LORD, in asking you a king. -So Samuel called unto the LORD; and the LORD sent thunder and rain that day: and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel. -And all the people said unto Samuel, Pray for thy servants unto the LORD thy God, that we die not: for we have added unto all our sins this evil, to ask us a king. -And Samuel said unto the people, Fear not: ye have done all this wickedness: yet turn not aside from following the LORD, but serve the LORD with all your heart; -And turn ye not aside: for then should ye go after vain things, which cannot profit nor deliver; for they are vain. -For the LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's sake: because it hath pleased the LORD to make you his people. -Moreover as for me, God forbid that I should sin against the LORD in ceasing to pray for you: but I will teach you the good and the right way: -Only fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all your heart: for consider how great things he hath done for you. -But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king. -Saul reigned one year; and when he had reigned two years over Israel, -Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel; whereof two thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in mount Bethel, and a thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin: and the rest of the people he sent every man to his tent. -And Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines that was in Geba, and the Philistines heard of it. And Saul blew the trumpet throughout all the land, saying, Let the Hebrews hear. -And all Israel heard say that Saul had smitten a garrison of the Philistines, and that Israel also was had in abomination with the Philistines. And the people were called together after Saul to Gilgal. -And the Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the sea shore in multitude: and they came up, and pitched in Michmash, eastward from Bethaven. -When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait, (for the people were distressed,) then the people did hide themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits. -And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead. As for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling. -And he tarried seven days, according to the set time that Samuel had appointed: but Samuel came not to Gilgal; and the people were scattered from him. -And Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings. And he offered the burnt offering. -And it came to pass, that as soon as he had made an end of offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him, that he might salute him. -And Samuel said, What hast thou done? And Saul said, Because I saw that the people were scattered from me, and that thou camest not within the days appointed, and that the Philistines gathered themselves together at Michmash; -Therefore said I, The Philistines will come down now upon me to Gilgal, and I have not made supplication unto the LORD: I forced myself therefore, and offered a burnt offering. -And Samuel said to Saul, Thou hast done foolishly: thou hast not kept the commandment of the LORD thy God, which he commanded thee: for now would the LORD have established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever. -But now thy kingdom shall not continue: the LORD hath sought him a man after his own heart, and the LORD hath commanded him to be captain over his people, because thou hast not kept that which the LORD commanded thee. -And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present with him, about six hundred men. -And Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present with them, abode in Gibeah of Benjamin: but the Philistines encamped in Michmash. -And the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in three companies: one company turned unto the way that leadeth to Ophrah, unto the land of Shual: -And another company turned the way to Bethhoron: and another company turned to the way of the border that looketh to the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness. -Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel: for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears: -But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock. -Yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads. -So it came to pass in the day of battle, that there was neither sword nor spear found in the hand of any of the people that were with Saul and Jonathan: but with Saul and with Jonathan his son was there found. -And the garrison of the Philistines went out to the passage of Michmash. -Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father. -And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men; -And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone. -And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh. -The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah. -And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few. -And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart. -Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them. -If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them. -But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us. -And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves. -And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel. -And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him. -And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow. -And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling. -And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another. -Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there. -And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel. -And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand. -And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. -Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan. -Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle. -So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Bethaven. -And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food. -And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground. -And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath. -But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened. -Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint. -Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey. -How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines? -And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint. -And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood. -Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day. -And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there. -And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD. -And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God. -And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day. -And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day. -For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him. -Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee. -Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped. -And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken. -Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die. -And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan. -And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not. -Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place. -So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them. -And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them. -Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal: -And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle. -And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel. -And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him. -Samuel also said unto Saul, The LORD sent me to anoint thee to be king over his people, over Israel: now therefore hearken thou unto the voice of the words of the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I remember that which Amalek did to Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way, when he came up from Egypt. -Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass. -And Saul gathered the people together, and numbered them in Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah. -And Saul came to a city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley. -And Saul said unto the Kenites, Go, depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites. -And Saul smote the Amalekites from Havilah until thou comest to Shur, that is over against Egypt. -And he took Agag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword. -But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, and of the oxen, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was good, and would not utterly destroy them: but every thing that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly. -Then came the word of the LORD unto Samuel, saying, -It repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king: for he is turned back from following me, and hath not performed my commandments. And it grieved Samuel; and he cried unto the LORD all night. -And when Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning, it was told Samuel, saying, Saul came to Carmel, and, behold, he set him up a place, and is gone about, and passed on, and gone down to Gilgal. -And Samuel came to Saul: and Saul said unto him, Blessed be thou of the LORD: I have performed the commandment of the LORD. -And Samuel said, What meaneth then this bleating of the sheep in mine ears, and the lowing of the oxen which I hear? -And Saul said, They have brought them from the Amalekites: for the people spared the best of the sheep and of the oxen, to sacrifice unto the LORD thy God; and the rest we have utterly destroyed. -Then Samuel said unto Saul, Stay, and I will tell thee what the LORD hath said to me this night. And he said unto him, Say on. -And Samuel said, When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes of Israel, and the LORD anointed thee king over Israel? -And the LORD sent thee on a journey, and said, Go and utterly destroy the sinners the Amalekites, and fight against them until they be consumed. -Wherefore then didst thou not obey the voice of the LORD, but didst fly upon the spoil, and didst evil in the sight of the LORD? -And Saul said unto Samuel, Yea, I have obeyed the voice of the LORD, and have gone the way which the LORD sent me, and have brought Agag the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the Amalekites. -But the people took of the spoil, sheep and oxen, the chief of the things which should have been utterly destroyed, to sacrifice unto the LORD thy God in Gilgal. -And Samuel said, Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams. -For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as iniquity and idolatry. Because thou hast rejected the word of the LORD, he hath also rejected thee from being king. -And Saul said unto Samuel, I have sinned: for I have transgressed the commandment of the LORD, and thy words: because I feared the people, and obeyed their voice. -Now therefore, I pray thee, pardon my sin, and turn again with me, that I may worship the LORD. -And Samuel said unto Saul, I will not return with thee: for thou hast rejected the word of the LORD, and the LORD hath rejected thee from being king over Israel. -And as Samuel turned about to go away, he laid hold upon the skirt of his mantle, and it rent. -And Samuel said unto him, The LORD hath rent the kingdom of Israel from thee this day, and hath given it to a neighbour of thine, that is better than thou. -And also the Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent: for he is not a man, that he should repent. -Then he said, I have sinned: yet honour me now, I pray thee, before the elders of my people, and before Israel, and turn again with me, that I may worship the LORD thy God. -So Samuel turned again after Saul; and Saul worshipped the LORD. -Then said Samuel, Bring ye hither to me Agag the king of the Amalekites. And Agag came unto him delicately. And Agag said, Surely the bitterness of death is past. -And Samuel said, As the sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mother be childless among women. And Samuel hewed Agag in pieces before the LORD in Gilgal. -Then Samuel went to Ramah; and Saul went up to his house to Gibeah of Saul. -And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death: nevertheless Samuel mourned for Saul: and the LORD repented that he had made Saul king over Israel. -And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons. -And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD. -And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee. -And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? -And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. -And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD's anointed is before him. -But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart. -Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. -Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. -Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these. -And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. -And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. -Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah. -But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him. -And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee. -Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well. -And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me. -Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him. -Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep. -And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul. -And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer. -And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight. -And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. -Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle, and were gathered together at Shochoh, which belongeth to Judah, and pitched between Shochoh and Azekah, in Ephesdammim. -And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and pitched by the valley of Elah, and set the battle in array against the Philistines. -And the Philistines stood on a mountain on the one side, and Israel stood on a mountain on the other side: and there was a valley between them. -And there went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. -And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of brass. -And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass between his shoulders. -And the staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and his spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron: and one bearing a shield went before him. -And he stood and cried unto the armies of Israel, and said unto them, Why are ye come out to set your battle in array? am not I a Philistine, and ye servants to Saul? choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. -If he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants: but if I prevail against him, and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve us. -And the Philistine said, I defy the armies of Israel this day; give me a man, that we may fight together. -When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine, they were dismayed, and greatly afraid. -Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehemjudah, whose name was Jesse; and he had eight sons: and the man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul. -And the three eldest sons of Jesse went and followed Saul to the battle: and the names of his three sons that went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, and next unto him Abinadab, and the third Shammah. -And David was the youngest: and the three eldest followed Saul. -But David went and returned from Saul to feed his father's sheep at Bethlehem. -And the Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented himself forty days. -And Jesse said unto David his son, Take now for thy brethren an ephah of this parched corn, and these ten loaves, and run to the camp of thy brethren; -And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge. -Now Saul, and they, and all the men of Israel, were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines. -And David rose up early in the morning, and left the sheep with a keeper, and took, and went, as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the trench, as the host was going forth to the fight, and shouted for the battle. -For Israel and the Philistines had put the battle in array, army against army. -And David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage, and ran into the army, and came and saluted his brethren. -And as he talked with them, behold, there came up the champion, the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, out of the armies of the Philistines, and spake according to the same words: and David heard them. -And all the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him, and were sore afraid. -And the men of Israel said, Have ye seen this man that is come up? surely to defy Israel is he come up: and it shall be, that the man who killeth him, the king will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his daughter, and make his father's house free in Israel. -And David spake to the men that stood by him, saying, What shall be done to the man that killeth this Philistine, and taketh away the reproach from Israel? for who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God? -And the people answered him after this manner, saying, So shall it be done to the man that killeth him. -And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why camest thou down hither? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle. -And David said, What have I now done? Is there not a cause? -And he turned from him toward another, and spake after the same manner: and the people answered him again after the former manner. -And when the words were heard which David spake, they rehearsed them before Saul: and he sent for him. -And David said to Saul, Let no man's heart fail because of him; thy servant will go and fight with this Philistine. -And Saul said to David, Thou art not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him: for thou art but a youth, and he a man of war from his youth. -And David said unto Saul, Thy servant kept his father's sheep, and there came a lion, and a bear, and took a lamb out of the flock: -And I went out after him, and smote him, and delivered it out of his mouth: and when he arose against me, I caught him by his beard, and smote him, and slew him. -Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear: and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them, seeing he hath defied the armies of the living God. -David said moreover, The LORD that delivered me out of the paw of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of the hand of this Philistine. And Saul said unto David, Go, and the LORD be with thee. -And Saul armed David with his armour, and he put an helmet of brass upon his head; also he armed him with a coat of mail. -And David girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to go; for he had not proved it. And David said unto Saul, I cannot go with these; for I have not proved them. And David put them off him. -And he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in a shepherd's bag which he had, even in a scrip; and his sling was in his hand: and he drew near to the Philistine. -And the Philistine came on and drew near unto David; and the man that bare the shield went before him. -And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him: for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance. -And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that thou comest to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods. -And the Philistine said to David, Come to me, and I will give thy flesh unto the fowls of the air, and to the beasts of the field. -Then said David to the Philistine, Thou comest to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to thee in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom thou hast defied. -This day will the LORD deliver thee into mine hand; and I will smite thee, and take thine head from thee; and I will give the carcases of the host of the Philistines this day unto the fowls of the air, and to the wild beasts of the earth; that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel. -And all this assembly shall know that the LORD saveth not with sword and spear: for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hands. -And it came to pass, when the Philistine arose, and came, and drew nigh to meet David, that David hastened, and ran toward the army to meet the Philistine. -And David put his hand in his bag, and took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that the stone sunk into his forehead; and he fell upon his face to the earth. -So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword in the hand of David. -Therefore David ran, and stood upon the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of the sheath thereof, and slew him, and cut off his head therewith. And when the Philistines saw their champion was dead, they fled. -And the men of Israel and of Judah arose, and shouted, and pursued the Philistines, until thou come to the valley, and to the gates of Ekron. And the wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim, even unto Gath, and unto Ekron. -And the children of Israel returned from chasing after the Philistines, and they spoiled their tents. -And David took the head of the Philistine, and brought it to Jerusalem; but he put his armour in his tent. -And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said unto Abner, the captain of the host, Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said, As thy soul liveth, O king, I cannot tell. -And the king said, Enquire thou whose son the stripling is. -And as David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him, and brought him before Saul with the head of the Philistine in his hand. -And Saul said to him, Whose son art thou, thou young man? And David answered, I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite. -And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul. -And Saul took him that day, and would let him go no more home to his father's house. -Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as his own soul. -And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow, and to his girdle. -And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, and behaved himself wisely: and Saul set him over the men of war, and he was accepted in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Saul's servants. -And it came to pass as they came, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, that the women came out of all cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with joy, and with instruments of musick. -And the women answered one another as they played, and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands. -And Saul was very wroth, and the saying displeased him; and he said, They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands: and what can he have more but the kingdom? -And Saul eyed David from that day and forward. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David played with his hand, as at other times: and there was a javelin in Saul's hand. -And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even to the wall with it. And David avoided out of his presence twice. -And Saul was afraid of David, because the LORD was with him, and was departed from Saul. -Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain over a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people. -And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways; and the LORD was with him. -Wherefore when Saul saw that he behaved himself very wisely, he was afraid of him. -But all Israel and Judah loved David, because he went out and came in before them. -And Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife: only be thou valiant for me, and fight the LORD's battles. For Saul said, Let not mine hand be upon him, but let the hand of the Philistines be upon him. -And David said unto Saul, Who am I? and what is my life, or my father's family in Israel, that I should be son in law to the king? -But it came to pass at the time when Merab Saul's daughter should have been given to David, that she was given unto Adriel the Meholathite to wife. -And Michal Saul's daughter loved David: and they told Saul, and the thing pleased him. -And Saul said, I will give him her, that she may be a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him. Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law in the one of the twain. -And Saul commanded his servants, saying, Commune with David secretly, and say, Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his servants love thee: now therefore be the king's son in law. -And Saul's servants spake those words in the ears of David. And David said, Seemeth it to you a light thing to be a king's son in law, seeing that I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed? -And the servants of Saul told him, saying, On this manner spake David. -And Saul said, Thus shall ye say to David, The king desireth not any dowry, but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to be avenged of the king's enemies. But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand of the Philistines. -And when his servants told David these words, it pleased David well to be the king's son in law: and the days were not expired. -Wherefore David arose and went, he and his men, and slew of the Philistines two hundred men; and David brought their foreskins, and they gave them in full tale to the king, that he might be the king's son in law. And Saul gave him Michal his daughter to wife. -And Saul saw and knew that the LORD was with David, and that Michal Saul's daughter loved him. -And Saul was yet the more afraid of David; and Saul became David's enemy continually. -Then the princes of the Philistines went forth: and it came to pass, after they went forth, that David behaved himself more wisely than all the servants of Saul; so that his name was much set by. -And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that they should kill David. -But Jonathan Saul's son delighted much in David: and Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself: -And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune with my father of thee; and what I see, that I will tell thee. -And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have been to thee-ward very good: -For he did put his life in his hand, and slew the Philistine, and the LORD wrought a great salvation for all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice: wherefore then wilt thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause? -And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As the LORD liveth, he shall not be slain. -And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan shewed him all those things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in times past. -And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled from him. -And the evil spirit from the LORD was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand. -And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the javelin: but he slipped away out of Saul's presence, and he smote the javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night. -Saul also sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and to slay him in the morning: and Michal David's wife told him, saying, If thou save not thy life to night, to morrow thou shalt be slain. -So Michal let David down through a window: and he went, and fled, and escaped. -And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed, and put a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster, and covered it with a cloth. -And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is sick. -And Saul sent the messengers again to see David, saying, Bring him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him. -And when the messengers were come in, behold, there was an image in the bed, with a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster. -And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me so, and sent away mine enemy, that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee? -So David fled, and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth. -And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah. -And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as appointed over them, the Spirit of God was upon the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied. -And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they prophesied likewise. And Saul sent messengers again the third time, and they prophesied also. -Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that is in Sechu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah. -And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to Naioth in Ramah. -And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets? -And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life? -And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so. -And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death. -Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee. -And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even. -If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family. -If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him. -Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father? -And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee? -Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly? -And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field. -And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee; -The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father. -And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not: -But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth. -So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies. -And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul. -Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty. -And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel. -And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark. -And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth. -But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away. -And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever. -So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat. -And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty. -Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean. -And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day? -And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem: -And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table. -Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness? -For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die. -And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done? -And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David. -So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame. -And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him. -And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him. -And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee? -And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master. -But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter. -And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city. -And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded. -And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city. -Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee? -And David said unto Ahimelech the priest, The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place. -Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand, or what there is present. -And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women. -And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out, and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel. -So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the LORD, to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away. -Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the LORD; and his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul. -And David said unto Ahimelech, And is there not here under thine hand spear or sword? for I have neither brought my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king's business required haste. -And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom thou slewest in the valley of Elah, behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod: if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is no other save that here. And David said, There is none like that; give it me. -And David arose and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath. -And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the king of the land? did they not sing one to another of him in dances, saying, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands? -And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath. -And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down upon his beard. -Then said Achish unto his servants, Lo, ye see the man is mad: wherefore then have ye brought him to me? -Have I need of mad men, that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my presence? shall this fellow come into my house? -David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him. -And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men. -And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me. -And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold. -And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth. -When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;) -Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds; -That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day? -Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub. -And he enquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine. -Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king. -And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord. -And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day? -Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house? -Did I then begin to enquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more. -And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house. -And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the LORD: because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the LORD. -And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod. -And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword. -And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David. -And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD's priests. -And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father's house. -Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard. -Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors. -Therefore David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah. -And David's men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines? -Then David enquired of the LORD yet again. And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand. -So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah. -And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand. -And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars. -And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men. -And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod. -Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake. -Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down. -Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up. -Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth. -And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand. -And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood. -And Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God. -And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth. -And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house. -Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon? -Now therefore, O king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him into the king's hand. -And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me. -Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he dealeth very subtilly. -See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of Judah. -And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon. -Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David; wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon. -And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them. -But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land. -Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Selahammahlekoth. -And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at Engedi. -And it came to pass, when Saul was returned from following the Philistines, that it was told him, saying, Behold, David is in the wilderness of Engedi. -Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild goats. -And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet: and David and his men remained in the sides of the cave. -And the men of David said unto him, Behold the day of which the LORD said unto thee, Behold, I will deliver thine enemy into thine hand, that thou mayest do to him as it shall seem good unto thee. Then David arose, and cut off the skirt of Saul's robe privily. -And it came to pass afterward, that David's heart smote him, because he had cut off Saul's skirt. -And he said unto his men, The LORD forbid that I should do this thing unto my master, the LORD's anointed, to stretch forth mine hand against him, seeing he is the anointed of the LORD. -So David stayed his servants with these words, and suffered them not to rise against Saul. But Saul rose up out of the cave, and went on his way. -David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave, and cried after Saul, saying, My lord the king. And when Saul looked behind him, David stooped with his face to the earth, and bowed himself. -And David said to Saul, Wherefore hearest thou men's words, saying, Behold, David seeketh thy hurt? -Behold, this day thine eyes have seen how that the LORD had delivered thee to day into mine hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee: but mine eye spared thee; and I said, I will not put forth mine hand against my lord; for he is the LORD's anointed. -Moreover, my father, see, yea, see the skirt of thy robe in my hand: for in that I cut off the skirt of thy robe, and killed thee not, know thou and see that there is neither evil nor transgression in mine hand, and I have not sinned against thee; yet thou huntest my soul to take it. -The LORD judge between me and thee, and the LORD avenge me of thee: but mine hand shall not be upon thee. -As saith the proverb of the ancients, Wickedness proceedeth from the wicked: but mine hand shall not be upon thee. -After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom dost thou pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea. -The LORD therefore be judge, and judge between me and thee, and see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of thine hand. -And it came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking these words unto Saul, that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And Saul lifted up his voice, and wept. -And he said to David, Thou art more righteous than I: for thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil. -And thou hast shewed this day how that thou hast dealt well with me: forasmuch as when the LORD had delivered me into thine hand, thou killedst me not. -For if a man find his enemy, will he let him go well away? wherefore the LORD reward thee good for that thou hast done unto me this day. -And now, behold, I know well that thou shalt surely be king, and that the kingdom of Israel shall be established in thine hand. -Swear now therefore unto me by the LORD, that thou wilt not cut off my seed after me, and that thou wilt not destroy my name out of my father's house. -And David sware unto Saul. And Saul went home; but David and his men gat them up unto the hold. -And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran. -And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel. -Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb. -And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep. -And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name: -And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast. -And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing unto them, all the while they were in Carmel. -Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give, I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to thy son David. -And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to all those words in the name of David, and ceased. -And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break away every man from his master. -Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be? -So David's young men turned their way, and went again, and came and told him all those sayings. -And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two hundred abode by the stuff. -But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying, Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our master; and he railed on them. -But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them, when we were in the fields: -They were a wall unto us both by night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep. -Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is determined against our master, and against all his household: for he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him. -Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and laid them on asses. -And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come after you. But she told not her husband Nabal. -And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the covert on the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against her; and she met them. -Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good. -So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. -And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, -And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid. -Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom thou didst send. -Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal. -And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord. -I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee all thy days. -Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling. -And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel; -That this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid. -And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me: -And blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand. -For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. -So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person. -And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light. -But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone. -And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote Nabal, that he died. -And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife. -And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to him to wife. -And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord. -And Abigail hasted, and arose and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife. -David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives. -But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim. -And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon? -Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph. -And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness. -David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come in very deed. -And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him. -Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying, Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with thee. -So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him. -Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into thine hand this day: now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee, with the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the second time. -And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch forth his hand against the LORD's anointed, and be guiltless? -David said furthermore, As the LORD liveth, the LORD shall smite him; or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and perish. -The LORD forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go. -So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it, neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from the LORD was fallen upon them. -Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of an hill afar off; a great space being between them: -And David cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that criest to the king? -And David said to Abner, Art not thou a valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in to destroy the king thy lord. -This thing is not good that thou hast done. As the LORD liveth, ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the LORD's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is, and the cruse of water that was at his bolster. -And Saul knew David's voice, and said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O king. -And he said, Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand? -Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods. -Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the LORD: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains. -Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly. -And David answered and said, Behold the king's spear! and let one of the young men come over and fetch it. -The LORD render to every man his righteousness and his faithfulness; for the LORD delivered thee into my hand to day, but I would not stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed. -And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes, so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the LORD, and let him deliver me out of all tribulation. -Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David went on his way, and Saul returned to his place. -And David said in his heart, I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul: there is nothing better for me than that I should speedily escape into the land of the Philistines; and Saul shall despair of me, to seek me any more in any coast of Israel: so shall I escape out of his hand. -And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath. -And David dwelt with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man with his household, even David with his two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife. -And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath: and he sought no more again for him. -And David said unto Achish, If I have now found grace in thine eyes, let them give me a place in some town in the country, that I may dwell there: for why should thy servant dwell in the royal city with thee? -Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: wherefore Ziklag pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day. -And the time that David dwelt in the country of the Philistines was a full year and four months. -And David and his men went up, and invaded the Geshurites, and the Gezrites, and the Amalekites: for those nations were of old the inhabitants of the land, as thou goest to Shur, even unto the land of Egypt. -And David smote the land, and left neither man nor woman alive, and took away the sheep, and the oxen, and the asses, and the camels, and the apparel, and returned, and came to Achish. -And Achish said, Whither have ye made a road to day? And David said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the Jerahmeelites, and against the south of the Kenites. -And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to Gath, saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the Philistines. -And Achish believed David, saying, He hath made his people Israel utterly to abhor him; therefore he shall be my servant for ever. -And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish said unto David, Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to battle, thou and thy men. -And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever. -Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. -And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa. -And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart greatly trembled. -And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. -Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at Endor. -And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee. -And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? -And Saul sware to her by the LORD, saying, As the LORD liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing. -Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. -And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. -And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. -And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself. -And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do. -Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? -And the LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David: -Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the LORD, nor executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the LORD done this thing unto thee this day. -Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines. -Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night. -And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me. -Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way. -But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed. -And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof: -And she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night. -Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to Aphek: and the Israelites pitched by a fountain which is in Jezreel. -And the lords of the Philistines passed on by hundreds, and by thousands: but David and his men passed on in the rereward with Achish. -Then said the princes of the Philistines, What do these Hebrews here? And Achish said unto the princes of the Philistines, Is not this David, the servant of Saul the king of Israel, which hath been with me these days, or these years, and I have found no fault in him since he fell unto me unto this day? -And the princes of the Philistines were wroth with him; and the princes of the Philistines said unto him, Make this fellow return, that he may go again to his place which thou hast appointed him, and let him not go down with us to battle, lest in the battle he be an adversary to us: for wherewith should he reconcile himself unto his master? should it not be with the heads of these men? -Is not this David, of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, Saul slew his thousands, and David his ten thousands? -Then Achish called David, and said unto him, Surely, as the LORD liveth, thou hast been upright, and thy going out and thy coming in with me in the host is good in my sight: for I have not found evil in thee since the day of thy coming unto me unto this day: nevertheless the lords favour thee not. -Wherefore now return, and go in peace, that thou displease not the lords of the Philistines. -And David said unto Achish, But what have I done? and what hast thou found in thy servant so long as I have been with thee unto this day, that I may not go fight against the enemies of my lord the king? -And Achish answered and said to David, I know that thou art good in my sight, as an angel of God: notwithstanding the princes of the Philistines have said, He shall not go up with us to the battle. -Wherefore now rise up early in the morning with thy master's servants that are come with thee: and as soon as ye be up early in the morning, and have light, depart. -So David and his men rose up early to depart in the morning, to return into the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines went up to Jezreel. -And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire; -And had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way. -So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, were taken captives. -Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep. -And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite. -And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD his God. -And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David. -And David enquired at the LORD, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all. -So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and came to the brook Besor, where those that were left behind stayed. -But David pursued, he and four hundred men: for two hundred abode behind, which were so faint that they could not go over the brook Besor. -And they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to David, and gave him bread, and he did eat; and they made him drink water; -And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights. -And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me, because three days agone I fell sick. -We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites, and upon the coast which belongeth to Judah, and upon the south of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire. -And David said to him, Canst thou bring me down to this company? And he said, Swear unto me by God, that thou wilt neither kill me, nor deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee down to this company. -And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah. -And David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day: and there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred young men, which rode upon camels, and fled. -And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away: and David rescued his two wives. -And there was nothing lacking to them, neither small nor great, neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil, nor any thing that they had taken to them: David recovered all. -And David took all the flocks and the herds, which they drave before those other cattle, and said, This is David's spoil. -And David came to the two hundred men, which were so faint that they could not follow David, whom they had made also to abide at the brook Besor: and they went forth to meet David, and to meet the people that were with him: and when David came near to the people, he saluted them. -Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those that went with David, and said, Because they went not with us, we will not give them ought of the spoil that we have recovered, save to every man his wife and his children, that they may lead them away, and depart. -Then said David, Ye shall not do so, my brethren, with that which the LORD hath given us, who hath preserved us, and delivered the company that came against us into our hand. -For who will hearken unto you in this matter? but as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff: they shall part alike. -And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day. -And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto the elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present for you of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD; -To them which were in Bethel, and to them which were in south Ramoth, and to them which were in Jattir, -And to them which were in Aroer, and to them which were in Siphmoth, and to them which were in Eshtemoa, -And to them which were in Rachal, and to them which were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to them which were in the cities of the Kenites, -And to them which were in Hormah, and to them which were in Chorashan, and to them which were in Athach, -And to them which were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men were wont to haunt. -Now the Philistines fought against Israel: and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa. -And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchishua, Saul's sons. -And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers. -Then said Saul unto his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it. -And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, and died with him. -So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all his men, that same day together. -And when the men of Israel that were on the other side of the valley, and they that were on the other side Jordan, saw that the men of Israel fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, they forsook the cities, and fled; and the Philistines came and dwelt in them. -And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his three sons fallen in mount Gilboa. -And they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to publish it in the house of their idols, and among the people. -And they put his armour in the house of Ashtaroth: and they fastened his body to the wall of Bethshan. -And when the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead heard of that which the Philistines had done to Saul; -All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Bethshan, and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there. -And they took their bones, and buried them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven days. -Now it came to pass after the death of Saul, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites, and David had abode two days in Ziklag; -It came even to pass on the third day, that, behold, a man came out of the camp from Saul with his clothes rent, and earth upon his head: and so it was, when he came to David, that he fell to the earth, and did obeisance. -And David said unto him, From whence comest thou? And he said unto him, Out of the camp of Israel am I escaped. -And David said unto him, How went the matter? I pray thee, tell me. And he answered, That the people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also. -And David said unto the young man that told him, How knowest thou that Saul and Jonathan his son be dead? -And the young man that told him said, As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa, behold, Saul leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the chariots and horsemen followed hard after him. -And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me. And I answered, Here am I. -And he said unto me, Who art thou? And I answered him, I am an Amalekite. -He said unto me again, Stand, I pray thee, upon me, and slay me: for anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in me. -So I stood upon him, and slew him, because I was sure that he could not live after that he was fallen: and I took the crown that was upon his head, and the bracelet that was on his arm, and have brought them hither unto my lord. -Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him: -And they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. -And David said unto the young man that told him, Whence art thou? And he answered, I am the son of a stranger, an Amalekite. -And David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the LORD's anointed? -And David called one of the young men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him. And he smote him that he died. -And David said unto him, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thy mouth hath testified against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD's anointed. -And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son: -(Also he bade them teach the children of Judah the use of the bow: behold, it is written in the book of Jasher.) -The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places: how are the mighty fallen! -Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph. -Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be rain, upon you, nor fields of offerings: for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not been anointed with oil. -From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty. -Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. -Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel. -How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places. -I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women. -How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished! -And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he said, Unto Hebron. -So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal's wife the Carmelite. -And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron. -And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabeshgilead were they that buried Saul. -And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabeshgilead, and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him. -And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you: and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing. -Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant: for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them. -But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim; -And made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel. -Ishbosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and reigned two years. But the house of Judah followed David. -And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months. -And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon. -And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon: and they sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool. -And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play before us. And Joab said, Let them arise. -Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin, which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David. -And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow's side; so they fell down together: wherefore that place was called Helkathhazzurim, which is in Gibeon. -And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten, and the men of Israel, before the servants of David. -And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai, and Asahel: and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. -And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in going he turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner. -Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel? And he answered, I am. -And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his armour. But Asahel would not turn aside from following of him. -And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following me: wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I hold up my face to Joab thy brother? -Howbeit he refused to turn aside: wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place: and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still. -Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner: and the sun went down when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon. -And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill. -Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren? -And Joab said, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother. -So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more. -And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to Mahanaim. -And Joab returned from following Abner: and when he had gathered all the people together, there lacked of David's servants nineteen men and Asahel. -But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner's men, so that three hundred and threescore men died. -And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father, which was in Bethlehem. And Joab and his men went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day. -Now there was long war between the house of Saul and the house of David: but David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and weaker. -And unto David were sons born in Hebron: and his firstborn was Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; -And his second, Chileab, of Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite; and the third, Absalom the son of Maacah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; -And the fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith; and the fifth, Shephatiah the son of Abital; -And the sixth, Ithream, by Eglah David's wife. These were born to David in Hebron. -And it came to pass, while there was war between the house of Saul and the house of David, that Abner made himself strong for the house of Saul. -And Saul had a concubine, whose name was Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah: and Ishbosheth said to Abner, Wherefore hast thou gone in unto my father's concubine? -Then was Abner very wroth for the words of Ishbosheth, and said, Am I a dog's head, which against Judah do shew kindness this day unto the house of Saul thy father, to his brethren, and to his friends, and have not delivered thee into the hand of David, that thou chargest me to day with a fault concerning this woman? -So do God to Abner, and more also, except, as the LORD hath sworn to David, even so I do to him; -To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba. -And he could not answer Abner a word again, because he feared him. -And Abner sent messengers to David on his behalf, saying, Whose is the land? saying also, Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring about all Israel unto thee. -And he said, Well; I will make a league with thee: but one thing I require of thee, that is, Thou shalt not see my face, except thou first bring Michal Saul's daughter, when thou comest to see my face. -And David sent messengers to Ishbosheth Saul's son, saying, Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to me for an hundred foreskins of the Philistines. -And Ishbosheth sent, and took her from her husband, even from Phaltiel the son of Laish. -And her husband went with her along weeping behind her to Bahurim. Then said Abner unto him, Go, return. And he returned. -And Abner had communication with the elders of Israel, saying, Ye sought for David in times past to be king over you: -Now then do it: for the LORD hath spoken of David, saying, By the hand of my servant David I will save my people Israel out of the hand of the Philistines, and out of the hand of all their enemies. -And Abner also spake in the ears of Benjamin: and Abner went also to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to Israel, and that seemed good to the whole house of Benjamin. -So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. And David made Abner and the men that were with him a feast. -And Abner said unto David, I will arise and go, and will gather all Israel unto my lord the king, that they may make a league with thee, and that thou mayest reign over all that thine heart desireth. And David sent Abner away; and he went in peace. -And, behold, the servants of David and Joab came from pursuing a troop, and brought in a great spoil with them: but Abner was not with David in Hebron; for he had sent him away, and he was gone in peace. -When Joab and all the host that was with him were come, they told Joab, saying, Abner the son of Ner came to the king, and he hath sent him away, and he is gone in peace. -Then Joab came to the king, and said, What hast thou done? behold, Abner came unto thee; why is it that thou hast sent him away, and he is quite gone? -Thou knowest Abner the son of Ner, that he came to deceive thee, and to know thy going out and thy coming in, and to know all that thou doest. -And when Joab was come out from David, he sent messengers after Abner, which brought him again from the well of Sirah: but David knew it not. -And when Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him aside in the gate to speak with him quietly, and smote him there under the fifth rib, that he died, for the blood of Asahel his brother. -And afterward when David heard it, he said, I and my kingdom are guiltless before the LORD for ever from the blood of Abner the son of Ner: -Let it rest on the head of Joab, and on all his father's house; and let there not fail from the house of Joab one that hath an issue, or that is a leper, or that leaneth on a staff, or that falleth on the sword, or that lacketh bread. -So Joab, and Abishai his brother slew Abner, because he had slain their brother Asahel at Gibeon in the battle. -And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him, Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. And king David himself followed the bier. -And they buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up his voice, and wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people wept. -And the king lamented over Abner, and said, Died Abner as a fool dieth? -Thy hands were not bound, nor thy feet put into fetters: as a man falleth before wicked men, so fellest thou. And all the people wept again over him. -And when all the people came to cause David to eat meat while it was yet day, David sware, saying, So do God to me, and more also, if I taste bread, or ought else, till the sun be down. -And all the people took notice of it, and it pleased them: as whatsoever the king did pleased all the people. -For all the people and all Israel understood that day that it was not of the king to slay Abner the son of Ner. -And the king said unto his servants, Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel? -And I am this day weak, though anointed king; and these men the sons of Zeruiah be too hard for me: the LORD shall reward the doer of evil according to his wickedness. -And when Saul's son heard that Abner was dead in Hebron, his hands were feeble, and all the Israelites were troubled. -And Saul's son had two men that were captains of bands: the name of the one was Baanah, and the name of the other Rechab, the sons of Rimmon a Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin: (for Beeroth also was reckoned to Benjamin. -And the Beerothites fled to Gittaim, and were sojourners there until this day.) -And Jonathan, Saul's son, had a son that was lame of his feet. He was five years old when the tidings came of Saul and Jonathan out of Jezreel, and his nurse took him up, and fled: and it came to pass, as she made haste to flee, that he fell, and became lame. And his name was Mephibosheth. -And the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, Rechab and Baanah, went, and came about the heat of the day to the house of Ishbosheth, who lay on a bed at noon. -And they came thither into the midst of the house, as though they would have fetched wheat; and they smote him under the fifth rib: and Rechab and Baanah his brother escaped. -For when they came into the house, he lay on his bed in his bedchamber, and they smote him, and slew him, and beheaded him, and took his head, and gat them away through the plain all night. -And they brought the head of Ishbosheth unto David to Hebron, and said to the king, Behold the head of Ishbosheth the son of Saul thine enemy, which sought thy life; and the LORD hath avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed. -And David answered Rechab and Baanah his brother, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, and said unto them, As the LORD liveth, who hath redeemed my soul out of all adversity, -When one told me, saying, Behold, Saul is dead, thinking to have brought good tidings, I took hold of him, and slew him in Ziklag, who thought that I would have given him a reward for his tidings: -How much more, when wicked men have slain a righteous person in his own house upon his bed? shall I not therefore now require his blood of your hand, and take you away from the earth? -And David commanded his young men, and they slew them, and cut off their hands and their feet, and hanged them up over the pool in Hebron. But they took the head of Ishbosheth, and buried it in the sepulchre of Abner in Hebron. -Then came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. -Also in time past, when Saul was king over us, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD said to thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be a captain over Israel. -So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king David made a league with them in Hebron before the LORD: and they anointed David king over Israel. -David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. -In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah. -And the king and his men went to Jerusalem unto the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land: which spake unto David, saying, Except thou take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in hither: thinking, David cannot come in hither. -Nevertheless David took the strong hold of Zion: the same is the city of David. -And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain. Wherefore they said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. -So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward. -And David went on, and grew great, and the LORD God of hosts was with him. -And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons: and they built David an house. -And David perceived that the LORD had established him king over Israel, and that he had exalted his kingdom for his people Israel's sake. -And David took him more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem, after he was come from Hebron: and there were yet sons and daughters born to David. -And these be the names of those that were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shammuah, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon, -Ibhar also, and Elishua, and Nepheg, and Japhia, -And Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphalet. -But when the Philistines heard that they had anointed David king over Israel, all the Philistines came up to seek David; and David heard of it, and went down to the hold. -The Philistines also came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. -And David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up to the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD said unto David, Go up: for I will doubtless deliver the Philistines into thine hand. -And David came to Baalperazim, and David smote them there, and said, The LORD hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters. Therefore he called the name of that place Baalperazim. -And there they left their images, and David and his men burned them. -And the Philistines came up yet again, and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. -And when David enquired of the LORD, he said, Thou shalt not go up; but fetch a compass behind them, and come upon them over against the mulberry trees. -And let it be, when thou hearest the sound of a going in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt bestir thyself: for then shall the LORD go out before thee, to smite the host of the Philistines. -And David did so, as the LORD had commanded him; and smote the Philistines from Geba until thou come to Gazer. -Again, David gathered together all the chosen men of Israel, thirty thousand. -And David arose, and went with all the people that were with him from Baale of Judah, to bring up from thence the ark of God, whose name is called by the name of the LORD of hosts that dwelleth between the cherubims. -And they set the ark of God upon a new cart, and brought it out of the house of Abinadab that was in Gibeah: and Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, drave the new cart. -And they brought it out of the house of Abinadab which was at Gibeah, accompanying the ark of God: and Ahio went before the ark. -And David and all the house of Israel played before the LORD on all manner of instruments made of fir wood, even on harps, and on psalteries, and on timbrels, and on cornets, and on cymbals. -And when they came to Nachon's threshingfloor, Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark of God, and took hold of it; for the oxen shook it. -And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote him there for his error; and there he died by the ark of God. -And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach upon Uzzah: and he called the name of the place Perezuzzah to this day. -And David was afraid of the LORD that day, and said, How shall the ark of the LORD come to me? -So David would not remove the ark of the LORD unto him into the city of David: but David carried it aside into the house of Obededom the Gittite. -And the ark of the LORD continued in the house of Obededom the Gittite three months: and the LORD blessed Obededom, and all his household. -And it was told king David, saying, The LORD hath blessed the house of Obededom, and all that pertaineth unto him, because of the ark of God. So David went and brought up the ark of God from the house of Obededom into the city of David with gladness. -And it was so, that when they that bare the ark of the LORD had gone six paces, he sacrificed oxen and fatlings. -And David danced before the LORD with all his might; and David was girded with a linen ephod. -So David and all the house of Israel brought up the ark of the LORD with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet. -And as the ark of the LORD came into the city of David, Michal Saul's daughter looked through a window, and saw king David leaping and dancing before the LORD; and she despised him in her heart. -And they brought in the ark of the LORD, and set it in his place, in the midst of the tabernacle that David had pitched for it: and David offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD. -And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of hosts. -And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people departed every one to his house. -Then David returned to bless his household. And Michal the daughter of Saul came out to meet David, and said, How glorious was the king of Israel to day, who uncovered himself to day in the eyes of the handmaids of his servants, as one of the vain fellows shamelessly uncovereth himself! -And David said unto Michal, It was before the LORD, which chose me before thy father, and before all his house, to appoint me ruler over the people of the LORD, over Israel: therefore will I play before the LORD. -And I will yet be more vile than thus, and will be base in mine own sight: and of the maidservants which thou hast spoken of, of them shall I be had in honour. -Therefore Michal the daughter of Saul had no child unto the day of her death. -And it came to pass, when the king sat in his house, and the LORD had given him rest round about from all his enemies; -That the king said unto Nathan the prophet, See now, I dwell in an house of cedar, but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains. -And Nathan said to the king, Go, do all that is in thine heart; for the LORD is with thee. -And it came to pass that night, that the word of the LORD came unto Nathan, saying, -Go and tell my servant David, Thus saith the LORD, Shalt thou build me an house for me to dwell in? -Whereas I have not dwelt in any house since the time that I brought up the children of Israel out of Egypt, even to this day, but have walked in a tent and in a tabernacle. -In all the places wherein I have walked with all the children of Israel spake I a word with any of the tribes of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people Israel, saying, Why build ye not me an house of cedar? -Now therefore so shalt thou say unto my servant David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I took thee from the sheepcote, from following the sheep, to be ruler over my people, over Israel: -And I was with thee whithersoever thou wentest, and have cut off all thine enemies out of thy sight, and have made thee a great name, like unto the name of the great men that are in the earth. -Moreover I will appoint a place for my people Israel, and will plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no more; neither shall the children of wickedness afflict them any more, as beforetime, -And as since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel, and have caused thee to rest from all thine enemies. Also the LORD telleth thee that he will make thee an house. -And when thy days be fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, which shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will establish his kingdom. -He shall build an house for my name, and I will stablish the throne of his kingdom for ever. -I will be his father, and he shall be my son. If he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men, and with the stripes of the children of men: -But my mercy shall not depart away from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee. -And thine house and thy kingdom shall be established for ever before thee: thy throne shall be established for ever. -According to all these words, and according to all this vision, so did Nathan speak unto David. -Then went king David in, and sat before the LORD, and he said, Who am I, O Lord GOD? and what is my house, that thou hast brought me hitherto? -And this was yet a small thing in thy sight, O Lord GOD; but thou hast spoken also of thy servant's house for a great while to come. And is this the manner of man, O Lord GOD? -And what can David say more unto thee? for thou, Lord GOD, knowest thy servant. -For thy word's sake, and according to thine own heart, hast thou done all these great things, to make thy servant know them. -Wherefore thou art great, O LORD God: for there is none like thee, neither is there any God beside thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears. -And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like Israel, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make him a name, and to do for you great things and terrible, for thy land, before thy people, which thou redeemedst to thee from Egypt, from the nations and their gods? -For thou hast confirmed to thyself thy people Israel to be a people unto thee for ever: and thou, LORD, art become their God. -And now, O LORD God, the word that thou hast spoken concerning thy servant, and concerning his house, establish it for ever, and do as thou hast said. -And let thy name be magnified for ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God over Israel: and let the house of thy servant David be established before thee. -For thou, O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, hast revealed to thy servant, saying, I will build thee an house: therefore hath thy servant found in his heart to pray this prayer unto thee. -And now, O Lord GOD, thou art that God, and thy words be true, and thou hast promised this goodness unto thy servant: -Therefore now let it please thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue for ever before thee: for thou, O Lord GOD, hast spoken it: and with thy blessing let the house of thy servant be blessed for ever. -And after this it came to pass that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them: and David took Methegammah out of the hand of the Philistines. -And he smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground; even with two lines measured he to put to death, and with one full line to keep alive. And so the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts. -David smote also Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to recover his border at the river Euphrates. -And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven hundred horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: and David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for an hundred chariots. -And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men. -Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus: and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought gifts. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. -And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadadezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. -And from Betah, and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, king David took exceeding much brass. -When Toi king of Hamath heard that David had smitten all the host of Hadadezer, -Then Toi sent Joram his son unto king David, to salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer, and smitten him: for Hadadezer had wars with Toi. And Joram brought with him vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of brass: -Which also king David did dedicate unto the LORD, with the silver and gold that he had dedicated of all nations which he subdued; -Of Syria, and of Moab, and of the children of Ammon, and of the Philistines, and of Amalek, and of the spoil of Hadadezer, son of Rehob, king of Zobah. -And David gat him a name when he returned from smiting of the Syrians in the valley of salt, being eighteen thousand men. -And he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons, and all they of Edom became David's servants. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. -And David reigned over all Israel; and David executed judgment and justice unto all his people. -And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder; -And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Seraiah was the scribe; -And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over both the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and David's sons were chief rulers. -And David said, Is there yet any that is left of the house of Saul, that I may shew him kindness for Jonathan's sake? -And there was of the house of Saul a servant whose name was Ziba. And when they had called him unto David, the king said unto him, Art thou Ziba? And he said, Thy servant is he. -And the king said, Is there not yet any of the house of Saul, that I may shew the kindness of God unto him? And Ziba said unto the king, Jonathan hath yet a son, which is lame on his feet. -And the king said unto him, Where is he? And Ziba said unto the king, Behold, he is in the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, in Lodebar. -Then king David sent, and fetched him out of the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, from Lodebar. -Now when Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, was come unto David, he fell on his face, and did reverence. And David said, Mephibosheth. And he answered, Behold thy servant! -And David said unto him, Fear not: for I will surely shew thee kindness for Jonathan thy father's sake, and will restore thee all the land of Saul thy father; and thou shalt eat bread at my table continually. -And he bowed himself, and said, What is thy servant, that thou shouldest look upon such a dead dog as I am? -Then the king called to Ziba, Saul's servant, and said unto him, I have given unto thy master's son all that pertained to Saul and to all his house. -Thou therefore, and thy sons, and thy servants, shall till the land for him, and thou shalt bring in the fruits, that thy master's son may have food to eat: but Mephibosheth thy master's son shall eat bread alway at my table. Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty servants. -Then said Ziba unto the king, According to all that my lord the king hath commanded his servant, so shall thy servant do. As for Mephibosheth, said the king, he shall eat at my table, as one of the king's sons. -And Mephibosheth had a young son, whose name was Micha. And all that dwelt in the house of Ziba were servants unto Mephibosheth. -So Mephibosheth dwelt in Jerusalem: for he did eat continually at the king's table; and was lame on both his feet. -And it came to pass after this, that the king of the children of Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his stead. -Then said David, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, as his father shewed kindness unto me. And David sent to comfort him by the hand of his servants for his father. And David's servants came into the land of the children of Ammon. -And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it? -Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks, and sent them away. -When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because the men were greatly ashamed: and the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return. -And when the children of Ammon saw that they stank before David, the children of Ammon sent and hired the Syrians of Bethrehob and the Syrians of Zoba, twenty thousand footmen, and of king Maacah a thousand men, and of Ishtob twelve thousand men. -And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men. -And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array at the entering in of the gate: and the Syrians of Zoba, and of Rehob, and Ishtob, and Maacah, were by themselves in the field. -When Joab saw that the front of the battle was against him before and behind, he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians: -And the rest of the people he delivered into the hand of Abishai his brother, that he might put them in array against the children of Ammon. -And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will come and help thee. -Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people, and for the cities of our God: and the LORD do that which seemeth him good. -And Joab drew nigh, and the people that were with him, unto the battle against the Syrians: and they fled before him. -And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, then fled they also before Abishai, and entered into the city. So Joab returned from the children of Ammon, and came to Jerusalem. -And when the Syrians saw that they were smitten before Israel, they gathered themselves together. -And Hadarezer sent, and brought out the Syrians that were beyond the river: and they came to Helam; and Shobach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them. -And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, and passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves in array against David, and fought with him. -And the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew the men of seven hundred chariots of the Syrians, and forty thousand horsemen, and smote Shobach the captain of their host, who died there. -And when all the kings that were servants to Hadarezer saw that they were smitten before Israel, they made peace with Israel, and served them. So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any more. -And it came to pass, after the year was expired, at the time when kings go forth to battle, that David sent Joab, and his servants with him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabbah. But David tarried still at Jerusalem. -And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful to look upon. -And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite? -And David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in unto him, and he lay with her; for she was purified from her uncleanness: and she returned unto her house. -And the woman conceived, and sent and told David, and said, I am with child. -And David sent to Joab, saying, Send me Uriah the Hittite. And Joab sent Uriah to David. -And when Uriah was come unto him, David demanded of him how Joab did, and how the people did, and how the war prospered. -And David said to Uriah, Go down to thy house, and wash thy feet. And Uriah departed out of the king's house, and there followed him a mess of meat from the king. -But Uriah slept at the door of the king's house with all the servants of his lord, and went not down to his house. -And when they had told David, saying, Uriah went not down unto his house, David said unto Uriah, Camest thou not from thy journey? why then didst thou not go down unto thine house? -And Uriah said unto David, The ark, and Israel, and Judah, abide in tents; and my lord Joab, and the servants of my lord, are encamped in the open fields; shall I then go into mine house, to eat and to drink, and to lie with my wife? as thou livest, and as thy soul liveth, I will not do this thing. -And David said to Uriah, Tarry here to day also, and to morrow I will let thee depart. So Uriah abode in Jerusalem that day, and the morrow. -And when David had called him, he did eat and drink before him; and he made him drunk: and at even he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his lord, but went not down to his house. -And it came to pass in the morning, that David wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah. -And he wrote in the letter, saying, Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die. -And it came to pass, when Joab observed the city, that he assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant men were. -And the men of the city went out, and fought with Joab: and there fell some of the people of the servants of David; and Uriah the Hittite died also. -Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war; -And charged the messenger, saying, When thou hast made an end of telling the matters of the war unto the king, -And if so be that the king's wrath arise, and he say unto thee, Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city when ye did fight? knew ye not that they would shoot from the wall? -Who smote Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? did not a woman cast a piece of a millstone upon him from the wall, that he died in Thebez? why went ye nigh the wall? then say thou, Thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also. -So the messenger went, and came and shewed David all that Joab had sent him for. -And the messenger said unto David, Surely the men prevailed against us, and came out unto us into the field, and we were upon them even unto the entering of the gate. -And the shooters shot from off the wall upon thy servants; and some of the king's servants be dead, and thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also. -Then David said unto the messenger, Thus shalt thou say unto Joab, Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth one as well as another: make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it: and encourage thou him. -And when the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she mourned for her husband. -And when the mourning was past, David sent and fetched her to his house, and she became his wife, and bare him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased the LORD. -And the LORD sent Nathan unto David. And he came unto him, and said unto him, There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor. -The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds: -But the poor man had nothing, save one little ewe lamb, which he had bought and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his children; it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter. -And there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring man that was come unto him; but took the poor man's lamb, and dressed it for the man that was come to him. -And David's anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he said to Nathan, As the LORD liveth, the man that hath done this thing shall surely die: -And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity. -And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee out of the hand of Saul; -And I gave thee thy master's house, and thy master's wives into thy bosom, and gave thee the house of Israel and of Judah; and if that had been too little, I would moreover have given unto thee such and such things. -Wherefore hast thou despised the commandment of the LORD, to do evil in his sight? thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be thy wife, and hast slain him with the sword of the children of Ammon. -Now therefore the sword shall never depart from thine house; because thou hast despised me, and hast taken the wife of Uriah the Hittite to be thy wife. -Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will raise up evil against thee out of thine own house, and I will take thy wives before thine eyes, and give them unto thy neighbour, and he shall lie with thy wives in the sight of this sun. -For thou didst it secretly: but I will do this thing before all Israel, and before the sun. -And David said unto Nathan, I have sinned against the LORD. And Nathan said unto David, The LORD also hath put away thy sin; thou shalt not die. -Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto thee shall surely die. -And Nathan departed unto his house. And the LORD struck the child that Uriah's wife bare unto David, and it was very sick. -David therefore besought God for the child; and David fasted, and went in, and lay all night upon the earth. -And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, to raise him up from the earth: but he would not, neither did he eat bread with them. -And it came to pass on the seventh day, that the child died. And the servants of David feared to tell him that the child was dead: for they said, Behold, while the child was yet alive, we spake unto him, and he would not hearken unto our voice: how will he then vex himself, if we tell him that the child is dead? -But when David saw that his servants whispered, David perceived that the child was dead: therefore David said unto his servants, Is the child dead? And they said, He is dead. -Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and anointed himself, and changed his apparel, and came into the house of the LORD, and worshipped: then he came to his own house; and when he required, they set bread before him, and he did eat. -Then said his servants unto him, What thing is this that thou hast done? thou didst fast and weep for the child, while it was alive; but when the child was dead, thou didst rise and eat bread. -And he said, While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept: for I said, Who can tell whether GOD will be gracious to me, that the child may live? -But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast? can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he shall not return to me. -And David comforted Bathsheba his wife, and went in unto her, and lay with her: and she bare a son, and he called his name Solomon: and the LORD loved him. -And he sent by the hand of Nathan the prophet; and he called his name Jedidiah, because of the LORD. -And Joab fought against Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and took the royal city. -And Joab sent messengers to David, and said, I have fought against Rabbah, and have taken the city of waters. -Now therefore gather the rest of the people together, and encamp against the city, and take it: lest I take the city, and it be called after my name. -And David gathered all the people together, and went to Rabbah, and fought against it, and took it. -And he took their king's crown from off his head, the weight whereof was a talent of gold with the precious stones: and it was set on David's head. And he brought forth the spoil of the city in great abundance. -And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pass through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon. So David and all the people returned unto Jerusalem. -And it came to pass after this, that Absalom the son of David had a fair sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved her. -And Amnon was so vexed, that he fell sick for his sister Tamar; for she was a virgin; and Amnon thought it hard for him to do anything to her. -But Amnon had a friend, whose name was Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David's brother: and Jonadab was a very subtil man. -And he said unto him, Why art thou, being the king's son, lean from day to day? wilt thou not tell me? And Amnon said unto him, I love Tamar, my brother Absalom's sister. -And Jonadab said unto him, Lay thee down on thy bed, and make thyself sick: and when thy father cometh to see thee, say unto him, I pray thee, let my sister Tamar come, and give me meat, and dress the meat in my sight, that I may see it, and eat it at her hand. -So Amnon lay down, and made himself sick: and when the king was come to see him, Amnon said unto the king, I pray thee, let Tamar my sister come, and make me a couple of cakes in my sight, that I may eat at her hand. -Then David sent home to Tamar, saying, Go now to thy brother Amnon's house, and dress him meat. -So Tamar went to her brother Amnon's house; and he was laid down. And she took flour, and kneaded it, and made cakes in his sight, and did bake the cakes. -And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but he refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they went out every man from him. -And Amnon said unto Tamar, Bring the meat into the chamber, that I may eat of thine hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother. -And when she had brought them unto him to eat, he took hold of her, and said unto her, Come lie with me, my sister. -And she answered him, Nay, my brother, do not force me; for no such thing ought to be done in Israel: do not thou this folly. -And I, whither shall I cause my shame to go? and as for thee, thou shalt be as one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, I pray thee, speak unto the king; for he will not withhold me from thee. -Howbeit he would not hearken unto her voice: but, being stronger than she, forced her, and lay with her. -Then Amnon hated her exceedingly; so that the hatred wherewith he hated her was greater than the love wherewith he had loved her. And Amnon said unto her, Arise, be gone. -And she said unto him, There is no cause: this evil in sending me away is greater than the other that thou didst unto me. But he would not hearken unto her. -Then he called his servant that ministered unto him, and said, Put now this woman out from me, and bolt the door after her. -And she had a garment of divers colours upon her: for with such robes were the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled. Then his servant brought her out, and bolted the door after her. -And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying. -And Absalom her brother said unto her, Hath Amnon thy brother been with thee? but hold now thy peace, my sister: he is thy brother; regard not this thing. So Tamar remained desolate in her brother Absalom's house. -But when king David heard of all these things, he was very wroth. -And Absalom spake unto his brother Amnon neither good nor bad: for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar. -And it came to pass after two full years, that Absalom had sheepshearers in Baalhazor, which is beside Ephraim: and Absalom invited all the king's sons. -And Absalom came to the king, and said, Behold now, thy servant hath sheepshearers; let the king, I beseech thee, and his servants go with thy servant. -And the king said to Absalom, Nay, my son, let us not all now go, lest we be chargeable unto thee. And he pressed him: howbeit he would not go, but blessed him. -Then said Absalom, If not, I pray thee, let my brother Amnon go with us. And the king said unto him, Why should he go with thee? -But Absalom pressed him, that he let Amnon and all the king's sons go with him. -Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, Mark ye now when Amnon's heart is merry with wine, and when I say unto you, Smite Amnon; then kill him, fear not: have not I commanded you? be courageous, and be valiant. -And the servants of Absalom did unto Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king's sons arose, and every man gat him up upon his mule, and fled. -And it came to pass, while they were in the way, that tidings came to David, saying, Absalom hath slain all the king's sons, and there is not one of them left. -Then the king arose, and tare his garments, and lay on the earth; and all his servants stood by with their clothes rent. -And Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David's brother, answered and said, Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead: for by the appointment of Absalom this hath been determined from the day that he forced his sister Tamar. -Now therefore let not my lord the king take the thing to his heart, to think that all the king's sons are dead: for Amnon only is dead. -But Absalom fled. And the young man that kept the watch lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came much people by the way of the hill side behind him. -And Jonadab said unto the king, Behold, the king's sons come: as thy servant said, so it is. -And it came to pass, as soon as he had made an end of speaking, that, behold, the king's sons came, and lifted up their voice and wept: and the king also and all his servants wept very sore. -But Absalom fled, and went to Talmai, the son of Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day. -So Absalom fled, and went to Geshur, and was there three years. -And the soul of king David longed to go forth unto Absalom: for he was comforted concerning Amnon, seeing he was dead. -Now Joab the son of Zeruiah perceived that the king's heart was toward Absalom. -And Joab sent to Tekoah, and fetched thence a wise woman, and said unto her, I pray thee, feign thyself to be a mourner, and put on now mourning apparel, and anoint not thyself with oil, but be as a woman that had a long time mourned for the dead: -And come to the king, and speak on this manner unto him. So Joab put the words in her mouth. -And when the woman of Tekoah spake to the king, she fell on her face to the ground, and did obeisance, and said, Help, O king. -And the king said unto her, What aileth thee? And she answered, I am indeed a widow woman, and mine husband is dead. -And thy handmaid had two sons, and they two strove together in the field, and there was none to part them, but the one smote the other, and slew him. -And, behold, the whole family is risen against thine handmaid, and they said, Deliver him that smote his brother, that we may kill him, for the life of his brother whom he slew; and we will destroy the heir also: and so they shall quench my coal which is left, and shall not leave to my husband neither name nor remainder upon the earth. -And the king said unto the woman, Go to thine house, and I will give charge concerning thee. -And the woman of Tekoah said unto the king, My lord, O king, the iniquity be on me, and on my father's house: and the king and his throne be guiltless. -And the king said, Whoever saith ought unto thee, bring him to me, and he shall not touch thee any more. -Then said she, I pray thee, let the king remember the LORD thy God, that thou wouldest not suffer the revengers of blood to destroy any more, lest they destroy my son. And he said, As the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of thy son fall to the earth. -Then the woman said, Let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak one word unto my lord the king. And he said, Say on. -And the woman said, Wherefore then hast thou thought such a thing against the people of God? for the king doth speak this thing as one which is faulty, in that the king doth not fetch home again his banished. -For we must needs die, and are as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God respect any person: yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled from him. -Now therefore that I am come to speak of this thing unto my lord the king, it is because the people have made me afraid: and thy handmaid said, I will now speak unto the king; it may be that the king will perform the request of his handmaid. -For the king will hear, to deliver his handmaid out of the hand of the man that would destroy me and my son together out of the inheritance of God. -Then thine handmaid said, The word of my lord the king shall now be comfortable: for as an angel of God, so is my lord the king to discern good and bad: therefore the LORD thy God will be with thee. -Then the king answered and said unto the woman, Hide not from me, I pray thee, the thing that I shall ask thee. And the woman said, Let my lord the king now speak. -And the king said, Is not the hand of Joab with thee in all this? And the woman answered and said, As thy soul liveth, my lord the king, none can turn to the right hand or to the left from ought that my lord the king hath spoken: for thy servant Joab, he bade me, and he put all these words in the mouth of thine handmaid: -To fetch about this form of speech hath thy servant Joab done this thing: and my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of an angel of God, to know all things that are in the earth. -And the king said unto Joab, Behold now, I have done this thing: go therefore, bring the young man Absalom again. -And Joab fell to the ground on his face, and bowed himself, and thanked the king: and Joab said, To day thy servant knoweth that I have found grace in thy sight, my lord, O king, in that the king hath fulfilled the request of his servant. -So Joab arose and went to Geshur, and brought Absalom to Jerusalem. -And the king said, Let him turn to his own house, and let him not see my face. So Absalom returned to his own house, and saw not the king's face. -But in all Israel there was none to be so much praised as Absalom for his beauty: from the sole of his foot even to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him. -And when he polled his head, (for it was at every year's end that he polled it: because the hair was heavy on him, therefore he polled it:) he weighed the hair of his head at two hundred shekels after the king's weight. -And unto Absalom there were born three sons, and one daughter, whose name was Tamar: she was a woman of a fair countenance. -So Absalom dwelt two full years in Jerusalem, and saw not the king's face. -Therefore Absalom sent for Joab, to have sent him to the king; but he would not come to him: and when he sent again the second time, he would not come. -Therefore he said unto his servants, See, Joab's field is near mine, and he hath barley there; go and set it on fire. And Absalom's servants set the field on fire. -Then Joab arose, and came to Absalom unto his house, and said unto him, Wherefore have thy servants set my field on fire? -And Absalom answered Joab, Behold, I sent unto thee, saying, Come hither, that I may send thee to the king, to say, Wherefore am I come from Geshur? it had been good for me to have been there still: now therefore let me see the king's face; and if there be any iniquity in me, let him kill me. -So Joab came to the king, and told him: and when he had called for Absalom, he came to the king, and bowed himself on his face to the ground before the king: and the king kissed Absalom. -And it came to pass after this, that Absalom prepared him chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him. -And Absalom rose up early, and stood beside the way of the gate: and it was so, that when any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment, then Absalom called unto him, and said, Of what city art thou? And he said, Thy servant is of one of the tribes of Israel. -And Absalom said unto him, See, thy matters are good and right; but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee. -Absalom said moreover, Oh that I were made judge in the land, that every man which hath any suit or cause might come unto me, and I would do him justice! -And it was so, that when any man came nigh to him to do him obeisance, he put forth his hand, and took him, and kissed him. -And on this manner did Absalom to all Israel that came to the king for judgment: so Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel. -And it came to pass after forty years, that Absalom said unto the king, I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow, which I have vowed unto the LORD, in Hebron. -For thy servant vowed a vow while I abode at Geshur in Syria, saying, If the LORD shall bring me again indeed to Jerusalem, then I will serve the LORD. -And the king said unto him, Go in peace. So he arose, and went to Hebron. -But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, As soon as ye hear the sound of the trumpet, then ye shall say, Absalom reigneth in Hebron. -And with Absalom went two hundred men out of Jerusalem, that were called; and they went in their simplicity, and they knew not any thing. -And Absalom sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's counsellor, from his city, even from Giloh, while he offered sacrifices. And the conspiracy was strong; for the people increased continually with Absalom. -And there came a messenger to David, saying, The hearts of the men of Israel are after Absalom. -And David said unto all his servants that were with him at Jerusalem, Arise, and let us flee; for we shall not else escape from Absalom: make speed to depart, lest he overtake us suddenly, and bring evil upon us, and smite the city with the edge of the sword. -And the king's servants said unto the king, Behold, thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint. -And the king went forth, and all his household after him. And the king left ten women, which were concubines, to keep the house. -And the king went forth, and all the people after him, and tarried in a place that was far off. -And all his servants passed on beside him; and all the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred men which came after him from Gath, passed on before the king. -Then said the king to Ittai the Gittite, Wherefore goest thou also with us? return to thy place, and abide with the king: for thou art a stranger, and also an exile. -Whereas thou camest but yesterday, should I this day make thee go up and down with us? seeing I go whither I may, return thou, and take back thy brethren: mercy and truth be with thee. -And Ittai answered the king, and said, As the LORD liveth, and as my lord the king liveth, surely in what place my lord the king shall be, whether in death or life, even there also will thy servant be. -And David said to Ittai, Go and pass over. And Ittai the Gittite passed over, and all his men, and all the little ones that were with him. -And all the country wept with a loud voice, and all the people passed over: the king also himself passed over the brook Kidron, and all the people passed over, toward the way of the wilderness. -And lo Zadok also, and all the Levites were with him, bearing the ark of the covenant of God: and they set down the ark of God; and Abiathar went up, until all the people had done passing out of the city. -And the king said unto Zadok, Carry back the ark of God into the city: if I shall find favour in the eyes of the LORD, he will bring me again, and shew me both it, and his habitation: -But if he thus say, I have no delight in thee; behold, here am I, let him do to me as seemeth good unto him. -The king said also unto Zadok the priest, Art not thou a seer? return into the city in peace, and your two sons with you, Ahimaaz thy son, and Jonathan the son of Abiathar. -See, I will tarry in the plain of the wilderness, until there come word from you to certify me. -Zadok therefore and Abiathar carried the ark of God again to Jerusalem: and they tarried there. -And David went up by the ascent of mount Olivet, and wept as he went up, and had his head covered, and he went barefoot: and all the people that was with him covered every man his head, and they went up, weeping as they went up. -And one told David, saying, Ahithophel is among the conspirators with Absalom. And David said, O LORD, I pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. -And it came to pass, that when David was come to the top of the mount, where he worshipped God, behold, Hushai the Archite came to meet him with his coat rent, and earth upon his head: -Unto whom David said, If thou passest on with me, then thou shalt be a burden unto me: -But if thou return to the city, and say unto Absalom, I will be thy servant, O king; as I have been thy father's servant hitherto, so will I now also be thy servant: then mayest thou for me defeat the counsel of Ahithophel. -And hast thou not there with thee Zadok and Abiathar the priests? therefore it shall be, that what thing soever thou shalt hear out of the king's house, thou shalt tell it to Zadok and Abiathar the priests. -Behold, they have there with them their two sons, Ahimaaz Zadok's son, and Jonathan Abiathar's son; and by them ye shall send unto me every thing that ye can hear. -So Hushai David's friend came into the city, and Absalom came into Jerusalem. -And when David was a little past the top of the hill, behold, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth met him, with a couple of asses saddled, and upon them two hundred loaves of bread, and an hundred bunches of raisins, and an hundred of summer fruits, and a bottle of wine. -And the king said unto Ziba, What meanest thou by these? And Ziba said, The asses be for the king's household to ride on; and the bread and summer fruit for the young men to eat; and the wine, that such as be faint in the wilderness may drink. -And the king said, And where is thy master's son? And Ziba said unto the king, Behold, he abideth at Jerusalem: for he said, To day shall the house of Israel restore me the kingdom of my father. -Then said the king to Ziba, Behold, thine are all that pertained unto Mephibosheth. And Ziba said, I humbly beseech thee that I may find grace in thy sight, my lord, O king. -And when king David came to Bahurim, behold, thence came out a man of the family of the house of Saul, whose name was Shimei, the son of Gera: he came forth, and cursed still as he came. -And he cast stones at David, and at all the servants of king David: and all the people and all the mighty men were on his right hand and on his left. -And thus said Shimei when he cursed, Come out, come out, thou bloody man, and thou man of Belial: -The LORD hath returned upon thee all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose stead thou hast reigned; and the LORD hath delivered the kingdom into the hand of Absalom thy son: and, behold, thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou art a bloody man. -Then said Abishai the son of Zeruiah unto the king, Why should this dead dog curse my lord the king? let me go over, I pray thee, and take off his head. -And the king said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah? so let him curse, because the LORD hath said unto him, Curse David. Who shall then say, Wherefore hast thou done so? -And David said to Abishai, and to all his servants, Behold, my son, which came forth of my bowels, seeketh my life: how much more now may this Benjamite do it? let him alone, and let him curse; for the LORD hath bidden him. -It may be that the LORD will look on mine affliction, and that the LORD will requite me good for his cursing this day. -And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust. -And the king, and all the people that were with him, came weary, and refreshed themselves there. -And Absalom, and all the people the men of Israel, came to Jerusalem, and Ahithophel with him. -And it came to pass, when Hushai the Archite, David's friend, was come unto Absalom, that Hushai said unto Absalom, God save the king, God save the king. -And Absalom said to Hushai, Is this thy kindness to thy friend? why wentest thou not with thy friend? -And Hushai said unto Absalom, Nay; but whom the LORD, and this people, and all the men of Israel, choose, his will I be, and with him will I abide. -And again, whom should I serve? should I not serve in the presence of his son? as I have served in thy father's presence, so will I be in thy presence. -Then said Absalom to Ahithophel, Give counsel among you what we shall do. -And Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Go in unto thy father's concubines, which he hath left to keep the house; and all Israel shall hear that thou art abhorred of thy father: then shall the hands of all that are with thee be strong. -So they spread Absalom a tent upon the top of the house; and Absalom went in unto his father's concubines in the sight of all Israel. -And the counsel of Ahithophel, which he counselled in those days, was as if a man had enquired at the oracle of God: so was all the counsel of Ahithophel both with David and with Absalom. -Moreover Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Let me now choose out twelve thousand men, and I will arise and pursue after David this night: -And I will come upon him while he is weary and weak handed, and will make him afraid: and all the people that are with him shall flee; and I will smite the king only: -And I will bring back all the people unto thee: the man whom thou seekest is as if all returned: so all the people shall be in peace. -And the saying pleased Absalom well, and all the elders of Israel. -Then said Absalom, Call now Hushai the Archite also, and let us hear likewise what he saith. -And when Hushai was come to Absalom, Absalom spake unto him, saying, Ahithophel hath spoken after this manner: shall we do after his saying? if not; speak thou. -And Hushai said unto Absalom, The counsel that Ahithophel hath given is not good at this time. -For, said Hushai, thou knowest thy father and his men, that they be mighty men, and they be chafed in their minds, as a bear robbed of her whelps in the field: and thy father is a man of war, and will not lodge with the people. -Behold, he is hid now in some pit, or in some other place: and it will come to pass, when some of them be overthrown at the first, that whosoever heareth it will say, There is a slaughter among the people that follow Absalom. -And he also that is valiant, whose heart is as the heart of a lion, shall utterly melt: for all Israel knoweth that thy father is a mighty man, and they which be with him are valiant men. -Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for multitude; and that thou go to battle in thine own person. -So shall we come upon him in some place where he shall be found, and we will light upon him as the dew falleth on the ground: and of him and of all the men that are with him there shall not be left so much as one. -Moreover, if he be gotten into a city, then shall all Israel bring ropes to that city, and we will draw it into the river, until there be not one small stone found there. -And Absalom and all the men of Israel said, The counsel of Hushai the Archite is better than the counsel of Ahithophel. For the LORD had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel, to the intent that the LORD might bring evil upon Absalom. -Then said Hushai unto Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, Thus and thus did Ahithophel counsel Absalom and the elders of Israel; and thus and thus have I counselled. -Now therefore send quickly, and tell David, saying, Lodge not this night in the plains of the wilderness, but speedily pass over; lest the king be swallowed up, and all the people that are with him. -Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed by Enrogel; for they might not be seen to come into the city: and a wench went and told them; and they went and told king David. -Nevertheless a lad saw them, and told Absalom: but they went both of them away quickly, and came to a man's house in Bahurim, which had a well in his court; whither they went down. -And the woman took and spread a covering over the well's mouth, and spread ground corn thereon; and the thing was not known. -And when Absalom's servants came to the woman to the house, they said, Where is Ahimaaz and Jonathan? And the woman said unto them, They be gone over the brook of water. And when they had sought and could not find them, they returned to Jerusalem. -And it came to pass, after they were departed, that they came up out of the well, and went and told king David, and said unto David, Arise, and pass quickly over the water: for thus hath Ahithophel counselled against you. -Then David arose, and all the people that were with him, and they passed over Jordan: by the morning light there lacked not one of them that was not gone over Jordan. -And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, to his city, and put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died, and was buried in the sepulchre of his father. -Then David came to Mahanaim. And Absalom passed over Jordan, he and all the men of Israel with him. -And Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab: which Amasa was a man's son, whose name was Ithra an Israelite, that went in to Abigail the daughter of Nahash, sister to Zeruiah Joab's mother. -So Israel and Absalom pitched in the land of Gilead. -And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shobi the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and Machir the son of Ammiel of Lodebar, and Barzillai the Gileadite of Rogelim, -Brought beds, and basons, and earthen vessels, and wheat, and barley, and flour, and parched corn, and beans, and lentiles, and parched pulse, -And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness. -And David numbered the people that were with him, and set captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds over them. -And David sent forth a third part of the people under the hand of Joab, and a third part under the hand of Abishai the son of Zeruiah, Joab's brother, and a third part under the hand of Ittai the Gittite. And the king said unto the people, I will surely go forth with you myself also. -But the people answered, Thou shalt not go forth: for if we flee away, they will not care for us; neither if half of us die, will they care for us: but now thou art worth ten thousand of us: therefore now it is better that thou succour us out of the city. -And the king said unto them, What seemeth you best I will do. And the king stood by the gate side, and all the people came out by hundreds and by thousands. -And the king commanded Joab and Abishai and Ittai, saying, Deal gently for my sake with the young man, even with Absalom. And all the people heard when the king gave all the captains charge concerning Absalom. -So the people went out into the field against Israel: and the battle was in the wood of Ephraim; -Where the people of Israel were slain before the servants of David, and there was there a great slaughter that day of twenty thousand men. -For the battle was there scattered over the face of all the country: and the wood devoured more people that day than the sword devoured. -And Absalom met the servants of David. And Absalom rode upon a mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the heaven and the earth; and the mule that was under him went away. -And a certain man saw it, and told Joab, and said, Behold, I saw Absalom hanged in an oak. -And Joab said unto the man that told him, And, behold, thou sawest him, and why didst thou not smite him there to the ground? and I would have given thee ten shekels of silver, and a girdle. -And the man said unto Joab, Though I should receive a thousand shekels of silver in mine hand, yet would I not put forth mine hand against the king's son: for in our hearing the king charged thee and Abishai and Ittai, saying, Beware that none touch the young man Absalom. -Otherwise I should have wrought falsehood against mine own life: for there is no matter hid from the king, and thou thyself wouldest have set thyself against me. -Then said Joab, I may not tarry thus with thee. And he took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom, while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak. -And ten young men that bare Joab's armour compassed about and smote Absalom, and slew him. -And Joab blew the trumpet, and the people returned from pursuing after Israel: for Joab held back the people. -And they took Absalom, and cast him into a great pit in the wood, and laid a very great heap of stones upon him: and all Israel fled every one to his tent. -Now Absalom in his lifetime had taken and reared up for himself a pillar, which is in the king's dale: for he said, I have no son to keep my name in remembrance: and he called the pillar after his own name: and it is called unto this day, Absalom's place. -Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok, Let me now run, and bear the king tidings, how that the LORD hath avenged him of his enemies. -And Joab said unto him, Thou shalt not bear tidings this day, but thou shalt bear tidings another day: but this day thou shalt bear no tidings, because the king's son is dead. -Then said Joab to Cushi, Go tell the king what thou hast seen. And Cushi bowed himself unto Joab, and ran. -Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok yet again to Joab, But howsoever, let me, I pray thee, also run after Cushi. And Joab said, Wherefore wilt thou run, my son, seeing that thou hast no tidings ready? -But howsoever, said he, let me run. And he said unto him, Run. Then Ahimaaz ran by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi. -And David sat between the two gates: and the watchman went up to the roof over the gate unto the wall, and lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold a man running alone. -And the watchman cried, and told the king. And the king said, If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth. And he came apace, and drew near. -And the watchman saw another man running: and the watchman called unto the porter, and said, Behold another man running alone. And the king said, He also bringeth tidings. -And the watchman said, Me thinketh the running of the foremost is like the running of Ahimaaz the son of Zadok. And the king said, He is a good man, and cometh with good tidings. -And Ahimaaz called, and said unto the king, All is well. And he fell down to the earth upon his face before the king, and said, Blessed be the LORD thy God, which hath delivered up the men that lifted up their hand against my lord the king. -And the king said, Is the young man Absalom safe? And Ahimaaz answered, When Joab sent the king's servant, and me thy servant, I saw a great tumult, but I knew not what it was. -And the king said unto him, Turn aside, and stand here. And he turned aside, and stood still. -And, behold, Cushi came; and Cushi said, Tidings, my lord the king: for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee. -And the king said unto Cushi, Is the young man Absalom safe? And Cushi answered, The enemies of my lord the king, and all that rise against thee to do thee hurt, be as that young man is. -And the king was much moved, and went up to the chamber over the gate, and wept: and as he went, thus he said, O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son! -And it was told Joab, Behold, the king weepeth and mourneth for Absalom. -And the victory that day was turned into mourning unto all the people: for the people heard say that day how the king was grieved for his son. -And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. -But the king covered his face, and the king cried with a loud voice, O my son Absalom, O Absalom, my son, my son! -And Joab came into the house to the king, and said, Thou hast shamed this day the faces of all thy servants, which this day have saved thy life, and the lives of thy sons and of thy daughters, and the lives of thy wives, and the lives of thy concubines; -In that thou lovest thine enemies, and hatest thy friends. For thou hast declared this day, that thou regardest neither princes nor servants: for this day I perceive, that if Absalom had lived, and all we had died this day, then it had pleased thee well. -Now therefore arise, go forth, and speak comfortably unto thy servants: for I swear by the LORD, if thou go not forth, there will not tarry one with thee this night: and that will be worse unto thee than all the evil that befell thee from thy youth until now. -Then the king arose, and sat in the gate. And they told unto all the people, saying, Behold, the king doth sit in the gate. And all the people came before the king: for Israel had fled every man to his tent. -And all the people were at strife throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, The king saved us out of the hand of our enemies, and he delivered us out of the hand of the Philistines; and now he is fled out of the land for Absalom. -And Absalom, whom we anointed over us, is dead in battle. Now therefore why speak ye not a word of bringing the king back? -And king David sent to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, saying, Speak unto the elders of Judah, saying, Why are ye the last to bring the king back to his house? seeing the speech of all Israel is come to the king, even to his house. -Ye are my brethren, ye are my bones and my flesh: wherefore then are ye the last to bring back the king? -And say ye to Amasa, Art thou not of my bone, and of my flesh? God do so to me, and more also, if thou be not captain of the host before me continually in the room of Joab. -And he bowed the heart of all the men of Judah, even as the heart of one man; so that they sent this word unto the king, Return thou, and all thy servants. -So the king returned, and came to Jordan. And Judah came to Gilgal, to go to meet the king, to conduct the king over Jordan. -And Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite, which was of Bahurim, hasted and came down with the men of Judah to meet king David. -And there were a thousand men of Benjamin with him, and Ziba the servant of the house of Saul, and his fifteen sons and his twenty servants with him; and they went over Jordan before the king. -And there went over a ferry boat to carry over the king's household, and to do what he thought good. And Shimei the son of Gera fell down before the king, as he was come over Jordan; -And said unto the king, Let not my lord impute iniquity unto me, neither do thou remember that which thy servant did perversely the day that my lord the king went out of Jerusalem, that the king should take it to his heart. -For thy servant doth know that I have sinned: therefore, behold, I am come the first this day of all the house of Joseph to go down to meet my lord the king. -But Abishai the son of Zeruiah answered and said, Shall not Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed the LORD's anointed? -And David said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah, that ye should this day be adversaries unto me? shall there any man be put to death this day in Israel? for do not I know that I am this day king over Israel? -Therefore the king said unto Shimei, Thou shalt not die. And the king sware unto him. -And Mephibosheth the son of Saul came down to meet the king, and had neither dressed his feet, nor trimmed his beard, nor washed his clothes, from the day the king departed until the day he came again in peace. -And it came to pass, when he was come to Jerusalem to meet the king, that the king said unto him, Wherefore wentest not thou with me, Mephibosheth? -And he answered, My lord, O king, my servant deceived me: for thy servant said, I will saddle me an ass, that I may ride thereon, and go to the king; because thy servant is lame. -And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes. -For all of my father's house were but dead men before my lord the king: yet didst thou set thy servant among them that did eat at thine own table. What right therefore have I yet to cry any more unto the king? -And the king said unto him, Why speakest thou any more of thy matters? I have said, Thou and Ziba divide the land. -And Mephibosheth said unto the king, Yea, let him take all, forasmuch as my lord the king is come again in peace unto his own house. -And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim, and went over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan. -Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old: and he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at Mahanaim; for he was a very great man. -And the king said unto Barzillai, Come thou over with me, and I will feed thee with me in Jerusalem. -And Barzillai said unto the king, How long have I to live, that I should go up with the king unto Jerusalem? -I am this day fourscore years old: and can I discern between good and evil? can thy servant taste what I eat or what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women? wherefore then should thy servant be yet a burden unto my lord the king? -Thy servant will go a little way over Jordan with the king: and why should the king recompense it me with such a reward? -Let thy servant, I pray thee, turn back again, that I may die in mine own city, and be buried by the grave of my father and of my mother. But behold thy servant Chimham; let him go over with my lord the king; and do to him what shall seem good unto thee. -And the king answered, Chimham shall go over with me, and I will do to him that which shall seem good unto thee: and whatsoever thou shalt require of me, that will I do for thee. -And all the people went over Jordan. And when the king was come over, the king kissed Barzillai, and blessed him; and he returned unto his own place. -Then the king went on to Gilgal, and Chimham went on with him: and all the people of Judah conducted the king, and also half the people of Israel. -And, behold, all the men of Israel came to the king, and said unto the king, Why have our brethren the men of Judah stolen thee away, and have brought the king, and his household, and all David's men with him, over Jordan? -And all the men of Judah answered the men of Israel, Because the king is near of kin to us: wherefore then be ye angry for this matter? have we eaten at all of the king's cost? or hath he given us any gift? -And the men of Israel answered the men of Judah, and said, We have ten parts in the king, and we have also more right in David than ye: why then did ye despise us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king? And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the men of Israel. -And there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew a trumpet, and said, We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel. -So every man of Israel went up from after David, and followed Sheba the son of Bichri: but the men of Judah clave unto their king, from Jordan even to Jerusalem. -And David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in ward, and fed them, but went not in unto them. So they were shut up unto the day of their death, living in widowhood. -Then said the king to Amasa, Assemble me the men of Judah within three days, and be thou here present. -So Amasa went to assemble the men of Judah: but he tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed him. -And David said to Abishai, Now shall Sheba the son of Bichri do us more harm than did Absalom: take thou thy lord's servants, and pursue after him, lest he get him fenced cities, and escape us. -And there went out after him Joab's men, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men: and they went out of Jerusalem, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri. -When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa went before them. And Joab's garment that he had put on was girded unto him, and upon it a girdle with a sword fastened upon his loins in the sheath thereof; and as he went forth it fell out. -And Joab said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the beard with the right hand to kiss him. -But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab's hand: so he smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and struck him not again; and he died. So Joab and Abishai his brother pursued after Sheba the son of Bichri. -And one of Joab's men stood by him, and said, He that favoureth Joab, and he that is for David, let him go after Joab. -And Amasa wallowed in blood in the midst of the highway. And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he removed Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a cloth upon him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still. -When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on after Joab, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri. -And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, and to Bethmaachah, and all the Berites: and they were gathered together, and went also after him. -And they came and besieged him in Abel of Bethmaachah, and they cast up a bank against the city, and it stood in the trench: and all the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down. -Then cried a wise woman out of the city, Hear, hear; say, I pray you, unto Joab, Come near hither, that I may speak with thee. -And when he was come near unto her, the woman said, Art thou Joab? And he answered, I am he. Then she said unto him, Hear the words of thine handmaid. And he answered, I do hear. -Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask counsel at Abel: and so they ended the matter. -I am one of them that are peaceable and faithful in Israel: thou seekest to destroy a city and a mother in Israel: why wilt thou swallow up the inheritance of the LORD? -And Joab answered and said, Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy. -The matter is not so: but a man of mount Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, hath lifted up his hand against the king, even against David: deliver him only, and I will depart from the city. And the woman said unto Joab, Behold, his head shall be thrown to thee over the wall. -Then the woman went unto all the people in her wisdom. And they cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and cast it out to Joab. And he blew a trumpet, and they retired from the city, every man to his tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem unto the king. -Now Joab was over all the host of Israel: and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites: -And Adoram was over the tribute: and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder: -And Sheva was scribe: and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests: -And Ira also the Jairite was a chief ruler about David. -Then there was a famine in the days of David three years, year after year; and David enquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites. -And the king called the Gibeonites, and said unto them; (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn unto them: and Saul sought to slay them in his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah.) -Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I do for you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement, that ye may bless the inheritance of the LORD? -And the Gibeonites said unto him, We will have no silver nor gold of Saul, nor of his house; neither for us shalt thou kill any man in Israel. And he said, What ye shall say, that will I do for you. -And they answered the king, The man that consumed us, and that devised against us that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the coasts of Israel, -Let seven men of his sons be delivered unto us, and we will hang them up unto the LORD in Gibeah of Saul, whom the LORD did choose. And the king said, I will give them. -But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of the LORD's oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul. -But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bare unto Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite: -And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the hill before the LORD: and they fell all seven together, and were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, in the beginning of barley harvest. -And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water dropped upon them out of heaven, and suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night. -And it was told David what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done. -And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabeshgilead, which had stolen them from the street of Bethshan, where the Philistines had hanged them, when the Philistines had slain Saul in Gilboa: -And he brought up from thence the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son; and they gathered the bones of them that were hanged. -And the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son buried they in the country of Benjamin in Zelah, in the sepulchre of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. And after that God was intreated for the land. -Moreover the Philistines had yet war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines: and David waxed faint. -And Ishbibenob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David. -But Abishai the son of Zeruiah succoured him, and smote the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David sware unto him, saying, Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench not the light of Israel. -And it came to pass after this, that there was again a battle with the Philistines at Gob: then Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Saph, which was of the sons of the giant. -And there was again a battle in Gob with the Philistines, where Elhanan the son of Jaareoregim, a Bethlehemite, slew the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam. -And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant. -And when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimeah the brother of David slew him. -These four were born to the giant in Gath, and fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants. -And David spake unto the LORD the words of this song in the day that the LORD had delivered him out of the hand of all his enemies, and out of the hand of Saul: -And he said, The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; -The God of my rock; in him will I trust: he is my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my high tower, and my refuge, my saviour; thou savest me from violence. -I will call on the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I be saved from mine enemies. -When the waves of death compassed me, the floods of ungodly men made me afraid; -The sorrows of hell compassed me about; the snares of death prevented me; -In my distress I called upon the LORD, and cried to my God: and he did hear my voice out of his temple, and my cry did enter into his ears. -Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations of heaven moved and shook, because he was wroth. -There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. -He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and darkness was under his feet. -And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: and he was seen upon the wings of the wind. -And he made darkness pavilions round about him, dark waters, and thick clouds of the skies. -Through the brightness before him were coals of fire kindled. -The LORD thundered from heaven, and the most High uttered his voice. -And he sent out arrows, and scattered them; lightning, and discomfited them. -And the channels of the sea appeared, the foundations of the world were discovered, at the rebuking of the LORD, at the blast of the breath of his nostrils. -He sent from above, he took me; he drew me out of many waters; -He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them that hated me: for they were too strong for me. -They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my stay. -He brought me forth also into a large place: he delivered me, because he delighted in me. -The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness: according to the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me. -For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. -For all his judgments were before me: and as for his statutes, I did not depart from them. -I was also upright before him, and have kept myself from mine iniquity. -Therefore the LORD hath recompensed me according to my righteousness; according to my cleanness in his eye sight. -With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful, and with the upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright. -With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward thou wilt shew thyself unsavoury. -And the afflicted people thou wilt save: but thine eyes are upon the haughty, that thou mayest bring them down. -For thou art my lamp, O LORD: and the LORD will lighten my darkness. -For by thee I have run through a troop: by my God have I leaped over a wall. -As for God, his way is perfect; the word of the LORD is tried: he is a buckler to all them that trust in him. -For who is God, save the LORD? and who is a rock, save our God? -God is my strength and power: and he maketh my way perfect. -He maketh my feet like hinds' feet: and setteth me upon my high places. -He teacheth my hands to war; so that a bow of steel is broken by mine arms. -Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy gentleness hath made me great. -Thou hast enlarged my steps under me; so that my feet did not slip. -I have pursued mine enemies, and destroyed them; and turned not again until I had consumed them. -And I have consumed them, and wounded them, that they could not arise: yea, they are fallen under my feet. -For thou hast girded me with strength to battle: them that rose up against me hast thou subdued under me. -Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies, that I might destroy them that hate me. -They looked, but there was none to save; even unto the LORD, but he answered them not. -Then did I beat them as small as the dust of the earth, I did stamp them as the mire of the street, and did spread them abroad. -Thou also hast delivered me from the strivings of my people, thou hast kept me to be head of the heathen: a people which I knew not shall serve me. -Strangers shall submit themselves unto me: as soon as they hear, they shall be obedient unto me. -Strangers shall fade away, and they shall be afraid out of their close places. -The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and exalted be the God of the rock of my salvation. -It is God that avengeth me, and that bringeth down the people under me. -And that bringeth me forth from mine enemies: thou also hast lifted me up on high above them that rose up against me: thou hast delivered me from the violent man. -Therefore I will give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the heathen, and I will sing praises unto thy name. -He is the tower of salvation for his king: and sheweth mercy to his anointed, unto David, and to his seed for evermore. -Now these be the last words of David. David the son of Jesse said, and the man who was raised up on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob, and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said, -The Spirit of the LORD spake by me, and his word was in my tongue. -The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God. -And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, even a morning without clouds; as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after rain. -Although my house be not so with God; yet he hath made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure: for this is all my salvation, and all my desire, although he make it not to grow. -But the sons of Belial shall be all of them as thorns thrust away, because they cannot be taken with hands: -But the man that shall touch them must be fenced with iron and the staff of a spear; and they shall be utterly burned with fire in the same place. -These be the names of the mighty men whom David had: The Tachmonite that sat in the seat, chief among the captains; the same was Adino the Eznite: he lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time. -And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo the Ahohite, one of the three mighty men with David, when they defied the Philistines that were there gathered together to battle, and the men of Israel were gone away: -He arose, and smote the Philistines until his hand was weary, and his hand clave unto the sword: and the LORD wrought a great victory that day; and the people returned after him only to spoil. -And after him was Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite. And the Philistines were gathered together into a troop, where was a piece of ground full of lentiles: and the people fled from the Philistines. -But he stood in the midst of the ground, and defended it, and slew the Philistines: and the LORD wrought a great victory. -And three of the thirty chief went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam: and the troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim. -And David was then in an hold, and the garrison of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem. -And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate! -And the three mighty men brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: nevertheless he would not drink thereof, but poured it out unto the LORD. -And he said, Be it far from me, O LORD, that I should do this: is not this the blood of the men that went in jeopardy of their lives? therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mighty men. -And Abishai, the brother of Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was chief among three. And he lifted up his spear against three hundred, and slew them, and had the name among three. -Was he not most honourable of three? therefore he was their captain: howbeit he attained not unto the first three. -And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man, of Kabzeel, who had done many acts, he slew two lionlike men of Moab: he went down also and slew a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow: -And he slew an Egyptian, a goodly man: and the Egyptian had a spear in his hand; but he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear. -These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among three mighty men. -He was more honourable than the thirty, but he attained not to the first three. And David set him over his guard. -Asahel the brother of Joab was one of the thirty; Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, -Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite, -Helez the Paltite, Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, -Abiezer the Anethothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite, -Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, -Heleb the son of Baanah, a Netophathite, Ittai the son of Ribai out of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin, -Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai of the brooks of Gaash, -Abialbon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite, -Eliahba the Shaalbonite, of the sons of Jashen, Jonathan, -Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite, -Eliphelet the son of Ahasbai, the son of the Maachathite, Eliam the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, -Hezrai the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite, -Igal the son of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite, -Zelek the Ammonite, Nahari the Beerothite, armourbearer to Joab the son of Zeruiah, -Ira an Ithrite, Gareb an Ithrite, -Uriah the Hittite: thirty and seven in all. -And again the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he moved David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah. -For the king said to Joab the captain of the host, which was with him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to Beersheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the number of the people. -And Joab said unto the king, Now the LORD thy God add unto the people, how many soever they be, an hundredfold, and that the eyes of my lord the king may see it: but why doth my lord the king delight in this thing? -Notwithstanding the king's word prevailed against Joab, and against the captains of the host. And Joab and the captains of the host went out from the presence of the king, to number the people of Israel. -And they passed over Jordan, and pitched in Aroer, on the right side of the city that lieth in the midst of the river of Gad, and toward Jazer: -Then they came to Gilead, and to the land of Tahtimhodshi; and they came to Danjaan, and about to Zidon, -And came to the strong hold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites: and they went out to the south of Judah, even to Beersheba. -So when they had gone through all the land, they came to Jerusalem at the end of nine months and twenty days. -And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people unto the king: and there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiant men that drew the sword; and the men of Judah were five hundred thousand men. -And David's heart smote him after that he had numbered the people. And David said unto the LORD, I have sinned greatly in that I have done: and now, I beseech thee, O LORD, take away the iniquity of thy servant; for I have done very foolishly. -For when David was up in the morning, the word of the LORD came unto the prophet Gad, David's seer, saying, -Go and say unto David, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things; choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. -So Gad came to David, and told him, and said unto him, Shall seven years of famine come unto thee in thy land? or wilt thou flee three months before thine enemies, while they pursue thee? or that there be three days' pestilence in thy land? now advise, and see what answer I shall return to him that sent me. -And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let us fall now into the hand of the LORD; for his mercies are great: and let me not fall into the hand of man. -So the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed: and there died of the people from Dan even to Beersheba seventy thousand men. -And when the angel stretched out his hand upon Jerusalem to destroy it, the LORD repented him of the evil, and said to the angel that destroyed the people, It is enough: stay now thine hand. And the angel of the LORD was by the threshingplace of Araunah the Jebusite. -And David spake unto the LORD when he saw the angel that smote the people, and said, Lo, I have sinned, and I have done wickedly: but these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, be against me, and against my father's house. -And Gad came that day to David, and said unto him, Go up, rear an altar unto the LORD in the threshingfloor of Araunah the Jebusite. -And David, according to the saying of Gad, went up as the LORD commanded. -And Araunah looked, and saw the king and his servants coming on toward him: and Araunah went out, and bowed himself before the king on his face upon the ground. -And Araunah said, Wherefore is my lord the king come to his servant? And David said, To buy the threshingfloor of thee, to build an altar unto the LORD, that the plague may be stayed from the people. -And Araunah said unto David, Let my lord the king take and offer up what seemeth good unto him: behold, here be oxen for burnt sacrifice, and threshing instruments and other instruments of the oxen for wood. -All these things did Araunah, as a king, give unto the king. And Araunah said unto the king, The LORD thy God accept thee. -And the king said unto Araunah, Nay; but I will surely buy it of thee at a price: neither will I offer burnt offerings unto the LORD my God of that which doth cost me nothing. So David bought the threshingfloor and the oxen for fifty shekels of silver. -And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. So the LORD was intreated for the land, and the plague was stayed from Israel. -Now king David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he gat no heat. -Wherefore his servants said unto him, Let there be sought for my lord the king a young virgin: and let her stand before the king, and let her cherish him, and let her lie in thy bosom, that my lord the king may get heat. -So they sought for a fair damsel throughout all the coasts of Israel, and found Abishag a Shunammite, and brought her to the king. -And the damsel was very fair, and cherished the king, and ministered to him: but the king knew her not. -Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, I will be king: and he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him. -And his father had not displeased him at any time in saying, Why hast thou done so? and he also was a very goodly man; and his mother bare him after Absalom. -And he conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest: and they following Adonijah helped him. -But Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and Nathan the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and the mighty men which belonged to David, were not with Adonijah. -And Adonijah slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle by the stone of Zoheleth, which is by Enrogel, and called all his brethren the king's sons, and all the men of Judah the king's servants: -But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother, he called not. -Wherefore Nathan spake unto Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, Hast thou not heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith doth reign, and David our lord knoweth it not? -Now therefore come, let me, I pray thee, give thee counsel, that thou mayest save thine own life, and the life of thy son Solomon. -Go and get thee in unto king David, and say unto him, Didst not thou, my lord, O king, swear unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? why then doth Adonijah reign? -Behold, while thou yet talkest there with the king, I also will come in after thee, and confirm thy words. -And Bathsheba went in unto the king into the chamber: and the king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite ministered unto the king. -And Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance unto the king. And the king said, What wouldest thou? -And she said unto him, My lord, thou swarest by the LORD thy God unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne. -And now, behold, Adonijah reigneth; and now, my lord the king, thou knowest it not: -And he hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the sons of the king, and Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the host: but Solomon thy servant hath he not called. -And thou, my lord, O king, the eyes of all Israel are upon thee, that thou shouldest tell them who shall sit on the throne of my lord the king after him. -Otherwise it shall come to pass, when my lord the king shall sleep with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders. -And, lo, while she yet talked with the king, Nathan the prophet also came in. -And they told the king, saying, Behold Nathan the prophet. And when he was come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground. -And Nathan said, My lord, O king, hast thou said, Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? -For he is gone down this day, and hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the king's sons, and the captains of the host, and Abiathar the priest; and, behold, they eat and drink before him, and say, God save king Adonijah. -But me, even me thy servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and thy servant Solomon, hath he not called. -Is this thing done by my lord the king, and thou hast not shewed it unto thy servant, who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him? -Then king David answered and said, Call me Bathsheba. And she came into the king's presence, and stood before the king. -And the king sware, and said, As the LORD liveth, that hath redeemed my soul out of all distress, -Even as I sware unto thee by the LORD God of Israel, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne in my stead; even so will I certainly do this day. -Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and did reverence to the king, and said, Let my lord king David live for ever. -And king David said, Call me Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada. And they came before the king. -The king also said unto them, Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride upon mine own mule, and bring him down to Gihon: -And let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel: and blow ye with the trumpet, and say, God save king Solomon. -Then ye shall come up after him, that he may come and sit upon my throne; for he shall be king in my stead: and I have appointed him to be ruler over Israel and over Judah. -And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, Amen: the LORD God of my lord the king say so too. -As the LORD hath been with my lord the king, even so be he with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David. -So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, went down, and caused Solomon to ride upon king David's mule, and brought him to Gihon. -And Zadok the priest took an horn of oil out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon. And they blew the trumpet; and all the people said, God save king Solomon. -And all the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth rent with the sound of them. -And Adonijah and all the guests that were with him heard it as they had made an end of eating. And when Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, Wherefore is this noise of the city being in an uproar? -And while he yet spake, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came; and Adonijah said unto him, Come in; for thou art a valiant man, and bringest good tidings. -And Jonathan answered and said to Adonijah, Verily our lord king David hath made Solomon king. -And the king hath sent with him Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and they have caused him to ride upon the king's mule: -And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon: and they are come up from thence rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that ye have heard. -And also Solomon sitteth on the throne of the kingdom. -And moreover the king's servants came to bless our lord king David, saying, God make the name of Solomon better than thy name, and make his throne greater than thy throne. And the king bowed himself upon the bed. -And also thus said the king, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even seeing it. -And all the guests that were with Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and went every man his way. -And Adonijah feared because of Solomon, and arose, and went, and caught hold on the horns of the altar. -And it was told Solomon, saying, Behold, Adonijah feareth king Solomon: for, lo, he hath caught hold on the horns of the altar, saying, Let king Solomon swear unto me today that he will not slay his servant with the sword. -And Solomon said, If he will shew himself a worthy man, there shall not an hair of him fall to the earth: but if wickedness shall be found in him, he shall die. -So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. And he came and bowed himself to king Solomon: and Solomon said unto him, Go to thine house. -Now the days of David drew nigh that he should die; and he charged Solomon his son, saying, -I go the way of all the earth: be thou strong therefore, and shew thyself a man; -And keep the charge of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and his testimonies, as it is written in the law of Moses, that thou mayest prosper in all that thou doest, and whithersoever thou turnest thyself: -That the LORD may continue his word which he spake concerning me, saying, If thy children take heed to their way, to walk before me in truth with all their heart and with all their soul, there shall not fail thee (said he) a man on the throne of Israel. -Moreover thou knowest also what Joab the son of Zeruiah did to me, and what he did to the two captains of the hosts of Israel, unto Abner the son of Ner, and unto Amasa the son of Jether, whom he slew, and shed the blood of war in peace, and put the blood of war upon his girdle that was about his loins, and in his shoes that were on his feet. -Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go down to the grave in peace. -But shew kindness unto the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be of those that eat at thy table: for so they came to me when I fled because of Absalom thy brother. -And, behold, thou hast with thee Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, which cursed me with a grievous curse in the day when I went to Mahanaim: but he came down to meet me at Jordan, and I sware to him by the LORD, saying, I will not put thee to death with the sword. -Now therefore hold him not guiltless: for thou art a wise man, and knowest what thou oughtest to do unto him; but his hoar head bring thou down to the grave with blood. -So David slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David. -And the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem. -Then sat Solomon upon the throne of David his father; and his kingdom was established greatly. -And Adonijah the son of Haggith came to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon. And she said, Comest thou peaceably? And he said, Peaceably. -He said moreover, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And she said, Say on. -And he said, Thou knowest that the kingdom was mine, and that all Israel set their faces on me, that I should reign: howbeit the kingdom is turned about, and is become my brother's: for it was his from the LORD. -And now I ask one petition of thee, deny me not. And she said unto him, Say on. -And he said, Speak, I pray thee, unto Solomon the king, (for he will not say thee nay,) that he give me Abishag the Shunammite to wife. -And Bathsheba said, Well; I will speak for thee unto the king. -Bathsheba therefore went unto king Solomon, to speak unto him for Adonijah. And the king rose up to meet her, and bowed himself unto her, and sat down on his throne, and caused a seat to be set for the king's mother; and she sat on his right hand. -Then she said, I desire one small petition of thee; I pray thee, say me not nay. And the king said unto her, Ask on, my mother: for I will not say thee nay. -And she said, Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah thy brother to wife. -And king Solomon answered and said unto his mother, And why dost thou ask Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? ask for him the kingdom also; for he is mine elder brother; even for him, and for Abiathar the priest, and for Joab the son of Zeruiah. -Then king Solomon sware by the LORD, saying, God do so to me, and more also, if Adonijah have not spoken this word against his own life. -Now therefore, as the LORD liveth, which hath established me, and set me on the throne of David my father, and who hath made me an house, as he promised, Adonijah shall be put to death this day. -And king Solomon sent by the hand of Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; and he fell upon him that he died. -And unto Abiathar the priest said the king, Get thee to Anathoth, unto thine own fields; for thou art worthy of death: but I will not at this time put thee to death, because thou barest the ark of the LORD God before David my father, and because thou hast been afflicted in all wherein my father was afflicted. -So Solomon thrust out Abiathar from being priest unto the LORD; that he might fulfil the word of the LORD, which he spake concerning the house of Eli in Shiloh. -Then tidings came to Joab: for Joab had turned after Adonijah, though he turned not after Absalom. And Joab fled unto the tabernacle of the LORD, and caught hold on the horns of the altar. -And it was told king Solomon that Joab was fled unto the tabernacle of the LORD; and, behold, he is by the altar. Then Solomon sent Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, saying, Go, fall upon him. -And Benaiah came to the tabernacle of the LORD, and said unto him, Thus saith the king, Come forth. And he said, Nay; but I will die here. And Benaiah brought the king word again, saying, Thus said Joab, and thus he answered me. -And the king said unto him, Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the innocent blood, which Joab shed, from me, and from the house of my father. -And the LORD shall return his blood upon his own head, who fell upon two men more righteous and better than he, and slew them with the sword, my father David not knowing thereof, to wit, Abner the son of Ner, captain of the host of Israel, and Amasa the son of Jether, captain of the host of Judah. -Their blood shall therefore return upon the head of Joab, and upon the head of his seed for ever: but upon David, and upon his seed, and upon his house, and upon his throne, shall there be peace for ever from the LORD. -So Benaiah the son of Jehoiada went up, and fell upon him, and slew him: and he was buried in his own house in the wilderness. -And the king put Benaiah the son of Jehoiada in his room over the host: and Zadok the priest did the king put in the room of Abiathar. -And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Build thee an house in Jerusalem, and dwell there, and go not forth thence any whither. -For it shall be, that on the day thou goest out, and passest over the brook Kidron, thou shalt know for certain that thou shalt surely die: thy blood shall be upon thine own head. -And Shimei said unto the king, The saying is good: as my lord the king hath said, so will thy servant do. And Shimei dwelt in Jerusalem many days. -And it came to pass at the end of three years, that two of the servants of Shimei ran away unto Achish son of Maachah king of Gath. And they told Shimei, saying, Behold, thy servants be in Gath. -And Shimei arose, and saddled his ass, and went to Gath to Achish to seek his servants: and Shimei went, and brought his servants from Gath. -And it was told Solomon that Shimei had gone from Jerusalem to Gath, and was come again. -And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Did I not make thee to swear by the LORD, and protested unto thee, saying, Know for a certain, on the day thou goest out, and walkest abroad any whither, that thou shalt surely die? and thou saidst unto me, The word that I have heard is good. -Why then hast thou not kept the oath of the LORD, and the commandment that I have charged thee with? -The king said moreover to Shimei, Thou knowest all the wickedness which thine heart is privy to, that thou didst to David my father: therefore the LORD shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head; -And king Solomon shall be blessed, and the throne of David shall be established before the LORD for ever. -So the king commanded Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; which went out, and fell upon him, that he died. And the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon. -And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD, and the wall of Jerusalem round about. -Only the people sacrificed in high places, because there was no house built unto the name of the LORD, until those days. -And Solomon loved the LORD, walking in the statutes of David his father: only he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places. -And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar. -In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. -And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. -And now, O LORD my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. -And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. -Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people? -And the speech pleased the LORD, that Solomon had asked this thing. -And God said unto him, Because thou hast asked this thing, and hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for thyself understanding to discern judgment; -Behold, I have done according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee. -And I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both riches, and honour: so that there shall not be any among the kings like unto thee all thy days. -And if thou wilt walk in my ways, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy days. -And Solomon awoke; and, behold, it was a dream. And he came to Jerusalem, and stood before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and offered up burnt offerings, and offered peace offerings, and made a feast to all his servants. -Then came there two women, that were harlots, unto the king, and stood before him. -And the one woman said, O my lord, I and this woman dwell in one house; and I was delivered of a child with her in the house. -And it came to pass the third day after that I was delivered, that this woman was delivered also: and we were together; there was no stranger with us in the house, save we two in the house. -And this woman's child died in the night; because she overlaid it. -And she arose at midnight, and took my son from beside me, while thine handmaid slept, and laid it in her bosom, and laid her dead child in my bosom. -And when I rose in the morning to give my child suck, behold, it was dead: but when I had considered it in the morning, behold, it was not my son, which I did bear. -And the other woman said, Nay; but the living is my son, and the dead is thy son. And this said, No; but the dead is thy son, and the living is my son. Thus they spake before the king. -Then said the king, The one saith, This is my son that liveth, and thy son is the dead: and the other saith, Nay; but thy son is the dead, and my son is the living. -And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king. -And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. -Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it. -Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof. -And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment. -So king Solomon was king over all Israel. -And these were the princes which he had; Azariah the son of Zadok the priest, -Elihoreph and Ahiah, the sons of Shisha, scribes; Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, the recorder. -And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the host: and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests: -And Azariah the son of Nathan was over the officers: and Zabud the son of Nathan was principal officer, and the king's friend: -And Ahishar was over the household: and Adoniram the son of Abda was over the tribute. -And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel, which provided victuals for the king and his household: each man his month in a year made provision. -And these are their names: The son of Hur, in mount Ephraim: -The son of Dekar, in Makaz, and in Shaalbim, and Bethshemesh, and Elonbethhanan: -The son of Hesed, in Aruboth; to him pertained Sochoh, and all the land of Hepher: -The son of Abinadab, in all the region of Dor; which had Taphath the daughter of Solomon to wife: -Baana the son of Ahilud; to him pertained Taanach and Megiddo, and all Bethshean, which is by Zartanah beneath Jezreel, from Bethshean to Abelmeholah, even unto the place that is beyond Jokneam: -The son of Geber, in Ramothgilead; to him pertained the towns of Jair the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead; to him also pertained the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, threescore great cities with walls and brasen bars: -Ahinadab the son of Iddo had Mahanaim: -Ahimaaz was in Naphtali; he also took Basmath the daughter of Solomon to wife: -Baanah the son of Hushai was in Asher and in Aloth: -Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar: -Shimei the son of Elah, in Benjamin: -Geber the son of Uri was in the country of Gilead, in the country of Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Bashan; and he was the only officer which was in the land. -Judah and Israel were many, as the sand which is by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry. -And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt: they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life. -And Solomon's provision for one day was thirty measures of fine flour, and threescore measures of meal, -Ten fat oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl. -For he had dominion over all the region on this side the river, from Tiphsah even to Azzah, over all the kings on this side the river: and he had peace on all sides round about him. -And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon. -And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen. -And those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that came unto king Solomon's table, every man in his month: they lacked nothing. -Barley also and straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge. -And God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, even as the sand that is on the sea shore. -And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt. -For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in all nations round about. -And he spake three thousand proverbs: and his songs were a thousand and five. -And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes. -And there came of all people to hear the wisdom of Solomon, from all kings of the earth, which had heard of his wisdom. -And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants unto Solomon; for he had heard that they had anointed him king in the room of his father: for Hiram was ever a lover of David. -And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying, -Thou knowest how that David my father could not build an house unto the name of the LORD his God for the wars which were about him on every side, until the LORD put them under the soles of his feet. -But now the LORD my God hath given me rest on every side, so that there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent. -And, behold, I purpose to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God, as the LORD spake unto David my father, saying, Thy son, whom I will set upon thy throne in thy room, he shall build an house unto my name. -Now therefore command thou that they hew me cedar trees out of Lebanon; and my servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou shalt appoint: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians. -And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the words of Solomon, that he rejoiced greatly, and said, Blessed be the LORD this day, which hath given unto David a wise son over this great people. -And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have considered the things which thou sentest to me for: and I will do all thy desire concerning timber of cedar, and concerning timber of fir. -My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon unto the sea: and I will convey them by sea in floats unto the place that thou shalt appoint me, and will cause them to be discharged there, and thou shalt receive them: and thou shalt accomplish my desire, in giving food for my household. -So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all his desire. -And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for food to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon to Hiram year by year. -And the LORD gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised him: and there was peace between Hiram and Solomon; and they two made a league together. -And king Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel; and the levy was thirty thousand men. -And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses: a month they were in Lebanon, and two months at home: and Adoniram was over the levy. -And Solomon had threescore and ten thousand that bare burdens, and fourscore thousand hewers in the mountains; -Beside the chief of Solomon's officers which were over the work, three thousand and three hundred, which ruled over the people that wrought in the work. -And the king commanded, and they brought great stones, costly stones, and hewed stones, to lay the foundation of the house. -And Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders did hew them, and the stonesquarers: so they prepared timber and stones to build the house. -And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD. -And the house which king Solomon built for the LORD, the length thereof was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits, and the height thereof thirty cubits. -And the porch before the temple of the house, twenty cubits was the length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten cubits was the breadth thereof before the house. -And for the house he made windows of narrow lights. -And against the wall of the house he built chambers round about, against the walls of the house round about, both of the temple and of the oracle: and he made chambers round about: -The nethermost chamber was five cubits broad, and the middle was six cubits broad, and the third was seven cubits broad: for without in the wall of the house he made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the house. -And the house, when it was in building, was built of stone made ready before it was brought thither: so that there was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building. -The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the house: and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber, and out of the middle into the third. -So he built the house, and finished it; and covered the house with beams and boards of cedar. -And then he built chambers against all the house, five cubits high: and they rested on the house with timber of cedar. -And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, saying, -Concerning this house which thou art in building, if thou wilt walk in my statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments to walk in them; then will I perform my word with thee, which I spake unto David thy father: -And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. -So Solomon built the house, and finished it. -And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the house with planks of fir. -And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the house, both the floor and the walls with boards of cedar: he even built them for it within, even for the oracle, even for the most holy place. -And the house, that is, the temple before it, was forty cubits long. -And the cedar of the house within was carved with knops and open flowers: all was cedar; there was no stone seen. -And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to set there the ark of the covenant of the LORD. -And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in length, and twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in the height thereof: and he overlaid it with pure gold; and so covered the altar which was of cedar. -So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure gold: and he made a partition by the chains of gold before the oracle; and he overlaid it with gold. -And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle he overlaid with gold. -And within the oracle he made two cherubims of olive tree, each ten cubits high. -And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub, and five cubits the other wing of the cherub: from the uttermost part of the one wing unto the uttermost part of the other were ten cubits. -And the other cherub was ten cubits: both the cherubims were of one measure and one size. -The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and so was it of the other cherub. -And he set the cherubims within the inner house: and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubims, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. -And he overlaid the cherubims with gold. -And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and without. -And the floors of the house he overlaid with gold, within and without. -And for the entering of the oracle he made doors of olive tree: the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall. -The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims, and upon the palm trees. -So also made he for the door of the temple posts of olive tree, a fourth part of the wall. -And the two doors were of fir tree: the two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. -And he carved thereon cherubims and palm trees and open flowers: and covered them with gold fitted upon the carved work. -And he built the inner court with three rows of hewed stone, and a row of cedar beams. -In the fourth year was the foundation of the house of the LORD laid, in the month Zif: -And in the eleventh year, in the month Bul, which is the eighth month, was the house finished throughout all the parts thereof, and according to all the fashion of it. So was he seven years in building it. -But Solomon was building his own house thirteen years, and he finished all his house. -He built also the house of the forest of Lebanon; the length thereof was an hundred cubits, and the breadth thereof fifty cubits, and the height thereof thirty cubits, upon four rows of cedar pillars, with cedar beams upon the pillars. -And it was covered with cedar above upon the beams, that lay on forty five pillars, fifteen in a row. -And there were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks. -And all the doors and posts were square, with the windows: and light was against light in three ranks. -And he made a porch of pillars; the length thereof was fifty cubits, and the breadth thereof thirty cubits: and the porch was before them: and the other pillars and the thick beam were before them. -Then he made a porch for the throne where he might judge, even the porch of judgment: and it was covered with cedar from one side of the floor to the other. -And his house where he dwelt had another court within the porch, which was of the like work. Solomon made also an house for Pharaoh's daughter, whom he had taken to wife, like unto this porch. -All these were of costly stones, according to the measures of hewed stones, sawed with saws, within and without, even from the foundation unto the coping, and so on the outside toward the great court. -And the foundation was of costly stones, even great stones, stones of ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits. -And above were costly stones, after the measures of hewed stones, and cedars. -And the great court round about was with three rows of hewed stones, and a row of cedar beams, both for the inner court of the house of the LORD, and for the porch of the house. -And king Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of Tyre. -He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker in brass: and he was filled with wisdom, and understanding, and cunning to work all works in brass. And he came to king Solomon, and wrought all his work. -For he cast two pillars of brass, of eighteen cubits high apiece: and a line of twelve cubits did compass either of them about. -And he made two chapiters of molten brass, to set upon the tops of the pillars: the height of the one chapiter was five cubits, and the height of the other chapiter was five cubits: -And nets of checker work, and wreaths of chain work, for the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; seven for the one chapiter, and seven for the other chapiter. -And he made the pillars, and two rows round about upon the one network, to cover the chapiters that were upon the top, with pomegranates: and so did he for the other chapiter. -And the chapiters that were upon the top of the pillars were of lily work in the porch, four cubits. -And the chapiters upon the two pillars had pomegranates also above, over against the belly which was by the network: and the pomegranates were two hundred in rows round about upon the other chapiter. -And he set up the pillars in the porch of the temple: and he set up the right pillar, and called the name thereof Jachin: and he set up the left pillar, and called the name thereof Boaz. -And upon the top of the pillars was lily work: so was the work of the pillars finished. -And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. -And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing it, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about: the knops were cast in two rows, when it was cast. -It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. -And it was an hand breadth thick, and the brim thereof was wrought like the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies: it contained two thousand baths. -And he made ten bases of brass; four cubits was the length of one base, and four cubits the breadth thereof, and three cubits the height of it. -And the work of the bases was on this manner: they had borders, and the borders were between the ledges: -And on the borders that were between the ledges were lions, oxen, and cherubims: and upon the ledges there was a base above: and beneath the lions and oxen were certain additions made of thin work. -And every base had four brasen wheels, and plates of brass: and the four corners thereof had undersetters: under the laver were undersetters molten, at the side of every addition. -And the mouth of it within the chapiter and above was a cubit: but the mouth thereof was round after the work of the base, a cubit and an half: and also upon the mouth of it were gravings with their borders, foursquare, not round. -And under the borders were four wheels; and the axletrees of the wheels were joined to the base: and the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a cubit. -And the work of the wheels was like the work of a chariot wheel: their axletrees, and their naves, and their felloes, and their spokes, were all molten. -And there were four undersetters to the four corners of one base: and the undersetters were of the very base itself. -And in the top of the base was there a round compass of half a cubit high: and on the top of the base the ledges thereof and the borders thereof were of the same. -For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the borders thereof, he graved cherubims, lions, and palm trees, according to the proportion of every one, and additions round about. -After this manner he made the ten bases: all of them had one casting, one measure, and one size. -Then made he ten lavers of brass: one laver contained forty baths: and every laver was four cubits: and upon every one of the ten bases one laver. -And he put five bases on the right side of the house, and five on the left side of the house: and he set the sea on the right side of the house eastward over against the south. -And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the basons. So Hiram made an end of doing all the work that he made king Solomon for the house of the LORD: -The two pillars, and the two bowls of the chapiters that were on the top of the two pillars; and the two networks, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; -And four hundred pomegranates for the two networks, even two rows of pomegranates for one network, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters that were upon the pillars; -And the ten bases, and ten lavers on the bases; -And one sea, and twelve oxen under the sea; -And the pots, and the shovels, and the basons: and all these vessels, which Hiram made to king Solomon for the house of the LORD, were of bright brass. -In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zarthan. -And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were exceeding many: neither was the weight of the brass found out. -And Solomon made all the vessels that pertained unto the house of the LORD: the altar of gold, and the table of gold, whereupon the shewbread was, -And the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the right side, and five on the left, before the oracle, with the flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs of gold, -And the bowls, and the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers of pure gold; and the hinges of gold, both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, to wit, of the temple. -So was ended all the work that king Solomon made for the house of the LORD. And Solomon brought in the things which David his father had dedicated; even the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, did he put among the treasures of the house of the LORD. -Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto king Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the city of David, which is Zion. -And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto king Solomon at the feast in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month. -And all the elders of Israel came, and the priests took up the ark. -And they brought up the ark of the LORD, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, even those did the priests and the Levites bring up. -And king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel, that were assembled unto him, were with him before the ark, sacrificing sheep and oxen, that could not be told nor numbered for multitude. -And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD unto his place, into the oracle of the house, to the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims. -For the cherubims spread forth their two wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above. -And they drew out the staves, that the ends of the staves were seen out in the holy place before the oracle, and they were not seen without: and there they are unto this day. -There was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone, which Moses put there at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt. -And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, -So that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of the LORD. -Then spake Solomon, The LORD said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. -I have surely built thee an house to dwell in, a settled place for thee to abide in for ever. -And the king turned his face about, and blessed all the congregation of Israel: (and all the congregation of Israel stood;) -And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which spake with his mouth unto David my father, and hath with his hand fulfilled it, saying, -Since the day that I brought forth my people Israel out of Egypt, I chose no city out of all the tribes of Israel to build an house, that my name might be therein; but I chose David to be over my people Israel. -And it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. -And the LORD said unto David my father, Whereas it was in thine heart to build an house unto my name, thou didst well that it was in thine heart. -Nevertheless thou shalt not build the house; but thy son that shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house unto my name. -And the LORD hath performed his word that he spake, and I am risen up in the room of David my father, and sit on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. -And I have set there a place for the ark, wherein is the covenant of the LORD, which he made with our fathers, when he brought them out of the land of Egypt. -And Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven: -And he said, LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart: -Who hast kept with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him: thou spakest also with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it is this day. -Therefore now, LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him, saying, There shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit on the throne of Israel; so that thy children take heed to their way, that they walk before me as thou hast walked before me. -And now, O God of Israel, let thy word, I pray thee, be verified, which thou spakest unto thy servant David my father. -But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? -Yet have thou respect unto the prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to hearken unto the cry and to the prayer, which thy servant prayeth before thee to day: -That thine eyes may be open toward this house night and day, even toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be there: that thou mayest hearken unto the prayer which thy servant shall make toward this place. -And hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant, and of thy people Israel, when they shall pray toward this place: and hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place: and when thou hearest, forgive. -If any man trespass against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to cause him to swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house: -Then hear thou in heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his way upon his head; and justifying the righteous, to give him according to his righteousness. -When thy people Israel be smitten down before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee, and shall turn again to thee, and confess thy name, and pray, and make supplication unto thee in this house: -Then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest unto their fathers. -When heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee; if they pray toward this place, and confess thy name, and turn from their sin, when thou afflictest them: -Then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy people Israel, that thou teach them the good way wherein they should walk, and give rain upon thy land, which thou hast given to thy people for an inheritance. -If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence, blasting, mildew, locust, or if there be caterpiller; if their enemy besiege them in the land of their cities; whatsoever plague, whatsoever sickness there be; -What prayer and supplication soever be made by any man, or by all thy people Israel, which shall know every man the plague of his own heart, and spread forth his hands toward this house: -Then hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and do, and give to every man according to his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou, even thou only, knowest the hearts of all the children of men;) -That they may fear thee all the days that they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers. -Moreover concerning a stranger, that is not of thy people Israel, but cometh out of a far country for thy name's sake; -(For they shall hear of thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and of thy stretched out arm;) when he shall come and pray toward this house; -Hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for: that all people of the earth may know thy name, to fear thee, as do thy people Israel; and that they may know that this house, which I have builded, is called by thy name. -If thy people go out to battle against their enemy, whithersoever thou shalt send them, and shall pray unto the LORD toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house that I have built for thy name: -Then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause. -If they sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them to the enemy, so that they carry them away captives unto the land of the enemy, far or near; -Yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they were carried captives, and repent, and make supplication unto thee in the land of them that carried them captives, saying, We have sinned, and have done perversely, we have committed wickedness; -And so return unto thee with all their heart, and with all their soul, in the land of their enemies, which led them away captive, and pray unto thee toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, the city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name: -Then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy dwelling place, and maintain their cause, -And forgive thy people that have sinned against thee, and all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee, and give them compassion before them who carried them captive, that they may have compassion on them: -For they be thy people, and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest forth out of Egypt, from the midst of the furnace of iron: -That thine eyes may be open unto the supplication of thy servant, and unto the supplication of thy people Israel, to hearken unto them in all that they call for unto thee. -For thou didst separate them from among all the people of the earth, to be thine inheritance, as thou spakest by the hand of Moses thy servant, when thou broughtest our fathers out of Egypt, O LORD God. -And it was so, that when Solomon had made an end of praying all this prayer and supplication unto the LORD, he arose from before the altar of the LORD, from kneeling on his knees with his hands spread up to heaven. -And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of Israel with a loud voice, saying, -Blessed be the LORD, that hath given rest unto his people Israel, according to all that he promised: there hath not failed one word of all his good promise, which he promised by the hand of Moses his servant. -The LORD our God be with us, as he was with our fathers: let him not leave us, nor forsake us: -That he may incline our hearts unto him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and his statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded our fathers. -And let these my words, wherewith I have made supplication before the LORD, be nigh unto the LORD our God day and night, that he maintain the cause of his servant, and the cause of his people Israel at all times, as the matter shall require: -That all the people of the earth may know that the LORD is God, and that there is none else. -Let your heart therefore be perfect with the LORD our God, to walk in his statutes, and to keep his commandments, as at this day. -And the king, and all Israel with him, offered sacrifice before the LORD. -And Solomon offered a sacrifice of peace offerings, which he offered unto the LORD, two and twenty thousand oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep. So the king and all the children of Israel dedicated the house of the LORD. -The same day did the king hallow the middle of the court that was before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings: because the brasen altar that was before the LORD was too little to receive the burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings. -And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt, before the LORD our God, seven days and seven days, even fourteen days. -On the eighth day he sent the people away: and they blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness that the LORD had done for David his servant, and for Israel his people. -And it came to pass, when Solomon had finished the building of the house of the LORD, and the king's house, and all Solomon's desire which he was pleased to do, -That the LORD appeared to Solomon the second time, as he had appeared unto him at Gibeon. -And the LORD said unto him, I have heard thy prayer and thy supplication, that thou hast made before me: I have hallowed this house, which thou hast built, to put my name there for ever; and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually. -And if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father walked, in integrity of heart, and in uprightness, to do according to all that I have commanded thee, and wilt keep my statutes and my judgments: -Then I will establish the throne of thy kingdom upon Israel for ever, as I promised to David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man upon the throne of Israel. -But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye or your children, and will not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and worship them: -Then will I cut off Israel out of the land which I have given them; and this house, which I have hallowed for my name, will I cast out of my sight; and Israel shall be a proverb and a byword among all people: -And at this house, which is high, every one that passeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss; and they shall say, Why hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and to this house? -And they shall answer, Because they forsook the LORD their God, who brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken hold upon other gods, and have worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath the LORD brought upon them all this evil. -And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, when Solomon had built the two houses, the house of the LORD, and the king's house, -(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,) that then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee. -And Hiram came out from Tyre to see the cities which Solomon had given him; and they pleased him not. -And he said, What cities are these which thou hast given me, my brother? And he called them the land of Cabul unto this day. -And Hiram sent to the king sixscore talents of gold. -And this is the reason of the levy which king Solomon raised; for to build the house of the LORD, and his own house, and Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem, and Hazor, and Megiddo, and Gezer. -For Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up, and taken Gezer, and burnt it with fire, and slain the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon's wife. -And Solomon built Gezer, and Bethhoron the nether, -And Baalath, and Tadmor in the wilderness, in the land, -And all the cities of store that Solomon had, and cities for his chariots, and cities for his horsemen, and that which Solomon desired to build in Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and in all the land of his dominion. -And all the people that were left of the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, which were not of the children of Israel, -Their children that were left after them in the land, whom the children of Israel also were not able utterly to destroy, upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bondservice unto this day. -But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no bondmen: but they were men of war, and his servants, and his princes, and his captains, and rulers of his chariots, and his horsemen. -These were the chief of the officers that were over Solomon's work, five hundred and fifty, which bare rule over the people that wrought in the work. -But Pharaoh's daughter came up out of the city of David unto her house which Solomon had built for her: then did he build Millo. -And three times in a year did Solomon offer burnt offerings and peace offerings upon the altar which he built unto the LORD, and he burnt incense upon the altar that was before the LORD. So he finished the house. -And king Solomon made a navy of ships in Eziongeber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red sea, in the land of Edom. -And Hiram sent in the navy his servants, shipmen that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon. -And they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence gold, four hundred and twenty talents, and brought it to king Solomon. -And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD, she came to prove him with hard questions. -And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart. -And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not any thing hid from the king, which he told her not. -And when the queen of Sheba had seen all Solomon's wisdom, and the house that he had built, -And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel, and his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went up unto the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her. -And she said to the king, It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom. -Howbeit I believed not the words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the half was not told me: thy wisdom and prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard. -Happy are thy men, happy are these thy servants, which stand continually before thee, and that hear thy wisdom. -Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee, to set thee on the throne of Israel: because the LORD loved Israel for ever, therefore made he thee king, to do judgment and justice. -And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices very great store, and precious stones: there came no more such abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon. -And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir, brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug trees, and precious stones. -And the king made of the almug trees pillars for the house of the LORD, and for the king's house, harps also and psalteries for singers: there came no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day. -And king Solomon gave unto the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own country, she and her servants. -Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred threescore and six talents of gold, -Beside that he had of the merchantmen, and of the traffick of the spice merchants, and of all the kings of Arabia, and of the governors of the country. -And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six hundred shekels of gold went to one target. -And he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three pound of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon. -Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold. -The throne had six steps, and the top of the throne was round behind: and there were stays on either side on the place of the seat, and two lions stood beside the stays. -And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom. -And all king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver: it was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon. -For the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish with the navy of Hiram: once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. -So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth for riches and for wisdom. -And all the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart. -And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and garments, and armour, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year. -And Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, whom he bestowed in the cities for chariots, and with the king at Jerusalem. -And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycomore trees that are in the vale, for abundance. -And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price. -And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their means. -But king Solomon loved many strange women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zidonians, and Hittites: -Of the nations concerning which the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither shall they come in unto you: for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods: Solomon clave unto these in love. -And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines: and his wives turned away his heart. -For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heart after other gods: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as was the heart of David his father. -For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites. -And Solomon did evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD, as did David his father. -Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon. -And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed unto their gods. -And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned from the LORD God of Israel, which had appeared unto him twice, -And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods: but he kept not that which the LORD commanded. -Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. -Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it for David thy father's sake: but I will rend it out of the hand of thy son. -Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; but will give one tribe to thy son for David my servant's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake which I have chosen. -And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite: he was of the king's seed in Edom. -For it came to pass, when David was in Edom, and Joab the captain of the host was gone up to bury the slain, after he had smitten every male in Edom; -(For six months did Joab remain there with all Israel, until he had cut off every male in Edom:) -That Hadad fled, he and certain Edomites of his father's servants with him, to go into Egypt; Hadad being yet a little child. -And they arose out of Midian, and came to Paran: and they took men with them out of Paran, and they came to Egypt, unto Pharaoh king of Egypt; which gave him an house, and appointed him victuals, and gave him land. -And Hadad found great favour in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him to wife the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen. -And the sister of Tahpenes bare him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh's house: and Genubath was in Pharaoh's household among the sons of Pharaoh. -And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers, and that Joab the captain of the host was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh, Let me depart, that I may go to mine own country. -Then Pharaoh said unto him, But what hast thou lacked with me, that, behold, thou seekest to go to thine own country? And he answered, Nothing: howbeit let me go in any wise. -And God stirred him up another adversary, Rezon the son of Eliadah, which fled from his lord Hadadezer king of Zobah: -And he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a band, when David slew them of Zobah: and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and reigned in Damascus. -And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon, beside the mischief that Hadad did: and he abhorred Israel, and reigned over Syria. -And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomon's servant, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman, even he lifted up his hand against the king. -And this was the cause that he lifted up his hand against the king: Solomon built Millo, and repaired the breaches of the city of David his father. -And the man Jeroboam was a mighty man of valour: and Solomon seeing the young man that he was industrious, he made him ruler over all the charge of the house of Joseph. -And it came to pass at that time when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him in the way; and he had clad himself with a new garment; and they two were alone in the field: -And Ahijah caught the new garment that was on him, and rent it in twelve pieces: -And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee: -(But he shall have one tribe for my servant David's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake, the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel:) -Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep my statutes and my judgments, as did David his father. -Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand: but I will make him prince all the days of his life for David my servant's sake, whom I chose, because he kept my commandments and my statutes: -But I will take the kingdom out of his son's hand, and will give it unto thee, even ten tribes. -And unto his son will I give one tribe, that David my servant may have a light alway before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen me to put my name there. -And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign according to all that thy soul desireth, and shalt be king over Israel. -And it shall be, if thou wilt hearken unto all that I command thee, and wilt walk in my ways, and do that is right in my sight, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as David my servant did; that I will be with thee, and build thee a sure house, as I built for David, and will give Israel unto thee. -And I will for this afflict the seed of David, but not for ever. -Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon. -And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon? -And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years. -And Solomon slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead. -And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for all Israel were come to Shechem to make him king. -And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was yet in Egypt, heard of it, (for he was fled from the presence of king Solomon, and Jeroboam dwelt in Egypt;) -That they sent and called him. And Jeroboam and all the congregation of Israel came, and spake unto Rehoboam, saying, -Thy father made our yoke grievous: now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee. -And he said unto them, Depart yet for three days, then come again to me. And the people departed. -And king Rehoboam consulted with the old men, that stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, and said, How do ye advise that I may answer this people? -And they spake unto him, saying, If thou wilt be a servant unto this people this day, and wilt serve them, and answer them, and speak good words to them, then they will be thy servants for ever. -But he forsook the counsel of the old men, which they had given him, and consulted with the young men that were grown up with him, and which stood before him: -And he said unto them, What counsel give ye that we may answer this people, who have spoken to me, saying, Make the yoke which thy father did put upon us lighter? -And the young men that were grown up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou speak unto this people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it lighter unto us; thus shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. -And now whereas my father did lade you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. -So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day, as the king had appointed, saying, Come to me again the third day. -And the king answered the people roughly, and forsook the old men's counsel that they gave him; -And spake to them after the counsel of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke: my father also chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. -Wherefore the king hearkened not unto the people; for the cause was from the LORD, that he might perform his saying, which the LORD spake by Ahijah the Shilonite unto Jeroboam the son of Nebat. -So when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, O Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So Israel departed unto their tents. -But as for the children of Israel which dwelt in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. -Then king Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the tribute; and all Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. Therefore king Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. -So Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day. -And it came to pass, when all Israel heard that Jeroboam was come again, that they sent and called him unto the congregation, and made him king over all Israel: there was none that followed the house of David, but the tribe of Judah only. -And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he assembled all the house of Judah, with the tribe of Benjamin, an hundred and fourscore thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to fight against the house of Israel, to bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam the son of Solomon. -But the word of God came unto Shemaiah the man of God, saying, -Speak unto Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and unto all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the remnant of the people, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not go up, nor fight against your brethren the children of Israel: return every man to his house; for this thing is from me. They hearkened therefore to the word of the LORD, and returned to depart, according to the word of the LORD. -Then Jeroboam built Shechem in mount Ephraim, and dwelt therein; and went out from thence, and built Penuel. -And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to the house of David: -If this people go up to do sacrifice in the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, then shall the heart of this people turn again unto their lord, even unto Rehoboam king of Judah, and they shall kill me, and go again to Rehoboam king of Judah. -Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold, and said unto them, It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem: behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. -And he set the one in Bethel, and the other put he in Dan. -And this thing became a sin: for the people went to worship before the one, even unto Dan. -And he made an house of high places, and made priests of the lowest of the people, which were not of the sons of Levi. -And Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast that is in Judah, and he offered upon the altar. So did he in Bethel, sacrificing unto the calves that he had made: and he placed in Bethel the priests of the high places which he had made. -So he offered upon the altar which he had made in Bethel the fifteenth day of the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised of his own heart; and ordained a feast unto the children of Israel: and he offered upon the altar, and burnt incense. -And, behold, there came a man of God out of Judah by the word of the LORD unto Bethel: and Jeroboam stood by the altar to burn incense. -And he cried against the altar in the word of the LORD, and said, O altar, altar, thus saith the LORD; Behold, a child shall be born unto the house of David, Josiah by name; and upon thee shall he offer the priests of the high places that burn incense upon thee, and men's bones shall be burnt upon thee. -And he gave a sign the same day, saying, This is the sign which the LORD hath spoken; Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the ashes that are upon it shall be poured out. -And it came to pass, when king Jeroboam heard the saying of the man of God, which had cried against the altar in Bethel, that he put forth his hand from the altar, saying, Lay hold on him. And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him. -The altar also was rent, and the ashes poured out from the altar, according to the sign which the man of God had given by the word of the LORD. -And the king answered and said unto the man of God, Intreat now the face of the LORD thy God, and pray for me, that my hand may be restored me again. And the man of God besought the LORD, and the king's hand was restored him again, and became as it was before. -And the king said unto the man of God, Come home with me, and refresh thyself, and I will give thee a reward. -And the man of God said unto the king, If thou wilt give me half thine house, I will not go in with thee, neither will I eat bread nor drink water in this place: -For so was it charged me by the word of the LORD, saying, Eat no bread, nor drink water, nor turn again by the same way that thou camest. -So he went another way, and returned not by the way that he came to Bethel. -Now there dwelt an old prophet in Bethel; and his sons came and told him all the works that the man of God had done that day in Bethel: the words which he had spoken unto the king, them they told also to their father. -And their father said unto them, What way went he? For his sons had seen what way the man of God went, which came from Judah. -And he said unto his sons, Saddle me the ass. So they saddled him the ass: and he rode thereon, -And went after the man of God, and found him sitting under an oak: and he said unto him, Art thou the man of God that camest from Judah? And he said, I am. -Then he said unto him, Come home with me, and eat bread. -And he said, I may not return with thee, nor go in with thee: neither will I eat bread nor drink water with thee in this place: -For it was said to me by the word of the LORD, Thou shalt eat no bread nor drink water there, nor turn again to go by the way that thou camest. -He said unto him, I am a prophet also as thou art; and an angel spake unto me by the word of the LORD, saying, Bring him back with thee into thine house, that he may eat bread and drink water. But he lied unto him. -So he went back with him, and did eat bread in his house, and drank water. -And it came to pass, as they sat at the table, that the word of the LORD came unto the prophet that brought him back: -And he cried unto the man of God that came from Judah, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast disobeyed the mouth of the LORD, and hast not kept the commandment which the LORD thy God commanded thee, -But camest back, and hast eaten bread and drunk water in the place, of the which the Lord did say to thee, Eat no bread, and drink no water; thy carcase shall not come unto the sepulchre of thy fathers. -And it came to pass, after he had eaten bread, and after he had drunk, that he saddled for him the ass, to wit, for the prophet whom he had brought back. -And when he was gone, a lion met him by the way, and slew him: and his carcase was cast in the way, and the ass stood by it, the lion also stood by the carcase. -And, behold, men passed by, and saw the carcase cast in the way, and the lion standing by the carcase: and they came and told it in the city where the old prophet dwelt. -And when the prophet that brought him back from the way heard thereof, he said, It is the man of God, who was disobedient unto the word of the LORD: therefore the LORD hath delivered him unto the lion, which hath torn him, and slain him, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake unto him. -And he spake to his sons, saying, Saddle me the ass. And they saddled him. -And he went and found his carcase cast in the way, and the ass and the lion standing by the carcase: the lion had not eaten the carcase, nor torn the ass. -And the prophet took up the carcase of the man of God, and laid it upon the ass, and brought it back: and the old prophet came to the city, to mourn and to bury him. -And he laid his carcase in his own grave; and they mourned over him, saying, Alas, my brother! -And it came to pass, after he had buried him, that he spake to his sons, saying, When I am dead, then bury me in the sepulchre wherein the man of God is buried; lay my bones beside his bones: -For the saying which he cried by the word of the LORD against the altar in Bethel, and against all the houses of the high places which are in the cities of Samaria, shall surely come to pass. -After this thing Jeroboam returned not from his evil way, but made again of the lowest of the people priests of the high places: whosoever would, he consecrated him, and he became one of the priests of the high places. -And this thing became sin unto the house of Jeroboam, even to cut it off, and to destroy it from off the face of the earth. -At that time Abijah the son of Jeroboam fell sick. -And Jeroboam said to his wife, Arise, I pray thee, and disguise thyself, that thou be not known to be the wife of Jeroboam; and get thee to Shiloh: behold, there is Ahijah the prophet, which told me that I should be king over this people. -And take with thee ten loaves, and cracknels, and a cruse of honey, and go to him: he shall tell thee what shall become of the child. -And Jeroboam's wife did so, and arose, and went to Shiloh, and came to the house of Ahijah. But Ahijah could not see; for his eyes were set by reason of his age. -And the LORD said unto Ahijah, Behold, the wife of Jeroboam cometh to ask a thing of thee for her son; for he is sick: thus and thus shalt thou say unto her: for it shall be, when she cometh in, that she shall feign herself to be another woman. -And it was so, when Ahijah heard the sound of her feet, as she came in at the door, that he said, Come in, thou wife of Jeroboam; why feignest thou thyself to be another? for I am sent to thee with heavy tidings. -Go, tell Jeroboam, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Forasmuch as I exalted thee from among the people, and made thee prince over my people Israel, -And rent the kingdom away from the house of David, and gave it thee: and yet thou hast not been as my servant David, who kept my commandments, and who followed me with all his heart, to do that only which was right in mine eyes; -But hast done evil above all that were before thee: for thou hast gone and made thee other gods, and molten images, to provoke me to anger, and hast cast me behind thy back: -Therefore, behold, I will bring evil upon the house of Jeroboam, and will cut off from Jeroboam him that pisseth against the wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, and will take away the remnant of the house of Jeroboam, as a man taketh away dung, till it be all gone. -Him that dieth of Jeroboam in the city shall the dogs eat; and him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat: for the LORD hath spoken it. -Arise thou therefore, get thee to thine own house: and when thy feet enter into the city, the child shall die. -And all Israel shall mourn for him, and bury him: for he only of Jeroboam shall come to the grave, because in him there is found some good thing toward the LORD God of Israel in the house of Jeroboam. -Moreover the LORD shall raise him up a king over Israel, who shall cut off the house of Jeroboam that day: but what? even now. -For the LORD shall smite Israel, as a reed is shaken in the water, and he shall root up Israel out of this good land, which he gave to their fathers, and shall scatter them beyond the river, because they have made their groves, provoking the LORD to anger. -And he shall give Israel up because of the sins of Jeroboam, who did sin, and who made Israel to sin. -And Jeroboam's wife arose, and departed, and came to Tirzah: and when she came to the threshold of the door, the child died; -And they buried him; and all Israel mourned for him, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by the hand of his servant Ahijah the prophet. -And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how he warred, and how he reigned, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. -And the days which Jeroboam reigned were two and twenty years: and he slept with his fathers, and Nadab his son reigned in his stead. -And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was forty and one years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD did choose out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. -And Judah did evil in the sight of the LORD, and they provoked him to jealousy with their sins which they had committed, above all that their fathers had done. -For they also built them high places, and images, and groves, on every high hill, and under every green tree. -And there were also sodomites in the land: and they did according to all the abominations of the nations which the LORD cast out before the children of Israel. -And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem: -And he took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house; he even took away all: and he took away all the shields of gold which Solomon had made. -And king Rehoboam made in their stead brasen shields, and committed them unto the hands of the chief of the guard, which kept the door of the king's house. -And it was so, when the king went into the house of the LORD, that the guard bare them, and brought them back into the guard chamber. -Now the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? -And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all their days. -And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. And Abijam his son reigned in his stead. -Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam the son of Nebat reigned Abijam over Judah. -Three years reigned he in Jerusalem. and his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom. -And he walked in all the sins of his father, which he had done before him: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as the heart of David his father. -Nevertheless for David's sake did the LORD his God give him a lamp in Jerusalem, to set up his son after him, and to establish Jerusalem: -Because David did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, and turned not aside from any thing that he commanded him all the days of his life, save only in the matter of Uriah the Hittite. -And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all the days of his life. -Now the rest of the acts of Abijam, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? And there was war between Abijam and Jeroboam. -And Abijam slept with his fathers; and they buried him in the city of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead. -And in the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel reigned Asa over Judah. -And forty and one years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom. -And Asa did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, as did David his father. -And he took away the sodomites out of the land, and removed all the idols that his fathers had made. -And also Maachah his mother, even her he removed from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove; and Asa destroyed her idol, and burnt it by the brook Kidron. -But the high places were not removed: nevertheless Asa's heart was perfect with the LORD all his days. -And he brought in the things which his father had dedicated, and the things which himself had dedicated, into the house of the LORD, silver, and gold, and vessels. -And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days. -And Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah, and built Ramah, that he might not suffer any to go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. -Then Asa took all the silver and the gold that were left in the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house, and delivered them into the hand of his servants: and king Asa sent them to Benhadad, the son of Tabrimon, the son of Hezion, king of Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, -There is a league between me and thee, and between my father and thy father: behold, I have sent unto thee a present of silver and gold; come and break thy league with Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me. -So Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of the hosts which he had against the cities of Israel, and smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abelbethmaachah, and all Cinneroth, with all the land of Naphtali. -And it came to pass, when Baasha heard thereof, that he left off building of Ramah, and dwelt in Tirzah. -Then king Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was exempted: and they took away the stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha had builded; and king Asa built with them Geba of Benjamin, and Mizpah. -The rest of all the acts of Asa, and all his might, and all that he did, and the cities which he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? Nevertheless in the time of his old age he was diseased in his feet. -And Asa slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead. -And Nadab the son of Jeroboam began to reign over Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned over Israel two years. -And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of his father, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin. -And Baasha the son of Ahijah, of the house of Issachar, conspired against him; and Baasha smote him at Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel laid siege to Gibbethon. -Even in the third year of Asa king of Judah did Baasha slay him, and reigned in his stead. -And it came to pass, when he reigned, that he smote all the house of Jeroboam; he left not to Jeroboam any that breathed, until he had destroyed him, according unto the saying of the LORD, which he spake by his servant Ahijah the Shilonite: -Because of the sins of Jeroboam which he sinned, and which he made Israel sin, by his provocation wherewith he provoked the LORD God of Israel to anger. -Now the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days. -In the third year of Asa king of Judah began Baasha the son of Ahijah to reign over all Israel in Tirzah, twenty and four years. -And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin. -Then the word of the LORD came to Jehu the son of Hanani against Baasha, saying, -Forasmuch as I exalted thee out of the dust, and made thee prince over my people Israel; and thou hast walked in the way of Jeroboam, and hast made my people Israel to sin, to provoke me to anger with their sins; -Behold, I will take away the posterity of Baasha, and the posterity of his house; and will make thy house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat. -Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat; and him that dieth of his in the fields shall the fowls of the air eat. -Now the rest of the acts of Baasha, and what he did, and his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -So Baasha slept with his fathers, and was buried in Tirzah: and Elah his son reigned in his stead. -And also by the hand of the prophet Jehu the son of Hanani came the word of the LORD against Baasha, and against his house, even for all the evil that he did in the sight of the LORD, in provoking him to anger with the work of his hands, in being like the house of Jeroboam; and because he killed him. -In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah began Elah the son of Baasha to reign over Israel in Tirzah, two years. -And his servant Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired against him, as he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza steward of his house in Tirzah. -And Zimri went in and smote him, and killed him, in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his stead. -And it came to pass, when he began to reign, as soon as he sat on his throne, that he slew all the house of Baasha: he left him not one that pisseth against a wall, neither of his kinsfolks, nor of his friends. -Thus did Zimri destroy all the house of Baasha, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake against Baasha by Jehu the prophet. -For all the sins of Baasha, and the sins of Elah his son, by which they sinned, and by which they made Israel to sin, in provoking the LORD God of Israel to anger with their vanities. -Now the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -In the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah did Zimri reign seven days in Tirzah. And the people were encamped against Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines. -And the people that were encamped heard say, Zimri hath conspired, and hath also slain the king: wherefore all Israel made Omri, the captain of the host, king over Israel that day in the camp. -And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with him, and they besieged Tirzah. -And it came to pass, when Zimri saw that the city was taken, that he went into the palace of the king's house, and burnt the king's house over him with fire, and died. -For his sins which he sinned in doing evil in the sight of the LORD, in walking in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin which he did, to make Israel to sin. -Now the rest of the acts of Zimri, and his treason that he wrought, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -Then were the people of Israel divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king; and half followed Omri. -But the people that followed Omri prevailed against the people that followed Tibni the son of Ginath: so Tibni died, and Omri reigned. -In the thirty and first year of Asa king of Judah began Omri to reign over Israel, twelve years: six years reigned he in Tirzah. -And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two talents of silver, and built on the hill, and called the name of the city which he built, after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill, Samaria. -But Omri wrought evil in the eyes of the LORD, and did worse than all that were before him. -For he walked in all the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin, to provoke the LORD God of Israel to anger with their vanities. -Now the rest of the acts of Omri which he did, and his might that he shewed, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -So Omri slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria: and Ahab his son reigned in his stead. -And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa king of Judah began Ahab the son of Omri to reign over Israel: and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years. -And Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the sight of the LORD above all that were before him. -And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonians, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him. -And he reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which he had built in Samaria. -And Ahab made a grove; and Ahab did more to provoke the LORD God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him. -In his days did Hiel the Bethelite build Jericho: he laid the foundation thereof in Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gates thereof in his youngest son Segub, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by Joshua the son of Nun. -And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab, As the LORD God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word. -And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, -Get thee hence, and turn thee eastward, and hide thyself by the brook Cherith, that is before Jordan. -And it shall be, that thou shalt drink of the brook; and I have commanded the ravens to feed thee there. -So he went and did according unto the word of the LORD: for he went and dwelt by the brook Cherith, that is before Jordan. -And the ravens brought him bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening; and he drank of the brook. -And it came to pass after a while, that the brook dried up, because there had been no rain in the land. -And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, -Arise, get thee to Zarephath, which belongeth to Zidon, and dwell there: behold, I have commanded a widow woman there to sustain thee. -So he arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate of the city, behold, the widow woman was there gathering of sticks: and he called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. -And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine hand. -And she said, As the LORD thy God liveth, I have not a cake, but an handful of meal in a barrel, and a little oil in a cruse: and, behold, I am gathering two sticks, that I may go in and dress it for me and my son, that we may eat it, and die. -And Elijah said unto her, Fear not; go and do as thou hast said: but make me thereof a little cake first, and bring it unto me, and after make for thee and for thy son. -For thus saith the LORD God of Israel, The barrel of meal shall not waste, neither shall the cruse of oil fail, until the day that the LORD sendeth rain upon the earth. -And she went and did according to the saying of Elijah: and she, and he, and her house, did eat many days. -And the barrel of meal wasted not, neither did the cruse of oil fail, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by Elijah. -And it came to pass after these things, that the son of the woman, the mistress of the house, fell sick; and his sickness was so sore, that there was no breath left in him. -And she said unto Elijah, What have I to do with thee, O thou man of God? art thou come unto me to call my sin to remembrance, and to slay my son? -And he said unto her, Give me thy son. And he took him out of her bosom, and carried him up into a loft, where he abode, and laid him upon his own bed. -And he cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, hast thou also brought evil upon the widow with whom I sojourn, by slaying her son? -And he stretched himself upon the child three times, and cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, I pray thee, let this child's soul come into him again. -And the LORD heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into him again, and he revived. -And Elijah took the child, and brought him down out of the chamber into the house, and delivered him unto his mother: and Elijah said, See, thy son liveth. -And the woman said to Elijah, Now by this I know that thou art a man of God, and that the word of the LORD in thy mouth is truth. -And it came to pass after many days, that the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth. -And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there was a sore famine in Samaria. -And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house. (Now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly: -For it was so, when Jezebel cut off the prophets of the LORD, that Obadiah took an hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water.) -And Ahab said unto Obadiah, Go into the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks: peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the beasts. -So they divided the land between them to pass throughout it: Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself. -And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord Elijah? -And he answered him, I am: go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here. -And he said, What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of Ahab, to slay me? -As the LORD thy God liveth, there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee: and when they said, He is not there; he took an oath of the kingdom and nation, that they found thee not. -And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here. -And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that the Spirit of the LORD shall carry thee whither I know not; and so when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me: but I thy servant fear the LORD from my youth. -Was it not told my lord what I did when Jezebel slew the prophets of the LORD, how I hid an hundred men of the LORD's prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? -And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here: and he shall slay me. -And Elijah said, As the LORD of hosts liveth, before whom I stand, I will surely shew myself unto him to day. -So Obadiah went to meet Ahab, and told him: and Ahab went to meet Elijah. -And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel? -And he answered, I have not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father's house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the LORD, and thou hast followed Baalim. -Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel's table. -So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered the prophets together unto mount Carmel. -And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? if the LORD be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. And the people answered him not a word. -Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only, remain a prophet of the LORD; but Baal's prophets are four hundred and fifty men. -Let them therefore give us two bullocks; and let them choose one bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: and I will dress the other bullock, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: -And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, It is well spoken. -And Elijah said unto the prophets of Baal, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under. -And they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed it, and called on the name of Baal from morning even until noon, saying, O Baal, hear us. But there was no voice, nor any that answered. And they leaped upon the altar which was made. -And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked. -And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them. -And it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded. -And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down. -And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, unto whom the word of the LORD came, saying, Israel shall be thy name: -And with the stones he built an altar in the name of the LORD: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed. -And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood. -And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second time. And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time. -And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the trench also with water. -And it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy word. -Hear me, O LORD, hear me, that this people may know that thou art the LORD God, and that thou hast turned their heart back again. -Then the fire of the LORD fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench. -And when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces: and they said, The LORD, he is the God; the LORD, he is the God. -And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not one of them escape. And they took them: and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew them there. -And Elijah said unto Ahab, Get thee up, eat and drink; for there is a sound of abundance of rain. -So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to the top of Carmel; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees, -And said to his servant, Go up now, look toward the sea. And he went up, and looked, and said, There is nothing. And he said, Go again seven times. -And it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man's hand. And he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare thy chariot, and get thee down that the rain stop thee not. -And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel. -And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah; and he girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab to the entrance of Jezreel. -And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and withal how he had slain all the prophets with the sword. -Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by to morrow about this time. -And when he saw that, he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beersheba, which belongeth to Judah, and left his servant there. -But he himself went a day's journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a juniper tree: and he requested for himself that he might die; and said, It is enough; now, O LORD, take away my life; for I am not better than my fathers. -And as he lay and slept under a juniper tree, behold, then an angel touched him, and said unto him, Arise and eat. -And he looked, and, behold, there was a cake baken on the coals, and a cruse of water at his head. And he did eat and drink, and laid him down again. -And the angel of the LORD came again the second time, and touched him, and said, Arise and eat; because the journey is too great for thee. -And he arose, and did eat and drink, and went in the strength of that meat forty days and forty nights unto Horeb the mount of God. -And he came thither unto a cave, and lodged there; and, behold, the word of the LORD came to him, and he said unto him, What doest thou here, Elijah? -And he said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts: for the children of Israel have forsaken thy covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it away. -And he said, Go forth, and stand upon the mount before the LORD. And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the LORD; but the LORD was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the LORD was not in the earthquake: -And after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice. -And it was so, when Elijah heard it, that he wrapped his face in his mantle, and went out, and stood in the entering in of the cave. And, behold, there came a voice unto him, and said, What doest thou here, Elijah? -And he said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts: because the children of Israel have forsaken thy covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it away. -And the LORD said unto him, Go, return on thy way to the wilderness of Damascus: and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be king over Syria: -And Jehu the son of Nimshi shalt thou anoint to be king over Israel: and Elisha the son of Shaphat of Abelmeholah shalt thou anoint to be prophet in thy room. -And it shall come to pass, that him that escapeth the sword of Hazael shall Jehu slay: and him that escapeth from the sword of Jehu shall Elisha slay. -Yet I have left me seven thousand in Israel, all the knees which have not bowed unto Baal, and every mouth which hath not kissed him. -So he departed thence, and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, who was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth: and Elijah passed by him, and cast his mantle upon him. -And he left the oxen, and ran after Elijah, and said, Let me, I pray thee, kiss my father and my mother, and then I will follow thee. And he said unto him, Go back again: for what have I done to thee? -And he returned back from him, and took a yoke of oxen, and slew them, and boiled their flesh with the instruments of the oxen, and gave unto the people, and they did eat. Then he arose, and went after Elijah, and ministered unto him. -And Benhadad the king of Syria gathered all his host together: and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and warred against it. -And he sent messengers to Ahab king of Israel into the city, and said unto him, Thus saith Benhadad, -Thy silver and thy gold is mine; thy wives also and thy children, even the goodliest, are mine. -And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king, according to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have. -And the messengers came again, and said, Thus speaketh Benhadad, saying, Although I have sent unto thee, saying, Thou shalt deliver me thy silver, and thy gold, and thy wives, and thy children; -Yet I will send my servants unto thee to morrow about this time, and they shall search thine house, and the houses of thy servants; and it shall be, that whatsoever is pleasant in thine eyes, they shall put it in their hand, and take it away. -Then the king of Israel called all the elders of the land, and said, Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief: for he sent unto me for my wives, and for my children, and for my silver, and for my gold; and I denied him not. -And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not unto him, nor consent. -Wherefore he said unto the messengers of Benhadad, Tell my lord the king, All that thou didst send for to thy servant at the first I will do: but this thing I may not do. And the messengers departed, and brought him word again. -And Benhadad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me, and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me. -And the king of Israel answered and said, Tell him, Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off. -And it came to pass, when Ben-hadad heard this message, as he was drinking, he and the kings in the pavilions, that he said unto his servants, Set yourselves in array. And they set themselves in array against the city. -And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou seen all this great multitude? behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. -And Ahab said, By whom? And he said, Thus saith the LORD, Even by the young men of the princes of the provinces. Then he said, Who shall order the battle? And he answered, Thou. -Then he numbered the young men of the princes of the provinces, and they were two hundred and thirty two: and after them he numbered all the people, even all the children of Israel, being seven thousand. -And they went out at noon. But Benhadad was drinking himself drunk in the pavilions, he and the kings, the thirty and two kings that helped him. -And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out first; and Benhadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men come out of Samaria. -And he said, Whether they be come out for peace, take them alive; or whether they be come out for war, take them alive. -So these young men of the princes of the provinces came out of the city, and the army which followed them. -And they slew every one his man: and the Syrians fled; and Israel pursued them: and Benhadad the king of Syria escaped on an horse with the horsemen. -And the king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and chariots, and slew the Syrians with a great slaughter. -And the prophet came to the king of Israel, and said unto him, Go, strengthen thyself, and mark, and see what thou doest: for at the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee. -And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. -And do this thing, Take the kings away, every man out of his place, and put captains in their rooms: -And number thee an army, like the army that thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for chariot: and we will fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. And he hearkened unto their voice, and did so. -And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Benhadad numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against Israel. -And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country. -And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel, and said, Thus saith the LORD, Because the Syrians have said, The LORD is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in one day. -But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Benhadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber. -And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life. -So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Benhadad saith, I pray thee, let me live. And he said, Is he yet alive? he is my brother. -Now the men did diligently observe whether any thing would come from him, and did hastily catch it: and they said, Thy brother Benhadad. Then he said, Go ye, bring him. Then Benhadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into the chariot. -And Ben-hadad said unto him, The cities, which my father took from thy father, I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. Then said Ahab, I will send thee away with this covenant. So he made a covenant with him, and sent him away. -And a certain man of the sons of the prophets said unto his neighbour in the word of the LORD, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man refused to smite him. -Then said he unto him, Because thou hast not obeyed the voice of the LORD, behold, as soon as thou art departed from me, a lion shall slay thee. And as soon as he was departed from him, a lion found him, and slew him. -Then he found another man, and said, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man smote him, so that in smiting he wounded him. -So the prophet departed, and waited for the king by the way, and disguised himself with ashes upon his face. -And as the king passed by, he cried unto the king: and he said, Thy servant went out into the midst of the battle; and, behold, a man turned aside, and brought a man unto me, and said, Keep this man: if by any means he be missing, then shall thy life be for his life, or else thou shalt pay a talent of silver. -And as thy servant was busy here and there, he was gone. And the king of Israel said unto him, So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it. -And he hasted, and took the ashes away from his face; and the king of Israel discerned him that he was of the prophets. -And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Because thou hast let go out of thy hand a man whom I appointed to utter destruction, therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his people. -And the king of Israel went to his house heavy and displeased, and came to Samaria. -And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, hard by the palace of Ahab king of Samaria. -And Ahab spake unto Naboth, saying, Give me thy vineyard, that I may have it for a garden of herbs, because it is near unto my house: and I will give thee for it a better vineyard than it; or, if it seem good to thee, I will give thee the worth of it in money. -And Naboth said to Ahab, The LORD forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee. -And Ahab came into his house heavy and displeased because of the word which Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him: for he had said, I will not give thee the inheritance of my fathers. And he laid him down upon his bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no bread. -But Jezebel his wife came to him, and said unto him, Why is thy spirit so sad, that thou eatest no bread? -And he said unto her, Because I spake unto Naboth the Jezreelite, and said unto him, Give me thy vineyard for money; or else, if it please thee, I will give thee another vineyard for it: and he answered, I will not give thee my vineyard. -And Jezebel his wife said unto him, Dost thou now govern the kingdom of Israel? arise, and eat bread, and let thine heart be merry: I will give thee the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite. -So she wrote letters in Ahab's name, and sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters unto the elders and to the nobles that were in his city, dwelling with Naboth. -And she wrote in the letters, saying, Proclaim a fast, and set Naboth on high among the people: -And set two men, sons of Belial, before him, to bear witness against him, saying, Thou didst blaspheme God and the king. And then carry him out, and stone him, that he may die. -And the men of his city, even the elders and the nobles who were the inhabitants in his city, did as Jezebel had sent unto them, and as it was written in the letters which she had sent unto them. -They proclaimed a fast, and set Naboth on high among the people. -And there came in two men, children of Belial, and sat before him: and the men of Belial witnessed against him, even against Naboth, in the presence of the people, saying, Naboth did blaspheme God and the king. Then they carried him forth out of the city, and stoned him with stones, that he died. -Then they sent to Jezebel, saying, Naboth is stoned, and is dead. -And it came to pass, when Jezebel heard that Naboth was stoned, and was dead, that Jezebel said to Ahab, Arise, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused to give thee for money: for Naboth is not alive, but dead. -And it came to pass, when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, that Ahab rose up to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to take possession of it. -And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, -Arise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, which is in Samaria: behold, he is in the vineyard of Naboth, whither he is gone down to possess it. -And thou shalt speak unto him, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou killed, and also taken possession? And thou shalt speak unto him, saying, Thus saith the LORD, In the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick thy blood, even thine. -And Ahab said to Elijah, Hast thou found me, O mine enemy? And he answered, I have found thee: because thou hast sold thyself to work evil in the sight of the LORD. -Behold, I will bring evil upon thee, and will take away thy posterity, and will cut off from Ahab him that pisseth against the wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, -And will make thine house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha the son of Ahijah, for the provocation wherewith thou hast provoked me to anger, and made Israel to sin. -And of Jezebel also spake the LORD, saying, The dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel. -Him that dieth of Ahab in the city the dogs shall eat; and him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat. -But there was none like unto Ahab, which did sell himself to work wickedness in the sight of the LORD, whom Jezebel his wife stirred up. -And he did very abominably in following idols, according to all things as did the Amorites, whom the LORD cast out before the children of Israel. -And it came to pass, when Ahab heard those words, that he rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his flesh, and fasted, and lay in sackcloth, and went softly. -And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, -Seest thou how Ahab humbleth himself before me? because he humbleth himself before me, I will not bring the evil in his days: but in his son's days will I bring the evil upon his house. -And they continued three years without war between Syria and Israel. -And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel. -And the king of Israel said unto his servants, Know ye that Ramoth in Gilead is ours, and we be still, and take it not out of the hand of the king of Syria? -And he said unto Jehoshaphat, Wilt thou go with me to battle to Ramothgilead? And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, I am as thou art, my people as thy people, my horses as thy horses. -And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray thee, at the word of the LORD to day. -Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall I go against Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. -And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD besides, that we might enquire of him? -And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, Micaiah the son of Imlah, by whom we may enquire of the LORD: but I hate him; for he doth not prophesy good concerning me, but evil. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not the king say so. -Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, Hasten hither Micaiah the son of Imlah. -And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat each on his throne, having put on their robes, in a void place in the entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied before them. -And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made him horns of iron: and he said, Thus saith the LORD, With these shalt thou push the Syrians, until thou have consumed them. -And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the king's hand. -And the messenger that was gone to call Micaiah spake unto him, saying, Behold now, the words of the prophets declare good unto the king with one mouth: let thy word, I pray thee, be like the word of one of them, and speak that which is good. -And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, what the LORD saith unto me, that will I speak. -So he came to the king. And the king said unto him, Micaiah, shall we go against Ramothgilead to battle, or shall we forbear? And he answered him, Go, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. -And the king said unto him, How many times shall I adjure thee that thou tell me nothing but that which is true in the name of the LORD? -And he said, I saw all Israel scattered upon the hills, as sheep that have not a shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no master: let them return every man to his house in peace. -And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee that he would prophesy no good concerning me, but evil? -And he said, Hear thou therefore the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left. -And the LORD said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one said on this manner, and another said on that manner. -And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and said, I will persuade him. -And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persude him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. -Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil concerning thee. -But Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah went near, and smote Micaiah on the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me to speak unto thee? -And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see in that day, when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself. -And the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, and carry him back unto Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son; -And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I come in peace. -And Micaiah said, If thou return at all in peace, the LORD hath not spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, O people, every one of you. -So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramothgilead. -And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise myself, and enter into the battle; but put thou on thy robes. And the king of Israel disguised himself, and went into the battle. -But the king of Syria commanded his thirty and two captains that had rule over his chariots, saying, Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel. -And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, Surely it is the king of Israel. And they turned aside to fight against him: and Jehoshaphat cried out. -And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots perceived that it was not the king of Israel, that they turned back from pursuing him. -And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: wherefore he said unto the driver of his chariot, Turn thine hand, and carry me out of the host; for I am wounded. -And the battle increased that day: and the king was stayed up in his chariot against the Syrians, and died at even: and the blood ran out of the wound into the midst of the chariot. -And there went a proclamation throughout the host about the going down of the sun, saying, Every man to his city, and every man to his own country. -So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried the king in Samaria. -And one washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria; and the dogs licked up his blood; and they washed his armour; according unto the word of the LORD which he spake. -Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the ivory house which he made, and all the cities that he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? -So Ahab slept with his fathers; and Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead. -And Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. -Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. -And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the LORD: nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people offered and burnt incense yet in the high places. -And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel. -Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his might that he shewed, and how he warred, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? -And the remnant of the sodomites, which remained in the days of his father Asa, he took out of the land. -There was then no king in Edom: a deputy was king. -Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Eziongeber. -Then said Ahaziah the son of Ahab unto Jehoshaphat, Let my servants go with thy servants in the ships. But Jehoshaphat would not. -And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoram his son reigned in his stead. -Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two years over Israel. -And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of his father, and in the way of his mother, and in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin: -For he served Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger the LORD God of Israel, according to all that his father had done. -Adam, Sheth, Enosh, -Kenan, Mahalaleel, Jered, -Henoch, Methuselah, Lamech, -Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. -The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. -And the sons of Gomer; Ashchenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. -And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. -The sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. -And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabta, and Raamah, and Sabtecha. And the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. -And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be mighty upon the earth. -And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim, -And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (of whom came the Philistines,) and Caphthorim. -And Canaan begat Zidon his firstborn, and Heth, -The Jebusite also, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite, -And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite, -And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. -The sons of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram, and Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Meshech. -And Arphaxad begat Shelah, and Shelah begat Eber. -And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg; because in his days the earth was divided: and his brother's name was Joktan. -And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, -Hadoram also, and Uzal, and Diklah, -And Ebal, and Abimael, and Sheba, -And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan. -Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah, -Eber, Peleg, Reu, -Serug, Nahor, Terah, -Abram; the same is Abraham. -The sons of Abraham; Isaac, and Ishmael. -These are their generations: The firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; then Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, -Mishma, and Dumah, Massa, Hadad, and Tema, -Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. -Now the sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine: she bare Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. And the sons of Jokshan; Sheba, and Dedan. -And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Henoch, and Abida, and Eldaah. All these are the sons of Keturah. -And Abraham begat Isaac. The sons of Isaac; Esau and Israel. -The sons of Esau; Eliphaz, Reuel, and Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. -The sons of Eliphaz; Teman, and Omar, Zephi, and Gatam, Kenaz, and Timna, and Amalek. -The sons of Reuel; Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah. -And the sons of Seir; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, and Dishon, and Ezar, and Dishan. -And the sons of Lotan; Hori, and Homam: and Timna was Lotan's sister. -The sons of Shobal; Alian, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shephi, and Onam. and the sons of Zibeon; Aiah, and Anah. -The sons of Anah; Dishon. And the sons of Dishon; Amram, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran. -The sons of Ezer; Bilhan, and Zavan, and Jakan. The sons of Dishan; Uz, and Aran. -Now these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom before any king reigned over the children of Israel; Bela the son of Beor: and the name of his city was Dinhabah. -And when Bela was dead, Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in his stead. -And when Jobab was dead, Husham of the land of the Temanites reigned in his stead. -And when Husham was dead, Hadad the son of Bedad, which smote Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Avith. -And when Hadad was dead, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. -And when Samlah was dead, Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. -And when Shaul was dead, Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his stead. -And when Baalhanan was dead, Hadad reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Pai; and his wife's name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab. -Hadad died also. And the dukes of Edom were; duke Timnah, duke Aliah, duke Jetheth, -Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, -Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, -Duke Magdiel, duke Iram. These are the dukes of Edom. -These are the sons of Israel; Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun, -Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. -The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah: which three were born unto him of the daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, the firstborn of Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he slew him. -And Tamar his daughter in law bore him Pharez and Zerah. All the sons of Judah were five. -The sons of Pharez; Hezron, and Hamul. -And the sons of Zerah; Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara: five of them in all. -And the sons of Carmi; Achar, the troubler of Israel, who transgressed in the thing accursed. -And the sons of Ethan; Azariah. -The sons also of Hezron, that were born unto him; Jerahmeel, and Ram, and Chelubai. -And Ram begat Amminadab; and Amminadab begat Nahshon, prince of the children of Judah; -And Nahshon begat Salma, and Salma begat Boaz, -And Boaz begat Obed, and Obed begat Jesse, -And Jesse begat his firstborn Eliab, and Abinadab the second, and Shimma the third, -Nethaneel the fourth, Raddai the fifth, -Ozem the sixth, David the seventh: -Whose sisters were Zeruiah, and Abigail. And the sons of Zeruiah; Abishai, and Joab, and Asahel, three. -And Abigail bare Amasa: and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmeelite. -And Caleb the son of Hezron begat children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth: her sons are these; Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon. -And when Azubah was dead, Caleb took unto him Ephrath, which bare him Hur. -And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezaleel. -And afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead, whom he married when he was threescore years old; and she bare him Segub. -And Segub begat Jair, who had three and twenty cities in the land of Gilead. -And he took Geshur, and Aram, with the towns of Jair, from them, with Kenath, and the towns thereof, even threescore cities. All these belonged to the sons of Machir the father of Gilead. -And after that Hezron was dead in Calebephratah, then Abiah Hezron's wife bare him Ashur the father of Tekoa. -And the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of Hezron were, Ram the firstborn, and Bunah, and Oren, and Ozem, and Ahijah. -Jerahmeel had also another wife, whose name was Atarah; she was the mother of Onam. -And the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel were, Maaz, and Jamin, and Eker. -And the sons of Onam were, Shammai, and Jada. And the sons of Shammai; Nadab and Abishur. -And the name of the wife of Abishur was Abihail, and she bare him Ahban, and Molid. -And the sons of Nadab; Seled, and Appaim: but Seled died without children. -And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons of Ishi; Sheshan. And the children of Sheshan; Ahlai. -And the sons of Jada the brother of Shammai; Jether, and Jonathan: and Jether died without children. -And the sons of Jonathan; Peleth, and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel. -Now Sheshan had no sons, but daughters. And Sheshan had a servant, an Egyptian, whose name was Jarha. -And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant to wife; and she bare him Attai. -And Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad, -And Zabad begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat Obed, -And Obed begat Jehu, and Jehu begat Azariah, -And Azariah begat Helez, and Helez begat Eleasah, -And Eleasah begat Sisamai, and Sisamai begat Shallum, -And Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat Elishama. -Now the sons of Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel were, Mesha his firstborn, which was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron. -And the sons of Hebron; Korah, and Tappuah, and Rekem, and Shema. -And Shema begat Raham, the father of Jorkoam: and Rekem begat Shammai. -And the son of Shammai was Maon: and Maon was the father of Bethzur. -And Ephah, Caleb's concubine, bare Haran, and Moza, and Gazez: and Haran begat Gazez. -And the sons of Jahdai; Regem, and Jotham, and Gesham, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. -Maachah, Caleb's concubine, bare Sheber, and Tirhanah. -She bare also Shaaph the father of Madmannah, Sheva the father of Machbenah, and the father of Gibea: and the daughter of Caleb was Achsa. -These were the sons of Caleb the son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah; Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim. -Salma the father of Bethlehem, Hareph the father of Bethgader. -And Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim had sons; Haroeh, and half of the Manahethites. -And the families of Kirjathjearim; the Ithrites, and the Puhites, and the Shumathites, and the Mishraites; of them came the Zareathites, and the Eshtaulites, -The sons of Salma; Bethlehem, and the Netophathites, Ataroth, the house of Joab, and half of the Manahethites, the Zorites. -And the families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez; the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and Suchathites. These are the Kenites that came of Hemath, the father of the house of Rechab. -Now these were the sons of David, which were born unto him in Hebron; the firstborn Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the second Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess: -The third, Absalom the son of Maachah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur: the fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith: -The fifth, Shephatiah of Abital: the sixth, Ithream by Eglah his wife. -These six were born unto him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years. -And these were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shimea, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon, four, of Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel: -Ibhar also, and Elishama, and Eliphelet, -And Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia, -And Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet, nine. -These were all the sons of David, beside the sons of the concubines, and Tamar their sister. -And Solomon's son was Rehoboam, Abia his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son, -Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son, -Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son, -Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son, -Amon his son, Josiah his son. -And the sons of Josiah were, the firstborn Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum. -And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son, Zedekiah his son. -And the sons of Jeconiah; Assir, Salathiel his son, -Malchiram also, and Pedaiah, and Shenazar, Jecamiah, Hoshama, and Nedabiah. -And the sons of Pedaiah were, Zerubbabel, and Shimei: and the sons of Zerubbabel; Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their sister: -And Hashubah, and Ohel, and Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushabhesed, five. -And the sons of Hananiah; Pelatiah, and Jesaiah: the sons of Rephaiah, the sons of Arnan, the sons of Obadiah, the sons of Shechaniah. -And the sons of Shechaniah; Shemaiah: and the sons of Shemaiah; Hattush, and Igeal, and Bariah, and Neariah, and Shaphat, six. -And the sons of Neariah; Elioenai, and Hezekiah, and Azrikam, three. -And the sons of Elioenai were, Hodaiah, and Eliashib, and Pelaiah, and Akkub, and Johanan, and Dalaiah, and Anani, seven. -The sons of Judah; Pharez, Hezron, and Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal. -And Reaiah the son of Shobal begat Jahath; and Jahath begat Ahumai, and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites. -And these were of the father of Etam; Jezreel, and Ishma, and Idbash: and the name of their sister was Hazelelponi: -And Penuel the father of Gedor, and Ezer the father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah, the father of Bethlehem. -And Ashur the father of Tekoa had two wives, Helah and Naarah. -And Naarah bare him Ahuzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah. -And the sons of Helah were, Zereth, and Jezoar, and Ethnan. -And Coz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel the son of Harum. -And Jabez was more honourable than his brethren: and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, Because I bare him with sorrow. -And Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that thou wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thine hand might be with me, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested. -And Chelub the brother of Shuah begat Mehir, which was the father of Eshton. -And Eshton begat Bethrapha, and Paseah, and Tehinnah the father of Irnahash. These are the men of Rechah. -And the sons of Kenaz; Othniel, and Seraiah: and the sons of Othniel; Hathath. -And Meonothai begat Ophrah: and Seraiah begat Joab, the father of the valley of Charashim; for they were craftsmen. -And the sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh; Iru, Elah, and Naam: and the sons of Elah, even Kenaz. -And the sons of Jehaleleel; Ziph, and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asareel. -And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. -And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took. -And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham, the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maachathite. -And the sons of Shimon were, Amnon, and Rinnah, Benhanan, and Tilon. And the sons of Ishi were, Zoheth, and Benzoheth. -The sons of Shelah the son of Judah were, Er the father of Lecah, and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of them that wrought fine linen, of the house of Ashbea, -And Jokim, and the men of Chozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had the dominion in Moab, and Jashubilehem. And these are ancient things. -These were the potters, and those that dwelt among plants and hedges: there they dwelt with the king for his work. -The sons of Simeon were, Nemuel, and Jamin, Jarib, Zerah, and Shaul: -Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, Mishma his son. -And the sons of Mishma; Hamuel his son, Zacchur his son, Shimei his son. -And Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters: but his brethren had not many children, neither did all their family multiply, like to the children of Judah. -And they dwelt at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual, -And at Bilhah, and at Ezem, and at Tolad, -And at Bethuel, and at Hormah, and at Ziklag, -And at Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusim, and at Bethbirei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David. -And their villages were, Etam, and Ain, Rimmon, and Tochen, and Ashan, five cities: -And all their villages that were round about the same cities, unto Baal. These were their habitations, and their genealogy. -And Meshobab, and Jamlech, and Joshah, the son of Amaziah, -And Joel, and Jehu the son of Josibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of Asiel, -And Elioenai, and Jaakobah, and Jeshohaiah, and Asaiah, and Adiel, and Jesimiel, and Benaiah, -And Ziza the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of Shemaiah; -These mentioned by their names were princes in their families: and the house of their fathers increased greatly. -And they went to the entrance of Gedor, even unto the east side of the valley, to seek pasture for their flocks. -And they found fat pasture and good, and the land was wide, and quiet, and peaceable; for they of Ham had dwelt there of old. -And these written by name came in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and smote their tents, and the habitations that were found there, and destroyed them utterly unto this day, and dwelt in their rooms: because there was pasture there for their flocks. -And some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi. -And they smote the rest of the Amalekites that were escaped, and dwelt there unto this day. -Now the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel, (for he was the firstborn; but forasmuch as he defiled his father's bed, his birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph the son of Israel: and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright. -For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler; but the birthright was Joseph's:) -The sons, I say, of Reuben the firstborn of Israel were, Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. -The sons of Joel; Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son, -Micah his son, Reaia his son, Baal his son, -Beerah his son, whom Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria carried away captive: he was prince of the Reubenites. -And his brethren by their families, when the genealogy of their generations was reckoned, were the chief, Jeiel, and Zechariah, -And Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, who dwelt in Aroer, even unto Nebo and Baalmeon: -And eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wilderness from the river Euphrates: because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead. -And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, who fell by their hand: and they dwelt in their tents throughout all the east land of Gilead. -And the children of Gad dwelt over against them, in the land of Bashan unto Salcah: -Joel the chief, and Shapham the next, and Jaanai, and Shaphat in Bashan. -And their brethren of the house of their fathers were, Michael, and Meshullam, and Sheba, and Jorai, and Jachan, and Zia, and Heber, seven. -These are the children of Abihail the son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai, the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz; -Ahi the son of Abdiel, the son of Guni, chief of the house of their fathers. -And they dwelt in Gilead in Bashan, and in her towns, and in all the suburbs of Sharon, upon their borders. -All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel. -The sons of Reuben, and the Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh, of valiant men, men able to bear buckler and sword, and to shoot with bow, and skilful in war, were four and forty thousand seven hundred and threescore, that went out to the war. -And they made war with the Hagarites, with Jetur, and Nephish, and Nodab. -And they were helped against them, and the Hagarites were delivered into their hand, and all that were with them: for they cried to God in the battle, and he was intreated of them; because they put their trust in him. -And they took away their cattle; of their camels fifty thousand, and of sheep two hundred and fifty thousand, and of asses two thousand, and of men an hundred thousand. -For there fell down many slain, because the war was of God. And they dwelt in their steads until the captivity. -And the children of the half tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land: they increased from Bashan unto Baalhermon and Senir, and unto mount Hermon. -And these were the heads of the house of their fathers, even Epher, and Ishi, and Eliel, and Azriel, and Jeremiah, and Hodaviah, and Jahdiel, mighty men of valour, famous men, and heads of the house of their fathers. -And they transgressed against the God of their fathers, and went a whoring after the gods of the people of the land, whom God destroyed before them. -And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. -The sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. -And the sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel. -And the children of Amram; Aaron, and Moses, and Miriam. The sons also of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. -Eleazar begat Phinehas, Phinehas begat Abishua, -And Abishua begat Bukki, and Bukki begat Uzzi, -And Uzzi begat Zerahiah, and Zerahiah begat Meraioth, -Meraioth begat Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub, -And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Ahimaaz, -And Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Johanan, -And Johanan begat Azariah, (he it is that executed the priest's office in the temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem:) -And Azariah begat Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub, -And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Shallum, -And Shallum begat Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begat Azariah, -And Azariah begat Seraiah, and Seraiah begat Jehozadak, -And Jehozadak went into captivity, when the LORD carried away Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar. -The sons of Levi; Gershom, Kohath, and Merari. -And these be the names of the sons of Gershom; Libni, and Shimei. -And the sons of Kohath were, Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel. -The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. And these are the families of the Levites according to their fathers. -Of Gershom; Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son, -Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeaterai his son. -The sons of Kohath; Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his son, -Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son, -Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his son. -And the sons of Elkanah; Amasai, and Ahimoth. -As for Elkanah: the sons of Elkanah; Zophai his son, and Nahath his son, -Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son. -And the sons of Samuel; the firstborn Vashni, and Abiah. -The sons of Merari; Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzza his son, -Shimea his son, Haggiah his son, Asaiah his son. -And these are they whom David set over the service of song in the house of the LORD, after that the ark had rest. -And they ministered before the dwelling place of the tabernacle of the congregation with singing, until Solomon had built the house of the LORD in Jerusalem: and then they waited on their office according to their order. -And these are they that waited with their children. Of the sons of the Kohathites: Heman a singer, the son of Joel, the son of Shemuel, -The son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Eliel, the son of Toah, -The son of Zuph, the son of Elkanah, the son of Mahath, the son of Amasai, -The son of Elkanah, the son of Joel, the son of Azariah, the son of Zephaniah, -The son of Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, -The son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel. -And his brother Asaph, who stood on his right hand, even Asaph the son of Berachiah, the son of Shimea, -The son of Michael, the son of Baaseiah, the son of Malchiah, -The son of Ethni, the son of Zerah, the son of Adaiah, -The son of Ethan, the son of Zimmah, the son of Shimei, -The son of Jahath, the son of Gershom, the son of Levi. -And their brethren the sons of Merari stood on the left hand: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, -The son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, -The son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shamer, -The son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi. -Their brethren also the Levites were appointed unto all manner of service of the tabernacle of the house of God. -But Aaron and his sons offered upon the altar of the burnt offering, and on the altar of incense, and were appointed for all the work of the place most holy, and to make an atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded. -And these are the sons of Aaron; Eleazar his son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son, -Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his son, -Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son, -Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son. -Now these are their dwelling places throughout their castles in their coasts, of the sons of Aaron, of the families of the Kohathites: for theirs was the lot. -And they gave them Hebron in the land of Judah, and the suburbs thereof round about it. -But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, they gave to Caleb the son of Jephunneh. -And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of Judah, namely, Hebron, the city of refuge, and Libnah with her suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa, with their suburbs, -And Hilen with her suburbs, Debir with her suburbs, -And Ashan with her suburbs, and Bethshemesh with her suburbs: -And out of the tribe of Benjamin; Geba with her suburbs, and Alemeth with her suburbs, and Anathoth with her suburbs. All their cities throughout their families were thirteen cities. -And unto the sons of Kohath, which were left of the family of that tribe, were cities given out of the half tribe, namely, out of the half tribe of Manasseh, by lot, ten cities. -And to the sons of Gershom throughout their families out of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities. -Unto the sons of Merari were given by lot, throughout their families, out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities. -And the children of Israel gave to the Levites these cities with their suburbs. -And they gave by lot out of the tribe of the children of Judah, and out of the tribe of the children of Simeon, and out of the tribe of the children of Benjamin, these cities, which are called by their names. -And the residue of the families of the sons of Kohath had cities of their coasts out of the tribe of Ephraim. -And they gave unto them, of the cities of refuge, Shechem in mount Ephraim with her suburbs; they gave also Gezer with her suburbs, -And Jokmeam with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs, -And Aijalon with her suburbs, and Gathrimmon with her suburbs: -And out of the half tribe of Manasseh; Aner with her suburbs, and Bileam with her suburbs, for the family of the remnant of the sons of Kohath. -Unto the sons of Gershom were given out of the family of the half tribe of Manasseh, Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, and Ashtaroth with her suburbs: -And out of the tribe of Issachar; Kedesh with her suburbs, Daberath with her suburbs, -And Ramoth with her suburbs, and Anem with her suburbs: -And out of the tribe of Asher; Mashal with her suburbs, and Abdon with her suburbs, -And Hukok with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs: -And out of the tribe of Naphtali; Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, and Hammon with her suburbs, and Kirjathaim with her suburbs. -Unto the rest of the children of Merari were given out of the tribe of Zebulun, Rimmon with her suburbs, Tabor with her suburbs: -And on the other side Jordan by Jericho, on the east side of Jordan, were given them out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the wilderness with her suburbs, and Jahzah with her suburbs, -Kedemoth also with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs: -And out of the tribe of Gad; Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs, and Mahanaim with her suburbs, -And Heshbon with her suburbs, and Jazer with her suburbs. -Now the sons of Issachar were, Tola, and Puah, Jashub, and Shimrom, four. -And the sons of Tola; Uzzi, and Rephaiah, and Jeriel, and Jahmai, and Jibsam, and Shemuel, heads of their father's house, to wit, of Tola: they were valiant men of might in their generations; whose number was in the days of David two and twenty thousand and six hundred. -And the sons of Uzzi; Izrahiah: and the sons of Izrahiah; Michael, and Obadiah, and Joel, Ishiah, five: all of them chief men. -And with them, by their generations, after the house of their fathers, were bands of soldiers for war, six and thirty thousand men: for they had many wives and sons. -And their brethren among all the families of Issachar were valiant men of might, reckoned in all by their genealogies fourscore and seven thousand. -The sons of Benjamin; Bela, and Becher, and Jediael, three. -And the sons of Bela; Ezbon, and Uzzi, and Uzziel, and Jerimoth, and Iri, five; heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of valour; and were reckoned by their genealogies twenty and two thousand and thirty and four. -And the sons of Becher; Zemira, and Joash, and Eliezer, and Elioenai, and Omri, and Jerimoth, and Abiah, and Anathoth, and Alameth. All these are the sons of Becher. -And the number of them, after their genealogy by their generations, heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of valour, was twenty thousand and two hundred. -The sons also of Jediael; Bilhan: and the sons of Bilhan; Jeush, and Benjamin, and Ehud, and Chenaanah, and Zethan, and Tharshish, and Ahishahar. -All these the sons of Jediael, by the heads of their fathers, mighty men of valour, were seventeen thousand and two hundred soldiers, fit to go out for war and battle. -Shuppim also, and Huppim, the children of Ir, and Hushim, the sons of Aher. -The sons of Naphtali; Jahziel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shallum, the sons of Bilhah. -The sons of Manasseh; Ashriel, whom she bare: (but his concubine the Aramitess bare Machir the father of Gilead: -And Machir took to wife the sister of Huppim and Shuppim, whose sister's name was Maachah;) and the name of the second was Zelophehad: and Zelophehad had daughters. -And Maachah the wife of Machir bare a son, and she called his name Peresh; and the name of his brother was Sheresh; and his sons were Ulam and Rakem. -And the sons of Ulam; Bedan. These were the sons of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh. -And his sister Hammoleketh bare Ishod, and Abiezer, and Mahalah. -And the sons of Shemidah were, Ahian, and Shechem, and Likhi, and Aniam. -And the sons of Ephraim; Shuthelah, and Bered his son, and Tahath his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son, -And Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead, whom the men of Gath that were born in that land slew, because they came down to take away their cattle. -And Ephraim their father mourned many days, and his brethren came to comfort him. -And when he went in to his wife, she conceived, and bare a son, and he called his name Beriah, because it went evil with his house. -(And his daughter was Sherah, who built Bethhoron the nether, and the upper, and Uzzensherah.) -And Rephah was his son, also Resheph, and Telah his son, and Tahan his son. -Laadan his son, Ammihud his son, Elishama his son. -Non his son, Jehoshuah his son. -And their possessions and habitations were, Bethel and the towns thereof, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with the towns thereof; Shechem also and the towns thereof, unto Gaza and the towns thereof: -And by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Bethshean and her towns, Taanach and her towns, Megiddo and her towns, Dor and her towns. In these dwelt the children of Joseph the son of Israel. -The sons of Asher; Imnah, and Isuah, and Ishuai, and Beriah, and Serah their sister. -And the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel, who is the father of Birzavith. -And Heber begat Japhlet, and Shomer, and Hotham, and Shua their sister. -And the sons of Japhlet; Pasach, and Bimhal, and Ashvath. These are the children of Japhlet. -And the sons of Shamer; Ahi, and Rohgah, Jehubbah, and Aram. -And the sons of his brother Helem; Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh, and Amal. -The sons of Zophah; Suah, and Harnepher, and Shual, and Beri, and Imrah, -Bezer, and Hod, and Shamma, and Shilshah, and Ithran, and Beera. -And the sons of Jether; Jephunneh, and Pispah, and Ara. -And the sons of Ulla; Arah, and Haniel, and Rezia. -All these were the children of Asher, heads of their father's house, choice and mighty men of valour, chief of the princes. And the number throughout the genealogy of them that were apt to the war and to battle was twenty and six thousand men. -Now Benjamin begat Bela his firstborn, Ashbel the second, and Aharah the third, -Nohah the fourth, and Rapha the fifth. -And the sons of Bela were, Addar, and Gera, and Abihud, -And Abishua, and Naaman, and Ahoah, -And Gera, and Shephuphan, and Huram. -And these are the sons of Ehud: these are the heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Geba, and they removed them to Manahath: -And Naaman, and Ahiah, and Gera, he removed them, and begat Uzza, and Ahihud. -And Shaharaim begat children in the country of Moab, after he had sent them away; Hushim and Baara were his wives. -And he begat of Hodesh his wife, Jobab, and Zibia, and Mesha, and Malcham, -And Jeuz, and Shachia, and Mirma. These were his sons, heads of the fathers. -And of Hushim he begat Abitub, and Elpaal. -The sons of Elpaal; Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof: -Beriah also, and Shema, who were heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Aijalon, who drove away the inhabitants of Gath: -And Ahio, Shashak, and Jeremoth, -And Zebadiah, and Arad, and Ader, -And Michael, and Ispah, and Joha, the sons of Beriah; -And Zebadiah, and Meshullam, and Hezeki, and Heber, -Ishmerai also, and Jezliah, and Jobab, the sons of Elpaal; -And Jakim, and Zichri, and Zabdi, -And Elienai, and Zilthai, and Eliel, -And Adaiah, and Beraiah, and Shimrath, the sons of Shimhi; -And Ishpan, and Heber, and Eliel, -And Abdon, and Zichri, and Hanan, -And Hananiah, and Elam, and Antothijah, -And Iphedeiah, and Penuel, the sons of Shashak; -And Shamsherai, and Shehariah, and Athaliah, -And Jaresiah, and Eliah, and Zichri, the sons of Jeroham. -These were heads of the fathers, by their generations, chief men. These dwelt in Jerusalem. -And at Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon; whose wife's name was Maachah: -And his firstborn son Abdon, and Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Nadab, -And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zacher. -And Mikloth begat Shimeah. And these also dwelt with their brethren in Jerusalem, over against them. -And Ner begat Kish, and Kish begat Saul, and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal. -And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begat Micah. -And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tarea, and Ahaz. -And Ahaz begat Jehoadah; and Jehoadah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza, -And Moza begat Binea: Rapha was his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son: -And Azel had six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan. All these were the sons of Azel. -And the sons of Eshek his brother were, Ulam his firstborn, Jehush the second, and Eliphelet the third. -And the sons of Ulam were mighty men of valour, archers, and had many sons, and sons' sons, an hundred and fifty. All these are of the sons of Benjamin. -So all Israel were reckoned by genealogies; and, behold, they were written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah, who were carried away to Babylon for their transgression. -Now the first inhabitants that dwelt in their possessions in their cities were, the Israelites, the priests, Levites, and the Nethinims. -And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim, and Manasseh; -Uthai the son of Ammihud, the son of Omri, the son of Imri, the son of Bani, of the children of Pharez the son of Judah. -And of the Shilonites; Asaiah the firstborn, and his sons. -And of the sons of Zerah; Jeuel, and their brethren, six hundred and ninety. -And of the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of Hodaviah, the son of Hasenuah, -And Ibneiah the son of Jeroham, and Elah the son of Uzzi, the son of Michri, and Meshullam the son of Shephathiah, the son of Reuel, the son of Ibnijah; -And their brethren, according to their generations, nine hundred and fifty and six. All these men were chief of the fathers in the house of their fathers. -And of the priests; Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib, and Jachin, -And Azariah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the ruler of the house of God; -And Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pashur, the son of Malchijah, and Maasiai the son of Adiel, the son of Jahzerah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Meshillemith, the son of Immer; -And their brethren, heads of the house of their fathers, a thousand and seven hundred and threescore; very able men for the work of the service of the house of God. -And of the Levites; Shemaiah the son of Hasshub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, of the sons of Merari; -And Bakbakkar, Heresh, and Galal, and Mattaniah the son of Micah, the son of Zichri, the son of Asaph; -And Obadiah the son of Shemaiah, the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun, and Berechiah the son of Asa, the son of Elkanah, that dwelt in the villages of the Netophathites. -And the porters were, Shallum, and Akkub, and Talmon, and Ahiman, and their brethren: Shallum was the chief; -Who hitherto waited in the king's gate eastward: they were porters in the companies of the children of Levi. -And Shallum the son of Kore, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, and his brethren, of the house of his father, the Korahites, were over the work of the service, keepers of the gates of the tabernacle: and their fathers, being over the host of the LORD, were keepers of the entry. -And Phinehas the son of Eleazar was the ruler over them in time past, and the LORD was with him. -And Zechariah the son of Meshelemiah was porter of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. -All these which were chosen to be porters in the gates were two hundred and twelve. These were reckoned by their genealogy in their villages, whom David and Samuel the seer did ordain in their set office. -So they and their children had the oversight of the gates of the house of the LORD, namely, the house of the tabernacle, by wards. -In four quarters were the porters, toward the east, west, north, and south. -And their brethren, which were in their villages, were to come after seven days from time to time with them. -For these Levites, the four chief porters, were in their set office, and were over the chambers and treasuries of the house of God. -And they lodged round about the house of God, because the charge was upon them, and the opening thereof every morning pertained to them. -And certain of them had the charge of the ministering vessels, that they should bring them in and out by tale. -Some of them also were appointed to oversee the vessels, and all the instruments of the sanctuary, and the fine flour, and the wine, and the oil, and the frankincense, and the spices. -And some of the sons of the priests made the ointment of the spices. -And Mattithiah, one of the Levites, who was the firstborn of Shallum the Korahite, had the set office over the things that were made in the pans. -And other of their brethren, of the sons of the Kohathites, were over the shewbread, to prepare it every sabbath. -And these are the singers, chief of the fathers of the Levites, who remaining in the chambers were free: for they were employed in that work day and night. -These chief fathers of the Levites were chief throughout their generations; these dwelt at Jerusalem. -And in Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon, Jehiel, whose wife's name was Maachah: -And his firstborn son Abdon, then Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Ner, and Nadab. -And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zechariah, and Mikloth. -And Mikloth begat Shimeam. And they also dwelt with their brethren at Jerusalem, over against their brethren. -And Ner begat Kish; and Kish begat Saul; and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal. -And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal: and Meribbaal begat Micah. -And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tahrea, and Ahaz. -And Ahaz begat Jarah; and Jarah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza; -And Moza begat Binea; and Rephaiah his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son. -And Azel had six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan: these were the sons of Azel. -Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa. -And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul. -And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers. -Then said Saul to his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. So Saul took a sword, and fell upon it. -And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise on the sword, and died. -So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died together. -And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw that they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they forsook their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt in them. -And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in mount Gilboa. -And when they had stripped him, they took his head, and his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to carry tidings unto their idols, and to the people. -And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon. -And when all Jabeshgilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul, -They arose, all the valiant men, and took away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh, and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fasted seven days. -So Saul died for his transgression which he committed against the LORD, even against the word of the LORD, which he kept not, and also for asking counsel of one that had a familiar spirit, to enquire of it; -And enquired not of the LORD: therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David the son of Jesse. -Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. -And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD thy God said unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler over my people Israel. -Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the LORD; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the LORD by Samuel. -And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land. -And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David. -And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief. -And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David. -And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about: and Joab repaired the rest of the city. -So David waxed greater and greater: for the LORD of hosts was with him. -These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel. -And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, an Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time. -And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties. -He was with David at Pasdammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines. -And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a great deliverance. -Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim. -And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison was then at Bethlehem. -And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate! -And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the LORD. -And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest. -And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three. -Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three. -Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day. -And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear. -These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties. -Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard. -Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, -Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite, -Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite, -Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite, -Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite, -Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite, -Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite, -Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite, -The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite, -Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur, -Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite, -Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai, -Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri, -Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah, -Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite, -Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai, -Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him, -Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite, -Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite, -Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite, -Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite, -Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite. -Now these are they that came to David to Ziklag, while he yet kept himself close because of Saul the son of Kish: and they were among the mighty men, helpers of the war. -They were armed with bows, and could use both the right hand and the left in hurling stones and shooting arrows out of a bow, even of Saul's brethren of Benjamin. -The chief was Ahiezer, then Joash, the sons of Shemaah the Gibeathite; and Jeziel, and Pelet, the sons of Azmaveth; and Berachah, and Jehu the Antothite. -And Ismaiah the Gibeonite, a mighty man among the thirty, and over the thirty; and Jeremiah, and Jahaziel, and Johanan, and Josabad the Gederathite, -Eluzai, and Jerimoth, and Bealiah, and Shemariah, and Shephatiah the Haruphite, -Elkanah, and Jesiah, and Azareel, and Joezer, and Jashobeam, the Korhites, -And Joelah, and Zebadiah, the sons of Jeroham of Gedor. -And of the Gadites there separated themselves unto David into the hold to the wilderness men of might, and men of war fit for the battle, that could handle shield and buckler, whose faces were like the faces of lions, and were as swift as the roes upon the mountains; -Ezer the first, Obadiah the second, Eliab the third, -Mishmannah the fourth, Jeremiah the fifth, -Attai the sixth, Eliel the seventh, -Johanan the eighth, Elzabad the ninth, -Jeremiah the tenth, Machbanai the eleventh. -These were of the sons of Gad, captains of the host: one of the least was over an hundred, and the greatest over a thousand. -These are they that went over Jordan in the first month, when it had overflown all his banks; and they put to flight all them of the valleys, both toward the east, and toward the west. -And there came of the children of Benjamin and Judah to the hold unto David. -And David went out to meet them, and answered and said unto them, If ye be come peaceably unto me to help me, mine heart shall be knit unto you: but if ye be come to betray me to mine enemies, seeing there is no wrong in mine hands, the God of our fathers look thereon, and rebuke it. -Then the spirit came upon Amasai, who was chief of the captains, and he said, Thine are we, David, and on thy side, thou son of Jesse: peace, peace be unto thee, and peace be to thine helpers; for thy God helpeth thee. Then David received them, and made them captains of the band. -And there fell some of Manasseh to David, when he came with the Philistines against Saul to battle: but they helped them not: for the lords of the Philistines upon advisement sent him away, saying, He will fall to his master Saul to the jeopardy of our heads. -As he went to Ziklag, there fell to him of Manasseh, Adnah, and Jozabad, and Jediael, and Michael, and Jozabad, and Elihu, and Zilthai, captains of the thousands that were of Manasseh. -And they helped David against the band of the rovers: for they were all mighty men of valour, and were captains in the host. -For at that time day by day there came to David to help him, until it was a great host, like the host of God. -And these are the numbers of the bands that were ready armed to the war, and came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to him, according to the word of the LORD. -The children of Judah that bare shield and spear were six thousand and eight hundred, ready armed to the war. -Of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour for the war, seven thousand and one hundred. -Of the children of Levi four thousand and six hundred. -And Jehoiada was the leader of the Aaronites, and with him were three thousand and seven hundred; -And Zadok, a young man mighty of valour, and of his father's house twenty and two captains. -And of the children of Benjamin, the kindred of Saul, three thousand: for hitherto the greatest part of them had kept the ward of the house of Saul. -And of the children of Ephraim twenty thousand and eight hundred, mighty men of valour, famous throughout the house of their fathers. -And of the half tribe of Manasseh eighteen thousand, which were expressed by name, to come and make David king. -And of the children of Issachar, which were men that had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do; the heads of them were two hundred; and all their brethren were at their commandment. -Of Zebulun, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, with all instruments of war, fifty thousand, which could keep rank: they were not of double heart. -And of Naphtali a thousand captains, and with them with shield and spear thirty and seven thousand. -And of the Danites expert in war twenty and eight thousand and six hundred. -And of Asher, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, forty thousand. -And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and of the half tribe of Manasseh, with all manner of instruments of war for the battle, an hundred and twenty thousand. -All these men of war, that could keep rank, came with a perfect heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel: and all the rest also of Israel were of one heart to make David king. -And there they were with David three days, eating and drinking: for their brethren had prepared for them. -Moreover they that were nigh them, even unto Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, and meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep abundantly: for there was joy in Israel. -And David consulted with the captains of thousands and hundreds, and with every leader. -And David said unto all the congregation of Israel, If it seem good unto you, and that it be of the LORD our God, let us send abroad unto our brethren every where, that are left in all the land of Israel, and with them also to the priests and Levites which are in their cities and suburbs, that they may gather themselves unto us: -And let us bring again the ark of our God to us: for we enquired not at it in the days of Saul. -And all the congregation said that they would do so: for the thing was right in the eyes of all the people. -So David gathered all Israel together, from Shihor of Egypt even unto the entering of Hemath, to bring the ark of God from Kirjathjearim. -And David went up, and all Israel, to Baalah, that is, to Kirjathjearim, which belonged to Judah, to bring up thence the ark of God the LORD, that dwelleth between the cherubims, whose name is called on it. -And they carried the ark of God in a new cart out of the house of Abinadab: and Uzza and Ahio drave the cart. -And David and all Israel played before God with all their might, and with singing, and with harps, and with psalteries, and with timbrels, and with cymbals, and with trumpets. -And when they came unto the threshingfloor of Chidon, Uzza put forth his hand to hold the ark; for the oxen stumbled. -And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzza, and he smote him, because he put his hand to the ark: and there he died before God. -And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach upon Uzza: wherefore that place is called Perezuzza to this day. -And David was afraid of God that day, saying, How shall I bring the ark of God home to me? -So David brought not the ark home to himself to the city of David, but carried it aside into the house of Obededom the Gittite. -And the ark of God remained with the family of Obededom in his house three months. And the LORD blessed the house of Obededom, and all that he had. -Now Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and timber of cedars, with masons and carpenters, to build him an house. -And David perceived that the LORD had confirmed him king over Israel, for his kingdom was lifted up on high, because of his people Israel. -And David took more wives at Jerusalem: and David begat more sons and daughters. -Now these are the names of his children which he had in Jerusalem; Shammua, and Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon, -And Ibhar, and Elishua, and Elpalet, -And Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia, -And Elishama, and Beeliada, and Eliphalet. -And when the Philistines heard that David was anointed king over all Israel, all the Philistines went up to seek David. And David heard of it, and went out against them. -And the Philistines came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. -And David enquired of God, saying, Shall I go up against the Philistines? And wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD said unto him, Go up; for I will deliver them into thine hand. -So they came up to Baalperazim; and David smote them there. Then David said, God hath broken in upon mine enemies by mine hand like the breaking forth of waters: therefore they called the name of that place Baalperazim. -And when they had left their gods there, David gave a commandment, and they were burned with fire. -And the Philistines yet again spread themselves abroad in the valley. -Therefore David enquired again of God; and God said unto him, Go not up after them; turn away from them, and come upon them over against the mulberry trees. -And it shall be, when thou shalt hear a sound of going in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt go out to battle: for God is gone forth before thee to smite the host of the Philistines. -David therefore did as God commanded him: and they smote the host of the Philistines from Gibeon even to Gazer. -And the fame of David went out into all lands; and the LORD brought the fear of him upon all nations. -And David made him houses in the city of David, and prepared a place for the ark of God, and pitched for it a tent. -Then David said, None ought to carry the ark of God but the Levites: for them hath the LORD chosen to carry the ark of God, and to minister unto him for ever. -And David gathered all Israel together to Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the LORD unto his place, which he had prepared for it. -And David assembled the children of Aaron, and the Levites: -Of the sons of Kohath; Uriel the chief, and his brethren an hundred and twenty: -Of the sons of Merari; Asaiah the chief, and his brethren two hundred and twenty: -Of the sons of Gershom; Joel the chief and his brethren an hundred and thirty: -Of the sons of Elizaphan; Shemaiah the chief, and his brethren two hundred: -Of the sons of Hebron; Eliel the chief, and his brethren fourscore: -Of the sons of Uzziel; Amminadab the chief, and his brethren an hundred and twelve. -And David called for Zadok and Abiathar the priests, and for the Levites, for Uriel, Asaiah, and Joel, Shemaiah, and Eliel, and Amminadab, -And said unto them, Ye are the chief of the fathers of the Levites: sanctify yourselves, both ye and your brethren, that ye may bring up the ark of the LORD God of Israel unto the place that I have prepared for it. -For because ye did it not at the first, the LORD our God made a breach upon us, for that we sought him not after the due order. -So the priests and the Levites sanctified themselves to bring up the ark of the LORD God of Israel. -And the children of the Levites bare the ark of God upon their shoulders with the staves thereon, as Moses commanded according to the word of the LORD. -And David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint their brethren to be the singers with instruments of musick, psalteries and harps and cymbals, sounding, by lifting up the voice with joy. -So the Levites appointed Heman the son of Joel; and of his brethren, Asaph the son of Berechiah; and of the sons of Merari their brethren, Ethan the son of Kushaiah; -And with them their brethren of the second degree, Zechariah, Ben, and Jaaziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, Eliab, and Benaiah, and Maaseiah, and Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, the porters. -So the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, were appointed to sound with cymbals of brass; -And Zechariah, and Aziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and Benaiah, with psalteries on Alamoth; -And Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps on the Sheminith to excel. -And Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, was for song: he instructed about the song, because he was skilful. -And Berechiah and Elkanah were doorkeepers for the ark. -And Shebaniah, and Jehoshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer, the priests, did blow with the trumpets before the ark of God: and Obededom and Jehiah were doorkeepers for the ark. -So David, and the elders of Israel, and the captains over thousands, went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the house of Obededom with joy. -And it came to pass, when God helped the Levites that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, that they offered seven bullocks and seven rams. -And David was clothed with a robe of fine linen, and all the Levites that bare the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah the master of the song with the singers: David also had upon him an ephod of linen. -Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the LORD with shouting, and with sound of the cornet, and with trumpets, and with cymbals, making a noise with psalteries and harps. -And it came to pass, as the ark of the covenant of the LORD came to the city of David, that Michal, the daughter of Saul looking out at a window saw king David dancing and playing: and she despised him in her heart. -So they brought the ark of God, and set it in the midst of the tent that David had pitched for it: and they offered burnt sacrifices and peace offerings before God. -And when David had made an end of offering the burnt offerings and the peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD. -And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman, to every one a loaf of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. -And he appointed certain of the Levites to minister before the ark of the LORD, and to record, and to thank and praise the LORD God of Israel: -Asaph the chief, and next to him Zechariah, Jeiel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Mattithiah, and Eliab, and Benaiah, and Obededom: and Jeiel with psalteries and with harps; but Asaph made a sound with cymbals; -Benaiah also and Jahaziel the priests with trumpets continually before the ark of the covenant of God. -Then on that day David delivered first this psalm to thank the LORD into the hand of Asaph and his brethren. -Give thanks unto the LORD, call upon his name, make known his deeds among the people. -Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him, talk ye of all his wondrous works. -Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that seek the LORD. -Seek the LORD and his strength, seek his face continually. -Remember his marvellous works that he hath done, his wonders, and the judgments of his mouth; -O ye seed of Israel his servant, ye children of Jacob, his chosen ones. -He is the LORD our God; his judgments are in all the earth. -Be ye mindful always of his covenant; the word which he commanded to a thousand generations; -Even of the covenant which he made with Abraham, and of his oath unto Isaac; -And hath confirmed the same to Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an everlasting covenant, -Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of your inheritance; -When ye were but few, even a few, and strangers in it. -And when they went from nation to nation, and from one kingdom to another people; -He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he reproved kings for their sakes, -Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm. -Sing unto the LORD, all the earth; shew forth from day to day his salvation. -Declare his glory among the heathen; his marvellous works among all nations. -For great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised: he also is to be feared above all gods. -For all the gods of the people are idols: but the LORD made the heavens. -Glory and honour are in his presence; strength and gladness are in his place. -Give unto the LORD, ye kindreds of the people, give unto the LORD glory and strength. -Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an offering, and come before him: worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. -Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. -Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice: and let men say among the nations, The LORD reigneth. -Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof: let the fields rejoice, and all that is therein. -Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of the LORD, because he cometh to judge the earth. -O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever. -And say ye, Save us, O God of our salvation, and gather us together, and deliver us from the heathen, that we may give thanks to thy holy name, and glory in thy praise. -Blessed be the LORD God of Israel for ever and ever. And all the people said, Amen, and praised the LORD. -So he left there before the ark of the covenant of the LORD Asaph and his brethren, to minister before the ark continually, as every day's work required: -And Obededom with their brethren, threescore and eight; Obededom also the son of Jeduthun and Hosah to be porters: -And Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests, before the tabernacle of the LORD in the high place that was at Gibeon, -To offer burnt offerings unto the LORD upon the altar of the burnt offering continually morning and evening, and to do according to all that is written in the law of the LORD, which he commanded Israel; -And with them Heman and Jeduthun, and the rest that were chosen, who were expressed by name, to give thanks to the LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever; -And with them Heman and Jeduthun with trumpets and cymbals for those that should make a sound, and with musical instruments of God. And the sons of Jeduthun were porters. -And all the people departed every man to his house: and David returned to bless his house. -Now it came to pass, as David sat in his house, that David said to Nathan the prophet, Lo, I dwell in an house of cedars, but the ark of the covenant of the LORD remaineth under curtains. -Then Nathan said unto David, Do all that is in thine heart; for God is with thee. -And it came to pass the same night, that the word of God came to Nathan, saying, -Go and tell David my servant, Thus saith the LORD, Thou shalt not build me an house to dwell in: -For I have not dwelt in an house since the day that I brought up Israel unto this day; but have gone from tent to tent, and from one tabernacle to another. -Wheresoever I have walked with all Israel, spake I a word to any of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people, saying, Why have ye not built me an house of cedars? -Now therefore thus shalt thou say unto my servant David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I took thee from the sheepcote, even from following the sheep, that thou shouldest be ruler over my people Israel: -And I have been with thee whithersoever thou hast walked, and have cut off all thine enemies from before thee, and have made thee a name like the name of the great men that are in the earth. -Also I will ordain a place for my people Israel, and will plant them, and they shall dwell in their place, and shall be moved no more; neither shall the children of wickedness waste them any more, as at the beginning, -And since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel. Moreover I will subdue all thine enemies. Furthermore I tell thee that the LORD will build thee an house. -And it shall come to pass, when thy days be expired that thou must go to be with thy fathers, that I will raise up thy seed after thee, which shall be of thy sons; and I will establish his kingdom. -He shall build me an house, and I will stablish his throne for ever. -I will be his father, and he shall be my son: and I will not take my mercy away from him, as I took it from him that was before thee: -But I will settle him in mine house and in my kingdom for ever: and his throne shall be established for evermore. -According to all these words, and according to all this vision, so did Nathan speak unto David. -And David the king came and sat before the LORD, and said, Who am I, O LORD God, and what is mine house, that thou hast brought me hitherto? -And yet this was a small thing in thine eyes, O God; for thou hast also spoken of thy servant's house for a great while to come, and hast regarded me according to the estate of a man of high degree, O LORD God. -What can David speak more to thee for the honour of thy servant? for thou knowest thy servant. -O LORD, for thy servant's sake, and according to thine own heart, hast thou done all this greatness, in making known all these great things. -O LORD, there is none like thee, neither is there any God beside thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears. -And what one nation in the earth is like thy people Israel, whom God went to redeem to be his own people, to make thee a name of greatness and terribleness, by driving out nations from before thy people whom thou hast redeemed out of Egypt? -For thy people Israel didst thou make thine own people for ever; and thou, LORD, becamest their God. -Therefore now, LORD, let the thing that thou hast spoken concerning thy servant and concerning his house be established for ever, and do as thou hast said. -Let it even be established, that thy name may be magnified for ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God of Israel, even a God to Israel: and let the house of David thy servant be established before thee. -For thou, O my God, hast told thy servant that thou wilt build him an house: therefore thy servant hath found in his heart to pray before thee. -And now, LORD, thou art God, and hast promised this goodness unto thy servant: -Now therefore let it please thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may be before thee for ever: for thou blessest, O LORD, and it shall be blessed for ever. -Now after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them, and took Gath and her towns out of the hand of the Philistines. -And he smote Moab; and the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts. -And David smote Hadarezer king of Zobah unto Hamath, as he went to stablish his dominion by the river Euphrates. -And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: David also houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them an hundred chariots. -And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadarezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men. -Then David put garrisons in Syriadamascus; and the Syrians became David's servants, and brought gifts. Thus the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. -And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadarezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. -Likewise from Tibhath, and from Chun, cities of Hadarezer, brought David very much brass, wherewith Solomon made the brasen sea, and the pillars, and the vessels of brass. -Now when Tou king of Hamath heard how David had smitten all the host of Hadarezer king of Zobah; -He sent Hadoram his son to king David, to enquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him, because he had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had war with Tou;) and with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass. -Them also king David dedicated unto the LORD, with the silver and the gold that he brought from all these nations; from Edom, and from Moab, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from Amalek. -Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah slew of the Edomites in the valley of salt eighteen thousand. -And he put garrisons in Edom; and all the Edomites became David's servants. Thus the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. -So David reigned over all Israel, and executed judgment and justice among all his people. -And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, recorder. -And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Abimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Shavsha was scribe; -And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and the sons of David were chief about the king. -Now it came to pass after this, that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon died, and his son reigned in his stead. -And David said, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, because his father shewed kindness to me. And David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father. So the servants of David came into the land of the children of Ammon to Hanun, to comfort him. -But the princes of the children of Ammon said to Hanun, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? are not his servants come unto thee for to search, and to overthrow, and to spy out the land? -Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved them, and cut off their garments in the midst hard by their buttocks, and sent them away. -Then there went certain, and told David how the men were served. And he sent to meet them: for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return. -And when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David, Hanun and the children of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire them chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia, and out of Syriamaachah, and out of Zobah. -So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah and his people; who came and pitched before Medeba. And the children of Ammon gathered themselves together from their cities, and came to battle. -And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men. -And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array before the gate of the city: and the kings that were come were by themselves in the field. -Now when Joab saw that the battle was set against him before and behind, he chose out of all the choice of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians. -And the rest of the people he delivered unto the hand of Abishai his brother, and they set themselves in array against the children of Ammon. -And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will help thee. -Be of good courage, and let us behave ourselves valiantly for our people, and for the cities of our God: and let the LORD do that which is good in his sight. -So Joab and the people that were with him drew nigh before the Syrians unto the battle; and they fled before him. -And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, they likewise fled before Abishai his brother, and entered into the city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem. -And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they sent messengers, and drew forth the Syrians that were beyond the river: and Shophach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them. -And it was told David; and he gathered all Israel, and passed over Jordan, and came upon them, and set the battle in array against them. So when David had put the battle in array against the Syrians, they fought with him. -But the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men which fought in chariots, and forty thousand footmen, and killed Shophach the captain of the host. -And when the servants of Hadarezer saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they made peace with David, and became his servants: neither would the Syrians help the children of Ammon any more. -And it came to pass, that after the year was expired, at the time that kings go out to battle, Joab led forth the power of the army, and wasted the country of the children of Ammon, and came and besieged Rabbah. But David tarried at Jerusalem. And Joab smote Rabbah, and destroyed it. -And David took the crown of their king from off his head, and found it to weigh a talent of gold, and there were precious stones in it; and it was set upon David's head: and he brought also exceeding much spoil out of the city. -And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David with all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. -And it came to pass after this, that there arose war at Gezer with the Philistines; at which time Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Sippai, that was of the children of the giant: and they were subdued. -And there was war again with the Philistines; and Elhanan the son of Jair slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, whose spear staff was like a weaver's beam. -And yet again there was war at Gath, where was a man of great stature, whose fingers and toes were four and twenty, six on each hand, and six on each foot and he also was the son of the giant. -But when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea David's brother slew him. -These were born unto the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants. -And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel. -And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me, that I may know it. -And Joab answered, The LORD make his people an hundred times so many more as they be: but, my lord the king, are they not all my lord's servants? why then doth my lord require this thing? why will he be a cause of trespass to Israel? -Nevertheless the king's word prevailed against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed, and went throughout all Israel, and came to Jerusalem. -And Joab gave the sum of the number of the people unto David. And all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and an hundred thousand men that drew sword: and Judah was four hundred threescore and ten thousand men that drew sword. -But Levi and Benjamin counted he not among them: for the king's word was abominable to Joab. -And God was displeased with this thing; therefore he smote Israel. -And David said unto God, I have sinned greatly, because I have done this thing: but now, I beseech thee, do away the iniquity of thy servant; for I have done very foolishly. -And the LORD spake unto Gad, David's seer, saying, -Go and tell David, saying, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things: choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. -So Gad came to David, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Choose thee -Either three years' famine; or three months to be destroyed before thy foes, while that the sword of thine enemies overtaketh thee; or else three days the sword of the LORD, even the pestilence, in the land, and the angel of the LORD destroying throughout all the coasts of Israel. Now therefore advise thyself what word I shall bring again to him that sent me. -And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let me fall now into the hand of the LORD; for very great are his mercies: but let me not fall into the hand of man. -So the LORD sent pestilence upon Israel: and there fell of Israel seventy thousand men. -And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it: and as he was destroying, the LORD beheld, and he repented him of the evil, and said to the angel that destroyed, It is enough, stay now thine hand. And the angel of the LORD stood by the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. -And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the LORD stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders of Israel, who were clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces. -And David said unto God, Is it not I that commanded the people to be numbered? even I it is that have sinned and done evil indeed; but as for these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, O LORD my God, be on me, and on my father's house; but not on thy people, that they should be plagued. -Then the angel of the LORD commanded Gad to say to David, that David should go up, and set up an altar unto the LORD in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. -And David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spake in the name of the LORD. -And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel; and his four sons with him hid themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat. -And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David, and went out of the threshingfloor, and bowed himself to David with his face to the ground. -Then David said to Ornan, Grant me the place of this threshingfloor, that I may build an altar therein unto the LORD: thou shalt grant it me for the full price: that the plague may be stayed from the people. -And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee, and let my lord the king do that which is good in his eyes: lo, I give thee the oxen also for burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for wood, and the wheat for the meat offering; I give it all. -And king David said to Ornan, Nay; but I will verily buy it for the full price: for I will not take that which is thine for the LORD, nor offer burnt offerings without cost. -So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight. -And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings, and called upon the LORD; and he answered him from heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt offering. -And the LORD commanded the angel; and he put up his sword again into the sheath thereof. -At that time when David saw that the LORD had answered him in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there. -For the tabernacle of the LORD, which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt offering, were at that season in the high place at Gibeon. -But David could not go before it to enquire of God: for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of the LORD. -Then David said, This is the house of the LORD God, and this is the altar of the burnt offering for Israel. -And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of God. -And David prepared iron in abundance for the nails for the doors of the gates, and for the joinings; and brass in abundance without weight; -Also cedar trees in abundance: for the Zidonians and they of Tyre brought much cedar wood to David. -And David said, Solomon my son is young and tender, and the house that is to be builded for the LORD must be exceeding magnifical, of fame and of glory throughout all countries: I will therefore now make preparation for it. So David prepared abundantly before his death. -Then he called for Solomon his son, and charged him to build an house for the LORD God of Israel. -And David said to Solomon, My son, as for me, it was in my mind to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God: -But the word of the LORD came to me, saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an house unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my sight. -Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about: for his name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days. -He shall build an house for my name; and he shall be my son, and I will be his father; and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Israel for ever. -Now, my son, the LORD be with thee; and prosper thou, and build the house of the LORD thy God, as he hath said of thee. -Only the LORD give thee wisdom and understanding, and give thee charge concerning Israel, that thou mayest keep the law of the LORD thy God. -Then shalt thou prosper, if thou takest heed to fulfil the statutes and judgments which the LORD charged Moses with concerning Israel: be strong, and of good courage; dread not, nor be dismayed. -Now, behold, in my trouble I have prepared for the house of the LORD an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand talents of silver; and of brass and iron without weight; for it is in abundance: timber also and stone have I prepared; and thou mayest add thereto. -Moreover there are workmen with thee in abundance, hewers and workers of stone and timber, and all manner of cunning men for every manner of work. -Of the gold, the silver, and the brass, and the iron, there is no number. Arise therefore, and be doing, and the LORD be with thee. -David also commanded all the princes of Israel to help Solomon his son, saying, -Is not the LORD your God with you? and hath he not given you rest on every side? for he hath given the inhabitants of the land into mine hand; and the land is subdued before the LORD, and before his people. -Now set your heart and your soul to seek the LORD your God; arise therefore, and build ye the sanctuary of the LORD God, to bring the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and the holy vessels of God, into the house that is to be built to the name of the LORD. -So when David was old and full of days, he made Solomon his son king over Israel. -And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites. -Now the Levites were numbered from the age of thirty years and upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and eight thousand. -Of which, twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the LORD; and six thousand were officers and judges: -Moreover four thousand were porters; and four thousand praised the LORD with the instruments which I made, said David, to praise therewith. -And David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi, namely, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. -Of the Gershonites were, Laadan, and Shimei. -The sons of Laadan; the chief was Jehiel, and Zetham, and Joel, three. -The sons of Shimei; Shelomith, and Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the chief of the fathers of Laadan. -And the sons of Shimei were, Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons of Shimei. -And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had not many sons; therefore they were in one reckoning, according to their father's house. -The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four. -The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons for ever, to burn incense before the LORD, to minister unto him, and to bless in his name for ever. -Now concerning Moses the man of God, his sons were named of the tribe of Levi. -The sons of Moses were, Gershom, and Eliezer. -Of the sons of Gershom, Shebuel was the chief. -And the sons of Eliezer were, Rehabiah the chief. And Eliezer had none other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many. -Of the sons of Izhar; Shelomith the chief. -Of the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth. -Of the sons of Uzziel; Micah the first and Jesiah the second. -The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. The sons of Mahli; Eleazar, and Kish. -And Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters: and their brethren the sons of Kish took them. -The sons of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jeremoth, three. -These were the sons of Levi after the house of their fathers; even the chief of the fathers, as they were counted by number of names by their polls, that did the work for the service of the house of the LORD, from the age of twenty years and upward. -For David said, The LORD God of Israel hath given rest unto his people, that they may dwell in Jerusalem for ever: -And also unto the Levites; they shall no more carry the tabernacle, nor any vessels of it for the service thereof. -For by the last words of David the Levites were numbered from twenty years old and above: -Because their office was to wait on the sons of Aaron for the service of the house of the LORD, in the courts, and in the chambers, and in the purifying of all holy things, and the work of the service of the house of God; -Both for the shewbread, and for the fine flour for meat offering, and for the unleavened cakes, and for that which is baked in the pan, and for that which is fried, and for all manner of measure and size; -And to stand every morning to thank and praise the LORD, and likewise at even: -And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the LORD in the sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number, according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the LORD: -And that they should keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the holy place, and the charge of the sons of Aaron their brethren, in the service of the house of the LORD. -Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. -But Nadab and Abihu died before their father, and had no children: therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office. -And David distributed them, both Zadok of the sons of Eleazar, and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar, according to their offices in their service. -And there were more chief men found of the sons of Eleazar than of the sons of Ithamar, and thus were they divided. Among the sons of Eleazar there were sixteen chief men of the house of their fathers, and eight among the sons of Ithamar according to the house of their fathers. -Thus were they divided by lot, one sort with another; for the governors of the sanctuary, and governors of the house of God, were of the sons of Eleazar, and of the sons of Ithamar. -And Shemaiah the son of Nethaneel the scribe, one of the Levites, wrote them before the king, and the princes, and Zadok the priest, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, and before the chief of the fathers of the priests and Levites: one principal household being taken for Eleazar, and one taken for Ithamar. -Now the first lot came forth to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, -The third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, -The fifth to Malchijah, the sixth to Mijamin, -The seventh to Hakkoz, the eighth to Abijah, -The ninth to Jeshuah, the tenth to Shecaniah, -The eleventh to Eliashib, the twelfth to Jakim, -The thirteenth to Huppah, the fourteenth to Jeshebeab, -The fifteenth to Bilgah, the sixteenth to Immer, -The seventeenth to Hezir, the eighteenth to Aphses, -The nineteenth to Pethahiah, the twentieth to Jehezekel, -The one and twentieth to Jachin, the two and twentieth to Gamul, -The three and twentieth to Delaiah, the four and twentieth to Maaziah. -These were the orderings of them in their service to come into the house of the LORD, according to their manner, under Aaron their father, as the LORD God of Israel had commanded him. -And the rest of the sons of Levi were these: Of the sons of Amram; Shubael: of the sons of Shubael; Jehdeiah. -Concerning Rehabiah: of the sons of Rehabiah, the first was Isshiah. -Of the Izharites; Shelomoth: of the sons of Shelomoth; Jahath. -And the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, Jekameam the fourth. -Of the sons of Uzziel; Michah: of the sons of Michah; Shamir. -The brother of Michah was Isshiah: of the sons of Isshiah; Zechariah. -The sons of Merari were Mahli and Mushi: the sons of Jaaziah; Beno. -The sons of Merari by Jaaziah; Beno, and Shoham, and Zaccur, and Ibri. -Of Mahli came Eleazar, who had no sons. -Concerning Kish: the son of Kish was Jerahmeel. -The sons also of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jerimoth. These were the sons of the Levites after the house of their fathers. -These likewise cast lots over against their brethren the sons of Aaron in the presence of David the king, and Zadok, and Ahimelech, and the chief of the fathers of the priests and Levites, even the principal fathers over against their younger brethren. -Moreover David and the captains of the host separated to the service of the sons of Asaph, and of Heman, and of Jeduthun, who should prophesy with harps, with psalteries, and with cymbals: and the number of the workmen according to their service was: -Of the sons of Asaph; Zaccur, and Joseph, and Nethaniah, and Asarelah, the sons of Asaph under the hands of Asaph, which prophesied according to the order of the king. -Of Jeduthun: the sons of Jeduthun; Gedaliah, and Zeri, and Jeshaiah, Hashabiah, and Mattithiah, six, under the hands of their father Jeduthun, who prophesied with a harp, to give thanks and to praise the LORD. -Of Heman: the sons of Heman: Bukkiah, Mattaniah, Uzziel, Shebuel, and Jerimoth, Hananiah, Hanani, Eliathah, Giddalti, and Romamtiezer, Joshbekashah, Mallothi, Hothir, and Mahazioth: -All these were the sons of Heman the king's seer in the words of God, to lift up the horn. And God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters. -All these were under the hands of their father for song in the house of the LORD, with cymbals, psalteries, and harps, for the service of the house of God, according to the king's order to Asaph, Jeduthun, and Heman. -So the number of them, with their brethren that were instructed in the songs of the LORD, even all that were cunning, was two hundred fourscore and eight. -And they cast lots, ward against ward, as well the small as the great, the teacher as the scholar. -Now the first lot came forth for Asaph to Joseph: the second to Gedaliah, who with his brethren and sons were twelve: -The third to Zaccur, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The fourth to Izri, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The fifth to Nethaniah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The sixth to Bukkiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The seventh to Jesharelah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The eighth to Jeshaiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The ninth to Mattaniah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The tenth to Shimei, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The eleventh to Azareel, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The twelfth to Hashabiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The thirteenth to Shubael, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The fourteenth to Mattithiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The fifteenth to Jeremoth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The sixteenth to Hananiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The seventeenth to Joshbekashah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The eighteenth to Hanani, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The nineteenth to Mallothi, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The twentieth to Eliathah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The one and twentieth to Hothir, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The two and twentieth to Giddalti, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The three and twentieth to Mahazioth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: -The four and twentieth to Romamtiezer, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve. -Concerning the divisions of the porters: Of the Korhites was Meshelemiah the son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph. -And the sons of Meshelemiah were, Zechariah the firstborn, Jediael the second, Zebadiah the third, Jathniel the fourth, -Elam the fifth, Jehohanan the sixth, Elioenai the seventh. -Moreover the sons of Obededom were, Shemaiah the firstborn, Jehozabad the second, Joah the third, and Sacar the fourth, and Nethaneel the fifth. -Ammiel the sixth, Issachar the seventh, Peulthai the eighth: for God blessed him. -Also unto Shemaiah his son were sons born, that ruled throughout the house of their father: for they were mighty men of valour. -The sons of Shemaiah; Othni, and Rephael, and Obed, Elzabad, whose brethren were strong men, Elihu, and Semachiah. -All these of the sons of Obededom: they and their sons and their brethren, able men for strength for the service, were threescore and two of Obededom. -And Meshelemiah had sons and brethren, strong men, eighteen. -Also Hosah, of the children of Merari, had sons; Simri the chief, (for though he was not the firstborn, yet his father made him the chief;) -Hilkiah the second, Tebaliah the third, Zechariah the fourth: all the sons and brethren of Hosah were thirteen. -Among these were the divisions of the porters, even among the chief men, having wards one against another, to minister in the house of the LORD. -And they cast lots, as well the small as the great, according to the house of their fathers, for every gate. -And the lot eastward fell to Shelemiah. Then for Zechariah his son, a wise counsellor, they cast lots; and his lot came out northward. -To Obededom southward; and to his sons the house of Asuppim. -To Shuppim and Hosah the lot came forth westward, with the gate Shallecheth, by the causeway of the going up, ward against ward. -Eastward were six Levites, northward four a day, southward four a day, and toward Asuppim two and two. -At Parbar westward, four at the causeway, and two at Parbar. -These are the divisions of the porters among the sons of Kore, and among the sons of Merari. -And of the Levites, Ahijah was over the treasures of the house of God, and over the treasures of the dedicated things. -As concerning the sons of Laadan; the sons of the Gershonite Laadan, chief fathers, even of Laadan the Gershonite, were Jehieli. -The sons of Jehieli; Zetham, and Joel his brother, which were over the treasures of the house of the LORD. -Of the Amramites, and the Izharites, the Hebronites, and the Uzzielites: -And Shebuel the son of Gershom, the son of Moses, was ruler of the treasures. -And his brethren by Eliezer; Rehabiah his son, and Jeshaiah his son, and Joram his son, and Zichri his son, and Shelomith his son. -Which Shelomith and his brethren were over all the treasures of the dedicated things, which David the king, and the chief fathers, the captains over thousands and hundreds, and the captains of the host, had dedicated. -Out of the spoils won in battles did they dedicate to maintain the house of the LORD. -And all that Samuel the seer, and Saul the son of Kish, and Abner the son of Ner, and Joab the son of Zeruiah, had dedicated; and whosoever had dedicated any thing, it was under the hand of Shelomith, and of his brethren. -Of the Izharites, Chenaniah and his sons were for the outward business over Israel, for officers and judges. -And of the Hebronites, Hashabiah and his brethren, men of valour, a thousand and seven hundred, were officers among them of Israel on this side Jordan westward in all the business of the LORD, and in the service of the king. -Among the Hebronites was Jerijah the chief, even among the Hebronites, according to the generations of his fathers. In the fortieth year of the reign of David they were sought for, and there were found among them mighty men of valour at Jazer of Gilead. -And his brethren, men of valour, were two thousand and seven hundred chief fathers, whom king David made rulers over the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, for every matter pertaining to God, and affairs of the king. -Now the children of Israel after their number, to wit, the chief fathers and captains of thousands and hundreds, and their officers that served the king in any matter of the courses, which came in and went out month by month throughout all the months of the year, of every course were twenty and four thousand. -Over the first course for the first month was Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -Of the children of Perez was the chief of all the captains of the host for the first month. -And over the course of the second month was Dodai an Ahohite, and of his course was Mikloth also the ruler: in his course likewise were twenty and four thousand. -The third captain of the host for the third month was Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, a chief priest: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -This is that Benaiah, who was mighty among the thirty, and above the thirty: and in his course was Ammizabad his son. -The fourth captain for the fourth month was Asahel the brother of Joab, and Zebadiah his son after him: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The fifth captain for the fifth month was Shamhuth the Izrahite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The sixth captain for the sixth month was Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The seventh captain for the seventh month was Helez the Pelonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The eighth captain for the eighth month was Sibbecai the Hushathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The ninth captain for the ninth month was Abiezer the Anetothite, of the Benjamites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The tenth captain for the tenth month was Maharai the Netophathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The eleventh captain for the eleventh month was Benaiah the Pirathonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -The twelfth captain for the twelfth month was Heldai the Netophathite, of Othniel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. -Furthermore over the tribes of Israel: the ruler of the Reubenites was Eliezer the son of Zichri: of the Simeonites, Shephatiah the son of Maachah: -Of the Levites, Hashabiah the son of Kemuel: of the Aaronites, Zadok: -Of Judah, Elihu, one of the brethren of David: of Issachar, Omri the son of Michael: -Of Zebulun, Ishmaiah the son of Obadiah: of Naphtali, Jerimoth the son of Azriel: -Of the children of Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Azaziah: of the half tribe of Manasseh, Joel the son of Pedaiah: -Of the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son of Zechariah: of Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner: -Of Dan, Azareel the son of Jeroham. These were the princes of the tribes of Israel. -But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under: because the LORD had said he would increase Israel like to the stars of the heavens. -Joab the son of Zeruiah began to number, but he finished not, because there fell wrath for it against Israel; neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of king David. -And over the king's treasures was Azmaveth the son of Adiel: and over the storehouses in the fields, in the cities, and in the villages, and in the castles, was Jehonathan the son of Uzziah: -And over them that did the work of the field for tillage of the ground was Ezri the son of Chelub: -And over the vineyards was Shimei the Ramathite: over the increase of the vineyards for the wine cellars was Zabdi the Shiphmite: -And over the olive trees and the sycomore trees that were in the low plains was Baalhanan the Gederite: and over the cellars of oil was Joash: -And over the herds that fed in Sharon was Shitrai the Sharonite: and over the herds that were in the valleys was Shaphat the son of Adlai: -Over the camels also was Obil the Ishmaelite: and over the asses was Jehdeiah the Meronothite: -And over the flocks was Jaziz the Hagerite. All these were the rulers of the substance which was king David's. -Also Jonathan David's uncle was a counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe: and Jehiel the son of Hachmoni was with the king's sons: -And Ahithophel was the king's counsellor: and Hushai the Archite was the king's companion: -And after Ahithophel was Jehoiada the son of Benaiah, and Abiathar: and the general of the king's army was Joab. -And David assembled all the princes of Israel, the princes of the tribes, and the captains of the companies that ministered to the king by course, and the captains over the thousands, and captains over the hundreds, and the stewards over all the substance and possession of the king, and of his sons, with the officers, and with the mighty men, and with all the valiant men, unto Jerusalem. -Then David the king stood up upon his feet, and said, Hear me, my brethren, and my people: As for me, I had in mine heart to build an house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the footstool of our God, and had made ready for the building: -But God said unto me, Thou shalt not build an house for my name, because thou hast been a man of war, and hast shed blood. -Howbeit the LORD God of Israel chose me before all the house of my father to be king over Israel for ever: for he hath chosen Judah to be the ruler; and of the house of Judah, the house of my father; and among the sons of my father he liked me to make me king over all Israel: -And of all my sons, (for the LORD hath given me many sons,) he hath chosen Solomon my son to sit upon the throne of the kingdom of the LORD over Israel. -And he said unto me, Solomon thy son, he shall build my house and my courts: for I have chosen him to be my son, and I will be his father. -Moreover I will establish his kingdom for ever, if he be constant to do my commandments and my judgments, as at this day. -Now therefore in the sight of all Israel the congregation of the LORD, and in the audience of our God, keep and seek for all the commandments of the LORD your God: that ye may possess this good land, and leave it for an inheritance for your children after you for ever. -And thou, Solomon my son, know thou the God of thy father, and serve him with a perfect heart and with a willing mind: for the LORD searcheth all hearts, and understandeth all the imaginations of the thoughts: if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever. -Take heed now; for the LORD hath chosen thee to build an house for the sanctuary: be strong, and do it. -Then David gave to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch, and of the houses thereof, and of the treasuries thereof, and of the upper chambers thereof, and of the inner parlours thereof, and of the place of the mercy seat, -And the pattern of all that he had by the spirit, of the courts of the house of the LORD, and of all the chambers round about, of the treasuries of the house of God, and of the treasuries of the dedicated things: -Also for the courses of the priests and the Levites, and for all the work of the service of the house of the LORD, and for all the vessels of service in the house of the LORD. -He gave of gold by weight for things of gold, for all instruments of all manner of service; silver also for all instruments of silver by weight, for all instruments of every kind of service: -Even the weight for the candlesticks of gold, and for their lamps of gold, by weight for every candlestick, and for the lamps thereof: and for the candlesticks of silver by weight, both for the candlestick, and also for the lamps thereof, according to the use of every candlestick. -And by weight he gave gold for the tables of shewbread, for every table; and likewise silver for the tables of silver: -Also pure gold for the fleshhooks, and the bowls, and the cups: and for the golden basons he gave gold by weight for every bason; and likewise silver by weight for every bason of silver: -And for the altar of incense refined gold by weight; and gold for the pattern of the chariot of the cherubims, that spread out their wings, and covered the ark of the covenant of the LORD. -All this, said David, the LORD made me understand in writing by his hand upon me, even all the works of this pattern. -And David said to Solomon his son, Be strong and of good courage, and do it: fear not, nor be dismayed: for the LORD God, even my God, will be with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee, until thou hast finished all the work for the service of the house of the LORD. -And, behold, the courses of the priests and the Levites, even they shall be with thee for all the service of the house of God: and there shall be with thee for all manner of workmanship every willing skilful man, for any manner of service: also the princes and all the people will be wholly at thy commandment. -Furthermore David the king said unto all the congregation, Solomon my son, whom alone God hath chosen, is yet young and tender, and the work is great: for the palace is not for man, but for the LORD God. -Now I have prepared with all my might for the house of my God the gold for things to be made of gold, and the silver for things of silver, and the brass for things of brass, the iron for things of iron, and wood for things of wood; onyx stones, and stones to be set, glistering stones, and of divers colours, and all manner of precious stones, and marble stones in abundance. -Moreover, because I have set my affection to the house of my God, I have of mine own proper good, of gold and silver, which I have given to the house of my God, over and above all that I have prepared for the holy house. -Even three thousand talents of gold, of the gold of Ophir, and seven thousand talents of refined silver, to overlay the walls of the houses withal: -The gold for things of gold, and the silver for things of silver, and for all manner of work to be made by the hands of artificers. And who then is willing to consecrate his service this day unto the LORD? -Then the chief of the fathers and princes of the tribes of Israel and the captains of thousands and of hundreds, with the rulers of the king's work, offered willingly, -And gave for the service of the house of God of gold five thousand talents and ten thousand drams, and of silver ten thousand talents, and of brass eighteen thousand talents, and one hundred thousand talents of iron. -And they with whom precious stones were found gave them to the treasure of the house of the LORD, by the hand of Jehiel the Gershonite. -Then the people rejoiced, for that they offered willingly, because with perfect heart they offered willingly to the LORD: and David the king also rejoiced with great joy. -Wherefore David blessed the LORD before all the congregation: and David said, Blessed be thou, LORD God of Israel our father, for ever and ever. -Thine, O LORD is the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty: for all that is in the heaven and in the earth is thine; thine is the kingdom, O LORD, and thou art exalted as head above all. -Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all; and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all. -Now therefore, our God, we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name. -But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort? for all things come of thee, and of thine own have we given thee. -For we are strangers before thee, and sojourners, as were all our fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none abiding. -O LORD our God, all this store that we have prepared to build thee an house for thine holy name cometh of thine hand, and is all thine own. -I know also, my God, that thou triest the heart, and hast pleasure in uprightness. As for me, in the uprightness of mine heart I have willingly offered all these things: and now have I seen with joy thy people, which are present here, to offer willingly unto thee. -O LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, our fathers, keep this for ever in the imagination of the thoughts of the heart of thy people, and prepare their heart unto thee: -And give unto Solomon my son a perfect heart, to keep thy commandments, thy testimonies, and thy statutes, and to do all these things, and to build the palace, for the which I have made provision. -And David said to all the congregation, Now bless the LORD your God. And all the congregation blessed the LORD God of their fathers, and bowed down their heads, and worshipped the LORD, and the king. -And they sacrificed sacrifices unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings unto the LORD, on the morrow after that day, even a thousand bullocks, a thousand rams, and a thousand lambs, with their drink offerings, and sacrifices in abundance for all Israel: -And did eat and drink before the LORD on that day with great gladness. And they made Solomon the son of David king the second time, and anointed him unto the LORD to be the chief governor, and Zadok to be priest. -Then Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king instead of David his father, and prospered; and all Israel obeyed him. -And all the princes, and the mighty men, and all the sons likewise of king David, submitted themselves unto Solomon the king. -And the LORD magnified Solomon exceedingly in the sight of all Israel, and bestowed upon him such royal majesty as had not been on any king before him in Israel. -Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all Israel. -And the time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem. -And he died in a good old age, full of days, riches, and honour: and Solomon his son reigned in his stead. -Now the acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer, -With all his reign and his might, and the times that went over him, and over Israel, and over all the kingdoms of the countries. -And Solomon the son of David was strengthened in his kingdom, and the LORD his God was with him, and magnified him exceedingly. -Then Solomon spake unto all Israel, to the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and to the judges, and to every governor in all Israel, the chief of the fathers. -So Solomon, and all the congregation with him, went to the high place that was at Gibeon; for there was the tabernacle of the congregation of God, which Moses the servant of the LORD had made in the wilderness. -But the ark of God had David brought up from Kirjathjearim to the place which David had prepared for it: for he had pitched a tent for it at Jerusalem. -Moreover the brasen altar, that Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, had made, he put before the tabernacle of the LORD: and Solomon and the congregation sought unto it. -And Solomon went up thither to the brasen altar before the LORD, which was at the tabernacle of the congregation, and offered a thousand burnt offerings upon it. -In that night did God appear unto Solomon, and said unto him, Ask what I shall give thee. -And Solomon said unto God, Thou hast shewed great mercy unto David my father, and hast made me to reign in his stead. -Now, O LORD God, let thy promise unto David my father be established: for thou hast made me king over a people like the dust of the earth in multitude. -Give me now wisdom and knowledge, that I may go out and come in before this people: for who can judge this thy people, that is so great? -And God said to Solomon, Because this was in thine heart, and thou hast not asked riches, wealth, or honour, nor the life of thine enemies, neither yet hast asked long life; but hast asked wisdom and knowledge for thyself, that thou mayest judge my people, over whom I have made thee king: -Wisdom and knowledge is granted unto thee; and I will give thee riches, and wealth, and honour, such as none of the kings have had that have been before thee, neither shall there any after thee have the like. -Then Solomon came from his journey to the high place that was at Gibeon to Jerusalem, from before the tabernacle of the congregation, and reigned over Israel. -And Solomon gathered chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, which he placed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem. -And the king made silver and gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the vale for abundance. -And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price. -And they fetched up, and brought forth out of Egypt a chariot for six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so brought they out horses for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, by their means. -And Solomon determined to build an house for the name of the LORD, and an house for his kingdom. -And Solomon told out threescore and ten thousand men to bear burdens, and fourscore thousand to hew in the mountain, and three thousand and six hundred to oversee them. -And Solomon sent to Huram the king of Tyre, saying, As thou didst deal with David my father, and didst send him cedars to build him an house to dwell therein, even so deal with me. -Behold, I build an house to the name of the LORD my God, to dedicate it to him, and to burn before him sweet incense, and for the continual shewbread, and for the burnt offerings morning and evening, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts of the LORD our God. This is an ordinance for ever to Israel. -And the house which I build is great: for great is our God above all gods. -But who is able to build him an house, seeing the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain him? who am I then, that I should build him an house, save only to burn sacrifice before him? -Send me now therefore a man cunning to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and that can skill to grave with the cunning men that are with me in Judah and in Jerusalem, whom David my father did provide. -Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for I know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon; and, behold, my servants shall be with thy servants, -Even to prepare me timber in abundance: for the house which I am about to build shall be wonderful great. -And, behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil. -Then Huram the king of Tyre answered in writing, which he sent to Solomon, Because the LORD hath loved his people, he hath made thee king over them. -Huram said moreover, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, that made heaven and earth, who hath given to David the king a wise son, endued with prudence and understanding, that might build an house for the LORD, and an house for his kingdom. -And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, of Huram my father's, -The son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold, and in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson; also to grave any manner of graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him, with thy cunning men, and with the cunning men of my lord David thy father. -Now therefore the wheat, and the barley, the oil, and the wine, which my lord hath spoken of, let him send unto his servants: -And we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much as thou shalt need: and we will bring it to thee in floats by sea to Joppa; and thou shalt carry it up to Jerusalem. -And Solomon numbered all the strangers that were in the land of Israel, after the numbering wherewith David his father had numbered them; and they were found an hundred and fifty thousand and three thousand and six hundred. -And he set threescore and ten thousand of them to be bearers of burdens, and fourscore thousand to be hewers in the mountain, and three thousand and six hundred overseers to set the people a work. -Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where the Lord appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. -And he began to build in the second day of the second month, in the fourth year of his reign. -Now these are the things wherein Solomon was instructed for the building of the house of God. The length by cubits after the first measure was threescore cubits, and the breadth twenty cubits. -And the porch that was in the front of the house, the length of it was according to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the height was an hundred and twenty: and he overlaid it within with pure gold. -And the greater house he cieled with fir tree, which he overlaid with fine gold, and set thereon palm trees and chains. -And he garnished the house with precious stones for beauty: and the gold was gold of Parvaim. -He overlaid also the house, the beams, the posts, and the walls thereof, and the doors thereof, with gold; and graved cherubims on the walls. -And he made the most holy house, the length whereof was according to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits: and he overlaid it with fine gold, amounting to six hundred talents. -And the weight of the nails was fifty shekels of gold. And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold. -And in the most holy house he made two cherubims of image work, and overlaid them with gold. -And the wings of the cherubims were twenty cubits long: one wing of the one cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house: and the other wing was likewise five cubits, reaching to the wing of the other cherub. -And one wing of the other cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house: and the other wing was five cubits also, joining to the wing of the other cherub. -The wings of these cherubims spread themselves forth twenty cubits: and they stood on their feet, and their faces were inward. -And he made the vail of blue, and purple, and crimson, and fine linen, and wrought cherubims thereon. -Also he made before the house two pillars of thirty and five cubits high, and the chapiter that was on the top of each of them was five cubits. -And he made chains, as in the oracle, and put them on the heads of the pillars; and made an hundred pomegranates, and put them on the chains. -And he reared up the pillars before the temple, one on the right hand, and the other on the left; and called the name of that on the right hand Jachin, and the name of that on the left Boaz. -Moreover he made an altar of brass, twenty cubits the length thereof, and twenty cubits the breadth thereof, and ten cubits the height thereof. -Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof; and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. -And under it was the similitude of oxen, which did compass it round about: ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about. Two rows of oxen were cast, when it was cast. -It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. -And the thickness of it was an handbreadth, and the brim of it like the work of the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies; and it received and held three thousand baths. -He made also ten lavers, and put five on the right hand, and five on the left, to wash in them: such things as they offered for the burnt offering they washed in them; but the sea was for the priests to wash in. -And he made ten candlesticks of gold according to their form, and set them in the temple, five on the right hand, and five on the left. -He made also ten tables, and placed them in the temple, five on the right side, and five on the left. And he made an hundred basons of gold. -Furthermore he made the court of the priests, and the great court, and doors for the court, and overlaid the doors of them with brass. -And he set the sea on the right side of the east end, over against the south. -And Huram made the pots, and the shovels, and the basons. And Huram finished the work that he was to make for king Solomon for the house of God; -To wit, the two pillars, and the pommels, and the chapiters which were on the top of the two pillars, and the two wreaths to cover the two pommels of the chapiters which were on the top of the pillars; -And four hundred pomegranates on the two wreaths; two rows of pomegranates on each wreath, to cover the two pommels of the chapiters which were upon the pillars. -He made also bases, and lavers made he upon the bases; -One sea, and twelve oxen under it. -The pots also, and the shovels, and the fleshhooks, and all their instruments, did Huram his father make to king Solomon for the house of the LORD of bright brass. -In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zeredathah. -Thus Solomon made all these vessels in great abundance: for the weight of the brass could not be found out. -And Solomon made all the vessels that were for the house of God, the golden altar also, and the tables whereon the shewbread was set; -Moreover the candlesticks with their lamps, that they should burn after the manner before the oracle, of pure gold; -And the flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs, made he of gold, and that perfect gold; -And the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers, of pure gold: and the entry of the house, the inner doors thereof for the most holy place, and the doors of the house of the temple, were of gold. -Thus all the work that Solomon made for the house of the LORD was finished: and Solomon brought in all the things that David his father had dedicated; and the silver, and the gold, and all the instruments, put he among the treasures of the house of God. -Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the city of David, which is Zion. -Wherefore all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto the king in the feast which was in the seventh month. -And all the elders of Israel came; and the Levites took up the ark. -And they brought up the ark, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, these did the priests and the Levites bring up. -Also king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel that were assembled unto him before the ark, sacrificed sheep and oxen, which could not be told nor numbered for multitude. -And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD unto his place, to the oracle of the house, into the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims: -For the cherubims spread forth their wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above. -And they drew out the staves of the ark, that the ends of the staves were seen from the ark before the oracle; but they were not seen without. And there it is unto this day. -There was nothing in the ark save the two tables which Moses put therein at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of Egypt. -And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place: (for all the priests that were present were sanctified, and did not then wait by course: -Also the Levites which were the singers, all of them of Asaph, of Heman, of Jeduthun, with their sons and their brethren, being arrayed in white linen, having cymbals and psalteries and harps, stood at the east end of the altar, and with them an hundred and twenty priests sounding with trumpets:) -It came even to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of musick, and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house of the LORD; -So that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of God. -Then said Solomon, The LORD hath said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. -But I have built an house of habitation for thee, and a place for thy dwelling for ever. -And the king turned his face, and blessed the whole congregation of Israel: and all the congregation of Israel stood. -And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, who hath with his hands fulfilled that which he spake with his mouth to my father David, saying, -Since the day that I brought forth my people out of the land of Egypt I chose no city among all the tribes of Israel to build an house in, that my name might be there; neither chose I any man to be a ruler over my people Israel: -But I have chosen Jerusalem, that my name might be there; and have chosen David to be over my people Israel. -Now it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. -But the LORD said to David my father, Forasmuch as it was in thine heart to build an house for my name, thou didst well in that it was in thine heart: -Notwithstanding thou shalt not build the house; but thy son which shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house for my name. -The LORD therefore hath performed his word that he hath spoken: for I am risen up in the room of David my father, and am set on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built the house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. -And in it have I put the ark, wherein is the covenant of the LORD, that he made with the children of Israel. -And he stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands: -For Solomon had made a brasen scaffold of five cubits long, and five cubits broad, and three cubits high, and had set it in the midst of the court: and upon it he stood, and kneeled down upon his knees before all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven. -And said, O LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee in the heaven, nor in the earth; which keepest covenant, and shewest mercy unto thy servants, that walk before thee with all their hearts: -Thou which hast kept with thy servant David my father that which thou hast promised him; and spakest with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it is this day. -Now therefore, O LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my father that which thou hast promised him, saying, There shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit upon the throne of Israel; yet so that thy children take heed to their way to walk in my law, as thou hast walked before me. -Now then, O LORD God of Israel, let thy word be verified, which thou hast spoken unto thy servant David. -But will God in very deed dwell with men on the earth? behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house which I have built! -Have respect therefore to the prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to hearken unto the cry and the prayer which thy servant prayeth before thee: -That thine eyes may be open upon this house day and night, upon the place whereof thou hast said that thou wouldest put thy name there; to hearken unto the prayer which thy servant prayeth toward this place. -Hearken therefore unto the supplications of thy servant, and of thy people Israel, which they shall make toward this place: hear thou from thy dwelling place, even from heaven; and when thou hearest, forgive. -If a man sin against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to make him swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house; -Then hear thou from heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, by requiting the wicked, by recompensing his way upon his own head; and by justifying the righteous, by giving him according to his righteousness. -And if thy people Israel be put to the worse before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee; and shall return and confess thy name, and pray and make supplication before thee in this house; -Then hear thou from the heavens, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest to them and to their fathers. -When the heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee; yet if they pray toward this place, and confess thy name, and turn from their sin, when thou dost afflict them; -Then hear thou from heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy people Israel, when thou hast taught them the good way, wherein they should walk; and send rain upon thy land, which thou hast given unto thy people for an inheritance. -If there be dearth in the land, if there be pestilence, if there be blasting, or mildew, locusts, or caterpillers; if their enemies besiege them in the cities of their land; whatsoever sore or whatsoever sickness there be: -Then what prayer or what supplication soever shall be made of any man, or of all thy people Israel, when every one shall know his own sore and his own grief, and shall spread forth his hands in this house: -Then hear thou from heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and render unto every man according unto all his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou only knowest the hearts of the children of men:) -That they may fear thee, to walk in thy ways, so long as they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers. -Moreover concerning the stranger, which is not of thy people Israel, but is come from a far country for thy great name's sake, and thy mighty hand, and thy stretched out arm; if they come and pray in this house; -Then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for; that all people of the earth may know thy name, and fear thee, as doth thy people Israel, and may know that this house which I have built is called by thy name. -If thy people go out to war against their enemies by the way that thou shalt send them, and they pray unto thee toward this city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name; -Then hear thou from the heavens their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause. -If they sin against thee, (for there is no man which sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them over before their enemies, and they carry them away captives unto a land far off or near; -Yet if they bethink themselves in the land whither they are carried captive, and turn and pray unto thee in the land of their captivity, saying, We have sinned, we have done amiss, and have dealt wickedly; -If they return to thee with all their heart and with all their soul in the land of their captivity, whither they have carried them captives, and pray toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, and toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house which I have built for thy name: -Then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling place, their prayer and their supplications, and maintain their cause, and forgive thy people which have sinned against thee. -Now, my God, let, I beseech thee, thine eyes be open, and let thine ears be attent unto the prayer that is made in this place. -Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness. -O LORD God, turn not away the face of thine anointed: remember the mercies of David thy servant. -Now when Solomon had made an end of praying, the fire came down from heaven, and consumed the burnt offering and the sacrifices; and the glory of the LORD filled the house. -And the priests could not enter into the house of the LORD, because the glory of the LORD had filled the LORD's house. -And when all the children of Israel saw how the fire came down, and the glory of the LORD upon the house, they bowed themselves with their faces to the ground upon the pavement, and worshipped, and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever. -Then the king and all the people offered sacrifices before the LORD. -And king Solomon offered a sacrifice of twenty and two thousand oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep: so the king and all the people dedicated the house of God. -And the priests waited on their offices: the Levites also with instruments of musick of the LORD, which David the king had made to praise the LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever, when David praised by their ministry; and the priests sounded trumpets before them, and all Israel stood. -Moreover Solomon hallowed the middle of the court that was before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings, because the brasen altar which Solomon had made was not able to receive the burnt offerings, and the meat offerings, and the fat. -Also at the same time Solomon kept the feast seven days, and all Israel with him, a very great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt. -And in the eighth day they made a solemn assembly: for they kept the dedication of the altar seven days, and the feast seven days. -And on the three and twentieth day of the seventh month he sent the people away into their tents, glad and merry in heart for the goodness that the LORD had shewed unto David, and to Solomon, and to Israel his people. -Thus Solomon finished the house of the LORD, and the king's house: and all that came into Solomon's heart to make in the house of the LORD, and in his own house, he prosperously effected. -And the LORD appeared to Solomon by night, and said unto him, I have heard thy prayer, and have chosen this place to myself for an house of sacrifice. -If I shut up heaven that there be no rain, or if I command the locusts to devour the land, or if I send pestilence among my people; -If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land. -Now mine eyes shall be open, and mine ears attent unto the prayer that is made in this place. -For now have I chosen and sanctified this house, that my name may be there for ever: and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually. -And as for thee, if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father walked, and do according to all that I have commanded thee, and shalt observe my statutes and my judgments; -Then will I stablish the throne of thy kingdom, according as I have covenanted with David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man to be ruler in Israel. -But if ye turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments, which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them; -Then will I pluck them up by the roots out of my land which I have given them; and this house, which I have sanctified for my name, will I cast out of my sight, and will make it to be a proverb and a byword among all nations. -And this house, which is high, shall be an astonishment to every one that passeth by it; so that he shall say, Why hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and unto this house? -And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them. -And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, wherein Solomon had built the house of the LORD, and his own house, -That the cities which Huram had restored to Solomon, Solomon built them, and caused the children of Israel to dwell there. -And Solomon went to Hamathzobah, and prevailed against it. -And he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all the store cities, which he built in Hamath. -Also he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars; -And Baalath, and all the store cities that Solomon had, and all the chariot cities, and the cities of the horsemen, and all that Solomon desired to build in Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and throughout all the land of his dominion. -As for all the people that were left of the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which were not of Israel, -But of their children, who were left after them in the land, whom the children of Israel consumed not, them did Solomon make to pay tribute until this day. -But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no servants for his work; but they were men of war, and chief of his captains, and captains of his chariots and horsemen. -And these were the chief of king Solomon's officers, even two hundred and fifty, that bare rule over the people. -And Solomon brought up the daughter of Pharaoh out of the city of David unto the house that he had built for her: for he said, My wife shall not dwell in the house of David king of Israel, because the places are holy, whereunto the ark of the LORD hath come. -Then Solomon offered burnt offerings unto the LORD on the altar of the LORD, which he had built before the porch, -Even after a certain rate every day, offering according to the commandment of Moses, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts, three times in the year, even in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles. -And he appointed, according to the order of David his father, the courses of the priests to their service, and the Levites to their charges, to praise and minister before the priests, as the duty of every day required: the porters also by their courses at every gate: for so had David the man of God commanded. -And they departed not from the commandment of the king unto the priests and Levites concerning any matter, or concerning the treasures. -Now all the work of Solomon was prepared unto the day of the foundation of the house of the LORD, and until it was finished. So the house of the LORD was perfected. -Then went Solomon to Eziongeber, and to Eloth, at the sea side in the land of Edom. -And Huram sent him by the hands of his servants ships, and servants that had knowledge of the sea; and they went with the servants of Solomon to Ophir, and took thence four hundred and fifty talents of gold, and brought them to king Solomon. -And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon, she came to prove Solomon with hard questions at Jerusalem, with a very great company, and camels that bare spices, and gold in abundance, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart. -And Solomon told her all her questions: and there was nothing hid from Solomon which he told her not. -And when the queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, and the house that he had built, -And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel; his cupbearers also, and their apparel; and his ascent by which he went up into the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her. -And she said to the king, It was a true report which I heard in mine own land of thine acts, and of thy wisdom: -Howbeit I believed not their words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the one half of the greatness of thy wisdom was not told me: for thou exceedest the fame that I heard. -Happy are thy men, and happy are these thy servants, which stand continually before thee, and hear thy wisdom. -Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee to set thee on his throne, to be king for the LORD thy God: because thy God loved Israel, to establish them for ever, therefore made he thee king over them, to do judgment and justice. -And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices great abundance, and precious stones: neither was there any such spice as the queen of Sheba gave king Solomon. -And the servants also of Huram, and the servants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought algum trees and precious stones. -And the king made of the algum trees terraces to the house of the LORD, and to the king's palace, and harps and psalteries for singers: and there were none such seen before in the land of Judah. -And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which she had brought unto the king. So she turned, and went away to her own land, she and her servants. -Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred and threescore and six talents of gold; -Beside that which chapmen and merchants brought. And all the kings of Arabia and governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon. -And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six hundred shekels of beaten gold went to one target. -And three hundred shields made he of beaten gold: three hundred shekels of gold went to one shield. And the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon. -Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with pure gold. -And there were six steps to the throne, with a footstool of gold, which were fastened to the throne, and stays on each side of the sitting place, and two lions standing by the stays: -And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps. There was not the like made in any kingdom. -And all the drinking vessels of king Solomon were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: none were of silver; it was not any thing accounted of in the days of Solomon. -For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram: every three years once came the ships of Tarshish bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. -And king Solomon passed all the kings of the earth in riches and wisdom. -And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, that God had put in his heart. -And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and raiment, harness, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year. -And Solomon had four thousand stalls for horses and chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen; whom he bestowed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem. -And he reigned over all the kings from the river even unto the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt. -And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the low plains in abundance. -And they brought unto Solomon horses out of Egypt, and out of all lands. -Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, first and last, are they not written in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of Iddo the seer against Jeroboam the son of Nebat? -And Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years. -And Solomon slept with his fathers, and he was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead. -And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for to Shechem were all Israel come to make him king. -And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was in Egypt, whither he fled from the presence of Solomon the king, heard it, that Jeroboam returned out of Egypt. -And they sent and called him. So Jeroboam and all Israel came and spake to Rehoboam, saying, -Thy father made our yoke grievous: now therefore ease thou somewhat the grievous servitude of thy father, and his heavy yoke that he put upon us, and we will serve thee. -And he said unto them, Come again unto me after three days. And the people departed. -And king Rehoboam took counsel with the old men that had stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, saying, What counsel give ye me to return answer to this people? -And they spake unto him, saying, If thou be kind to this people, and please them, and speak good words to them, they will be thy servants for ever. -But he forsook the counsel which the old men gave him, and took counsel with the young men that were brought up with him, that stood before him. -And he said unto them, What advice give ye that we may return answer to this people, which have spoken to me, saying, Ease somewhat the yoke that thy father did put upon us? -And the young men that were brought up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou answer the people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it somewhat lighter for us; thus shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. -For whereas my father put a heavy yoke upon you, I will put more to your yoke: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. -So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day, as the king bade, saying, Come again to me on the third day. -And the king answered them roughly; and king Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the old men, -And answered them after the advice of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add thereto: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. -So the king hearkened not unto the people: for the cause was of God, that the LORD might perform his word, which he spake by the hand of Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat. -And when all Israel saw that the king would not hearken unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? and we have none inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to your tents, O Israel: and now, David, see to thine own house. So all Israel went to their tents. -But as for the children of Israel that dwelt in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. -Then king Rehoboam sent Hadoram that was over the tribute; and the children of Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. But king Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. -And Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day. -And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he gathered of the house of Judah and Benjamin an hundred and fourscore thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to fight against Israel, that he might bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam. -But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying, -Speak unto Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all Israel in Judah and Benjamin, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not go up, nor fight against your brethren: return every man to his house: for this thing is done of me. And they obeyed the words of the LORD, and returned from going against Jeroboam. -And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for defence in Judah. -He built even Bethlehem, and Etam, and Tekoa, -And Bethzur, and Shoco, and Adullam, -And Gath, and Mareshah, and Ziph, -And Adoraim, and Lachish, and Azekah, -And Zorah, and Aijalon, and Hebron, which are in Judah and in Benjamin fenced cities. -And he fortified the strong holds, and put captains in them, and store of victual, and of oil and wine. -And in every several city he put shields and spears, and made them exceeding strong, having Judah and Benjamin on his side. -And the priests and the Levites that were in all Israel resorted to him out of all their coasts. -For the Levites left their suburbs and their possession, and came to Judah and Jerusalem: for Jeroboam and his sons had cast them off from executing the priest's office unto the LORD: -And he ordained him priests for the high places, and for the devils, and for the calves which he had made. -And after them out of all the tribes of Israel such as set their hearts to seek the LORD God of Israel came to Jerusalem, to sacrifice unto the LORD God of their fathers. -So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah, and made Rehoboam the son of Solomon strong, three years: for three years they walked in the way of David and Solomon. -And Rehoboam took him Mahalath the daughter of Jerimoth the son of David to wife, and Abihail the daughter of Eliab the son of Jesse; -Which bare him children; Jeush, and Shamariah, and Zaham. -And after her he took Maachah the daughter of Absalom; which bare him Abijah, and Attai, and Ziza, and Shelomith. -And Rehoboam loved Maachah the daughter of Absalom above all his wives and his concubines: (for he took eighteen wives, and threescore concubines; and begat twenty and eight sons, and threescore daughters.) -And Rehoboam made Abijah the son of Maachah the chief, to be ruler among his brethren: for he thought to make him king. -And he dealt wisely, and dispersed of all his children throughout all the countries of Judah and Benjamin, unto every fenced city: and he gave them victual in abundance. And he desired many wives. -And it came to pass, when Rehoboam had established the kingdom, and had strengthened himself, he forsook the law of the LORD, and all Israel with him. -And it came to pass, that in the fifth year of king Rehoboam Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the LORD, -With twelve hundred chariots, and threescore thousand horsemen: and the people were without number that came with him out of Egypt; the Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the Ethiopians. -And he took the fenced cities which pertained to Judah, and came to Jerusalem. -Then came Shemaiah the prophet to Rehoboam, and to the princes of Judah, that were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Ye have forsaken me, and therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak. -Whereupon the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves; and they said, The LORD is righteous. -And when the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled themselves; therefore I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance; and my wrath shall not be poured out upon Jerusalem by the hand of Shishak. -Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that they may know my service, and the service of the kingdoms of the countries. -So Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house; he took all: he carried away also the shields of gold which Solomon had made. -Instead of which king Rehoboam made shields of brass, and committed them to the hands of the chief of the guard, that kept the entrance of the king's house. -And when the king entered into the house of the LORD, the guard came and fetched them, and brought them again into the guard chamber. -And when he humbled himself, the wrath of the LORD turned from him, that he would not destroy him altogether: and also in Judah things went well. -So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem, and reigned: for Rehoboam was one and forty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. -And he did evil, because he prepared not his heart to seek the LORD. -Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, are they not written in the book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the seer concerning genealogies? And there were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam continually. -And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David: and Abijah his son reigned in his stead. -Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam began Abijah to reign over Judah. -He reigned three years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. -And Abijah set the battle in array with an army of valiant men of war, even four hundred thousand chosen men: Jeroboam also set the battle in array against him with eight hundred thousand chosen men, being mighty men of valour. -And Abijah stood up upon mount Zemaraim, which is in mount Ephraim, and said, Hear me, thou Jeroboam, and all Israel; -Ought ye not to know that the LORD God of Israel gave the kingdom over Israel to David for ever, even to him and to his sons by a covenant of salt? -Yet Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the servant of Solomon the son of David, is risen up, and hath rebelled against his lord. -And there are gathered unto him vain men, the children of Belial, and have strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was young and tenderhearted, and could not withstand them. -And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the hand of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with your golden calves, which Jeroboam made you for gods. -Have ye not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and have made you priests after the manner of the nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them that are no gods. -But as for us, the LORD is our God, and we have not forsaken him; and the priests, which minister unto the LORD, are the sons of Aaron, and the Levites wait upon their business: -And they burn unto the LORD every morning and every evening burnt sacrifices and sweet incense: the shewbread also set they in order upon the pure table; and the candlestick of gold with the lamps thereof, to burn every evening: for we keep the charge of the LORD our God; but ye have forsaken him. -And, behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his priests with sounding trumpets to cry alarm against you. O children of Israel, fight ye not against the LORD God of your fathers; for ye shall not prosper. -But Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about behind them: so they were before Judah, and the ambushment was behind them. -And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle was before and behind: and they cried unto the LORD, and the priests sounded with the trumpets. -Then the men of Judah gave a shout: and as the men of Judah shouted, it came to pass, that God smote Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. -And the children of Israel fled before Judah: and God delivered them into their hand. -And Abijah and his people slew them with a great slaughter: so there fell down slain of Israel five hundred thousand chosen men. -Thus the children of Israel were brought under at that time, and the children of Judah prevailed, because they relied upon the LORD God of their fathers. -And Abijah pursued after Jeroboam, and took cities from him, Bethel with the towns thereof, and Jeshanah with the towns thereof, and Ephraim with the towns thereof. -Neither did Jeroboam recover strength again in the days of Abijah: and the LORD struck him, and he died. -But Abijah waxed mighty, and married fourteen wives, and begat twenty and two sons, and sixteen daughters. -And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways, and his sayings, are written in the story of the prophet Iddo. -So Abijah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead. In his days the land was quiet ten years. -And Asa did that which was good and right in the eyes of the LORD his God: -For he took away the altars of the strange gods, and the high places, and brake down the images, and cut down the groves: -And commanded Judah to seek the LORD God of their fathers, and to do the law and the commandment. -Also he took away out of all the cities of Judah the high places and the images: and the kingdom was quiet before him. -And he built fenced cities in Judah: for the land had rest, and he had no war in those years; because the LORD had given him rest. -Therefore he said unto Judah, Let us build these cities, and make about them walls, and towers, gates, and bars, while the land is yet before us; because we have sought the LORD our God, we have sought him, and he hath given us rest on every side. So they built and prospered. -And Asa had an army of men that bare targets and spears, out of Judah three hundred thousand; and out of Benjamin, that bare shields and drew bows, two hundred and fourscore thousand: all these were mighty men of valour. -And there came out against them Zerah the Ethiopian with an host of a thousand thousand, and three hundred chariots; and came unto Mareshah. -Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. -And Asa cried unto the LORD his God, and said, LORD, it is nothing with thee to help, whether with many, or with them that have no power: help us, O LORD our God; for we rest on thee, and in thy name we go against this multitude. O LORD, thou art our God; let no man prevail against thee. -So the LORD smote the Ethiopians before Asa, and before Judah; and the Ethiopians fled. -And Asa and the people that were with him pursued them unto Gerar: and the Ethiopians were overthrown, that they could not recover themselves; for they were destroyed before the LORD, and before his host; and they carried away very much spoil. -And they smote all the cities round about Gerar; for the fear of the LORD came upon them: and they spoiled all the cities; for there was exceeding much spoil in them. -They smote also the tents of cattle, and carried away sheep and camels in abundance, and returned to Jerusalem. -And the Spirit of God came upon Azariah the son of Oded: -And he went out to meet Asa, and said unto him, Hear ye me, Asa, and all Judah and Benjamin; The LORD is with you, while ye be with him; and if ye seek him, he will be found of you; but if ye forsake him, he will forsake you. -Now for a long season Israel hath been without the true God, and without a teaching priest, and without law. -But when they in their trouble did turn unto the LORD God of Israel, and sought him, he was found of them. -And in those times there was no peace to him that went out, nor to him that came in, but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries. -And nation was destroyed of nation, and city of city: for God did vex them with all adversity. -Be ye strong therefore, and let not your hands be weak: for your work shall be rewarded. -And when Asa heard these words, and the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the abominable idols out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from mount Ephraim, and renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD. -And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and the strangers with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon: for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him. -So they gathered themselves together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Asa. -And they offered unto the LORD the same time, of the spoil which they had brought, seven hundred oxen and seven thousand sheep. -And they entered into a covenant to seek the LORD God of their fathers with all their heart and with all their soul; -That whosoever would not seek the LORD God of Israel should be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman. -And they sware unto the LORD with a loud voice, and with shouting, and with trumpets, and with cornets. -And all Judah rejoiced at the oath: for they had sworn with all their heart, and sought him with their whole desire; and he was found of them: and the LORD gave them rest round about. -And also concerning Maachah the mother of Asa the king, he removed her from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove: and Asa cut down her idol, and stamped it, and burnt it at the brook Kidron. -But the high places were not taken away out of Israel: nevertheless the heart of Asa was perfect all his days. -And he brought into the house of God the things that his father had dedicated, and that he himself had dedicated, silver, and gold, and vessels. -And there was no more war unto the five and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa. -In the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa Baasha king of Israel came up against Judah, and built Ramah, to the intent that he might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. -Then Asa brought out silver and gold out of the treasures of the house of the LORD and of the king's house, and sent to Benhadad king of Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, -There is a league between me and thee, as there was between my father and thy father: behold, I have sent thee silver and gold; go, break thy league with Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me. -And Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of his armies against the cities of Israel; and they smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abelmaim, and all the store cities of Naphtali. -And it came to pass, when Baasha heard it, that he left off building of Ramah, and let his work cease. -Then Asa the king took all Judah; and they carried away the stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha was building; and he built therewith Geba and Mizpah. -And at that time Hanani the seer came to Asa king of Judah, and said unto him, Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not relied on the LORD thy God, therefore is the host of the king of Syria escaped out of thine hand. -Were not the Ethiopians and the Lubims a huge host, with very many chariots and horsemen? yet, because thou didst rely on the LORD, he delivered them into thine hand. -For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to shew himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect toward him. Herein thou hast done foolishly: therefore from henceforth thou shalt have wars. -Then Asa was wroth with the seer, and put him in a prison house; for he was in a rage with him because of this thing. And Asa oppressed some of the people the same time. -And, behold, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. -And Asa in the thirty and ninth year of his reign was diseased in his feet, until his disease was exceeding great: yet in his disease he sought not to the LORD, but to the physicians. -And Asa slept with his fathers, and died in the one and fortieth year of his reign. -And they buried him in his own sepulchres, which he had made for himself in the city of David, and laid him in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the apothecaries' art: and they made a very great burning for him. -And Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead, and strengthened himself against Israel. -And he placed forces in all the fenced cities of Judah, and set garrisons in the land of Judah, and in the cities of Ephraim, which Asa his father had taken. -And the LORD was with Jehoshaphat, because he walked in the first ways of his father David, and sought not unto Baalim; -But sought to the Lord God of his father, and walked in his commandments, and not after the doings of Israel. -Therefore the LORD stablished the kingdom in his hand; and all Judah brought to Jehoshaphat presents; and he had riches and honour in abundance. -And his heart was lifted up in the ways of the LORD: moreover he took away the high places and groves out of Judah. -Also in the third year of his reign he sent to his princes, even to Benhail, and to Obadiah, and to Zechariah, and to Nethaneel, and to Michaiah, to teach in the cities of Judah. -And with them he sent Levites, even Shemaiah, and Nethaniah, and Zebadiah, and Asahel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehonathan, and Adonijah, and Tobijah, and Tobadonijah, Levites; and with them Elishama and Jehoram, priests. -And they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law of the LORD with them, and went about throughout all the cities of Judah, and taught the people. -And the fear of the LORD fell upon all the kingdoms of the lands that were round about Judah, so that they made no war against Jehoshaphat. -Also some of the Philistines brought Jehoshaphat presents, and tribute silver; and the Arabians brought him flocks, seven thousand and seven hundred rams, and seven thousand and seven hundred he goats. -And Jehoshaphat waxed great exceedingly; and he built in Judah castles, and cities of store. -And he had much business in the cities of Judah: and the men of war, mighty men of valour, were in Jerusalem. -And these are the numbers of them according to the house of their fathers: Of Judah, the captains of thousands; Adnah the chief, and with him mighty men of valour three hundred thousand. -And next to him was Jehohanan the captain, and with him two hundred and fourscore thousand. -And next him was Amasiah the son of Zichri, who willingly offered himself unto the LORD; and with him two hundred thousand mighty men of valour. -And of Benjamin; Eliada a mighty man of valour, and with him armed men with bow and shield two hundred thousand. -And next him was Jehozabad, and with him an hundred and fourscore thousand ready prepared for the war. -These waited on the king, beside those whom the king put in the fenced cities throughout all Judah. -Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honour in abundance, and joined affinity with Ahab. -And after certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. And Ahab killed sheep and oxen for him in abundance, and for the people that he had with him, and persuaded him to go up with him to Ramothgilead. -And Ahab king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat king of Judah, Wilt thou go with me to Ramothgilead? And he answered him, I am as thou art, and my people as thy people; and we will be with thee in the war. -And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray thee, at the word of the LORD to day. -Therefore the king of Israel gathered together of prophets four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall we go to Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for God will deliver it into the king's hand. -But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD besides, that we might enquire of him? -And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, by whom we may enquire of the LORD: but I hate him; for he never prophesied good unto me, but always evil: the same is Micaiah the son of Imla. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not the king say so. -And the king of Israel called for one of his officers, and said, Fetch quickly Micaiah the son of Imla. -And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah sat either of them on his throne, clothed in their robes, and they sat in a void place at the entering in of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied before them. -And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah had made him horns of iron, and said, Thus saith the LORD, With these thou shalt push Syria until they be consumed. -And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. -And the messenger that went to call Micaiah spake to him, saying, Behold, the words of the prophets declare good to the king with one assent; let thy word therefore, I pray thee, be like one of their's, and speak thou good. -And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, even what my God saith, that will I speak. -And when he was come to the king, the king said unto him, Micaiah, shall we go to Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And he said, Go ye up, and prosper, and they shall be delivered into your hand. -And the king said to him, How many times shall I adjure thee that thou say nothing but the truth to me in the name of the LORD? -Then he said, I did see all Israel scattered upon the mountains, as sheep that have no shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no master; let them return therefore every man to his house in peace. -And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee that he would not prophesy good unto me, but evil? -Again he said, Therefore hear the word of the LORD; I saw the LORD sitting upon his throne, and all the host of heaven standing on his right hand and on his left. -And the LORD said, Who shall entice Ahab king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one spake saying after this manner, and another saying after that manner. -Then there came out a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and said, I will entice him. And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? -And he said, I will go out, and be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And the Lord said, Thou shalt entice him, and thou shalt also prevail: go out, and do even so. -Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil against thee. -Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near, and smote Micaiah upon the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me to speak unto thee? -And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see on that day when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself. -Then the king of Israel said, Take ye Micaiah, and carry him back to Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son; -And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I return in peace. -And Micaiah said, If thou certainly return in peace, then hath not the LORD spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, all ye people. -So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramothgilead. -And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise myself, and I will go to the battle; but put thou on thy robes. So the king of Israel disguised himself; and they went to the battle. -Now the king of Syria had commanded the captains of the chariots that were with him, saying, Fight ye not with small or great, save only with the king of Israel. -And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, It is the king of Israel. Therefore they compassed about him to fight: but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. -For it came to pass, that, when the captains of the chariots perceived that it was not the king of Israel, they turned back again from pursuing him. -And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: therefore he said to his chariot man, Turn thine hand, that thou mayest carry me out of the host; for I am wounded. -And the battle increased that day: howbeit the king of Israel stayed himself up in his chariot against the Syrians until the even: and about the time of the sun going down he died. -And Jehoshaphat the king of Judah returned to his house in peace to Jerusalem. -And Jehu the son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him, and said to king Jehoshaphat, Shouldest thou help the ungodly, and love them that hate the LORD? therefore is wrath upon thee from before the LORD. -Nevertheless there are good things found in thee, in that thou hast taken away the groves out of the land, and hast prepared thine heart to seek God. -And Jehoshaphat dwelt at Jerusalem: and he went out again through the people from Beersheba to mount Ephraim, and brought them back unto the LORD God of their fathers. -And he set judges in the land throughout all the fenced cities of Judah, city by city, -And said to the judges, Take heed what ye do: for ye judge not for man, but for the LORD, who is with you in the judgment. -Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and do it: for there is no iniquity with the LORD our God, nor respect of persons, nor taking of gifts. -Moreover in Jerusalem did Jehoshaphat set of the Levites, and of the priests, and of the chief of the fathers of Israel, for the judgment of the LORD, and for controversies, when they returned to Jerusalem. -And he charged them, saying, Thus shall ye do in the fear of the LORD, faithfully, and with a perfect heart. -And what cause soever shall come to you of your brethren that dwell in your cities, between blood and blood, between law and commandment, statutes and judgments, ye shall even warn them that they trespass not against the LORD, and so wrath come upon you, and upon your brethren: this do, and ye shall not trespass. -And, behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters of the LORD; and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, for all the king's matters: also the Levites shall be officers before you. Deal courageously, and the LORD shall be with the good. -It came to pass after this also, that the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them other beside the Ammonites, came against Jehoshaphat to battle. -Then there came some that told Jehoshaphat, saying, There cometh a great multitude against thee from beyond the sea on this side Syria; and, behold, they be in Hazazontamar, which is Engedi. -And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the LORD, and proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah. -And Judah gathered themselves together, to ask help of the LORD: even out of all the cities of Judah they came to seek the LORD. -And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of the LORD, before the new court, -And said, O LORD God of our fathers, art not thou God in heaven? and rulest not thou over all the kingdoms of the heathen? and in thine hand is there not power and might, so that none is able to withstand thee? -Art not thou our God, who didst drive out the inhabitants of this land before thy people Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham thy friend for ever? -And they dwelt therein, and have built thee a sanctuary therein for thy name, saying, -If, when evil cometh upon us, as the sword, judgment, or pestilence, or famine, we stand before this house, and in thy presence, (for thy name is in this house,) and cry unto thee in our affliction, then thou wilt hear and help. -And now, behold, the children of Ammon and Moab and mount Seir, whom thou wouldest not let Israel invade, when they came out of the land of Egypt, but they turned from them, and destroyed them not; -Behold, I say, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of thy possession, which thou hast given us to inherit. -O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee. -And all Judah stood before the LORD, with their little ones, their wives, and their children. -Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the son of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, a Levite of the sons of Asaph, came the Spirit of the LORD in the midst of the congregation; -And he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem, and thou king Jehoshaphat, Thus saith the LORD unto you, Be not afraid nor dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not yours, but God's. -To morrow go ye down against them: behold, they come up by the cliff of Ziz; and ye shall find them at the end of the brook, before the wilderness of Jeruel. -Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set yourselves, stand ye still, and see the salvation of the LORD with you, O Judah and Jerusalem: fear not, nor be dismayed; to morrow go out against them: for the LORD will be with you. -And Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his face to the ground: and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell before the LORD, worshipping the LORD. -And the Levites, of the children of the Kohathites, and of the children of the Korhites, stood up to praise the LORD God of Israel with a loud voice on high. -And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem; Believe in the LORD your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets, so shall ye prosper. -And when he had consulted with the people, he appointed singers unto the LORD, and that should praise the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and to say, Praise the LORD; for his mercy endureth for ever. -And when they began to sing and to praise, the LORD set ambushments against the children of Ammon, Moab, and mount Seir, which were come against Judah; and they were smitten. -For the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against the inhabitants of mount Seir, utterly to slay and destroy them: and when they had made an end of the inhabitants of Seir, every one helped to destroy another. -And when Judah came toward the watch tower in the wilderness, they looked unto the multitude, and, behold, they were dead bodies fallen to the earth, and none escaped. -And when Jehoshaphat and his people came to take away the spoil of them, they found among them in abundance both riches with the dead bodies, and precious jewels, which they stripped off for themselves, more than they could carry away: and they were three days in gathering of the spoil, it was so much. -And on the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of Berachah; for there they blessed the LORD: therefore the name of the same place was called, The valley of Berachah, unto this day. -Then they returned, every man of Judah and Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in the forefront of them, to go again to Jerusalem with joy; for the LORD had made them to rejoice over their enemies. -And they came to Jerusalem with psalteries and harps and trumpets unto the house of the LORD. -And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms of those countries, when they had heard that the LORD fought against the enemies of Israel. -So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet: for his God gave him rest round about. -And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he was thirty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. -And he walked in the way of Asa his father, and departed not from it, doing that which was right in the sight of the LORD. -Howbeit the high places were not taken away: for as yet the people had not prepared their hearts unto the God of their fathers. -Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Jehu the son of Hanani, who is mentioned in the book of the kings of Israel. -And after this did Jehoshaphat king of Judah join himself with Ahaziah king of Israel, who did very wickedly: -And he joined himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish: and they made the ships in Eziongaber. -Then Eliezer the son of Dodavah of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, Because thou hast joined thyself with Ahaziah, the LORD hath broken thy works. And the ships were broken, that they were not able to go to Tarshish. -Now Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David. And Jehoram his son reigned in his stead. -And he had brethren the sons of Jehoshaphat, Azariah, and Jehiel, and Zechariah, and Azariah, and Michael, and Shephatiah: all these were the sons of Jehoshaphat king of Israel. -And their father gave them great gifts of silver, and of gold, and of precious things, with fenced cities in Judah: but the kingdom gave he to Jehoram; because he was the firstborn. -Now when Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself, and slew all his brethren with the sword, and divers also of the princes of Israel. -Jehoram was thirty and two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. -And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, like as did the house of Ahab: for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife: and he wrought that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD. -Howbeit the LORD would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that he had made with David, and as he promised to give a light to him and to his sons for ever. -In his days the Edomites revolted from under the dominion of Judah, and made themselves a king. -Then Jehoram went forth with his princes, and all his chariots with him: and he rose up by night, and smote the Edomites which compassed him in, and the captains of the chariots. -So the Edomites revolted from under the hand of Judah unto this day. The same time also did Libnah revolt from under his hand; because he had forsaken the LORD God of his fathers. -Moreover he made high places in the mountains of Judah and caused the inhabitants of Jerusalem to commit fornication, and compelled Judah thereto. -And there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet, saying, Thus saith the LORD God of David thy father, Because thou hast not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat thy father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah, -But hast walked in the way of the kings of Israel, and hast made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to go a whoring, like to the whoredoms of the house of Ahab, and also hast slain thy brethren of thy father's house, which were better than thyself: -Behold, with a great plague will the LORD smite thy people, and thy children, and thy wives, and all thy goods: -And thou shalt have great sickness by disease of thy bowels, until thy bowels fall out by reason of the sickness day by day. -Moreover the LORD stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines, and of the Arabians, that were near the Ethiopians: -And they came up into Judah, and brake into it, and carried away all the substance that was found in the king's house, and his sons also, and his wives; so that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons. -And after all this the LORD smote him in his bowels with an incurable disease. -And it came to pass, that in process of time, after the end of two years, his bowels fell out by reason of his sickness: so he died of sore diseases. And his people made no burning for him, like the burning of his fathers. -Thirty and two years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years, and departed without being desired. Howbeit they buried him in the city of David, but not in the sepulchres of the kings. -And the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son king in his stead: for the band of men that came with the Arabians to the camp had slain all the eldest. So Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah reigned. -Forty and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Athaliah the daughter of Omri. -He also walked in the ways of the house of Ahab: for his mother was his counsellor to do wickedly. -Wherefore he did evil in the sight of the LORD like the house of Ahab: for they were his counsellors after the death of his father to his destruction. -He walked also after their counsel, and went with Jehoram the son of Ahab king of Israel to war against Hazael king of Syria at Ramothgilead: and the Syrians smote Joram. -And he returned to be healed in Jezreel because of the wounds which were given him at Ramah, when he fought with Hazael king of Syria. And Azariah the son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to see Jehoram the son of Ahab at Jezreel, because he was sick. -And the destruction of Ahaziah was of God by coming to Joram: for when he was come, he went out with Jehoram against Jehu the son of Nimshi, whom the LORD had anointed to cut off the house of Ahab. -And it came to pass, that, when Jehu was executing judgment upon the house of Ahab, and found the princes of Judah, and the sons of the brethren of Ahaziah, that ministered to Ahaziah, he slew them. -And he sought Ahaziah: and they caught him, (for he was hid in Samaria,) and brought him to Jehu: and when they had slain him, they buried him: Because, said they, he is the son of Jehoshaphat, who sought the LORD with all his heart. So the house of Ahaziah had no power to keep still the kingdom. -But when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed all the seed royal of the house of Judah. -But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him from among the king's sons that were slain, and put him and his nurse in a bedchamber. So Jehoshabeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest, (for she was the sister of Ahaziah,) hid him from Athaliah, so that she slew him not. -And he was with them hid in the house of God six years: and Athaliah reigned over the land. -And in the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him. -And they went about in Judah, and gathered the Levites out of all the cities of Judah, and the chief of the fathers of Israel, and they came to Jerusalem. -And all the congregation made a covenant with the king in the house of God. And he said unto them, Behold, the king's son shall reign, as the LORD hath said of the sons of David. -This is the thing that ye shall do; A third part of you entering on the sabbath, of the priests and of the Levites, shall be porters of the doors; -And a third part shall be at the king's house; and a third part at the gate of the foundation: and all the people shall be in the courts of the house of the LORD. -But let none come into the house of the LORD, save the priests, and they that minister of the Levites; they shall go in, for they are holy: but all the people shall keep the watch of the LORD. -And the Levites shall compass the king round about, every man with his weapons in his hand; and whosoever else cometh into the house, he shall be put to death: but be ye with the king when he cometh in, and when he goeth out. -So the Levites and all Judah did according to all things that Jehoiada the priest had commanded, and took every man his men that were to come in on the sabbath, with them that were to go out on the sabbath: for Jehoiada the priest dismissed not the courses. -Moreover Jehoiada the priest delivered to the captains of hundreds spears, and bucklers, and shields, that had been king David's, which were in the house of God. -And he set all the people, every man having his weapon in his hand, from the right side of the temple to the left side of the temple, along by the altar and the temple, by the king round about. -Then they brought out the king's son, and put upon him the crown, and gave him the testimony, and made him king. And Jehoiada and his sons anointed him, and said, God save the king. -Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the people running and praising the king, she came to the people into the house of the LORD: -And she looked, and, behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in, and the princes and the trumpets by the king: and all the people of the land rejoiced, and sounded with trumpets, also the singers with instruments of musick, and such as taught to sing praise. Then Athaliah rent her clothes, and said, Treason, Treason. -Then Jehoiada the priest brought out the captains of hundreds that were set over the host, and said unto them, Have her forth of the ranges: and whoso followeth her, let him be slain with the sword. For the priest said, Slay her not in the house of the LORD. -So they laid hands on her; and when she was come to the entering of the horse gate by the king's house, they slew her there. -And Jehoiada made a covenant between him, and between all the people, and between the king, that they should be the LORD's people. -Then all the people went to the house of Baal, and brake it down, and brake his altars and his images in pieces, and slew Mattan the priest of Baal before the altars. -Also Jehoiada appointed the offices of the house of the LORD by the hand of the priests the Levites, whom David had distributed in the house of the LORD, to offer the burnt offerings of the LORD, as it is written in the law of Moses, with rejoicing and with singing, as it was ordained by David. -And he set the porters at the gates of the house of the LORD, that none which was unclean in any thing should enter in. -And he took the captains of hundreds, and the nobles, and the governors of the people, and all the people of the land, and brought down the king from the house of the LORD: and they came through the high gate into the king's house, and set the king upon the throne of the kingdom. -And all the people of the land rejoiced: and the city was quiet, after that they had slain Athaliah with the sword. -Joash was seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Zibiah of Beersheba. -And Joash did that which was right in the sight of the LORD all the days of Jehoiada the priest. -And Jehoiada took for him two wives; and he begat sons and daughters. -And it came to pass after this, that Joash was minded to repair the house of the LORD. -And he gathered together the priests and the Levites, and said to them, Go out unto the cities of Judah, and gather of all Israel money to repair the house of your God from year to year, and see that ye hasten the matter. Howbeit the Levites hastened it not. -And the king called for Jehoiada the chief, and said unto him, Why hast thou not required of the Levites to bring in out of Judah and out of Jerusalem the collection, according to the commandment of Moses the servant of the LORD, and of the congregation of Israel, for the tabernacle of witness? -For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked woman, had broken up the house of God; and also all the dedicated things of the house of the LORD did they bestow upon Baalim. -And at the king's commandment they made a chest, and set it without at the gate of the house of the LORD. -And they made a proclamation through Judah and Jerusalem, to bring in to the LORD the collection that Moses the servant of God laid upon Israel in the wilderness. -And all the princes and all the people rejoiced, and brought in, and cast into the chest, until they had made an end. -Now it came to pass, that at what time the chest was brought unto the king's office by the hand of the Levites, and when they saw that there was much money, the king's scribe and the high priest's officer came and emptied the chest, and took it, and carried it to his place again. Thus they did day by day, and gathered money in abundance. -And the king and Jehoiada gave it to such as did the work of the service of the house of the LORD, and hired masons and carpenters to repair the house of the LORD, and also such as wrought iron and brass to mend the house of the LORD. -So the workmen wrought, and the work was perfected by them, and they set the house of God in his state, and strengthened it. -And when they had finished it, they brought the rest of the money before the king and Jehoiada, whereof were made vessels for the house of the LORD, even vessels to minister, and to offer withal, and spoons, and vessels of gold and silver. And they offered burnt offerings in the house of the LORD continually all the days of Jehoiada. -But Jehoiada waxed old, and was full of days when he died; an hundred and thirty years old was he when he died. -And they buried him in the city of David among the kings, because he had done good in Israel, both toward God, and toward his house. -Now after the death of Jehoiada came the princes of Judah, and made obeisance to the king. Then the king hearkened unto them. -And they left the house of the LORD God of their fathers, and served groves and idols: and wrath came upon Judah and Jerusalem for this their trespass. -Yet he sent prophets to them, to bring them again unto the LORD; and they testified against them: but they would not give ear. -And the Spirit of God came upon Zechariah the son of Jehoiada the priest, which stood above the people, and said unto them, Thus saith God, Why transgress ye the commandments of the LORD, that ye cannot prosper? because ye have forsaken the LORD, he hath also forsaken you. -And they conspired against him, and stoned him with stones at the commandment of the king in the court of the house of the LORD. -Thus Joash the king remembered not the kindness which Jehoiada his father had done to him, but slew his son. And when he died, he said, The LORD look upon it, and require it. -And it came to pass at the end of the year, that the host of Syria came up against him: and they came to Judah and Jerusalem, and destroyed all the princes of the people from among the people, and sent all the spoil of them unto the king of Damascus. -For the army of the Syrians came with a small company of men, and the LORD delivered a very great host into their hand, because they had forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. So they executed judgment against Joash. -And when they were departed from him, (for they left him in great diseases,) his own servants conspired against him for the blood of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, and slew him on his bed, and he died: and they buried him in the city of David, but they buried him not in the sepulchres of the kings. -And these are they that conspired against him; Zabad the son of Shimeath an Ammonitess, and Jehozabad the son of Shimrith a Moabitess. -Now concerning his sons, and the greatness of the burdens laid upon him, and the repairing of the house of God, behold, they are written in the story of the book of the kings. And Amaziah his son reigned in his stead. -Amaziah was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem. -And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, but not with a perfect heart. -Now it came to pass, when the kingdom was established to him, that he slew his servants that had killed the king his father. -But he slew not their children, but did as it is written in the law in the book of Moses, where the LORD commanded, saying, The fathers shall not die for the children, neither shall the children die for the fathers, but every man shall die for his own sin. -Moreover Amaziah gathered Judah together, and made them captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, according to the houses of their fathers, throughout all Judah and Benjamin: and he numbered them from twenty years old and above, and found them three hundred thousand choice men, able to go forth to war, that could handle spear and shield. -He hired also an hundred thousand mighty men of valour out of Israel for an hundred talents of silver. -But there came a man of God to him, saying, O king, let not the army of Israel go with thee; for the LORD is not with Israel, to wit, with all the children of Ephraim. -But if thou wilt go, do it; be strong for the battle: God shall make thee fall before the enemy: for God hath power to help, and to cast down. -And Amaziah said to the man of God, But what shall we do for the hundred talents which I have given to the army of Israel? And the man of God answered, The LORD is able to give thee much more than this. -Then Amaziah separated them, to wit, the army that was come to him out of Ephraim, to go home again: wherefore their anger was greatly kindled against Judah, and they returned home in great anger. -And Amaziah strengthened himself, and led forth his people, and went to the valley of salt, and smote of the children of Seir ten thousand. -And other ten thousand left alive did the children of Judah carry away captive, and brought them unto the top of the rock, and cast them down from the top of the rock, that they all were broken in pieces. -But the soldiers of the army which Amaziah sent back, that they should not go with him to battle, fell upon the cities of Judah, from Samaria even unto Bethhoron, and smote three thousand of them, and took much spoil. -Now it came to pass, after that Amaziah was come from the slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought the gods of the children of Seir, and set them up to be his gods, and bowed down himself before them, and burned incense unto them. -Wherefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against Amaziah, and he sent unto him a prophet, which said unto him, Why hast thou sought after the gods of the people, which could not deliver their own people out of thine hand? -And it came to pass, as he talked with him, that the king said unto him, Art thou made of the king's counsel? forbear; why shouldest thou be smitten? Then the prophet forbare, and said, I know that God hath determined to destroy thee, because thou hast done this, and hast not hearkened unto my counsel. -Then Amaziah king of Judah took advice, and sent to Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, Come, let us see one another in the face. -And Joash king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, saying, The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in Lebanon, saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife: and there passed by a wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trode down the thistle. -Thou sayest, Lo, thou hast smitten the Edomites; and thine heart lifteth thee up to boast: abide now at home; why shouldest thou meddle to thine hurt, that thou shouldest fall, even thou, and Judah with thee? -But Amaziah would not hear; for it came of God, that he might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they sought after the gods of Edom. -So Joash the king of Israel went up; and they saw one another in the face, both he and Amaziah king of Judah, at Bethshemesh, which belongeth to Judah. -And Judah was put to the worse before Israel, and they fled every man to his tent. -And Joash the king of Israel took Amaziah king of Judah, the son of Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, at Bethshemesh, and brought him to Jerusalem, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim to the corner gate, four hundred cubits. -And he took all the gold and the silver, and all the vessels that were found in the house of God with Obededom, and the treasures of the king's house, the hostages also, and returned to Samaria. -And Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah lived after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel fifteen years. -Now the rest of the acts of Amaziah, first and last, behold, are they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel? -Now after the time that Amaziah did turn away from following the LORD they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem; and he fled to Lachish: but they sent to Lachish after him, and slew him there. -And they brought him upon horses, and buried him with his fathers in the city of Judah. -Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. -He built Eloth, and restored it to Judah, after that the king slept with his fathers. -Sixteen years old was Uzziah when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty and two years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Jecoliah of Jerusalem. -And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Amaziah did. -And he sought God in the days of Zechariah, who had understanding in the visions of God: and as long as he sought the LORD, God made him to prosper. -And he went forth and warred against the Philistines, and brake down the wall of Gath, and the wall of Jabneh, and the wall of Ashdod, and built cities about Ashdod, and among the Philistines. -And God helped him against the Philistines, and against the Arabians that dwelt in Gurbaal, and the Mehunims. -And the Ammonites gave gifts to Uzziah: and his name spread abroad even to the entering in of Egypt; for he strengthened himself exceedingly. -Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified them. -Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells: for he had much cattle, both in the low country, and in the plains: husbandmen also, and vine dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel: for he loved husbandry. -Moreover Uzziah had an host of fighting men, that went out to war by bands, according to the number of their account by the hand of Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the ruler, under the hand of Hananiah, one of the king's captains. -The whole number of the chief of the fathers of the mighty men of valour were two thousand and six hundred. -And under their hand was an army, three hundred thousand and seven thousand and five hundred, that made war with mighty power, to help the king against the enemy. -And Uzziah prepared for them throughout all the host shields, and spears, and helmets, and habergeons, and bows, and slings to cast stones. -And he made in Jerusalem engines, invented by cunning men, to be on the towers and upon the bulwarks, to shoot arrows and great stones withal. And his name spread far abroad; for he was marvellously helped, till he was strong. -But when he was strong, his heart was lifted up to his destruction: for he transgressed against the LORD his God, and went into the temple of the LORD to burn incense upon the altar of incense. -And Azariah the priest went in after him, and with him fourscore priests of the LORD, that were valiant men: -And they withstood Uzziah the king, and said unto him, It appertaineth not unto thee, Uzziah, to burn incense unto the LORD, but to the priests the sons of Aaron, that are consecrated to burn incense: go out of the sanctuary; for thou hast trespassed; neither shall it be for thine honour from the LORD God. -Then Uzziah was wroth, and had a censer in his hand to burn incense: and while he was wroth with the priests, the leprosy even rose up in his forehead before the priests in the house of the LORD, from beside the incense altar. -And Azariah the chief priest, and all the priests, looked upon him, and, behold, he was leprous in his forehead, and they thrust him out from thence; yea, himself hasted also to go out, because the LORD had smitten him. -And Uzziah the king was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a several house, being a leper; for he was cut off from the house of the LORD: and Jotham his son was over the king's house, judging the people of the land. -Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first and last, did Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, write. -So Uzziah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in the field of the burial which belonged to the kings; for they said, He is a leper: and Jotham his son reigned in his stead. -Jotham was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Jerushah, the daughter of Zadok. -And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Uzziah did: howbeit he entered not into the temple of the LORD. And the people did yet corruptly. -He built the high gate of the house of the LORD, and on the wall of Ophel he built much. -Moreover he built cities in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers. -He fought also with the king of the Ammonites, and prevailed against them. And the children of Ammon gave him the same year an hundred talents of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, and ten thousand of barley. So much did the children of Ammon pay unto him, both the second year, and the third. -So Jotham became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the LORD his God. -Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his wars, and his ways, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah. -He was five and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. -And Jotham slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David: and Ahaz his son reigned in his stead. -Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem: but he did not that which was right in the sight of the LORD, like David his father: -For he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and made also molten images for Baalim. -Moreover he burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and burnt his children in the fire, after the abominations of the heathen whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel. -He sacrificed also and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree. -Wherefore the LORD his God delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria; and they smote him, and carried away a great multitude of them captives, and brought them to Damascus. And he was also delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who smote him with a great slaughter. -For Pekah the son of Remaliah slew in Judah an hundred and twenty thousand in one day, which were all valiant men; because they had forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. -And Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, slew Maaseiah the king's son, and Azrikam the governor of the house, and Elkanah that was next to the king. -And the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria. -But a prophet of the LORD was there, whose name was Oded: and he went out before the host that came to Samaria, and said unto them, Behold, because the LORD God of your fathers was wroth with Judah, he hath delivered them into your hand, and ye have slain them in a rage that reacheth up unto heaven. -And now ye purpose to keep under the children of Judah and Jerusalem for bondmen and bondwomen unto you: but are there not with you, even with you, sins against the LORD your God? -Now hear me therefore, and deliver the captives again, which ye have taken captive of your brethren: for the fierce wrath of the LORD is upon you. -Then certain of the heads of the children of Ephraim, Azariah the son of Johanan, Berechiah the son of Meshillemoth, and Jehizkiah the son of Shallum, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, stood up against them that came from the war, -And said unto them, Ye shall not bring in the captives hither: for whereas we have offended against the LORD already, ye intend to add more to our sins and to our trespass: for our trespass is great, and there is fierce wrath against Israel. -So the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the princes and all the congregation. -And the men which were expressed by name rose up, and took the captives, and with the spoil clothed all that were naked among them, and arrayed them, and shod them, and gave them to eat and to drink, and anointed them, and carried all the feeble of them upon asses, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brethren: then they returned to Samaria. -At that time did king Ahaz send unto the kings of Assyria to help him. -For again the Edomites had come and smitten Judah, and carried away captives. -The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the low country, and of the south of Judah, and had taken Bethshemesh, and Ajalon, and Gederoth, and Shocho with the villages thereof, and Timnah with the villages thereof, Gimzo also and the villages thereof: and they dwelt there. -For the LORD brought Judah low because of Ahaz king of Israel; for he made Judah naked, and transgressed sore against the LORD. -And Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria came unto him, and distressed him, but strengthened him not. -For Ahaz took away a portion out of the house of the LORD, and out of the house of the king, and of the princes, and gave it unto the king of Assyria: but he helped him not. -And in the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the LORD: this is that king Ahaz. -For he sacrificed unto the gods of Damascus, which smote him: and he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I sacrifice to them, that they may help me. But they were the ruin of him, and of all Israel. -And Ahaz gathered together the vessels of the house of God, and cut in pieces the vessels of the house of God, and shut up the doors of the house of the LORD, and he made him altars in every corner of Jerusalem. -And in every several city of Judah he made high places to burn incense unto other gods, and provoked to anger the LORD God of his fathers. -Now the rest of his acts and of all his ways, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. -And Ahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city, even in Jerusalem: but they brought him not into the sepulchres of the kings of Israel: and Hezekiah his son reigned in his stead. -Hezekiah began to reign when he was five and twenty years old, and he reigned nine and twenty years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Abijah, the daughter of Zechariah. -And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done. -He in the first year of his reign, in the first month, opened the doors of the house of the LORD, and repaired them. -And he brought in the priests and the Levites, and gathered them together into the east street, -And said unto them, Hear me, ye Levites, sanctify now yourselves, and sanctify the house of the LORD God of your fathers, and carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place. -For our fathers have trespassed, and done that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD our God, and have forsaken him, and have turned away their faces from the habitation of the LORD, and turned their backs. -Also they have shut up the doors of the porch, and put out the lamps, and have not burned incense nor offered burnt offerings in the holy place unto the God of Israel. -Wherefore the wrath of the LORD was upon Judah and Jerusalem, and he hath delivered them to trouble, to astonishment, and to hissing, as ye see with your eyes. -For, lo, our fathers have fallen by the sword, and our sons and our daughters and our wives are in captivity for this. -Now it is in mine heart to make a covenant with the LORD God of Israel, that his fierce wrath may turn away from us. -My sons, be not now negligent: for the LORD hath chosen you to stand before him, to serve him, and that ye should minister unto him, and burn incense. -Then the Levites arose, Mahath the son of Amasai, and Joel the son of Azariah, of the sons of the Kohathites: and of the sons of Merari, Kish the son of Abdi, and Azariah the son of Jehalelel: and of the Gershonites; Joah the son of Zimmah, and Eden the son of Joah: -And of the sons of Elizaphan; Shimri, and Jeiel: and of the sons of Asaph; Zechariah, and Mattaniah: -And of the sons of Heman; Jehiel, and Shimei: and of the sons of Jeduthun; Shemaiah, and Uzziel. -And they gathered their brethren, and sanctified themselves, and came, according to the commandment of the king, by the words of the LORD, to cleanse the house of the LORD. -And the priests went into the inner part of the house of the LORD, to cleanse it, and brought out all the uncleanness that they found in the temple of the LORD into the court of the house of the LORD. And the Levites took it, to carry it out abroad into the brook Kidron. -Now they began on the first day of the first month to sanctify, and on the eighth day of the month came they to the porch of the LORD: so they sanctified the house of the LORD in eight days; and in the sixteenth day of the first month they made an end. -Then they went in to Hezekiah the king, and said, We have cleansed all the house of the LORD, and the altar of burnt offering, with all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread table, with all the vessels thereof. -Moreover all the vessels, which king Ahaz in his reign did cast away in his transgression, have we prepared and sanctified, and, behold, they are before the altar of the LORD. -Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and gathered the rulers of the city, and went up to the house of the LORD. -And they brought seven bullocks, and seven rams, and seven lambs, and seven he goats, for a sin offering for the kingdom, and for the sanctuary, and for Judah. And he commanded the priests the sons of Aaron to offer them on the altar of the LORD. -So they killed the bullocks, and the priests received the blood, and sprinkled it on the altar: likewise, when they had killed the rams, they sprinkled the blood upon the altar: they killed also the lambs, and they sprinkled the blood upon the altar. -And they brought forth the he goats for the sin offering before the king and the congregation; and they laid their hands upon them: -And the priests killed them, and they made reconciliation with their blood upon the altar, to make an atonement for all Israel: for the king commanded that the burnt offering and the sin offering should be made for all Israel. -And he set the Levites in the house of the LORD with cymbals, with psalteries, and with harps, according to the commandment of David, and of Gad the king's seer, and Nathan the prophet: for so was the commandment of the LORD by his prophets. -And the Levites stood with the instruments of David, and the priests with the trumpets. -And Hezekiah commanded to offer the burnt offering upon the altar. And when the burnt offering began, the song of the LORD began also with the trumpets, and with the instruments ordained by David king of Israel. -And all the congregation worshipped, and the singers sang, and the trumpeters sounded: and all this continued until the burnt offering was finished. -And when they had made an end of offering, the king and all that were present with him bowed themselves, and worshipped. -Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes commanded the Levites to sing praise unto the LORD with the words of David, and of Asaph the seer. And they sang praises with gladness, and they bowed their heads and worshipped. -Then Hezekiah answered and said, Now ye have consecrated yourselves unto the LORD, come near and bring sacrifices and thank offerings into the house of the LORD. And the congregation brought in sacrifices and thank offerings; and as many as were of a free heart burnt offerings. -And the number of the burnt offerings, which the congregation brought, was threescore and ten bullocks, an hundred rams, and two hundred lambs: all these were for a burnt offering to the LORD. -And the consecrated things were six hundred oxen and three thousand sheep. -But the priests were too few, so that they could not flay all the burnt offerings: wherefore their brethren the Levites did help them, till the work was ended, and until the other priests had sanctified themselves: for the Levites were more upright in heart to sanctify themselves than the priests. -And also the burnt offerings were in abundance, with the fat of the peace offerings, and the drink offerings for every burnt offering. So the service of the house of the LORD was set in order. -And Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the people, that God had prepared the people: for the thing was done suddenly. -And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel. -For the king had taken counsel, and his princes, and all the congregation in Jerusalem, to keep the passover in the second month. -For they could not keep it at that time, because the priests had not sanctified themselves sufficiently, neither had the people gathered themselves together to Jerusalem. -And the thing pleased the king and all the congregation. -So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem: for they had not done it of a long time in such sort as it was written. -So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, and according to the commandment of the king, saying, Ye children of Israel, turn again unto the LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and he will return to the remnant of you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria. -And be not ye like your fathers, and like your brethren, which trespassed against the LORD God of their fathers, who therefore gave them up to desolation, as ye see. -Now be ye not stiffnecked, as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the LORD, and enter into his sanctuary, which he hath sanctified for ever: and serve the LORD your God, that the fierceness of his wrath may turn away from you. -For if ye turn again unto the LORD, your brethren and your children shall find compassion before them that lead them captive, so that they shall come again into this land: for the LORD your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away his face from you, if ye return unto him. -So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh even unto Zebulun: but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them. -Nevertheless divers of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. -Also in Judah the hand of God was to give them one heart to do the commandment of the king and of the princes, by the word of the LORD. -And there assembled at Jerusalem much people to keep the feast of unleavened bread in the second month, a very great congregation. -And they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem, and all the altars for incense took they away, and cast them into the brook Kidron. -Then they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the second month: and the priests and the Levites were ashamed, and sanctified themselves, and brought in the burnt offerings into the house of the LORD. -And they stood in their place after their manner, according to the law of Moses the man of God: the priests sprinkled the blood, which they received of the hand of the Levites. -For there were many in the congregation that were not sanctified: therefore the Levites had the charge of the killing of the passovers for every one that was not clean, to sanctify them unto the LORD. -For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim, and Manasseh, Issachar, and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it was written. But Hezekiah prayed for them, saying, The good LORD pardon every one -That prepareth his heart to seek God, the LORD God of his fathers, though he be not cleansed according to the purification of the sanctuary. -And the LORD hearkened to Hezekiah, and healed the people. -And the children of Israel that were present at Jerusalem kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with great gladness: and the Levites and the priests praised the LORD day by day, singing with loud instruments unto the LORD. -And Hezekiah spake comfortably unto all the Levites that taught the good knowledge of the LORD: and they did eat throughout the feast seven days, offering peace offerings, and making confession to the LORD God of their fathers. -And the whole assembly took counsel to keep other seven days: and they kept other seven days with gladness. -For Hezekiah king of Judah did give to the congregation a thousand bullocks and seven thousand sheep; and the princes gave to the congregation a thousand bullocks and ten thousand sheep: and a great number of priests sanctified themselves. -And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced. -So there was great joy in Jerusalem: for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. -Then the priests the Levites arose and blessed the people: and their voice was heard, and their prayer came up to his holy dwelling place, even unto heaven. -Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and brake the images in pieces, and cut down the groves, and threw down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had utterly destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. -And Hezekiah appointed the courses of the priests and the Levites after their courses, every man according to his service, the priests and Levites for burnt offerings and for peace offerings, to minister, and to give thanks, and to praise in the gates of the tents of the LORD. -He appointed also the king's portion of his substance for the burnt offerings, to wit, for the morning and evening burnt offerings, and the burnt offerings for the sabbaths, and for the new moons, and for the set feasts, as it is written in the law of the LORD. -Moreover he commanded the people that dwelt in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests and the Levites, that they might be encouraged in the law of the LORD. -And as soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of Israel brought in abundance the firstfruits of corn, wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all things brought they in abundantly. -And concerning the children of Israel and Judah, that dwelt in the cities of Judah, they also brought in the tithe of oxen and sheep, and the tithe of holy things which were consecrated unto the LORD their God, and laid them by heaps. -In the third month they began to lay the foundation of the heaps, and finished them in the seventh month. -And when Hezekiah and the princes came and saw the heaps, they blessed the LORD, and his people Israel. -Then Hezekiah questioned with the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps. -And Azariah the chief priest of the house of Zadok answered him, and said, Since the people began to bring the offerings into the house of the LORD, we have had enough to eat, and have left plenty: for the LORD hath blessed his people; and that which is left is this great store. -Then Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the LORD; and they prepared them, -And brought in the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully: over which Cononiah the Levite was ruler, and Shimei his brother was the next. -And Jehiel, and Azaziah, and Nahath, and Asahel, and Jerimoth, and Jozabad, and Eliel, and Ismachiah, and Mahath, and Benaiah, were overseers under the hand of Cononiah and Shimei his brother, at the commandment of Hezekiah the king, and Azariah the ruler of the house of God. -And Kore the son of Imnah the Levite, the porter toward the east, was over the freewill offerings of God, to distribute the oblations of the LORD, and the most holy things. -And next him were Eden, and Miniamin, and Jeshua, and Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah, in the cities of the priests, in their set office, to give to their brethren by courses, as well to the great as to the small: -Beside their genealogy of males, from three years old and upward, even unto every one that entereth into the house of the LORD, his daily portion for their service in their charges according to their courses; -Both to the genealogy of the priests by the house of their fathers, and the Levites from twenty years old and upward, in their charges by their courses; -And to the genealogy of all their little ones, their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, through all the congregation: for in their set office they sanctified themselves in holiness: -Also of the sons of Aaron the priests, which were in the fields of the suburbs of their cities, in every several city, the men that were expressed by name, to give portions to all the males among the priests, and to all that were reckoned by genealogies among the Levites. -And thus did Hezekiah throughout all Judah, and wrought that which was good and right and truth before the LORD his God. -And in every work that he began in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and prospered. -After these things, and the establishment thereof, Sennacherib king of Assyria came, and entered into Judah, and encamped against the fenced cities, and thought to win them for himself. -And when Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib was come, and that he was purposed to fight against Jerusalem, -He took counsel with his princes and his mighty men to stop the waters of the fountains which were without the city: and they did help him. -So there was gathered much people together, who stopped all the fountains, and the brook that ran through the midst of the land, saying, Why should the kings of Assyria come, and find much water? -Also he strengthened himself, and built up all the wall that was broken, and raised it up to the towers, and another wall without, and repaired Millo in the city of David, and made darts and shields in abundance. -And he set captains of war over the people, and gathered them together to him in the street of the gate of the city, and spake comfortably to them, saying, -Be strong and courageous, be not afraid nor dismayed for the king of Assyria, nor for all the multitude that is with him: for there be more with us than with him: -With him is an arm of flesh; but with us is the LORD our God to help us, and to fight our battles. And the people rested themselves upon the words of Hezekiah king of Judah. -After this did Sennacherib king of Assyria send his servants to Jerusalem, (but he himself laid siege against Lachish, and all his power with him,) unto Hezekiah king of Judah, and unto all Judah that were at Jerusalem, saying, -Thus saith Sennacherib king of Assyria, Whereon do ye trust, that ye abide in the siege in Jerusalem? -Doth not Hezekiah persuade you to give over yourselves to die by famine and by thirst, saying, The LORD our God shall deliver us out of the hand of the king of Assyria? -Hath not the same Hezekiah taken away his high places and his altars, and commanded Judah and Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall worship before one altar, and burn incense upon it? -Know ye not what I and my fathers have done unto all the people of other lands? were the gods of the nations of those lands any ways able to deliver their lands out of mine hand? -Who was there among all the gods of those nations that my fathers utterly destroyed, that could deliver his people out of mine hand, that your God should be able to deliver you out of mine hand? -Now therefore let not Hezekiah deceive you, nor persuade you on this manner, neither yet believe him: for no god of any nation or kingdom was able to deliver his people out of mine hand, and out of the hand of my fathers: how much less shall your God deliver you out of mine hand? -And his servants spake yet more against the LORD God, and against his servant Hezekiah. -He wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God of Hezekiah deliver his people out of mine hand. -Then they cried with a loud voice in the Jews' speech unto the people of Jerusalem that were on the wall, to affright them, and to trouble them; that they might take the city. -And they spake against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods of the people of the earth, which were the work of the hands of man. -And for this cause Hezekiah the king, and the prophet Isaiah the son of Amoz, prayed and cried to heaven. -And the LORD sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of valour, and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria. So he returned with shame of face to his own land. And when he was come into the house of his god, they that came forth of his own bowels slew him there with the sword. -Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem from the hand of Sennacherib the king of Assyria, and from the hand of all other, and guided them on every side. -And many brought gifts unto the LORD to Jerusalem, and presents to Hezekiah king of Judah: so that he was magnified in the sight of all nations from thenceforth. -In those days Hezekiah was sick to the death, and prayed unto the LORD: and he spake unto him, and he gave him a sign. -But Hezekiah rendered not again according to the benefit done unto him; for his heart was lifted up: therefore there was wrath upon him, and upon Judah and Jerusalem. -Notwithstanding Hezekiah humbled himself for the pride of his heart, both he and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the wrath of the LORD came not upon them in the days of Hezekiah. -And Hezekiah had exceeding much riches and honour: and he made himself treasuries for silver, and for gold, and for precious stones, and for spices, and for shields, and for all manner of pleasant jewels; -Storehouses also for the increase of corn, and wine, and oil; and stalls for all manner of beasts, and cotes for flocks. -Moreover he provided him cities, and possessions of flocks and herds in abundance: for God had given him substance very much. -This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David. And Hezekiah prospered in all his works. -Howbeit in the business of the ambassadors of the princes of Babylon, who sent unto him to enquire of the wonder that was done in the land, God left him, to try him, that he might know all that was in his heart. -Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his goodness, behold, they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, and in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. -And Hezekiah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the chiefest of the sepulchres of the sons of David: and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem did him honour at his death. And Manasseh his son reigned in his stead. -Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty and five years in Jerusalem: -But did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, like unto the abominations of the heathen, whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel. -For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them. -Also he built altars in the house of the LORD, whereof the LORD had said, In Jerusalem shall my name be for ever. -And he built altars for all the host of heaven in the two courts of the house of the LORD. -And he caused his children to pass through the fire in the valley of the son of Hinnom: also he observed times, and used enchantments, and used witchcraft, and dealt with a familiar spirit, and with wizards: he wrought much evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger. -And he set a carved image, the idol which he had made, in the house of God, of which God had said to David and to Solomon his son, In this house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen before all the tribes of Israel, will I put my name for ever: -Neither will I any more remove the foot of Israel from out of the land which I have appointed for your fathers; so that they will take heed to do all that I have commanded them, according to the whole law and the statutes and the ordinances by the hand of Moses. -So Manasseh made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to err, and to do worse than the heathen, whom the LORD had destroyed before the children of Israel. -And the LORD spake to Manasseh, and to his people: but they would not hearken. -Wherefore the LORD brought upon them the captains of the host of the king of Assyria, which took Manasseh among the thorns, and bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon. -And when he was in affliction, he besought the LORD his God, and humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers, -And prayed unto him: and he was intreated of him, and heard his supplication, and brought him again to Jerusalem into his kingdom. Then Manasseh knew that the LORD he was God. -Now after this he built a wall without the city of David, on the west side of Gihon, in the valley, even to the entering in at the fish gate, and compassed about Ophel, and raised it up a very great height, and put captains of war in all the fenced cities of Judah. -And he took away the strange gods, and the idol out of the house of the LORD, and all the altars that he had built in the mount of the house of the LORD, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city. -And he repaired the altar of the LORD, and sacrificed thereon peace offerings and thank offerings, and commanded Judah to serve the LORD God of Israel. -Nevertheless the people did sacrifice still in the high places, yet unto the LORD their God only. -Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and his prayer unto his God, and the words of the seers that spake to him in the name of the LORD God of Israel, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel. -His prayer also, and how God was intreated of him, and all his sins, and his trespass, and the places wherein he built high places, and set up groves and graven images, before he was humbled: behold, they are written among the sayings of the seers. -So Manasseh slept with his fathers, and they buried him in his own house: and Amon his son reigned in his stead. -Amon was two and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned two years in Jerusalem. -But he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, as did Manasseh his father: for Amon sacrificed unto all the carved images which Manasseh his father had made, and served them; -And humbled not himself before the LORD, as Manasseh his father had humbled himself; but Amon trespassed more and more. -And his servants conspired against him, and slew him in his own house. -But the people of the land slew all them that had conspired against king Amon; and the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his stead. -Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem one and thirty years. -And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the ways of David his father, and declined neither to the right hand, nor to the left. -For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images. -And they brake down the altars of Baalim in his presence; and the images, that were on high above them, he cut down; and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images, he brake in pieces, and made dust of them, and strowed it upon the graves of them that had sacrificed unto them. -And he burnt the bones of the priests upon their altars, and cleansed Judah and Jerusalem. -And so did he in the cities of Manasseh, and Ephraim, and Simeon, even unto Naphtali, with their mattocks round about. -And when he had broken down the altars and the groves, and had beaten the graven images into powder, and cut down all the idols throughout all the land of Israel, he returned to Jerusalem. -Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged the land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the LORD his God. -And when they came to Hilkiah the high priest, they delivered the money that was brought into the house of God, which the Levites that kept the doors had gathered of the hand of Manasseh and Ephraim, and of all the remnant of Israel, and of all Judah and Benjamin; and they returned to Jerusalem. -And they put it in the hand of the workmen that had the oversight of the house of the LORD, and they gave it to the workmen that wrought in the house of the LORD, to repair and amend the house: -Even to the artificers and builders gave they it, to buy hewn stone, and timber for couplings, and to floor the houses which the kings of Judah had destroyed. -And the men did the work faithfully: and the overseers of them were Jahath and Obadiah, the Levites, of the sons of Merari; and Zechariah and Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to set it forward; and other of the Levites, all that could skill of instruments of musick. -Also they were over the bearers of burdens, and were overseers of all that wrought the work in any manner of service: and of the Levites there were scribes, and officers, and porters. -And when they brought out the money that was brought into the house of the LORD, Hilkiah the priest found a book of the law of the LORD given by Moses. -And Hilkiah answered and said to Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah delivered the book to Shaphan. -And Shaphan carried the book to the king, and brought the king word back again, saying, All that was committed to thy servants, they do it. -And they have gathered together the money that was found in the house of the LORD, and have delivered it into the hand of the overseers, and to the hand of the workmen. -Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, Hilkiah the priest hath given me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king. -And it came to pass, when the king had heard the words of the law, that he rent his clothes. -And the king commanded Hilkiah, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Abdon the son of Micah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah a servant of the king's, saying, -Go, enquire of the LORD for me, and for them that are left in Israel and in Judah, concerning the words of the book that is found: for great is the wrath of the LORD that is poured out upon us, because our fathers have not kept the word of the LORD, to do after all that is written in this book. -And Hilkiah, and they that the king had appointed, went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvath, the son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe; (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in the college:) and they spake to her to that effect. -And she answered them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Tell ye the man that sent you to me, -Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof, even all the curses that are written in the book which they have read before the king of Judah: -Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be poured out upon this place, and shall not be quenched. -And as for the king of Judah, who sent you to enquire of the LORD, so shall ye say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel concerning the words which thou hast heard; -Because thine heart was tender, and thou didst humble thyself before God, when thou heardest his words against this place, and against the inhabitants thereof, and humbledst thyself before me, and didst rend thy clothes, and weep before me; I have even heard thee also, saith the LORD. -Behold, I will gather thee to thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered to thy grave in peace, neither shall thine eyes see all the evil that I will bring upon this place, and upon the inhabitants of the same. So they brought the king word again. -Then the king sent and gathered together all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. -And the king went up into the house of the LORD, and all the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the priests, and the Levites, and all the people, great and small: and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant that was found in the house of the LORD. -And the king stood in his place, and made a covenant before the LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep his commandments, and his testimonies, and his statutes, with all his heart, and with all his soul, to perform the words of the covenant which are written in this book. -And he caused all that were present in Jerusalem and Benjamin to stand to it. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem did according to the covenant of God, the God of their fathers. -And Josiah took away all the abominations out of all the countries that pertained to the children of Israel, and made all that were present in Israel to serve, even to serve the LORD their God. And all his days they departed not from following the LORD, the God of their fathers. -Moreover Josiah kept a passover unto the LORD in Jerusalem: and they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month. -And he set the priests in their charges, and encouraged them to the service of the house of the LORD, -And said unto the Levites that taught all Israel, which were holy unto the LORD, Put the holy ark in the house which Solomon the son of David king of Israel did build; it shall not be a burden upon your shoulders: serve now the LORD your God, and his people Israel, -And prepare yourselves by the houses of your fathers, after your courses, according to the writing of David king of Israel, and according to the writing of Solomon his son. -And stand in the holy place according to the divisions of the families of the fathers of your brethren the people, and after the division of the families of the Levites. -So kill the passover, and sanctify yourselves, and prepare your brethren, that they may do according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. -And Josiah gave to the people, of the flock, lambs and kids, all for the passover offerings, for all that were present, to the number of thirty thousand, and three thousand bullocks: these were of the king's substance. -And his princes gave willingly unto the people, to the priests, and to the Levites: Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, rulers of the house of God, gave unto the priests for the passover offerings two thousand and six hundred small cattle and three hundred oxen. -Conaniah also, and Shemaiah and Nethaneel, his brethren, and Hashabiah and Jeiel and Jozabad, chief of the Levites, gave unto the Levites for passover offerings five thousand small cattle, and five hundred oxen. -So the service was prepared, and the priests stood in their place, and the Levites in their courses, according to the king's commandment. -And they killed the passover, and the priests sprinkled the blood from their hands, and the Levites flayed them. -And they removed the burnt offerings, that they might give according to the divisions of the families of the people, to offer unto the LORD, as it is written in the book of Moses. And so did they with the oxen. -And they roasted the passover with fire according to the ordinance: but the other holy offerings sod they in pots, and in caldrons, and in pans, and divided them speedily among all the people. -And afterward they made ready for themselves, and for the priests: because the priests the sons of Aaron were busied in offering of burnt offerings and the fat until night; therefore the Levites prepared for themselves, and for the priests the sons of Aaron. -And the singers the sons of Asaph were in their place, according to the commandment of David, and Asaph, and Heman, and Jeduthun the king's seer; and the porters waited at every gate; they might not depart from their service; for their brethren the Levites prepared for them. -So all the service of the LORD was prepared the same day, to keep the passover, and to offer burnt offerings upon the altar of the LORD, according to the commandment of king Josiah. -And the children of Israel that were present kept the passover at that time, and the feast of unleavened bread seven days. -And there was no passover like to that kept in Israel from the days of Samuel the prophet; neither did all the kings of Israel keep such a passover as Josiah kept, and the priests, and the Levites, and all Judah and Israel that were present, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. -In the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah was this passover kept. -After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king of Egypt came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah went out against him. -But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he destroy thee not. -Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo. -And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his servants, Have me away; for I am sore wounded. -His servants therefore took him out of that chariot, and put him in the second chariot that he had; and they brought him to Jerusalem, and he died, and was buried in one of the sepulchres of his fathers. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah. -And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah: and all the singing men and the singing women spake of Josiah in their lamentations to this day, and made them an ordinance in Israel: and, behold, they are written in the lamentations. -Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and his goodness, according to that which was written in the law of the LORD, -And his deeds, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah. -Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem. -Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. -And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and condemned the land in an hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. -And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and turned his name to Jehoiakim. And Necho took Jehoahaz his brother, and carried him to Egypt. -Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem: and he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God. -Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon. -Nebuchadnezzar also carried of the vessels of the house of the LORD to Babylon, and put them in his temple at Babylon. -Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations which he did, and that which was found in him, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah: and Jehoiachin his son reigned in his stead. -Jehoiachin was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months and ten days in Jerusalem: and he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD. -And when the year was expired, king Nebuchadnezzar sent, and brought him to Babylon, with the goodly vessels of the house of the LORD, and made Zedekiah his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem. -Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. -And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God, and humbled not himself before Jeremiah the prophet speaking from the mouth of the LORD. -And he also rebelled against king Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him swear by God: but he stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart from turning unto the LORD God of Israel. -Moreover all the chief of the priests, and the people, transgressed very much after all the abominations of the heathen; and polluted the house of the LORD which he had hallowed in Jerusalem. -And the LORD God of their fathers sent to them by his messengers, rising up betimes, and sending; because he had compassion on his people, and on his dwelling place: -But they mocked the messengers of God, and despised his words, and misused his prophets, until the wrath of the LORD arose against his people, till there was no remedy. -Therefore he brought upon them the king of the Chaldees, who slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had no compassion upon young man or maiden, old man, or him that stooped for age: he gave them all into his hand. -And all the vessels of the house of God, great and small, and the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king, and of his princes; all these he brought to Babylon. -And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed all the goodly vessels thereof. -And them that had escaped from the sword carried he away to Babylon; where they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia: -To fulfil the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths: for as long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath, to fulfil threescore and ten years. -Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the LORD spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, the LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, -Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD God of heaven given me; and he hath charged me to build him an house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Who is there among you of all his people? The LORD his God be with him, and let him go up. -Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, -Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, The LORD God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. -Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the LORD God of Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem. -And whosoever remaineth in any place where he sojourneth, let the men of his place help him with silver, and with gold, and with goods, and with beasts, beside the freewill offering for the house of God that is in Jerusalem. -Then rose up the chief of the fathers of Judah and Benjamin, and the priests, and the Levites, with all them whose spirit God had raised, to go up to build the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem. -And all they that were about them strengthened their hands with vessels of silver, with gold, with goods, and with beasts, and with precious things, beside all that was willingly offered. -Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the LORD, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods; -Even those did Cyrus king of Persia bring forth by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah. -And this is the number of them: thirty chargers of gold, a thousand chargers of silver, nine and twenty knives, -Thirty basons of gold, silver basons of a second sort four hundred and ten, and other vessels a thousand. -All the vessels of gold and of silver were five thousand and four hundred. All these did Sheshbazzar bring up with them of the captivity that were brought up from Babylon unto Jerusalem. -Now these are the children of the province that went up out of the captivity, of those which had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away unto Babylon, and came again unto Jerusalem and Judah, every one unto his city; -Which came with Zerubbabel: Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mizpar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: -The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy and two. -The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two. -The children of Arah, seven hundred seventy and five. -The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand eight hundred and twelve. -The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. -The children of Zattu, nine hundred forty and five. -The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore. -The children of Bani, six hundred forty and two. -The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and three. -The children of Azgad, a thousand two hundred twenty and two. -The children of Adonikam, six hundred sixty and six. -The children of Bigvai, two thousand fifty and six. -The children of Adin, four hundred fifty and four. -The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight. -The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and three. -The children of Jorah, an hundred and twelve. -The children of Hashum, two hundred twenty and three. -The children of Gibbar, ninety and five. -The children of Bethlehem, an hundred twenty and three. -The men of Netophah, fifty and six. -The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight. -The children of Azmaveth, forty and two. -The children of Kirjatharim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred and forty and three. -The children of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one. -The men of Michmas, an hundred twenty and two. -The men of Bethel and Ai, two hundred twenty and three. -The children of Nebo, fifty and two. -The children of Magbish, an hundred fifty and six. -The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. -The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty. -The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and five. -The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five. -The children of Senaah, three thousand and six hundred and thirty. -The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua, nine hundred seventy and three. -The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two. -The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven. -The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen. -The Levites: the children of Jeshua and Kadmiel, of the children of Hodaviah, seventy and four. -The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred twenty and eight. -The children of the porters: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, in all an hundred thirty and nine. -The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hasupha, the children of Tabbaoth, -The children of Keros, the children of Siaha, the children of Padon, -The children of Lebanah, the children of Hagabah, the children of Akkub, -The children of Hagab, the children of Shalmai, the children of Hanan, -The children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, the children of Reaiah, -The children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, the children of Gazzam, -The children of Uzza, the children of Paseah, the children of Besai, -The children of Asnah, the children of Mehunim, the children of Nephusim, -The children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, -The children of Bazluth, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, -The children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Thamah, -The children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha. -The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the children of Peruda, -The children of Jaalah, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, -The children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Ami. -All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were three hundred ninety and two. -And these were they which went up from Telmelah, Telharsa, Cherub, Addan, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's house, and their seed, whether they were of Israel: -The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred fifty and two. -And of the children of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai; which took a wife of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name: -These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but they were not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood. -And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and with Thummim. -The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore, -Beside their servants and their maids, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven: and there were among them two hundred singing men and singing women. -Their horses were seven hundred thirty and six; their mules, two hundred forty and five; -Their camels, four hundred thirty and five; their asses, six thousand seven hundred and twenty. -And some of the chief of the fathers, when they came to the house of the LORD which is at Jerusalem, offered freely for the house of God to set it up in his place: -They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work threescore and one thousand drams of gold, and five thousand pound of silver, and one hundred priests' garments. -So the priests, and the Levites, and some of the people, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, dwelt in their cities, and all Israel in their cities. -And when the seventh month was come, and the children of Israel were in the cities, the people gathered themselves together as one man to Jerusalem. -Then stood up Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and his brethren, and builded the altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings thereon, as it is written in the law of Moses the man of God. -And they set the altar upon his bases; for fear was upon them because of the people of those countries: and they offered burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD, even burnt offerings morning and evening. -They kept also the feast of tabernacles, as it is written, and offered the daily burnt offerings by number, according to the custom, as the duty of every day required; -And afterward offered the continual burnt offering, both of the new moons, and of all the set feasts of the LORD that were consecrated, and of every one that willingly offered a freewill offering unto the LORD. -From the first day of the seventh month began they to offer burnt offerings unto the LORD. But the foundation of the temple of the LORD was not yet laid. -They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpenters; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa, according to the grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia. -Now in the second year of their coming unto the house of God at Jerusalem, in the second month, began Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and the remnant of their brethren the priests and the Levites, and all they that were come out of the captivity unto Jerusalem; and appointed the Levites, from twenty years old and upward, to set forward the work of the house of the LORD. -Then stood Jeshua with his sons and his brethren, Kadmiel and his sons, the sons of Judah, together, to set forward the workmen in the house of God: the sons of Henadad, with their sons and their brethren the Levites. -And when the builders laid the foundation of the temple of the LORD, they set the priests in their apparel with trumpets, and the Levites the sons of Asaph with cymbals, to praise the LORD, after the ordinance of David king of Israel. -And they sang together by course in praising and giving thanks unto the LORD; because he is good, for his mercy endureth for ever toward Israel. And all the people shouted with a great shout, when they praised the LORD, because the foundation of the house of the LORD was laid. -But many of the priests and Levites and chief of the fathers, who were ancient men, that had seen the first house, when the foundation of this house was laid before their eyes, wept with a loud voice; and many shouted aloud for joy: -So that the people could not discern the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of the people: for the people shouted with a loud shout, and the noise was heard afar off. -Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the children of the captivity builded the temple unto the LORD God of Israel; -Then they came to Zerubbabel, and to the chief of the fathers, and said unto them, Let us build with you: for we seek your God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of Esarhaddon king of Assur, which brought us up hither. -But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the LORD God of Israel, as king Cyrus the king of Persia hath commanded us. -Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of Judah, and troubled them in building, -And hired counsellors against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia. -And in the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign, wrote they unto him an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. -And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue. -Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort: -Then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, and the Elamites, -And the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over, and set in the cities of Samaria, and the rest that are on this side the river, and at such a time. -This is the copy of the letter that they sent unto him, even unto Artaxerxes the king; Thy servants the men on this side the river, and at such a time. -Be it known unto the king, that the Jews which came up from thee to us are come unto Jerusalem, building the rebellious and the bad city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined the foundations. -Be it known now unto the king, that, if this city be builded, and the walls set up again, then will they not pay toll, tribute, and custom, and so thou shalt endamage the revenue of the kings. -Now because we have maintenance from the king's palace, and it was not meet for us to see the king's dishonour, therefore have we sent and certified the king; -That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed. -We certify the king that, if this city be builded again, and the walls thereof set up, by this means thou shalt have no portion on this side the river. -Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time. -The letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me. -And I commanded, and search hath been made, and it is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein. -There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, which have ruled over all countries beyond the river; and toll, tribute, and custom, was paid unto them. -Give ye now commandment to cause these men to cease, and that this city be not builded, until another commandment shall be given from me. -Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings? -Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power. -Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem. So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia. -Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel, even unto them. -Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them were the prophets of God helping them. -At the same time came to them Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shetharboznai and their companions, and said thus unto them, Who hath commanded you to build this house, and to make up this wall? -Then said we unto them after this manner, What are the names of the men that make this building? -But the eye of their God was upon the elders of the Jews, that they could not cause them to cease, till the matter came to Darius: and then they returned answer by letter concerning this matter. -The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shetharboznai and his companions the Apharsachites, which were on this side the river, sent unto Darius the king: -They sent a letter unto him, wherein was written thus; Unto Darius the king, all peace. -Be it known unto the king, that we went into the province of Judea, to the house of the great God, which is builded with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls, and this work goeth fast on, and prospereth in their hands. -Then asked we those elders, and said unto them thus, Who commanded you to build this house, and to make up these walls? -We asked their names also, to certify thee, that we might write the names of the men that were the chief of them. -And thus they returned us answer, saying, We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and build the house that was builded these many years ago, which a great king of Israel builded and set up. -But after that our fathers had provoked the God of heaven unto wrath, he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the people away into Babylon. -But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon the same king Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God. -And the vessels also of gold and silver of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple that was in Jerusalem, and brought them into the temple of Babylon, those did Cyrus the king take out of the temple of Babylon, and they were delivered unto one, whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor; -And said unto him, Take these vessels, go, carry them into the temple that is in Jerusalem, and let the house of God be builded in his place. -Then came the same Sheshbazzar, and laid the foundation of the house of God which is in Jerusalem: and since that time even until now hath it been in building, and yet it is not finished. -Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let there be search made in the king's treasure house, which is there at Babylon, whether it be so, that a decree was made of Cyrus the king to build this house of God at Jerusalem, and let the king send his pleasure to us concerning this matter. -Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon. -And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: -In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; -With three rows of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king's house: -And also let the golden and silver vessels of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in the house of God. -Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai, and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence: -Let the work of this house of God alone; let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in his place. -Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king's goods, even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto these men, that they be not hindered. -And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and lambs, for the burnt offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests which are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: -That they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons. -Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this. -And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed. -Then Tatnai, governor on this side the river, Shetharboznai, and their companions, according to that which Darius the king had sent, so they did speedily. -And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. And they builded, and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. -And this house was finished on the third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king. -And the children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy. -And offered at the dedication of this house of God an hundred bullocks, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve he goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel. -And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses, for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses. -And the children of the captivity kept the passover upon the fourteenth day of the first month. -For the priests and the Levites were purified together, all of them were pure, and killed the passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brethren the priests, and for themselves. -And the children of Israel, which were come again out of captivity, and all such as had separated themselves unto them from the filthiness of the heathen of the land, to seek the LORD God of Israel, did eat, -And kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for the LORD had made them joyful, and turned the heart of the king of Assyria unto them, to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God, the God of Israel. -Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah, -The son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub, -The son of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the son of Meraioth, -The son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki, -The son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the chief priest: -This Ezra went up from Babylon; and he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses, which the LORD God of Israel had given: and the king granted him all his request, according to the hand of the LORD his God upon him. -And there went up some of the children of Israel, and of the priests, and the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, unto Jerusalem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king. -And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king. -For upon the first day of the first month began he to go up from Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God upon him. -For Ezra had prepared his heart to seek the law of the LORD, and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments. -Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave unto Ezra the priest, the scribe, even a scribe of the words of the commandments of the LORD, and of his statutes to Israel. -Artaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time. -I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. -Forasmuch as thou art sent of the king, and of his seven counsellors, to enquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem, according to the law of thy God which is in thine hand; -And to carry the silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation is in Jerusalem, -And all the silver and gold that thou canst find in all the province of Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people, and of the priests, offering willingly for the house of their God which is in Jerusalem: -That thou mayest buy speedily with this money bullocks, rams, lambs, with their meat offerings and their drink offerings, and offer them upon the altar of the house of your God which is in Jerusalem. -And whatsoever shall seem good to thee, and to thy brethren, to do with the rest of the silver and the gold, that do after the will of your God. -The vessels also that are given thee for the service of the house of thy God, those deliver thou before the God of Jerusalem. -And whatsoever more shall be needful for the house of thy God, which thou shalt have occasion to bestow, bestow it out of the king's treasure house. -And I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers which are beyond the river, that whatsoever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done speedily, -Unto an hundred talents of silver, and to an hundred measures of wheat, and to an hundred baths of wine, and to an hundred baths of oil, and salt without prescribing how much. -Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons? -Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them. -And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not. -And whosoever will not do the law of thy God, and the law of the king, let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment. -Blessed be the LORD God of our fathers, which hath put such a thing as this in the king's heart, to beautify the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem: -And hath extended mercy unto me before the king, and his counsellors, and before all the king's mighty princes. And I was strengthened as the hand of the LORD my God was upon me, and I gathered together out of Israel chief men to go up with me. -These are now the chief of their fathers, and this is the genealogy of them that went up with me from Babylon, in the reign of Artaxerxes the king. -Of the sons of Phinehas; Gershom: of the sons of Ithamar; Daniel: of the sons of David; Hattush. -Of the sons of Shechaniah, of the sons of Pharosh; Zechariah: and with him were reckoned by genealogy of the males an hundred and fifty. -Of the sons of Pahathmoab; Elihoenai the son of Zerahiah, and with him two hundred males. -Of the sons of Shechaniah; the son of Jahaziel, and with him three hundred males. -Of the sons also of Adin; Ebed the son of Jonathan, and with him fifty males. -And of the sons of Elam; Jeshaiah the son of Athaliah, and with him seventy males. -And of the sons of Shephatiah; Zebadiah the son of Michael, and with him fourscore males. -Of the sons of Joab; Obadiah the son of Jehiel, and with him two hundred and eighteen males. -And of the sons of Shelomith; the son of Josiphiah, and with him an hundred and threescore males. -And of the sons of Bebai; Zechariah the son of Bebai, and with him twenty and eight males. -And of the sons of Azgad; Johanan the son of Hakkatan, and with him an hundred and ten males. -And of the last sons of Adonikam, whose names are these, Eliphelet, Jeiel, and Shemaiah, and with them threescore males. -Of the sons also of Bigvai; Uthai, and Zabbud, and with them seventy males. -And I gathered them together to the river that runneth to Ahava; and there abode we in tents three days: and I viewed the people, and the priests, and found there none of the sons of Levi. -Then sent I for Eliezer, for Ariel, for Shemaiah, and for Elnathan, and for Jarib, and for Elnathan, and for Nathan, and for Zechariah, and for Meshullam, chief men; also for Joiarib, and for Elnathan, men of understanding. -And I sent them with commandment unto Iddo the chief at the place Casiphia, and I told them what they should say unto Iddo, and to his brethren the Nethinims, at the place Casiphia, that they should bring unto us ministers for the house of our God. -And by the good hand of our God upon us they brought us a man of understanding, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; and Sherebiah, with his sons and his brethren, eighteen; -And Hashabiah, and with him Jeshaiah of the sons of Merari, his brethren and their sons, twenty; -Also of the Nethinims, whom David and the princes had appointed for the service of the Levites, two hundred and twenty Nethinims: all of them were expressed by name. -Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river of Ahava, that we might afflict ourselves before our God, to seek of him a right way for us, and for our little ones, and for all our substance. -For I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way: because we had spoken unto the king, saying, The hand of our God is upon all them for good that seek him; but his power and his wrath is against all them that forsake him. -So we fasted and besought our God for this: and he was intreated of us. -Then I separated twelve of the chief of the priests, Sherebiah, Hashabiah, and ten of their brethren with them, -And weighed unto them the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, even the offering of the house of our God, which the king, and his counsellors, and his lords, and all Israel there present, had offered: -I even weighed unto their hand six hundred and fifty talents of silver, and silver vessels an hundred talents, and of gold an hundred talents; -Also twenty basons of gold, of a thousand drams; and two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold. -And I said unto them, Ye are holy unto the LORD; the vessels are holy also; and the silver and the gold are a freewill offering unto the LORD God of your fathers. -Watch ye, and keep them, until ye weigh them before the chief of the priests and the Levites, and chief of the fathers of Israel, at Jerusalem, in the chambers of the house of the LORD. -So took the priests and the Levites the weight of the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, to bring them to Jerusalem unto the house of our God. -Then we departed from the river of Ahava on the twelfth day of the first month, to go unto Jerusalem: and the hand of our God was upon us, and he delivered us from the hand of the enemy, and of such as lay in wait by the way. -And we came to Jerusalem, and abode there three days. -Now on the fourth day was the silver and the gold and the vessels weighed in the house of our God by the hand of Meremoth the son of Uriah the priest; and with him was Eleazar the son of Phinehas; and with them was Jozabad the son of Jeshua, and Noadiah the son of Binnui, Levites; -By number and by weight of every one: and all the weight was written at that time. -Also the children of those that had been carried away, which were come out of the captivity, offered burnt offerings unto the God of Israel, twelve bullocks for all Israel, ninety and six rams, seventy and seven lambs, twelve he goats for a sin offering: all this was a burnt offering unto the LORD. -And they delivered the king's commissions unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors on this side the river: and they furthered the people, and the house of God. -Now when these things were done, the princes came to me, saying, The people of Israel, and the priests, and the Levites, have not separated themselves from the people of the lands, doing according to their abominations, even of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. -For they have taken of their daughters for themselves, and for their sons: so that the holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those lands: yea, the hand of the princes and rulers hath been chief in this trespass. -And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and my mantle, and plucked off the hair of my head and of my beard, and sat down astonied. -Then were assembled unto me every one that trembled at the words of the God of Israel, because of the transgression of those that had been carried away; and I sat astonied until the evening sacrifice. -And at the evening sacrifice I arose up from my heaviness; and having rent my garment and my mantle, I fell upon my knees, and spread out my hands unto the LORD my God, -And said, O my God, I am ashamed and blush to lift up my face to thee, my God: for our iniquities are increased over our head, and our trespass is grown up unto the heavens. -Since the days of our fathers have we been in a great trespass unto this day; and for our iniquities have we, our kings, and our priests, been delivered into the hand of the kings of the lands, to the sword, to captivity, and to a spoil, and to confusion of face, as it is this day. -And now for a little space grace hath been shewed from the LORD our God, to leave us a remnant to escape, and to give us a nail in his holy place, that our God may lighten our eyes, and give us a little reviving in our bondage. -For we were bondmen; yet our God hath not forsaken us in our bondage, but hath extended mercy unto us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to repair the desolations thereof, and to give us a wall in Judah and in Jerusalem. -And now, O our God, what shall we say after this? for we have forsaken thy commandments, -Which thou hast commanded by thy servants the prophets, saying, The land, unto which ye go to possess it, is an unclean land with the filthiness of the people of the lands, with their abominations, which have filled it from one end to another with their uncleanness. -Now therefore give not your daughters unto their sons, neither take their daughters unto your sons, nor seek their peace or their wealth for ever: that ye may be strong, and eat the good of the land, and leave it for an inheritance to your children for ever. -And after all that is come upon us for our evil deeds, and for our great trespass, seeing that thou our God hast punished us less than our iniquities deserve, and hast given us such deliverance as this; -Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations? wouldest not thou be angry with us till thou hadst consumed us, so that there should be no remnant nor escaping? -O LORD God of Israel, thou art righteous: for we remain yet escaped, as it is this day: behold, we are before thee in our trespasses: for we cannot stand before thee because of this. -Now when Ezra had prayed, and when he had confessed, weeping and casting himself down before the house of God, there assembled unto him out of Israel a very great congregation of men and women and children: for the people wept very sore. -And Shechaniah the son of Jehiel, one of the sons of Elam, answered and said unto Ezra, We have trespassed against our God, and have taken strange wives of the people of the land: yet now there is hope in Israel concerning this thing. -Now therefore let us make a covenant with our God to put away all the wives, and such as are born of them, according to the counsel of my lord, and of those that tremble at the commandment of our God; and let it be done according to the law. -Arise; for this matter belongeth unto thee: we also will be with thee: be of good courage, and do it. -Then arose Ezra, and made the chief priests, the Levites, and all Israel, to swear that they should do according to this word. And they sware. -Then Ezra rose up from before the house of God, and went into the chamber of Johanan the son of Eliashib: and when he came thither, he did eat no bread, nor drink water: for he mourned because of the transgression of them that had been carried away. -And they made proclamation throughout Judah and Jerusalem unto all the children of the captivity, that they should gather themselves together unto Jerusalem; -And that whosoever would not come within three days, according to the counsel of the princes and the elders, all his substance should be forfeited, and himself separated from the congregation of those that had been carried away. -Then all the men of Judah and Benjamin gathered themselves together unto Jerusalem within three days. It was the ninth month, on the twentieth day of the month; and all the people sat in the street of the house of God, trembling because of this matter, and for the great rain. -And Ezra the priest stood up, and said unto them, Ye have transgressed, and have taken strange wives, to increase the trespass of Israel. -Now therefore make confession unto the LORD God of your fathers, and do his pleasure: and separate yourselves from the people of the land, and from the strange wives. -Then all the congregation answered and said with a loud voice, As thou hast said, so must we do. -But the people are many, and it is a time of much rain, and we are not able to stand without, neither is this a work of one day or two: for we are many that have transgressed in this thing. -Let now our rulers of all the congregation stand, and let all them which have taken strange wives in our cities come at appointed times, and with them the elders of every city, and the judges thereof, until the fierce wrath of our God for this matter be turned from us. -Only Jonathan the son of Asahel and Jahaziah the son of Tikvah were employed about this matter: and Meshullam and Shabbethai the Levite helped them. -And the children of the captivity did so. And Ezra the priest, with certain chief of the fathers, after the house of their fathers, and all of them by their names, were separated, and sat down in the first day of the tenth month to examine the matter. -And they made an end with all the men that had taken strange wives by the first day of the first month. -And among the sons of the priests there were found that had taken strange wives: namely, of the sons of Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren; Maaseiah, and Eliezer, and Jarib, and Gedaliah. -And they gave their hands that they would put away their wives; and being guilty, they offered a ram of the flock for their trespass. -And of the sons of Immer; Hanani, and Zebadiah. -And of the sons of Harim; Maaseiah, and Elijah, and Shemaiah, and Jehiel, and Uzziah. -And of the sons of Pashur; Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethaneel, Jozabad, and Elasah. -Also of the Levites; Jozabad, and Shimei, and Kelaiah, (the same is Kelita,) Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer. -Of the singers also; Eliashib: and of the porters; Shallum, and Telem, and Uri. -Moreover of Israel: of the sons of Parosh; Ramiah, and Jeziah, and Malchiah, and Miamin, and Eleazar, and Malchijah, and Benaiah. -And of the sons of Elam; Mattaniah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, and Abdi, and Jeremoth, and Eliah. -And of the sons of Zattu; Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, and Jeremoth, and Zabad, and Aziza. -Of the sons also of Bebai; Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai, and Athlai. -And of the sons of Bani; Meshullam, Malluch, and Adaiah, Jashub, and Sheal, and Ramoth. -And of the sons of Pahathmoab; Adna, and Chelal, Benaiah, Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezaleel, and Binnui, and Manasseh. -And of the sons of Harim; Eliezer, Ishijah, Malchiah, Shemaiah, Shimeon, -Benjamin, Malluch, and Shemariah. -Of the sons of Hashum; Mattenai, Mattathah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh, and Shimei. -Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel, -Benaiah, Bedeiah, Chelluh, -Vaniah, Meremoth, Eliashib, -Mattaniah, Mattenai, and Jaasau, -And Bani, and Binnui, Shimei, -And Shelemiah, and Nathan, and Adaiah, -Machnadebai, Shashai, Sharai, -Azareel, and Shelemiah, Shemariah, -Shallum, Amariah, and Joseph. -Of the sons of Nebo; Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jadau, and Joel, Benaiah. -All these had taken strange wives: and some of them had wives by whom they had children. -The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah. And it came to pass in the month Chisleu, in the twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the palace, -That Hanani, one of my brethren, came, he and certain men of Judah; and I asked them concerning the Jews that had escaped, which were left of the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem. -And they said unto me, The remnant that are left of the captivity there in the province are in great affliction and reproach: the wall of Jerusalem also is broken down, and the gates thereof are burned with fire. -And it came to pass, when I heard these words, that I sat down and wept, and mourned certain days, and fasted, and prayed before the God of heaven, -And said, I beseech thee, O LORD God of heaven, the great and terrible God, that keepeth covenant and mercy for them that love him and observe his commandments: -Let thine ear now be attentive, and thine eyes open, that thou mayest hear the prayer of thy servant, which I pray before thee now, day and night, for the children of Israel thy servants, and confess the sins of the children of Israel, which we have sinned against thee: both I and my father's house have sinned. -We have dealt very corruptly against thee, and have not kept the commandments, nor the statutes, nor the judgments, which thou commandedst thy servant Moses. -Remember, I beseech thee, the word that thou commandedst thy servant Moses, saying, If ye transgress, I will scatter you abroad among the nations: -But if ye turn unto me, and keep my commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name there. -Now these are thy servants and thy people, whom thou hast redeemed by thy great power, and by thy strong hand. -O LORD, I beseech thee, let now thine ear be attentive to the prayer of thy servant, and to the prayer of thy servants, who desire to fear thy name: and prosper, I pray thee, thy servant this day, and grant him mercy in the sight of this man. For I was the king's cupbearer. -And it came to pass in the month Nisan, in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that wine was before him: and I took up the wine, and gave it unto the king. Now I had not been beforetime sad in his presence. -Wherefore the king said unto me, Why is thy countenance sad, seeing thou art not sick? this is nothing else but sorrow of heart. Then I was very sore afraid, -And said unto the king, Let the king live for ever: why should not my countenance be sad, when the city, the place of my fathers' sepulchres, lieth waste, and the gates thereof are consumed with fire? -Then the king said unto me, For what dost thou make request? So I prayed to the God of heaven. -And I said unto the king, If it please the king, and if thy servant have found favour in thy sight, that thou wouldest send me unto Judah, unto the city of my fathers' sepulchres, that I may build it. -And the king said unto me, (the queen also sitting by him,) For how long shall thy journey be? and when wilt thou return? So it pleased the king to send me; and I set him a time. -Moreover I said unto the king, If it please the king, let letters be given me to the governors beyond the river, that they may convey me over till I come into Judah; -And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the palace which appertained to the house, and for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into. And the king granted me, according to the good hand of my God upon me. -Then I came to the governors beyond the river, and gave them the king's letters. Now the king had sent captains of the army and horsemen with me. -When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, heard of it, it grieved them exceedingly that there was come a man to seek the welfare of the children of Israel. -So I came to Jerusalem, and was there three days. -And I arose in the night, I and some few men with me; neither told I any man what my God had put in my heart to do at Jerusalem: neither was there any beast with me, save the beast that I rode upon. -And I went out by night by the gate of the valley, even before the dragon well, and to the dung port, and viewed the walls of Jerusalem, which were broken down, and the gates thereof were consumed with fire. -Then I went on to the gate of the fountain, and to the king's pool: but there was no place for the beast that was under me to pass. -Then went I up in the night by the brook, and viewed the wall, and turned back, and entered by the gate of the valley, and so returned. -And the rulers knew not whither I went, or what I did; neither had I as yet told it to the Jews, nor to the priests, nor to the nobles, nor to the rulers, nor to the rest that did the work. -Then said I unto them, Ye see the distress that we are in, how Jerusalem lieth waste, and the gates thereof are burned with fire: come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be no more a reproach. -Then I told them of the hand of my God which was good upon me; as also the king's words that he had spoken unto me. And they said, Let us rise up and build. So they strengthened their hands for this good work. -But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian, heard it, they laughed us to scorn, and despised us, and said, What is this thing that ye do? will ye rebel against the king? -Then answered I them, and said unto them, The God of heaven, he will prosper us; therefore we his servants will arise and build: but ye have no portion, nor right, nor memorial, in Jerusalem. -Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the priests, and they builded the sheep gate; they sanctified it, and set up the doors of it; even unto the tower of Meah they sanctified it, unto the tower of Hananeel. -And next unto him builded the men of Jericho. And next to them builded Zaccur the son of Imri. -But the fish gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who also laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. -And next unto them repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of Koz. And next unto them repaired Meshullam the son of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabeel. And next unto them repaired Zadok the son of Baana. -And next unto them the Tekoites repaired; but their nobles put not their necks to the work of their LORD. -Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. -And next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon the Meronothite, the men of Gibeon, and of Mizpah, unto the throne of the governor on this side the river. -Next unto him repaired Uzziel the son of Harhaiah, of the goldsmiths. Next unto him also repaired Hananiah the son of one of the apothecaries, and they fortified Jerusalem unto the broad wall. -And next unto them repaired Rephaiah the son of Hur, the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem. -And next unto them repaired Jedaiah the son of Harumaph, even over against his house. And next unto him repaired Hattush the son of Hashabniah. -Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hashub the son of Pahathmoab, repaired the other piece, and the tower of the furnaces. -And next unto him repaired Shallum the son of Halohesh, the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem, he and his daughters. -The valley gate repaired Hanun, and the inhabitants of Zanoah; they built it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof, and a thousand cubits on the wall unto the dung gate. -But the dung gate repaired Malchiah the son of Rechab, the ruler of part of Bethhaccerem; he built it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. -But the gate of the fountain repaired Shallun the son of Colhozeh, the ruler of part of Mizpah; he built it, and covered it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof, and the wall of the pool of Siloah by the king's garden, and unto the stairs that go down from the city of David. -After him repaired Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, the ruler of the half part of Bethzur, unto the place over against the sepulchres of David, and to the pool that was made, and unto the house of the mighty. -After him repaired the Levites, Rehum the son of Bani. Next unto him repaired Hashabiah, the ruler of the half part of Keilah, in his part. -After him repaired their brethren, Bavai the son of Henadad, the ruler of the half part of Keilah. -And next to him repaired Ezer the son of Jeshua, the ruler of Mizpah, another piece over against the going up to the armoury at the turning of the wall. -After him Baruch the son of Zabbai earnestly repaired the other piece, from the turning of the wall unto the door of the house of Eliashib the high priest. -After him repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah the son of Koz another piece, from the door of the house of Eliashib even to the end of the house of Eliashib. -And after him repaired the priests, the men of the plain. -After him repaired Benjamin and Hashub over against their house. After him repaired Azariah the son of Maaseiah the son of Ananiah by his house. -After him repaired Binnui the son of Henadad another piece, from the house of Azariah unto the turning of the wall, even unto the corner. -Palal the son of Uzai, over against the turning of the wall, and the tower which lieth out from the king's high house, that was by the court of the prison. After him Pedaiah the son of Parosh. -Moreover the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel, unto the place over against the water gate toward the east, and the tower that lieth out. -After them the Tekoites repaired another piece, over against the great tower that lieth out, even unto the wall of Ophel. -From above the horse gate repaired the priests, every one over against his house. -After them repaired Zadok the son of Immer over against his house. After him repaired also Shemaiah the son of Shechaniah, the keeper of the east gate. -After him repaired Hananiah the son of Shelemiah, and Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph, another piece. After him repaired Meshullam the son of Berechiah over against his chamber. -After him repaired Malchiah the goldsmith's son unto the place of the Nethinims, and of the merchants, over against the gate Miphkad, and to the going up of the corner. -And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants. -But it came to pass, that when Sanballat heard that we builded the wall, he was wroth, and took great indignation, and mocked the Jews. -And he spake before his brethren and the army of Samaria, and said, What do these feeble Jews? will they fortify themselves? will they sacrifice? will they make an end in a day? will they revive the stones out of the heaps of the rubbish which are burned? -Now Tobiah the Ammonite was by him, and he said, Even that which they build, if a fox go up, he shall even break down their stone wall. -Hear, O our God; for we are despised: and turn their reproach upon their own head, and give them for a prey in the land of captivity: -And cover not their iniquity, and let not their sin be blotted out from before thee: for they have provoked thee to anger before the builders. -So built we the wall; and all the wall was joined together unto the half thereof: for the people had a mind to work. -But it came to pass, that when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and the Arabians, and the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites, heard that the walls of Jerusalem were made up, and that the breaches began to be stopped, then they were very wroth, -And conspired all of them together to come and to fight against Jerusalem, and to hinder it. -Nevertheless we made our prayer unto our God, and set a watch against them day and night, because of them. -And Judah said, The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build the wall. -And our adversaries said, They shall not know, neither see, till we come in the midst among them, and slay them, and cause the work to cease. -And it came to pass, that when the Jews which dwelt by them came, they said unto us ten times, From all places whence ye shall return unto us they will be upon you. -Therefore set I in the lower places behind the wall, and on the higher places, I even set the people after their families with their swords, their spears, and their bows. -And I looked, and rose up, and said unto the nobles, and to the rulers, and to the rest of the people, Be not ye afraid of them: remember the LORD, which is great and terrible, and fight for your brethren, your sons, and your daughters, your wives, and your houses. -And it came to pass, when our enemies heard that it was known unto us, and God had brought their counsel to nought, that we returned all of us to the wall, every one unto his work. -And it came to pass from that time forth, that the half of my servants wrought in the work, and the other half of them held both the spears, the shields, and the bows, and the habergeons; and the rulers were behind all the house of Judah. -They which builded on the wall, and they that bare burdens, with those that laded, every one with one of his hands wrought in the work, and with the other hand held a weapon. -For the builders, every one had his sword girded by his side, and so builded. And he that sounded the trumpet was by me. -And I said unto the nobles, and to the rulers, and to the rest of the people, The work is great and large, and we are separated upon the wall, one far from another. -In what place therefore ye hear the sound of the trumpet, resort ye thither unto us: our God shall fight for us. -So we laboured in the work: and half of them held the spears from the rising of the morning till the stars appeared. -Likewise at the same time said I unto the people, Let every one with his servant lodge within Jerusalem, that in the night they may be a guard to us, and labour on the day. -So neither I, nor my brethren, nor my servants, nor the men of the guard which followed me, none of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing. -And there was a great cry of the people and of their wives against their brethren the Jews. -For there were that said, We, our sons, and our daughters, are many: therefore we take up corn for them, that we may eat, and live. -Some also there were that said, We have mortgaged our lands, vineyards, and houses, that we might buy corn, because of the dearth. -There were also that said, We have borrowed money for the king's tribute, and that upon our lands and vineyards. -Yet now our flesh is as the flesh of our brethren, our children as their children: and, lo, we bring into bondage our sons and our daughters to be servants, and some of our daughters are brought unto bondage already: neither is it in our power to redeem them; for other men have our lands and vineyards. -And I was very angry when I heard their cry and these words. -Then I consulted with myself, and I rebuked the nobles, and the rulers, and said unto them, Ye exact usury, every one of his brother. And I set a great assembly against them. -And I said unto them, We after our ability have redeemed our brethren the Jews, which were sold unto the heathen; and will ye even sell your brethren? or shall they be sold unto us? Then held they their peace, and found nothing to answer. -Also I said, It is not good that ye do: ought ye not to walk in the fear of our God because of the reproach of the heathen our enemies? -I likewise, and my brethren, and my servants, might exact of them money and corn: I pray you, let us leave off this usury. -Restore, I pray you, to them, even this day, their lands, their vineyards, their oliveyards, and their houses, also the hundredth part of the money, and of the corn, the wine, and the oil, that ye exact of them. -Then said they, We will restore them, and will require nothing of them; so will we do as thou sayest. Then I called the priests, and took an oath of them, that they should do according to this promise. -Also I shook my lap, and said, So God shake out every man from his house, and from his labour, that performeth not this promise, even thus be he shaken out, and emptied. And all the congregation said, Amen, and praised the LORD. And the people did according to this promise. -Moreover from the time that I was appointed to be their governor in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year even unto the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and my brethren have not eaten the bread of the governor. -But the former governors that had been before me were chargeable unto the people, and had taken of them bread and wine, beside forty shekels of silver; yea, even their servants bare rule over the people: but so did not I, because of the fear of God. -Yea, also I continued in the work of this wall, neither bought we any land: and all my servants were gathered thither unto the work. -Moreover there were at my table an hundred and fifty of the Jews and rulers, beside those that came unto us from among the heathen that are about us. -Now that which was prepared for me daily was one ox and six choice sheep; also fowls were prepared for me, and once in ten days store of all sorts of wine: yet for all this required not I the bread of the governor, because the bondage was heavy upon this people. -Think upon me, my God, for good, according to all that I have done for this people. -Now it came to pass when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and Geshem the Arabian, and the rest of our enemies, heard that I had builded the wall, and that there was no breach left therein; (though at that time I had not set up the doors upon the gates;) -That Sanballat and Geshem sent unto me, saying, Come, let us meet together in some one of the villages in the plain of Ono. But they thought to do me mischief. -And I sent messengers unto them, saying, I am doing a great work, so that I cannot come down: why should the work cease, whilst I leave it, and come down to you? -Yet they sent unto me four times after this sort; and I answered them after the same manner. -Then sent Sanballat his servant unto me in like manner the fifth time with an open letter in his hand; -Wherein was written, It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel: for which cause thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king, according to these words. -And thou hast also appointed prophets to preach of thee at Jerusalem, saying, There is a king in Judah: and now shall it be reported to the king according to these words. Come now therefore, and let us take counsel together. -Then I sent unto him, saying, There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart. -For they all made us afraid, saying, Their hands shall be weakened from the work, that it be not done. Now therefore, O God, strengthen my hands. -Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah the son of Delaiah the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut up; and he said, Let us meet together in the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the doors of the temple: for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the night will they come to slay thee. -And I said, Should such a man as I flee? and who is there, that, being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life? I will not go in. -And, lo, I perceived that God had not sent him; but that he pronounced this prophecy against me: for Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him. -Therefore was he hired, that I should be afraid, and do so, and sin, and that they might have matter for an evil report, that they might reproach me. -My God, think thou upon Tobiah and Sanballat according to these their works, and on the prophetess Noadiah, and the rest of the prophets, that would have put me in fear. -So the wall was finished in the twenty and fifth day of the month Elul, in fifty and two days. -And it came to pass, that when all our enemies heard thereof, and all the heathen that were about us saw these things, they were much cast down in their own eyes: for they perceived that this work was wrought of our God. -Moreover in those days the nobles of Judah sent many letters unto Tobiah, and the letters of Tobiah came unto them. -For there were many in Judah sworn unto him, because he was the son in law of Shechaniah the son of Arah; and his son Johanan had taken the daughter of Meshullam the son of Berechiah. -Also they reported his good deeds before me, and uttered my words to him. And Tobiah sent letters to put me in fear. -Now it came to pass, when the wall was built, and I had set up the doors, and the porters and the singers and the Levites were appointed, -That I gave my brother Hanani, and Hananiah the ruler of the palace, charge over Jerusalem: for he was a faithful man, and feared God above many. -And I said unto them, Let not the gates of Jerusalem be opened until the sun be hot; and while they stand by, let them shut the doors, and bar them: and appoint watches of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, every one in his watch, and every one to be over against his house. -Now the city was large and great: but the people were few therein, and the houses were not builded. -And my God put into mine heart to gather together the nobles, and the rulers, and the people, that they might be reckoned by genealogy. And I found a register of the genealogy of them which came up at the first, and found written therein, -These are the children of the province, that went up out of the captivity, of those that had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away, and came again to Jerusalem and to Judah, every one unto his city; -Who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum, Baanah. The number, I say, of the men of the people of Israel was this; -The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy and two. -The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two. -The children of Arah, six hundred fifty and two. -The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand and eight hundred and eighteen. -The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. -The children of Zattu, eight hundred forty and five. -The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore. -The children of Binnui, six hundred forty and eight. -The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and eight. -The children of Azgad, two thousand three hundred twenty and two. -The children of Adonikam, six hundred threescore and seven. -The children of Bigvai, two thousand threescore and seven. -The children of Adin, six hundred fifty and five. -The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight. -The children of Hashum, three hundred twenty and eight. -The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and four. -The children of Hariph, an hundred and twelve. -The children of Gibeon, ninety and five. -The men of Bethlehem and Netophah, an hundred fourscore and eight. -The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight. -The men of Bethazmaveth, forty and two. -The men of Kirjathjearim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred forty and three. -The men of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one. -The men of Michmas, an hundred and twenty and two. -The men of Bethel and Ai, an hundred twenty and three. -The men of the other Nebo, fifty and two. -The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. -The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty. -The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five. -The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and one. -The children of Senaah, three thousand nine hundred and thirty. -The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua, nine hundred seventy and three. -The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two. -The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven. -The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen. -The Levites: the children of Jeshua, of Kadmiel, and of the children of Hodevah, seventy and four. -The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred forty and eight. -The porters: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, an hundred thirty and eight. -The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hashupha, the children of Tabbaoth, -The children of Keros, the children of Sia, the children of Padon, -The children of Lebana, the children of Hagaba, the children of Shalmai, -The children of Hanan, the children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, -The children of Reaiah, the children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, -The children of Gazzam, the children of Uzza, the children of Phaseah, -The children of Besai, the children of Meunim, the children of Nephishesim, -The children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, -The children of Bazlith, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, -The children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Tamah, -The children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha. -The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the children of Perida, -The children of Jaala, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, -The children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Amon. -All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were three hundred ninety and two. -And these were they which went up also from Telmelah, Telharesha, Cherub, Addon, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's house, nor their seed, whether they were of Israel. -The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred forty and two. -And of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai, which took one of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite to wife, and was called after their name. -These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but it was not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood. -And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and Thummim. -The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore, -Beside their manservants and their maidservants, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven: and they had two hundred forty and five singing men and singing women. -Their horses, seven hundred thirty and six: their mules, two hundred forty and five: -Their camels, four hundred thirty and five: six thousand seven hundred and twenty asses. -And some of the chief of the fathers gave unto the work. The Tirshatha gave to the treasure a thousand drams of gold, fifty basons, five hundred and thirty priests' garments. -And some of the chief of the fathers gave to the treasure of the work twenty thousand drams of gold, and two thousand and two hundred pound of silver. -And that which the rest of the people gave was twenty thousand drams of gold, and two thousand pound of silver, and threescore and seven priests' garments. -So the priests, and the Levites, and the porters, and the singers, and some of the people, and the Nethinims, and all Israel, dwelt in their cities; and when the seventh month came, the children of Israel were in their cities. -And all the people gathered themselves together as one man into the street that was before the water gate; and they spake unto Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded to Israel. -And Ezra the priest brought the law before the congregation both of men and women, and all that could hear with understanding, upon the first day of the seventh month. -And he read therein before the street that was before the water gate from the morning until midday, before the men and the women, and those that could understand; and the ears of all the people were attentive unto the book of the law. -And Ezra the scribe stood upon a pulpit of wood, which they had made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and Anaiah, and Urijah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchiah, and Hashum, and Hashbadana, Zechariah, and Meshullam. -And Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people; (for he was above all the people;) and when he opened it, all the people stood up: -And Ezra blessed the LORD, the great God. And all the people answered, Amen, Amen, with lifting up their hands: and they bowed their heads, and worshipped the LORD with their faces to the ground. -Also Jeshua, and Bani, and Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodijah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the Levites, caused the people to understand the law: and the people stood in their place. -So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense, and caused them to understand the reading. -And Nehemiah, which is the Tirshatha, and Ezra the priest the scribe, and the Levites that taught the people, said unto all the people, This day is holy unto the LORD your God; mourn not, nor weep. For all the people wept, when they heard the words of the law. -Then he said unto them, Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the sweet, and send portions unto them for whom nothing is prepared: for this day is holy unto our LORD: neither be ye sorry; for the joy of the LORD is your strength. -So the Levites stilled all the people, saying, Hold your peace, for the day is holy; neither be ye grieved. -And all the people went their way to eat, and to drink, and to send portions, and to make great mirth, because they had understood the words that were declared unto them. -And on the second day were gathered together the chief of the fathers of all the people, the priests, and the Levites, unto Ezra the scribe, even to understand the words of the law. -And they found written in the law which the LORD had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel should dwell in booths in the feast of the seventh month: -And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written. -So the people went forth, and brought them, and made themselves booths, every one upon the roof of his house, and in their courts, and in the courts of the house of God, and in the street of the water gate, and in the street of the gate of Ephraim. -And all the congregation of them that were come again out of the captivity made booths, and sat under the booths: for since the days of Jeshua the son of Nun unto that day had not the children of Israel done so. And there was very great gladness. -Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God. And they kept the feast seven days; and on the eighth day was a solemn assembly, according unto the manner. -Now in the twenty and fourth day of this month the children of Israel were assembled with fasting, and with sackclothes, and earth upon them. -And the seed of Israel separated themselves from all strangers, and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their fathers. -And they stood up in their place, and read in the book of the law of the LORD their God one fourth part of the day; and another fourth part they confessed, and worshipped the LORD their God. -Then stood up upon the stairs, of the Levites, Jeshua, and Bani, Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Chenani, and cried with a loud voice unto the LORD their God. -Then the Levites, Jeshua, and Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabniah, Sherebiah, Hodijah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah, said, Stand up and bless the LORD your God for ever and ever: and blessed be thy glorious name, which is exalted above all blessing and praise. -Thou, even thou, art LORD alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all things that are therein, the seas, and all that is therein, and thou preservest them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee. -Thou art the LORD the God, who didst choose Abram, and broughtest him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gavest him the name of Abraham; -And foundest his heart faithful before thee, and madest a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Jebusites, and the Girgashites, to give it, I say, to his seed, and hast performed thy words; for thou art righteous: -And didst see the affliction of our fathers in Egypt, and heardest their cry by the Red sea; -And shewedst signs and wonders upon Pharaoh, and on all his servants, and on all the people of his land: for thou knewest that they dealt proudly against them. So didst thou get thee a name, as it is this day. -And thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went through the midst of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors thou threwest into the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters. -Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein they should go. -Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good statutes and commandments: -And madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant: -And gavest them bread from heaven for their hunger, and broughtest forth water for them out of the rock for their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go in to possess the land which thou hadst sworn to give them. -But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened their necks, and hearkened not to thy commandments, -And refused to obey, neither were mindful of thy wonders that thou didst among them; but hardened their necks, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage: but thou art a God ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and forsookest them not. -Yea, when they had made them a molten calf, and said, This is thy God that brought thee up out of Egypt, and had wrought great provocations; -Yet thou in thy manifold mercies forsookest them not in the wilderness: the pillar of the cloud departed not from them by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night, to shew them light, and the way wherein they should go. -Thou gavest also thy good spirit to instruct them, and withheldest not thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for their thirst. -Yea, forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so that they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet swelled not. -Moreover thou gavest them kingdoms and nations, and didst divide them into corners: so they possessed the land of Sihon, and the land of the king of Heshbon, and the land of Og king of Bashan. -Their children also multipliedst thou as the stars of heaven, and broughtest them into the land, concerning which thou hadst promised to their fathers, that they should go in to possess it. -So the children went in and possessed the land, and thou subduedst before them the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, and gavest them into their hands, with their kings, and the people of the land, that they might do with them as they would. -And they took strong cities, and a fat land, and possessed houses full of all goods, wells digged, vineyards, and oliveyards, and fruit trees in abundance: so they did eat, and were filled, and became fat, and delighted themselves in thy great goodness. -Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled against thee, and cast thy law behind their backs, and slew thy prophets which testified against them to turn them to thee, and they wrought great provocations. -Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of their enemies. -But after they had rest, they did evil again before thee: therefore leftest thou them in the land of their enemies, so that they had the dominion over them: yet when they returned, and cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and many times didst thou deliver them according to thy mercies; -And testifiedst against them, that thou mightest bring them again unto thy law: yet they dealt proudly, and hearkened not unto thy commandments, but sinned against thy judgments, (which if a man do, he shall live in them;) and withdrew the shoulder, and hardened their neck, and would not hear. -Yet many years didst thou forbear them, and testifiedst against them by thy spirit in thy prophets: yet would they not give ear: therefore gavest thou them into the hand of the people of the lands. -Nevertheless for thy great mercies' sake thou didst not utterly consume them, nor forsake them; for thou art a gracious and merciful God. -Now therefore, our God, the great, the mighty, and the terrible God, who keepest covenant and mercy, let not all the trouble seem little before thee, that hath come upon us, on our kings, on our princes, and on our priests, and on our prophets, and on our fathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the kings of Assyria unto this day. -Howbeit thou art just in all that is brought upon us; for thou hast done right, but we have done wickedly: -Neither have our kings, our princes, our priests, nor our fathers, kept thy law, nor hearkened unto thy commandments and thy testimonies, wherewith thou didst testify against them. -For they have not served thee in their kingdom, and in thy great goodness that thou gavest them, and in the large and fat land which thou gavest before them, neither turned they from their wicked works. -Behold, we are servants this day, and for the land that thou gavest unto our fathers to eat the fruit thereof and the good thereof, behold, we are servants in it: -And it yieldeth much increase unto the kings whom thou hast set over us because of our sins: also they have dominion over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their pleasure, and we are in great distress. -And because of all this we make a sure covenant, and write it; and our princes, Levites, and priests, seal unto it. -Now those that sealed were, Nehemiah, the Tirshatha, the son of Hachaliah, and Zidkijah, -Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah, -Pashur, Amariah, Malchijah, -Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch, -Harim, Meremoth, Obadiah, -Daniel, Ginnethon, Baruch, -Meshullam, Abijah, Mijamin, -Maaziah, Bilgai, Shemaiah: these were the priests. -And the Levites: both Jeshua the son of Azaniah, Binnui of the sons of Henadad, Kadmiel; -And their brethren, Shebaniah, Hodijah, Kelita, Pelaiah, Hanan, -Micha, Rehob, Hashabiah, -Zaccur, Sherebiah, Shebaniah, -Hodijah, Bani, Beninu. -The chief of the people; Parosh, Pahathmoab, Elam, Zatthu, Bani, -Bunni, Azgad, Bebai, -Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin, -Ater, Hizkijah, Azzur, -Hodijah, Hashum, Bezai, -Hariph, Anathoth, Nebai, -Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir, -Meshezabeel, Zadok, Jaddua, -Pelatiah, Hanan, Anaiah, -Hoshea, Hananiah, Hashub, -Hallohesh, Pileha, Shobek, -Rehum, Hashabnah, Maaseiah, -And Ahijah, Hanan, Anan, -Malluch, Harim, Baanah. -And the rest of the people, the priests, the Levites, the porters, the singers, the Nethinims, and all they that had separated themselves from the people of the lands unto the law of God, their wives, their sons, and their daughters, every one having knowledge, and having understanding; -They clave to their brethren, their nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God's law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and his judgments and his statutes; -And that we would not give our daughters unto the people of the land, not take their daughters for our sons: -And if the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the sabbath, or on the holy day: and that we would leave the seventh year, and the exaction of every debt. -Also we made ordinances for us, to charge ourselves yearly with the third part of a shekel for the service of the house of our God; -For the shewbread, and for the continual meat offering, and for the continual burnt offering, of the sabbaths, of the new moons, for the set feasts, and for the holy things, and for the sin offerings to make an atonement for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our God. -And we cast the lots among the priests, the Levites, and the people, for the wood offering, to bring it into the house of our God, after the houses of our fathers, at times appointed year by year, to burn upon the altar of the LORD our God, as it is written in the law: -And to bring the firstfruits of our ground, and the firstfruits of all fruit of all trees, year by year, unto the house of the LORD: -Also the firstborn of our sons, and of our cattle, as it is written in the law, and the firstlings of our herds and of our flocks, to bring to the house of our God, unto the priests that minister in the house of our God: -And that we should bring the firstfruits of our dough, and our offerings, and the fruit of all manner of trees, of wine and of oil, unto the priests, to the chambers of the house of our God; and the tithes of our ground unto the Levites, that the same Levites might have the tithes in all the cities of our tillage. -And the priest the son of Aaron shall be with the Levites, when the Levites take tithes: and the Levites shall bring up the tithe of the tithes unto the house of our God, to the chambers, into the treasure house. -For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new wine, and the oil, unto the chambers, where are the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests that minister, and the porters, and the singers: and we will not forsake the house of our God. -And the rulers of the people dwelt at Jerusalem: the rest of the people also cast lots, to bring one of ten to dwell in Jerusalem the holy city, and nine parts to dwell in other cities. -And the people blessed all the men, that willingly offered themselves to dwell at Jerusalem. -Now these are the chief of the province that dwelt in Jerusalem: but in the cities of Judah dwelt every one in his possession in their cities, to wit, Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants. -And at Jerusalem dwelt certain of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin. Of the children of Judah; Athaiah the son of Uzziah, the son of Zechariah, the son of Amariah, the son of Shephatiah, the son of Mahalaleel, of the children of Perez; -And Maaseiah the son of Baruch, the son of Colhozeh, the son of Hazaiah, the son of Adaiah, the son of Joiarib, the son of Zechariah, the son of Shiloni. -All the sons of Perez that dwelt at Jerusalem were four hundred threescore and eight valiant men. -And these are the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of Joed, the son of Pedaiah, the son of Kolaiah, the son of Maaseiah, the son of Ithiel, the son of Jesaiah. -And after him Gabbai, Sallai, nine hundred twenty and eight. -And Joel the son of Zichri was their overseer: and Judah the son of Senuah was second over the city. -Of the priests: Jedaiah the son of Joiarib, Jachin. -Seraiah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, was the ruler of the house of God. -And their brethren that did the work of the house were eight hundred twenty and two: and Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pelaliah, the son of Amzi, the son of Zechariah, the son of Pashur, the son of Malchiah. -And his brethren, chief of the fathers, two hundred forty and two: and Amashai the son of Azareel, the son of Ahasai, the son of Meshillemoth, the son of Immer, -And their brethren, mighty men of valour, an hundred twenty and eight: and their overseer was Zabdiel, the son of one of the great men. -Also of the Levites: Shemaiah the son of Hashub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Bunni; -And Shabbethai and Jozabad, of the chief of the Levites, had the oversight of the outward business of the house of God. -And Mattaniah the son of Micha, the son of Zabdi, the son of Asaph, was the principal to begin the thanksgiving in prayer: and Bakbukiah the second among his brethren, and Abda the son of Shammua, the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun. -All the Levites in the holy city were two hundred fourscore and four. -Moreover the porters, Akkub, Talmon, and their brethren that kept the gates, were an hundred seventy and two. -And the residue of Israel, of the priests, and the Levites, were in all the cities of Judah, every one in his inheritance. -But the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel: and Ziha and Gispa were over the Nethinims. -The overseer also of the Levites at Jerusalem was Uzzi the son of Bani, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Micha. Of the sons of Asaph, the singers were over the business of the house of God. -For it was the king's commandment concerning them, that a certain portion should be for the singers, due for every day. -And Pethahiah the son of Meshezabeel, of the children of Zerah the son of Judah, was at the king's hand in all matters concerning the people. -And for the villages, with their fields, some of the children of Judah dwelt at Kirjatharba, and in the villages thereof, and at Dibon, and in the villages thereof, and at Jekabzeel, and in the villages thereof, -And at Jeshua, and at Moladah, and at Bethphelet, -And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and in the villages thereof, -And at Ziklag, and at Mekonah, and in the villages thereof, -And at Enrimmon, and at Zareah, and at Jarmuth, -Zanoah, Adullam, and in their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at Azekah, and in the villages thereof. And they dwelt from Beersheba unto the valley of Hinnom. -The children also of Benjamin from Geba dwelt at Michmash, and Aija, and Bethel, and in their villages. -And at Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah, -Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim, -Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat, -Lod, and Ono, the valley of craftsmen. -And of the Levites were divisions in Judah, and in Benjamin. -Now these are the priests and the Levites that went up with Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua: Seraiah, Jeremiah, Ezra, -Amariah, Malluch, Hattush, -Shechaniah, Rehum, Meremoth, -Iddo, Ginnetho, Abijah, -Miamin, Maadiah, Bilgah, -Shemaiah, and Joiarib, Jedaiah, -Sallu, Amok, Hilkiah, Jedaiah. These were the chief of the priests and of their brethren in the days of Jeshua. -Moreover the Levites: Jeshua, Binnui, Kadmiel, Sherebiah, Judah, and Mattaniah, which was over the thanksgiving, he and his brethren. -Also Bakbukiah and Unni, their brethren, were over against them in the watches. -And Jeshua begat Joiakim, Joiakim also begat Eliashib, and Eliashib begat Joiada, -And Joiada begat Jonathan, and Jonathan begat Jaddua. -And in the days of Joiakim were priests, the chief of the fathers: of Seraiah, Meraiah; of Jeremiah, Hananiah; -Of Ezra, Meshullam; of Amariah, Jehohanan; -Of Melicu, Jonathan; of Shebaniah, Joseph; -Of Harim, Adna; of Meraioth, Helkai; -Of Iddo, Zechariah; of Ginnethon, Meshullam; -Of Abijah, Zichri; of Miniamin, of Moadiah, Piltai: -Of Bilgah, Shammua; of Shemaiah, Jehonathan; -And of Joiarib, Mattenai; of Jedaiah, Uzzi; -Of Sallai, Kallai; of Amok, Eber; -Of Hilkiah, Hashabiah; of Jedaiah, Nethaneel. -The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, were recorded chief of the fathers: also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian. -The sons of Levi, the chief of the fathers, were written in the book of the chronicles, even until the days of Johanan the son of Eliashib. -And the chief of the Levites: Hashabiah, Sherebiah, and Jeshua the son of Kadmiel, with their brethren over against them, to praise and to give thanks, according to the commandment of David the man of God, ward over against ward. -Mattaniah, and Bakbukiah, Obadiah, Meshullam, Talmon, Akkub, were porters keeping the ward at the thresholds of the gates. -These were in the days of Joiakim the son of Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, and in the days of Nehemiah the governor, and of Ezra the priest, the scribe. -And at the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem they sought the Levites out of all their places, to bring them to Jerusalem, to keep the dedication with gladness, both with thanksgivings, and with singing, with cymbals, psalteries, and with harps. -And the sons of the singers gathered themselves together, both out of the plain country round about Jerusalem, and from the villages of Netophathi; -Also from the house of Gilgal, and out of the fields of Geba and Azmaveth: for the singers had builded them villages round about Jerusalem. -And the priests and the Levites purified themselves, and purified the people, and the gates, and the wall. -Then I brought up the princes of Judah upon the wall, and appointed two great companies of them that gave thanks, whereof one went on the right hand upon the wall toward the dung gate: -And after them went Hoshaiah, and half of the princes of Judah, -And Azariah, Ezra, and Meshullam, -Judah, and Benjamin, and Shemaiah, and Jeremiah, -And certain of the priests' sons with trumpets; namely, Zechariah the son of Jonathan, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Michaiah, the son of Zaccur, the son of Asaph: -And his brethren, Shemaiah, and Azarael, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethaneel, and Judah, Hanani, with the musical instruments of David the man of God, and Ezra the scribe before them. -And at the fountain gate, which was over against them, they went up by the stairs of the city of David, at the going up of the wall, above the house of David, even unto the water gate eastward. -And the other company of them that gave thanks went over against them, and I after them, and the half of the people upon the wall, from beyond the tower of the furnaces even unto the broad wall; -And from above the gate of Ephraim, and above the old gate, and above the fish gate, and the tower of Hananeel, and the tower of Meah, even unto the sheep gate: and they stood still in the prison gate. -So stood the two companies of them that gave thanks in the house of God, and I, and the half of the rulers with me: -And the priests; Eliakim, Maaseiah, Miniamin, Michaiah, Elioenai, Zechariah, and Hananiah, with trumpets; -And Maaseiah, and Shemaiah, and Eleazar, and Uzzi, and Jehohanan, and Malchijah, and Elam, and Ezer. And the singers sang loud, with Jezrahiah their overseer. -Also that day they offered great sacrifices, and rejoiced: for God had made them rejoice with great joy: the wives also and the children rejoiced: so that the joy of Jerusalem was heard even afar off. -And at that time were some appointed over the chambers for the treasures, for the offerings, for the firstfruits, and for the tithes, to gather into them out of the fields of the cities the portions of the law for the priests and Levites: for Judah rejoiced for the priests and for the Levites that waited. -And both the singers and the porters kept the ward of their God, and the ward of the purification, according to the commandment of David, and of Solomon his son. -For in the days of David and Asaph of old there were chief of the singers, and songs of praise and thanksgiving unto God. -And all Israel in the days of Zerubbabel, and in the days of Nehemiah, gave the portions of the singers and the porters, every day his portion: and they sanctified holy things unto the Levites; and the Levites sanctified them unto the children of Aaron. -On that day they read in the book of Moses in the audience of the people; and therein was found written, that the Ammonite and the Moabite should not come into the congregation of God for ever; -Because they met not the children of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Balaam against them, that he should curse them: howbeit our God turned the curse into a blessing. -Now it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated from Israel all the mixed multitude. -And before this, Eliashib the priest, having the oversight of the chamber of the house of our God, was allied unto Tobiah: -And he had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil, which was commanded to be given to the Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and the offerings of the priests. -But in all this time was not I at Jerusalem: for in the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon came I unto the king, and after certain days obtained I leave of the king: -And I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah, in preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God. -And it grieved me sore: therefore I cast forth all the household stuff to Tobiah out of the chamber. -Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers: and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat offering and the frankincense. -And I perceived that the portions of the Levites had not been given them: for the Levites and the singers, that did the work, were fled every one to his field. -Then contended I with the rulers, and said, Why is the house of God forsaken? And I gathered them together, and set them in their place. -Then brought all Judah the tithe of the corn and the new wine and the oil unto the treasuries. -And I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah: and next to them was Hanan the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah: for they were counted faithful, and their office was to distribute unto their brethren. -Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the offices thereof. -In those days saw I in Judah some treading wine presses on the sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and lading asses; as also wine, grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into Jerusalem on the sabbath day: and I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals. -There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, which brought fish, and all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children of Judah, and in Jerusalem. -Then I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them, What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day? -Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning the sabbath. -And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day. -So the merchants and sellers of all kind of ware lodged without Jerusalem once or twice. -Then I testified against them, and said unto them, Why lodge ye about the wall? if ye do so again, I will lay hands on you. From that time forth came they no more on the sabbath. -And I commanded the Levites that they should cleanse themselves, and that they should come and keep the gates, to sanctify the sabbath day. Remember me, O my God, concerning this also, and spare me according to the greatness of thy mercy. -In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab: -And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people. -And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying, Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves. -Did not Solomon king of Israel sin by these things? yet among many nations was there no king like him, who was beloved of his God, and God made him king over all Israel: nevertheless even him did outlandish women cause to sin. -Shall we then hearken unto you to do all this great evil, to transgress against our God in marrying strange wives? -And one of the sons of Joiada, the son of Eliashib the high priest, was son in law to Sanballat the Horonite: therefore I chased him from me. -Remember them, O my God, because they have defiled the priesthood, and the covenant of the priesthood, and of the Levites. -Thus cleansed I them from all strangers, and appointed the wards of the priests and the Levites, every one in his business; -And for the wood offering, at times appointed, and for the firstfruits. Remember me, O my God, for good. -Now it came to pass in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus which reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces:) -That in those days, when the king Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Shushan the palace, -In the third year of his reign, he made a feast unto all his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him: -When he shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honour of his excellent majesty many days, even an hundred and fourscore days. -And when these days were expired, the king made a feast unto all the people that were present in Shushan the palace, both unto great and small, seven days, in the court of the garden of the king's palace; -Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble: the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and blue, and white, and black, marble. -And they gave them drink in vessels of gold, (the vessels being diverse one from another,) and royal wine in abundance, according to the state of the king. -And the drinking was according to the law; none did compel: for so the king had appointed to all the officers of his house, that they should do according to every man's pleasure. -Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal house which belonged to king Ahasuerus. -On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcas, the seven chamberlains that served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king, -To bring Vashti the queen before the king with the crown royal, to shew the people and the princes her beauty: for she was fair to look on. -But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king's commandment by his chamberlains: therefore was the king very wroth, and his anger burned in him. -Then the king said to the wise men, which knew the times, (for so was the king's manner toward all that knew law and judgment: -And the next unto him was Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, which saw the king's face, and which sat the first in the kingdom;) -What shall we do unto the queen Vashti according to law, because she hath not performed the commandment of the king Ahasuerus by the chamberlains? -And Memucan answered before the king and the princes, Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the people that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus. -For this deed of the queen shall come abroad unto all women, so that they shall despise their husbands in their eyes, when it shall be reported, The king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, but she came not. -Likewise shall the ladies of Persia and Media say this day unto all the king's princes, which have heard of the deed of the queen. Thus shall there arise too much contempt and wrath. -If it please the king, let there go a royal commandment from him, and let it be written among the laws of the Persians and the Medes, that it be not altered, That Vashti come no more before king Ahasuerus; and let the king give her royal estate unto another that is better than she. -And when the king's decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small. -And the saying pleased the king and the princes; and the king did according to the word of Memucan: -For he sent letters into all the king's provinces, into every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language, that every man should bear rule in his own house, and that it should be published according to the language of every people. -After these things, when the wrath of king Ahasuerus was appeased, he remembered Vashti, and what she had done, and what was decreed against her. -Then said the king's servants that ministered unto him, Let there be fair young virgins sought for the king: -And let the king appoint officers in all the provinces of his kingdom, that they may gather together all the fair young virgins unto Shushan the palace, to the house of the women, unto the custody of Hege the king's chamberlain, keeper of the women; and let their things for purification be given them: -And let the maiden which pleaseth the king be queen instead of Vashti. And the thing pleased the king; and he did so. -Now in Shushan the palace there was a certain Jew, whose name was Mordecai, the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a Benjamite; -Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away. -And he brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter: for she had neither father nor mother, and the maid was fair and beautiful; whom Mordecai, when her father and mother were dead, took for his own daughter. -So it came to pass, when the king's commandment and his decree was heard, and when many maidens were gathered together unto Shushan the palace, to the custody of Hegai, that Esther was brought also unto the king's house, to the custody of Hegai, keeper of the women. -And the maiden pleased him, and she obtained kindness of him; and he speedily gave her her things for purification, with such things as belonged to her, and seven maidens, which were meet to be given her, out of the king's house: and he preferred her and her maids unto the best place of the house of the women. -Esther had not shewed her people nor her kindred: for Mordecai had charged her that she should not shew it. -And Mordecai walked every day before the court of the women's house, to know how Esther did, and what should become of her. -Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with other things for the purifying of the women;) -Then thus came every maiden unto the king; whatsoever she desired was given her to go with her out of the house of the women unto the king's house. -In the evening she went, and on the morrow she returned into the second house of the women, to the custody of Shaashgaz, the king's chamberlain, which kept the concubines: she came in unto the king no more, except the king delighted in her, and that she were called by name. -Now when the turn of Esther, the daughter of Abihail the uncle of Mordecai, who had taken her for his daughter, was come to go in unto the king, she required nothing but what Hegai the king's chamberlain, the keeper of the women, appointed. And Esther obtained favour in the sight of all them that looked upon her. -So Esther was taken unto king Ahasuerus into his house royal in the tenth month, which is the month Tebeth, in the seventh year of his reign. -And the king loved Esther above all the women, and she obtained grace and favour in his sight more than all the virgins; so that he set the royal crown upon her head, and made her queen instead of Vashti. -Then the king made a great feast unto all his princes and his servants, even Esther's feast; and he made a release to the provinces, and gave gifts, according to the state of the king. -And when the virgins were gathered together the second time, then Mordecai sat in the king's gate. -Esther had not yet shewed her kindred nor her people; as Mordecai had charged her: for Esther did the commandment of Mordecai, like as when she was brought up with him. -In those days, while Mordecai sat in the king's gate, two of the king's chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, of those which kept the door, were wroth, and sought to lay hands on the king Ahasuerus. -And the thing was known to Mordecai, who told it unto Esther the queen; and Esther certified the king thereof in Mordecai's name. -And when inquisition was made of the matter, it was found out; therefore they were both hanged on a tree: and it was written in the book of the chronicles before the king. -After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him. -And all the king's servants, that were in the king's gate, bowed, and reverenced Haman: for the king had so commanded concerning him. But Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence. -Then the king's servants, which were in the king's gate, said unto Mordecai, Why transgressest thou the king's commandment? -Now it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai's matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew. -And when Haman saw that Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence, then was Haman full of wrath. -And he thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had shewed him the people of Mordecai: wherefore Haman sought to destroy all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus, even the people of Mordecai. -In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar. -And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king's laws: therefore it is not for the king's profit to suffer them. -If it please the king, let it be written that they may be destroyed: and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver to the hands of those that have the charge of the business, to bring it into the king's treasuries. -And the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, the Jews' enemy. -And the king said unto Haman, The silver is given to thee, the people also, to do with them as it seemeth good to thee. -Then were the king's scribes called on the thirteenth day of the first month, and there was written according to all that Haman had commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were over every province, and to the rulers of every people of every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language; in the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and sealed with the king's ring. -And the letters were sent by posts into all the king's provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, even upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, and to take the spoil of them for a prey. -The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every province was published unto all people, that they should be ready against that day. -The posts went out, being hastened by the king's commandment, and the decree was given in Shushan the palace. And the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city Shushan was perplexed. -When Mordecai perceived all that was done, Mordecai rent his clothes, and put on sackcloth with ashes, and went out into the midst of the city, and cried with a loud and a bitter cry; -And came even before the king's gate: for none might enter into the king's gate clothed with sackcloth. -And in every province, whithersoever the king's commandment and his decree came, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes. -So Esther's maids and her chamberlains came and told it her. Then was the queen exceedingly grieved; and she sent raiment to clothe Mordecai, and to take away his sackcloth from him: but he received it not. -Then called Esther for Hatach, one of the king's chamberlains, whom he had appointed to attend upon her, and gave him a commandment to Mordecai, to know what it was, and why it was. -So Hatach went forth to Mordecai unto the street of the city, which was before the king's gate. -And Mordecai told him of all that had happened unto him, and of the sum of the money that Haman had promised to pay to the king's treasuries for the Jews, to destroy them. -Also he gave him the copy of the writing of the decree that was given at Shushan to destroy them, to shew it unto Esther, and to declare it unto her, and to charge her that she should go in unto the king, to make supplication unto him, and to make request before him for her people. -And Hatach came and told Esther the words of Mordecai. -Again Esther spake unto Hatach, and gave him commandment unto Mordecai; -All the king's servants, and the people of the king's provinces, do know, that whosoever, whether man or women, shall come unto the king into the inner court, who is not called, there is one law of his to put him to death, except such to whom the king shall hold out the golden sceptre, that he may live: but I have not been called to come in unto the king these thirty days. -And they told to Mordecai Esther's words. -Then Mordecai commanded to answer Esther, Think not with thyself that thou shalt escape in the king's house, more than all the Jews. -For if thou altogether holdest thy peace at this time, then shall there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place; but thou and thy father's house shall be destroyed: and who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this? -Then Esther bade them return Mordecai this answer, -Go, gather together all the Jews that are present in Shushan, and fast ye for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day: I also and my maidens will fast likewise; and so will I go in unto the king, which is not according to the law: and if I perish, I perish. -So Mordecai went his way, and did according to all that Esther had commanded him. -Now it came to pass on the third day, that Esther put on her royal apparel, and stood in the inner court of the king's house, over against the king's house: and the king sat upon his royal throne in the royal house, over against the gate of the house. -And it was so, when the king saw Esther the queen standing in the court, that she obtained favour in his sight: and the king held out to Esther the golden sceptre that was in his hand. So Esther drew near, and touched the top of the sceptre. -Then said the king unto her, What wilt thou, queen Esther? and what is thy request? it shall be even given thee to the half of the kingdom. -And Esther answered, If it seem good unto the king, let the king and Haman come this day unto the banquet that I have prepared for him. -Then the king said, Cause Haman to make haste, that he may do as Esther hath said. So the king and Haman came to the banquet that Esther had prepared. -And the king said unto Esther at the banquet of wine, What is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: and what is thy request? even to the half of the kingdom it shall be performed. -Then answered Esther, and said, My petition and my request is; -If I have found favour in the sight of the king, and if it please the king to grant my petition, and to perform my request, let the king and Haman come to the banquet that I shall prepare for them, and I will do to morrow as the king hath said. -Then went Haman forth that day joyful and with a glad heart: but when Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai. -Nevertheless Haman refrained himself: and when he came home, he sent and called for his friends, and Zeresh his wife. -And Haman told them of the glory of his riches, and the multitude of his children, and all the things wherein the king had promoted him, and how he had advanced him above the princes and servants of the king. -Haman said moreover, Yea, Esther the queen did let no man come in with the king unto the banquet that she had prepared but myself; and to morrow am I invited unto her also with the king. -Yet all this availeth me nothing, so long as I see Mordecai the Jew sitting at the king's gate. -Then said Zeresh his wife and all his friends unto him, Let a gallows be made of fifty cubits high, and to morrow speak thou unto the king that Mordecai may be hanged thereon: then go thou in merrily with the king unto the banquet. And the thing pleased Haman; and he caused the gallows to be made. -On that night could not the king sleep, and he commanded to bring the book of records of the chronicles; and they were read before the king. -And it was found written, that Mordecai had told of Bigthana and Teresh, two of the king's chamberlains, the keepers of the door, who sought to lay hand on the king Ahasuerus. -And the king said, What honour and dignity hath been done to Mordecai for this? Then said the king's servants that ministered unto him, There is nothing done for him. -And the king said, Who is in the court? Now Haman was come into the outward court of the king's house, to speak unto the king to hang Mordecai on the gallows that he had prepared for him. -And the king's servants said unto him, Behold, Haman standeth in the court. And the king said, Let him come in. -So Haman came in. And the king said unto him, What shall be done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honour? Now Haman thought in his heart, To whom would the king delight to do honour more than to myself? -And Haman answered the king, For the man whom the king delighteth to honour, -Let the royal apparel be brought which the king useth to wear, and the horse that the king rideth upon, and the crown royal which is set upon his head: -And let this apparel and horse be delivered to the hand of one of the king's most noble princes, that they may array the man withal whom the king delighteth to honour, and bring him on horseback through the street of the city, and proclaim before him, Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighteth to honour. -Then the king said to Haman, Make haste, and take the apparel and the horse, as thou hast said, and do even so to Mordecai the Jew, that sitteth at the king's gate: let nothing fail of all that thou hast spoken. -Then took Haman the apparel and the horse, and arrayed Mordecai, and brought him on horseback through the street of the city, and proclaimed before him, Thus shall it be done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honour. -And Mordecai came again to the king's gate. But Haman hasted to his house mourning, and having his head covered. -And Haman told Zeresh his wife and all his friends every thing that had befallen him. Then said his wise men and Zeresh his wife unto him, If Mordecai be of the seed of the Jews, before whom thou hast begun to fall, thou shalt not prevail against him, but shalt surely fall before him. -And while they were yet talking with him, came the king's chamberlains, and hasted to bring Haman unto the banquet that Esther had prepared. -So the king and Haman came to banquet with Esther the queen. -And the king said again unto Esther on the second day at the banquet of wine, What is thy petition, queen Esther? and it shall be granted thee: and what is thy request? and it shall be performed, even to the half of the kingdom. -Then Esther the queen answered and said, If I have found favour in thy sight, O king, and if it please the king, let my life be given me at my petition, and my people at my request: -For we are sold, I and my people, to be destroyed, to be slain, and to perish. But if we had been sold for bondmen and bondwomen, I had held my tongue, although the enemy could not countervail the king's damage. -Then the king Ahasuerus answered and said unto Esther the queen, Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so? -And Esther said, The adversary and enemy is this wicked Haman. Then Haman was afraid before the king and the queen. -And the king arising from the banquet of wine in his wrath went into the palace garden: and Haman stood up to make request for his life to Esther the queen; for he saw that there was evil determined against him by the king. -Then the king returned out of the palace garden into the place of the banquet of wine; and Haman was fallen upon the bed whereon Esther was. Then said the king, Will he force the queen also before me in the house? As the word went out of king's mouth, they covered Haman's face. -And Harbonah, one of the chamberlains, said before the king, Behold also, the gallows fifty cubits high, which Haman had made for Mordecai, who spoken good for the king, standeth in the house of Haman. Then the king said, Hang him thereon. -So they hanged Haman on the gallows that he had prepared for Mordecai. Then was the king's wrath pacified. -On that day did the king Ahasuerus give the house of Haman the Jews' enemy unto Esther the queen. And Mordecai came before the king; for Esther had told what he was unto her. -And the king took off his ring, which he had taken from Haman, and gave it unto Mordecai. And Esther set Mordecai over the house of Haman. -And Esther spake yet again before the king, and fell down at his feet, and besought him with tears to put away the mischief of Haman the Agagite, and his device that he had devised against the Jews. -Then the king held out the golden sceptre toward Esther. So Esther arose, and stood before the king, -And said, If it please the king, and if I have favour in his sight, and the thing seem right before the king, and I be pleasing in his eyes, let it be written to reverse the letters devised by Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, which he wrote to destroy the Jews which are in all the king's provinces: -For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people? or how can I endure to see the destruction of my kindred? -Then the king Ahasuerus said unto Esther the queen and to Mordecai the Jew, Behold, I have given Esther the house of Haman, and him they have hanged upon the gallows, because he laid his hand upon the Jews. -Write ye also for the Jews, as it liketh you, in the king's name, and seal it with the king's ring: for the writing which is written in the king's name, and sealed with the king's ring, may no man reverse. -Then were the king's scribes called at that time in the third month, that is, the month Sivan, on the three and twentieth day thereof; and it was written according to all that Mordecai commanded unto the Jews, and to the lieutenants, and the deputies and rulers of the provinces which are from India unto Ethiopia, an hundred twenty and seven provinces, unto every province according to the writing thereof, and unto every people after their language, and to the Jews according to their writing, and according to their language. -And he wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by posts on horseback, and riders on mules, camels, and young dromedaries: -Wherein the king granted the Jews which were in every city to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life, to destroy, to slay and to cause to perish, all the power of the people and province that would assault them, both little ones and women, and to take the spoil of them for a prey, -Upon one day in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, namely, upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar. -The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every province was published unto all people, and that the Jews should be ready against that day to avenge themselves on their enemies. -So the posts that rode upon mules and camels went out, being hastened and pressed on by the king's commandment. And the decree was given at Shushan the palace. -And Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a garment of fine linen and purple: and the city of Shushan rejoiced and was glad. -The Jews had light, and gladness, and joy, and honour. -And in every province, and in every city, whithersoever the king's commandment and his decree came, the Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day. And many of the people of the land became Jews; for the fear of the Jews fell upon them. -Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;) -The Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, to lay hand on such as sought their hurt: and no man could withstand them; for the fear of them fell upon all people. -And all the rulers of the provinces, and the lieutenants, and the deputies, and officers of the king, helped the Jews; because the fear of Mordecai fell upon them. -For Mordecai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces: for this man Mordecai waxed greater and greater. -Thus the Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction, and did what they would unto those that hated them. -And in Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred men. -And Parshandatha, and Dalphon, and Aspatha, -And Poratha, and Adalia, and Aridatha, -And Parmashta, and Arisai, and Aridai, and Vajezatha, -The ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the enemy of the Jews, slew they; but on the spoil laid they not their hand. -On that day the number of those that were slain in Shushan the palace was brought before the king. -And the king said unto Esther the queen, The Jews have slain and destroyed five hundred men in Shushan the palace, and the ten sons of Haman; what have they done in the rest of the king's provinces? now what is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: or what is thy request further? and it shall be done. -Then said Esther, If it please the king, let it be granted to the Jews which are in Shushan to do to morrow also according unto this day's decree, and let Haman's ten sons be hanged upon the gallows. -And the king commanded it so to be done: and the decree was given at Shushan; and they hanged Haman's ten sons. -For the Jews that were in Shushan gathered themselves together on the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and slew three hundred men at Shushan; but on the prey they laid not their hand. -But the other Jews that were in the king's provinces gathered themselves together, and stood for their lives, and had rest from their enemies, and slew of their foes seventy and five thousand, but they laid not their hands on the prey, -On the thirteenth day of the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of the same rested they, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. -But the Jews that were at Shushan assembled together on the thirteenth day thereof, and on the fourteenth thereof; and on the fifteenth day of the same they rested, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. -Therefore the Jews of the villages, that dwelt in the unwalled towns, made the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and feasting, and a good day, and of sending portions one to another. -And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far, -To stablish this among them, that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same, yearly, -As the days wherein the Jews rested from their enemies, and the month which was turned unto them from sorrow to joy, and from mourning into a good day: that they should make them days of feasting and joy, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor. -And the Jews undertook to do as they had begun, and as Mordecai had written unto them; -Because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them, and to destroy them; -But when Esther came before the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows. -Wherefore they called these days Purim after the name of Pur. Therefore for all the words of this letter, and of that which they had seen concerning this matter, and which had come unto them, -The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all such as joined themselves unto them, so as it should not fail, that they would keep these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year; -And that these days should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim should not fail from among the Jews, nor the memorial of them perish from their seed. -Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all authority, to confirm this second letter of Purim. -And he sent the letters unto all the Jews, to the hundred twenty and seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and truth, -To confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them, and as they had decreed for themselves and for their seed, the matters of the fastings and their cry. -And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it was written in the book. -And the king Ahasuerus laid a tribute upon the land, and upon the isles of the sea. -And all the acts of his power and of his might, and the declaration of the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto the king advanced him, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia? -For Mordecai the Jew was next unto king Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and accepted of the multitude of his brethren, seeking the wealth of his people, and speaking peace to all his seed. -There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil. -And there were born unto him seven sons and three daughters. -His substance also was seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she asses, and a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the men of the east. -And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day; and sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink with them. -And it was so, when the days of their feasting were gone about, that Job sent and sanctified them, and rose up early in the morning, and offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all: for Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts. Thus did Job continually. -Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them. -And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. -And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? -Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? -Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land. -But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face. -And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD. -And there was a day when his sons and his daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: -And there came a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were plowing, and the asses feeding beside them: -And the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away; yea, they have slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. -While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. -While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The Chaldeans made out three bands, and fell upon the camels, and have carried them away, yea, and slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. -While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, Thy sons and thy daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: -And, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. -Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and fell down upon the ground, and worshipped, -And said, Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return thither: the LORD gave, and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD. -In all this Job sinned not, nor charged God foolishly. -Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD. -And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. -And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause. -And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life. -But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse thee to thy face. -And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life. -So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown. -And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat down among the ashes. -Then said his wife unto him, Dost thou still retain thine integrity? curse God, and die. -But he said unto her, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women speaketh. What? shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil? In all this did not Job sin with his lips. -Now when Job's three friends heard of all this evil that was come upon him, they came every one from his own place; Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite: for they had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him and to comfort him. -And when they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not, they lifted up their voice, and wept; and they rent every one his mantle, and sprinkled dust upon their heads toward heaven. -So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him: for they saw that his grief was very great. -After this opened Job his mouth, and cursed his day. -And Job spake, and said, -Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said, There is a man child conceived. -Let that day be darkness; let not God regard it from above, neither let the light shine upon it. -Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it; let a cloud dwell upon it; let the blackness of the day terrify it. -As for that night, let darkness seize upon it; let it not be joined unto the days of the year, let it not come into the number of the months. -Lo, let that night be solitary, let no joyful voice come therein. -Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to raise up their mourning. -Let the stars of the twilight thereof be dark; let it look for light, but have none; neither let it see the dawning of the day: -Because it shut not up the doors of my mother's womb, nor hid sorrow from mine eyes. -Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly? -Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? -For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest, -With kings and counsellors of the earth, which build desolate places for themselves; -Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver: -Or as an hidden untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never saw light. -There the wicked cease from troubling; and there the weary be at rest. -There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the oppressor. -The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his master. -Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul; -Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures; -Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? -Why is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in? -For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters. -For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me. -I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet trouble came. -Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said, -If we assay to commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? but who can withhold himself from speaking? -Behold, thou hast instructed many, and thou hast strengthened the weak hands. -Thy words have upholden him that was falling, and thou hast strengthened the feeble knees. -But now it is come upon thee, and thou faintest; it toucheth thee, and thou art troubled. -Is not this thy fear, thy confidence, thy hope, and the uprightness of thy ways? -Remember, I pray thee, who ever perished, being innocent? or where were the righteous cut off? -Even as I have seen, they that plow iniquity, and sow wickedness, reap the same. -By the blast of God they perish, and by the breath of his nostrils are they consumed. -The roaring of the lion, and the voice of the fierce lion, and the teeth of the young lions, are broken. -The old lion perisheth for lack of prey, and the stout lion's whelps are scattered abroad. -Now a thing was secretly brought to me, and mine ear received a little thereof. -In thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep sleep falleth on men, -Fear came upon me, and trembling, which made all my bones to shake. -Then a spirit passed before my face; the hair of my flesh stood up: -It stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof: an image was before mine eyes, there was silence, and I heard a voice, saying, -Shall mortal man be more just than God? shall a man be more pure than his maker? -Behold, he put no trust in his servants; and his angels he charged with folly: -How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, which are crushed before the moth? -They are destroyed from morning to evening: they perish for ever without any regarding it. -Doth not their excellency which is in them go away? they die, even without wisdom. -Call now, if there be any that will answer thee; and to which of the saints wilt thou turn? -For wrath killeth the foolish man, and envy slayeth the silly one. -I have seen the foolish taking root: but suddenly I cursed his habitation. -His children are far from safety, and they are crushed in the gate, neither is there any to deliver them. -Whose harvest the hungry eateth up, and taketh it even out of the thorns, and the robber swalloweth up their substance. -Although affliction cometh not forth of the dust, neither doth trouble spring out of the ground; -Yet man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward. -I would seek unto God, and unto God would I commit my cause: -Which doeth great things and unsearchable; marvellous things without number: -Who giveth rain upon the earth, and sendeth waters upon the fields: -To set up on high those that be low; that those which mourn may be exalted to safety. -He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise. -He taketh the wise in their own craftiness: and the counsel of the froward is carried headlong. -They meet with darkness in the day time, and grope in the noonday as in the night. -But he saveth the poor from the sword, from their mouth, and from the hand of the mighty. -So the poor hath hope, and iniquity stoppeth her mouth. -Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth: therefore despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty: -For he maketh sore, and bindeth up: he woundeth, and his hands make whole. -He shall deliver thee in six troubles: yea, in seven there shall no evil touch thee. -In famine he shall redeem thee from death: and in war from the power of the sword. -Thou shalt be hid from the scourge of the tongue: neither shalt thou be afraid of destruction when it cometh. -At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh: neither shalt thou be afraid of the beasts of the earth. -For thou shalt be in league with the stones of the field: and the beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee. -And thou shalt know that thy tabernacle shall be in peace; and thou shalt visit thy habitation, and shalt not sin. -Thou shalt know also that thy seed shall be great, and thine offspring as the grass of the earth. -Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in in his season. -Lo this, we have searched it, so it is; hear it, and know thou it for thy good. -But Job answered and said, -Oh that my grief were throughly weighed, and my calamity laid in the balances together! -For now it would be heavier than the sand of the sea: therefore my words are swallowed up. -For the arrows of the Almighty are within me, the poison whereof drinketh up my spirit: the terrors of God do set themselves in array against me. -Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass? or loweth the ox over his fodder? -Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg? -The things that my soul refused to touch are as my sorrowful meat. -Oh that I might have my request; and that God would grant me the thing that I long for! -Even that it would please God to destroy me; that he would let loose his hand, and cut me off! -Then should I yet have comfort; yea, I would harden myself in sorrow: let him not spare; for I have not concealed the words of the Holy One. -What is my strength, that I should hope? and what is mine end, that I should prolong my life? -Is my strength the strength of stones? or is my flesh of brass? -Is not my help in me? and is wisdom driven quite from me? -To him that is afflicted pity should be shewed from his friend; but he forsaketh the fear of the Almighty. -My brethren have dealt deceitfully as a brook, and as the stream of brooks they pass away; -Which are blackish by reason of the ice, and wherein the snow is hid: -What time they wax warm, they vanish: when it is hot, they are consumed out of their place. -The paths of their way are turned aside; they go to nothing, and perish. -The troops of Tema looked, the companies of Sheba waited for them. -They were confounded because they had hoped; they came thither, and were ashamed. -For now ye are nothing; ye see my casting down, and are afraid. -Did I say, Bring unto me? or, Give a reward for me of your substance? -Or, Deliver me from the enemy's hand? or, Redeem me from the hand of the mighty? -Teach me, and I will hold my tongue: and cause me to understand wherein I have erred. -How forcible are right words! but what doth your arguing reprove? -Do ye imagine to reprove words, and the speeches of one that is desperate, which are as wind? -Yea, ye overwhelm the fatherless, and ye dig a pit for your friend. -Now therefore be content, look upon me; for it is evident unto you if I lie. -Return, I pray you, let it not be iniquity; yea, return again, my righteousness is in it. -Is there iniquity in my tongue? cannot my taste discern perverse things? -Is there not an appointed time to man upon earth? are not his days also like the days of an hireling? -As a servant earnestly desireth the shadow, and as an hireling looketh for the reward of his work: -So am I made to possess months of vanity, and wearisome nights are appointed to me. -When I lie down, I say, When shall I arise, and the night be gone? and I am full of tossings to and fro unto the dawning of the day. -My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust; my skin is broken, and become loathsome. -My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle, and are spent without hope. -O remember that my life is wind: mine eye shall no more see good. -The eye of him that hath seen me shall see me no more: thine eyes are upon me, and I am not. -As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more. -He shall return no more to his house, neither shall his place know him any more. -Therefore I will not refrain my mouth; I will speak in the anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. -Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me? -When I say, My bed shall comfort me, my couch shall ease my complaints; -Then thou scarest me with dreams, and terrifiest me through visions: -So that my soul chooseth strangling, and death rather than my life. -I loathe it; I would not live alway: let me alone; for my days are vanity. -What is man, that thou shouldest magnify him? and that thou shouldest set thine heart upon him? -And that thou shouldest visit him every morning, and try him every moment? -How long wilt thou not depart from me, nor let me alone till I swallow down my spittle? -I have sinned; what shall I do unto thee, O thou preserver of men? why hast thou set me as a mark against thee, so that I am a burden to myself? -And why dost thou not pardon my transgression, and take away my iniquity? for now shall I sleep in the dust; and thou shalt seek me in the morning, but I shall not be. -Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, -How long wilt thou speak these things? and how long shall the words of thy mouth be like a strong wind? -Doth God pervert judgment? or doth the Almighty pervert justice? -If thy children have sinned against him, and he have cast them away for their transgression; -If thou wouldest seek unto God betimes, and make thy supplication to the Almighty; -If thou wert pure and upright; surely now he would awake for thee, and make the habitation of thy righteousness prosperous. -Though thy beginning was small, yet thy latter end should greatly increase. -For enquire, I pray thee, of the former age, and prepare thyself to the search of their fathers: -(For we are but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our days upon earth are a shadow:) -Shall not they teach thee, and tell thee, and utter words out of their heart? -Can the rush grow up without mire? can the flag grow without water? -Whilst it is yet in his greenness, and not cut down, it withereth before any other herb. -So are the paths of all that forget God; and the hypocrite's hope shall perish: -Whose hope shall be cut off, and whose trust shall be a spider's web. -He shall lean upon his house, but it shall not stand: he shall hold it fast, but it shall not endure. -He is green before the sun, and his branch shooteth forth in his garden. -His roots are wrapped about the heap, and seeth the place of stones. -If he destroy him from his place, then it shall deny him, saying, I have not seen thee. -Behold, this is the joy of his way, and out of the earth shall others grow. -Behold, God will not cast away a perfect man, neither will he help the evil doers: -Till he fill thy mouth with laughing, and thy lips with rejoicing. -They that hate thee shall be clothed with shame; and the dwelling place of the wicked shall come to nought. -Then Job answered and said, -I know it is so of a truth: but how should man be just with God? -If he will contend with him, he cannot answer him one of a thousand. -He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength: who hath hardened himself against him, and hath prospered? -Which removeth the mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger. -Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble. -Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not; and sealeth up the stars. -Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of the sea. -Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south. -Which doeth great things past finding out; yea, and wonders without number. -Lo, he goeth by me, and I see him not: he passeth on also, but I perceive him not. -Behold, he taketh away, who can hinder him? who will say unto him, What doest thou? -If God will not withdraw his anger, the proud helpers do stoop under him. -How much less shall I answer him, and choose out my words to reason with him? -Whom, though I were righteous, yet would I not answer, but I would make supplication to my judge. -If I had called, and he had answered me; yet would I not believe that he had hearkened unto my voice. -For he breaketh me with a tempest, and multiplieth my wounds without cause. -He will not suffer me to take my breath, but filleth me with bitterness. -If I speak of strength, lo, he is strong: and if of judgment, who shall set me a time to plead? -If I justify myself, mine own mouth shall condemn me: if I say, I am perfect, it shall also prove me perverse. -Though I were perfect, yet would I not know my soul: I would despise my life. -This is one thing, therefore I said it, He destroyeth the perfect and the wicked. -If the scourge slay suddenly, he will laugh at the trial of the innocent. -The earth is given into the hand of the wicked: he covereth the faces of the judges thereof; if not, where, and who is he? -Now my days are swifter than a post: they flee away, they see no good. -They are passed away as the swift ships: as the eagle that hasteth to the prey. -If I say, I will forget my complaint, I will leave off my heaviness, and comfort myself: -I am afraid of all my sorrows, I know that thou wilt not hold me innocent. -If I be wicked, why then labour I in vain? -If I wash myself with snow water, and make my hands never so clean; -Yet shalt thou plunge me in the ditch, and mine own clothes shall abhor me. -For he is not a man, as I am, that I should answer him, and we should come together in judgment. -Neither is there any daysman betwixt us, that might lay his hand upon us both. -Let him take his rod away from me, and let not his fear terrify me: -Then would I speak, and not fear him; but it is not so with me. -My soul is weary of my life; I will leave my complaint upon myself; I will speak in the bitterness of my soul. -I will say unto God, Do not condemn me; shew me wherefore thou contendest with me. -Is it good unto thee that thou shouldest oppress, that thou shouldest despise the work of thine hands, and shine upon the counsel of the wicked? -Hast thou eyes of flesh? or seest thou as man seeth? -Are thy days as the days of man? are thy years as man's days, -That thou enquirest after mine iniquity, and searchest after my sin? -Thou knowest that I am not wicked; and there is none that can deliver out of thine hand. -Thine hands have made me and fashioned me together round about; yet thou dost destroy me. -Remember, I beseech thee, that thou hast made me as the clay; and wilt thou bring me into dust again? -Hast thou not poured me out as milk, and curdled me like cheese? -Thou hast clothed me with skin and flesh, and hast fenced me with bones and sinews. -Thou hast granted me life and favour, and thy visitation hath preserved my spirit. -And these things hast thou hid in thine heart: I know that this is with thee. -If I sin, then thou markest me, and thou wilt not acquit me from mine iniquity. -If I be wicked, woe unto me; and if I be righteous, yet will I not lift up my head. I am full of confusion; therefore see thou mine affliction; -For it increaseth. Thou huntest me as a fierce lion: and again thou shewest thyself marvellous upon me. -Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine indignation upon me; changes and war are against me. -Wherefore then hast thou brought me forth out of the womb? Oh that I had given up the ghost, and no eye had seen me! -I should have been as though I had not been; I should have been carried from the womb to the grave. -Are not my days few? cease then, and let me alone, that I may take comfort a little, -Before I go whence I shall not return, even to the land of darkness and the shadow of death; -A land of darkness, as darkness itself; and of the shadow of death, without any order, and where the light is as darkness. -Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, -Should not the multitude of words be answered? and should a man full of talk be justified? -Should thy lies make men hold their peace? and when thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed? -For thou hast said, My doctrine is pure, and I am clean in thine eyes. -But oh that God would speak, and open his lips against thee; -And that he would shew thee the secrets of wisdom, that they are double to that which is! Know therefore that God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth. -Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection? -It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know? -The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea. -If he cut off, and shut up, or gather together, then who can hinder him? -For he knoweth vain men: he seeth wickedness also; will he not then consider it? -For vain men would be wise, though man be born like a wild ass's colt. -If thou prepare thine heart, and stretch out thine hands toward him; -If iniquity be in thine hand, put it far away, and let not wickedness dwell in thy tabernacles. -For then shalt thou lift up thy face without spot; yea, thou shalt be stedfast, and shalt not fear: -Because thou shalt forget thy misery, and remember it as waters that pass away: -And thine age shall be clearer than the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning. -And thou shalt be secure, because there is hope; yea, thou shalt dig about thee, and thou shalt take thy rest in safety. -Also thou shalt lie down, and none shall make thee afraid; yea, many shall make suit unto thee. -But the eyes of the wicked shall fail, and they shall not escape, and their hope shall be as the giving up of the ghost. -And Job answered and said, -No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with you. -But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you: yea, who knoweth not such things as these? -I am as one mocked of his neighbour, who calleth upon God, and he answereth him: the just upright man is laughed to scorn. -He that is ready to slip with his feet is as a lamp despised in the thought of him that is at ease. -The tabernacles of robbers prosper, and they that provoke God are secure; into whose hand God bringeth abundantly. -But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee: -Or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee: and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee. -Who knoweth not in all these that the hand of the LORD hath wrought this? -In whose hand is the soul of every living thing, and the breath of all mankind. -Doth not the ear try words? and the mouth taste his meat? -With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding. -With him is wisdom and strength, he hath counsel and understanding. -Behold, he breaketh down, and it cannot be built again: he shutteth up a man, and there can be no opening. -Behold, he withholdeth the waters, and they dry up: also he sendeth them out, and they overturn the earth. -With him is strength and wisdom: the deceived and the deceiver are his. -He leadeth counsellors away spoiled, and maketh the judges fools. -He looseth the bond of kings, and girdeth their loins with a girdle. -He leadeth princes away spoiled, and overthroweth the mighty. -He removeth away the speech of the trusty, and taketh away the understanding of the aged. -He poureth contempt upon princes, and weakeneth the strength of the mighty. -He discovereth deep things out of darkness, and bringeth out to light the shadow of death. -He increaseth the nations, and destroyeth them: he enlargeth the nations, and straiteneth them again. -He taketh away the heart of the chief of the people of the earth, and causeth them to wander in a wilderness where there is no way. -They grope in the dark without light, and he maketh them to stagger like a drunken man. -Lo, mine eye hath seen all this, mine ear hath heard and understood it. -What ye know, the same do I know also: I am not inferior unto you. -Surely I would speak to the Almighty, and I desire to reason with God. -But ye are forgers of lies, ye are all physicians of no value. -O that ye would altogether hold your peace! and it should be your wisdom. -Hear now my reasoning, and hearken to the pleadings of my lips. -Will ye speak wickedly for God? and talk deceitfully for him? -Will ye accept his person? will ye contend for God? -Is it good that he should search you out? or as one man mocketh another, do ye so mock him? -He will surely reprove you, if ye do secretly accept persons. -Shall not his excellency make you afraid? and his dread fall upon you? -Your remembrances are like unto ashes, your bodies to bodies of clay. -Hold your peace, let me alone, that I may speak, and let come on me what will. -Wherefore do I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in mine hand? -Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him: but I will maintain mine own ways before him. -He also shall be my salvation: for an hypocrite shall not come before him. -Hear diligently my speech, and my declaration with your ears. -Behold now, I have ordered my cause; I know that I shall be justified. -Who is he that will plead with me? for now, if I hold my tongue, I shall give up the ghost. -Only do not two things unto me: then will I not hide myself from thee. -Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid. -Then call thou, and I will answer: or let me speak, and answer thou me. -How many are mine iniquities and sins? make me to know my transgression and my sin. -Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and holdest me for thine enemy? -Wilt thou break a leaf driven to and fro? and wilt thou pursue the dry stubble? -For thou writest bitter things against me, and makest me to possess the iniquities of my youth. -Thou puttest my feet also in the stocks, and lookest narrowly unto all my paths; thou settest a print upon the heels of my feet. -And he, as a rotten thing, consumeth, as a garment that is moth eaten. -Man that is born of a woman is of few days and full of trouble. -He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down: he fleeth also as a shadow, and continueth not. -And doth thou open thine eyes upon such an one, and bringest me into judgment with thee? -Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean? not one. -Seeing his days are determined, the number of his months are with thee, thou hast appointed his bounds that he cannot pass; -Turn from him, that he may rest, till he shall accomplish, as an hireling, his day. -For there is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will sprout again, and that the tender branch thereof will not cease. -Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground; -Yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant. -But man dieth, and wasteth away: yea, man giveth up the ghost, and where is he? -As the waters fail from the sea, and the flood decayeth and drieth up: -So man lieth down, and riseth not: till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. -O that thou wouldest hide me in the grave, that thou wouldest keep me secret, until thy wrath be past, that thou wouldest appoint me a set time, and remember me! -If a man die, shall he live again? all the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come. -Thou shalt call, and I will answer thee: thou wilt have a desire to the work of thine hands. -For now thou numberest my steps: dost thou not watch over my sin? -My transgression is sealed up in a bag, and thou sewest up mine iniquity. -And surely the mountains falling cometh to nought, and the rock is removed out of his place. -The waters wear the stones: thou washest away the things which grow out of the dust of the earth; and thou destroyest the hope of man. -Thou prevailest for ever against him, and he passeth: thou changest his countenance, and sendest him away. -His sons come to honour, and he knoweth it not; and they are brought low, but he perceiveth it not of them. -But his flesh upon him shall have pain, and his soul within him shall mourn. -Then answered Eliphaz the Temanite, and said, -Should a wise man utter vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind? -Should he reason with unprofitable talk? or with speeches wherewith he can do no good? -Yea, thou castest off fear, and restrainest prayer before God. -For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the tongue of the crafty. -Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I: yea, thine own lips testify against thee. -Art thou the first man that was born? or wast thou made before the hills? -Hast thou heard the secret of God? and dost thou restrain wisdom to thyself? -What knowest thou, that we know not? what understandest thou, which is not in us? -With us are both the grayheaded and very aged men, much elder than thy father. -Are the consolations of God small with thee? is there any secret thing with thee? -Why doth thine heart carry thee away? and what do thy eyes wink at, -That thou turnest thy spirit against God, and lettest such words go out of thy mouth? -What is man, that he should be clean? and he which is born of a woman, that he should be righteous? -Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints; yea, the heavens are not clean in his sight. -How much more abominable and filthy is man, which drinketh iniquity like water? -I will shew thee, hear me; and that which I have seen I will declare; -Which wise men have told from their fathers, and have not hid it: -Unto whom alone the earth was given, and no stranger passed among them. -The wicked man travaileth with pain all his days, and the number of years is hidden to the oppressor. -A dreadful sound is in his ears: in prosperity the destroyer shall come upon him. -He believeth not that he shall return out of darkness, and he is waited for of the sword. -He wandereth abroad for bread, saying, Where is it? he knoweth that the day of darkness is ready at his hand. -Trouble and anguish shall make him afraid; they shall prevail against him, as a king ready to the battle. -For he stretcheth out his hand against God, and strengtheneth himself against the Almighty. -He runneth upon him, even on his neck, upon the thick bosses of his bucklers: -Because he covereth his face with his fatness, and maketh collops of fat on his flanks. -And he dwelleth in desolate cities, and in houses which no man inhabiteth, which are ready to become heaps. -He shall not be rich, neither shall his substance continue, neither shall he prolong the perfection thereof upon the earth. -He shall not depart out of darkness; the flame shall dry up his branches, and by the breath of his mouth shall he go away. -Let not him that is deceived trust in vanity: for vanity shall be his recompence. -It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall not be green. -He shall shake off his unripe grape as the vine, and shall cast off his flower as the olive. -For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery. -They conceive mischief, and bring forth vanity, and their belly prepareth deceit. -Then Job answered and said, -I have heard many such things: miserable comforters are ye all. -Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou answerest? -I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head at you. -But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips should asswage your grief. -Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged: and though I forbear, what am I eased? -But now he hath made me weary: thou hast made desolate all my company. -And thou hast filled me with wrinkles, which is a witness against me: and my leanness rising up in me beareth witness to my face. -He teareth me in his wrath, who hateth me: he gnasheth upon me with his teeth; mine enemy sharpeneth his eyes upon me. -They have gaped upon me with their mouth; they have smitten me upon the cheek reproachfully; they have gathered themselves together against me. -God hath delivered me to the ungodly, and turned me over into the hands of the wicked. -I was at ease, but he hath broken me asunder: he hath also taken me by my neck, and shaken me to pieces, and set me up for his mark. -His archers compass me round about, he cleaveth my reins asunder, and doth not spare; he poureth out my gall upon the ground. -He breaketh me with breach upon breach, he runneth upon me like a giant. -I have sewed sackcloth upon my skin, and defiled my horn in the dust. -My face is foul with weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of death; -Not for any injustice in mine hands: also my prayer is pure. -O earth, cover not thou my blood, and let my cry have no place. -Also now, behold, my witness is in heaven, and my record is on high. -My friends scorn me: but mine eye poureth out tears unto God. -O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbour! -When a few years are come, then I shall go the way whence I shall not return. -My breath is corrupt, my days are extinct, the graves are ready for me. -Are there not mockers with me? and doth not mine eye continue in their provocation? -Lay down now, put me in a surety with thee; who is he that will strike hands with me? -For thou hast hid their heart from understanding: therefore shalt thou not exalt them. -He that speaketh flattery to his friends, even the eyes of his children shall fail. -He hath made me also a byword of the people; and aforetime I was as a tabret. -Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow, and all my members are as a shadow. -Upright men shall be astonied at this, and the innocent shall stir up himself against the hypocrite. -The righteous also shall hold on his way, and he that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger. -But as for you all, do ye return, and come now: for I cannot find one wise man among you. -My days are past, my purposes are broken off, even the thoughts of my heart. -They change the night into day: the light is short because of darkness. -If I wait, the grave is mine house: I have made my bed in the darkness. -I have said to corruption, Thou art my father: to the worm, Thou art my mother, and my sister. -And where is now my hope? as for my hope, who shall see it? -They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust. -Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, -How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak. -Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight? -He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place? -Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine. -The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him. -The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down. -For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare. -The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him. -The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way. -Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet. -His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side. -It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength. -His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors. -It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation. -His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off. -His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street. -He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world. -He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings. -They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted. -Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knoweth not God. -Then Job answered and said, -How long will ye vex my soul, and break me in pieces with words? -These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me. -And be it indeed that I have erred, mine error remaineth with myself. -If indeed ye will magnify yourselves against me, and plead against me my reproach: -Know now that God hath overthrown me, and hath compassed me with his net. -Behold, I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard: I cry aloud, but there is no judgment. -He hath fenced up my way that I cannot pass, and he hath set darkness in my paths. -He hath stripped me of my glory, and taken the crown from my head. -He hath destroyed me on every side, and I am gone: and mine hope hath he removed like a tree. -He hath also kindled his wrath against me, and he counteth me unto him as one of his enemies. -His troops come together, and raise up their way against me, and encamp round about my tabernacle. -He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. -My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten me. -They that dwell in mine house, and my maids, count me for a stranger: I am an alien in their sight. -I called my servant, and he gave me no answer; I intreated him with my mouth. -My breath is strange to my wife, though I intreated for the children's sake of mine own body. -Yea, young children despised me; I arose, and they spake against me. -All my inward friends abhorred me: and they whom I loved are turned against me. -My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth. -Have pity upon me, have pity upon me, O ye my friends; for the hand of God hath touched me. -Why do ye persecute me as God, and are not satisfied with my flesh? -Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! -That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever! -For I know that my redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth: -And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: -Whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another; though my reins be consumed within me. -But ye should say, Why persecute we him, seeing the root of the matter is found in me? -Be ye afraid of the sword: for wrath bringeth the punishments of the sword, that ye may know there is a judgment. -Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, -Therefore do my thoughts cause me to answer, and for this I make haste. -I have heard the check of my reproach, and the spirit of my understanding causeth me to answer. -Knowest thou not this of old, since man was placed upon earth, -That the triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the hypocrite but for a moment? -Though his excellency mount up to the heavens, and his head reach unto the clouds; -Yet he shall perish for ever like his own dung: they which have seen him shall say, Where is he? -He shall fly away as a dream, and shall not be found: yea, he shall be chased away as a vision of the night. -The eye also which saw him shall see him no more; neither shall his place any more behold him. -His children shall seek to please the poor, and his hands shall restore their goods. -His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust. -Though wickedness be sweet in his mouth, though he hide it under his tongue; -Though he spare it, and forsake it not; but keep it still within his mouth: -Yet his meat in his bowels is turned, it is the gall of asps within him. -He hath swallowed down riches, and he shall vomit them up again: God shall cast them out of his belly. -He shall suck the poison of asps: the viper's tongue shall slay him. -He shall not see the rivers, the floods, the brooks of honey and butter. -That which he laboured for shall he restore, and shall not swallow it down: according to his substance shall the restitution be, and he shall not rejoice therein. -Because he hath oppressed and hath forsaken the poor; because he hath violently taken away an house which he builded not; -Surely he shall not feel quietness in his belly, he shall not save of that which he desired. -There shall none of his meat be left; therefore shall no man look for his goods. -In the fulness of his sufficiency he shall be in straits: every hand of the wicked shall come upon him. -When he is about to fill his belly, God shall cast the fury of his wrath upon him, and shall rain it upon him while he is eating. -He shall flee from the iron weapon, and the bow of steel shall strike him through. -It is drawn, and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall: terrors are upon him. -All darkness shall be hid in his secret places: a fire not blown shall consume him; it shall go ill with him that is left in his tabernacle. -The heaven shall reveal his iniquity; and the earth shall rise up against him. -The increase of his house shall depart, and his goods shall flow away in the day of his wrath. -This is the portion of a wicked man from God, and the heritage appointed unto him by God. -But Job answered and said, -Hear diligently my speech, and let this be your consolations. -Suffer me that I may speak; and after that I have spoken, mock on. -As for me, is my complaint to man? and if it were so, why should not my spirit be troubled? -Mark me, and be astonished, and lay your hand upon your mouth. -Even when I remember I am afraid, and trembling taketh hold on my flesh. -Wherefore do the wicked live, become old, yea, are mighty in power? -Their seed is established in their sight with them, and their offspring before their eyes. -Their houses are safe from fear, neither is the rod of God upon them. -Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf. -They send forth their little ones like a flock, and their children dance. -They take the timbrel and harp, and rejoice at the sound of the organ. -They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the grave. -Therefore they say unto God, Depart from us; for we desire not the knowledge of thy ways. -What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? and what profit should we have, if we pray unto him? -Lo, their good is not in their hand: the counsel of the wicked is far from me. -How oft is the candle of the wicked put out! and how oft cometh their destruction upon them! God distributeth sorrows in his anger. -They are as stubble before the wind, and as chaff that the storm carrieth away. -God layeth up his iniquity for his children: he rewardeth him, and he shall know it. -His eyes shall see his destruction, and he shall drink of the wrath of the Almighty. -For what pleasure hath he in his house after him, when the number of his months is cut off in the midst? -Shall any teach God knowledge? seeing he judgeth those that are high. -One dieth in his full strength, being wholly at ease and quiet. -His breasts are full of milk, and his bones are moistened with marrow. -And another dieth in the bitterness of his soul, and never eateth with pleasure. -They shall lie down alike in the dust, and the worms shall cover them. -Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye wrongfully imagine against me. -For ye say, Where is the house of the prince? and where are the dwelling places of the wicked? -Have ye not asked them that go by the way? and do ye not know their tokens, -That the wicked is reserved to the day of destruction? they shall be brought forth to the day of wrath. -Who shall declare his way to his face? and who shall repay him what he hath done? -Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb. -The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw after him, as there are innumerable before him. -How then comfort ye me in vain, seeing in your answers there remaineth falsehood? -Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said, -Can a man be profitable unto God, as he that is wise may be profitable unto himself? -Is it any pleasure to the Almighty, that thou art righteous? or is it gain to him, that thou makest thy ways perfect? -Will he reprove thee for fear of thee? will he enter with thee into judgment? -Is not thy wickedness great? and thine iniquities infinite? -For thou hast taken a pledge from thy brother for nought, and stripped the naked of their clothing. -Thou hast not given water to the weary to drink, and thou hast withholden bread from the hungry. -But as for the mighty man, he had the earth; and the honourable man dwelt in it. -Thou hast sent widows away empty, and the arms of the fatherless have been broken. -Therefore snares are round about thee, and sudden fear troubleth thee; -Or darkness, that thou canst not see; and abundance of waters cover thee. -Is not God in the height of heaven? and behold the height of the stars, how high they are! -And thou sayest, How doth God know? can he judge through the dark cloud? -Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. -Hast thou marked the old way which wicked men have trodden? -Which were cut down out of time, whose foundation was overflown with a flood: -Which said unto God, Depart from us: and what can the Almighty do for them? -Yet he filled their houses with good things: but the counsel of the wicked is far from me. -The righteous see it, and are glad: and the innocent laugh them to scorn. -Whereas our substance is not cut down, but the remnant of them the fire consumeth. -Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace: thereby good shall come unto thee. -Receive, I pray thee, the law from his mouth, and lay up his words in thine heart. -If thou return to the Almighty, thou shalt be built up, thou shalt put away iniquity far from thy tabernacles. -Then shalt thou lay up gold as dust, and the gold of Ophir as the stones of the brooks. -Yea, the Almighty shall be thy defence, and thou shalt have plenty of silver. -For then shalt thou have thy delight in the Almighty, and shalt lift up thy face unto God. -Thou shalt make thy prayer unto him, and he shall hear thee, and thou shalt pay thy vows. -Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee: and the light shall shine upon thy ways. -When men are cast down, then thou shalt say, There is lifting up; and he shall save the humble person. -He shall deliver the island of the innocent: and it is delivered by the pureness of thine hands. -Then Job answered and said, -Even to day is my complaint bitter: my stroke is heavier than my groaning. -Oh that I knew where I might find him! that I might come even to his seat! -I would order my cause before him, and fill my mouth with arguments. -I would know the words which he would answer me, and understand what he would say unto me. -Will he plead against me with his great power? No; but he would put strength in me. -There the righteous might dispute with him; so should I be delivered for ever from my judge. -Behold, I go forward, but he is not there; and backward, but I cannot perceive him: -On the left hand, where he doth work, but I cannot behold him: he hideth himself on the right hand, that I cannot see him: -But he knoweth the way that I take: when he hath tried me, I shall come forth as gold. -My foot hath held his steps, his way have I kept, and not declined. -Neither have I gone back from the commandment of his lips; I have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food. -But he is in one mind, and who can turn him? and what his soul desireth, even that he doeth. -For he performeth the thing that is appointed for me: and many such things are with him. -Therefore am I troubled at his presence: when I consider, I am afraid of him. -For God maketh my heart soft, and the Almighty troubleth me: -Because I was not cut off before the darkness, neither hath he covered the darkness from my face. -Why, seeing times are not hidden from the Almighty, do they that know him not see his days? -Some remove the landmarks; they violently take away flocks, and feed thereof. -They drive away the ass of the fatherless, they take the widow's ox for a pledge. -They turn the needy out of the way: the poor of the earth hide themselves together. -Behold, as wild asses in the desert, go they forth to their work; rising betimes for a prey: the wilderness yieldeth food for them and for their children. -They reap every one his corn in the field: and they gather the vintage of the wicked. -They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold. -They are wet with the showers of the mountains, and embrace the rock for want of a shelter. -They pluck the fatherless from the breast, and take a pledge of the poor. -They cause him to go naked without clothing, and they take away the sheaf from the hungry; -Which make oil within their walls, and tread their winepresses, and suffer thirst. -Men groan from out of the city, and the soul of the wounded crieth out: yet God layeth not folly to them. -They are of those that rebel against the light; they know not the ways thereof, nor abide in the paths thereof. -The murderer rising with the light killeth the poor and needy, and in the night is as a thief. -The eye also of the adulterer waiteth for the twilight, saying, No eye shall see me: and disguiseth his face. -In the dark they dig through houses, which they had marked for themselves in the daytime: they know not the light. -For the morning is to them even as the shadow of death: if one know them, they are in the terrors of the shadow of death. -He is swift as the waters; their portion is cursed in the earth: he beholdeth not the way of the vineyards. -Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave those which have sinned. -The womb shall forget him; the worm shall feed sweetly on him; he shall be no more remembered; and wickedness shall be broken as a tree. -He evil entreateth the barren that beareth not: and doeth not good to the widow. -He draweth also the mighty with his power: he riseth up, and no man is sure of life. -Though it be given him to be in safety, whereon he resteth; yet his eyes are upon their ways. -They are exalted for a little while, but are gone and brought low; they are taken out of the way as all other, and cut off as the tops of the ears of corn. -And if it be not so now, who will make me a liar, and make my speech nothing worth? -Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, -Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places. -Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise? -How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman? -Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight. -How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm? -But Job answered and said, -How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength? -How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is? -To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee? -Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof. -Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering. -He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. -He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them. -He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud upon it. -He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end. -The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof. -He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through the proud. -By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent. -Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand? -Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, -As God liveth, who hath taken away my judgment; and the Almighty, who hath vexed my soul; -All the while my breath is in me, and the spirit of God is in my nostrils; -My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit. -God forbid that I should justify you: till I die I will not remove mine integrity from me. -My righteousness I hold fast, and will not let it go: my heart shall not reproach me so long as I live. -Let mine enemy be as the wicked, and he that riseth up against me as the unrighteous. -For what is the hope of the hypocrite, though he hath gained, when God taketh away his soul? -Will God hear his cry when trouble cometh upon him? -Will he delight himself in the Almighty? will he always call upon God? -I will teach you by the hand of God: that which is with the Almighty will I not conceal. -Behold, all ye yourselves have seen it; why then are ye thus altogether vain? -This is the portion of a wicked man with God, and the heritage of oppressors, which they shall receive of the Almighty. -If his children be multiplied, it is for the sword: and his offspring shall not be satisfied with bread. -Those that remain of him shall be buried in death: and his widows shall not weep. -Though he heap up silver as the dust, and prepare raiment as the clay; -He may prepare it, but the just shall put it on, and the innocent shall divide the silver. -He buildeth his house as a moth, and as a booth that the keeper maketh. -The rich man shall lie down, but he shall not be gathered: he openeth his eyes, and he is not. -Terrors take hold on him as waters, a tempest stealeth him away in the night. -The east wind carrieth him away, and he departeth: and as a storm hurleth him out of his place. -For God shall cast upon him, and not spare: he would fain flee out of his hand. -Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of his place. -Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold where they fine it. -Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass is molten out of the stone. -He setteth an end to darkness, and searcheth out all perfection: the stones of darkness, and the shadow of death. -The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even the waters forgotten of the foot: they are dried up, they are gone away from men. -As for the earth, out of it cometh bread: and under it is turned up as it were fire. -The stones of it are the place of sapphires: and it hath dust of gold. -There is a path which no fowl knoweth, and which the vulture's eye hath not seen: -The lion's whelps have not trodden it, nor the fierce lion passed by it. -He putteth forth his hand upon the rock; he overturneth the mountains by the roots. -He cutteth out rivers among the rocks; and his eye seeth every precious thing. -He bindeth the floods from overflowing; and the thing that is hid bringeth he forth to light. -But where shall wisdom be found? and where is the place of understanding? -Man knoweth not the price thereof; neither is it found in the land of the living. -The depth saith, It is not in me: and the sea saith, It is not with me. -It cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof. -It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious onyx, or the sapphire. -The gold and the crystal cannot equal it: and the exchange of it shall not be for jewels of fine gold. -No mention shall be made of coral, or of pearls: for the price of wisdom is above rubies. -The topaz of Ethiopia shall not equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold. -Whence then cometh wisdom? and where is the place of understanding? -Seeing it is hid from the eyes of all living, and kept close from the fowls of the air. -Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears. -God understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place thereof. -For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven; -To make the weight for the winds; and he weigheth the waters by measure. -When he made a decree for the rain, and a way for the lightning of the thunder: -Then did he see it, and declare it; he prepared it, yea, and searched it out. -And unto man he said, Behold, the fear of the LORD, that is wisdom; and to depart from evil is understanding. -Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, -Oh that I were as in months past, as in the days when God preserved me; -When his candle shined upon my head, and when by his light I walked through darkness; -As I was in the days of my youth, when the secret of God was upon my tabernacle; -When the Almighty was yet with me, when my children were about me; -When I washed my steps with butter, and the rock poured me out rivers of oil; -When I went out to the gate through the city, when I prepared my seat in the street! -The young men saw me, and hid themselves: and the aged arose, and stood up. -The princes refrained talking, and laid their hand on their mouth. -The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth. -When the ear heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw me, it gave witness to me: -Because I delivered the poor that cried, and the fatherless, and him that had none to help him. -The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me: and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy. -I put on righteousness, and it clothed me: my judgment was as a robe and a diadem. -I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the lame. -I was a father to the poor: and the cause which I knew not I searched out. -And I brake the jaws of the wicked, and plucked the spoil out of his teeth. -Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand. -My root was spread out by the waters, and the dew lay all night upon my branch. -My glory was fresh in me, and my bow was renewed in my hand. -Unto me men gave ear, and waited, and kept silence at my counsel. -After my words they spake not again; and my speech dropped upon them. -And they waited for me as for the rain; and they opened their mouth wide as for the latter rain. -If I laughed on them, they believed it not; and the light of my countenance they cast not down. -I chose out their way, and sat chief, and dwelt as a king in the army, as one that comforteth the mourners. -But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock. -Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom old age was perished? -For want and famine they were solitary; fleeing into the wilderness in former time desolate and waste. -Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. -They were driven forth from among men, (they cried after them as after a thief;) -To dwell in the cliffs of the valleys, in caves of the earth, and in the rocks. -Among the bushes they brayed; under the nettles they were gathered together. -They were children of fools, yea, children of base men: they were viler than the earth. -And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword. -They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face. -Because he hath loosed my cord, and afflicted me, they have also let loose the bridle before me. -Upon my right hand rise the youth; they push away my feet, and they raise up against me the ways of their destruction. -They mar my path, they set forward my calamity, they have no helper. -They came upon me as a wide breaking in of waters: in the desolation they rolled themselves upon me. -Terrors are turned upon me: they pursue my soul as the wind: and my welfare passeth away as a cloud. -And now my soul is poured out upon me; the days of affliction have taken hold upon me. -My bones are pierced in me in the night season: and my sinews take no rest. -By the great force of my disease is my garment changed: it bindeth me about as the collar of my coat. -He hath cast me into the mire, and I am become like dust and ashes. -I cry unto thee, and thou dost not hear me: I stand up, and thou regardest me not. -Thou art become cruel to me: with thy strong hand thou opposest thyself against me. -Thou liftest me up to the wind; thou causest me to ride upon it, and dissolvest my substance. -For I know that thou wilt bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living. -Howbeit he will not stretch out his hand to the grave, though they cry in his destruction. -Did not I weep for him that was in trouble? was not my soul grieved for the poor? -When I looked for good, then evil came unto me: and when I waited for light, there came darkness. -My bowels boiled, and rested not: the days of affliction prevented me. -I went mourning without the sun: I stood up, and I cried in the congregation. -I am a brother to dragons, and a companion to owls. -My skin is black upon me, and my bones are burned with heat. -My harp also is turned to mourning, and my organ into the voice of them that weep. -I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid? -For what portion of God is there from above? and what inheritance of the Almighty from on high? -Is not destruction to the wicked? and a strange punishment to the workers of iniquity? -Doth not he see my ways, and count all my steps? -If I have walked with vanity, or if my foot hath hasted to deceit; -Let me be weighed in an even balance that God may know mine integrity. -If my step hath turned out of the way, and mine heart walked after mine eyes, and if any blot hath cleaved to mine hands; -Then let me sow, and let another eat; yea, let my offspring be rooted out. -If mine heart have been deceived by a woman, or if I have laid wait at my neighbour's door; -Then let my wife grind unto another, and let others bow down upon her. -For this is an heinous crime; yea, it is an iniquity to be punished by the judges. -For it is a fire that consumeth to destruction, and would root out all mine increase. -If I did despise the cause of my manservant or of my maidservant, when they contended with me; -What then shall I do when God riseth up? and when he visiteth, what shall I answer him? -Did not he that made me in the womb make him? and did not one fashion us in the womb? -If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; -Or have eaten my morsel myself alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten thereof; -(For from my youth he was brought up with me, as with a father, and I have guided her from my mother's womb;) -If I have seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering; -If his loins have not blessed me, and if he were not warmed with the fleece of my sheep; -If I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate: -Then let mine arm fall from my shoulder blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone. -For destruction from God was a terror to me, and by reason of his highness I could not endure. -If I have made gold my hope, or have said to the fine gold, Thou art my confidence; -If I rejoice because my wealth was great, and because mine hand had gotten much; -If I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness; -And my heart hath been secretly enticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand: -This also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that is above. -If I rejoice at the destruction of him that hated me, or lifted up myself when evil found him: -Neither have I suffered my mouth to sin by wishing a curse to his soul. -If the men of my tabernacle said not, Oh that we had of his flesh! we cannot be satisfied. -The stranger did not lodge in the street: but I opened my doors to the traveller. -If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding mine iniquity in my bosom: -Did I fear a great multitude, or did the contempt of families terrify me, that I kept silence, and went not out of the door? -Oh that one would hear me! behold, my desire is, that the Almighty would answer me, and that mine adversary had written a book. -Surely I would take it upon my shoulder, and bind it as a crown to me. -I would declare unto him the number of my steps; as a prince would I go near unto him. -If my land cry against me, or that the furrows likewise thereof complain; -If I have eaten the fruits thereof without money, or have caused the owners thereof to lose their life: -Let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead of barley. The words of Job are ended. -So these three men ceased to answer Job, because he was righteous in his own eyes. -Then was kindled the wrath of Elihu the son of Barachel the Buzite, of the kindred of Ram: against Job was his wrath kindled, because he justified himself rather than God. -Also against his three friends was his wrath kindled, because they had found no answer, and yet had condemned Job. -Now Elihu had waited till Job had spoken, because they were elder than he. -When Elihu saw that there was no answer in the mouth of these three men, then his wrath was kindled. -And Elihu the son of Barachel the Buzite answered and said, I am young, and ye are very old; wherefore I was afraid, and durst not shew you mine opinion. -I said, Days should speak, and multitude of years should teach wisdom. -But there is a spirit in man: and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding. -Great men are not always wise: neither do the aged understand judgment. -Therefore I said, Hearken to me; I also will shew mine opinion. -Behold, I waited for your words; I gave ear to your reasons, whilst ye searched out what to say. -Yea, I attended unto you, and, behold, there was none of you that convinced Job, or that answered his words: -Lest ye should say, We have found out wisdom: God thrusteth him down, not man. -Now he hath not directed his words against me: neither will I answer him with your speeches. -They were amazed, they answered no more: they left off speaking. -When I had waited, (for they spake not, but stood still, and answered no more;) -I said, I will answer also my part, I also will shew mine opinion. -For I am full of matter, the spirit within me constraineth me. -Behold, my belly is as wine which hath no vent; it is ready to burst like new bottles. -I will speak, that I may be refreshed: I will open my lips and answer. -Let me not, I pray you, accept any man's person, neither let me give flattering titles unto man. -For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker would soon take me away. -Wherefore, Job, I pray thee, hear my speeches, and hearken to all my words. -Behold, now I have opened my mouth, my tongue hath spoken in my mouth. -My words shall be of the uprightness of my heart: and my lips shall utter knowledge clearly. -The spirit of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty hath given me life. -If thou canst answer me, set thy words in order before me, stand up. -Behold, I am according to thy wish in God's stead: I also am formed out of the clay. -Behold, my terror shall not make thee afraid, neither shall my hand be heavy upon thee. -Surely thou hast spoken in mine hearing, and I have heard the voice of thy words, saying, -I am clean without transgression, I am innocent; neither is there iniquity in me. -Behold, he findeth occasions against me, he counteth me for his enemy, -He putteth my feet in the stocks, he marketh all my paths. -Behold, in this thou art not just: I will answer thee, that God is greater than man. -Why dost thou strive against him? for he giveth not account of any of his matters. -For God speaketh once, yea twice, yet man perceiveth it not. -In a dream, in a vision of the night, when deep sleep falleth upon men, in slumberings upon the bed; -Then he openeth the ears of men, and sealeth their instruction, -That he may withdraw man from his purpose, and hide pride from man. -He keepeth back his soul from the pit, and his life from perishing by the sword. -He is chastened also with pain upon his bed, and the multitude of his bones with strong pain: -So that his life abhorreth bread, and his soul dainty meat. -His flesh is consumed away, that it cannot be seen; and his bones that were not seen stick out. -Yea, his soul draweth near unto the grave, and his life to the destroyers. -If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a thousand, to shew unto man his uprightness: -Then he is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver him from going down to the pit: I have found a ransom. -His flesh shall be fresher than a child's: he shall return to the days of his youth: -He shall pray unto God, and he will be favourable unto him: and he shall see his face with joy: for he will render unto man his righteousness. -He looketh upon men, and if any say, I have sinned, and perverted that which was right, and it profited me not; -He will deliver his soul from going into the pit, and his life shall see the light. -Lo, all these things worketh God oftentimes with man, -To bring back his soul from the pit, to be enlightened with the light of the living. -Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak. -If thou hast anything to say, answer me: speak, for I desire to justify thee. -If not, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I shall teach thee wisdom. -Furthermore Elihu answered and said, -Hear my words, O ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge. -For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat. -Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good. -For Job hath said, I am righteous: and God hath taken away my judgment. -Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without transgression. -What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water? -Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men. -For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God. -Therefore hearken unto me ye men of understanding: far be it from God, that he should do wickedness; and from the Almighty, that he should commit iniquity. -For the work of a man shall he render unto him, and cause every man to find according to his ways. -Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert judgment. -Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed the whole world? -If he set his heart upon man, if he gather unto himself his spirit and his breath; -All flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again unto dust. -If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words. -Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just? -Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly? -How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands. -In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at midnight, and pass away: and the mighty shall be taken away without hand. -For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings. -There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves. -For he will not lay upon man more than right; that he should enter into judgment with God. -He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead. -Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed. -He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others; -Because they turned back from him, and would not consider any of his ways: -So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto him, and he heareth the cry of the afflicted. -When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it be done against a nation, or against a man only: -That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared. -Surely it is meet to be said unto God, I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any more: -That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more. -Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I: therefore speak what thou knowest. -Let men of understanding tell me, and let a wise man hearken unto me. -Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom. -My desire is that Job may be tried unto the end because of his answers for wicked men. -For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words against God. -Elihu spake moreover, and said, -Thinkest thou this to be right, that thou saidst, My righteousness is more than God's? -For thou saidst, What advantage will it be unto thee? and, What profit shall I have, if I be cleansed from my sin? -I will answer thee, and thy companions with thee. -Look unto the heavens, and see; and behold the clouds which are higher than thou. -If thou sinnest, what doest thou against him? or if thy transgressions be multiplied, what doest thou unto him? -If thou be righteous, what givest thou him? or what receiveth he of thine hand? -Thy wickedness may hurt a man as thou art; and thy righteousness may profit the son of man. -By reason of the multitude of oppressions they make the oppressed to cry: they cry out by reason of the arm of the mighty. -But none saith, Where is God my maker, who giveth songs in the night; -Who teacheth us more than the beasts of the earth, and maketh us wiser than the fowls of heaven? -There they cry, but none giveth answer, because of the pride of evil men. -Surely God will not hear vanity, neither will the Almighty regard it. -Although thou sayest thou shalt not see him, yet judgment is before him; therefore trust thou in him. -But now, because it is not so, he hath visited in his anger; yet he knoweth it not in great extremity: -Therefore doth Job open his mouth in vain; he multiplieth words without knowledge. -Elihu also proceeded, and said, -Suffer me a little, and I will shew thee that I have yet to speak on God's behalf. -I will fetch my knowledge from afar, and will ascribe righteousness to my Maker. -For truly my words shall not be false: he that is perfect in knowledge is with thee. -Behold, God is mighty, and despiseth not any: he is mighty in strength and wisdom. -He preserveth not the life of the wicked: but giveth right to the poor. -He withdraweth not his eyes from the righteous: but with kings are they on the throne; yea, he doth establish them for ever, and they are exalted. -And if they be bound in fetters, and be holden in cords of affliction; -Then he sheweth them their work, and their transgressions that they have exceeded. -He openeth also their ear to discipline, and commandeth that they return from iniquity. -If they obey and serve him, they shall spend their days in prosperity, and their years in pleasures. -But if they obey not, they shall perish by the sword, and they shall die without knowledge. -But the hypocrites in heart heap up wrath: they cry not when he bindeth them. -They die in youth, and their life is among the unclean. -He delivereth the poor in his affliction, and openeth their ears in oppression. -Even so would he have removed thee out of the strait into a broad place, where there is no straitness; and that which should be set on thy table should be full of fatness. -But thou hast fulfilled the judgment of the wicked: judgment and justice take hold on thee. -Because there is wrath, beware lest he take thee away with his stroke: then a great ransom cannot deliver thee. -Will he esteem thy riches? no, not gold, nor all the forces of strength. -Desire not the night, when people are cut off in their place. -Take heed, regard not iniquity: for this hast thou chosen rather than affliction. -Behold, God exalteth by his power: who teacheth like him? -Who hath enjoined him his way? or who can say, Thou hast wrought iniquity? -Remember that thou magnify his work, which men behold. -Every man may see it; man may behold it afar off. -Behold, God is great, and we know him not, neither can the number of his years be searched out. -For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof: -Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly. -Also can any understand the spreadings of the clouds, or the noise of his tabernacle? -Behold, he spreadeth his light upon it, and covereth the bottom of the sea. -For by them judgeth he the people; he giveth meat in abundance. -With clouds he covereth the light; and commandeth it not to shine by the cloud that cometh betwixt. -The noise thereof sheweth concerning it, the cattle also concerning the vapour. -At this also my heart trembleth, and is moved out of his place. -Hear attentively the noise of his voice, and the sound that goeth out of his mouth. -He directeth it under the whole heaven, and his lightning unto the ends of the earth. -After it a voice roareth: he thundereth with the voice of his excellency; and he will not stay them when his voice is heard. -God thundereth marvellously with his voice; great things doeth he, which we cannot comprehend. -For he saith to the snow, Be thou on the earth; likewise to the small rain, and to the great rain of his strength. -He sealeth up the hand of every man; that all men may know his work. -Then the beasts go into dens, and remain in their places. -Out of the south cometh the whirlwind: and cold out of the north. -By the breath of God frost is given: and the breadth of the waters is straitened. -Also by watering he wearieth the thick cloud: he scattereth his bright cloud: -And it is turned round about by his counsels: that they may do whatsoever he commandeth them upon the face of the world in the earth. -He causeth it to come, whether for correction, or for his land, or for mercy. -Hearken unto this, O Job: stand still, and consider the wondrous works of God. -Dost thou know when God disposed them, and caused the light of his cloud to shine? -Dost thou know the balancings of the clouds, the wondrous works of him which is perfect in knowledge? -How thy garments are warm, when he quieteth the earth by the south wind? -Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten looking glass? -Teach us what we shall say unto him; for we cannot order our speech by reason of darkness. -Shall it be told him that I speak? if a man speak, surely he shall be swallowed up. -And now men see not the bright light which is in the clouds: but the wind passeth, and cleanseth them. -Fair weather cometh out of the north: with God is terrible majesty. -Touching the Almighty, we cannot find him out: he is excellent in power, and in judgment, and in plenty of justice: he will not afflict. -Men do therefore fear him: he respecteth not any that are wise of heart. -Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, -Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? -Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me. -Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. -Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? -Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; -When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? -Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it had issued out of the womb? -When I made the cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddlingband for it, -And brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, -And said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed? -Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to know his place; -That it might take hold of the ends of the earth, that the wicked might be shaken out of it? -It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as a garment. -And from the wicked their light is withholden, and the high arm shall be broken. -Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea? or hast thou walked in the search of the depth? -Have the gates of death been opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death? -Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all. -Where is the way where light dwelleth? and as for darkness, where is the place thereof, -That thou shouldest take it to the bound thereof, and that thou shouldest know the paths to the house thereof? -Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born? or because the number of thy days is great? -Hast thou entered into the treasures of the snow? or hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, -Which I have reserved against the time of trouble, against the day of battle and war? -By what way is the light parted, which scattereth the east wind upon the earth? -Who hath divided a watercourse for the overflowing of waters, or a way for the lightning of thunder; -To cause it to rain on the earth, where no man is; on the wilderness, wherein there is no man; -To satisfy the desolate and waste ground; and to cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth? -Hath the rain a father? or who hath begotten the drops of dew? -Out of whose womb came the ice? and the hoary frost of heaven, who hath gendered it? -The waters are hid as with a stone, and the face of the deep is frozen. -Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? -Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season? or canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons? -Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? -Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds, that abundance of waters may cover thee? -Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go and say unto thee, Here we are? -Who hath put wisdom in the inward parts? or who hath given understanding to the heart? -Who can number the clouds in wisdom? or who can stay the bottles of heaven, -When the dust groweth into hardness, and the clods cleave fast together? -Wilt thou hunt the prey for the lion? or fill the appetite of the young lions, -When they couch in their dens, and abide in the covert to lie in wait? -Who provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry unto God, they wander for lack of meat. -Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? -Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth? -They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows. -Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them. -Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass? -Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings. -He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver. -The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing. -Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib? -Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee? -Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him? -Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn? -Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich? -Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust, -And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them. -She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not her's: her labour is in vain without fear; -Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding. -What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider. -Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder? -Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible. -He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men. -He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword. -The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. -He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet. -He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting. -Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south? -Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high? -She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place. -From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off. -Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she. -Moreover the LORD answered Job, and said, -Shall he that contendeth with the Almighty instruct him? he that reproveth God, let him answer it. -Then Job answered the LORD, and said, -Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee? I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. -Once have I spoken; but I will not answer: yea, twice; but I will proceed no further. -Then answered the LORD unto Job out of the whirlwind, and said, -Gird up thy loins now like a man: I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto me. -Wilt thou also disannul my judgment? wilt thou condemn me, that thou mayest be righteous? -Hast thou an arm like God? or canst thou thunder with a voice like him? -Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency; and array thyself with glory and beauty. -Cast abroad the rage of thy wrath: and behold every one that is proud, and abase him. -Look on every one that is proud, and bring him low; and tread down the wicked in their place. -Hide them in the dust together; and bind their faces in secret. -Then will I also confess unto thee that thine own right hand can save thee. -Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. -Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the navel of his belly. -He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together. -His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars of iron. -He is the chief of the ways of God: he that made him can make his sword to approach unto him. -Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play. -He lieth under the shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens. -The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about. -Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. -He taketh it with his eyes: his nose pierceth through snares. -Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? or his tongue with a cord which thou lettest down? -Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn? -Will he make many supplications unto thee? will he speak soft words unto thee? -Will he make a covenant with thee? wilt thou take him for a servant for ever? -Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens? -Shall the companions make a banquet of him? shall they part him among the merchants? -Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears? -Lay thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no more. -Behold, the hope of him is in vain: shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him? -None is so fierce that dare stir him up: who then is able to stand before me? -Who hath prevented me, that I should repay him? whatsoever is under the whole heaven is mine. -I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his comely proportion. -Who can discover the face of his garment? or who can come to him with his double bridle? -Who can open the doors of his face? his teeth are terrible round about. -His scales are his pride, shut up together as with a close seal. -One is so near to another, that no air can come between them. -They are joined one to another, they stick together, that they cannot be sundered. -By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning. -Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out. -Out of his nostrils goeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or caldron. -His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth. -In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned into joy before him. -The flakes of his flesh are joined together: they are firm in themselves; they cannot be moved. -His heart is as firm as a stone; yea, as hard as a piece of the nether millstone. -When he raiseth up himself, the mighty are afraid: by reason of breakings they purify themselves. -The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold: the spear, the dart, nor the habergeon. -He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood. -The arrow cannot make him flee: slingstones are turned with him into stubble. -Darts are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the shaking of a spear. -Sharp stones are under him: he spreadeth sharp pointed things upon the mire. -He maketh the deep to boil like a pot: he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment. -He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to be hoary. -Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without fear. -He beholdeth all high things: he is a king over all the children of pride. -Then Job answered the LORD, and said, -I know that thou canst do every thing, and that no thought can be withholden from thee. -Who is he that hideth counsel without knowledge? therefore have I uttered that I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not. -Hear, I beseech thee, and I will speak: I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto me. -I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. -Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes. -And it was so, that after the LORD had spoken these words unto Job, the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite, My wrath is kindled against thee, and against thy two friends: for ye have not spoken of me the thing that is right, as my servant Job hath. -Therefore take unto you now seven bullocks and seven rams, and go to my servant Job, and offer up for yourselves a burnt offering; and my servant Job shall pray for you: for him will I accept: lest I deal with you after your folly, in that ye have not spoken of me the thing which is right, like my servant Job. -So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite went, and did according as the LORD commanded them: the LORD also accepted Job. -And the LORD turned the captivity of Job, when he prayed for his friends: also the LORD gave Job twice as much as he had before. -Then came there unto him all his brethren, and all his sisters, and all they that had been of his acquaintance before, and did eat bread with him in his house: and they bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him: every man also gave him a piece of money, and every one an earring of gold. -So the LORD blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning: for he had fourteen thousand sheep, and six thousand camels, and a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand she asses. -He had also seven sons and three daughters. -And he called the name of the first, Jemima; and the name of the second, Kezia; and the name of the third, Kerenhappuch. -And in all the land were no women found so fair as the daughters of Job: and their father gave them inheritance among their brethren. -After this lived Job an hundred and forty years, and saw his sons, and his sons' sons, even four generations. -So Job died, being old and full of days. -Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful. -But his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in his law doth he meditate day and night. -And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper. -The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind driveth away. -Therefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. -For the LORD knoweth the way of the righteous: but the way of the ungodly shall perish. -Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing? -The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying, -Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us. -He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the LORD shall have them in derision. -Then shall he speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his sore displeasure. -Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill of Zion. -I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee. -Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. -Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel. -Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth. -Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling. -Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in him. -Lord, how are they increased that trouble me! many are they that rise up against me. -Many there be which say of my soul, There is no help for him in God. Selah. -But thou, O LORD, art a shield for me; my glory, and the lifter up of mine head. -I cried unto the LORD with my voice, and he heard me out of his holy hill. Selah. -I laid me down and slept; I awaked; for the LORD sustained me. -I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people, that have set themselves against me round about. -Arise, O LORD; save me, O my God: for thou hast smitten all mine enemies upon the cheek bone; thou hast broken the teeth of the ungodly. -Salvation belongeth unto the LORD: thy blessing is upon thy people. Selah. -Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness: thou hast enlarged me when I was in distress; have mercy upon me, and hear my prayer. -O ye sons of men, how long will ye turn my glory into shame? how long will ye love vanity, and seek after leasing? Selah. -But know that the LORD hath set apart him that is godly for himself: the LORD will hear when I call unto him. -Stand in awe, and sin not: commune with your own heart upon your bed, and be still. Selah. -Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the LORD. -There be many that say, Who will shew us any good? LORD, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us. -Thou hast put gladness in my heart, more than in the time that their corn and their wine increased. -I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep: for thou, LORD, only makest me dwell in safety. -Give ear to my words, O LORD, consider my meditation. -Hearken unto the voice of my cry, my King, and my God: for unto thee will I pray. -My voice shalt thou hear in the morning, O LORD; in the morning will I direct my prayer unto thee, and will look up. -For thou art not a God that hath pleasure in wickedness: neither shall evil dwell with thee. -The foolish shall not stand in thy sight: thou hatest all workers of iniquity. -Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing: the LORD will abhor the bloody and deceitful man. -But as for me, I will come into thy house in the multitude of thy mercy: and in thy fear will I worship toward thy holy temple. -Lead me, O LORD, in thy righteousness because of mine enemies; make thy way straight before my face. -For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; their inward part is very wickedness; their throat is an open sepulchre; they flatter with their tongue. -Destroy thou them, O God; let them fall by their own counsels; cast them out in the multitude of their transgressions; for they have rebelled against thee. -But let all those that put their trust in thee rejoice: let them ever shout for joy, because thou defendest them: let them also that love thy name be joyful in thee. -For thou, LORD, wilt bless the righteous; with favour wilt thou compass him as with a shield. -O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. -Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. -My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long? -Return, O LORD, deliver my soul: oh save me for thy mercies' sake. -For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks? -I am weary with my groaning; all the night make I my bed to swim; I water my couch with my tears. -Mine eye is consumed because of grief; it waxeth old because of all mine enemies. -Depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity; for the LORD hath heard the voice of my weeping. -The LORD hath heard my supplication; the LORD will receive my prayer. -Let all mine enemies be ashamed and sore vexed: let them return and be ashamed suddenly. -O LORD my God, in thee do I put my trust: save me from all them that persecute me, and deliver me: -Lest he tear my soul like a lion, rending it in pieces, while there is none to deliver. -O LORD my God, If I have done this; if there be iniquity in my hands; -If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at peace with me; (yea, I have delivered him that without cause is mine enemy:) -Let the enemy persecute my soul, and take it; yea, let him tread down my life upon the earth, and lay mine honour in the dust. Selah. -Arise, O LORD, in thine anger, lift up thyself because of the rage of mine enemies: and awake for me to the judgment that thou hast commanded. -So shall the congregation of the people compass thee about: for their sakes therefore return thou on high. -The LORD shall judge the people: judge me, O LORD, according to my righteousness, and according to mine integrity that is in me. -Oh let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end; but establish the just: for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins. -My defence is of God, which saveth the upright in heart. -God judgeth the righteous, and God is angry with the wicked every day. -If he turn not, he will whet his sword; he hath bent his bow, and made it ready. -He hath also prepared for him the instruments of death; he ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors. -Behold, he travaileth with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief, and brought forth falsehood. -He made a pit, and digged it, and is fallen into the ditch which he made. -His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate. -I will praise the LORD according to his righteousness: and will sing praise to the name of the LORD most high. -O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens. -Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger. -When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; -What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? -For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour. -Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet: -All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field; -The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas. -O LORD our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! -I will praise thee, O LORD, with my whole heart; I will shew forth all thy marvellous works. -I will be glad and rejoice in thee: I will sing praise to thy name, O thou most High. -When mine enemies are turned back, they shall fall and perish at thy presence. -For thou hast maintained my right and my cause; thou satest in the throne judging right. -Thou hast rebuked the heathen, thou hast destroyed the wicked, thou hast put out their name for ever and ever. -O thou enemy, destructions are come to a perpetual end: and thou hast destroyed cities; their memorial is perished with them. -But the LORD shall endure for ever: he hath prepared his throne for judgment. -And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister judgment to the people in uprightness. -The LORD also will be a refuge for the oppressed, a refuge in times of trouble. -And they that know thy name will put their trust in thee: for thou, LORD, hast not forsaken them that seek thee. -Sing praises to the LORD, which dwelleth in Zion: declare among the people his doings. -When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth them: he forgetteth not the cry of the humble. -Have mercy upon me, O LORD; consider my trouble which I suffer of them that hate me, thou that liftest me up from the gates of death: -That I may shew forth all thy praise in the gates of the daughter of Zion: I will rejoice in thy salvation. -The heathen are sunk down in the pit that they made: in the net which they hid is their own foot taken. -The LORD is known by the judgment which he executeth: the wicked is snared in the work of his own hands. Higgaion. Selah. -The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God. -For the needy shall not alway be forgotten: the expectation of the poor shall not perish for ever. -Arise, O LORD; let not man prevail: let the heathen be judged in thy sight. -Put them in fear, O LORD: that the nations may know themselves to be but men. Selah. -Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? -The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined. -For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. -The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts. -His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them. -He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall never be in adversity. -His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his tongue is mischief and vanity. -He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against the poor. -He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into his net. -He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones. -He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his face; he will never see it. -Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble. -Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his heart, Thou wilt not require it. -Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou art the helper of the fatherless. -Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his wickedness till thou find none. -The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out of his land. -LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear: -To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress. -In the LORD put I my trust: how say ye to my soul, Flee as a bird to your mountain? -For, lo, the wicked bend their bow, they make ready their arrow upon the string, that they may privily shoot at the upright in heart. -If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do? -The LORD is in his holy temple, the LORD's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold, his eyelids try, the children of men. -The LORD trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loveth violence his soul hateth. -Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup. -For the righteous LORD loveth righteousness; his countenance doth behold the upright. -Help, LORD; for the godly man ceaseth; for the faithful fail from among the children of men. -They speak vanity every one with his neighbour: with flattering lips and with a double heart do they speak. -The LORD shall cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that speaketh proud things: -Who have said, With our tongue will we prevail; our lips are our own: who is lord over us? -For the oppression of the poor, for the sighing of the needy, now will I arise, saith the LORD; I will set him in safety from him that puffeth at him. -The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. -Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. -The wicked walk on every side, when the vilest men are exalted. -How long wilt thou forget me, O LORD? for ever? how long wilt thou hide thy face from me? -How long shall I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my heart daily? how long shall mine enemy be exalted over me? -Consider and hear me, O LORD my God: lighten mine eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death; -Lest mine enemy say, I have prevailed against him; and those that trouble me rejoice when I am moved. -But I have trusted in thy mercy; my heart shall rejoice in thy salvation. -I will sing unto the LORD, because he hath dealt bountifully with me. -The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good. -The LORD looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, and seek God. -They are all gone aside, they are all together become filthy: there is none that doeth good, no, not one. -Have all the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people as they eat bread, and call not upon the LORD. -There were they in great fear: for God is in the generation of the righteous. -Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor, because the LORD is his refuge. -Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! when the LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. -Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle? who shall dwell in thy holy hill? -He that walketh uprightly, and worketh righteousness, and speaketh the truth in his heart. -He that backbiteth not with his tongue, nor doeth evil to his neighbour, nor taketh up a reproach against his neighbour. -In whose eyes a vile person is contemned; but he honoureth them that fear the LORD. He that sweareth to his own hurt, and changeth not. -He that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved. -Preserve me, O God: for in thee do I put my trust. -O my soul, thou hast said unto the LORD, Thou art my Lord: my goodness extendeth not to thee; -But to the saints that are in the earth, and to the excellent, in whom is all my delight. -Their sorrows shall be multiplied that hasten after another god: their drink offerings of blood will I not offer, nor take up their names into my lips. -The LORD is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup: thou maintainest my lot. -The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage. -I will bless the LORD, who hath given me counsel: my reins also instruct me in the night seasons. -I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved. -Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope. -For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. -Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore. -Hear the right, O LORD, attend unto my cry, give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips. -Let my sentence come forth from thy presence; let thine eyes behold the things that are equal. -Thou hast proved mine heart; thou hast visited me in the night; thou hast tried me, and shalt find nothing; I am purposed that my mouth shall not transgress. -Concerning the works of men, by the word of thy lips I have kept me from the paths of the destroyer. -Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footsteps slip not. -I have called upon thee, for thou wilt hear me, O God: incline thine ear unto me, and hear my speech. -Shew thy marvellous lovingkindness, O thou that savest by thy right hand them which put their trust in thee from those that rise up against them. -Keep me as the apple of the eye, hide me under the shadow of thy wings, -From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who compass me about. -They are inclosed in their own fat: with their mouth they speak proudly. -They have now compassed us in our steps: they have set their eyes bowing down to the earth; -Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places. -Arise, O LORD, disappoint him, cast him down: deliver my soul from the wicked, which is thy sword: -From men which are thy hand, O LORD, from men of the world, which have their portion in this life, and whose belly thou fillest with thy hid treasure: they are full of children, and leave the rest of their substance to their babes. -As for me, I will behold thy face in righteousness: I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with thy likeness. -I will love thee, O LORD, my strength. -The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower. -I will call upon the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I be saved from mine enemies. -The sorrows of death compassed me, and the floods of ungodly men made me afraid. -The sorrows of hell compassed me about: the snares of death prevented me. -In my distress I called upon the LORD, and cried unto my God: he heard my voice out of his temple, and my cry came before him, even into his ears. -Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. -There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. -He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness was under his feet. -And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind. -He made darkness his secret place; his pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. -At the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed, hail stones and coals of fire. -The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice; hail stones and coals of fire. -Yea, he sent out his arrows, and scattered them; and he shot out lightnings, and discomfited them. -Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world were discovered at thy rebuke, O LORD, at the blast of the breath of thy nostrils. -He sent from above, he took me, he drew me out of many waters. -He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them which hated me: for they were too strong for me. -They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my stay. -He brought me forth also into a large place; he delivered me, because he delighted in me. -The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness; according to the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me. -For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. -For all his judgments were before me, and I did not put away his statutes from me. -I was also upright before him, and I kept myself from mine iniquity. -Therefore hath the LORD recompensed me according to my righteousness, according to the cleanness of my hands in his eyesight. -With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful; with an upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright; -With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward thou wilt shew thyself froward. -For thou wilt save the afflicted people; but wilt bring down high looks. -For thou wilt light my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness. -For by thee I have run through a troop; and by my God have I leaped over a wall. -As for God, his way is perfect: the word of the LORD is tried: he is a buckler to all those that trust in him. -For who is God save the LORD? or who is a rock save our God? -It is God that girdeth me with strength, and maketh my way perfect. -He maketh my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. -He teacheth my hands to war, so that a bow of steel is broken by mine arms. -Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy right hand hath holden me up, and thy gentleness hath made me great. -Thou hast enlarged my steps under me, that my feet did not slip. -I have pursued mine enemies, and overtaken them: neither did I turn again till they were consumed. -I have wounded them that they were not able to rise: they are fallen under my feet. -For thou hast girded me with strength unto the battle: thou hast subdued under me those that rose up against me. -Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies; that I might destroy them that hate me. -They cried, but there was none to save them: even unto the LORD, but he answered them not. -Then did I beat them small as the dust before the wind: I did cast them out as the dirt in the streets. -Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and thou hast made me the head of the heathen: a people whom I have not known shall serve me. -As soon as they hear of me, they shall obey me: the strangers shall submit themselves unto me. -The strangers shall fade away, and be afraid out of their close places. -The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and let the God of my salvation be exalted. -It is God that avengeth me, and subdueth the people under me. -He delivereth me from mine enemies: yea, thou liftest me up above those that rise up against me: thou hast delivered me from the violent man. -Therefore will I give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the heathen, and sing praises unto thy name. -Great deliverance giveth he to his king; and sheweth mercy to his anointed, to David, and to his seed for evermore. -The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. -Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. -There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard. -Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, -Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. -His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. -The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul: the testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple. -The statutes of the LORD are right, rejoicing the heart: the commandment of the LORD is pure, enlightening the eyes. -The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring for ever: the judgments of the LORD are true and righteous altogether. -More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold: sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb. -Moreover by them is thy servant warned: and in keeping of them there is great reward. -Who can understand his errors? cleanse thou me from secret faults. -Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not have dominion over me: then shall I be upright, and I shall be innocent from the great transgression. -Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O LORD, my strength, and my redeemer. -The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble; the name of the God of Jacob defend thee; -Send thee help from the sanctuary, and strengthen thee out of Zion; -Remember all thy offerings, and accept thy burnt sacrifice; Selah. -Grant thee according to thine own heart, and fulfil all thy counsel. -We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our God we will set up our banners: the LORD fulfil all thy petitions. -Now know I that the LORD saveth his anointed; he will hear him from his holy heaven with the saving strength of his right hand. -Some trust in chariots, and some in horses: but we will remember the name of the LORD our God. -They are brought down and fallen: but we are risen, and stand upright. -Save, LORD: let the king hear us when we call. -The king shall joy in thy strength, O LORD; and in thy salvation how greatly shall he rejoice! -Thou hast given him his heart's desire, and hast not withholden the request of his lips. Selah. -For thou preventest him with the blessings of goodness: thou settest a crown of pure gold on his head. -He asked life of thee, and thou gavest it him, even length of days for ever and ever. -His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him. -For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy countenance. -For the king trusteth in the LORD, and through the mercy of the most High he shall not be moved. -Thine hand shall find out all thine enemies: thy right hand shall find out those that hate thee. -Thou shalt make them as a fiery oven in the time of thine anger: the LORD shall swallow them up in his wrath, and the fire shall devour them. -Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth, and their seed from among the children of men. -For they intended evil against thee: they imagined a mischievous device, which they are not able to perform. -Therefore shalt thou make them turn their back, when thou shalt make ready thine arrows upon thy strings against the face of them. -Be thou exalted, LORD, in thine own strength: so will we sing and praise thy power. -My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? why art thou so far from helping me, and from the words of my roaring? -O my God, I cry in the day time, but thou hearest not; and in the night season, and am not silent. -But thou art holy, O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel. -Our fathers trusted in thee: they trusted, and thou didst deliver them. -They cried unto thee, and were delivered: they trusted in thee, and were not confounded. -But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised of the people. -All they that see me laugh me to scorn: they shoot out the lip, they shake the head, saying, -He trusted on the LORD that he would deliver him: let him deliver him, seeing he delighted in him. -But thou art he that took me out of the womb: thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mother's breasts. -I was cast upon thee from the womb: thou art my God from my mother's belly. -Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. -Many bulls have compassed me: strong bulls of Bashan have beset me round. -They gaped upon me with their mouths, as a ravening and a roaring lion. -I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. -My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth to my jaws; and thou hast brought me into the dust of death. -For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet. -I may tell all my bones: they look and stare upon me. -They part my garments among them, and cast lots upon my vesture. -But be not thou far from me, O LORD: O my strength, haste thee to help me. -Deliver my soul from the sword; my darling from the power of the dog. -Save me from the lion's mouth: for thou hast heard me from the horns of the unicorns. -I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee. -Ye that fear the LORD, praise him; all ye the seed of Jacob, glorify him; and fear him, all ye the seed of Israel. -For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted; neither hath he hid his face from him; but when he cried unto him, he heard. -My praise shall be of thee in the great congregation: I will pay my vows before them that fear him. -The meek shall eat and be satisfied: they shall praise the LORD that seek him: your heart shall live for ever. -All the ends of the world shall remember and turn unto the LORD: and all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee. -For the kingdom is the LORD's: and he is the governor among the nations. -All they that be fat upon earth shall eat and worship: all they that go down to the dust shall bow before him: and none can keep alive his own soul. -A seed shall serve him; it shall be accounted to the Lord for a generation. -They shall come, and shall declare his righteousness unto a people that shall be born, that he hath done this. -The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. -He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. -He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. -Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. -Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. -Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever. -The earth is the LORD's, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. -For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods. -Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place? -He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully. -He shall receive the blessing from the LORD, and righteousness from the God of his salvation. -This is the generation of them that seek him, that seek thy face, O Jacob. Selah. -Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in. -Who is this King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD mighty in battle. -Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even lift them up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in. -Who is this King of glory? The LORD of hosts, he is the King of glory. Selah. -Unto thee, O LORD, do I lift up my soul. -O my God, I trust in thee: let me not be ashamed, let not mine enemies triumph over me. -Yea, let none that wait on thee be ashamed: let them be ashamed which transgress without cause. -Shew me thy ways, O LORD; teach me thy paths. -Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my salvation; on thee do I wait all the day. -Remember, O LORD, thy tender mercies and thy lovingkindnesses; for they have been ever of old. -Remember not the sins of my youth, nor my transgressions: according to thy mercy remember thou me for thy goodness' sake, O LORD. -Good and upright is the LORD: therefore will he teach sinners in the way. -The meek will he guide in judgment: and the meek will he teach his way. -All the paths of the LORD are mercy and truth unto such as keep his covenant and his testimonies. -For thy name's sake, O LORD, pardon mine iniquity; for it is great. -What man is he that feareth the LORD? him shall he teach in the way that he shall choose. -His soul shall dwell at ease; and his seed shall inherit the earth. -The secret of the LORD is with them that fear him; and he will shew them his covenant. -Mine eyes are ever toward the LORD; for he shall pluck my feet out of the net. -Turn thee unto me, and have mercy upon me; for I am desolate and afflicted. -The troubles of my heart are enlarged: O bring thou me out of my distresses. -Look upon mine affliction and my pain; and forgive all my sins. -Consider mine enemies; for they are many; and they hate me with cruel hatred. -O keep my soul, and deliver me: let me not be ashamed; for I put my trust in thee. -Let integrity and uprightness preserve me; for I wait on thee. -Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. -Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity: I have trusted also in the LORD; therefore I shall not slide. -Examine me, O LORD, and prove me; try my reins and my heart. -For thy lovingkindness is before mine eyes: and I have walked in thy truth. -I have not sat with vain persons, neither will I go in with dissemblers. -I have hated the congregation of evil doers; and will not sit with the wicked. -I will wash mine hands in innocency: so will I compass thine altar, O LORD: -That I may publish with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous works. -LORD, I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the place where thine honour dwelleth. -Gather not my soul with sinners, nor my life with bloody men: -In whose hands is mischief, and their right hand is full of bribes. -But as for me, I will walk in mine integrity: redeem me, and be merciful unto me. -My foot standeth in an even place: in the congregations will I bless the LORD. -The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? the LORD is the strength of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? -When the wicked, even mine enemies and my foes, came upon me to eat up my flesh, they stumbled and fell. -Though an host should encamp against me, my heart shall not fear: though war should rise against me, in this will I be confident. -One thing have I desired of the LORD, that will I seek after; that I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the LORD, and to enquire in his temple. -For in the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me; he shall set me up upon a rock. -And now shall mine head be lifted up above mine enemies round about me: therefore will I offer in his tabernacle sacrifices of joy; I will sing, yea, I will sing praises unto the LORD. -Hear, O LORD, when I cry with my voice: have mercy also upon me, and answer me. -When thou saidst, Seek ye my face; my heart said unto thee, Thy face, LORD, will I seek. -Hide not thy face far from me; put not thy servant away in anger: thou hast been my help; leave me not, neither forsake me, O God of my salvation. -When my father and my mother forsake me, then the LORD will take me up. -Teach me thy way, O LORD, and lead me in a plain path, because of mine enemies. -Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies: for false witnesses are risen up against me, and such as breathe out cruelty. -I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of the LORD in the land of the living. -Wait on the LORD: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart: wait, I say, on the LORD. -Unto thee will I cry, O LORD my rock; be not silent to me: lest, if thou be silent to me, I become like them that go down into the pit. -Hear the voice of my supplications, when I cry unto thee, when I lift up my hands toward thy holy oracle. -Draw me not away with the wicked, and with the workers of iniquity, which speak peace to their neighbours, but mischief is in their hearts. -Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert. -Because they regard not the works of the LORD, nor the operation of his hands, he shall destroy them, and not build them up. -Blessed be the LORD, because he hath heard the voice of my supplications. -The LORD is my strength and my shield; my heart trusted in him, and I am helped: therefore my heart greatly rejoiceth; and with my song will I praise him. -The LORD is their strength, and he is the saving strength of his anointed. -Save thy people, and bless thine inheritance: feed them also, and lift them up for ever. -Give unto the LORD, O ye mighty, give unto the LORD glory and strength. -Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name; worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. -The voice of the LORD is upon the waters: the God of glory thundereth: the LORD is upon many waters. -The voice of the LORD is powerful; the voice of the LORD is full of majesty. -The voice of the LORD breaketh the cedars; yea, the LORD breaketh the cedars of Lebanon. -He maketh them also to skip like a calf; Lebanon and Sirion like a young unicorn. -The voice of the LORD divideth the flames of fire. -The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh the wilderness of Kadesh. -The voice of the LORD maketh the hinds to calve, and discovereth the forests: and in his temple doth every one speak of his glory. -The LORD sitteth upon the flood; yea, the LORD sitteth King for ever. -The LORD will give strength unto his people; the LORD will bless his people with peace. -I will extol thee, O LORD; for thou hast lifted me up, and hast not made my foes to rejoice over me. -O LORD my God, I cried unto thee, and thou hast healed me. -O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit. -Sing unto the LORD, O ye saints of his, and give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. -For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning. -And in my prosperity I said, I shall never be moved. -LORD, by thy favour thou hast made my mountain to stand strong: thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled. -I cried to thee, O LORD; and unto the LORD I made supplication. -What profit is there in my blood, when I go down to the pit? Shall the dust praise thee? shall it declare thy truth? -Hear, O LORD, and have mercy upon me: LORD, be thou my helper. -Thou hast turned for me my mourning into dancing: thou hast put off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness; -To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee, and not be silent. O LORD my God, I will give thanks unto thee for ever. -In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust; let me never be ashamed: deliver me in thy righteousness. -Bow down thine ear to me; deliver me speedily: be thou my strong rock, for an house of defence to save me. -For thou art my rock and my fortress; therefore for thy name's sake lead me, and guide me. -Pull me out of the net that they have laid privily for me: for thou art my strength. -Into thine hand I commit my spirit: thou hast redeemed me, O LORD God of truth. -I have hated them that regard lying vanities: but I trust in the LORD. -I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy: for thou hast considered my trouble; thou hast known my soul in adversities; -And hast not shut me up into the hand of the enemy: thou hast set my feet in a large room. -Have mercy upon me, O LORD, for I am in trouble: mine eye is consumed with grief, yea, my soul and my belly. -For my life is spent with grief, and my years with sighing: my strength faileth because of mine iniquity, and my bones are consumed. -I was a reproach among all mine enemies, but especially among my neighbours, and a fear to mine acquaintance: they that did see me without fled from me. -I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind: I am like a broken vessel. -For I have heard the slander of many: fear was on every side: while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life. -But I trusted in thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my God. -My times are in thy hand: deliver me from the hand of mine enemies, and from them that persecute me. -Make thy face to shine upon thy servant: save me for thy mercies' sake. -Let me not be ashamed, O LORD; for I have called upon thee: let the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the grave. -Let the lying lips be put to silence; which speak grievous things proudly and contemptuously against the righteous. -Oh how great is thy goodness, which thou hast laid up for them that fear thee; which thou hast wrought for them that trust in thee before the sons of men! -Thou shalt hide them in the secret of thy presence from the pride of man: thou shalt keep them secretly in a pavilion from the strife of tongues. -Blessed be the LORD: for he hath shewed me his marvellous kindness in a strong city. -For I said in my haste, I am cut off from before thine eyes: nevertheless thou heardest the voice of my supplications when I cried unto thee. -O love the LORD, all ye his saints: for the LORD preserveth the faithful, and plentifully rewardeth the proud doer. -Be of good courage, and he shall strengthen your heart, all ye that hope in the LORD. -Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered. -Blessed is the man unto whom the LORD imputeth not iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no guile. -When I kept silence, my bones waxed old through my roaring all the day long. -For day and night thy hand was heavy upon me: my moisture is turned into the drought of summer. Selah. -I acknowledge my sin unto thee, and mine iniquity have I not hid. I said, I will confess my transgressions unto the LORD; and thou forgavest the iniquity of my sin. Selah. -For this shall every one that is godly pray unto thee in a time when thou mayest be found: surely in the floods of great waters they shall not come nigh unto him. -Thou art my hiding place; thou shalt preserve me from trouble; thou shalt compass me about with songs of deliverance. Selah. -I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt go: I will guide thee with mine eye. -Be ye not as the horse, or as the mule, which have no understanding: whose mouth must be held in with bit and bridle, lest they come near unto thee. -Many sorrows shall be to the wicked: but he that trusteth in the LORD, mercy shall compass him about. -Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, ye righteous: and shout for joy, all ye that are upright in heart. -Rejoice in the LORD, O ye righteous: for praise is comely for the upright. -Praise the LORD with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. -Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise. -For the word of the LORD is right; and all his works are done in truth. -He loveth righteousness and judgment: the earth is full of the goodness of the LORD. -By the word of the LORD were the heavens made; and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth. -He gathereth the waters of the sea together as an heap: he layeth up the depth in storehouses. -Let all the earth fear the LORD: let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of him. -For he spake, and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast. -The LORD bringeth the counsel of the heathen to nought: he maketh the devices of the people of none effect. -The counsel of the LORD standeth for ever, the thoughts of his heart to all generations. -Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD; and the people whom he hath chosen for his own inheritance. -The LORD looketh from heaven; he beholdeth all the sons of men. -From the place of his habitation he looketh upon all the inhabitants of the earth. -He fashioneth their hearts alike; he considereth all their works. -There is no king saved by the multitude of an host: a mighty man is not delivered by much strength. -An horse is a vain thing for safety: neither shall he deliver any by his great strength. -Behold, the eye of the LORD is upon them that fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy; -To deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. -Our soul waiteth for the LORD: he is our help and our shield. -For our heart shall rejoice in him, because we have trusted in his holy name. -Let thy mercy, O LORD, be upon us, according as we hope in thee. -I will bless the LORD at all times: his praise shall continually be in my mouth. -My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear thereof, and be glad. -O magnify the LORD with me, and let us exalt his name together. -I sought the LORD, and he heard me, and delivered me from all my fears. -They looked unto him, and were lightened: and their faces were not ashamed. -This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him, and saved him out of all his troubles. -The angel of the LORD encampeth round about them that fear him, and delivereth them. -O taste and see that the LORD is good: blessed is the man that trusteth in him. -O fear the LORD, ye his saints: for there is no want to them that fear him. -The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger: but they that seek the LORD shall not want any good thing. -Come, ye children, hearken unto me: I will teach you the fear of the LORD. -What man is he that desireth life, and loveth many days, that he may see good? -Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile. -Depart from evil, and do good; seek peace, and pursue it. -The eyes of the LORD are upon the righteous, and his ears are open unto their cry. -The face of the LORD is against them that do evil, to cut off the remembrance of them from the earth. -The righteous cry, and the LORD heareth, and delivereth them out of all their troubles. -The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit. -Many are the afflictions of the righteous: but the LORD delivereth him out of them all. -He keepeth all his bones: not one of them is broken. -Evil shall slay the wicked: and they that hate the righteous shall be desolate. -The LORD redeemeth the soul of his servants: and none of them that trust in him shall be desolate. -Plead my cause, O LORD, with them that strive with me: fight against them that fight against me. -Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand up for mine help. -Draw out also the spear, and stop the way against them that persecute me: say unto my soul, I am thy salvation. -Let them be confounded and put to shame that seek after my soul: let them be turned back and brought to confusion that devise my hurt. -Let them be as chaff before the wind: and let the angel of the LORD chase them. -Let their way be dark and slippery: and let the angel of the LORD persecute them. -For without cause have they hid for me their net in a pit, which without cause they have digged for my soul. -Let destruction come upon him at unawares; and let his net that he hath hid catch himself: into that very destruction let him fall. -And my soul shall be joyful in the LORD: it shall rejoice in his salvation. -All my bones shall say, LORD, who is like unto thee, which deliverest the poor from him that is too strong for him, yea, the poor and the needy from him that spoileth him? -False witnesses did rise up; they laid to my charge things that I knew not. -They rewarded me evil for good to the spoiling of my soul. -But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth: I humbled my soul with fasting; and my prayer returned into mine own bosom. -I behaved myself as though he had been my friend or brother: I bowed down heavily, as one that mourneth for his mother. -But in mine adversity they rejoiced, and gathered themselves together: yea, the abjects gathered themselves together against me, and I knew it not; they did tear me, and ceased not: -With hypocritical mockers in feasts, they gnashed upon me with their teeth. -Lord, how long wilt thou look on? rescue my soul from their destructions, my darling from the lions. -I will give thee thanks in the great congregation: I will praise thee among much people. -Let not them that are mine enemies wrongfully rejoice over me: neither let them wink with the eye that hate me without a cause. -For they speak not peace: but they devise deceitful matters against them that are quiet in the land. -Yea, they opened their mouth wide against me, and said, Aha, aha, our eye hath seen it. -This thou hast seen, O LORD: keep not silence: O Lord, be not far from me. -Stir up thyself, and awake to my judgment, even unto my cause, my God and my Lord. -Judge me, O LORD my God, according to thy righteousness; and let them not rejoice over me. -Let them not say in their hearts, Ah, so would we have it: let them not say, We have swallowed him up. -Let them be ashamed and brought to confusion together that rejoice at mine hurt: let them be clothed with shame and dishonour that magnify themselves against me. -Let them shout for joy, and be glad, that favour my righteous cause: yea, let them say continually, Let the LORD be magnified, which hath pleasure in the prosperity of his servant. -And my tongue shall speak of thy righteousness and of thy praise all the day long. -The transgression of the wicked saith within my heart, that there is no fear of God before his eyes. -For he flattereth himself in his own eyes, until his iniquity be found to be hateful. -The words of his mouth are iniquity and deceit: he hath left off to be wise, and to do good. -He deviseth mischief upon his bed; he setteth himself in a way that is not good; he abhorreth not evil. -Thy mercy, O LORD, is in the heavens; and thy faithfulness reacheth unto the clouds. -Thy righteousness is like the great mountains; thy judgments are a great deep: O LORD, thou preservest man and beast. -How excellent is thy lovingkindness, O God! therefore the children of men put their trust under the shadow of thy wings. -They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy house; and thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures. -For with thee is the fountain of life: in thy light shall we see light. -O continue thy lovingkindness unto them that know thee; and thy righteousness to the upright in heart. -Let not the foot of pride come against me, and let not the hand of the wicked remove me. -There are the workers of iniquity fallen: they are cast down, and shall not be able to rise. -Fret not thyself because of evildoers, neither be thou envious against the workers of iniquity. -For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither as the green herb. -Trust in the LORD, and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed. -Delight thyself also in the LORD: and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart. -Commit thy way unto the LORD; trust also in him; and he shall bring it to pass. -And he shall bring forth thy righteousness as the light, and thy judgment as the noonday. -Rest in the LORD, and wait patiently for him: fret not thyself because of him who prospereth in his way, because of the man who bringeth wicked devices to pass. -Cease from anger, and forsake wrath: fret not thyself in any wise to do evil. -For evildoers shall be cut off: but those that wait upon the LORD, they shall inherit the earth. -For yet a little while, and the wicked shall not be: yea, thou shalt diligently consider his place, and it shall not be. -But the meek shall inherit the earth; and shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace. -The wicked plotteth against the just, and gnasheth upon him with his teeth. -The LORD shall laugh at him: for he seeth that his day is coming. -The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to cast down the poor and needy, and to slay such as be of upright conversation. -Their sword shall enter into their own heart, and their bows shall be broken. -A little that a righteous man hath is better than the riches of many wicked. -For the arms of the wicked shall be broken: but the LORD upholdeth the righteous. -The LORD knoweth the days of the upright: and their inheritance shall be for ever. -They shall not be ashamed in the evil time: and in the days of famine they shall be satisfied. -But the wicked shall perish, and the enemies of the LORD shall be as the fat of lambs: they shall consume; into smoke shall they consume away. -The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again: but the righteous sheweth mercy, and giveth. -For such as be blessed of him shall inherit the earth; and they that be cursed of him shall be cut off. -The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD: and he delighteth in his way. -Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down: for the LORD upholdeth him with his hand. -I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. -He is ever merciful, and lendeth; and his seed is blessed. -Depart from evil, and do good; and dwell for evermore. -For the LORD loveth judgment, and forsaketh not his saints; they are preserved for ever: but the seed of the wicked shall be cut off. -The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein for ever. -The mouth of the righteous speaketh wisdom, and his tongue talketh of judgment. -The law of his God is in his heart; none of his steps shall slide. -The wicked watcheth the righteous, and seeketh to slay him. -The LORD will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he is judged. -Wait on the LORD, and keep his way, and he shall exalt thee to inherit the land: when the wicked are cut off, thou shalt see it. -I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree. -Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not: yea, I sought him, but he could not be found. -Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for the end of that man is peace. -But the transgressors shall be destroyed together: the end of the wicked shall be cut off. -But the salvation of the righteous is of the LORD: he is their strength in the time of trouble. -And the LORD shall help them, and deliver them: he shall deliver them from the wicked, and save them, because they trust in him. -O lord, rebuke me not in thy wrath: neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. -For thine arrows stick fast in me, and thy hand presseth me sore. -There is no soundness in my flesh because of thine anger; neither is there any rest in my bones because of my sin. -For mine iniquities are gone over mine head: as an heavy burden they are too heavy for me. -My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness. -I am troubled; I am bowed down greatly; I go mourning all the day long. -For my loins are filled with a loathsome disease: and there is no soundness in my flesh. -I am feeble and sore broken: I have roared by reason of the disquietness of my heart. -Lord, all my desire is before thee; and my groaning is not hid from thee. -My heart panteth, my strength faileth me: as for the light of mine eyes, it also is gone from me. -My lovers and my friends stand aloof from my sore; and my kinsmen stand afar off. -They also that seek after my life lay snares for me: and they that seek my hurt speak mischievous things, and imagine deceits all the day long. -But I, as a deaf man, heard not; and I was as a dumb man that openeth not his mouth. -Thus I was as a man that heareth not, and in whose mouth are no reproofs. -For in thee, O LORD, do I hope: thou wilt hear, O Lord my God. -For I said, Hear me, lest otherwise they should rejoice over me: when my foot slippeth, they magnify themselves against me. -For I am ready to halt, and my sorrow is continually before me. -For I will declare mine iniquity; I will be sorry for my sin. -But mine enemies are lively, and they are strong: and they that hate me wrongfully are multiplied. -They also that render evil for good are mine adversaries; because I follow the thing that good is. -Forsake me not, O LORD: O my God, be not far from me. -Make haste to help me, O Lord my salvation. -I said, I will take heed to my ways, that I sin not with my tongue: I will keep my mouth with a bridle, while the wicked is before me. -I was dumb with silence, I held my peace, even from good; and my sorrow was stirred. -My heart was hot within me, while I was musing the fire burned: then spake I with my tongue, -LORD, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days, what it is: that I may know how frail I am. -Behold, thou hast made my days as an handbreadth; and mine age is as nothing before thee: verily every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Selah. -Surely every man walketh in a vain shew: surely they are disquieted in vain: he heapeth up riches, and knoweth not who shall gather them. -And now, Lord, what wait I for? my hope is in thee. -Deliver me from all my transgressions: make me not the reproach of the foolish. -I was dumb, I opened not my mouth; because thou didst it. -Remove thy stroke away from me: I am consumed by the blow of thine hand. -When thou with rebukes dost correct man for iniquity, thou makest his beauty to consume away like a moth: surely every man is vanity. Selah. -Hear my prayer, O LORD, and give ear unto my cry; hold not thy peace at my tears: for I am a stranger with thee, and a sojourner, as all my fathers were. -O spare me, that I may recover strength, before I go hence, and be no more. -I waited patiently for the LORD; and he inclined unto me, and heard my cry. -He brought me up also out of an horrible pit, out of the miry clay, and set my feet upon a rock, and established my goings. -And he hath put a new song in my mouth, even praise unto our God: many shall see it, and fear, and shall trust in the LORD. -Blessed is that man that maketh the LORD his trust, and respecteth not the proud, nor such as turn aside to lies. -Many, O LORD my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done, and thy thoughts which are to us-ward: they cannot be reckoned up in order unto thee: if I would declare and speak of them, they are more than can be numbered. -Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire; mine ears hast thou opened: burnt offering and sin offering hast thou not required. -Then said I, Lo, I come: in the volume of the book it is written of me, -I delight to do thy will, O my God: yea, thy law is within my heart. -I have preached righteousness in the great congregation: lo, I have not refrained my lips, O LORD, thou knowest. -I have not hid thy righteousness within my heart; I have declared thy faithfulness and thy salvation: I have not concealed thy lovingkindness and thy truth from the great congregation. -Withhold not thou thy tender mercies from me, O LORD: let thy lovingkindness and thy truth continually preserve me. -For innumerable evils have compassed me about: mine iniquities have taken hold upon me, so that I am not able to look up; they are more than the hairs of mine head: therefore my heart faileth me. -Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me: O LORD, make haste to help me. -Let them be ashamed and confounded together that seek after my soul to destroy it; let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil. -Let them be desolate for a reward of their shame that say unto me, Aha, aha. -Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: let such as love thy salvation say continually, The LORD be magnified. -But I am poor and needy; yet the Lord thinketh upon me: thou art my help and my deliverer; make no tarrying, O my God. -Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the LORD will deliver him in time of trouble. -The LORD will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of his enemies. -The LORD will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness. -I said, LORD, be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee. -Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name perish? -And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it. -All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they devise my hurt. -An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. -Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me. -But thou, O LORD, be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I may requite them. -By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth not triumph over me. -And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest me before thy face for ever. -Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen. -As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. -My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come and appear before God? -My tears have been my meat day and night, while they continually say unto me, Where is thy God? -When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me: for I had gone with the multitude, I went with them to the house of God, with the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that kept holyday. -Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted in me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him for the help of his countenance. -O my God, my soul is cast down within me: therefore will I remember thee from the land of Jordan, and of the Hermonites, from the hill Mizar. -Deep calleth unto deep at the noise of thy waterspouts: all thy waves and thy billows are gone over me. -Yet the LORD will command his lovingkindness in the day time, and in the night his song shall be with me, and my prayer unto the God of my life. -I will say unto God my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? -As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach me; while they say daily unto me, Where is thy God? -Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God. -Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man. -For thou art the God of my strength: why dost thou cast me off? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? -O send out thy light and thy truth: let them lead me; let them bring me unto thy holy hill, and to thy tabernacles. -Then will I go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy: yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God. -Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God. -We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us, what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old. -How thou didst drive out the heathen with thy hand, and plantedst them; how thou didst afflict the people, and cast them out. -For they got not the land in possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them: but thy right hand, and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst a favour unto them. -Thou art my King, O God: command deliverances for Jacob. -Through thee will we push down our enemies: through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. -For I will not trust in my bow, neither shall my sword save me. -But thou hast saved us from our enemies, and hast put them to shame that hated us. -In God we boast all the day long, and praise thy name for ever. Selah. -But thou hast cast off, and put us to shame; and goest not forth with our armies. -Thou makest us to turn back from the enemy: and they which hate us spoil for themselves. -Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast scattered us among the heathen. -Thou sellest thy people for nought, and dost not increase thy wealth by their price. -Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us. -Thou makest us a byword among the heathen, a shaking of the head among the people. -My confusion is continually before me, and the shame of my face hath covered me, -For the voice of him that reproacheth and blasphemeth; by reason of the enemy and avenger. -All this is come upon us; yet have we not forgotten thee, neither have we dealt falsely in thy covenant. -Our heart is not turned back, neither have our steps declined from thy way; -Though thou hast sore broken us in the place of dragons, and covered us with the shadow of death. -If we have forgotten the name of our God, or stretched out our hands to a strange god; -Shall not God search this out? for he knoweth the secrets of the heart. -Yea, for thy sake are we killed all the day long; we are counted as sheep for the slaughter. -Awake, why sleepest thou, O Lord? arise, cast us not off for ever. -Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest our affliction and our oppression? -For our soul is bowed down to the dust: our belly cleaveth unto the earth. -Arise for our help, and redeem us for thy mercies' sake. -My heart is inditing a good matter: I speak of the things which I have made touching the king: my tongue is the pen of a ready writer. -Thou art fairer than the children of men: grace is poured into thy lips: therefore God hath blessed thee for ever. -Gird thy sword upon thy thigh, O most mighty, with thy glory and thy majesty. -And in thy majesty ride prosperously because of truth and meekness and righteousness; and thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things. -Thine arrows are sharp in the heart of the king's enemies; whereby the people fall under thee. -Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: the sceptre of thy kingdom is a right sceptre. -Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest wickedness: therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. -All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad. -Kings' daughters were among thy honourable women: upon thy right hand did stand the queen in gold of Ophir. -Hearken, O daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own people, and thy father's house; -So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord; and worship thou him. -And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour. -The king's daughter is all glorious within: her clothing is of wrought gold. -She shall be brought unto the king in raiment of needlework: the virgins her companions that follow her shall be brought unto thee. -With gladness and rejoicing shall they be brought: they shall enter into the king's palace. -Instead of thy fathers shall be thy children, whom thou mayest make princes in all the earth. -I will make thy name to be remembered in all generations: therefore shall the people praise thee for ever and ever. -God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. -Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea; -Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah. -There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High. -God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved: God shall help her, and that right early. -The heathen raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice, the earth melted. -The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. -Come, behold the works of the LORD, what desolations he hath made in the earth. -He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; he breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder; he burneth the chariot in the fire. -Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth. -The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. -O clap your hands, all ye people; shout unto God with the voice of triumph. -For the LORD most high is terrible; he is a great King over all the earth. -He shall subdue the people under us, and the nations under our feet. -He shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob whom he loved. Selah. -God is gone up with a shout, the LORD with the sound of a trumpet. -Sing praises to God, sing praises: sing praises unto our King, sing praises. -For God is the King of all the earth: sing ye praises with understanding. -God reigneth over the heathen: God sitteth upon the throne of his holiness. -The princes of the people are gathered together, even the people of the God of Abraham: for the shields of the earth belong unto God: he is greatly exalted. -Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised in the city of our God, in the mountain of his holiness. -Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is mount Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the great King. -God is known in her palaces for a refuge. -For, lo, the kings were assembled, they passed by together. -They saw it, and so they marvelled; they were troubled, and hasted away. -Fear took hold upon them there, and pain, as of a woman in travail. -Thou breakest the ships of Tarshish with an east wind. -As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the LORD of hosts, in the city of our God: God will establish it for ever. Selah. -We have thought of thy lovingkindness, O God, in the midst of thy temple. -According to thy name, O God, so is thy praise unto the ends of the earth: thy right hand is full of righteousness. -Let mount Zion rejoice, let the daughters of Judah be glad, because of thy judgments. -Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the towers thereof. -Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces; that ye may tell it to the generation following. -For this God is our God for ever and ever: he will be our guide even unto death. -Hear this, all ye people; give ear, all ye inhabitants of the world: -Both low and high, rich and poor, together. -My mouth shall speak of wisdom; and the meditation of my heart shall be of understanding. -I will incline mine ear to a parable: I will open my dark saying upon the harp. -Wherefore should I fear in the days of evil, when the iniquity of my heels shall compass me about? -They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the multitude of their riches; -None of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God a ransom for him: -(For the redemption of their soul is precious, and it ceaseth for ever:) -That he should still live for ever, and not see corruption. -For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others. -Their inward thought is, that their houses shall continue for ever, and their dwelling places to all generations; they call their lands after their own names. -Nevertheless man being in honour abideth not: he is like the beasts that perish. -This their way is their folly: yet their posterity approve their sayings. Selah. -Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them; and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning; and their beauty shall consume in the grave from their dwelling. -But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah. -Be not thou afraid when one is made rich, when the glory of his house is increased; -For when he dieth he shall carry nothing away: his glory shall not descend after him. -Though while he lived he blessed his soul: and men will praise thee, when thou doest well to thyself. -He shall go to the generation of his fathers; they shall never see light. -Man that is in honour, and understandeth not, is like the beasts that perish. -The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. -Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God hath shined. -Our God shall come, and shall not keep silence: a fire shall devour before him, and it shall be very tempestuous round about him. -He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his people. -Gather my saints together unto me; those that have made a covenant with me by sacrifice. -And the heavens shall declare his righteousness: for God is judge himself. Selah. -Hear, O my people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee: I am God, even thy God. -I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices or thy burnt offerings, to have been continually before me. -I will take no bullock out of thy house, nor he goats out of thy folds. -For every beast of the forest is mine, and the cattle upon a thousand hills. -I know all the fowls of the mountains: and the wild beasts of the field are mine. -If I were hungry, I would not tell thee: for the world is mine, and the fulness thereof. -Will I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats? -Offer unto God thanksgiving; and pay thy vows unto the most High: -And call upon me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me. -But unto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to do to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant in thy mouth? -Seeing thou hatest instruction, and casteth my words behind thee. -When thou sawest a thief, then thou consentedst with him, and hast been partaker with adulterers. -Thou givest thy mouth to evil, and thy tongue frameth deceit. -Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine own mother's son. -These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes. -Now consider this, ye that forget God, lest I tear you in pieces, and there be none to deliver. -Whoso offereth praise glorifieth me: and to him that ordereth his conversation aright will I shew the salvation of God. -Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy lovingkindness: according unto the multitude of thy tender mercies blot out my transgressions. -Wash me throughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin. -For I acknowledge my transgressions: and my sin is ever before me. -Against thee, thee only, have I sinned, and done this evil in thy sight: that thou mightest be justified when thou speakest, and be clear when thou judgest. -Behold, I was shapen in iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me. -Behold, thou desirest truth in the inward parts: and in the hidden part thou shalt make me to know wisdom. -Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. -Make me to hear joy and gladness; that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice. -Hide thy face from my sins, and blot out all mine iniquities. -Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me. -Cast me not away from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit from me. -Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation; and uphold me with thy free spirit. -Then will I teach transgressors thy ways; and sinners shall be converted unto thee. -Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, thou God of my salvation: and my tongue shall sing aloud of thy righteousness. -O Lord, open thou my lips; and my mouth shall shew forth thy praise. -For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it: thou delightest not in burnt offering. -The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. -Do good in thy good pleasure unto Zion: build thou the walls of Jerusalem. -Then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness, with burnt offering and whole burnt offering: then shall they offer bullocks upon thine altar. -Why boastest thou thyself in mischief, O mighty man? the goodness of God endureth continually. -The tongue deviseth mischiefs; like a sharp razor, working deceitfully. -Thou lovest evil more than good; and lying rather than to speak righteousness. Selah. -Thou lovest all devouring words, O thou deceitful tongue. -God shall likewise destroy thee for ever, he shall take thee away, and pluck thee out of thy dwelling place, and root thee out of the land of the living. Selah. -The righteous also shall see, and fear, and shall laugh at him: -Lo, this is the man that made not God his strength; but trusted in the abundance of his riches, and strengthened himself in his wickedness. -But I am like a green olive tree in the house of God: I trust in the mercy of God for ever and ever. -I will praise thee for ever, because thou hast done it: and I will wait on thy name; for it is good before thy saints. -The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Corrupt are they, and have done abominable iniquity: there is none that doeth good. -God looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, that did seek God. -Every one of them is gone back: they are altogether become filthy; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. -Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people as they eat bread: they have not called upon God. -There were they in great fear, where no fear was: for God hath scattered the bones of him that encampeth against thee: thou hast put them to shame, because God hath despised them. -Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. -Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength. -Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth. -For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah. -Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul. -He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth. -I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good. -For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies. -Give ear to my prayer, O God; and hide not thyself from my supplication. -Attend unto me, and hear me: I mourn in my complaint, and make a noise; -Because of the voice of the enemy, because of the oppression of the wicked: for they cast iniquity upon me, and in wrath they hate me. -My heart is sore pained within me: and the terrors of death are fallen upon me. -Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me, and horror hath overwhelmed me. -And I said, Oh that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away, and be at rest. -Lo, then would I wander far off, and remain in the wilderness. Selah. -I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and tempest. -Destroy, O Lord, and divide their tongues: for I have seen violence and strife in the city. -Day and night they go about it upon the walls thereof: mischief also and sorrow are in the midst of it. -Wickedness is in the midst thereof: deceit and guile depart not from her streets. -For it was not an enemy that reproached me; then I could have borne it: neither was it he that hated me that did magnify himself against me; then I would have hid myself from him: -But it was thou, a man mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance. -We took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the house of God in company. -Let death seize upon them, and let them go down quick into hell: for wickedness is in their dwellings, and among them. -As for me, I will call upon God; and the LORD shall save me. -Evening, and morning, and at noon, will I pray, and cry aloud: and he shall hear my voice. -He hath delivered my soul in peace from the battle that was against me: for there were many with me. -God shall hear, and afflict them, even he that abideth of old. Selah. Because they have no changes, therefore they fear not God. -He hath put forth his hands against such as be at peace with him: he hath broken his covenant. -The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart: his words were softer than oil, yet were they drawn swords. -Cast thy burden upon the LORD, and he shall sustain thee: he shall never suffer the righteous to be moved. -But thou, O God, shalt bring them down into the pit of destruction: bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days; but I will trust in thee. -Be merciful unto me, O God: for man would swallow me up; he fighting daily oppresseth me. -Mine enemies would daily swallow me up: for they be many that fight against me, O thou most High. -What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee. -In God I will praise his word, in God I have put my trust; I will not fear what flesh can do unto me. -Every day they wrest my words: all their thoughts are against me for evil. -They gather themselves together, they hide themselves, they mark my steps, when they wait for my soul. -Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the people, O God. -Thou tellest my wanderings: put thou my tears into thy bottle: are they not in thy book? -When I cry unto thee, then shall mine enemies turn back: this I know; for God is for me. -In God will I praise his word: in the LORD will I praise his word. -In God have I put my trust: I will not be afraid what man can do unto me. -Thy vows are upon me, O God: I will render praises unto thee. -For thou hast delivered my soul from death: wilt not thou deliver my feet from falling, that I may walk before God in the light of the living? -Be merciful unto me, O God, be merciful unto me: for my soul trusteth in thee: yea, in the shadow of thy wings will I make my refuge, until these calamities be overpast. -I will cry unto God most high; unto God that performeth all things for me. -He shall send from heaven, and save me from the reproach of him that would swallow me up. Selah. God shall send forth his mercy and his truth. -My soul is among lions: and I lie even among them that are set on fire, even the sons of men, whose teeth are spears and arrows, and their tongue a sharp sword. -Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens; let thy glory be above all the earth. -They have prepared a net for my steps; my soul is bowed down: they have digged a pit before me, into the midst whereof they are fallen themselves. Selah. -My heart is fixed, O God, my heart is fixed: I will sing and give praise. -Awake up, my glory; awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early. -I will praise thee, O Lord, among the people: I will sing unto thee among the nations. -For thy mercy is great unto the heavens, and thy truth unto the clouds. -Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: let thy glory be above all the earth. -Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation? do ye judge uprightly, O ye sons of men? -Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth. -The wicked are estranged from the womb: they go astray as soon as they be born, speaking lies. -Their poison is like the poison of a serpent: they are like the deaf adder that stoppeth her ear; -Which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never so wisely. -Break their teeth, O God, in their mouth: break out the great teeth of the young lions, O LORD. -Let them melt away as waters which run continually: when he bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows, let them be as cut in pieces. -As a snail which melteth, let every one of them pass away: like the untimely birth of a woman, that they may not see the sun. -Before your pots can feel the thorns, he shall take them away as with a whirlwind, both living, and in his wrath. -The righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance: he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked. -So that a man shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth. -Deliver me from mine enemies, O my God: defend me from them that rise up against me. -Deliver me from the workers of iniquity, and save me from bloody men. -For, lo, they lie in wait for my soul: the mighty are gathered against me; not for my transgression, nor for my sin, O LORD. -They run and prepare themselves without my fault: awake to help me, and behold. -Thou therefore, O LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to visit all the heathen: be not merciful to any wicked transgressors. Selah. -They return at evening: they make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. -Behold, they belch out with their mouth: swords are in their lips: for who, say they, doth hear? -But thou, O LORD, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the heathen in derision. -Because of his strength will I wait upon thee: for God is my defence. -The God of my mercy shall prevent me: God shall let me see my desire upon mine enemies. -Slay them not, lest my people forget: scatter them by thy power; and bring them down, O Lord our shield. -For the sin of their mouth and the words of their lips let them even be taken in their pride: and for cursing and lying which they speak. -Consume them in wrath, consume them, that they may not be: and let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth. Selah. -And at evening let them return; and let them make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. -Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied. -But I will sing of thy power; yea, I will sing aloud of thy mercy in the morning: for thou hast been my defence and refuge in the day of my trouble. -Unto thee, O my strength, will I sing: for God is my defence, and the God of my mercy. -O God, thou hast cast us off, thou hast scattered us, thou hast been displeased; O turn thyself to us again. -Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast broken it: heal the breaches thereof; for it shaketh. -Thou hast shewed thy people hard things: thou hast made us to drink the wine of astonishment. -Thou hast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth. Selah. -That thy beloved may be delivered; save with thy right hand, and hear me. -God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. -Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver; -Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe: Philistia, triumph thou because of me. -Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into Edom? -Wilt not thou, O God, which hadst cast us off? and thou, O God, which didst not go out with our armies? -Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man. -Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall tread down our enemies. -Hear my cry, O God; attend unto my prayer. -From the end of the earth will I cry unto thee, when my heart is overwhelmed: lead me to the rock that is higher than I. -For thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the enemy. -I will abide in thy tabernacle for ever: I will trust in the covert of thy wings. Selah. -For thou, O God, hast heard my vows: thou hast given me the heritage of those that fear thy name. -Thou wilt prolong the king's life: and his years as many generations. -He shall abide before God for ever: O prepare mercy and truth, which may preserve him. -So will I sing praise unto thy name for ever, that I may daily perform my vows. -Truly my soul waiteth upon God: from him cometh my salvation. -He only is my rock and my salvation; he is my defence; I shall not be greatly moved. -How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence. -They only consult to cast him down from his excellency: they delight in lies: they bless with their mouth, but they curse inwardly. Selah. -My soul, wait thou only upon God; for my expectation is from him. -He only is my rock and my salvation: he is my defence; I shall not be moved. -In God is my salvation and my glory: the rock of my strength, and my refuge, is in God. -Trust in him at all times; ye people, pour out your heart before him: God is a refuge for us. Selah. -Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than vanity. -Trust not in oppression, and become not vain in robbery: if riches increase, set not your heart upon them. -God hath spoken once; twice have I heard this; that power belongeth unto God. -Also unto thee, O Lord, belongeth mercy: for thou renderest to every man according to his work. -O God, thou art my God; early will I seek thee: my soul thirsteth for thee, my flesh longeth for thee in a dry and thirsty land, where no water is; -To see thy power and thy glory, so as I have seen thee in the sanctuary. -Because thy lovingkindness is better than life, my lips shall praise thee. -Thus will I bless thee while I live: I will lift up my hands in thy name. -My soul shall be satisfied as with marrow and fatness; and my mouth shall praise thee with joyful lips: -When I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate on thee in the night watches. -Because thou hast been my help, therefore in the shadow of thy wings will I rejoice. -My soul followeth hard after thee: thy right hand upholdeth me. -But those that seek my soul, to destroy it, shall go into the lower parts of the earth. -They shall fall by the sword: they shall be a portion for foxes. -But the king shall rejoice in God; every one that sweareth by him shall glory: but the mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped. -Hear my voice, O God, in my prayer: preserve my life from fear of the enemy. -Hide me from the secret counsel of the wicked; from the insurrection of the workers of iniquity: -Who whet their tongue like a sword, and bend their bows to shoot their arrows, even bitter words: -That they may shoot in secret at the perfect: suddenly do they shoot at him, and fear not. -They encourage themselves in an evil matter: they commune of laying snares privily; they say, Who shall see them? -They search out iniquities; they accomplish a diligent search: both the inward thought of every one of them, and the heart, is deep. -But God shall shoot at them with an arrow; suddenly shall they be wounded. -So they shall make their own tongue to fall upon themselves: all that see them shall flee away. -And all men shall fear, and shall declare the work of God; for they shall wisely consider of his doing. -The righteous shall be glad in the LORD, and shall trust in him; and all the upright in heart shall glory. -Praise waiteth for thee, O God, in Sion: and unto thee shall the vow be performed. -O thou that hearest prayer, unto thee shall all flesh come. -Iniquities prevail against me: as for our transgressions, thou shalt purge them away. -Blessed is the man whom thou choosest, and causest to approach unto thee, that he may dwell in thy courts: we shall be satisfied with the goodness of thy house, even of thy holy temple. -By terrible things in righteousness wilt thou answer us, O God of our salvation; who art the confidence of all the ends of the earth, and of them that are afar off upon the sea: -Which by his strength setteth fast the mountains; being girded with power: -Which stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves, and the tumult of the people. -They also that dwell in the uttermost parts are afraid at thy tokens: thou makest the outgoings of the morning and evening to rejoice. -Thou visitest the earth, and waterest it: thou greatly enrichest it with the river of God, which is full of water: thou preparest them corn, when thou hast so provided for it. -Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing thereof. -Thou crownest the year with thy goodness; and thy paths drop fatness. -They drop upon the pastures of the wilderness: and the little hills rejoice on every side. -The pastures are clothed with flocks; the valleys also are covered over with corn; they shout for joy, they also sing. -Make a joyful noise unto God, all ye lands: -Sing forth the honour of his name: make his praise glorious. -Say unto God, How terrible art thou in thy works! through the greatness of thy power shall thine enemies submit themselves unto thee. -All the earth shall worship thee, and shall sing unto thee; they shall sing to thy name. Selah. -Come and see the works of God: he is terrible in his doing toward the children of men. -He turned the sea into dry land: they went through the flood on foot: there did we rejoice in him. -He ruleth by his power for ever; his eyes behold the nations: let not the rebellious exalt themselves. Selah. -O bless our God, ye people, and make the voice of his praise to be heard: -Which holdeth our soul in life, and suffereth not our feet to be moved. -For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us, as silver is tried. -Thou broughtest us into the net; thou laidst affliction upon our loins. -Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads; we went through fire and through water: but thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place. -I will go into thy house with burnt offerings: I will pay thee my vows, -Which my lips have uttered, and my mouth hath spoken, when I was in trouble. -I will offer unto thee burnt sacrifices of fatlings, with the incense of rams; I will offer bullocks with goats. Selah. -Come and hear, all ye that fear God, and I will declare what he hath done for my soul. -I cried unto him with my mouth, and he was extolled with my tongue. -If I regard iniquity in my heart, the Lord will not hear me: -But verily God hath heard me; he hath attended to the voice of my prayer. -Blessed be God, which hath not turned away my prayer, nor his mercy from me. -God be merciful unto us, and bless us; and cause his face to shine upon us; Selah. -That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health among all nations. -Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. -O let the nations be glad and sing for joy: for thou shalt judge the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth. Selah. -Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. -Then shall the earth yield her increase; and God, even our own God, shall bless us. -God shall bless us; and all the ends of the earth shall fear him. -Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered: let them also that hate him flee before him. -As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. -But let the righteous be glad; let them rejoice before God: yea, let them exceedingly rejoice. -Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him. -A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows, is God in his holy habitation. -God setteth the solitary in families: he bringeth out those which are bound with chains: but the rebellious dwell in a dry land. -O God, when thou wentest forth before thy people, when thou didst march through the wilderness; Selah: -The earth shook, the heavens also dropped at the presence of God: even Sinai itself was moved at the presence of God, the God of Israel. -Thou, O God, didst send a plentiful rain, whereby thou didst confirm thine inheritance, when it was weary. -Thy congregation hath dwelt therein: thou, O God, hast prepared of thy goodness for the poor. -The Lord gave the word: great was the company of those that published it. -Kings of armies did flee apace: and she that tarried at home divided the spoil. -Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold. -When the Almighty scattered kings in it, it was white as snow in Salmon. -The hill of God is as the hill of Bashan; an high hill as the hill of Bashan. -Why leap ye, ye high hills? this is the hill which God desireth to dwell in; yea, the LORD will dwell in it for ever. -The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands of angels: the Lord is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy place. -Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive: thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell among them. -Blessed be the Lord, who daily loadeth us with benefits, even the God of our salvation. Selah. -He that is our God is the God of salvation; and unto GOD the Lord belong the issues from death. -But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of such an one as goeth on still in his trespasses. -The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan, I will bring my people again from the depths of the sea: -That thy foot may be dipped in the blood of thine enemies, and the tongue of thy dogs in the same. -They have seen thy goings, O God; even the goings of my God, my King, in the sanctuary. -The singers went before, the players on instruments followed after; among them were the damsels playing with timbrels. -Bless ye God in the congregations, even the Lord, from the fountain of Israel. -There is little Benjamin with their ruler, the princes of Judah and their council, the princes of Zebulun, and the princes of Naphtali. -Thy God hath commanded thy strength: strengthen, O God, that which thou hast wrought for us. -Because of thy temple at Jerusalem shall kings bring presents unto thee. -Rebuke the company of spearmen, the multitude of the bulls, with the calves of the people, till every one submit himself with pieces of silver: scatter thou the people that delight in war. -Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God. -Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth; O sing praises unto the Lord; Selah: -To him that rideth upon the heavens of heavens, which were of old; lo, he doth send out his voice, and that a mighty voice. -Ascribe ye strength unto God: his excellency is over Israel, and his strength is in the clouds. -O God, thou art terrible out of thy holy places: the God of Israel is he that giveth strength and power unto his people. Blessed be God. -Save me, O God; for the waters are come in unto my soul. -I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing: I am come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me. -I am weary of my crying: my throat is dried: mine eyes fail while I wait for my God. -They that hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of mine head: they that would destroy me, being mine enemies wrongfully, are mighty: then I restored that which I took not away. -O God, thou knowest my foolishness; and my sins are not hid from thee. -Let not them that wait on thee, O Lord GOD of hosts, be ashamed for my sake: let not those that seek thee be confounded for my sake, O God of Israel. -Because for thy sake I have borne reproach; shame hath covered my face. -I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my mother's children. -For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up; and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me. -When I wept, and chastened my soul with fasting, that was to my reproach. -I made sackcloth also my garment; and I became a proverb to them. -They that sit in the gate speak against me; and I was the song of the drunkards. -But as for me, my prayer is unto thee, O LORD, in an acceptable time: O God, in the multitude of thy mercy hear me, in the truth of thy salvation. -Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink: let me be delivered from them that hate me, and out of the deep waters. -Let not the waterflood overflow me, neither let the deep swallow me up, and let not the pit shut her mouth upon me. -Hear me, O LORD; for thy lovingkindness is good: turn unto me according to the multitude of thy tender mercies. -And hide not thy face from thy servant; for I am in trouble: hear me speedily. -Draw nigh unto my soul, and redeem it: deliver me because of mine enemies. -Thou hast known my reproach, and my shame, and my dishonour: mine adversaries are all before thee. -Reproach hath broken my heart; and I am full of heaviness: and I looked for some to take pity, but there was none; and for comforters, but I found none. -They gave me also gall for my meat; and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink. -Let their table become a snare before them: and that which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap. -Let their eyes be darkened, that they see not; and make their loins continually to shake. -Pour out thine indignation upon them, and let thy wrathful anger take hold of them. -Let their habitation be desolate; and let none dwell in their tents. -For they persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded. -Add iniquity unto their iniquity: and let them not come into thy righteousness. -Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous. -But I am poor and sorrowful: let thy salvation, O God, set me up on high. -I will praise the name of God with a song, and will magnify him with thanksgiving. -This also shall please the LORD better than an ox or bullock that hath horns and hoofs. -The humble shall see this, and be glad: and your heart shall live that seek God. -For the LORD heareth the poor, and despiseth not his prisoners. -Let the heaven and earth praise him, the seas, and every thing that moveth therein. -For God will save Zion, and will build the cities of Judah: that they may dwell there, and have it in possession. -The seed also of his servants shall inherit it: and they that love his name shall dwell therein. -MAKE HASTE, O GOD, TO DELIVER ME; MAKE HASTE TO HELP ME, O LORD. -Let them be ashamed and confounded that seek after my soul: let them be turned backward, and put to confusion, that desire my hurt. -Let them be turned back for a reward of their shame that say, Aha, aha. -Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: and let such as love thy salvation say continually, Let God be magnified. -But I am poor and needy: make haste unto me, O God: thou art my help and my deliverer; O LORD, make no tarrying. -In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust: let me never be put to confusion. -Deliver me in thy righteousness, and cause me to escape: incline thine ear unto me, and save me. -Be thou my strong habitation, whereunto I may continually resort: thou hast given commandment to save me; for thou art my rock and my fortress. -Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous and cruel man. -For thou art my hope, O Lord GOD: thou art my trust from my youth. -By thee have I been holden up from the womb: thou art he that took me out of my mother's bowels: my praise shall be continually of thee. -I am as a wonder unto many; but thou art my strong refuge. -Let my mouth be filled with thy praise and with thy honour all the day. -Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my strength faileth. -For mine enemies speak against me; and they that lay wait for my soul take counsel together, -Saying, God hath forsaken him: persecute and take him; for there is none to deliver him. -O God, be not far from me: O my God, make haste for my help. -Let them be confounded and consumed that are adversaries to my soul; let them be covered with reproach and dishonour that seek my hurt. -But I will hope continually, and will yet praise thee more and more. -My mouth shall shew forth thy righteousness and thy salvation all the day; for I know not the numbers thereof. -I will go in the strength of the Lord GOD: I will make mention of thy righteousness, even of thine only. -O God, thou hast taught me from my youth: and hitherto have I declared thy wondrous works. -Now also when I am old and greyheaded, O God, forsake me not; until I have shewed thy strength unto this generation, and thy power to every one that is to come. -Thy righteousness also, O God, is very high, who hast done great things: O God, who is like unto thee! -Thou, which hast shewed me great and sore troubles, shalt quicken me again, and shalt bring me up again from the depths of the earth. -Thou shalt increase my greatness, and comfort me on every side. -I will also praise thee with the psaltery, even thy truth, O my God: unto thee will I sing with the harp, O thou Holy One of Israel. -My lips shall greatly rejoice when I sing unto thee; and my soul, which thou hast redeemed. -My tongue also shall talk of thy righteousness all the day long: for they are confounded, for they are brought unto shame, that seek my hurt. -Give the king thy judgments, O God, and thy righteousness unto the king's son. -He shall judge thy people with righteousness, and thy poor with judgment. -The mountains shall bring peace to the people, and the little hills, by righteousness. -He shall judge the poor of the people, he shall save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor. -They shall fear thee as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations. -He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass: as showers that water the earth. -In his days shall the righteous flourish; and abundance of peace so long as the moon endureth. -He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth. -They that dwell in the wilderness shall bow before him; and his enemies shall lick the dust. -The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents: the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts. -Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations shall serve him. -For he shall deliver the needy when he crieth; the poor also, and him that hath no helper. -He shall spare the poor and needy, and shall save the souls of the needy. -He shall redeem their soul from deceit and violence: and precious shall their blood be in his sight. -And he shall live, and to him shall be given of the gold of Sheba: prayer also shall be made for him continually; and daily shall he be praised. -There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth. -His name shall endure for ever: his name shall be continued as long as the sun: and men shall be blessed in him: all nations shall call him blessed. -Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, who only doeth wondrous things. -And blessed be his glorious name for ever: and let the whole earth be filled with his glory; Amen, and Amen. -The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended. -Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean heart. -But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had well nigh slipped. -For I was envious at the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked. -For there are no bands in their death: but their strength is firm. -They are not in trouble as other men; neither are they plagued like other men. -Therefore pride compasseth them about as a chain; violence covereth them as a garment. -Their eyes stand out with fatness: they have more than heart could wish. -They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression: they speak loftily. -They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue walketh through the earth. -Therefore his people return hither: and waters of a full cup are wrung out to them. -And they say, How doth God know? and is there knowledge in the most High? -Behold, these are the ungodly, who prosper in the world; they increase in riches. -Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency. -For all the day long have I been plagued, and chastened every morning. -If I say, I will speak thus; behold, I should offend against the generation of thy children. -When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me; -Until I went into the sanctuary of God; then understood I their end. -Surely thou didst set them in slippery places: thou castedst them down into destruction. -How are they brought into desolation, as in a moment! they are utterly consumed with terrors. -As a dream when one awaketh; so, O Lord, when thou awakest, thou shalt despise their image. -Thus my heart was grieved, and I was pricked in my reins. -So foolish was I, and ignorant: I was as a beast before thee. -Nevertheless I am continually with thee: thou hast holden me by my right hand. -Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory. -Whom have I in heaven but thee? and there is none upon earth that I desire beside thee. -My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my heart, and my portion for ever. -For, lo, they that are far from thee shall perish: thou hast destroyed all them that go a whoring from thee. -But it is good for me to draw near to God: I have put my trust in the Lord GOD, that I may declare all thy works. -O God, why hast thou cast us off for ever? why doth thine anger smoke against the sheep of thy pasture? -Remember thy congregation, which thou hast purchased of old; the rod of thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed; this mount Zion, wherein thou hast dwelt. -Lift up thy feet unto the perpetual desolations; even all that the enemy hath done wickedly in the sanctuary. -Thine enemies roar in the midst of thy congregations; they set up their ensigns for signs. -A man was famous according as he had lifted up axes upon the thick trees. -But now they break down the carved work thereof at once with axes and hammers. -They have cast fire into thy sanctuary, they have defiled by casting down the dwelling place of thy name to the ground. -They said in their hearts, Let us destroy them together: they have burned up all the synagogues of God in the land. -We see not our signs: there is no more any prophet: neither is there among us any that knoweth how long. -O God, how long shall the adversary reproach? shall the enemy blaspheme thy name for ever? -Why withdrawest thou thy hand, even thy right hand? pluck it out of thy bosom. -For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth. -Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. -Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness. -Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. -The day is thine, the night also is thine: thou hast prepared the light and the sun. -Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: thou hast made summer and winter. -Remember this, that the enemy hath reproached, O LORD, and that the foolish people have blasphemed thy name. -O deliver not the soul of thy turtledove unto the multitude of the wicked: forget not the congregation of thy poor for ever. -Have respect unto the covenant: for the dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of cruelty. -O let not the oppressed return ashamed: let the poor and needy praise thy name. -Arise, O God, plead thine own cause: remember how the foolish man reproacheth thee daily. -Forget not the voice of thine enemies: the tumult of those that rise up against thee increaseth continually. -Unto thee, O God, do we give thanks, unto thee do we give thanks: for that thy name is near thy wondrous works declare. -When I shall receive the congregation I will judge uprightly. -The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear up the pillars of it. Selah. -I said unto the fools, Deal not foolishly: and to the wicked, Lift not up the horn: -Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck. -For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south. -But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another. -For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup, and the wine is red; it is full of mixture; and he poureth out of the same: but the dregs thereof, all the wicked of the earth shall wring them out, and drink them. -But I will declare for ever; I will sing praises to the God of Jacob. -All the horns of the wicked also will I cut off; but the horns of the righteous shall be exalted. -In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. -In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion. -There brake he the arrows of the bow, the shield, and the sword, and the battle. Selah. -Thou art more glorious and excellent than the mountains of prey. -The stouthearted are spoiled, they have slept their sleep: and none of the men of might have found their hands. -At thy rebuke, O God of Jacob, both the chariot and horse are cast into a dead sleep. -Thou, even thou, art to be feared: and who may stand in thy sight when once thou art angry? -Thou didst cause judgment to be heard from heaven; the earth feared, and was still, -When God arose to judgment, to save all the meek of the earth. Selah. -Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee: the remainder of wrath shalt thou restrain. -Vow, and pay unto the LORD your God: let all that be round about him bring presents unto him that ought to be feared. -He shall cut off the spirit of princes: he is terrible to the kings of the earth. -I cried unto God with my voice, even unto God with my voice; and he gave ear unto me. -In the day of my trouble I sought the Lord: my sore ran in the night, and ceased not: my soul refused to be comforted. -I remembered God, and was troubled: I complained, and my spirit was overwhelmed. Selah. -Thou holdest mine eyes waking: I am so troubled that I cannot speak. -I have considered the days of old, the years of ancient times. -I call to remembrance my song in the night: I commune with mine own heart: and my spirit made diligent search. -Will the Lord cast off for ever? and will he be favourable no more? -Is his mercy clean gone for ever? doth his promise fail for evermore? -Hath God forgotten to be gracious? hath he in anger shut up his tender mercies? Selah. -And I said, This is my infirmity: but I will remember the years of the right hand of the most High. -I will remember the works of the LORD: surely I will remember thy wonders of old. -I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings. -Thy way, O God, is in the sanctuary: who is so great a God as our God? -Thou art the God that doest wonders: thou hast declared thy strength among the people. -Thou hast with thine arm redeemed thy people, the sons of Jacob and Joseph. Selah. -The waters saw thee, O God, the waters saw thee; they were afraid: the depths also were troubled. -The clouds poured out water: the skies sent out a sound: thine arrows also went abroad. -The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven: the lightnings lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook. -Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known. -Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron. -Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. -I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old: -Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us. -We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the LORD, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done. -For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children: -That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children: -That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his commandments: -And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God. -The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle. -They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law; -And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them. -Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan. -He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and he made the waters to stand as an heap. -In the daytime also he led them with a cloud, and all the night with a light of fire. -He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the great depths. -He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers. -And they sinned yet more against him by provoking the most High in the wilderness. -And they tempted God in their heart by asking meat for their lust. -Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness? -Behold, he smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the streams overflowed; can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for his people? -Therefore the LORD heard this, and was wroth: so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel; -Because they believed not in God, and trusted not in his salvation: -Though he had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the doors of heaven, -And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them of the corn of heaven. -Man did eat angels' food: he sent them meat to the full. -He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven: and by his power he brought in the south wind. -He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea: -And he let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about their habitations. -So they did eat, and were well filled: for he gave them their own desire; -They were not estranged from their lust. But while their meat was yet in their mouths, -The wrath of God came upon them, and slew the fattest of them, and smote down the chosen men of Israel. -For all this they sinned still, and believed not for his wondrous works. -Therefore their days did he consume in vanity, and their years in trouble. -When he slew them, then they sought him: and they returned and enquired early after God. -And they remembered that God was their rock, and the high God their redeemer. -Nevertheless they did flatter him with their mouth, and they lied unto him with their tongues. -For their heart was not right with him, neither were they stedfast in his covenant. -But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did not stir up all his wrath. -For he remembered that they were but flesh; a wind that passeth away, and cometh not again. -How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, and grieve him in the desert! -Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel. -They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them from the enemy. -How he had wrought his signs in Egypt, and his wonders in the field of Zoan. -And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink. -He sent divers sorts of flies among them, which devoured them; and frogs, which destroyed them. -He gave also their increase unto the caterpiller, and their labour unto the locust. -He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost. -He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to hot thunderbolts. -He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them. -He made a way to his anger; he spared not their soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence; -And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham: -But made his own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock. -And he led them on safely, so that they feared not: but the sea overwhelmed their enemies. -And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even to this mountain, which his right hand had purchased. -He cast out the heathen also before them, and divided them an inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents. -Yet they tempted and provoked the most high God, and kept not his testimonies: -But turned back, and dealt unfaithfully like their fathers: they were turned aside like a deceitful bow. -For they provoked him to anger with their high places, and moved him to jealousy with their graven images. -When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred Israel: -So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which he placed among men; -And delivered his strength into captivity, and his glory into the enemy's hand. -He gave his people over also unto the sword; and was wroth with his inheritance. -The fire consumed their young men; and their maidens were not given to marriage. -Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation. -Then the LORD awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man that shouteth by reason of wine. -And he smote his enemies in the hinder parts: he put them to a perpetual reproach. -Moreover he refused the tabernacle of Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim: -But chose the tribe of Judah, the mount Zion which he loved. -And he built his sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth which he hath established for ever. -He chose David also his servant, and took him from the sheepfolds: -From following the ewes great with young he brought him to feed Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance. -So he fed them according to the integrity of his heart; and guided them by the skilfulness of his hands. -O god, the heathen are come into thine inheritance; thy holy temple have they defiled; they have laid Jerusalem on heaps. -The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be meat unto the fowls of the heaven, the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth. -Their blood have they shed like water round about Jerusalem; and there was none to bury them. -We are become a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and derision to them that are round about us. -How long, LORD? wilt thou be angry for ever? shall thy jealousy burn like fire? -Pour out thy wrath upon the heathen that have not known thee, and upon the kingdoms that have not called upon thy name. -For they have devoured Jacob, and laid waste his dwelling place. -O remember not against us former iniquities: let thy tender mercies speedily prevent us: for we are brought very low. -Help us, O God of our salvation, for the glory of thy name: and deliver us, and purge away our sins, for thy name's sake. -Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is their God? let him be known among the heathen in our sight by the revenging of the blood of thy servants which is shed. -Let the sighing of the prisoner come before thee; according to the greatness of thy power preserve thou those that are appointed to die; -And render unto our neighbours sevenfold into their bosom their reproach, wherewith they have reproached thee, O Lord. -So we thy people and sheep of thy pasture will give thee thanks for ever: we will shew forth thy praise to all generations. -Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth. -Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength, and come and save us. -Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. -O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy people? -Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears to drink in great measure. -Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies laugh among themselves. -Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. -Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. -Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. -The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. -She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. -Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? -The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. -Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; -And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. -It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the rebuke of thy countenance. -Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of man whom thou madest strong for thyself. -So will not we go back from thee: quicken us, and we will call upon thy name. -Turn us again, O LORD God of hosts, cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. -Sing aloud unto God our strength: make a joyful noise unto the God of Jacob. -Take a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp with the psaltery. -Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on our solemn feast day. -For this was a statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob. -This he ordained in Joseph for a testimony, when he went out through the land of Egypt: where I heard a language that I understood not. -I removed his shoulder from the burden: his hands were delivered from the pots. -Thou calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; I answered thee in the secret place of thunder: I proved thee at the waters of Meribah. Selah. -Hear, O my people, and I will testify unto thee: O Israel, if thou wilt hearken unto me; -There shall no strange god be in thee; neither shalt thou worship any strange god. -I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt: open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it. -But my people would not hearken to my voice; and Israel would none of me. -So I gave them up unto their own hearts' lust: and they walked in their own counsels. -Oh that my people had hearkened unto me, and Israel had walked in my ways! -I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned my hand against their adversaries. -The haters of the LORD should have submitted themselves unto him: but their time should have endured for ever. -He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat: and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee. -God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods. -How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah. -Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy. -Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the wicked. -They know not, neither will they understand; they walk on in darkness: all the foundations of the earth are out of course. -I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High. -But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes. -Arise, O God, judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all nations. -Keep not thou silence, O God: hold not thy peace, and be not still, O God. -For, lo, thine enemies make a tumult: and they that hate thee have lifted up the head. -They have taken crafty counsel against thy people, and consulted against thy hidden ones. -They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance. -For they have consulted together with one consent: they are confederate against thee: -The tabernacles of Edom, and the Ishmaelites; of Moab, and the Hagarenes; -Gebal, and Ammon, and Amalek; the Philistines with the inhabitants of Tyre; -Assur also is joined with them: they have holpen the children of Lot. Selah. -Do unto them as unto the Midianites; as to Sisera, as to Jabin, at the brook of Kison: -Which perished at Endor: they became as dung for the earth. -Make their nobles like Oreb, and like Zeeb: yea, all their princes as Zebah, and as Zalmunna: -Who said, Let us take to ourselves the houses of God in possession. -O my God, make them like a wheel; as the stubble before the wind. -As the fire burneth a wood, and as the flame setteth the mountains on fire; -So persecute them with thy tempest, and make them afraid with thy storm. -Fill their faces with shame; that they may seek thy name, O LORD. -Let them be confounded and troubled for ever; yea, let them be put to shame, and perish: -That men may know that thou, whose name alone is JEHOVAH, art the most high over all the earth. -How amiable are thy tabernacles, O LORD of hosts! -My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the LORD: my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God. -Yea, the sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O LORD of hosts, my King, and my God. -Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee. Selah. -Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. -Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools. -They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God. -O LORD God of hosts, hear my prayer: give ear, O God of Jacob. Selah. -Behold, O God our shield, and look upon the face of thine anointed. -For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness. -For the LORD God is a sun and shield: the LORD will give grace and glory: no good thing will he withhold from them that walk uprightly. -O LORD of hosts, blessed is the man that trusteth in thee. -Lord, thou hast been favourable unto thy land: thou hast brought back the captivity of Jacob. -Thou hast forgiven the iniquity of thy people, thou hast covered all their sin. Selah. -Thou hast taken away all thy wrath: thou hast turned thyself from the fierceness of thine anger. -Turn us, O God of our salvation, and cause thine anger toward us to cease. -Wilt thou be angry with us for ever? wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations? -Wilt thou not revive us again: that thy people may rejoice in thee? -Shew us thy mercy, O LORD, and grant us thy salvation. -I will hear what God the LORD will speak: for he will speak peace unto his people, and to his saints: but let them not turn again to folly. -Surely his salvation is nigh them that fear him; that glory may dwell in our land. -Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other. -Truth shall spring out of the earth; and righteousness shall look down from heaven. -Yea, the LORD shall give that which is good; and our land shall yield her increase. -Righteousness shall go before him; and shall set us in the way of his steps. -Bow down thine ear, O LORD, hear me: for I am poor and needy. -Preserve my soul; for I am holy: O thou my God, save thy servant that trusteth in thee. -Be merciful unto me, O Lord: for I cry unto thee daily. -Rejoice the soul of thy servant: for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. -For thou, Lord, art good, and ready to forgive; and plenteous in mercy unto all them that call upon thee. -Give ear, O LORD, unto my prayer; and attend to the voice of my supplications. -In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee: for thou wilt answer me. -Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are there any works like unto thy works. -All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy name. -For thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God alone. -Teach me thy way, O LORD; I will walk in thy truth: unite my heart to fear thy name. -I will praise thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will glorify thy name for evermore. -For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell. -O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul; and have not set thee before them. -But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gracious, long suffering, and plenteous in mercy and truth. -O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me; give thy strength unto thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid. -Shew me a token for good; that they which hate me may see it, and be ashamed: because thou, LORD, hast holpen me, and comforted me. -His foundation is in the holy mountains. -The LORD loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of Jacob. -Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God. Selah. -I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon to them that know me: behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia; this man was born there. -And of Zion it shall be said, This and that man was born in her: and the highest himself shall establish her. -The LORD shall count, when he writeth up the people, that this man was born there. Selah. -As well the singers as the players on instruments shall be there: all my springs are in thee. -O lord God of my salvation, I have cried day and night before thee: -Let my prayer come before thee: incline thine ear unto my cry; -For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto the grave. -I am counted with them that go down into the pit: I am as a man that hath no strength: -Free among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, whom thou rememberest no more: and they are cut off from thy hand. -Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in darkness, in the deeps. -Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me with all thy waves. Selah. -Thou hast put away mine acquaintance far from me; thou hast made me an abomination unto them: I am shut up, and I cannot come forth. -Mine eye mourneth by reason of affliction: LORD, I have called daily upon thee, I have stretched out my hands unto thee. -Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? shall the dead arise and praise thee? Selah. -Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave? or thy faithfulness in destruction? -Shall thy wonders be known in the dark? and thy righteousness in the land of forgetfulness? -But unto thee have I cried, O LORD; and in the morning shall my prayer prevent thee. -LORD, why castest thou off my soul? why hidest thou thy face from me? -I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up: while I suffer thy terrors I am distracted. -Thy fierce wrath goeth over me; thy terrors have cut me off. -They came round about me daily like water; they compassed me about together. -Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and mine acquaintance into darkness. -I will sing of the mercies of the LORD for ever: with my mouth will I make known thy faithfulness to all generations. -For I have said, Mercy shall be built up for ever: thy faithfulness shalt thou establish in the very heavens. -I have made a covenant with my chosen, I have sworn unto David my servant, -Thy seed will I establish for ever, and build up thy throne to all generations. Selah. -And the heavens shall praise thy wonders, O LORD: thy faithfulness also in the congregation of the saints. -For who in the heaven can be compared unto the LORD? who among the sons of the mighty can be likened unto the LORD? -God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of the saints, and to be had in reverence of all them that are about him. -O LORD God of hosts, who is a strong LORD like unto thee? or to thy faithfulness round about thee? -Thou rulest the raging of the sea: when the waves thereof arise, thou stillest them. -Thou hast broken Rahab in pieces, as one that is slain; thou hast scattered thine enemies with thy strong arm. -The heavens are thine, the earth also is thine: as for the world and the fulness thereof, thou hast founded them. -The north and the south thou hast created them: Tabor and Hermon shall rejoice in thy name. -Thou hast a mighty arm: strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand. -Justice and judgment are the habitation of thy throne: mercy and truth shall go before thy face. -Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound: they shall walk, O LORD, in the light of thy countenance. -In thy name shall they rejoice all the day: and in thy righteousness shall they be exalted. -For thou art the glory of their strength: and in thy favour our horn shall be exalted. -For the LORD is our defence; and the Holy One of Israel is our king. -Then thou spakest in vision to thy holy one, and saidst, I have laid help upon one that is mighty; I have exalted one chosen out of the people. -I have found David my servant; with my holy oil have I anointed him: -With whom my hand shall be established: mine arm also shall strengthen him. -The enemy shall not exact upon him; nor the son of wickedness afflict him. -And I will beat down his foes before his face, and plague them that hate him. -But my faithfulness and my mercy shall be with him: and in my name shall his horn be exalted. -I will set his hand also in the sea, and his right hand in the rivers. -He shall cry unto me, Thou art my father, my God, and the rock of my salvation. -Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth. -My mercy will I keep for him for evermore, and my covenant shall stand fast with him. -His seed also will I make to endure for ever, and his throne as the days of heaven. -If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments; -If they break my statutes, and keep not my commandments; -Then will I visit their transgression with the rod, and their iniquity with stripes. -Nevertheless my lovingkindness will I not utterly take from him, nor suffer my faithfulness to fail. -My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips. -Once have I sworn by my holiness that I will not lie unto David. -His seed shall endure for ever, and his throne as the sun before me. -It shall be established for ever as the moon, and as a faithful witness in heaven. Selah. -But thou hast cast off and abhorred, thou hast been wroth with thine anointed. -Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant: thou hast profaned his crown by casting it to the ground. -Thou hast broken down all his hedges; thou hast brought his strong holds to ruin. -All that pass by the way spoil him: he is a reproach to his neighbours. -Thou hast set up the right hand of his adversaries; thou hast made all his enemies to rejoice. -Thou hast also turned the edge of his sword, and hast not made him to stand in the battle. -Thou hast made his glory to cease, and cast his throne down to the ground. -The days of his youth hast thou shortened: thou hast covered him with shame. Selah. -How long, LORD? wilt thou hide thyself for ever? shall thy wrath burn like fire? -Remember how short my time is: wherefore hast thou made all men in vain? -What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah. -Lord, where are thy former lovingkindnesses, which thou swarest unto David in thy truth? -Remember, Lord, the reproach of thy servants; how I do bear in my bosom the reproach of all the mighty people; -Wherewith thine enemies have reproached, O LORD; wherewith they have reproached the footsteps of thine anointed. -Blessed be the LORD for evermore. Amen, and Amen. -Lord, thou hast been our dwelling place in all generations. -Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God. -Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children of men. -For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night. -Thou carriest them away as with a flood; they are as a sleep: in the morning they are like grass which groweth up. -In the morning it flourisheth, and groweth up; in the evening it is cut down, and withereth. -For we are consumed by thine anger, and by thy wrath are we troubled. -Thou hast set our iniquities before thee, our secret sins in the light of thy countenance. -For all our days are passed away in thy wrath: we spend our years as a tale that is told. -The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away. -Who knoweth the power of thine anger? even according to thy fear, so is thy wrath. -So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom. -Return, O LORD, how long? and let it repent thee concerning thy servants. -O satisfy us early with thy mercy; that we may rejoice and be glad all our days. -Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil. -Let thy work appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto their children. -And let the beauty of the LORD our God be upon us: and establish thou the work of our hands upon us; yea, the work of our hands establish thou it. -He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. -I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust. -Surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler, and from the noisome pestilence. -He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt thou trust: his truth shall be thy shield and buckler. -Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; -Nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noonday. -A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee. -Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of the wicked. -Because thou hast made the LORD, which is my refuge, even the most High, thy habitation; -There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling. -For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. -They shall bear thee up in their hands, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. -Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. -Because he hath set his love upon me, therefore will I deliver him: I will set him on high, because he hath known my name. -He shall call upon me, and I will answer him: I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him, and honour him. -With long life will I satisfy him, and shew him my salvation. -IT IS A GOOD THING TO GIVE THANKS UNTO THE LORD, AND TO SING PRAISES UNTO THY NAME, O MOST HIGH: -To shew forth thy lovingkindness in the morning, and thy faithfulness every night, -Upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the psaltery; upon the harp with a solemn sound. -For thou, LORD, hast made me glad through thy work: I will triumph in the works of thy hands. -O LORD, how great are thy works! and thy thoughts are very deep. -A brutish man knoweth not; neither doth a fool understand this. -When the wicked spring as the grass, and when all the workers of iniquity do flourish; it is that they shall be destroyed for ever: -But thou, LORD, art most high for evermore. -For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered. -But my horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of an unicorn: I shall be anointed with fresh oil. -Mine eye also shall see my desire on mine enemies, and mine ears shall hear my desire of the wicked that rise up against me. -The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon. -Those that be planted in the house of the LORD shall flourish in the courts of our God. -They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat and flourishing; -To shew that the LORD is upright: he is my rock, and there is no unrighteousness in him. -The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. -Thy throne is established of old: thou art from everlasting. -The floods have lifted up, O LORD, the floods have lifted up their voice; the floods lift up their waves. -The LORD on high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea, than the mighty waves of the sea. -Thy testimonies are very sure: holiness becometh thine house, O LORD, for ever. -O Lord God, to whom vengeance belongeth; O God, to whom vengeance belongeth, shew thyself. -Lift up thyself, thou judge of the earth: render a reward to the proud. -LORD, how long shall the wicked, how long shall the wicked triumph? -How long shall they utter and speak hard things? and all the workers of iniquity boast themselves? -They break in pieces thy people, O LORD, and afflict thine heritage. -They slay the widow and the stranger, and murder the fatherless. -Yet they say, The LORD shall not see, neither shall the God of Jacob regard it. -Understand, ye brutish among the people: and ye fools, when will ye be wise? -He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? he that formed the eye, shall he not see? -He that chastiseth the heathen, shall not he correct? he that teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know? -The LORD knoweth the thoughts of man, that they are vanity. -Blessed is the man whom thou chastenest, O LORD, and teachest him out of thy law; -That thou mayest give him rest from the days of adversity, until the pit be digged for the wicked. -For the LORD will not cast off his people, neither will he forsake his inheritance. -But judgment shall return unto righteousness: and all the upright in heart shall follow it. -Who will rise up for me against the evildoers? or who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? -Unless the LORD had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in silence. -When I said, My foot slippeth; thy mercy, O LORD, held me up. -In the multitude of my thoughts within me thy comforts delight my soul. -Shall the throne of iniquity have fellowship with thee, which frameth mischief by a law? -They gather themselves together against the soul of the righteous, and condemn the innocent blood. -But the LORD is my defence; and my God is the rock of my refuge. -And he shall bring upon them their own iniquity, and shall cut them off in their own wickedness; yea, the LORD our God shall cut them off. -O come, let us sing unto the LORD: let us make a joyful noise to the rock of our salvation. -Let us come before his presence with thanksgiving, and make a joyful noise unto him with psalms. -For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods. -In his hand are the deep places of the earth: the strength of the hills is his also. -The sea is his, and he made it: and his hands formed the dry land. -O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the LORD our maker. -For he is our God; and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand. To day if ye will hear his voice, -Harden not your heart, as in the provocation, and as in the day of temptation in the wilderness: -When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my work. -Forty years long was I grieved with this generation, and said, It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my ways: -Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not enter into my rest. -O sing unto the LORD a new song: sing unto the LORD, all the earth. -Sing unto the LORD, bless his name; shew forth his salvation from day to day. -Declare his glory among the heathen, his wonders among all people. -For the LORD is great, and greatly to be praised: he is to be feared above all gods. -For all the gods of the nations are idols: but the LORD made the heavens. -Honour and majesty are before him: strength and beauty are in his sanctuary. -Give unto the LORD, O ye kindreds of the people, give unto the LORD glory and strength. -Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an offering, and come into his courts. -O worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness: fear before him, all the earth. -Say among the heathen that the LORD reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously. -Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be glad; let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof. -Let the field be joyful, and all that is therein: then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice -Before the LORD: for he cometh, for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the world with righteousness, and the people with his truth. -The LORD reigneth; let the earth rejoice; let the multitude of isles be glad thereof. -Clouds and darkness are round about him: righteousness and judgment are the habitation of his throne. -A fire goeth before him, and burneth up his enemies round about. -His lightnings enlightened the world: the earth saw, and trembled. -The hills melted like wax at the presence of the LORD, at the presence of the Lord of the whole earth. -The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the people see his glory. -Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast themselves of idols: worship him, all ye gods. -Zion heard, and was glad; and the daughters of Judah rejoiced because of thy judgments, O LORD. -For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted far above all gods. -Ye that love the LORD, hate evil: he preserveth the souls of his saints; he delivereth them out of the hand of the wicked. -Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the upright in heart. -Rejoice in the LORD, ye righteous; and give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. -O sing unto the LORD a new song; for he hath done marvellous things: his right hand, and his holy arm, hath gotten him the victory. -The LORD hath made known his salvation: his righteousness hath he openly shewed in the sight of the heathen. -He hath remembered his mercy and his truth toward the house of Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God. -Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all the earth: make a loud noise, and rejoice, and sing praise. -Sing unto the LORD with the harp; with the harp, and the voice of a psalm. -With trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the LORD, the King. -Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. -Let the floods clap their hands: let the hills be joyful together -Before the LORD; for he cometh to judge the earth: with righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity. -The LORD reigneth; let the people tremble: he sitteth between the cherubims; let the earth be moved. -The LORD is great in Zion; and he is high above all the people. -Let them praise thy great and terrible name; for it is holy. -The king's strength also loveth judgment; thou dost establish equity, thou executest judgment and righteousness in Jacob. -Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he is holy. -Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that call upon his name; they called upon the LORD, and he answered them. -He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them. -Thou answeredst them, O LORD our God: thou wast a God that forgavest them, though thou tookest vengeance of their inventions. -Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at his holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy. -Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands. -Serve the LORD with gladness: come before his presence with singing. -Know ye that the LORD he is God: it is he that hath made us, and not we ourselves; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture. -Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name. -For the LORD is good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth endureth to all generations. -I will sing of mercy and judgment: unto thee, O LORD, will I sing. -I will behave myself wisely in a perfect way. O when wilt thou come unto me? I will walk within my house with a perfect heart. -I will set no wicked thing before mine eyes: I hate the work of them that turn aside; it shall not cleave to me. -A froward heart shall depart from me: I will not know a wicked person. -Whoso privily slandereth his neighbour, him will I cut off: him that hath an high look and a proud heart will not I suffer. -Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they may dwell with me: he that walketh in a perfect way, he shall serve me. -He that worketh deceit shall not dwell within my house: he that telleth lies shall not tarry in my sight. -I will early destroy all the wicked of the land; that I may cut off all wicked doers from the city of the LORD. -Hear my prayer, O LORD, and let my cry come unto thee. -Hide not thy face from me in the day when I am in trouble; incline thine ear unto me: in the day when I call answer me speedily. -For my days are consumed like smoke, and my bones are burned as an hearth. -My heart is smitten, and withered like grass; so that I forget to eat my bread. -By reason of the voice of my groaning my bones cleave to my skin. -I am like a pelican of the wilderness: I am like an owl of the desert. -I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top. -Mine enemies reproach me all the day; and they that are mad against me are sworn against me. -For I have eaten ashes like bread, and mingled my drink with weeping. -Because of thine indignation and thy wrath: for thou hast lifted me up, and cast me down. -My days are like a shadow that declineth; and I am withered like grass. -But thou, O LORD, shall endure for ever; and thy remembrance unto all generations. -Thou shalt arise, and have mercy upon Zion: for the time to favour her, yea, the set time, is come. -For thy servants take pleasure in her stones, and favour the dust thereof. -So the heathen shall fear the name of the LORD, and all the kings of the earth thy glory. -When the LORD shall build up Zion, he shall appear in his glory. -He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise their prayer. -This shall be written for the generation to come: and the people which shall be created shall praise the LORD. -For he hath looked down from the height of his sanctuary; from heaven did the LORD behold the earth; -To hear the groaning of the prisoner; to loose those that are appointed to death; -To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem; -When the people are gathered together, and the kingdoms, to serve the LORD. -He weakened my strength in the way; he shortened my days. -I said, O my God, take me not away in the midst of my days: thy years are throughout all generations. -Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands. -They shall perish, but thou shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be changed: -But thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end. -The children of thy servants shall continue, and their seed shall be established before thee. -Bless the LORD, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name. -Bless the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits: -Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all thy diseases; -Who redeemeth thy life from destruction; who crowneth thee with lovingkindness and tender mercies; -Who satisfieth thy mouth with good things; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's. -The LORD executeth righteousness and judgment for all that are oppressed. -He made known his ways unto Moses, his acts unto the children of Israel. -The LORD is merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy. -He will not always chide: neither will he keep his anger for ever. -He hath not dealt with us after our sins; nor rewarded us according to our iniquities. -For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him. -As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us. -Like as a father pitieth his children, so the LORD pitieth them that fear him. -For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust. -As for man, his days are as grass: as a flower of the field, so he flourisheth. -For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place thereof shall know it no more. -But the mercy of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting upon them that fear him, and his righteousness unto children's children; -To such as keep his covenant, and to those that remember his commandments to do them. -The LORD hath prepared his throne in the heavens; and his kingdom ruleth over all. -Bless the LORD, ye his angels, that excel in strength, that do his commandments, hearkening unto the voice of his word. -Bless ye the LORD, all ye his hosts; ye ministers of his, that do his pleasure. -Bless the LORD, all his works in all places of his dominion: bless the LORD, O my soul. -Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty. -Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: -Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind: -Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire: -Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. -Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains. -At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away. -They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them. -Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth. -He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills. -They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst. -By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches. -He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works. -He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth; -And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart. -The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted; -Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house. -The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies. -He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down. -Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth. -The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God. -The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens. -Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening. -O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches. -So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts. -There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein. -These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season. -That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good. -Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and return to their dust. -Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth. -The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works. -He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke. -I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have my being. -My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD. -Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD. -O give thanks unto the LORD; call upon his name: make known his deeds among the people. -Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him: talk ye of all his wondrous works. -Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that seek the LORD. -Seek the LORD, and his strength: seek his face evermore. -Remember his marvellous works that he hath done; his wonders, and the judgments of his mouth; -O ye seed of Abraham his servant, ye children of Jacob his chosen. -He is the LORD our God: his judgments are in all the earth. -He hath remembered his covenant for ever, the word which he commanded to a thousand generations. -Which covenant he made with Abraham, and his oath unto Isaac; -And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an everlasting covenant: -Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of your inheritance: -When they were but a few men in number; yea, very few, and strangers in it. -When they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to another people; -He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he reproved kings for their sakes; -Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm. -Moreover he called for a famine upon the land: he brake the whole staff of bread. -He sent a man before them, even Joseph, who was sold for a servant: -Whose feet they hurt with fetters: he was laid in iron: -Until the time that his word came: the word of the LORD tried him. -The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the people, and let him go free. -He made him lord of his house, and ruler of all his substance: -To bind his princes at his pleasure; and teach his senators wisdom. -Israel also came into Egypt; and Jacob sojourned in the land of Ham. -And he increased his people greatly; and made them stronger than their enemies. -He turned their heart to hate his people, to deal subtilly with his servants. -He sent Moses his servant; and Aaron whom he had chosen. -They shewed his signs among them, and wonders in the land of Ham. -He sent darkness, and made it dark; and they rebelled not against his word. -He turned their waters into blood, and slew their fish. -Their land brought forth frogs in abundance, in the chambers of their kings. -He spake, and there came divers sorts of flies, and lice in all their coasts. -He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land. -He smote their vines also and their fig trees; and brake the trees of their coasts. -He spake, and the locusts came, and caterpillers, and that without number, -And did eat up all the herbs in their land, and devoured the fruit of their ground. -He smote also all the firstborn in their land, the chief of all their strength. -He brought them forth also with silver and gold: and there was not one feeble person among their tribes. -Egypt was glad when they departed: for the fear of them fell upon them. -He spread a cloud for a covering; and fire to give light in the night. -The people asked, and he brought quails, and satisfied them with the bread of heaven. -He opened the rock, and the waters gushed out; they ran in the dry places like a river. -For he remembered his holy promise, and Abraham his servant. -And he brought forth his people with joy, and his chosen with gladness: -And gave them the lands of the heathen: and they inherited the labour of the people; -That they might observe his statutes, and keep his laws. Praise ye the LORD. -Praise ye the LORD. O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. -Who can utter the mighty acts of the LORD? who can shew forth all his praise? -Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth righteousness at all times. -Remember me, O LORD, with the favour that thou bearest unto thy people: O visit me with thy salvation; -That I may see the good of thy chosen, that I may rejoice in the gladness of thy nation, that I may glory with thine inheritance. -We have sinned with our fathers, we have committed iniquity, we have done wickedly. -Our fathers understood not thy wonders in Egypt; they remembered not the multitude of thy mercies; but provoked him at the sea, even at the Red sea. -Nevertheless he saved them for his name's sake, that he might make his mighty power to be known. -He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness. -And he saved them from the hand of him that hated them, and redeemed them from the hand of the enemy. -And the waters covered their enemies: there was not one of them left. -Then believed they his words; they sang his praise. -They soon forgat his works; they waited not for his counsel: -But lusted exceedingly in the wilderness, and tempted God in the desert. -And he gave them their request; but sent leanness into their soul. -They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD. -The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan and covered the company of Abiram. -And a fire was kindled in their company; the flame burned up the wicked. -They made a calf in Horeb, and worshipped the molten image. -Thus they changed their glory into the similitude of an ox that eateth grass. -They forgat God their saviour, which had done great things in Egypt; -Wondrous works in the land of Ham, and terrible things by the Red sea. -Therefore he said that he would destroy them, had not Moses his chosen stood before him in the breach, to turn away his wrath, lest he should destroy them. -Yea, they despised the pleasant land, they believed not his word: -But murmured in their tents, and hearkened not unto the voice of the LORD. -Therefore he lifted up his hand against them, to overthrow them in the wilderness: -To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands. -They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor, and ate the sacrifices of the dead. -Thus they provoked him to anger with their inventions: and the plague brake in upon them. -Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed. -And that was counted unto him for righteousness unto all generations for evermore. -They angered him also at the waters of strife, so that it went ill with Moses for their sakes: -Because they provoked his spirit, so that he spake unadvisedly with his lips. -They did not destroy the nations, concerning whom the LORD commanded them: -But were mingled among the heathen, and learned their works. -And they served their idols: which were a snare unto them. -Yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto devils, -And shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan: and the land was polluted with blood. -Thus were they defiled with their own works, and went a whoring with their own inventions. -Therefore was the wrath of the LORD kindled against his people, insomuch that he abhorred his own inheritance. -And he gave them into the hand of the heathen; and they that hated them ruled over them. -Their enemies also oppressed them, and they were brought into subjection under their hand. -Many times did he deliver them; but they provoked him with their counsel, and were brought low for their iniquity. -Nevertheless he regarded their affliction, when he heard their cry: -And he remembered for them his covenant, and repented according to the multitude of his mercies. -He made them also to be pitied of all those that carried them captives. -Save us, O LORD our God, and gather us from among the heathen, to give thanks unto thy holy name, and to triumph in thy praise. -Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting to everlasting: and let all the people say, Amen. Praise ye the LORD. -O give thanks unto the LORD, for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. -Let the redeemed of the LORD say so, whom he hath redeemed from the hand of the enemy; -And gathered them out of the lands, from the east, and from the west, from the north, and from the south. -They wandered in the wilderness in a solitary way; they found no city to dwell in. -Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted in them. -Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he delivered them out of their distresses. -And he led them forth by the right way, that they might go to a city of habitation. -Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! -For he satisfieth the longing soul, and filleth the hungry soul with goodness. -Such as sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound in affliction and iron; -Because they rebelled against the words of God, and contemned the counsel of the most High: -Therefore he brought down their heart with labour; they fell down, and there was none to help. -Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saved them out of their distresses. -He brought them out of darkness and the shadow of death, and brake their bands in sunder. -Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! -For he hath broken the gates of brass, and cut the bars of iron in sunder. -Fools because of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, are afflicted. -Their soul abhorreth all manner of meat; and they draw near unto the gates of death. -Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saveth them out of their distresses. -He sent his word, and healed them, and delivered them from their destructions. -Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! -And let them sacrifice the sacrifices of thanksgiving, and declare his works with rejoicing. -They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters; -These see the works of the LORD, and his wonders in the deep. -For he commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind, which lifteth up the waves thereof. -They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the depths: their soul is melted because of trouble. -They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wit's end. -Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he bringeth them out of their distresses. -He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves thereof are still. -Then are they glad because they be quiet; so he bringeth them unto their desired haven. -Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! -Let them exalt him also in the congregation of the people, and praise him in the assembly of the elders. -He turneth rivers into a wilderness, and the watersprings into dry ground; -A fruitful land into barrenness, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein. -He turneth the wilderness into a standing water, and dry ground into watersprings. -And there he maketh the hungry to dwell, that they may prepare a city for habitation; -And sow the fields, and plant vineyards, which may yield fruits of increase. -He blesseth them also, so that they are multiplied greatly; and suffereth not their cattle to decrease. -Again, they are minished and brought low through oppression, affliction, and sorrow. -He poureth contempt upon princes, and causeth them to wander in the wilderness, where there is no way. -Yet setteth he the poor on high from affliction, and maketh him families like a flock. -The righteous shall see it, and rejoice: and all iniquity shall stop her mouth. -Whoso is wise, and will observe these things, even they shall understand the lovingkindness of the LORD. -O god, my heart is fixed; I will sing and give praise, even with my glory. -Awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early. -I will praise thee, O LORD, among the people: and I will sing praises unto thee among the nations. -For thy mercy is great above the heavens: and thy truth reacheth unto the clouds. -Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: and thy glory above all the earth; -That thy beloved may be delivered: save with thy right hand, and answer me. -God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. -Gilead is mine; Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver; -Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph. -Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into Edom? -Wilt not thou, O God, who hast cast us off? and wilt not thou, O God, go forth with our hosts? -Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man. -Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall tread down our enemies. -Hold not thy peace, O God of my praise; -For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth of the deceitful are opened against me: they have spoken against me with a lying tongue. -They compassed me about also with words of hatred; and fought against me without a cause. -For my love they are my adversaries: but I give myself unto prayer. -And they have rewarded me evil for good, and hatred for my love. -Set thou a wicked man over him: and let Satan stand at his right hand. -When he shall be judged, let him be condemned: and let his prayer become sin. -Let his days be few; and let another take his office. -Let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow. -Let his children be continually vagabonds, and beg: let them seek their bread also out of their desolate places. -Let the extortioner catch all that he hath; and let the strangers spoil his labour. -Let there be none to extend mercy unto him: neither let there be any to favour his fatherless children. -Let his posterity be cut off; and in the generation following let their name be blotted out. -Let the iniquity of his fathers be remembered with the LORD; and let not the sin of his mother be blotted out. -Let them be before the LORD continually, that he may cut off the memory of them from the earth. -Because that he remembered not to shew mercy, but persecuted the poor and needy man, that he might even slay the broken in heart. -As he loved cursing, so let it come unto him: as he delighted not in blessing, so let it be far from him. -As he clothed himself with cursing like as with his garment, so let it come into his bowels like water, and like oil into his bones. -Let it be unto him as the garment which covereth him, and for a girdle wherewith he is girded continually. -Let this be the reward of mine adversaries from the LORD, and of them that speak evil against my soul. -But do thou for me, O GOD the Lord, for thy name's sake: because thy mercy is good, deliver thou me. -For I am poor and needy, and my heart is wounded within me. -I am gone like the shadow when it declineth: I am tossed up and down as the locust. -My knees are weak through fasting; and my flesh faileth of fatness. -I became also a reproach unto them: when they looked upon me they shaked their heads. -Help me, O LORD my God: O save me according to thy mercy: -That they may know that this is thy hand; that thou, LORD, hast done it. -Let them curse, but bless thou: when they arise, let them be ashamed; but let thy servant rejoice. -Let mine adversaries be clothed with shame, and let them cover themselves with their own confusion, as with a mantle. -I will greatly praise the LORD with my mouth; yea, I will praise him among the multitude. -For he shall stand at the right hand of the poor, to save him from those that condemn his soul. -The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. -The LORD shall send the rod of thy strength out of Zion: rule thou in the midst of thine enemies. -Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy power, in the beauties of holiness from the womb of the morning: thou hast the dew of thy youth. -The LORD hath sworn, and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek. -The Lord at thy right hand shall strike through kings in the day of his wrath. -He shall judge among the heathen, he shall fill the places with the dead bodies; he shall wound the heads over many countries. -He shall drink of the brook in the way: therefore shall he lift up the head. -Praise ye the LORD. I will praise the LORD with my whole heart, in the assembly of the upright, and in the congregation. -The works of the LORD are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein. -His work is honourable and glorious: and his righteousness endureth for ever. -He hath made his wonderful works to be remembered: the LORD is gracious and full of compassion. -He hath given meat unto them that fear him: he will ever be mindful of his covenant. -He hath shewed his people the power of his works, that he may give them the heritage of the heathen. -The works of his hands are verity and judgment; all his commandments are sure. -They stand fast for ever and ever, and are done in truth and uprightness. -He sent redemption unto his people: he hath commanded his covenant for ever: holy and reverend is his name. -The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: a good understanding have all they that do his commandments: his praise endureth for ever. -Praise ye the LORD. Blessed is the man that feareth the LORD, that delighteth greatly in his commandments. -His seed shall be mighty upon earth: the generation of the upright shall be blessed. -Wealth and riches shall be in his house: and his righteousness endureth for ever. -Unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness: he is gracious, and full of compassion, and righteous. -A good man sheweth favour, and lendeth: he will guide his affairs with discretion. -Surely he shall not be moved for ever: the righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance. -He shall not be afraid of evil tidings: his heart is fixed, trusting in the LORD. -His heart is established, he shall not be afraid, until he see his desire upon his enemies. -He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor; his righteousness endureth for ever; his horn shall be exalted with honour. -The wicked shall see it, and be grieved; he shall gnash with his teeth, and melt away: the desire of the wicked shall perish. -Praise ye the LORD. Praise, O ye servants of the LORD, praise the name of the LORD. -Blessed be the name of the LORD from this time forth and for evermore. -From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the LORD's name is to be praised. -The LORD is high above all nations, and his glory above the heavens. -Who is like unto the LORD our God, who dwelleth on high, -Who humbleth himself to behold the things that are in heaven, and in the earth! -He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth the needy out of the dunghill; -That he may set him with princes, even with the princes of his people. -He maketh the barren woman to keep house, and to be a joyful mother of children. Praise ye the LORD. -When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people of strange language; -Judah was his sanctuary, and Israel his dominion. -The sea saw it, and fled: Jordan was driven back. -The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills like lambs. -What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou Jordan, that thou wast driven back? -Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams; and ye little hills, like lambs? -Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob; -Which turned the rock into a standing water, the flint into a fountain of waters. -Not unto us, O LORD, not unto us, but unto thy name give glory, for thy mercy, and for thy truth's sake. -Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is now their God? -But our God is in the heavens: he hath done whatsoever he hath pleased. -Their idols are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. -They have mouths, but they speak not: eyes have they, but they see not: -They have ears, but they hear not: noses have they, but they smell not: -They have hands, but they handle not: feet have they, but they walk not: neither speak they through their throat. -They that make them are like unto them; so is every one that trusteth in them. -O Israel, trust thou in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. -O house of Aaron, trust in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. -Ye that fear the LORD, trust in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. -The LORD hath been mindful of us: he will bless us; he will bless the house of Israel; he will bless the house of Aaron. -He will bless them that fear the LORD, both small and great. -The LORD shall increase you more and more, you and your children. -Ye are blessed of the LORD which made heaven and earth. -The heaven, even the heavens, are the LORD's: but the earth hath he given to the children of men. -The dead praise not the LORD, neither any that go down into silence. -But we will bless the LORD from this time forth and for evermore. Praise the LORD. -I love the LORD, because he hath heard my voice and my supplications. -Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call upon him as long as I live. -The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow. -Then called I upon the name of the LORD; O LORD, I beseech thee, deliver my soul. -Gracious is the LORD, and righteous; yea, our God is merciful. -The LORD preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he helped me. -Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for the LORD hath dealt bountifully with thee. -For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from tears, and my feet from falling. -I will walk before the LORD in the land of the living. -I believed, therefore have I spoken: I was greatly afflicted: -I said in my haste, All men are liars. -What shall I render unto the LORD for all his benefits toward me? -I will take the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the LORD. -I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his people. -Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints. -O LORD, truly I am thy servant; I am thy servant, and the son of thine handmaid: thou hast loosed my bonds. -I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving, and will call upon the name of the LORD. -I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his people. -In the courts of the LORD's house, in the midst of thee, O Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD. -O praise the LORD, all ye nations: praise him, all ye people. -For his merciful kindness is great toward us: and the truth of the LORD endureth for ever. Praise ye the LORD. -O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: because his mercy endureth for ever. -Let Israel now say, that his mercy endureth for ever. -Let the house of Aaron now say, that his mercy endureth for ever. -Let them now that fear the LORD say, that his mercy endureth for ever. -I called upon the LORD in distress: the LORD answered me, and set me in a large place. -The LORD is on my side; I will not fear: what can man do unto me? -The LORD taketh my part with them that help me: therefore shall I see my desire upon them that hate me. -It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in man. -It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in princes. -All nations compassed me about: but in the name of the LORD will I destroy them. -They compassed me about; yea, they compassed me about: but in the name of the LORD I will destroy them. -They compassed me about like bees: they are quenched as the fire of thorns: for in the name of the LORD I will destroy them. -Thou hast thrust sore at me that I might fall: but the LORD helped me. -The LORD is my strength and song, and is become my salvation. -The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly. -The right hand of the LORD is exalted: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly. -I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of the LORD. -The LORD hath chastened me sore: but he hath not given me over unto death. -Open to me the gates of righteousness: I will go into them, and I will praise the LORD: -This gate of the LORD, into which the righteous shall enter. -I will praise thee: for thou hast heard me, and art become my salvation. -The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner. -This is the LORD's doing; it is marvellous in our eyes. -This is the day which the LORD hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it. -Save now, I beseech thee, O LORD: O LORD, I beseech thee, send now prosperity. -Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the LORD: we have blessed you out of the house of the LORD. -God is the LORD, which hath shewed us light: bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar. -Thou art my God, and I will praise thee: thou art my God, I will exalt thee. -O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. -Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the LORD. -Blessed are they that keep his testimonies, and that seek him with the whole heart. -They also do no iniquity: they walk in his ways. -Thou hast commanded us to keep thy precepts diligently. -O that my ways were directed to keep thy statutes! -Then shall I not be ashamed, when I have respect unto all thy commandments. -I will praise thee with uprightness of heart, when I shall have learned thy righteous judgments. -I will keep thy statutes: O forsake me not utterly. -Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word. -With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander from thy commandments. -Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee. -Blessed art thou, O LORD: teach me thy statutes. -With my lips have I declared all the judgments of thy mouth. -I have rejoiced in the way of thy testimonies, as much as in all riches. -I will meditate in thy precepts, and have respect unto thy ways. -I will delight myself in thy statutes: I will not forget thy word. -Deal bountifully with thy servant, that I may live, and keep thy word. -Open thou mine eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of thy law. -I am a stranger in the earth: hide not thy commandments from me. -My soul breaketh for the longing that it hath unto thy judgments at all times. -Thou hast rebuked the proud that are cursed, which do err from thy commandments. -Remove from me reproach and contempt; for I have kept thy testimonies. -Princes also did sit and speak against me: but thy servant did meditate in thy statutes. -Thy testimonies also are my delight and my counsellors.leth. -My soul cleaveth unto the dust: quicken thou me according to thy word. -I have declared my ways, and thou heardest me: teach me thy statutes. -Make me to understand the way of thy precepts: so shall I talk of thy wondrous works. -My soul melteth for heaviness: strengthen thou me according unto thy word. -Remove from me the way of lying: and grant me thy law graciously. -I have chosen the way of truth: thy judgments have I laid before me. -I have stuck unto thy testimonies: O LORD, put me not to shame. -I will run the way of thy commandments, when thou shalt enlarge my heart. -Teach me, O LORD, the way of thy statutes; and I shall keep it unto the end. -Give me understanding, and I shall keep thy law; yea, I shall observe it with my whole heart. -Make me to go in the path of thy commandments; for therein do I delight. -Incline my heart unto thy testimonies, and not to covetousness. -Turn away mine eyes from beholding vanity; and quicken thou me in thy way. -Stablish thy word unto thy servant, who is devoted to thy fear. -Turn away my reproach which I fear: for thy judgments are good. -Behold, I have longed after thy precepts: quicken me in thy righteousness. -Let thy mercies come also unto me, O LORD, even thy salvation, according to thy word. -So shall I have wherewith to answer him that reproacheth me: for I trust in thy word. -And take not the word of truth utterly out of my mouth; for I have hoped in thy judgments. -So shall I keep thy law continually for ever and ever. -And I will walk at liberty: for I seek thy precepts. -I will speak of thy testimonies also before kings, and will not be ashamed. -And I will delight myself in thy commandments, which I have loved. -My hands also will I lift up unto thy commandments, which I have loved; and I will meditate in thy statutes. -Remember the word unto thy servant, upon which thou hast caused me to hope. -This is my comfort in my affliction: for thy word hath quickened me. -The proud have had me greatly in derision: yet have I not declined from thy law. -I remembered thy judgments of old, O LORD; and have comforted myself. -Horror hath taken hold upon me because of the wicked that forsake thy law. -Thy statutes have been my songs in the house of my pilgrimage. -I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law. -This I had, because I kept thy precepts. -Thou art my portion, O LORD: I have said that I would keep thy words. -I intreated thy favour with my whole heart: be merciful unto me according to thy word. -I thought on my ways, and turned my feet unto thy testimonies. -I made haste, and delayed not to keep thy commandments. -The bands of the wicked have robbed me: but I have not forgotten thy law. -At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee because of thy righteous judgments. -I am a companion of all them that fear thee, and of them that keep thy precepts. -The earth, O LORD, is full of thy mercy: teach me thy statutes. -Thou hast dealt well with thy servant, O LORD, according unto thy word. -Teach me good judgment and knowledge: for I have believed thy commandments. -Before I was afflicted I went astray: but now have I kept thy word. -Thou art good, and doest good; teach me thy statutes. -The proud have forged a lie against me: but I will keep thy precepts with my whole heart. -Their heart is as fat as grease; but I delight in thy law. -It is good for me that I have been afflicted; that I might learn thy statutes. -The law of thy mouth is better unto me than thousands of gold and silver. -Thy hands have made me and fashioned me: give me understanding, that I may learn thy commandments. -They that fear thee will be glad when they see me; because I have hoped in thy word. -I know, O LORD, that thy judgments are right, and that thou in faithfulness hast afflicted me. -Let, I pray thee, thy merciful kindness be for my comfort, according to thy word unto thy servant. -Let thy tender mercies come unto me, that I may live: for thy law is my delight. -Let the proud be ashamed; for they dealt perversely with me without a cause: but I will meditate in thy precepts. -Let those that fear thee turn unto me, and those that have known thy testimonies. -Let my heart be sound in thy statutes; that I be not ashamed. -My soul fainteth for thy salvation: but I hope in thy word. -Mine eyes fail for thy word, saying, When wilt thou comfort me? -For I am become like a bottle in the smoke; yet do I not forget thy statutes. -How many are the days of thy servant? when wilt thou execute judgment on them that persecute me? -The proud have digged pits for me, which are not after thy law. -All thy commandments are faithful: they persecute me wrongfully; help thou me. -They had almost consumed me upon earth; but I forsook not thy precepts. -Quicken me after thy lovingkindness; so shall I keep the testimony of thy mouth. -For ever, O LORD, thy word is settled in heaven. -Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. -They continue this day according to thine ordinances: for all are thy servants. -Unless thy law had been my delights, I should then have perished in mine affliction. -I will never forget thy precepts: for with them thou hast quickened me. -I am thine, save me: for I have sought thy precepts. -The wicked have waited for me to destroy me: but I will consider thy testimonies. -I have seen an end of all perfection: but thy commandment is exceeding broad. -O how I love thy law! it is my meditation all the day. -Thou through thy commandments hast made me wiser than mine enemies: for they are ever with me. -I have more understanding than all my teachers: for thy testimonies are my meditation. -I understand more than the ancients, because I keep thy precepts. -I have refrained my feet from every evil way, that I might keep thy word. -I have not departed from thy judgments: for thou hast taught me. -How sweet are thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth! -Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way. -Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path. -I have sworn, and I will perform it, that I will keep thy righteous judgments. -I am afflicted very much: quicken me, O LORD, according unto thy word. -Accept, I beseech thee, the freewill offerings of my mouth, O LORD, and teach me thy judgments. -My soul is continually in my hand: yet do I not forget thy law. -The wicked have laid a snare for me: yet I erred not from thy precepts. -Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage for ever: for they are the rejoicing of my heart. -I have inclined mine heart to perform thy statutes alway, even unto the end. -I hate vain thoughts: but thy law do I love. -Thou art my hiding place and my shield: I hope in thy word. -Depart from me, ye evildoers: for I will keep the commandments of my God. -Uphold me according unto thy word, that I may live: and let me not be ashamed of my hope. -Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe: and I will have respect unto thy statutes continually. -Thou hast trodden down all them that err from thy statutes: for their deceit is falsehood. -Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross: therefore I love thy testimonies. -My flesh trembleth for fear of thee; and I am afraid of thy judgments. -I have done judgment and justice: leave me not to mine oppressors. -Be surety for thy servant for good: let not the proud oppress me. -Mine eyes fail for thy salvation, and for the word of thy righteousness. -Deal with thy servant according unto thy mercy, and teach me thy statutes. -I am thy servant; give me understanding, that I may know thy testimonies. -It is time for thee, LORD, to work: for they have made void thy law. -Therefore I love thy commandments above gold; yea, above fine gold. -Therefore I esteem all thy precepts concerning all things to be right; and I hate every false way. -Thy testimonies are wonderful: therefore doth my soul keep them. -The entrance of thy words giveth light; it giveth understanding unto the simple. -I opened my mouth, and panted: for I longed for thy commandments. -Look thou upon me, and be merciful unto me, as thou usest to do unto those that love thy name. -Order my steps in thy word: and let not any iniquity have dominion over me. -Deliver me from the oppression of man: so will I keep thy precepts. -Make thy face to shine upon thy servant; and teach me thy statutes. -Rivers of waters run down mine eyes, because they keep not thy law. -Righteous art thou, O LORD, and upright are thy judgments. -Thy testimonies that thou hast commanded are righteous and very faithful. -My zeal hath consumed me, because mine enemies have forgotten thy words. -Thy word is very pure: therefore thy servant loveth it. -I am small and despised: yet do not I forget thy precepts. -Thy righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and thy law is the truth. -Trouble and anguish have taken hold on me: yet thy commandments are my delights. -The righteousness of thy testimonies is everlasting: give me understanding, and I shall live. -I cried with my whole heart; hear me, O LORD: I will keep thy statutes. -I cried unto thee; save me, and I shall keep thy testimonies. -I prevented the dawning of the morning, and cried: I hoped in thy word. -Mine eyes prevent the night watches, that I might meditate in thy word. -Hear my voice according unto thy lovingkindness: O LORD, quicken me according to thy judgment. -They draw nigh that follow after mischief: they are far from thy law. -Thou art near, O LORD; and all thy commandments are truth. -Concerning thy testimonies, I have known of old that thou hast founded them for ever. -Consider mine affliction, and deliver me: for I do not forget thy law. -Plead my cause, and deliver me: quicken me according to thy word. -Salvation is far from the wicked: for they seek not thy statutes. -Great are thy tender mercies, O LORD: quicken me according to thy judgments. -Many are my persecutors and mine enemies; yet do I not decline from thy testimonies. -I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word. -Consider how I love thy precepts: quicken me, O LORD, according to thy lovingkindness. -Thy word is true from the beginning: and every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever. -Princes have persecuted me without a cause: but my heart standeth in awe of thy word. -I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil. -I hate and abhor lying: but thy law do I love. -Seven times a day do I praise thee because of thy righteous judgments. -Great peace have they which love thy law: and nothing shall offend them. -LORD, I have hoped for thy salvation, and done thy commandments. -My soul hath kept thy testimonies; and I love them exceedingly. -I have kept thy precepts and thy testimonies: for all my ways are before thee. -Let my cry come near before thee, O LORD: give me understanding according to thy word. -Let my supplication come before thee: deliver me according to thy word. -My lips shall utter praise, when thou hast taught me thy statutes. -My tongue shall speak of thy word: for all thy commandments are righteousness. -Let thine hand help me; for I have chosen thy precepts. -I have longed for thy salvation, O LORD; and thy law is my delight. -Let my soul live, and it shall praise thee; and let thy judgments help me. -I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek thy servant; for I do not forget thy commandments. -In my distress I cried unto the LORD, and he heard me. -Deliver my soul, O LORD, from lying lips, and from a deceitful tongue. -What shall be given unto thee? or what shall be done unto thee, thou false tongue? -Sharp arrows of the mighty, with coals of juniper. -Woe is me, that I sojourn in Mesech, that I dwell in the tents of Kedar! -My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. -I am for peace: but when I speak, they are for war. -I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help. -My help cometh from the LORD, which made heaven and earth. -He will not suffer thy foot to be moved: he that keepeth thee will not slumber. -Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep. -The LORD is thy keeper: the LORD is thy shade upon thy right hand. -The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night. -The LORD shall preserve thee from all evil: he shall preserve thy soul. -The LORD shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in from this time forth, and even for evermore. -I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the LORD. -Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem. -Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together: -Whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the LORD, unto the testimony of Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the LORD. -For there are set thrones of judgment, the thrones of the house of David. -Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee. -Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces. -For my brethren and companions' sakes, I will now say, Peace be within thee. -Because of the house of the LORD our God I will seek thy good. -Unto thee lift I up mine eyes, O thou that dwellest in the heavens. -Behold, as the eyes of servants look unto the hand of their masters, and as the eyes of a maiden unto the hand of her mistress; so our eyes wait upon the LORD our God, until that he have mercy upon us. -Have mercy upon us, O LORD, have mercy upon us: for we are exceedingly filled with contempt. -Our soul is exceedingly filled with the scorning of those that are at ease, and with the contempt of the proud. -If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, now may Israel say; -If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, when men rose up against us: -Then they had swallowed us up quick, when their wrath was kindled against us: -Then the waters had overwhelmed us, the stream had gone over our soul: -Then the proud waters had gone over our soul. -Blessed be the LORD, who hath not given us as a prey to their teeth. -Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fowlers: the snare is broken, and we are escaped. -Our help is in the name of the LORD, who made heaven and earth. -They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for ever. -As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the LORD is round about his people from henceforth even for ever. -For the rod of the wicked shall not rest upon the lot of the righteous; lest the righteous put forth their hands unto iniquity. -Do good, O LORD, unto those that be good, and to them that are upright in their hearts. -As for such as turn aside unto their crooked ways, the LORD shall lead them forth with the workers of iniquity: but peace shall be upon Israel. -When the LORD turned again the captivity of Zion, we were like them that dream. -Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing: then said they among the heathen, The LORD hath done great things for them. -The LORD hath done great things for us; whereof we are glad. -Turn again our captivity, O LORD, as the streams in the south. -They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. -He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him. -Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that build it: except the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain. -It is vain for you to rise up early, to sit up late, to eat the bread of sorrows: for so he giveth his beloved sleep. -Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD: and the fruit of the womb is his reward. -As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. -Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them: they shall not be ashamed, but they shall speak with the enemies in the gate. -Blessed is every one that feareth the LORD; that walketh in his ways. -For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee. -Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine by the sides of thine house: thy children like olive plants round about thy table. -Behold, that thus shall the man be blessed that feareth the LORD. -The LORD shall bless thee out of Zion: and thou shalt see the good of Jerusalem all the days of thy life. -Yea, thou shalt see thy children's children, and peace upon Israel. -Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth, may Israel now say: -Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth: yet they have not prevailed against me. -The plowers plowed upon my back: they made long their furrows. -The LORD is righteous: he hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked. -Let them all be confounded and turned back that hate Zion. -Let them be as the grass upon the housetops, which withereth afore it groweth up: -Wherewith the mower filleth not his hand; nor he that bindeth sheaves his bosom. -Neither do they which go by say, The blessing of the LORD be upon you: we bless you in the name of the LORD. -Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O LORD. -Lord, hear my voice: let thine ears be attentive to the voice of my supplications. -If thou, LORD, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? -But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared. -I wait for the LORD, my soul doth wait, and in his word do I hope. -My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning. -Let Israel hope in the LORD: for with the LORD there is mercy, and with him is plenteous redemption. -And he shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities. -Lord, my heart is not haughty, nor mine eyes lofty: neither do I exercise myself in great matters, or in things too high for me. -Surely I have behaved and quieted myself, as a child that is weaned of his mother: my soul is even as a weaned child. -Let Israel hope in the LORD from henceforth and for ever. -Lord, remember David, and all his afflictions: -How he sware unto the LORD, and vowed unto the mighty God of Jacob; -Surely I will not come into the tabernacle of my house, nor go up into my bed; -I will not give sleep to mine eyes, or slumber to mine eyelids, -Until I find out a place for the LORD, an habitation for the mighty God of Jacob. -Lo, we heard of it at Ephratah: we found it in the fields of the wood. -We will go into his tabernacles: we will worship at his footstool. -Arise, O LORD, into thy rest; thou, and the ark of thy strength. -Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness; and let thy saints shout for joy. -For thy servant David's sake turn not away the face of thine anointed. -The LORD hath sworn in truth unto David; he will not turn from it; Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne. -If thy children will keep my covenant and my testimony that I shall teach them, their children shall also sit upon thy throne for evermore. -For the LORD hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his habitation. -This is my rest for ever: here will I dwell; for I have desired it. -I will abundantly bless her provision: I will satisfy her poor with bread. -I will also clothe her priests with salvation: and her saints shall shout aloud for joy. -There will I make the horn of David to bud: I have ordained a lamp for mine anointed. -His enemies will I clothe with shame: but upon himself shall his crown flourish. -Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! -It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard: that went down to the skirts of his garments; -As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for evermore. -Behold, bless ye the LORD, all ye servants of the LORD, which by night stand in the house of the LORD. -Lift up your hands in the sanctuary, and bless the LORD. -The LORD that made heaven and earth bless thee out of Zion. -Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the name of the LORD; praise him, O ye servants of the LORD. -Ye that stand in the house of the LORD, in the courts of the house of our God. -Praise the LORD; for the LORD is good: sing praises unto his name; for it is pleasant. -For the LORD hath chosen Jacob unto himself, and Israel for his peculiar treasure. -For I know that the LORD is great, and that our Lord is above all gods. -Whatsoever the LORD pleased, that did he in heaven, and in earth, in the seas, and all deep places. -He causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings for the rain; he bringeth the wind out of his treasuries. -Who smote the firstborn of Egypt, both of man and beast. -Who sent tokens and wonders into the midst of thee, O Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his servants. -Who smote great nations, and slew mighty kings; -Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, and all the kingdoms of Canaan: -And gave their land for an heritage, an heritage unto Israel his people. -Thy name, O LORD, endureth for ever; and thy memorial, O LORD, throughout all generations. -For the LORD will judge his people, and he will repent himself concerning his servants. -The idols of the heathen are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. -They have mouths, but they speak not; eyes have they, but they see not; -They have ears, but they hear not; neither is there any breath in their mouths. -They that make them are like unto them: so is every one that trusteth in them. -Bless the LORD, O house of Israel: bless the LORD, O house of Aaron: -Bless the LORD, O house of Levi: ye that fear the LORD, bless the LORD. -Blessed be the LORD out of Zion, which dwelleth at Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD. -O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. -O give thanks unto the God of gods: for his mercy endureth for ever. -O give thanks to the Lord of lords: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him who alone doeth great wonders: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him that by wisdom made the heavens: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him that stretched out the earth above the waters: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him that made great lights: for his mercy endureth for ever: -The sun to rule by day: for his mercy endureth for ever: -The moon and stars to rule by night: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him that smote Egypt in their firstborn: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And brought out Israel from among them: for his mercy endureth for ever: -With a strong hand, and with a stretched out arm: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him which divided the Red sea into parts: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And made Israel to pass through the midst of it: for his mercy endureth for ever: -But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him which led his people through the wilderness: for his mercy endureth for ever. -To him which smote great kings: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And slew famous kings: for his mercy endureth for ever: -Sihon king of the Amorites: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And Og the king of Bashan: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And gave their land for an heritage: for his mercy endureth for ever: -Even an heritage unto Israel his servant: for his mercy endureth for ever. -Who remembered us in our low estate: for his mercy endureth for ever: -And hath redeemed us from our enemies: for his mercy endureth for ever. -Who giveth food to all flesh: for his mercy endureth for ever. -O give thanks unto the God of heaven: for his mercy endureth for ever. -By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. -We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. -For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song; and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. -How shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land? -If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. -If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. -Remember, O LORD, the children of Edom in the day of Jerusalem; who said, Rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof. -O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed; happy shall he be, that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us. -Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones. -I will praise thee with my whole heart: before the gods will I sing praise unto thee. -I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for thy lovingkindness and for thy truth: for thou hast magnified thy word above all thy name. -In the day when I cried thou answeredst me, and strengthenedst me with strength in my soul. -All the kings of the earth shall praise thee, O LORD, when they hear the words of thy mouth. -Yea, they shall sing in the ways of the LORD: for great is the glory of the LORD. -Though the LORD be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but the proud he knoweth afar off. -Though I walk in the midst of trouble, thou wilt revive me: thou shalt stretch forth thine hand against the wrath of mine enemies, and thy right hand shall save me. -The LORD will perfect that which concerneth me: thy mercy, O LORD, endureth for ever: forsake not the works of thine own hands. -O lord, thou hast searched me, and known me. -Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off. -Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted with all my ways. -For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O LORD, thou knowest it altogether. -Thou hast beset me behind and before, and laid thine hand upon me. -Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot attain unto it. -Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence? -If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there. -If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; -Even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me. -If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me. -Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee; but the night shineth as the day: the darkness and the light are both alike to thee. -For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother's womb. -I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well. -My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret, and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. -Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when as yet there was none of them. -How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great is the sum of them! -If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand: when I awake, I am still with thee. -Surely thou wilt slay the wicked, O God: depart from me therefore, ye bloody men. -For they speak against thee wickedly, and thine enemies take thy name in vain. -Do not I hate them, O LORD, that hate thee? and am not I grieved with those that rise up against thee? -I hate them with perfect hatred: I count them mine enemies. -Search me, O God, and know my heart: try me, and know my thoughts: -And see if there be any wicked way in me, and lead me in the way everlasting. -Deliver me, O LORD, from the evil man: preserve me from the violent man; -Which imagine mischiefs in their heart; continually are they gathered together for war. -They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent; adders' poison is under their lips. Selah. -Keep me, O LORD, from the hands of the wicked; preserve me from the violent man; who have purposed to overthrow my goings. -The proud have hid a snare for me, and cords; they have spread a net by the wayside; they have set gins for me. Selah. -I said unto the LORD, Thou art my God: hear the voice of my supplications, O LORD. -O GOD the Lord, the strength of my salvation, thou hast covered my head in the day of battle. -Grant not, O LORD, the desires of the wicked: further not his wicked device; lest they exalt themselves. Selah. -As for the head of those that compass me about, let the mischief of their own lips cover them. -Let burning coals fall upon them: let them be cast into the fire; into deep pits, that they rise not up again. -Let not an evil speaker be established in the earth: evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him. -I know that the LORD will maintain the cause of the afflicted, and the right of the poor. -Surely the righteous shall give thanks unto thy name: the upright shall dwell in thy presence. -Lord, I cry unto thee: make haste unto me; give ear unto my voice, when I cry unto thee. -Let my prayer be set forth before thee as incense; and the lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice. -Set a watch, O LORD, before my mouth; keep the door of my lips. -Incline not my heart to any evil thing, to practise wicked works with men that work iniquity: and let me not eat of their dainties. -Let the righteous smite me; it shall be a kindness: and let him reprove me; it shall be an excellent oil, which shall not break my head: for yet my prayer also shall be in their calamities. -When their judges are overthrown in stony places, they shall hear my words; for they are sweet. -Our bones are scattered at the grave's mouth, as when one cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth. -But mine eyes are unto thee, O GOD the Lord: in thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute. -Keep me from the snares which they have laid for me, and the gins of the workers of iniquity. -Let the wicked fall into their own nets, whilst that I withal escape. -I cried unto the LORD with my voice; with my voice unto the LORD did I make my supplication. -I poured out my complaint before him; I shewed before him my trouble. -When my spirit was overwhelmed within me, then thou knewest my path. In the way wherein I walked have they privily laid a snare for me. -I looked on my right hand, and beheld, but there was no man that would know me: refuge failed me; no man cared for my soul. -I cried unto thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my refuge and my portion in the land of the living. -Attend unto my cry; for I am brought very low: deliver me from my persecutors; for they are stronger than I. -Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name: the righteous shall compass me about; for thou shalt deal bountifully with me. -Hear my prayer, O LORD, give ear to my supplications: in thy faithfulness answer me, and in thy righteousness. -And enter not into judgment with thy servant: for in thy sight shall no man living be justified. -For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath smitten my life down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those that have been long dead. -Therefore is my spirit overwhelmed within me; my heart within me is desolate. -I remember the days of old; I meditate on all thy works; I muse on the work of thy hands. -I stretch forth my hands unto thee: my soul thirsteth after thee, as a thirsty land. Selah. -Hear me speedily, O LORD: my spirit faileth: hide not thy face from me, lest I be like unto them that go down into the pit. -Cause me to hear thy lovingkindness in the morning; for in thee do I trust: cause me to know the way wherein I should walk; for I lift up my soul unto thee. -Deliver me, O LORD, from mine enemies: I flee unto thee to hide me. -Teach me to do thy will; for thou art my God: thy spirit is good; lead me into the land of uprightness. -Quicken me, O LORD, for thy name's sake: for thy righteousness' sake bring my soul out of trouble. -And of thy mercy cut off mine enemies, and destroy all them that afflict my soul: for I am thy servant. -Blessed be the LORD my strength which teacheth my hands to war, and my fingers to fight: -My goodness, and my fortress; my high tower, and my deliverer; my shield, and he in whom I trust; who subdueth my people under me. -LORD, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him! or the son of man, that thou makest account of him! -Man is like to vanity: his days are as a shadow that passeth away. -Bow thy heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they shall smoke. -Cast forth lightning, and scatter them: shoot out thine arrows, and destroy them. -Send thine hand from above; rid me, and deliver me out of great waters, from the hand of strange children; -Whose mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of falsehood. -I will sing a new song unto thee, O God: upon a psaltery and an instrument of ten strings will I sing praises unto thee. -It is he that giveth salvation unto kings: who delivereth David his servant from the hurtful sword. -Rid me, and deliver me from the hand of strange children, whose mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of falsehood: -That our sons may be as plants grown up in their youth; that our daughters may be as corner stones, polished after the similitude of a palace: -That our garners may be full, affording all manner of store: that our sheep may bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our streets: -That our oxen may be strong to labour; that there be no breaking in, nor going out; that there be no complaining in our streets. -Happy is that people, that is in such a case: yea, happy is that people, whose God is the LORD. -I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever. -Every day will I bless thee; and I will praise thy name for ever and ever. -Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised; and his greatness is unsearchable. -One generation shall praise thy works to another, and shall declare thy mighty acts. -I will speak of the glorious honour of thy majesty, and of thy wondrous works. -And men shall speak of the might of thy terrible acts: and I will declare thy greatness. -They shall abundantly utter the memory of thy great goodness, and shall sing of thy righteousness. -The LORD is gracious, and full of compassion; slow to anger, and of great mercy. -The LORD is good to all: and his tender mercies are over all his works. -All thy works shall praise thee, O LORD; and thy saints shall bless thee. -They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom, and talk of thy power; -To make known to the sons of men his mighty acts, and the glorious majesty of his kingdom. -Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and thy dominion endureth throughout all generations. -The LORD upholdeth all that fall, and raiseth up all those that be bowed down. -The eyes of all wait upon thee; and thou givest them their meat in due season. -Thou openest thine hand, and satisfiest the desire of every living thing. -The LORD is righteous in all his ways, and holy in all his works. -The LORD is nigh unto all them that call upon him, to all that call upon him in truth. -He will fulfil the desire of them that fear him: he also will hear their cry, and will save them. -The LORD preserveth all them that love him: but all the wicked will he destroy. -My mouth shall speak the praise of the LORD: and let all flesh bless his holy name for ever and ever. -Praise ye the LORD. Praise the LORD, O my soul. -While I live will I praise the LORD: I will sing praises unto my God while I have any being. -Put not your trust in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. -His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish. -Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help, whose hope is in the LORD his God: -Which made heaven, and earth, the sea, and all that therein is: which keepeth truth for ever: -Which executeth judgment for the oppressed: which giveth food to the hungry. The LORD looseth the prisoners: -The LORD openeth the eyes of the blind: the LORD raiseth them that are bowed down: the LORD loveth the righteous: -The LORD preserveth the strangers; he relieveth the fatherless and widow: but the way of the wicked he turneth upside down. -The LORD shall reign for ever, even thy God, O Zion, unto all generations. Praise ye the LORD. -Praise ye the LORD: for it is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. -The LORD doth build up Jerusalem: he gathereth together the outcasts of Israel. -He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds. -He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names. -Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite. -The LORD lifteth up the meek: he casteth the wicked down to the ground. -Sing unto the LORD with thanksgiving; sing praise upon the harp unto our God: -Who covereth the heaven with clouds, who prepareth rain for the earth, who maketh grass to grow upon the mountains. -He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry. -He delighteth not in the strength of the horse: he taketh not pleasure in the legs of a man. -The LORD taketh pleasure in them that fear him, in those that hope in his mercy. -Praise the LORD, O Jerusalem; praise thy God, O Zion. -For he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates; he hath blessed thy children within thee. -He maketh peace in thy borders, and filleth thee with the finest of the wheat. -He sendeth forth his commandment upon earth: his word runneth very swiftly. -He giveth snow like wool: he scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes. -He casteth forth his ice like morsels: who can stand before his cold? -He sendeth out his word, and melteth them: he causeth his wind to blow, and the waters flow. -He sheweth his word unto Jacob, his statutes and his judgments unto Israel. -He hath not dealt so with any nation: and as for his judgments, they have not known them. Praise ye the LORD. -Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the LORD from the heavens: praise him in the heights. -Praise ye him, all his angels: praise ye him, all his hosts. -Praise ye him, sun and moon: praise him, all ye stars of light. -Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that be above the heavens. -Let them praise the name of the LORD: for he commanded, and they were created. -He hath also stablished them for ever and ever: he hath made a decree which shall not pass. -Praise the LORD from the earth, ye dragons, and all deeps: -Fire, and hail; snow, and vapours; stormy wind fulfilling his word: -Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars: -Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying fowl: -Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of the earth: -Both young men, and maidens; old men, and children: -Let them praise the name of the LORD: for his name alone is excellent; his glory is above the earth and heaven. -He also exalteth the horn of his people, the praise of all his saints; even of the children of Israel, a people near unto him. Praise ye the LORD. -Praise ye the LORD. Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his praise in the congregation of saints. -Let Israel rejoice in him that made him: let the children of Zion be joyful in their King. -Let them praise his name in the dance: let them sing praises unto him with the timbrel and harp. -For the LORD taketh pleasure in his people: he will beautify the meek with salvation. -Let the saints be joyful in glory: let them sing aloud upon their beds. -Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand; -To execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; -To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; -To execute upon them the judgment written: this honour have all his saints. Praise ye the LORD. -Praise ye the LORD. Praise God in his sanctuary: praise him in the firmament of his power. -Praise him for his mighty acts: praise him according to his excellent greatness. -Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp. -Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs. -Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals. -Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise ye the LORD. -The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; -To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding; -To receive the instruction of wisdom, justice, and judgment, and equity; -To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge and discretion. -A wise man will hear, and will increase learning; and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels: -To understand a proverb, and the interpretation; the words of the wise, and their dark sayings. -The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction. -My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother: -For they shall be an ornament of grace unto thy head, and chains about thy neck. -My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. -If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: -Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit: -We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill our houses with spoil: -Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse: -My son, walk not thou in the way with them; refrain thy foot from their path: -For their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. -Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird. -And they lay wait for their own blood; they lurk privily for their own lives. -So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh away the life of the owners thereof. -Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth her voice in the streets: -She crieth in the chief place of concourse, in the openings of the gates: in the city she uttereth her words, saying, -How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? -Turn you at my reproof: behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known my words unto you. -Because I have called, and ye refused; I have stretched out my hand, and no man regarded; -But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof: -I also will laugh at your calamity; I will mock when your fear cometh; -When your fear cometh as desolation, and your destruction cometh as a whirlwind; when distress and anguish cometh upon you. -Then shall they call upon me, but I will not answer; they shall seek me early, but they shall not find me: -For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD: -They would none of my counsel: they despised all my reproof. -Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own devices. -For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the prosperity of fools shall destroy them. -But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell safely, and shall be quiet from fear of evil. -My son, if thou wilt receive my words, and hide my commandments with thee; -So that thou incline thine ear unto wisdom, and apply thine heart to understanding; -Yea, if thou criest after knowledge, and liftest up thy voice for understanding; -If thou seekest her as silver, and searchest for her as for hid treasures; -Then shalt thou understand the fear of the LORD, and find the knowledge of God. -For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding. -He layeth up sound wisdom for the righteous: he is a buckler to them that walk uprightly. -He keepeth the paths of judgment, and preserveth the way of his saints. -Then shalt thou understand righteousness, and judgment, and equity; yea, every good path. -When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and knowledge is pleasant unto thy soul; -Discretion shall preserve thee, understanding shall keep thee: -To deliver thee from the way of the evil man, from the man that speaketh froward things; -Who leave the paths of uprightness, to walk in the ways of darkness; -Who rejoice to do evil, and delight in the frowardness of the wicked; -Whose ways are crooked, and they froward in their paths: -To deliver thee from the strange woman, even from the stranger which flattereth with her words; -Which forsaketh the guide of her youth, and forgetteth the covenant of her God. -For her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the dead. -None that go unto her return again, neither take they hold of the paths of life. -That thou mayest walk in the way of good men, and keep the paths of the righteous. -For the upright shall dwell in the land, and the perfect shall remain in it. -But the wicked shall be cut off from the earth, and the transgressors shall be rooted out of it. -My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments: -For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they add to thee. -Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart: -So shalt thou find favour and good understanding in the sight of God and man. -Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. -In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths. -Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD, and depart from evil. -It shall be health to thy navel, and marrow to thy bones. -Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: -So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine. -My son, despise not the chastening of the LORD; neither be weary of his correction: -For whom the LORD loveth he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth. -Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding. -For the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold. -She is more precious than rubies: and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her. -Length of days is in her right hand; and in her left hand riches and honour. -Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. -She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her: and happy is every one that retaineth her. -The LORD by wisdom hath founded the earth; by understanding hath he established the heavens. -By his knowledge the depths are broken up, and the clouds drop down the dew. -My son, let not them depart from thine eyes: keep sound wisdom and discretion: -So shall they be life unto thy soul, and grace to thy neck. -Then shalt thou walk in thy way safely, and thy foot shall not stumble. -When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid: yea, thou shalt lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet. -Be not afraid of sudden fear, neither of the desolation of the wicked, when it cometh. -For the LORD shall be thy confidence, and shall keep thy foot from being taken. -Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, when it is in the power of thine hand to do it. -Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee. -Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth securely by thee. -Strive not with a man without cause, if he have done thee no harm. -Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways. -For the froward is abomination to the LORD: but his secret is with the righteous. -The curse of the LORD is in the house of the wicked: but he blesseth the habitation of the just. -Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly. -The wise shall inherit glory: but shame shall be the promotion of fools. -Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know understanding. -For I give you good doctrine, forsake ye not my law. -For I was my father's son, tender and only beloved in the sight of my mother. -He taught me also, and said unto me, Let thine heart retain my words: keep my commandments, and live. -Get wisdom, get understanding: forget it not; neither decline from the words of my mouth. -Forsake her not, and she shall preserve thee: love her, and she shall keep thee. -Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding. -Exalt her, and she shall promote thee: she shall bring thee to honour, when thou dost embrace her. -She shall give to thine head an ornament of grace: a crown of glory shall she deliver to thee. -Hear, O my son, and receive my sayings; and the years of thy life shall be many. -I have taught thee in the way of wisdom; I have led thee in right paths. -When thou goest, thy steps shall not be straitened; and when thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. -Take fast hold of instruction; let her not go: keep her; for she is thy life. -Enter not into the path of the wicked, and go not in the way of evil men. -Avoid it, pass not by it, turn from it, and pass away. -For they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away, unless they cause some to fall. -For they eat the bread of wickedness, and drink the wine of violence. -But the path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. -The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know not at what they stumble. -My son, attend to my words; incline thine ear unto my sayings. -Let them not depart from thine eyes; keep them in the midst of thine heart. -For they are life unto those that find them, and health to all their flesh. -Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life. -Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee. -Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. -Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established. -Turn not to the right hand nor to the left: remove thy foot from evil. -My son, attend unto my wisdom, and bow thine ear to my understanding: -That thou mayest regard discretion, and that thy lips may keep knowledge. -For the lips of a strange woman drop as an honeycomb, and her mouth is smoother than oil: -But her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword. -Her feet go down to death; her steps take hold on hell. -Lest thou shouldest ponder the path of life, her ways are moveable, that thou canst not know them. -Hear me now therefore, O ye children, and depart not from the words of my mouth. -Remove thy way far from her, and come not nigh the door of her house: -Lest thou give thine honour unto others, and thy years unto the cruel: -Lest strangers be filled with thy wealth; and thy labours be in the house of a stranger; -And thou mourn at the last, when thy flesh and thy body are consumed, -And say, How have I hated instruction, and my heart despised reproof; -And have not obeyed the voice of my teachers, nor inclined mine ear to them that instructed me! -I was almost in all evil in the midst of the congregation and assembly. -Drink waters out of thine own cistern, and running waters out of thine own well. -Let thy fountains be dispersed abroad, and rivers of waters in the streets. -Let them be only thine own, and not strangers' with thee. -Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of thy youth. -Let her be as the loving hind and pleasant roe; let her breasts satisfy thee at all times; and be thou ravished always with her love. -And why wilt thou, my son, be ravished with a strange woman, and embrace the bosom of a stranger? -For the ways of man are before the eyes of the LORD, and he pondereth all his goings. -His own iniquities shall take the wicked himself, and he shall be holden with the cords of his sins. -He shall die without instruction; and in the greatness of his folly he shall go astray. -My son, if thou be surety for thy friend, if thou hast stricken thy hand with a stranger, -Thou art snared with the words of thy mouth, thou art taken with the words of thy mouth. -Do this now, my son, and deliver thyself, when thou art come into the hand of thy friend; go, humble thyself, and make sure thy friend. -Give not sleep to thine eyes, nor slumber to thine eyelids. -Deliver thyself as a roe from the hand of the hunter, and as a bird from the hand of the fowler. -Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: -Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, -Provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest. -How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? -Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: -So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth, and thy want as an armed man. -A naughty person, a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth. -He winketh with his eyes, he speaketh with his feet, he teacheth with his fingers; -Frowardness is in his heart, he deviseth mischief continually; he soweth discord. -Therefore shall his calamity come suddenly; suddenly shall he be broken without remedy. -These six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him: -A proud look, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, -An heart that deviseth wicked imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, -A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren. -My son, keep thy father's commandment, and forsake not the law of thy mother: -Bind them continually upon thine heart, and tie them about thy neck. -When thou goest, it shall lead thee; when thou sleepest, it shall keep thee; and when thou awakest, it shall talk with thee. -For the commandment is a lamp; and the law is light; and reproofs of instruction are the way of life: -To keep thee from the evil woman, from the flattery of the tongue of a strange woman. -Lust not after her beauty in thine heart; neither let her take thee with her eyelids. -For by means of a whorish woman a man is brought to a piece of bread: and the adultress will hunt for the precious life. -Can a man take fire in his bosom, and his clothes not be burned? -Can one go upon hot coals, and his feet not be burned? -So he that goeth in to his neighbour's wife; whosoever toucheth her shall not be innocent. -Men do not despise a thief, if he steal to satisfy his soul when he is hungry; -But if he be found, he shall restore sevenfold; he shall give all the substance of his house. -But whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh understanding: he that doeth it destroyeth his own soul. -A wound and dishonour shall he get; and his reproach shall not be wiped away. -For jealousy is the rage of a man: therefore he will not spare in the day of vengeance. -He will not regard any ransom; neither will he rest content, though thou givest many gifts. -My son, keep my words, and lay up my commandments with thee. -Keep my commandments, and live; and my law as the apple of thine eye. -Bind them upon thy fingers, write them upon the table of thine heart. -Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy kinswoman: -That they may keep thee from the strange woman, from the stranger which flattereth with her words. -For at the window of my house I looked through my casement, -And beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding, -Passing through the street near her corner; and he went the way to her house, -In the twilight, in the evening, in the black and dark night: -And, behold, there met him a woman with the attire of an harlot, and subtil of heart. -(She is loud and stubborn; her feet abide not in her house: -Now is she without, now in the streets, and lieth in wait at every corner.) -So she caught him, and kissed him, and with an impudent face said unto him, -I have peace offerings with me; this day have I payed my vows. -Therefore came I forth to meet thee, diligently to seek thy face, and I have found thee. -I have decked my bed with coverings of tapestry, with carved works, with fine linen of Egypt. -I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. -Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning: let us solace ourselves with loves. -For the goodman is not at home, he is gone a long journey: -He hath taken a bag of money with him, and will come home at the day appointed. -With her much fair speech she caused him to yield, with the flattering of her lips she forced him. -He goeth after her straightway, as an ox goeth to the slaughter, or as a fool to the correction of the stocks; -Till a dart strike through his liver; as a bird hasteth to the snare, and knoweth not that it is for his life. -Hearken unto me now therefore, O ye children, and attend to the words of my mouth. -Let not thine heart decline to her ways, go not astray in her paths. -For she hath cast down many wounded: yea, many strong men have been slain by her. -Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death. -Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice? -She standeth in the top of high places, by the way in the places of the paths. -She crieth at the gates, at the entry of the city, at the coming in at the doors. -Unto you, O men, I call; and my voice is to the sons of man. -O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an understanding heart. -Hear; for I will speak of excellent things; and the opening of my lips shall be right things. -For my mouth shall speak truth; and wickedness is an abomination to my lips. -All the words of my mouth are in righteousness; there is nothing froward or perverse in them. -They are all plain to him that understandeth, and right to them that find knowledge. -Receive my instruction, and not silver; and knowledge rather than choice gold. -For wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things that may be desired are not to be compared to it. -I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions. -The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: pride, and arrogancy, and the evil way, and the froward mouth, do I hate. -Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have strength. -By me kings reign, and princes decree justice. -By me princes rule, and nobles, even all the judges of the earth. -I love them that love me; and those that seek me early shall find me. -Riches and honour are with me; yea, durable riches and righteousness. -My fruit is better than gold, yea, than fine gold; and my revenue than choice silver. -I lead in the way of righteousness, in the midst of the paths of judgment: -That I may cause those that love me to inherit substance; and I will fill their treasures. -The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way, before his works of old. -I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever the earth was. -When there were no depths, I was brought forth; when there were no fountains abounding with water. -Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought forth: -While as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields, nor the highest part of the dust of the world. -When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth: -When he established the clouds above: when he strengthened the fountains of the deep: -When he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the earth: -Then I was by him, as one brought up with him: and I was daily his delight, rejoicing always before him; -Rejoicing in the habitable part of his earth; and my delights were with the sons of men. -Now therefore hearken unto me, O ye children: for blessed are they that keep my ways. -Hear instruction, and be wise, and refuse it not. -Blessed is the man that heareth me, watching daily at my gates, waiting at the posts of my doors. -For whoso findeth me findeth life, and shall obtain favour of the LORD. -But he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul: all they that hate me love death. -Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars: -She hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine; she hath also furnished her table. -She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city, -Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: as for him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, -Come, eat of my bread, and drink of the wine which I have mingled. -Forsake the foolish, and live; and go in the way of understanding. -He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame: and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot. -Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee: rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee. -Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser: teach a just man, and he will increase in learning. -The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: and the knowledge of the holy is understanding. -For by me thy days shall be multiplied, and the years of thy life shall be increased. -If thou be wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself: but if thou scornest, thou alone shalt bear it. -A foolish woman is clamorous: she is simple, and knoweth nothing. -For she sitteth at the door of her house, on a seat in the high places of the city, -To call passengers who go right on their ways: -Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: and as for him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, -Stolen waters are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant. -But he knoweth not that the dead are there; and that her guests are in the depths of hell. -The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father: but a foolish son is the heaviness of his mother. -Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but righteousness delivereth from death. -The LORD will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish: but he casteth away the substance of the wicked. -He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand: but the hand of the diligent maketh rich. -He that gathereth in summer is a wise son: but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame. -Blessings are upon the head of the just: but violence covereth the mouth of the wicked. -The memory of the just is blessed: but the name of the wicked shall rot. -The wise in heart will receive commandments: but a prating fool shall fall. -He that walketh uprightly walketh surely: but he that perverteth his ways shall be known. -He that winketh with the eye causeth sorrow: but a prating fool shall fall. -The mouth of a righteous man is a well of life: but violence covereth the mouth of the wicked. -Hatred stirreth up strifes: but love covereth all sins. -In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found: but a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding. -Wise men lay up knowledge: but the mouth of the foolish is near destruction. -The rich man's wealth is his strong city: the destruction of the poor is their poverty. -The labour of the righteous tendeth to life: the fruit of the wicked to sin. -He is in the way of life that keepeth instruction: but he that refuseth reproof erreth. -He that hideth hatred with lying lips, and he that uttereth a slander, is a fool. -In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that refraineth his lips is wise. -The tongue of the just is as choice silver: the heart of the wicked is little worth. -The lips of the righteous feed many: but fools die for want of wisdom. -The blessing of the LORD, it maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow with it. -It is as sport to a fool to do mischief: but a man of understanding hath wisdom. -The fear of the wicked, it shall come upon him: but the desire of the righteous shall be granted. -As the whirlwind passeth, so is the wicked no more: but the righteous is an everlasting foundation. -As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes, so is the sluggard to them that send him. -The fear of the LORD prolongeth days: but the years of the wicked shall be shortened. -The hope of the righteous shall be gladness: but the expectation of the wicked shall perish. -The way of the LORD is strength to the upright: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity. -The righteous shall never be removed: but the wicked shall not inhabit the earth. -The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out. -The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable: but the mouth of the wicked speaketh frowardness. -A false balance is abomination to the LORD: but a just weight is his delight. -When pride cometh, then cometh shame: but with the lowly is wisdom. -The integrity of the upright shall guide them: but the perverseness of transgressors shall destroy them. -Riches profit not in the day of wrath: but righteousness delivereth from death. -The righteousness of the perfect shall direct his way: but the wicked shall fall by his own wickedness. -The righteousness of the upright shall deliver them: but transgressors shall be taken in their own naughtiness. -When a wicked man dieth, his expectation shall perish: and the hope of unjust men perisheth. -The righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked cometh in his stead. -An hypocrite with his mouth destroyeth his neighbour: but through knowledge shall the just be delivered. -When it goeth well with the righteous, the city rejoiceth: and when the wicked perish, there is shouting. -By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted: but it is overthrown by the mouth of the wicked. -He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbour: but a man of understanding holdeth his peace. -A talebearer revealeth secrets: but he that is of a faithful spirit concealeth the matter. -Where no counsel is, the people fall: but in the multitude of counsellors there is safety. -He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it: and he that hateth suretiship is sure. -A gracious woman retaineth honour: and strong men retain riches. -The merciful man doeth good to his own soul: but he that is cruel troubleth his own flesh. -The wicked worketh a deceitful work: but to him that soweth righteousness shall be a sure reward. -As righteousness tendeth to life: so he that pursueth evil pursueth it to his own death. -They that are of a froward heart are abomination to the LORD: but such as are upright in their way are his delight. -Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished: but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered. -As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion. -The desire of the righteous is only good: but the expectation of the wicked is wrath. -There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth; and there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty. -The liberal soul shall be made fat: and he that watereth shall be watered also himself. -He that withholdeth corn, the people shall curse him: but blessing shall be upon the head of him that selleth it. -He that diligently seeketh good procureth favour: but he that seeketh mischief, it shall come unto him. -He that trusteth in his riches shall fall; but the righteous shall flourish as a branch. -He that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind: and the fool shall be servant to the wise of heart. -The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life; and he that winneth souls is wise. -Behold, the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth: much more the wicked and the sinner. -Whoso loveth instruction loveth knowledge: but he that hateth reproof is brutish. -A good man obtaineth favour of the LORD: but a man of wicked devices will he condemn. -A man shall not be established by wickedness: but the root of the righteous shall not be moved. -A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she that maketh ashamed is as rottenness in his bones. -The thoughts of the righteous are right: but the counsels of the wicked are deceit. -The words of the wicked are to lie in wait for blood: but the mouth of the upright shall deliver them. -The wicked are overthrown, and are not: but the house of the righteous shall stand. -A man shall be commended according to his wisdom: but he that is of a perverse heart shall be despised. -He that is despised, and hath a servant, is better than he that honoureth himself, and lacketh bread. -A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel. -He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread: but he that followeth vain persons is void of understanding. -The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of the righteous yieldeth fruit. -The wicked is snared by the transgression of his lips: but the just shall come out of trouble. -A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth: and the recompence of a man's hands shall be rendered unto him. -The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise. -A fool's wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth shame. -He that speaketh truth sheweth forth righteousness: but a false witness deceit. -There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword: but the tongue of the wise is health. -The lip of truth shall be established for ever: but a lying tongue is but for a moment. -Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil: but to the counsellors of peace is joy. -There shall no evil happen to the just: but the wicked shall be filled with mischief. -Lying lips are abomination to the LORD: but they that deal truly are his delight. -A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of fools proclaimeth foolishness. -The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute. -Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a good word maketh it glad. -The righteous is more excellent than his neighbour: but the way of the wicked seduceth them. -The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting: but the substance of a diligent man is precious. -In the way of righteousness is life: and in the pathway thereof there is no death. -A wise son heareth his father's instruction: but a scorner heareth not rebuke. -A man shall eat good by the fruit of his mouth: but the soul of the transgressors shall eat violence. -He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction. -The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat. -A righteous man hateth lying: but a wicked man is loathsome, and cometh to shame. -Righteousness keepeth him that is upright in the way: but wickedness overthroweth the sinner. -There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing: there is that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches. -The ransom of a man's life are his riches: but the poor heareth not rebuke. -The light of the righteous rejoiceth: but the lamp of the wicked shall be put out. -Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is wisdom. -Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that gathereth by labour shall increase. -Hope deferred maketh the heart sick: but when the desire cometh, it is a tree of life. -Whoso despiseth the word shall be destroyed: but he that feareth the commandment shall be rewarded. -The law of the wise is a fountain of life, to depart from the snares of death. -Good understanding giveth favour: but the way of transgressors is hard. -Every prudent man dealeth with knowledge: but a fool layeth open his folly. -A wicked messenger falleth into mischief: but a faithful ambassador is health. -Poverty and shame shall be to him that refuseth instruction: but he that regardeth reproof shall be honoured. -The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil. -He that walketh with wise men shall be wise: but a companion of fools shall be destroyed. -Evil pursueth sinners: but to the righteous good shall be repayed. -A good man leaveth an inheritance to his children's children: and the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just. -Much food is in the tillage of the poor: but there is that is destroyed for want of judgment. -He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes. -The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul: but the belly of the wicked shall want. -Every wise woman buildeth her house: but the foolish plucketh it down with her hands. -He that walketh in his uprightness feareth the LORD: but he that is perverse in his ways despiseth him. -In the mouth of the foolish is a rod of pride: but the lips of the wise shall preserve them. -Where no oxen are, the crib is clean: but much increase is by the strength of the ox. -A faithful witness will not lie: but a false witness will utter lies. -A scorner seeketh wisdom, and findeth it not: but knowledge is easy unto him that understandeth. -Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge. -The wisdom of the prudent is to understand his way: but the folly of fools is deceit. -Fools make a mock at sin: but among the righteous there is favour. -The heart knoweth his own bitterness; and a stranger doth not intermeddle with his joy. -The house of the wicked shall be overthrown: but the tabernacle of the upright shall flourish. -There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death. -Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful; and the end of that mirth is heaviness. -The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own ways: and a good man shall be satisfied from himself. -The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh well to his going. -A wise man feareth, and departeth from evil: but the fool rageth, and is confident. -He that is soon angry dealeth foolishly: and a man of wicked devices is hated. -The simple inherit folly: but the prudent are crowned with knowledge. -The evil bow before the good; and the wicked at the gates of the righteous. -The poor is hated even of his own neighbour: but the rich hath many friends. -He that despiseth his neighbour sinneth: but he that hath mercy on the poor, happy is he. -Do they not err that devise evil? but mercy and truth shall be to them that devise good. -In all labour there is profit: but the talk of the lips tendeth only to penury. -The crown of the wise is their riches: but the foolishness of fools is folly. -A true witness delivereth souls: but a deceitful witness speaketh lies. -In the fear of the LORD is strong confidence: and his children shall have a place of refuge. -The fear of the LORD is a fountain of life, to depart from the snares of death. -In the multitude of people is the king's honour: but in the want of people is the destruction of the prince. -He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding: but he that is hasty of spirit exalteth folly. -A sound heart is the life of the flesh: but envy the rottenness of the bones. -He that oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker: but he that honoureth him hath mercy on the poor. -The wicked is driven away in his wickedness: but the righteous hath hope in his death. -Wisdom resteth in the heart of him that hath understanding: but that which is in the midst of fools is made known. -Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people. -The king's favour is toward a wise servant: but his wrath is against him that causeth shame. -A soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger. -The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright: but the mouth of fools poureth out foolishness. -The eyes of the LORD are in every place, beholding the evil and the good. -A wholesome tongue is a tree of life: but perverseness therein is a breach in the spirit. -A fool despiseth his father's instruction: but he that regardeth reproof is prudent. -In the house of the righteous is much treasure: but in the revenues of the wicked is trouble. -The lips of the wise disperse knowledge: but the heart of the foolish doeth not so. -The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the LORD: but the prayer of the upright is his delight. -The way of the wicked is an abomination unto the LORD: but he loveth him that followeth after righteousness. -Correction is grievous unto him that forsaketh the way: and he that hateth reproof shall die. -Hell and destruction are before the LORD: how much more then the hearts of the children of men? -A scorner loveth not one that reproveth him: neither will he go unto the wise. -A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken. -The heart of him that hath understanding seeketh knowledge: but the mouth of fools feedeth on foolishness. -All the days of the afflicted are evil: but he that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast. -Better is little with the fear of the LORD than great treasure and trouble therewith. -Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. -A wrathful man stirreth up strife: but he that is slow to anger appeaseth strife. -The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain. -A wise son maketh a glad father: but a foolish man despiseth his mother. -Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wisdom: but a man of understanding walketh uprightly. -Without counsel purposes are disappointed: but in the multitude of counsellors they are established. -A man hath joy by the answer of his mouth: and a word spoken in due season, how good is it! -The way of life is above to the wise, that he may depart from hell beneath. -The LORD will destroy the house of the proud: but he will establish the border of the widow. -The thoughts of the wicked are an abomination to the LORD: but the words of the pure are pleasant words. -He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house; but he that hateth gifts shall live. -The heart of the righteous studieth to answer: but the mouth of the wicked poureth out evil things. -The LORD is far from the wicked: but he heareth the prayer of the righteous. -The light of the eyes rejoiceth the heart: and a good report maketh the bones fat. -The ear that heareth the reproof of life abideth among the wise. -He that refuseth instruction despiseth his own soul: but he that heareth reproof getteth understanding. -The fear of the LORD is the instruction of wisdom; and before honour is humility. -The preparations of the heart in man, and the answer of the tongue, is from the LORD. -All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes; but the LORD weigheth the spirits. -Commit thy works unto the LORD, and thy thoughts shall be established. -The LORD hath made all things for himself: yea, even the wicked for the day of evil. -Every one that is proud in heart is an abomination to the LORD: though hand join in hand, he shall not be unpunished. -By mercy and truth iniquity is purged: and by the fear of the LORD men depart from evil. -When a man's ways please the LORD, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him. -Better is a little with righteousness than great revenues without right. -A man's heart deviseth his way: but the LORD directeth his steps. -A divine sentence is in the lips of the king: his mouth transgresseth not in judgment. -A just weight and balance are the LORD's: all the weights of the bag are his work. -It is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness: for the throne is established by righteousness. -Righteous lips are the delight of kings; and they love him that speaketh right. -The wrath of a king is as messengers of death: but a wise man will pacify it. -In the light of the king's countenance is life; and his favour is as a cloud of the latter rain. -How much better is it to get wisdom than gold! and to get understanding rather to be chosen than silver! -The highway of the upright is to depart from evil: he that keepeth his way preserveth his soul. -Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall. -Better it is to be of an humble spirit with the lowly, than to divide the spoil with the proud. -He that handleth a matter wisely shall find good: and whoso trusteth in the LORD, happy is he. -The wise in heart shall be called prudent: and the sweetness of the lips increaseth learning. -Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it: but the instruction of fools is folly. -The heart of the wise teacheth his mouth, and addeth learning to his lips. -Pleasant words are as an honeycomb, sweet to the soul, and health to the bones. -There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death. -He that laboureth laboureth for himself; for his mouth craveth it of him. -An ungodly man diggeth up evil: and in his lips there is as a burning fire. -A froward man soweth strife: and a whisperer separateth chief friends. -A violent man enticeth his neighbour, and leadeth him into the way that is not good. -He shutteth his eyes to devise froward things: moving his lips he bringeth evil to pass. -The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness. -He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city. -The lot is cast into the lap; but the whole disposing thereof is of the LORD. -Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith, than an house full of sacrifices with strife. -A wise servant shall have rule over a son that causeth shame, and shall have part of the inheritance among the brethren. -The fining pot is for silver, and the furnace for gold: but the LORD trieth the hearts. -A wicked doer giveth heed to false lips; and a liar giveth ear to a naughty tongue. -Whoso mocketh the poor reproacheth his Maker: and he that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished. -Children's children are the crown of old men; and the glory of children are their fathers. -Excellent speech becometh not a fool: much less do lying lips a prince. -A gift is as a precious stone in the eyes of him that hath it: whithersoever it turneth, it prospereth. -He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends. -A reproof entereth more into a wise man than an hundred stripes into a fool. -An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him. -Let a bear robbed of her whelps meet a man, rather than a fool in his folly. -Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house. -The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water: therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with. -He that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the just, even they both are abomination to the LORD. -Wherefore is there a price in the hand of a fool to get wisdom, seeing he hath no heart to it? -A friend loveth at all times, and a brother is born for adversity. -A man void of understanding striketh hands, and becometh surety in the presence of his friend. -He loveth transgression that loveth strife: and he that exalteth his gate seeketh destruction. -He that hath a froward heart findeth no good: and he that hath a perverse tongue falleth into mischief. -He that begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow: and the father of a fool hath no joy. -A merry heart doeth good like a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth the bones. -A wicked man taketh a gift out of the bosom to pervert the ways of judgment. -Wisdom is before him that hath understanding; but the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth. -A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to her that bare him. -Also to punish the just is not good, nor to strike princes for equity. -He that hath knowledge spareth his words: and a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit. -Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise: and he that shutteth his lips is esteemed a man of understanding. -Through desire a man, having separated himself, seeketh and intermeddleth with all wisdom. -A fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may discover itself. -When the wicked cometh, then cometh also contempt, and with ignominy reproach. -The words of a man's mouth are as deep waters, and the wellspring of wisdom as a flowing brook. -It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow the righteous in judgment. -A fool's lips enter into contention, and his mouth calleth for strokes. -A fool's mouth is his destruction, and his lips are the snare of his soul. -The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly. -He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. -The name of the LORD is a strong tower: the righteous runneth into it, and is safe. -The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as an high wall in his own conceit. -Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before honour is humility. -He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and shame unto him. -The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear? -The heart of the prudent getteth knowledge; and the ear of the wise seeketh knowledge. -A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great men. -He that is first in his own cause seemeth just; but his neighbour cometh and searcheth him. -The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the mighty. -A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and their contentions are like the bars of a castle. -A man's belly shall be satisfied with the fruit of his mouth; and with the increase of his lips shall he be filled. -Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof. -Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth favour of the LORD. -The poor useth intreaties; but the rich answereth roughly. -A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly: and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. -Better is the poor that walketh in his integrity, than he that is perverse in his lips, and is a fool. -Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth. -The foolishness of man perverteth his way: and his heart fretteth against the LORD. -Wealth maketh many friends; but the poor is separated from his neighbour. -A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall not escape. -Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts. -All the brethren of the poor do hate him: how much more do his friends go far from him? he pursueth them with words, yet they are wanting to him. -He that getteth wisdom loveth his own soul: he that keepeth understanding shall find good. -A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall perish. -Delight is not seemly for a fool; much less for a servant to have rule over princes. -The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory to pass over a transgression. -The king's wrath is as the roaring of a lion; but his favour is as dew upon the grass. -A foolish son is the calamity of his father: and the contentions of a wife are a continual dropping. -House and riches are the inheritance of fathers: and a prudent wife is from the LORD. -Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an idle soul shall suffer hunger. -He that keepeth the commandment keepeth his own soul; but he that despiseth his ways shall die. -He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the LORD; and that which he hath given will he pay him again. -Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying. -A man of great wrath shall suffer punishment: for if thou deliver him, yet thou must do it again. -Hear counsel, and receive instruction, that thou mayest be wise in thy latter end. -There are many devices in a man's heart; nevertheless the counsel of the LORD, that shall stand. -The desire of a man is his kindness: and a poor man is better than a liar. -The fear of the LORD tendeth to life: and he that hath it shall abide satisfied; he shall not be visited with evil. -A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, and will not so much as bring it to his mouth again. -Smite a scorner, and the simple will beware: and reprove one that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge. -He that wasteth his father, and chaseth away his mother, is a son that causeth shame, and bringeth reproach. -Cease, my son, to hear the instruction that causeth to err from the words of knowledge. -An ungodly witness scorneth judgment: and the mouth of the wicked devoureth iniquity. -Judgments are prepared for scorners, and stripes for the back of fools. -Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise. -The fear of a king is as the roaring of a lion: whoso provoketh him to anger sinneth against his own soul. -It is an honour for a man to cease from strife: but every fool will be meddling. -The sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold; therefore shall he beg in harvest, and have nothing. -Counsel in the heart of man is like deep water; but a man of understanding will draw it out. -Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness: but a faithful man who can find? -The just man walketh in his integrity: his children are blessed after him. -A king that sitteth in the throne of judgment scattereth away all evil with his eyes. -Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin? -Divers weights, and divers measures, both of them are alike abomination to the LORD. -Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure, and whether it be right. -The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, the LORD hath made even both of them. -Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; open thine eyes, and thou shalt be satisfied with bread. -It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer: but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth. -There is gold, and a multitude of rubies: but the lips of knowledge are a precious jewel. -Take his garment that is surety for a stranger: and take a pledge of him for a strange woman. -Bread of deceit is sweet to a man; but afterwards his mouth shall be filled with gravel. -Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war. -He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips. -Whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness. -An inheritance may be gotten hastily at the beginning; but the end thereof shall not be blessed. -Say not thou, I will recompense evil; but wait on the LORD, and he shall save thee. -Divers weights are an abomination unto the LORD; and a false balance is not good. -Man's goings are of the LORD; how can a man then understand his own way? -It is a snare to the man who devoureth that which is holy, and after vows to make enquiry. -A wise king scattereth the wicked, and bringeth the wheel over them. -The spirit of man is the candle of the LORD, searching all the inward parts of the belly. -Mercy and truth preserve the king: and his throne is upholden by mercy. -The glory of young men is their strength: and the beauty of old men is the grey head. -The blueness of a wound cleanseth away evil: so do stripes the inward parts of the belly. -The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of water: he turneth it whithersoever he will. -Every way of a man is right in his own eyes: but the LORD pondereth the hearts. -To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice. -An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked, is sin. -The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of every one that is hasty only to want. -The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death. -The robbery of the wicked shall destroy them; because they refuse to do judgment. -The way of man is froward and strange: but as for the pure, his work is right. -It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house. -The soul of the wicked desireth evil: his neighbour findeth no favour in his eyes. -When the scorner is punished, the simple is made wise: and when the wise is instructed, he receiveth knowledge. -The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked: but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness. -Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. -A gift in secret pacifieth anger: and a reward in the bosom strong wrath. -It is joy to the just to do judgment: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity. -The man that wandereth out of the way of understanding shall remain in the congregation of the dead. -He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich. -The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous, and the transgressor for the upright. -It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman. -There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise; but a foolish man spendeth it up. -He that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life, righteousness, and honour. -A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty, and casteth down the strength of the confidence thereof. -Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles. -Proud and haughty scorner is his name, who dealeth in proud wrath. -The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his hands refuse to labour. -He coveteth greedily all the day long: but the righteous giveth and spareth not. -The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination: how much more, when he bringeth it with a wicked mind? -A false witness shall perish: but the man that heareth speaketh constantly. -A wicked man hardeneth his face: but as for the upright, he directeth his way. -There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the LORD. -The horse is prepared against the day of battle: but safety is of the LORD. -A GOOD name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favour rather than silver and gold. -The rich and poor meet together: the LORD is the maker of them all. -A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself: but the simple pass on, and are punished. -By humility and the fear of the LORD are riches, and honour, and life. -Thorns and snares are in the way of the froward: he that doth keep his soul shall be far from them. -Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. -The rich ruleth over the poor, and the borrower is servant to the lender. -He that soweth iniquity shall reap vanity: and the rod of his anger shall fail. -He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed; for he giveth of his bread to the poor. -Cast out the scorner, and contention shall go out; yea, strife and reproach shall cease. -He that loveth pureness of heart, for the grace of his lips the king shall be his friend. -The eyes of the LORD preserve knowledge, and he overthroweth the words of the transgressor. -The slothful man saith, There is a lion without, I shall be slain in the streets. -The mouth of strange women is a deep pit: he that is abhorred of the LORD shall fall therein. -Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it far from him. -He that oppresseth the poor to increase his riches, and he that giveth to the rich, shall surely come to want. -Bow down thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply thine heart unto my knowledge. -For it is a pleasant thing if thou keep them within thee; they shall withal be fitted in thy lips. -That thy trust may be in the LORD, I have made known to thee this day, even to thee. -Have not I written to thee excellent things in counsels and knowledge, -That I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth; that thou mightest answer the words of truth to them that send unto thee? -Rob not the poor, because he is poor: neither oppress the afflicted in the gate: -For the LORD will plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those that spoiled them. -Make no friendship with an angry man; and with a furious man thou shalt not go: -Lest thou learn his ways, and get a snare to thy soul. -Be not thou one of them that strike hands, or of them that are sureties for debts. -If thou hast nothing to pay, why should he take away thy bed from under thee? -Remove not the ancient landmark, which thy fathers have set. -Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings; he shall not stand before mean men. -When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what is before thee: -And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. -Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat. -Labour not to be rich: cease from thine own wisdom. -Wilt thou set thine eyes upon that which is not? for riches certainly make themselves wings; they fly away as an eagle toward heaven. -Eat thou not the bread of him that hath an evil eye, neither desire thou his dainty meats: -For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he: Eat and drink, saith he to thee; but his heart is not with thee. -The morsel which thou hast eaten shalt thou vomit up, and lose thy sweet words. -Speak not in the ears of a fool: for he will despise the wisdom of thy words. -Remove not the old landmark; and enter not into the fields of the fatherless: -For their redeemer is mighty; he shall plead their cause with thee. -Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears to the words of knowledge. -Withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die. -Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell. -My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart shall rejoice, even mine. -Yea, my reins shall rejoice, when thy lips speak right things. -Let not thine heart envy sinners: but be thou in the fear of the LORD all the day long. -For surely there is an end; and thine expectation shall not be cut off. -Hear thou, my son, and be wise, and guide thine heart in the way. -Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh: -For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty: and drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. -Hearken unto thy father that begat thee, and despise not thy mother when she is old. -Buy the truth, and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding. -The father of the righteous shall greatly rejoice: and he that begetteth a wise child shall have joy of him. -Thy father and thy mother shall be glad, and she that bare thee shall rejoice. -My son, give me thine heart, and let thine eyes observe my ways. -For a whore is a deep ditch; and a strange woman is a narrow pit. -She also lieth in wait as for a prey, and increaseth the transgressors among men. -Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? -They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine. -Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. -At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. -Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall utter perverse things. -Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast. -They have stricken me, shalt thou say, and I was not sick; they have beaten me, and I felt it not: when shall I awake? I will seek it yet again. -Be not thou envious against evil men, neither desire to be with them. -For their heart studieth destruction, and their lips talk of mischief. -Through wisdom is an house builded; and by understanding it is established: -And by knowledge shall the chambers be filled with all precious and pleasant riches. -A wise man is strong; yea, a man of knowledge increaseth strength. -For by wise counsel thou shalt make thy war: and in multitude of counsellors there is safety. -Wisdom is too high for a fool: he openeth not his mouth in the gate. -He that deviseth to do evil shall be called a mischievous person. -The thought of foolishness is sin: and the scorner is an abomination to men. -If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. -If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and those that are ready to be slain; -If thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not; doth not he that pondereth the heart consider it? and he that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? and shall not he render to every man according to his works? -My son, eat thou honey, because it is good; and the honeycomb, which is sweet to thy taste: -So shall the knowledge of wisdom be unto thy soul: when thou hast found it, then there shall be a reward, and thy expectation shall not be cut off. -Lay not wait, O wicked man, against the dwelling of the righteous; spoil not his resting place: -For a just man falleth seven times, and riseth up again: but the wicked shall fall into mischief. -Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he stumbleth: -Lest the LORD see it, and it displease him, and he turn away his wrath from him. -Fret not thyself because of evil men, neither be thou envious at the wicked: -For there shall be no reward to the evil man; the candle of the wicked shall be put out. -My son, fear thou the LORD and the king: and meddle not with them that are given to change: -For their calamity shall rise suddenly; and who knoweth the ruin of them both? -These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. -He that saith unto the wicked, Thou are righteous; him shall the people curse, nations shall abhor him: -But to them that rebuke him shall be delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them. -Every man shall kiss his lips that giveth a right answer. -Prepare thy work without, and make it fit for thyself in the field; and afterwards build thine house. -Be not a witness against thy neighbour without cause; and deceive not with thy lips. -Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me: I will render to the man according to his work. -I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding; -And, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down. -Then I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and received instruction. -Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: -So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth; and thy want as an armed man. -These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out. -It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. -The heaven for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable. -Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come forth a vessel for the finer. -Take away the wicked from before the king, and his throne shall be established in righteousness. -Put not forth thyself in the presence of the king, and stand not in the place of great men: -For better it is that it be said unto thee, Come up hither; than that thou shouldest be put lower in the presence of the prince whom thine eyes have seen. -Go not forth hastily to strive, lest thou know not what to do in the end thereof, when thy neighbour hath put thee to shame. -Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself; and discover not a secret to another: -Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame, and thine infamy turn not away. -A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. -As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover upon an obedient ear. -As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to them that send him: for he refresheth the soul of his masters. -Whoso boasteth himself of a false gift is like clouds and wind without rain. -By long forbearing is a prince persuaded, and a soft tongue breaketh the bone. -Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee, lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it. -Withdraw thy foot from thy neighbour's house; lest he be weary of thee, and so hate thee. -A man that beareth false witness against his neighbour is a maul, and a sword, and a sharp arrow. -Confidence in an unfaithful man in time of trouble is like a broken tooth, and a foot out of joint. -As he that taketh away a garment in cold weather, and as vinegar upon nitre, so is he that singeth songs to an heavy heart. -If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink: -For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the LORD shall reward thee. -The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry countenance a backbiting tongue. -It is better to dwell in the corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman and in a wide house. -As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. -A righteous man falling down before the wicked is as a troubled fountain, and a corrupt spring. -It is not good to eat much honey: so for men to search their own glory is not glory. -He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down, and without walls. -As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest, so honour is not seemly for a fool. -As the bird by wandering, as the swallow by flying, so the curse causeless shall not come. -A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass, and a rod for the fool's back. -Answer not a fool according to his folly, lest thou also be like unto him. -Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own conceit. -He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the feet, and drinketh damage. -The legs of the lame are not equal: so is a parable in the mouth of fools. -As he that bindeth a stone in a sling, so is he that giveth honour to a fool. -As a thorn goeth up into the hand of a drunkard, so is a parable in the mouths of fools. -The great God that formed all things both rewardeth the fool, and rewardeth transgressors. -As a dog returneth to his vomit, so a fool returneth to his folly. -Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit? there is more hope of a fool than of him. -The slothful man saith, There is a lion in the way; a lion is in the streets. -As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon his bed. -The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom; it grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth. -The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason. -He that passeth by, and meddleth with strife belonging not to him, is like one that taketh a dog by the ears. -As a mad man who casteth firebrands, arrows, and death, -So is the man that deceiveth his neighbour, and saith, Am not I in sport? -Where no wood is, there the fire goeth out: so where there is no talebearer, the strife ceaseth. -As coals are to burning coals, and wood to fire; so is a contentious man to kindle strife. -The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly. -Burning lips and a wicked heart are like a potsherd covered with silver dross. -He that hateth dissembleth with his lips, and layeth up deceit within him; -When he speaketh fair, believe him not: for there are seven abominations in his heart. -Whose hatred is covered by deceit, his wickedness shall be shewed before the whole congregation. -Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein: and he that rolleth a stone, it will return upon him. -A lying tongue hateth those that are afflicted by it; and a flattering mouth worketh ruin. -Boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. -Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth; a stranger, and not thine own lips. -A stone is heavy, and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is heavier than them both. -Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to stand before envy? -Open rebuke is better than secret love. -Faithful are the wounds of a friend; but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. -The full soul loatheth an honeycomb; but to the hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet. -As a bird that wandereth from her nest, so is a man that wandereth from his place. -Ointment and perfume rejoice the heart: so doth the sweetness of a man's friend by hearty counsel. -Thine own friend, and thy father's friend, forsake not; neither go into thy brother's house in the day of thy calamity: for better is a neighbour that is near than a brother far off. -My son, be wise, and make my heart glad, that I may answer him that reproacheth me. -A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself; but the simple pass on, and are punished. -Take his garment that is surety for a stranger, and take a pledge of him for a strange woman. -He that blesseth his friend with a loud voice, rising early in the morning, it shall be counted a curse to him. -A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a contentious woman are alike. -Whosoever hideth her hideth the wind, and the ointment of his right hand, which bewrayeth itself. -Iron sharpeneth iron; so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friend. -Whoso keepeth the fig tree shall eat the fruit thereof: so he that waiteth on his master shall be honoured. -As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man. -Hell and destruction are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied. -As the fining pot for silver, and the furnace for gold; so is a man to his praise. -Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him. -Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds. -For riches are not for ever: and doth the crown endure to every generation? -The hay appeareth, and the tender grass sheweth itself, and herbs of the mountains are gathered. -The lambs are for thy clothing, and the goats are the price of the field. -And thou shalt have goats' milk enough for thy food, for the food of thy household, and for the maintenance for thy maidens. -The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bold as a lion. -For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof: but by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof shall be prolonged. -A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food. -They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep the law contend with them. -Evil men understand not judgment: but they that seek the LORD understand all things. -Better is the poor that walketh in his uprightness, than he that is perverse in his ways, though he be rich. -Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son: but he that is a companion of riotous men shameth his father. -He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor. -He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayer shall be abomination. -Whoso causeth the righteous to go astray in an evil way, he shall fall himself into his own pit: but the upright shall have good things in possession. -The rich man is wise in his own conceit; but the poor that hath understanding searcheth him out. -When righteous men do rejoice, there is great glory: but when the wicked rise, a man is hidden. -He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy. -Happy is the man that feareth alway: but he that hardeneth his heart shall fall into mischief. -As a roaring lion, and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler over the poor people. -The prince that wanteth understanding is also a great oppressor: but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days. -A man that doeth violence to the blood of any person shall flee to the pit; let no man stay him. -Whoso walketh uprightly shall be saved: but he that is perverse in his ways shall fall at once. -He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread: but he that followeth after vain persons shall have poverty enough. -A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent. -To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man will transgress. -He that hasteth to be rich hath an evil eye, and considereth not that poverty shall come upon him. -He that rebuketh a man afterwards shall find more favour than he that flattereth with the tongue. -Whoso robbeth his father or his mother, and saith, It is no transgression; the same is the companion of a destroyer. -He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that putteth his trust in the LORD shall be made fat. -He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool: but whoso walketh wisely, he shall be delivered. -He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack: but he that hideth his eyes shall have many a curse. -When the wicked rise, men hide themselves: but when they perish, the righteous increase. -He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy. -When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn. -Whoso loveth wisdom rejoiceth his father: but he that keepeth company with harlots spendeth his substance. -The king by judgment establisheth the land: but he that receiveth gifts overthroweth it. -A man that flattereth his neighbour spreadeth a net for his feet. -In the transgression of an evil man there is a snare: but the righteous doth sing and rejoice. -The righteous considereth the cause of the poor: but the wicked regardeth not to know it. -Scornful men bring a city into a snare: but wise men turn away wrath. -If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage or laugh, there is no rest. -The bloodthirsty hate the upright: but the just seek his soul. -A fool uttereth all his mind: but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards. -If a ruler hearken to lies, all his servants are wicked. -The poor and the deceitful man meet together: the LORD lighteneth both their eyes. -The king that faithfully judgeth the poor, his throne shall be established for ever. -The rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child left to himself bringeth his mother to shame. -When the wicked are multiplied, transgression increaseth: but the righteous shall see their fall. -Correct thy son, and he shall give thee rest; yea, he shall give delight unto thy soul. -Where there is no vision, the people perish: but he that keepeth the law, happy is he. -A servant will not be corrected by words: for though he understand he will not answer. -Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? there is more hope of a fool than of him. -He that delicately bringeth up his servant from a child shall have him become his son at the length. -An angry man stirreth up strife, and a furious man aboundeth in transgression. -A man's pride shall bring him low: but honour shall uphold the humble in spirit. -Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: he heareth cursing, and bewrayeth it not. -The fear of man bringeth a snare: but whoso putteth his trust in the LORD shall be safe. -Many seek the ruler's favour; but every man's judgment cometh from the LORD. -An unjust man is an abomination to the just: and he that is upright in the way is abomination to the wicked. -The words of Agur the son of Jakeh, even the prophecy: the man spake unto Ithiel, even unto Ithiel and Ucal, -Surely I am more brutish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man. -I neither learned wisdom, nor have the knowledge of the holy. -Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what is his son's name, if thou canst tell? -Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him. -Add thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar. -Two things have I required of thee; deny me them not before I die: -Remove far from me vanity and lies: give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me: -Lest I be full, and deny thee, and say, Who is the LORD? or lest I be poor, and steal, and take the name of my God in vain. -Accuse not a servant unto his master, lest he curse thee, and thou be found guilty. -There is a generation that curseth their father, and doth not bless their mother. -There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, and yet is not washed from their filthiness. -There is a generation, O how lofty are their eyes! and their eyelids are lifted up. -There is a generation, whose teeth are as swords, and their jaw teeth as knives, to devour the poor from off the earth, and the needy from among men. -The horseleach hath two daughters, crying, Give, give. There are three things that are never satisfied, yea, four things say not, It is enough: -The grave; and the barren womb; the earth that is not filled with water; and the fire that saith not, It is enough. -The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young eagles shall eat it. -There be three things which are too wonderful for me, yea, four which I know not: -The way of an eagle in the air; the way of a serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea; and the way of a man with a maid. -Such is the way of an adulterous woman; she eateth, and wipeth her mouth, and saith, I have done no wickedness. -For three things the earth is disquieted, and for four which it cannot bear: -For a servant when he reigneth; and a fool when he is filled with meat; -For an odious woman when she is married; and an handmaid that is heir to her mistress. -There be four things which are little upon the earth, but they are exceeding wise: -The ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in the summer; -The conies are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks; -The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands; -The spider taketh hold with her hands, and is in kings' palaces. -There be three things which go well, yea, four are comely in going: -A lion which is strongest among beasts, and turneth not away for any; -A greyhound; an he goat also; and a king, against whom there is no rising up. -If thou hast done foolishly in lifting up thyself, or if thou hast thought evil, lay thine hand upon thy mouth. -Surely the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife. -The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him. -What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows? -Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings. -It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink: -Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. -Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. -Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. -Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction. -Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy. -Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies. -The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil. -She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life. -She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands. -She is like the merchants' ships; she bringeth her food from afar. -She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens. -She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard. -She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms. -She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night. -She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff. -She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy. -She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet. -She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple. -Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land. -She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant. -Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come. -She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness. -She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness. -Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her. -Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all. -Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised. -Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates. -The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem. -Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity. -What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? -One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. -The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. -The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. -All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. -All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. -The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. -Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old time, which was before us. -There is no remembrance of former things; neither shall there be any remembrance of things that are to come with those that shall come after. -I the Preacher was king over Israel in Jerusalem. -And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all things that are done under heaven: this sore travail hath God given to the sons of man to be exercised therewith. -I have seen all the works that are done under the sun; and, behold, all is vanity and vexation of spirit. -That which is crooked cannot be made straight: and that which is wanting cannot be numbered. -I communed with mine own heart, saying, Lo, I am come to great estate, and have gotten more wisdom than all they that have been before me in Jerusalem: yea, my heart had great experience of wisdom and knowledge. -And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and folly: I perceived that this also is vexation of spirit. -For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow. -I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity. -I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it? -I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the days of their life. -I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards: -I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits: -I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees: -I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me: -I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts. -So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me. -And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour. -Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun. -And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath been already done. -Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness. -The wise man's eyes are in his head; but the fool walketh in darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happeneth to them all. -Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity. -For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be forgotten. And how dieth the wise man? as the fool. -Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit. -Yea, I hated all my labour which I had taken under the sun: because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me. -And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity. -Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun. -For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. -For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun? -For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity. -There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God. -For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I? -For God giveth to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also is vanity and vexation of spirit. -To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: -A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted; -A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up; -A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance; -A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing; -A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away; -A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak; -A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace. -What profit hath he that worketh in that wherein he laboureth? -I have seen the travail, which God hath given to the sons of men to be exercised in it. -He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work that God maketh from the beginning to the end. -I know that there is no good in them, but for a man to rejoice, and to do good in his life. -And also that every man should eat and drink, and enjoy the good of all his labour, it is the gift of God. -I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him. -That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and God requireth that which is past. -And moreover I saw under the sun the place of judgment, that wickedness was there; and the place of righteousness, that iniquity was there. -I said in mine heart, God shall judge the righteous and the wicked: for there is a time there for every purpose and for every work. -I said in mine heart concerning the estate of the sons of men, that God might manifest them, and that they might see that they themselves are beasts. -For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast: for all is vanity. -All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again. -Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth? -Wherefore I perceive that there is nothing better, than that a man should rejoice in his own works; for that is his portion: for who shall bring him to see what shall be after him? -So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter. -Wherefore I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive. -Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun. -Again, I considered all travail, and every right work, that for this a man is envied of his neighbour. This is also vanity and vexation of spirit. -The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh. -Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit. -Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun. -There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his labour; neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither saith he, For whom do I labour, and bereave my soul of good? This is also vanity, yea, it is a sore travail. -Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labour. -For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. -Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one be warm alone? -And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken. -Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish king, who will no more be admonished. -For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is born in his kingdom becometh poor. -I considered all the living which walk under the sun, with the second child that shall stand up in his stead. -There is no end of all the people, even of all that have been before them: they also that come after shall not rejoice in him. Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit. -Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God, and be more ready to hear, than to give the sacrifice of fools: for they consider not that they do evil. -Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be hasty to utter any thing before God: for God is in heaven, and thou upon earth: therefore let thy words be few. -For a dream cometh through the multitude of business; and a fool's voice is known by multitude of words. -When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it; for he hath no pleasure in fools: pay that which thou hast vowed. -Better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not pay. -Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin; neither say thou before the angel, that it was an error: wherefore should God be angry at thy voice, and destroy the work of thine hands? -For in the multitude of dreams and many words there are also divers vanities: but fear thou God. -If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting of judgment and justice in a province, marvel not at the matter: for he that is higher than the highest regardeth; and there be higher than they. -Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself is served by the field. -He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he that loveth abundance with increase: this is also vanity. -When goods increase, they are increased that eat them: and what good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with their eyes? -The sleep of a labouring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much: but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep. -There is a sore evil which I have seen under the sun, namely, riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt. -But those riches perish by evil travail: and he begetteth a son, and there is nothing in his hand. -As he came forth of his mother's womb, naked shall he return to go as he came, and shall take nothing of his labour, which he may carry away in his hand. -And this also is a sore evil, that in all points as he came, so shall he go: and what profit hath he that hath laboured for the wind? -All his days also he eateth in darkness, and he hath much sorrow and wrath with his sickness. -Behold that which I have seen: it is good and comely for one to eat and to drink, and to enjoy the good of all his labour that he taketh under the sun all the days of his life, which God giveth him: for it is his portion. -Every man also to whom God hath given riches and wealth, and hath given him power to eat thereof, and to take his portion, and to rejoice in his labour; this is the gift of God. -For he shall not much remember the days of his life; because God answereth him in the joy of his heart. -There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, and it is common among men: -A man to whom God hath given riches, wealth, and honour, so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he desireth, yet God giveth him not power to eat thereof, but a stranger eateth it: this is vanity, and it is an evil disease. -If a man beget an hundred children, and live many years, so that the days of his years be many, and his soul be not filled with good, and also that he have no burial; I say, that an untimely birth is better than he. -For he cometh in with vanity, and departeth in darkness, and his name shall be covered with darkness. -Moreover he hath not seen the sun, nor known any thing: this hath more rest than the other. -Yea, though he live a thousand years twice told, yet hath he seen no good: do not all go to one place? -All the labour of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled. -For what hath the wise more than the fool? what hath the poor, that knoweth to walk before the living? -Better is the sight of the eyes than the wandering of the desire: this is also vanity and vexation of spirit. -That which hath been is named already, and it is known that it is man: neither may he contend with him that is mightier than he. -Seeing there be many things that increase vanity, what is man the better? -For who knoweth what is good for man in this life, all the days of his vain life which he spendeth as a shadow? for who can tell a man what shall be after him under the sun? -A good name is better than precious ointment; and the day of death than the day of one's birth. -It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to go to the house of feasting: for that is the end of all men; and the living will lay it to his heart. -Sorrow is better than laughter: for by the sadness of the countenance the heart is made better. -The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth. -It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise, than for a man to hear the song of fools. -For as the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool: this also is vanity. -Surely oppression maketh a wise man mad; and a gift destroyeth the heart. -Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof: and the patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit. -Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry: for anger resteth in the bosom of fools. -Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better than these? for thou dost not enquire wisely concerning this. -Wisdom is good with an inheritance: and by it there is profit to them that see the sun. -For wisdom is a defence, and money is a defence: but the excellency of knowledge is, that wisdom giveth life to them that have it. -Consider the work of God: for who can make that straight, which he hath made crooked? -In the day of prosperity be joyful, but in the day of adversity consider: God also hath set the one over against the other, to the end that man should find nothing after him. -All things have I seen in the days of my vanity: there is a just man that perisheth in his righteousness, and there is a wicked man that prolongeth his life in his wickedness. -Be not righteous over much; neither make thyself over wise: why shouldest thou destroy thyself ? -Be not over much wicked, neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time? -It is good that thou shouldest take hold of this; yea, also from this withdraw not thine hand: for he that feareth God shall come forth of them all. -Wisdom strengtheneth the wise more than ten mighty men which are in the city. -For there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not. -Also take no heed unto all words that are spoken; lest thou hear thy servant curse thee: -For oftentimes also thine own heart knoweth that thou thyself likewise hast cursed others. -All this have I proved by wisdom: I said, I will be wise; but it was far from me. -That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out? -I applied mine heart to know, and to search, and to seek out wisdom, and the reason of things, and to know the wickedness of folly, even of foolishness and madness: -And I find more bitter than death the woman, whose heart is snares and nets, and her hands as bands: whoso pleaseth God shall escape from her; but the sinner shall be taken by her. -Behold, this have I found, saith the preacher, counting one by one, to find out the account: -Which yet my soul seeketh, but I find not: one man among a thousand have I found; but a woman among all those have I not found. -Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright; but they have sought out many inventions. -Who is as the wise man? and who knoweth the interpretation of a thing? a man's wisdom maketh his face to shine, and the boldness of his face shall be changed. -I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment, and that in regard of the oath of God. -Be not hasty to go out of his sight: stand not in an evil thing; for he doeth whatsoever pleaseth him. -Where the word of a king is, there is power: and who may say unto him, What doest thou? -Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing: and a wise man's heart discerneth both time and judgment. -Because to every purpose there is time and judgment, therefore the misery of man is great upon him. -For he knoweth not that which shall be: for who can tell him when it shall be? -There is no man that hath power over the spirit to retain the spirit; neither hath he power in the day of death: and there is no discharge in that war; neither shall wickedness deliver those that are given to it. -All this have I seen, and applied my heart unto every work that is done under the sun: there is a time wherein one man ruleth over another to his own hurt. -And so I saw the wicked buried, who had come and gone from the place of the holy, and they were forgotten in the city where they had so done: this is also vanity. -Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. -Though a sinner do evil an hundred times, and his days be prolonged, yet surely I know that it shall be well with them that fear God, which fear before him: -But it shall not be well with the wicked, neither shall he prolong his days, which are as a shadow; because he feareth not before God. -There is a vanity which is done upon the earth; that there be just men, unto whom it happeneth according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked men, to whom it happeneth according to the work of the righteous: I said that this also is vanity. -Then I commended mirth, because a man hath no better thing under the sun, than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry: for that shall abide with him of his labour the days of his life, which God giveth him under the sun. -When I applied mine heart to know wisdom, and to see the business that is done upon the earth: (for also there is that neither day nor night seeth sleep with his eyes:) -Then I beheld all the work of God, that a man cannot find out the work that is done under the sun: because though a man labour to seek it out, yet he shall not find it; yea farther; though a wise man think to know it, yet shall he not be able to find it. -For all this I considered in my heart even to declare all this, that the righteous, and the wise, and their works, are in the hand of God: no man knoweth either love or hatred by all that is before them. -All things come alike to all: there is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked; to the good and to the clean, and to the unclean; to him that sacrificeth, and to him that sacrificeth not: as is the good, so is the sinner; and he that sweareth, as he that feareth an oath. -This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all: yea, also the heart of the sons of men is full of evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, and after that they go to the dead. -For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a living dog is better than a dead lion. -For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten. -Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now perished; neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing that is done under the sun. -Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works. -Let thy garments be always white; and let thy head lack no ointment. -Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy vanity, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun. -Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest. -I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all. -For man also knoweth not his time: as the fishes that are taken in an evil net, and as the birds that are caught in the snare; so are the sons of men snared in an evil time, when it falleth suddenly upon them. -This wisdom have I seen also under the sun, and it seemed great unto me: -There was a little city, and few men within it; and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it: -Now there was found in it a poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that same poor man. -Then said I, Wisdom is better than strength: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard. -The words of wise men are heard in quiet more than the cry of him that ruleth among fools. -Wisdom is better than weapons of war: but one sinner destroyeth much good. -Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savour: so doth a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honour. -A wise man's heart is at his right hand; but a fool's heart at his left. -Yea also, when he that is a fool walketh by the way, his wisdom faileth him, and he saith to every one that he is a fool. -If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy place; for yielding pacifieth great offences. -There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, as an error which proceedeth from the ruler: -Folly is set in great dignity, and the rich sit in low place. -I have seen servants upon horses, and princes walking as servants upon the earth. -He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh an hedge, a serpent shall bite him. -Whoso removeth stones shall be hurt therewith; and he that cleaveth wood shall be endangered thereby. -If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then must he put to more strength: but wisdom is profitable to direct. -Surely the serpent will bite without enchantment; and a babbler is no better. -The words of a wise man's mouth are gracious; but the lips of a fool will swallow up himself. -The beginning of the words of his mouth is foolishness: and the end of his talk is mischievous madness. -A fool also is full of words: a man cannot tell what shall be; and what shall be after him, who can tell him? -The labour of the foolish wearieth every one of them, because he knoweth not how to go to the city. -Woe to thee, O land, when thy king is a child, and thy princes eat in the morning! -Blessed art thou, O land, when thy king is the son of nobles, and thy princes eat in due season, for strength, and not for drunkenness! -By much slothfulness the building decayeth; and through idleness of the hands the house droppeth through. -A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry: but money answereth all things. -Curse not the king, no not in thy thought; and curse not the rich in thy bedchamber: for a bird of the air shall carry the voice, and that which hath wings shall tell the matter. -Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days. -Give a portion to seven, and also to eight; for thou knowest not what evil shall be upon the earth. -If the clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be. -He that observeth the wind shall not sow; and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap. -As thou knowest not what is the way of the spirit, nor how the bones do grow in the womb of her that is with child: even so thou knowest not the works of God who maketh all. -In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thine hand: for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or whether they both shall be alike good. -Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun: -But if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many. All that cometh is vanity. -Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth; and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in the sight of thine eyes: but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into judgment. -Therefore remove sorrow from thy heart, and put away evil from thy flesh: for childhood and youth are vanity. -Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh, when thou shalt say, I have no pleasure in them; -While the sun, or the light, or the moon, or the stars, be not darkened, nor the clouds return after the rain: -In the day when the keepers of the house shall tremble, and the strong men shall bow themselves, and the grinders cease because they are few, and those that look out of the windows be darkened, -And the doors shall be shut in the streets, when the sound of the grinding is low, and he shall rise up at the voice of the bird, and all the daughters of musick shall be brought low; -Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets: -Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern. -Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. -Vanity of vanities, saith the preacher; all is vanity. -And moreover, because the preacher was wise, he still taught the people knowledge; yea, he gave good heed, and sought out, and set in order many proverbs. -The preacher sought to find out acceptable words: and that which was written was upright, even words of truth. -The words of the wise are as goads, and as nails fastened by the masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd. -And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh. -Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man. -For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. -The song of songs, which is Solomon's. -Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth: for thy love is better than wine. -Because of the savour of thy good ointments thy name is as ointment poured forth, therefore do the virgins love thee. -Draw me, we will run after thee: the king hath brought me into his chambers: we will be glad and rejoice in thee, we will remember thy love more than wine: the upright love thee. -I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon. -Look not upon me, because I am black, because the sun hath looked upon me: my mother's children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards; but mine own vineyard have I not kept. -Tell me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where thou feedest, where thou makest thy flock to rest at noon: for why should I be as one that turneth aside by the flocks of thy companions? -If thou know not, O thou fairest among women, go thy way forth by the footsteps of the flock, and feed thy kids beside the shepherds' tents. -I have compared thee, O my love, to a company of horses in Pharaoh's chariots. -Thy cheeks are comely with rows of jewels, thy neck with chains of gold. -We will make thee borders of gold with studs of silver. -While the king sitteth at his table, my spikenard sendeth forth the smell thereof. -A bundle of myrrh is my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all night betwixt my breasts. -My beloved is unto me as a cluster of camphire in the vineyards of Engedi. -Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast doves' eyes. -Behold, thou art fair, my beloved, yea, pleasant: also our bed is green. -The beams of our house are cedar, and our rafters of fir. -I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys. -As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters. -As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons. I sat down under his shadow with great delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste. -He brought me to the banqueting house, and his banner over me was love. -Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples: for I am sick of love. -His left hand is under my head, and his right hand doth embrace me. -I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he please. -The voice of my beloved! behold, he cometh leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. -My beloved is like a roe or a young hart: behold, he standeth behind our wall, he looketh forth at the windows, shewing himself through the lattice. -My beloved spake, and said unto me, Rise up, my love, my fair one, and come away. -For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; -The flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in our land; -The fig tree putteth forth her green figs, and the vines with the tender grape give a good smell. Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away. -O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the secret places of the stairs, let me see thy countenance, let me hear thy voice; for sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is comely. -Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines: for our vines have tender grapes. -My beloved is mine, and I am his: he feedeth among the lilies. -Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, turn, my beloved, and be thou like a roe or a young hart upon the mountains of Bether. -By night on my bed I sought him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not. -I will rise now, and go about the city in the streets, and in the broad ways I will seek him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not. -The watchmen that go about the city found me: to whom I said, Saw ye him whom my soul loveth? -It was but a little that I passed from them, but I found him whom my soul loveth: I held him, and would not let him go, until I had brought him into my mother's house, and into the chamber of her that conceived me. -I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he please. -Who is this that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all powders of the merchant? -Behold his bed, which is Solomon's; threescore valiant men are about it, of the valiant of Israel. -They all hold swords, being expert in war: every man hath his sword upon his thigh because of fear in the night. -King Solomon made himself a chariot of the wood of Lebanon. -He made the pillars thereof of silver, the bottom thereof of gold, the covering of it of purple, the midst thereof being paved with love, for the daughters of Jerusalem. -Go forth, O ye daughters of Zion, and behold king Solomon with the crown wherewith his mother crowned him in the day of his espousals, and in the day of the gladness of his heart. -Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast doves' eyes within thy locks: thy hair is as a flock of goats, that appear from mount Gilead. -Thy teeth are like a flock of sheep that are even shorn, which came up from the washing; whereof every one bear twins, and none is barren among them. -Thy lips are like a thread of scarlet, and thy speech is comely: thy temples are like a piece of a pomegranate within thy locks. -Thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armoury, whereon there hang a thousand bucklers, all shields of mighty men. -Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins, which feed among the lilies. -Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, I will get me to the mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankincense. -Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee. -Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards. -Thou hast ravished my heart, my sister, my spouse; thou hast ravished my heart with one of thine eyes, with one chain of thy neck. -How fair is thy love, my sister, my spouse! how much better is thy love than wine! and the smell of thine ointments than all spices! -Thy lips, O my spouse, drop as the honeycomb: honey and milk are under thy tongue; and the smell of thy garments is like the smell of Lebanon. -A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a fountain sealed. -Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, -Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices: -A fountain of gardens, a well of living waters, and streams from Lebanon. -Awake, O north wind; and come, thou south; blow upon my garden, that the spices thereof may flow out. Let my beloved come into his garden, and eat his pleasant fruits. -I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved. -I sleep, but my heart waketh: it is the voice of my beloved that knocketh, saying, Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night. -I have put off my coat; how shall I put it on? I have washed my feet; how shall I defile them? -My beloved put in his hand by the hole of the door, and my bowels were moved for him. -I rose up to open to my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my fingers with sweet smelling myrrh, upon the handles of the lock. -I opened to my beloved; but my beloved had withdrawn himself, and was gone: my soul failed when he spake: I sought him, but I could not find him; I called him, but he gave me no answer. -The watchmen that went about the city found me, they smote me, they wounded me; the keepers of the walls took away my veil from me. -I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, if ye find my beloved, that ye tell him, that I am sick of love. -What is thy beloved more than another beloved, O thou fairest among women? what is thy beloved more than another beloved, that thou dost so charge us? -My beloved is white and ruddy, the chiefest among ten thousand. -His head is as the most fine gold, his locks are bushy, and black as a raven. -His eyes are as the eyes of doves by the rivers of waters, washed with milk, and fitly set. -His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as sweet flowers: his lips like lilies, dropping sweet smelling myrrh. -His hands are as gold rings set with the beryl: his belly is as bright ivory overlaid with sapphires. -His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold: his countenance is as Lebanon, excellent as the cedars. -His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem. -Whither is thy beloved gone, O thou fairest among women? whither is thy beloved turned aside? that we may seek him with thee. -My beloved is gone down into his garden, to the beds of spices, to feed in the gardens, and to gather lilies. -I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies. -Thou art beautiful, O my love, as Tirzah, comely as Jerusalem, terrible as an army with banners. -Turn away thine eyes from me, for they have overcome me: thy hair is as a flock of goats that appear from Gilead. -Thy teeth are as a flock of sheep which go up from the washing, whereof every one beareth twins, and there is not one barren among them. -As a piece of a pomegranate are thy temples within thy locks. -There are threescore queens, and fourscore concubines, and virgins without number. -My dove, my undefiled is but one; she is the only one of her mother, she is the choice one of her that bare her. The daughters saw her, and blessed her; yea, the queens and the concubines, and they praised her. -Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners? -I went down into the garden of nuts to see the fruits of the valley, and to see whether the vine flourished and the pomegranates budded. -Or ever I was aware, my soul made me like the chariots of Amminadib. -Return, return, O Shulamite; return, return, that we may look upon thee. What will ye see in the Shulamite? As it were the company of two armies. -How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O prince's daughter! the joints of thy thighs are like jewels, the work of the hands of a cunning workman. -Thy navel is like a round goblet, which wanteth not liquor: thy belly is like an heap of wheat set about with lilies. -Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins. -Thy neck is as a tower of ivory; thine eyes like the fishpools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim: thy nose is as the tower of Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus. -Thine head upon thee is like Carmel, and the hair of thine head like purple; the king is held in the galleries. -How fair and how pleasant art thou, O love, for delights! -This thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters of grapes. -I said, I will go up to the palm tree, I will take hold of the boughs thereof: now also thy breasts shall be as clusters of the vine, and the smell of thy nose like apples; -And the roof of thy mouth like the best wine for my beloved, that goeth down sweetly, causing the lips of those that are asleep to speak. -I am my beloved's, and his desire is toward me. -Come, my beloved, let us go forth into the field; let us lodge in the villages. -Let us get up early to the vineyards; let us see if the vine flourish, whether the tender grape appear, and the pomegranates bud forth: there will I give thee my loves. -The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of pleasant fruits, new and old, which I have laid up for thee, O my beloved. -O that thou wert as my brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother! when I should find thee without, I would kiss thee; yea, I should not be despised. -I would lead thee, and bring thee into my mother's house, who would instruct me: I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranate. -His left hand should be under my head, and his right hand should embrace me. -I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, until he please. -Who is this that cometh up from the wilderness, leaning upon her beloved? I raised thee up under the apple tree: there thy mother brought thee forth: there she brought thee forth that bare thee. -Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame. -Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it: if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would utterly be contemned. -We have a little sister, and she hath no breasts: what shall we do for our sister in the day when she shall be spoken for? -If she be a wall, we will build upon her a palace of silver: and if she be a door, we will inclose her with boards of cedar. -I am a wall, and my breasts like towers: then was I in his eyes as one that found favour. -Solomon had a vineyard at Baalhamon; he let out the vineyard unto keepers; every one for the fruit thereof was to bring a thousand pieces of silver. -My vineyard, which is mine, is before me: thou, O Solomon, must have a thousand, and those that keep the fruit thereof two hundred. -Thou that dwellest in the gardens, the companions hearken to thy voice: cause me to hear it. -Make haste, my beloved, and be thou like to a roe or to a young hart upon the mountains of spices. -The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. -Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth: for the LORD hath spoken, I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me. -The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib: but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider. -Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed of evildoers, children that are corrupters: they have forsaken the LORD, they have provoked the Holy One of Israel unto anger, they are gone away backward. -Why should ye be stricken any more? ye will revolt more and more: the whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. -From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises, and putrifying sores: they have not been closed, neither bound up, neither mollified with ointment. -Your country is desolate, your cities are burned with fire: your land, strangers devour it in your presence, and it is desolate, as overthrown by strangers. -And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city. -Except the LORD of hosts had left unto us a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, and we should have been like unto Gomorrah. -Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom; give ear unto the law of our God, ye people of Gomorrah. -To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? saith the LORD: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed beasts; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats. -When ye come to appear before me, who hath required this at your hand, to tread my courts? -Bring no more vain oblations; incense is an abomination unto me; the new moons and sabbaths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with; it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting. -Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them. -And when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you: yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear: your hands are full of blood. -Wash you, make you clean; put away the evil of your doings from before mine eyes; cease to do evil; -Learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow. -Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. -If ye be willing and obedient, ye shall eat the good of the land: -But if ye refuse and rebel, ye shall be devoured with the sword: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. -How is the faithful city become an harlot! it was full of judgment; righteousness lodged in it; but now murderers. -Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water: -Thy princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless, neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them. -Therefore saith the LORD, the LORD of hosts, the mighty One of Israel, Ah, I will ease me of mine adversaries, and avenge me of mine enemies: -And I will turn my hand upon thee, and purely purge away thy dross, and take away all thy tin: -And I will restore thy judges as at the first, and thy counsellors as at the beginning: afterward thou shalt be called, The city of righteousness, the faithful city. -Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, and her converts with righteousness. -And the destruction of the transgressors and of the sinners shall be together, and they that forsake the LORD shall be consumed. -For they shall be ashamed of the oaks which ye have desired, and ye shall be confounded for the gardens that ye have chosen. -For ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water. -And the strong shall be as tow, and the maker of it as a spark, and they shall both burn together, and none shall quench them. -The word that Isaiah the son of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem. -And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the LORD's house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. -And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. -And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. -O house of Jacob, come ye, and let us walk in the light of the LORD. -Therefore thou hast forsaken thy people the house of Jacob, because they be replenished from the east, and are soothsayers like the Philistines, and they please themselves in the children of strangers. -Their land also is full of silver and gold, neither is there any end of their treasures; their land is also full of horses, neither is there any end of their chariots: -Their land also is full of idols; they worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made: -And the mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself: therefore forgive them not. -Enter into the rock, and hide thee in the dust, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty. -The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, and the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. -For the day of the LORD of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud and lofty, and upon every one that is lifted up; and he shall be brought low: -And upon all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan, -And upon all the high mountains, and upon all the hills that are lifted up, -And upon every high tower, and upon every fenced wall, -And upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures. -And the loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be made low: and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. -And the idols he shall utterly abolish. -And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. -In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats; -To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the tops of the ragged rocks, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. -Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils: for wherein is he to be accounted of ? -For, behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, doth take away from Jerusalem and from Judah the stay and the staff, the whole stay of bread, and the whole stay of water. -The mighty man, and the man of war, the judge, and the prophet, and the prudent, and the ancient, -The captain of fifty, and the honourable man, and the counsellor, and the cunning artificer, and the eloquent orator. -And I will give children to be their princes, and babes shall rule over them. -And the people shall be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbour: the child shall behave himself proudly against the ancient, and the base against the honourable. -When a man shall take hold of his brother of the house of his father, saying, Thou hast clothing, be thou our ruler, and let this ruin be under thy hand: -In that day shall he swear, saying, I will not be an healer; for in my house is neither bread nor clothing: make me not a ruler of the people. -For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue and their doings are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his glory. -The shew of their countenance doth witness against them; and they declare their sin as Sodom, they hide it not. Woe unto their soul! for they have rewarded evil unto themselves. -Say ye to the righteous, that it shall be well with him: for they shall eat the fruit of their doings. -Woe unto the wicked! it shall be ill with him: for the reward of his hands shall be given him. -As for my people, children are their oppressors, and women rule over them. O my people, they which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths. -The LORD standeth up to plead, and standeth to judge the people. -The LORD will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof: for ye have eaten up the vineyard; the spoil of the poor is in your houses. -What mean ye that ye beat my people to pieces, and grind the faces of the poor? saith the Lord GOD of hosts. -Moreover the LORD saith, Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes, walking and mincing as they go, and making a tinkling with their feet: -Therefore the LORD will smite with a scab the crown of the head of the daughters of Zion, and the LORD will discover their secret parts. -In that day the Lord will take away the bravery of their tinkling ornaments about their feet, and their cauls, and their round tires like the moon, -The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers, -The bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs, and the headbands, and the tablets, and the earrings, -The rings, and nose jewels, -The changeable suits of apparel, and the mantles, and the wimples, and the crisping pins, -The glasses, and the fine linen, and the hoods, and the vails. -And it shall come to pass, that instead of sweet smell there shall be stink; and instead of a girdle a rent; and instead of well set hair baldness; and instead of a stomacher a girding of sackcloth; and burning instead of beauty. -Thy men shall fall by the sword, and thy mighty in the war. -And her gates shall lament and mourn; and she being desolate shall sit upon the ground. -And in that day seven women shall take hold of one man, saying, We will eat our own bread, and wear our own apparel: only let us be called by thy name, to take away our reproach. -In that day shall the branch of the LORD be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the earth shall be excellent and comely for them that are escaped of Israel. -And it shall come to pass, that he that is left in Zion, and he that remaineth in Jerusalem, shall be called holy, even every one that is written among the living in Jerusalem: -When the Lord shall have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall have purged the blood of Jerusalem from the midst thereof by the spirit of judgment, and by the spirit of burning. -And the LORD will create upon every dwelling place of mount Zion, and upon her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day, and the shining of a flaming fire by night: for upon all the glory shall be a defence. -And there shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the day time from the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm and from rain. -Now will I sing to my wellbeloved a song of my beloved touching his vineyard. My wellbeloved hath a vineyard in a very fruitful hill: -And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof, and planted it with the choicest vine, and built a tower in the midst of it, and also made a winepress therein: and he looked that it should bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes. -And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, and men of Judah, judge, I pray you, betwixt me and my vineyard. -What could have been done more to my vineyard, that I have not done in it? wherefore, when I looked that it should bring forth grapes, brought it forth wild grapes? -And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down: -And I will lay it waste: it shall not be pruned, nor digged; but there shall come up briers and thorns: I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it. -For the vineyard of the LORD of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for judgment, but behold oppression; for righteousness, but behold a cry. -Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay field to field, till there be no place, that they may be placed alone in the midst of the earth! -In mine ears said the LORD of hosts, Of a truth many houses shall be desolate, even great and fair, without inhabitant. -Yea, ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of an homer shall yield an ephah. -Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them! -And the harp, and the viol, the tabret, and pipe, and wine, are in their feasts: but they regard not the work of the LORD, neither consider the operation of his hands. -Therefore my people are gone into captivity, because they have no knowledge: and their honourable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst. -Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. -And the mean man shall be brought down, and the mighty man shall be humbled, and the eyes of the lofty shall be humbled: -But the LORD of hosts shall be exalted in judgment, and God that is holy shall be sanctified in righteousness. -Then shall the lambs feed after their manner, and the waste places of the fat ones shall strangers eat. -Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope: -That say, Let him make speed, and hasten his work, that we may see it: and let the counsel of the Holy One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know it! -Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter! -Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight! -Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink: -Which justify the wicked for reward, and take away the righteousness of the righteous from him! -Therefore as the fire devoureth the stubble, and the flame consumeth the chaff, so their root shall be as rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust: because they have cast away the law of the LORD of hosts, and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel. -Therefore is the anger of the LORD kindled against his people, and he hath stretched forth his hand against them, and hath smitten them: and the hills did tremble, and their carcases were torn in the midst of the streets. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. -And he will lift up an ensign to the nations from far, and will hiss unto them from the end of the earth: and, behold, they shall come with speed swiftly: -None shall be weary nor stumble among them; none shall slumber nor sleep; neither shall the girdle of their loins be loosed, nor the latchet of their shoes be broken: -Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind: -Their roaring shall be like a lion, they shall roar like young lions: yea, they shall roar, and lay hold of the prey, and shall carry it away safe, and none shall deliver it. -And in that day they shall roar against them like the roaring of the sea: and if one look unto the land, behold darkness and sorrow, and the light is darkened in the heavens thereof. -In the year that king Uzziah died I saw also the LORD sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the temple. -Above it stood the seraphims: each one had six wings; with twain he covered his face, and with twain he covered his feet, and with twain he did fly. -And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the LORD of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory. -And the posts of the door moved at the voice of him that cried, and the house was filled with smoke. -Then said I, Woe is me! for I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips: for mine eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts. -Then flew one of the seraphims unto me, having a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with the tongs from off the altar: -And he laid it upon my mouth, and said, Lo, this hath touched thy lips; and thine iniquity is taken away, and thy sin purged. -Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Then said I, Here am I; send me. -And he said, Go, and tell this people, Hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not. -Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be healed. -Then said I, Lord, how long? And he answered, Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate, -And the LORD have removed men far away, and there be a great forsaking in the midst of the land. -But yet in it shall be a tenth, and it shall return, and shall be eaten: as a teil tree, and as an oak, whose substance is in them, when they cast their leaves: so the holy seed shall be the substance thereof. -And it came to pass in the days of Ahaz the son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war against it, but could not prevail against it. -And it was told the house of David, saying, Syria is confederate with Ephraim. And his heart was moved, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the wood are moved with the wind. -Then said the LORD unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field; -And say unto him, Take heed, and be quiet; fear not, neither be fainthearted for the two tails of these smoking firebrands, for the fierce anger of Rezin with Syria, and of the son of Remaliah. -Because Syria, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah, have taken evil counsel against thee, saying, -Let us go up against Judah, and vex it, and let us make a breach therein for us, and set a king in the midst of it, even the son of Tabeal: -Thus saith the Lord GOD, It shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass. -For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within threescore and five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it be not a people. -And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. -Moreover the LORD spake again unto Ahaz, saying, -Ask thee a sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above. -But Ahaz said, I will not ask, neither will I tempt the LORD. -And he said, Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing for you to weary men, but will ye weary my God also? -Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. -Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the evil, and choose the good. -For before the child shall know to refuse the evil, and choose the good, the land that thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of both her kings. -The LORD shall bring upon thee, and upon thy people, and upon thy father's house, days that have not come, from the day that Ephraim departed from Judah; even the king of Assyria. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria. -And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all bushes. -In the same day shall the Lord shave with a razor that is hired, namely, by them beyond the river, by the king of Assyria, the head, and the hair of the feet: and it shall also consume the beard. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that a man shall nourish a young cow, and two sheep; -And it shall come to pass, for the abundance of milk that they shall give he shall eat butter: for butter and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that every place shall be, where there were a thousand vines at a thousand silverlings, it shall even be for briers and thorns. -With arrows and with bows shall men come thither; because all the land shall become briers and thorns. -And on all hills that shall be digged with the mattock, there shall not come thither the fear of briers and thorns: but it shall be for the sending forth of oxen, and for the treading of lesser cattle. -Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write in it with a man's pen concerning Mahershalalhashbaz. -And I took unto me faithful witnesses to record, Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah. -And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son. Then said the LORD to me, Call his name Mahershalalhashbaz. -For before the child shall have knowledge to cry, My father, and my mother, the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria shall be taken away before the king of Assyria. -The LORD spake also unto me again, saying, -Forasmuch as this people refuseth the waters of Shiloah that go softly, and rejoice in Rezin and Remaliah's son; -Now therefore, behold, the Lord bringeth up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of Assyria, and all his glory: and he shall come up over all his channels, and go over all his banks: -And he shall pass through Judah; he shall overflow and go over, he shall reach even to the neck; and the stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy land, O Immanuel. -Associate yourselves, O ye people, and ye shall be broken in pieces; and give ear, all ye of far countries: gird yourselves, and ye shall be broken in pieces; gird yourselves, and ye shall be broken in pieces. -Take counsel together, and it shall come to nought; speak the word, and it shall not stand: for God is with us. -For the LORD spake thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me that I should not walk in the way of this people, saying, -Say ye not, A confederacy, to all them to whom this people shall say, A confederacy; neither fear ye their fear, nor be afraid. -Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread. -And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. -And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken. -Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples. -And I will wait upon the LORD, that hideth his face from the house of Jacob, and I will look for him. -Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion. -And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead? -To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in them. -And they shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: and it shall come to pass, that when they shall be hungry, they shall fret themselves, and curse their king and their God, and look upward. -And they shall look unto the earth; and behold trouble and darkness, dimness of anguish; and they shall be driven to darkness. -Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations. -The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. -Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the spoil. -For thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian. -For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood; but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire. -For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. -Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. -The Lord sent a word into Jacob, and it hath lighted upon Israel. -And all the people shall know, even Ephraim and the inhabitant of Samaria, that say in the pride and stoutness of heart, -The bricks are fallen down, but we will build with hewn stones: the sycomores are cut down, but we will change them into cedars. -Therefore the LORD shall set up the adversaries of Rezin against him, and join his enemies together; -The Syrians before, and the Philistines behind; and they shall devour Israel with open mouth. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. -For the people turneth not unto him that smiteth them, neither do they seek the LORD of hosts. -Therefore the LORD will cut off from Israel head and tail, branch and rush, in one day. -The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and the prophet that teacheth lies, he is the tail. -For the leaders of this people cause them to err; and they that are led of them are destroyed. -Therefore the LORD shall have no joy in their young men, neither shall have mercy on their fatherless and widows: for every one is an hypocrite and an evildoer, and every mouth speaketh folly. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. -For wickedness burneth as the fire: it shall devour the briers and thorns, and shall kindle in the thickets of the forest, and they shall mount up like the lifting up of smoke. -Through the wrath of the LORD of hosts is the land darkened, and the people shall be as the fuel of the fire: no man shall spare his brother. -And he shall snatch on the right hand, and be hungry; and he shall eat on the left hand, and they shall not be satisfied: they shall eat every man the flesh of his own arm: -Manasseh, Ephraim; and Ephraim, Manasseh: and they together shall be against Judah. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. -Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed; -To turn aside the needy from judgment, and to take away the right from the poor of my people, that widows may be their prey, and that they may rob the fatherless! -And what will ye do in the day of visitation, and in the desolation which shall come from far? to whom will ye flee for help? and where will ye leave your glory? -Without me they shall bow down under the prisoners, and they shall fall under the slain. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. -O Assyrian, the rod of mine anger, and the staff in their hand is mine indignation. -I will send him against an hypocritical nation, and against the people of my wrath will I give him a charge, to take the spoil, and to take the prey, and to tread them down like the mire of the streets. -Howbeit he meaneth not so, neither doth his heart think so; but it is in his heart to destroy and cut off nations not a few. -For he saith, Are not my princes altogether kings? -Is not Calno as Carchemish? is not Hamath as Arpad? is not Samaria as Damascus? -As my hand hath found the kingdoms of the idols, and whose graven images did excel them of Jerusalem and of Samaria; -Shall I not, as I have done unto Samaria and her idols, so do to Jerusalem and her idols? -Wherefore it shall come to pass, that when the Lord hath performed his whole work upon mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish the fruit of the stout heart of the king of Assyria, and the glory of his high looks. -For he saith, By the strength of my hand I have done it, and by my wisdom; for I am prudent: and I have removed the bounds of the people, and have robbed their treasures, and I have put down the inhabitants like a valiant man: -And my hand hath found as a nest the riches of the people: and as one gathereth eggs that are left, have I gathered all the earth; and there was none that moved the wing, or opened the mouth, or peeped. -Shall the axe boast itself against him that heweth therewith? or shall the saw magnify itself against him that shaketh it? as if the rod should shake itself against them that lift it up, or as if the staff should lift up itself, as if it were no wood. -Therefore shall the Lord, the Lord of hosts, send among his fat ones leanness; and under his glory he shall kindle a burning like the burning of a fire. -And the light of Israel shall be for a fire, and his Holy One for a flame: and it shall burn and devour his thorns and his briers in one day; -And shall consume the glory of his forest, and of his fruitful field, both soul and body: and they shall be as when a standard-bearer fainteth. -And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few, that a child may write them. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the remnant of Israel, and such as are escaped of the house of Jacob, shall no more again stay upon him that smote them; but shall stay upon the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, in truth. -The remnant shall return, even the remnant of Jacob, unto the mighty God. -For though thy people Israel be as the sand of the sea, yet a remnant of them shall return: the consumption decreed shall overflow with righteousness. -For the Lord GOD of hosts shall make a consumption, even determined, in the midst of all the land. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, O my people that dwellest in Zion, be not afraid of the Assyrian: he shall smite thee with a rod, and shall lift up his staff against thee, after the manner of Egypt. -For yet a very little while, and the indignation shall cease, and mine anger in their destruction. -And the LORD of hosts shall stir up a scourge for him according to the slaughter of Midian at the rock of Oreb: and as his rod was upon the sea, so shall he lift it up after the manner of Egypt. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that his burden shall be taken away from off thy shoulder, and his yoke from off thy neck, and the yoke shall be destroyed because of the anointing. -He is come to Aiath, he is passed to Migron; at Michmash he hath laid up his carriages: -They are gone over the passage: they have taken up their lodging at Geba; Ramah is afraid; Gibeah of Saul is fled. -Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim: cause it to be heard unto Laish, O poor Anathoth. -Madmenah is removed; the inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves to flee. -As yet shall he remain at Nob that day: he shall shake his hand against the mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem. -Behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, shall lop the bough with terror: and the high ones of stature shall be hewn down, and the haughty shall be humbled. -And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one. -And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots: -And the spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD; -And shall make him of quick understanding in the fear of the LORD: and he shall not judge after the sight of his eyes, neither reprove after the hearing of his ears: -But with righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove with equity for the meek of the earth: and he shall smite the earth: with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked. -And righteousness shall be the girdle of his loins, and faithfulness the girdle of his reins. -The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them. -And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. -And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den. -They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea. -And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, which shall stand for an ensign of the people; to it shall the Gentiles seek: and his rest shall be glorious. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros, and from Cush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath, and from the islands of the sea. -And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. -The envy also of Ephraim shall depart, and the adversaries of Judah shall be cut off: Ephraim shall not envy Judah, and Judah shall not vex Ephraim. -But they shall fly upon the shoulders of the Philistines toward the west; they shall spoil them of the east together: they shall lay their hand upon Edom and Moab; and the children of Ammon shall obey them. -And the LORD shall utterly destroy the tongue of the Egyptian sea; and with his mighty wind shall he shake his hand over the river, and shall smite it in the seven streams, and make men go over dryshod. -And there shall be an highway for the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria; like as it was to Israel in the day that he came up out of the land of Egypt. -And in that day thou shalt say, O LORD, I will praise thee: though thou wast angry with me, thine anger is turned away, and thou comfortedst me. -Behold, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for the LORD JEHOVAH is my strength and my song; he also is become my salvation. -Therefore with joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of salvation. -And in that day shall ye say, Praise the LORD, call upon his name, declare his doings among the people, make mention that his name is exalted. -Sing unto the LORD; for he hath done excellent things: this is known in all the earth. -Cry out and shout, thou inhabitant of Zion: for great is the Holy One of Israel in the midst of thee. -The burden of Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz did see. -Lift ye up a banner upon the high mountain, exalt the voice unto them, shake the hand, that they may go into the gates of the nobles. -I have commanded my sanctified ones, I have also called my mighty ones for mine anger, even them that rejoice in my highness. -The noise of a multitude in the mountains, like as of a great people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered together: the LORD of hosts mustereth the host of the battle. -They come from a far country, from the end of heaven, even the LORD, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land. -Howl ye; for the day of the LORD is at hand; it shall come as a destruction from the Almighty. -Therefore shall all hands be faint, and every man's heart shall melt: -And they shall be afraid: pangs and sorrows shall take hold of them; they shall be in pain as a woman that travaileth: they shall be amazed one at another; their faces shall be as flames. -Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it. -For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not give their light: the sun shall be darkened in his going forth, and the moon shall not cause her light to shine. -And I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; and I will cause the arrogancy of the proud to cease, and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible. -I will make a man more precious than fine gold; even a man than the golden wedge of Ophir. -Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger. -And it shall be as the chased roe, and as a sheep that no man taketh up: they shall every man turn to his own people, and flee every one into his own land. -Every one that is found shall be thrust through; and every one that is joined unto them shall fall by the sword. -Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished. -Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, which shall not regard silver; and as for gold, they shall not delight in it. -Their bows also shall dash the young men to pieces; and they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eyes shall not spare children. -And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. -It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there. -But wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance there. -And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces: and her time is near to come, and her days shall not be prolonged. -For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel, and set them in their own land: and the strangers shall be joined with them, and they shall cleave to the house of Jacob. -And the people shall take them, and bring them to their place: and the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the LORD for servants and handmaids: and they shall take them captives, whose captives they were; and they shall rule over their oppressors. -And it shall come to pass in the day that the LORD shall give thee rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve, -That thou shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased! -The LORD hath broken the staff of the wicked, and the sceptre of the rulers. -He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke, he that ruled the nations in anger, is persecuted, and none hindereth. -The whole earth is at rest, and is quiet: they break forth into singing. -Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us. -Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming: it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations. -All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become weak as we? art thou become like unto us? -Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee. -How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! -For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: -I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. -Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. -They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; -That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners? -All the kings of the nations, even all of them, lie in glory, every one in his own house. -But thou art cast out of thy grave like an abominable branch, and as the raiment of those that are slain, thrust through with a sword, that go down to the stones of the pit; as a carcase trodden under feet. -Thou shalt not be joined with them in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, and slain thy people: the seed of evildoers shall never be renowned. -Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers; that they do not rise, nor possess the land, nor fill the face of the world with cities. -For I will rise up against them, saith the LORD of hosts, and cut off from Babylon the name, and remnant, and son, and nephew, saith the LORD. -I will also make it a possession for the bittern, and pools of water: and I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the LORD of hosts. -The LORD of hosts hath sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought, so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, so shall it stand: -That I will break the Assyrian in my land, and upon my mountains tread him under foot: then shall his yoke depart from off them, and his burden depart from off their shoulders. -This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole earth: and this is the hand that is stretched out upon all the nations. -For the LORD of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it? and his hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back? -In the year that king Ahaz died was this burden. -Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent. -And the firstborn of the poor shall feed, and the needy shall lie down in safety: and I will kill thy root with famine, and he shall slay thy remnant. -Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone in his appointed times. -What shall one then answer the messengers of the nation? That the LORD hath founded Zion, and the poor of his people shall trust in it. -The burden of Moab. Because in the night Ar of Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence; because in the night Kir of Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence; -He is gone up to Bajith, and to Dibon, the high places, to weep: Moab shall howl over Nebo, and over Medeba: on all their heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut off. -In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly. -And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out; his life shall be grievous unto him. -My heart shall cry out for Moab; his fugitives shall flee unto Zoar, an heifer of three years old: for by the mounting up of Luhith with weeping shall they go it up; for in the way of Horonaim they shall raise up a cry of destruction. -For the waters of Nimrim shall be desolate: for the hay is withered away, the grass faileth, there is no green thing. -Therefore the abundance they have gotten, and that which they have laid up, shall they carry away to the brook of the willows. -For the cry is gone round about the borders of Moab; the howling thereof unto Eglaim, and the howling thereof unto Beerelim. -For the waters of Dimon shall be full of blood: for I will bring more upon Dimon, lions upon him that escapeth of Moab, and upon the remnant of the land. -Send ye the lamb to the ruler of the land from Sela to the wilderness, unto the mount of the daughter of Zion. -For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest, so the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon. -Take counsel, execute judgment; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; bewray not him that wandereth. -Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab; be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler: for the extortioner is at an end, the spoiler ceaseth, the oppressors are consumed out of the land. -And in mercy shall the throne be established: and he shall sit upon it in truth in the tabernacle of David, judging, and seeking judgment, and hasting righteousness. -We have heard of the pride of Moab; he is very proud: even of his haughtiness, and his pride, and his wrath: but his lies shall not be so. -Therefore shall Moab howl for Moab, every one shall howl: for the foundations of Kirhareseth shall ye mourn; surely they are stricken. -For the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah: the lords of the heathen have broken down the principal plants thereof, they are come even unto Jazer, they wandered through the wilderness: her branches are stretched out, they are gone over the sea. -Therefore I will bewail with the weeping of Jazer the vine of Sibmah: I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and Elealeh: for the shouting for thy summer fruits and for thy harvest is fallen. -And gladness is taken away, and joy out of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards there shall be no singing, neither shall there be shouting: the treaders shall tread out no wine in their presses; I have made their vintage shouting to cease. -Wherefore my bowels shall sound like an harp for Moab, and mine inward parts for Kirharesh. -And it shall come to pass, when it is seen that Moab is weary on the high place, that he shall come to his sanctuary to pray; but he shall not prevail. -This is the word that the LORD hath spoken concerning Moab since that time. -But now the LORD hath spoken, saying, Within three years, as the years of an hireling, and the glory of Moab shall be contemned, with all that great multitude; and the remnant shall be very small and feeble. -The burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap. -The cities of Aroer are forsaken: they shall be for flocks, which shall lie down, and none shall make them afraid. -The fortress also shall cease from Ephraim, and the kingdom from Damascus, and the remnant of Syria: they shall be as the glory of the children of Israel, saith the LORD of hosts. -And in that day it shall come to pass, that the glory of Jacob shall be made thin, and the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean. -And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the corn, and reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth ears in the valley of Rephaim. -Yet gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the shaking of an olive tree, two or three berries in the top of the uppermost bough, four or five in the outmost fruitful branches thereof, saith the LORD God of Israel. -At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel. -And he shall not look to the altars, the work of his hands, neither shall respect that which his fingers have made, either the groves, or the images. -In that day shall his strong cities be as a forsaken bough, and an uppermost branch, which they left because of the children of Israel: and there shall be desolation. -Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: -In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow. -Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a noise like the noise of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing like the rushing of mighty waters! -The nations shall rush like the rushing of many waters: but God shall rebuke them, and they shall flee far off, and shall be chased as the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind. -And behold at eveningtide trouble; and before the morning he is not. This is the portion of them that spoil us, and the lot of them that rob us. -Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: -That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled! -All ye inhabitants of the world, and dwellers on the earth, see ye, when he lifteth up an ensign on the mountains; and when he bloweth a trumpet, hear ye. -For so the LORD said unto me, I will take my rest, and I will consider in my dwelling place like a clear heat upon herbs, and like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest. -For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect, and the sour grape is ripening in the flower, he shall both cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks, and take away and cut down the branches. -They shall be left together unto the fowls of the mountains, and to the beasts of the earth: and the fowls shall summer upon them, and all the beasts of the earth shall winter upon them. -In that time shall the present be brought unto the LORD of hosts of a people scattered and peeled, and from a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden under foot, whose land the rivers have spoiled, to the place of the name of the LORD of hosts, the mount Zion. -The burden of Egypt. Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it. -And I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians: and they shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his neighbour; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom. -And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst thereof; and I will destroy the counsel thereof: and they shall seek to the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards. -And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, the LORD of hosts. -And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up. -And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up: the reeds and flags shall wither. -The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be no more. -The fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall languish. -Moreover they that work in fine flax, and they that weave networks, shall be confounded. -And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish. -Surely the princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish: how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings? -Where are they? where are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now, and let them know what the LORD of hosts hath purposed upon Egypt. -The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Noph are deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the tribes thereof. -The LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof: and they have caused Egypt to err in every work thereof, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit. -Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which the head or tail, branch or rush, may do. -In that day shall Egypt be like unto women: and it shall be afraid and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of hosts, which he shaketh over it. -And the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt, every one that maketh mention thereof shall be afraid in himself, because of the counsel of the LORD of hosts, which he hath determined against it. -In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts; one shall be called, The city of destruction. -In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD. -And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one, and he shall deliver them. -And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea, they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it. -And the LORD shall smite Egypt: he shall smite and heal it: and they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them, and shall heal them. -In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians. -In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land: -Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance. -In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it; -At the same time spake the LORD by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from thy foot. And he did so, walking naked and barefoot. -And the LORD said, Like as my servant Isaiah hath walked naked and barefoot three years for a sign and wonder upon Egypt and upon Ethiopia; -So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt. -And they shall be afraid and ashamed of Ethiopia their expectation, and of Egypt their glory. -And the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, Behold, such is our expectation, whither we flee for help to be delivered from the king of Assyria: and how shall we escape? -The burden of the desert of the sea. As whirlwinds in the south pass through; so it cometh from the desert, from a terrible land. -A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer dealeth treacherously, and the spoiler spoileth. Go up, O Elam: besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof have I made to cease. -Therefore are my loins filled with pain: pangs have taken hold upon me, as the pangs of a woman that travaileth: I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at the seeing of it. -My heart panted, fearfulness affrighted me: the night of my pleasure hath he turned into fear unto me. -Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield. -For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth. -And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of asses, and a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much heed: -And he cried, A lion: My lord, I stand continually upon the watchtower in the daytime, and I am set in my ward whole nights: -And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen. And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground. -O my threshing, and the corn of my floor: that which I have heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I declared unto you. -The burden of Dumah. He calleth to me out of Seir, Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night? -The watchman said, The morning cometh, and also the night: if ye will enquire, enquire ye: return, come. -The burden upon Arabia. In the forest in Arabia shall ye lodge, O ye travelling companies of Dedanim. -The inhabitants of the land of Tema brought water to him that was thirsty, they prevented with their bread him that fled. -For they fled from the swords, from the drawn sword, and from the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war. -For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Within a year, according to the years of an hireling, and all the glory of Kedar shall fail: -And the residue of the number of archers, the mighty men of the children of Kedar, shall be diminished: for the LORD God of Israel hath spoken it. -The burden of the valley of vision. What aileth thee now, that thou art wholly gone up to the housetops? -Thou that art full of stirs, a tumultuous city, joyous city: thy slain men are not slain with the sword, nor dead in battle. -All thy rulers are fled together, they are bound by the archers: all that are found in thee are bound together, which have fled from far. -Therefore said I, Look away from me; I will weep bitterly, labour not to comfort me, because of the spoiling of the daughter of my people. -For it is a day of trouble, and of treading down, and of perplexity by the Lord GOD of hosts in the valley of vision, breaking down the walls, and of crying to the mountains. -And Elam bare the quiver with chariots of men and horsemen, and Kir uncovered the shield. -And it shall come to pass, that thy choicest valleys shall be full of chariots, and the horsemen shall set themselves in array at the gate. -And he discovered the covering of Judah, and thou didst look in that day to the armour of the house of the forest. -Ye have seen also the breaches of the city of David, that they are many: and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool. -And ye have numbered the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses have ye broken down to fortify the wall. -Ye made also a ditch between the two walls for the water of the old pool: but ye have not looked unto the maker thereof, neither had respect unto him that fashioned it long ago. -And in that day did the Lord GOD of hosts call to weeping, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth: -And behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for to morrow we shall die. -And it was revealed in mine ears by the LORD of hosts, Surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord GOD of hosts. -Thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, Go, get thee unto this treasurer, even unto Shebna, which is over the house, and say, -What hast thou here? and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewed thee out a sepulchre here, as he that heweth him out a sepulchre on high, and that graveth an habitation for himself in a rock? -Behold, the LORD will carry thee away with a mighty captivity, and will surely cover thee. -He will surely violently turn and toss thee like a ball into a large country: there shalt thou die, and there the chariots of thy glory shall be the shame of thy lord's house. -And I will drive thee from thy station, and from thy state shall he pull thee down. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will call my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah: -And I will clothe him with thy robe, and strengthen him with thy girdle, and I will commit thy government into his hand: and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah. -And the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. -And I will fasten him as a nail in a sure place; and he shall be for a glorious throne to his father's house. -And they shall hang upon him all the glory of his father's house, the offspring and the issue, all vessels of small quantity, from the vessels of cups, even to all the vessels of flagons. -In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall the nail that is fastened in the sure place be removed, and be cut down, and fall; and the burden that was upon it shall be cut off: for the LORD hath spoken it. -The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of Chittim it is revealed to them. -Be still, ye inhabitants of the isle; thou whom the merchants of Zidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished. -And by great waters the seed of Sihor, the harvest of the river, is her revenue; and she is a mart of nations. -Be thou ashamed, O Zidon: for the sea hath spoken, even the strength of the sea, saying, I travail not, nor bring forth children, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins. -As at the report concerning Egypt, so shall they be sorely pained at the report of Tyre. -Pass ye over to Tarshish; howl, ye inhabitants of the isle. -Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days? her own feet shall carry her afar off to sojourn. -Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth? -The LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of the earth. -Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there is no more strength. -He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms: the LORD hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to destroy the strong holds thereof. -And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest. -Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not, till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought it to ruin. -Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king: after the end of seventy years shall Tyre sing as an harlot. -Take an harp, go about the city, thou harlot that hast been forgotten; make sweet melody, sing many songs, that thou mayest be remembered. -And it shall come to pass after the end of seventy years, that the LORD will visit Tyre, and she shall turn to her hire, and shall commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of the earth. -And her merchandise and her hire shall be holiness to the LORD: it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the LORD, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing. -Behold, the LORD maketh the earth empty, and maketh it waste, and turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof. -And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him. -The land shall be utterly emptied, and utterly spoiled: for the LORD hath spoken this word. -The earth mourneth and fadeth away, the world languisheth and fadeth away, the haughty people of the earth do languish. -The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, changed the ordinance, broken the everlasting covenant. -Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth, and they that dwell therein are desolate: therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned, and few men left. -The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth, all the merryhearted do sigh. -The mirth of tabrets ceaseth, the noise of them that rejoice endeth, the joy of the harp ceaseth. -They shall not drink wine with a song; strong drink shall be bitter to them that drink it. -The city of confusion is broken down: every house is shut up, that no man may come in. -There is a crying for wine in the streets; all joy is darkened, the mirth of the land is gone. -In the city is left desolation, and the gate is smitten with destruction. -When thus it shall be in the midst of the land among the people, there shall be as the shaking of an olive tree, and as the gleaning grapes when the vintage is done. -They shall lift up their voice, they shall sing for the majesty of the LORD, they shall cry aloud from the sea. -Wherefore glorify ye the LORD in the fires, even the name of the LORD God of Israel in the isles of the sea. -From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, even glory to the righteous. But I said, My leanness, my leanness, woe unto me! the treacherous dealers have dealt treacherously; yea, the treacherous dealers have dealt very treacherously. -Fear, and the pit, and the snare, are upon thee, O inhabitant of the earth. -And it shall come to pass, that he who fleeth from the noise of the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that cometh up out of the midst of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for the windows from on high are open, and the foundations of the earth do shake. -The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolved, the earth is moved exceedingly. -The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. -And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited. -Then the moon shall be confounded, and the sun ashamed, when the LORD of hosts shall reign in mount Zion, and in Jerusalem, and before his ancients gloriously. -O Lord, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth. -For thou hast made of a city an heap; of a defenced city a ruin: a palace of strangers to be no city; it shall never be built. -Therefore shall the strong people glorify thee, the city of the terrible nations shall fear thee. -For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a strength to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the wall. -Thou shalt bring down the noise of strangers, as the heat in a dry place; even the heat with the shadow of a cloud: the branch of the terrible ones shall be brought low. -And in this mountain shall the LORD of hosts make unto all people a feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined. -And he will destroy in this mountain the face of the covering cast over all people, and the vail that is spread over all nations. -He will swallow up death in victory; and the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the earth: for the LORD hath spoken it. -And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the LORD; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation. -For in this mountain shall the hand of the LORD rest, and Moab shall be trodden down under him, even as straw is trodden down for the dunghill. -And he shall spread forth his hands in the midst of them, as he that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim: and he shall bring down their pride together with the spoils of their hands. -And the fortress of the high fort of thy walls shall he bring down, lay low, and bring to the ground, even to the dust. -In that day shall this song be sung in the land of Judah; We have a strong city; salvation will God appoint for walls and bulwarks. -Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which keepeth the truth may enter in. -Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on thee: because he trusteth in thee. -Trust ye in the LORD for ever: for in the LORD JEHOVAH is everlasting strength: -For he bringeth down them that dwell on high; the lofty city, he layeth it low; he layeth it low, even to the ground; he bringeth it even to the dust. -The foot shall tread it down, even the feet of the poor, and the steps of the needy. -The way of the just is uprightness: thou, most upright, dost weigh the path of the just. -Yea, in the way of thy judgments, O LORD, have we waited for thee; the desire of our soul is to thy name, and to the remembrance of thee. -With my soul have I desired thee in the night; yea, with my spirit within me will I seek thee early: for when thy judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness. -Let favour be shewed to the wicked, yet will he not learn righteousness: in the land of uprightness will he deal unjustly, and will not behold the majesty of the LORD. -LORD, when thy hand is lifted up, they will not see: but they shall see, and be ashamed for their envy at the people; yea, the fire of thine enemies shall devour them. -LORD, thou wilt ordain peace for us: for thou also hast wrought all our works in us. -O LORD our God, other lords beside thee have had dominion over us: but by thee only will we make mention of thy name. -They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their memory to perish. -Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD, thou hast increased the nation: thou art glorified: thou hadst removed it far unto all the ends of the earth. -LORD, in trouble have they visited thee, they poured out a prayer when thy chastening was upon them. -Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery, is in pain, and crieth out in her pangs; so have we been in thy sight, O LORD. -We have been with child, we have been in pain, we have as it were brought forth wind; we have not wrought any deliverance in the earth; neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen. -Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead. -Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. -For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity: the earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no more cover her slain. -In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea. -In that day sing ye unto her, A vineyard of red wine. -I the LORD do keep it; I will water it every moment: lest any hurt it, I will keep it night and day. -Fury is not in me: who would set the briers and thorns against me in battle? I would go through them, I would burn them together. -Or let him take hold of my strength, that he may make peace with me; and he shall make peace with me. -He shall cause them that come of Jacob to take root: Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit. -Hath he smitten him, as he smote those that smote him? or is he slain according to the slaughter of them that are slain by him? -In measure, when it shooteth forth, thou wilt debate with it: he stayeth his rough wind in the day of the east wind. -By this therefore shall the iniquity of Jacob be purged; and this is all the fruit to take away his sin; when he maketh all the stones of the altar as chalkstones that are beaten in sunder, the groves and images shall not stand up. -Yet the defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof. -When the boughs thereof are withered, they shall be broken off: the women come, and set them on fire: for it is a people of no understanding: therefore he that made them will not have mercy on them, and he that formed them will shew them no favour. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall beat off from the channel of the river unto the stream of Egypt, and ye shall be gathered one by one, O ye children of Israel. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the great trumpet shall be blown, and they shall come which were ready to perish in the land of Assyria, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt, and shall worship the LORD in the holy mount at Jerusalem. -Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorious beauty is a fading flower, which are on the head of the fat valleys of them that are overcome with wine! -Behold, the Lord hath a mighty and strong one, which as a tempest of hail and a destroying storm, as a flood of mighty waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand. -The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim, shall be trodden under feet: -And the glorious beauty, which is on the head of the fat valley, shall be a fading flower, and as the hasty fruit before the summer; which when he that looketh upon it seeth, while it is yet in his hand he eateth it up. -In that day shall the LORD of hosts be for a crown of glory, and for a diadem of beauty, unto the residue of his people, -And for a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment, and for strength to them that turn the battle to the gate. -But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink are out of the way; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way through strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment. -For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that there is no place clean. -Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to understand doctrine? them that are weaned from the milk, and drawn from the breasts. -For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little: -For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this people. -To whom he said, This is the rest wherewith ye may cause the weary to rest; and this is the refreshing: yet they would not hear. -But the word of the LORD was unto them precept upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little; that they might go, and fall backward, and be broken, and snared, and taken. -Wherefore hear the word of the LORD, ye scornful men, that rule this people which is in Jerusalem. -Because ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us: for we have made lies our refuge, and under falsehood have we hid ourselves: -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste. -Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place. -And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it. -From the time that it goeth forth it shall take you: for morning by morning shall it pass over, by day and by night: and it shall be a vexation only to understand the report. -For the bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it: and the covering narrower than that he can wrap himself in it. -For the LORD shall rise up as in mount Perazim, he shall be wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he may do his work, his strange work; and bring to pass his act, his strange act. -Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for I have heard from the Lord GOD of hosts a consumption, even determined upon the whole earth. -Give ye ear, and hear my voice; hearken, and hear my speech. -Doth the plowman plow all day to sow? doth he open and break the clods of his ground? -When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place? -For his God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach him. -For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod. -Bread corn is bruised; because he will not ever be threshing it, nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his horsemen. -This also cometh forth from the LORD of hosts, which is wonderful in counsel, and excellent in working. -Woe to Ariel, to Ariel, the city where David dwelt! add ye year to year; let them kill sacrifices. -Yet I will distress Ariel, and there shall be heaviness and sorrow: and it shall be unto me as Ariel. -And I will camp against thee round about, and will lay siege against thee with a mount, and I will raise forts against thee. -And thou shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the ground, and thy speech shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be, as of one that hath a familiar spirit, out of the ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of the dust. -Moreover the multitude of thy strangers shall be like small dust, and the multitude of the terrible ones shall be as chaff that passeth away: yea, it shall be at an instant suddenly. -Thou shalt be visited of the LORD of hosts with thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and the flame of devouring fire. -And the multitude of all the nations that fight against Ariel, even all that fight against her and her munition, and that distress her, shall be as a dream of a night vision. -It shall even be as when an hungry man dreameth, and, behold, he eateth; but he awaketh, and his soul is empty: or as when a thirsty man dreameth, and, behold, he drinketh; but he awaketh, and, behold, he is faint, and his soul hath appetite: so shall the multitude of all the nations be, that fight against mount Zion. -Stay yourselves, and wonder; cry ye out, and cry: they are drunken, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink. -For the LORD hath poured out upon you the spirit of deep sleep, and hath closed your eyes: the prophets and your rulers, the seers hath he covered. -And the vision of all is become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one that is learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I cannot; for it is sealed: -And the book is delivered to him that is not learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned. -Wherefore the Lord said, Forasmuch as this people draw near me with their mouth, and with their lips do honour me, but have removed their heart far from me, and their fear toward me is taught by the precept of men: -Therefore, behold, I will proceed to do a marvellous work among this people, even a marvellous work and a wonder: for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the understanding of their prudent men shall be hid. -Woe unto them that seek deep to hide their counsel from the LORD, and their works are in the dark, and they say, Who seeth us? and who knoweth us? -Surely your turning of things upside down shall be esteemed as the potter's clay: for shall the work say of him that made it, He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that framed it, He had no understanding? -Is it not yet a very little while, and Lebanon shall be turned into a fruitful field, and the fruitful field shall be esteemed as a forest? -And in that day shall the deaf hear the words of the book, and the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity, and out of darkness. -The meek also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the poor among men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel. -For the terrible one is brought to nought, and the scorner is consumed, and all that watch for iniquity are cut off: -That make a man an offender for a word, and lay a snare for him that reproveth in the gate, and turn aside the just for a thing of nought. -Therefore thus saith the LORD, who redeemed Abraham, concerning the house of Jacob, Jacob shall not now be ashamed, neither shall his face now wax pale. -But when he seeth his children, the work of mine hands, in the midst of him, they shall sanctify my name, and sanctify the Holy One of Jacob, and shall fear the God of Israel. -They also that erred in spirit shall come to understanding, and they that murmured shall learn doctrine. -Woe to the rebellious children, saith the LORD, that take counsel, but not of me; and that cover with a covering, but not of my spirit, that they may add sin to sin: -That walk to go down into Egypt, and have not asked at my mouth; to strengthen themselves in the strength of Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt! -Therefore shall the strength of Pharaoh be your shame, and the trust in the shadow of Egypt your confusion. -For his princes were at Zoan, and his ambassadors came to Hanes. -They were all ashamed of a people that could not profit them, nor be an help nor profit, but a shame, and also a reproach. -The burden of the beasts of the south: into the land of trouble and anguish, from whence come the young and old lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent, they will carry their riches upon the shoulders of young asses, and their treasures upon the bunches of camels, to a people that shall not profit them. -For the Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose: therefore have I cried concerning this, Their strength is to sit still. -Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever: -That this is a rebellious people, lying children, children that will not hear the law of the LORD: -Which say to the seers, See not; and to the prophets, Prophesy not unto us right things, speak unto us smooth things, prophesy deceits: -Get you out of the way, turn aside out of the path, cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us. -Wherefore thus saith the Holy One of Israel, Because ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon: -Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach ready to fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose breaking cometh suddenly at an instant. -And he shall break it as the breaking of the potters' vessel that is broken in pieces; he shall not spare: so that there shall not be found in the bursting of it a sherd to take fire from the hearth, or to take water withal out of the pit. -For thus saith the Lord GOD, the Holy One of Israel; In returning and rest shall ye be saved; in quietness and in confidence shall be your strength: and ye would not. -But ye said, No; for we will flee upon horses; therefore shall ye flee: and, We will ride upon the swift; therefore shall they that pursue you be swift. -One thousand shall flee at the rebuke of one; at the rebuke of five shall ye flee: till ye be left as a beacon upon the top of a mountain, and as an ensign on an hill. -And therefore will the LORD wait, that he may be gracious unto you, and therefore will he be exalted, that he may have mercy upon you: for the LORD is a God of judgment: blessed are all they that wait for him. -For the people shall dwell in Zion at Jerusalem: thou shalt weep no more: he will be very gracious unto thee at the voice of thy cry; when he shall hear it, he will answer thee. -And though the Lord give you the bread of adversity, and the water of affliction, yet shall not thy teachers be removed into a corner any more, but thine eyes shall see thy teachers: -And thine ears shall hear a word behind thee, saying, This is the way, walk ye in it, when ye turn to the right hand, and when ye turn to the left. -Ye shall defile also the covering of thy graven images of silver, and the ornament of thy molten images of gold: thou shalt cast them away as a menstruous cloth; thou shalt say unto it, Get thee hence. -Then shall he give the rain of thy seed, that thou shalt sow the ground withal; and bread of the increase of the earth, and it shall be fat and plenteous: in that day shall thy cattle feed in large pastures. -The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground shall eat clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan. -And there shall be upon every high mountain, and upon every high hill, rivers and streams of waters in the day of the great slaughter, when the towers fall. -Moreover the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold, as the light of seven days, in the day that the LORD bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound. -Behold, the name of the LORD cometh from far, burning with his anger, and the burden thereof is heavy: his lips are full of indignation, and his tongue as a devouring fire: -And his breath, as an overflowing stream, shall reach to the midst of the neck, to sift the nations with the sieve of vanity: and there shall be a bridle in the jaws of the people, causing them to err. -Ye shall have a song, as in the night when a holy solemnity is kept; and gladness of heart, as when one goeth with a pipe to come into the mountain of the LORD, to the mighty One of Israel. -And the LORD shall cause his glorious voice to be heard, and shall shew the lighting down of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and with the flame of a devouring fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones. -For through the voice of the LORD shall the Assyrian be beaten down, which smote with a rod. -And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which the LORD shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps: and in battles of shaking will he fight with it. -For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared; he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much wood; the breath of the LORD, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it. -Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help; and stay on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many; and in horsemen, because they are very strong; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! -Yet he also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words: but will arise against the house of the evildoers, and against the help of them that work iniquity. -Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When the LORD shall stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall down, and they all shall fail together. -For thus hath the LORD spoken unto me, Like as the lion and the young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is called forth against him, he will not be afraid of their voice, nor abase himself for the noise of them: so shall the LORD of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof. -As birds flying, so will the LORD of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it; and passing over he will preserve it. -Turn ye unto him from whom the children of Israel have deeply revolted. -For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin. -Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited. -And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign, saith the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem. -Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. -And a man shall be as an hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the tempest; as rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. -And the eyes of them that see shall not be dim, and the ears of them that hear shall hearken. -The heart also of the rash shall understand knowledge, and the tongue of the stammerers shall be ready to speak plainly. -The vile person shall be no more called liberal, nor the churl said to be bountiful. -For the vile person will speak villany, and his heart will work iniquity, to practise hypocrisy, and to utter error against the LORD, to make empty the soul of the hungry, and he will cause the drink of the thirsty to fail. -The instruments also of the churl are evil: he deviseth wicked devices to destroy the poor with lying words, even when the needy speaketh right. -But the liberal deviseth liberal things; and by liberal things shall he stand. -Rise up, ye women that are at ease; hear my voice, ye careless daughters; give ear unto my speech. -Many days and years shall ye be troubled, ye careless women: for the vintage shall fail, the gathering shall not come. -Tremble, ye women that are at ease; be troubled, ye careless ones: strip you, and make you bare, and gird sackcloth upon your loins. -They shall lament for the teats, for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vine. -Upon the land of my people shall come up thorns and briers; yea, upon all the houses of joy in the joyous city: -Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks; -Until the spirit be poured upon us from on high, and the wilderness be a fruitful field, and the fruitful field be counted for a forest. -Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field. -And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of righteousness quietness and assurance for ever. -And my people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation, and in sure dwellings, and in quiet resting places; -When it shall hail, coming down on the forest; and the city shall be low in a low place. -Blessed are ye that sow beside all waters, that send forth thither the feet of the ox and the ass. -Woe to thee that spoilest, and thou wast not spoiled; and dealest treacherously, and they dealt not treacherously with thee! when thou shalt cease to spoil, thou shalt be spoiled; and when thou shalt make an end to deal treacherously, they shall deal treacherously with thee. -O LORD, be gracious unto us; we have waited for thee: be thou their arm every morning, our salvation also in the time of trouble. -At the noise of the tumult the people fled; at the lifting up of thyself the nations were scattered. -And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpiller: as the running to and fro of locusts shall he run upon them. -The LORD is exalted; for he dwelleth on high: he hath filled Zion with judgment and righteousness. -And wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times, and strength of salvation: the fear of the LORD is his treasure. -Behold, their valiant ones shall cry without: the ambassadors of peace shall weep bitterly. -The highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth: he hath broken the covenant, he hath despised the cities, he regardeth no man. -The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits. -Now will I rise, saith the LORD; now will I be exalted; now will I lift up myself. -Ye shall conceive chaff, ye shall bring forth stubble: your breath, as fire, shall devour you. -And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: as thorns cut up shall they be burned in the fire. -Hear, ye that are far off, what I have done; and, ye that are near, acknowledge my might. -The sinners in Zion are afraid; fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites. Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings? -He that walketh righteously, and speaketh uprightly; he that despiseth the gain of oppressions, that shaketh his hands from holding of bribes, that stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood, and shutteth his eyes from seeing evil; -He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure. -Thine eyes shall see the king in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far off. -Thine heart shall meditate terror. Where is the scribe? where is the receiver? where is he that counted the towers? -Thou shalt not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech than thou canst perceive; of a stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand. -Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be removed, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. -But there the glorious LORD will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ship pass thereby. -For the LORD is our judge, the LORD is our lawgiver, the LORD is our king; he will save us. -Thy tacklings are loosed; they could not well strengthen their mast, they could not spread the sail: then is the prey of a great spoil divided; the lame take the prey. -And the inhabitant shall not say, I am sick: the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven their iniquity. -Come near, ye nations, to hear; and hearken, ye people: let the earth hear, and all that is therein; the world, and all things that come forth of it. -For the indignation of the LORD is upon all nations, and his fury upon all their armies: he hath utterly destroyed them, he hath delivered them to the slaughter. -Their slain also shall be cast out, and their stink shall come up out of their carcases, and the mountains shall be melted with their blood. -And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig tree. -For my sword shall be bathed in heaven: behold, it shall come down upon Idumea, and upon the people of my curse, to judgment. -The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat with fatness, and with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams: for the LORD hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Idumea. -And the unicorns shall come down with them, and the bullocks with the bulls; and their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust made fat with fatness. -For it is the day of the LORD's vengeance, and the year of recompences for the controversy of Zion. -And the streams thereof shall be turned into pitch, and the dust thereof into brimstone, and the land thereof shall become burning pitch. -It shall not be quenched night nor day; the smoke thereof shall go up for ever: from generation to generation it shall lie waste; none shall pass through it for ever and ever. -But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it; the owl also and the raven shall dwell in it: and he shall stretch out upon it the line of confusion, and the stones of emptiness. -They shall call the nobles thereof to the kingdom, but none shall be there, and all her princes shall be nothing. -And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof: and it shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls. -The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the screech owl also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest. -There shall the great owl make her nest, and lay, and hatch, and gather under her shadow: there shall the vultures also be gathered, every one with her mate. -Seek ye out of the book of the LORD, and read: no one of these shall fail, none shall want her mate: for my mouth it hath commanded, and his spirit it hath gathered them. -And he hath cast the lot for them, and his hand hath divided it unto them by line: they shall possess it for ever, from generation to generation shall they dwell therein. -The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. -It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and singing: the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellency of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory of the LORD, and the excellency of our God. -Strengthen ye the weak hands, and confirm the feeble knees. -Say to them that are of a fearful heart, Be strong, fear not: behold, your God will come with vengeance, even God with a recompence; he will come and save you. -Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. -Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, and the tongue of the dumb sing: for in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams in the desert. -And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water: in the habitation of dragons, where each lay, shall be grass with reeds and rushes. -And an highway shall be there, and a way, and it shall be called The way of holiness; the unclean shall not pass over it; but it shall be for those: the wayfaring men, though fools, shall not err therein. -No lion shall be there, nor any ravenous beast shall go up thereon, it shall not be found there; but the redeemed shall walk there: -And the ransomed of the LORD shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away. -Now it came to pass in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah, that Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the defenced cities of Judah, and took them. -And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field. -Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder. -And Rabshakeh said unto them, Say ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest? -I say, sayest thou, (but they are but vain words) I have counsel and strength for war: now on whom dost thou trust, that thou rebellest against me? -Lo, thou trustest in the staff of this broken reed, on Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it: so is Pharaoh king of Egypt to all that trust in him. -But if thou say to me, We trust in the LORD our God: is it not he, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and said to Judah and to Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar? -Now therefore give pledges, I pray thee, to my master the king of Assyria, and I will give thee two thousand horses, if thou be able on thy part to set riders upon them. -How then wilt thou turn away the face of one captain of the least of my master's servants, and put thy trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen? -And am I now come up without the LORD against this land to destroy it? the LORD said unto me, Go up against this land, and destroy it. -Then said Eliakim and Shebna and Joah unto Rabshakeh, Speak, I pray thee, unto thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand it: and speak not to us in the Jews' language, in the ears of the people that are on the wall. -But Rabshakeh said, Hath my master sent me to thy master and to thee to speak these words? hath he not sent me to the men that sit upon the wall, that they may eat their own dung, and drink their own piss with you? -Then Rabshakeh stood, and cried with a loud voice in the Jews' language, and said, Hear ye the words of the great king, the king of Assyria. -Thus saith the king, Let not Hezekiah deceive you: for he shall not be able to deliver you. -Neither let Hezekiah make you trust in the LORD, saying, The LORD will surely deliver us: this city shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria. -Hearken not to Hezekiah: for thus saith the king of Assyria, Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to me: and eat ye every one of his vine, and every one of his fig tree, and drink ye every one the waters of his own cistern; -Until I come and take you away to a land like your own land, a land of corn and wine, a land of bread and vineyards. -Beware lest Hezekiah persuade you, saying, the LORD will deliver us. Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria? -Where are the gods of Hamath and Arphad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim? and have they delivered Samaria out of my hand? -Who are they among all the gods of these lands, that have delivered their land out of my hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand? -But they held their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king's commandment was, saying, Answer him not. -Then came Eliakim, the son of Hilkiah, that was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder, to Hezekiah with their clothes rent, and told him the words of Rabshakeh. -And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the house of the LORD. -And he sent Eliakim, who was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and the elders of the priests covered with sackcloth, unto Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz. -And they said unto him, Thus saith Hezekiah, This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy: for the children are come to the birth, and there is not strength to bring forth. -It may be the LORD thy God will hear the words of Rabshakeh, whom the king of Assyria his master hath sent to reproach the living God, and will reprove the words which the LORD thy God hath heard: wherefore lift up thy prayer for the remnant that is left. -So the servants of king Hezekiah came to Isaiah. -And Isaiah said unto them, Thus shall ye say unto your master, Thus saith the LORD, Be not afraid of the words that thou hast heard, wherewith the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed me. -Behold, I will send a blast upon him, and he shall hear a rumour, and return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land. -So Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish. -And he heard say concerning Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, He is come forth to make war with thee. And when he heard it, he sent messengers to Hezekiah, saying, -Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Let not thy God, in whom thou trustest, deceive thee, saying, Jerusalem shall not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria. -Behold, thou hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to all lands by destroying them utterly; and shalt thou be delivered? -Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed, as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of Eden which were in Telassar? -Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arphad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah? -And Hezekiah received the letter from the hand of the messengers, and read it: and Hezekiah went up unto the house of the LORD, and spread it before the LORD. -And Hezekiah prayed unto the LORD, saying, -O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, that dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth: thou hast made heaven and earth. -Incline thine ear, O LORD, and hear; open thine eyes, O LORD, and see: and hear all the words of Sennacherib, which hath sent to reproach the living God. -Of a truth, LORD, the kings of Assyria have laid waste all the nations, and their countries, -And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone: therefore they have destroyed them. -Now therefore, O LORD our God, save us from his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the LORD, even thou only. -Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent unto Hezekiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Whereas thou hast prayed to me against Sennacherib king of Assyria: -This is the word which the LORD hath spoken concerning him; The virgin, the daughter of Zion, hath despised thee, and laughed thee to scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem hath shaken her head at thee. -Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the Holy One of Israel. -By thy servants hast thou reproached the Lord, and hast said, By the multitude of my chariots am I come up to the height of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall cedars thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the height of his border, and the forest of his Carmel. -I have digged, and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places. -Hast thou not heard long ago, how I have done it; and of ancient times, that I have formed it? now have I brought it to pass, that thou shouldest be to lay waste defenced cities into ruinous heaps. -Therefore their inhabitants were of small power, they were dismayed and confounded: they were as the grass of the field, and as the green herb, as the grass on the housetops, and as corn blasted before it be grown up. -But I know thy abode, and thy going out, and thy coming in, and thy rage against me. -Because thy rage against me, and thy tumult, is come up into mine ears, therefore will I put my hook in thy nose, and my bridle in thy lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest. -And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such as groweth of itself; and the second year that which springeth of the same: and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, and eat the fruit thereof. -And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward: -For out of Jerusalem shall go forth a remnant, and they that escape out of mount Zion: the zeal of the LORD of hosts shall do this. -Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast a bank against it. -By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not come into this city, saith the LORD. -For I will defend this city to save it for mine own sake, and for my servant David's sake. -Then the angel of the LORD went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred and fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. -So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh. -And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Armenia: and Esarhaddon his son reigned in his stead. -In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz came unto him, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. -Then Hezekiah turned his face toward the wall, and prayed unto the LORD, -And said, Remember now, O LORD, I beseech thee, how I have walked before thee in truth and with a perfect heart, and have done that which is good in thy sight. And Hezekiah wept sore. -Then came the word of the LORD to Isaiah, saying, -Go, and say to Hezekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God of David thy father, I have heard thy prayer, I have seen thy tears: behold, I will add unto thy days fifteen years. -And I will deliver thee and this city out of the hand of the king of Assyria: and I will defend this city. -And this shall be a sign unto thee from the LORD, that the LORD will do this thing that he hath spoken; -Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. -The writing of Hezekiah king of Judah, when he had been sick, and was recovered of his sickness: -I said in the cutting off of my days, I shall go to the gates of the grave: I am deprived of the residue of my years. -I said, I shall not see the LORD, even the LORD, in the land of the living: I shall behold man no more with the inhabitants of the world. -Mine age is departed, and is removed from me as a shepherd's tent: I have cut off like a weaver my life: he will cut me off with pining sickness: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me. -I reckoned till morning, that, as a lion, so will he break all my bones: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me. -Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter: I did mourn as a dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed; undertake for me. -What shall I say? he hath both spoken unto me, and himself hath done it: I shall go softly all my years in the bitterness of my soul. -O LORD, by these things men live, and in all these things is the life of my spirit: so wilt thou recover me, and make me to live. -Behold, for peace I had great bitterness: but thou hast in love to my soul delivered it from the pit of corruption: for thou hast cast all my sins behind thy back. -For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee: they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth. -The living, the living, he shall praise thee, as I do this day: the father to the children shall make known thy truth. -The LORD was ready to save me: therefore we will sing my songs to the stringed instruments all the days of our life in the house of the LORD. -For Isaiah had said, Let them take a lump of figs, and lay it for a plaister upon the boil, and he shall recover. -Hezekiah also had said, What is the sign that I shall go up to the house of the LORD? -At that time Merodachbaladan, the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to Hezekiah: for he had heard that he had been sick, and was recovered. -And Hezekiah was glad of them, and shewed them the house of his precious things, the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and the precious ointment, and all the house of his armour, and all that was found in his treasures: there was nothing in his house, nor in all his dominion, that Hezekiah shewed them not. -Then came Isaiah the prophet unto king Hezekiah, and said unto him, What said these men? and from whence came they unto thee? And Hezekiah said, They are come from a far country unto me, even from Babylon. -Then said he, What have they seen in thine house? And Hezekiah answered, All that is in mine house have they seen: there is nothing among my treasures that I have not shewed them. -Then said Isaiah to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the LORD of hosts: -Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that which thy fathers have laid up in store until this day, shall be carried to Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD. -And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. -Then said Hezekiah to Isaiah, Good is the word of the LORD which thou hast spoken. He said moreover, For there shall be peace and truth in my days. -Comfort ye, comfort ye my people, saith your God. -Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem, and cry unto her, that her warfare is accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned: for she hath received of the LORD's hand double for all her sins. -The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD, make straight in the desert a highway for our God. -Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: -And the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. -The voice said, Cry. And he said, What shall I cry? All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field: -The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: because the spirit of the LORD bloweth upon it: surely the people is grass. -The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: but the word of our God shall stand for ever. -O Zion, that bringest good tidings, get thee up into the high mountain; O Jerusalem, that bringest good tidings, lift up thy voice with strength; lift it up, be not afraid; say unto the cities of Judah, Behold your God! -Behold, the Lord GOD will come with strong hand, and his arm shall rule for him: behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. -He shall feed his flock like a shepherd: he shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and shall gently lead those that are with young. -Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance? -Who hath directed the Spirit of the LORD, or being his counsellor hath taught him? -With whom took he counsel, and who instructed him, and taught him in the path of judgment, and taught him knowledge, and shewed to him the way of understanding? -Behold, the nations are as a drop of a bucket, and are counted as the small dust of the balance: behold, he taketh up the isles as a very little thing. -And Lebanon is not sufficient to burn, nor the beasts thereof sufficient for a burnt offering. -All nations before him are as nothing; and they are counted to him less than nothing, and vanity. -To whom then will ye liken God? or what likeness will ye compare unto him? -The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains. -He that is so impoverished that he hath no oblation chooseth a tree that will not rot; he seeketh unto him a cunning workman to prepare a graven image, that shall not be moved. -Have ye not known? have ye not heard? hath it not been told you from the beginning? have ye not understood from the foundations of the earth? -It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: -That bringeth the princes to nothing; he maketh the judges of the earth as vanity. -Yea, they shall not be planted; yea, they shall not be sown: yea, their stock shall not take root in the earth: and he shall also blow upon them, and they shall wither, and the whirlwind shall take them away as stubble. -To whom then will ye liken me, or shall I be equal? saith the Holy One. -Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number: he calleth them all by names by the greatness of his might, for that he is strong in power; not one faileth. -Why sayest thou, O Jacob, and speakest, O Israel, My way is hid from the LORD, and my judgment is passed over from my God? -Hast thou not known? hast thou not heard, that the everlasting God, the LORD, the Creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is weary? there is no searching of his understanding. -He giveth power to the faint; and to them that have no might he increaseth strength. -Even the youths shall faint and be weary, and the young men shall utterly fall: -But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. -Keep silence before me, O islands; and let the people renew their strength: let them come near; then let them speak: let us come near together to judgment. -Who raised up the righteous man from the east, called him to his foot, gave the nations before him, and made him rule over kings? he gave them as the dust to his sword, and as driven stubble to his bow. -He pursued them, and passed safely; even by the way that he had not gone with his feet. -Who hath wrought and done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I the LORD, the first, and with the last; I am he. -The isles saw it, and feared; the ends of the earth were afraid, drew near, and came. -They helped every one his neighbour; and every one said to his brother, Be of good courage. -So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, It is ready for the sodering: and he fastened it with nails, that it should not be moved. -But thou, Israel, art my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend. -Thou whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee, Thou art my servant; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away. -Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness. -Behold, all they that were incensed against thee shall be ashamed and confounded: they shall be as nothing; and they that strive with thee shall perish. -Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that contended with thee: they that war against thee shall be as nothing, and as a thing of nought. -For I the LORD thy God will hold thy right hand, saying unto thee, Fear not; I will help thee. -Fear not, thou worm Jacob, and ye men of Israel; I will help thee, saith the LORD, and thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel. -Behold, I will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth: thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt make the hills as chaff. -Thou shalt fan them, and the wind shall carry them away, and the whirlwind shall scatter them: and thou shalt rejoice in the LORD, and shalt glory in the Holy One of Israel. -When the poor and needy seek water, and there is none, and their tongue faileth for thirst, I the LORD will hear them, I the God of Israel will not forsake them. -I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of the valleys: I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water. -I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together: -That they may see, and know, and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the LORD hath done this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it. -Produce your cause, saith the LORD; bring forth your strong reasons, saith the King of Jacob. -Let them bring them forth, and shew us what shall happen: let them shew the former things, what they be, that we may consider them, and know the latter end of them; or declare us things for to come. -Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that ye are gods: yea, do good, or do evil, that we may be dismayed, and behold it together. -Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of nought: an abomination is he that chooseth you. -I have raised up one from the north, and he shall come: from the rising of the sun shall he call upon my name: and he shall come upon princes as upon morter, and as the potter treadeth clay. -Who hath declared from the beginning, that we may know? and beforetime, that we may say, He is righteous? yea, there is none that sheweth, yea, there is none that declareth, yea, there is none that heareth your words. -The first shall say to Zion, Behold, behold them: and I will give to Jerusalem one that bringeth good tidings. -For I beheld, and there was no man; even among them, and there was no counsellor, that, when I asked of them, could answer a word. -Behold, they are all vanity; their works are nothing: their molten images are wind and confusion. -Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. -He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. -A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. -He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment in the earth: and the isles shall wait for his law. -Thus saith God the LORD, he that created the heavens, and stretched them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which cometh out of it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit to them that walk therein: -I the LORD have called thee in righteousness, and will hold thine hand, and will keep thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of the Gentiles; -To open the blind eyes, to bring out the prisoners from the prison, and them that sit in darkness out of the prison house. -I am the LORD: that is my name: and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images. -Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare: before they spring forth I tell you of them. -Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his praise from the end of the earth, ye that go down to the sea, and all that is therein; the isles, and the inhabitants thereof. -Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their voice, the villages that Kedar doth inhabit: let the inhabitants of the rock sing, let them shout from the top of the mountains. -Let them give glory unto the LORD, and declare his praise in the islands. -The LORD shall go forth as a mighty man, he shall stir up jealousy like a man of war: he shall cry, yea, roar; he shall prevail against his enemies. -I have long time holden my peace; I have been still, and refrained myself: now will I cry like a travailing woman; I will destroy and devour at once. -I will make waste mountains and hills, and dry up all their herbs; and I will make the rivers islands, and I will dry up the pools. -And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them, and crooked things straight. These things will I do unto them, and not forsake them. -They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in graven images, that say to the molten images, Ye are our gods. -Hear, ye deaf; and look, ye blind, that ye may see. -Who is blind, but my servant? or deaf, as my messenger that I sent? who is blind as he that is perfect, and blind as the LORD's servant? -Seeing many things, but thou observest not; opening the ears, but he heareth not. -The LORD is well pleased for his righteousness' sake; he will magnify the law, and make it honourable. -But this is a people robbed and spoiled; they are all of them snared in holes, and they are hid in prison houses: they are for a prey, and none delivereth; for a spoil, and none saith, Restore. -Who among you will give ear to this? who will hearken and hear for the time to come? -Who gave Jacob for a spoil, and Israel to the robbers? did not the LORD, he against whom we have sinned? for they would not walk in his ways, neither were they obedient unto his law. -Therefore he hath poured upon him the fury of his anger, and the strength of battle: and it hath set him on fire round about, yet he knew not; and it burned him, yet he laid it not to heart. -But now thus saith the LORD that created thee, O Jacob, and he that formed thee, O Israel, Fear not: for I have redeemed thee, I have called thee by thy name; thou art mine. -When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee: when thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee. -For I am the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I gave Egypt for thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee. -Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable, and I have loved thee: therefore will I give men for thee, and people for thy life. -Fear not: for I am with thee: I will bring thy seed from the east, and gather thee from the west; -I will say to the north, Give up; and to the south, Keep not back: bring my sons from far, and my daughters from the ends of the earth; -Even every one that is called by my name: for I have created him for my glory, I have formed him; yea, I have made him. -Bring forth the blind people that have eyes, and the deaf that have ears. -Let all the nations be gathered together, and let the people be assembled: who among them can declare this, and shew us former things? let them bring forth their witnesses, that they may be justified: or let them hear, and say, It is truth. -Ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, and my servant whom I have chosen: that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he: before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after me. -I, even I, am the LORD; and beside me there is no saviour. -I have declared, and have saved, and I have shewed, when there was no strange god among you: therefore ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, that I am God. -Yea, before the day was I am he; and there is none that can deliver out of my hand: I will work, and who shall let it? -Thus saith the LORD, your redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; For your sake I have sent to Babylon, and have brought down all their nobles, and the Chaldeans, whose cry is in the ships. -I am the LORD, your Holy One, the creator of Israel, your King. -Thus saith the LORD, which maketh a way in the sea, and a path in the mighty waters; -Which bringeth forth the chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie down together, they shall not rise: they are extinct, they are quenched as tow. -Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old. -Behold, I will do a new thing; now it shall spring forth; shall ye not know it? I will even make a way in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert. -The beast of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls: because I give waters in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people, my chosen. -This people have I formed for myself; they shall shew forth my praise. -But thou hast not called upon me, O Jacob; but thou hast been weary of me, O Israel. -Thou hast not brought me the small cattle of thy burnt offerings; neither hast thou honoured me with thy sacrifices. I have not caused thee to serve with an offering, nor wearied thee with incense. -Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money, neither hast thou filled me with the fat of thy sacrifices: but thou hast made me to serve with thy sins, thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities. -I, even I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins. -Put me in remembrance: let us plead together: declare thou, that thou mayest be justified. -Thy first father hath sinned, and thy teachers have transgressed against me. -Therefore I have profaned the princes of the sanctuary, and have given Jacob to the curse, and Israel to reproaches. -Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel, whom I have chosen: -Thus saith the LORD that made thee, and formed thee from the womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou, Jesurun, whom I have chosen. -For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and floods upon the dry ground: I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thine offspring: -And they shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the water courses. -One shall say, I am the LORD's; and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe with his hand unto the LORD, and surname himself by the name of Israel. -Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God. -And who, as I, shall call, and shall declare it, and set it in order for me, since I appointed the ancient people? and the things that are coming, and shall come, let them shew unto them. -Fear ye not, neither be afraid: have not I told thee from that time, and have declared it? ye are even my witnesses. Is there a God beside me? yea, there is no God; I know not any. -They that make a graven image are all of them vanity; and their delectable things shall not profit; and they are their own witnesses; they see not, nor know; that they may be ashamed. -Who hath formed a god, or molten a graven image that is profitable for nothing? -Behold, all his fellows shall be ashamed: and the workmen, they are of men: let them all be gathered together, let them stand up; yet they shall fear, and they shall be ashamed together. -The smith with the tongs both worketh in the coals, and fashioneth it with hammers, and worketh it with the strength of his arms: yea, he is hungry, and his strength faileth: he drinketh no water, and is faint. -The carpenter stretcheth out his rule; he marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes, and he marketh it out with the compass, and maketh it after the figure of a man, according to the beauty of a man; that it may remain in the house. -He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the forest: he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. -Then shall it be for a man to burn: for he will take thereof, and warm himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto. -He burneth part thereof in the fire; with part thereof he eateth flesh; he roasteth roast, and is satisfied: yea, he warmeth himself, and saith, Aha, I am warm, I have seen the fire: -And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image: he falleth down unto it, and worshippeth it, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god. -They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes, that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand. -And none considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge nor understanding to say, I have burned part of it in the fire; yea, also I have baked bread upon the coals thereof; I have roasted flesh, and eaten it: and shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? shall I fall down to the stock of a tree? -He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? -Remember these, O Jacob and Israel; for thou art my servant: I have formed thee; thou art my servant: O Israel, thou shalt not be forgotten of me. -I have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions, and, as a cloud, thy sins: return unto me; for I have redeemed thee. -Sing, O ye heavens; for the LORD hath done it: shout, ye lower parts of the earth: break forth into singing, ye mountains, O forest, and every tree therein: for the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and glorified himself in Israel. -Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from the womb, I am the LORD that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself; -That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and maketh diviners mad; that turneth wise men backward, and maketh their knowledge foolish; -That confirmeth the word of his servant, and performeth the counsel of his messengers; that saith to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be inhabited; and to the cities of Judah, Ye shall be built, and I will raise up the decayed places thereof: -That saith to the deep, Be dry, and I will dry up thy rivers: -That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid. -Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut; -I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron: -And I will give thee the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the LORD, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel. -For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me. -I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me: -That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else. -I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. -Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness: let the earth open, and let them bring forth salvation, and let righteousness spring up together; I the LORD have created it. -Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! Let the potsherd strive with the potsherds of the earth. Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it, What makest thou? or thy work, He hath no hands? -Woe unto him that saith unto his father, What begettest thou? or to the woman, What hast thou brought forth? -Thus saith the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands command ye me. -I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded. -I have raised him up in righteousness, and I will direct all his ways: he shall build my city, and he shall let go my captives, not for price nor reward, saith the LORD of hosts. -Thus saith the LORD, The labour of Egypt, and merchandise of Ethiopia and of the Sabeans, men of stature, shall come over unto thee, and they shall be thine: they shall come after thee; in chains they shall come over, and they shall fall down unto thee, they shall make supplication unto thee, saying, Surely God is in thee; and there is none else, there is no God. -Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour. -They shall be ashamed, and also confounded, all of them: they shall go to confusion together that are makers of idols. -But Israel shall be saved in the LORD with an everlasting salvation: ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded world without end. -For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else. -I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth: I said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek ye me in vain: I the LORD speak righteousness, I declare things that are right. -Assemble yourselves and come; draw near together, ye that are escaped of the nations: they have no knowledge that set up the wood of their graven image, and pray unto a god that cannot save. -Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the LORD? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me. -Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: for I am God, and there is none else. -I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. -Surely, shall one say, in the LORD have I righteousness and strength: even to him shall men come; and all that are incensed against him shall be ashamed. -In the LORD shall all the seed of Israel be justified, and shall glory. -Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth, their idols were upon the beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages were heavy loaden; they are a burden to the weary beast. -They stoop, they bow down together; they could not deliver the burden, but themselves are gone into captivity. -Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, which are borne by me from the belly, which are carried from the womb: -And even to your old age I am he; and even to hoar hairs will I carry you: I have made, and I will bear; even I will carry, and will deliver you. -To whom will ye liken me, and make me equal, and compare me, that we may be like? -They lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, and hire a goldsmith; and he maketh it a god: they fall down, yea, they worship. -They bear him upon the shoulder, they carry him, and set him in his place, and he standeth; from his place shall he not remove: yea, one shall cry unto him, yet can he not answer, nor save him out of his trouble. -Remember this, and shew yourselves men: bring it again to mind, O ye transgressors. -Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me, -Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure: -Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that executeth my counsel from a far country: yea, I have spoken it, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed it, I will also do it. -Hearken unto me, ye stouthearted, that are far from righteousness: -I bring near my righteousness; it shall not be far off, and my salvation shall not tarry: and I will place salvation in Zion for Israel my glory. -Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon, sit on the ground: there is no throne, O daughter of the Chaldeans: for thou shalt no more be called tender and delicate. -Take the millstones, and grind meal: uncover thy locks, make bare the leg, uncover the thigh, pass over the rivers. -Thy nakedness shall be uncovered, yea, thy shame shall be seen: I will take vengeance, and I will not meet thee as a man. -As for our redeemer, the LORD of hosts is his name, the Holy One of Israel. -Sit thou silent, and get thee into darkness, O daughter of the Chaldeans: for thou shalt no more be called, The lady of kingdoms. -I was wroth with my people, I have polluted mine inheritance, and given them into thine hand: thou didst shew them no mercy; upon the ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke. -And thou saidst, I shall be a lady for ever: so that thou didst not lay these things to thy heart, neither didst remember the latter end of it. -Therefore hear now this, thou that art given to pleasures, that dwellest carelessly, that sayest in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, neither shall I know the loss of children: -But these two things shall come to thee in a moment in one day, the loss of children, and widowhood: they shall come upon thee in their perfection for the multitude of thy sorceries, and for the great abundance of thine enchantments. -For thou hast trusted in thy wickedness: thou hast said, None seeth me. Thy wisdom and thy knowledge, it hath perverted thee; and thou hast said in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me. -Therefore shall evil come upon thee; thou shalt not know from whence it riseth: and mischief shall fall upon thee; thou shalt not be able to put it off: and desolation shall come upon thee suddenly, which thou shalt not know. -Stand now with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein thou hast laboured from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit, if so be thou mayest prevail. -Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels. Let now the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come upon thee. -Behold, they shall be as stubble; the fire shall burn them; they shall not deliver themselves from the power of the flame: there shall not be a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before it. -Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast laboured, even thy merchants, from thy youth: they shall wander every one to his quarter; none shall save thee. -Hear ye this, O house of Jacob, which are called by the name of Israel, and are come forth out of the waters of Judah, which swear by the name of the LORD, and make mention of the God of Israel, but not in truth, nor in righteousness. -For they call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves upon the God of Israel; The LORD of hosts is his name. -I have declared the former things from the beginning; and they went forth out of my mouth, and I shewed them; I did them suddenly, and they came to pass. -Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass; -I have even from the beginning declared it to thee; before it came to pass I shewed it thee: lest thou shouldest say, Mine idol hath done them, and my graven image, and my molten image, hath commanded them. -Thou hast heard, see all this; and will not ye declare it? I have shewed thee new things from this time, even hidden things, and thou didst not know them. -They are created now, and not from the beginning; even before the day when thou heardest them not; lest thou shouldest say, Behold, I knew them. -Yea, thou heardest not; yea, thou knewest not; yea, from that time that thine ear was not opened: for I knew that thou wouldest deal very treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb. -For my name's sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise will I refrain for thee, that I cut thee not off. -Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction. -For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another. -Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am the first, I also am the last. -Mine hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand hath spanned the heavens: when I call unto them, they stand up together. -All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear; which among them hath declared these things? The LORD hath loved him: he will do his pleasure on Babylon, and his arm shall be on the Chaldeans. -I, even I, have spoken; yea, I have called him: I have brought him, and he shall make his way prosperous. -Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me. -Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go. -O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments! then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea: -Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me. -Go ye forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The LORD hath redeemed his servant Jacob. -And they thirsted not when he led them through the deserts: he caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them: he clave the rock also, and the waters gushed out. -There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked. -Listen, O isles, unto me; and hearken, ye people, from far; The LORD hath called me from the womb; from the bowels of my mother hath he made mention of my name. -And he hath made my mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of his hand hath he hid me, and made me a polished shaft; in his quiver hath he hid me; -And said unto me, Thou art my servant, O Israel, in whom I will be glorified. -Then I said, I have laboured in vain, I have spent my strength for nought, and in vain: yet surely my judgment is with the LORD, and my work with my God. -And now, saith the LORD that formed me from the womb to be his servant, to bring Jacob again to him, Though Israel be not gathered, yet shall I be glorious in the eyes of the LORD, and my God shall be my strength. -And he said, It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth. -Thus saith the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to him whom man despiseth, to him whom the nation abhorreth, to a servant of rulers, Kings shall see and arise, princes also shall worship, because of the LORD that is faithful, and the Holy One of Israel, and he shall choose thee. -Thus saith the LORD, In an acceptable time have I heard thee, and in a day of salvation have I helped thee: and I will preserve thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, to establish the earth, to cause to inherit the desolate heritages; -That thou mayest say to the prisoners, Go forth; to them that are in darkness, Shew yourselves. They shall feed in the ways, and their pastures shall be in all high places. -They shall not hunger nor thirst; neither shall the heat nor sun smite them: for he that hath mercy on them shall lead them, even by the springs of water shall he guide them. -And I will make all my mountains a way, and my highways shall be exalted. -Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim. -Sing, O heavens; and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into singing, O mountains: for the LORD hath comforted his people, and will have mercy upon his afflicted. -But Zion said, The LORD hath forsaken me, and my Lord hath forgotten me. -Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee. -Behold, I have graven thee upon the palms of my hands; thy walls are continually before me. -Thy children shall make haste; thy destroyers and they that made thee waste shall go forth of thee. -Lift up thine eyes round about, and behold: all these gather themselves together, and come to thee. As I live, saith the LORD, thou shalt surely clothe thee with them all, as with an ornament, and bind them on thee, as a bride doeth. -For thy waste and thy desolate places, and the land of thy destruction, shall even now be too narrow by reason of the inhabitants, and they that swallowed thee up shall be far away. -The children which thou shalt have, after thou hast lost the other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too strait for me: give place to me that I may dwell. -Then shalt thou say in thine heart, Who hath begotten me these, seeing I have lost my children, and am desolate, a captive, and removing to and fro? and who hath brought up these? Behold, I was left alone; these, where had they been? -Thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, I will lift up mine hand to the Gentiles, and set up my standard to the people: and they shall bring thy sons in their arms, and thy daughters shall be carried upon their shoulders. -And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers: they shall bow down to thee with their face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me. -Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful captive delivered? -But thus saith the LORD, Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken away, and the prey of the terrible shall be delivered: for I will contend with him that contendeth with thee, and I will save thy children. -And I will feed them that oppress thee with their own flesh; and they shall be drunken with their own blood, as with sweet wine: and all flesh shall know that I the LORD am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. -Thus saith the LORD, Where is the bill of your mother's divorcement, whom I have put away? or which of my creditors is it to whom I have sold you? Behold, for your iniquities have ye sold yourselves, and for your transgressions is your mother put away. -Wherefore, when I came, was there no man? when I called, was there none to answer? Is my hand shortened at all, that it cannot redeem? or have I no power to deliver? behold, at my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness: their fish stinketh, because there is no water, and dieth for thirst. -I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering. -The Lord GOD hath given me the tongue of the learned, that I should know how to speak a word in season to him that is weary: he wakeneth morning by morning, he wakeneth mine ear to hear as the learned. -The Lord GOD hath opened mine ear, and I was not rebellious, neither turned away back. -I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair: I hid not my face from shame and spitting. -For the Lord GOD will help me; therefore shall I not be confounded: therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know that I shall not be ashamed. -He is near that justifieth me; who will contend with me? let us stand together: who is mine adversary? let him come near to me. -Behold, the Lord GOD will help me; who is he that shall condemn me? lo, they all shall wax old as a garment; the moth shall eat them up. -Who is among you that feareth the LORD, that obeyeth the voice of his servant, that walketh in darkness, and hath no light? let him trust in the name of the LORD, and stay upon his God. -Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that ye have kindled. This shall ye have of mine hand; ye shall lie down in sorrow. -Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the LORD: look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged. -Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you: for I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him. -For the LORD shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the LORD; joy and gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody. -Hearken unto me, my people; and give ear unto me, O my nation: for a law shall proceed from me, and I will make my judgment to rest for a light of the people. -My righteousness is near; my salvation is gone forth, and mine arms shall judge the people; the isles shall wait upon me, and on mine arm shall they trust. -Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished. -Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law; fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid of their revilings. -For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation from generation to generation. -Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon? -Art thou not it which hath dried the sea, the waters of the great deep; that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over? -Therefore the redeemed of the LORD shall return, and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy; and sorrow and mourning shall flee away. -I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass; -And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? -The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread should fail. -But I am the LORD thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared: The LORD of hosts is his name. -And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people. -Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the hand of the LORD the cup of his fury; thou hast drunken the dregs of the cup of trembling, and wrung them out. -There is none to guide her among all the sons whom she hath brought forth; neither is there any that taketh her by the hand of all the sons that she hath brought up. -These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee? -Thy sons have fainted, they lie at the head of all the streets, as a wild bull in a net: they are full of the fury of the LORD, the rebuke of thy God. -Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted, and drunken, but not with wine: -Thus saith thy Lord the LORD, and thy God that pleadeth the cause of his people, Behold, I have taken out of thine hand the cup of trembling, even the dregs of the cup of my fury; thou shalt no more drink it again: -But I will put it into the hand of them that afflict thee; which have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we may go over: and thou hast laid thy body as the ground, and as the street, to them that went over. -Awake, awake; put on thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalem, the holy city: for henceforth there shall no more come into thee the uncircumcised and the unclean. -Shake thyself from the dust; arise, and sit down, O Jerusalem: loose thyself from the bands of thy neck, O captive daughter of Zion. -For thus saith the LORD, Ye have sold yourselves for nought; and ye shall be redeemed without money. -For thus saith the Lord GOD, My people went down aforetime into Egypt to sojourn there; and the Assyrian oppressed them without cause. -Now therefore, what have I here, saith the LORD, that my people is taken away for nought? they that rule over them make them to howl, saith the LORD; and my name continually every day is blasphemed. -Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I. -How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth! -Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the voice together shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye, when the LORD shall bring again Zion. -Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of Jerusalem: for the LORD hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed Jerusalem. -The LORD hath made bare his holy arm in the eyes of all the nations; and all the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God. -Depart ye, depart ye, go ye out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go ye out of the midst of her; be ye clean, that bear the vessels of the LORD. -For ye shall not go out with haste, nor go by flight: for the LORD will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rereward. -Behold, my servant shall deal prudently, he shall be exalted and extolled, and be very high. -As many were astonied at thee; his visage was so marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men: -So shall he sprinkle many nations; the kings shall shut their mouths at him: for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that which they had not heard shall they consider. -Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the LORD revealed? -For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. -He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not. -Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. -But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. -All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. -He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. -He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken. -And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. -Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. -He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. -Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. -Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear; break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife, saith the LORD. -Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes; -For thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited. -Fear not; for thou shalt not be ashamed: neither be thou confounded; for thou shalt not be put to shame: for thou shalt forget the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy widowhood any more. -For thy Maker is thine husband; the LORD of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called. -For the LORD hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God. -For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies will I gather thee. -In a little wrath I hid my face from thee for a moment; but with everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, saith the LORD thy Redeemer. -For this is as the waters of Noah unto me: for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah should no more go over the earth; so have I sworn that I would not be wroth with thee, nor rebuke thee. -For the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed; but my kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall the covenant of my peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath mercy on thee. -O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours, and lay thy foundations with sapphires. -And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. -And all thy children shall be taught of the LORD; and great shall be the peace of thy children. -In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall not come near thee. -Behold, they shall surely gather together, but not by me: whosoever shall gather together against thee shall fall for thy sake. -Behold, I have created the smith that bloweth the coals in the fire, and that bringeth forth an instrument for his work; and I have created the waster to destroy. -No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the LORD, and their righteousness is of me, saith the LORD. -Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that hath no money; come ye, buy, and eat; yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price. -Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread? and your labour for that which satisfieth not? hearken diligently unto me, and eat ye that which is good, and let your soul delight itself in fatness. -Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall live; and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David. -Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, a leader and commander to the people. -Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not, and nations that knew not thee shall run unto thee because of the LORD thy God, and for the Holy One of Israel; for he hath glorified thee. -Seek ye the LORD while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near: -Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let him return unto the LORD, and he will have mercy upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon. -For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the LORD. -For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. -For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater: -So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. -For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands. -Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the LORD for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off. -Thus saith the LORD, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my salvation is near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed. -Blessed is the man that doeth this, and the son of man that layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and keepeth his hand from doing any evil. -Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree. -For thus saith the LORD unto the eunuchs that keep my sabbaths, and choose the things that please me, and take hold of my covenant; -Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a name better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off. -Also the sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the LORD, to serve him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be his servants, every one that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold of my covenant; -Even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar; for mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people. -The Lord GOD, which gathereth the outcasts of Israel saith, Yet will I gather others to him, beside those that are gathered unto him. -All ye beasts of the field, come to devour, yea, all ye beasts in the forest. -His watchmen are blind: they are all ignorant, they are all dumb dogs, they cannot bark; sleeping, lying down, loving to slumber. -Yea, they are greedy dogs which can never have enough, and they are shepherds that cannot understand: they all look to their own way, every one for his gain, from his quarter. -Come ye, say they, I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink; and to morrow shall be as this day, and much more abundant. -The righteous perisheth, and no man layeth it to heart: and merciful men are taken away, none considering that the righteous is taken away from the evil to come. -He shall enter into peace: they shall rest in their beds, each one walking in his uprightness. -But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the seed of the adulterer and the whore. -Against whom do ye sport yourselves? against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw out the tongue? are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood. -Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? -Among the smooth stones of the stream is thy portion; they, they are thy lot: even to them hast thou poured a drink offering, thou hast offered a meat offering. Should I receive comfort in these? -Upon a lofty and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up to offer sacrifice. -Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it. -And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase thyself even unto hell. -Thou art wearied in the greatness of thy way; yet saidst thou not, There is no hope: thou hast found the life of thine hand; therefore thou wast not grieved. -And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? -I will declare thy righteousness, and thy works; for they shall not profit thee. -When thou criest, let thy companies deliver thee; but the wind shall carry them all away; vanity shall take them: but he that putteth his trust in me shall possess the land, and shall inherit my holy mountain; -And shall say, Cast ye up, cast ye up, prepare the way, take up the stumblingblock out of the way of my people. -For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones. -For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth: for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made. -For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth, and smote him: I hid me, and was wroth, and he went on frowardly in the way of his heart. -I have seen his ways, and will heal him: I will lead him also, and restore comforts unto him and to his mourners. -I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him. -But the wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt. -There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked. -Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet, and shew my people their transgression, and the house of Jacob their sins. -Yet they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways, as a nation that did righteousness, and forsook not the ordinance of their God: they ask of me the ordinances of justice; they take delight in approaching to God. -Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labours. -Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with the fist of wickedness: ye shall not fast as ye do this day, to make your voice to be heard on high. -Is it such a fast that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict his soul? is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the LORD? -Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke? -Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh? -Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the LORD shall be thy rereward. -Then shalt thou call, and the LORD shall answer; thou shalt cry, and he shall say, Here I am. If thou take away from the midst of thee the yoke, the putting forth of the finger, and speaking vanity; -And if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted soul; then shall thy light rise in obscurity, and thy darkness be as the noon day: -And the LORD shall guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not. -And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in. -If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from doing thy pleasure on my holy day; and call the sabbath a delight, the holy of the LORD, honourable; and shalt honour him, not doing thine own ways, nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine own words: -Then shalt thou delight thyself in the LORD; and I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. -Behold, the LORD's hand is not shortened, that it cannot save; neither his ear heavy, that it cannot hear: -But your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear. -For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity; your lips have spoken lies, your tongue hath muttered perverseness. -None calleth for justice, nor any pleadeth for truth: they trust in vanity, and speak lies; they conceive mischief, and bring forth iniquity. -They hatch cockatrice' eggs, and weave the spider's web: he that eateth of their eggs dieth, and that which is crushed breaketh out into a viper. -Their webs shall not become garments, neither shall they cover themselves with their works: their works are works of iniquity, and the act of violence is in their hands. -Their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed innocent blood: their thoughts are thoughts of iniquity; wasting and destruction are in their paths. -The way of peace they know not; and there is no judgment in their goings: they have made them crooked paths: whosoever goeth therein shall not know peace. -Therefore is judgment far from us, neither doth justice overtake us: we wait for light, but behold obscurity; for brightness, but we walk in darkness. -We grope for the wall like the blind, and we grope as if we had no eyes: we stumble at noon day as in the night; we are in desolate places as dead men. -We roar all like bears, and mourn sore like doves: we look for judgment, but there is none; for salvation, but it is far off from us. -For our transgressions are multiplied before thee, and our sins testify against us: for our transgressions are with us; and as for our iniquities, we know them; -In transgressing and lying against the LORD, and departing away from our God, speaking oppression and revolt, conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood. -And judgment is turned away backward, and justice standeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the street, and equity cannot enter. -Yea, truth faileth; and he that departeth from evil maketh himself a prey: and the LORD saw it, and it displeased him that there was no judgment. -And he saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor: therefore his arm brought salvation unto him; and his righteousness, it sustained him. -For he put on righteousness as a breastplate, and an helmet of salvation upon his head; and he put on the garments of vengeance for clothing, and was clad with zeal as a cloak. -According to their deeds, accordingly he will repay, fury to his adversaries, recompence to his enemies; to the islands he will repay recompence. -So shall they fear the name of the LORD from the west, and his glory from the rising of the sun. When the enemy shall come in like a flood, the Spirit of the LORD shall lift up a standard against him. -And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the LORD. -As for me, this is my covenant with them, saith the LORD; My spirit that is upon thee, and my words which I have put in thy mouth, shall not depart out of thy mouth, nor out of the mouth of thy seed, nor out of the mouth of thy seed's seed, saith the LORD, from henceforth and for ever. -Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee. -For, behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the LORD shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. -And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising. -Lift up thine eyes round about, and see: all they gather themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side. -Then thou shalt see, and flow together, and thine heart shall fear, and be enlarged; because the abundance of the sea shall be converted unto thee, the forces of the Gentiles shall come unto thee. -The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense; and they shall shew forth the praises of the LORD. -All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto thee, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee: they shall come up with acceptance on mine altar, and I will glorify the house of my glory. -Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as the doves to their windows? -Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them, unto the name of the LORD thy God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because he hath glorified thee. -And the sons of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee: for in my wrath I smote thee, but in my favour have I had mercy on thee. -Therefore thy gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought. -For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted. -The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. -The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet; and they shall call thee; The city of the LORD, The Zion of the Holy One of Israel. -Whereas thou has been forsaken and hated, so that no man went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations. -Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the LORD am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. -For brass I will bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness. -Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise. -The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee: but the LORD shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. -Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. -Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. -A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation: I the LORD will hasten it in his time. -The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound; -To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn; -To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they might be called trees of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, that he might be glorified. -And they shall build the old wastes, they shall raise up the former desolations, and they shall repair the waste cities, the desolations of many generations. -And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of the alien shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers. -But ye shall be named the Priests of the LORD: men shall call you the Ministers of our God: ye shall eat the riches of the Gentiles, and in their glory shall ye boast yourselves. -For your shame ye shall have double; and for confusion they shall rejoice in their portion: therefore in their land they shall possess the double: everlasting joy shall be unto them. -For I the LORD love judgment, I hate robbery for burnt offering; and I will direct their work in truth, and I will make an everlasting covenant with them. -And their seed shall be known among the Gentiles, and their offspring among the people: all that see them shall acknowledge them, that they are the seed which the LORD hath blessed. -I will greatly rejoice in the LORD, my soul shall be joyful in my God; for he hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, he hath covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels. -For as the earth bringeth forth her bud, and as the garden causeth the things that are sown in it to spring forth; so the Lord GOD will cause righteousness and praise to spring forth before all the nations. -For Zion's sake will I not hold my peace, and for Jerusalem's sake I will not rest, until the righteousness thereof go forth as brightness, and the salvation thereof as a lamp that burneth. -And the Gentiles shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy glory: and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the LORD shall name. -Thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the LORD, and a royal diadem in the hand of thy God. -Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate: but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy land Beulah: for the LORD delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be married. -For as a young man marrieth a virgin, so shall thy sons marry thee: and as the bridegroom rejoiceth over the bride, so shall thy God rejoice over thee. -I have set watchmen upon thy walls, O Jerusalem, which shall never hold their peace day nor night: ye that make mention of the LORD, keep not silence, -And give him no rest, till he establish, and till he make Jerusalem a praise in the earth. -The LORD hath sworn by his right hand, and by the arm of his strength, Surely I will no more give thy corn to be meat for thine enemies; and the sons of the stranger shall not drink thy wine, for the which thou hast laboured: -But they that have gathered it shall eat it, and praise the LORD; and they that have brought it together shall drink it in the courts of my holiness. -Go through, go through the gates; prepare ye the way of the people; cast up, cast up the highway; gather out the stones; lift up a standard for the people. -Behold, the LORD hath proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say ye to the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy salvation cometh; behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. -And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed of the LORD: and thou shalt be called, Sought out, A city not forsaken. -Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to save. -Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him that treadeth in the winefat? -I have trodden the winepress alone; and of the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. -For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the year of my redeemed is come. -And I looked, and there was none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold: therefore mine own arm brought salvation unto me; and my fury, it upheld me. -And I will tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their strength to the earth. -I will mention the lovingkindnesses of the LORD, and the praises of the LORD, according to all that the LORD hath bestowed on us, and the great goodness toward the house of Israel, which he hath bestowed on them according to his mercies, and according to the multitude of his lovingkindnesses. -For he said, Surely they are my people, children that will not lie: so he was their Saviour. -In all their affliction he was afflicted, and the angel of his presence saved them: in his love and in his pity he redeemed them; and he bare them, and carried them all the days of old. -But they rebelled, and vexed his holy Spirit: therefore he was turned to be their enemy, and he fought against them. -Then he remembered the days of old, Moses, and his people, saying, Where is he that brought them up out of the sea with the shepherd of his flock? where is he that put his holy Spirit within him? -That led them by the right hand of Moses with his glorious arm, dividing the water before them, to make himself an everlasting name? -That led them through the deep, as an horse in the wilderness, that they should not stumble? -As a beast goeth down into the valley, the Spirit of the LORD caused him to rest: so didst thou lead thy people, to make thyself a glorious name. -Look down from heaven, and behold from the habitation of thy holiness and of thy glory: where is thy zeal and thy strength, the sounding of thy bowels and of thy mercies toward me? are they restrained? -Doubtless thou art our father, though Abraham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not: thou, O LORD, art our father, our redeemer; thy name is from everlasting. -O LORD, why hast thou made us to err from thy ways, and hardened our heart from thy fear? Return for thy servants' sake, the tribes of thine inheritance. -The people of thy holiness have possessed it but a little while: our adversaries have trodden down thy sanctuary. -We are thine: thou never barest rule over them; they were not called by thy name. -Oh that thou wouldest rend the heavens, that thou wouldest come down, that the mountains might flow down at thy presence, -As when the melting fire burneth, the fire causeth the waters to boil, to make thy name known to thine adversaries, that the nations may tremble at thy presence! -When thou didst terrible things which we looked not for, thou camest down, the mountains flowed down at thy presence. -For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him. -Thou meetest him that rejoiceth and worketh righteousness, those that remember thee in thy ways: behold, thou art wroth; for we have sinned: in those is continuance, and we shall be saved. -But we are all as an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses are as filthy rags; and we all do fade as a leaf; and our iniquities, like the wind, have taken us away. -And there is none that calleth upon thy name, that stirreth up himself to take hold of thee: for thou hast hid thy face from us, and hast consumed us, because of our iniquities. -But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand. -Be not wroth very sore, O LORD, neither remember iniquity for ever: behold, see, we beseech thee, we are all thy people. -Thy holy cities are a wilderness, Zion is a wilderness, Jerusalem a desolation. -Our holy and our beautiful house, where our fathers praised thee, is burned up with fire: and all our pleasant things are laid waste. -Wilt thou refrain thyself for these things, O LORD? wilt thou hold thy peace, and afflict us very sore? -I am sought of them that asked not for me; I am found of them that sought me not: I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation that was not called by my name. -I have spread out my hands all the day unto a rebellious people, which walketh in a way that was not good, after their own thoughts; -A people that provoketh me to anger continually to my face; that sacrificeth in gardens, and burneth incense upon altars of brick; -Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels; -Which say, Stand by thyself, come not near to me; for I am holier than thou. These are a smoke in my nose, a fire that burneth all the day. -Behold, it is written before me: I will not keep silence, but will recompense, even recompense into their bosom, -Your iniquities, and the iniquities of your fathers together, saith the LORD, which have burned incense upon the mountains, and blasphemed me upon the hills: therefore will I measure their former work into their bosom. -Thus saith the LORD, As the new wine is found in the cluster, and one saith, Destroy it not; for a blessing is in it: so will I do for my servants' sakes, that I may not destroy them all. -And I will bring forth a seed out of Jacob, and out of Judah an inheritor of my mountains: and mine elect shall inherit it, and my servants shall dwell there. -And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor a place for the herds to lie down in, for my people that have sought me. -But ye are they that forsake the LORD, that forget my holy mountain, that prepare a table for that troop, and that furnish the drink offering unto that number. -Therefore will I number you to the sword, and ye shall all bow down to the slaughter: because when I called, ye did not answer; when I spake, ye did not hear; but did evil before mine eyes, and did choose that wherein I delighted not. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, my servants shall eat, but ye shall be hungry: behold, my servants shall drink, but ye shall be thirsty: behold, my servants shall rejoice, but ye shall be ashamed: -Behold, my servants shall sing for joy of heart, but ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for vexation of spirit. -And ye shall leave your name for a curse unto my chosen: for the Lord GOD shall slay thee, and call his servants by another name: -That he who blesseth himself in the earth shall bless himself in the God of truth; and he that sweareth in the earth shall swear by the God of truth; because the former troubles are forgotten, and because they are hid from mine eyes. -For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind. -But be ye glad and rejoice for ever in that which I create: for, behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy. -And I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in my people: and the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor the voice of crying. -There shall be no more thence an infant of days, nor an old man that hath not filled his days: for the child shall die an hundred years old; but the sinner being an hundred years old shall be accursed. -And they shall build houses, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and eat the fruit of them. -They shall not build, and another inhabit; they shall not plant, and another eat: for as the days of a tree are the days of my people, and mine elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands. -They shall not labour in vain, nor bring forth for trouble; for they are the seed of the blessed of the LORD, and their offspring with them. -And it shall come to pass, that before they call, I will answer; and while they are yet speaking, I will hear. -The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall eat straw like the bullock: and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? -For all those things hath mine hand made, and all those things have been, saith the LORD: but to this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and trembleth at my word. -He that killeth an ox is as if he slew a man; he that sacrificeth a lamb, as if he cut off a dog's neck; he that offereth an oblation, as if he offered swine's blood; he that burneth incense, as if he blessed an idol. Yea, they have chosen their own ways, and their soul delighteth in their abominations. -I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes, and chose that in which I delighted not. -Hear the word of the LORD, ye that tremble at his word; Your brethren that hated you, that cast you out for my name's sake, said, Let the LORD be glorified: but he shall appear to your joy, and they shall be ashamed. -A voice of noise from the city, a voice from the temple, a voice of the LORD that rendereth recompence to his enemies. -Before she travailed, she brought forth; before her pain came, she was delivered of a man child. -Who hath heard such a thing? who hath seen such things? Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one day? or shall a nation be born at once? for as soon as Zion travailed, she brought forth her children. -Shall I bring to the birth, and not cause to bring forth? saith the LORD: shall I cause to bring forth, and shut the womb? saith thy God. -Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all ye that love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye that mourn for her: -That ye may suck, and be satisfied with the breasts of her consolations; that ye may milk out, and be delighted with the abundance of her glory. -For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river, and the glory of the Gentiles like a flowing stream: then shall ye suck, ye shall be borne upon her sides, and be dandled upon her knees. -As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort you; and ye shall be comforted in Jerusalem. -And when ye see this, your heart shall rejoice, and your bones shall flourish like an herb: and the hand of the LORD shall be known toward his servants, and his indignation toward his enemies. -For, behold, the LORD will come with fire, and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire. -For by fire and by his sword will the LORD plead with all flesh: and the slain of the LORD shall be many. -They that sanctify themselves, and purify themselves in the gardens behind one tree in the midst, eating swine's flesh, and the abomination, and the mouse, shall be consumed together, saith the LORD. -For I know their works and their thoughts: it shall come, that I will gather all nations and tongues; and they shall come, and see my glory. -And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those that escape of them unto the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, that draw the bow, to Tubal, and Javan, to the isles afar off, that have not heard my fame, neither have seen my glory; and they shall declare my glory among the Gentiles. -And they shall bring all your brethren for an offering unto the LORD out of all nations upon horses, and in chariots, and in litters, and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy mountain Jerusalem, saith the LORD, as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the LORD. -And I will also take of them for priests and for Levites, saith the LORD. -For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the LORD, so shall your seed and your name remain. -And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith the LORD. -And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcases of the men that have transgressed against me: for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched; and they shall be an abhorring unto all flesh. -The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin: -To whom the word of the LORD came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, in the thirteenth year of his reign. -It came also in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the end of the eleventh year of Zedekiah the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the carrying away of Jerusalem captive in the fifth month. -Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations. -Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, I cannot speak: for I am a child. -But the LORD said unto me, Say not, I am a child: for thou shalt go to all that I shall send thee, and whatsoever I command thee thou shalt speak. -Be not afraid of their faces: for I am with thee to deliver thee, saith the LORD. -Then the LORD put forth his hand, and touched my mouth. And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth. -See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build, and to plant. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Jeremiah, what seest thou? And I said, I see a rod of an almond tree. -Then said the LORD unto me, Thou hast well seen: for I will hasten my word to perform it. -And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying, What seest thou? And I said, I see a seething pot; and the face thereof is toward the north. -Then the LORD said unto me, Out of the north an evil shall break forth upon all the inhabitants of the land. -For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the north, saith the LORD; and they shall come, and they shall set every one his throne at the entering of the gates of Jerusalem, and against all the walls thereof round about, and against all the cities of Judah. -And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands. -Thou therefore gird up thy loins, and arise, and speak unto them all that I command thee: be not dismayed at their faces, lest I confound thee before them. -For, behold, I have made thee this day a defenced city, and an iron pillar, and brasen walls against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land. -And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail against thee; for I am with thee, saith the LORD, to deliver thee. -Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, -Go and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; I remember thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of thine espousals, when thou wentest after me in the wilderness, in a land that was not sown. -Israel was holiness unto the LORD, and the firstfruits of his increase: all that devour him shall offend; evil shall come upon them, saith the LORD. -Hear ye the word of the LORD, O house of Jacob, and all the families of the house of Israel: -Thus saith the LORD, What iniquity have your fathers found in me, that they are gone far from me, and have walked after vanity, and are become vain? -Neither said they, Where is the LORD that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, that led us through the wilderness, through a land of deserts and of pits, through a land of drought, and of the shadow of death, through a land that no man passed through, and where no man dwelt? -And I brought you into a plentiful country, to eat the fruit thereof and the goodness thereof; but when ye entered, ye defiled my land, and made mine heritage an abomination. -The priests said not, Where is the LORD? and they that handle the law knew me not: the pastors also transgressed against me, and the prophets prophesied by Baal, and walked after things that do not profit. -Wherefore I will yet plead with you, saith the LORD, and with your children's children will I plead. -For pass over the isles of Chittim, and see; and send unto Kedar, and consider diligently, and see if there be such a thing. -Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? but my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit. -Be astonished, O ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the LORD. -For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water. -Is Israel a servant? is he a homeborn slave? why is he spoiled? -The young lions roared upon him, and yelled, and they made his land waste: his cities are burned without inhabitant. -Also the children of Noph and Tahapanes have broken the crown of thy head. -Hast thou not procured this unto thyself, in that thou hast forsaken the LORD thy God, when he led thee by the way? -And now what hast thou to do in the way of Egypt, to drink the waters of Sihor? or what hast thou to do in the way of Assyria, to drink the waters of the river? -Thine own wickedness shall correct thee, and thy backslidings shall reprove thee: know therefore and see that it is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the LORD thy God, and that my fear is not in thee, saith the Lord GOD of hosts. -For of old time I have broken thy yoke, and burst thy bands; and thou saidst, I will not transgress; when upon every high hill and under every green tree thou wanderest, playing the harlot. -Yet I had planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right seed: how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me? -For though thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much soap, yet thine iniquity is marked before me, saith the Lord GOD. -How canst thou say, I am not polluted, I have not gone after Baalim? see thy way in the valley, know what thou hast done: thou art a swift dromedary traversing her ways; -A wild ass used to the wilderness, that snuffeth up the wind at her pleasure; in her occasion who can turn her away? all they that seek her will not weary themselves; in her month they shall find her. -Withhold thy foot from being unshod, and thy throat from thirst: but thou saidst, There is no hope: no; for I have loved strangers, and after them will I go. -As the thief is ashamed when he is found, so is the house of Israel ashamed; they, their kings, their princes, and their priests, and their prophets. -Saying to a stock, Thou art my father; and to a stone, Thou hast brought me forth: for they have turned their back unto me, and not their face: but in the time of their trouble they will say, Arise, and save us. -But where are thy gods that thou hast made thee? let them arise, if they can save thee in the time of thy trouble: for according to the number of thy cities are thy gods, O Judah. -Wherefore will ye plead with me? ye all have transgressed against me, saith the LORD. -In vain have I smitten your children; they received no correction: your own sword hath devoured your prophets, like a destroying lion. -O generation, see ye the word of the LORD. Have I been a wilderness unto Israel? a land of darkness? wherefore say my people, We are lords; we will come no more unto thee? -Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire? yet my people have forgotten me days without number. -Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love? therefore hast thou also taught the wicked ones thy ways. -Also in thy skirts is found the blood of the souls of the poor innocents: I have not found it by secret search, but upon all these. -Yet thou sayest, Because I am innocent, surely his anger shall turn from me. Behold, I will plead with thee, because thou sayest, I have not sinned. -Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way? thou also shalt be ashamed of Egypt, as thou wast ashamed of Assyria. -Yea, thou shalt go forth from him, and thine hands upon thine head: for the LORD hath rejected thy confidences, and thou shalt not prosper in them. -They say, If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and become another man's, shall he return unto her again? shall not that land be greatly polluted? but thou hast played the harlot with many lovers; yet return again to me, saith the LORD. -Lift up thine eyes unto the high places, and see where thou hast not been lien with. In the ways hast thou sat for them, as the Arabian in the wilderness; and thou hast polluted the land with thy whoredoms and with thy wickedness. -Therefore the showers have been withholden, and there hath been no latter rain; and thou hadst a whore's forehead, thou refusedst to be ashamed. -Wilt thou not from this time cry unto me, My father, thou art the guide of my youth? -Will he reserve his anger for ever? will he keep it to the end? Behold, thou hast spoken and done evil things as thou couldest. -The LORD said also unto me in the days of Josiah the king, Hast thou seen that which backsliding Israel hath done? she is gone up upon every high mountain and under every green tree, and there hath played the harlot. -And I said after she had done all these things, Turn thou unto me. But she returned not. And her treacherous sister Judah saw it. -And I saw, when for all the causes whereby backsliding Israel committed adultery I had put her away, and given her a bill of divorce; yet her treacherous sister Judah feared not, but went and played the harlot also. -And it came to pass through the lightness of her whoredom, that she defiled the land, and committed adultery with stones and with stocks. -And yet for all this her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly, saith the LORD. -And the LORD said unto me, The backsliding Israel hath justified herself more than treacherous Judah. -Go and proclaim these words toward the north, and say, Return, thou backsliding Israel, saith the LORD; and I will not cause mine anger to fall upon you: for I am merciful, saith the LORD, and I will not keep anger for ever. -Only acknowledge thine iniquity, that thou hast transgressed against the LORD thy God, and hast scattered thy ways to the strangers under every green tree, and ye have not obeyed my voice, saith the LORD. -Turn, O backsliding children, saith the LORD; for I am married unto you: and I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion: -And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding. -And it shall come to pass, when ye be multiplied and increased in the land, in those days, saith the LORD, they shall say no more, The ark of the covenant of the LORD: neither shall it come to mind: neither shall they remember it; neither shall they visit it; neither shall that be done any more. -At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the LORD; and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem: neither shall they walk any more after the imagination of their evil heart. -In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to the land that I have given for an inheritance unto your fathers. -But I said, How shall I put thee among the children, and give thee a pleasant land, a goodly heritage of the hosts of nations? and I said, Thou shalt call me, My father; and shalt not turn away from me. -Surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband, so have ye dealt treacherously with me, O house of Israel, saith the LORD. -A voice was heard upon the high places, weeping and supplications of the children of Israel: for they have perverted their way, and they have forgotten the LORD their God. -Return, ye backsliding children, and I will heal your backslidings. Behold, we come unto thee; for thou art the LORD our God. -Truly in vain is salvation hoped for from the hills, and from the multitude of mountains: truly in the LORD our God is the salvation of Israel. -For shame hath devoured the labour of our fathers from our youth; their flocks and their herds, their sons and their daughters. -We lie down in our shame, and our confusion covereth us: for we have sinned against the LORD our God, we and our fathers, from our youth even unto this day, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD our God. -If thou wilt return, O Israel, saith the LORD, return unto me: and if thou wilt put away thine abominations out of my sight, then shalt thou not remove. -And thou shalt swear, The LORD liveth, in truth, in judgment, and in righteousness; and the nations shall bless themselves in him, and in him shall they glory. -For thus saith the LORD to the men of Judah and Jerusalem, Break up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns. -Circumcise yourselves to the LORD, and take away the foreskins of your heart, ye men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem: lest my fury come forth like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings. -Declare ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, Blow ye the trumpet in the land: cry, gather together, and say, Assemble yourselves, and let us go into the defenced cities. -Set up the standard toward Zion: retire, stay not: for I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction. -The lion is come up from his thicket, and the destroyer of the Gentiles is on his way; he is gone forth from his place to make thy land desolate; and thy cities shall be laid waste, without an inhabitant. -For this gird you with sackcloth, lament and howl: for the fierce anger of the LORD is not turned back from us. -And it shall come to pass at that day, saith the LORD, that the heart of the king shall perish, and the heart of the princes; and the priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder. -Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! surely thou hast greatly deceived this people and Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall have peace; whereas the sword reacheth unto the soul. -At that time shall it be said to this people and to Jerusalem, A dry wind of the high places in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to fan, nor to cleanse, -Even a full wind from those places shall come unto me: now also will I give sentence against them. -Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as a whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe unto us! for we are spoiled. -O Jerusalem, wash thine heart from wickedness, that thou mayest be saved. How long shall thy vain thoughts lodge within thee? -For a voice declareth from Dan, and publisheth affliction from mount Ephraim. -Make ye mention to the nations; behold, publish against Jerusalem, that watchers come from a far country, and give out their voice against the cities of Judah. -As keepers of a field, are they against her round about; because she hath been rebellious against me, saith the LORD. -Thy way and thy doings have procured these things unto thee; this is thy wickedness, because it is bitter, because it reacheth unto thine heart. -My bowels, my bowels! I am pained at my very heart; my heart maketh a noise in me; I cannot hold my peace, because thou hast heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war. -Destruction upon destruction is cried; for the whole land is spoiled: suddenly are my tents spoiled, and my curtains in a moment. -How long shall I see the standard, and hear the sound of the trumpet? -For my people is foolish, they have not known me; they are sottish children, and they have none understanding: they are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge. -I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light. -I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. -I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. -I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the LORD, and by his fierce anger. -For thus hath the LORD said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end. -For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it. -The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen; they shall go into thickets, and climb up upon the rocks: every city shall be forsaken, and not a man dwell therein. -And when thou art spoiled, what wilt thou do? Though thou clothest thyself with crimson, though thou deckest thee with ornaments of gold, though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair; thy lovers will despise thee, they will seek thy life. -For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, and the anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth herself, that spreadeth her hands, saying, Woe is me now! for my soul is wearied because of murderers. -Run ye to and fro through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now, and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if ye can find a man, if there be any that executeth judgment, that seeketh the truth; and I will pardon it. -And though they say, The LORD liveth; surely they swear falsely. -O LORD, are not thine eyes upon the truth? thou hast stricken them, but they have not grieved; thou hast consumed them, but they have refused to receive correction: they have made their faces harder than a rock; they have refused to return. -Therefore I said, Surely these are poor; they are foolish: for they know not the way of the LORD, nor the judgment of their God. -I will get me unto the great men, and will speak unto them; for they have known the way of the LORD, and the judgment of their God: but these have altogether broken the yoke, and burst the bonds. -Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: every one that goeth out thence shall be torn in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased. -How shall I pardon thee for this? thy children have forsaken me, and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full, they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in the harlots' houses. -They were as fed horses in the morning: every one neighed after his neighbour's wife. -Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: and shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? -Go ye up upon her walls, and destroy; but make not a full end: take away her battlements; for they are not the LORD's. -For the house of Israel and the house of Judah have dealt very treacherously against me, saith the LORD. -They have belied the LORD, and said, It is not he; neither shall evil come upon us; neither shall we see sword nor famine: -And the prophets shall become wind, and the word is not in them: thus shall it be done unto them. -Wherefore thus saith the LORD God of hosts, Because ye speak this word, behold, I will make my words in thy mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall devour them. -Lo, I will bring a nation upon you from far, O house of Israel, saith the LORD: it is a mighty nation, it is an ancient nation, a nation whose language thou knowest not, neither understandest what they say. -Their quiver is as an open sepulchre, they are all mighty men. -And they shall eat up thine harvest, and thy bread, which thy sons and thy daughters should eat: they shall eat up thy flocks and thine herds: they shall eat up thy vines and thy fig trees: they shall impoverish thy fenced cities, wherein thou trustedst, with the sword. -Nevertheless in those days, saith the LORD, I will not make a full end with you. -And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, Wherefore doeth the LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them, Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not your's. -Declare this in the house of Jacob, and publish it in Judah, saying, -Hear now this, O foolish people, and without understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear not: -Fear ye not me? saith the LORD: will ye not tremble at my presence, which have placed the sand for the bound of the sea by a perpetual decree, that it cannot pass it: and though the waves thereof toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they not pass over it? -But this people hath a revolting and a rebellious heart; they are revolted and gone. -Neither say they in their heart, Let us now fear the LORD our God, that giveth rain, both the former and the latter, in his season: he reserveth unto us the appointed weeks of the harvest. -Your iniquities have turned away these things, and your sins have withholden good things from you. -For among my people are found wicked men: they lay wait, as he that setteth snares; they set a trap, they catch men. -As a cage is full of birds, so are their houses full of deceit: therefore they are become great, and waxen rich. -They are waxen fat, they shine: yea, they overpass the deeds of the wicked: they judge not the cause, the cause of the fatherless, yet they prosper; and the right of the needy do they not judge. -Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? -A wonderful and horrible thing is committed in the land; -The prophets prophesy falsely, and the priests bear rule by their means; and my people love to have it so: and what will ye do in the end thereof? -O ye children of Benjamin, gather yourselves to flee out of the midst of Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a sign of fire in Bethhaccerem: for evil appeareth out of the north, and great destruction. -I have likened the daughter of Zion to a comely and delicate woman. -The shepherds with their flocks shall come unto her; they shall pitch their tents against her round about; they shall feed every one in his place. -Prepare ye war against her; arise, and let us go up at noon. Woe unto us! for the day goeth away, for the shadows of the evening are stretched out. -Arise, and let us go by night, and let us destroy her palaces. -For thus hath the LORD of hosts said, Hew ye down trees, and cast a mount against Jerusalem: this is the city to be visited; she is wholly oppression in the midst of her. -As a fountain casteth out her waters, so she casteth out her wickedness: violence and spoil is heard in her; before me continually is grief and wounds. -Be thou instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my soul depart from thee; lest I make thee desolate, a land not inhabited. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall throughly glean the remnant of Israel as a vine: turn back thine hand as a grapegatherer into the baskets. -To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear? behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken: behold, the word of the LORD is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in it. -Therefore I am full of the fury of the LORD; I am weary with holding in: I will pour it out upon the children abroad, and upon the assembly of young men together: for even the husband with the wife shall be taken, the aged with him that is full of days. -And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields and wives together: for I will stretch out my hand upon the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD. -For from the least of them even unto the greatest of them every one is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. -They have healed also the hurt of the daughter of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace. -Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore they shall fall among them that fall: at the time that I visit them they shall be cast down, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls. But they said, We will not walk therein. -Also I set watchmen over you, saying, Hearken to the sound of the trumpet. But they said, We will not hearken. -Therefore hear, ye nations, and know, O congregation, what is among them. -Hear, O earth: behold, I will bring evil upon this people, even the fruit of their thoughts, because they have not hearkened unto my words, nor to my law, but rejected it. -To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country? your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me. -Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will lay stumblingblocks before this people, and the fathers and the sons together shall fall upon them; the neighbour and his friend shall perish. -Thus saith the LORD, Behold, a people cometh from the north country, and a great nation shall be raised from the sides of the earth. -They shall lay hold on bow and spear; they are cruel, and have no mercy; their voice roareth like the sea; and they ride upon horses, set in array as men for war against thee, O daughter of Zion. -We have heard the fame thereof: our hands wax feeble: anguish hath taken hold of us, and pain, as of a woman in travail. -Go not forth into the field, nor walk by the way; for the sword of the enemy and fear is on every side. -O daughter of my people, gird thee with sackcloth, and wallow thyself in ashes: make thee mourning, as for an only son, most bitter lamentation: for the spoiler shall suddenly come upon us. -I have set thee for a tower and a fortress among my people, that thou mayest know and try their way. -They are all grievous revolters, walking with slanders: they are brass and iron; they are all corrupters. -The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away. -Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the LORD hath rejected them. -The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Stand in the gate of the LORD's house, and proclaim there this word, and say, Hear the word of the LORD, all ye of Judah, that enter in at these gates to worship the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place. -Trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of the LORD, The temple of the LORD, The temple of the LORD, are these. -For if ye throughly amend your ways and your doings; if ye throughly execute judgment between a man and his neighbour; -If ye oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not innocent blood in this place, neither walk after other gods to your hurt: -Then will I cause you to dwell in this place, in the land that I gave to your fathers, for ever and ever. -Behold, ye trust in lying words, that cannot profit. -Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear falsely, and burn incense unto Baal, and walk after other gods whom ye know not; -And come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, We are delivered to do all these abominations? -Is this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in your eyes? Behold, even I have seen it, saith the LORD. -But go ye now unto my place which was in Shiloh, where I set my name at the first, and see what I did to it for the wickedness of my people Israel. -And now, because ye have done all these works, saith the LORD, and I spake unto you, rising up early and speaking, but ye heard not; and I called you, but ye answered not; -Therefore will I do unto this house, which is called by my name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh. -And I will cast you out of my sight, as I have cast out all your brethren, even the whole seed of Ephraim. -Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry nor prayer for them, neither make intercession to me: for I will not hear thee. -Seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem? -The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead their dough, to make cakes to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that they may provoke me to anger. -Do they provoke me to anger? saith the LORD: do they not provoke themselves to the confusion of their own faces? -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, mine anger and my fury shall be poured out upon this place, upon man, and upon beast, and upon the trees of the field, and upon the fruit of the ground; and it shall burn, and shall not be quenched. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Put your burnt offerings unto your sacrifices, and eat flesh. -For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the day that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt offerings or sacrifices: -But this thing commanded I them, saying, Obey my voice, and I will be your God, and ye shall be my people: and walk ye in all the ways that I have commanded you, that it may be well unto you. -But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear, but walked in the counsels and in the imagination of their evil heart, and went backward, and not forward. -Since the day that your fathers came forth out of the land of Egypt unto this day I have even sent unto you all my servants the prophets, daily rising up early and sending them: -Yet they hearkened not unto me, nor inclined their ear, but hardened their neck: they did worse than their fathers. -Therefore thou shalt speak all these words unto them; but they will not hearken to thee: thou shalt also call unto them; but they will not answer thee. -But thou shalt say unto them, This is a nation that obeyeth not the voice of the LORD their God, nor receiveth correction: truth is perished, and is cut off from their mouth. -Cut off thine hair, O Jerusalem, and cast it away, and take up a lamentation on high places; for the LORD hath rejected and forsaken the generation of his wrath. -For the children of Judah have done evil in my sight, saith the LORD: they have set their abominations in the house which is called by my name, to pollute it. -And they have built the high places of Tophet, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my heart. -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall no more be called Tophet, nor the valley of the son of Hinnom, but the valley of slaughter: for they shall bury in Tophet, till there be no place. -And the carcases of this people shall be meat for the fowls of the heaven, and for the beasts of the earth; and none shall fray them away. -Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride: for the land shall be desolate. -At that time, saith the LORD, they shall bring out the bones of the kings of Judah, and the bones of his princes, and the bones of the priests, and the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, out of their graves: -And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth. -And death shall be chosen rather than life by all the residue of them that remain of this evil family, which remain in all the places whither I have driven them, saith the LORD of hosts. -Moreover thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; Shall they fall, and not arise? shall he turn away, and not return? -Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return. -I hearkened and heard, but they spake not aright: no man repented him of his wickedness, saying, What have I done? every one turned to his course, as the horse rusheth into the battle. -Yea, the stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed times; and the turtle and the crane and the swallow observe the time of their coming; but my people know not the judgment of the LORD. -How do ye say, We are wise, and the law of the LORD is with us? Lo, certainly in vain made he it; the pen of the scribes is in vain. -The wise men are ashamed, they are dismayed and taken: lo, they have rejected the word of the LORD; and what wisdom is in them? -Therefore will I give their wives unto others, and their fields to them that shall inherit them: for every one from the least even unto the greatest is given to covetousness, from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. -For they have healed the hurt of the daughter of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace. -Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore shall they fall among them that fall: in the time of their visitation they shall be cast down, saith the LORD. -I will surely consume them, saith the LORD: there shall be no grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig tree, and the leaf shall fade; and the things that I have given them shall pass away from them. -Why do we sit still? assemble yourselves, and let us enter into the defenced cities, and let us be silent there: for the LORD our God hath put us to silence, and given us water of gall to drink, because we have sinned against the LORD. -We looked for peace, but no good came; and for a time of health, and behold trouble! -The snorting of his horses was heard from Dan: the whole land trembled at the sound of the neighing of his strong ones; for they are come, and have devoured the land, and all that is in it; the city, and those that dwell therein. -For, behold, I will send serpents, cockatrices, among you, which will not be charmed, and they shall bite you, saith the LORD. -When I would comfort myself against sorrow, my heart is faint in me. -Behold the voice of the cry of the daughter of my people because of them that dwell in a far country: Is not the LORD in Zion? is not her king in her? Why have they provoked me to anger with their graven images, and with strange vanities? -The harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we are not saved. -For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black; astonishment hath taken hold on me. -Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered? -Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people! -Oh that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of wayfaring men; that I might leave my people, and go from them! for they be all adulterers, an assembly of treacherous men. -And they bend their tongues like their bow for lies: but they are not valiant for the truth upon the earth; for they proceed from evil to evil, and they know not me, saith the LORD. -Take ye heed every one of his neighbour, and trust ye not in any brother: for every brother will utterly supplant, and every neighbour will walk with slanders. -And they will deceive every one his neighbour, and will not speak the truth: they have taught their tongue to speak lies, and weary themselves to commit iniquity. -Thine habitation is in the midst of deceit; through deceit they refuse to know me, saith the LORD. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will melt them, and try them; for how shall I do for the daughter of my people? -Their tongue is as an arrow shot out; it speaketh deceit: one speaketh peaceably to his neighbour with his mouth, but in heart he layeth his wait. -Shall I not visit them for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? -For the mountains will I take up a weeping and wailing, and for the habitations of the wilderness a lamentation, because they are burned up, so that none can pass through them; neither can men hear the voice of the cattle; both the fowl of the heavens and the beast are fled; they are gone. -And I will make Jerusalem heaps, and a den of dragons; and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant. -Who is the wise man, that may understand this? and who is he to whom the mouth of the LORD hath spoken, that he may declare it, for what the land perisheth and is burned up like a wilderness, that none passeth through? -And the LORD saith, Because they have forsaken my law which I set before them, and have not obeyed my voice, neither walked therein; -But have walked after the imagination of their own heart, and after Baalim, which their fathers taught them: -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink. -I will scatter them also among the heathen, whom neither they nor their fathers have known: and I will send a sword after them, till I have consumed them. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Consider ye, and call for the mourning women, that they may come; and send for cunning women, that they may come: -And let them make haste, and take up a wailing for us, that our eyes may run down with tears, and our eyelids gush out with waters. -For a voice of wailing is heard out of Zion, How are we spoiled! we are greatly confounded, because we have forsaken the land, because our dwellings have cast us out. -Yet hear the word of the LORD, O ye women, and let your ear receive the word of his mouth, and teach your daughters wailing, and every one her neighbour lamentation. -For death is come up into our windows, and is entered into our palaces, to cut off the children from without, and the young men from the streets. -Speak, Thus saith the LORD, Even the carcases of men shall fall as dung upon the open field, and as the handful after the harvestman, and none shall gather them. -Thus saith the LORD, Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man glory in his riches: -But let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me, that I am the LORD which exercise lovingkindness, judgment, and righteousness, in the earth: for in these things I delight, saith the LORD. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will punish all them which are circumcised with the uncircumcised; -Egypt, and Judah, and Edom, and the children of Ammon, and Moab, and all that are in the utmost corners, that dwell in the wilderness: for all these nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in the heart. -Hear ye the word which the LORD speaketh unto you, O house of Israel: -Thus saith the LORD, Learn not the way of the heathen, and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen are dismayed at them. -For the customs of the people are vain: for one cutteth a tree out of the forest, the work of the hands of the workman, with the axe. -They deck it with silver and with gold; they fasten it with nails and with hammers, that it move not. -They are upright as the palm tree, but speak not: they must needs be borne, because they cannot go. Be not afraid of them; for they cannot do evil, neither also is it in them to do good. -Forasmuch as there is none like unto thee, O LORD; thou art great, and thy name is great in might. -Who would not fear thee, O King of nations? for to thee doth it appertain: forasmuch as among all the wise men of the nations, and in all their kingdoms, there is none like unto thee. -But they are altogether brutish and foolish: the stock is a doctrine of vanities. -Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men. -But the LORD is the true God, he is the living God, and an everlasting king: at his wrath the earth shall tremble, and the nations shall not be able to abide his indignation. -Thus shall ye say unto them, The gods that have not made the heavens and the earth, even they shall perish from the earth, and from under these heavens. -He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion. -When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens, and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures. -Every man is brutish in his knowledge: every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. -They are vanity, and the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish. -The portion of Jacob is not like them: for he is the former of all things; and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: The LORD of hosts is his name. -Gather up thy wares out of the land, O inhabitant of the fortress. -For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will sling out the inhabitants of the land at this once, and will distress them, that they may find it so. -Woe is me for my hurt! my wound is grievous; but I said, Truly this is a grief, and I must bear it. -My tabernacle is spoiled, and all my cords are broken: my children are gone forth of me, and they are not: there is none to stretch forth my tent any more, and to set up my curtains. -For the pastors are become brutish, and have not sought the LORD: therefore they shall not prosper, and all their flocks shall be scattered. -Behold, the noise of the bruit is come, and a great commotion out of the north country, to make the cities of Judah desolate, and a den of dragons. -O LORD, I know that the way of man is not in himself: it is not in man that walketh to direct his steps. -O LORD, correct me, but with judgment; not in thine anger, lest thou bring me to nothing. -Pour out thy fury upon the heathen that know thee not, and upon the families that call not on thy name: for they have eaten up Jacob, and devoured him, and consumed him, and have made his habitation desolate. -The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD saying, -Hear ye the words of this covenant, and speak unto the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem; -And say thou unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Cursed be the man that obeyeth not the words of this covenant, -Which I commanded your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, from the iron furnace, saying, Obey my voice, and do them, according to all which I command you: so shall ye be my people, and I will be your God: -That I may perform the oath which I have sworn unto your fathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as it is this day. Then answered I, and said, So be it, O LORD. -Then the LORD said unto me, Proclaim all these words in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, saying, Hear ye the words of this covenant, and do them. -For I earnestly protested unto your fathers in the day that I brought them up out of the land of Egypt, even unto this day, rising early and protesting, saying, Obey my voice. -Yet they obeyed not, nor inclined their ear, but walked every one in the imagination of their evil heart: therefore I will bring upon them all the words of this covenant, which I commanded them to do: but they did them not. -And the LORD said unto me, A conspiracy is found among the men of Judah, and among the inhabitants of Jerusalem. -They are turned back to the iniquities of their forefathers, which refused to hear my words; and they went after other gods to serve them: the house of Israel and the house of Judah have broken my covenant which I made with their fathers. -Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon them, which they shall not be able to escape; and though they shall cry unto me, I will not hearken unto them. -Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go, and cry unto the gods unto whom they offer incense: but they shall not save them at all in the time of their trouble. -For according to the number of thy cities were thy gods, O Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have ye set up altars to that shameful thing, even altars to burn incense unto Baal. -Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up a cry or prayer for them: for I will not hear them in the time that they cry unto me for their trouble. -What hath my beloved to do in mine house, seeing she hath wrought lewdness with many, and the holy flesh is passed from thee? when thou doest evil, then thou rejoicest. -The LORD called thy name, A green olive tree, fair, and of goodly fruit: with the noise of a great tumult he hath kindled fire upon it, and the branches of it are broken. -For the LORD of hosts, that planted thee, hath pronounced evil against thee, for the evil of the house of Israel and of the house of Judah, which they have done against themselves to provoke me to anger in offering incense unto Baal. -And the LORD hath given me knowledge of it, and I know it: then thou shewedst me their doings. -But I was like a lamb or an ox that is brought to the slaughter; and I knew not that they had devised devices against me, saying, Let us destroy the tree with the fruit thereof, and let us cut him off from the land of the living, that his name may be no more remembered. -But, O LORD of hosts, that judgest righteously, that triest the reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee have I revealed my cause. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of the men of Anathoth, that seek thy life, saying, Prophesy not in the name of the LORD, that thou die not by our hand: -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will punish them: the young men shall die by the sword; their sons and their daughters shall die by famine: -And there shall be no remnant of them: for I will bring evil upon the men of Anathoth, even the year of their visitation. -Righteous art thou, O LORD, when I plead with thee: yet let me talk with thee of thy judgments: Wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper? wherefore are all they happy that deal very treacherously? -Thou hast planted them, yea, they have taken root: they grow, yea, they bring forth fruit: thou art near in their mouth, and far from their reins. -But thou, O LORD, knowest me: thou hast seen me, and tried mine heart toward thee: pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and prepare them for the day of slaughter. -How long shall the land mourn, and the herbs of every field wither, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein? the beasts are consumed, and the birds; because they said, He shall not see our last end. -If thou hast run with the footmen, and they have wearied thee, then how canst thou contend with horses? and if in the land of peace, wherein thou trustedst, they wearied thee, then how wilt thou do in the swelling of Jordan? -For even thy brethren, and the house of thy father, even they have dealt treacherously with thee; yea, they have called a multitude after thee: believe them not, though they speak fair words unto thee. -I have forsaken mine house, I have left mine heritage; I have given the dearly beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies. -Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; it crieth out against me: therefore have I hated it. -Mine heritage is unto me as a speckled bird, the birds round about are against her; come ye, assemble all the beasts of the field, come to devour. -Many pastors have destroyed my vineyard, they have trodden my portion under foot, they have made my pleasant portion a desolate wilderness. -They have made it desolate, and being desolate it mourneth unto me; the whole land is made desolate, because no man layeth it to heart. -The spoilers are come upon all high places through the wilderness: for the sword of the LORD shall devour from the one end of the land even to the other end of the land: no flesh shall have peace. -They have sown wheat, but shall reap thorns: they have put themselves to pain, but shall not profit: and they shall be ashamed of your revenues because of the fierce anger of the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD against all mine evil neighbours, that touch the inheritance which I have caused my people Israel to inherit; Behold, I will pluck them out of their land, and pluck out the house of Judah from among them. -And it shall come to pass, after that I have plucked them out I will return, and have compassion on them, and will bring them again, every man to his heritage, and every man to his land. -And it shall come to pass, if they will diligently learn the ways of my people, to swear by my name, The LORD liveth; as they taught my people to swear by Baal; then shall they be built in the midst of my people. -But if they will not obey, I will utterly pluck up and destroy that nation, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD unto me, Go and get thee a linen girdle, and put it upon thy loins, and put it not in water. -So I got a girdle according to the word of the LORD, and put it on my loins. -And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying, -Take the girdle that thou hast got, which is upon thy loins, and arise, go to Euphrates, and hide it there in a hole of the rock. -So I went, and hid it by Euphrates, as the LORD commanded me. -And it came to pass after many days, that the LORD said unto me, Arise, go to Euphrates, and take the girdle from thence, which I commanded thee to hide there. -Then I went to Euphrates, and digged, and took the girdle from the place where I had hid it: and, behold, the girdle was marred, it was profitable for nothing. -Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, After this manner will I mar the pride of Judah, and the great pride of Jerusalem. -This evil people, which refuse to hear my words, which walk in the imagination of their heart, and walk after other gods, to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is good for nothing. -For as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of a man, so have I caused to cleave unto me the whole house of Israel and the whole house of Judah, saith the LORD; that they might be unto me for a people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not hear. -Therefore thou shalt speak unto them this word; Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Every bottle shall be filled with wine: and they shall say unto thee, Do we not certainly know that every bottle shall be filled with wine? -Then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, even the kings that sit upon David's throne, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, with drunkenness. -And I will dash them one against another, even the fathers and the sons together, saith the LORD: I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy them. -Hear ye, and give ear; be not proud: for the LORD hath spoken. -Give glory to the LORD your God, before he cause darkness, and before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains, and, while ye look for light, he turn it into the shadow of death, and make it gross darkness. -But if ye will not hear it, my soul shall weep in secret places for your pride; and mine eye shall weep sore, and run down with tears, because the LORD's flock is carried away captive. -Say unto the king and to the queen, Humble yourselves, sit down: for your principalities shall come down, even the crown of your glory. -The cities of the south shall be shut up, and none shall open them: Judah shall be carried away captive all of it, it shall be wholly carried away captive. -Lift up your eyes, and behold them that come from the north: where is the flock that was given thee, thy beautiful flock? -What wilt thou say when he shall punish thee? for thou hast taught them to be captains, and as chief over thee: shall not sorrows take thee, as a woman in travail? -And if thou say in thine heart, Wherefore come these things upon me? For the greatness of thine iniquity are thy skirts discovered, and thy heels made bare. -Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil. -Therefore will I scatter them as the stubble that passeth away by the wind of the wilderness. -This is thy lot, the portion of thy measures from me, saith the LORD; because thou hast forgotten me, and trusted in falsehood. -Therefore will I discover thy skirts upon thy face, that thy shame may appear. -I have seen thine adulteries, and thy neighings, the lewdness of thy whoredom, and thine abominations on the hills in the fields. Woe unto thee, O Jerusalem! wilt thou not be made clean? when shall it once be? -The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah concerning the dearth. -Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black unto the ground; and the cry of Jerusalem is gone up. -And their nobles have sent their little ones to the waters: they came to the pits, and found no water; they returned with their vessels empty; they were ashamed and confounded, and covered their heads. -Because the ground is chapt, for there was no rain in the earth, the plowmen were ashamed, they covered their heads. -Yea, the hind also calved in the field, and forsook it, because there was no grass. -And the wild asses did stand in the high places, they snuffed up the wind like dragons; their eyes did fail, because there was no grass. -O LORD, though our iniquities testify against us, do thou it for thy name's sake: for our backslidings are many; we have sinned against thee. -O the hope of Israel, the saviour thereof in time of trouble, why shouldest thou be as a stranger in the land, and as a wayfaring man that turneth aside to tarry for a night? -Why shouldest thou be as a man astonied, as a mighty man that cannot save? yet thou, O LORD, art in the midst of us, and we are called by thy name; leave us not. -Thus saith the LORD unto this people, Thus have they loved to wander, they have not refrained their feet, therefore the LORD doth not accept them; he will now remember their iniquity, and visit their sins. -Then said the LORD unto me, Pray not for this people for their good. -When they fast, I will not hear their cry; and when they offer burnt offering and an oblation, I will not accept them: but I will consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence. -Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, the prophets say unto them, Ye shall not see the sword, neither shall ye have famine; but I will give you assured peace in this place. -Then the LORD said unto me, The prophets prophesy lies in my name: I sent them not, neither have I commanded them, neither spake unto them: they prophesy unto you a false vision and divination, and a thing of nought, and the deceit of their heart. -Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that prophesy in my name, and I sent them not, yet they say, Sword and famine shall not be in this land; By sword and famine shall those prophets be consumed. -And the people to whom they prophesy shall be cast out in the streets of Jerusalem because of the famine and the sword; and they shall have none to bury them, them, their wives, nor their sons, nor their daughters: for I will pour their wickedness upon them. -Therefore thou shalt say this word unto them; Let mine eyes run down with tears night and day, and let them not cease: for the virgin daughter of my people is broken with a great breach, with a very grievous blow. -If I go forth into the field, then behold the slain with the sword! and if I enter into the city, then behold them that are sick with famine! yea, both the prophet and the priest go about into a land that they know not. -Hast thou utterly rejected Judah? hath thy soul lothed Zion? why hast thou smitten us, and there is no healing for us? we looked for peace, and there is no good; and for the time of healing, and behold trouble! -We acknowledge, O LORD, our wickedness, and the iniquity of our fathers: for we have sinned against thee. -Do not abhor us, for thy name's sake, do not disgrace the throne of thy glory: remember, break not thy covenant with us. -Are there any among the vanities of the Gentiles that can cause rain? or can the heavens give showers? art not thou he, O LORD our God? therefore we will wait upon thee: for thou hast made all these things. -Then said the LORD unto me, Though Moses and Samuel stood before me, yet my mind could not be toward this people: cast them out of my sight, and let them go forth. -And it shall come to pass, if they say unto thee, Whither shall we go forth? then thou shalt tell them, Thus saith the LORD; Such as are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword; and such as are for the famine, to the famine; and such as are for the captivity, to the captivity. -And I will appoint over them four kinds, saith the LORD: the sword to slay, and the dogs to tear, and the fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the earth, to devour and destroy. -And I will cause them to be removed into all kingdoms of the earth, because of Manasseh the son of Hezekiah king of Judah, for that which he did in Jerusalem. -For who shall have pity upon thee, O Jerusalem? or who shall bemoan thee? or who shall go aside to ask how thou doest? -Thou hast forsaken me, saith the LORD, thou art gone backward: therefore will I stretch out my hand against thee, and destroy thee; I am weary with repenting. -And I will fan them with a fan in the gates of the land; I will bereave them of children, I will destroy my people since they return not from their ways. -Their widows are increased to me above the sand of the seas: I have brought upon them against the mother of the young men a spoiler at noonday: I have caused him to fall upon it suddenly, and terrors upon the city. -She that hath borne seven languisheth: she hath given up the ghost; her sun is gone down while it was yet day: she hath been ashamed and confounded: and the residue of them will I deliver to the sword before their enemies, saith the LORD. -Woe is me, my mother, that thou hast borne me a man of strife and a man of contention to the whole earth! I have neither lent on usury, nor men have lent to me on usury; yet every one of them doth curse me. -The LORD said, Verily it shall be well with thy remnant; verily I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well in the time of evil and in the time of affliction. -Shall iron break the northern iron and the steel? -Thy substance and thy treasures will I give to the spoil without price, and that for all thy sins, even in all thy borders. -And I will make thee to pass with thine enemies into a land which thou knowest not: for a fire is kindled in mine anger, which shall burn upon you. -O LORD, thou knowest: remember me, and visit me, and revenge me of my persecutors; take me not away in thy longsuffering: know that for thy sake I have suffered rebuke. -Thy words were found, and I did eat them; and thy word was unto me the joy and rejoicing of mine heart: for I am called by thy name, O LORD God of hosts. -I sat not in the assembly of the mockers, nor rejoiced; I sat alone because of thy hand: for thou hast filled me with indignation. -Why is my pain perpetual, and my wound incurable, which refuseth to be healed? wilt thou be altogether unto me as a liar, and as waters that fail? -Therefore thus saith the LORD, If thou return, then will I bring thee again, and thou shalt stand before me: and if thou take forth the precious from the vile, thou shalt be as my mouth: let them return unto thee; but return not thou unto them. -And I will make thee unto this people a fenced brasen wall: and they shall fight against thee, but they shall not prevail against thee: for I am with thee to save thee and to deliver thee, saith the LORD. -And I will deliver thee out of the hand of the wicked, and I will redeem thee out of the hand of the terrible. -The word of the LORD came also unto me, saying, -Thou shalt not take thee a wife, neither shalt thou have sons or daughters in this place. -For thus saith the LORD concerning the sons and concerning the daughters that are born in this place, and concerning their mothers that bare them, and concerning their fathers that begat them in this land; -They shall die of grievous deaths; they shall not be lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine; and their carcases shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and for the beasts of the earth. -For thus saith the LORD, Enter not into the house of mourning, neither go to lament nor bemoan them: for I have taken away my peace from this people, saith the LORD, even lovingkindness and mercies. -Both the great and the small shall die in this land: they shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald for them: -Neither shall men tear themselves for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead; neither shall men give them the cup of consolation to drink for their father or for their mother. -Thou shalt not also go into the house of feasting, to sit with them to eat and to drink. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will cause to cease out of this place in your eyes, and in your days, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride. -And it shall come to pass, when thou shalt shew this people all these words, and they shall say unto thee, Wherefore hath the LORD pronounced all this great evil against us? or what is our iniquity? or what is our sin that we have committed against the LORD our God? -Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods, and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me, and have not kept my law; -And ye have done worse than your fathers; for, behold, ye walk every one after the imagination of his evil heart, that they may not hearken unto me: -Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you favour. -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall no more be said, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; -But, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel from the land of the north, and from all the lands whither he had driven them: and I will bring them again into their land that I gave unto their fathers. -Behold, I will send for many fishers, saith the LORD, and they shall fish them; and after will I send for many hunters, and they shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of the holes of the rocks. -For mine eyes are upon all their ways: they are not hid from my face, neither is their iniquity hid from mine eyes. -And first I will recompense their iniquity and their sin double; because they have defiled my land, they have filled mine inheritance with the carcases of their detestable and abominable things. -O LORD, my strength, and my fortress, and my refuge in the day of affliction, the Gentiles shall come unto thee from the ends of the earth, and shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity, and things wherein there is no profit. -Shall a man make gods unto himself, and they are no gods? -Therefore, behold, I will this once cause them to know, I will cause them to know mine hand and my might; and they shall know that my name is The LORD. -The sin of Judah is written with a pen of iron, and with the point of a diamond: it is graven upon the table of their heart, and upon the horns of your altars; -Whilst their children remember their altars and their groves by the green trees upon the high hills. -O my mountain in the field, I will give thy substance and all thy treasures to the spoil, and thy high places for sin, throughout all thy borders. -And thou, even thyself, shalt discontinue from thine heritage that I gave thee; and I will cause thee to serve thine enemies in the land which thou knowest not: for ye have kindled a fire in mine anger, which shall burn for ever. -Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD. -For he shall be like the heath in the desert, and shall not see when good cometh; but shall inhabit the parched places in the wilderness, in a salt land and not inhabited. -Blessed is the man that trusteth in the LORD, and whose hope the LORD is. -For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, and that spreadeth out her roots by the river, and shall not see when heat cometh, but her leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit. -The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? -I the LORD search the heart, I try the reins, even to give every man according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings. -As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not; so he that getteth riches, and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and at his end shall be a fool. -A glorious high throne from the beginning is the place of our sanctuary. -O LORD, the hope of Israel, all that forsake thee shall be ashamed, and they that depart from me shall be written in the earth, because they have forsaken the LORD, the fountain of living waters. -Heal me, O LORD, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be saved: for thou art my praise. -Behold, they say unto me, Where is the word of the LORD? let it come now. -As for me, I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow thee: neither have I desired the woeful day; thou knowest: that which came out of my lips was right before thee. -Be not a terror unto me: thou art my hope in the day of evil. -Let them be confounded that persecute me, but let not me be confounded: let them be dismayed, but let not me be dismayed: bring upon them the day of evil, and destroy them with double destruction. -Thus said the LORD unto me; Go and stand in the gate of the children of the people, whereby the kings of Judah come in, and by the which they go out, and in all the gates of Jerusalem; -And say unto them, Hear ye the word of the LORD, ye kings of Judah, and all Judah, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, that enter in by these gates: -Thus saith the LORD; Take heed to yourselves, and bear no burden on the sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem; -Neither carry forth a burden out of your houses on the sabbath day, neither do ye any work, but hallow ye the sabbath day, as I commanded your fathers. -But they obeyed not, neither inclined their ear, but made their neck stiff, that they might not hear, nor receive instruction. -And it shall come to pass, if ye diligently hearken unto me, saith the LORD, to bring in no burden through the gates of this city on the sabbath day, but hallow the sabbath day, to do no work therein; -Then shall there enter into the gates of this city kings and princes sitting upon the throne of David, riding in chariots and on horses, they, and their princes, the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem: and this city shall remain for ever. -And they shall come from the cities of Judah, and from the places about Jerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the plain, and from the mountains, and from the south, bringing burnt offerings, and sacrifices, and meat offerings, and incense, and bringing sacrifices of praise, unto the house of the LORD. -But if ye will not hearken unto me to hallow the sabbath day, and not to bear a burden, even entering in at the gates of Jerusalem on the sabbath day; then will I kindle a fire in the gates thereof, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem, and it shall not be quenched. -The word which came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause thee to hear my words. -Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a work on the wheels. -And the vessel that he made of clay was marred in the hand of the potter: so he made it again another vessel, as seemed good to the potter to make it. -Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying, -O house of Israel, cannot I do with you as this potter? saith the LORD. Behold, as the clay is in the potter's hand, so are ye in mine hand, O house of Israel. -At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it; -If that nation, against whom I have pronounced, turn from their evil, I will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them. -And at what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it; -If it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them. -Now therefore go to, speak to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I frame evil against you, and devise a device against you: return ye now every one from his evil way, and make your ways and your doings good. -And they said, There is no hope: but we will walk after our own devices, and we will every one do the imagination of his evil heart. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ask ye now among the heathen, who hath heard such things: the virgin of Israel hath done a very horrible thing. -Will a man leave the snow of Lebanon which cometh from the rock of the field? or shall the cold flowing waters that come from another place be forsaken? -Because my people hath forgotten me, they have burned incense to vanity, and they have caused them to stumble in their ways from the ancient paths, to walk in paths, in a way not cast up; -To make their land desolate, and a perpetual hissing; every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head. -I will scatter them as with an east wind before the enemy; I will shew them the back, and not the face, in the day of their calamity. -Then said they, Come and let us devise devices against Jeremiah; for the law shall not perish from the priest, nor counsel from the wise, nor the word from the prophet. Come, and let us smite him with the tongue, and let us not give heed to any of his words. -Give heed to me, O LORD, and hearken to the voice of them that contend with me. -Shall evil be recompensed for good? for they have digged a pit for my soul. Remember that I stood before thee to speak good for them, and to turn away thy wrath from them. -Therefore deliver up their children to the famine, and pour out their blood by the force of the sword; and let their wives be bereaved of their children, and be widows; and let their men be put to death; let their young men be slain by the sword in battle. -Let a cry be heard from their houses, when thou shalt bring a troop suddenly upon them: for they have digged a pit to take me, and hid snares for my feet. -Yet, LORD, thou knowest all their counsel against me to slay me: forgive not their iniquity, neither blot out their sin from thy sight, but let them be overthrown before thee; deal thus with them in the time of thine anger. -Thus saith the LORD, Go and get a potter's earthen bottle, and take of the ancients of the people, and of the ancients of the priests; -And go forth unto the valley of the son of Hinnom, which is by the entry of the east gate, and proclaim there the words that I shall tell thee, -And say, Hear ye the word of the LORD, O kings of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem; Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, the which whosoever heareth, his ears shall tingle. -Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah, and have filled this place with the blood of innocents; -They have built also the high places of Baal, to burn their sons with fire for burnt offerings unto Baal, which I commanded not, nor spake it, neither came it into my mind: -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that this place shall no more be called Tophet, nor The valley of the son of Hinnom, but The valley of slaughter. -And I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place; and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their enemies, and by the hands of them that seek their lives: and their carcases will I give to be meat for the fowls of the heaven, and for the beasts of the earth. -And I will make this city desolate, and an hissing; every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished and hiss because of all the plagues thereof. -And I will cause them to eat the flesh of their sons and the flesh of their daughters, and they shall eat every one the flesh of his friend in the siege and straitness, wherewith their enemies, and they that seek their lives, shall straiten them. -Then shalt thou break the bottle in the sight of the men that go with thee, -And shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Even so will I break this people and this city, as one breaketh a potter's vessel, that cannot be made whole again: and they shall bury them in Tophet, till there be no place to bury. -Thus will I do unto this place, saith the LORD, and to the inhabitants thereof, and even make this city as Tophet: -And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of Tophet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs they have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods. -Then came Jeremiah from Tophet, whither the LORD had sent him to prophesy; and he stood in the court of the LORD's house; and said to all the people, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring upon this city and upon all her towns all the evil that I have pronounced against it, because they have hardened their necks, that they might not hear my words. -Now Pashur the son of Immer the priest, who was also chief governor in the house of the LORD, heard that Jeremiah prophesied these things. -Then Pashur smote Jeremiah the prophet, and put him in the stocks that were in the high gate of Benjamin, which was by the house of the LORD. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that Pashur brought forth Jeremiah out of the stocks. Then said Jeremiah unto him, The LORD hath not called thy name Pashur, but Magormissabib. -For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will make thee a terror to thyself, and to all thy friends: and they shall fall by the sword of their enemies, and thine eyes shall behold it: and I will give all Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall carry them captive into Babylon, and shall slay them with the sword. -Moreover I will deliver all the strength of this city, and all the labours thereof, and all the precious things thereof, and all the treasures of the kings of Judah will I give into the hand of their enemies, which shall spoil them, and take them, and carry them to Babylon. -And thou, Pashur, and all that dwell in thine house shall go into captivity: and thou shalt come to Babylon, and there thou shalt die, and shalt be buried there, thou, and all thy friends, to whom thou hast prophesied lies. -O LORD, thou hast deceived me, and I was deceived; thou art stronger than I, and hast prevailed: I am in derision daily, every one mocketh me. -For since I spake, I cried out, I cried violence and spoil; because the word of the LORD was made a reproach unto me, and a derision, daily. -Then I said, I will not make mention of him, nor speak any more in his name. But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones, and I was weary with forbearing, and I could not stay. -For I heard the defaming of many, fear on every side. Report, say they, and we will report it. All my familiars watched for my halting, saying, Peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall prevail against him, and we shall take our revenge on him. -But the LORD is with me as a mighty terrible one: therefore my persecutors shall stumble, and they shall not prevail: they shall be greatly ashamed; for they shall not prosper: their everlasting confusion shall never be forgotten. -But, O LORD of hosts, that triest the righteous, and seest the reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee have I opened my cause. -Sing unto the LORD, praise ye the LORD: for he hath delivered the soul of the poor from the hand of evildoers. -Cursed be the day wherein I was born: let not the day wherein my mother bare me be blessed. -Cursed be the man who brought tidings to my father, saying, A man child is born unto thee; making him very glad. -And let that man be as the cities which the LORD overthrew, and repented not: and let him hear the cry in the morning, and the shouting at noontide; -Because he slew me not from the womb; or that my mother might have been my grave, and her womb to be always great with me. -Wherefore came I forth out of the womb to see labour and sorrow, that my days should be consumed with shame? -The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when king Zedekiah sent unto him Pashur the son of Melchiah, and Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, saying, -Enquire, I pray thee, of the LORD for us; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon maketh war against us; if so be that the LORD will deal with us according to all his wondrous works, that he may go up from us. -Then said Jeremiah unto them, Thus shall ye say to Zedekiah: -Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Behold, I will turn back the weapons of war that are in your hands, wherewith ye fight against the king of Babylon, and against the Chaldeans, which besiege you without the walls, and I will assemble them into the midst of this city. -And I myself will fight against you with an outstretched hand and with a strong arm, even in anger, and in fury, and in great wrath. -And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence. -And afterward, saith the LORD, I will deliver Zedekiah king of Judah, and his servants, and the people, and such as are left in this city from the pestilence, from the sword, and from the famine, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those that seek their life: and he shall smite them with the edge of the sword; he shall not spare them, neither have pity, nor have mercy. -And unto this people thou shalt say, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I set before you the way of life, and the way of death. -He that abideth in this city shall die by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence: but he that goeth out, and falleth to the Chaldeans that besiege you, he shall live, and his life shall be unto him for a prey. -For I have set my face against this city for evil, and not for good, saith the LORD: it shall be given into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire. -And touching the house of the king of Judah, say, Hear ye the word of the LORD; -O house of David, thus saith the LORD; Execute judgment in the morning, and deliver him that is spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor, lest my fury go out like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings. -Behold, I am against thee, O inhabitant of the valley, and rock of the plain, saith the LORD; which say, Who shall come down against us? or who shall enter into our habitations? -But I will punish you according to the fruit of your doings, saith the LORD: and I will kindle a fire in the forest thereof, and it shall devour all things round about it. -Thus saith the LORD; Go down to the house of the king of Judah, and speak there this word, -And say, Hear the word of the LORD, O king of Judah, that sittest upon the throne of David, thou, and thy servants, and thy people that enter in by these gates: -Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place. -For if ye do this thing indeed, then shall there enter in by the gates of this house kings sitting upon the throne of David, riding in chariots and on horses, he, and his servants, and his people. -But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith the LORD, that this house shall become a desolation. -For thus saith the LORD unto the king's house of Judah; Thou art Gilead unto me, and the head of Lebanon: yet surely I will make thee a wilderness, and cities which are not inhabited. -And I will prepare destroyers against thee, every one with his weapons: and they shall cut down thy choice cedars, and cast them into the fire. -And many nations shall pass by this city, and they shall say every man to his neighbour, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this great city? -Then they shall answer, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD their God, and worshipped other gods, and served them. -Weep ye not for the dead, neither bemoan him: but weep sore for him that goeth away: for he shall return no more, nor see his native country. -For thus saith the LORD touching Shallum the son of Josiah king of Judah, which reigned instead of Josiah his father, which went forth out of this place; He shall not return thither any more: -But he shall die in the place whither they have led him captive, and shall see this land no more. -Woe unto him that buildeth his house by unrighteousness, and his chambers by wrong; that useth his neighbour's service without wages, and giveth him not for his work; -That saith, I will build me a wide house and large chambers, and cutteth him out windows; and it is cieled with cedar, and painted with vermilion. -Shalt thou reign, because thou closest thyself in cedar? did not thy father eat and drink, and do judgment and justice, and then it was well with him? -He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then it was well with him: was not this to know me? saith the LORD. -But thine eyes and thine heart are not but for thy covetousness, and for to shed innocent blood, and for oppression, and for violence, to do it. -Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah; They shall not lament for him, saying, Ah my brother! or, Ah sister! they shall not lament for him, saying, Ah lord! or, Ah his glory! -He shall be buried with the burial of an ass, drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jerusalem. -Go up to Lebanon, and cry; and lift up thy voice in Bashan, and cry from the passages: for all thy lovers are destroyed. -I spake unto thee in thy prosperity; but thou saidst, I will not hear. This hath been thy manner from thy youth, that thou obeyedst not my voice. -The wind shall eat up all thy pastors, and thy lovers shall go into captivity: surely then shalt thou be ashamed and confounded for all thy wickedness. -O inhabitant of Lebanon, that makest thy nest in the cedars, how gracious shalt thou be when pangs come upon thee, the pain as of a woman in travail! -As I live, saith the LORD, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet upon my right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence; -And I will give thee into the hand of them that seek thy life, and into the hand of them whose face thou fearest, even into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of the Chaldeans. -And I will cast thee out, and thy mother that bare thee, into another country, where ye were not born; and there shall ye die. -But to the land whereunto they desire to return, thither shall they not return. -Is this man Coniah a despised broken idol? is he a vessel wherein is no pleasure? wherefore are they cast out, he and his seed, and are cast into a land which they know not? -O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD, Write ye this man childless, a man that shall not prosper in his days: for no man of his seed shall prosper, sitting upon the throne of David, and ruling any more in Judah. -Woe be unto the pastors that destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture! saith the LORD. -Therefore thus saith the LORD God of Israel against the pastors that feed my people; Ye have scattered my flock, and driven them away, and have not visited them: behold, I will visit upon you the evil of your doings, saith the LORD. -And I will gather the remnant of my flock out of all countries whither I have driven them, and will bring them again to their folds; and they shall be fruitful and increase. -And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be lacking, saith the LORD. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. -In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely: and this is his name whereby he shall be called, THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS. -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that they shall no more say, The LORD liveth, which brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; -But, The LORD liveth, which brought up and which led the seed of the house of Israel out of the north country, and from all countries whither I had driven them; and they shall dwell in their own land. -Mine heart within me is broken because of the prophets; all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom wine hath overcome, because of the LORD, and because of the words of his holiness. -For the land is full of adulterers; for because of swearing the land mourneth; the pleasant places of the wilderness are dried up, and their course is evil, and their force is not right. -For both prophet and priest are profane; yea, in my house have I found their wickedness, saith the LORD. -Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery ways in the darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein: for I will bring evil upon them, even the year of their visitation, saith the LORD. -And I have seen folly in the prophets of Samaria; they prophesied in Baal, and caused my people Israel to err. -I have seen also in the prophets of Jerusalem an horrible thing: they commit adultery, and walk in lies: they strengthen also the hands of evildoers, that none doth return from his wickedness; they are all of them unto me as Sodom, and the inhabitants thereof as Gomorrah. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the prophets; Behold, I will feed them with wormwood, and make them drink the water of gall: for from the prophets of Jerusalem is profaneness gone forth into all the land. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Hearken not unto the words of the prophets that prophesy unto you: they make you vain: they speak a vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of the LORD. -They say still unto them that despise me, The LORD hath said, Ye shall have peace; and they say unto every one that walketh after the imagination of his own heart, No evil shall come upon you. -For who hath stood in the counsel of the LORD, and hath perceived and heard his word? who hath marked his word, and heard it? -Behold, a whirlwind of the LORD is gone forth in fury, even a grievous whirlwind: it shall fall grievously upon the head of the wicked. -The anger of the LORD shall not return, until he have executed, and till he have performed the thoughts of his heart: in the latter days ye shall consider it perfectly. -I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran: I have not spoken to them, yet they prophesied. -But if they had stood in my counsel, and had caused my people to hear my words, then they should have turned them from their evil way, and from the evil of their doings. -Am I a God at hand, saith the LORD, and not a God afar off? -Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the LORD. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the LORD. -I have heard what the prophets said, that prophesy lies in my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed. -How long shall this be in the heart of the prophets that prophesy lies? yea, they are prophets of the deceit of their own heart; -Which think to cause my people to forget my name by their dreams which they tell every man to his neighbour, as their fathers have forgotten my name for Baal. -The prophet that hath a dream, let him tell a dream; and he that hath my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the chaff to the wheat? saith the LORD. -Is not my word like as a fire? saith the LORD; and like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces? -Therefore, behold, I am against the prophets, saith the LORD, that steal my words every one from his neighbour. -Behold, I am against the prophets, saith the LORD, that use their tongues, and say, He saith. -Behold, I am against them that prophesy false dreams, saith the LORD, and do tell them, and cause my people to err by their lies, and by their lightness; yet I sent them not, nor commanded them: therefore they shall not profit this people at all, saith the LORD. -And when this people, or the prophet, or a priest, shall ask thee, saying, What is the burden of the LORD? thou shalt then say unto them, What burden? I will even forsake you, saith the LORD. -And as for the prophet, and the priest, and the people, that shall say, The burden of the LORD, I will even punish that man and his house. -Thus shall ye say every one to his neighbour, and every one to his brother, What hath the LORD answered? and, What hath the LORD spoken? -And the burden of the LORD shall ye mention no more: for every man's word shall be his burden; for ye have perverted the words of the living God, of the LORD of hosts our God. -Thus shalt thou say to the prophet, What hath the LORD answered thee? and, What hath the LORD spoken? -But since ye say, The burden of the LORD; therefore thus saith the LORD; Because ye say this word, The burden of the LORD, and I have sent unto you, saying, Ye shall not say, The burden of the LORD; -Therefore, behold, I, even I, will utterly forget you, and I will forsake you, and the city that I gave you and your fathers, and cast you out of my presence: -And I will bring an everlasting reproach upon you, and a perpetual shame, which shall not be forgotten. -The LORD shewed me, and, behold, two baskets of figs were set before the temple of the LORD, after that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon had carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah, and the princes of Judah, with the carpenters and smiths, from Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon. -One basket had very good figs, even like the figs that are first ripe: and the other basket had very naughty figs, which could not be eaten, they were so bad. -Then said the LORD unto me, What seest thou, Jeremiah? And I said, Figs; the good figs, very good; and the evil, very evil, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil. -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Like these good figs, so will I acknowledge them that are carried away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans for their good. -For I will set mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them again to this land: and I will build them, and not pull them down; and I will plant them, and not pluck them up. -And I will give them an heart to know me, that I am the LORD: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God: for they shall return unto me with their whole heart. -And as the evil figs, which cannot be eaten, they are so evil; surely thus saith the LORD, So will I give Zedekiah the king of Judah, and his princes, and the residue of Jerusalem, that remain in this land, and them that dwell in the land of Egypt: -And I will deliver them to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth for their hurt, to be a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive them. -And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers. -The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that was the first year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; -The which Jeremiah the prophet spake unto all the people of Judah, and to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, -From the thirteenth year of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, even unto this day, that is the three and twentieth year, the word of the LORD hath come unto me, and I have spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye have not hearkened. -And the LORD hath sent unto you all his servants the prophets, rising early and sending them; but ye have not hearkened, nor inclined your ear to hear. -They said, Turn ye again now every one from his evil way, and from the evil of your doings, and dwell in the land that the LORD hath given unto you and to your fathers for ever and ever: -And go not after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me not to anger with the works of your hands; and I will do you no hurt. -Yet ye have not hearkened unto me, saith the LORD; that ye might provoke me to anger with the works of your hands to your own hurt. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts; Because ye have not heard my words, -Behold, I will send and take all the families of the north, saith the LORD, and Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will bring them against this land, and against the inhabitants thereof, and against all these nations round about, and will utterly destroy them, and make them an astonishment, and an hissing, and perpetual desolations. -Moreover I will take from them the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, the sound of the millstones, and the light of the candle. -And this whole land shall be a desolation, and an astonishment; and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. -And it shall come to pass, when seventy years are accomplished, that I will punish the king of Babylon, and that nation, saith the LORD, for their iniquity, and the land of the Chaldeans, and will make it perpetual desolations. -And I will bring upon that land all my words which I have pronounced against it, even all that is written in this book, which Jeremiah hath prophesied against all the nations. -For many nations and great kings shall serve themselves of them also: and I will recompense them according to their deeds, and according to the works of their own hands. -For thus saith the LORD God of Israel unto me; Take the wine cup of this fury at my hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send thee, to drink it. -And they shall drink, and be moved, and be mad, because of the sword that I will send among them. -Then took I the cup at the LORD's hand, and made all the nations to drink, unto whom the LORD had sent me: -To wit, Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them a desolation, an astonishment, an hissing, and a curse; as it is this day; -Pharaoh king of Egypt, and his servants, and his princes, and all his people; -And all the mingled people, and all the kings of the land of Uz, and all the kings of the land of the Philistines, and Ashkelon, and Azzah, and Ekron, and the remnant of Ashdod, -Edom, and Moab, and the children of Ammon, -And all the kings of Tyrus, and all the kings of Zidon, and the kings of the isles which are beyond the sea, -Dedan, and Tema, and Buz, and all that are in the utmost corners, -And all the kings of Arabia, and all the kings of the mingled people that dwell in the desert, -And all the kings of Zimri, and all the kings of Elam, and all the kings of the Medes, -And all the kings of the north, far and near, one with another, and all the kingdoms of the world, which are upon the face of the earth: and the king of Sheshach shall drink after them. -Therefore thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Drink ye, and be drunken, and spue, and fall, and rise no more, because of the sword which I will send among you. -And it shall be, if they refuse to take the cup at thine hand to drink, then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ye shall certainly drink. -For, lo, I begin to bring evil on the city which is called by my name, and should ye be utterly unpunished? Ye shall not be unpunished: for I will call for a sword upon all the inhabitants of the earth, saith the LORD of hosts. -Therefore prophesy thou against them all these words, and say unto them, The LORD shall roar from on high, and utter his voice from his holy habitation; he shall mightily roar upon his habitation; he shall give a shout, as they that tread the grapes, against all the inhabitants of the earth. -A noise shall come even to the ends of the earth; for the LORD hath a controversy with the nations, he will plead with all flesh; he will give them that are wicked to the sword, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, evil shall go forth from nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth. -And the slain of the LORD shall be at that day from one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth: they shall not be lamented, neither gathered, nor buried; they shall be dung upon the ground. -Howl, ye shepherds, and cry; and wallow yourselves in the ashes, ye principal of the flock: for the days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished; and ye shall fall like a pleasant vessel. -And the shepherds shall have no way to flee, nor the principal of the flock to escape. -A voice of the cry of the shepherds, and an howling of the principal of the flock, shall be heard: for the LORD hath spoiled their pasture. -And the peaceable habitations are cut down because of the fierce anger of the LORD. -He hath forsaken his covert, as the lion: for their land is desolate because of the fierceness of the oppressor, and because of his fierce anger. -In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah came this word from the LORD, saying, -Thus saith the LORD; Stand in the court of the LORD's house, and speak unto all the cities of Judah, which come to worship in the LORD's house, all the words that I command thee to speak unto them; diminish not a word: -If so be they will hearken, and turn every man from his evil way, that I may repent me of the evil, which I purpose to do unto them because of the evil of their doings. -And thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; If ye will not hearken to me, to walk in my law, which I have set before you, -To hearken to the words of my servants the prophets, whom I sent unto you, both rising up early, and sending them, but ye have not hearkened; -Then will I make this house like Shiloh, and will make this city a curse to all the nations of the earth. -So the priests and the prophets and all the people heard Jeremiah speaking these words in the house of the LORD. -Now it came to pass, when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking all that the LORD had commanded him to speak unto all the people, that the priests and the prophets and all the people took him, saying, Thou shalt surely die. -Why hast thou prophesied in the name of the LORD, saying, This house shall be like Shiloh, and this city shall be desolate without an inhabitant? And all the people were gathered against Jeremiah in the house of the LORD. -When the princes of Judah heard these things, then they came up from the king's house unto the house of the LORD, and sat down in the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house. -Then spake the priests and the prophets unto the princes and to all the people, saying, This man is worthy to die; for he hath prophesied against this city, as ye have heard with your ears. -Then spake Jeremiah unto all the princes and to all the people, saying, The LORD sent me to prophesy against this house and against this city all the words that ye have heard. -Therefore now amend your ways and your doings, and obey the voice of the LORD your God; and the LORD will repent him of the evil that he hath pronounced against you. -As for me, behold, I am in your hand: do with me as seemeth good and meet unto you. -But know ye for certain, that if ye put me to death, ye shall surely bring innocent blood upon yourselves, and upon this city, and upon the inhabitants thereof: for of a truth the LORD hath sent me unto you to speak all these words in your ears. -Then said the princes and all the people unto the priests and to the prophets; This man is not worthy to die: for he hath spoken to us in the name of the LORD our God. -Then rose up certain of the elders of the land, and spake to all the assembly of the people, saying, -Micah the Morasthite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and spake to all the people of Judah, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Zion shall be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of a forest. -Did Hezekiah king of Judah and all Judah put him at all to death? did he not fear the LORD, and besought the LORD, and the LORD repented him of the evil which he had pronounced against them? Thus might we procure great evil against our souls. -And there was also a man that prophesied in the name of the LORD, Urijah the son of Shemaiah of Kirjathjearim, who prophesied against this city and against this land according to all the words of Jeremiah. -And when Jehoiakim the king, with all his mighty men, and all the princes, heard his words, the king sought to put him to death: but when Urijah heard it, he was afraid, and fled, and went into Egypt; -And Jehoiakim the king sent men into Egypt, namely, Elnathan the son of Achbor, and certain men with him into Egypt. -And they fetched forth Urijah out of Egypt, and brought him unto Jehoiakim the king; who slew him with the sword, and cast his dead body into the graves of the common people. -Nevertheless the hand of Ahikam the son of Shaphan was with Jeremiah, that they should not give him into the hand of the people to put him to death. -In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah came this word unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Thus saith the LORD to me; Make thee bonds and yokes, and put them upon thy neck, -And send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the Ammonites, and to the king of Tyrus, and to the king of Zidon, by the hand of the messengers which come to Jerusalem unto Zedekiah king of Judah; -And command them to say unto their masters, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Thus shall ye say unto your masters; -I have made the earth, the man and the beast that are upon the ground, by my great power and by my outstretched arm, and have given it unto whom it seemed meet unto me. -And now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant; and the beasts of the field have I given him also to serve him. -And all nations shall serve him, and his son, and his son's son, until the very time of his land come: and then many nations and great kings shall serve themselves of him. -And it shall come to pass, that the nation and kingdom which will not serve the same Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, and that will not put their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, that nation will I punish, saith the LORD, with the sword, and with the famine, and with the pestilence, until I have consumed them by his hand. -Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreamers, nor to your enchanters, nor to your sorcerers, which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: -For they prophesy a lie unto you, to remove you far from your land; and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish. -But the nations that bring their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him, those will I let remain still in their own land, saith the LORD; and they shall till it, and dwell therein. -I spake also to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these words, saying, Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live. -Why will ye die, thou and thy people, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, as the LORD hath spoken against the nation that will not serve the king of Babylon? -Therefore hearken not unto the words of the prophets that speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: for they prophesy a lie unto you. -For I have not sent them, saith the LORD, yet they prophesy a lie in my name; that I might drive you out, and that ye might perish, ye, and the prophets that prophesy unto you. -Also I spake to the priests and to all this people, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Hearken not to the words of your prophets that prophesy unto you, saying, Behold, the vessels of the LORD's house shall now shortly be brought again from Babylon: for they prophesy a lie unto you. -Hearken not unto them; serve the king of Babylon, and live: wherefore should this city be laid waste? -But if they be prophets, and if the word of the LORD be with them, let them now make intercession to the LORD of hosts, that the vessels which are left in the house of the LORD, and in the house of the king of Judah, and at Jerusalem, go not to Babylon. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the pillars, and concerning the sea, and concerning the bases, and concerning the residue of the vessels that remain in this city. -Which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took not, when he carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah from Jerusalem to Babylon, and all the nobles of Judah and Jerusalem; -Yea, thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, concerning the vessels that remain in the house of the LORD, and in the house of the king of Judah and of Jerusalem; -They shall be carried to Babylon, and there shall they be until the day that I visit them, saith the LORD; then will I bring them up, and restore them to this place. -And it came to pass the same year, in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the fourth year, and in the fifth month, that Hananiah the son of Azur the prophet, which was of Gibeon, spake unto me in the house of the LORD, in the presence of the priests and of all the people, saying, -Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying, I have broken the yoke of the king of Babylon. -Within two full years will I bring again into this place all the vessels of the LORD's house, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took away from this place, and carried them to Babylon: -And I will bring again to this place Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah, with all the captives of Judah, that went into Babylon, saith the LORD: for I will break the yoke of the king of Babylon. -Then the prophet Jeremiah said unto the prophet Hananiah in the presence of the priests, and in the presence of all the people that stood in the house of the LORD, -Even the prophet Jeremiah said, Amen: the LORD do so: the LORD perform thy words which thou hast prophesied, to bring again the vessels of the LORD's house, and all that is carried away captive, from Babylon into this place. -Nevertheless hear thou now this word that I speak in thine ears, and in the ears of all the people; -The prophets that have been before me and before thee of old prophesied both against many countries, and against great kingdoms, of war, and of evil, and of pestilence. -The prophet which prophesieth of peace, when the word of the prophet shall come to pass, then shall the prophet be known, that the LORD hath truly sent him. -Then Hananiah the prophet took the yoke from off the prophet Jeremiah's neck, and brake it. -And Hananiah spake in the presence of all the people, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Even so will I break the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon from the neck of all nations within the space of two full years. And the prophet Jeremiah went his way. -Then the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the prophet, after that Hananiah the prophet had broken the yoke from off the neck of the prophet Jeremiah, saying, -Go and tell Hananiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt make for them yokes of iron. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; I have put a yoke of iron upon the neck of all these nations, that they may serve Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they shall serve him: and I have given him the beasts of the field also. -Then said the prophet Jeremiah unto Hananiah the prophet, Hear now, Hananiah; The LORD hath not sent thee; but thou makest this people to trust in a lie. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will cast thee from off the face of the earth: this year thou shalt die, because thou hast taught rebellion against the LORD. -So Hananiah the prophet died the same year in the seventh month. -Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem unto the residue of the elders which were carried away captives, and to the priests, and to the prophets, and to all the people whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon; -(After that Jeconiah the king, and the queen, and the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, and the carpenters, and the smiths, were departed from Jerusalem;) -By the hand of Elasah the son of Shaphan, and Gemariah the son of Hilkiah, (whom Zedekiah king of Judah sent unto Babylon to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon) saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, unto all that are carried away captives, whom I have caused to be carried away from Jerusalem unto Babylon; -Build ye houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them; -Take ye wives, and beget sons and daughters; and take wives for your sons, and give your daughters to husbands, that they may bear sons and daughters; that ye may be increased there, and not diminished. -And seek the peace of the city whither I have caused you to be carried away captives, and pray unto the LORD for it: for in the peace thereof shall ye have peace. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Let not your prophets and your diviners, that be in the midst of you, deceive you, neither hearken to your dreams which ye cause to be dreamed. -For they prophesy falsely unto you in my name: I have not sent them, saith the LORD. -For thus saith the LORD, That after seventy years be accomplished at Babylon I will visit you, and perform my good word toward you, in causing you to return to this place. -For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end. -Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you. -And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. -And I will be found of you, saith the LORD: and I will turn away your captivity, and I will gather you from all the nations, and from all the places whither I have driven you, saith the LORD; and I will bring you again into the place whence I caused you to be carried away captive. -Because ye have said, The LORD hath raised us up prophets in Babylon; -Know that thus saith the LORD of the king that sitteth upon the throne of David, and of all the people that dwelleth in this city, and of your brethren that are not gone forth with you into captivity; -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will send upon them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and will make them like vile figs, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil. -And I will persecute them with the sword, with the famine, and with the pestilence, and will deliver them to be removed to all the kingdoms of the earth, to be a curse, and an astonishment, and an hissing, and a reproach, among all the nations whither I have driven them: -Because they have not hearkened to my words, saith the LORD, which I sent unto them by my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them; but ye would not hear, saith the LORD. -Hear ye therefore the word of the LORD, all ye of the captivity, whom I have sent from Jerusalem to Babylon: -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, of Ahab the son of Kolaiah, and of Zedekiah the son of Maaseiah, which prophesy a lie unto you in my name; Behold, I will deliver them into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; and he shall slay them before your eyes; -And of them shall be taken up a curse by all the captivity of Judah which are in Babylon, saying, The LORD make thee like Zedekiah and like Ahab, whom the king of Babylon roasted in the fire; -Because they have committed villany in Israel, and have committed adultery with their neighbours' wives, and have spoken lying words in my name, which I have not commanded them; even I know, and am a witness, saith the LORD. -Thus shalt thou also speak to Shemaiah the Nehelamite, saying, -Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying, Because thou hast sent letters in thy name unto all the people that are at Jerusalem, and to Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, and to all the priests, saying, -The LORD hath made thee priest in the stead of Jehoiada the priest, that ye should be officers in the house of the LORD, for every man that is mad, and maketh himself a prophet, that thou shouldest put him in prison, and in the stocks. -Now therefore why hast thou not reproved Jeremiah of Anathoth, which maketh himself a prophet to you? -For therefore he sent unto us in Babylon, saying, This captivity is long: build ye houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them. -And Zephaniah the priest read this letter in the ears of Jeremiah the prophet. -Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, -Send to all them of the captivity, saying, Thus saith the LORD concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite; Because that Shemaiah hath prophesied unto you, and I sent him not, and he caused you to trust in a lie: -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will punish Shemaiah the Nehelamite, and his seed: he shall not have a man to dwell among this people; neither shall he behold the good that I will do for my people, saith the LORD; because he hath taught rebellion against the LORD. -The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Thus speaketh the LORD God of Israel, saying, Write thee all the words that I have spoken unto thee in a book. -For, lo, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will bring again the captivity of my people Israel and Judah, saith the LORD: and I will cause them to return to the land that I gave to their fathers, and they shall possess it. -And these are the words that the LORD spake concerning Israel and concerning Judah. -For thus saith the LORD; We have heard a voice of trembling, of fear, and not of peace. -Ask ye now, and see whether a man doth travail with child? wherefore do I see every man with his hands on his loins, as a woman in travail, and all faces are turned into paleness? -Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble, but he shall be saved out of it. -For it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts, that I will break his yoke from off thy neck, and will burst thy bonds, and strangers shall no more serve themselves of him: -But they shall serve the LORD their God, and David their king, whom I will raise up unto them. -Therefore fear thou not, O my servant Jacob, saith the LORD; neither be dismayed, O Israel: for, lo, I will save thee from afar, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and shall be in rest, and be quiet, and none shall make him afraid. -For I am with thee, saith the LORD, to save thee: though I make a full end of all nations whither I have scattered thee, yet I will not make a full end of thee: but I will correct thee in measure, and will not leave thee altogether unpunished. -For thus saith the LORD, Thy bruise is incurable, and thy wound is grievous. -There is none to plead thy cause, that thou mayest be bound up: thou hast no healing medicines. -All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of a cruel one, for the multitude of thine iniquity; because thy sins were increased. -Why criest thou for thine affliction? thy sorrow is incurable for the multitude of thine iniquity: because thy sins were increased, I have done these things unto thee. -Therefore all they that devour thee shall be devoured; and all thine adversaries, every one of them, shall go into captivity; and they that spoil thee shall be a spoil, and all that prey upon thee will I give for a prey. -For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy wounds, saith the LORD; because they called thee an Outcast, saying, This is Zion, whom no man seeketh after. -Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will bring again the captivity of Jacob's tents, and have mercy on his dwellingplaces; and the city shall be builded upon her own heap, and the palace shall remain after the manner thereof. -And out of them shall proceed thanksgiving and the voice of them that make merry: and I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will also glorify them, and they shall not be small. -Their children also shall be as aforetime, and their congregation shall be established before me, and I will punish all that oppress them. -And their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them; and I will cause him to draw near, and he shall approach unto me: for who is this that engaged his heart to approach unto me? saith the LORD. -And ye shall be my people, and I will be your God. -Behold, the whirlwind of the LORD goeth forth with fury, a continuing whirlwind: it shall fall with pain upon the head of the wicked. -The fierce anger of the LORD shall not return, until he hath done it, and until he have performed the intents of his heart: in the latter days ye shall consider it. -At the same time, saith the LORD, will I be the God of all the families of Israel, and they shall be my people. -Thus saith the LORD, The people which were left of the sword found grace in the wilderness; even Israel, when I went to cause him to rest. -The LORD hath appeared of old unto me, saying, Yea, I have loved thee with an everlasting love: therefore with lovingkindness have I drawn thee. -Again I will build thee, and thou shalt be built, O virgin of Israel: thou shalt again be adorned with thy tabrets, and shalt go forth in the dances of them that make merry. -Thou shalt yet plant vines upon the mountains of Samaria: the planters shall plant, and shall eat them as common things. -For there shall be a day, that the watchmen upon the mount Ephraim shall cry, Arise ye, and let us go up to Zion unto the LORD our God. -For thus saith the LORD; Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout among the chief of the nations: publish ye, praise ye, and say, O LORD, save thy people, the remnant of Israel. -Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the coasts of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child and her that travaileth with child together: a great company shall return thither. -They shall come with weeping, and with supplications will I lead them: I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters in a straight way, wherein they shall not stumble: for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn. -Hear the word of the LORD, O ye nations, and declare it in the isles afar off, and say, He that scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him, as a shepherd doth his flock. -For the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and ransomed him from the hand of him that was stronger than he. -Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of Zion, and shall flow together to the goodness of the LORD, for wheat, and for wine, and for oil, and for the young of the flock and of the herd: and their soul shall be as a watered garden; and they shall not sorrow any more at all. -Then shall the virgin rejoice in the dance, both young men and old together: for I will turn their mourning into joy, and will comfort them, and make them rejoice from their sorrow. -And I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness, and my people shall be satisfied with my goodness, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD; A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping; Rahel weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not. -Thus saith the LORD; Refrain thy voice from weeping, and thine eyes from tears: for thy work shall be rewarded, saith the LORD; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy. -And there is hope in thine end, saith the LORD, that thy children shall come again to their own border. -I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus; Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a bullock unaccustomed to the yoke: turn thou me, and I shall be turned; for thou art the LORD my God. -Surely after that I was turned, I repented; and after that I was instructed, I smote upon my thigh: I was ashamed, yea, even confounded, because I did bear the reproach of my youth. -Is Ephraim my dear son? is he a pleasant child? for since I spake against him, I do earnestly remember him still: therefore my bowels are troubled for him; I will surely have mercy upon him, saith the LORD. -Set thee up waymarks, make thee high heaps: set thine heart toward the highway, even the way which thou wentest: turn again, O virgin of Israel, turn again to these thy cities. -How long wilt thou go about, O thou backsliding daughter? for the LORD hath created a new thing in the earth, A woman shall compass a man. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As yet they shall use this speech in the land of Judah and in the cities thereof, when I shall bring again their captivity; The LORD bless thee, O habitation of justice, and mountain of holiness. -And there shall dwell in Judah itself, and in all the cities thereof together, husbandmen, and they that go forth with flocks. -For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every sorrowful soul. -Upon this I awaked, and beheld; and my sleep was sweet unto me. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the seed of beast. -And it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to plant, saith the LORD. -In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth are set on edge. -But every one shall die for his own iniquity: every man that eateth the sour grape, his teeth shall be set on edge. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: -Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD: -But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people. -And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more. -Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name: -If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever. -Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the city shall be built to the LORD from the tower of Hananeel unto the gate of the corner. -And the measuring line shall yet go forth over against it upon the hill Gareb, and shall compass about to Goath. -And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the LORD; it shall not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever. -The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, which was the eighteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar. -For then the king of Babylon's army besieged Jerusalem: and Jeremiah the prophet was shut up in the court of the prison, which was in the king of Judah's house. -For Zedekiah king of Judah had shut him up, saying, Wherefore dost thou prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall take it; -And Zedekiah king of Judah shall not escape out of the hand of the Chaldeans, but shall surely be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon, and shall speak with him mouth to mouth, and his eyes shall behold his eyes; -And he shall lead Zedekiah to Babylon, and there shall he be until I visit him, saith the LORD: though ye fight with the Chaldeans, ye shall not prosper. -And Jeremiah said, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Behold, Hanameel the son of Shallum thine uncle shall come unto thee saying, Buy thee my field that is in Anathoth: for the right of redemption is thine to buy it. -So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the court of the prison according to the word of the LORD, and said unto me, Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth, which is in the country of Benjamin: for the right of inheritance is thine, and the redemption is thine; buy it for thyself. Then I knew that this was the word of the LORD. -And I bought the field of Hanameel my uncle's son, that was in Anathoth, and weighed him the money, even seventeen shekels of silver. -And I subscribed the evidence, and sealed it, and took witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances. -So I took the evidence of the purchase, both that which was sealed according to the law and custom, and that which was open: -And I gave the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch the son of Neriah, the son of Maaseiah, in the sight of Hanameel mine uncle's son, and in the presence of the witnesses that subscribed the book of the purchase, before all the Jews that sat in the court of the prison. -And I charged Baruch before them, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Take these evidences, this evidence of the purchase, both which is sealed, and this evidence which is open; and put them in an earthen vessel, that they may continue many days. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Houses and fields and vineyards shall be possessed again in this land. -Now when I had delivered the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch the son of Neriah, I prayed unto the LORD, saying, -Ah Lord GOD! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee: -Thou shewest lovingkindness unto thousands, and recompensest the iniquity of the fathers into the bosom of their children after them: the Great, the Mighty God, the LORD of hosts, is his name, -Great in counsel, and mighty in work: for thine eyes are open upon all the ways of the sons of men: to give every one according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings: -Which hast set signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, even unto this day, and in Israel, and among other men; and hast made thee a name, as at this day; -And hast brought forth thy people Israel out of the land of Egypt with signs, and with wonders, and with a strong hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with great terror; -And hast given them this land, which thou didst swear to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey; -And they came in, and possessed it; but they obeyed not thy voice, neither walked in thy law; they have done nothing of all that thou commandedst them to do: therefore thou hast caused all this evil to come upon them: -Behold the mounts, they are come unto the city to take it; and the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans, that fight against it, because of the sword, and of the famine, and of the pestilence: and what thou hast spoken is come to pass; and, behold, thou seest it. -And thou hast said unto me, O Lord GOD, Buy thee the field for money, and take witnesses; for the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans. -Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, -Behold, I am the LORD, the God of all flesh: is there any thing too hard for me? -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and he shall take it: -And the Chaldeans, that fight against this city, shall come and set fire on this city, and burn it with the houses, upon whose roofs they have offered incense unto Baal, and poured out drink offerings unto other gods, to provoke me to anger. -For the children of Israel and the children of Judah have only done evil before me from their youth: for the children of Israel have only provoked me to anger with the work of their hands, saith the LORD. -For this city hath been to me as a provocation of mine anger and of my fury from the day that they built it even unto this day; that I should remove it from before my face, -Because of all the evil of the children of Israel and of the children of Judah, which they have done to provoke me to anger, they, their kings, their princes, their priests, and their prophets, and the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. -And they have turned unto me the back, and not the face: though I taught them, rising up early and teaching them, yet they have not hearkened to receive instruction. -But they set their abominations in the house, which is called by my name, to defile it. -And they built the high places of Baal, which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire unto Molech; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my mind, that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah to sin. -And now therefore thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning this city, whereof ye say, It shall be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence; -Behold, I will gather them out of all countries, whither I have driven them in mine anger, and in my fury, and in great wrath; and I will bring them again unto this place, and I will cause them to dwell safely: -And they shall be my people, and I will be their God: -And I will give them one heart, and one way, that they may fear me for ever, for the good of them, and of their children after them: -And I will make an everlasting covenant with them, that I will not turn away from them, to do them good; but I will put my fear in their hearts, that they shall not depart from me. -Yea, I will rejoice over them to do them good, and I will plant them in this land assuredly with my whole heart and with my whole soul. -For thus saith the LORD; Like as I have brought all this great evil upon this people, so will I bring upon them all the good that I have promised them. -And fields shall be bought in this land, whereof ye say, It is desolate without man or beast; it is given into the hand of the Chaldeans. -Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe evidences, and seal them, and take witnesses in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the mountains, and in the cities of the valley, and in the cities of the south: for I will cause their captivity to return, saith the LORD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the second time, while he was yet shut up in the court of the prison, saying, -Thus saith the LORD the maker thereof, the LORD that formed it, to establish it; the LORD is his name; -Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and shew thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not. -For thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning the houses of this city, and concerning the houses of the kings of Judah, which are thrown down by the mounts, and by the sword; -They come to fight with the Chaldeans, but it is to fill them with the dead bodies of men, whom I have slain in mine anger and in my fury, and for all whose wickedness I have hid my face from this city. -Behold, I will bring it health and cure, and I will cure them, and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth. -And I will cause the captivity of Judah and the captivity of Israel to return, and will build them, as at the first. -And I will cleanse them from all their iniquity, whereby they have sinned against me; and I will pardon all their iniquities, whereby they have sinned, and whereby they have transgressed against me. -And it shall be to me a name of joy, a praise and an honour before all the nations of the earth, which shall hear all the good that I do unto them: and they shall fear and tremble for all the goodness and for all the prosperity that I procure unto it. -Thus saith the LORD; Again there shall be heard in this place, which ye say shall be desolate without man and without beast, even in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, that are desolate, without man, and without inhabitant, and without beast, -The voice of joy, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, the voice of them that shall say, Praise the LORD of hosts: for the LORD is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: and of them that shall bring the sacrifice of praise into the house of the LORD. For I will cause to return the captivity of the land, as at the first, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Again in this place, which is desolate without man and without beast, and in all the cities thereof, shall be an habitation of shepherds causing their flocks to lie down. -In the cities of the mountains, in the cities of the vale, and in the cities of the south, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the flocks pass again under the hands of him that telleth them, saith the LORD. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will perform that good thing which I have promised unto the house of Israel and to the house of Judah. -In those days, and at that time, will I cause the Branch of righteousness to grow up unto David; and he shall execute judgment and righteousness in the land. -In those days shall Judah be saved, and Jerusalem shall dwell safely: and this is the name wherewith she shall be called, The LORD our righteousness. -For thus saith the LORD; David shall never want a man to sit upon the throne of the house of Israel; -Neither shall the priests the Levites want a man before me to offer burnt offerings, and to kindle meat offerings, and to do sacrifice continually. -And the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, saying, -Thus saith the LORD; If ye can break my covenant of the day, and my covenant of the night, and that there should not be day and night in their season; -Then may also my covenant be broken with David my servant, that he should not have a son to reign upon his throne; and with the Levites the priests, my ministers. -As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, neither the sand of the sea measured: so will I multiply the seed of David my servant, and the Levites that minister unto me. -Moreover the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, saying, -Considerest thou not what this people have spoken, saying, The two families which the LORD hath chosen, he hath even cast them off? thus they have despised my people, that they should be no more a nation before them. -Thus saith the LORD; If my covenant be not with day and night, and if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth; -Then will I cast away the seed of Jacob and David my servant, so that I will not take any of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: for I will cause their captivity to return, and have mercy on them. -The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and all his army, and all the kingdoms of the earth of his dominion, and all the people, fought against Jerusalem, and against all the cities thereof, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Go and speak to Zedekiah king of Judah, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire: -And thou shalt not escape out of his hand, but shalt surely be taken, and delivered into his hand; and thine eyes shall behold the eyes of the king of Babylon, and he shall speak with thee mouth to mouth, and thou shalt go to Babylon. -Yet hear the word of the LORD, O Zedekiah king of Judah; Thus saith the LORD of thee, Thou shalt not die by the sword: -But thou shalt die in peace: and with the burnings of thy fathers, the former kings which were before thee, so shall they burn odours for thee; and they will lament thee, saying, Ah lord! for I have pronounced the word, saith the LORD. -Then Jeremiah the prophet spake all these words unto Zedekiah king of Judah in Jerusalem, -When the king of Babylon's army fought against Jerusalem, and against all the cities of Judah that were left, against Lachish, and against Azekah: for these defenced cities remained of the cities of Judah. -This is the word that came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, after that the king Zedekiah had made a covenant with all the people which were at Jerusalem, to proclaim liberty unto them; -That every man should let his manservant, and every man his maidservant, being an Hebrew or an Hebrewess, go free; that none should serve himself of them, to wit, of a Jew his brother. -Now when all the princes, and all the people, which had entered into the covenant, heard that every one should let his manservant, and every one his maidservant, go free, that none should serve themselves of them any more, then they obeyed, and let them go. -But afterward they turned, and caused the servants and the handmaids, whom they had let go free, to return, and brought them into subjection for servants and for handmaids. -Therefore the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondmen, saying, -At the end of seven years let ye go every man his brother an Hebrew, which hath been sold unto thee; and when he hath served thee six years, thou shalt let him go free from thee: but your fathers hearkened not unto me, neither inclined their ear. -And ye were now turned, and had done right in my sight, in proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbour; and ye had made a covenant before me in the house which is called by my name: -But ye turned and polluted my name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection, to be unto you for servants and for handmaids. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ye have not hearkened unto me, in proclaiming liberty, every one to his brother, and every man to his neighbour: behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the LORD, to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine; and I will make you to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. -And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant, which have not performed the words of the covenant which they had made before me, when they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof, -The princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, which passed between the parts of the calf; -I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life: and their dead bodies shall be for meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and to the beasts of the earth. -And Zedekiah king of Judah and his princes will I give into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life, and into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, which are gone up from you. -Behold, I will command, saith the LORD, and cause them to return to this city; and they shall fight against it, and take it, and burn it with fire: and I will make the cities of Judah a desolation without an inhabitant. -The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, saying, -Go unto the house of the Rechabites, and speak unto them, and bring them into the house of the LORD, into one of the chambers, and give them wine to drink. -Then I took Jaazaniah the son of Jeremiah, the son of Habaziniah, and his brethren, and all his sons, and the whole house of the Rechabites; -And I brought them into the house of the LORD, into the chamber of the sons of Hanan, the son of Igdaliah, a man of God, which was by the chamber of the princes, which was above the chamber of Maaseiah the son of Shallum, the keeper of the door: -And I set before the sons of the house of the Rechabites pots full of wine, and cups, and I said unto them, Drink ye wine. -But they said, We will drink no wine: for Jonadab the son of Rechab our father commanded us, saying, Ye shall drink no wine, neither ye, nor your sons for ever: -Neither shall ye build house, nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard, nor have any: but all your days ye shall dwell in tents; that ye may live many days in the land where ye be strangers. -Thus have we obeyed the voice of Jonadab the son of Rechab our father in all that he hath charged us, to drink no wine all our days, we, our wives, our sons, nor our daughters; -Nor to build houses for us to dwell in: neither have we vineyard, nor field, nor seed: -But we have dwelt in tents, and have obeyed, and done according to all that Jonadab our father commanded us. -But it came to pass, when Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon came up into the land, that we said, Come, and let us go to Jerusalem for fear of the army of the Chaldeans, and for fear of the army of the Syrians: so we dwell at Jerusalem. -Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Go and tell the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Will ye not receive instruction to hearken to my words? saith the LORD. -The words of Jonadab the son of Rechab, that he commanded his sons not to drink wine, are performed; for unto this day they drink none, but obey their father's commandment: notwithstanding I have spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye hearkened not unto me. -I have sent also unto you all my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them, saying, Return ye now every man from his evil way, and amend your doings, and go not after other gods to serve them, and ye shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and to your fathers: but ye have not inclined your ear, nor hearkened unto me. -Because the sons of Jonadab the son of Rechab have performed the commandment of their father, which he commanded them; but this people hath not hearkened unto me: -Therefore thus saith the LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring upon Judah and upon all the inhabitants of Jerusalem all the evil that I have pronounced against them: because I have spoken unto them, but they have not heard; and I have called unto them, but they have not answered. -And Jeremiah said unto the house of the Rechabites, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Because ye have obeyed the commandment of Jonadab your father, and kept all his precepts, and done according unto all that he hath commanded you: -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Jonadab the son of Rechab shall not want a man to stand before me for ever. -And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that this word came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, -Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah, and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the days of Josiah, even unto this day. -It may be that the house of Judah will hear all the evil which I purpose to do unto them; that they may return every man from his evil way; that I may forgive their iniquity and their sin. -Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah: and Baruch wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the LORD, which he had spoken unto him, upon a roll of a book. -And Jeremiah commanded Baruch, saying, I am shut up; I cannot go into the house of the LORD: -Therefore go thou, and read in the roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the LORD in the ears of the people in the LORD's house upon the fasting day: and also thou shalt read them in the ears of all Judah that come out of their cities. -It may be they will present their supplication before the LORD, and will return every one from his evil way: for great is the anger and the fury that the LORD hath pronounced against this people. -And Baruch the son of Neriah did according to all that Jeremiah the prophet commanded him, reading in the book the words of the LORD in the LORD's house. -And it came to pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast before the LORD to all the people in Jerusalem, and to all the people that came from the cities of Judah unto Jerusalem. -Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of the LORD, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house, in the ears of all the people. -When Michaiah the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan, had heard out of the book all the words of the LORD, -Then he went down into the king's house, into the scribe's chamber: and, lo, all the princes sat there, even Elishama the scribe, and Delaiah the son of Shemaiah, and Elnathan the son of Achbor, and Gemariah the son of Shaphan, and Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, and all the princes. -Then Michaiah declared unto them all the words that he had heard, when Baruch read the book in the ears of the people. -Therefore all the princes sent Jehudi the son of Nethaniah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of Cushi, unto Baruch, saying, Take in thine hand the roll wherein thou hast read in the ears of the people, and come. So Baruch the son of Neriah took the roll in his hand, and came unto them. -And they said unto him, Sit down now, and read it in our ears. So Baruch read it in their ears. -Now it came to pass, when they had heard all the words, they were afraid both one and other, and said unto Baruch, We will surely tell the king of all these words. -And they asked Baruch, saying, Tell us now, How didst thou write all these words at his mouth? -Then Baruch answered them, He pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth, and I wrote them with ink in the book. -Then said the princes unto Baruch, Go, hide thee, thou and Jeremiah; and let no man know where ye be. -And they went in to the king into the court, but they laid up the roll in the chamber of Elishama the scribe, and told all the words in the ears of the king. -So the king sent Jehudi to fetch the roll: and he took it out of Elishama the scribe's chamber. And Jehudi read it in the ears of the king, and in the ears of all the princes which stood beside the king. -Now the king sat in the winterhouse in the ninth month: and there was a fire on the hearth burning before him. -And it came to pass, that when Jehudi had read three or four leaves, he cut it with the penknife, and cast it into the fire that was on the hearth, until all the roll was consumed in the fire that was on the hearth. -Yet they were not afraid, nor rent their garments, neither the king, nor any of his servants that heard all these words. -Nevertheless Elnathan and Delaiah and Gemariah had made intercession to the king that he would not burn the roll: but he would not hear them. -But the king commanded Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech, and Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet: but the LORD hid them. -Then the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, after that the king had burned the roll, and the words which Baruch wrote at the mouth of Jeremiah, saying, -Take thee again another roll, and write in it all the former words that were in the first roll, which Jehoiakim the king of Judah hath burned. -And thou shalt say to Jehoiakim king of Judah, Thus saith the LORD; Thou hast burned this roll, saying, Why hast thou written therein, saying, The king of Babylon shall certainly come and destroy this land, and shall cause to cease from thence man and beast? -Therefore thus saith the LORD of Jehoiakim king of Judah; He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David: and his dead body shall be cast out in the day to the heat, and in the night to the frost. -And I will punish him and his seed and his servants for their iniquity; and I will bring upon them, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and upon the men of Judah, all the evil that I have pronounced against them; but they hearkened not. -Then took Jeremiah another roll, and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah; who wrote therein from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire: and there were added besides unto them many like words. -And king Zedekiah the son of Josiah reigned instead of Coniah the son of Jehoiakim, whom Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon made king in the land of Judah. -But neither he, nor his servants, nor the people of the land, did hearken unto the words of the LORD, which he spake by the prophet Jeremiah. -And Zedekiah the king sent Jehucal the son of Shelemiah and Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest to the prophet Jeremiah, saying, Pray now unto the LORD our God for us. -Now Jeremiah came in and went out among the people: for they had not put him into prison. -Then Pharaoh's army was come forth out of Egypt: and when the Chaldeans that besieged Jerusalem heard tidings of them, they departed from Jerusalem. -Then came the word of the LORD unto the prophet Jeremiah saying, -Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Thus shall ye say to the king of Judah, that sent you unto me to enquire of me; Behold, Pharaoh's army, which is come forth to help you, shall return to Egypt into their own land. -And the Chaldeans shall come again, and fight against this city, and take it, and burn it with fire. -Thus saith the LORD; Deceive not yourselves, saying, The Chaldeans shall surely depart from us: for they shall not depart. -For though ye had smitten the whole army of the Chaldeans that fight against you, and there remained but wounded men among them, yet should they rise up every man in his tent, and burn this city with fire. -And it came to pass, that when the army of the Chaldeans was broken up from Jerusalem for fear of Pharaoh's army, -Then Jeremiah went forth out of Jerusalem to go into the land of Benjamin, to separate himself thence in the midst of the people. -And when he was in the gate of Benjamin, a captain of the ward was there, whose name was Irijah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of Hananiah; and he took Jeremiah the prophet, saying, Thou fallest away to the Chaldeans. -Then said Jeremiah, It is false; I fall not away to the Chaldeans. But he hearkened not to him: so Irijah took Jeremiah, and brought him to the princes. -Wherefore the princes were wroth with Jeremiah, and smote him, and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe: for they had made that the prison. -When Jeremiah was entered into the dungeon, and into the cabins, and Jeremiah had remained there many days; -Then Zedekiah the king sent, and took him out: and the king asked him secretly in his house, and said, Is there any word from the LORD? And Jeremiah said, There is: for, said he, thou shalt be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon. -Moreover Jeremiah said unto king Zedekiah, What have I offended against thee, or against thy servants, or against this people, that ye have put me in prison? -Where are now your prophets which prophesied unto you, saying, The king of Babylon shall not come against you, nor against this land? -Therefore hear now, I pray thee, O my lord the king: let my supplication, I pray thee, be accepted before thee; that thou cause me not to return to the house of Jonathan the scribe, lest I die there. -Then Zedekiah the king commanded that they should commit Jeremiah into the court of the prison, and that they should give him daily a piece of bread out of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city were spent. Thus Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison. -Then Shephatiah the son of Mattan, and Gedaliah the son of Pashur, and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashur the son of Malchiah, heard the words that Jeremiah had spoken unto all the people, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, He that remaineth in this city shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: but he that goeth forth to the Chaldeans shall live; for he shall have his life for a prey, and shall live. -Thus saith the LORD, This city shall surely be given into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, which shall take it. -Therefore the princes said unto the king, We beseech thee, let this man be put to death: for thus he weakeneth the hands of the men of war that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, in speaking such words unto them: for this man seeketh not the welfare of this people, but the hurt. -Then Zedekiah the king said, Behold, he is in your hand: for the king is not he that can do any thing against you. -Then took they Jeremiah, and cast him into the dungeon of Malchiah the son of Hammelech, that was in the court of the prison: and they let down Jeremiah with cords. And in the dungeon there was no water, but mire: so Jeremiah sunk in the mire. -Now when Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, one of the eunuchs which was in the king's house, heard that they had put Jeremiah in the dungeon; the king then sitting in the gate of Benjamin; -Ebedmelech went forth out of the king's house, and spake to the king saying, -My lord the king, these men have done evil in all that they have done to Jeremiah the prophet, whom they have cast into the dungeon; and he is like to die for hunger in the place where he is: for there is no more bread in the city. -Then the king commanded Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Take from hence thirty men with thee, and take up Jeremiah the prophet out of the dungeon, before he die. -So Ebedmelech took the men with him, and went into the house of the king under the treasury, and took thence old cast clouts and old rotten rags, and let them down by cords into the dungeon to Jeremiah. -And Ebedmelech the Ethiopian said unto Jeremiah, Put now these old cast clouts and rotten rags under thine armholes under the cords. And Jeremiah did so. -So they drew up Jeremiah with cords, and took him up out of the dungeon: and Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison. -Then Zedekiah the king sent, and took Jeremiah the prophet unto him into the third entry that is in the house of the LORD: and the king said unto Jeremiah, I will ask thee a thing; hide nothing from me. -Then Jeremiah said unto Zedekiah, If I declare it unto thee, wilt thou not surely put me to death? and if I give thee counsel, wilt thou not hearken unto me? -So Zedekiah the king sware secretly unto Jeremiah, saying, As the LORD liveth, that made us this soul, I will not put thee to death, neither will I give thee into the hand of these men that seek thy life. -Then said Jeremiah unto Zedekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God of hosts, the God of Israel; If thou wilt assuredly go forth unto the king of Babylon's princes, then thy soul shall live, and this city shall not be burned with fire; and thou shalt live, and thine house: -But if thou wilt not go forth to the king of Babylon's princes, then shall this city be given into the hand of the Chaldeans, and they shall burn it with fire, and thou shalt not escape out of their hand. -And Zedekiah the king said unto Jeremiah, I am afraid of the Jews that are fallen to the Chaldeans, lest they deliver me into their hand, and they mock me. -But Jeremiah said, They shall not deliver thee. Obey, I beseech thee, the voice of the LORD, which I speak unto thee: so it shall be well unto thee, and thy soul shall live. -But if thou refuse to go forth, this is the word that the LORD hath shewed me: -And, behold, all the women that are left in the king of Judah's house shall be brought forth to the king of Babylon's princes, and those women shall say, Thy friends have set thee on, and have prevailed against thee: thy feet are sunk in the mire, and they are turned away back. -So they shall bring out all thy wives and thy children to the Chaldeans: and thou shalt not escape out of their hand, but shalt be taken by the hand of the king of Babylon: and thou shalt cause this city to be burned with fire. -Then said Zedekiah unto Jeremiah, Let no man know of these words, and thou shalt not die. -But if the princes hear that I have talked with thee, and they come unto thee, and say unto thee, Declare unto us now what thou hast said unto the king, hide it not from us, and we will not put thee to death; also what the king said unto thee: -Then thou shalt say unto them, I presented my supplication before the king, that he would not cause me to return to Jonathan's house, to die there. -Then came all the princes unto Jeremiah, and asked him: and he told them according to all these words that the king had commanded. So they left off speaking with him; for the matter was not perceived. -So Jeremiah abode in the court of the prison until the day that Jerusalem was taken: and he was there when Jerusalem was taken. -In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, came Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon and all his army against Jerusalem, and they besieged it. -And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. -And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat in the middle gate, even Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, with all the residue of the princes of the king of Babylon. -And it came to pass, that when Zedekiah the king of Judah saw them, and all the men of war, then they fled, and went forth out of the city by night, by the way of the king's garden, by the gate betwixt the two walls: and he went out the way of the plain. -But the Chaldeans' army pursued after them, and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho: and when they had taken him, they brought him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath, where he gave judgment upon him. -Then the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah in Riblah before his eyes: also the king of Babylon slew all the nobles of Judah. -Moreover he put out Zedekiah's eyes, and bound him with chains, to carry him to Babylon. -And the Chaldeans burned the king's house, and the houses of the people, with fire, and brake down the walls of Jerusalem. -Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive into Babylon the remnant of the people that remained in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to him, with the rest of the people that remained. -But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left of the poor of the people, which had nothing, in the land of Judah, and gave them vineyards and fields at the same time. -Now Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon gave charge concerning Jeremiah to Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, saying, -Take him, and look well to him, and do him no harm; but do unto him even as he shall say unto thee. -So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent, and Nebushasban, Rabsaris, and Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, and all the king of Babylon's princes; -Even they sent, and took Jeremiah out of the court of the prison, and committed him unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, that he should carry him home: so he dwelt among the people. -Now the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, while he was shut up in the court of the prison, saying, -Go and speak to Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring my words upon this city for evil, and not for good; and they shall be accomplished in that day before thee. -But I will deliver thee in that day, saith the LORD: and thou shalt not be given into the hand of the men of whom thou art afraid. -For I will surely deliver thee, and thou shalt not fall by the sword, but thy life shall be for a prey unto thee: because thou hast put thy trust in me, saith the LORD. -The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, after that Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had let him go from Ramah, when he had taken him being bound in chains among all that were carried away captive of Jerusalem and Judah, which were carried away captive unto Babylon. -And the captain of the guard took Jeremiah, and said unto him, The LORD thy God hath pronounced this evil upon this place. -Now the LORD hath brought it, and done according as he hath said: because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not obeyed his voice, therefore this thing is come upon you. -And now, behold, I loose thee this day from the chains which were upon thine hand. If it seem good unto thee to come with me into Babylon, come; and I will look well unto thee: but if it seem ill unto thee to come with me into Babylon, forbear: behold, all the land is before thee: whither it seemeth good and convenient for thee to go, thither go. -Now while he was not yet gone back, he said, Go back also to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, whom the king of Babylon hath made governor over the cities of Judah, and dwell with him among the people: or go wheresoever it seemeth convenient unto thee to go. So the captain of the guard gave him victuals and a reward, and let him go. -Then went Jeremiah unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and dwelt with him among the people that were left in the land. -Now when all the captains of the forces which were in the fields, even they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam governor in the land, and had committed unto him men, and women, and children, and of the poor of the land, of them that were not carried away captive to Babylon; -Then they came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, even Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and Johanan and Jonathan the sons of Kareah, and Seraiah the son of Tanhumeth, and the sons of Ephai the Netophathite, and Jezaniah the son of a Maachathite, they and their men. -And Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan sware unto them and to their men, saying, Fear not to serve the Chaldeans: dwell in the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it shall be well with you. -As for me, behold, I will dwell at Mizpah, to serve the Chaldeans, which will come unto us: but ye, gather ye wine, and summer fruits, and oil, and put them in your vessels, and dwell in your cities that ye have taken. -Likewise when all the Jews that were in Moab, and among the Ammonites, and in Edom, and that were in all the countries, heard that the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan; -Even all the Jews returned out of all places whither they were driven, and came to the land of Judah, to Gedaliah, unto Mizpah, and gathered wine and summer fruits very much. -Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were in the fields, came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, -And said unto him, Dost thou certainly know that Baalis the king of the Ammonites hath sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to slay thee? But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam believed them not. -Then Johanan the son of Kareah spake to Gedaliah in Mizpah secretly saying, Let me go, I pray thee, and I will slay Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and no man shall know it: wherefore should he slay thee, that all the Jews which are gathered unto thee should be scattered, and the remnant in Judah perish? -But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam said unto Johanan the son of Kareah, Thou shalt not do this thing: for thou speakest falsely of Ishmael. -Now it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, and the princes of the king, even ten men with him, came unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and there they did eat bread together in Mizpah. -Then arose Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and the ten men that were with him, and smote Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan with the sword, and slew him, whom the king of Babylon had made governor over the land. -Ishmael also slew all the Jews that were with him, even with Gedaliah, at Mizpah, and the Chaldeans that were found there, and the men of war. -And it came to pass the second day after he had slain Gedaliah, and no man knew it, -That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria, even fourscore men, having their beards shaven, and their clothes rent, and having cut themselves, with offerings and incense in their hand, to bring them to the house of the LORD. -And Ishmael the son of Nethaniah went forth from Mizpah to meet them, weeping all along as he went: and it came to pass, as he met them, he said unto them, Come to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam. -And it was so, when they came into the midst of the city, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah slew them, and cast them into the midst of the pit, he, and the men that were with him. -But ten men were found among them that said unto Ishmael, Slay us not: for we have treasures in the field, of wheat, and of barley, and of oil, and of honey. So he forbare, and slew them not among their brethren. -Now the pit wherein Ishmael had cast all the dead bodies of the men, whom he had slain because of Gedaliah, was it which Asa the king had made for fear of Baasha king of Israel: and Ishmael the son of Nethaniah filled it with them that were slain. -Then Ishmael carried away captive all the residue of the people that were in Mizpah, even the king's daughters, and all the people that remained in Mizpah, whom Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had committed to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam: and Ishmael the son of Nethaniah carried them away captive, and departed to go over to the Ammonites. -But when Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, heard of all the evil that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had done, -Then they took all the men, and went to fight with Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and found him by the great waters that are in Gibeon. -Now it came to pass, that when all the people which were with Ishmael saw Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, then they were glad. -So all the people that Ishmael had carried away captive from Mizpah cast about and returned, and went unto Johanan the son of Kareah. -But Ishmael the son of Nethaniah escaped from Johanan with eight men, and went to the Ammonites. -Then took Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, all the remnant of the people whom he had recovered from Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, from Mizpah, after that he had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, even mighty men of war, and the women, and the children, and the eunuchs, whom he had brought again from Gibeon: -And they departed, and dwelt in the habitation of Chimham, which is by Bethlehem, to go to enter into Egypt, -Because of the Chaldeans: for they were afraid of them, because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor in the land. -Then all the captains of the forces, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and Jezaniah the son of Hoshaiah, and all the people from the least even unto the greatest, came near, -And said unto Jeremiah the prophet, Let, we beseech thee, our supplication be accepted before thee, and pray for us unto the LORD thy God, even for all this remnant; (for we are left but a few of many, as thine eyes do behold us:) -That the LORD thy God may shew us the way wherein we may walk, and the thing that we may do. -Then Jeremiah the prophet said unto them, I have heard you; behold, I will pray unto the LORD your God according to your words; and it shall come to pass, that whatsoever thing the LORD shall answer you, I will declare it unto you; I will keep nothing back from you. -Then they said to Jeremiah, The LORD be a true and faithful witness between us, if we do not even according to all things for the which the LORD thy God shall send thee to us. -Whether it be good, or whether it be evil, we will obey the voice of the LORD our God, to whom we send thee; that it may be well with us, when we obey the voice of the LORD our God. -And it came to pass after ten days, that the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah. -Then called he Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces which were with him, and all the people from the least even to the greatest, -And said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, unto whom ye sent me to present your supplication before him; -If ye will still abide in this land, then will I build you, and not pull you down, and I will plant you, and not pluck you up: for I repent me of the evil that I have done unto you. -Be not afraid of the king of Babylon, of whom ye are afraid; be not afraid of him, saith the LORD: for I am with you to save you, and to deliver you from his hand. -And I will shew mercies unto you, that he may have mercy upon you, and cause you to return to your own land. -But if ye say, We will not dwell in this land, neither obey the voice of the LORD your God, -Saying, No; but we will go into the land of Egypt, where we shall see no war, nor hear the sound of the trumpet, nor have hunger of bread; and there will we dwell: -And now therefore hear the word of the LORD, ye remnant of Judah; Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; If ye wholly set your faces to enter into Egypt, and go to sojourn there; -Then it shall come to pass, that the sword, which ye feared, shall overtake you there in the land of Egypt, and the famine, whereof ye were afraid, shall follow close after you there in Egypt; and there ye shall die. -So shall it be with all the men that set their faces to go into Egypt to sojourn there; they shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: and none of them shall remain or escape from the evil that I will bring upon them. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As mine anger and my fury hath been poured forth upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem; so shall my fury be poured forth upon you, when ye shall enter into Egypt: and ye shall be an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach; and ye shall see this place no more. -The LORD hath said concerning you, O ye remnant of Judah; Go ye not into Egypt: know certainly that I have admonished you this day. -For ye dissembled in your hearts, when ye sent me unto the LORD your God, saying, Pray for us unto the LORD our God; and according unto all that the LORD our God shall say, so declare unto us, and we will do it. -And now I have this day declared it to you; but ye have not obeyed the voice of the LORD your God, nor any thing for the which he hath sent me unto you. -Now therefore know certainly that ye shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, in the place whither ye desire to go and to sojourn. -And it came to pass, that when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking unto all the people all the words of the LORD their God, for which the LORD their God had sent him to them, even all these words, -Then spake Azariah the son of Hoshaiah, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the proud men, saying unto Jeremiah, Thou speakest falsely: the LORD our God hath not sent thee to say, Go not into Egypt to sojourn there: -But Baruch the son of Neriah setteth thee on against us, for to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans, that they might put us to death, and carry us away captives into Babylon. -So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah. -But Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, took all the remnant of Judah, that were returned from all nations, whither they had been driven, to dwell in the land of Judah; -Even men, and women, and children, and the king's daughters, and every person that Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had left with Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Jeremiah the prophet, and Baruch the son of Neriah. -So they came into the land of Egypt: for they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: thus came they even to Tahpanhes. -Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, -Take great stones in thine hand, and hide them in the clay in the brickkiln, which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes, in the sight of the men of Judah; -And say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will send and take Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will set his throne upon these stones that I have hid; and he shall spread his royal pavilion over them. -And when he cometh, he shall smite the land of Egypt, and deliver such as are for death to death; and such as are for captivity to captivity; and such as are for the sword to the sword. -And I will kindle a fire in the houses of the gods of Egypt; and he shall burn them, and carry them away captives: and he shall array himself with the land of Egypt, as a shepherd putteth on his garment; and he shall go forth from thence in peace. -He shall break also the images of Bethshemesh, that is in the land of Egypt; and the houses of the gods of the Egyptians shall he burn with fire. -The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein, -Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers. -Howbeit I sent unto you all my servants the prophets, rising early and sending them, saying, Oh, do not this abominable thing that I hate. -But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear to turn from their wickedness, to burn no incense unto other gods. -Wherefore my fury and mine anger was poured forth, and was kindled in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem; and they are wasted and desolate, as at this day. -Therefore now thus saith the LORD, the God of hosts, the God of Israel; Wherefore commit ye this great evil against your souls, to cut off from you man and woman, child and suckling, out of Judah, to leave you none to remain; -In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell, that ye might cut yourselves off, and that ye might be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth? -Have ye forgotten the wickedness of your fathers, and the wickedness of the kings of Judah, and the wickedness of their wives, and your own wickedness, and the wickedness of your wives, which they have committed in the land of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem? -They are not humbled even unto this day, neither have they feared, nor walked in my law, nor in my statutes, that I set before you and before your fathers. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will set my face against you for evil, and to cut off all Judah. -And I will take the remnant of Judah, that have set their faces to go into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, and they shall all be consumed, and fall in the land of Egypt; they shall even be consumed by the sword and by the famine: they shall die, from the least even unto the greatest, by the sword and by the famine: and they shall be an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach. -For I will punish them that dwell in the land of Egypt, as I have punished Jerusalem, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: -So that none of the remnant of Judah, which are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall escape or remain, that they should return into the land of Judah, to the which they have a desire to return to dwell there: for none shall return but such as shall escape. -Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros, answered Jeremiah, saying, -As for the word that thou hast spoken unto us in the name of the LORD, we will not hearken unto thee. -But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil. -But since we left off to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, we have wanted all things, and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine. -And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her, and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men? -Then Jeremiah said unto all the people, to the men, and to the women, and to all the people which had given him that answer, saying, -The incense that ye burned in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, ye, and your fathers, your kings, and your princes, and the people of the land, did not the LORD remember them, and came it not into his mind? -So that the LORD could no longer bear, because of the evil of your doings, and because of the abominations which ye have committed; therefore is your land a desolation, and an astonishment, and a curse, without an inhabitant, as at this day. -Because ye have burned incense, and because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD, nor walked in his law, nor in his statutes, nor in his testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day. -Moreover Jeremiah said unto all the people, and to all the women, Hear the word of the LORD, all Judah that are in the land of Egypt: -Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying; Ye and your wives have both spoken with your mouths, and fulfilled with your hand, saying, We will surely perform our vows that we have vowed, to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her: ye will surely accomplish your vows, and surely perform your vows. -Therefore hear ye the word of the LORD, all Judah that dwell in the land of Egypt; Behold, I have sworn by my great name, saith the LORD, that my name shall no more be named in the mouth of any man of Judah in all the land of Egypt, saying, The Lord GOD liveth. -Behold, I will watch over them for evil, and not for good: and all the men of Judah that are in the land of Egypt shall be consumed by the sword and by the famine, until there be an end of them. -Yet a small number that escape the sword shall return out of the land of Egypt into the land of Judah, and all the remnant of Judah, that are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall know whose words shall stand, mine, or their's. -And this shall be a sign unto you, saith the LORD, that I will punish you in this place, that ye may know that my words shall surely stand against you for evil: -Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give Pharaohhophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies, and into the hand of them that seek his life; as I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, his enemy, and that sought his life. -The word that Jeremiah the prophet spake unto Baruch the son of Neriah, when he had written these words in a book at the mouth of Jeremiah, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, saying, -Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, unto thee, O Baruch: -Thou didst say, Woe is me now! for the LORD hath added grief to my sorrow; I fainted in my sighing, and I find no rest. -Thus shalt thou say unto him, The LORD saith thus; Behold, that which I have built will I break down, and that which I have planted I will pluck up, even this whole land. -And seekest thou great things for thyself? seek them not: for, behold, I will bring evil upon all flesh, saith the LORD: but thy life will I give unto thee for a prey in all places whither thou goest. -The word of the LORD which came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Gentiles; -Against Egypt, against the army of Pharaohnecho king of Egypt, which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemish, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah. -Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle. -Harness the horses; and get up, ye horsemen, and stand forth with your helmets; furbish the spears, and put on the brigandines. -Wherefore have I seen them dismayed and turned away back? and their mighty ones are beaten down, and are fled apace, and look not back: for fear was round about, saith the LORD. -Let not the swift flee away, nor the mighty man escape; they shall stumble, and fall toward the north by the river Euphrates. -Who is this that cometh up as a flood, whose waters are moved as the rivers? -Egypt riseth up like a flood, and his waters are moved like the rivers; and he saith, I will go up, and will cover the earth; I will destroy the city and the inhabitants thereof. -Come up, ye horses; and rage, ye chariots; and let the mighty men come forth; the Ethiopians and the Libyans, that handle the shield; and the Lydians, that handle and bend the bow. -For this is the day of the Lord GOD of hosts, a day of vengeance, that he may avenge him of his adversaries: and the sword shall devour, and it shall be satiate and made drunk with their blood: for the Lord GOD of hosts hath a sacrifice in the north country by the river Euphrates. -Go up into Gilead, and take balm, O virgin, the daughter of Egypt: in vain shalt thou use many medicines; for thou shalt not be cured. -The nations have heard of thy shame, and thy cry hath filled the land: for the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, and they are fallen both together. -The word that the LORD spake to Jeremiah the prophet, how Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon should come and smite the land of Egypt. -Declare ye in Egypt, and publish in Migdol, and publish in Noph and in Tahpanhes: say ye, Stand fast, and prepare thee; for the sword shall devour round about thee. -Why are thy valiant men swept away? they stood not, because the LORD did drive them. -He made many to fall, yea, one fell upon another: and they said, Arise, and let us go again to our own people, and to the land of our nativity, from the oppressing sword. -They did cry there, Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a noise; he hath passed the time appointed. -As I live, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts, Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, so shall he come. -O thou daughter dwelling in Egypt, furnish thyself to go into captivity: for Noph shall be waste and desolate without an inhabitant. -Egypt is like a very fair heifer, but destruction cometh; it cometh out of the north. -Also her hired men are in the midst of her like fatted bullocks; for they also are turned back, and are fled away together: they did not stand, because the day of their calamity was come upon them, and the time of their visitation. -The voice thereof shall go like a serpent; for they shall march with an army, and come against her with axes, as hewers of wood. -They shall cut down her forest, saith the LORD, though it cannot be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are innumerable. -The daughter of Egypt shall be confounded; she shall be delivered into the hand of the people of the north. -The LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will punish the multitude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods, and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him: -And I will deliver them into the hand of those that seek their lives, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of his servants: and afterward it shall be inhabited, as in the days of old, saith the LORD. -But fear not thou, O my servant Jacob, and be not dismayed, O Israel: for, behold, I will save thee from afar off, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and be in rest and at ease, and none shall make him afraid. -Fear thou not, O Jacob my servant, saith the LORD: for I am with thee; for I will make a full end of all the nations whither I have driven thee: but I will not make a full end of thee, but correct thee in measure; yet will I not leave thee wholly unpunished. -The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Philistines, before that Pharaoh smote Gaza. -Thus saith the LORD; Behold, waters rise up out of the north, and shall be an overflowing flood, and shall overflow the land, and all that is therein; the city, and them that dwell therein: then the men shall cry, and all the inhabitants of the land shall howl. -At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong horses, at the rushing of his chariots, and at the rumbling of his wheels, the fathers shall not look back to their children for feebleness of hands; -Because of the day that cometh to spoil all the Philistines, and to cut off from Tyrus and Zidon every helper that remaineth: for the LORD will spoil the Philistines, the remnant of the country of Caphtor. -Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is cut off with the remnant of their valley: how long wilt thou cut thyself? -O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still. -How can it be quiet, seeing the LORD hath given it a charge against Ashkelon, and against the sea shore? there hath he appointed it. -Against Moab thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Woe unto Nebo! for it is spoiled: Kiriathaim is confounded and taken: Misgab is confounded and dismayed. -There shall be no more praise of Moab: in Heshbon they have devised evil against it; come, and let us cut it off from being a nation. Also thou shalt be cut down, O Madmen; the sword shall pursue thee. -A voice of crying shall be from Horonaim, spoiling and great destruction. -Moab is destroyed; her little ones have caused a cry to be heard. -For in the going up of Luhith continual weeping shall go up; for in the going down of Horonaim the enemies have heard a cry of destruction. -Flee, save your lives, and be like the heath in the wilderness. -For because thou hast trusted in thy works and in thy treasures, thou shalt also be taken: and Chemosh shall go forth into captivity with his priests and his princes together. -And the spoiler shall come upon every city, and no city shall escape: the valley also shall perish, and the plain shall be destroyed, as the LORD hath spoken. -Give wings unto Moab, that it may flee and get away: for the cities thereof shall be desolate, without any to dwell therein. -Cursed be he that doeth the work of the LORD deceitfully, and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood. -Moab hath been at ease from his youth, and he hath settled on his lees, and hath not been emptied from vessel to vessel, neither hath he gone into captivity: therefore his taste remained in him, and his scent is not changed. -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will send unto him wanderers, that shall cause him to wander, and shall empty his vessels, and break their bottles. -And Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Israel was ashamed of Bethel their confidence. -How say ye, We are mighty and strong men for the war? -Moab is spoiled, and gone up out of her cities, and his chosen young men are gone down to the slaughter, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts. -The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his affliction hasteth fast. -All ye that are about him, bemoan him; and all ye that know his name, say, How is the strong staff broken, and the beautiful rod! -Thou daughter that dost inhabit Dibon, come down from thy glory, and sit in thirst; for the spoiler of Moab shall come upon thee, and he shall destroy thy strong holds. -O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way, and espy; ask him that fleeth, and her that escapeth, and say, What is done? -Moab is confounded; for it is broken down: howl and cry; tell ye it in Arnon, that Moab is spoiled, -And judgment is come upon the plain country; upon Holon, and upon Jahazah, and upon Mephaath, -And upon Dibon, and upon Nebo, and upon Bethdiblathaim, -And upon Kiriathaim, and upon Bethgamul, and upon Bethmeon, -And upon Kerioth, and upon Bozrah, and upon all the cities of the land of Moab, far or near. -The horn of Moab is cut off, and his arm is broken, saith the LORD. -Make ye him drunken: for he magnified himself against the LORD: Moab also shall wallow in his vomit, and he also shall be in derision. -For was not Israel a derision unto thee? was he found among thieves? for since thou spakest of him, thou skippedst for joy. -O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the hole's mouth. -We have heard the pride of Moab, (he is exceeding proud) his loftiness, and his arrogancy, and his pride, and the haughtiness of his heart. -I know his wrath, saith the LORD; but it shall not be so; his lies shall not so effect it. -Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kirheres. -O vine of Sibmah, I will weep for thee with the weeping of Jazer: thy plants are gone over the sea, they reach even to the sea of Jazer: the spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits and upon thy vintage. -And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field, and from the land of Moab, and I have caused wine to fail from the winepresses: none shall tread with shouting; their shouting shall be no shouting. -From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto Jahaz, have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horonaim, as an heifer of three years old: for the waters also of Nimrim shall be desolate. -Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the LORD, him that offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incense to his gods. -Therefore mine heart shall sound for Moab like pipes, and mine heart shall sound like pipes for the men of Kirheres: because the riches that he hath gotten are perished. -For every head shall be bald, and every beard clipped: upon all the hands shall be cuttings, and upon the loins sackcloth. -There shall be lamentation generally upon all the housetops of Moab, and in the streets thereof: for I have broken Moab like a vessel wherein is no pleasure, saith the LORD. -They shall howl, saying, How is it broken down! how hath Moab turned the back with shame! so shall Moab be a derision and a dismaying to all them about him. -For thus saith the LORD; Behold, he shall fly as an eagle, and shall spread his wings over Moab. -Kerioth is taken, and the strong holds are surprised, and the mighty men's hearts in Moab at that day shall be as the heart of a woman in her pangs. -And Moab shall be destroyed from being a people, because he hath magnified himself against the LORD. -Fear, and the pit, and the snare, shall be upon thee, O inhabitant of Moab, saith the LORD. -He that fleeth from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that getteth up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will bring upon it, even upon Moab, the year of their visitation, saith the LORD. -They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because of the force: but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones. -Woe be unto thee, O Moab! the people of Chemosh perisheth: for thy sons are taken captives, and thy daughters captives. -Yet will I bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter days, saith the LORD. Thus far is the judgment of Moab. -Concerning the Ammonites, thus saith the LORD; Hath Israel no sons? hath he no heir? why then doth their king inherit Gad, and his people dwell in his cities? -Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will cause an alarm of war to be heard in Rabbah of the Ammonites; and it shall be a desolate heap, and her daughters shall be burned with fire: then shall Israel be heir unto them that were his heirs, saith the LORD. -Howl, O Heshbon, for Ai is spoiled: cry, ye daughters of Rabbah, gird you with sackcloth; lament, and run to and fro by the hedges; for their king shall go into captivity, and his priests and his princes together. -Wherefore gloriest thou in the valleys, thy flowing valley, O backsliding daughter? that trusted in her treasures, saying, Who shall come unto me? -Behold, I will bring a fear upon thee, saith the Lord GOD of hosts, from all those that be about thee; and ye shall be driven out every man right forth; and none shall gather up him that wandereth. -And afterward I will bring again the captivity of the children of Ammon, saith the LORD. -Concerning Edom, thus saith the LORD of hosts; Is wisdom no more in Teman? is counsel perished from the prudent? is their wisdom vanished? -Flee ye, turn back, dwell deep, O inhabitants of Dedan; for I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him, the time that I will visit him. -If grapegatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes? if thieves by night, they will destroy till they have enough. -But I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places, and he shall not be able to hide himself: his seed is spoiled, and his brethren, and his neighbours, and he is not. -Leave thy fatherless children, I will preserve them alive; and let thy widows trust in me. -For thus saith the LORD; Behold, they whose judgment was not to drink of the cup have assuredly drunken; and art thou he that shall altogether go unpunished? thou shalt not go unpunished, but thou shalt surely drink of it. -For I have sworn by myself, saith the LORD, that Bozrah shall become a desolation, a reproach, a waste, and a curse; and all the cities thereof shall be perpetual wastes. -I have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent unto the heathen, saying, Gather ye together, and come against her, and rise up to the battle. -For, lo, I will make thee small among the heathen, and despised among men. -Thy terribleness hath deceived thee, and the pride of thine heart, O thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, that holdest the height of the hill: though thou shouldest make thy nest as high as the eagle, I will bring thee down from thence, saith the LORD. -Also Edom shall be a desolation: every one that goeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof. -As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour cities thereof, saith the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither shall a son of man dwell in it. -Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me? -Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations desolate with them. -The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea. -Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs. -Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad: for they have heard evil tidings: they are fainthearted; there is sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet. -Damascus is waxed feeble, and turneth herself to flee, and fear hath seized on her: anguish and sorrows have taken her, as a woman in travail. -How is the city of praise not left, the city of my joy! -Therefore her young men shall fall in her streets, and all the men of war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD of hosts. -And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Damascus, and it shall consume the palaces of Benhadad. -Concerning Kedar, and concerning the kingdoms of Hazor, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon shall smite, thus saith the LORD; Arise ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the men of the east. -Their tents and their flocks shall they take away: they shall take to themselves their curtains, and all their vessels, and their camels; and they shall cry unto them, Fear is on every side. -Flee, get you far off, dwell deep, O ye inhabitants of Hazor, saith the LORD; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath taken counsel against you, and hath conceived a purpose against you. -Arise, get you up unto the wealthy nation, that dwelleth without care, saith the LORD, which have neither gates nor bars, which dwell alone. -And their camels shall be a booty, and the multitude of their cattle a spoil: and I will scatter into all winds them that are in the utmost corners; and I will bring their calamity from all sides thereof, saith the LORD. -And Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for ever: there shall no man abide there, nor any son of man dwell in it. -The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against Elam in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will break the bow of Elam, the chief of their might. -And upon Elam will I bring the four winds from the four quarters of heaven, and will scatter them toward all those winds; and there shall be no nation whither the outcasts of Elam shall not come. -For I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies, and before them that seek their life: and I will bring evil upon them, even my fierce anger, saith the LORD; and I will send the sword after them, till I have consumed them: -And I will set my throne in Elam, and will destroy from thence the king and the princes, saith the LORD. -But it shall come to pass in the latter days, that I will bring again the captivity of Elam, saith the LORD. -The word that the LORD spake against Babylon and against the land of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet. -Declare ye among the nations, and publish, and set up a standard; publish, and conceal not: say, Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded, Merodach is broken in pieces; her idols are confounded, her images are broken in pieces. -For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they shall remove, they shall depart, both man and beast. -In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the children of Israel shall come, they and the children of Judah together, going and weeping: they shall go, and seek the LORD their God. -They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thitherward, saying, Come, and let us join ourselves to the LORD in a perpetual covenant that shall not be forgotten. -My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their restingplace. -All that found them have devoured them: and their adversaries said, We offend not, because they have sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice, even the LORD, the hope of their fathers. -Remove out of the midst of Babylon, and go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans, and be as the he goats before the flocks. -For, lo, I will raise and cause to come up against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the north country: and they shall set themselves in array against her; from thence she shall be taken: their arrows shall be as of a mighty expert man; none shall return in vain. -And Chaldea shall be a spoil: all that spoil her shall be satisfied, saith the LORD. -Because ye were glad, because ye rejoiced, O ye destroyers of mine heritage, because ye are grown fat as the heifer at grass, and bellow as bulls; -Your mother shall be sore confounded; she that bare you shall be ashamed: behold, the hindermost of the nations shall be a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert. -Because of the wrath of the LORD it shall not be inhabited, but it shall be wholly desolate: every one that goeth by Babylon shall be astonished, and hiss at all her plagues. -Put yourselves in array against Babylon round about: all ye that bend the bow, shoot at her, spare no arrows: for she hath sinned against the LORD. -Shout against her round about: she hath given her hand: her foundations are fallen, her walls are thrown down: for it is the vengeance of the LORD: take vengeance upon her; as she hath done, do unto her. -Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him that handleth the sickle in the time of harvest: for fear of the oppressing sword they shall turn every one to his people, and they shall flee every one to his own land. -Israel is a scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away: first the king of Assyria hath devoured him; and last this Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath broken his bones. -Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I have punished the king of Assyria. -And I will bring Israel again to his habitation, and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied upon mount Ephraim and Gilead. -In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought for, and there shall be none; and the sins of Judah, and they shall not be found: for I will pardon them whom I reserve. -Go up against the land of Merathaim, even against it, and against the inhabitants of Pekod: waste and utterly destroy after them, saith the LORD, and do according to all that I have commanded thee. -A sound of battle is in the land, and of great destruction. -How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken! how is Babylon become a desolation among the nations! -I have laid a snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not aware: thou art found, and also caught, because thou hast striven against the LORD. -The LORD hath opened his armoury, and hath brought forth the weapons of his indignation: for this is the work of the Lord GOD of hosts in the land of the Chaldeans. -Come against her from the utmost border, open her storehouses: cast her up as heaps, and destroy her utterly: let nothing of her be left. -Slay all her bullocks; let them go down to the slaughter: woe unto them! for their day is come, the time of their visitation. -The voice of them that flee and escape out of the land of Babylon, to declare in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God, the vengeance of his temple. -Call together the archers against Babylon: all ye that bend the bow, camp against it round about; let none thereof escape: recompense her according to her work; according to all that she hath done, do unto her: for she hath been proud against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel. -Therefore shall her young men fall in the streets, and all her men of war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD. -Behold, I am against thee, O thou most proud, saith the Lord GOD of hosts: for thy day is come, the time that I will visit thee. -And the most proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise him up: and I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour all round about him. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The children of Israel and the children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them captives held them fast; they refused to let them go. -Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of hosts is his name: he shall throughly plead their cause, that he may give rest to the land, and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon. -A sword is upon the Chaldeans, saith the LORD, and upon the inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes, and upon her wise men. -A sword is upon the liars; and they shall dote: a sword is upon her mighty men; and they shall be dismayed. -A sword is upon their horses, and upon their chariots, and upon all the mingled people that are in the midst of her; and they shall become as women: a sword is upon her treasures; and they shall be robbed. -A drought is upon her waters; and they shall be dried up: for it is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols. -Therefore the wild beasts of the desert with the wild beasts of the islands shall dwell there, and the owls shall dwell therein: and it shall be no more inhabited for ever; neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation. -As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour cities thereof, saith the LORD; so shall no man abide there, neither shall any son of man dwell therein. -Behold, a people shall come from the north, and a great nation, and many kings shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth. -They shall hold the bow and the lance: they are cruel, and will not shew mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses, every one put in array, like a man to the battle, against thee, O daughter of Babylon. -The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, and pangs as of a woman in travail. -Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me? -Therefore hear ye the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Babylon; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitation desolate with them. -At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard among the nations. -Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will raise up against Babylon, and against them that dwell in the midst of them that rise up against me, a destroying wind; -And will send unto Babylon fanners, that shall fan her, and shall empty her land: for in the day of trouble they shall be against her round about. -Against him that bendeth let the archer bend his bow, and against him that lifteth himself up in his brigandine: and spare ye not her young men; destroy ye utterly all her host. -Thus the slain shall fall in the land of the Chaldeans, and they that are thrust through in her streets. -For Israel hath not been forsaken, nor Judah of his God, of the LORD of hosts; though their land was filled with sin against the Holy One of Israel. -Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in her iniquity; for this is the time of the LORD's vengeance; he will render unto her a recompence. -Babylon hath been a golden cup in the LORD's hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have drunken of her wine; therefore the nations are mad. -Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. -We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies. -The LORD hath brought forth our righteousness: come, and let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God. -Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD hath raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device is against Babylon, to destroy it; because it is the vengeance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple. -Set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch strong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the LORD hath both devised and done that which he spake against the inhabitants of Babylon. -O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness. -The LORD of hosts hath sworn by himself, saying, Surely I will fill thee with men, as with caterpillers; and they shall lift up a shout against thee. -He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by his understanding. -When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens; and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth: he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures. -Every man is brutish by his knowledge; every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. -They are vanity, the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish. -The portion of Jacob is not like them; for he is the former of all things: and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: the LORD of hosts is his name. -Thou art my battle axe and weapons of war: for with thee will I break in pieces the nations, and with thee will I destroy kingdoms; -And with thee will I break in pieces the horse and his rider; and with thee will I break in pieces the chariot and his rider; -With thee also will I break in pieces man and woman; and with thee will I break in pieces old and young; and with thee will I break in pieces the young man and the maid; -I will also break in pieces with thee the shepherd and his flock; and with thee will I break in pieces the husbandman and his yoke of oxen; and with thee will I break in pieces captains and rulers. -And I will render unto Babylon and to all the inhabitants of Chaldea all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight, saith the LORD. -Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the LORD, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain. -And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, nor a stone for foundations; but thou shalt be desolate for ever, saith the LORD. -Set ye up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare the nations against her, call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz; appoint a captain against her; cause the horses to come up as the rough caterpillers. -Prepare against her the nations with the kings of the Medes, the captains thereof, and all the rulers thereof, and all the land of his dominion. -And the land shall tremble and sorrow: for every purpose of the LORD shall be performed against Babylon, to make the land of Babylon a desolation without an inhabitant. -The mighty men of Babylon have forborn to fight, they have remained in their holds: their might hath failed; they became as women: they have burned her dwellingplaces; her bars are broken. -One post shall run to meet another, and one messenger to meet another, to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end, -And that the passages are stopped, and the reeds they have burned with fire, and the men of war are affrighted. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; The daughter of Babylon is like a threshingfloor, it is time to thresh her: yet a little while, and the time of her harvest shall come. -Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon hath devoured me, he hath crushed me, he hath made me an empty vessel, he hath swallowed me up like a dragon, he hath filled his belly with my delicates, he hath cast me out. -The violence done to me and to my flesh be upon Babylon, shall the inhabitant of Zion say; and my blood upon the inhabitants of Chaldea, shall Jerusalem say. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will plead thy cause, and take vengeance for thee; and I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry. -And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwellingplace for dragons, an astonishment, and an hissing, without an inhabitant. -They shall roar together like lions: they shall yell as lions' whelps. -In their heat I will make their feasts, and I will make them drunken, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the LORD. -I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams with he goats. -How is Sheshach taken! and how is the praise of the whole earth surprised! how is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations! -The sea is come up upon Babylon: she is covered with the multitude of the waves thereof. -Her cities are a desolation, a dry land, and a wilderness, a land wherein no man dwelleth, neither doth any son of man pass thereby. -And I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of his mouth that which he hath swallowed up: and the nations shall not flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall. -My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD. -And lest your heart faint, and ye fear for the rumour that shall be heard in the land; a rumour shall both come one year, and after that in another year shall come a rumour, and violence in the land, ruler against ruler. -Therefore, behold, the days come, that I will do judgment upon the graven images of Babylon: and her whole land shall be confounded, and all her slain shall fall in the midst of her. -Then the heaven and the earth, and all that is therein, shall sing for Babylon: for the spoilers shall come unto her from the north, saith the LORD. -As Babylon hath caused the slain of Israel to fall, so at Babylon shall fall the slain of all the earth. -Ye that have escaped the sword, go away, stand not still: remember the LORD afar off, and let Jerusalem come into your mind. -We are confounded, because we have heard reproach: shame hath covered our faces: for strangers are come into the sanctuaries of the LORD's house. -Wherefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will do judgment upon her graven images: and through all her land the wounded shall groan. -Though Babylon should mount up to heaven, and though she should fortify the height of her strength, yet from me shall spoilers come unto her, saith the LORD. -A sound of a cry cometh from Babylon, and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans: -Because the LORD hath spoiled Babylon, and destroyed out of her the great voice; when her waves do roar like great waters, a noise of their voice is uttered: -Because the spoiler is come upon her, even upon Babylon, and her mighty men are taken, every one of their bows is broken: for the LORD God of recompences shall surely requite. -And I will make drunk her princes, and her wise men, her captains, and her rulers, and her mighty men: and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; and the people shall labour in vain, and the folk in the fire, and they shall be weary. -The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah the son of Neriah, the son of Maaseiah, when he went with Zedekiah the king of Judah into Babylon in the fourth year of his reign. And this Seraiah was a quiet prince. -So Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that should come upon Babylon, even all these words that are written against Babylon. -And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, When thou comest to Babylon, and shalt see, and shalt read all these words; -Then shalt thou say, O LORD, thou hast spoken against this place, to cut it off, that none shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be desolate for ever. -And it shall be, when thou hast made an end of reading this book, that thou shalt bind a stone to it, and cast it into the midst of Euphrates: -And thou shalt say, Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall not rise from the evil that I will bring upon her: and they shall be weary. Thus far are the words of Jeremiah. -Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. -And he did that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that Jehoiakim had done. -For through the anger of the LORD it came to pass in Jerusalem and Judah, till he had cast them out from his presence, that Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon. -And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and pitched against it, and built forts against it round about. -So the city was besieged unto the eleventh year of king Zedekiah. -And in the fourth month, in the ninth day of the month, the famine was sore in the city, so that there was no bread for the people of the land. -Then the city was broken up, and all the men of war fled, and went forth out of the city by night by the way of the gate between the two walls, which was by the king's garden; (now the Chaldeans were by the city round about:) and they went by the way of the plain. -But the army of the Chaldeans pursued after the king, and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho; and all his army was scattered from him. -Then they took the king, and carried him up unto the king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath; where he gave judgment upon him. -And the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes: he slew also all the princes of Judah in Riblah. -Then he put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the king of Babylon bound him in chains, and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison till the day of his death. -Now in the fifth month, in the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, which served the king of Babylon, into Jerusalem, -And burned the house of the LORD, and the king's house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, and all the houses of the great men, burned he with fire: -And all the army of the Chaldeans, that were with the captain of the guard, brake down all the walls of Jerusalem round about. -Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive certain of the poor of the people, and the residue of the people that remained in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to the king of Babylon, and the rest of the multitude. -But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left certain of the poor of the land for vinedressers and for husbandmen. -Also the pillars of brass that were in the house of the LORD, and the bases, and the brasen sea that was in the house of the LORD, the Chaldeans brake, and carried all the brass of them to Babylon. -The caldrons also, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and the bowls, and the spoons, and all the vessels of brass wherewith they ministered, took they away. -And the basons, and the firepans, and the bowls, and the caldrons, and the candlesticks, and the spoons, and the cups; that which was of gold in gold, and that which was of silver in silver, took the captain of the guard away. -The two pillars, one sea, and twelve brasen bulls that were under the bases, which king Solomon had made in the house of the LORD: the brass of all these vessels was without weight. -And concerning the pillars, the height of one pillar was eighteen cubits; and a fillet of twelve cubits did compass it; and the thickness thereof was four fingers: it was hollow. -And a chapiter of brass was upon it; and the height of one chapiter was five cubits, with network and pomegranates upon the chapiters round about, all of brass. The second pillar also and the pomegranates were like unto these. -And there were ninety and six pomegranates on a side; and all the pomegranates upon the network were an hundred round about. -And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the door: -He took also out of the city an eunuch, which had the charge of the men of war; and seven men of them that were near the king's person, which were found in the city; and the principal scribe of the host, who mustered the people of the land; and threescore men of the people of the land, that were found in the midst of the city. -So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought them to the king of Babylon to Riblah. -And the king of Babylon smote them, and put them to death in Riblah in the land of Hamath. Thus Judah was carried away captive out of his own land. -This is the people whom Nebuchadrezzar carried away captive: in the seventh year three thousand Jews and three and twenty: -In the eighteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar he carried away captive from Jerusalem eight hundred thirty and two persons: -In the three and twentieth year of Nebuchadrezzar Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive of the Jews seven hundred forty and five persons: all the persons were four thousand and six hundred. -And it came to pass in the seven and thirtieth year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, in the five and twentieth day of the month, that Evilmerodach king of Babylon in the first year of his reign lifted up the head of Jehoiachin king of Judah, and brought him forth out of prison. -And spake kindly unto him, and set his throne above the throne of the kings that were with him in Babylon, -And changed his prison garments: and he did continually eat bread before him all the days of his life. -And for his diet, there was a continual diet given him of the king of Babylon, every day a portion until the day of his death, all the days of his life. -How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! how is she become as a widow! she that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary! -She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks: among all her lovers she hath none to comfort her: all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. -Judah is gone into captivity because of affliction, and because of great servitude: she dwelleth among the heathen, she findeth no rest: all her persecutors overtook her between the straits. -The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn feasts: all her gates are desolate: her priests sigh, her virgins are afflicted, and she is in bitterness. -Her adversaries are the chief, her enemies prosper; for the LORD hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her children are gone into captivity before the enemy. -And from the daughter of Zion all her beauty is departed: her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, and they are gone without strength before the pursuer. -Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and of her miseries all her pleasant things that she had in the days of old, when her people fell into the hand of the enemy, and none did help her: the adversaries saw her, and did mock at her sabbaths. -Jerusalem hath grievously sinned; therefore she is removed: all that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness: yea, she sigheth, and turneth backward. -Her filthiness is in her skirts; she remembereth not her last end; therefore she came down wonderfully: she had no comforter. O LORD, behold my affliction: for the enemy hath magnified himself. -The adversary hath spread out his hand upon all her pleasant things: for she hath seen that the heathen entered into her sanctuary, whom thou didst command that they should not enter into thy congregation. -All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for meat to relieve the soul: see, O LORD, and consider; for I am become vile. -Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? behold, and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow, which is done unto me, wherewith the LORD hath afflicted me in the day of his fierce anger. -From above hath he sent fire into my bones, and it prevaileth against them: he hath spread a net for my feet, he hath turned me back: he hath made me desolate and faint all the day. -The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand: they are wreathed, and come up upon my neck: he hath made my strength to fall, the LORD hath delivered me into their hands, from whom I am not able to rise up. -The LORD hath trodden under foot all my mighty men in the midst of me: he hath called an assembly against me to crush my young men: the LORD hath trodden the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a winepress. -For these things I weep; mine eye, mine eye runneth down with water, because the comforter that should relieve my soul is far from me: my children are desolate, because the enemy prevailed. -Zion spreadeth forth her hands, and there is none to comfort her: the LORD hath commanded concerning Jacob, that his adversaries should be round about him: Jerusalem is as a menstruous woman among them. -The LORD is righteous; for I have rebelled against his commandment: hear, I pray you, all people, and behold my sorrow: my virgins and my young men are gone into captivity. -I called for my lovers, but they deceived me: my priests and mine elders gave up the ghost in the city, while they sought their meat to relieve their souls. -Behold, O LORD; for I am in distress: my bowels are troubled; mine heart is turned within me; for I have grievously rebelled: abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is as death. -They have heard that I sigh: there is none to comfort me: all mine enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that thou hast done it: thou wilt bring the day that thou hast called, and they shall be like unto me. -Let all their wickedness come before thee; and do unto them, as thou hast done unto me for all my transgressions: for my sighs are many, and my heart is faint. -How hath the LORD covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel, and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger! -The LORD hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof. -He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about. -He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire. -The LORD was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation. -And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest. -The LORD hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary, he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces; they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a solemn feast. -The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament; they languished together. -Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD. -The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground. -Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of the city. -They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom. -What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is great like the sea: who can heal thee? -Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee false burdens and causes of banishment. -All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth? -All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it. -The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries. -Their heart cried unto the LORD, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease. -Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the LORD: lift up thy hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for hunger in the top of every street. -Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? -The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied. -Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the LORD's anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed. -I AM the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath. -He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light. -Surely against me is he turned; he turneth his hand against me all the day. -My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones. -He hath builded against me, and compassed me with gall and travail. -He hath set me in dark places, as they that be dead of old. -He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my chain heavy. -Also when I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer. -He hath inclosed my ways with hewn stone, he hath made my paths crooked. -He was unto me as a bear lying in wait, and as a lion in secret places. -He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces: he hath made me desolate. -He hath bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow. -He hath caused the arrows of his quiver to enter into my reins. -I was a derision to all my people; and their song all the day. -He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood. -He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered me with ashes. -And thou hast removed my soul far off from peace: I forgat prosperity. -And I said, My strength and my hope is perished from the LORD: -Remembering mine affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the gall. -My soul hath them still in remembrance, and is humbled in me. -This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope. -It is of the LORD's mercies that we are not consumed, because his compassions fail not. -They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness. -The LORD is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him. -The LORD is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that seeketh him. -It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the LORD. -It is good for a man that he bear the yoke of his youth. -He sitteth alone and keepeth silence, because he hath borne it upon him. -He putteth his mouth in the dust; if so be there may be hope. -He giveth his cheek to him that smiteth him: he is filled full with reproach. -For the LORD will not cast off for ever: -But though he cause grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his mercies. -For he doth not afflict willingly nor grieve the children of men. -To crush under his feet all the prisoners of the earth. -To turn aside the right of a man before the face of the most High, -To subvert a man in his cause, the LORD approveth not. -Who is he that saith, and it cometh to pass, when the Lord commandeth it not? -Out of the mouth of the most High proceedeth not evil and good? -Wherefore doth a living man complain, a man for the punishment of his sins? -Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to the LORD. -Let us lift up our heart with our hands unto God in the heavens. -We have transgressed and have rebelled: thou hast not pardoned. -Thou hast covered with anger, and persecuted us: thou hast slain, thou hast not pitied. -Thou hast covered thyself with a cloud, that our prayer should not pass through. -Thou hast made us as the offscouring and refuse in the midst of the people. -All our enemies have opened their mouths against us. -Fear and a snare is come upon us, desolation and destruction. -Mine eye runneth down with rivers of water for the destruction of the daughter of my people. -Mine eye trickleth down, and ceaseth not, without any intermission. -Till the LORD look down, and behold from heaven. -Mine eye affecteth mine heart because of all the daughters of my city. -Mine enemies chased me sore, like a bird, without cause. -They have cut off my life in the dungeon, and cast a stone upon me. -Waters flowed over mine head; then I said, I am cut off. -I called upon thy name, O LORD, out of the low dungeon. -Thou hast heard my voice: hide not thine ear at my breathing, at my cry. -Thou drewest near in the day that I called upon thee: thou saidst, Fear not. -O LORD, thou hast pleaded the causes of my soul; thou hast redeemed my life. -O LORD, thou hast seen my wrong: judge thou my cause. -Thou hast seen all their vengeance and all their imaginations against me. -Thou hast heard their reproach, O LORD, and all their imaginations against me; -The lips of those that rose up against me, and their device against me all the day. -Behold their sitting down, and their rising up; I am their musick. -Render unto them a recompence, O LORD, according to the work of their hands. -Give them sorrow of heart, thy curse unto them. -Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD. -How is the gold become dim! how is the most fine gold changed! the stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street. -The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how are they esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter! -Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: the daughter of my people is become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness. -The tongue of the sucking child cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for thirst: the young children ask bread, and no man breaketh it unto them. -They that did feed delicately are desolate in the streets: they that were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills. -For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her. -Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk, they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was of sapphire: -Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick. -They that be slain with the sword are better than they that be slain with hunger: for these pine away, stricken through for want of the fruits of the field. -The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children: they were their meat in the destruction of the daughter of my people. -The LORD hath accomplished his fury; he hath poured out his fierce anger, and hath kindled a fire in Zion, and it hath devoured the foundations thereof. -The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world, would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem. -For the sins of her prophets, and the iniquities of her priests, that have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her, -They have wandered as blind men in the streets, they have polluted themselves with blood, so that men could not touch their garments. -They cried unto them, Depart ye; it is unclean; depart, depart, touch not: when they fled away and wandered, they said among the heathen, They shall no more sojourn there. -The anger of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not the elders. -As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our watching we have watched for a nation that could not save us. -They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our streets: our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come. -Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven: they pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness. -The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the LORD, was taken in their pits, of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the heathen. -Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the land of Uz; the cup also shall pass through unto thee: thou shalt be drunken, and shalt make thyself naked. -The punishment of thine iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of Zion; he will no more carry thee away into captivity: he will visit thine iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover thy sins. -Remember, O LORD, what is come upon us: consider, and behold our reproach. -Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens. -We are orphans and fatherless, our mothers are as widows. -We have drunken our water for money; our wood is sold unto us. -Our necks are under persecution: we labour, and have no rest. -We have given the hand to the Egyptians, and to the Assyrians, to be satisfied with bread. -Our fathers have sinned, and are not; and we have borne their iniquities. -Servants have ruled over us: there is none that doth deliver us out of their hand. -We gat our bread with the peril of our lives because of the sword of the wilderness. -Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine. -They ravished the women in Zion, and the maids in the cities of Judah. -Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not honoured. -They took the young men to grind, and the children fell under the wood. -The elders have ceased from the gate, the young men from their musick. -The joy of our heart is ceased; our dance is turned into mourning. -The crown is fallen from our head: woe unto us, that we have sinned! -For this our heart is faint; for these things our eyes are dim. -Because of the mountain of Zion, which is desolate, the foxes walk upon it. -Thou, O LORD, remainest for ever; thy throne from generation to generation. -Wherefore dost thou forget us for ever, and forsake us so long time? -Turn thou us unto thee, O LORD, and we shall be turned; renew our days as of old. -But thou hast utterly rejected us; thou art very wroth against us. -Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God. -In the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity, -The word of the LORD came expressly unto Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon him. -And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire. -Also out of the midst thereof came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance; they had the likeness of a man. -And every one had four faces, and every one had four wings. -And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot: and they sparkled like the colour of burnished brass. -And they had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and they four had their faces and their wings. -Their wings were joined one to another; they turned not when they went; they went every one straight forward. -As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle. -Thus were their faces: and their wings were stretched upward; two wings of every one were joined one to another, and two covered their bodies. -And they went every one straight forward: whither the spirit was to go, they went; and they turned not when they went. -As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning. -And the living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning. -Now as I beheld the living creatures, behold one wheel upon the earth by the living creatures, with his four faces. -The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl: and they four had one likeness: and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. -When they went, they went upon their four sides: and they turned not when they went. -As for their rings, they were so high that they were dreadful; and their rings were full of eyes round about them four. -And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by them: and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up. -Whithersoever the spirit was to go, they went, thither was their spirit to go; and the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. -When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. -And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. -And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward the other: every one had two, which covered on this side, and every one had two, which covered on that side, their bodies. -And when they went, I heard the noise of their wings, like the noise of great waters, as the voice of the Almighty, the voice of speech, as the noise of an host: when they stood, they let down their wings. -And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings. -And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it. -And I saw as the colour of amber, as the appearance of fire round about within it, from the appearance of his loins even upward, and from the appearance of his loins even downward, I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about. -As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of one that spake. -And he said unto me, Son of man, stand upon thy feet, and I will speak unto thee. -And the spirit entered into me when he spake unto me, and set me upon my feet, that I heard him that spake unto me. -And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me, even unto this very day. -For they are impudent children and stiffhearted. I do send thee unto them; and thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD. -And they, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear, (for they are a rebellious house,) yet shall know that there hath been a prophet among them. -And thou, son of man, be not afraid of them, neither be afraid of their words, though briers and thorns be with thee, and thou dost dwell among scorpions: be not afraid of their words, nor be dismayed at their looks, though they be a rebellious house. -And thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear: for they are most rebellious. -But thou, son of man, hear what I say unto thee; Be not thou rebellious like that rebellious house: open thy mouth, and eat that I give thee. -And when I looked, behold, an hand was sent unto me; and, lo, a roll of a book was therein; -And he spread it before me; and it was written within and without: and there was written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe. -Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, eat that thou findest; eat this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel. -So I opened my mouth, and he caused me to eat that roll. -And he said unto me, Son of man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill thy bowels with this roll that I give thee. Then did I eat it; and it was in my mouth as honey for sweetness. -And he said unto me, Son of man, go, get thee unto the house of Israel, and speak with my words unto them. -For thou art not sent to a people of a strange speech and of an hard language, but to the house of Israel; -Not to many people of a strange speech and of an hard language, whose words thou canst not understand. Surely, had I sent thee to them, they would have hearkened unto thee. -But the house of Israel will not hearken unto thee; for they will not hearken unto me: for all the house of Israel are impudent and hardhearted. -Behold, I have made thy face strong against their faces, and thy forehead strong against their foreheads. -As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead: fear them not, neither be dismayed at their looks, though they be a rebellious house. -Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, all my words that I shall speak unto thee receive in thine heart, and hear with thine ears. -And go, get thee to them of the captivity, unto the children of thy people, and speak unto them, and tell them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear. -Then the spirit took me up, and I heard behind me a voice of a great rushing, saying, Blessed be the glory of the LORD from his place. -I heard also the noise of the wings of the living creatures that touched one another, and the noise of the wheels over against them, and a noise of a great rushing. -So the spirit lifted me up, and took me away, and I went in bitterness, in the heat of my spirit; but the hand of the LORD was strong upon me. -Then I came to them of the captivity at Telabib, that dwelt by the river of Chebar, and I sat where they sat, and remained there astonished among them seven days. -And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, I have made thee a watchman unto the house of Israel: therefore hear the word at my mouth, and give them warning from me. -When I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; and thou givest him not warning, nor speakest to warn the wicked from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand. -Yet if thou warn the wicked, and he turn not from his wickedness, nor from his wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered thy soul. -Again, When a righteous man doth turn from his righteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a stumbling-block before him, he shall die: because thou hast not given him warning, he shall die in his sin, and his righteousness which he hath done shall not be remembered; but his blood will I require at thine hand. -Nevertheless if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not, and he doth not sin, he shall surely live, because he is warned; also thou hast delivered thy soul. -And the hand of the LORD was there upon me; and he said unto me, Arise, go forth into the plain, and I will there talk with thee. -Then I arose, and went forth into the plain: and, behold, the glory of the LORD stood there, as the glory which I saw by the river of Chebar: and I fell on my face. -Then the spirit entered into me, and set me upon my feet, and spake with me, and said unto me, Go, shut thyself within thine house. -But thou, O son of man, behold, they shall put bands upon thee, and shall bind thee with them, and thou shalt not go out among them: -And I will make thy tongue cleave to the roof of thy mouth, that thou shalt be dumb, and shalt not be to them a reprover: for they are a rebellious house. -But when I speak with thee, I will open thy mouth, and thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; He that heareth, let him hear; and he that forbeareth, let him forbear: for they are a rebellious house. -Thou also, son of man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, and pourtray upon it the city, even Jerusalem: -And lay siege against it, and build a fort against it, and cast a mount against it; set the camp also against it, and set battering rams against it round about. -Moreover take thou unto thee an iron pan, and set it for a wall of iron between thee and the city: and set thy face against it, and it shall be besieged, and thou shalt lay siege against it. This shall be a sign to the house of Israel. -Lie thou also upon thy left side, and lay the iniquity of the house of Israel upon it: according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon it thou shalt bear their iniquity. -For I have laid upon thee the years of their iniquity, according to the number of the days, three hundred and ninety days: so shalt thou bear the iniquity of the house of Israel. -And when thou hast accomplished them, lie again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee each day for a year. -Therefore thou shalt set thy face toward the siege of Jerusalem, and thine arm shall be uncovered, and thou shalt prophesy against it. -And, behold, I will lay bands upon thee, and thou shalt not turn thee from one side to another, till thou hast ended the days of thy siege. -Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof. -And thy meat which thou shalt eat shall be by weight, twenty shekels a day: from time to time shalt thou eat it. -Thou shalt drink also water by measure, the sixth part of an hin: from time to time shalt thou drink. -And thou shalt eat it as barley cakes, and thou shalt bake it with dung that cometh out of man, in their sight. -And the LORD said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their defiled bread among the Gentiles, whither I will drive them. -Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! behold, my soul hath not been polluted: for from my youth up even till now have I not eaten of that which dieth of itself, or is torn in pieces; neither came there abominable flesh into my mouth. -Then he said unto me, Lo, I have given thee cow's dung for man's dung, and thou shalt prepare thy bread therewith. -Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and with care; and they shall drink water by measure, and with astonishment: -That they may want bread and water, and be astonied one with another, and consume away for their iniquity. -And thou, son of man, take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barber's razor, and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thy beard: then take thee balances to weigh, and divide the hair. -Thou shalt burn with fire a third part in the midst of the city, when the days of the siege are fulfilled: and thou shalt take a third part, and smite about it with a knife: and a third part thou shalt scatter in the wind; and I will draw out a sword after them. -Thou shalt also take thereof a few in number, and bind them in thy skirts. -Then take of them again, and cast them into the midst of the fire, and burn them in the fire; for thereof shall a fire come forth into all the house of Israel. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midst of the nations and countries that are round about her. -And she hath changed my judgments into wickedness more than the nations, and my statutes more than the countries that are round about her: for they have refused my judgments and my statutes, they have not walked in them. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye multiplied more than the nations that are round about you, and have not walked in my statutes, neither have kept my judgments, neither have done according to the judgments of the nations that are round about you; -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, am against thee, and will execute judgments in the midst of thee in the sight of the nations. -And I will do in thee that which I have not done, and whereunto I will not do any more the like, because of all thine abominations. -Therefore the fathers shall eat the sons in the midst of thee, and the sons shall eat their fathers; and I will execute judgments in thee, and the whole remnant of thee will I scatter into all the winds. -Wherefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD; Surely, because thou hast defiled my sanctuary with all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations, therefore will I also diminish thee; neither shall mine eye spare, neither will I have any pity. -A third part of thee shall die with the pestilence, and with famine shall they be consumed in the midst of thee: and a third part shall fall by the sword round about thee; and I will scatter a third part into all the winds, and I will draw out a sword after them. -Thus shall mine anger be accomplished, and I will cause my fury to rest upon them, and I will be comforted: and they shall know that I the LORD have spoken it in my zeal, when I have accomplished my fury in them. -Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach among the nations that are round about thee, in the sight of all that pass by. -So it shall be a reproach and a taunt, an instruction and an astonishment unto the nations that are round about thee, when I shall execute judgments in thee in anger and in fury and in furious rebukes. I the LORD have spoken it. -When I shall send upon them the evil arrows of famine, which shall be for their destruction, and which I will send to destroy you: and I will increase the famine upon you, and will break your staff of bread: -So will I send upon you famine and evil beasts, and they shall bereave thee: and pestilence and blood shall pass through thee; and I will bring the sword upon thee. I the LORD have spoken it. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face toward the mountains of Israel, and prophesy against them, -And say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys; Behold, I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. -And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken: and I will cast down your slain men before your idols. -And I will lay the dead carcases of the children of Israel before their idols; and I will scatter your bones round about your altars. -In all your dwellingplaces the cities shall be laid waste, and the high places shall be desolate; that your altars may be laid waste and made desolate, and your idols may be broken and cease, and your images may be cut down, and your works may be abolished. -And the slain shall fall in the midst of you, and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Yet will I leave a remnant, that ye may have some that shall escape the sword among the nations, when ye shall be scattered through the countries. -And they that escape of you shall remember me among the nations whither they shall be carried captives, because I am broken with their whorish heart, which hath departed from me, and with their eyes, which go a whoring after their idols: and they shall lothe themselves for the evils which they have committed in all their abominations. -And they shall know that I am the LORD, and that I have not said in vain that I would do this evil unto them. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Smite with thine hand, and stamp with thy foot, and say, Alas for all the evil abominations of the house of Israel! for they shall fall by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence. -He that is far off shall die of the pestilence; and he that is near shall fall by the sword; and he that remaineth and is besieged shall die by the famine: thus will I accomplish my fury upon them. -Then shall ye know that I am the LORD, when their slain men shall be among their idols round about their altars, upon every high hill, in all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree, and under every thick oak, the place where they did offer sweet savour to all their idols. -So will I stretch out my hand upon them, and make the land desolate, yea, more desolate than the wilderness toward Diblath, in all their habitations: and they shall know that I am the LORD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Also, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD unto the land of Israel; An end, the end is come upon the four corners of the land. -Now is the end come upon thee, and I will send mine anger upon thee, and will judge thee according to thy ways, and will recompense upon thee all thine abominations. -And mine eye shall not spare thee, neither will I have pity: but I will recompense thy ways upon thee, and thine abominations shall be in the midst of thee: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; An evil, an only evil, behold, is come. -An end is come, the end is come: it watcheth for thee; behold, it is come. -The morning is come unto thee, O thou that dwellest in the land: the time is come, the day of trouble is near, and not the sounding again of the mountains. -Now will I shortly pour out my fury upon thee, and accomplish mine anger upon thee: and I will judge thee according to thy ways, and will recompense thee for all thine abominations. -And mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity: I will recompense thee according to thy ways and thine abominations that are in the midst of thee; and ye shall know that I am the LORD that smiteth. -Behold the day, behold, it is come: the morning is gone forth; the rod hath blossomed, pride hath budded. -Violence is risen up into a rod of wickedness: none of them shall remain, nor of their multitude, nor of any of their's: neither shall there be wailing for them. -The time is come, the day draweth near: let not the buyer rejoice, nor the seller mourn: for wrath is upon all the multitude thereof. -For the seller shall not return to that which is sold, although they were yet alive: for the vision is touching the whole multitude thereof, which shall not return; neither shall any strengthen himself in the iniquity of his life. -They have blown the trumpet, even to make all ready; but none goeth to the battle: for my wrath is upon all the multitude thereof. -The sword is without, and the pestilence and the famine within: he that is in the field shall die with the sword; and he that is in the city, famine and pestilence shall devour him. -But they that escape of them shall escape, and shall be on the mountains like doves of the valleys, all of them mourning, every one for his iniquity. -All hands shall be feeble, and all knees shall be weak as water. -They shall also gird themselves with sackcloth, and horror shall cover them; and shame shall be upon all faces, and baldness upon all their heads. -They shall cast their silver in the streets, and their gold shall be removed: their silver and their gold shall not be able to deliver them in the day of the wrath of the LORD: they shall not satisfy their souls, neither fill their bowels: because it is the stumblingblock of their iniquity. -As for the beauty of his ornament, he set it in majesty: but they made the images of their abominations and of their detestable things therein: therefore have I set it far from them. -And I will give it into the hands of the strangers for a prey, and to the wicked of the earth for a spoil; and they shall pollute it. -My face will I turn also from them, and they shall pollute my secret place: for the robbers shall enter into it, and defile it. -Make a chain: for the land is full of bloody crimes, and the city is full of violence. -Wherefore I will bring the worst of the heathen, and they shall possess their houses: I will also make the pomp of the strong to cease; and their holy places shall be defiled. -Destruction cometh; and they shall seek peace, and there shall be none. -Mischief shall come upon mischief, and rumour shall be upon rumour; then shall they seek a vision of the prophet; but the law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients. -The king shall mourn, and the prince shall be clothed with desolation, and the hands of the people of the land shall be troubled: I will do unto them after their way, and according to their deserts will I judge them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I sat in mine house, and the elders of Judah sat before me, that the hand of the Lord GOD fell there upon me. -Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins even downward, fire; and from his loins even upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of amber. -And he put forth the form of an hand, and took me by a lock of mine head; and the spirit lifted me up between the earth and the heaven, and brought me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door of the inner gate that looketh toward the north; where was the seat of the image of jealousy, which provoketh to jealousy. -And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel was there, according to the vision that I saw in the plain. -Then said he unto me, Son of man, lift up thine eyes now the way toward the north. So I lifted up mine eyes the way toward the north, and behold northward at the gate of the altar this image of jealousy in the entry. -He said furthermore unto me, Son of man, seest thou what they do? even the great abominations that the house of Israel committeth here, that I should go far off from my sanctuary? but turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations. -And he brought me to the door of the court; and when I looked, behold a hole in the wall. -Then said he unto me, Son of man, dig now in the wall: and when I had digged in the wall, behold a door. -And he said unto me, Go in, and behold the wicked abominations that they do here. -So I went in and saw; and behold every form of creeping things, and abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, pourtrayed upon the wall round about. -And there stood before them seventy men of the ancients of the house of Israel, and in the midst of them stood Jaazaniah the son of Shaphan, with every man his censer in his hand; and a thick cloud of incense went up. -Then said he unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen what the ancients of the house of Israel do in the dark, every man in the chambers of his imagery? for they say, the LORD seeth us not; the LORD hath forsaken the earth. -He said also unto me, Turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations that they do. -Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the LORD's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz. -Then said he unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations than these. -And he brought me into the inner court of the LORD's house, and, behold, at the door of the temple of the LORD, between the porch and the altar, were about five and twenty men, with their backs toward the temple of the LORD, and their faces toward the east; and they worshipped the sun toward the east. -Then he said unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? Is it a light thing to the house of Judah that they commit the abominations which they commit here? for they have filled the land with violence, and have returned to provoke me to anger: and, lo, they put the branch to their nose. -Therefore will I also deal in fury: mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity: and though they cry in mine ears with a loud voice, yet will I not hear them. -He cried also in mine ears with a loud voice, saying, Cause them that have charge over the city to draw near, even every man with his destroying weapon in his hand. -And, behold, six men came from the way of the higher gate, which lieth toward the north, and every man a slaughter weapon in his hand; and one man among them was clothed with linen, with a writer's inkhorn by his side: and they went in, and stood beside the brasen altar. -And the glory of the God of Israel was gone up from the cherub, whereupon he was, to the threshold of the house. And he called to the man clothed with linen, which had the writer's inkhorn by his side; -And the LORD said unto him, Go through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof. -And to the others he said in mine hearing, Go ye after him through the city, and smite: let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity: -Slay utterly old and young, both maids, and little children, and women: but come not near any man upon whom is the mark; and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the ancient men which were before the house. -And he said unto them, Defile the house, and fill the courts with the slain: go ye forth. And they went forth, and slew in the city. -And it came to pass, while they were slaying them, and I was left, that I fell upon my face, and cried, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou destroy all the residue of Israel in thy pouring out of thy fury upon Jerusalem? -Then said he unto me, The iniquity of the house of Israel and Judah is exceeding great, and the land is full of blood, and the city full of perverseness: for they say, The LORD hath forsaken the earth, and the LORD seeth not. -And as for me also, mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity, but I will recompense their way upon their head. -And, behold, the man clothed with linen, which had the inkhorn by his side, reported the matter, saying, I have done as thou hast commanded me. -Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. -And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight. -Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court. -Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD's glory. -And the sound of the cherubims' wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh. -And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels. -And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out. -And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man's hand under their wings. -And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wheels was as the colour of a beryl stone. -And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel. -When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went. -And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had. -As for the wheels, it was cried unto them in my hearing, O wheel. -And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle. -And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar. -And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them. -When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them. -Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubims. -And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD's house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above. -This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubims. -Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings. -And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward. -Moreover the spirit lifted me up, and brought me unto the east gate of the LORD's house, which looketh eastward: and behold at the door of the gate five and twenty men; among whom I saw Jaazaniah the son of Azur, and Pelatiah the son of Benaiah, princes of the people. -Then said he unto me, Son of man, these are the men that devise mischief, and give wicked counsel in this city: -Which say, It is not near; let us build houses: this city is the caldron, and we be the flesh. -Therefore prophesy against them, prophesy, O son of man. -And the Spirit of the LORD fell upon me, and said unto me, Speak; Thus saith the LORD; Thus have ye said, O house of Israel: for I know the things that come into your mind, every one of them. -Ye have multiplied your slain in this city, and ye have filled the streets thereof with the slain. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Your slain whom ye have laid in the midst of it, they are the flesh, and this city is the caldron: but I will bring you forth out of the midst of it. -Ye have feared the sword; and I will bring a sword upon you, saith the Lord GOD. -And I will bring you out of the midst thereof, and deliver you into the hands of strangers, and will execute judgments among you. -Ye shall fall by the sword; I will judge you in the border of Israel; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -This city shall not be your caldron, neither shall ye be the flesh in the midst thereof; but I will judge you in the border of Israel: -And ye shall know that I am the LORD: for ye have not walked in my statutes, neither executed my judgments, but have done after the manners of the heathen that are round about you. -And it came to pass, when I prophesied, that Pelatiah the son of Benaiah died. Then fell I down upon my face, and cried with a loud voice, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou make a full end of the remnant of Israel? -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, thy brethren, even thy brethren, the men of thy kindred, and all the house of Israel wholly, are they unto whom the inhabitants of Jerusalem have said, Get you far from the LORD: unto us is this land given in possession. -Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Although I have cast them far off among the heathen, and although I have scattered them among the countries, yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary in the countries where they shall come. -Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even gather you from the people, and assemble you out of the countries where ye have been scattered, and I will give you the land of Israel. -And they shall come thither, and they shall take away all the detestable things thereof and all the abominations thereof from thence. -And I will give them one heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take the stony heart out of their flesh, and will give them an heart of flesh: -That they may walk in my statutes, and keep mine ordinances, and do them: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God. -But as for them whose heart walketh after the heart of their detestable things and their abominations, I will recompense their way upon their own heads, saith the Lord GOD. -Then did the cherubims lift up their wings, and the wheels beside them; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above. -And the glory of the LORD went up from the midst of the city, and stood upon the mountain which is on the east side of the city. -Afterwards the spirit took me up, and brought me in a vision by the Spirit of God into Chaldea, to them of the captivity. So the vision that I had seen went up from me. -Then I spake unto them of the captivity all the things that the LORD had shewed me. -The word of the LORD also came unto me, saying, -Son of man, thou dwellest in the midst of a rebellious house, which have eyes to see, and see not; they have ears to hear, and hear not: for they are a rebellious house. -Therefore, thou son of man, prepare thee stuff for removing, and remove by day in their sight; and thou shalt remove from thy place to another place in their sight: it may be they will consider, though they be a rebellious house. -Then shalt thou bring forth thy stuff by day in their sight, as stuff for removing: and thou shalt go forth at even in their sight, as they that go forth into captivity. -Dig thou through the wall in their sight, and carry out thereby. -In their sight shalt thou bear it upon thy shoulders, and carry it forth in the twilight: thou shalt cover thy face, that thou see not the ground: for I have set thee for a sign unto the house of Israel. -And I did so as I was commanded: I brought forth my stuff by day, as stuff for captivity, and in the even I digged through the wall with mine hand; I brought it forth in the twilight, and I bare it upon my shoulder in their sight. -And in the morning came the word of the LORD unto me, saying, -Son of man, hath not the house of Israel, the rebellious house, said unto thee, What doest thou? -Say thou unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; This burden concerneth the prince in Jerusalem, and all the house of Israel that are among them. -Say, I am your sign: like as I have done, so shall it be done unto them: they shall remove and go into captivity. -And the prince that is among them shall bear upon his shoulder in the twilight, and shall go forth: they shall dig through the wall to carry out thereby: he shall cover his face, that he see not the ground with his eyes. -My net also will I spread upon him, and he shall be taken in my snare: and I will bring him to Babylon to the land of the Chaldeans; yet shall he not see it, though he shall die there. -And I will scatter toward every wind all that are about him to help him, and all his bands; and I will draw out the sword after them. -And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall scatter them among the nations, and disperse them in the countries. -But I will leave a few men of them from the sword, from the famine, and from the pestilence; that they may declare all their abominations among the heathen whither they come; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, -Son of man, eat thy bread with quaking, and drink thy water with trembling and with carefulness; -And say unto the people of the land, Thus saith the Lord GOD of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and of the land of Israel; They shall eat their bread with carefulness, and drink their water with astonishment, that her land may be desolate from all that is therein, because of the violence of all them that dwell therein. -And the cities that are inhabited shall be laid waste, and the land shall be desolate; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, what is that proverb that ye have in the land of Israel, saying, The days are prolonged, and every vision faileth? -Tell them therefore, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will make this proverb to cease, and they shall no more use it as a proverb in Israel; but say unto them, The days are at hand, and the effect of every vision. -For there shall be no more any vain vision nor flattering divination within the house of Israel. -For I am the LORD: I will speak, and the word that I shall speak shall come to pass; it shall be no more prolonged: for in your days, O rebellious house, will I say the word, and will perform it, saith the Lord GOD. -Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying. -Son of man, behold, they of the house of Israel say, The vision that he seeth is for many days to come, and he prophesieth of the times that are far off. -Therefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; There shall none of my words be prolonged any more, but the word which I have spoken shall be done, saith the Lord GOD. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, prophesy against the prophets of Israel that prophesy, and say thou unto them that prophesy out of their own hearts, Hear ye the word of the LORD; -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe unto the foolish prophets, that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing! -O Israel, thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts. -Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for the house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the LORD. -They have seen vanity and lying divination, saying, The LORD saith: and the LORD hath not sent them: and they have made others to hope that they would confirm the word. -Have ye not seen a vain vision, and have ye not spoken a lying divination, whereas ye say, The LORD saith it; albeit I have not spoken? -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have spoken vanity, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, saith the Lord GOD. -And mine hand shall be upon the prophets that see vanity, and that divine lies: they shall not be in the assembly of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. -Because, even because they have seduced my people, saying, Peace; and there was no peace; and one built up a wall, and, lo, others daubed it with untempered morter: -Say unto them which daub it with untempered morter, that it shall fall: there shall be an overflowing shower; and ye, O great hailstones, shall fall; and a stormy wind shall rend it. -Lo, when the wall is fallen, shall it not be said unto you, Where is the daubing wherewith ye have daubed it? -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even rend it with a stormy wind in my fury; and there shall be an overflowing shower in mine anger, and great hailstones in my fury to consume it. -So will I break down the wall that ye have daubed with untempered morter, and bring it down to the ground, so that the foundation thereof shall be discovered, and it shall fall, and ye shall be consumed in the midst thereof: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Thus will I accomplish my wrath upon the wall, and upon them that have daubed it with untempered morter, and will say unto you, The wall is no more, neither they that daubed it; -To wit, the prophets of Israel which prophesy concerning Jerusalem, and which see visions of peace for her, and there is no peace, saith the Lord GOD. -Likewise, thou son of man, set thy face against the daughters of thy people, which prophesy out of their own heart; and prophesy thou against them, -And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the women that sew pillows to all armholes, and make kerchiefs upon the head of every stature to hunt souls! Will ye hunt the souls of my people, and will ye save the souls alive that come unto you? -And will ye pollute me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to slay the souls that should not die, and to save the souls alive that should not live, by your lying to my people that hear your lies? -Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against your pillows, wherewith ye there hunt the souls to make them fly, and I will tear them from your arms, and will let the souls go, even the souls that ye hunt to make them fly. -Your kerchiefs also will I tear, and deliver my people out of your hand, and they shall be no more in your hand to be hunted; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Because with lies ye have made the heart of the righteous sad, whom I have not made sad; and strengthened the hands of the wicked, that he should not return from his wicked way, by promising him life: -Therefore ye shall see no more vanity, nor divine divinations: for I will deliver my people out of your hand: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Then came certain of the elders of Israel unto me, and sat before me. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, these men have set up their idols in their heart, and put the stumblingblock of their iniquity before their face: should I be enquired of at all by them? -Therefore speak unto them, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Every man of the house of Israel that setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to the prophet; I the LORD will answer him that cometh according to the multitude of his idols; -That I may take the house of Israel in their own heart, because they are all estranged from me through their idols. -Therefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Repent, and turn yourselves from your idols; and turn away your faces from all your abominations. -For every one of the house of Israel, or of the stranger that sojourneth in Israel, which separateth himself from me, and setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to a prophet to enquire of him concerning me; I the LORD will answer him by myself: -And I will set my face against that man, and will make him a sign and a proverb, and I will cut him off from the midst of my people; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the LORD have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon him, and will destroy him from the midst of my people Israel. -And they shall bear the punishment of their iniquity: the punishment of the prophet shall be even as the punishment of him that seeketh unto him; -That the house of Israel may go no more astray from me, neither be polluted any more with all their transgressions; but that they may be my people, and I may be their God, saith the Lord GOD. -The word of the LORD came again to me, saying, -Son of man, when the land sinneth against me by trespassing grievously, then will I stretch out mine hand upon it, and will break the staff of the bread thereof, and will send famine upon it, and will cut off man and beast from it: -Though these three men, Noah, Daniel, and Job, were in it, they should deliver but their own souls by their righteousness, saith the Lord GOD. -If I cause noisome beasts to pass through the land, and they spoil it, so that it be desolate, that no man may pass through because of the beasts: -Though these three men were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters; they only shall be delivered, but the land shall be desolate. -Or if I bring a sword upon that land, and say, Sword, go through the land; so that I cut off man and beast from it: -Though these three men were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters, but they only shall be delivered themselves. -Or if I send a pestilence into that land, and pour out my fury upon it in blood, to cut off from it man and beast: -Though Noah, Daniel, and Job were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither son nor daughter; they shall but deliver their own souls by their righteousness. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; How much more when I send my four sore judgments upon Jerusalem, the sword, and the famine, and the noisome beast, and the pestilence, to cut off from it man and beast? -Yet, behold, therein shall be left a remnant that shall be brought forth, both sons and daughters: behold, they shall come forth unto you, and ye shall see their way and their doings: and ye shall be comforted concerning the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, even concerning all that I have brought upon it. -And they shall comfort you, when ye see their ways and their doings: and ye shall know that I have not done without cause all that I have done in it, saith the Lord GOD. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, what is the vine tree more than any tree, or than a branch which is among the trees of the forest? -Shall wood be taken thereof to do any work? or will men take a pin of it to hang any vessel thereon? -Behold, it is cast into the fire for fuel; the fire devoureth both the ends of it, and the midst of it is burned. Is it meet for any work? -Behold, when it was whole, it was meet for no work: how much less shall it be meet yet for any work, when the fire hath devoured it, and it is burned? -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As the vine tree among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so will I give the inhabitants of Jerusalem. -And I will set my face against them; they shall go out from one fire, and another fire shall devour them; and ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I set my face against them. -And I will make the land desolate, because they have committed a trespass, saith the Lord GOD. -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, cause Jerusalem to know her abominations, -And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto Jerusalem; Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite. -And as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all. -None eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the lothing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born. -And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live; yea, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live. -I have caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent ornaments: thy breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas thou wast naked and bare. -Now when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time was the time of love; and I spread my skirt over thee, and covered thy nakedness: yea, I sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with thee, saith the Lord GOD, and thou becamest mine. -Then washed I thee with water; yea, I throughly washed away thy blood from thee, and I anointed thee with oil. -I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers' skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with silk. -I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck. -And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head. -Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy raiment was of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work; thou didst eat fine flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou didst prosper into a kingdom. -And thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for it was perfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith the Lord GOD. -But thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by; his it was. -And of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the like things shall not come, neither shall it be so. -Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them, -And tookest thy broidered garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set mine oil and mine incense before them. -My meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey, wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet savour: and thus it was, saith the Lord GOD. -Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto them to be devoured. Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter, -That thou hast slain my children, and delivered them to cause them to pass through the fire for them? -And in all thine abominations and thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood. -And it came to pass after all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto thee! saith the LORD GOD;) -That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street. -Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms. -Thou hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh; and hast increased thy whoredoms, to provoke me to anger. -Behold, therefore I have stretched out my hand over thee, and have diminished thine ordinary food, and delivered thee unto the will of them that hate thee, the daughters of the Philistines, which are ashamed of thy lewd way. -Thou hast played the whore also with the Assyrians, because thou wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet couldest not be satisfied. -Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied therewith. -How weak is thine heart, saith the LORD GOD, seeing thou doest all these things, the work of an imperious whorish woman; -In that thou buildest thine eminent place in the head of every way, and makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire; -But as a wife that committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband! -They give gifts to all whores: but thou givest thy gifts to all thy lovers, and hirest them, that they may come unto thee on every side for thy whoredom. -And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee, therefore thou art contrary. -Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the LORD: -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them; -Behold, therefore I will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness. -And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy. -And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels, and leave thee naked and bare. -They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords. -And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more. -So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry. -Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD: and thou shalt not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations. -Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter. -Thou art thy mother's daughter, that lotheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which lothed their husbands and their children: your mother was an Hittite, and your father an Amorite. -And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters. -Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their abominations: but, as if that were a very little thing, thou wast corrupted more than they in all thy ways. -As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters. -Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. -And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good. -Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done. -Thou also, which hast judged thy sisters, bear thine own shame for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they are more righteous than thou: yea, be thou confounded also, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters. -When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, then will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of them: -That thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto them. -When thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate. -For thy sister Sodom was not mentioned by thy mouth in the day of thy pride, -Before thy wickedness was discovered, as at the time of thy reproach of the daughters of Syria, and all that are round about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which despise thee round about. -Thou hast borne thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the LORD. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even deal with thee as thou hast done, which hast despised the oath in breaking the covenant. -Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant. -Then thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will give them unto thee for daughters, but not by thy covenant. -And I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD: -That thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame, when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord GOD. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, put forth a riddle, and speak a parable unto the house of Israel; -And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; A great eagle with great wings, longwinged, full of feathers, which had divers colours, came unto Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar: -He cropped off the top of his young twigs, and carried it into a land of traffick; he set it in a city of merchants. -He took also of the seed of the land, and planted it in a fruitful field; he placed it by great waters, and set it as a willow tree. -And it grew, and became a spreading vine of low stature, whose branches turned toward him, and the roots thereof were under him: so it became a vine, and brought forth branches, and shot forth sprigs. -There was also another great eagle with great wings and many feathers: and, behold, this vine did bend her roots toward him, and shot forth her branches toward him, that he might water it by the furrows of her plantation. -It was planted in a good soil by great waters, that it might bring forth branches, and that it might bear fruit, that it might be a goodly vine. -Say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Shall it prosper? shall he not pull up the roots thereof, and cut off the fruit thereof, that it wither? it shall wither in all the leaves of her spring, even without great power or many people to pluck it up by the roots thereof. -Yea, behold, being planted, shall it prosper? shall it not utterly wither, when the east wind toucheth it? it shall wither in the furrows where it grew. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Say now to the rebellious house, Know ye not what these things mean? tell them, Behold, the king of Babylon is come to Jerusalem, and hath taken the king thereof, and the princes thereof, and led them with him to Babylon; -And hath taken of the king's seed, and made a covenant with him, and hath taken an oath of him: he hath also taken the mighty of the land: -That the kingdom might be base, that it might not lift itself up, but that by keeping of his covenant it might stand. -But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadors into Egypt, that they might give him horses and much people. Shall he prosper? shall he escape that doeth such things? or shall he break the covenant, and be delivered? -As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely in the place where the king dwelleth that made him king, whose oath he despised, and whose covenant he brake, even with him in the midst of Babylon he shall die. -Neither shall Pharaoh with his mighty army and great company make for him in the war, by casting up mounts, and building forts, to cut off many persons: -Seeing he despised the oath by breaking the covenant, when, lo, he had given his hand, and hath done all these things, he shall not escape. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As I live, surely mine oath that he hath despised, and my covenant that he hath broken, even it will I recompense upon his own head. -And I will spread my net upon him, and he shall be taken in my snare, and I will bring him to Babylon, and will plead with him there for his trespass that he hath trespassed against me. -And all his fugitives with all his bands shall fall by the sword, and they that remain shall be scattered toward all winds: and ye shall know that I the LORD have spoken it. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also take of the highest branch of the high cedar, and will set it; I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one, and will plant it upon an high mountain and eminent: -In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plant it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell. -And all the trees of the field shall know that I the LORD have brought down the high tree, have exalted the low tree, have dried up the green tree, and have made the dry tree to flourish: I the LORD have spoken and have done it. -The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, -What mean ye, that ye use this proverb concerning the land of Israel, saying, The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge? -As I live, saith the Lord GOD, ye shall not have occasion any more to use this proverb in Israel. -Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die. -But if a man be just, and do that which is lawful and right, -And hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, neither hath defiled his neighbour's wife, neither hath come near to a menstruous woman, -And hath not oppressed any, but hath restored to the debtor his pledge, hath spoiled none by violence, hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment; -He that hath not given forth upon usury, neither hath taken any increase, that hath withdrawn his hand from iniquity, hath executed true judgment between man and man, -Hath walked in my statutes, and hath kept my judgments, to deal truly; he is just, he shall surely live, saith the Lord GOD. -If he beget a son that is a robber, a shedder of blood, and that doeth the like to any one of these things, -And that doeth not any of those duties, but even hath eaten upon the mountains, and defiled his neighbour's wife, -Hath oppressed the poor and needy, hath spoiled by violence, hath not restored the pledge, and hath lifted up his eyes to the idols, hath committed abomination, -Hath given forth upon usury, and hath taken increase: shall he then live? he shall not live: he hath done all these abominations; he shall surely die; his blood shall be upon him. -Now, lo, if he beget a son, that seeth all his father's sins which he hath done, and considereth, and doeth not such like, -That hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, hath not defiled his neighbour's wife, -Neither hath oppressed any, hath not withholden the pledge, neither hath spoiled by violence, but hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment, -That hath taken off his hand from the poor, that hath not received usury nor increase, hath executed my judgments, hath walked in my statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely live. -As for his father, because he cruelly oppressed, spoiled his brother by violence, and did that which is not good among his people, lo, even he shall die in his iniquity. -Yet say ye, Why? doth not the son bear the iniquity of the father? When the son hath done that which is lawful and right, and hath kept all my statutes, and hath done them, he shall surely live. -The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him. -But if the wicked will turn from all his sins that he hath committed, and keep all my statutes, and do that which is lawful and right, he shall surely live, he shall not die. -All his transgressions that he hath committed, they shall not be mentioned unto him: in his righteousness that he hath done he shall live. -Have I any pleasure at all that the wicked should die? saith the Lord GOD: and not that he should return from his ways, and live? -But when the righteous turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and doeth according to all the abominations that the wicked man doeth, shall he live? All his righteousness that he hath done shall not be mentioned: in his trespass that he hath trespassed, and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die. -Yet ye say, The way of the LORD is not equal. Hear now, O house of Israel; Is not my way equal? are not your ways unequal? -When a righteous man turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and dieth in them; for his iniquity that he hath done shall he die. -Again, when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness that he hath committed, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive. -Because he considereth, and turneth away from all his transgressions that he hath committed, he shall surely live, he shall not die. -Yet saith the house of Israel, The way of the LORD is not equal. O house of Israel, are not my ways equal? are not your ways unequal? -Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, every one according to his ways, saith the Lord GOD. Repent, and turn yourselves from all your transgressions; so iniquity shall not be your ruin. -Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit: for why will ye die, O house of Israel? -For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord GOD: wherefore turn yourselves, and live ye. -Moreover take thou up a lamentation for the princes of Israel, -And say, What is thy mother? A lioness: she lay down among lions, she nourished her whelps among young lions. -And she brought up one of her whelps: it became a young lion, and it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men. -The nations also heard of him; he was taken in their pit, and they brought him with chains unto the land of Egypt. -Now when she saw that she had waited, and her hope was lost, then she took another of her whelps, and made him a young lion. -And he went up and down among the lions, he became a young lion, and learned to catch the prey, and devoured men. -And he knew their desolate palaces, and he laid waste their cities; and the land was desolate, and the fulness thereof, by the noise of his roaring. -Then the nations set against him on every side from the provinces, and spread their net over him: he was taken in their pit. -And they put him in ward in chains, and brought him to the king of Babylon: they brought him into holds, that his voice should no more be heard upon the mountains of Israel. -Thy mother is like a vine in thy blood, planted by the waters: she was fruitful and full of branches by reason of many waters. -And she had strong rods for the sceptres of them that bare rule, and her stature was exalted among the thick branches, and she appeared in her height with the multitude of her branches. -But she was plucked up in fury, she was cast down to the ground, and the east wind dried up her fruit: her strong rods were broken and withered; the fire consumed them. -And now she is planted in the wilderness, in a dry and thirsty ground. -And fire is gone out of a rod of her branches, which hath devoured her fruit, so that she hath no strong rod to be a sceptre to rule. This is a lamentation, and shall be for a lamentation. -And it came to pass in the seventh year, in the fifth month, the tenth day of the month, that certain of the elders of Israel came to enquire of the LORD, and sat before me. -Then came the word of the LORD unto me, saying, -Son of man, speak unto the elders of Israel, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Are ye come to enquire of me? As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will not be enquired of by you. -Wilt thou judge them, son of man, wilt thou judge them? cause them to know the abominations of their fathers: -And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when I chose Israel, and lifted up mine hand unto the seed of the house of Jacob, and made myself known unto them in the land of Egypt, when I lifted up mine hand unto them, saying, I am the LORD your God; -In the day that I lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands: -Then said I unto them, Cast ye away every man the abominations of his eyes, and defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. -But they rebelled against me, and would not hearken unto me: they did not every man cast away the abominations of their eyes, neither did they forsake the idols of Egypt: then I said, I will pour out my fury upon them, to accomplish my anger against them in the midst of the land of Egypt. -But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted before the heathen, among whom they were, in whose sight I made myself known unto them, in bringing them forth out of the land of Egypt. -Wherefore I caused them to go forth out of the land of Egypt, and brought them into the wilderness. -And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them. -Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the LORD that sanctify them. -But the house of Israel rebelled against me in the wilderness: they walked not in my statutes, and they despised my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them; and my sabbaths they greatly polluted: then I said, I would pour out my fury upon them in the wilderness, to consume them. -But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted before the heathen, in whose sight I brought them out. -Yet also I lifted up my hand unto them in the wilderness, that I would not bring them into the land which I had given them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands; -Because they despised my judgments, and walked not in my statutes, but polluted my sabbaths: for their heart went after their idols. -Nevertheless mine eye spared them from destroying them, neither did I make an end of them in the wilderness. -But I said unto their children in the wilderness, Walk ye not in the statutes of your fathers, neither observe their judgments, nor defile yourselves with their idols: -I am the LORD your God; walk in my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; -And hallow my sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the LORD your God. -Notwithstanding the children rebelled against me: they walked not in my statutes, neither kept my judgments to do them, which if a man do, he shall even live in them; they polluted my sabbaths: then I said, I would pour out my fury upon them, to accomplish my anger against them in the wilderness. -Nevertheless I withdrew mine hand, and wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted in the sight of the heathen, in whose sight I brought them forth. -I lifted up mine hand unto them also in the wilderness, that I would scatter them among the heathen, and disperse them through the countries; -Because they had not executed my judgments, but had despised my statutes, and had polluted my sabbaths, and their eyes were after their fathers' idols. -Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments whereby they should not live; -And I polluted them in their own gifts, in that they caused to pass through the fire all that openeth the womb, that I might make them desolate, to the end that they might know that I am the LORD. -Therefore, son of man, speak unto the house of Israel, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Yet in this your fathers have blasphemed me, in that they have committed a trespass against me. -For when I had brought them into the land, for the which I lifted up mine hand to give it to them, then they saw every high hill, and all the thick trees, and they offered there their sacrifices, and there they presented the provocation of their offering: there also they made their sweet savour, and poured out there their drink offerings. -Then I said unto them, What is the high place whereunto ye go? And the name whereof is called Bamah unto this day. -Wherefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Are ye polluted after the manner of your fathers? and commit ye whoredom after their abominations? -For when ye offer your gifts, when ye make your sons to pass through the fire, ye pollute yourselves with all your idols, even unto this day: and shall I be enquired of by you, O house of Israel? As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will not be enquired of by you. -And that which cometh into your mind shall not be at all, that ye say, We will be as the heathen, as the families of the countries, to serve wood and stone. -As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely with a mighty hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out, will I rule over you: -And I will bring you out from the people, and will gather you out of the countries wherein ye are scattered, with a mighty hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out. -And I will bring you into the wilderness of the people, and there will I plead with you face to face. -Like as I pleaded with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt, so will I plead with you, saith the Lord GOD. -And I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant: -And I will purge out from among you the rebels, and them that transgress against me: I will bring them forth out of the country where they sojourn, and they shall not enter into the land of Israel: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -As for you, O house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD; Go ye, serve ye every one his idols, and hereafter also, if ye will not hearken unto me: but pollute ye my holy name no more with your gifts, and with your idols. -For in mine holy mountain, in the mountain of the height of Israel, saith the Lord GOD, there shall all the house of Israel, all of them in the land, serve me: there will I accept them, and there will I require your offerings, and the firstfruits of your oblations, with all your holy things. -I will accept you with your sweet savour, when I bring you out from the people, and gather you out of the countries wherein ye have been scattered; and I will be sanctified in you before the heathen. -And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall bring you into the land of Israel, into the country for the which I lifted up mine hand to give it to your fathers. -And there shall ye remember your ways, and all your doings, wherein ye have been defiled; and ye shall lothe yourselves in your own sight for all your evils that ye have committed. -And ye shall know that I am the LORD when I have wrought with you for my name's sake, not according to your wicked ways, nor according to your corrupt doings, O ye house of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face toward the south, and drop thy word toward the south, and prophesy against the forest of the south field; -And say to the forest of the south, Hear the word of the LORD; Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will kindle a fire in thee, and it shall devour every green tree in thee, and every dry tree: the flaming flame shall not be quenched, and all faces from the south to the north shall be burned therein. -And all flesh shall see that I the LORD have kindled it: it shall not be quenched. -Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! they say of me, Doth he not speak parables? -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem, and drop thy word toward the holy places, and prophesy against the land of Israel, -And say to the land of Israel, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I am against thee, and will draw forth my sword out of his sheath, and will cut off from thee the righteous and the wicked. -Seeing then that I will cut off from thee the righteous and the wicked, therefore shall my sword go forth out of his sheath against all flesh from the south to the north: -That all flesh may know that I the LORD have drawn forth my sword out of his sheath: it shall not return any more. -Sigh therefore, thou son of man, with the breaking of thy loins; and with bitterness sigh before their eyes. -And it shall be, when they say unto thee, Wherefore sighest thou? that thou shalt answer, For the tidings; because it cometh: and every heart shall melt, and all hands shall be feeble, and every spirit shall faint, and all knees shall be weak as water: behold, it cometh, and shall be brought to pass, saith the Lord GOD. -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD; Say, A sword, a sword is sharpened, and also furbished: -It is sharpened to make a sore slaughter; it is furbished that it may glitter: should we then make mirth? it contemneth the rod of my son, as every tree. -And he hath given it to be furbished, that it may be handled: this sword is sharpened, and it is furbished, to give it into the hand of the slayer. -Cry and howl, son of man: for it shall be upon my people, it shall be upon all the princes of Israel: terrors by reason of the sword shall be upon my people: smite therefore upon thy thigh. -Because it is a trial, and what if the sword contemn even the rod? it shall be no more, saith the Lord GOD. -Thou therefore, son of man, prophesy, and smite thine hands together. and let the sword be doubled the third time, the sword of the slain: it is the sword of the great men that are slain, which entereth into their privy chambers. -I have set the point of the sword against all their gates, that their heart may faint, and their ruins be multiplied: ah! it is made bright, it is wrapped up for the slaughter. -Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the left, whithersoever thy face is set. -I will also smite mine hands together, and I will cause my fury to rest: I the LORD have said it. -The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, -Also, thou son of man, appoint thee two ways, that the sword of the king of Babylon may come: both twain shall come forth out of one land: and choose thou a place, choose it at the head of the way to the city. -Appoint a way, that the sword may come to Rabbath of the Ammonites, and to Judah in Jerusalem the defenced. -For the king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination: he made his arrows bright, he consulted with images, he looked in the liver. -At his right hand was the divination for Jerusalem, to appoint captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering rams against the gates, to cast a mount, and to build a fort. -And it shall be unto them as a false divination in their sight, to them that have sworn oaths: but he will call to remembrance the iniquity, that they may be taken. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have made your iniquity to be remembered, in that your transgressions are discovered, so that in all your doings your sins do appear; because, I say, that ye are come to remembrance, ye shall be taken with the hand. -And thou, profane wicked prince of Israel, whose day is come, when iniquity shall have an end, -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Remove the diadem, and take off the crown: this shall not be the same: exalt him that is low, and abase him that is high. -I will overturn, overturn, overturn, it: and it shall be no more, until he come whose right it is; and I will give it him. -And thou, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say thou, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is furbished, to consume because of the glittering: -Whiles they see vanity unto thee, whiles they divine a lie unto thee, to bring thee upon the necks of them that are slain, of the wicked, whose day is come, when their iniquity shall have an end. -Shall I cause it to return into his sheath? I will judge thee in the place where thou wast created, in the land of thy nativity. -And I will pour out mine indignation upon thee, I will blow against thee in the fire of my wrath, and deliver thee into the hand of brutish men, and skilful to destroy. -Thou shalt be for fuel to the fire; thy blood shall be in the midst of the land; thou shalt be no more remembered: for I the LORD have spoken it. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Now, thou son of man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city? yea, thou shalt shew her all her abominations. -Then say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD, The city sheddeth blood in the midst of it, that her time may come, and maketh idols against herself to defile herself. -Thou art become guilty in thy blood that thou hast shed; and hast defiled thyself in thine idols which thou hast made; and thou hast caused thy days to draw near, and art come even unto thy years: therefore have I made thee a reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking to all countries. -Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall mock thee, which art infamous and much vexed. -Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their power to shed blood. -In thee have they set light by father and mother: in the midst of thee have they dealt by oppression with the stranger: in thee have they vexed the fatherless and the widow. -Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my sabbaths. -In thee are men that carry tales to shed blood: and in thee they eat upon the mountains: in the midst of thee they commit lewdness. -In thee have they discovered their fathers' nakedness: in thee have they humbled her that was set apart for pollution. -And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife; and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law; and another in thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter. -In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord GOD. -Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee. -Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the days that I shall deal with thee? I the LORD have spoken it, and will do it. -And I will scatter thee among the heathen, and disperse thee in the countries, and will consume thy filthiness out of thee. -And thou shalt take thine inheritance in thyself in the sight of the heathen, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye are all become dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of Jerusalem. -As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it; so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave you there, and melt you. -Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst therof. -As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, say unto her, Thou art the land that is not cleansed, nor rained upon in the day of indignation. -There is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls; they have taken the treasure and precious things; they have made her many widows in the midst thereof. -Her priests have violated my law, and have profaned mine holy things: they have put no difference between the holy and profane, neither have they shewed difference between the unclean and the clean, and have hid their eyes from my sabbaths, and I am profaned among them. -Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain. -And her prophets have daubed them with untempered morter, seeing vanity, and divining lies unto them, saying, Thus saith the Lord GOD, when the LORD hath not spoken. -The people of the land have used oppression, and exercised robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed the stranger wrongfully. -And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but I found none. -Therefore have I poured out mine indignation upon them; I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath: their own way have I recompensed upon their heads, saith the Lord GOD. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother: -And they committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth: there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of their virginity. -And the names of them were Aholah the elder, and Aholibah her sister: and they were mine, and they bare sons and daughters. Thus were their names; Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah. -And Aholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbours, -Which were clothed with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses. -Thus she committed her whoredoms with them, with all them that were the chosen men of Assyria, and with all on whom she doted: with all their idols she defiled herself. -Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt: for in her youth they lay with her, and they bruised the breasts of her virginity, and poured their whoredom upon her. -Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted. -These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters, and slew her with the sword: and she became famous among women; for they had executed judgment upon her. -And when her sister Aholibah saw this, she was more corrupt in her inordinate love than she, and in her whoredoms more than her sister in her whoredoms. -She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men. -Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way, -And that she increased her whoredoms: for when she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion, -Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to, after the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity: -And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them, and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea. -And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and her mind was alienated from them. -So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister. -Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt. -For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses. -Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in bruising thy teats by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth. -Therefore, O Aholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy mind is alienated, and I will bring them against thee on every side; -The Babylonians, and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them: all of them desirable young men, captains and rulers, great lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses. -And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and wheels, and with an assembly of people, which shall set against thee buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will set judgment before them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments. -And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal furiously with thee: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and thy remnant shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire. -They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels. -Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy whoredom brought from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated: -And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare: and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. -I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their idols. -Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give her cup into thine hand. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it containeth much. -Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria. -Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out, and thou shalt break the sherds thereof, and pluck off thine own breasts: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. -The LORD said moreover unto me; Son of man, wilt thou judge Aholah and Aholibah? yea, declare unto them their abominations; -That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and with their idols have they committed adultery, and have also caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire, to devour them. -Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths. -For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house. -And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far, unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments, -And satest upon a stately bed, and a table prepared before it, whereupon thou hast set mine incense and mine oil. -And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness, which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads. -Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, Will they now commit whoredoms with her, and she with them? -Yet they went in unto her, as they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot: so went they in unto Aholah and unto Aholibah, the lewd women. -And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will bring up a company upon them, and will give them to be removed and spoiled. -And the company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire. -Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness. -And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. -Again in the ninth year, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, write thee the name of the day, even of this same day: the king of Babylon set himself against Jerusalem this same day. -And utter a parable unto the rebellious house, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Set on a pot, set it on, and also pour water into it: -Gather the pieces thereof into it, even every good piece, the thigh, and the shoulder; fill it with the choice bones. -Take the choice of the flock, and burn also the bones under it, and make it boil well, and let them seethe the bones of it therein. -Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city, to the pot whose scum is therein, and whose scum is not gone out of it! bring it out piece by piece; let no lot fall upon it. -For her blood is in the midst of her; she set it upon the top of a rock; she poured it not upon the ground, to cover it with dust; -That it might cause fury to come up to take vengeance; I have set her blood upon the top of a rock, that it should not be covered. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city! I will even make the pile for fire great. -Heap on wood, kindle the fire, consume the flesh, and spice it well, and let the bones be burned. -Then set it empty upon the coals thereof, that the brass of it may be hot, and may burn, and that the filthiness of it may be molten in it, that the scum of it may be consumed. -She hath wearied herself with lies, and her great scum went not forth out of her: her scum shall be in the fire. -In thy filthiness is lewdness: because I have purged thee, and thou wast not purged, thou shalt not be purged from thy filthiness any more, till I have caused my fury to rest upon thee. -I the LORD have spoken it: it shall come to pass, and I will do it; I will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent; according to thy ways, and according to thy doings, shall they judge thee, saith the Lord GOD. -Also the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, behold, I take away from thee the desire of thine eyes with a stroke: yet neither shalt thou mourn nor weep, neither shall thy tears run down. -Forbear to cry, make no mourning for the dead, bind the tire of thine head upon thee, and put on thy shoes upon thy feet, and cover not thy lips, and eat not the bread of men. -So I spake unto the people in the morning: and at even my wife died; and I did in the morning as I was commanded. -And the people said unto me, Wilt thou not tell us what these things are to us, that thou doest so? -Then I answered them, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Speak unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will profane my sanctuary, the excellency of your strength, the desire of your eyes, and that which your soul pitieth; and your sons and your daughters whom ye have left shall fall by the sword. -And ye shall do as I have done: ye shall not cover your lips, nor eat the bread of men. -And your tires shall be upon your heads, and your shoes upon your feet: ye shall not mourn nor weep; but ye shall pine away for your iniquities, and mourn one toward another. -Thus Ezekiel is unto you a sign: according to all that he hath done shall ye do: and when this cometh, ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. -Also, thou son of man, shall it not be in the day when I take from them their strength, the joy of their glory, the desire of their eyes, and that whereupon they set their minds, their sons and their daughters, -That he that escapeth in that day shall come unto thee, to cause thee to hear it with thine ears? -In that day shall thy mouth be opened to him which is escaped, and thou shalt speak, and be no more dumb: and thou shalt be a sign unto them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face against the Ammonites, and prophesy against them; -And say unto the Ammonites, Hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou saidst, Aha, against my sanctuary, when it was profaned; and against the land of Israel, when it was desolate; and against the house of Judah, when they went into captivity; -Behold, therefore I will deliver thee to the men of the east for a possession, and they shall set their palaces in thee, and make their dwellings in thee: they shall eat thy fruit, and they shall drink thy milk. -And I will make Rabbah a stable for camels, and the Ammonites a couching place for flocks: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast clapped thine hands, and stamped with the feet, and rejoiced in heart with all thy despite against the land of Israel; -Behold, therefore I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and will deliver thee for a spoil to the heathen; and I will cut thee off from the people, and I will cause thee to perish out of the countries: I will destroy thee; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Moab and Seir do say, Behold, the house of Judah is like unto all the heathen; -Therefore, behold, I will open the side of Moab from the cities, from his cities which are on his frontiers, the glory of the country, Bethjeshimoth, Baalmeon, and Kiriathaim, -Unto the men of the east with the Ammonites, and will give them in possession, that the Ammonites may not be remembered among the nations. -And I will execute judgments upon Moab; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and hath greatly offended, and revenged himself upon them; -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also stretch out mine hand upon Edom, and will cut off man and beast from it; and I will make it desolate from Teman; and they of Dedan shall fall by the sword. -And I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel: and they shall do in Edom according to mine anger and according to my fury; and they shall know my vengeance, saith the Lord GOD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because the Philistines have dealt by revenge, and have taken vengeance with a despiteful heart, to destroy it for the old hatred; -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will stretch out mine hand upon the Philistines, and I will cut off the Cherethims, and destroy the remnant of the sea coast. -And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious rebukes; and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall lay my vengeance upon them. -And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, because that Tyrus hath said against Jerusalem, Aha, she is broken that was the gates of the people: she is turned unto me: I shall be replenished, now she is laid waste: -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Tyrus, and will cause many nations to come up against thee, as the sea causeth his waves to come up. -And they shall destroy the walls of Tyrus, and break down her towers: I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. -It shall be a place for the spreading of nets in the midst of the sea: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD: and it shall become a spoil to the nations. -And her daughters which are in the field shall be slain by the sword; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring upon Tyrus Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, a king of kings, from the north, with horses, and with chariots, and with horsemen, and companies, and much people. -He shall slay with the sword thy daughters in the field: and he shall make a fort against thee, and cast a mount against thee, and lift up the buckler against thee. -And he shall set engines of war against thy walls, and with his axes he shall break down thy towers. -By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall cover thee: thy walls shall shake at the noise of the horsemen, and of the wheels, and of the chariots, when he shall enter into thy gates, as men enter into a city wherein is made a breach. -With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down all thy streets: he shall slay thy people by the sword, and thy strong garrisons shall go down to the ground. -And they shall make a spoil of thy riches, and make a prey of thy merchandise: and they shall break down thy walls, and destroy thy pleasant houses: and they shall lay thy stones and thy timber and thy dust in the midst of the water. -And I will cause the noise of thy songs to cease; and the sound of thy harps shall be no more heard. -And I will make thee like the top of a rock: thou shalt be a place to spread nets upon; thou shalt be built no more: for I the LORD have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD to Tyrus; Shall not the isles shake at the sound of thy fall, when the wounded cry, when the slaughter is made in the midst of thee? -Then all the princes of the sea shall come down from their thrones, and lay away their robes, and put off their broidered garments: they shall clothe themselves with trembling; they shall sit upon the ground, and shall tremble at every moment, and be astonished at thee. -And they shall take up a lamentation for thee, and say to thee, How art thou destroyed, that wast inhabited of seafaring men, the renowned city, which wast strong in the sea, she and her inhabitants, which cause their terror to be on all that haunt it! -Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea shall be troubled at thy departure. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall make thee a desolate city, like the cities that are not inhabited; when I shall bring up the deep upon thee, and great waters shall cover thee; -When I shall bring thee down with them that descend into the pit, with the people of old time, and shall set thee in the low parts of the earth, in places desolate of old, with them that go down to the pit, that thou be not inhabited; and I shall set glory in the land of the living; -I will make thee a terror, and thou shalt be no more: though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith the Lord GOD. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Now, thou son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyrus; -And say unto Tyrus, O thou that art situate at the entry of the sea, which art a merchant of the people for many isles, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O Tyrus, thou hast said, I am of perfect beauty. -Thy borders are in the midst of the seas, thy builders have perfected thy beauty. -They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they have taken cedars from Lebanon to make masts for thee. -Of the oaks of Bashan have they made thine oars; the company of the Ashurites have made thy benches of ivory, brought out of the isles of Chittim. -Fine linen with broidered work from Egypt was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy sail; blue and purple from the isles of Elishah was that which covered thee. -The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mariners: thy wise men, O Tyrus, that were in thee, were thy pilots. -The ancients of Gebal and the wise men thereof were in thee thy calkers: all the ships of the sea with their mariners were in thee to occupy thy merchandise. -They of Persia and of Lud and of Phut were in thine army, thy men of war: they hanged the shield and helmet in thee; they set forth thy comeliness. -The men of Arvad with thine army were upon thy walls round about, and the Gammadims were in thy towers: they hanged their shields upon thy walls round about; they have made thy beauty perfect. -Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs. -Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were thy merchants: they traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in thy market. -They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses and horsemen and mules. -The men of Dedan were thy merchants; many isles were the merchandise of thine hand: they brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony. -Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate. -Judah, and the land of Israel, they were thy merchants: they traded in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, and oil, and balm. -Damascus was thy merchant in the multitude of the wares of thy making, for the multitude of all riches; in the wine of Helbon, and white wool. -Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market. -Dedan was thy merchant in precious clothes for chariots. -Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar, they occupied with thee in lambs, and rams, and goats: in these were they thy merchants. -The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, they were thy merchants: they occupied in thy fairs with chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold. -Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants. -These were thy merchants in all sorts of things, in blue clothes, and broidered work, and in chests of rich apparel, bound with cords, and made of cedar, among thy merchandise. -The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market: and thou wast replenished, and made very glorious in the midst of the seas. -Thy rowers have brought thee into great waters: the east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas. -Thy riches, and thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy mariners, and thy pilots, thy calkers, and the occupiers of thy merchandise, and all thy men of war, that are in thee, and in all thy company which is in the midst of thee, shall fall into the midst of the seas in the day of thy ruin. -The suburbs shall shake at the sound of the cry of thy pilots. -And all that handle the oar, the mariners, and all the pilots of the sea, shall come down from their ships, they shall stand upon the land; -And shall cause their voice to be heard against thee, and shall cry bitterly, and shall cast up dust upon their heads, they shall wallow themselves in the ashes: -And they shall make themselves utterly bald for thee, and gird them with sackcloth, and they shall weep for thee with bitterness of heart and bitter wailing. -And in their wailing they shall take up a lamentation for thee, and lament over thee, saying, What city is like Tyrus, like the destroyed in the midst of the sea? -When thy wares went forth out of the seas, thou filledst many people; thou didst enrich the kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy merchandise. -In the time when thou shalt be broken by the seas in the depths of the waters thy merchandise and all thy company in the midst of thee shall fall. -All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in their countenance. -The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee; thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt be any more. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: -Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee: -With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: -By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; -Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness. -They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas. -Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee. -Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. -Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. -Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. -Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. -By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. -Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee. -Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. -All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more. -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it, -And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her. -For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob. -And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them; and they shall know that I am the LORD their God. -In the tenth year, in the tenth month, in the twelfth day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and against all Egypt: -Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, My river is mine own, and I have made it for myself. -But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick unto thy scales. -And I will leave thee thrown into the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven. -And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I am the LORD, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel. -When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou brakest, and madest all their loins to be at a stand. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee. -And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall know that I am the LORD: because he hath said, The river is mine, and I have made it. -Behold, therefore I am against thee, and against thy rivers, and I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste and desolate, from the tower of Syene even unto the border of Ethiopia. -No foot of man shall pass through it, nor foot of beast shall pass through it, neither shall it be inhabited forty years. -And I will make the land of Egypt desolate in the midst of the countries that are desolate, and her cities among the cities that are laid waste shall be desolate forty years: and I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the countries. -Yet thus saith the Lord GOD; At the end of forty years will I gather the Egyptians from the people whither they were scattered: -And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and will cause them to return into the land of Pathros, into the land of their habitation; and they shall be there a base kingdom. -It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; neither shall it exalt itself any more above the nations: for I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations. -And it shall be no more the confidence of the house of Israel, which bringeth their iniquity to remembrance, when they shall look after them: but they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. -And it came to pass in the seven and twentieth year, in the first month, in the first day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon caused his army to serve a great service against Tyrus: every head was made bald, and every shoulder was peeled: yet had he no wages, nor his army, for Tyrus, for the service that he had served against it: -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will give the land of Egypt unto Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; and he shall take her multitude, and take her spoil, and take her prey; and it shall be the wages for his army. -I have given him the land of Egypt for his labour wherewith he served against it, because they wrought for me, saith the Lord GOD. -In that day will I cause the horn of the house of Israel to bud forth, and I will give thee the opening of the mouth in the midst of them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Howl ye, Woe worth the day! -For the day is near, even the day of the LORD is near, a cloudy day; it shall be the time of the heathen. -And the sword shall come upon Egypt, and great pain shall be in Ethiopia, when the slain shall fall in Egypt, and they shall take away her multitude, and her foundations shall be broken down. -Ethiopia, and Libya, and Lydia, and all the mingled people, and Chub, and the men of the land that is in league, shall fall with them by the sword. -Thus saith the LORD; They also that uphold Egypt shall fall; and the pride of her power shall come down: from the tower of Syene shall they fall in it by the sword, saith the Lord GOD. -And they shall be desolate in the midst of the countries that are desolate, and her cities shall be in the midst of the cities that are wasted. -And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I have set a fire in Egypt, and when all her helpers shall be destroyed. -In that day shall messengers go forth from me in ships to make the careless Ethiopians afraid, and great pain shall come upon them, as in the day of Egypt: for, lo, it cometh. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also make the multitude of Egypt to cease by the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon. -He and his people with him, the terrible of the nations, shall be brought to destroy the land: and they shall draw their swords against Egypt, and fill the land with the slain. -And I will make the rivers dry, and sell the land into the hand of the wicked: and I will make the land waste, and all that is therein, by the hand of strangers: I the LORD have spoken it. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also destroy the idols, and I will cause their images to cease out of Noph; and there shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt: and I will put a fear in the land of Egypt. -And I will make Pathros desolate, and will set fire in Zoan, and will execute judgments in No. -And I will pour my fury upon Sin, the strength of Egypt; and I will cut off the multitude of No. -And I will set fire in Egypt: Sin shall have great pain, and No shall be rent asunder, and Noph shall have distresses daily. -The young men of Aven and of Pibeseth shall fall by the sword: and these cities shall go into captivity. -At Tehaphnehes also the day shall be darkened, when I shall break there the yokes of Egypt: and the pomp of her strength shall cease in her: as for her, a cloud shall cover her, and her daughters shall go into captivity. -Thus will I execute judgments in Egypt: and they shall know that I am the LORD. -And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first month, in the seventh day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, I have broken the arm of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and, lo, it shall not be bound up to be healed, to put a roller to bind it, to make it strong to hold the sword. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and will break his arms, the strong, and that which was broken; and I will cause the sword to fall out of his hand. -And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the countries. -And I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and put my sword in his hand: but I will break Pharaoh's arms, and he shall groan before him with the groanings of a deadly wounded man. -But I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and the arms of Pharaoh shall fall down; and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall put my sword into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall stretch it out upon the land of Egypt. -And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and disperse them among the countries; and they shall know that I am the LORD. -And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the third month, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, and to his multitude; Whom art thou like in thy greatness? -Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high stature; and his top was among the thick boughs. -The waters made him great, the deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent her little rivers unto all the trees of the field. -Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became long because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth. -All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, and under his branches did all the beasts of the field bring forth their young, and under his shadow dwelt all great nations. -Thus was he fair in his greatness, in the length of his branches: for his root was by great waters. -The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were not like his branches; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in his beauty. -I have made him fair by the multitude of his branches: so that all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God, envied him. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast lifted up thyself in height, and he hath shot up his top among the thick boughs, and his heart is lifted up in his height; -I have therefore delivered him into the hand of the mighty one of the heathen; he shall surely deal with him: I have driven him out for his wickedness. -And strangers, the terrible of the nations, have cut him off, and have left him: upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs are broken by all the rivers of the land; and all the people of the earth are gone down from his shadow, and have left him. -Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven remain, and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his branches: -To the end that none of all the trees by the waters exalt themselves for their height, neither shoot up their top among the thick boughs, neither their trees stand up in their height, all that drink water: for they are all delivered unto death, to the nether parts of the earth, in the midst of the children of men, with them that go down to the pit. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field fainted for him. -I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth. -They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his shadow in the midst of the heathen. -To whom art thou thus like in glory and in greatness among the trees of Eden? yet shalt thou be brought down with the trees of Eden unto the nether parts of the earth: thou shalt lie in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD. -And it came to pass in the twelfth year, in the twelfth month, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, take up a lamentation for Pharaoh king of Egypt, and say unto him, Thou art like a young lion of the nations, and thou art as a whale in the seas: and thou camest forth with thy rivers, and troubledst the waters with thy feet, and fouledst their rivers. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will therefore spread out my net over thee with a company of many people; and they shall bring thee up in my net. -Then will I leave thee upon the land, I will cast thee forth upon the open field, and will cause all the fowls of the heaven to remain upon thee, and I will fill the beasts of the whole earth with thee. -And I will lay thy flesh upon the mountains, and fill the valleys with thy height. -I will also water with thy blood the land wherein thou swimmest, even to the mountains; and the rivers shall be full of thee. -And when I shall put thee out, I will cover the heaven, and make the stars thereof dark; I will cover the sun with a cloud, and the moon shall not give her light. -All the bright lights of heaven will I make dark over thee, and set darkness upon thy land, saith the Lord GOD. -I will also vex the hearts of many people, when I shall bring thy destruction among the nations, into the countries which thou hast not known. -Yea, I will make many people amazed at thee, and their kings shall be horribly afraid for thee, when I shall brandish my sword before them; and they shall tremble at every moment, every man for his own life, in the day of thy fall. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; The sword of the king of Babylon shall come upon thee. -By the swords of the mighty will I cause thy multitude to fall, the terrible of the nations, all of them: and they shall spoil the pomp of Egypt, and all the multitude thereof shall be destroyed. -I will destroy also all the beasts thereof from beside the great waters; neither shall the foot of man trouble them any more, nor the hoofs of beasts trouble them. -Then will I make their waters deep, and cause their rivers to run like oil, saith the Lord GOD. -When I shall make the land of Egypt desolate, and the country shall be destitute of that whereof it was full, when I shall smite all them that dwell therein, then shall they know that I am the LORD. -This is the lamentation wherewith they shall lament her: the daughters of the nations shall lament her: they shall lament for her, even for Egypt, and for all her multitude, saith the Lord GOD. -It came to pass also in the twelfth year, in the fifteenth day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, wail for the multitude of Egypt, and cast them down, even her, and the daughters of the famous nations, unto the nether parts of the earth, with them that go down into the pit. -Whom dost thou pass in beauty? go down, and be thou laid with the uncircumcised. -They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes. -The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of hell with them that help him: they are gone down, they lie uncircumcised, slain by the sword. -Asshur is there and all her company: his graves are about him: all of them slain, fallen by the sword: -Whose graves are set in the sides of the pit, and her company is round about her grave: all of them slain, fallen by the sword, which caused terror in the land of the living. -There is Elam and all her multitude round about her grave, all of them slain, fallen by the sword, which are gone down uncircumcised into the nether parts of the earth, which caused their terror in the land of the living; yet have they borne their shame with them that go down to the pit. -They have set her a bed in the midst of the slain with all her multitude: her graves are round about him: all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword: though their terror was caused in the land of the living, yet have they borne their shame with them that go down to the pit: he is put in the midst of them that be slain. -There is Meshech, Tubal, and all her multitude: her graves are round about him: all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, though they caused their terror in the land of the living. -And they shall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the uncircumcised, which are gone down to hell with their weapons of war: and they have laid their swords under their heads, but their iniquities shall be upon their bones, though they were the terror of the mighty in the land of the living. -Yea, thou shalt be broken in the midst of the uncircumcised, and shalt lie with them that are slain with the sword. -There is Edom, her kings, and all her princes, which with their might are laid by them that were slain by the sword: they shall lie with the uncircumcised, and with them that go down to the pit. -There be the princes of the north, all of them, and all the Zidonians, which are gone down with the slain; with their terror they are ashamed of their might; and they lie uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword, and bear their shame with them that go down to the pit. -Pharaoh shall see them, and shall be comforted over all his multitude, even Pharaoh and all his army slain by the sword, saith the Lord GOD. -For I have caused my terror in the land of the living: and he shall be laid in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that are slain with the sword, even Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD. -Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, speak to the children of thy people, and say unto them, When I bring the sword upon a land, if the people of the land take a man of their coasts, and set him for their watchman: -If when he seeth the sword come upon the land, he blow the trumpet, and warn the people; -Then whosoever heareth the sound of the trumpet, and taketh not warning; if the sword come, and take him away, his blood shall be upon his own head. -He heard the sound of the trumpet, and took not warning; his blood shall be upon him. But he that taketh warning shall deliver his soul. -But if the watchman see the sword come, and blow not the trumpet, and the people be not warned; if the sword come, and take any person from among them, he is taken away in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at the watchman's hand. -So thou, O son of man, I have set thee a watchman unto the house of Israel; therefore thou shalt hear the word at my mouth, and warn them from me. -When I say unto the wicked, O wicked man, thou shalt surely die; if thou dost not speak to warn the wicked from his way, that wicked man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand. -Nevertheless, if thou warn the wicked of his way to turn from it; if he do not turn from his way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered thy soul. -Therefore, O thou son of man, speak unto the house of Israel; Thus ye speak, saying, If our transgressions and our sins be upon us, and we pine away in them, how should we then live? -Say unto them, As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of Israel? -Therefore, thou son of man, say unto the children of thy people, The righteousness of the righteous shall not deliver him in the day of his transgression: as for the wickedness of the wicked, he shall not fall thereby in the day that he turneth from his wickedness; neither shall the righteous be able to live for his righteousness in the day that he sinneth. -When I shall say to the righteous, that he shall surely live; if he trust to his own righteousness, and commit iniquity, all his righteousnesses shall not be remembered; but for his iniquity that he hath committed, he shall die for it. -Again, when I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; if he turn from his sin, and do that which is lawful and right; -If the wicked restore the pledge, give again that he had robbed, walk in the statutes of life, without committing iniquity; he shall surely live, he shall not die. -None of his sins that he hath committed shall be mentioned unto him: he hath done that which is lawful and right; he shall surely live. -Yet the children of thy people say, The way of the Lord is not equal: but as for them, their way is not equal. -When the righteous turneth from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, he shall even die thereby. -But if the wicked turn from his wickedness, and do that which is lawful and right, he shall live thereby. -Yet ye say, The way of the Lord is not equal. O ye house of Israel, I will judge you every one after his ways. -And it came to pass in the twelfth year of our captivity, in the tenth month, in the fifth day of the month, that one that had escaped out of Jerusalem came unto me, saying, The city is smitten. -Now the hand of the LORD was upon me in the evening, afore he that was escaped came; and had opened my mouth, until he came to me in the morning; and my mouth was opened, and I was no more dumb. -Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, they that inhabit those wastes of the land of Israel speak, saying, Abraham was one, and he inherited the land: but we are many; the land is given us for inheritance. -Wherefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Ye eat with the blood, and lift up your eyes toward your idols, and shed blood: and shall ye possess the land? -Ye stand upon your sword, ye work abomination, and ye defile every one his neighbour's wife: and shall ye possess the land? -Say thou thus unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; As I live, surely they that are in the wastes shall fall by the sword, and him that is in the open field will I give to the beasts to be devoured, and they that be in the forts and in the caves shall die of the pestilence. -For I will lay the land most desolate, and the pomp of her strength shall cease; and the mountains of Israel shall be desolate, that none shall pass through. -Then shall they know that I am the LORD, when I have laid the land most desolate because of all their abominations which they have committed. -Also, thou son of man, the children of thy people still are talking against thee by the walls and in the doors of the houses, and speak one to another, every one to his brother, saying, Come, I pray you, and hear what is the word that cometh forth from the LORD. -And they come unto thee as the people cometh, and they sit before thee as my people, and they hear thy words, but they will not do them: for with their mouth they shew much love, but their heart goeth after their covetousness. -And, lo, thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one that hath a pleasant voice, and can play well on an instrument: for they hear thy words, but they do them not. -And when this cometh to pass, (lo, it will come,) then shall they know that a prophet hath been among them. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the shepherds; Woe be to the shepherds of Israel that do feed themselves! should not the shepherds feed the flocks? -Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed: but ye feed not the flock. -The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them. -And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they were scattered. -My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth, and none did search or seek after them. -Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; -As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat to every beast of the field, because there was no shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my flock, but the shepherds fed themselves, and fed not my flock; -Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the flock; neither shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; for I will deliver my flock from their mouth, that they may not be meat for them. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, will both search my sheep, and seek them out. -As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are scattered; so will I seek out my sheep, and will deliver them out of all places where they have been scattered in the cloudy and dark day. -And I will bring them out from the people, and gather them from the countries, and will bring them to their own land, and feed them upon the mountains of Israel by the rivers, and in all the inhabited places of the country. -I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie in a good fold, and in a fat pasture shall they feed upon the mountains of Israel. -I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith the Lord GOD. -I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick: but I will destroy the fat and the strong; I will feed them with judgment. -And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I judge between cattle and cattle, between the rams and the he goats. -Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pastures? and to have drunk of the deep waters, but ye must foul the residue with your feet? -And as for my flock, they eat that which ye have trodden with your feet; and they drink that which ye have fouled with your feet. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean cattle. -Because ye have thrust with side and with shoulder, and pushed all the diseased with your horns, till ye have scattered them abroad; -Therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a prey; and I will judge between cattle and cattle. -And I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their shepherd. -And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have spoken it. -And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out of the land: and they shall dwell safely in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods. -And I will make them and the places round about my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in his season; there shall be showers of blessing. -And the tree of the field shall yield her fruit, and the earth shall yield her increase, and they shall be safe in their land, and shall know that I am the LORD, when I have broken the bands of their yoke, and delivered them out of the hand of those that served themselves of them. -And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell safely, and none shall make them afraid. -And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall be no more consumed with hunger in the land, neither bear the shame of the heathen any more. -Thus shall they know that I the LORD their God am with them, and that they, even the house of Israel, are my people, saith the Lord GOD. -And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face against mount Seir, and prophesy against it, -And say unto it, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O mount Seir, I am against thee, and I will stretch out mine hand against thee, and I will make thee most desolate. -I will lay thy cities waste, and thou shalt be desolate, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. -Because thou hast had a perpetual hatred, and hast shed the blood of the children of Israel by the force of the sword in the time of their calamity, in the time that their iniquity had an end: -Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will prepare thee unto blood, and blood shall pursue thee: sith thou hast not hated blood, even blood shall pursue thee. -Thus will I make mount Seir most desolate, and cut off from it him that passeth out and him that returneth. -And I will fill his mountains with his slain men: in thy hills, and in thy valleys, and in all thy rivers, shall they fall that are slain with the sword. -I will make thee perpetual desolations, and thy cities shall not return: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Because thou hast said, These two nations and these two countries shall be mine, and we will possess it; whereas the LORD was there: -Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will even do according to thine anger, and according to thine envy which thou hast used out of thy hatred against them; and I will make myself known among them, when I have judged thee. -And thou shalt know that I am the LORD, and that I have heard all thy blasphemies which thou hast spoken against the mountains of Israel, saying, They are laid desolate, they are given us to consume. -Thus with your mouth ye have boasted against me, and have multiplied your words against me: I have heard them. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; When the whole earth rejoiceth, I will make thee desolate. -As thou didst rejoice at the inheritance of the house of Israel, because it was desolate, so will I do unto thee: thou shalt be desolate, O mount Seir, and all Idumea, even all of it: and they shall know that I am the LORD. -Also, thou son of man, prophesy unto the mountains of Israel, and say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the LORD: -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because the enemy hath said against you, Aha, even the ancient high places are ours in possession: -Therefore prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they have made you desolate, and swallowed you up on every side, that ye might be a possession unto the residue of the heathen, and ye are taken up in the lips of talkers, and are an infamy of the people: -Therefore, ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys, to the desolate wastes, and to the cities that are forsaken, which became a prey and derision to the residue of the heathen that are round about; -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Surely in the fire of my jealousy have I spoken against the residue of the heathen, and against all Idumea, which have appointed my land into their possession with the joy of all their heart, with despiteful minds, to cast it out for a prey. -Prophesy therefore concerning the land of Israel, and say unto the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I have spoken in my jealousy and in my fury, because ye have borne the shame of the heathen: -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I have lifted up mine hand, Surely the heathen that are about you, they shall bear their shame. -But ye, O mountains of Israel, ye shall shoot forth your branches, and yield your fruit to my people of Israel; for they are at hand to come. -For, behold, I am for you, and I will turn unto you, and ye shall be tilled and sown: -And I will multiply men upon you, all the house of Israel, even all of it: and the cities shall be inhabited, and the wastes shall be builded: -And I will multiply upon you man and beast; and they shall increase and bring fruit: and I will settle you after your old estates, and will do better unto you than at your beginnings: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -Yea, I will cause men to walk upon you, even my people Israel; and they shall possess thee, and thou shalt be their inheritance, and thou shalt no more henceforth bereave them of men. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they say unto you, Thou land devourest up men, and hast bereaved thy nations: -Therefore thou shalt devour men no more, neither bereave thy nations any more, saith the Lord GOD. -Neither will I cause men to hear in thee the shame of the heathen any more, neither shalt thou bear the reproach of the people any more, neither shalt thou cause thy nations to fall any more, saith the Lord GOD. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, when the house of Israel dwelt in their own land, they defiled it by their own way and by their doings: their way was before me as the uncleanness of a removed woman. -Wherefore I poured my fury upon them for the blood that they had shed upon the land, and for their idols wherewith they had polluted it: -And I scattered them among the heathen, and they were dispersed through the countries: according to their way and according to their doings I judged them. -And when they entered unto the heathen, whither they went, they profaned my holy name, when they said to them, These are the people of the LORD, and are gone forth out of his land. -But I had pity for mine holy name, which the house of Israel had profaned among the heathen, whither they went. -Therefore say unto the house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD; I do not this for your sakes, O house of Israel, but for mine holy name's sake, which ye have profaned among the heathen, whither ye went. -And I will sanctify my great name, which was profaned among the heathen, which ye have profaned in the midst of them; and the heathen shall know that I am the LORD, saith the Lord GOD, when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes. -For I will take you from among the heathen, and gather you out of all countries, and will bring you into your own land. -Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean: from all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you. -A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh. -And I will put my spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments, and do them. -And ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; and ye shall be my people, and I will be your God. -I will also save you from all your uncleannesses: and I will call for the corn, and will increase it, and lay no famine upon you. -And I will multiply the fruit of the tree, and the increase of the field, that ye shall receive no more reproach of famine among the heathen. -Then shall ye remember your own evil ways, and your doings that were not good, and shall lothe yourselves in your own sight for your iniquities and for your abominations. -Not for your sakes do I this, saith the Lord GOD, be it known unto you: be ashamed and confounded for your own ways, O house of Israel. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day that I shall have cleansed you from all your iniquities I will also cause you to dwell in the cities, and the wastes shall be builded. -And the desolate land shall be tilled, whereas it lay desolate in the sight of all that passed by. -And they shall say, This land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are become fenced, and are inhabited. -Then the heathen that are left round about you shall know that I the LORD build the ruined places, and plant that that was desolate: I the LORD have spoken it, and I will do it. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will yet for this be enquired of by the house of Israel, to do it for them; I will increase them with men like a flock. -As the holy flock, as the flock of Jerusalem in her solemn feasts; so shall the waste cities be filled with flocks of men: and they shall know that I am the LORD. -The hand of the LORD was upon me, and carried me out in the spirit of the LORD, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones, -And caused me to pass by them round about: and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, lo, they were very dry. -And he said unto me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I answered, O Lord GOD, thou knowest. -Again he said unto me, Prophesy upon these bones, and say unto them, O ye dry bones, hear the word of the LORD. -Thus saith the Lord GOD unto these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live: -And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. -So I prophesied as I was commanded: and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and behold a shaking, and the bones came together, bone to his bone. -And when I beheld, lo, the sinews and the flesh came up upon them, and the skin covered them above: but there was no breath in them. -Then said he unto me, Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of man, and say to the wind, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live. -So I prophesied as he commanded me, and the breath came into them, and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, an exceeding great army. -Then he said unto me, Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost: we are cut off for our parts. -Therefore prophesy and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O my people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up out of your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel. -And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I have opened your graves, O my people, and brought you up out of your graves, -And shall put my spirit in you, and ye shall live, and I shall place you in your own land: then shall ye know that I the LORD have spoken it, and performed it, saith the LORD. -The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, -Moreover, thou son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim and for all the house of Israel his companions: -And join them one to another into one stick; and they shall become one in thine hand. -And when the children of thy people shall speak unto thee, saying, Wilt thou not shew us what thou meanest by these? -Say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand. -And the sticks whereon thou writest shall be in thine hand before their eyes. -And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the children of Israel from among the heathen, whither they be gone, and will gather them on every side, and bring them into their own land: -And I will make them one nation in the land upon the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king to them all: and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more at all. -Neither shall they defile themselves any more with their idols, nor with their detestable things, nor with any of their transgressions: but I will save them out of all their dwellingplaces, wherein they have sinned, and will cleanse them: so shall they be my people, and I will be their God. -And David my servant shall be king over them; and they all shall have one shepherd: they shall also walk in my judgments, and observe my statutes, and do them. -And they shall dwell in the land that I have given unto Jacob my servant, wherein your fathers have dwelt; and they shall dwell therein, even they, and their children, and their children's children for ever: and my servant David shall be their prince for ever. -Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be an everlasting covenant with them: and I will place them, and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore. -My tabernacle also shall be with them: yea, I will be their God, and they shall be my people. -And the heathen shall know that I the LORD do sanctify Israel, when my sanctuary shall be in the midst of them for evermore. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, -And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: -And I will turn thee back, and put hooks into thy jaws, and I will bring thee forth, and all thine army, horses and horsemen, all of them clothed with all sorts of armour, even a great company with bucklers and shields, all of them handling swords: -Persia, Ethiopia, and Libya with them; all of them with shield and helmet: -Gomer, and all his bands; the house of Togarmah of the north quarters, and all his bands: and many people with thee. -Be thou prepared, and prepare for thyself, thou, and all thy company that are assembled unto thee, and be thou a guard unto them. -After many days thou shalt be visited: in the latter years thou shalt come into the land that is brought back from the sword, and is gathered out of many people, against the mountains of Israel, which have been always waste: but it is brought forth out of the nations, and they shall dwell safely all of them. -Thou shalt ascend and come like a storm, thou shalt be like a cloud to cover the land, thou, and all thy bands, and many people with thee. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; It shall also come to pass, that at the same time shall things come into thy mind, and thou shalt think an evil thought: -And thou shalt say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates, -To take a spoil, and to take a prey; to turn thine hand upon the desolate places that are now inhabited, and upon the people that are gathered out of the nations, which have gotten cattle and goods, that dwell in the midst of the land. -Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions thereof, shall say unto thee, Art thou come to take a spoil? hast thou gathered thy company to take a prey? to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil? -Therefore, son of man, prophesy and say unto Gog, Thus saith the Lord GOD; In that day when my people of Israel dwelleth safely, shalt thou not know it? -And thou shalt come from thy place out of the north parts, thou, and many people with thee, all of them riding upon horses, a great company, and a mighty army: -And thou shalt come up against my people of Israel, as a cloud to cover the land; it shall be in the latter days, and I will bring thee against my land, that the heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before their eyes. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Art thou he of whom I have spoken in old time by my servants the prophets of Israel, which prophesied in those days many years that I would bring thee against them? -And it shall come to pass at the same time when Gog shall come against the land of Israel, saith the Lord GOD, that my fury shall come up in my face. -For in my jealousy and in the fire of my wrath have I spoken, Surely in that day there shall be a great shaking in the land of Israel; -So that the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the field, and all creeping things that creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the face of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground. -And I will call for a sword against him throughout all my mountains, saith the Lord GOD: every man's sword shall be against his brother. -And I will plead against him with pestilence and with blood; and I will rain upon him, and upon his bands, and upon the many people that are with him, an overflowing rain, and great hailstones, fire, and brimstone. -Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the LORD. -Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: -And I will turn thee back, and leave but the sixth part of thee, and will cause thee to come up from the north parts, and will bring thee upon the mountains of Israel: -And I will smite thy bow out of thy left hand, and will cause thine arrows to fall out of thy right hand. -Thou shalt fall upon the mountains of Israel, thou, and all thy bands, and the people that is with thee: I will give thee unto the ravenous birds of every sort, and to the beasts of the field to be devoured. -Thou shalt fall upon the open field: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. -And I will send a fire on Magog, and among them that dwell carelessly in the isles: and they shall know that I am the LORD. -So will I make my holy name known in the midst of my people Israel; and I will not let them pollute my holy name any more: and the heathen shall know that I am the LORD, the Holy One in Israel. -Behold, it is come, and it is done, saith the Lord GOD; this is the day whereof I have spoken. -And they that dwell in the cities of Israel shall go forth, and shall set on fire and burn the weapons, both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the handstaves, and the spears, and they shall burn them with fire seven years: -So that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut down any out of the forests; for they shall burn the weapons with fire: and they shall spoil those that spoiled them, and rob those that robbed them, saith the Lord GOD. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will give unto Gog a place there of graves in Israel, the valley of the passengers on the east of the sea: and it shall stop the noses of the passengers: and there shall they bury Gog and all his multitude: and they shall call it The valley of Hamongog. -And seven months shall the house of Israel be burying of them, that they may cleanse the land. -Yea, all the people of the land shall bury them; and it shall be to them a renown the day that I shall be glorified, saith the Lord GOD. -And they shall sever out men of continual employment, passing through the land to bury with the passengers those that remain upon the face of the earth, to cleanse it: after the end of seven months shall they search. -And the passengers that pass through the land, when any seeth a man's bone, then shall he set up a sign by it, till the buriers have buried it in the valley of Hamongog. -And also the name of the city shall be Hamonah. Thus shall they cleanse the land. -And, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; Speak unto every feathered fowl, and to every beast of the field, Assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every side to my sacrifice that I do sacrifice for you, even a great sacrifice upon the mountains of Israel, that ye may eat flesh, and drink blood. -Ye shall eat the flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, and of goats, of bullocks, all of them fatlings of Bashan. -And ye shall eat fat till ye be full, and drink blood till ye be drunken, of my sacrifice which I have sacrificed for you. -Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots, with mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord GOD. -And I will set my glory among the heathen, and all the heathen shall see my judgment that I have executed, and my hand that I have laid upon them. -So the house of Israel shall know that I am the LORD their God from that day and forward. -And the heathen shall know that the house of Israel went into captivity for their iniquity: because they trespassed against me, therefore hid I my face from them, and gave them into the hand of their enemies: so fell they all by the sword. -According to their uncleanness and according to their transgressions have I done unto them, and hid my face from them. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Now will I bring again the captivity of Jacob, and have mercy upon the whole house of Israel, and will be jealous for my holy name; -After that they have borne their shame, and all their trespasses whereby they have trespassed against me, when they dwelt safely in their land, and none made them afraid. -When I have brought them again from the people, and gathered them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations; -Then shall they know that I am the LORD their God, which caused them to be led into captivity among the heathen: but I have gathered them unto their own land, and have left none of them any more there. -Neither will I hide my face any more from them: for I have poured out my spirit upon the house of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. -In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year after that the city was smitten, in the selfsame day the hand of the LORD was upon me, and brought me thither. -In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me upon a very high mountain, by which was as the frame of a city on the south. -And he brought me thither, and, behold, there was a man, whose appearance was like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate. -And the man said unto me, Son of man, behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears, and set thine heart upon all that I shall shew thee; for to the intent that I might shew them unto thee art thou brought hither: declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel. -And behold a wall on the outside of the house round about, and in the man's hand a measuring reed of six cubits long by the cubit and an hand breadth: so he measured the breadth of the building, one reed; and the height, one reed. -Then came he unto the gate which looketh toward the east, and went up the stairs thereof, and measured the threshold of the gate, which was one reed broad; and the other threshold of the gate, which was one reed broad. -And every little chamber was one reed long, and one reed broad; and between the little chambers were five cubits; and the threshold of the gate by the porch of the gate within was one reed. -He measured also the porch of the gate within, one reed. -Then measured he the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and the posts thereof, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was inward. -And the little chambers of the gate eastward were three on this side, and three on that side; they three were of one measure: and the posts had one measure on this side and on that side. -And he measured the breadth of the entry of the gate, ten cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits. -The space also before the little chambers was one cubit on this side, and the space was one cubit on that side: and the little chambers were six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side. -He measured then the gate from the roof of one little chamber to the roof of another: the breadth was five and twenty cubits, door against door. -He made also posts of threescore cubits, even unto the post of the court round about the gate. -And from the face of the gate of the entrance unto the face of the porch of the inner gate were fifty cubits. -And there were narrow windows to the little chambers, and to their posts within the gate round about, and likewise to the arches: and windows were round about inward: and upon each post were palm trees. -Then brought he me into the outward court, and, lo, there were chambers, and a pavement made for the court round about: thirty chambers were upon the pavement. -And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement. -Then he measured the breadth from the forefront of the lower gate unto the forefront of the inner court without, an hundred cubits eastward and northward. -And the gate of the outward court that looked toward the north, he measured the length thereof, and the breadth thereof. -And the little chambers thereof were three on this side and three on that side; and the posts thereof and the arches thereof were after the measure of the first gate: the length thereof was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. -And their windows, and their arches, and their palm trees, were after the measure of the gate that looketh toward the east; and they went up unto it by seven steps; and the arches thereof were before them. -And the gate of the inner court was over against the gate toward the north, and toward the east; and he measured from gate to gate an hundred cubits. -After that he brought me toward the south, and behold a gate toward the south: and he measured the posts thereof and the arches thereof according to these measures. -And there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round about, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. -And there were seven steps to go up to it, and the arches thereof were before them: and it had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, upon the posts thereof. -And there was a gate in the inner court toward the south: and he measured from gate to gate toward the south an hundred cubits. -And he brought me to the inner court by the south gate: and he measured the south gate according to these measures; -And the little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, according to these measures: and there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty cubits long, and five and twenty cubits broad. -And the arches round about were five and twenty cubits long, and five cubits broad. -And the arches thereof were toward the utter court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof: and the going up to it had eight steps. -And he brought me into the inner court toward the east: and he measured the gate according to these measures. -And the little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, were according to these measures: and there were windows therein and in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty cubits long, and five and twenty cubits broad. -And the arches thereof were toward the outward court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and the going up to it had eight steps. -And he brought me to the north gate, and measured it according to these measures; -The little chambers thereof, the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, and the windows to it round about: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. -And the posts thereof were toward the utter court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and the going up to it had eight steps. -And the chambers and the entries thereof were by the posts of the gates, where they washed the burnt offering. -And in the porch of the gate were two tables on this side, and two tables on that side, to slay thereon the burnt offering and the sin offering and the trespass offering. -And at the side without, as one goeth up to the entry of the north gate, were two tables; and on the other side, which was at the porch of the gate, were two tables. -Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by the side of the gate; eight tables, whereupon they slew their sacrifices. -And the four tables were of hewn stone for the burnt offering, of a cubit and an half long, and a cubit and an half broad, and one cubit high: whereupon also they laid the instruments wherewith they slew the burnt offering and the sacrifice. -And within were hooks, an hand broad, fastened round about: and upon the tables was the flesh of the offering. -And without the inner gate were the chambers of the singers in the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate; and their prospect was toward the south: one at the side of the east gate having the prospect toward the north. -And he said unto me, This chamber, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the house. -And the chamber whose prospect is toward the north is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the altar: these are the sons of Zadok among the sons of Levi, which come near to the LORD to minister unto him. -So he measured the court, an hundred cubits long, and an hundred cubits broad, foursquare; and the altar that was before the house. -And he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate was three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side. -The length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits, and he brought me by the steps whereby they went up to it: and there were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another on that side. -Afterward he brought me to the temple, and measured the posts, six cubits broad on the one side, and six cubits broad on the other side, which was the breadth of the tabernacle. -And the breadth of the door was ten cubits; and the sides of the door were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other side: and he measured the length thereof, forty cubits: and the breadth, twenty cubits. -Then went he inward, and measured the post of the door, two cubits; and the door, six cubits; and the breadth of the door, seven cubits. -So he measured the length thereof, twenty cubits; and the breadth, twenty cubits, before the temple: and he said unto me, This is the most holy place. -After he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the breadth of every side chamber, four cubits, round about the house on every side. -And the side chambers were three, one over another, and thirty in order; and they entered into the wall which was of the house for the side chambers round about, that they might have hold, but they had not hold in the wall of the house. -And there was an enlarging, and a winding about still upward to the side chambers: for the winding about of the house went still upward round about the house: therefore the breadth of the house was still upward, and so increased from the lowest chamber to the highest by the midst. -I saw also the height of the house round about: the foundations of the side chambers were a full reed of six great cubits. -The thickness of the wall, which was for the side chamber without, was five cubits: and that which was left was the place of the side chambers that were within. -And between the chambers was the wideness of twenty cubits round about the house on every side. -And the doors of the side chambers were toward the place that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits round about. -Now the building that was before the separate place at the end toward the west was seventy cubits broad; and the wall of the building was five cubits thick round about, and the length thereof ninety cubits. -So he measured the house, an hundred cubits long; and the separate place, and the building, with the walls thereof, an hundred cubits long; -Also the breadth of the face of the house, and of the separate place toward the east, an hundred cubits. -And he measured the length of the building over against the separate place which was behind it, and the galleries thereof on the one side and on the other side, an hundred cubits, with the inner temple, and the porches of the court; -The door posts, and the narrow windows, and the galleries round about on their three stories, over against the door, cieled with wood round about, and from the ground up to the windows, and the windows were covered; -To that above the door, even unto the inner house, and without, and by all the wall round about within and without, by measure. -And it was made with cherubims and palm trees, so that a palm tree was between a cherub and a cherub; and every cherub had two faces; -So that the face of a man was toward the palm tree on the one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the other side: it was made through all the house round about. -From the ground unto above the door were cherubims and palm trees made, and on the wall of the temple. -The posts of the temple were squared, and the face of the sanctuary; the appearance of the one as the appearance of the other. -The altar of wood was three cubits high, and the length thereof two cubits; and the corners thereof, and the length thereof, and the walls thereof, were of wood: and he said unto me, This is the table that is before the LORD. -And the temple and the sanctuary had two doors. -And the doors had two leaves apiece, two turning leaves; two leaves for the one door, and two leaves for the other door. -And there were made on them, on the doors of the temple, cherubims and palm trees, like as were made upon the walls; and there were thick planks upon the face of the porch without. -And there were narrow windows and palm trees on the one side and on the other side, on the sides of the porch, and upon the side chambers of the house, and thick planks. -Then he brought me forth into the utter court, the way toward the north: and he brought me into the chamber that was over against the separate place, and which was before the building toward the north. -Before the length of an hundred cubits was the north door, and the breadth was fifty cubits. -Over against the twenty cubits which were for the inner court, and over against the pavement which was for the utter court, was gallery against gallery in three stories. -And before the chambers was a walk to ten cubits breadth inward, a way of one cubit; and their doors toward the north. -Now the upper chambers were shorter: for the galleries were higher than these, than the lower, and than the middlemost of the building. -For they were in three stories, but had not pillars as the pillars of the courts: therefore the building was straitened more than the lowest and the middlemost from the ground. -And the wall that was without over against the chambers, toward the utter court on the forepart of the chambers, the length thereof was fifty cubits. -For the length of the chambers that were in the utter court was fifty cubits: and, lo, before the temple were an hundred cubits. -And from under these chambers was the entry on the east side, as one goeth into them from the utter court. -The chambers were in the thickness of the wall of the court toward the east, over against the separate place, and over against the building. -And the way before them was like the appearance of the chambers which were toward the north, as long as they, and as broad as they: and all their goings out were both according to their fashions, and according to their doors. -And according to the doors of the chambers that were toward the south was a door in the head of the way, even the way directly before the wall toward the east, as one entereth into them. -Then said he unto me, The north chambers and the south chambers, which are before the separate place, they be holy chambers, where the priests that approach unto the LORD shall eat the most holy things: there shall they lay the most holy things, and the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering; for the place is holy. -When the priests enter therein, then shall they not go out of the holy place into the utter court, but there they shall lay their garments wherein they minister; for they are holy; and shall put on other garments, and shall approach to those things which are for the people. -Now when he had made an end of measuring the inner house, he brought me forth toward the gate whose prospect is toward the east, and measured it round about. -He measured the east side with the measuring reed, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed round about. -He measured the north side, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed round about. -He measured the south side, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed. -He turned about to the west side, and measured five hundred reeds with the measuring reed. -He measured it by the four sides: it had a wall round about, five hundred reeds long, and five hundred broad, to make a separation between the sanctuary and the profane place. -Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looketh toward the east: -And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east: and his voice was like a noise of many waters: and the earth shined with his glory. -And it was according to the appearance of the vision which I saw, even according to the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city: and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the river Chebar; and I fell upon my face. -And the glory of the LORD came into the house by the way of the gate whose prospect is toward the east. -So the spirit took me up, and brought me into the inner court; and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house. -And I heard him speaking unto me out of the house; and the man stood by me. -And he said unto me, Son of man, the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel for ever, and my holy name, shall the house of Israel no more defile, neither they, nor their kings, by their whoredom, nor by the carcases of their kings in their high places. -In their setting of their threshold by my thresholds, and their post by my posts, and the wall between me and them, they have even defiled my holy name by their abominations that they have committed: wherefore I have consumed them in mine anger. -Now let them put away their whoredom, and the carcases of their kings, far from me, and I will dwell in the midst of them for ever. -Thou son of man, shew the house to the house of Israel, that they may be ashamed of their iniquities: and let them measure the pattern. -And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof: and write it in their sight, that they may keep the whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them. -This is the law of the house; Upon the top of the mountain the whole limit thereof round about shall be most holy. Behold, this is the law of the house. -And these are the measures of the altar after the cubits: The cubit is a cubit and an hand breadth; even the bottom shall be a cubit, and the breadth a cubit, and the border thereof by the edge thereof round about shall be a span: and this shall be the higher place of the altar. -And from the bottom upon the ground even to the lower settle shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit; and from the lesser settle even to the greater settle shall be four cubits, and the breadth one cubit. -So the altar shall be four cubits; and from the altar and upward shall be four horns. -And the altar shall be twelve cubits long, twelve broad, square in the four squares thereof. -And the settle shall be fourteen cubits long and fourteen broad in the four squares thereof; and the border about it shall be half a cubit; and the bottom thereof shall be a cubit about; and his stairs shall look toward the east. -And he said unto me, Son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; These are the ordinances of the altar in the day when they shall make it, to offer burnt offerings thereon, and to sprinkle blood thereon. -And thou shalt give to the priests the Levites that be of the seed of Zadok, which approach unto me, to minister unto me, saith the Lord GOD, a young bullock for a sin offering. -And thou shalt take of the blood thereof, and put it on the four horns of it, and on the four corners of the settle, and upon the border round about: thus shalt thou cleanse and purge it. -Thou shalt take the bullock also of the sin offering, and he shall burn it in the appointed place of the house, without the sanctuary. -And on the second day thou shalt offer a kid of the goats without blemish for a sin offering; and they shall cleanse the altar, as they did cleanse it with the bullock. -When thou hast made an end of cleansing it, thou shalt offer a young bullock without blemish, and a ram out of the flock without blemish. -And thou shalt offer them before the LORD, and the priests shall cast salt upon them, and they shall offer them up for a burnt offering unto the LORD. -Seven days shalt thou prepare every day a goat for a sin offering: they shall also prepare a young bullock, and a ram out of the flock, without blemish. -Seven days shall they purge the altar and purify it; and they shall consecrate themselves. -And when these days are expired, it shall be, that upon the eighth day, and so forward, the priests shall make your burnt offerings upon the altar, and your peace offerings; and I will accept you, saith the Lord GOD. -Then he brought me back the way of the gate of the outward sanctuary which looketh toward the east; and it was shut. -Then said the LORD unto me; This gate shall be shut, it shall not be opened, and no man shall enter in by it; because the LORD, the God of Israel, hath entered in by it, therefore it shall be shut. -It is for the prince; the prince, he shall sit in it to eat bread before the LORD; he shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate, and shall go out by the way of the same. -Then brought he me the way of the north gate before the house: and I looked, and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house of the LORD: and I fell upon my face. -And the LORD said unto me, Son of man, mark well, and behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears all that I say unto thee concerning all the ordinances of the house of the LORD, and all the laws thereof; and mark well the entering in of the house, with every going forth of the sanctuary. -And thou shalt say to the rebellious, even to the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O ye house of Israel, let it suffice you of all your abominations, -In that ye have brought into my sanctuary strangers, uncircumcised in heart, and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to pollute it, even my house, when ye offer my bread, the fat and the blood, and they have broken my covenant because of all your abominations. -And ye have not kept the charge of mine holy things: but ye have set keepers of my charge in my sanctuary for yourselves. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; No stranger, uncircumcised in heart, nor uncircumcised in flesh, shall enter into my sanctuary, of any stranger that is among the children of Israel. -And the Levites that are gone away far from me, when Israel went astray, which went astray away from me after their idols; they shall even bear their iniquity. -Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having charge at the gates of the house, and ministering to the house: they shall slay the burnt offering and the sacrifice for the people, and they shall stand before them to minister unto them. -Because they ministered unto them before their idols, and caused the house of Israel to fall into iniquity; therefore have I lifted up mine hand against them, saith the Lord GOD, and they shall bear their iniquity. -And they shall not come near unto me, to do the office of a priest unto me, nor to come near to any of my holy things, in the most holy place: but they shall bear their shame, and their abominations which they have committed. -But I will make them keepers of the charge of the house, for all the service thereof, and for all that shall be done therein. -But the priests the Levites, the sons of Zadok, that kept the charge of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from me, they shall come near to me to minister unto me, and they shall stand before me to offer unto me the fat and the blood, saith the Lord GOD: -They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge. -And it shall come to pass, that when they enter in at the gates of the inner court, they shall be clothed with linen garments; and no wool shall come upon them, whiles they minister in the gates of the inner court, and within. -They shall have linen bonnets upon their heads, and shall have linen breeches upon their loins; they shall not gird themselves with any thing that causeth sweat. -And when they go forth into the utter court, even into the utter court to the people, they shall put off their garments wherein they ministered, and lay them in the holy chambers, and they shall put on other garments; and they shall not sanctify the people with their garments. -Neither shall they shave their heads, nor suffer their locks to grow long; they shall only poll their heads. -Neither shall any priest drink wine, when they enter into the inner court. -Neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her that is put away: but they shall take maidens of the seed of the house of Israel, or a widow that had a priest before. -And they shall teach my people the difference between the holy and profane, and cause them to discern between the unclean and the clean. -And in controversy they shall stand in judgment; and they shall judge it according to my judgments: and they shall keep my laws and my statutes in all mine assemblies; and they shall hallow my sabbaths. -And they shall come at no dead person to defile themselves: but for father, or for mother, or for son, or for daughter, for brother, or for sister that hath had no husband, they may defile themselves. -And after he is cleansed, they shall reckon unto him seven days. -And in the day that he goeth into the sanctuary, unto the inner court, to minister in the sanctuary, he shall offer his sin offering, saith the Lord GOD. -And it shall be unto them for an inheritance: I am their inheritance: and ye shall give them no possession in Israel: I am their possession. -They shall eat the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering: and every dedicated thing in Israel shall be theirs. -And the first of all the firstfruits of all things, and every oblation of all, of every sort of your oblations, shall be the priest's: ye shall also give unto the priest the first of your dough, that he may cause the blessing to rest in thine house. -The priests shall not eat of any thing that is dead of itself, or torn, whether it be fowl or beast. -Moreover, when ye shall divide by lot the land for inheritance, ye shall offer an oblation unto the LORD, an holy portion of the land: the length shall be the length of five and twenty thousand reeds, and the breadth shall be ten thousand. This shall be holy in all the borders thereof round about. -Of this there shall be for the sanctuary five hundred in length, with five hundred in breadth, square round about; and fifty cubits round about for the suburbs thereof. -And of this measure shalt thou measure the length of five and twenty thousand, and the breadth of ten thousand: and in it shall be the sanctuary and the most holy place. -The holy portion of the land shall be for the priests the ministers of the sanctuary, which shall come near to minister unto the LORD: and it shall be a place for their houses, and an holy place for the sanctuary. -And the five and twenty thousand of length, and the ten thousand of breadth shall also the Levites, the ministers of the house, have for themselves, for a possession for twenty chambers. -And ye shall appoint the possession of the city five thousand broad, and five and twenty thousand long, over against the oblation of the holy portion: it shall be for the whole house of Israel. -And a portion shall be for the prince on the one side and on the other side of the oblation of the holy portion, and of the possession of the city, before the oblation of the holy portion, and before the possession of the city, from the west side westward, and from the east side eastward: and the length shall be over against one of the portions, from the west border unto the east border. -In the land shall be his possession in Israel: and my princes shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel: remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and justice, take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord GOD. -Ye shall have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just bath. -The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, that the bath may contain the tenth part of an homer, and the ephah the tenth part of an homer: the measure thereof shall be after the homer. -And the shekel shall be twenty gerahs: twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, fifteen shekels, shall be your maneh. -This is the oblation that ye shall offer; the sixth part of an ephah of an homer of wheat, and ye shall give the sixth part of an ephah of an homer of barley: -Concerning the ordinance of oil, the bath of oil, ye shall offer the tenth part of a bath out of the cor, which is an homer of ten baths; for ten baths are an homer: -And one lamb out of the flock, out of two hundred, out of the fat pastures of Israel; for a meat offering, and for a burnt offering, and for peace offerings, to make reconciliation for them, saith the Lord GOD. -All the people of the land shall give this oblation for the prince in Israel. -And it shall be the prince's part to give burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and drink offerings, in the feasts, and in the new moons, and in the sabbaths, in all solemnities of the house of Israel: he shall prepare the sin offering, and the meat offering, and the burnt offering, and the peace offerings, to make reconciliation for the house of Israel. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the first month, in the first day of the month, thou shalt take a young bullock without blemish, and cleanse the sanctuary: -And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering, and put it upon the posts of the house, and upon the four corners of the settle of the altar, and upon the posts of the gate of the inner court. -And so thou shalt do the seventh day of the month for every one that erreth, and for him that is simple: so shall ye reconcile the house. -In the first month, in the fourteenth day of the month, ye shall have the passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be eaten. -And upon that day shall the prince prepare for himself and for all the people of the land a bullock for a sin offering. -And seven days of the feast he shall prepare a burnt offering to the LORD, seven bullocks and seven rams without blemish daily the seven days; and a kid of the goats daily for a sin offering. -And he shall prepare a meat offering of an ephah for a bullock, and an ephah for a ram, and an hin of oil for an ephah. -In the seventh month, in the fifteenth day of the month, shall he do the like in the feast of the seven days, according to the sin offering, according to the burnt offering, and according to the meat offering, and according to the oil. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; The gate of the inner court that looketh toward the east shall be shut the six working days; but on the sabbath it shall be opened, and in the day of the new moon it shall be opened. -And the prince shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate without, and shall stand by the post of the gate, and the priests shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, and he shall worship at the threshold of the gate: then he shall go forth; but the gate shall not be shut until the evening. -Likewise the people of the land shall worship at the door of this gate before the LORD in the sabbaths and in the new moons. -And the burnt offering that the prince shall offer unto the LORD in the sabbath day shall be six lambs without blemish, and a ram without blemish. -And the meat offering shall be an ephah for a ram, and the meat offering for the lambs as he shall be able to give, and an hin of oil to an ephah. -And in the day of the new moon it shall be a young bullock without blemish, and six lambs, and a ram: they shall be without blemish. -And he shall prepare a meat offering, an ephah for a bullock, and an ephah for a ram, and for the lambs according as his hand shall attain unto, and an hin of oil to an ephah. -And when the prince shall enter, he shall go in by the way of the porch of that gate, and he shall go forth by the way thereof. -But when the people of the land shall come before the LORD in the solemn feasts, he that entereth in by the way of the north gate to worship shall go out by the way of the south gate; and he that entereth by the way of the south gate shall go forth by the way of the north gate: he shall not return by the way of the gate whereby he came in, but shall go forth over against it. -And the prince in the midst of them, when they go in, shall go in; and when they go forth, shall go forth. -And in the feasts and in the solemnities the meat offering shall be an ephah to a bullock, and an ephah to a ram, and to the lambs as he is able to give, and an hin of oil to an ephah. -Now when the prince shall prepare a voluntary burnt offering or peace offerings voluntarily unto the LORD, one shall then open him the gate that looketh toward the east, and he shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, as he did on the sabbath day: then he shall go forth; and after his going forth one shall shut the gate. -Thou shalt daily prepare a burnt offering unto the LORD of a lamb of the first year without blemish: thou shalt prepare it every morning. -And thou shalt prepare a meat offering for it every morning, the sixth part of an ephah, and the third part of an hin of oil, to temper with the fine flour; a meat offering continually by a perpetual ordinance unto the LORD. -Thus shall they prepare the lamb, and the meat offering, and the oil, every morning for a continual burnt offering. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; If the prince give a gift unto any of his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be their possession by inheritance. -But if he give a gift of his inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the year of liberty; after it shall return to the prince: but his inheritance shall be his sons' for them. -Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance by oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall give his sons inheritance out of his own possession: that my people be not scattered every man from his possession. -After he brought me through the entry, which was at the side of the gate, into the holy chambers of the priests, which looked toward the north: and, behold, there was a place on the two sides westward. -Then said he unto me, This is the place where the priests shall boil the trespass offering and the sin offering, where they shall bake the meat offering; that they bear them not out into the utter court, to sanctify the people. -Then he brought me forth into the utter court, and caused me to pass by the four corners of the court; and, behold, in every corner of the court there was a court. -In the four corners of the court there were courts joined of forty cubits long and thirty broad: these four corners were of one measure. -And there was a row of building round about in them, round about them four, and it was made with boiling places under the rows round about. -Then said he unto me, These are the places of them that boil, where the ministers of the house shall boil the sacrifice of the people. -Afterward he brought me again unto the door of the house; and, behold, waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward: for the forefront of the house stood toward the east, and the waters came down from under from the right side of the house, at the south side of the altar. -Then brought he me out of the way of the gate northward, and led me about the way without unto the utter gate by the way that looketh eastward; and, behold, there ran out waters on the right side. -And when the man that had the line in his hand went forth eastward, he measured a thousand cubits, and he brought me through the waters; the waters were to the ankles. -Again he measured a thousand, and brought me through the waters; the waters were to the knees. Again he measured a thousand, and brought me through; the waters were to the loins. -Afterward he measured a thousand; and it was a river that I could not pass over: for the waters were risen, waters to swim in, a river that could not be passed over. -And he said unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen this? Then he brought me, and caused me to return to the brink of the river. -Now when I had returned, behold, at the bank of the river were very many trees on the one side and on the other. -Then said he unto me, These waters issue out toward the east country, and go down into the desert, and go into the sea: which being brought forth into the sea, the waters shall be healed. -And it shall come to pass, that every thing that liveth, which moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live whither the river cometh. -And it shall come to pass, that the fishers shall stand upon it from Engedi even unto Eneglaim; they shall be a place to spread forth nets; their fish shall be according to their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many. -But the miry places thereof and the marishes thereof shall not be healed; they shall be given to salt. -And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine. -Thus saith the Lord GOD; This shall be the border, whereby ye shall inherit the land according to the twelve tribes of Israel: Joseph shall have two portions. -And ye shall inherit it, one as well as another: concerning the which I lifted up mine hand to give it unto your fathers: and this land shall fall unto you for inheritance. -And this shall be the border of the land toward the north side, from the great sea, the way of Hethlon, as men go to Zedad; -Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath; Hazarhatticon, which is by the coast of Hauran. -And the border from the sea shall be Hazarenan, the border of Damascus, and the north northward, and the border of Hamath. And this is the north side. -And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran, and from Damascus, and from Gilead, and from the land of Israel by Jordan, from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east side. -And the south side southward, from Tamar even to the waters of strife in Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And this is the south side southward. -The west side also shall be the great sea from the border, till a man come over against Hamath. This is the west side. -So shall ye divide this land unto you according to the tribes of Israel. -And it shall come to pass, that ye shall divide it by lot for an inheritance unto you, and to the strangers that sojourn among you, which shall beget children among you: and they shall be unto you as born in the country among the children of Israel; they shall have inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel. -And it shall come to pass, that in what tribe the stranger sojourneth, there shall ye give him his inheritance, saith the Lord GOD. -Now these are the names of the tribes. From the north end to the coast of the way of Hethlon, as one goeth to Hamath, Hazarenan, the border of Damascus northward, to the coast of Hamath; for these are his sides east and west; a portion for Dan. -And by the border of Dan, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Asher. -And by the border of Asher, from the east side even unto the west side, a portion for Naphtali. -And by the border of Naphtali, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Manasseh. -And by the border of Manasseh, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Ephraim. -And by the border of Ephraim, from the east side even unto the west side, a portion for Reuben. -And by the border of Reuben, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Judah. -And by the border of Judah, from the east side unto the west side, shall be the offering which ye shall offer of five and twenty thousand reeds in breadth, and in length as one of the other parts, from the east side unto the west side: and the sanctuary shall be in the midst of it. -The oblation that ye shall offer unto the LORD shall be of five and twenty thousand in length, and of ten thousand in breadth. -And for them, even for the priests, shall be this holy oblation; toward the north five and twenty thousand in length, and toward the west ten thousand in breadth, and toward the east ten thousand in breadth, and toward the south five and twenty thousand in length: and the sanctuary of the LORD shall be in the midst thereof. -It shall be for the priests that are sanctified of the sons of Zadok; which have kept my charge, which went not astray when the children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray. -And this oblation of the land that is offered shall be unto them a thing most holy by the border of the Levites. -And over against the border of the priests the Levites shall have five and twenty thousand in length, and ten thousand in breadth: all the length shall be five and twenty thousand, and the breadth ten thousand. -And they shall not sell of it, neither exchange, nor alienate the firstfruits of the land: for it is holy unto the LORD. -And the five thousand, that are left in the breadth over against the five and twenty thousand, shall be a profane place for the city, for dwelling, and for suburbs: and the city shall be in the midst thereof. -And these shall be the measures thereof; the north side four thousand and five hundred, and the south side four thousand and five hundred, and on the east side four thousand and five hundred, and the west side four thousand and five hundred. -And the suburbs of the city shall be toward the north two hundred and fifty, and toward the south two hundred and fifty, and toward the east two hundred and fifty, and toward the west two hundred and fifty. -And the residue in length over against the oblation of the holy portion shall be ten thousand eastward, and ten thousand westward: and it shall be over against the oblation of the holy portion; and the increase thereof shall be for food unto them that serve the city. -And they that serve the city shall serve it out of all the tribes of Israel. -All the oblation shall be five and twenty thousand by five and twenty thousand: ye shall offer the holy oblation foursquare, with the possession of the city. -And the residue shall be for the prince, on the one side and on the other of the holy oblation, and of the possession of the city, over against the five and twenty thousand of the oblation toward the east border, and westward over against the five and twenty thousand toward the west border, over against the portions for the prince: and it shall be the holy oblation; and the sanctuary of the house shall be in the midst thereof. -Moreover from the possession of the Levites, and from the possession of the city, being in the midst of that which is the prince's, between the border of Judah and the border of Benjamin, shall be for the prince. -As for the rest of the tribes, from the east side unto the west side, Benjamin shall have a portion. -And by the border of Benjamin, from the east side unto the west side, Simeon shall have a portion. -And by the border of Simeon, from the east side unto the west side, Issachar a portion. -And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a portion. -And by the border of Zebulun, from the east side unto the west side, Gad a portion. -And by the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar unto the waters of strife in Kadesh, and to the river toward the great sea. -This is the land which ye shall divide by lot unto the tribes of Israel for inheritance, and these are their portions, saith the Lord GOD. -And these are the goings out of the city on the north side, four thousand and five hundred measures. -And the gates of the city shall be after the names of the tribes of Israel: three gates northward; one gate of Reuben, one gate of Judah, one gate of Levi. -And at the east side four thousand and five hundred: and three gates; and one gate of Joseph, one gate of Benjamin, one gate of Dan. -And at the south side four thousand and five hundred measures: and three gates; one gate of Simeon, one gate of Issachar, one gate of Zebulun. -At the west side four thousand and five hundred, with their three gates; one gate of Gad, one gate of Asher, one gate of Naphtali. -It was round about eighteen thousand measures: and the name of the city from that day shall be, The LORD is there. -In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and besieged it. -And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god. -And the king spake unto Ashpenaz the master of his eunuchs, that he should bring certain of the children of Israel, and of the king's seed, and of the princes; -Children in whom was no blemish, but well favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, and cunning in knowledge, and understanding science, and such as had ability in them to stand in the king's palace, and whom they might teach the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans. -And the king appointed them a daily provision of the king's meat, and of the wine which he drank: so nourishing them three years, that at the end thereof they might stand before the king. -Now among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: -Unto whom the prince of the eunuchs gave names: for he gave unto Daniel the name of Belteshazzar; and to Hananiah, of Shadrach; and to Mishael, of Meshach; and to Azariah, of Abednego. -But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the portion of the king's meat, nor with the wine which he drank: therefore he requested of the prince of the eunuchs that he might not defile himself. -Now God had brought Daniel into favour and tender love with the prince of the eunuchs. -And the prince of the eunuchs said unto Daniel, I fear my lord the king, who hath appointed your meat and your drink: for why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort? then shall ye make me endanger my head to the king. -Then said Daniel to Melzar, whom the prince of the eunuchs had set over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, -Prove thy servants, I beseech thee, ten days; and let them give us pulse to eat, and water to drink. -Then let our countenances be looked upon before thee, and the countenance of the children that eat of the portion of the king's meat: and as thou seest, deal with thy servants. -So he consented to them in this matter, and proved them ten days. -And at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat. -Thus Melzar took away the portion of their meat, and the wine that they should drink; and gave them pulse. -As for these four children, God gave them knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams. -Now at the end of the days that the king had said he should bring them in, then the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar. -And the king communed with them; and among them all was found none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: therefore stood they before the king. -And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king enquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and astrologers that were in all his realm. -And Daniel continued even unto the first year of king Cyrus. -And in the second year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar dreamed dreams, wherewith his spirit was troubled, and his sleep brake from him. -Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to shew the king his dreams. So they came and stood before the king. -And the king said unto them, I have dreamed a dream, and my spirit was troubled to know the dream. -Then spake the Chaldeans to the king in Syriack, O king, live for ever: tell thy servants the dream, and we will shew the interpretation. -The king answered and said to the Chaldeans, The thing is gone from me: if ye will not make known unto me the dream, with the interpretation thereof, ye shall be cut in pieces, and your houses shall be made a dunghill. -But if ye shew the dream, and the interpretation thereof, ye shall receive of me gifts and rewards and great honour: therefore shew me the dream, and the interpretation thereof. -They answered again and said, Let the king tell his servants the dream, and we will shew the interpretation of it. -The king answered and said, I know of certainty that ye would gain the time, because ye see the thing is gone from me. -But if ye will not make known unto me the dream, there is but one decree for you: for ye have prepared lying and corrupt words to speak before me, till the time be changed: therefore tell me the dream, and I shall know that ye can shew me the interpretation thereof. -The Chaldeans answered before the king, and said, There is not a man upon the earth that can shew the king's matter: therefore there is no king, lord, nor ruler, that asked such things at any magician, or astrologer, or Chaldean. -And it is a rare thing that the king requireth, and there is none other that can shew it before the king, except the gods, whose dwelling is not with flesh. -For this cause the king was angry and very furious, and commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon. -And the decree went forth that the wise men should be slain; and they sought Daniel and his fellows to be slain. -Then Daniel answered with counsel and wisdom to Arioch the captain of the king's guard, which was gone forth to slay the wise men of Babylon: -He answered and said to Arioch the king's captain, Why is the decree so hasty from the king? Then Arioch made the thing known to Daniel. -Then Daniel went in, and desired of the king that he would give him time, and that he would shew the king the interpretation. -Then Daniel went to his house, and made the thing known to Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions: -That they would desire mercies of the God of heaven concerning this secret; that Daniel and his fellows should not perish with the rest of the wise men of Babylon. -Then was the secret revealed unto Daniel in a night vision. Then Daniel blessed the God of heaven. -Daniel answered and said, Blessed be the name of God for ever and ever: for wisdom and might are his: -And he changeth the times and the seasons: he removeth kings, and setteth up kings: he giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to them that know understanding: -He revealeth the deep and secret things: he knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with him. -I thank thee, and praise thee, O thou God of my fathers, who hast given me wisdom and might, and hast made known unto me now what we desired of thee: for thou hast now made known unto us the king's matter. -Therefore Daniel went in unto Arioch, whom the king had ordained to destroy the wise men of Babylon: he went and said thus unto him; Destroy not the wise men of Babylon: bring me in before the king, and I will shew unto the king the interpretation. -Then Arioch brought in Daniel before the king in haste, and said thus unto him, I have found a man of the captives of Judah, that will make known unto the king the interpretation. -The king answered and said to Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, Art thou able to make known unto me the dream which I have seen, and the interpretation thereof? -Daniel answered in the presence of the king, and said, The secret which the king hath demanded cannot the wise men, the astrologers, the magicians, the soothsayers, shew unto the king; -But there is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known to the king Nebuchadnezzar what shall be in the latter days. Thy dream, and the visions of thy head upon thy bed, are these; -As for thee, O king, thy thoughts came into thy mind upon thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter: and he that revealeth secrets maketh known to thee what shall come to pass. -But as for me, this secret is not revealed to me for any wisdom that I have more than any living, but for their sakes that shall make known the interpretation to the king, and that thou mightest know the thoughts of thy heart. -Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible. -This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, -His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay. -Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. -Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth. -This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king. -Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory. -And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold. -And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth. -And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise. -And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay. -And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken. -And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay. -And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. -Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure. -Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet odours unto him. -The king answered unto Daniel, and said, Of a truth it is, that your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a revealer of secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret. -Then the king made Daniel a great man, and gave him many great gifts, and made him ruler over the whole province of Babylon, and chief of the governors over all the wise men of Babylon. -Then Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, over the affairs of the province of Babylon: but Daniel sat in the gate of the king. -Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold, whose height was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof six cubits: he set it up in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon. -Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the princes, the governors, and the captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, to come to the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up. -Then the princes, the governors, and captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, were gathered together unto the dedication of the image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up; and they stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up. -Then an herald cried aloud, To you it is commanded, O people, nations, and languages, -That at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king hath set up: -And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth shall the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. -Therefore at that time, when all the people heard the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and all kinds of musick, all the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshipped the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up. -Wherefore at that time certain Chaldeans came near, and accused the Jews. -They spake and said to the king Nebuchadnezzar, O king, live for ever. -Thou, O king, hast made a decree, that every man that shall hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, shall fall down and worship the golden image: -And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth, that he should be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. -There are certain Jews whom thou hast set over the affairs of the province of Babylon, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego; these men, O king, have not regarded thee: they serve not thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up. -Then Nebuchadnezzar in his rage and fury commanded to bring Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. Then they brought these men before the king. -Nebuchadnezzar spake and said unto them, Is it true, O Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, do not ye serve my gods, nor worship the golden image which I have set up? -Now if ye be ready that at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the image which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands? -Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, answered and said to the king, O Nebuchadnezzar, we are not careful to answer thee in this matter. -If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O king. -But if not, be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up. -Then was Nebuchadnezzar full of fury, and the form of his visage was changed against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: therefore he spake, and commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times more than it was wont to be heated. -And he commanded the most mighty men that were in his army to bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and to cast them into the burning fiery furnace. -Then these men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments, and were cast into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. -Therefore because the king's commandment was urgent, and the furnace exceeding hot, the flames of the fire slew those men that took up Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. -And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. -Then Nebuchadnezzar the king was astonied, and rose up in haste, and spake, and said unto his counsellors, Did not we cast three men bound into the midst of the fire? They answered and said unto the king, True, O king. -He answered and said, Lo, I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire, and they have no hurt; and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God. -Then Nebuchadnezzar came near to the mouth of the burning fiery furnace, and spake, and said, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, ye servants of the most high God, come forth, and come hither. Then Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, came forth of the midst of the fire. -And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither were their coats changed, nor the smell of fire had passed on them. -Then Nebuchadnezzar spake, and said, Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who hath sent his angel, and delivered his servants that trusted in him, and have changed the king's word, and yielded their bodies, that they might not serve nor worship any god, except their own God. -Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort. -Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, in the province of Babylon. -Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you. -I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the high God hath wrought toward me. -How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation. -I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest in mine house, and flourishing in my palace: -I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me. -Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me, that they might make known unto me the interpretation of the dream. -Then came in the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers: and I told the dream before them; but they did not make known unto me the interpretation thereof. -But at the last Daniel came in before me, whose name was Belteshazzar, according to the name of my God, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods: and before him I told the dream, saying, -O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in thee, and no secret troubleth thee, tell me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and the interpretation thereof. -Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great. -The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth: -The leaves thereof were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all: the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed of it. -I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a watcher and an holy one came down from heaven; -He cried aloud, and said thus, Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit: let the beasts get away from under it, and the fowls from his branches: -Nevertheless leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth: -Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given unto him; and let seven times pass over him. -This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men. -This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen. Now thou, O Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation thereof, forasmuch as all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known unto me the interpretation: but thou art able; for the spirit of the holy gods is in thee. -Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonied for one hour, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spake, and said, Belteshazzar, let not the dream, or the interpretation thereof, trouble thee. Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies. -The tree that thou sawest, which grew, and was strong, whose height reached unto the heaven, and the sight thereof to all the earth; -Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation: -It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the end of the earth. -And whereas the king saw a watcher and an holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him; -This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king: -That they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and they shall wet thee with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will. -And whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the tree roots; thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known that the heavens do rule. -Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity. -All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar. -At the end of twelve months he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon. -The king spake, and said, Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for the honour of my majesty? -While the word was in the king's mouth, there fell a voice from heaven, saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar, to thee it is spoken; The kingdom is departed from thee. -And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will. -The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws. -And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation: -And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing: and he doeth according to his will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth: and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, What doest thou? -At the same time my reason returned unto me; and for the glory of my kingdom, mine honour and brightness returned unto me; and my counsellors and my lords sought unto me; and I was established in my kingdom, and excellent majesty was added unto me. -Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those that walk in pride he is able to abase. -Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand. -Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein. -Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of God which was at Jerusalem; and the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them. -They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone. -In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote. -Then the king's countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another. -The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. And the king spake, and said to the wise men of Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and shew me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom. -Then came in all the king's wise men: but they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof. -Then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his lords were astonied. -Now the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king, live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed: -There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers; -Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will shew the interpretation. -Then was Daniel brought in before the king. And the king spake and said unto Daniel, Art thou that Daniel, which art of the children of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of Jewry? -I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is in thee, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee. -And now the wise men, the astrologers, have been brought in before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me the interpretation thereof: but they could not shew the interpretation of the thing: -And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom. -Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation. -O thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour: -And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down. -But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him: -And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will. -And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this; -But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified: -Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. -And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. -This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. -TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. -PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. -Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom. -In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. -And Darius the Median took the kingdom, being about threescore and two years old. -It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom an hundred and twenty princes, which should be over the whole kingdom; -And over these three presidents; of whom Daniel was first: that the princes might give accounts unto them, and the king should have no damage. -Then this Daniel was preferred above the presidents and princes, because an excellent spirit was in him; and the king thought to set him over the whole realm. -Then the presidents and princes sought to find occasion against Daniel concerning the kingdom; but they could find none occasion nor fault; forasmuch as he was faithful, neither was there any error or fault found in him. -Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God. -Then these presidents and princes assembled together to the king, and said thus unto him, King Darius, live for ever. -All the presidents of the kingdom, the governors, and the princes, the counsellors, and the captains, have consulted together to establish a royal statute, and to make a firm decree, that whosoever shall ask a petition of any God or man for thirty days, save of thee, O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions. -Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not. -Wherefore king Darius signed the writing and the decree. -Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house; and his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem, he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did aforetime. -Then these men assembled, and found Daniel praying and making supplication before his God. -Then they came near, and spake before the king concerning the king's decree; Hast thou not signed a decree, that every man that shall ask a petition of any God or man within thirty days, save of thee, O king, shall be cast into the den of lions? The king answered and said, The thing is true, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not. -Then answered they and said before the king, That Daniel, which is of the children of the captivity of Judah, regardeth not thee, O king, nor the decree that thou hast signed, but maketh his petition three times a day. -Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased with himself, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he laboured till the going down of the sun to deliver him. -Then these men assembled unto the king, and said unto the king, Know, O king, that the law of the Medes and Persians is, That no decree nor statute which the king establisheth may be changed. -Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of lions. Now the king spake and said unto Daniel, Thy God whom thou servest continually, he will deliver thee. -And a stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den; and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords; that the purpose might not be changed concerning Daniel. -Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting: neither were instruments of musick brought before him: and his sleep went from him. -Then the king arose very early in the morning, and went in haste unto the den of lions. -And when he came to the den, he cried with a lamentable voice unto Daniel: and the king spake and said to Daniel, O Daniel, servant of the living God, is thy God, whom thou servest continually, able to deliver thee from the lions? -Then said Daniel unto the king, O king, live for ever. -My God hath sent his angel, and hath shut the lions' mouths, that they have not hurt me: forasmuch as before him innocency was found in me; and also before thee, O king, have I done no hurt. -Then was the king exceedingly glad for him, and commanded that they should take Daniel up out of the den. So Daniel was taken up out of the den, and no manner of hurt was found upon him, because he believed in his God. -And the king commanded, and they brought those men which had accused Daniel, and they cast them into the den of lions, them, their children, and their wives; and the lions had the mastery of them, and brake all their bones in pieces or ever they came at the bottom of the den. -Then king Darius wrote unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you. -I make a decree, That in every dominion of my kingdom men tremble and fear before the God of Daniel: for he is the living God, and stedfast for ever, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed, and his dominion shall be even unto the end. -He delivereth and rescueth, and he worketh signs and wonders in heaven and in earth, who hath delivered Daniel from the power of the lions. -So this Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian. -In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters. -Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea. -And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another. -The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it. -And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh. -After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it. -After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns. -I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things. -I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. -A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. -I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame. -As concerning the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season and time. -I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. -And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed. -I Daniel was grieved in my spirit in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head troubled me. -I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the truth of all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things. -These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth. -But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever. -Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast, which was diverse from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with his feet; -And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows. -I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them; -Until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the most High; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom. -Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces. -And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings. -And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time. -But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end. -And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him. -Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my cogitations much troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I kept the matter in my heart. -In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first. -And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai. -Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last. -I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so that no beasts might stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and became great. -And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes. -And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power. -And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. -Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. -And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land. -And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. -Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of the sanctuary was cast down. -And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered. -Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot? -And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed. -And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, and sought for the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. -And I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision. -So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the vision. -Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face toward the ground: but he touched me, and set me upright. -And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall be. -The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. -And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. -Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power. -And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up. -And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people. -And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand. -And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is true: wherefore shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many days. -And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days; afterward I rose up, and did the king's business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it. -In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, which was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans; -In the first year of his reign I Daniel understood by books the number of the years, whereof the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah the prophet, that he would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem. -And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by prayer and supplications, with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes: -And I prayed unto the LORD my God, and made my confession, and said, O Lord, the great and dreadful God, keeping the covenant and mercy to them that love him, and to them that keep his commandments; -We have sinned, and have committed iniquity, and have done wickedly, and have rebelled, even by departing from thy precepts and from thy judgments: -Neither have we hearkened unto thy servants the prophets, which spake in thy name to our kings, our princes, and our fathers, and to all the people of the land. -O LORD, righteousness belongeth unto thee, but unto us confusion of faces, as at this day; to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and unto all Israel, that are near, and that are far off, through all the countries whither thou hast driven them, because of their trespass that they have trespassed against thee. -O Lord, to us belongeth confusion of face, to our kings, to our princes, and to our fathers, because we have sinned against thee. -To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses, though we have rebelled against him; -Neither have we obeyed the voice of the LORD our God, to walk in his laws, which he set before us by his servants the prophets. -Yea, all Israel have transgressed thy law, even by departing, that they might not obey thy voice; therefore the curse is poured upon us, and the oath that is written in the law of Moses the servant of God, because we have sinned against him. -And he hath confirmed his words, which he spake against us, and against our judges that judged us, by bringing upon us a great evil: for under the whole heaven hath not been done as hath been done upon Jerusalem. -As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil is come upon us: yet made we not our prayer before the LORD our God, that we might turn from our iniquities, and understand thy truth. -Therefore hath the LORD watched upon the evil, and brought it upon us: for the LORD our God is righteous in all his works which he doeth: for we obeyed not his voice. -And now, O Lord our God, that hast brought thy people forth out of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand, and hast gotten thee renown, as at this day; we have sinned, we have done wickedly. -O LORD, according to all thy righteousness, I beseech thee, let thine anger and thy fury be turned away from thy city Jerusalem, thy holy mountain: because for our sins, and for the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem and thy people are become a reproach to all that are about us. -Now therefore, O our God, hear the prayer of thy servant, and his supplications, and cause thy face to shine upon thy sanctuary that is desolate, for the Lord's sake. -O my God, incline thine ear, and hear; open thine eyes, and behold our desolations, and the city which is called by thy name: for we do not present our supplications before thee for our righteousnesses, but for thy great mercies. -O Lord, hear; O Lord, forgive; O Lord, hearken and do; defer not, for thine own sake, O my God: for thy city and thy people are called by thy name. -And whiles I was speaking, and praying, and confessing my sin and the sin of my people Israel, and presenting my supplication before the LORD my God for the holy mountain of my God; -Yea, whiles I was speaking in prayer, even the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, touched me about the time of the evening oblation. -And he informed me, and talked with me, and said, O Daniel, I am now come forth to give thee skill and understanding. -At the beginning of thy supplications the commandment came forth, and I am come to shew thee; for thou art greatly beloved: therefore understand the matter, and consider the vision. -Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. -Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. -And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. -And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate. -In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed unto Daniel, whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, but the time appointed was long: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision. -In those days I Daniel was mourning three full weeks. -I ate no pleasant bread, neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth, neither did I anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks were fulfilled. -And in the four and twentieth day of the first month, as I was by the side of the great river, which is Hiddekel; -Then I lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a certain man clothed in linen, whose loins were girded with fine gold of Uphaz: -His body also was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as lamps of fire, and his arms and his feet like in colour to polished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a multitude. -And I Daniel alone saw the vision: for the men that were with me saw not the vision; but a great quaking fell upon them, so that they fled to hide themselves. -Therefore I was left alone, and saw this great vision, and there remained no strength in me: for my comeliness was turned in me into corruption, and I retained no strength. -Yet heard I the voice of his words: and when I heard the voice of his words, then was I in a deep sleep on my face, and my face toward the ground. -And, behold, an hand touched me, which set me upon my knees and upon the palms of my hands. -And he said unto me, O Daniel, a man greatly beloved, understand the words that I speak unto thee, and stand upright: for unto thee am I now sent. And when he had spoken this word unto me, I stood trembling. -Then said he unto me, Fear not, Daniel: for from the first day that thou didst set thine heart to understand, and to chasten thyself before thy God, thy words were heard, and I am come for thy words. -But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia. -Now I am come to make thee understand what shall befall thy people in the latter days: for yet the vision is for many days. -And when he had spoken such words unto me, I set my face toward the ground, and I became dumb. -And, behold, one like the similitude of the sons of men touched my lips: then I opened my mouth, and spake, and said unto him that stood before me, O my lord, by the vision my sorrows are turned upon me, and I have retained no strength. -For how can the servant of this my lord talk with this my lord? for as for me, straightway there remained no strength in me, neither is there breath left in me. -Then there came again and touched me one like the appearance of a man, and he strengthened me, -And said, O man greatly beloved, fear not: peace be unto thee, be strong, yea, be strong. And when he had spoken unto me, I was strengthened, and said, Let my lord speak; for thou hast strengthened me. -Then said he, Knowest thou wherefore I come unto thee? and now will I return to fight with the prince of Persia: and when I am gone forth, lo, the prince of Grecia shall come. -But I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth: and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but Michael your prince. -Also I in the first year of Darius the Mede, even I, stood to confirm and to strengthen him. -And now will I shew thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Grecia. -And a mighty king shall stand up, that shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will. -And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those. -And the king of the south shall be strong, and one of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion. -And in the end of years they shall join themselves together; for the king's daughter of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the power of the arm; neither shall he stand, nor his arm: but she shall be given up, and they that brought her, and he that begat her, and he that strengthened her in these times. -But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail: -And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north. -So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall return into his own land. -But his sons shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and one shall certainly come, and overflow, and pass through: then shall he return, and be stirred up, even to his fortress. -And the king of the south shall be moved with choler, and shall come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north: and he shall set forth a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given into his hand. -And when he hath taken away the multitude, his heart shall be lifted up; and he shall cast down many ten thousands: but he shall not be strengthened by it. -For the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after certain years with a great army and with much riches. -And in those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to establish the vision; but they shall fall. -So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mount, and take the most fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to withstand. -But he that cometh against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him: and he shall stand in the glorious land, which by his hand shall be consumed. -He shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, and upright ones with him; thus shall he do: and he shall give him the daughter of women, corrupting her: but she shall not stand on his side, neither be for him. -After this shall he turn his face unto the isles, and shall take many: but a prince for his own behalf shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease; without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him. -Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land: but he shall stumble and fall, and not be found. -Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle. -And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries. -And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant. -And after the league made with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people. -He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time. -And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him. -Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow: and many shall fall down slain. -And both of these kings' hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet the end shall be at the time appointed. -Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits, and return to his own land. -At the time appointed he shall return, and come toward the south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter. -For the ships of Chittim shall come against him: therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant. -And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate. -And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits. -And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days. -Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries. -And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because it is yet for a time appointed. -And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. -Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all. -But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things. -Thus shall he do in the most strong holds with a strange god, whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain. -And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over. -He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many countries shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon. -He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape. -But he shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps. -But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and utterly to make away many. -And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. -And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time: and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. -And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. -And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever. -But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. -Then I Daniel looked, and, behold, there stood other two, the one on this side of the bank of the river, and the other on that side of the bank of the river. -And one said to the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, How long shall it be to the end of these wonders? -And I heard the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever that it shall be for a time, times, and an half; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished. -And I heard, but I understood not: then said I, O my Lord, what shall be the end of these things? -And he said, Go thy way, Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. -Many shall be purified, and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall understand. -And from the time that the daily sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred and ninety days. -Blessed is he that waiteth, and cometh to the thousand three hundred and five and thirty days. -But go thou thy way till the end be: for thou shalt rest, and stand in thy lot at the end of the days. -The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel. -The beginning of the word of the LORD by Hosea. And the LORD said to Hosea, Go, take unto thee a wife of whoredoms and children of whoredoms: for the land hath committed great whoredom, departing from the LORD. -So he went and took Gomer the daughter of Diblaim; which conceived, and bare him a son. -And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. -And it shall come to pass at that day, that I will break the bow of Israel, in the valley of Jezreel. -And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away. -But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the LORD their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen. -Now when she had weaned Loruhamah, she conceived, and bare a son. -Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and I will not be your God. -Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God. -Then shall the children of Judah and the children of Israel be gathered together, and appoint themselves one head, and they shall come up out of the land: for great shall be the day of Jezreel. -Say ye unto your brethren, Ammi; and to your sisters, Ruhamah. -Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; -Lest I strip her naked, and set her as in the day that she was born, and make her as a wilderness, and set her like a dry land, and slay her with thirst. -And I will not have mercy upon her children; for they be the children of whoredoms. -For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. -Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall, that she shall not find her paths. -And she shall follow after her lovers, but she shall not overtake them; and she shall seek them, but shall not find them: then shall she say, I will go and return to my first husband; for then was it better with me than now. -For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. -Therefore will I return, and take away my corn in the time thereof, and my wine in the season thereof, and will recover my wool and my flax given to cover her nakedness. -And now will I discover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers, and none shall deliver her out of mine hand. -I will also cause all her mirth to cease, her feast days, her new moons, and her sabbaths, and all her solemn feasts. -And I will destroy her vines and her fig trees, whereof she hath said, These are my rewards that my lovers have given me: and I will make them a forest, and the beasts of the field shall eat them. -And I will visit upon her the days of Baalim, wherein she burned incense to them, and she decked herself with her earrings and her jewels, and she went after her lovers, and forgat me, saith the LORD. -Therefore, behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her. -And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt. -And it shall be at that day, saith the LORD, that thou shalt call me Ishi; and shalt call me no more Baali. -For I will take away the names of Baalim out of her mouth, and they shall no more be remembered by their name. -And in that day will I make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field and with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping things of the ground: and I will break the bow and the sword and the battle out of the earth, and will make them to lie down safely. -And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. -I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. -And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the LORD, I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; -And the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they shall hear Jezreel. -And I will sow her unto me in the earth; and I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them which were not my people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art my God. -Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward the children of Israel, who look to other gods, and love flagons of wine. -So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver, and for an homer of barley, and an half homer of barley: -And I said unto her, Thou shalt abide for me many days; thou shalt not play the harlot, and thou shalt not be for another man: so will I also be for thee. -For the children of Israel shall abide many days without a king, and without a prince, and without a sacrifice, and without an image, and without an ephod, and without teraphim: -Afterward shall the children of Israel return, and seek the LORD their God, and David their king; and shall fear the LORD and his goodness in the latter days. -Hear the word of the LORD, ye children of Israel: for the LORD hath a controversy with the inhabitants of the land, because there is no truth, nor mercy, nor knowledge of God in the land. -By swearing, and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery, they break out, and blood toucheth blood. -Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish, with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven; yea, the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away. -Yet let no man strive, nor reprove another: for thy people are as they that strive with the priest. -Therefore shalt thou fall in the day, and the prophet also shall fall with thee in the night, and I will destroy thy mother. -My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge: because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me: seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children. -As they were increased, so they sinned against me: therefore will I change their glory into shame. -They eat up the sin of my people, and they set their heart on their iniquity. -And there shall be, like people, like priest: and I will punish them for their ways, and reward them their doings. -For they shall eat, and not have enough: they shall commit whoredom, and shall not increase: because they have left off to take heed to the LORD. -Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart. -My people ask counsel at their stocks, and their staff declareth unto them: for the spirit of whoredoms hath caused them to err, and they have gone a whoring from under their God. -They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery. -I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall. -Though thou, Israel, play the harlot, yet let not Judah offend; and come not ye unto Gilgal, neither go ye up to Bethaven, nor swear, The LORD liveth. -For Israel slideth back as a backsliding heifer: now the LORD will feed them as a lamb in a large place. -Ephraim is joined to idols: let him alone. -Their drink is sour: they have committed whoredom continually: her rulers with shame do love, Give ye. -The wind hath bound her up in her wings, and they shall be ashamed because of their sacrifices. -Hear ye this, O priests; and hearken, ye house of Israel; and give ye ear, O house of the king; for judgment is toward you, because ye have been a snare on Mizpah, and a net spread upon Tabor. -And the revolters are profound to make slaughter, though I have been a rebuker of them all. -I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hid from me: for now, O Ephraim, thou committest whoredom, and Israel is defiled. -They will not frame their doings to turn unto their God: for the spirit of whoredoms is in the midst of them, and they have not known the LORD. -And the pride of Israel doth testify to his face: therefore shall Israel and Ephraim fall in their iniquity: Judah also shall fall with them. -They shall go with their flocks and with their herds to seek the LORD; but they shall not find him; he hath withdrawn himself from them. -They have dealt treacherously against the LORD: for they have begotten strange children: now shall a month devour them with their portions. -Blow ye the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah: cry aloud at Bethaven, after thee, O Benjamin. -Ephraim shall be desolate in the day of rebuke: among the tribes of Israel have I made known that which shall surely be. -The princes of Judah were like them that remove the bound: therefore I will pour out my wrath upon them like water. -Ephraim is oppressed and broken in judgment, because he willingly walked after the commandment. -Therefore will I be unto Ephraim as a moth, and to the house of Judah as rottenness. -When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound. -For I will be unto Ephraim as a lion, and as a young lion to the house of Judah: I, even I, will tear and go away; I will take away, and none shall rescue him. -I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offence, and seek my face: in their affliction they will seek me early. -Come, and let us return unto the LORD: for he hath torn, and he will heal us; he hath smitten, and he will bind us up. -After two days will he revive us: in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight. -Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the LORD: his going forth is prepared as the morning; and he shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth. -O Ephraim, what shall I do unto thee? O Judah, what shall I do unto thee? for your goodness is as a morning cloud, and as the early dew it goeth away. -Therefore have I hewed them by the prophets; I have slain them by the words of my mouth: and thy judgments are as the light that goeth forth. -For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings. -But they like men have transgressed the covenant: there have they dealt treacherously against me. -Gilead is a city of them that work iniquity, and is polluted with blood. -And as troops of robbers wait for a man, so the company of priests murder in the way by consent: for they commit lewdness. -I have seen an horrible thing in the house of Israel: there is the whoredom of Ephraim, Israel is defiled. -Also, O Judah, he hath set an harvest for thee, when I returned the captivity of my people. -When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, and the troop of robbers spoileth without. -And they consider not in their hearts that I remember all their wickedness: now their own doings have beset them about; they are before my face. -They make the king glad with their wickedness, and the princes with their lies. -They are all adulterers, as an oven heated by the baker, who ceaseth from raising after he hath kneaded the dough, until it be leavened. -In the day of our king the princes have made him sick with bottles of wine; he stretched out his hand with scorners. -For they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie in wait: their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth as a flaming fire. -They are all hot as an oven, and have devoured their judges; all their kings are fallen: there is none among them that calleth unto me. -Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people; Ephraim is a cake not turned. -Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth it not: yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not. -And the pride of Israel testifieth to his face: and they do not return to the LORD their God, nor seek him for all this. -Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: they call to Egypt, they go to Assyria. -When they shall go, I will spread my net upon them; I will bring them down as the fowls of the heaven; I will chastise them, as their congregation hath heard. -Woe unto them! for they have fled from me: destruction unto them! because they have transgressed against me: though I have redeemed them, yet they have spoken lies against me. -And they have not cried unto me with their heart, when they howled upon their beds: they assemble themselves for corn and wine, and they rebel against me. -Though I have bound and strengthened their arms, yet do they imagine mischief against me. -They return, but not to the most High: they are like a deceitful bow: their princes shall fall by the sword for the rage of their tongue: this shall be their derision in the land of Egypt. -Set the trumpet to thy mouth. He shall come as an eagle against the house of the LORD, because they have transgressed my covenant, and trespassed against my law. -Israel shall cry unto me, My God, we know thee. -Israel hath cast off the thing that is good: the enemy shall pursue him. -They have set up kings, but not by me: they have made princes, and I knew it not: of their silver and their gold have they made them idols, that they may be cut off. -Thy calf, O Samaria, hath cast thee off; mine anger is kindled against them: how long will it be ere they attain to innocency? -For from Israel was it also: the workman made it; therefore it is not God: but the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces. -For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind: it hath no stalk; the bud shall yield no meal: if so be it yield, the strangers shall swallow it up. -Israel is swallowed up: now shall they be among the Gentiles as a vessel wherein is no pleasure. -For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers. -Yea, though they have hired among the nations, now will I gather them, and they shall sorrow a little for the burden of the king of princes. -Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin, altars shall be unto him to sin. -I have written to him the great things of my law, but they were counted as a strange thing. -They sacrifice flesh for the sacrifices of mine offerings, and eat it; but the LORD accepteth them not; now will he remember their iniquity, and visit their sins: they shall return to Egypt. -For Israel hath forgotten his Maker, and buildeth temples; and Judah hath multiplied fenced cities: but I will send a fire upon his cities, and it shall devour the palaces thereof. -Rejoice not, O Israel, for joy, as other people: for thou hast gone a whoring from thy God, thou hast loved a reward upon every cornfloor. -The floor and the winepress shall not feed them, and the new wine shall fail in her. -They shall not dwell in the LORD's land; but Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and they shall eat unclean things in Assyria. -They shall not offer wine offerings to the LORD, neither shall they be pleasing unto him: their sacrifices shall be unto them as the bread of mourners; all that eat thereof shall be polluted: for their bread for their soul shall not come into the house of the LORD. -What will ye do in the solemn day, and in the day of the feast of the LORD? -For, lo, they are gone because of destruction: Egypt shall gather them up, Memphis shall bury them: the pleasant places for their silver, nettles shall possess them: thorns shall be in their tabernacles. -The days of visitation are come, the days of recompence are come; Israel shall know it: the prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad, for the multitude of thine iniquity, and the great hatred. -The watchman of Ephraim was with my God: but the prophet is a snare of a fowler in all his ways, and hatred in the house of his God. -They have deeply corrupted themselves, as in the days of Gibeah: therefore he will remember their iniquity, he will visit their sins. -I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as the firstripe in the fig tree at her first time: but they went to Baalpeor, and separated themselves unto that shame; and their abominations were according as they loved. -As for Ephraim, their glory shall fly away like a bird, from the birth, and from the womb, and from the conception. -Though they bring up their children, yet will I bereave them, that there shall not be a man left: yea, woe also to them when I depart from them! -Ephraim, as I saw Tyrus, is planted in a pleasant place: but Ephraim shall bring forth his children to the murderer. -Give them, O LORD: what wilt thou give? give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts. -All their wickedness is in Gilgal: for there I hated them: for the wickedness of their doings I will drive them out of mine house, I will love them no more: all their princes are revolters. -Ephraim is smitten, their root is dried up, they shall bear no fruit: yea, though they bring forth, yet will I slay even the beloved fruit of their womb. -My God will cast them away, because they did not hearken unto him: and they shall be wanderers among the nations. -Israel is an empty vine, he bringeth forth fruit unto himself: according to the multitude of his fruit he hath increased the altars; according to the goodness of his land they have made goodly images. -Their heart is divided; now shall they be found faulty: he shall break down their altars, he shall spoil their images. -For now they shall say, We have no king, because we feared not the LORD; what then should a king do to us? -They have spoken words, swearing falsely in making a covenant: thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field. -The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves of Bethaven: for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the priests thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it is departed from it. -It shall be also carried unto Assyria for a present to king Jareb: Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel. -As for Samaria, her king is cut off as the foam upon the water. -The high places also of Aven, the sin of Israel, shall be destroyed: the thorn and the thistle shall come up on their altars; and they shall say to the mountains, Cover us; and to the hills, Fall on us. -O Israel, thou hast sinned from the days of Gibeah: there they stood: the battle in Gibeah against the children of iniquity did not overtake them. -It is in my desire that I should chastise them; and the people shall be gathered against them, when they shall bind themselves in their two furrows. -And Ephraim is as an heifer that is taught, and loveth to tread out the corn; but I passed over upon her fair neck: I will make Ephraim to ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break his clods. -Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy; break up your fallow ground: for it is time to seek the LORD, till he come and rain righteousness upon you. -Ye have plowed wickedness, ye have reaped iniquity; ye have eaten the fruit of lies: because thou didst trust in thy way, in the multitude of thy mighty men. -Therefore shall a tumult arise among thy people, and all thy fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Betharbel in the day of battle: the mother was dashed in pieces upon her children. -So shall Bethel do unto you because of your great wickedness: in a morning shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off. -When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt. -As they called them, so they went from them: they sacrificed unto Baalim, and burned incense to graven images. -I taught Ephraim also to go, taking them by their arms; but they knew not that I healed them. -I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love: and I was to them as they that take off the yoke on their jaws, and I laid meat unto them. -He shall not return into the land of Egypt, and the Assyrian shall be his king, because they refused to return. -And the sword shall abide on his cities, and shall consume his branches, and devour them, because of their own counsels. -And my people are bent to backsliding from me: though they called them to the most High, none at all would exalt him. -How shall I give thee up, Ephraim? how shall I deliver thee, Israel? how shall I make thee as Admah? how shall I set thee as Zeboim? mine heart is turned within me, my repentings are kindled together. -I will not execute the fierceness of mine anger, I will not return to destroy Ephraim: for I am God, and not man; the Holy One in the midst of thee: and I will not enter into the city. -They shall walk after the LORD: he shall roar like a lion: when he shall roar, then the children shall tremble from the west. -They shall tremble as a bird out of Egypt, and as a dove out of the land of Assyria: and I will place them in their houses, saith the LORD. -Ephraim compasseth me about with lies, and the house of Israel with deceit: but Judah yet ruleth with God, and is faithful with the saints. -Ephraim feedeth on wind, and followeth after the east wind: he daily increaseth lies and desolation; and they do make a covenant with the Assyrians, and oil is carried into Egypt. -The LORD hath also a controversy with Judah, and will punish Jacob according to his ways; according to his doings will he recompense him. -He took his brother by the heel in the womb, and by his strength he had power with God: -Yea, he had power over the angel, and prevailed: he wept, and made supplication unto him: he found him in Bethel, and there he spake with us; -Even the LORD God of hosts; the LORD is his memorial. -Therefore turn thou to thy God: keep mercy and judgment and wait on thy God continually. -He is a merchant, the balances of deceit are in his hand: he loveth to oppress. -And Ephraim said, Yet I am become rich, I have found me out substance: in all my labours they shall find none iniquity in me that were sin. -And I that am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt will yet make thee to dwell in tabernacles, as in the days of the solemn feast. -I have also spoken by the prophets, and I have multiplied visions, and used similitudes, by the ministry of the prophets. -Is there iniquity in Gilead? surely they are vanity: they sacrifice bullocks in Gilgal; yea, their altars are as heaps in the furrows of the fields. -And Jacob fled into the country of Syria, and Israel served for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep. -And by a prophet the LORD brought Israel out of Egypt, and by a prophet was he preserved. -Ephraim provoked him to anger most bitterly: therefore shall he leave his blood upon him, and his reproach shall his LORD return unto him. -When Ephraim spake trembling, he exalted himself in Israel; but when he offended in Baal, he died. -And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, and idols according to their own understanding, all of it the work of the craftsmen: they say of them, Let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves. -Therefore they shall be as the morning cloud and as the early dew that passeth away, as the chaff that is driven with the whirlwind out of the floor, and as the smoke out of the chimney. -Yet I am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no god but me: for there is no saviour beside me. -I did know thee in the wilderness, in the land of great drought. -According to their pasture, so were they filled; they were filled, and their heart was exalted; therefore have they forgotten me. -Therefore I will be unto them as a lion: as a leopard by the way will I observe them: -I will meet them as a bear that is bereaved of her whelps, and will rend the caul of their heart, and there will I devour them like a lion: the wild beast shall tear them. -O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself; but in me is thine help. -I will be thy king: where is any other that may save thee in all thy cities? and thy judges of whom thou saidst, Give me a king and princes? -I gave thee a king in mine anger, and took him away in my wrath. -The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up; his sin is hid. -The sorrows of a travailing woman shall come upon him: he is an unwise son; for he should not stay long in the place of the breaking forth of children. -I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be thy destruction: repentance shall be hid from mine eyes. -Though he be fruitful among his brethren, an east wind shall come, the wind of the LORD shall come up from the wilderness, and his spring shall become dry, and his fountain shall be dried up: he shall spoil the treasure of all pleasant vessels. -Samaria shall become desolate; for she hath rebelled against her God: they shall fall by the sword: their infants shall be dashed in pieces, and their women with child shall be ripped up. -O israel, return unto the LORD thy God; for thou hast fallen by thine iniquity. -Take with you words, and turn to the LORD: say unto him, Take away all iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will we render the calves of our lips. -Asshur shall not save us; we will not ride upon horses: neither will we say any more to the work of our hands, Ye are our gods: for in thee the fatherless findeth mercy. -I will heal their backsliding, I will love them freely: for mine anger is turned away from him. -I will be as the dew unto Israel: he shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Lebanon. -His branches shall spread, and his beauty shall be as the olive tree, and his smell as Lebanon. -They that dwell under his shadow shall return; they shall revive as the corn, and grow as the vine: the scent thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon. -Ephraim shall say, What have I to do any more with idols? I have heard him, and observed him: I am like a green fir tree. From me is thy fruit found. -Who is wise, and he shall understand these things? prudent, and he shall know them? for the ways of the LORD are right, and the just shall walk in them: but the transgressors shall fall therein. -The word of the LORD that came to Joel the son of Pethuel. -Hear this, ye old men, and give ear, all ye inhabitants of the land. Hath this been in your days, or even in the days of your fathers? -Tell ye your children of it, and let your children tell their children, and their children another generation. -That which the palmerworm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the cankerworm eaten; and that which the cankerworm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. -Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine, because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth. -For a nation is come up upon my land, strong, and without number, whose teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he hath the cheek teeth of a great lion. -He hath laid my vine waste, and barked my fig tree: he hath made it clean bare, and cast it away; the branches thereof are made white. -Lament like a virgin girded with sackcloth for the husband of her youth. -The meat offering and the drink offering is cut off from the house of the LORD; the priests, the LORD's ministers, mourn. -The field is wasted, the land mourneth; for the corn is wasted: the new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth. -Be ye ashamed, O ye husbandmen; howl, O ye vinedressers, for the wheat and for the barley; because the harvest of the field is perished. -The vine is dried up, and the fig tree languisheth; the pomegranate tree, the palm tree also, and the apple tree, even all the trees of the field, are withered: because joy is withered away from the sons of men. -Gird yourselves, and lament, ye priests: howl, ye ministers of the altar: come, lie all night in sackcloth, ye ministers of my God: for the meat offering and the drink offering is withholden from the house of your God. -Sanctify ye a fast, call a solemn assembly, gather the elders and all the inhabitants of the land into the house of the LORD your God, and cry unto the LORD, -Alas for the day! for the day of the LORD is at hand, and as a destruction from the Almighty shall it come. -Is not the meat cut off before our eyes, yea, joy and gladness from the house of our God? -The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered. -How do the beasts groan! the herds of cattle are perplexed, because they have no pasture; yea, the flocks of sheep are made desolate. -O LORD, to thee will I cry: for the fire hath devoured the pastures of the wilderness, and the flame hath burned all the trees of the field. -The beasts of the field cry also unto thee: for the rivers of waters are dried up, and the fire hath devoured the pastures of the wilderness. -Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy mountain: let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: for the day of the LORD cometh, for it is nigh at hand; -A day of darkness and of gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick darkness, as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people and a strong; there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after it, even to the years of many generations. -A fire devoureth before them; and behind them a flame burneth: the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing shall escape them. -The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses; and as horsemen, so shall they run. -Like the noise of chariots on the tops of mountains shall they leap, like the noise of a flame of fire that devoureth the stubble, as a strong people set in battle array. -Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness. -They shall run like mighty men; they shall climb the wall like men of war; and they shall march every one on his ways, and they shall not break their ranks: -Neither shall one thrust another; they shall walk every one in his path: and when they fall upon the sword, they shall not be wounded. -They shall run to and fro in the city; they shall run upon the wall, they shall climb up upon the houses; they shall enter in at the windows like a thief. -The earth shall quake before them; the heavens shall tremble: the sun and the moon shall be dark, and the stars shall withdraw their shining: -And the LORD shall utter his voice before his army: for his camp is very great: for he is strong that executeth his word: for the day of the LORD is great and very terrible; and who can abide it? -Therefore also now, saith the LORD, turn ye even to me with all your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning: -And rend your heart, and not your garments, and turn unto the LORD your God: for he is gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repenteth him of the evil. -Who knoweth if he will return and repent, and leave a blessing behind him; even a meat offering and a drink offering unto the LORD your God? -Blow the trumpet in Zion, sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly: -Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet. -Let the priests, the ministers of the LORD, weep between the porch and the altar, and let them say, Spare thy people, O LORD, and give not thine heritage to reproach, that the heathen should rule over them: wherefore should they say among the people, Where is their God? -Then will the LORD be jealous for his land, and pity his people. -Yea, the LORD will answer and say unto his people, Behold, I will send you corn, and wine, and oil, and ye shall be satisfied therewith: and I will no more make you a reproach among the heathen: -But I will remove far off from you the northern army, and will drive him into a land barren and desolate, with his face toward the east sea, and his hinder part toward the utmost sea, and his stink shall come up, and his ill savour shall come up, because he hath done great things. -Fear not, O land; be glad and rejoice: for the LORD will do great things. -Be not afraid, ye beasts of the field: for the pastures of the wilderness do spring, for the tree beareth her fruit, the fig tree and the vine do yield their strength. -Be glad then, ye children of Zion, and rejoice in the LORD your God: for he hath given you the former rain moderately, and he will cause to come down for you the rain, the former rain, and the latter rain in the first month. -And the floors shall be full of wheat, and the vats shall overflow with wine and oil. -And I will restore to you the years that the locust hath eaten, the cankerworm, and the caterpiller, and the palmerworm, my great army which I sent among you. -And ye shall eat in plenty, and be satisfied, and praise the name of the LORD your God, that hath dealt wondrously with you: and my people shall never be ashamed. -And ye shall know that I am in the midst of Israel, and that I am the LORD your God, and none else: and my people shall never be ashamed. -And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: -And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my spirit. -And I will shew wonders in the heavens and in the earth, blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke. -The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the LORD come. -And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the LORD shall be delivered: for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be deliverance, as the LORD hath said, and in the remnant whom the LORD shall call. -For, behold, in those days, and in that time, when I shall bring again the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem, -I will also gather all nations, and will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat, and will plead with them there for my people and for my heritage Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations, and parted my land. -And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink. -Yea, and what have ye to do with me, O Tyre, and Zidon, and all the coasts of Palestine? will ye render me a recompence? and if ye recompense me, swiftly and speedily will I return your recompence upon your own head; -Because ye have taken my silver and my gold, and have carried into your temples my goodly pleasant things: -The children also of Judah and the children of Jerusalem have ye sold unto the Grecians, that ye might remove them far from their border. -Behold, I will raise them out of the place whither ye have sold them, and will return your recompence upon your own head: -And I will sell your sons and your daughters into the hand of the children of Judah, and they shall sell them to the Sabeans, to a people far off: for the LORD hath spoken it. -Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles; Prepare war, wake up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near; let them come up: -Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruninghooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong. -Assemble yourselves, and come, all ye heathen, and gather yourselves together round about: thither cause thy mighty ones to come down, O LORD. -Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Jehoshaphat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about. -Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness is great. -Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. -The sun and the moon shall be darkened, and the stars shall withdraw their shining. -The LORD also shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the LORD will be the hope of his people, and the strength of the children of Israel. -So shall ye know that I am the LORD your God dwelling in Zion, my holy mountain: then shall Jerusalem be holy, and there shall no strangers pass through her any more. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the mountains shall drop down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk, and all the rivers of Judah shall flow with waters, and a fountain shall come forth out of the house of the LORD, and shall water the valley of Shittim. -Egypt shall be a desolation, and Edom shall be a desolate wilderness, for the violence against the children of Judah, because they have shed innocent blood in their land. -But Judah shall dwell for ever, and Jerusalem from generation to generation. -For I will cleanse their blood that I have not cleansed: for the LORD dwelleth in Zion. -The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake. -And he said, The LORD will roar from Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the habitations of the shepherds shall mourn, and the top of Carmel shall wither. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron: -But I will send a fire into the house of Hazael, which shall devour the palaces of Benhadad. -I will break also the bar of Damascus, and cut off the inhabitant from the plain of Aven, and him that holdeth the sceptre from the house of Eden: and the people of Syria shall go into captivity unto Kir, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Gaza, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they carried away captive the whole captivity, to deliver them up to Edom: -But I will send a fire on the wall of Gaza, which shall devour the palaces thereof: -And I will cut off the inhabitant from Ashdod, and him that holdeth the sceptre from Ashkelon, and I will turn mine hand against Ekron: and the remnant of the Philistines shall perish, saith the Lord GOD. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Tyrus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they delivered up the whole captivity to Edom, and remembered not the brotherly covenant: -But I will send a fire on the wall of Tyrus, which shall devour the palaces thereof. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Edom, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he did pursue his brother with the sword, and did cast off all pity, and his anger did tear perpetually, and he kept his wrath for ever: -But I will send a fire upon Teman, which shall devour the palaces of Bozrah. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of the children of Ammon, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have ripped up the women with child of Gilead, that they might enlarge their border: -But I will kindle a fire in the wall of Rabbah, and it shall devour the palaces thereof, with shouting in the day of battle, with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind: -And their king shall go into captivity, he and his princes together, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Moab, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he burned the bones of the king of Edom into lime: -But I will send a fire upon Moab, and it shall devour the palaces of Kirioth: and Moab shall die with tumult, with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet: -And I will cut off the judge from the midst thereof, and will slay all the princes thereof with him, saith the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Judah, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have despised the law of the LORD, and have not kept his commandments, and their lies caused them to err, after the which their fathers have walked: -But I will send a fire upon Judah, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem. -Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Israel, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they sold the righteous for silver, and the poor for a pair of shoes; -That pant after the dust of the earth on the head of the poor, and turn aside the way of the meek: and a man and his father will go in unto the same maid, to profane my holy name: -And they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their god. -Yet destroyed I the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath. -Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite. -And I raised up of your sons for prophets, and of your young men for Nazarites. Is it not even thus, O ye children of Israel? saith the LORD. -But ye gave the Nazarites wine to drink; and commanded the prophets, saying, Prophesy not. -Behold, I am pressed under you, as a cart is pressed that is full of sheaves. -Therefore the flight shall perish from the swift, and the strong shall not strengthen his force, neither shall the mighty deliver himself: -Neither shall he stand that handleth the bow; and he that is swift of foot shall not deliver himself: neither shall he that rideth the horse deliver himself. -And he that is courageous among the mighty shall flee away naked in that day, saith the LORD. -Hear this word that the LORD hath spoken against you, O children of Israel, against the whole family which I brought up from the land of Egypt, saying, -You only have I known of all the families of the earth: therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities. -Can two walk together, except they be agreed? -Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? will a young lion cry out of his den, if he have taken nothing? -Can a bird fall in a snare upon the earth, where no gin is for him? shall one take up a snare from the earth, and have taken nothing at all? -Shall a trumpet be blown in the city, and the people not be afraid? shall there be evil in a city, and the LORD hath not done it? -Surely the Lord GOD will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the prophets. -The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken, who can but prophesy? -Publish in the palaces at Ashdod, and in the palaces in the land of Egypt, and say, Assemble yourselves upon the mountains of Samaria, and behold the great tumults in the midst thereof, and the oppressed in the midst thereof. -For they know not to do right, saith the LORD, who store up violence and robbery in their palaces. -Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; An adversary there shall be even round about the land; and he shall bring down thy strength from thee, and thy palaces shall be spoiled. -Thus saith the LORD; As the shepherd taketh out of the mouth of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear; so shall the children of Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a bed, and in Damascus in a couch. -Hear ye, and testify in the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD, the God of hosts, -That in the day that I shall visit the transgressions of Israel upon him I will also visit the altars of Bethel: and the horns of the altar shall be cut off, and fall to the ground. -And I will smite the winter house with the summer house; and the houses of ivory shall perish, and the great houses shall have an end, saith the LORD. -Hear this word, ye kine of Bashan, that are in the mountain of Samaria, which oppress the poor, which crush the needy, which say to their masters, Bring, and let us drink. -The Lord GOD hath sworn by his holiness, that, lo, the days shall come upon you, that he will take you away with hooks, and your posterity with fishhooks. -And ye shall go out at the breaches, every cow at that which is before her; and ye shall cast them into the palace, saith the LORD. -Come to Bethel, and transgress; at Gilgal multiply transgression; and bring your sacrifices every morning, and your tithes after three years: -And offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving with leaven, and proclaim and publish the free offerings: for this liketh you, O ye children of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. -And I also have given you cleanness of teeth in all your cities, and want of bread in all your places: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. -And also I have withholden the rain from you, when there were yet three months to the harvest: and I caused it to rain upon one city, and caused it not to rain upon another city: one piece was rained upon, and the piece whereupon it rained not withered. -So two or three cities wandered unto one city, to drink water; but they were not satisfied: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. -I have smitten you with blasting and mildew: when your gardens and your vineyards and your fig trees and your olive trees increased, the palmerworm devoured them: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. -I have sent among you the pestilence after the manner of Egypt: your young men have I slain with the sword, and have taken away your horses; and I have made the stink of your camps to come up unto your nostrils: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. -I have overthrown some of you, as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, and ye were as a firebrand plucked out of the burning: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. -Therefore thus will I do unto thee, O Israel: and because I will do this unto thee, prepare to meet thy God, O Israel. -For, lo, he that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind, and declareth unto man what is his thought, that maketh the morning darkness, and treadeth upon the high places of the earth, The LORD, The God of hosts, is his name. -Hear ye this word which I take up against you, even a lamentation, O house of Israel. -The virgin of Israel is fallen; she shall no more rise: she is forsaken upon her land; there is none to raise her up. -For thus saith the Lord GOD; The city that went out by a thousand shall leave an hundred, and that which went forth by an hundred shall leave ten, to the house of Israel. -For thus saith the LORD unto the house of Israel, Seek ye me, and ye shall live: -But seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and pass not to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nought. -Seek the LORD, and ye shall live; lest he break out like fire in the house of Joseph, and devour it, and there be none to quench it in Bethel. -Ye who turn judgment to wormwood, and leave off righteousness in the earth, -Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark with night: that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name: -That strengtheneth the spoiled against the strong, so that the spoiled shall come against the fortress. -They hate him that rebuketh in the gate, and they abhor him that speaketh uprightly. -Forasmuch therefore as your treading is upon the poor, and ye take from him burdens of wheat: ye have built houses of hewn stone, but ye shall not dwell in them; ye have planted pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink wine of them. -For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins: they afflict the just, they take a bribe, and they turn aside the poor in the gate from their right. -Therefore the prudent shall keep silence in that time; for it is an evil time. -Seek good, and not evil, that ye may live: and so the LORD, the God of hosts, shall be with you, as ye have spoken. -Hate the evil, and love the good, and establish judgment in the gate: it may be that the LORD God of hosts will be gracious unto the remnant of Joseph. -Therefore the LORD, the God of hosts, the LORD, saith thus; Wailing shall be in all streets; and they shall say in all the highways, Alas! alas! and they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skilful of lamentation to wailing. -And in all vineyards shall be wailing: for I will pass through thee, saith the LORD. -Woe unto you that desire the day of the LORD! to what end is it for you? the day of the LORD is darkness, and not light. -As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him; or went into the house, and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him. -Shall not the day of the LORD be darkness, and not light? even very dark, and no brightness in it? -I hate, I despise your feast days, and I will not smell in your solemn assemblies. -Though ye offer me burnt offerings and your meat offerings, I will not accept them: neither will I regard the peace offerings of your fat beasts. -Take thou away from me the noise of thy songs; for I will not hear the melody of thy viols. -But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. -Have ye offered unto me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? -But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves. -Therefore will I cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus, saith the LORD, whose name is The God of hosts. -Woe to them that are at ease in Zion, and trust in the mountain of Samaria, which are named chief of the nations, to whom the house of Israel came! -Pass ye unto Calneh, and see; and from thence go ye to Hamath the great: then go down to Gath of the Philistines: be they better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border? -Ye that put far away the evil day, and cause the seat of violence to come near; -That lie upon beds of ivory, and stretch themselves upon their couches, and eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves out of the midst of the stall; -That chant to the sound of the viol, and invent to themselves instruments of musick, like David; -That drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the chief ointments: but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph. -Therefore now shall they go captive with the first that go captive, and the banquet of them that stretched themselves shall be removed. -The Lord GOD hath sworn by himself, saith the LORD the God of hosts, I abhor the excellency of Jacob, and hate his palaces: therefore will I deliver up the city with all that is therein. -And it shall come to pass, if there remain ten men in one house, that they shall die. -And a man's uncle shall take him up, and he that burneth him, to bring out the bones out of the house, and shall say unto him that is by the sides of the house, Is there yet any with thee? and he shall say, No. Then shall he say, Hold thy tongue: for we may not make mention of the name of the LORD. -For, behold, the LORD commandeth, and he will smite the great house with breaches, and the little house with clefts. -Shall horses run upon the rock? will one plow there with oxen? for ye have turned judgment into gall, and the fruit of righteousness into hemlock: -Ye which rejoice in a thing of nought, which say, Have we not taken to us horns by our own strength? -But, behold, I will raise up against you a nation, O house of Israel, saith the LORD the God of hosts; and they shall afflict you from the entering in of Hemath unto the river of the wilderness. -Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me; and, behold, he formed grasshoppers in the beginning of the shooting up of the latter growth; and, lo, it was the latter growth after the king's mowings. -And it came to pass, that when they had made an end of eating the grass of the land, then I said, O Lord GOD, forgive, I beseech thee: by whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small. -The LORD repented for this: It shall not be, saith the LORD. -Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and, behold, the Lord GOD called to contend by fire, and it devoured the great deep, and did eat up a part. -Then said I, O Lord GOD, cease, I beseech thee: by whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small. -The LORD repented for this: This also shall not be, saith the Lord GOD. -Thus he shewed me: and, behold, the LORD stood upon a wall made by a plumbline, with a plumbline in his hand. -And the LORD said unto me, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A plumbline. Then said the LORD, Behold, I will set a plumbline in the midst of my people Israel: I will not again pass by them any more: -And the high places of Isaac shall be desolate, and the sanctuaries of Israel shall be laid waste; and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword. -Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of Israel, saying, Amos hath conspired against thee in the midst of the house of Israel: the land is not able to bear all his words. -For thus Amos saith, Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall surely be led away captive out of their own land. -Also Amaziah said unto Amos, O thou seer, go, flee thee away into the land of Judah, and there eat bread, and prophesy there: -But prophesy not again any more at Bethel: for it is the king's chapel, and it is the king's court. -Then answered Amos, and said to Amaziah, I was no prophet, neither was I a prophet's son; but I was an herdman, and a gatherer of sycomore fruit: -And the LORD took me as I followed the flock, and the LORD said unto me, Go, prophesy unto my people Israel. -Now therefore hear thou the word of the LORD: Thou sayest, Prophesy not against Israel, and drop not thy word against the house of Isaac. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Thy wife shall be an harlot in the city, and thy sons and thy daughters shall fall by the sword, and thy land shall be divided by line; and thou shalt die in a polluted land: and Israel shall surely go into captivity forth of his land. -Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and behold a basket of summer fruit. -And he said, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A basket of summer fruit. Then said the LORD unto me, The end is come upon my people of Israel; I will not again pass by them any more. -And the songs of the temple shall be howlings in that day, saith the Lord GOD: there shall be many dead bodies in every place; they shall cast them forth with silence. -Hear this, O ye that swallow up the needy, even to make the poor of the land to fail, -Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit? -That we may buy the poor for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes; yea, and sell the refuse of the wheat? -The LORD hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob, Surely I will never forget any of their works. -Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that dwelleth therein? and it shall rise up wholly as a flood; and it shall be cast out and drowned, as by the flood of Egypt. -And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day: -And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth upon all loins, and baldness upon every head; and I will make it as the mourning of an only son, and the end thereof as a bitter day. -Behold, the days come, saith the Lord GOD, that I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the LORD: -And they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to the east, they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it. -In that day shall the fair virgins and young men faint for thirst. -They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beersheba liveth; even they shall fall, and never rise up again. -I saw the LORD standing upon the altar: and he said, Smite the lintel of the door, that the posts may shake: and cut them in the head, all of them; and I will slay the last of them with the sword: he that fleeth of them shall not flee away, and he that escapeth of them shall not be delivered. -Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down: -And though they hide themselves in the top of Carmel, I will search and take them out thence; and though they be hid from my sight in the bottom of the sea, thence will I command the serpent, and he shall bite them: -And though they go into captivity before their enemies, thence will I command the sword, and it shall slay them: and I will set mine eyes upon them for evil, and not for good. -And the Lord GOD of hosts is he that toucheth the land, and it shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise up wholly like a flood; and shall be drowned, as by the flood of Egypt. -It is he that buildeth his stories in the heaven, and hath founded his troop in the earth; he that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name. -Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? -Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from off the face of the earth; saving that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the LORD. -For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth. -All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword, which say, The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us. -In that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, and close up the breaches thereof; and I will raise up his ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old: -That they may possess the remnant of Edom, and of all the heathen, which are called by my name, saith the LORD that doeth this. -Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the plowman shall overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes him that soweth seed; and the mountains shall drop sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt. -And I will bring again the captivity of my people of Israel, and they shall build the waste cities, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and drink the wine thereof; they shall also make gardens, and eat the fruit of them. -And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be pulled up out of their land which I have given them, saith the LORD thy God. -The vision of Obadiah. Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning Edom; We have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent among the heathen, Arise ye, and let us rise up against her in battle. -Behold, I have made thee small among the heathen: thou art greatly despised. -The pride of thine heart hath deceived thee, thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, whose habitation is high; that saith in his heart, Who shall bring me down to the ground? -Though thou exalt thyself as the eagle, and though thou set thy nest among the stars, thence will I bring thee down, saith the LORD. -If thieves came to thee, if robbers by night, (how art thou cut off!) would they not have stolen till they had enough? if the grapegatherers came to thee, would they not leave some grapes? -How are the things of Esau searched out! how are his hidden things sought up! -All the men of thy confederacy have brought thee even to the border: the men that were at peace with thee have deceived thee, and prevailed against thee; that they eat thy bread have laid a wound under thee: there is none understanding in him. -Shall I not in that day, saith the LORD, even destroy the wise men out of Edom, and understanding out of the mount of Esau? -And thy mighty men, O Teman, shall be dismayed, to the end that every one of the mount of Esau may be cut off by slaughter. -For thy violence against thy brother Jacob shame shall cover thee, and thou shalt be cut off for ever. -In the day that thou stoodest on the other side, in the day that the strangers carried away captive his forces, and foreigners entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem, even thou wast as one of them. -But thou shouldest not have looked on the day of thy brother in the day that he became a stranger; neither shouldest thou have rejoiced over the children of Judah in the day of their destruction; neither shouldest thou have spoken proudly in the day of distress. -Thou shouldest not have entered into the gate of my people in the day of their calamity; yea, thou shouldest not have looked on their affliction in the day of their calamity, nor have laid hands on their substance in the day of their calamity; -Neither shouldest thou have stood in the crossway, to cut off those of his that did escape; neither shouldest thou have delivered up those of his that did remain in the day of distress. -For the day of the LORD is near upon all the heathen: as thou hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon thine own head. -For as ye have drunk upon my holy mountain, so shall all the heathen drink continually, yea, they shall drink, and they shall swallow down, and they shall be as though they had not been. -But upon mount Zion shall be deliverance, and there shall be holiness; and the house of Jacob shall possess their possessions. -And the house of Jacob shall be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame, and the house of Esau for stubble, and they shall kindle in them, and devour them; and there shall not be any remaining of the house of Esau; for the LORD hath spoken it. -And they of the south shall possess the mount of Esau; and they of the plain the Philistines: and they shall possess the fields of Ephraim, and the fields of Samaria: and Benjamin shall possess Gilead. -And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel shall possess that of the Canaanites, even unto Zarephath; and the captivity of Jerusalem, which is in Sepharad, shall possess the cities of the south. -And saviours shall come up on mount Zion to judge the mount of Esau; and the kingdom shall be the LORD's. -Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, -Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me. -But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD. -But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken. -Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep. -So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not. -And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah. -Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou? -And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land. -Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him. Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them. -Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous. -And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you. -Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them. -Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased thee. -So they look up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging. -Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows. -Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. -Then Jonah prayed unto the LORD his God out of the fish's belly, -And said, I cried by reason of mine affliction unto the LORD, and he heard me; out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my voice. -For thou hadst cast me into the deep, in the midst of the seas; and the floods compassed me about: all thy billows and thy waves passed over me. -Then I said, I am cast out of thy sight; yet I will look again toward thy holy temple. -The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. -I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars was about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God. -When my soul fainted within me I remembered the LORD: and my prayer came in unto thee, into thine holy temple. -They that observe lying vanities forsake their own mercy. -But I will sacrifice unto thee with the voice of thanksgiving; I will pay that that I have vowed. Salvation is of the LORD. -And the LORD spake unto the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. -And the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the second time, saying, -Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee. -So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days' journey. -And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. -So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. -For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. -And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: -But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. -Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? -And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil, that he had said that he would do unto them; and he did it not. -But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was very angry. -And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray thee, O LORD, was not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I fled before unto Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repentest thee of the evil. -Therefore now, O LORD, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live. -Then said the LORD, Doest thou well to be angry? -So Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city. -And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd. -But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered. -And it came to pass, when the sun did arise, that God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die, and said, It is better for me to die than to live. -And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death. -Then said the LORD, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for the which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night: -And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more then sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle? -The word of the LORD that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. -Hear, all ye people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is: and let the Lord GOD be witness against you, the LORD from his holy temple. -For, behold, the LORD cometh forth out of his place, and will come down, and tread upon the high places of the earth. -And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place. -For the transgression of Jacob is all this, and for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the transgression of Jacob? is it not Samaria? and what are the high places of Judah? are they not Jerusalem? -Therefore I will make Samaria as an heap of the field, and as plantings of a vineyard: and I will pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I will discover the foundations thereof. -And all the graven images thereof shall be beaten to pieces, and all the hires thereof shall be burned with the fire, and all the idols thereof will I lay desolate: for she gathered it of the hire of an harlot, and they shall return to the hire of an harlot. -Therefore I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked: I will make a wailing like the dragons, and mourning as the owls. -For her wound is incurable; for it is come unto Judah; he is come unto the gate of my people, even to Jerusalem. -Declare ye it not at Gath, weep ye not at all: in the house of Aphrah roll thyself in the dust. -Pass ye away, thou inhabitant of Saphir, having thy shame naked: the inhabitant of Zaanan came not forth in the mourning of Bethezel; he shall receive of you his standing. -For the inhabitant of Maroth waited carefully for good: but evil came down from the LORD unto the gate of Jerusalem. -O thou inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift beast: she is the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion: for the transgressions of Israel were found in thee. -Therefore shalt thou give presents to Moreshethgath: the houses of Achzib shall be a lie to the kings of Israel. -Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel. -Make thee bald, and poll thee for thy delicate children; enlarge thy baldness as the eagle; for they are gone into captivity from thee. -Woe to them that devise iniquity, and work evil upon their beds! when the morning is light, they practise it, because it is in the power of their hand. -And they covet fields, and take them by violence; and houses, and take them away: so they oppress a man and his house, even a man and his heritage. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, against this family do I devise an evil, from which ye shall not remove your necks; neither shall ye go haughtily: for this time is evil. -In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, and say, We be utterly spoiled: he hath changed the portion of my people: how hath he removed it from me! turning away he hath divided our fields. -Therefore thou shalt have none that shall cast a cord by lot in the congregation of the LORD. -Prophesy ye not, say they to them that prophesy: they shall not prophesy to them, that they shall not take shame. -O thou that art named the house of Jacob, is the spirit of the LORD straitened? are these his doings? do not my words do good to him that walketh uprightly? -Even of late my people is risen up as an enemy: ye pull off the robe with the garment from them that pass by securely as men averse from war. -The women of my people have ye cast out from their pleasant houses; from their children have ye taken away my glory for ever. -Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest: because it is polluted, it shall destroy you, even with a sore destruction. -If a man walking in the spirit and falsehood do lie, saying, I will prophesy unto thee of wine and of strong drink; he shall even be the prophet of this people. -I will surely assemble, O Jacob, all of thee; I will surely gather the remnant of Israel; I will put them together as the sheep of Bozrah, as the flock in the midst of their fold: they shall make great noise by reason of the multitude of men. -The breaker is come up before them: they have broken up, and have passed through the gate, and are gone out by it: and their king shall pass before them, and the LORD on the head of them. -And I said, Hear, I pray you, O heads of Jacob, and ye princes of the house of Israel; Is it not for you to know judgment? -Who hate the good, and love the evil; who pluck off their skin from off them, and their flesh from off their bones; -Who also eat the flesh of my people, and flay their skin from off them; and they break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh within the caldron. -Then shall they cry unto the LORD, but he will not hear them: he will even hide his face from them at that time, as they have behaved themselves ill in their doings. -Thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that make my people err, that bite with their teeth, and cry, Peace; and he that putteth not into their mouths, they even prepare war against him. -Therefore night shall be unto you, that ye shall not have a vision; and it shall be dark unto you, that ye shall not divine; and the sun shall go down over the prophets, and the day shall be dark over them. -Then shall the seers be ashamed, and the diviners confounded: yea, they shall all cover their lips; for there is no answer of God. -But truly I am full of power by the spirit of the LORD, and of judgment, and of might, to declare unto Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin. -Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity. -They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. -The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they lean upon the LORD, and say, Is not the LORD among us? none evil can come upon us. -Therefore shall Zion for your sake be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of the forest. -But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the house of the LORD shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it. -And many nations shall come, and say, Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for the law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. -And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. -But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the LORD of hosts hath spoken it. -For all people will walk every one in the name of his god, and we will walk in the name of the LORD our God for ever and ever. -In that day, saith the LORD, will I assemble her that halteth, and I will gather her that is driven out, and her that I have afflicted; -And I will make her that halted a remnant, and her that was cast far off a strong nation: and the LORD shall reign over them in mount Zion from henceforth, even for ever. -And thou, O tower of the flock, the strong hold of the daughter of Zion, unto thee shall it come, even the first dominion; the kingdom shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem. -Now why dost thou cry out aloud? is there no king in thee? is thy counsellor perished? for pangs have taken thee as a woman in travail. -Be in pain, and labour to bring forth, O daughter of Zion, like a woman in travail: for now shalt thou go forth out of the city, and thou shalt dwell in the field, and thou shalt go even to Babylon; there shalt thou be delivered; there the LORD shall redeem thee from the hand of thine enemies. -Now also many nations are gathered against thee, that say, Let her be defiled, and let our eye look upon Zion. -But they know not the thoughts of the LORD, neither understand they his counsel: for he shall gather them as the sheaves into the floor. -Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion: for I will make thine horn iron, and I will make thy hoofs brass: and thou shalt beat in pieces many people: and I will consecrate their gain unto the LORD, and their substance unto the Lord of the whole earth. -Now gather thyself in troops, O daughter of troops: he hath laid siege against us: they shall smite the judge of Israel with a rod upon the cheek. -But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting. -Therefore will he give them up, until the time that she which travaileth hath brought forth: then the remnant of his brethren shall return unto the children of Israel. -And he shall stand and feed in the strength of the LORD, in the majesty of the name of the LORD his God; and they shall abide: for now shall he be great unto the ends of the earth. -And this man shall be the peace, when the Assyrian shall come into our land: and when he shall tread in our palaces, then shall we raise against him seven shepherds, and eight principal men. -And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in the entrances thereof: thus shall he deliver us from the Assyrian, when he cometh into our land, and when he treadeth within our borders. -And the remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many people as a dew from the LORD, as the showers upon the grass, that tarrieth not for man, nor waiteth for the sons of men. -And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles in the midst of many people as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young lion among the flocks of sheep: who, if he go through, both treadeth down, and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver. -Thine hand shall be lifted up upon thine adversaries, and all thine enemies shall be cut off. -And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that I will cut off thy horses out of the midst of thee, and I will destroy thy chariots: -And I will cut off the cities of thy land, and throw down all thy strong holds: -And I will cut off witchcrafts out of thine hand; and thou shalt have no more soothsayers: -Thy graven images also will I cut off, and thy standing images out of the midst of thee; and thou shalt no more worship the work of thine hands. -And I will pluck up thy groves out of the midst of thee: so will I destroy thy cities. -And I will execute vengeance in anger and fury upon the heathen, such as they have not heard. -Hear ye now what the LORD saith; Arise, contend thou before the mountains, and let the hills hear thy voice. -Hear ye, O mountains, the LORD's controversy, and ye strong foundations of the earth: for the LORD hath a controversy with his people, and he will plead with Israel. -O my people, what have I done unto thee? and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me. -For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee out of the house of servants; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam. -O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab consulted, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim unto Gilgal; that ye may know the righteousness of the LORD. -Wherewith shall I come before the LORD, and bow myself before the high God? shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old? -Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? -He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? -The LORD's voice crieth unto the city, and the man of wisdom shall see thy name: hear ye the rod, and who hath appointed it. -Are there yet the treasures of wickedness in the house of the wicked, and the scant measure that is abominable? -Shall I count them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag of deceitful weights? -For the rich men thereof are full of violence, and the inhabitants thereof have spoken lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their mouth. -Therefore also will I make thee sick in smiting thee, in making thee desolate because of thy sins. -Thou shalt eat, but not be satisfied; and thy casting down shall be in the midst of thee; and thou shalt take hold, but shalt not deliver; and that which thou deliverest will I give up to the sword. -Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap; thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet wine, but shalt not drink wine. -For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house of Ahab, and ye walk in their counsels; that I should make thee a desolation, and the inhabitants thereof an hissing: therefore ye shall bear the reproach of my people. -Woe is me! for I am as when they have gathered the summer fruits, as the grapegleanings of the vintage: there is no cluster to eat: my soul desired the firstripe fruit. -The good man is perished out of the earth: and there is none upright among men: they all lie in wait for blood; they hunt every man his brother with a net. -That they may do evil with both hands earnestly, the prince asketh, and the judge asketh for a reward; and the great man, he uttereth his mischievous desire: so they wrap it up. -The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now shall be their perplexity. -Trust ye not in a friend, put ye not confidence in a guide: keep the doors of thy mouth from her that lieth in thy bosom. -For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a man's enemies are the men of his own house. -Therefore I will look unto the LORD; I will wait for the God of my salvation: my God will hear me. -Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I shall arise; when I sit in darkness, the LORD shall be a light unto me. -I will bear the indignation of the LORD, because I have sinned against him, until he plead my cause, and execute judgment for me: he will bring me forth to the light, and I shall behold his righteousness. -Then she that is mine enemy shall see it, and shame shall cover her which said unto me, Where is the LORD thy God? mine eyes shall behold her: now shall she be trodden down as the mire of the streets. -In the day that thy walls are to be built, in that day shall the decree be far removed. -In that day also he shall come even to thee from Assyria, and from the fortified cities, and from the fortress even to the river, and from sea to sea, and from mountain to mountain. -Notwithstanding the land shall be desolate because of them that dwell therein, for the fruit of their doings. -Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine heritage, which dwell solitarily in the wood, in the midst of Carmel: let them feed in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old. -According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will I shew unto him marvellous things. -The nations shall see and be confounded at all their might: they shall lay their hand upon their mouth, their ears shall be deaf. -They shall lick the dust like a serpent, they shall move out of their holes like worms of the earth: they shall be afraid of the LORD our God, and shall fear because of thee. -Who is a God like unto thee, that pardoneth iniquity, and passeth by the transgression of the remnant of his heritage? he retaineth not his anger for ever, because he delighteth in mercy. -He will turn again, he will have compassion upon us; he will subdue our iniquities; and thou wilt cast all their sins into the depths of the sea. -Thou wilt perform the truth to Jacob, and the mercy to Abraham, which thou hast sworn unto our fathers from the days of old. -The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. -God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries, and he reserveth wrath for his enemies. -The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet. -He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers: Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the flower of Lebanon languisheth. -The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burned at his presence, yea, the world, and all that dwell therein. -Who can stand before his indignation? and who can abide in the fierceness of his anger? his fury is poured out like fire, and the rocks are thrown down by him. -The LORD is good, a strong hold in the day of trouble; and he knoweth them that trust in him. -But with an overrunning flood he will make an utter end of the place thereof, and darkness shall pursue his enemies. -What do ye imagine against the LORD? he will make an utter end: affliction shall not rise up the second time. -For while they be folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they shall be devoured as stubble fully dry. -There is one come out of thee, that imagineth evil against the LORD, a wicked counsellor. -Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more. -For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy bonds in sunder. -And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou art vile. -Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace! O Judah, keep thy solemn feasts, perform thy vows: for the wicked shall no more pass through thee; he is utterly cut off. -He that dasheth in pieces is come up before thy face: keep the munition, watch the way, make thy loins strong, fortify thy power mightily. -For the LORD hath turned away the excellency of Jacob, as the excellency of Israel: for the emptiers have emptied them out, and marred their vine branches. -The shield of his mighty men is made red, the valiant men are in scarlet: the chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly shaken. -The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they shall run like the lightnings. -He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk; they shall make haste to the wall thereof, and the defence shall be prepared. -The gates of the rivers shall be opened, and the palace shall be dissolved. -And Huzzab shall be led away captive, she shall be brought up, and her maids shall lead her as with the voice of doves, tabering upon their breasts. -But Nineveh is of old like a pool of water: yet they shall flee away. Stand, stand, shall they cry; but none shall look back. -Take ye the spoil of silver, take the spoil of gold: for there is none end of the store and glory out of all the pleasant furniture. -She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the knees smite together, and much pain is in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness. -Where is the dwelling of the lions, and the feedingplace of the young lions, where the lion, even the old lion, walked, and the lion's whelp, and none made them afraid? -The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin. -Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of thy messengers shall no more be heard. -Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the prey departeth not; -The noise of a whip, and the noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping chariots. -The horseman lifteth up both the bright sword and the glittering spear: and there is a multitude of slain, and a great number of carcases; and there is none end of their corpses; they stumble upon their corpses: -Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts. -Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame. -And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile, and will set thee as a gazingstock. -And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon thee shall flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her? whence shall I seek comforters for thee? -Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? -Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. -Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were bound in chains. -Thou also shalt be drunken: thou shalt be hid, thou also shalt seek strength because of the enemy. -All thy strong holds shall be like fig trees with the firstripe figs: if they be shaken, they shall even fall into the mouth of the eater. -Behold, thy people in the midst of thee are women: the gates of thy land shall be set wide open unto thine enemies: the fire shall devour thy bars. -Draw thee waters for the siege, fortify thy strong holds: go into clay, and tread the morter, make strong the brickkiln. -There shall the fire devour thee; the sword shall cut thee off, it shall eat thee up like the cankerworm: make thyself many as the cankerworm, make thyself many as the locusts. -Thou hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away. -Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy captains as the great grasshoppers, which camp in the hedges in the cold day, but when the sun ariseth they flee away, and their place is not known where they are. -Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth them. -There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee: for upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually? -The burden which Habakkuk the prophet did see. -O LORD, how long shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear! even cry out unto thee of violence, and thou wilt not save! -Why dost thou shew me iniquity, and cause me to behold grievance? for spoiling and violence are before me: and there are that raise up strife and contention. -Therefore the law is slacked, and judgment doth never go forth: for the wicked doth compass about the righteous; therefore wrong judgment proceedeth. -Behold ye among the heathen, and regard, and wonder marvelously: for I will work a work in your days which ye will not believe, though it be told you. -For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwellingplaces that are not their's. -They are terrible and dreadful: their judgment and their dignity shall proceed of themselves. -Their horses also are swifter than the leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves: and their horsemen shall spread themselves, and their horsemen shall come from far; they shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat. -They shall come all for violence: their faces shall sup up as the east wind, and they shall gather the captivity as the sand. -And they shall scoff at the kings, and the princes shall be a scorn unto them: they shall deride every strong hold; for they shall heap dust, and take it. -Then shall his mind change, and he shall pass over, and offend, imputing this his power unto his god. -Art thou not from everlasting, O LORD my God, mine Holy One? we shall not die. O LORD, thou hast ordained them for judgment; and, O mighty God, thou hast established them for correction. -Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil, and canst not look on iniquity: wherefore lookest thou upon them that deal treacherously, and holdest thy tongue when the wicked devoureth the man that is more righteous than he? -And makest men as the fishes of the sea, as the creeping things, that have no ruler over them? -They take up all of them with the angle, they catch them in their net, and gather them in their drag: therefore they rejoice and are glad. -Therefore they sacrifice unto their net, and burn incense unto their drag; because by them their portion is fat, and their meat plenteous. -Shall they therefore empty their net, and not spare continually to slay the nations? -I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved. -And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it. -For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry. -Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but the just shall live by his faith. -Yea also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man, neither keepeth at home, who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations, and heapeth unto him all people: -Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that ladeth himself with thick clay! -Shall they not rise up suddenly that shall bite thee, and awake that shall vex thee, and thou shalt be for booties unto them? -Because thou hast spoiled many nations, all the remnant of the people shall spoil thee; because of men's blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein. -Woe to him that coveteth an evil covetousness to his house, that he may set his nest on high, that he may be delivered from the power of evil! -Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people, and hast sinned against thy soul. -For the stone shall cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the timber shall answer it. -Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and stablisheth a city by iniquity! -Behold, is it not of the LORD of hosts that the people shall labour in the very fire, and the people shall weary themselves for very vanity? -For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea. -Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness! -Thou art filled with shame for glory: drink thou also, and let thy foreskin be uncovered: the cup of the LORD's right hand shall be turned unto thee, and shameful spewing shall be on thy glory. -For the violence of Lebanon shall cover thee, and the spoil of beasts, which made them afraid, because of men's blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein. -What profiteth the graven image that the maker thereof hath graven it; the molten image, and a teacher of lies, that the maker of his work trusteth therein, to make dumb idols? -Woe unto him that saith to the wood, Awake; to the dumb stone, Arise, it shall teach! Behold, it is laid over with gold and silver, and there is no breath at all in the midst of it. -But the LORD is in his holy temple: let all the earth keep silence before him. -A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet upon Shigionoth. -O LORD, I have heard thy speech, and was afraid: O LORD, revive thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known; in wrath remember mercy. -God came from Teman, and the Holy One from mount Paran. Selah. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise. -And his brightness was as the light; he had horns coming out of his hand: and there was the hiding of his power. -Before him went the pestilence, and burning coals went forth at his feet. -He stood, and measured the earth: he beheld, and drove asunder the nations; and the everlasting mountains were scattered, the perpetual hills did bow: his ways are everlasting. -I saw the tents of Cushan in affliction: and the curtains of the land of Midian did tremble. -Was the LORD displeased against the rivers? was thine anger against the rivers? was thy wrath against the sea, that thou didst ride upon thine horses and thy chariots of salvation? -Thy bow was made quite naked, according to the oaths of the tribes, even thy word. Selah. Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers. -The mountains saw thee, and they trembled: the overflowing of the water passed by: the deep uttered his voice, and lifted up his hands on high. -The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of thine arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear. -Thou didst march through the land in indignation, thou didst thresh the heathen in anger. -Thou wentest forth for the salvation of thy people, even for salvation with thine anointed; thou woundedst the head out of the house of the wicked, by discovering the foundation unto the neck. Selah. -Thou didst strike through with his staves the head of his villages: they came out as a whirlwind to scatter me: their rejoicing was as to devour the poor secretly. -Thou didst walk through the sea with thine horses, through the heap of great waters. -When I heard, my belly trembled; my lips quivered at the voice: rottenness entered into my bones, and I trembled in myself, that I might rest in the day of trouble: when he cometh up unto the people, he will invade them with his troops. -Although the fig tree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be in the vines; the labour of the olive shall fail, and the fields shall yield no meat; the flock shall be cut off from the fold, and there shall be no herd in the stalls: -Yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will joy in the God of my salvation. -The LORD God is my strength, and he will make my feet like hinds' feet, and he will make me to walk upon mine high places. To the chief singer on my stringed instruments. -The word of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hizkiah, in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah. -I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the LORD. -I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, and the stumbling blocks with the wicked: and I will cut off man from off the land, saith the LORD. -I will also stretch out mine hand upon Judah, and upon all the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Chemarims with the priests; -And them that worship the host of heaven upon the housetops; and them that worship and that swear by the LORD, and that swear by Malcham; -And them that are turned back from the LORD; and those that have not sought the LORD, nor enquired for him. -Hold thy peace at the presence of the Lord GOD: for the day of the LORD is at hand: for the LORD hath prepared a sacrifice, he hath bid his guests. -And it shall come to pass in the day of the LORD's sacrifice, that I will punish the princes, and the king's children, and all such as are clothed with strange apparel. -In the same day also will I punish all those that leap on the threshold, which fill their masters' houses with violence and deceit. -And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that there shall be the noise of a cry from the fish gate, and an howling from the second, and a great crashing from the hills. -Howl, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are cut down; all they that bear silver are cut off. -And it shall come to pass at that time, that I will search Jerusalem with candles, and punish the men that are settled on their lees: that say in their heart, The LORD will not do good, neither will he do evil. -Therefore their goods shall become a booty, and their houses a desolation: they shall also build houses, but not inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, but not drink the wine thereof. -The great day of the LORD is near, it is near, and hasteth greatly, even the voice of the day of the LORD: the mighty man shall cry there bitterly. -That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, -A day of the trumpet and alarm against the fenced cities, and against the high towers. -And I will bring distress upon men, that they shall walk like blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD: and their blood shall be poured out as dust, and their flesh as the dung. -Neither their silver nor their gold shall be able to deliver them in the day of the LORD's wrath; but the whole land shall be devoured by the fire of his jealousy: for he shall make even a speedy riddance of all them that dwell in the land. -Gather yourselves together, yea, gather together, O nation not desired; -Before the decree bring forth, before the day pass as the chaff, before the fierce anger of the LORD come upon you, before the day of the LORD's anger come upon you. -Seek ye the LORD, all ye meek of the earth, which have wrought his judgment; seek righteousness, seek meekness: it may be ye shall be hid in the day of the LORD's anger. -For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: they shall drive out Ashdod at the noon day, and Ekron shall be rooted up. -Woe unto the inhabitants of the sea coast, the nation of the Cherethites! the word of the LORD is against you; O Canaan, the land of the Philistines, I will even destroy thee, that there shall be no inhabitant. -And the sea coast shall be dwellings and cottages for shepherds, and folds for flocks. -And the coast shall be for the remnant of the house of Judah; they shall feed thereupon: in the houses of Ashkelon shall they lie down in the evening: for the LORD their God shall visit them, and turn away their captivity. -I have heard the reproach of Moab, and the revilings of the children of Ammon, whereby they have reproached my people, and magnified themselves against their border. -Therefore as I live, saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Surely Moab shall be as Sodom, and the children of Ammon as Gomorrah, even the breeding of nettles, and saltpits, and a perpetual desolation: the residue of my people shall spoil them, and the remnant of my people shall possess them. -This shall they have for their pride, because they have reproached and magnified themselves against the people of the LORD of hosts. -The LORD will be terrible unto them: for he will famish all the gods of the earth; and men shall worship him, every one from his place, even all the isles of the heathen. -Ye Ethiopians also, ye shall be slain by my sword. -And he will stretch out his hand against the north, and destroy Assyria; and will make Nineveh a desolation, and dry like a wilderness. -And flocks shall lie down in the midst of her, all the beasts of the nations: both the cormorant and the bittern shall lodge in the upper lintels of it; their voice shall sing in the windows; desolation shall be in the thresholds; for he shall uncover the cedar work. -This is the rejoicing city that dwelt carelessly, that said in her heart, I am, and there is none beside me: how is she become a desolation, a place for beasts to lie down in! every one that passeth by her shall hiss, and wag his hand. -Woe to her that is filthy and polluted, to the oppressing city! -She obeyed not the voice; she received not correction; she trusted not in the LORD; she drew not near to her God. -Her princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are evening wolves; they gnaw not the bones till the morrow. -Her prophets are light and treacherous persons: her priests have polluted the sanctuary, they have done violence to the law. -The just LORD is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity: every morning doth he bring his judgment to light, he faileth not; but the unjust knoweth no shame. -I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate; I made their streets waste, that none passeth by: their cities are destroyed, so that there is no man, that there is none inhabitant. -I said, Surely thou wilt fear me, thou wilt receive instruction; so their dwelling should not be cut off, howsoever I punished them: but they rose early, and corrupted all their doings. -Therefore wait ye upon me, saith the LORD, until the day that I rise up to the prey: for my determination is to gather the nations, that I may assemble the kingdoms, to pour upon them mine indignation, even all my fierce anger: for all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of my jealousy. -For then will I turn to the people a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of the LORD, to serve him with one consent. -From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the daughter of my dispersed, shall bring mine offering. -In that day shalt thou not be ashamed for all thy doings, wherein thou hast transgressed against me: for then I will take away out of the midst of thee them that rejoice in thy pride, and thou shalt no more be haughty because of my holy mountain. -I will also leave in the midst of thee an afflicted and poor people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD. -The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies; neither shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth: for they shall feed and lie down, and none shall make them afraid. -Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem. -The LORD hath taken away thy judgments, he hath cast out thine enemy: the king of Israel, even the LORD, is in the midst of thee: thou shalt not see evil any more. -In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not: and to Zion, Let not thine hands be slack. -The LORD thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he will rejoice over thee with joy; he will rest in his love, he will joy over thee with singing. -I will gather them that are sorrowful for the solemn assembly, who are of thee, to whom the reproach of it was a burden. -Behold, at that time I will undo all that afflict thee: and I will save her that halteth, and gather her that was driven out; and I will get them praise and fame in every land where they have been put to shame. -At that time will I bring you again, even in the time that I gather you: for I will make you a name and a praise among all people of the earth, when I turn back your captivity before your eyes, saith the LORD. -In the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the first day of the month, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet unto Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, saying, -Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, This people say, The time is not come, the time that the LORD's house should be built. -Then came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet, saying, -Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your cieled houses, and this house lie waste? -Now therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts; Consider your ways. -Ye have sown much, and bring in little; ye eat, but ye have not enough; ye drink, but ye are not filled with drink; ye clothe you, but there is none warm; and he that earneth wages earneth wages to put it into a bag with holes. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Consider your ways. -Go up to the mountain, and bring wood, and build the house; and I will take pleasure in it, and I will be glorified, saith the LORD. -Ye looked for much, and, lo it came to little; and when ye brought it home, I did blow upon it. Why? saith the LORD of hosts. Because of mine house that is waste, and ye run every man unto his own house. -Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit. -And I called for a drought upon the land, and upon the mountains, and upon the corn, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and upon that which the ground bringeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle, and upon all the labour of the hands. -Then Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, with all the remnant of the people, obeyed the voice of the LORD their God, and the words of Haggai the prophet, as the LORD their God had sent him, and the people did fear before the LORD. -Then spake Haggai the LORD's messenger in the LORD's message unto the people, saying, I am with you, saith the LORD. -And the LORD stirred up the spirit of Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and the spirit of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people; and they came and did work in the house of the LORD of hosts, their God, -In the four and twentieth day of the sixth month, in the second year of Darius the king. -In the seventh month, in the one and twentieth day of the month, came the word of the LORD by the prophet Haggai, saying, -Speak now to Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, and to the residue of the people, saying, -Who is left among you that saw this house in her first glory? and how do ye see it now? is it not in your eyes in comparison of it as nothing? -Yet now be strong, O Zerubbabel, saith the LORD; and be strong, O Joshua, son of Josedech, the high priest; and be strong, all ye people of the land, saith the LORD, and work: for I am with you, saith the LORD of hosts: -According to the word that I covenanted with you when ye came out of Egypt, so my spirit remaineth among you: fear ye not. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts; Yet once, it is a little while, and I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry land; -And I will shake all nations, and the desire of all nations shall come: and I will fill this house with glory, saith the LORD of hosts. -The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, saith the LORD of hosts. -The glory of this latter house shall be greater than of the former, saith the LORD of hosts: and in this place will I give peace, saith the LORD of hosts. -In the four and twentieth day of the ninth month, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ask now the priests concerning the law, saying, -If one bear holy flesh in the skirt of his garment, and with his skirt do touch bread, or pottage, or wine, or oil, or any meat, shall it be holy? And the priests answered and said, No. -Then said Haggai, If one that is unclean by a dead body touch any of these, shall it be unclean? And the priests answered and said, It shall be unclean. -Then answered Haggai, and said, So is this people, and so is this nation before me, saith the LORD; and so is every work of their hands; and that which they offer there is unclean. -And now, I pray you, consider from this day and upward, from before a stone was laid upon a stone in the temple of the LORD: -Since those days were, when one came to an heap of twenty measures, there were but ten: when one came to the pressfat for to draw out fifty vessels out of the press, there were but twenty. -I smote you with blasting and with mildew and with hail in all the labours of your hands; yet ye turned not to me, saith the LORD. -Consider now from this day and upward, from the four and twentieth day of the ninth month, even from the day that the foundation of the LORD's temple was laid, consider it. -Is the seed yet in the barn? yea, as yet the vine, and the fig tree, and the pomegranate, and the olive tree, hath not brought forth: from this day will I bless you. -And again the word of the LORD came unto Haggai in the four and twentieth day of the month, saying, -Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying, I will shake the heavens and the earth; -And I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the heathen; and I will overthrow the chariots, and those that ride in them; and the horses and their riders shall come down, every one by the sword of his brother. -In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, will I take thee, O Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the LORD, and will make thee as a signet: for I have chosen thee, saith the LORD of hosts. -In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the prophet, saying, -The LORD hath been sore displeased with your fathers. -Therefore say thou unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn ye unto me, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will turn unto you, saith the LORD of hosts. -Be ye not as your fathers, unto whom the former prophets have cried, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn ye now from your evil ways, and from your evil doings: but they did not hear, nor hearken unto me, saith the LORD. -Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for ever? -But my words and my statutes, which I commanded my servants the prophets, did they not take hold of your fathers? and they returned and said, Like as the LORD of hosts thought to do unto us, according to our ways, and according to our doings, so hath he dealt with us. -Upon the four and twentieth day of the eleventh month, which is the month Sebat, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the prophet, saying, -I saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the bottom; and behind him were there red horses, speckled, and white. -Then said I, O my lord, what are these? And the angel that talked with me said unto me, I will shew thee what these be. -And the man that stood among the myrtle trees answered and said, These are they whom the LORD hath sent to walk to and fro through the earth. -And they answered the angel of the LORD that stood among the myrtle trees, and said, We have walked to and fro through the earth, and, behold, all the earth sitteth still, and is at rest. -Then the angel of the LORD answered and said, O LORD of hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem and on the cities of Judah, against which thou hast had indignation these threescore and ten years? -And the LORD answered the angel that talked with me with good words and comfortable words. -So the angel that communed with me said unto me, Cry thou, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I am jealous for Jerusalem and for Zion with a great jealousy. -And I am very sore displeased with the heathen that are at ease: for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction. -Therefore thus saith the LORD; I am returned to Jerusalem with mercies: my house shall be built in it, saith the LORD of hosts, and a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem. -Cry yet, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; My cities through prosperity shall yet be spread abroad; and the LORD shall yet comfort Zion, and shall yet choose Jerusalem. -Then lifted I up mine eyes, and saw, and behold four horns. -And I said unto the angel that talked with me, What be these? And he answered me, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem. -And the LORD shewed me four carpenters. -Then said I, What come these to do? And he spake, saying, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up his head: but these are come to fray them, to cast out the horns of the Gentiles, which lifted up their horn over the land of Judah to scatter it. -I lifted up mine eyes again, and looked, and behold a man with a measuring line in his hand. -Then said I, Whither goest thou? And he said unto me, To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof, and what is the length thereof. -And, behold, the angel that talked with me went forth, and another angel went out to meet him, -And said unto him, Run, speak to this young man, saying, Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls for the multitude of men and cattle therein: -For I, saith the LORD, will be unto her a wall of fire round about, and will be the glory in the midst of her. -Ho, ho, come forth, and flee from the land of the north, saith the LORD: for I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heaven, saith the LORD. -Deliver thyself, O Zion, that dwellest with the daughter of Babylon. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts; After the glory hath he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you: for he that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye. -For, behold, I will shake mine hand upon them, and they shall be a spoil to their servants: and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me. -Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion: for, lo, I come, and I will dwell in the midst of thee, saith the LORD. -And many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and shall be my people: and I will dwell in the midst of thee, and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto thee. -And the LORD shall inherit Judah his portion in the holy land, and shall choose Jerusalem again. -Be silent, O all flesh, before the LORD: for he is raised up out of his holy habitation. -And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. -And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand plucked out of the fire? -Now Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and stood before the angel. -And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said, Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will clothe thee with change of raiment. -And I said, Let them set a fair mitre upon his head. So they set a fair mitre upon his head, and clothed him with garments. And the angel of the LORD stood by. -And the angel of the LORD protested unto Joshua, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these that stand by. -Hear now, O Joshua the high priest, thou, and thy fellows that sit before thee: for they are men wondered at: for, behold, I will bring forth my servant the BRANCH. -For behold the stone that I have laid before Joshua; upon one stone shall be seven eyes: behold, I will engrave the graving thereof, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day. -In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall ye call every man his neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree. -And the angel that talked with me came again, and waked me, as a man that is wakened out of his sleep. -And said unto me, What seest thou? And I said, I have looked, and behold a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof: -And two olive trees by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof. -So I answered and spake to the angel that talked with me, saying, What are these, my lord? -Then the angel that talked with me answered and said unto me, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord. -Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of the LORD unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the LORD of hosts. -Who art thou, O great mountain? before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain: and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying, Grace, grace unto it. -Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house; his hands shall also finish it; and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto you. -For who hath despised the day of small things? for they shall rejoice, and shall see the plummet in the hand of Zerubbabel with those seven; they are the eyes of the LORD, which run to and fro through the whole earth. -Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? -And I answered again, and said unto him, What be these two olive branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out of themselves? -And he answered me and said, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord. -Then said he, These are the two anointed ones, that stand by the LORD of the whole earth. -Then I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a flying roll. -And he said unto me, What seest thou? And I answered, I see a flying roll; the length thereof is twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof ten cubits. -Then said he unto me, This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the whole earth: for every one that stealeth shall be cut off as on this side according to it; and every one that sweareth shall be cut off as on that side according to it. -I will bring it forth, saith the LORD of hosts, and it shall enter into the house of the thief, and into the house of him that sweareth falsely by my name: and it shall remain in the midst of his house, and shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof. -Then the angel that talked with me went forth, and said unto me, Lift up now thine eyes, and see what is this that goeth forth. -And I said, What is it? And he said, This is an ephah that goeth forth. He said moreover, This is their resemblance through all the earth. -And, behold, there was lifted up a talent of lead: and this is a woman that sitteth in the midst of the ephah. -And he said, This is wickedness. And he cast it into the midst of the ephah; and he cast the weight of lead upon the mouth thereof. -Then lifted I up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came out two women, and the wind was in their wings; for they had wings like the wings of a stork: and they lifted up the ephah between the earth and the heaven. -Then said I to the angel that talked with me, Whither do these bear the ephah? -And he said unto me, To build it an house in the land of Shinar: and it shall be established, and set there upon her own base. -And I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came four chariots out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass. -In the first chariot were red horses; and in the second chariot black horses; -And in the third chariot white horses; and in the fourth chariot grisled and bay horses. -Then I answered and said unto the angel that talked with me, What are these, my lord? -And the angel answered and said unto me, These are the four spirits of the heavens, which go forth from standing before the LORD of all the earth. -The black horses which are therein go forth into the north country; and the white go forth after them; and the grisled go forth toward the south country. -And the bay went forth, and sought to go that they might walk to and fro through the earth: and he said, Get you hence, walk to and fro through the earth. So they walked to and fro through the earth. -Then cried he upon me, and spake unto me, saying, Behold, these that go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north country. -And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, -Take of them of the captivity, even of Heldai, of Tobijah, and of Jedaiah, which are come from Babylon, and come thou the same day, and go into the house of Josiah the son of Zephaniah; -Then take silver and gold, and make crowns, and set them upon the head of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest; -And speak unto him, saying, Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Behold the man whose name is The BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD: -Even he shall build the temple of the LORD; and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon his throne; and he shall be a priest upon his throne: and the counsel of peace shall be between them both. -And the crowns shall be to Helem, and to Tobijah, and to Jedaiah, and to Hen the son of Zephaniah, for a memorial in the temple of the LORD. -And they that are far off shall come and build in the temple of the LORD, and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto you. And this shall come to pass, if ye will diligently obey the voice of the LORD your God. -And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Darius, that the word of the LORD came unto Zechariah in the fourth day of the ninth month, even in Chisleu; -When they had sent unto the house of God Sherezer and Regemmelech, and their men, to pray before the LORD, -And to speak unto the priests which were in the house of the LORD of hosts, and to the prophets, saying, Should I weep in the fifth month, separating myself, as I have done these so many years? -Then came the word of the LORD of hosts unto me, saying, -Speak unto all the people of the land, and to the priests, saying, When ye fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh month, even those seventy years, did ye at all fast unto me, even to me? -And when ye did eat, and when ye did drink, did not ye eat for yourselves, and drink for yourselves? -Should ye not hear the words which the LORD hath cried by the former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and in prosperity, and the cities thereof round about her, when men inhabited the south and the plain? -And the word of the LORD came unto Zechariah, saying, -Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Execute true judgment, and shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother: -And oppress not the widow, nor the fatherless, the stranger, nor the poor; and let none of you imagine evil against his brother in your heart. -But they refused to hearken, and pulled away the shoulder, and stopped their ears, that they should not hear. -Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone, lest they should hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts. -Therefore it is come to pass, that as he cried, and they would not hear; so they cried, and I would not hear, saith the LORD of hosts: -But I scattered them with a whirlwind among all the nations whom they knew not. Thus the land was desolate after them, that no man passed through nor returned: for they laid the pleasant land desolate. -Again the word of the LORD of hosts came to me, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I was jealous for Zion with great jealousy, and I was jealous for her with great fury. -Thus saith the LORD; I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of truth; and the mountain of the LORD of hosts the holy mountain. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. -And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If it be marvellous in the eyes of the remnant of this people in these days, should it also be marvellous in mine eyes? saith the LORD of hosts. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will save my people from the east country, and from the west country; -And I will bring them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Let your hands be strong, ye that hear in these days these words by the mouth of the prophets, which were in the day that the foundation of the house of the LORD of hosts was laid, that the temple might be built. -For before these days there was no hire for man, nor any hire for beast; neither was there any peace to him that went out or came in because of the affliction: for I set all men every one against his neighbour. -But now I will not be unto the residue of this people as in the former days, saith the LORD of hosts. -For the seed shall be prosperous; the vine shall give her fruit, and the ground shall give her increase, and the heavens shall give their dew; and I will cause the remnant of this people to possess all these things. -And it shall come to pass, that as ye were a curse among the heathen, O house of Judah, and house of Israel; so will I save you, and ye shall be a blessing: fear not, but let your hands be strong. -For thus saith the LORD of hosts; As I thought to punish you, when your fathers provoked me to wrath, saith the LORD of hosts, and I repented not: -So again have I thought in these days to do well unto Jerusalem and to the house of Judah: fear ye not. -These are the things that ye shall do; Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbour; execute the judgment of truth and peace in your gates: -And let none of you imagine evil in your hearts against his neighbour; and love no false oath: for all these are things that I hate, saith the LORD. -And the word of the LORD of hosts came unto me, saying, -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of the fifth, and the fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth, shall be to the house of Judah joy and gladness, and cheerful feasts; therefore love the truth and peace. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; It shall yet come to pass, that there shall come people, and the inhabitants of many cities: -And the inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, Let us go speedily to pray before the LORD, and to seek the LORD of hosts: I will go also. -Yea, many people and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of hosts in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD. -Thus saith the LORD of hosts; In those days it shall come to pass, that ten men shall take hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, We will go with you: for we have heard that God is with you. -The burden of the word of the LORD in the land of Hadrach, and Damascus shall be the rest thereof: when the eyes of man, as of all the tribes of Israel, shall be toward the LORD. -And Hamath also shall border thereby; Tyrus, and Zidon, though it be very wise. -And Tyrus did build herself a strong hold, and heaped up silver as the dust, and fine gold as the mire of the streets. -Behold, the LORD will cast her out, and he will smite her power in the sea; and she shall be devoured with fire. -Ashkelon shall see it, and fear; Gaza also shall see it, and be very sorrowful, and Ekron; for her expectation shall be ashamed; and the king shall perish from Gaza, and Ashkelon shall not be inhabited. -And a bastard shall dwell in Ashdod, and I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. -And I will take away his blood out of his mouth, and his abominations from between his teeth: but he that remaineth, even he, shall be for our God, and he shall be as a governor in Judah, and Ekron as a Jebusite. -And I will encamp about mine house because of the army, because of him that passeth by, and because of him that returneth: and no oppressor shall pass through them any more: for now have I seen with mine eyes. -Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: he is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass. -And I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse from Jerusalem, and the battle bow shall be cut off: and he shall speak peace unto the heathen: and his dominion shall be from sea even to sea, and from the river even to the ends of the earth. -As for thee also, by the blood of thy covenant I have sent forth thy prisoners out of the pit wherein is no water. -Turn you to the strong hold, ye prisoners of hope: even to day do I declare that I will render double unto thee; -When I have bent Judah for me, filled the bow with Ephraim, and raised up thy sons, O Zion, against thy sons, O Greece, and made thee as the sword of a mighty man. -And the LORD shall be seen over them, and his arrow shall go forth as the lightning: and the LORD God shall blow the trumpet, and shall go with whirlwinds of the south. -The LORD of hosts shall defend them; and they shall devour, and subdue with sling stones; and they shall drink, and make a noise as through wine; and they shall be filled like bowls, and as the corners of the altar. -And the LORD their God shall save them in that day as the flock of his people: for they shall be as the stones of a crown, lifted up as an ensign upon his land. -For how great is his goodness, and how great is his beauty! corn shall make the young men cheerful, and new wine the maids. -Ask ye of the LORD rain in the time of the latter rain; so the LORD shall make bright clouds, and give them showers of rain, to every one grass in the field. -For the idols have spoken vanity, and the diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain: therefore they went their way as a flock, they were troubled, because there was no shepherd. -Mine anger was kindled against the shepherds, and I punished the goats: for the LORD of hosts hath visited his flock the house of Judah, and hath made them as his goodly horse in the battle. -Out of him came forth the corner, out of him the nail, out of him the battle bow, out of him every oppressor together. -And they shall be as mighty men, which tread down their enemies in the mire of the streets in the battle: and they shall fight, because the LORD is with them, and the riders on horses shall be confounded. -And I will strengthen the house of Judah, and I will save the house of Joseph, and I will bring them again to place them; for I have mercy upon them: and they shall be as though I had not cast them off: for I am the LORD their God, and will hear them. -And they of Ephraim shall be like a mighty man, and their heart shall rejoice as through wine: yea, their children shall see it, and be glad; their heart shall rejoice in the LORD. -I will hiss for them, and gather them; for I have redeemed them: and they shall increase as they have increased. -And I will sow them among the people: and they shall remember me in far countries; and they shall live with their children, and turn again. -I will bring them again also out of the land of Egypt, and gather them out of Assyria; and I will bring them into the land of Gilead and Lebanon; and place shall not be found for them. -And he shall pass through the sea with affliction, and shall smite the waves in the sea, and all the deeps of the river shall dry up: and the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, and the sceptre of Egypt shall depart away. -And I will strengthen them in the LORD; and they shall walk up and down in his name, saith the LORD. -Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. -Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down. -There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled. -Thus saith the LORD my God; Feed the flock of the slaughter; -Whose possessors slay them, and hold themselves not guilty: and they that sell them say, Blessed be the LORD; for I am rich: and their own shepherds pity them not. -For I will no more pity the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD: but, lo, I will deliver the men every one into his neighbour's hand, and into the hand of his king: and they shall smite the land, and out of their hand I will not deliver them. -And I will feed the flock of slaughter, even you, O poor of the flock. And I took unto me two staves; the one I called Beauty, and the other I called Bands; and I fed the flock. -Three shepherds also I cut off in one month; and my soul lothed them, and their soul also abhorred me. -Then said I, I will not feed you: that that dieth, let it die; and that that is to be cut off, let it be cut off; and let the rest eat every one the flesh of another. -And I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder, that I might break my covenant which I had made with all the people. -And it was broken in that day: and so the poor of the flock that waited upon me knew that it was the word of the LORD. -And I said unto them, If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. -And the LORD said unto me, Cast it unto the potter: a goodly price that I was prised at of them. And I took the thirty pieces of silver, and cast them to the potter in the house of the LORD. -Then I cut asunder mine other staff, even Bands, that I might break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel. -And the LORD said unto me, Take unto thee yet the instruments of a foolish shepherd. -For, lo, I will raise up a shepherd in the land, which shall not visit those that be cut off, neither shall seek the young one, nor heal that that is broken, nor feed that that standeth still: but he shall eat the flesh of the fat, and tear their claws in pieces. -Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth the flock! the sword shall be upon his arm, and upon his right eye: his arm shall be clean dried up, and his right eye shall be utterly darkened. -The burden of the word of the LORD for Israel, saith the LORD, which stretcheth forth the heavens, and layeth the foundation of the earth, and formeth the spirit of man within him. -Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. -And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all people: all that burden themselves with it shall be cut in pieces, though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it. -In that day, saith the LORD, I will smite every horse with astonishment, and his rider with madness: and I will open mine eyes upon the house of Judah, and will smite every horse of the people with blindness. -And the governors of Judah shall say in their heart, The inhabitants of Jerusalem shall be my strength in the LORD of hosts their God. -In that day will I make the governors of Judah like an hearth of fire among the wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf; and they shall devour all the people round about, on the right hand and on the left: and Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place, even in Jerusalem. -The LORD also shall save the tents of Judah first, that the glory of the house of David and the glory of the inhabitants of Jerusalem do not magnify themselves against Judah. -In that day shall the LORD defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and he that is feeble among them at that day shall be as David; and the house of David shall be as God, as the angel of the LORD before them. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. -And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn. -In that day shall there be a great mourning in Jerusalem, as the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon. -And the land shall mourn, every family apart; the family of the house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house of Nathan apart, and their wives apart; -The family of the house of Levi apart, and their wives apart; the family of Shimei apart, and their wives apart; -All the families that remain, every family apart, and their wives apart. -In that day there shall be a fountain opened to the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for sin and for uncleanness. -And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts, that I will cut off the names of the idols out of the land, and they shall no more be remembered: and also I will cause the prophets and the unclean spirit to pass out of the land. -And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then his father and his mother that begat him shall say unto him, Thou shalt not live; for thou speakest lies in the name of the LORD: and his father and his mother that begat him shall thrust him through when he prophesieth. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the prophets shall be ashamed every one of his vision, when he hath prophesied; neither shall they wear a rough garment to deceive: -But he shall say, I am no prophet, I am an husbandman; for man taught me to keep cattle from my youth. -And one shall say unto him, What are these wounds in thine hands? Then he shall answer, Those with which I was wounded in the house of my friends. -Awake, O sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the LORD of hosts: smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered: and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones. -And it shall come to pass, that in all the land, saith the LORD, two parts therein shall be cut off and die; but the third shall be left therein. -And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried: they shall call on my name, and I will hear them: I will say, It is my people: and they shall say, The LORD is my God. -Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, and thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee. -For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the women ravished; and half of the city shall go forth into captivity, and the residue of the people shall not be cut off from the city. -Then shall the LORD go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle. -And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. -And ye shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley of the mountains shall reach unto Azal: yea, ye shall flee, like as ye fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah: and the LORD my God shall come, and all the saints with thee. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that the light shall not be clear, nor dark: -But it shall be one day which shall be known to the LORD, not day, nor night: but it shall come to pass, that at evening time it shall be light. -And it shall be in that day, that living waters shall go out from Jerusalem; half of them toward the former sea, and half of them toward the hinder sea: in summer and in winter shall it be. -And the LORD shall be king over all the earth: in that day shall there be one LORD, and his name one. -All the land shall be turned as a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem: and it shall be lifted up, and inhabited in her place, from Benjamin's gate unto the place of the first gate, unto the corner gate, and from the tower of Hananeel unto the king's winepresses. -And men shall dwell in it, and there shall be no more utter destruction; but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited. -And this shall be the plague wherewith the LORD will smite all the people that have fought against Jerusalem; Their flesh shall consume away while they stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes, and their tongue shall consume away in their mouth. -And it shall come to pass in that day, that a great tumult from the LORD shall be among them; and they shall lay hold every one on the hand of his neighbour, and his hand shall rise up against the hand of his neighbour. -And Judah also shall fight at Jerusalem; and the wealth of all the heathen round about shall be gathered together, gold, and silver, and apparel, in great abundance. -And so shall be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the ass, and of all the beasts that shall be in these tents, as this plague. -And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles. -And it shall be, that whoso will not come up of all the families of the earth unto Jerusalem to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, even upon them shall be no rain. -And if the family of Egypt go not up, and come not, that have no rain; there shall be the plague, wherewith the LORD will smite the heathen that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles. -This shall be the punishment of Egypt, and the punishment of all nations that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles. -In that day shall there be upon the bells of the horses, HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD; and the pots in the LORD's house shall be like the bowls before the altar. -Yea, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah shall be holiness unto the LORD of hosts: and all they that sacrifice shall come and take of them, and seethe therein: and in that day there shall be no more the Canaanite in the house of the LORD of hosts. -The burden of the word of the LORD to Israel by Malachi. -I have loved you, saith the LORD. Yet ye say, Wherein hast thou loved us? Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD: yet I loved Jacob, -And I hated Esau, and laid his mountains and his heritage waste for the dragons of the wilderness. -Whereas Edom saith, We are impoverished, but we will return and build the desolate places; thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall call them, The border of wickedness, and, The people against whom the LORD hath indignation for ever. -And your eyes shall see, and ye shall say, The LORD will be magnified from the border of Israel. -A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master: if then I be a father, where is mine honour? and if I be a master, where is my fear? saith the LORD of hosts unto you, O priests, that despise my name. And ye say, Wherein have we despised thy name? -Ye offer polluted bread upon mine altar; and ye say, Wherein have we polluted thee? In that ye say, The table of the LORD is contemptible. -And if ye offer the blind for sacrifice, is it not evil? and if ye offer the lame and sick, is it not evil? offer it now unto thy governor; will he be pleased with thee, or accept thy person? saith the LORD of hosts. -And now, I pray you, beseech God that he will be gracious unto us: this hath been by your means: will he regard your persons? saith the LORD of hosts. -Who is there even among you that would shut the doors for nought? neither do ye kindle fire on mine altar for nought. I have no pleasure in you, saith the LORD of hosts, neither will I accept an offering at your hand. -For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same my name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering: for my name shall be great among the heathen, saith the LORD of hosts. -But ye have profaned it, in that ye say, The table of the LORD is polluted; and the fruit thereof, even his meat, is contemptible. -Ye said also, Behold, what a weariness is it! and ye have snuffed at it, saith the LORD of hosts; and ye brought that which was torn, and the lame, and the sick; thus ye brought an offering: should I accept this of your hand? saith the LORD. -But cursed be the deceiver, which hath in his flock a male, and voweth, and sacrificeth unto the LORD a corrupt thing: for I am a great King, saith the LORD of hosts, and my name is dreadful among the heathen. -And now, O ye priests, this commandment is for you. -If ye will not hear, and if ye will not lay it to heart, to give glory unto my name, saith the LORD of hosts, I will even send a curse upon you, and I will curse your blessings: yea, I have cursed them already, because ye do not lay it to heart. -Behold, I will corrupt your seed, and spread dung upon your faces, even the dung of your solemn feasts; and one shall take you away with it. -And ye shall know that I have sent this commandment unto you, that my covenant might be with Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. -My covenant was with him of life and peace; and I gave them to him for the fear wherewith he feared me, and was afraid before my name. -The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in his lips: he walked with me in peace and equity, and did turn many away from iniquity. -For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at his mouth: for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts. -But ye are departed out of the way; ye have caused many to stumble at the law; ye have corrupted the covenant of Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. -Therefore have I also made you contemptible and base before all the people, according as ye have not kept my ways, but have been partial in the law. -Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, by profaning the covenant of our fathers? -Judah hath dealt treacherously, and an abomination is committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah hath profaned the holiness of the LORD which he loved, and hath married the daughter of a strange god. -The LORD will cut off the man that doeth this, the master and the scholar, out of the tabernacles of Jacob, and him that offereth an offering unto the LORD of hosts. -And this have ye done again, covering the altar of the LORD with tears, with weeping, and with crying out, insomuch that he regardeth not the offering any more, or receiveth it with good will at your hand. -Yet ye say, Wherefore? Because the LORD hath been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou hast dealt treacherously: yet is she thy companion, and the wife of thy covenant. -And did not he make one? Yet had he the residue of the spirit. And wherefore one? That he might seek a godly seed. Therefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his youth. -For the LORD, the God of Israel, saith that he hateth putting away: for one covereth violence with his garment, saith the LORD of hosts: therefore take heed to your spirit, that ye deal not treacherously. -Ye have wearied the LORD with your words. Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him? When ye say, Every one that doeth evil is good in the sight of the LORD, and he delighteth in them; or, Where is the God of judgment? -Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the LORD, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts. -But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap: -And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness. -Then shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasant unto the LORD, as in the days of old, and as in former years. -And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and that turn aside the stranger from his right, and fear not me, saith the LORD of hosts. -For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed. -Even from the days of your fathers ye are gone away from mine ordinances, and have not kept them. Return unto me, and I will return unto you, saith the LORD of hosts. But ye said, Wherein shall we return? -Will a man rob God? Yet ye have robbed me. But ye say, Wherein have we robbed thee? In tithes and offerings. -Ye are cursed with a curse: for ye have robbed me, even this whole nation. -Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the LORD of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it. -And I will rebuke the devourer for your sakes, and he shall not destroy the fruits of your ground; neither shall your vine cast her fruit before the time in the field, saith the LORD of hosts. -And all nations shall call you blessed: for ye shall be a delightsome land, saith the LORD of hosts. -Your words have been stout against me, saith the LORD. Yet ye say, What have we spoken so much against thee? -Ye have said, It is vain to serve God: and what profit is it that we have kept his ordinance, and that we have walked mournfully before the LORD of hosts? -And now we call the proud happy; yea, they that work wickedness are set up; yea, they that tempt God are even delivered. -Then they that feared the LORD spake often one to another: and the LORD hearkened, and heard it, and a book of remembrance was written before him for them that feared the LORD, and that thought upon his name. -And they shall be mine, saith the LORD of hosts, in that day when I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that serveth him. -Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not. -For, behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the LORD of hosts, that it shall leave them neither root nor branch. -But unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth, and grow up as calves of the stall. -And ye shall tread down the wicked; for they shall be ashes under the soles of your feet in the day that I shall do this, saith the LORD of hosts. -Remember ye the law of Moses my servant, which I commanded unto him in Horeb for all Israel, with the statutes and judgments. -Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD: -And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse. -The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. -Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; -And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; -And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; -And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; -And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; -And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; -And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; -And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias; -And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias; -And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon: -And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel; -And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor; -And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; -And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob; -And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. -So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. -Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost. -Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily. -But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. -And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins. -Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, -Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. -Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: -And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS. -Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, -Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. -When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. -And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. -And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet, -And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. -Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently what time the star appeared. -And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. -When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. -When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. -And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. -And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way. -And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. -When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt: -And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son. -Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently enquired of the wise men. -Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, -In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not. -But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, -Saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel: for they are dead which sought the young child's life. -And he arose, and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel. -But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judaea in the room of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwithstanding, being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into the parts of Galilee: -And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene. -In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, -And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. -For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. -And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey. -Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, -And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins. -But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? -Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance: -And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. -And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. -I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance. but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: -Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. -Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him. -But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me? -And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffered him. -And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him: -And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. -Then was Jesus led up of the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. -And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred. -And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. -But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. -Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, -And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. -Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. -Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; -And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. -Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. -Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him. -Now when Jesus had heard that John was cast into prison, he departed into Galilee; -And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim: -That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, -The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles; -The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up. -From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. -And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers. -And he saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. -And they straightway left their nets, and followed him. -And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them. -And they immediately left the ship and their father, and followed him. -And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. -And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. -And there followed him great multitudes of people from Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judaea, and from beyond Jordan. -And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him: -And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying, -Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. -Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. -Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. -Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled. -Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy. -Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God. -Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. -Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. -Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. -Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you. -Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men. -Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid. -Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house. -Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. -Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. -For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. -Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. -For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. -Ye have heard that it was said of them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment: -But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire. -Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee; -Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. -Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. -Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing. -Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery: -But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart. -And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell. -And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell. -It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: -But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery. -Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths: -But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne: -Nor by the earth; for it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King. -Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black. -But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil. -Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: -But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. -And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. -And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain. -Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away. -Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. -But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you; -That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. -For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? -And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so? -Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. -Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven. -Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. -But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth: -That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father which seeth in secret himself shall reward thee openly. -And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. -But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. -But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. -Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him. -After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. -Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. -Give us this day our daily bread. -And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. -And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. -For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: -But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. -Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. -But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face; -That thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly. -Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: -But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: -For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. -The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. -But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness! -No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. -Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment? -Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? -Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? -And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: -And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. -Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? -Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? -(For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. -But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you. -Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. -Judge not, that ye be not judged. -For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. -And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? -Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? -Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye. -Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you. -Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: -For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. -Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone? -Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent? -If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him? -Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets. -Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: -Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. -Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. -Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? -Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. -A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. -Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. -Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. -Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. -Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? -And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity. -Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: -And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock. -And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: -And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it. -And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the people were astonished at his doctrine: -For he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes. -When he was come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed him. -And, behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. -And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. -And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. -And when Jesus was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a centurion, beseeching him, -And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. -And Jesus saith unto him, I will come and heal him. -The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed. -For I am a man under authority, having soldiers under me: and I say to this man, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. -When Jesus heard it, he marvelled, and said to them that followed, Verily I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. -And I say unto you, That many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven. -But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. -And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the selfsame hour. -And when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever. -And he touched her hand, and the fever left her: and she arose, and ministered unto them. -When the even was come, they brought unto him many that were possessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with his word, and healed all that were sick: -That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, Himself took our infirmities, and bare our sicknesses. -Now when Jesus saw great multitudes about him, he gave commandment to depart unto the other side. -And a certain scribe came, and said unto him, Master, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest. -And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. -And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. -But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their dead. -And when he was entered into a ship, his disciples followed him. -And, behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch that the ship was covered with the waves: but he was asleep. -And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us: we perish. -And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith? Then he arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a great calm. -But the men marvelled, saying, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him! -And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way. -And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time? -And there was a good way off from them an herd of many swine feeding. -So the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer us to go away into the herd of swine. -And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come out, they went into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine ran violently down a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters. -And they that kept them fled, and went their ways into the city, and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the devils. -And, behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would depart out of their coasts. -And he entered into a ship, and passed over, and came into his own city. -And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee. -And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth. -And Jesus knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts? -For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and walk? -But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. -And he arose, and departed to his house. -But when the multitudes saw it, they marvelled, and glorified God, which had given such power unto men. -And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him. -And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples. -And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners? -But when Jesus heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick. -But go ye and learn what that meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. -Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? -And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast. -No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse. -Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved. -While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live. -And Jesus arose, and followed him, and so did his disciples. -And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment: -For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I shall be whole. -But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said, Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the woman was made whole from that hour. -And when Jesus came into the ruler's house, and saw the minstrels and the people making a noise, -He said unto them, Give place: for the maid is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn. -But when the people were put forth, he went in, and took her by the hand, and the maid arose. -And the fame hereof went abroad into all that land. -And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou son of David, have mercy on us. -And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord. -Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith be it unto you. -And their eyes were opened; and Jesus straitly charged them, saying, See that no man know it. -But they, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country. -As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil. -And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel. -But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils. -And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. -But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd. -Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few; -Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth labourers into his harvest. -And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. -Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; -Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; -Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. -These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: -But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. -And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand. -Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils: freely ye have received, freely give. -Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, -Nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves: for the workman is worthy of his meat. -And into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, enquire who in it is worthy; and there abide till ye go thence. -And when ye come into an house, salute it. -And if the house be worthy, let your peace come upon it: but if it be not worthy, let your peace return to you. -And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet. -Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city. -Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. -But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues; -And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles. -But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak. -For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you. -And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death. -And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that endureth to the end shall be saved. -But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come. -The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his lord. -It is enough for the disciple that he be as his master, and the servant as his lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more shall they call them of his household? -Fear them not therefore: for there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known. -What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light: and what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops. -And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. -Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. -But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. -Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value than many sparrows. -Whosoever therefore shall confess me before men, him will I confess also before my Father which is in heaven. -But whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Father which is in heaven. -Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword. -For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. -And a man's foes shall be they of his own household. -He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. -And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me. -He that findeth his life shall lose it: and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. -He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me. -He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet's reward; and he that receiveth a righteous man in the name of a righteous man shall receive a righteous man's reward. -And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward. -And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach in their cities. -Now when John had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples, -And said unto him, Art thou he that should come, or do we look for another? -Jesus answered and said unto them, Go and shew John again those things which ye do hear and see: -The blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the gospel preached to them. -And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. -And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? -But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings' houses. -But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? yea, I say unto you, and more than a prophet. -For this is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. -Verily I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there hath not risen a greater than John the Baptist: notwithstanding he that is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. -And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force. -For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. -And if ye will receive it, this is Elias, which was for to come. -He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. -But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It is like unto children sitting in the markets, and calling unto their fellows, -And saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented. -For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath a devil. -The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners. But wisdom is justified of her children. -Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done, because they repented not: -Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. -But I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment, than for you. -And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. -But I say unto you, That it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee. -At that time Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes. -Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight. -All things are delivered unto me of my Father: and no man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him. -Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. -Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. -For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. -At that time Jesus went on the sabbath day through the corn; and his disciples were an hungred, and began to pluck the ears of corn and to eat. -But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day. -But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he was an hungred, and they that were with him; -How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the shewbread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests? -Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath days the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless? -But I say unto you, That in this place is one greater than the temple. -But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless. -For the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day. -And when he was departed thence, he went into their synagogue: -And, behold, there was a man which had his hand withered. And they asked him, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath days? that they might accuse him. -And he said unto them, What man shall there be among you, that shall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out? -How much then is a man better than a sheep? Wherefore it is lawful to do well on the sabbath days. -Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, like as the other. -Then the Pharisees went out, and held a council against him, how they might destroy him. -But when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence: and great multitudes followed him, and he healed them all; -And charged them that they should not make him known: -That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, -Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles. -He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. -A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. -And in his name shall the Gentiles trust. -Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw. -And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David? -But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils. -And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand: -And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand? -And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges. -But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you. -Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house. -He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad. -Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men. -And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come. -Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. -O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. -A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things. -But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment. -For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned. -Then certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would see a sign from thee. -But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas: -For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. -The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. -The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. -When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none. -Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished. -Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this wicked generation. -While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him. -Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee. -But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren? -And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! -For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. -The same day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the sea side. -And great multitudes were gathered together unto him, so that he went into a ship, and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the shore. -And he spake many things unto them in parables, saying, Behold, a sower went forth to sow; -And when he sowed, some seeds fell by the way side, and the fowls came and devoured them up: -Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: -And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away. -And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them: -But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit, some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold. -Who hath ears to hear, let him hear. -And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in parables? -He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given. -For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath. -Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand. -And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive: -For this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. -But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your ears, for they hear. -For verily I say unto you, That many prophets and righteous men have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them. -Hear ye therefore the parable of the sower. -When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart. This is he which received seed by the way side. -But he that received the seed into stony places, the same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it; -Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while: for when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended. -He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful. -But he that received seed into the good ground is he that heareth the word, and understandeth it; which also beareth fruit, and bringeth forth, some an hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. -Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: -But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. -But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. -So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? -He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? -But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. -Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn. -Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: -Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof. -Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. -All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them: -That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world. -Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of the tares of the field. -He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man; -The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one; -The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. -As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world. -The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; -And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. -Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear. -Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field. -Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls: -Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it. -Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind: -Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away. -So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, -And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. -Jesus saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things? They say unto him, Yea, Lord. -Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is instructed unto the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure things new and old. -And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these parables, he departed thence. -And when he was come into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, insomuch that they were astonished, and said, Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? -Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? -And his sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things? -And they were offended in him. But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and in his own house. -And he did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief. -At that time Herod the tetrarch heard of the fame of Jesus, -And said unto his servants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him. -For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife. -For John said unto him, It is not lawful for thee to have her. -And when he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because they counted him as a prophet. -But when Herod's birthday was kept, the daughter of Herodias danced before them, and pleased Herod. -Whereupon he promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she would ask. -And she, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger. -And the king was sorry: nevertheless for the oath's sake, and them which sat with him at meat, he commanded it to be given her. -And he sent, and beheaded John in the prison. -And his head was brought in a charger, and given to the damsel: and she brought it to her mother. -And his disciples came, and took up the body, and buried it, and went and told Jesus. -When Jesus heard of it, he departed thence by ship into a desert place apart: and when the people had heard thereof, they followed him on foot out of the cities. -And Jesus went forth, and saw a great multitude, and was moved with compassion toward them, and he healed their sick. -And when it was evening, his disciples came to him, saying, This is a desert place, and the time is now past; send the multitude away, that they may go into the villages, and buy themselves victuals. -But Jesus said unto them, They need not depart; give ye them to eat. -And they say unto him, We have here but five loaves, and two fishes. -He said, Bring them hither to me. -And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude. -And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the fragments that remained twelve baskets full. -And they that had eaten were about five thousand men, beside women and children. -And straightway Jesus constrained his disciples to get into a ship, and to go before him unto the other side, while he sent the multitudes away. -And when he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into a mountain apart to pray: and when the evening was come, he was there alone. -But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary. -And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea. -And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is a spirit; and they cried out for fear. -But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. -And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee on the water. -And he said, Come. And when Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. -But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; and beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me. -And immediately Jesus stretched forth his hand, and caught him, and said unto him, O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt? -And when they were come into the ship, the wind ceased. -Then they that were in the ship came and worshipped him, saying, Of a truth thou art the Son of God. -And when they were gone over, they came into the land of Gennesaret. -And when the men of that place had knowledge of him, they sent out into all that country round about, and brought unto him all that were diseased; -And besought him that they might only touch the hem of his garment: and as many as touched were made perfectly whole. -Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of Jerusalem, saying, -Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. -But he answered and said unto them, Why do ye also transgress the commandment of God by your tradition? -For God commanded, saying, Honour thy father and mother: and, He that curseth father or mother, let him die the death. -But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It is a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; -And honour not his father or his mother, he shall be free. Thus have ye made the commandment of God of none effect by your tradition. -Ye hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, -This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me. -But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. -And he called the multitude, and said unto them, Hear, and understand: -Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man. -Then came his disciples, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the Pharisees were offended, after they heard this saying? -But he answered and said, Every plant, which my heavenly Father hath not planted, shall be rooted up. -Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. -Then answered Peter and said unto him, Declare unto us this parable. -And Jesus said, Are ye also yet without understanding? -Do not ye yet understand, that whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth into the belly, and is cast out into the draught? -But those things which proceed out of the mouth come forth from the heart; and they defile the man. -For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies: -These are the things which defile a man: but to eat with unwashen hands defileth not a man. -Then Jesus went thence, and departed into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon. -And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts, and cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David; my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil. -But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying, Send her away; for she crieth after us. -But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. -Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. -But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it to dogs. -And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table. -Then Jesus answered and said unto her, O woman, great is thy faith: be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole from that very hour. -And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto the sea of Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there. -And great multitudes came unto him, having with them those that were lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and cast them down at Jesus' feet; and he healed them: -Insomuch that the multitude wondered, when they saw the dumb to speak, the maimed to be whole, the lame to walk, and the blind to see: and they glorified the God of Israel. -Then Jesus called his disciples unto him, and said, I have compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat: and I will not send them away fasting, lest they faint in the way. -And his disciples say unto him, Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fill so great a multitude? -And Jesus saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven, and a few little fishes. -And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the ground. -And he took the seven loaves and the fishes, and gave thanks, and brake them, and gave to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude. -And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets full. -And they that did eat were four thousand men, beside women and children. -And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came into the coasts of Magdala. -The Pharisees also with the Sadducees came, and tempting desired him that he would shew them a sign from heaven. -He answered and said unto them, When it is evening, ye say, It will be fair weather: for the sky is red. -And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the sky is red and lowering. O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times? -A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them, and departed. -And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had forgotten to take bread. -Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. -And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have taken no bread. -Which when Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye of little faith, why reason ye among yourselves, because ye have brought no bread? -Do ye not yet understand, neither remember the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? -Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? -How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? -Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. -When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am? -And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. -He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? -And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. -And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. -And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. -And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. -Then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man that he was Jesus the Christ. -From that time forth began Jesus to shew unto his disciples, how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised again the third day. -Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, Be it far from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto thee. -But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men. -Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. -For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it. -For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? -For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his works. -Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom. -And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart, -And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. -And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him. -Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. -While he yet spake, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and behold a voice out of the cloud, which said, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye him. -And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and were sore afraid. -And Jesus came and touched them, and said, Arise, and be not afraid. -And when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no man, save Jesus only. -And as they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged them, saying, Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man be risen again from the dead. -And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come? -And Jesus answered and said unto them, Elias truly shall first come, and restore all things. -But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them. -Then the disciples understood that he spake unto them of John the Baptist. -And when they were come to the multitude, there came to him a certain man, kneeling down to him, and saying, -Lord, have mercy on my son: for he is lunatick, and sore vexed: for ofttimes he falleth into the fire, and oft into the water. -And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him. -Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him hither to me. -And Jesus rebuked the devil; and he departed out of him: and the child was cured from that very hour. -Then came the disciples to Jesus apart, and said, Why could not we cast him out? -And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you. -Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting. -And while they abode in Galilee, Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men: -And they shall kill him, and the third day he shall be raised again. And they were exceeding sorry. -And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? -He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers? -Peter saith unto him, Of strangers. Jesus saith unto him, Then are the children free. -Notwithstanding, lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea, and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money: that take, and give unto them for me and thee. -At the same time came the disciples unto Jesus, saying, Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven? -And Jesus called a little child unto him, and set him in the midst of them, -And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. -Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. -And whoso shall receive one such little child in my name receiveth me. -But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea. -Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh! -Wherefore if thy hand or thy foot offend thee, cut them off, and cast them from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life halt or maimed, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into everlasting fire. -And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire. -Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven. -For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost. -How think ye? if a man have an hundred sheep, and one of them be gone astray, doth he not leave the ninety and nine, and goeth into the mountains, and seeketh that which is gone astray? -And if so be that he find it, verily I say unto you, he rejoiceth more of that sheep, than of the ninety and nine which went not astray. -Even so it is not the will of your Father which is in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish. -Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. -But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. -And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican. -Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. -Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven. -For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them. -Then came Peter to him, and said, Lord, how oft shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times? -Jesus saith unto him, I say not unto thee, Until seven times: but, Until seventy times seven. -Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened unto a certain king, which would take account of his servants. -And when he had begun to reckon, one was brought unto him, which owed him ten thousand talents. -But forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, and payment to be made. -The servant therefore fell down, and worshipped him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. -Then the lord of that servant was moved with compassion, and loosed him, and forgave him the debt. -But the same servant went out, and found one of his fellowservants, which owed him an hundred pence: and he laid hands on him, and took him by the throat, saying, Pay me that thou owest. -And his fellowservant fell down at his feet, and besought him, saying, Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. -And he would not: but went and cast him into prison, till he should pay the debt. -So when his fellowservants saw what was done, they were very sorry, and came and told unto their lord all that was done. -Then his lord, after that he had called him, said unto him, O thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all that debt, because thou desiredst me: -Shouldest not thou also have had compassion on thy fellowservant, even as I had pity on thee? -And his lord was wroth, and delivered him to the tormentors, till he should pay all that was due unto him. -So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses. -And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these sayings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judaea beyond Jordan; -And great multitudes followed him; and he healed them there. -The Pharisees also came unto him, tempting him, and saying unto him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? -And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, -And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? -Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. -They say unto him, Why did Moses then command to give a writing of divorcement, and to put her away? -He saith unto them, Moses because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so. -And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery. -His disciples say unto him, If the case of the man be so with his wife, it is not good to marry. -But he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying, save they to whom it is given. -For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. -Then were there brought unto him little children, that he should put his hands on them, and pray: and the disciples rebuked them. -But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven. -And he laid his hands on them, and departed thence. -And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? -And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. -He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, -Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. -The young man saith unto him, All these things have I kept from my youth up: what lack I yet? -Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me. -But when the young man heard that saying, he went away sorrowful: for he had great possessions. -Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. -And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. -When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly amazed, saying, Who then can be saved? -But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible. -Then answered Peter and said unto him, Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what shall we have therefore? -And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. -And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life. -But many that are first shall be last; and the last shall be first. -For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which went out early in the morning to hire labourers into his vineyard. -And when he had agreed with the labourers for a penny a day, he sent them into his vineyard. -And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace, -And said unto them; Go ye also into the vineyard, and whatsoever is right I will give you. And they went their way. -Again he went out about the sixth and ninth hour, and did likewise. -And about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing idle, and saith unto them, Why stand ye here all the day idle? -They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard; and whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive. -So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first. -And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every man a penny. -But when the first came, they supposed that they should have received more; and they likewise received every man a penny. -And when they had received it, they murmured against the goodman of the house, -Saying, These last have wrought but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden and heat of the day. -But he answered one of them, and said, Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a penny? -Take that thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even as unto thee. -Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil, because I am good? -So the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen. -And Jesus going up to Jerusalem took the twelve disciples apart in the way, and said unto them, -Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, -And shall deliver him to the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify him: and the third day he shall rise again. -Then came to him the mother of Zebedees children with her sons, worshipping him, and desiring a certain thing of him. -And he said unto her, What wilt thou? She saith unto him, Grant that these my two sons may sit, the one on thy right hand, and the other on the left, in thy kingdom. -But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. -And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father. -And when the ten heard it, they were moved with indignation against the two brethren. -But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. -But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister; -And whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant: -Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. -And as they departed from Jericho, a great multitude followed him. -And, behold, two blind men sitting by the way side, when they heard that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord, thou son of David. -And the multitude rebuked them, because they should hold their peace: but they cried the more, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord, thou son of David. -And Jesus stood still, and called them, and said, What will ye that I shall do unto you? -They say unto him, Lord, that our eyes may be opened. -So Jesus had compassion on them, and touched their eyes: and immediately their eyes received sight, and they followed him. -And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disciples, -Saying unto them, Go into the village over against you, and straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them, and bring them unto me. -And if any man say ought unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need of them; and straightway he will send them. -All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, -Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of an ass. -And the disciples went, and did as Jesus commanded them, -And brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they set him thereon. -And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way. -And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest. -And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, Who is this? -And the multitude said, This is Jesus the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee. -And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, -And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves. -And the blind and the lame came to him in the temple; and he healed them. -And when the chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the children crying in the temple, and saying, Hosanna to the son of David; they were sore displeased, -And said unto him, Hearest thou what these say? And Jesus saith unto them, Yea; have ye never read, Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise? -And he left them, and went out of the city into Bethany; and he lodged there. -Now in the morning as he returned into the city, he hungered. -And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward for ever. And presently the fig tree withered away. -And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, saying, How soon is the fig tree withered away! -Jesus answered and said unto them, Verily I say unto you, If ye have faith, and doubt not, ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig tree, but also if ye shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; it shall be done. -And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive. -And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority? -And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you by what authority I do these things. -The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him? -But if we shall say, Of men; we fear the people; for all hold John as a prophet. -And they answered Jesus, and said, We cannot tell. And he said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. -But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard. -He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went. -And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not. -Whether of them twain did the will of his father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you. -For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him. -Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country: -And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it. -And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. -Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did unto them likewise. -But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. -But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his inheritance. -And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him. -When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen? -They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons. -Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? -Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. -And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken: but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. -And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables, they perceived that he spake of them. -But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they took him for a prophet. -And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and said, -The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, -And sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. -Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. -But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandise: -And the remnant took his servants, and entreated them spitefully, and slew them. -But when the king heard thereof, he was wroth: and he sent forth his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned up their city. -Then saith he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they which were bidden were not worthy. -Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. -So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was furnished with guests. -And when the king came in to see the guests, he saw there a man which had not on a wedding garment: -And he saith unto him, Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? And he was speechless. -Then said the king to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into outer darkness, there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. -For many are called, but few are chosen. -Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk. -And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men. -Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? -But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites? -Shew me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a penny. -And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? -They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's. -When they had heard these words, they marvelled, and left him, and went their way. -The same day came to him the Sadducees, which say that there is no resurrection, and asked him, -Saying, Master, Moses said, If a man die, having no children, his brother shall marry his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. -Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first, when he had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto his brother: -Likewise the second also, and the third, unto the seventh. -And last of all the woman died also. -Therefore in the resurrection whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all had her. -Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. -For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven. -But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, -I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the God of the dead, but of the living. -And when the multitude heard this, they were astonished at his doctrine. -But when the Pharisees had heard that he had put the Sadducees to silence, they were gathered together. -Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, and saying, -Master, which is the great commandment in the law? -Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. -This is the first and great commandment. -And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. -On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. -While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, -Saying, What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, The son of David. -He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying, -The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool? -If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? -And no man was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more questions. -Then spake Jesus to the multitude, and to his disciples, -Saying The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: -All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. -For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. -But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, -And love the uppermost rooms at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues, -And greetings in the markets, and to be called of men, Rabbi, Rabbi. -But be not ye called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ; and all ye are brethren. -And call no man your father upon the earth: for one is your Father, which is in heaven. -Neither be ye called masters: for one is your Master, even Christ. -But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. -And whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted. -But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves. -Woe unto you, ye blind guides, which say, Whosoever shall swear by the temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the temple, he is a debtor! -Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifieth the gold? -And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is guilty. -Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? -Whoso therefore shall swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. -And whoso shall swear by the temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth therein. -And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, and by him that sitteth thereon. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. -Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess. -Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first that which is within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. -Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, -And say, If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets. -Wherefore ye be witnesses unto yourselves, that ye are the children of them which killed the prophets. -Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers. -Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? -Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: -That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. -Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation. -O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not! -Behold, your house is left unto you desolate. -For I say unto you, Ye shall not see me henceforth, till ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. -And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple. -And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. -And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world? -And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. -For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. -And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. -For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places. -All these are the beginning of sorrows. -Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake. -And then shall many be offended, and shall betray one another, and shall hate one another. -And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many. -And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. -But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. -And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come. -When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) -Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains: -Let him which is on the housetop not come down to take any thing out of his house: -Neither let him which is in the field return back to take his clothes. -And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! -But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: -For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. -And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. -Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not. -For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. -Behold, I have told you before. -Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not. -For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. -For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together. -Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: -And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. -And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. -Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh: -So likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near, even at the doors. -Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled. -Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. -But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only. -But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. -For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, -And knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. -Then shall two be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left. -Two women shall be grinding at the mill; the one shall be taken, and the other left. -Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come. -But know this, that if the goodman of the house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, and would not have suffered his house to be broken up. -Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think not the Son of man cometh. -Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season? -Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing. -Verily I say unto you, That he shall make him ruler over all his goods. -But and if that evil servant shall say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; -And shall begin to smite his fellowservants, and to eat and drink with the drunken; -The lord of that servant shall come in a day when he looketh not for him, and in an hour that he is not aware of, -And shall cut him asunder, and appoint him his portion with the hypocrites: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. -Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. -And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. -They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them: -But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps. -While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept. -And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him. -Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps. -And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out. -But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. -And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came; and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage: and the door was shut. -Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open to us. -But he answered and said, Verily I say unto you, I know you not. -Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of man cometh. -For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his goods. -And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one; to every man according to his several ability; and straightway took his journey. -Then he that had received the five talents went and traded with the same, and made them other five talents. -And likewise he that had received two, he also gained other two. -But he that had received one went and digged in the earth, and hid his lord's money. -After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them. -And so he that had received five talents came and brought other five talents, saying, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me five talents: behold, I have gained beside them five talents more. -His lord said unto him, Well done, thou good and faithful servant: thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord. -He also that had received two talents came and said, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me two talents: behold, I have gained two other talents beside them. -His lord said unto him, Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord. -Then he which had received the one talent came and said, Lord, I knew thee that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hast not sown, and gathering where thou hast not strawed: -And I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth: lo, there thou hast that is thine. -His lord answered and said unto him, Thou wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strawed: -Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury. -Take therefore the talent from him, and give it unto him which hath ten talents. -For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath. -And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. -When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: -And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: -And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left. -Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: -For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: -Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. -Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? -When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? -Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? -And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. -Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: -For I was an hungred, and ye gave me no meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink: -I was a stranger, and ye took me not in: naked, and ye clothed me not: sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. -Then shall they also answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, or athirst, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto thee? -Then shall he answer them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me. -And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. -And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished all these sayings, he said unto his disciples, -Ye know that after two days is the feast of the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified. -Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, -And consulted that they might take Jesus by subtilty, and kill him. -But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar among the people. -Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, -There came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at meat. -But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation, saying, To what purpose is this waste? -For this ointment might have been sold for much, and given to the poor. -When Jesus understood it, he said unto them, Why trouble ye the woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me. -For ye have the poor always with you; but me ye have not always. -For in that she hath poured this ointment on my body, she did it for my burial. -Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached in the whole world, there shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for a memorial of her. -Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went unto the chief priests, -And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. -And from that time he sought opportunity to betray him. -Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover? -And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. -And the disciples did as Jesus had appointed them; and they made ready the passover. -Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve. -And as they did eat, he said, Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. -And they were exceeding sorrowful, and began every one of them to say unto him, Lord, is it I? -And he answered and said, He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. -The Son of man goeth as it is written of him: but woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born. -Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said unto him, Thou hast said. -And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. -And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; -For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. -But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. -And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of Olives. -Then saith Jesus unto them, All ye shall be offended because of me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock shall be scattered abroad. -But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. -Peter answered and said unto him, Though all men shall be offended because of thee, yet will I never be offended. -Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this night, before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. -Peter said unto him, Though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee. Likewise also said all the disciples. -Then cometh Jesus with them unto a place called Gethsemane, and saith unto the disciples, Sit ye here, while I go and pray yonder. -And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, and began to be sorrowful and very heavy. -Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me. -And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt. -And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour? -Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. -He went away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done. -And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were heavy. -And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third time, saying the same words. -Then cometh he to his disciples, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. -Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me. -And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. -Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. -And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him. -And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus and took him. -And, behold, one of them which were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest's, and smote off his ear. -Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword. -Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my Father, and he shall presently give me more than twelve legions of angels? -But how then shall the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be? -In that same hour said Jesus to the multitudes, Are ye come out as against a thief with swords and staves for to take me? I sat daily with you teaching in the temple, and ye laid no hold on me. -But all this was done, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples forsook him, and fled. -And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. -But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end. -Now the chief priests, and elders, and all the council, sought false witness against Jesus, to put him to death; -But found none: yea, though many false witnesses came, yet found they none. At the last came two false witnesses, -And said, This fellow said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days. -And the high priest arose, and said unto him, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee? -But Jesus held his peace, And the high priest answered and said unto him, I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God. -Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. -Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have heard his blasphemy. -What think ye? They answered and said, He is guilty of death. -Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him; and others smote him with the palms of their hands, -Saying, Prophesy unto us, thou Christ, Who is he that smote thee? -Now Peter sat without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him, saying, Thou also wast with Jesus of Galilee. -But he denied before them all, saying, I know not what thou sayest. -And when he was gone out into the porch, another maid saw him, and said unto them that were there, This fellow was also with Jesus of Nazareth. -And again he denied with an oath, I do not know the man. -And after a while came unto him they that stood by, and said to Peter, Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee. -Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man. And immediately the cock crew. -And Peter remembered the word of Jesus, which said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. And he went out, and wept bitterly. -When the morning was come, all the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death: -And when they had bound him, they led him away, and delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor. -Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, -Saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that to us? see thou to that. -And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. -And the chief priests took the silver pieces, and said, It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. -And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter's field, to bury strangers in. -Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this day. -Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; -And gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord appointed me. -And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou sayest. -And when he was accused of the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing. -Then said Pilate unto him, Hearest thou not how many things they witness against thee? -And he answered him to never a word; insomuch that the governor marvelled greatly. -Now at that feast the governor was wont to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they would. -And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas. -Therefore when they were gathered together, Pilate said unto them, Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas, or Jesus which is called Christ? -For he knew that for envy they had delivered him. -When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him. -But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Barabbas, and destroy Jesus. -The governor answered and said unto them, Whether of the twain will ye that I release unto you? They said, Barabbas. -Pilate saith unto them, What shall I do then with Jesus which is called Christ? They all say unto him, Let him be crucified. -And the governor said, Why, what evil hath he done? But they cried out the more, saying, Let him be crucified. -When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. -Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children. -Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified. -Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common hall, and gathered unto him the whole band of soldiers. -And they stripped him, and put on him a scarlet robe. -And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! -And they spit upon him, and took the reed, and smote him on the head. -And after that they had mocked him, they took the robe off from him, and put his own raiment on him, and led him away to crucify him. -And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross. -And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, -They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. -And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots. -And sitting down they watched him there; -And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS. -Then were there two thieves crucified with him, one on the right hand, and another on the left. -And they that passed by reviled him, wagging their heads, -And saying, Thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, save thyself. If thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross. -Likewise also the chief priests mocking him, with the scribes and elders, said, -He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him. -He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have him: for he said, I am the Son of God. -The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same in his teeth. -Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour. -And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? -Some of them that stood there, when they heard that, said, This man calleth for Elias. -And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink. -The rest said, Let be, let us see whether Elias will come to save him. -Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. -And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent; -And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, -And came out of the graves after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared unto many. -Now when the centurion, and they that were with him, watching Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were done, they feared greatly, saying, Truly this was the Son of God. -And many women were there beholding afar off, which followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him: -Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees children. -When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathaea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple: -He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be delivered. -And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, -And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed. -And there was Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary, sitting over against the sepulchre. -Now the next day, that followed the day of the preparation, the chief priests and Pharisees came together unto Pilate, -Saying, Sir, we remember that that deceiver said, while he was yet alive, After three days I will rise again. -Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the third day, lest his disciples come by night, and steal him away, and say unto the people, He is risen from the dead: so the last error shall be worse than the first. -Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch: go your way, make it as sure as ye can. -So they went, and made the sepulchre sure, sealing the stone, and setting a watch. -In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. -And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it. -His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow: -And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men. -And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified. -He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. -And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you. -And they departed quickly from the sepulchre with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word. -And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him. -Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. -Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into the city, and shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done. -And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers, -Saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept. -And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and secure you. -So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day. -Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. -And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. -And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. -Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: -Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. -The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; -As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. -The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. -John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins. -And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins. -And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; -And preached, saying, There cometh one mightier than I after me, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose. -I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost. -And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized of John in Jordan. -And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him: -And there came a voice from heaven, saying, Thou art my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. -And immediately the spirit driveth him into the wilderness. -And he was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted of Satan; and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him. -Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God, -And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel. -Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew his brother casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers. -And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers of men. -And straightway they forsook their nets, and followed him. -And when he had gone a little farther thence, he saw James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship mending their nets. -And straightway he called them: and they left their father Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants, and went after him. -And they went into Capernaum; and straightway on the sabbath day he entered into the synagogue, and taught. -And they were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes. -And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out, -Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. -And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. -And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of him. -And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him. -And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the region round about Galilee. -And forthwith, when they were come out of the synagogue, they entered into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James and John. -But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever, and anon they tell him of her. -And he came and took her by the hand, and lifted her up; and immediately the fever left her, and she ministered unto them. -And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all that were diseased, and them that were possessed with devils. -And all the city was gathered together at the door. -And he healed many that were sick of divers diseases, and cast out many devils; and suffered not the devils to speak, because they knew him. -And in the morning, rising up a great while before day, he went out, and departed into a solitary place, and there prayed. -And Simon and they that were with him followed after him. -And when they had found him, they said unto him, All men seek for thee. -And he said unto them, Let us go into the next towns, that I may preach there also: for therefore came I forth. -And he preached in their synagogues throughout all Galilee, and cast out devils. -And there came a leper to him, beseeching him, and kneeling down to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. -And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean. -And as soon as he had spoken, immediately the leprosy departed from him, and he was cleansed. -And he straitly charged him, and forthwith sent him away; -And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. -But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter, insomuch that Jesus could no more openly enter into the city, but was without in desert places: and they came to him from every quarter. -And again he entered into Capernaum after some days; and it was noised that he was in the house. -And straightway many were gathered together, insomuch that there was no room to receive them, no, not so much as about the door: and he preached the word unto them. -And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was borne of four. -And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. -When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee. -But there was certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts, -Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only? -And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? -Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? -But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,) -I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house. -And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion. -And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude resorted unto him, and he taught them. -And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him. -And it came to pass, that, as Jesus sat at meat in his house, many publicans and sinners sat also together with Jesus and his disciples: for there were many, and they followed him. -And when the scribes and Pharisees saw him eat with publicans and sinners, they said unto his disciples, How is it that he eateth and drinketh with publicans and sinners? -When Jesus heard it, he saith unto them, They that are whole have no need of the physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. -And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees used to fast: and they come and say unto him, Why do the disciples of John and of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not? -And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them? as long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. -But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days. -No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse. -And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles. -And it came to pass, that he went through the corn fields on the sabbath day; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the ears of corn. -And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the sabbath day that which is not lawful? -And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with him? -How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him? -And he said unto them, The sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath: -Therefore the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath. -And he entered again into the synagogue; and there was a man there which had a withered hand. -And they watched him, whether he would heal him on the sabbath day; that they might accuse him. -And he saith unto the man which had the withered hand, Stand forth. -And he saith unto them, Is it lawful to do good on the sabbath days, or to do evil? to save life, or to kill? But they held their peace. -And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was restored whole as the other. -And the Pharisees went forth, and straightway took counsel with the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him. -But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea: and a great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judaea, -And from Jerusalem, and from Idumaea, and from beyond Jordan; and they about Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, when they had heard what great things he did, came unto him. -And he spake to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on him because of the multitude, lest they should throng him. -For he had healed many; insomuch that they pressed upon him for to touch him, as many as had plagues. -And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him, and cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God. -And he straitly charged them that they should not make him known. -And he goeth up into a mountain, and calleth unto him whom he would: and they came unto him. -And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them forth to preach, -And to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out devils: -And Simon he surnamed Peter; -And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: -And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite, -And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. -And the multitude cometh together again, so that they could not so much as eat bread. -And when his friends heard of it, they went out to lay hold on him: for they said, He is beside himself. -And the scribes which came down from Jerusalem said, He hath Beelzebub, and by the prince of the devils casteth he out devils. -And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How can Satan cast out Satan? -And if a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. -And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. -And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot stand, but hath an end. -No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house. -Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme: -But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation. -Because they said, He hath an unclean spirit. -There came then his brethren and his mother, and, standing without, sent unto him, calling him. -And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee. -And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren? -And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! -For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother. -And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land. -And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, -Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: -And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. -And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: -But when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. -And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. -And other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred. -And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. -And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. -And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: -That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them. -And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then will ye know all parables? -The sower soweth the word. -And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but when they have heard, Satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the word that was sown in their hearts. -And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness; -And have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time: afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word's sake, immediately they are offended. -And these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the word, -And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful. -And these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred. -And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? -For there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad. -If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. -And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall more be given. -For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. -And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed into the ground; -And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how. -For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. -But when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come. -And he said, Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? or with what comparison shall we compare it? -It is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, is less than all the seeds that be in the earth: -But when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it. -And with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they were able to hear it. -But without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were alone, he expounded all things to his disciples. -And the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them, Let us pass over unto the other side. -And when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as he was in the ship. And there were also with him other little ships. -And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full. -And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow: and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we perish? -And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. -And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have no faith? -And they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, What manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? -And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into the country of the Gadarenes. -And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, -Who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: -Because that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither could any man tame him. -And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. -But when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, -And cried with a loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the most high God? I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not. -For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit. -And he asked him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we are many. -And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of the country. -Now there was there nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine feeding. -And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine, that we may enter into them. -And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the unclean spirits went out, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the sea, (they were about two thousand;) and were choked in the sea. -And they that fed the swine fled, and told it in the city, and in the country. And they went out to see what it was that was done. -And they come to Jesus, and see him that was possessed with the devil, and had the legion, sitting, and clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid. -And they that saw it told them how it befell to him that was possessed with the devil, and also concerning the swine. -And they began to pray him to depart out of their coasts. -And when he was come into the ship, he that had been possessed with the devil prayed him that he might be with him. -Howbeit Jesus suffered him not, but saith unto him, Go home to thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee, and hath had compassion on thee. -And he departed, and began to publish in Decapolis how great things Jesus had done for him: and all men did marvel. -And when Jesus was passed over again by ship unto the other side, much people gathered unto him: and he was nigh unto the sea. -And, behold, there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name; and when he saw him, he fell at his feet, -And besought him greatly, saying, My little daughter lieth at the point of death: I pray thee, come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be healed; and she shall live. -And Jesus went with him; and much people followed him, and thronged him. -And a certain woman, which had an issue of blood twelve years, -And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse, -When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind, and touched his garment. -For she said, If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole. -And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up; and she felt in her body that she was healed of that plague. -And Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about in the press, and said, Who touched my clothes? -And his disciples said unto him, Thou seest the multitude thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? -And he looked round about to see her that had done this thing. -But the woman fearing and trembling, knowing what was done in her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth. -And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace, and be whole of thy plague. -While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's house certain which said, Thy daughter is dead: why troublest thou the Master any further? -As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe. -And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and John the brother of James. -And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly. -And when he was come in, he saith unto them, Why make ye this ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead, but sleepeth. -And they laughed him to scorn. But when he had put them all out, he taketh the father and the mother of the damsel, and them that were with him, and entereth in where the damsel was lying. -And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise. -And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for she was of the age of twelve years. And they were astonished with a great astonishment. -And he charged them straitly that no man should know it; and commanded that something should be given her to eat. -And he went out from thence, and came into his own country; and his disciples follow him. -And when the sabbath day was come, he began to teach in the synagogue: and many hearing him were astonished, saying, From whence hath this man these things? and what wisdom is this which is given unto him, that even such mighty works are wrought by his hands? -Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. -But Jesus, said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house. -And he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands upon a few sick folk, and healed them. -And he marvelled because of their unbelief. And he went round about the villages, teaching. -And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth by two and two; and gave them power over unclean spirits; -And commanded them that they should take nothing for their journey, save a staff only; no scrip, no bread, no money in their purse: -But be shod with sandals; and not put on two coats. -And he said unto them, In what place soever ye enter into an house, there abide till ye depart from that place. -And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear you, when ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them. Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city. -And they went out, and preached that men should repent. -And they cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that were sick, and healed them. -And king Herod heard of him; (for his name was spread abroad:) and he said, That John the Baptist was risen from the dead, and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him. -Others said, That it is Elias. And others said, That it is a prophet, or as one of the prophets. -But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John, whom I beheaded: he is risen from the dead. -For Herod himself had sent forth and laid hold upon John, and bound him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife: for he had married her. -For John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother's wife. -Therefore Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him; but she could not: -For Herod feared John, knowing that he was a just man and an holy, and observed him; and when he heard him, he did many things, and heard him gladly. -And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee; -And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee. -And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom. -And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist. -And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist. -And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her. -And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison, -And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother. -And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb. -And the apostles gathered themselves together unto Jesus, and told him all things, both what they had done, and what they had taught. -And he said unto them, Come ye yourselves apart into a desert place, and rest a while: for there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure so much as to eat. -And they departed into a desert place by ship privately. -And the people saw them departing, and many knew him, and ran afoot thither out of all cities, and outwent them, and came together unto him. -And Jesus, when he came out, saw much people, and was moved with compassion toward them, because they were as sheep not having a shepherd: and he began to teach them many things. -And when the day was now far spent, his disciples came unto him, and said, This is a desert place, and now the time is far passed: -Send them away, that they may go into the country round about, and into the villages, and buy themselves bread: for they have nothing to eat. -He answered and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they say unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread, and give them to eat? -He saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? go and see. And when they knew, they say, Five, and two fishes. -And he commanded them to make all sit down by companies upon the green grass. -And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and by fifties. -And when he had taken the five loaves and the two fishes, he looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake the loaves, and gave them to his disciples to set before them; and the two fishes divided he among them all. -And they did all eat, and were filled. -And they took up twelve baskets full of the fragments, and of the fishes. -And they that did eat of the loaves were about five thousand men. -And straightway he constrained his disciples to get into the ship, and to go to the other side before unto Bethsaida, while he sent away the people. -And when he had sent them away, he departed into a mountain to pray. -And when even was come, the ship was in the midst of the sea, and he alone on the land. -And he saw them toiling in rowing; for the wind was contrary unto them: and about the fourth watch of the night he cometh unto them, walking upon the sea, and would have passed by them. -But when they saw him walking upon the sea, they supposed it had been a spirit, and cried out: -For they all saw him, and were troubled. And immediately he talked with them, and saith unto them, Be of good cheer: it is I; be not afraid. -And he went up unto them into the ship; and the wind ceased: and they were sore amazed in themselves beyond measure, and wondered. -For they considered not the miracle of the loaves: for their heart was hardened. -And when they had passed over, they came into the land of Gennesaret, and drew to the shore. -And when they were come out of the ship, straightway they knew him, -And ran through that whole region round about, and began to carry about in beds those that were sick, where they heard he was. -And whithersoever he entered, into villages, or cities, or country, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought him that they might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as touched him were made whole. -Then came together unto him the Pharisees, and certain of the scribes, which came from Jerusalem. -And when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with defiled, that is to say, with unwashen, hands, they found fault. -For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders. -And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat not. And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brasen vessels, and of tables. -Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen hands? -He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. -Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. -For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. -And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition. -For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso curseth father or mother, let him die the death: -But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. -And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his mother; -Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye. -And when he had called all the people unto him, he said unto them, Hearken unto me every one of you, and understand: -There is nothing from without a man, that entering into him can defile him: but the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man. -If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. -And when he was entered into the house from the people, his disciples asked him concerning the parable. -And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also? Do ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the man, it cannot defile him; -Because it entereth not into his heart, but into the belly, and goeth out into the draught, purging all meats? -And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. -For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, -Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: -All these evil things come from within, and defile the man. -And from thence he arose, and went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon, and entered into an house, and would have no man know it: but he could not be hid. -For a certain woman, whose young daughter had an unclean spirit, heard of him, and came and fell at his feet: -The woman was a Greek, a Syrophenician by nation; and she besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter. -But Jesus said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it unto the dogs. -And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs. -And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the devil is gone out of thy daughter. -And when she was come to her house, she found the devil gone out, and her daughter laid upon the bed. -And again, departing from the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, he came unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of Decapolis. -And they bring unto him one that was deaf, and had an impediment in his speech; and they beseech him to put his hand upon him. -And he took him aside from the multitude, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spit, and touched his tongue; -And looking up to heaven, he sighed, and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be opened. -And straightway his ears were opened, and the string of his tongue was loosed, and he spake plain. -And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more he charged them, so much the more a great deal they published it; -And were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all things well: he maketh both the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak. -In those days the multitude being very great, and having nothing to eat, Jesus called his disciples unto him, and saith unto them, -I have compassion on the multitude, because they have now been with me three days, and have nothing to eat: -And if I send them away fasting to their own houses, they will faint by the way: for divers of them came from far. -And his disciples answered him, From whence can a man satisfy these men with bread here in the wilderness? -And he asked them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven. -And he commanded the people to sit down on the ground: and he took the seven loaves, and gave thanks, and brake, and gave to his disciples to set before them; and they did set them before the people. -And they had a few small fishes: and he blessed, and commanded to set them also before them. -So they did eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets. -And they that had eaten were about four thousand: and he sent them away. -And straightway he entered into a ship with his disciples, and came into the parts of Dalmanutha. -And the Pharisees came forth, and began to question with him, seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him. -And he sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, Why doth this generation seek after a sign? verily I say unto you, There shall no sign be given unto this generation. -And he left them, and entering into the ship again departed to the other side. -Now the disciples had forgotten to take bread, neither had they in the ship with them more than one loaf. -And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, and of the leaven of Herod. -And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have no bread. -And when Jesus knew it, he saith unto them, Why reason ye, because ye have no bread? perceive ye not yet, neither understand? have ye your heart yet hardened? -Having eyes, see ye not? and having ears, hear ye not? and do ye not remember? -When I brake the five loaves among five thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve. -And when the seven among four thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? And they said, Seven. -And he said unto them, How is it that ye do not understand? -And he cometh to Bethsaida; and they bring a blind man unto him, and besought him to touch him. -And he took the blind man by the hand, and led him out of the town; and when he had spit on his eyes, and put his hands upon him, he asked him if he saw ought. -And he looked up, and said, I see men as trees, walking. -After that he put his hands again upon his eyes, and made him look up: and he was restored, and saw every man clearly. -And he sent him away to his house, saying, Neither go into the town, nor tell it to any in the town. -And Jesus went out, and his disciples, into the towns of Caesarea Philippi: and by the way he asked his disciples, saying unto them, Whom do men say that I am? -And they answered, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others, One of the prophets. -And he saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Peter answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ. -And he charged them that they should tell no man of him. -And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests, and scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again. -And he spake that saying openly. And Peter took him, and began to rebuke him. -But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men. -And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. -For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save it. -For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? -Or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? -Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. -And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power. -And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them. -And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can white them. -And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus. -And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. -For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid. -And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him. -And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man any more, save Jesus only with themselves. -And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead. -And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with another what the rising from the dead should mean. -And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must first come? -And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh first, and restoreth all things; and how it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought. -But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him. -And when he came to his disciples, he saw a great multitude about them, and the scribes questioning with them. -And straightway all the people, when they beheld him, were greatly amazed, and running to him saluted him. -And he asked the scribes, What question ye with them? -And one of the multitude answered and said, Master, I have brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; -And wheresoever he taketh him, he teareth him: and he foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast him out; and they could not. -He answereth him, and saith, O faithless generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him unto me. -And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway the spirit tare him; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foaming. -And he asked his father, How long is it ago since this came unto him? And he said, Of a child. -And ofttimes it hath cast him into the fire, and into the waters, to destroy him: but if thou canst do any thing, have compassion on us, and help us. -Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth. -And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. -When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him. -And the spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him: and he was as one dead; insomuch that many said, He is dead. -But Jesus took him by the hand, and lifted him up; and he arose. -And when he was come into the house, his disciples asked him privately, Why could not we cast him out? -And he said unto them, This kind can come forth by nothing, but by prayer and fasting. -And they departed thence, and passed through Galilee; and he would not that any man should know it. -For he taught his disciples, and said unto them, The Son of man is delivered into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and after that he is killed, he shall rise the third day. -But they understood not that saying, and were afraid to ask him. -And he came to Capernaum: and being in the house he asked them, What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by the way? -But they held their peace: for by the way they had disputed among themselves, who should be the greatest. -And he sat down, and called the twelve, and saith unto them, If any man desire to be first, the same shall be last of all, and servant of all. -And he took a child, and set him in the midst of them: and when he had taken him in his arms, he said unto them, -Whosoever shall receive one of such children in my name, receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me, receiveth not me, but him that sent me. -And John answered him, saying, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, and he followeth not us: and we forbad him, because he followeth not us. -But Jesus said, Forbid him not: for there is no man which shall do a miracle in my name, that can lightly speak evil of me. -For he that is not against us is on our part. -For whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink in my name, because ye belong to Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose his reward. -And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea. -And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: -Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. -And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: -Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. -And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire: -Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. -For every one shall be salted with fire, and every sacrifice shall be salted with salt. -Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his saltness, wherewith will ye season it? Have salt in yourselves, and have peace one with another. -And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts of Judaea by the farther side of Jordan: and the people resort unto him again; and, as he was wont, he taught them again. -And the Pharisees came to him, and asked him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife? tempting him. -And he answered and said unto them, What did Moses command you? -And they said, Moses suffered to write a bill of divorcement, and to put her away. -And Jesus answered and said unto them, For the hardness of your heart he wrote you this precept. -But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female. -For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and cleave to his wife; -And they twain shall be one flesh: so then they are no more twain, but one flesh. -What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. -And in the house his disciples asked him again of the same matter. -And he saith unto them, Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. -And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery. -And they brought young children to him, that he should touch them: and his disciples rebuked those that brought them. -But when Jesus saw it, he was much displeased, and said unto them, Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God. -Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein. -And he took them up in his arms, put his hands upon them, and blessed them. -And when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running, and kneeled to him, and asked him, Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life? -And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God. -Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother. -And he answered and said unto him, Master, all these have I observed from my youth. -Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me. -And he was sad at that saying, and went away grieved: for he had great possessions. -And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disciples, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! -And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus answereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God! -It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. -And they were astonished out of measure, saying among themselves, Who then can be saved? -And Jesus looking upon them saith, With men it is impossible, but not with God: for with God all things are possible. -Then Peter began to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee. -And Jesus answered and said, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake, and the gospel's, -But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life. -But many that are first shall be last; and the last first. -And they were in the way going up to Jerusalem; and Jesus went before them: and they were amazed; and as they followed, they were afraid. And he took again the twelve, and began to tell them what things should happen unto him, -Saying, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests, and unto the scribes; and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him to the Gentiles: -And they shall mock him, and shall scourge him, and shall spit upon him, and shall kill him: and the third day he shall rise again. -And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, come unto him, saying, Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall desire. -And he said unto them, What would ye that I should do for you? -They said unto him, Grant unto us that we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory. -But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? -And they said unto him, We can. And Jesus said unto them, Ye shall indeed drink of the cup that I drink of; and with the baptism that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized: -But to sit on my right hand and on my left hand is not mine to give; but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared. -And when the ten heard it, they began to be much displeased with James and John. -But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. -But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great among you, shall be your minister: -And whosoever of you will be the chiefest, shall be servant of all. -For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. -And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus, sat by the highway side begging. -And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. -And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. -And Jesus stood still, and commanded him to be called. And they call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good comfort, rise; he calleth thee. -And he, casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus. -And Jesus answered and said unto him, What wilt thou that I should do unto thee? The blind man said unto him, Lord, that I might receive my sight. -And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath made thee whole. And immediately he received his sight, and followed Jesus in the way. -And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount of Olives, he sendeth forth two of his disciples, -And saith unto them, Go your way into the village over against you: and as soon as ye be entered into it, ye shall find a colt tied, whereon never man sat; loose him, and bring him. -And if any man say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye that the Lord hath need of him; and straightway he will send him hither. -And they went their way, and found the colt tied by the door without in a place where two ways met; and they loose him. -And certain of them that stood there said unto them, What do ye, loosing the colt? -And they said unto them even as Jesus had commanded: and they let them go. -And they brought the colt to Jesus, and cast their garments on him; and he sat upon him. -And many spread their garments in the way: and others cut down branches off the trees, and strawed them in the way. -And they that went before, and they that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: -Blessed be the kingdom of our father David, that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest. -And Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple: and when he had looked round about upon all things, and now the eventide was come, he went out unto Bethany with the twelve. -And on the morrow, when they were come from Bethany, he was hungry: -And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet. -And Jesus answered and said unto it, No man eat fruit of thee hereafter for ever. And his disciples heard it. -And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves; -And would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel through the temple. -And he taught, saying unto them, Is it not written, My house shall be called of all nations the house of prayer? but ye have made it a den of thieves. -And the scribes and chief priests heard it, and sought how they might destroy him: for they feared him, because all the people was astonished at his doctrine. -And when even was come, he went out of the city. -And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree dried up from the roots. -And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away. -And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God. -For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith. -Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them. -And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. -But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses. -And they come again to Jerusalem: and as he was walking in the temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders, -And say unto him, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things? -And Jesus answered and said unto them, I will also ask of you one question, and answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do these things. -The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? answer me. -And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him? -But if we shall say, Of men; they feared the people: for all men counted John, that he was a prophet indeed. -And they answered and said unto Jesus, We cannot tell. And Jesus answering saith unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I do these things. -And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country. -And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard. -And they caught him, and beat him, and sent him away empty. -And again he sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast stones, and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully handled. -And again he sent another; and him they killed, and many others; beating some, and killing some. -Having yet therefore one son, his wellbeloved, he sent him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son. -But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be our's. -And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard. -What shall therefore the lord of the vineyard do? he will come and destroy the husbandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others. -And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner: -This was the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? -And they sought to lay hold on him, but feared the people: for they knew that he had spoken the parable against them: and they left him, and went their way. -And they send unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the Herodians, to catch him in his words. -And when they were come, they say unto him, Master, we know that thou art true, and carest for no man: for thou regardest not the person of men, but teachest the way of God in truth: Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not? -Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a penny, that I may see it. -And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's. -And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him. -Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no resurrection; and they asked him, saying, -Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave his wife behind him, and leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. -Now there were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and dying left no seed. -And the second took her, and died, neither left he any seed: and the third likewise. -And the seven had her, and left no seed: last of all the woman died also. -In the resurrection therefore, when they shall rise, whose wife shall she be of them? for the seven had her to wife. -And Jesus answering said unto them, Do ye not therefore err, because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God? -For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven. -And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? -He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: ye therefore do greatly err. -And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all? -And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: -And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. -And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these. -And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he: -And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices. -And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question. -And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that Christ is the son of David? -For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool. -David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then his son? And the common people heard him gladly. -And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces, -And the chief seats in the synagogues, and the uppermost rooms at feasts: -Which devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: these shall receive greater damnation. -And Jesus sat over against the treasury, and beheld how the people cast money into the treasury: and many that were rich cast in much. -And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites, which make a farthing. -And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That this poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury: -For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living. -And as he went out of the temple, one of his disciples saith unto him, Master, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here! -And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. -And as he sat upon the mount of Olives over against the temple, Peter and James and John and Andrew asked him privately, -Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when all these things shall be fulfilled? -And Jesus answering them began to say, Take heed lest any man deceive you: -For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. -And when ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars, be ye not troubled: for such things must needs be; but the end shall not be yet. -For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be earthquakes in divers places, and there shall be famines and troubles: these are the beginnings of sorrows. -But take heed to yourselves: for they shall deliver you up to councils; and in the synagogues ye shall be beaten: and ye shall be brought before rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them. -And the gospel must first be published among all nations. -But when they shall lead you, and deliver you up, take no thought beforehand what ye shall speak, neither do ye premeditate: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye: for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Ghost. -Now the brother shall betray the brother to death, and the father the son; and children shall rise up against their parents, and shall cause them to be put to death. -And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. -But when ye shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not, (let him that readeth understand,) then let them that be in Judaea flee to the mountains: -And let him that is on the housetop not go down into the house, neither enter therein, to take any thing out of his house: -And let him that is in the field not turn back again for to take up his garment. -But woe to them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! -And pray ye that your flight be not in the winter. -For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be. -And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh should be saved: but for the elect's sake, whom he hath chosen, he hath shortened the days. -And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or, lo, he is there; believe him not: -For false Christs and false prophets shall rise, and shall shew signs and wonders, to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect. -But take ye heed: behold, I have foretold you all things. -But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, -And the stars of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in heaven shall be shaken. -And then shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with great power and glory. -And then shall he send his angels, and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven. -Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When her branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is near: -So ye in like manner, when ye shall see these things come to pass, know that it is nigh, even at the doors. -Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till all these things be done. -Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away. -But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father. -Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. -For the Son of Man is as a man taking a far journey, who left his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch. -Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning: -Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping. -And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch. -After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death. -But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar of the people. -And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. -And there were some that had indignation within themselves, and said, Why was this waste of the ointment made? -For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and have been given to the poor. And they murmured against her. -And Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath wrought a good work on me. -For ye have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye may do them good: but me ye have not always. -She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my body to the burying. -Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her. -And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went unto the chief priests, to betray him unto them. -And when they heard it, they were glad, and promised to give him money. And he sought how he might conveniently betray him. -And the first day of unleavened bread, when they killed the passover, his disciples said unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and prepare that thou mayest eat the passover? -And he sendeth forth two of his disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into the city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him. -And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? -And he will shew you a large upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready for us. -And his disciples went forth, and came into the city, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. -And in the evening he cometh with the twelve. -And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, One of you which eateth with me shall betray me. -And they began to be sorrowful, and to say unto him one by one, Is it I? and another said, Is it I? -And he answered and said unto them, It is one of the twelve, that dippeth with me in the dish. -The Son of man indeed goeth, as it is written of him: but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man if he had never been born. -And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body. -And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them: and they all drank of it. -And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many. -Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God. -And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of Olives. -And Jesus saith unto them, All ye shall be offended because of me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered. -But after that I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee. -But Peter said unto him, Although all shall be offended, yet will not I. -And Jesus saith unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this day, even in this night, before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. -But he spake the more vehemently, If I should die with thee, I will not deny thee in any wise. Likewise also said they all. -And they came to a place which was named Gethsemane: and he saith to his disciples, Sit ye here, while I shall pray. -And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be sore amazed, and to be very heavy; -And saith unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful unto death: tarry ye here, and watch. -And he went forward a little, and fell on the ground, and prayed that, if it were possible, the hour might pass from him. -And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee; take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what thou wilt. -And he cometh, and findeth them sleeping, and saith unto Peter, Simon, sleepest thou? couldest not thou watch one hour? -Watch ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. The spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak. -And again he went away, and prayed, and spake the same words. -And when he returned, he found them asleep again, (for their eyes were heavy,) neither wist they what to answer him. -And he cometh the third time, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: it is enough, the hour is come; behold, the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. -Rise up, let us go; lo, he that betrayeth me is at hand. -And immediately, while he yet spake, cometh Judas, one of the twelve, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders. -And he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he; take him, and lead him away safely. -And as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and saith, Master, master; and kissed him. -And they laid their hands on him, and took him. -And one of them that stood by drew a sword, and smote a servant of the high priest, and cut off his ear. -And Jesus answered and said unto them, Are ye come out, as against a thief, with swords and with staves to take me? -I was daily with you in the temple teaching, and ye took me not: but the scriptures must be fulfilled. -And they all forsook him, and fled. -And there followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth cast about his naked body; and the young men laid hold on him: -And he left the linen cloth, and fled from them naked. -And they led Jesus away to the high priest: and with him were assembled all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes. -And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire. -And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness against Jesus to put him to death; and found none. -For many bare false witness against him, but their witness agreed not together. -And there arose certain, and bare false witness against him, saying, -We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and within three days I will build another made without hands. -But neither so did their witness agree together. -And the high priest stood up in the midst, and asked Jesus, saying, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee? -But he held his peace, and answered nothing. Again the high priest asked him, and said unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? -And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. -Then the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What need we any further witnesses? -Ye have heard the blasphemy: what think ye? And they all condemned him to be guilty of death. -And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy: and the servants did strike him with the palms of their hands. -And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the maids of the high priest: -And when she saw Peter warming himself, she looked upon him, and said, And thou also wast with Jesus of Nazareth. -But he denied, saying, I know not, neither understand I what thou sayest. And he went out into the porch; and the cock crew. -And a maid saw him again, and began to say to them that stood by, This is one of them. -And he denied it again. And a little after, they that stood by said again to Peter, Surely thou art one of them: for thou art a Galilaean, and thy speech agreeth thereto. -But he began to curse and to swear, saying, I know not this man of whom ye speak. -And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept. -And straightway in the morning the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, and bound Jesus, and carried him away, and delivered him to Pilate. -And Pilate asked him, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he answering said unto them, Thou sayest it. -And the chief priests accused him of many things: but he answered nothing. -And Pilate asked him again, saying, Answerest thou nothing? behold how many things they witness against thee. -But Jesus yet answered nothing; so that Pilate marvelled. -Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired. -And there was one named Barabbas, which lay bound with them that had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the insurrection. -And the multitude crying aloud began to desire him to do as he had ever done unto them. -But Pilate answered them, saying, Will ye that I release unto you the King of the Jews? -For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him for envy. -But the chief priests moved the people, that he should rather release Barabbas unto them. -And Pilate answered and said again unto them, What will ye then that I shall do unto him whom ye call the King of the Jews? -And they cried out again, Crucify him. -Then Pilate said unto them, Why, what evil hath he done? And they cried out the more exceedingly, Crucify him. -And so Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be crucified. -And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium; and they call together the whole band. -And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head, -And began to salute him, Hail, King of the Jews! -And they smote him on the head with a reed, and did spit upon him, and bowing their knees worshipped him. -And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him, and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him. -And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross. -And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. -And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. -And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take. -And it was the third hour, and they crucified him. -And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS. -And with him they crucify two thieves; the one on his right hand, and the other on his left. -And the scripture was fulfilled, which saith, And he was numbered with the transgressors. -And they that passed by railed on him, wagging their heads, and saying, Ah, thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, -Save thyself, and come down from the cross. -Likewise also the chief priests mocking said among themselves with the scribes, He saved others; himself he cannot save. -Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled him. -And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour. -And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? -And some of them that stood by, when they heard it, said, Behold, he calleth Elias. -And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether Elias will come to take him down. -And Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost. -And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom. -And when the centurion, which stood over against him, saw that he so cried out, and gave up the ghost, he said, Truly this man was the Son of God. -There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; -(Who also, when he was in Galilee, followed him, and ministered unto him;) and many other women which came up with him unto Jerusalem. -And now when the even was come, because it was the preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath, -Joseph of Arimathaea, an honourable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. -And Pilate marvelled if he were already dead: and calling unto him the centurion, he asked him whether he had been any while dead. -And when he knew it of the centurion, he gave the body to Joseph. -And he bought fine linen, and took him down, and wrapped him in the linen, and laid him in a sepulchre which was hewn out of a rock, and rolled a stone unto the door of the sepulchre. -And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he was laid. -And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him. -And very early in the morning the first day of the week, they came unto the sepulchre at the rising of the sun. -And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre? -And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great. -And entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment; and they were affrighted. -And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him. -But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you. -And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid. -Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils. -And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. -And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not. -After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. -And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them. -Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen. -And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. -He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. -And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; -They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. -So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. -And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen. -Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, -Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; -It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, -That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed. -THERE was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. -And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. -And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well stricken in years. -And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course, -According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. -And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. -And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense. -And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. -But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. -And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. -For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. -And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. -And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. -And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. -And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew thee these glad tidings. -And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season. -And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he tarried so long in the temple. -And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless. -And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house. -And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid herself five months, saying, -Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men. -And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, -To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. -And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. -And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. -And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. -And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. -He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: -And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. -Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? -And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. -And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. -For with God nothing shall be impossible. -And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. -And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; -And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. -And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: -And she spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. -And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? -For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. -And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a performance of those things which were told her from the Lord. -And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, -And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. -For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. -For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is his name. -And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. -He hath shewed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts. -He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. -He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away. -He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; -As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever. -And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her own house. -Now Elisabeth's full time came that she should be delivered; and she brought forth a son. -And her neighbours and her cousins heard how the Lord had shewed great mercy upon her; and they rejoiced with her. -And it came to pass, that on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child; and they called him Zacharias, after the name of his father. -And his mother answered and said, Not so; but he shall be called John. -And they said unto her, There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name. -And they made signs to his father, how he would have him called. -And he asked for a writing table, and wrote, saying, His name is John. And they marvelled all. -And his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loosed, and he spake, and praised God. -And fear came on all that dwelt round about them: and all these sayings were noised abroad throughout all the hill country of Judaea. -And all they that heard them laid them up in their hearts, saying, What manner of child shall this be! And the hand of the Lord was with him. -And his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied, saying, -Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; for he hath visited and redeemed his people, -And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; -As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets, which have been since the world began: -That we should be saved from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us; -To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; -The oath which he sware to our father Abraham, -That he would grant unto us, that we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies might serve him without fear, -In holiness and righteousness before him, all the days of our life. -And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways; -To give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their sins, -Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us, -To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace. -And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, and was in the deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel. -And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed. -(And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.) -And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. -And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:) -To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. -And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. -And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. -And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. -And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. -And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. -For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. -And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. -And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, -Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. -And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us. -And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. -And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying which was told them concerning this child. -And all they that heard it wondered at those things which were told them by the shepherds. -But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart. -And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them. -And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel before he was conceived in the womb. -And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord; -(As it is written in the law of the LORD, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) -And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. -And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. -And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord's Christ. -And he came by the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law, -Then took he him up in his arms, and blessed God, and said, -Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: -For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, -Which thou hast prepared before the face of all people; -A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel. -And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were spoken of him. -And Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall be spoken against; -(Yea, a sword shall pierce through thy own soul also,) that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed. -And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an husband seven years from her virginity; -And she was a widow of about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. -And she coming in that instant gave thanks likewise unto the Lord, and spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem. -And when they had performed all things according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. -And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him. -Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover. -And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after the custom of the feast. -And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not of it. -But they, supposing him to have been in the company, went a day's journey; and they sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance. -And when they found him not, they turned back again to Jerusalem, seeking him. -And it came to pass, that after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and asking them questions. -And all that heard him were astonished at his understanding and answers. -And when they saw him, they were amazed: and his mother said unto him, Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing. -And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business? -And they understood not the saying which he spake unto them. -And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart. -And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man. -Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, -Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. -And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; -As it is written in the book of the words of Esaias the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. -Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth; -And all flesh shall see the salvation of God. -Then said he to the multitude that came forth to be baptized of him, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? -Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, That God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. -And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: every tree therefore which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. -And the people asked him, saying, What shall we do then? -He answereth and saith unto them, He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none; and he that hath meat, let him do likewise. -Then came also publicans to be baptized, and said unto him, Master, what shall we do? -And he said unto them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you. -And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do? And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages. -And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; -John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: -Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. -And many other things in his exhortation preached he unto the people. -But Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias his brother Philip's wife, and for all the evils which Herod had done, -Added yet this above all, that he shut up John in prison. -Now when all the people were baptized, it came to pass, that Jesus also being baptized, and praying, the heaven was opened, -And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased. -And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli, -Which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, which was the son of Melchi, which was the son of Janna, which was the son of Joseph, -Which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Amos, which was the son of Naum, which was the son of Esli, which was the son of Nagge, -Which was the son of Maath, which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Semei, which was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Juda, -Which was the son of Joanna, which was the son of Rhesa, which was the son of Zorobabel, which was the son of Salathiel, which was the son of Neri, -Which was the son of Melchi, which was the son of Addi, which was the son of Cosam, which was the son of Elmodam, which was the son of Er, -Which was the son of Jose, which was the son of Eliezer, which was the son of Jorim, which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, -Which was the son of Simeon, which was the son of Juda, which was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Jonan, which was the son of Eliakim, -Which was the son of Melea, which was the son of Menan, which was the son of Mattatha, which was the son of Nathan, which was the son of David, -Which was the son of Jesse, which was the son of Obed, which was the son of Booz, which was the son of Salmon, which was the son of Naasson, -Which was the son of Aminadab, which was the son of Aram, which was the son of Esrom, which was the son of Phares, which was the son of Juda, -Which was the son of Jacob, which was the son of Isaac, which was the son of Abraham, which was the son of Thara, which was the son of Nachor, -Which was the son of Saruch, which was the son of Ragau, which was the son of Phalec, which was the son of Heber, which was the son of Sala, -Which was the son of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad, which was the son of Sem, which was the son of Noe, which was the son of Lamech, -Which was the son of Mathusala, which was the son of Enoch, which was the son of Jared, which was the son of Maleleel, which was the son of Cainan, -Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God. -And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, -Being forty days tempted of the devil. And in those days he did eat nothing: and when they were ended, he afterward hungered. -And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command this stone that it be made bread. -And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God. -And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. -And the devil said unto him, All this power will I give thee, and the glory of them: for that is delivered unto me; and to whomsoever I will I give it. -If thou therefore wilt worship me, all shall be thine. -And Jesus answered and said unto him, Get thee behind me, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. -And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down from hence: -For it is written, He shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee: -And in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. -And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. -And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season. -And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee: and there went out a fame of him through all the region round about. -And he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all. -And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read. -And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, -The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, -To preach the acceptable year of the Lord. -And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him. -And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears. -And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth. And they said, Is not this Joseph's son? -And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country. -And he said, Verily I say unto you, No prophet is accepted in his own country. -But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great famine was throughout all the land; -But unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow. -And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian. -And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were filled with wrath, -And rose up, and thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might cast him down headlong. -But he passing through the midst of them went his way, -And came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and taught them on the sabbath days. -And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his word was with power. -And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an unclean devil, and cried out with a loud voice, -Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art; the Holy One of God. -And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him, and hurt him not. -And they were all amazed, and spake among themselves, saying, What a word is this! for with authority and power he commandeth the unclean spirits, and they come out. -And the fame of him went out into every place of the country round about. -And he arose out of the synagogue, and entered into Simon's house. And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever; and they besought him for her. -And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her: and immediately she arose and ministered unto them. -Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers diseases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every one of them, and healed them. -And devils also came out of many, crying out, and saying, Thou art Christ the Son of God. And he rebuking them suffered them not to speak: for they knew that he was Christ. -And when it was day, he departed and went into a desert place: and the people sought him, and came unto him, and stayed him, that he should not depart from them. -And he said unto them, I must preach the kingdom of God to other cities also: for therefore am I sent. -And he preached in the synagogues of Galilee. -And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret, -And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets. -And he entered into one of the ships, which was Simon's, and prayed him that he would thrust out a little from the land. And he sat down, and taught the people out of the ship. -Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. -And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net. -And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of fishes: and their net brake. -And they beckoned unto their partners, which were in the other ship, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the ships, so that they began to sink. -When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord. -For he was astonished, and all that were with him, at the draught of the fishes which they had taken: -And so was also James, and John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men. -And when they had brought their ships to land, they forsook all, and followed him. -And it came to pass, when he was in a certain city, behold a man full of leprosy: who seeing Jesus fell on his face, and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. -And he put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will: be thou clean. And immediately the leprosy departed from him. -And he charged him to tell no man: but go, and shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing, according as Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. -But so much the more went there a fame abroad of him: and great multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed by him of their infirmities. -And he withdrew himself into the wilderness, and prayed. -And it came to pass on a certain day, as he was teaching, that there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judaea, and Jerusalem: and the power of the Lord was present to heal them. -And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before him. -And when they could not find by what way they might bring him in because of the multitude, they went upon the housetop, and let him down through the tiling with his couch into the midst before Jesus. -And when he saw their faith, he said unto him, Man, thy sins are forgiven thee. -And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, Who is this which speaketh blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone? -But when Jesus perceived their thoughts, he answering said unto them, What reason ye in your hearts? -Whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Rise up and walk? -But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house. -And immediately he rose up before them, and took up that whereon he lay, and departed to his own house, glorifying God. -And they were all amazed, and they glorified God, and were filled with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to day. -And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican, named Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he said unto him, Follow me. -And he left all, rose up, and followed him. -And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them. -But their scribes and Pharisees murmured against his disciples, saying, Why do ye eat and drink with publicans and sinners? -And Jesus answering said unto them, They that are whole need not a physician; but they that are sick. -I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. -And they said unto him, Why do the disciples of John fast often, and make prayers, and likewise the disciples of the Pharisees; but thine eat and drink? -And he said unto them, Can ye make the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them? -But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days. -And he spake also a parable unto them; No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old. -And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish. -But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved. -No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, The old is better. -And it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he went through the corn fields; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, and did eat, rubbing them in their hands. -And certain of the Pharisees said unto them, Why do ye that which is not lawful to do on the sabbath days? -And Jesus answering them said, Have ye not read so much as this, what David did, when himself was an hungred, and they which were with him; -How he went into the house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat but for the priests alone? -And he said unto them, That the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath. -And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into the synagogue and taught: and there was a man whose right hand was withered. -And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal on the sabbath day; that they might find an accusation against him. -But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and stood forth. -Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing; Is it lawful on the sabbath days to do good, or to do evil? to save life, or to destroy it? -And looking round about upon them all, he said unto the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his hand was restored whole as the other. -And they were filled with madness; and communed one with another what they might do to Jesus. -And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. -And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; -Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, -Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon called Zelotes, -And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. -And he came down with them, and stood in the plain, and the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; -And they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed. -And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went virtue out of him, and healed them all. -And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed be ye poor: for yours is the kingdom of God. -Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh. -Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake. -Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy: for, behold, your reward is great in heaven: for in the like manner did their fathers unto the prophets. -But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your consolation. -Woe unto you that are full! for ye shall hunger. Woe unto you that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep. -Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for so did their fathers to the false prophets. -But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, -Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you. -And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also. -Give to every man that asketh of thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again. -And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. -For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for sinners also love those that love them. -And if ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have ye? for sinners also do even the same. -And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. -But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil. -Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful. -Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven: -Give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom. For with the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you again. -And he spake a parable unto them, Can the blind lead the blind? shall they not both fall into the ditch? -The disciple is not above his master: but every one that is perfect shall be as his master. -And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but perceivest not the beam that is in thine own eye? -Either how canst thou say to thy brother, Brother, let me pull out the mote that is in thine eye, when thou thyself beholdest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt thou see clearly to pull out the mote that is in thy brother's eye. -For a good tree bringeth not forth corrupt fruit; neither doth a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. -For every tree is known by his own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes. -A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good; and an evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is evil: for of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh. -And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? -Whosoever cometh to me, and heareth my sayings, and doeth them, I will shew you to whom he is like: -He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock. -But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that without a foundation built an house upon the earth; against which the stream did beat vehemently, and immediately it fell; and the ruin of that house was great. -Now when he had ended all his sayings in the audience of the people, he entered into Capernaum. -And a certain centurion's servant, who was dear unto him, was sick, and ready to die. -And when he heard of Jesus, he sent unto him the elders of the Jews, beseeching him that he would come and heal his servant. -And when they came to Jesus, they besought him instantly, saying, That he was worthy for whom he should do this: -For he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a synagogue. -Then Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof: -Wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed. -For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers, and I say unto one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. -When Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned him about, and said unto the people that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. -And they that were sent, returning to the house, found the servant whole that had been sick. -And it came to pass the day after, that he went into a city called Nain; and many of his disciples went with him, and much people. -Now when he came nigh to the gate of the city, behold, there was a dead man carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow: and much people of the city was with her. -And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said unto her, Weep not. -And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. -And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he delivered him to his mother. -And there came a fear on all: and they glorified God, saying, That a great prophet is risen up among us; and, That God hath visited his people. -And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Judaea, and throughout all the region round about. -And the disciples of John shewed him of all these things. -And John calling unto him two of his disciples sent them to Jesus, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? -When the men were come unto him, they said, John Baptist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? -And in that same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits; and unto many that were blind he gave sight. -Then Jesus answering said unto them, Go your way, and tell John what things ye have seen and heard; how that the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, to the poor the gospel is preached. -And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. -And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak unto the people concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness for to see? A reed shaken with the wind? -But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they which are gorgeously apparelled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts. -But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a prophet. -This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. -For I say unto you, Among those that are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptist: but he that is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he. -And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. -But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him. -And the Lord said, Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation? and to what are they like? -They are like unto children sitting in the marketplace, and calling one to another, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have not wept. -For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. -The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! -But wisdom is justified of all her children. -And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. -And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, -And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. -Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. -And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on. -There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty. -And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? -Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. -And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. -Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet. -My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment. -Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. -And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven. -And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? -And he said to the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace. -And it came to pass afterward, that he went throughout every city and village, preaching and shewing the glad tidings of the kingdom of God: and the twelve were with him, -And certain women, which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary called Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils, -And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance. -And when much people were gathered together, and were come to him out of every city, he spake by a parable: -A sower went out to sow his seed: and as he sowed, some fell by the way side; and it was trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it. -And some fell upon a rock; and as soon as it was sprung up, it withered away, because it lacked moisture. -And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprang up with it, and choked it. -And other fell on good ground, and sprang up, and bare fruit an hundredfold. And when he had said these things, he cried, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. -And his disciples asked him, saying, What might this parable be? -And he said, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God: but to others in parables; that seeing they might not see, and hearing they might not understand. -Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of God. -Those by the way side are they that hear; then cometh the devil, and taketh away the word out of their hearts, lest they should believe and be saved. -They on the rock are they, which, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away. -And that which fell among thorns are they, which, when they have heard, go forth, and are choked with cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and bring no fruit to perfection. -But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with patience. -No man, when he hath lighted a candle, covereth it with a vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it on a candlestick, that they which enter in may see the light. -For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest; neither any thing hid, that shall not be known and come abroad. -Take heed therefore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him shall be given; and whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he seemeth to have. -Then came to him his mother and his brethren, and could not come at him for the press. -And it was told him by certain which said, Thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to see thee. -And he answered and said unto them, My mother and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it. -Now it came to pass on a certain day, that he went into a ship with his disciples: and he said unto them, Let us go over unto the other side of the lake. And they launched forth. -But as they sailed he fell asleep: and there came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy. -And they came to him, and awoke him, saying, Master, master, we perish. Then he arose, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water: and they ceased, and there was a calm. -And he said unto them, Where is your faith? And they being afraid wondered, saying one to another, What manner of man is this! for he commandeth even the winds and water, and they obey him. -And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, which is over against Galilee. -And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither abode in any house, but in the tombs. -When he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God most high? I beseech thee, torment me not. -(For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For oftentimes it had caught him: and he was kept bound with chains and in fetters; and he brake the bands, and was driven of the devil into the wilderness.) -And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him. -And they besought him that he would not command them to go out into the deep. -And there was there an herd of many swine feeding on the mountain: and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter into them. And he suffered them. -Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were choked. -When they that fed them saw what was done, they fled, and went and told it in the city and in the country. -Then they went out to see what was done; and came to Jesus, and found the man, out of whom the devils were departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid. -They also which saw it told them by what means he that was possessed of the devils was healed. -Then the whole multitude of the country of the Gadarenes round about besought him to depart from them; for they were taken with great fear: and he went up into the ship, and returned back again. -Now the man out of whom the devils were departed besought him that he might be with him: but Jesus sent him away, saying, -Return to thine own house, and shew how great things God hath done unto thee. And he went his way, and published throughout the whole city how great things Jesus had done unto him. -And it came to pass, that, when Jesus was returned, the people gladly received him: for they were all waiting for him. -And, behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him that he would come into his house: -For he had one only daughter, about twelve years of age, and she lay a dying. But as he went the people thronged him. -And a woman having an issue of blood twelve years, which had spent all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any, -Came behind him, and touched the border of his garment: and immediately her issue of blood stanched. -And Jesus said, Who touched me? When all denied, Peter and they that were with him said, Master, the multitude throng thee and press thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? -And Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me. -And when the woman saw that she was not hid, she came trembling, and falling down before him, she declared unto him before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed immediately. -And he said unto her, Daughter, be of good comfort: thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace. -While he yet spake, there cometh one from the ruler of the synagogue's house, saying to him, Thy daughter is dead; trouble not the Master. -But when Jesus heard it, he answered him, saying, Fear not: believe only, and she shall be made whole. -And when he came into the house, he suffered no man to go in, save Peter, and James, and John, and the father and the mother of the maiden. -And all wept, and bewailed her: but he said, Weep not; she is not dead, but sleepeth. -And they laughed him to scorn, knowing that she was dead. -And he put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called, saying, Maid, arise. -And her spirit came again, and she arose straightway: and he commanded to give her meat. -And her parents were astonished: but he charged them that they should tell no man what was done. -Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases. -And he sent them to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal the sick. -And he said unto them, Take nothing for your journey, neither staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money; neither have two coats apiece. -And whatsoever house ye enter into, there abide, and thence depart. -And whosoever will not receive you, when ye go out of that city, shake off the very dust from your feet for a testimony against them. -And they departed, and went through the towns, preaching the gospel, and healing every where. -Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was done by him: and he was perplexed, because that it was said of some, that John was risen from the dead; -And of some, that Elias had appeared; and of others, that one of the old prophets was risen again. -And Herod said, John have I beheaded: but who is this, of whom I hear such things? And he desired to see him. -And the apostles, when they were returned, told him all that they had done. And he took them, and went aside privately into a desert place belonging to the city called Bethsaida. -And the people, when they knew it, followed him: and he received them, and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and healed them that had need of healing. -And when the day began to wear away, then came the twelve, and said unto him, Send the multitude away, that they may go into the towns and country round about, and lodge, and get victuals: for we are here in a desert place. -But he said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they said, We have no more but five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and buy meat for all this people. -For they were about five thousand men. And he said to his disciples, Make them sit down by fifties in a company. -And they did so, and made them all sit down. -Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them, and brake, and gave to the disciples to set before the multitude. -And they did eat, and were all filled: and there was taken up of fragments that remained to them twelve baskets. -And it came to pass, as he was alone praying, his disciples were with him: and he asked them, saying, Whom say the people that I am? -They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again. -He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am? Peter answering said, The Christ of God. -And he straitly charged them, and commanded them to tell no man that thing; -Saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the third day. -And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. -For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: but whosoever will lose his life for my sake, the same shall save it. -For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away? -For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he shall come in his own glory, and in his Father's, and of the holy angels. -But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God. -And it came to pass about an eight days after these sayings, he took Peter and John and James, and went up into a mountain to pray. -And as he prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering. -And, behold, there talked with him two men, which were Moses and Elias: -Who appeared in glory, and spake of his decease which he should accomplish at Jerusalem. -But Peter and they that were with him were heavy with sleep: and when they were awake, they saw his glory, and the two men that stood with him. -And it came to pass, as they departed from him, Peter said unto Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias: not knowing what he said. -While he thus spake, there came a cloud, and overshadowed them: and they feared as they entered into the cloud. -And there came a voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him. -And when the voice was past, Jesus was found alone. And they kept it close, and told no man in those days any of those things which they had seen. -And it came to pass, that on the next day, when they were come down from the hill, much people met him. -And, behold, a man of the company cried out, saying, Master, I beseech thee, look upon my son: for he is mine only child. -And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly crieth out; and it teareth him that he foameth again, and bruising him hardly departeth from him. -And I besought thy disciples to cast him out; and they could not. -And Jesus answering said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you, and suffer you? Bring thy son hither. -And as he was yet a coming, the devil threw him down, and tare him. And Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the child, and delivered him again to his father. -And they were all amazed at the mighty power of God. But while they wondered every one at all things which Jesus did, he said unto his disciples, -Let these sayings sink down into your ears: for the Son of man shall be delivered into the hands of men. -But they understood not this saying, and it was hid from them, that they perceived it not: and they feared to ask him of that saying. -Then there arose a reasoning among them, which of them should be greatest. -And Jesus, perceiving the thought of their heart, took a child, and set him by him, -And said unto them, Whosoever shall receive this child in my name receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me receiveth him that sent me: for he that is least among you all, the same shall be great. -And John answered and said, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbad him, because he followeth not with us. -And Jesus said unto him, Forbid him not: for he that is not against us is for us. -And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem, -And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him. -And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he would go to Jerusalem. -And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? -But he turned, and rebuked them, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. -For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them. And they went to another village. -And it came to pass, that, as they went in the way, a certain man said unto him, Lord, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest. -And Jesus said unto him, Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. -And he said unto another, Follow me. But he said, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. -Jesus said unto him, Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou and preach the kingdom of God. -And another also said, Lord, I will follow thee; but let me first go bid them farewell, which are at home at my house. -And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God. -After these things the LORD appointed other seventy also, and sent them two and two before his face into every city and place, whither he himself would come. -Therefore said he unto them, The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he would send forth labourers into his harvest. -Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves. -Carry neither purse, nor scrip, nor shoes: and salute no man by the way. -And into whatsoever house ye enter, first say, Peace be to this house. -And if the son of peace be there, your peace shall rest upon it: if not, it shall turn to you again. -And in the same house remain, eating and drinking such things as they give: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house to house. -And into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you, eat such things as are set before you: -And heal the sick that are therein, and say unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. -But into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you not, go your ways out into the streets of the same, and say, -Even the very dust of your city, which cleaveth on us, we do wipe off against you: notwithstanding be ye sure of this, that the kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. -But I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable in that day for Sodom, than for that city. -Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. -But it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the judgment, than for you. -And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell. -He that heareth you heareth me; and he that despiseth you despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me. -And the seventy returned again with joy, saying, Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name. -And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. -Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. -Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven. -In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: even so, Father; for so it seemed good in thy sight. -All things are delivered to me of my Father: and no man knoweth who the Son is, but the Father; and who the Father is, but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him. -And he turned him unto his disciples, and said privately, Blessed are the eyes which see the things that ye see: -For I tell you, that many prophets and kings have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them. -And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? -He said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? -And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself. -And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live. -But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbour? -And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. -And by chance there came down a certain priest that way: and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. -And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. -But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him, -And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. -And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee. -Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him that fell among the thieves? -And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise. -Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. -And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word. -But Martha was cumbered about much serving, and came to him, and said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. -And Jesus answered and said unto her, Martha, Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things: -But one thing is needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. -And it came to pass, that, as he was praying in a certain place, when he ceased, one of his disciples said unto him, Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples. -And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. -Give us day by day our daily bread. -And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. -And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; -For a friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I have nothing to set before him? -And he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise and give thee. -I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will rise and give him as many as he needeth. -And I say unto you, Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you. -For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. -If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent? -Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? -If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him? -And he was casting out a devil, and it was dumb. And it came to pass, when the devil was gone out, the dumb spake; and the people wondered. -But some of them said, He casteth out devils through Beelzebub the chief of the devils. -And others, tempting him, sought of him a sign from heaven. -But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided against a house falleth. -If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub. -And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. -But if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you. -When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in peace: -But when a stronger than he shall come upon him, and overcome him, he taketh from him all his armour wherein he trusted, and divideth his spoils. -He that is not with me is against me: and he that gathereth not with me scattereth. -When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he saith, I will return unto my house whence I came out. -And when he cometh, he findeth it swept and garnished. -Then goeth he, and taketh to him seven other spirits more wicked than himself; and they enter in, and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. -And it came to pass, as he spake these things, a certain woman of the company lifted up her voice, and said unto him, Blessed is the womb that bare thee, and the paps which thou hast sucked. -But he said, Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God, and keep it. -And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. -For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. -The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. -The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. -No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light. -The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness. -Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness. -If thy whole body therefore be full of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of a candle doth give thee light. -And as he spake, a certain Pharisee besought him to dine with him: and he went in, and sat down to meat. -And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner. -And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness. -Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also? -But rather give alms of such things as ye have; and, behold, all things are clean unto you. -But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. -Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets. -Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are as graves which appear not, and the men that walk over them are not aware of them. -Then answered one of the lawyers, and said unto him, Master, thus saying thou reproachest us also. -And he said, Woe unto you also, ye lawyers! for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers. -Woe unto you! for ye build the sepulchres of the prophets, and your fathers killed them. -Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your fathers: for they indeed killed them, and ye build their sepulchres. -Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets and apostles, and some of them they shall slay and persecute: -That the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation; -From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias which perished between the altar and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required of this generation. -Woe unto you, lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. -And as he said these things unto them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to urge him vehemently, and to provoke him to speak of many things: -Laying wait for him, and seeking to catch something out of his mouth, that they might accuse him. -In the mean time, when there were gathered together an innumerable multitude of people, insomuch that they trode one upon another, he began to say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. -For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known. -Therefore whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall be proclaimed upon the housetops. -And I say unto you my friends, Be not afraid of them that kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. -But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him. -Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not one of them is forgotten before God? -But even the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear not therefore: ye are of more value than many sparrows. -Also I say unto you, Whosoever shall confess me before men, him shall the Son of man also confess before the angels of God: -But he that denieth me before men shall be denied before the angels of God. -And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but unto him that blasphemeth against the Holy Ghost it shall not be forgiven. -And when they bring you unto the synagogues, and unto magistrates, and powers, take ye no thought how or what thing ye shall answer, or what ye shall say: -For the Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what ye ought to say. -And one of the company said unto him, Master, speak to my brother, that he divide the inheritance with me. -And he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you? -And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth. -And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: -And he thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits? -And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods. -And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. -But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided? -So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God. -And he said unto his disciples, Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat; neither for the body, what ye shall put on. -The life is more than meat, and the body is more than raiment. -Consider the ravens: for they neither sow nor reap; which neither have storehouse nor barn; and God feedeth them: how much more are ye better than the fowls? -And which of you with taking thought can add to his stature one cubit? -If ye then be not able to do that thing which is least, why take ye thought for the rest? -Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. -If then God so clothe the grass, which is to day in the field, and to morrow is cast into the oven; how much more will he clothe you, O ye of little faith? -And seek not ye what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink, neither be ye of doubtful mind. -For all these things do the nations of the world seek after: and your Father knoweth that ye have need of these things. -But rather seek ye the kingdom of God; and all these things shall be added unto you. -Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the kingdom. -Sell that ye have, and give alms; provide yourselves bags which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no thief approacheth, neither moth corrupteth. -For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. -Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning; -And ye yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open unto him immediately. -Blessed are those servants, whom the lord when he cometh shall find watching: verily I say unto you, that he shall gird himself, and make them to sit down to meat, and will come forth and serve them. -And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants. -And this know, that if the goodman of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched, and not have suffered his house to be broken through. -Be ye therefore ready also: for the Son of man cometh at an hour when ye think not. -Then Peter said unto him, Lord, speakest thou this parable unto us, or even to all? -And the Lord said, Who then is that faithful and wise steward, whom his lord shall make ruler over his household, to give them their portion of meat in due season? -Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing. -Of a truth I say unto you, that he will make him ruler over all that he hath. -But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; and shall begin to beat the menservants and maidens, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken; -The lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him, and at an hour when he is not aware, and will cut him in sunder, and will appoint him his portion with the unbelievers. -And that servant, which knew his lord's will, and prepared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes. -But he that knew not, and did commit things worthy of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes. For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required: and to whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. -I am come to send fire on the earth; and what will I, if it be already kindled? -But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished! -Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division: -For from henceforth there shall be five in one house divided, three against two, and two against three. -The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against the father; the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against the mother; the mother in law against her daughter in law, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. -And he said also to the people, When ye see a cloud rise out of the west, straightway ye say, There cometh a shower; and so it is. -And when ye see the south wind blow, ye say, There will be heat; and it cometh to pass. -Ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky and of the earth; but how is it that ye do not discern this time? -Yea, and why even of yourselves judge ye not what is right? -When thou goest with thine adversary to the magistrate, as thou art in the way, give diligence that thou mayest be delivered from him; lest he hale thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and the officer cast thee into prison. -I tell thee, thou shalt not depart thence, till thou hast paid the very last mite. -There were present at that season some that told him of the Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. -And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things? -I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. -Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in Jerusalem? -I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. -He spake also this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard; and he came and sought fruit thereon, and found none. -Then said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground? -And he answering said unto him, Lord, let it alone this year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it: -And if it bear fruit, well: and if not, then after that thou shalt cut it down. -And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on the sabbath. -And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed together, and could in no wise lift up herself. -And when Jesus saw her, he called her to him, and said unto her, Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity. -And he laid his hands on her: and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God. -And the ruler of the synagogue answered with indignation, because that Jesus had healed on the sabbath day, and said unto the people, There are six days in which men ought to work: in them therefore come and be healed, and not on the sabbath day. -The Lord then answered him, and said, Thou hypocrite, doth not each one of you on the sabbath loose his ox or his ass from the stall, and lead him away to watering? -And ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day? -And when he had said these things, all his adversaries were ashamed: and all the people rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him. -Then said he, Unto what is the kingdom of God like? and whereunto shall I resemble it? -It is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and cast into his garden; and it grew, and waxed a great tree; and the fowls of the air lodged in the branches of it. -And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom of God? -It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. -And he went through the cities and villages, teaching, and journeying toward Jerusalem. -Then said one unto him, Lord, are there few that be saved? And he said unto them, -Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able. -When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door, saying, Lord, Lord, open unto us; and he shall answer and say unto you, I know you not whence ye are: -Then shall ye begin to say, We have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in our streets. -But he shall say, I tell you, I know you not whence ye are; depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity. -There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, and you yourselves thrust out. -And they shall come from the east, and from the west, and from the north, and from the south, and shall sit down in the kingdom of God. -And, behold, there are last which shall be first, and there are first which shall be last. -The same day there came certain of the Pharisees, saying unto him, Get thee out, and depart hence: for Herod will kill thee. -And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. -Nevertheless I must walk to day, and to morrow, and the day following: for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem. -O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not! -Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. -And it came to pass, as he went into the house of one of the chief Pharisees to eat bread on the sabbath day, that they watched him. -And, behold, there was a certain man before him which had the dropsy. -And Jesus answering spake unto the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath day? -And they held their peace. And he took him, and healed him, and let him go; -And answered them, saying, Which of you shall have an ass or an ox fallen into a pit, and will not straightway pull him out on the sabbath day? -And they could not answer him again to these things. -And he put forth a parable to those which were bidden, when he marked how they chose out the chief rooms; saying unto them. -When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room; lest a more honourable man than thou be bidden of him; -And he that bade thee and him come and say to thee, Give this man place; and thou begin with shame to take the lowest room. -But when thou art bidden, go and sit down in the lowest room; that when he that bade thee cometh, he may say unto thee, Friend, go up higher: then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee. -For whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. -Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours; lest they also bid thee again, and a recompence be made thee. -But when thou makest a feast, call the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind: -And thou shalt be blessed; for they cannot recompense thee: for thou shalt be recompensed at the resurrection of the just. -And when one of them that sat at meat with him heard these things, he said unto him, Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of God. -Then said he unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and bade many: -And sent his servant at supper time to say to them that were bidden, Come; for all things are now ready. -And they all with one consent began to make excuse. The first said unto him, I have bought a piece of ground, and I must needs go and see it: I pray thee have me excused. -And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them: I pray thee have me excused. -And another said, I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come. -So that servant came, and shewed his lord these things. Then the master of the house being angry said to his servant, Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind. -And the servant said, Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. -And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled. -For I say unto you, That none of those men which were bidden shall taste of my supper. -And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned, and said unto them, -If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. -And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple. -For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it? -Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him, -Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish. -Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand? -Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace. -So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple. -Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be seasoned? -It is neither fit for the land, nor yet for the dunghill; but men cast it out. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. -Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear him. -And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. -And he spake this parable unto them, saying, -What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is lost, until he find it? -And when he hath found it, he layeth it on his shoulders, rejoicing. -And when he cometh home, he calleth together his friends and neighbours, saying unto them, Rejoice with me; for I have found my sheep which was lost. -I say unto you, that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentance. -Either what woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one piece, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek diligently till she find it? -And when she hath found it, she calleth her friends and her neighbours together, saying, Rejoice with me; for I have found the piece which I had lost. -Likewise, I say unto you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. -And he said, A certain man had two sons: -And the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living. -And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living. -And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that land; and he began to be in want. -And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and he sent him into his fields to feed swine. -And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat: and no man gave unto him. -And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger! -I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, -And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants. -And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him. -And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son. -But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet: -And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: -For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry. -Now his elder son was in the field: and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard musick and dancing. -And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. -And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound. -And he was angry, and would not go in: therefore came his father out, and intreated him. -And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends: -But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. -And he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine. -It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found. -And he said also unto his disciples, There was a certain rich man, which had a steward; and the same was accused unto him that he had wasted his goods. -And he called him, and said unto him, How is it that I hear this of thee? give an account of thy stewardship; for thou mayest be no longer steward. -Then the steward said within himself, What shall I do? for my lord taketh away from me the stewardship: I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed. -I am resolved what to do, that, when I am put out of the stewardship, they may receive me into their houses. -So he called every one of his lord's debtors unto him, and said unto the first, How much owest thou unto my lord? -And he said, An hundred measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty. -Then said he to another, And how much owest thou? And he said, An hundred measures of wheat. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and write fourscore. -And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light. -And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations. -He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much. -If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? -And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another man's, who shall give you that which is your own? -No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. -And the Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him. -And he said unto them, Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. -The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it. -And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail. -Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from her husband committeth adultery. -There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: -And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores, -And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. -And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; -And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. -And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. -But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. -And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence. -Then he said, I pray thee therefore, father, that thou wouldest send him to my father's house: -For I have five brethren; that he may testify unto them, lest they also come into this place of torment. -Abraham saith unto him, They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them. -And he said, Nay, father Abraham: but if one went unto them from the dead, they will repent. -And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead. -Then said he unto the disciples, It is impossible but that offences will come: but woe unto him, through whom they come! -It were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones. -Take heed to yourselves: If thy brother trespass against thee, rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him. -And if he trespass against thee seven times in a day, and seven times in a day turn again to thee, saying, I repent; thou shalt forgive him. -And the apostles said unto the Lord, Increase our faith. -And the Lord said, If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye might say unto this sycamine tree, Be thou plucked up by the root, and be thou planted in the sea; and it should obey you. -But which of you, having a servant plowing or feeding cattle, will say unto him by and by, when he is come from the field, Go and sit down to meat? -And will not rather say unto him, Make ready wherewith I may sup, and gird thyself, and serve me, till I have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink? -Doth he thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him? I trow not. -So likewise ye, when ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable servants: we have done that which was our duty to do. -And it came to pass, as he went to Jerusalem, that he passed through the midst of Samaria and Galilee. -And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men that were lepers, which stood afar off: -And they lifted up their voices, and said, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. -And when he saw them, he said unto them, Go shew yourselves unto the priests. And it came to pass, that, as they went, they were cleansed. -And one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, and with a loud voice glorified God, -And fell down on his face at his feet, giving him thanks: and he was a Samaritan. -And Jesus answering said, Were there not ten cleansed? but where are the nine? -There are not found that returned to give glory to God, save this stranger. -And he said unto him, Arise, go thy way: thy faith hath made thee whole. -And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, he answered them and said, The kingdom of God cometh not with observation: -Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you. -And he said unto the disciples, The days will come, when ye shall desire to see one of the days of the Son of man, and ye shall not see it. -And they shall say to you, See here; or, see there: go not after them, nor follow them. -For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one part under heaven, shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day. -But first must he suffer many things, and be rejected of this generation. -And as it was in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man. -They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. -Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; -But the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all. -Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed. -In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back. -Remember Lot's wife. -Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it. -I tell you, in that night there shall be two men in one bed; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left. -Two women shall be grinding together; the one shall be taken, and the other left. -Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left. -And they answered and said unto him, Where, Lord? And he said unto them, Wheresoever the body is, thither will the eagles be gathered together. -And he spake a parable unto them to this end, that men ought always to pray, and not to faint; -Saying, There was in a city a judge, which feared not God, neither regarded man: -And there was a widow in that city; and she came unto him, saying, Avenge me of mine adversary. -And he would not for a while: but afterward he said within himself, Though I fear not God, nor regard man; -Yet because this widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, lest by her continual coming she weary me. -And the Lord said, Hear what the unjust judge saith. -And shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him, though he bear long with them? -I tell you that he will avenge them speedily. Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? -And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others: -Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican. -The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. -I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess. -And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner. -I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. -And they brought unto him also infants, that he would touch them: but when his disciples saw it, they rebuked them. -But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God. -Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein. -And a certain ruler asked him, saying, Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? -And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? none is good, save one, that is, God. -Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother. -And he said, All these have I kept from my youth up. -Now when Jesus heard these things, he said unto him, Yet lackest thou one thing: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me. -And when he heard this, he was very sorrowful: for he was very rich. -And when Jesus saw that he was very sorrowful, he said, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! -For it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. -And they that heard it said, Who then can be saved? -And he said, The things which are impossible with men are possible with God. -Then Peter said, Lo, we have left all, and followed thee. -And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of God's sake, -Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting. -Then he took unto him the twelve, and said unto them, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the prophets concerning the Son of man shall be accomplished. -For he shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on: -And they shall scourge him, and put him to death: and the third day he shall rise again. -And they understood none of these things: and this saying was hid from them, neither knew they the things which were spoken. -And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a certain blind man sat by the way side begging: -And hearing the multitude pass by, he asked what it meant. -And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth by. -And he cried, saying, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. -And they which went before rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried so much the more, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. -And Jesus stood, and commanded him to be brought unto him: and when he was come near, he asked him, -Saying, What wilt thou that I shall do unto thee? And he said, Lord, that I may receive my sight. -And Jesus said unto him, Receive thy sight: thy faith hath saved thee. -And immediately he received his sight, and followed him, glorifying God: and all the people, when they saw it, gave praise unto God. -And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho. -And, behold, there was a man named Zacchaeus, which was the chief among the publicans, and he was rich. -And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature. -And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycomore tree to see him: for he was to pass that way. -And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must abide at thy house. -And he made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully. -And when they saw it, they all murmured, saying, That he was gone to be guest with a man that is a sinner. -And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord: Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold. -And Jesus said unto him, This day is salvation come to this house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham. -For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost. -And as they heard these things, he added and spake a parable, because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they thought that the kingdom of God should immediately appear. -He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. -And he called his ten servants, and delivered them ten pounds, and said unto them, Occupy till I come. -But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him, saying, We will not have this man to reign over us. -And it came to pass, that when he was returned, having received the kingdom, then he commanded these servants to be called unto him, to whom he had given the money, that he might know how much every man had gained by trading. -Then came the first, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained ten pounds. -And he said unto him, Well, thou good servant: because thou hast been faithful in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities. -And the second came, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained five pounds. -And he said likewise to him, Be thou also over five cities. -And another came, saying, Lord, behold, here is thy pound, which I have kept laid up in a napkin: -For I feared thee, because thou art an austere man: thou takest up that thou layedst not down, and reapest that thou didst not sow. -And he saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow: -Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury? -And he said unto them that stood by, Take from him the pound, and give it to him that hath ten pounds. -(And they said unto him, Lord, he hath ten pounds.) -For I say unto you, That unto every one which hath shall be given; and from him that hath not, even that he hath shall be taken away from him. -But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me. -And when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascending up to Jerusalem. -And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount called the mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples, -Saying, Go ye into the village over against you; in the which at your entering ye shall find a colt tied, whereon yet never man sat: loose him, and bring him hither. -And if any man ask you, Why do ye loose him? thus shall ye say unto him, Because the Lord hath need of him. -And they that were sent went their way, and found even as he had said unto them. -And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said unto them, Why loose ye the colt? -And they said, The Lord hath need of him. -And they brought him to Jesus: and they cast their garments upon the colt, and they set Jesus thereon. -And as he went, they spread their clothes in the way. -And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen; -Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest. -And some of the Pharisees from among the multitude said unto him, Master, rebuke thy disciples. -And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out. -And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it, -Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. -For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, -And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation. -And he went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold therein, and them that bought; -Saying unto them, It is written, My house is the house of prayer: but ye have made it a den of thieves. -And he taught daily in the temple. But the chief priests and the scribes and the chief of the people sought to destroy him, -And could not find what they might do: for all the people were very attentive to hear him. -And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders, -And spake unto him, saying, Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority? -And he answered and said unto them, I will also ask you one thing; and answer me: -The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? -And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then believed ye him not? -But and if we say, Of men; all the people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a prophet. -And they answered, that they could not tell whence it was. -And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. -Then began he to speak to the people this parable; A certain man planted a vineyard, and let it forth to husbandmen, and went into a far country for a long time. -And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat him, and sent him away empty. -And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty. -And again he sent a third: and they wounded him also, and cast him out. -Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him. -But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. -So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them? -He shall come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it, they said, God forbid. -And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner? -Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. -And the chief priests and the scribes the same hour sought to lay hands on him; and they feared the people: for they perceived that he had spoken this parable against them. -And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which should feign themselves just men, that they might take hold of his words, that so they might deliver him unto the power and authority of the governor. -And they asked him, saying, Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly, neither acceptest thou the person of any, but teachest the way of God truly: -Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Caesar, or no? -But he perceived their craftiness, and said unto them, Why tempt ye me? -Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Caesar's. -And he said unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which be Caesar's, and unto God the things which be God's. -And they could not take hold of his words before the people: and they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace. -Then came to him certain of the Sadducees, which deny that there is any resurrection; and they asked him, -Saying, Master, Moses wrote unto us, If any man's brother die, having a wife, and he die without children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. -There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and died without children. -And the second took her to wife, and he died childless. -And the third took her; and in like manner the seven also: and they left no children, and died. -Last of all the woman died also. -Therefore in the resurrection whose wife of them is she? for seven had her to wife. -And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world marry, and are given in marriage: -But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage: -Neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection. -Now that the dead are raised, even Moses shewed at the bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. -For he is not a God of the dead, but of the living: for all live unto him. -Then certain of the scribes answering said, Master, thou hast well said. -And after that they durst not ask him any question at all. -And he said unto them, How say they that Christ is David's son? -And David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, -Till I make thine enemies thy footstool. -David therefore calleth him Lord, how is he then his son? -Then in the audience of all the people he said unto his disciples, -Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the highest seats in the synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts; -Which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers: the same shall receive greater damnation. -And he looked up, and saw the rich men casting their gifts into the treasury. -And he saw also a certain poor widow casting in thither two mites. -And he said, Of a truth I say unto you, that this poor widow hath cast in more than they all: -For all these have of their abundance cast in unto the offerings of God: but she of her penury hath cast in all the living that she had. -And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, he said, -As for these things which ye behold, the days will come, in the which there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. -And they asked him, saying, Master, but when shall these things be? and what sign will there be when these things shall come to pass? -And he said, Take heed that ye be not deceived: for many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and the time draweth near: go ye not therefore after them. -But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified: for these things must first come to pass; but the end is not by and by. -Then said he unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: -And great earthquakes shall be in divers places, and famines, and pestilences; and fearful sights and great signs shall there be from heaven. -But before all these, they shall lay their hands on you, and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons, being brought before kings and rulers for my name's sake. -And it shall turn to you for a testimony. -Settle it therefore in your hearts, not to meditate before what ye shall answer: -For I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist. -And ye shall be betrayed both by parents, and brethren, and kinsfolks, and friends; and some of you shall they cause to be put to death. -And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake. -But there shall not an hair of your head perish. -In your patience possess ye your souls. -And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh. -Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto. -For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled. -But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people. -And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled. -And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; -Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken. -And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory. -And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh. -And he spake to them a parable; Behold the fig tree, and all the trees; -When they now shoot forth, ye see and know of your own selves that summer is now nigh at hand. -So likewise ye, when ye see these things come to pass, know ye that the kingdom of God is nigh at hand. -Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled. -Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away. -And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares. -For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face of the whole earth. -Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man. -And in the day time he was teaching in the temple; and at night he went out, and abode in the mount that is called the mount of Olives. -And all the people came early in the morning to him in the temple, for to hear him. -Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. -And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. -Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve. -And he went his way, and communed with the chief priests and captains, how he might betray him unto them. -And they were glad, and covenanted to give him money. -And he promised, and sought opportunity to betray him unto them in the absence of the multitude. -Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed. -And he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may eat. -And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare? -And he said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he entereth in. -And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? -And he shall shew you a large upper room furnished: there make ready. -And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. -And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him. -And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: -For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. -And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: -For I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. -And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. -Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you. -But, behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the table. -And truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed! -And they began to enquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing. -And there was also a strife among them, which of them should be accounted the greatest. -And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. -But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve. -For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he that serveth. -Ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations. -And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me; -That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. -And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: -But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren. -And he said unto him, Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death. -And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me. -And he said unto them, When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they said, Nothing. -Then said he unto them, But now, he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one. -For I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be accomplished in me, And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end. -And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said unto them, It is enough. -And he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount of Olives; and his disciples also followed him. -And when he was at the place, he said unto them, Pray that ye enter not into temptation. -And he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and kneeled down, and prayed, -Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done. -And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. -And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground. -And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples, he found them sleeping for sorrow, -And said unto them, Why sleep ye? rise and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. -And while he yet spake, behold a multitude, and he that was called Judas, one of the twelve, went before them, and drew near unto Jesus to kiss him. -But Jesus said unto him, Judas, betrayest thou the Son of man with a kiss? -When they which were about him saw what would follow, they said unto him, Lord, shall we smite with the sword? -And one of them smote the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear. -And Jesus answered and said, Suffer ye thus far. And he touched his ear, and healed him. -Then Jesus said unto the chief priests, and captains of the temple, and the elders, which were come to him, Be ye come out, as against a thief, with swords and staves? -When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness. -Then took they him, and led him, and brought him into the high priest's house. And Peter followed afar off. -And when they had kindled a fire in the midst of the hall, and were set down together, Peter sat down among them. -But a certain maid beheld him as he sat by the fire, and earnestly looked upon him, and said, This man was also with him. -And he denied him, saying, Woman, I know him not. -And after a little while another saw him, and said, Thou art also of them. And Peter said, Man, I am not. -And about the space of one hour after another confidently affirmed, saying, Of a truth this fellow also was with him: for he is a Galilaean. -And Peter said, Man, I know not what thou sayest. And immediately, while he yet spake, the cock crew. -And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. -And Peter went out, and wept bitterly. -And the men that held Jesus mocked him, and smote him. -And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face, and asked him, saying, Prophesy, who is it that smote thee? -And many other things blasphemously spake they against him. -And as soon as it was day, the elders of the people and the chief priests and the scribes came together, and led him into their council, saying, -Art thou the Christ? tell us. And he said unto them, If I tell you, ye will not believe: -And if I also ask you, ye will not answer me, nor let me go. -Hereafter shall the Son of man sit on the right hand of the power of God. -Then said they all, Art thou then the Son of God? And he said unto them, Ye say that I am. -And they said, What need we any further witness? for we ourselves have heard of his own mouth. -And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate. -And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying that he himself is Christ a King. -And Pilate asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he answered him and said, Thou sayest it. -Then said Pilate to the chief priests and to the people, I find no fault in this man. -And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirreth up the people, teaching throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee to this place. -When Pilate heard of Galilee, he asked whether the man were a Galilaean. -And as soon as he knew that he belonged unto Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who himself also was at Jerusalem at that time. -And when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceeding glad: for he was desirous to see him of a long season, because he had heard many things of him; and he hoped to have seen some miracle done by him. -Then he questioned with him in many words; but he answered him nothing. -And the chief priests and scribes stood and vehemently accused him. -And Herod with his men of war set him at nought, and mocked him, and arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate. -And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together: for before they were at enmity between themselves. -And Pilate, when he had called together the chief priests and the rulers and the people, -Said unto them, Ye have brought this man unto me, as one that perverteth the people: and, behold, I, having examined him before you, have found no fault in this man touching those things whereof ye accuse him: -No, nor yet Herod: for I sent you to him; and, lo, nothing worthy of death is done unto him. -I will therefore chastise him, and release him. -(For of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast.) -And they cried out all at once, saying, Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas: -(Who for a certain sedition made in the city, and for murder, was cast into prison.) -Pilate therefore, willing to release Jesus, spake again to them. -But they cried, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. -And he said unto them the third time, Why, what evil hath he done? I have found no cause of death in him: I will therefore chastise him, and let him go. -And they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified. And the voices of them and of the chief priests prevailed. -And Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required. -And he released unto them him that for sedition and murder was cast into prison, whom they had desired; but he delivered Jesus to their will. -And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. -And there followed him a great company of people, and of women, which also bewailed and lamented him. -But Jesus turning unto them said, Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children. -For, behold, the days are coming, in the which they shall say, Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bare, and the paps which never gave suck. -Then shall they begin to say to the mountains, Fall on us; and to the hills, Cover us. -For if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry? -And there were also two other, malefactors, led with him to be put to death. -And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left. -Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots. -And the people stood beholding. And the rulers also with them derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the chosen of God. -And the soldiers also mocked him, coming to him, and offering him vinegar, -And saying, If thou be the king of the Jews, save thyself. -And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. -And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thyself and us. -But the other answering rebuked him, saying, Dost not thou fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation? -And we indeed justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath done nothing amiss. -And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom. -And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise. -And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. -And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst. -And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost. -Now when the centurion saw what was done, he glorified God, saying, Certainly this was a righteous man. -And all the people that came together to that sight, beholding the things which were done, smote their breasts, and returned. -And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things. -And, behold, there was a man named Joseph, a counsellor; and he was a good man, and a just: -(The same had not consented to the counsel and deed of them;) he was of Arimathaea, a city of the Jews: who also himself waited for the kingdom of God. -This man went unto Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. -And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in stone, wherein never man before was laid. -And that day was the preparation, and the sabbath drew on. -And the women also, which came with him from Galilee, followed after, and beheld the sepulchre, and how his body was laid. -And they returned, and prepared spices and ointments; and rested the sabbath day according to the commandment. -Now upon the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came unto the sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had prepared, and certain others with them. -And they found the stone rolled away from the sepulchre. -And they entered in, and found not the body of the Lord Jesus. -And it came to pass, as they were much perplexed thereabout, behold, two men stood by them in shining garments: -And as they were afraid, and bowed down their faces to the earth, they said unto them, Why seek ye the living among the dead? -He is not here, but is risen: remember how he spake unto you when he was yet in Galilee, -Saying, The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again. -And they remembered his words, -And returned from the sepulchre, and told all these things unto the eleven, and to all the rest. -It was Mary Magdalene and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. -And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed them not. -Then arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre; and stooping down, he beheld the linen clothes laid by themselves, and departed, wondering in himself at that which was come to pass. -And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs. -And they talked together of all these things which had happened. -And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them. -But their eyes were holden that they should not know him. -And he said unto them, What manner of communications are these that ye have one to another, as ye walk, and are sad? -And the one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering said unto him, Art thou only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are come to pass there in these days? -And he said unto them, What things? And they said unto him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people: -And how the chief priests and our rulers delivered him to be condemned to death, and have crucified him. -But we trusted that it had been he which should have redeemed Israel: and beside all this, to day is the third day since these things were done. -Yea, and certain women also of our company made us astonished, which were early at the sepulchre; -And when they found not his body, they came, saying, that they had also seen a vision of angels, which said that he was alive. -And certain of them which were with us went to the sepulchre, and found it even so as the women had said: but him they saw not. -Then he said unto them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken: -Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? -And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. -And they drew nigh unto the village, whither they went: and he made as though he would have gone further. -But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with them. -And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them. -And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight. -And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures? -And they rose up the same hour, and returned to Jerusalem, and found the eleven gathered together, and them that were with them, -Saying, The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon. -And they told what things were done in the way, and how he was known of them in breaking of bread. -And as they thus spake, Jesus himself stood in the midst of them, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you. -But they were terrified and affrighted, and supposed that they had seen a spirit. -And he said unto them, Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts arise in your hearts? -Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have. -And when he had thus spoken, he shewed them his hands and his feet. -And while they yet believed not for joy, and wondered, he said unto them, Have ye here any meat? -And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. -And he took it, and did eat before them. -And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. -Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures, -And said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day: -And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. -And ye are witnesses of these things. -And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high. -And he led them out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his hands, and blessed them. -And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven. -And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy: -And were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen. -In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. -The same was in the beginning with God. -All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. -In him was life; and the life was the light of men. -And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. -There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. -The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. -He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. -That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. -He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. -He came unto his own, and his own received him not. -But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: -Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. -And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. -John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was before me. -And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. -For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. -No man hath seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. -And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? -And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. -And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No. -Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? -He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. -And they which were sent were of the Pharisees. -And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? -John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; -He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose. -These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. -The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. -This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is preferred before me: for he was before me. -And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. -And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. -And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. -And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God. -Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples; -And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God! -And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus. -Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? -He saith unto them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. -One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. -He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. -And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. -The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. -Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. -Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. -And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. -Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! -Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. -Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. -Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. -And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man. -And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: -And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. -And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have no wine. -Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. -His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. -And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece. -Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. -And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the governor of the feast. And they bare it. -When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, -And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: but thou hast kept the good wine until now. -This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him. -After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, and his brethren, and his disciples: and they continued there not many days. -And the Jews' passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. -And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: -And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep, and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables; -And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things hence; make not my Father's house an house of merchandise. -And his disciples remembered that it was written, The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up. -Then answered the Jews and said unto him, What sign shewest thou unto us, seeing that thou doest these things? -Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. -Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days? -But he spake of the temple of his body. -When therefore he was risen from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this unto them; and they believed the scripture, and the word which Jesus had said. -Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast day, many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles which he did. -But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all men, -And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man. -There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: -The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. -Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. -Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? -Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. -That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. -Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. -The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit. -Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be? -Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things? -Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. -If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? -And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven. -And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: -That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. -For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. -For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved. -He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. -And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. -For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. -But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. -After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized. -And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Salim, because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized. -For John was not yet cast into prison. -Then there arose a question between some of John's disciples and the Jews about purifying. -And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same baptizeth, and all men come to him. -John answered and said, A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven. -Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him. -He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled. -He must increase, but I must decrease. -He that cometh from above is above all: he that is of the earth is earthly, and speaketh of the earth: he that cometh from heaven is above all. -And what he hath seen and heard, that he testifieth; and no man receiveth his testimony. -He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true. -For he whom God hath sent speaketh the words of God: for God giveth not the Spirit by measure unto him. -The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his hand. -He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him. -When therefore the LORD knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, -(Though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) -He left Judaea, and departed again into Galilee. -And he must needs go through Samaria. -Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. -Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. -There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink. -(For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) -Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. -Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. -The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? -Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? -Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: -But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. -The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw. -Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. -The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: -For thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that saidst thou truly. -The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. -Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. -Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. -Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. -But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. -God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. -The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. -Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he. -And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest thou with her? -The woman then left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men, -Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ? -Then they went out of the city, and came unto him. -In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat. -But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye know not of. -Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought him ought to eat? -Jesus saith unto them, My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, and to finish his work. -Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest. -And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. -And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. -I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men laboured, and ye are entered into their labours. -And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that ever I did. -So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought him that he would tarry with them: and he abode there two days. -And many more believed because of his own word; -And said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world. -Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee. -For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country. -Then when he was come into Galilee, the Galilaeans received him, having seen all the things that he did at Jerusalem at the feast: for they also went unto the feast. -So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he made the water wine. And there was a certain nobleman, whose son was sick at Capernaum. -When he heard that Jesus was come out of Judaea into Galilee, he went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, and heal his son: for he was at the point of death. -Then said Jesus unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe. -The nobleman saith unto him, Sir, come down ere my child die. -Jesus saith unto him, Go thy way; thy son liveth. And the man believed the word that Jesus had spoken unto him, and he went his way. -And as he was now going down, his servants met him, and told him, saying, Thy son liveth. -Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to amend. And they said unto him, Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him. -So the father knew that it was at the same hour, in the which Jesus said unto him, Thy son liveth: and himself believed, and his whole house. -This is again the second miracle that Jesus did, when he was come out of Judaea into Galilee. -After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. -Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches. -In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. -For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. -And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and eight years. -When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole? -The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me. -Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. -And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath. -The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed. -He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk. -Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk? -And he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that place. -Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee. -The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole. -And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day. -But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work. -Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God. -Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise. -For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel. -For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will. -For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son: -That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live. -For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself; -And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man. -Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice, -And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation. -I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me. -If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. -There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true. -Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth. -But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved. -He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. -But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me. -And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape. -And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not. -Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me. -And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life. -I receive not honour from men. -But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you. -I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive. -How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God only? -Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust. -For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me; for he wrote of me. -But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words? -After these things Jesus went over the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias. -And a great multitude followed him, because they saw his miracles which he did on them that were diseased. -And Jesus went up into a mountain, and there he sat with his disciples. -And the passover, a feast of the Jews, was nigh. -When Jesus then lifted up his eyes, and saw a great company come unto him, he saith unto Philip, Whence shall we buy bread, that these may eat? -And this he said to prove him: for he himself knew what he would do. -Philip answered him, Two hundred pennyworth of bread is not sufficient for them, that every one of them may take a little. -One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, saith unto him, -There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two small fishes: but what are they among so many? -And Jesus said, Make the men sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand. -And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set down; and likewise of the fishes as much as they would. -When they were filled, he said unto his disciples, Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. -Therefore they gathered them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and above unto them that had eaten. -Then those men, when they had seen the miracle that Jesus did, said, This is of a truth that prophet that should come into the world. -When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone. -And when even was now come, his disciples went down unto the sea, -And entered into a ship, and went over the sea toward Capernaum. And it was now dark, and Jesus was not come to them. -And the sea arose by reason of a great wind that blew. -So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they see Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and they were afraid. -But he saith unto them, It is I; be not afraid. -Then they willingly received him into the ship: and immediately the ship was at the land whither they went. -The day following, when the people which stood on the other side of the sea saw that there was none other boat there, save that one whereinto his disciples were entered, and that Jesus went not with his disciples into the boat, but that his disciples were gone away alone; -(Howbeit there came other boats from Tiberias nigh unto the place where they did eat bread, after that the Lord had given thanks:) -When the people therefore saw that Jesus was not there, neither his disciples, they also took shipping, and came to Capernaum, seeking for Jesus. -And when they had found him on the other side of the sea, they said unto him, Rabbi, when camest thou hither? -Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and were filled. -Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed. -Then said they unto him, What shall we do, that we might work the works of God? -Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent. -They said therefore unto him, What sign shewest thou then, that we may see, and believe thee? what dost thou work? -Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat. -Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Moses gave you not that bread from heaven; but my Father giveth you the true bread from heaven. -For the bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the world. -Then said they unto him, Lord, evermore give us this bread. -And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. -But I said unto you, That ye also have seen me, and believe not. -All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. -For I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. -And this is the Father's will which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me I should lose nothing, but should raise it up again at the last day. -And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I will raise him up at the last day. -The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread which came down from heaven. -And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? -Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. -No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day. -It is written in the prophets, And they shall be all taught of God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the Father, cometh unto me. -Not that any man hath seen the Father, save he which is of God, he hath seen the Father. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. -I am that bread of life. -Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead. -This is the bread which cometh down from heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not die. -I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever: and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world. -The Jews therefore strove among themselves, saying, How can this man give us his flesh to eat? -Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. -Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. -For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. -He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him. -As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the Father: so he that eateth me, even he shall live by me. -This is that bread which came down from heaven: not as your fathers did eat manna, and are dead: he that eateth of this bread shall live for ever. -These things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum. -Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said, This is an hard saying; who can hear it? -When Jesus knew in himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth this offend you? -What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before? -It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. -But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray him. -And he said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it were given unto him of my Father. -From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him. -Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? -Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life. -And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God. -Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? -He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. -After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him. -Now the Jew's feast of tabernacles was at hand. -His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into Judaea, that thy disciples also may see the works that thou doest. -For there is no man that doeth any thing in secret, and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, shew thyself to the world. -For neither did his brethren believe in him. -Then Jesus said unto them, My time is not yet come: but your time is alway ready. -The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of it, that the works thereof are evil. -Go ye up unto this feast: I go not up yet unto this feast: for my time is not yet full come. -When he had said these words unto them, he abode still in Galilee. -But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto the feast, not openly, but as it were in secret. -Then the Jews sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he? -And there was much murmuring among the people concerning him: for some said, He is a good man: others said, Nay; but he deceiveth the people. -Howbeit no man spake openly of him for fear of the Jews. -Now about the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the temple, and taught. -And the Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man letters, having never learned? -Jesus answered them, and said, My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. -If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself. -He that speaketh of himself seeketh his own glory: but he that seeketh his glory that sent him, the same is true, and no unrighteousness is in him. -Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you keepeth the law? Why go ye about to kill me? -The people answered and said, Thou hast a devil: who goeth about to kill thee? -Jesus answered and said unto them, I have done one work, and ye all marvel. -Moses therefore gave unto you circumcision; (not because it is of Moses, but of the fathers;) and ye on the sabbath day circumcise a man. -If a man on the sabbath day receive circumcision, that the law of Moses should not be broken; are ye angry at me, because I have made a man every whit whole on the sabbath day? -Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment. -Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he, whom they seek to kill? -But, lo, he speaketh boldly, and they say nothing unto him. Do the rulers know indeed that this is the very Christ? -Howbeit we know this man whence he is: but when Christ cometh, no man knoweth whence he is. -Then cried Jesus in the temple as he taught, saying, Ye both know me, and ye know whence I am: and I am not come of myself, but he that sent me is true, whom ye know not. -But I know him: for I am from him, and he hath sent me. -Then they sought to take him: but no man laid hands on him, because his hour was not yet come. -And many of the people believed on him, and said, When Christ cometh, will he do more miracles than these which this man hath done? -The Pharisees heard that the people murmured such things concerning him; and the Pharisees and the chief priests sent officers to take him. -Then said Jesus unto them, Yet a little while am I with you, and then I go unto him that sent me. -Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither ye cannot come. -Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles? -What manner of saying is this that he said, Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither ye cannot come? -In the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. -He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. -(But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him should receive: for the Holy Ghost was not yet given; because that Jesus was not yet glorified.) -Many of the people therefore, when they heard this saying, said, Of a truth this is the Prophet. -Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, Shall Christ come out of Galilee? -Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was? -So there was a division among the people because of him. -And some of them would have taken him; but no man laid hands on him. -Then came the officers to the chief priests and Pharisees; and they said unto them, Why have ye not brought him? -The officers answered, Never man spake like this man. -Then answered them the Pharisees, Are ye also deceived? -Have any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed on him? -But this people who knoweth not the law are cursed. -Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them,) -Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth? -They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? Search, and look: for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet. -And every man went unto his own house. -Jesus went unto the mount of Olives. -And early in the morning he came again into the temple, and all the people came unto him; and he sat down, and taught them. -And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery; and when they had set her in the midst, -They say unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. -Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but what sayest thou? -This they said, tempting him, that they might have to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote on the ground, as though he heard them not. -So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. -And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. -And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last: and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. -When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, Woman, where are those thine accusers? hath no man condemned thee? -She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more. -Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. -The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou bearest record of thyself; thy record is not true. -Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of myself, yet my record is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I go; but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I go. -Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. -And yet if I judge, my judgment is true: for I am not alone, but I and the Father that sent me. -It is also written in your law, that the testimony of two men is true. -I am one that bear witness of myself, and the Father that sent me beareth witness of me. -Then said they unto him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye neither know me, nor my Father: if ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also. -These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come. -Then said Jesus again unto them, I go my way, and ye shall seek me, and shall die in your sins: whither I go, ye cannot come. -Then said the Jews, Will he kill himself? because he saith, Whither I go, ye cannot come. -And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of this world; I am not of this world. -I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins. -Then said they unto him, Who art thou? And Jesus saith unto them, Even the same that I said unto you from the beginning. -I have many things to say and to judge of you: but he that sent me is true; and I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him. -They understood not that he spake to them of the Father. -Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that I am he, and that I do nothing of myself; but as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things. -And he that sent me is with me: the Father hath not left me alone; for I do always those things that please him. -As he spake these words, many believed on him. -Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; -And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. -They answered him, We be Abraham's seed, and were never in bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? -Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. -And the servant abideth not in the house for ever: but the Son abideth ever. -If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed. -I know that ye are Abraham's seed; but ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in you. -I speak that which I have seen with my Father: and ye do that which ye have seen with your father. -They answered and said unto him, Abraham is our father. Jesus saith unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works of Abraham. -But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth, which I have heard of God: this did not Abraham. -Ye do the deeds of your father. Then said they to him, We be not born of fornication; we have one Father, even God. -Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. -Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word. -Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. -And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not. -Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? -He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God. -Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? -Jesus answered, I have not a devil; but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me. -And I seek not mine own glory: there is one that seeketh and judgeth. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man keep my saying, he shall never see death. -Then said the Jews unto him, Now we know that thou hast a devil. Abraham is dead, and the prophets; and thou sayest, If a man keep my saying, he shall never taste of death. -Art thou greater than our father Abraham, which is dead? and the prophets are dead: whom makest thou thyself? -Jesus answered, If I honour myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth me; of whom ye say, that he is your God: -Yet ye have not known him; but I know him: and if I should say, I know him not, I shall be a liar like unto you: but I know him, and keep his saying. -Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it, and was glad. -Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? -Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am. -Then took they up stones to cast at him: but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them, and so passed by. -And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which was blind from his birth. -And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born blind? -Jesus answered, Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents: but that the works of God should be made manifest in him. -I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work. -As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world. -When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay, -And said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam, (which is by interpretation, Sent.) He went his way therefore, and washed, and came seeing. -The neighbours therefore, and they which before had seen him that he was blind, said, Is not this he that sat and begged? -Some said, This is he: others said, He is like him: but he said, I am he. -Therefore said they unto him, How were thine eyes opened? -He answered and said, A man that is called Jesus made clay, and anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and wash: and I went and washed, and I received sight. -Then said they unto him, Where is he? He said, I know not. -They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind. -And it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes. -Then again the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. He said unto them, He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed, and do see. -Therefore said some of the Pharisees, This man is not of God, because he keepeth not the sabbath day. Others said, How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among them. -They say unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, that he hath opened thine eyes? He said, He is a prophet. -But the Jews did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, and received his sight, until they called the parents of him that had received his sight. -And they asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was born blind? how then doth he now see? -His parents answered them and said, We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind: -But by what means he now seeth, we know not; or who hath opened his eyes, we know not: he is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. -These words spake his parents, because they feared the Jews: for the Jews had agreed already, that if any man did confess that he was Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. -Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him. -Then again called they the man that was blind, and said unto him, Give God the praise: we know that this man is a sinner. -He answered and said, Whether he be a sinner or no, I know not: one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, now I see. -Then said they to him again, What did he to thee? how opened he thine eyes? -He answered them, I have told you already, and ye did not hear: wherefore would ye hear it again? will ye also be his disciples? -Then they reviled him, and said, Thou art his disciple; but we are Moses' disciples. -We know that God spake unto Moses: as for this fellow, we know not from whence he is. -The man answered and said unto them, Why herein is a marvellous thing, that ye know not from whence he is, and yet he hath opened mine eyes. -Now we know that God heareth not sinners: but if any man be a worshipper of God, and doeth his will, him he heareth. -Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the eyes of one that was born blind. -If this man were not of God, he could do nothing. -They answered and said unto him, Thou wast altogether born in sins, and dost thou teach us? And they cast him out. -Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and when he had found him, he said unto him, Dost thou believe on the Son of God? -He answered and said, Who is he, Lord, that I might believe on him? -And Jesus said unto him, Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that talketh with thee. -And he said, Lord, I believe. And he worshipped him. -And Jesus said, For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind. -And some of the Pharisees which were with him heard these words, and said unto him, Are we blind also? -Jesus said unto them, If ye were blind, ye should have no sin: but now ye say, We see; therefore your sin remaineth. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. -But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. -To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. -And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice. -And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him: for they know not the voice of strangers. -This parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what things they were which he spake unto them. -Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, I am the door of the sheep. -All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. -I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture. -The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly. -I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. -But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. -The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep. -I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. -As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. -And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd. -Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. -No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father. -There was a division therefore again among the Jews for these sayings. -And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad; why hear ye him? -Others said, These are not the words of him that hath a devil. Can a devil open the eyes of the blind? -And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter. -And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch. -Then came the Jews round about him, and said unto him, How long dost thou make us to doubt? If thou be the Christ, tell us plainly. -Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believed not: the works that I do in my Father's name, they bear witness of me. -But ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said unto you. -My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me: -And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand. -My Father, which gave them me, is greater than all; and no man is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand. -I and my Father are one. -Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him. -Jesus answered them, Many good works have I shewed you from my Father; for which of those works do ye stone me? -The Jews answered him, saying, For a good work we stone thee not; but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God. -Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? -If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken; -Say ye of him, whom the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am the Son of God? -If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. -But if I do, though ye believe not me, believe the works: that ye may know, and believe, that the Father is in me, and I in him. -Therefore they sought again to take him: but he escaped out of their hand, -And went away again beyond Jordan into the place where John at first baptized; and there he abode. -And many resorted unto him, and said, John did no miracle: but all things that John spake of this man were true. -And many believed on him there. -Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha. -(It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.) -Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. -When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. -Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus. -When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days still in the same place where he was. -Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judaea again. -His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone thee; and goest thou thither again? -Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. -But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him. -These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep. -Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well. -Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had spoken of taking of rest in sleep. -Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead. -And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. -Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him. -Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave four days already. -Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off: -And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother. -Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house. -Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. -But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. -Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again. -Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day. -Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: -And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this? -She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world. -And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee. -As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him. -Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha met him. -The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there. -Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. -When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled. -And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come and see. -Jesus wept. -Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him! -And some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind, have caused that even this man should not have died? -Jesus therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it. -Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he hath been dead four days. -Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God? -Then they took away the stone from the place where the dead was laid. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me. -And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast sent me. -And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. -And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go. -Then many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the things which Jesus did, believed on him. -But some of them went their ways to the Pharisees, and told them what things Jesus had done. -Then gathered the chief priests and the Pharisees a council, and said, What do we? for this man doeth many miracles. -If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation. -And one of them, named Caiaphas, being the high priest that same year, said unto them, Ye know nothing at all, -Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not. -And this spake he not of himself: but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for that nation; -And not for that nation only, but that also he should gather together in one the children of God that were scattered abroad. -Then from that day forth they took counsel together for to put him to death. -Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews; but went thence unto a country near to the wilderness, into a city called Ephraim, and there continued with his disciples. -And the Jews' passover was nigh at hand: and many went out of the country up to Jerusalem before the passover, to purify themselves. -Then sought they for Jesus, and spake among themselves, as they stood in the temple, What think ye, that he will not come to the feast? -Now both the chief priests and the Pharisees had given a commandment, that, if any man knew where he were, he should shew it, that they might take him. -Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. -There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. -Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment. -Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which should betray him, -Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? -This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. -Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. -For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. -Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead. -But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also to death; -Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus. -On the next day much people that were come to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, -Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. -And Jesus, when he had found a young ass, sat thereon; as it is written, -Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. -These things understood not his disciples at the first: but when Jesus was glorified, then remembered they that these things were written of him, and that they had done these things unto him. -The people therefore that was with him when he called Lazarus out of his grave, and raised him from the dead, bare record. -For this cause the people also met him, for that they heard that he had done this miracle. -The Pharisees therefore said among themselves, Perceive ye how ye prevail nothing? behold, the world is gone after him. -And there were certain Greeks among them that came up to worship at the feast: -The same came therefore to Philip, which was of Bethsaida of Galilee, and desired him, saying, Sir, we would see Jesus. -Philip cometh and telleth Andrew: and again Andrew and Philip tell Jesus. -And Jesus answered them, saying, The hour is come, that the Son of man should be glorified. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. -He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal. -If any man serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, there shall also my servant be: if any man serve me, him will my Father honour. -Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour: but for this cause came I unto this hour. -Father, glorify thy name. Then came there a voice from heaven, saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again. -The people therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it thundered: others said, An angel spake to him. -Jesus answered and said, This voice came not because of me, but for your sakes. -Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out. -And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me. -This he said, signifying what death he should die. -The people answered him, We have heard out of the law that Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? -Then Jesus said unto them, Yet a little while is the light with you. Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. -While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and did hide himself from them. -But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they believed not on him: -That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? -Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again, -He hath blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them. -These things said Esaias, when he saw his glory, and spake of him. -Nevertheless among the chief rulers also many believed on him; but because of the Pharisees they did not confess him, lest they should be put out of the synagogue: -For they loved the praise of men more than the praise of God. -Jesus cried and said, He that believeth on me, believeth not on me, but on him that sent me. -And he that seeth me seeth him that sent me. -I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me should not abide in darkness. -And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. -He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. -For I have not spoken of myself; but the Father which sent me, he gave me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak. -And I know that his commandment is life everlasting: whatsoever I speak therefore, even as the Father said unto me, so I speak. -Now before the feast of the passover, when Jesus knew that his hour was come that he should depart out of this world unto the Father, having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the end. -And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; -Jesus knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he was come from God, and went to God; -He riseth from supper, and laid aside his garments; and took a towel, and girded himself. -After that he poureth water into a bason, and began to wash the disciples' feet, and to wipe them with the towel wherewith he was girded. -Then cometh he to Simon Peter: and Peter saith unto him, Lord, dost thou wash my feet? -Jesus answered and said unto him, What I do thou knowest not now; but thou shalt know hereafter. -Peter saith unto him, Thou shalt never wash my feet. Jesus answered him, If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me. -Simon Peter saith unto him, Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head. -Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. -For he knew who should betray him; therefore said he, Ye are not all clean. -So after he had washed their feet, and had taken his garments, and was set down again, he said unto them, Know ye what I have done to you? -Ye call me Master and Lord: and ye say well; for so I am. -If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet; ye also ought to wash one another's feet. -For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have done to you. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord; neither he that is sent greater than he that sent him. -If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them. -I speak not of you all: I know whom I have chosen: but that the scripture may be fulfilled, He that eateth bread with me hath lifted up his heel against me. -Now I tell you before it come, that, when it is come to pass, ye may believe that I am he. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that receiveth whomsoever I send receiveth me; and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me. -When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. -Then the disciples looked one on another, doubting of whom he spake. -Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved. -Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask who it should be of whom he spake. -He then lying on Jesus' breast saith unto him, Lord, who is it? -Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. -And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly. -Now no man at the table knew for what intent he spake this unto him. -For some of them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the feast; or, that he should give something to the poor. -He then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was night. -Therefore, when he was gone out, Jesus said, Now is the Son of man glorified, and God is glorified in him. -If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify him in himself, and shall straightway glorify him. -Little children, yet a little while I am with you. Ye shall seek me: and as I said unto the Jews, Whither I go, ye cannot come; so now I say to you. -A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. -By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another. -Simon Peter said unto him, Lord, whither goest thou? Jesus answered him, Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now; but thou shalt follow me afterwards. -Peter said unto him, Lord, why cannot I follow thee now? I will lay down my life for thy sake. -Jesus answered him, Wilt thou lay down thy life for my sake? Verily, verily, I say unto thee, The cock shall not crow, till thou hast denied me thrice. -Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. -In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. -And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also. -And whither I go ye know, and the way ye know. -Thomas saith unto him, Lord, we know not whither thou goest; and how can we know the way? -Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. -If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also: and from henceforth ye know him, and have seen him. -Philip saith unto him, Lord, shew us the Father, and it sufficeth us. -Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Shew us the Father? -Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me? the words that I speak unto you I speak not of myself: but the Father that dwelleth in me, he doeth the works. -Believe me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me: or else believe me for the very works' sake. -Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do; because I go unto my Father. -And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. -If ye shall ask any thing in my name, I will do it. -If ye love me, keep my commandments. -And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever; -Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you. -I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you. -Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also. -At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you. -He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him. -Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? -Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him. -He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me. -These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you. -But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. -Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. -Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto the Father: for my Father is greater than I. -And now I have told you before it come to pass, that, when it is come to pass, ye might believe. -Hereafter I will not talk much with you: for the prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me. -But that the world may know that I love the Father; and as the Father gave me commandment, even so I do. Arise, let us go hence. -I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman. -Every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away: and every branch that beareth fruit, he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit. -Now ye are clean through the word which I have spoken unto you. -Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me. -I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing. -If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned. -If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. -Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples. -As the Father hath loved me, so have I loved you: continue ye in my love. -If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love. -These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full. -This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you. -Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. -Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you. -Henceforth I call you not servants; for the servant knoweth not what his lord doeth: but I have called you friends; for all things that I have heard of my Father I have made known unto you. -Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. -These things I command you, that ye love one another. -If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you. -If ye were of the world, the world would love his own: but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you. -Remember the word that I said unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also. -But all these things will they do unto you for my name's sake, because they know not him that sent me. -If I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had sin: but now they have no cloak for their sin. -He that hateth me hateth my Father also. -If I had not done among them the works which none other man did, they had not had sin: but now have they both seen and hated both me and my Father. -But this cometh to pass, that the word might be fulfilled that is written in their law, They hated me without a cause. -But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me: -And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with me from the beginning. -These things have I spoken unto you, that ye should not be offended. -They shall put you out of the synagogues: yea, the time cometh, that whosoever killeth you will think that he doeth God service. -And these things will they do unto you, because they have not known the Father, nor me. -But these things have I told you, that when the time shall come, ye may remember that I told you of them. And these things I said not unto you at the beginning, because I was with you. -But now I go my way to him that sent me; and none of you asketh me, Whither goest thou? -But because I have said these things unto you, sorrow hath filled your heart. -Nevertheless I tell you the truth; It is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you. -And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: -Of sin, because they believe not on me; -Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more; -Of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged. -I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. -Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come. -He shall glorify me: for he shall receive of mine, and shall shew it unto you. -All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he shall take of mine, and shall shew it unto you. -A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me, because I go to the Father. -Then said some of his disciples among themselves, What is this that he saith unto us, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me: and, Because I go to the Father? -They said therefore, What is this that he saith, A little while? we cannot tell what he saith. -Now Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him, and said unto them, Do ye enquire among yourselves of that I said, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me? -Verily, verily, I say unto you, That ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice: and ye shall be sorrowful, but your sorrow shall be turned into joy. -A woman when she is in travail hath sorrow, because her hour is come: but as soon as she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no more the anguish, for joy that a man is born into the world. -And ye now therefore have sorrow: but I will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no man taketh from you. -And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give it you. -Hitherto have ye asked nothing in my name: ask, and ye shall receive, that your joy may be full. -These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs: but the time cometh, when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but I shall shew you plainly of the Father. -At that day ye shall ask in my name: and I say not unto you, that I will pray the Father for you: -For the Father himself loveth you, because ye have loved me, and have believed that I came out from God. -I came forth from the Father, and am come into the world: again, I leave the world, and go to the Father. -His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. -Now are we sure that thou knowest all things, and needest not that any man should ask thee: by this we believe that thou camest forth from God. -Jesus answered them, Do ye now believe? -Behold, the hour cometh, yea, is now come, that ye shall be scattered, every man to his own, and shall leave me alone: and yet I am not alone, because the Father is with me. -These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world. -These words spake Jesus, and lifted up his eyes to heaven, and said, Father, the hour is come; glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may glorify thee: -As thou hast given him power over all flesh, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him. -And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent. -I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do. -And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. -I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have kept thy word. -Now they have known that all things whatsoever thou hast given me are of thee. -For I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me. -I pray for them: I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me; for they are thine. -And all mine are thine, and thine are mine; and I am glorified in them. -And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are. -While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. -And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. -I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. -I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil. -They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. -Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. -As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world. -And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth. -Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word; -That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. -And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one: -I in them, and thou in me, that they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me. -Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory, which thou hast given me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world. -O righteous Father, the world hath not known thee: but I have known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent me. -And I have declared unto them thy name, and will declare it: that the love wherewith thou hast loved me may be in them, and I in them. -When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he entered, and his disciples. -And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples. -Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches and weapons. -Jesus therefore, knowing all things that should come upon him, went forth, and said unto them, Whom seek ye? -They answered him, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus saith unto them, I am he. And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with them. -As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went backward, and fell to the ground. -Then asked he them again, Whom seek ye? And they said, Jesus of Nazareth. -Jesus answered, I have told you that I am he: if therefore ye seek me, let these go their way: -That the saying might be fulfilled, which he spake, Of them which thou gavest me have I lost none. -Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus. -Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? -Then the band and the captain and officers of the Jews took Jesus, and bound him, -And led him away to Annas first; for he was father in law to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year. -Now Caiaphas was he, which gave counsel to the Jews, that it was expedient that one man should die for the people. -And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. -But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her that kept the door, and brought in Peter. -Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter, Art not thou also one of this man's disciples? He saith, I am not. -And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself. -The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his doctrine. -Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing. -Why askest thou me? ask them which heard me, what I have said unto them: behold, they know what I said. -And when he had thus spoken, one of the officers which stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, Answerest thou the high priest so? -Jesus answered him, If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil: but if well, why smitest thou me? -Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest. -And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. They said therefore unto him, Art not thou also one of his disciples? He denied it, and said, I am not. -One of the servants of the high priest, being his kinsman whose ear Peter cut off, saith, Did not I see thee in the garden with him? -Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew. -Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment: and it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover. -Pilate then went out unto them, and said, What accusation bring ye against this man? -They answered and said unto him, If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee. -Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye him, and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death: -That the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die. -Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews? -Jesus answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me? -Pilate answered, Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done? -Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. -Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice. -Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all. -But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews? -Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas. Now Barabbas was a robber. -Then Pilate therefore took Jesus, and scourged him. -And the soldiers platted a crown of thorns, and put it on his head, and they put on him a purple robe, -And said, Hail, King of the Jews! and they smote him with their hands. -Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto them, Behold, I bring him forth to you, that ye may know that I find no fault in him. -Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man! -When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him. -The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God. -When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid; -And went again into the judgment hall, and saith unto Jesus, Whence art thou? But Jesus gave him no answer. -Then saith Pilate unto him, Speakest thou not unto me? knowest thou not that I have power to crucify thee, and have power to release thee? -Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin. -And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him: but the Jews cried out, saying, If thou let this man go, thou art not Caesar's friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar. -When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha. -And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth hour: and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your King! -But they cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar. -Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And they took Jesus, and led him away. -And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: -Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst. -And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. -This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. -Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. -Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. -Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. -They said therefore among themselves, Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled, which saith, They parted my raiment among them, and for my vesture they did cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did. -Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. -When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son! -Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home. -After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst. -Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth. -When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. -The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away. -Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of the other which was crucified with him. -But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already, they brake not his legs: -But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water. -And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he knoweth that he saith true, that ye might believe. -For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken. -And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced. -And after this Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took the body of Jesus. -And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. -Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury. -Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. -There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews' preparation day; for the sepulchre was nigh at hand. -The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. -Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him. -Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre. -So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre. -And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in. -Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, -And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. -Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed. -For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. -Then the disciples went away again unto their own home. -But Mary stood without at the sepulchre weeping: and as she wept, she stooped down, and looked into the sepulchre, -And seeth two angels in white sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain. -And they say unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? She saith unto them, Because they have taken away my LORD, and I know not where they have laid him. -And when she had thus said, she turned herself back, and saw Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. -Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away. -Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turned herself, and saith unto him, Rabboni; which is to say, Master. -Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. -Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the LORD, and that he had spoken these things unto her. -Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you. -And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his side. Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the LORD. -Then said Jesus to them again, Peace be unto you: as my Father hath sent me, even so send I you. -And when he had said this, he breathed on them, and saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost: -Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained. -But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came. -The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the LORD. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe. -And after eight days again his disciples were within, and Thomas with them: then came Jesus, the doors being shut, and stood in the midst, and said, Peace be unto you. -Then saith he to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side: and be not faithless, but believing. -And Thomas answered and said unto him, My LORD and my God. -Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. -And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book: -But these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have life through his name. -After these things Jesus shewed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias; and on this wise shewed he himself. -There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two other of his disciples. -Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. They say unto him, We also go with thee. They went forth, and entered into a ship immediately; and that night they caught nothing. -But when the morning was now come, Jesus stood on the shore: but the disciples knew not that it was Jesus. -Then Jesus saith unto them, Children, have ye any meat? They answered him, No. -And he said unto them, Cast the net on the right side of the ship, and ye shall find. They cast therefore, and now they were not able to draw it for the multitude of fishes. -Therefore that disciple whom Jesus loved saith unto Peter, It is the Lord. Now when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his fisher's coat unto him, (for he was naked,) and did cast himself into the sea. -And the other disciples came in a little ship; (for they were not far from land, but as it were two hundred cubits,) dragging the net with fishes. -As soon then as they were come to land, they saw a fire of coals there, and fish laid thereon, and bread. -Jesus saith unto them, Bring of the fish which ye have now caught. -Simon Peter went up, and drew the net to land full of great fishes, an hundred and fifty and three: and for all there were so many, yet was not the net broken. -Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine. And none of the disciples durst ask him, Who art thou? knowing that it was the Lord. -Jesus then cometh, and taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish likewise. -This is now the third time that Jesus shewed himself to his disciples, after that he was risen from the dead. -So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. -He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep. -He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep. -Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdest thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not. -This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me. -Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee? -Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do? -Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me. -Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? -This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true. -And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen. -The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach, -Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen: -To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God: -And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me. -For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. -When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel? -And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power. -But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth. -And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. -And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; -Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven. -Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day's journey. -And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. -These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren. -And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,) -Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus. -For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry. -Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. -And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, The field of blood. -For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take. -Wherefore of these men which have companied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, -Beginning from the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection. -And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. -And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen, -That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place. -And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles. -And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. -And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. -And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. -And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. -And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. -Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. -And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans? -And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? -Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, -Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, -Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. -And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this? -Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine. -But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: -For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day. -But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; -And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams: -And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy: -And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke: -The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and notable day of the Lord come: -And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. -Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know: -Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: -Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it. -For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: -Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope: -Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. -Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance. -Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day. -Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne; -He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. -This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. -Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear. -For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, -Until I make thy foes thy footstool. -Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made the same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ. -Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? -Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. -For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the LORD our God shall call. -And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation. -Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls. -And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. -And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. -And all that believed were together, and had all things common; -And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. -And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, -Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved. -Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of prayer, being the ninth hour. -And a certain man lame from his mother's womb was carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful, to ask alms of them that entered into the temple; -Who seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple asked an alms. -And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on us. -And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of them. -Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk. -And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength. -And he leaping up stood, and walked, and entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God. -And all the people saw him walking and praising God: -And they knew that it was he which sat for alms at the Beautiful gate of the temple: and they were filled with wonder and amazement at that which had happened unto him. -And as the lame man which was healed held Peter and John, all the people ran together unto them in the porch that is called Solomon's, greatly wondering. -And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people, Ye men of Israel, why marvel ye at this? or why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk? -The God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, the God of our fathers, hath glorified his Son Jesus; whom ye delivered up, and denied him in the presence of Pilate, when he was determined to let him go. -But ye denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer to be granted unto you; -And killed the Prince of life, whom God hath raised from the dead; whereof we are witnesses. -And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong, whom ye see and know: yea, the faith which is by him hath given him this perfect soundness in the presence of you all. -And now, brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it, as did also your rulers. -But those things, which God before had shewed by the mouth of all his prophets, that Christ should suffer, he hath so fulfilled. -Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord. -And he shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto you: -Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began. -For Moses truly said unto the fathers, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear in all things whatsoever he shall say unto you. -And it shall come to pass, that every soul, which will not hear that prophet, shall be destroyed from among the people. -Yea, and all the prophets from Samuel and those that follow after, as many as have spoken, have likewise foretold of these days. -Ye are the children of the prophets, and of the covenant which God made with our fathers, saying unto Abraham, And in thy seed shall all the kindreds of the earth be blessed. -Unto you first God, having raised up his Son Jesus, sent him to bless you, in turning away every one of you from his iniquities. -And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, -Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. -And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. -Howbeit many of them which heard the word believed; and the number of the men was about five thousand. -And it came to pass on the morrow, that their rulers, and elders, and scribes, -And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. -And when they had set them in the midst, they asked, By what power, or by what name, have ye done this? -Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and elders of Israel, -If we this day be examined of the good deed done to the impotent man, by what means he is made whole; -Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole. -This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner. -Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved. -Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus. -And beholding the man which was healed standing with them, they could say nothing against it. -But when they had commanded them to go aside out of the council, they conferred among themselves, -Saying, What shall we do to these men? for that indeed a notable miracle hath been done by them is manifest to all them that dwell in Jerusalem; and we cannot deny it. -But that it spread no further among the people, let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name. -And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus. -But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye. -For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard. -So when they had further threatened them, they let them go, finding nothing how they might punish them, because of the people: for all men glorified God for that which was done. -For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of healing was shewed. -And being let go, they went to their own company, and reported all that the chief priests and elders had said unto them. -And when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them is: -Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things? -The kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against his Christ. -For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together, -For to do whatsoever thy hand and thy counsel determined before to be done. -And now, Lord, behold their threatenings: and grant unto thy servants, that with all boldness they may speak thy word, -By stretching forth thine hand to heal; and that signs and wonders may be done by the name of thy holy child Jesus. -And when they had prayed, the place was shaken where they were assembled together; and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and they spake the word of God with boldness. -And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common. -And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all. -Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things that were sold, -And laid them down at the apostles' feet: and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need. -And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus, -Having land, sold it, and brought the money, and laid it at the apostles' feet. -But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession, -And kept back part of the price, his wife also being privy to it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles' feet. -But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land? -Whiles it remained, was it not thine own? and after it was sold, was it not in thine own power? why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart? thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God. -And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost: and great fear came on all them that heard these things. -And the young men arose, wound him up, and carried him out, and buried him. -And it was about the space of three hours after, when his wife, not knowing what was done, came in. -And Peter answered unto her, Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much? And she said, Yea, for so much. -Then Peter said unto her, How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? behold, the feet of them which have buried thy husband are at the door, and shall carry thee out. -Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the ghost: and the young men came in, and found her dead, and, carrying her forth, buried her by her husband. -And great fear came upon all the church, and upon as many as heard these things. -And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people; (and they were all with one accord in Solomon's porch. -And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people magnified them. -And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of men and women.) -Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the streets, and laid them on beds and couches, that at the least the shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some of them. -There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto Jerusalem, bringing sick folks, and them which were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed every one. -Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him, (which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with indignation, -And laid their hands on the apostles, and put them in the common prison. -But the angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought them forth, and said, -Go, stand and speak in the temple to the people all the words of this life. -And when they heard that, they entered into the temple early in the morning, and taught. But the high priest came, and they that were with him, and called the council together, and all the senate of the children of Israel, and sent to the prison to have them brought. -But when the officers came, and found them not in the prison, they returned and told, -Saying, The prison truly found we shut with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors: but when we had opened, we found no man within. -Now when the high priest and the captain of the temple and the chief priests heard these things, they doubted of them whereunto this would grow. -Then came one and told them, saying, Behold, the men whom ye put in prison are standing in the temple, and teaching the people. -Then went the captain with the officers, and brought them without violence: for they feared the people, lest they should have been stoned. -And when they had brought them, they set them before the council: and the high priest asked them, -Saying, Did not we straitly command you that ye should not teach in this name? and, behold, ye have filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and intend to bring this man's blood upon us. -Then Peter and the other apostles answered and said, We ought to obey God rather than men. -The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree. -Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins. -And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him. -When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took counsel to slay them. -Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little space; -And said unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what ye intend to do as touching these men. -For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to nought. -After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed. -And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: -But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. -And to him they agreed: and when they had called the apostles, and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak in the name of Jesus, and let them go. -And they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name. -And daily in the temple, and in every house, they ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ. -And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration. -Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples unto them, and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables. -Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business. -But we will give ourselves continually to prayer, and to the ministry of the word. -And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: -Whom they set before the apostles: and when they had prayed, they laid their hands on them. -And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith. -And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and miracles among the people. -Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen. -And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spake. -Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses, and against God. -And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the scribes, and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to the council, -And set up false witnesses, which said, This man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place, and the law: -For we have heard him say, that this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered us. -And all that sat in the council, looking stedfastly on him, saw his face as it had been the face of an angel. -Then said the high priest, Are these things so? -And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran, -And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee. -Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell. -And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child. -And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years. -And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place. -And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs. -And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him, -And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house. -Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance. -But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first. -And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh. -Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls. -So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, -And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem. -But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, -Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph. -The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they might not live. -In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father's house three months: -And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son. -And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds. -And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel. -And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian: -For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would deliver them: but they understood not. -And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another? -But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us? -Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday? -Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begat two sons. -And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush. -When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the LORD came unto him, -Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold. -Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground. -I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt. -This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush. -He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years. -This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear. -This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us: -To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt, -Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. -And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands. -Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness? -Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon. -Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen. -Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David; -Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob. -But Solomon built him an house. -Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet, -Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest? -Hath not my hand made all these things? -Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye. -Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers: -Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it. -When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth. -But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God, -And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God. -Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord, -And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul. -And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. -And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep. -And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles. -And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him. -As for Saul, he made havock of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison. -Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word. -Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. -And the people with one accord gave heed unto those things which Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles which he did. -For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed. -And there was great joy in that city. -But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: -To whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God. -And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. -But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. -Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done. -Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John: -Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost: -(For as yet he was fallen upon none of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.) -Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost. -And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, -Saying, Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy Ghost. -But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money. -Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God. -Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. -For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. -Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the LORD for me, that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. -And they, when they had testified and preached the word of the Lord, returned to Jerusalem, and preached the gospel in many villages of the Samaritans. -And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, and go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which is desert. -And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship, -Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet. -Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. -And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest? -And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him. -The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth: -In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. -And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? -Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. -And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized? -And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. -And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. -And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing. -But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea. -And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest, -And desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. -And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven: -And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? -And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And the Lord said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest: it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. -And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do. -And the men which journeyed with him stood speechless, hearing a voice, but seeing no man. -And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he saw no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into Damascus. -And he was three days without sight, and neither did eat nor drink. -And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am here, Lord. -And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and enquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, -And hath seen in a vision a man named Ananias coming in, and putting his hand on him, that he might receive his sight. -Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem: -And here he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all that call on thy name. -But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel: -For I will shew him how great things he must suffer for my name's sake. -And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost. -And immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales: and he received sight forthwith, and arose, and was baptized. -And when he had received meat, he was strengthened. Then was Saul certain days with the disciples which were at Damascus. -And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. -But all that heard him were amazed, and said; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests? -But Saul increased the more in strength, and confounded the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very Christ. -And after that many days were fulfilled, the Jews took counsel to kill him: -But their laying await was known of Saul. And they watched the gates day and night to kill him. -Then the disciples took him by night, and let him down by the wall in a basket. -And when Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join himself to the disciples: but they were all afraid of him, and believed not that he was a disciple. -But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he had spoken to him, and how he had preached boldly at Damascus in the name of Jesus. -And he was with them coming in and going out at Jerusalem. -And he spake boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputed against the Grecians: but they went about to slay him. -Which when the brethren knew, they brought him down to Caesarea, and sent him forth to Tarsus. -Then had the churches rest throughout all Judaea and Galilee and Samaria, and were edified; and walking in the fear of the Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied. -And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda. -And there he found a certain man named Aeneas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy. -And Peter said unto him, Aeneas, Jesus Christ maketh thee whole: arise, and make thy bed. And he arose immediately. -And all that dwelt at Lydda and Saron saw him, and turned to the Lord. -Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did. -And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. -And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would not delay to come to them. -Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them. -But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up. -And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had called the saints and widows, presented her alive. -And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the Lord. -And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one Simon a tanner. -There was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius, a centurion of the band called the Italian band, -A devout man, and one that feared God with all his house, which gave much alms to the people, and prayed to God alway. -He saw in a vision evidently about the ninth hour of the day an angel of God coming in to him, and saying unto him, Cornelius. -And when he looked on him, he was afraid, and said, What is it, Lord? And he said unto him, Thy prayers and thine alms are come up for a memorial before God. -And now send men to Joppa, and call for one Simon, whose surname is Peter: -He lodgeth with one Simon a tanner, whose house is by the sea side: he shall tell thee what thou oughtest to do. -And when the angel which spake unto Cornelius was departed, he called two of his household servants, and a devout soldier of them that waited on him continually; -And when he had declared all these things unto them, he sent them to Joppa. -On the morrow, as they went on their journey, and drew nigh unto the city, Peter went up upon the housetop to pray about the sixth hour: -And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while they made ready, he fell into a trance, -And saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending upon him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners, and let down to the earth: -Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. -And there came a voice to him, Rise, Peter; kill, and eat. -But Peter said, Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten any thing that is common or unclean. -And the voice spake unto him again the second time, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. -This was done thrice: and the vessel was received up again into heaven. -Now while Peter doubted in himself what this vision which he had seen should mean, behold, the men which were sent from Cornelius had made enquiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate, -And called, and asked whether Simon, which was surnamed Peter, were lodged there. -While Peter thought on the vision, the Spirit said unto him, Behold, three men seek thee. -Arise therefore, and get thee down, and go with them, doubting nothing: for I have sent them. -Then Peter went down to the men which were sent unto him from Cornelius; and said, Behold, I am he whom ye seek: what is the cause wherefore ye are come? -And they said, Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and one that feareth God, and of good report among all the nation of the Jews, was warned from God by an holy angel to send for thee into his house, and to hear words of thee. -Then called he them in, and lodged them. And on the morrow Peter went away with them, and certain brethren from Joppa accompanied him. -And the morrow after they entered into Caesarea. And Cornelius waited for them, and he had called together his kinsmen and near friends. -And as Peter was coming in, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped him. -But Peter took him up, saying, Stand up; I myself also am a man. -And as he talked with him, he went in, and found many that were come together. -And he said unto them, Ye know how that it is an unlawful thing for a man that is a Jew to keep company, or come unto one of another nation; but God hath shewed me that I should not call any man common or unclean. -Therefore came I unto you without gainsaying, as soon as I was sent for: I ask therefore for what intent ye have sent for me? -And Cornelius said, Four days ago I was fasting until this hour; and at the ninth hour I prayed in my house, and, behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing, -And said, Cornelius, thy prayer is heard, and thine alms are had in remembrance in the sight of God. -Send therefore to Joppa, and call hither Simon, whose surname is Peter; he is lodged in the house of one Simon a tanner by the sea side: who, when he cometh, shall speak unto thee. -Immediately therefore I sent to thee; and thou hast well done that thou art come. Now therefore are we all here present before God, to hear all things that are commanded thee of God. -Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: -But in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him. -The word which God sent unto the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ: (he is Lord of all:) -That word, I say, ye know, which was published throughout all Judaea, and began from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached; -How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him. -And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they slew and hanged on a tree: -Him God raised up the third day, and shewed him openly; -Not to all the people, but unto witnesses chosen before God, even to us, who did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead. -And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and dead. -To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins. -While Peter yet spake these words, the Holy Ghost fell on all them which heard the word. -And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost. -For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then answered Peter, -Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? -And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of the Lord. Then prayed they him to tarry certain days. -And the apostles and brethren that were in Judaea heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of God. -And when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision contended with him, -Saying, Thou wentest in to men uncircumcised, and didst eat with them. -But Peter rehearsed the matter from the beginning, and expounded it by order unto them, saying, -I was in the city of Joppa praying: and in a trance I saw a vision, A certain vessel descend, as it had been a great sheet, let down from heaven by four corners; and it came even to me: -Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes, I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. -And I heard a voice saying unto me, Arise, Peter; slay and eat. -But I said, Not so, Lord: for nothing common or unclean hath at any time entered into my mouth. -But the voice answered me again from heaven, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. -And this was done three times: and all were drawn up again into heaven. -And, behold, immediately there were three men already come unto the house where I was, sent from Caesarea unto me. -And the Spirit bade me go with them, nothing doubting. Moreover these six brethren accompanied me, and we entered into the man's house: -And he shewed us how he had seen an angel in his house, which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter; -Who shall tell thee words, whereby thou and all thy house shall be saved. -And as I began to speak, the Holy Ghost fell on them, as on us at the beginning. -Then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said, John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost. -Forasmuch then as God gave them the like gift as he did unto us, who believed on the Lord Jesus Christ; what was I, that I could withstand God? -When they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, Then hath God also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life. -Now they which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that arose about Stephen travelled as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching the word to none but unto the Jews only. -And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the LORD Jesus. -And the hand of the Lord was with them: and a great number believed, and turned unto the Lord. -Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the church which was in Jerusalem: and they sent forth Barnabas, that he should go as far as Antioch. -Who, when he came, and had seen the grace of God, was glad, and exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord. -For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord. -Then departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: -And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. -And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. -And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. -Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judaea: -Which also they did, and sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. -Now about that time Herod the king stretched forth his hands to vex certain of the church. -And he killed James the brother of John with the sword. -And because he saw it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to take Peter also. (Then were the days of unleavened bread.) -And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. -Peter therefore was kept in prison: but prayer was made without ceasing of the church unto God for him. -And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains: and the keepers before the door kept the prison. -And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands. -And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals. And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. -And he went out, and followed him; and wist not that it was true which was done by the angel; but thought he saw a vision. -When they were past the first and the second ward, they came unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city; which opened to them of his own accord: and they went out, and passed on through one street; and forthwith the angel departed from him. -And when Peter was come to himself, he said, Now I know of a surety, that the LORD hath sent his angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation of the people of the Jews. -And when he had considered the thing, he came to the house of Mary the mother of John, whose surname was Mark; where many were gathered together praying. -And as Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a damsel came to hearken, named Rhoda. -And when she knew Peter's voice, she opened not the gate for gladness, but ran in, and told how Peter stood before the gate. -And they said unto her, Thou art mad. But she constantly affirmed that it was even so. Then said they, It is his angel. -But Peter continued knocking: and when they had opened the door, and saw him, they were astonished. -But he, beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, Go shew these things unto James, and to the brethren. And he departed, and went into another place. -Now as soon as it was day, there was no small stir among the soldiers, what was become of Peter. -And when Herod had sought for him, and found him not, he examined the keepers, and commanded that they should be put to death. And he went down from Judaea to Caesarea, and there abode. -And Herod was highly displeased with them of Tyre and Sidon: but they came with one accord to him, and, having made Blastus the king's chamberlain their friend, desired peace; because their country was nourished by the king's country. -And upon a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat upon his throne, and made an oration unto them. -And the people gave a shout, saying, It is the voice of a god, and not of a man. -And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms, and gave up the ghost. -But the word of God grew and multiplied. -And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was Mark. -Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. -As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. -And when they had fasted and prayed, and laid their hands on them, they sent them away. -So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost, departed unto Seleucia; and from thence they sailed to Cyprus. -And when they were at Salamis, they preached the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews: and they had also John to their minister. -And when they had gone through the isle unto Paphos, they found a certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Barjesus: -Which was with the deputy of the country, Sergius Paulus, a prudent man; who called for Barnabas and Saul, and desired to hear the word of God. -But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. -Then Saul, (who also is called Paul,) filled with the Holy Ghost, set his eyes on him. -And said, O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord? -And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness; and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand. -Then the deputy, when he saw what was done, believed, being astonished at the doctrine of the Lord. -Now when Paul and his company loosed from Paphos, they came to Perga in Pamphylia: and John departing from them returned to Jerusalem. -But when they departed from Perga, they came to Antioch in Pisidia, and went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and sat down. -And after the reading of the law and the prophets the rulers of the synagogue sent unto them, saying, Ye men and brethren, if ye have any word of exhortation for the people, say on. -Then Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand said, Men of Israel, and ye that fear God, give audience. -The God of this people of Israel chose our fathers, and exalted the people when they dwelt as strangers in the land of Egypt, and with an high arm brought he them out of it. -And about the time of forty years suffered he their manners in the wilderness. -And when he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Chanaan, he divided their land to them by lot. -And after that he gave unto them judges about the space of four hundred and fifty years, until Samuel the prophet. -And afterward they desired a king: and God gave unto them Saul the son of Cis, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, by the space of forty years. -And when he had removed him, he raised up unto them David to be their king; to whom also he gave their testimony, and said, I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after mine own heart, which shall fulfil all my will. -Of this man's seed hath God according to his promise raised unto Israel a Saviour, Jesus: -When John had first preached before his coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. -And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think ye that I am? I am not he. But, behold, there cometh one after me, whose shoes of his feet I am not worthy to loose. -Men and brethren, children of the stock of Abraham, and whosoever among you feareth God, to you is the word of this salvation sent. -For they that dwell at Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they knew him not, nor yet the voices of the prophets which are read every sabbath day, they have fulfilled them in condemning him. -And though they found no cause of death in him, yet desired they Pilate that he should be slain. -And when they had fulfilled all that was written of him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a sepulchre. -But God raised him from the dead: -And he was seen many days of them which came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are his witnesses unto the people. -And we declare unto you glad tidings, how that the promise which was made unto the fathers, -God hath fulfilled the same unto us their children, in that he hath raised up Jesus again; as it is also written in the second psalm, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee. -And as concerning that he raised him up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, he said on this wise, I will give you the sure mercies of David. -Wherefore he saith also in another psalm, Thou shalt not suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. -For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of God, fell on sleep, and was laid unto his fathers, and saw corruption: -But he, whom God raised again, saw no corruption. -Be it known unto you therefore, men and brethren, that through this man is preached unto you the forgiveness of sins: -And by him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. -Beware therefore, lest that come upon you, which is spoken of in the prophets; -Behold, ye despisers, and wonder, and perish: for I work a work in your days, a work which ye shall in no wise believe, though a man declare it unto you. -And when the Jews were gone out of the synagogue, the Gentiles besought that these words might be preached to them the next sabbath. -Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas: who, speaking to them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God. -And the next sabbath day came almost the whole city together to hear the word of God. -But when the Jews saw the multitudes, they were filled with envy, and spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming. -Then Paul and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the Gentiles. -For so hath the Lord commanded us, saying, I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation unto the ends of the earth. -And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of the Lord: and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed. -And the word of the Lord was published throughout all the region. -But the Jews stirred up the devout and honourable women, and the chief men of the city, and raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and expelled them out of their coasts. -But they shook off the dust of their feet against them, and came unto Iconium. -And the disciples were filled with joy, and with the Holy Ghost. -And it came to pass in Iconium, that they went both together into the synagogue of the Jews, and so spake, that a great multitude both of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed. -But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and made their minds evil affected against the brethren. -Long time therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord, which gave testimony unto the word of his grace, and granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands. -But the multitude of the city was divided: and part held with the Jews, and part with the apostles. -And when there was an assault made both of the Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to use them despitefully, and to stone them, -They were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round about: -And there they preached the gospel. -And there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from his mother's womb, who never had walked: -The same heard Paul speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had faith to be healed, -Said with a loud voice, Stand upright on thy feet. And he leaped and walked. -And when the people saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their voices, saying in the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are come down to us in the likeness of men. -And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. -Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. -Which when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes, and ran in among the people, crying out, -And saying, Sirs, why do ye these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein: -Who in times past suffered all nations to walk in their own ways. -Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness. -And with these sayings scarce restrained they the people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them. -And there came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the people, and having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city, supposing he had been dead. -Howbeit, as the disciples stood round about him, he rose up, and came into the city: and the next day he departed with Barnabas to Derbe. -And when they had preached the gospel to that city, and had taught many, they returned again to Lystra, and to Iconium, and Antioch, -Confirming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God. -And when they had ordained them elders in every church, and had prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they believed. -And after they had passed throughout Pisidia, they came to Pamphylia. -And when they had preached the word in Perga, they went down into Attalia: -And thence sailed to Antioch, from whence they had been recommended to the grace of God for the work which they fulfilled. -And when they were come, and had gathered the church together, they rehearsed all that God had done with them, and how he had opened the door of faith unto the Gentiles. -And there they abode long time with the disciples. -And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved. -When therefore Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them, they determined that Paul and Barnabas, and certain other of them, should go up to Jerusalem unto the apostles and elders about this question. -And being brought on their way by the church, they passed through Phenice and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles: and they caused great joy unto all the brethren. -And when they were come to Jerusalem, they were received of the church, and of the apostles and elders, and they declared all things that God had done with them. -But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses. -And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this matter. -And when there had been much disputing, Peter rose up, and said unto them, Men and brethren, ye know how that a good while ago God made choice among us, that the Gentiles by my mouth should hear the word of the gospel, and believe. -And God, which knoweth the hearts, bare them witness, giving them the Holy Ghost, even as he did unto us; -And put no difference between us and them, purifying their hearts by faith. -Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? -But we believe that through the grace of the LORD Jesus Christ we shall be saved, even as they. -Then all the multitude kept silence, and gave audience to Barnabas and Paul, declaring what miracles and wonders God had wrought among the Gentiles by them. -And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: -Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. -And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, -After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: -That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. -Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world. -Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: -But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. -For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day. -Then pleased it the apostles and elders with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas and Silas, chief men among the brethren: -And they wrote letters by them after this manner; The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia. -Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law: to whom we gave no such commandment: -It seemed good unto us, being assembled with one accord, to send chosen men unto you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, -Men that have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. -We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who shall also tell you the same things by mouth. -For it seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; -That ye abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye shall do well. Fare ye well. -So when they were dismissed, they came to Antioch: and when they had gathered the multitude together, they delivered the epistle: -Which when they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation. -And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren with many words, and confirmed them. -And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in peace from the brethren unto the apostles. -Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still. -Paul also and Barnabas continued in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also. -And some days after Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the LORD, and see how they do. -And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname was Mark. -But Paul thought not good to take him with them, who departed from them from Pamphylia, and went not with them to the work. -And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus; -And Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God. -And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches. -Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: -Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium. -Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek. -And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem. -And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily. -Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia, -After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not. -And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas. -And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. -And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them. -Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; -And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days. -And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side, where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spake unto the women which resorted thither. -And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul. -And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us. -And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying: -The same followed Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God, which shew unto us the way of salvation. -And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour. -And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers, -And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city, -And teach customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe, being Romans. -And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them. -And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely: -Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. -And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto God: and the prisoners heard them. -And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one's bands were loosed. -And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled. -But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here. -Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas, -And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved? -And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house. -And they spake unto him the word of the Lord, and to all that were in his house. -And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway. -And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house. -And when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying, Let those men go. -And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace. -But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out. -And the serjeants told these words unto the magistrates: and they feared, when they heard that they were Romans. -And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city. -And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed. -Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews: -And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures, -Opening and alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ. -And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few. -But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people. -And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also; -Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus. -And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when they heard these things. -And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they let them go. -And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. -These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so. -Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few. -But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was preached of Paul at Berea, they came thither also, and stirred up the people. -And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still. -And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him with all speed, they departed. -Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly given to idolatry. -Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with him. -Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection. -And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is? -For thou bringest certain strange things to our ears: we would know therefore what these things mean. -(For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new thing.) -Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' hill, and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious. -For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. -God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands; -Neither is worshipped with men's hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things; -And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; -That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: -For in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring. -Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device. -And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent: -Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. -And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter. -So Paul departed from among them. -Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them. -After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to Corinth; -And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. -And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought: for by their occupation they were tentmakers. -And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the Jews and the Greeks. -And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was Christ. -And when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook his raiment, and said unto them, Your blood be upon your own heads; I am clean; from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles. -And he departed thence, and entered into a certain man's house, named Justus, one that worshipped God, whose house joined hard to the synagogue. -And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized. -Then spake the Lord to Paul in the night by a vision, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace: -For I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee to hurt thee: for I have much people in this city. -And he continued there a year and six months, teaching the word of God among them. -And when Gallio was the deputy of Achaia, the Jews made insurrection with one accord against Paul, and brought him to the judgment seat, -Saying, This fellow persuadeth men to worship God contrary to the law. -And when Paul was now about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto the Jews, If it were a matter of wrong or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you: -But if it be a question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I will be no judge of such matters. -And he drave them from the judgment seat. -Then all the Greeks took Sosthenes, the chief ruler of the synagogue, and beat him before the judgment seat. And Gallio cared for none of those things. -And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he had a vow. -And he came to Ephesus, and left them there: but he himself entered into the synagogue, and reasoned with the Jews. -When they desired him to tarry longer time with them, he consented not; -But bade them farewell, saying, I must by all means keep this feast that cometh in Jerusalem: but I will return again unto you, if God will. And he sailed from Ephesus. -And when he had landed at Caesarea, and gone up, and saluted the church, he went down to Antioch. -And after he had spent some time there, he departed, and went over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples. -And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus. -This man was instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in the spirit, he spake and taught diligently the things of the Lord, knowing only the baptism of John. -And he began to speak boldly in the synagogue: whom when Aquila and Priscilla had heard, they took him unto them, and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly. -And when he was disposed to pass into Achaia, the brethren wrote, exhorting the disciples to receive him: who, when he was come, helped them much which had believed through grace: -For he mightily convinced the Jews, and that publickly, shewing by the scriptures that Jesus was Christ. -And it came to pass, that, while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul having passed through the upper coasts came to Ephesus: and finding certain disciples, -He said unto them, Have ye received the Holy Ghost since ye believed? And they said unto him, We have not so much as heard whether there be any Holy Ghost. -And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye baptized? And they said, Unto John's baptism. -Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus. -When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. -And when Paul had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Ghost came on them; and they spake with tongues, and prophesied. -And all the men were about twelve. -And he went into the synagogue, and spake boldly for the space of three months, disputing and persuading the things concerning the kingdom of God. -But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus. -And this continued by the space of two years; so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks. -And God wrought special miracles by the hands of Paul: -So that from his body were brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or aprons, and the diseases departed from them, and the evil spirits went out of them. -Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits the name of the LORD Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. -And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the priests, which did so. -And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know, and Paul I know; but who are ye? -And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded. -And this was known to all the Jews and Greeks also dwelling at Ephesus; and fear fell on them all, and the name of the Lord Jesus was magnified. -And many that believed came, and confessed, and shewed their deeds. -Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver. -So mightily grew the word of God and prevailed. -After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, After I have been there, I must also see Rome. -So he sent into Macedonia two of them that ministered unto him, Timotheus and Erastus; but he himself stayed in Asia for a season. -And the same time there arose no small stir about that way. -For a certain man named Demetrius, a silversmith, which made silver shrines for Diana, brought no small gain unto the craftsmen; -Whom he called together with the workmen of like occupation, and said, Sirs, ye know that by this craft we have our wealth. -Moreover ye see and hear, that not alone at Ephesus, but almost throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much people, saying that they be no gods, which are made with hands: -So that not only this our craft is in danger to be set at nought; but also that the temple of the great goddess Diana should be despised, and her magnificence should be destroyed, whom all Asia and the world worshippeth. -And when they heard these sayings, they were full of wrath, and cried out, saying, Great is Diana of the Ephesians. -And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theatre. -And when Paul would have entered in unto the people, the disciples suffered him not. -And certain of the chief of Asia, which were his friends, sent unto him, desiring him that he would not adventure himself into the theatre. -Some therefore cried one thing, and some another: for the assembly was confused: and the more part knew not wherefore they were come together. -And they drew Alexander out of the multitude, the Jews putting him forward. And Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made his defence unto the people. -But when they knew that he was a Jew, all with one voice about the space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians. -And when the townclerk had appeased the people, he said, Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the image which fell down from Jupiter? -Seeing then that these things cannot be spoken against, ye ought to be quiet, and to do nothing rashly. -For ye have brought hither these men, which are neither robbers of churches, nor yet blasphemers of your goddess. -Wherefore if Demetrius, and the craftsmen which are with him, have a matter against any man, the law is open, and there are deputies: let them implead one another. -But if ye enquire any thing concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful assembly. -For we are in danger to be called in question for this day's uproar, there being no cause whereby we may give an account of this concourse. -And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the assembly. -And after the uproar was ceased, Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them, and departed for to go into Macedonia. -And when he had gone over those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece, -And there abode three months. And when the Jews laid wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia. -And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and Timotheus; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus. -These going before tarried for us at Troas. -And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days. -And upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow; and continued his speech until midnight. -And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together. -And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. -And Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said, Trouble not yourselves; for his life is in him. -When he therefore was come up again, and had broken bread, and eaten, and talked a long while, even till break of day, so he departed. -And they brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted. -And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot. -And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene. -And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus. -For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost. -And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church. -And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons, -Serving the LORD with all humility of mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews: -And how I kept back nothing that was profitable unto you, but have shewed you, and have taught you publickly, and from house to house, -Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. -And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befall me there: -Save that the Holy Ghost witnesseth in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions abide me. -But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God. -And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more. -Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men. -For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. -Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. -For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. -Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. -Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears. -And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified. -I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel. -Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me. -I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. -And when he had thus spoken, he kneeled down, and prayed with them all. -And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck, and kissed him, -Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they should see his face no more. And they accompanied him unto the ship. -And it came to pass, that after we were gotten from them, and had launched, we came with a straight course unto Coos, and the day following unto Rhodes, and from thence unto Patara: -And finding a ship sailing over unto Phenicia, we went aboard, and set forth. -Now when we had discovered Cyprus, we left it on the left hand, and sailed into Syria, and landed at Tyre: for there the ship was to unlade her burden. -And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days: who said to Paul through the Spirit, that he should not go up to Jerusalem. -And when we had accomplished those days, we departed and went our way; and they all brought us on our way, with wives and children, till we were out of the city: and we kneeled down on the shore, and prayed. -And when we had taken our leave one of another, we took ship; and they returned home again. -And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day. -And the next day we that were of Paul's company departed, and came unto Caesarea: and we entered into the house of Philip the evangelist, which was one of the seven; and abode with him. -And the same man had four daughters, virgins, which did prophesy. -And as we tarried there many days, there came down from Judaea a certain prophet, named Agabus. -And when he was come unto us, he took Paul's girdle, and bound his own hands and feet, and said, Thus saith the Holy Ghost, So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles. -And when we heard these things, both we, and they of that place, besought him not to go up to Jerusalem. -Then Paul answered, What mean ye to weep and to break mine heart? for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus. -And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, The will of the Lord be done. -And after those days we took up our carriages, and went up to Jerusalem. -There went with us also certain of the disciples of Caesarea, and brought with them one Mnason of Cyprus, an old disciple, with whom we should lodge. -And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. -And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present. -And when he had saluted them, he declared particularly what things God had wrought among the Gentiles by his ministry. -And when they heard it, they glorified the Lord, and said unto him, Thou seest, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which believe; and they are all zealous of the law: -And they are informed of thee, that thou teachest all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, saying that they ought not to circumcise their children, neither to walk after the customs. -What is it therefore? the multitude must needs come together: for they will hear that thou art come. -Do therefore this that we say to thee: We have four men which have a vow on them; -Them take, and purify thyself with them, and be at charges with them, that they may shave their heads: and all may know that those things, whereof they were informed concerning thee, are nothing; but that thou thyself also walkest orderly, and keepest the law. -As touching the Gentiles which believe, we have written and concluded that they observe no such thing, save only that they keep themselves from things offered to idols, and from blood, and from strangled, and from fornication. -Then Paul took the men, and the next day purifying himself with them entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the days of purification, until that an offering should be offered for every one of them. -And when the seven days were almost ended, the Jews which were of Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the people, and laid hands on him, -Crying out, Men of Israel, help: This is the man, that teacheth all men every where against the people, and the law, and this place: and further brought Greeks also into the temple, and hath polluted this holy place. -(For they had seen before with him in the city Trophimus an Ephesian, whom they supposed that Paul had brought into the temple.) -And all the city was moved, and the people ran together: and they took Paul, and drew him out of the temple: and forthwith the doors were shut. -And as they went about to kill him, tidings came unto the chief captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in an uproar. -Who immediately took soldiers and centurions, and ran down unto them: and when they saw the chief captain and the soldiers, they left beating of Paul. -Then the chief captain came near, and took him, and commanded him to be bound with two chains; and demanded who he was, and what he had done. -And some cried one thing, some another, among the multitude: and when he could not know the certainty for the tumult, he commanded him to be carried into the castle. -And when he came upon the stairs, so it was, that he was borne of the soldiers for the violence of the people. -For the multitude of the people followed after, crying, Away with him. -And as Paul was to be led into the castle, he said unto the chief captain, May I speak unto thee? Who said, Canst thou speak Greek? -Art not thou that Egyptian, which before these days madest an uproar, and leddest out into the wilderness four thousand men that were murderers? -But Paul said, I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people. -And when he had given him licence, Paul stood on the stairs, and beckoned with the hand unto the people. And when there was made a great silence, he spake unto them in the Hebrew tongue, saying, -Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defence which I make now unto you. -(And when they heard that he spake in the Hebrew tongue to them, they kept the more silence: and he saith,) -I am verily a man which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye all are this day. -And I persecuted this way unto the death, binding and delivering into prisons both men and women. -As also the high priest doth bear me witness, and all the estate of the elders: from whom also I received letters unto the brethren, and went to Damascus, to bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem, for to be punished. -And it came to pass, that, as I made my journey, and was come nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly there shone from heaven a great light round about me. -And I fell unto the ground, and heard a voice saying unto me, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? -And I answered, Who art thou, Lord? And he said unto me, I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest. -And they that were with me saw indeed the light, and were afraid; but they heard not the voice of him that spake to me. -And I said, What shall I do, LORD? And the Lord said unto me, Arise, and go into Damascus; and there it shall be told thee of all things which are appointed for thee to do. -And when I could not see for the glory of that light, being led by the hand of them that were with me, I came into Damascus. -And one Ananias, a devout man according to the law, having a good report of all the Jews which dwelt there, -Came unto me, and stood, and said unto me, Brother Saul, receive thy sight. And the same hour I looked up upon him. -And he said, The God of our fathers hath chosen thee, that thou shouldest know his will, and see that Just One, and shouldest hear the voice of his mouth. -For thou shalt be his witness unto all men of what thou hast seen and heard. -And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord. -And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance; -And saw him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem: for they will not receive thy testimony concerning me. -And I said, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on thee: -And when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him. -And he said unto me, Depart: for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles. -And they gave him audience unto this word, and then lifted up their voices, and said, Away with such a fellow from the earth: for it is not fit that he should live. -And as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, -The chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle, and bade that he should be examined by scourging; that he might know wherefore they cried so against him. -And as they bound him with thongs, Paul said unto the centurion that stood by, Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman, and uncondemned? -When the centurion heard that, he went and told the chief captain, saying, Take heed what thou doest: for this man is a Roman. -Then the chief captain came, and said unto him, Tell me, art thou a Roman? He said, Yea. -And the chief captain answered, With a great sum obtained I this freedom. And Paul said, But I was free born. -Then straightway they departed from him which should have examined him: and the chief captain also was afraid, after he knew that he was a Roman, and because he had bound him. -On the morrow, because he would have known the certainty wherefore he was accused of the Jews, he loosed him from his bands, and commanded the chief priests and all their council to appear, and brought Paul down, and set him before them. -And Paul, earnestly beholding the council, said, Men and brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day. -And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth. -Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law? -And they that stood by said, Revilest thou God's high priest? -Then said Paul, I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest: for it is written, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people. -But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question. -And when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the Pharisees and the Sadducees: and the multitude was divided. -For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit: but the Pharisees confess both. -And there arose a great cry: and the scribes that were of the Pharisees' part arose, and strove, saying, We find no evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not fight against God. -And when there arose a great dissension, the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him into the castle. -And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome. -And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded together, and bound themselves under a curse, saying that they would neither eat nor drink till they had killed Paul. -And they were more than forty which had made this conspiracy. -And they came to the chief priests and elders, and said, We have bound ourselves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing until we have slain Paul. -Now therefore ye with the council signify to the chief captain that he bring him down unto you to morrow, as though ye would enquire something more perfectly concerning him: and we, or ever he come near, are ready to kill him. -And when Paul's sister's son heard of their lying in wait, he went and entered into the castle, and told Paul. -Then Paul called one of the centurions unto him, and said, Bring this young man unto the chief captain: for he hath a certain thing to tell him. -So he took him, and brought him to the chief captain, and said, Paul the prisoner called me unto him, and prayed me to bring this young man unto thee, who hath something to say unto thee. -Then the chief captain took him by the hand, and went with him aside privately, and asked him, What is that thou hast to tell me? -And he said, The Jews have agreed to desire thee that thou wouldest bring down Paul to morrow into the council, as though they would enquire somewhat of him more perfectly. -But do not thou yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men, which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him: and now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee. -So the chief captain then let the young man depart, and charged him, See thou tell no man that thou hast shewed these things to me. -And he called unto him two centurions, saying, Make ready two hundred soldiers to go to Caesarea, and horsemen threescore and ten, and spearmen two hundred, at the third hour of the night; -And provide them beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring him safe unto Felix the governor. -And he wrote a letter after this manner: -Claudius Lysias unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting. -This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been killed of them: then came I with an army, and rescued him, having understood that he was a Roman. -And when I would have known the cause wherefore they accused him, I brought him forth into their council: -Whom I perceived to be accused of questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds. -And when it was told me how that the Jews laid wait for the man, I sent straightway to thee, and gave commandment to his accusers also to say before thee what they had against him. Farewell. -Then the soldiers, as it was commanded them, took Paul, and brought him by night to Antipatris. -On the morrow they left the horsemen to go with him, and returned to the castle: -Who, when they came to Caesarea and delivered the epistle to the governor, presented Paul also before him. -And when the governor had read the letter, he asked of what province he was. And when he understood that he was of Cilicia; -I will hear thee, said he, when thine accusers are also come. And he commanded him to be kept in Herod's judgment hall. -And after five days Ananias the high priest descended with the elders, and with a certain orator named Tertullus, who informed the governor against Paul. -And when he was called forth, Tertullus began to accuse him, saying, Seeing that by thee we enjoy great quietness, and that very worthy deeds are done unto this nation by thy providence, -We accept it always, and in all places, most noble Felix, with all thankfulness. -Notwithstanding, that I be not further tedious unto thee, I pray thee that thou wouldest hear us of thy clemency a few words. -For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes: -Who also hath gone about to profane the temple: whom we took, and would have judged according to our law. -But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands, -Commanding his accusers to come unto thee: by examining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge of all these things, whereof we accuse him. -And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. -Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered, Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself: -Because that thou mayest understand, that there are yet but twelve days since I went up to Jerusalem for to worship. -And they neither found me in the temple disputing with any man, neither raising up the people, neither in the synagogues, nor in the city: -Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me. -But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: -And have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. -And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void to offence toward God, and toward men. -Now after many years I came to bring alms to my nation, and offerings. -Whereupon certain Jews from Asia found me purified in the temple, neither with multitude, nor with tumult. -Who ought to have been here before thee, and object, if they had ought against me. -Or else let these same here say, if they have found any evil doing in me, while I stood before the council, -Except it be for this one voice, that I cried standing among them, Touching the resurrection of the dead I am called in question by you this day. -And when Felix heard these things, having more perfect knowledge of that way, he deferred them, and said, When Lysias the chief captain shall come down, I will know the uttermost of your matter. -And he commanded a centurion to keep Paul, and to let him have liberty, and that he should forbid none of his acquaintance to minister or come unto him. -And after certain days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla, which was a Jewess, he sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ. -And as he reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come, Felix trembled, and answered, Go thy way for this time; when I have a convenient season, I will call for thee. -He hoped also that money should have been given him of Paul, that he might loose him: wherefore he sent for him the oftener, and communed with him. -But after two years Porcius Festus came into Felix' room: and Felix, willing to shew the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound. -Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem. -Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him, -And desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. -But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither. -Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him. -And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought. -And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove. -While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all. -But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me? -Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. -For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. -Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go. -And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus. -And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix: -About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him. -To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him. -Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth. -Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed: -But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive. -And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters. -But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar. -Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself. To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him. -And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul was brought forth. -And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer. -But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him. -Of whom I have no certain thing to write unto my lord. Wherefore I have brought him forth before you, and specially before thee, O king Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write. -For it seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him. -Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Thou art permitted to speak for thyself. Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for himself: -I think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall answer for myself this day before thee touching all the things whereof I am accused of the Jews: -Especially because I know thee to be expert in all customs and questions which are among the Jews: wherefore I beseech thee to hear me patiently. -My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews; -Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. -And now I stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made of God, unto our fathers: -Unto which promise our twelve tribes, instantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which hope's sake, king Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews. -Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead? -I verily thought with myself, that I ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. -Which thing I also did in Jerusalem: and many of the saints did I shut up in prison, having received authority from the chief priests; and when they were put to death, I gave my voice against them. -And I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities. -Whereupon as I went to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests, -At midday, O king, I saw in the way a light from heaven, above the brightness of the sun, shining round about me and them which journeyed with me. -And when we were all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking unto me, and saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. -And I said, Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest. -But rise, and stand upon thy feet: for I have appeared unto thee for this purpose, to make thee a minister and a witness both of these things which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I will appear unto thee; -Delivering thee from the people, and from the Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee, -To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me. -Whereupon, O king Agrippa, I was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision: -But shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance. -For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, and went about to kill me. -Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come: -That Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise from the dead, and should shew light unto the people, and to the Gentiles. -And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad. -But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. -For the king knoweth of these things, before whom also I speak freely: for I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from him; for this thing was not done in a corner. -King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? I know that thou believest. -Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. -And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am, except these bonds. -And when he had thus spoken, the king rose up, and the governor, and Bernice, and they that sat with them: -And when they were gone aside, they talked between themselves, saying, This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds. -Then said Agrippa unto Festus, This man might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed unto Caesar. -And when it was determined that we should sail into Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners unto one named Julius, a centurion of Augustus' band. -And entering into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia; one Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us. -And the next day we touched at Sidon. And Julius courteously entreated Paul, and gave him liberty to go unto his friends to refresh himself. -And when we had launched from thence, we sailed under Cyprus, because the winds were contrary. -And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Myra, a city of Lycia. -And there the centurion found a ship of Alexandria sailing into Italy; and he put us therein. -And when we had sailed slowly many days, and scarce were come over against Cnidus, the wind not suffering us, we sailed under Crete, over against Salmone; -And, hardly passing it, came unto a place which is called The fair havens; nigh whereunto was the city of Lasea. -Now when much time was spent, and when sailing was now dangerous, because the fast was now already past, Paul admonished them, -And said unto them, Sirs, I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt and much damage, not only of the lading and ship, but also of our lives. -Nevertheless the centurion believed the master and the owner of the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul. -And because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence also, if by any means they might attain to Phenice, and there to winter; which is an haven of Crete, and lieth toward the south west and north west. -And when the south wind blew softly, supposing that they had obtained their purpose, loosing thence, they sailed close by Crete. -But not long after there arose against it a tempestuous wind, called Euroclydon. -And when the ship was caught, and could not bear up into the wind, we let her drive. -And running under a certain island which is called Clauda, we had much work to come by the boat: -Which when they had taken up, they used helps, undergirding the ship; and, fearing lest they should fall into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were driven. -And we being exceedingly tossed with a tempest, the next day they lightened the ship; -And the third day we cast out with our own hands the tackling of the ship. -And when neither sun nor stars in many days appeared, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope that we should be saved was then taken away. -But after long abstinence Paul stood forth in the midst of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto me, and not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss. -And now I exhort you to be of good cheer: for there shall be no loss of any man's life among you, but of the ship. -For there stood by me this night the angel of God, whose I am, and whom I serve, -Saying, Fear not, Paul; thou must be brought before Caesar: and, lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with thee. -Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it shall be even as it was told me. -Howbeit we must be cast upon a certain island. -But when the fourteenth night was come, as we were driven up and down in Adria, about midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country; -And sounded, and found it twenty fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they sounded again, and found it fifteen fathoms. -Then fearing lest we should have fallen upon rocks, they cast four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day. -And as the shipmen were about to flee out of the ship, when they had let down the boat into the sea, under colour as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship, -Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. -Then the soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, and let her fall off. -And while the day was coming on, Paul besought them all to take meat, saying, This day is the fourteenth day that ye have tarried and continued fasting, having taken nothing. -Wherefore I pray you to take some meat: for this is for your health: for there shall not an hair fall from the head of any of you. -And when he had thus spoken, he took bread, and gave thanks to God in presence of them all: and when he had broken it, he began to eat. -Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took some meat. -And we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls. -And when they had eaten enough, they lightened the ship, and cast out the wheat into the sea. -And when it was day, they knew not the land: but they discovered a certain creek with a shore, into the which they were minded, if it were possible, to thrust in the ship. -And when they had taken up the anchors, they committed themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up the mainsail to the wind, and made toward shore. -And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran the ship aground; and the forepart stuck fast, and remained unmoveable, but the hinder part was broken with the violence of the waves. -And the soldiers' counsel was to kill the prisoners, lest any of them should swim out, and escape. -But the centurion, willing to save Paul, kept them from their purpose; and commanded that they which could swim should cast themselves first into the sea, and get to land: -And the rest, some on boards, and some on broken pieces of the ship. And so it came to pass, that they escaped all safe to land. -And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita. -And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold. -And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. -And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live. -And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm. -Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god. -In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously. -And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him. -So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed: -Who also honoured us with many honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary. -And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux. -And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days. -And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli: -Where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with them seven days: and so we went toward Rome. -And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage. -And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him. -And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said unto them, Men and brethren, though I have committed nothing against the people, or customs of our fathers, yet was I delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans. -Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me. -But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of. -For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain. -And they said unto him, We neither received letters out of Judaea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed or spake any harm of thee. -But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against. -And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening. -And some believed the things which were spoken, and some believed not. -And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our fathers, -Saying, Go unto this people, and say, Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive: -For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. -Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it. -And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves. -And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him, -Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him. -Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, -(Which he had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures,) -Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh; -And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: -By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name: -Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ: -To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. -First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world. -For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers; -Making request, if by any means now at length I might have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you. -For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established; -That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me. -Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles. -I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. -So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also. -For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. -For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith. -For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness; -Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. -For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: -Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. -Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, -And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. -Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves: -Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen. -For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature: -And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet. -And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; -Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, -Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, -Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: -Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them. -Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things. -But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things. -And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God? -Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance? -But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God; -Who will render to every man according to his deeds: -To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life: -But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, -Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; -But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile: -For there is no respect of persons with God. -For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; -(For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified. -For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: -Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) -In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel. -Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God, -And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law; -And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness, -An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law. -Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal? -Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege? -Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God? -For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written. -For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision. -Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision? -And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law? -For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: -But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God. -What advantage then hath the Jew? or what profit is there of circumcision? -Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them were committed the oracles of God. -For what if some did not believe? shall their unbelief make the faith of God without effect? -God forbid: yea, let God be true, but every man a liar; as it is written, That thou mightest be justified in thy sayings, and mightest overcome when thou art judged. -But if our unrighteousness commend the righteousness of God, what shall we say? Is God unrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speak as a man) -God forbid: for then how shall God judge the world? -For if the truth of God hath more abounded through my lie unto his glory; why yet am I also judged as a sinner? -And not rather, (as we be slanderously reported, and as some affirm that we say,) Let us do evil, that good may come? whose damnation is just. -What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; -As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one: -There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. -They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. -Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: -Whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness: -Their feet are swift to shed blood: -Destruction and misery are in their ways: -And the way of peace have they not known: -There is no fear of God before their eyes. -Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. -Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin. -But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; -Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: -For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; -Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: -Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; -To declare, I say, at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. -Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay: but by the law of faith. -Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law. -Is he the God of the Jews only? is he not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also: -Seeing it is one God, which shall justify the circumcision by faith, and uncircumcision through faith. -Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law. -What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found? -For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God. -For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. -Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. -But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness. -Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, -Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. -Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin. -Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness. -How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision. -And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also: -And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised. -For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith. -For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect: -Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression. -Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all, -(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were. -Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be. -And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sarah's womb: -He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; -And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform. -And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness. -Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him; -But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead; -Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. -Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: -By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God. -And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; -And patience, experience; and experience, hope: -And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us. -For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. -For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die. -But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. -Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. -For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. -And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. -Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: -(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law. -Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. -But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many. -And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. -For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ.) -Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. -For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. -Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound: -That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord. -What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? -God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any longer therein? -Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? -Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life. -For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection: -Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. -For he that is dead is freed from sin. -Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him: -Knowing that Christ being raised from the dead dieth no more; death hath no more dominion over him. -For in that he died, he died unto sin once: but in that he liveth, he liveth unto God. -Likewise reckon ye also yourselves to be dead indeed unto sin, but alive unto God through Jesus Christ our Lord. -Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, that ye should obey it in the lusts thereof. -Neither yield ye your members as instruments of unrighteousness unto sin: but yield yourselves unto God, as those that are alive from the dead, and your members as instruments of righteousness unto God. -For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law, but under grace. -What then? shall we sin, because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid. -Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness? -But God be thanked, that ye were the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart that form of doctrine which was delivered you. -Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of righteousness. -I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness. -For when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness. -What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed? for the end of those things is death. -But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life. -For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. -Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law,) how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? -For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the law to her husband so long as he liveth; but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the law of her husband. -So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if her husband be dead, she is free from that law; so that she is no adulteress, though she be married to another man. -Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the law by the body of Christ; that ye should be married to another, even to him who is raised from the dead, that we should bring forth fruit unto God. -For when we were in the flesh, the motions of sins, which were by the law, did work in our members to bring forth fruit unto death. -But now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter. -What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid. Nay, I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet. -But sin, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all manner of concupiscence. For without the law sin was dead. -For I was alive without the law once: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died. -And the commandment, which was ordained to life, I found to be unto death. -For sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me, and by it slew me. -Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good. -Was then that which is good made death unto me? God forbid. But sin, that it might appear sin, working death in me by that which is good; that sin by the commandment might become exceeding sinful. -For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. -For that which I do I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. -If then I do that which I would not, I consent unto the law that it is good. -Now then it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. -For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not. -For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do. -Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. -I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. -For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: -But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. -O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death? -I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord. So then with the mind I myself serve the law of God; but with the flesh the law of sin. -There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. -For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. -For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: -That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. -For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit. -For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. -Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. -So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God. -But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his. -And if Christ be in you, the body is dead because of sin; but the Spirit is life because of righteousness. -But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, he that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies by his Spirit that dwelleth in you. -Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh. -For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live. -For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God. -For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. -The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God: -And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. -For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us. -For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God. -For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, -Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. -For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. -And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body. -For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope: for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for? -But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it. -Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. -And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God. -And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose. -For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. -Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. -What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who can be against us? -He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things? -Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth. -Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us. -Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? -As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter. -Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us. -For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, -Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. -I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost, -That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart. -For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: -Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; -Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen. -Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel: -Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called. -That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed. -For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sarah shall have a son. -And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac; -(For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;) -It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. -As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. -What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. -For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. -So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. -For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. -Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth. -Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will? -Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? -Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour? -What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction: -And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory, -Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? -As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved. -And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God. -Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved: -For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth. -And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha. -What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith. -But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. -Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; -As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. -Brethren, my heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved. -For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. -For they being ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of God. -For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth. -For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them. -But the righteousness which is of faith speaketh on this wise, Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above:) -Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.) -But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach; -That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. -For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. -For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. -For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him. -For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. -How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher? -And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things! -But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias saith, Lord, who hath believed our report? -So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. -But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world. -But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you. -But Esaias is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that sought me not; I was made manifest unto them that asked not after me. -But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people. -I say then, Hath God cast away his people? God forbid. For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. -God hath not cast away his people which he foreknew. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God against Israel saying, -Lord, they have killed thy prophets, and digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. -But what saith the answer of God unto him? I have reserved to myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to the image of Baal. -Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace. -And if by grace, then is it no more of works: otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is no more grace: otherwise work is no more work. -What then? Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for; but the election hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded. -(According as it is written, God hath given them the spirit of slumber, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear;) unto this day. -And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: -Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see, and bow down their back alway. -I say then, Have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy. -Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fulness? -For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office: -If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them. -For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world, what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead? -For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root be holy, so are the branches. -And if some of the branches be broken off, and thou, being a wild olive tree, wert graffed in among them, and with them partakest of the root and fatness of the olive tree; -Boast not against the branches. But if thou boast, thou bearest not the root, but the root thee. -Thou wilt say then, The branches were broken off, that I might be graffed in. -Well; because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest by faith. Be not highminded, but fear: -For if God spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not thee. -Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God: on them which fell, severity; but toward thee, goodness, if thou continue in his goodness: otherwise thou also shalt be cut off. -And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be graffed in: for God is able to graff them in again. -For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and wert graffed contrary to nature into a good olive tree: how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be graffed into their own olive tree? -For I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own conceits; that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in. -And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: -For this is my covenant unto them, when I shall take away their sins. -As concerning the gospel, they are enemies for your sakes: but as touching the election, they are beloved for the father's sakes. -For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance. -For as ye in times past have not believed God, yet have now obtained mercy through their unbelief: -Even so have these also now not believed, that through your mercy they also may obtain mercy. -For God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might have mercy upon all. -O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! -For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been his counsellor? -Or who hath first given to him, and it shall be recompensed unto him again? -For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen. -I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. -And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. -For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith. -For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office: -So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another. -Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith; -Or ministry, let us wait on our ministering: or he that teacheth, on teaching; -Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation: he that giveth, let him do it with simplicity; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that sheweth mercy, with cheerfulness. -Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. -Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another; -Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord; -Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer; -Distributing to the necessity of saints; given to hospitality. -Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not. -Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that weep. -Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits. -Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men. -If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men. -Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord. -Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head. -Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. -Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. -Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. -For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: -For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. -Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. -For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. -Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour. -Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. -For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. -Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. -And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. -The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. -Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying. -But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof. -Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations. -For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, eateth herbs. -Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God hath received him. -Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is able to make him stand. -One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. -He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks. -For none of us liveth to himself, and no man dieth to himself. -For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we die unto the Lord: whether we live therefore, or die, we are the Lord's. -For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be Lord both of the dead and living. -But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. -For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. -So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God. -Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this rather, that no man put a stumblingblock or an occasion to fall in his brother's way. -I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is nothing unclean of itself: but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to him it is unclean. -But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably. Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died. -Let not then your good be evil spoken of: -For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. -For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men. -Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another. -For meat destroy not the work of God. All things indeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence. -It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak. -Hast thou faith? have it to thyself before God. Happy is he that condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth. -And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin. -We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves. -Let every one of us please his neighbour for his good to edification. -For even Christ pleased not himself; but, as it is written, The reproaches of them that reproached thee fell on me. -For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope. -Now the God of patience and consolation grant you to be likeminded one toward another according to Christ Jesus: -That ye may with one mind and one mouth glorify God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. -Wherefore receive ye one another, as Christ also received us to the glory of God. -Now I say that Jesus Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers: -And that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy; as it is written, For this cause I will confess to thee among the Gentiles, and sing unto thy name. -And again he saith, Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with his people. -And again, Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles; and laud him, all ye people. -And again, Esaias saith, There shall be a root of Jesse, and he that shall rise to reign over the Gentiles; in him shall the Gentiles trust. -Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abound in hope, through the power of the Holy Ghost. -And I myself also am persuaded of you, my brethren, that ye also are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge, able also to admonish one another. -Nevertheless, brethren, I have written the more boldly unto you in some sort, as putting you in mind, because of the grace that is given to me of God, -That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost. -I have therefore whereof I may glory through Jesus Christ in those things which pertain to God. -For I will not dare to speak of any of those things which Christ hath not wrought by me, to make the Gentiles obedient, by word and deed, -Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God; so that from Jerusalem, and round about unto Illyricum, I have fully preached the gospel of Christ. -Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel, not where Christ was named, lest I should build upon another man's foundation: -But as it is written, To whom he was not spoken of, they shall see: and they that have not heard shall understand. -For which cause also I have been much hindered from coming to you. -But now having no more place in these parts, and having a great desire these many years to come unto you; -Whensoever I take my journey into Spain, I will come to you: for I trust to see you in my journey, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, if first I be somewhat filled with your company. -But now I go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints. -For it hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. -It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are. For if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things. -When therefore I have performed this, and have sealed to them this fruit, I will come by you into Spain. -And I am sure that, when I come unto you, I shall come in the fulness of the blessing of the gospel of Christ. -Now I beseech you, brethren, for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake, and for the love of the Spirit, that ye strive together with me in your prayers to God for me; -That I may be delivered from them that do not believe in Judaea; and that my service which I have for Jerusalem may be accepted of the saints; -That I may come unto you with joy by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed. -Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen. -I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: -That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. -Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: -Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles. -Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my well-beloved Epaenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ. -Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us. -Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. -Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord. -Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved. -Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus' household. -Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord. -Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord. -Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine. -Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them. -Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them. -Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you. -Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them. -For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple. -For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil. -And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. -Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you. -I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord. -Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. -Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, -But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith: -To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen. -Paul called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ through the will of God, and Sosthenes our brother, -Unto the church of God which is at Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both their's and our's: -Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. -I thank my God always on your behalf, for the grace of God which is given you by Jesus Christ; -That in every thing ye are enriched by him, in all utterance, and in all knowledge; -Even as the testimony of Christ was confirmed in you: -So that ye come behind in no gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: -Who shall also confirm you unto the end, that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ. -God is faithful, by whom ye were called unto the fellowship of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord. -Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. -For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you. -Now this I say, that every one of you saith, I am of Paul; and I of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ. -Is Christ divided? was Paul crucified for you? or were ye baptized in the name of Paul? -I thank God that I baptized none of you, but Crispus and Gaius; -Lest any should say that I had baptized in mine own name. -And I baptized also the household of Stephanas: besides, I know not whether I baptized any other. -For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel: not with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect. -For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God. -For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent. -Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? -For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. -For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom: -But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; -But unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. -Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men. -For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: -But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty; -And base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to bring to nought things that are: -That no flesh should glory in his presence. -But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: -That, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. -And I, brethren, when I came to you, came not with excellency of speech or of wisdom, declaring unto you the testimony of God. -For I determined not to know any thing among you, save Jesus Christ, and him crucified. -And I was with you in weakness, and in fear, and in much trembling. -And my speech and my preaching was not with enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power: -That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God. -Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: yet not the wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, that come to nought: -But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: -Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. -But as it is written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him. -But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. -For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God. -Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely given to us of God. -Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual. -But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned. -But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man. -For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? but we have the mind of Christ. -And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ. -I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able. -For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and walk as men? -For while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? -Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? -I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. -So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase. -Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour. -For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. -According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. -For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. -Now if any man build upon this foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble; -Every man's work shall be made manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is. -If any man's work abide which he hath built thereupon, he shall receive a reward. -If any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved; yet so as by fire. -Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? -If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. -Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise. -For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. -And again, The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise, that they are vain. -Therefore let no man glory in men. For all things are your's; -Whether Paul, or Apollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or death, or things present, or things to come; all are your's; -And ye are Christ's; and Christ is God's. -Let a man so account of us, as of the ministers of Christ, and stewards of the mysteries of God. -Moreover it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful. -But with me it is a very small thing that I should be judged of you, or of man's judgment: yea, I judge not mine own self. -For I know nothing by myself; yet am I not hereby justified: but he that judgeth me is the Lord. -Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have praise of God. -And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another. -For who maketh thee to differ from another? and what hast thou that thou didst not receive? now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it? -Now ye are full, now ye are rich, ye have reigned as kings without us: and I would to God ye did reign, that we also might reign with you. -For I think that God hath set forth us the apostles last, as it were appointed to death: for we are made a spectacle unto the world, and to angels, and to men. -We are fools for Christ's sake, but ye are wise in Christ; we are weak, but ye are strong; ye are honourable, but we are despised. -Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are naked, and are buffeted, and have no certain dwellingplace; -And labour, working with our own hands: being reviled, we bless; being persecuted, we suffer it: -Being defamed, we intreat: we are made as the filth of the world, and are the offscouring of all things unto this day. -I write not these things to shame you, but as my beloved sons I warn you. -For though ye have ten thousand instructers in Christ, yet have ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through the gospel. -Wherefore I beseech you, be ye followers of me. -For this cause have I sent unto you Timotheus, who is my beloved son, and faithful in the Lord, who shall bring you into remembrance of my ways which be in Christ, as I teach every where in every church. -Now some are puffed up, as though I would not come to you. -But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord will, and will know, not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power. -For the kingdom of God is not in word, but in power. -What will ye? shall I come unto you with a rod, or in love, and in the spirit of meekness? -It is reported commonly that there is fornication among you, and such fornication as is not so much as named among the Gentiles, that one should have his father's wife. -And ye are puffed up, and have not rather mourned, that he that hath done this deed might be taken away from among you. -For I verily, as absent in body, but present in spirit, have judged already, as though I were present, concerning him that hath so done this deed, -In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, when ye are gathered together, and my spirit, with the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, -To deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus. -Your glorying is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump? -Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: -Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. -I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators: -Yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world, or with the covetous, or extortioners, or with idolaters; for then must ye needs go out of the world. -But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolator, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat. -For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within? -But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person. -Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before the unjust, and not before the saints? -Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? and if the world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters? -Know ye not that we shall judge angels? how much more things that pertain to this life? -If then ye have judgments of things pertaining to this life, set them to judge who are least esteemed in the church. -I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not a wise man among you? no, not one that shall be able to judge between his brethren? -But brother goeth to law with brother, and that before the unbelievers. -Now therefore there is utterly a fault among you, because ye go to law one with another. Why do ye not rather take wrong? why do ye not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded? -Nay, ye do wrong, and defraud, and that your brethren. -Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, -Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. -And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. -All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any. -Meats for the belly, and the belly for meats: but God shall destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for fornication, but for the Lord; and the Lord for the body. -And God hath both raised up the Lord, and will also raise up us by his own power. -Know ye not that your bodies are the members of Christ? shall I then take the members of Christ, and make them the members of an harlot? God forbid. -What? know ye not that he which is joined to an harlot is one body? for two, saith he, shall be one flesh. -But he that is joined unto the Lord is one spirit. -Flee fornication. Every sin that a man doeth is without the body; but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body. -What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? -For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God's. -Now concerning the things whereof ye wrote unto me: It is good for a man not to touch a woman. -Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband. -Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence: and likewise also the wife unto the husband. -The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband: and likewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the wife. -Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency. -But I speak this by permission, and not of commandment. -For I would that all men were even as I myself. But every man hath his proper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that. -I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, it is good for them if they abide even as I. -But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn. -And unto the married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, Let not the wife depart from her husband: -But and if she depart, let her remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband: and let not the husband put away his wife. -But to the rest speak I, not the Lord: If any brother hath a wife that believeth not, and she be pleased to dwell with him, let him not put her away. -And the woman which hath an husband that believeth not, and if he be pleased to dwell with her, let her not leave him. -For the unbelieving husband is sanctified by the wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband: else were your children unclean; but now are they holy. -But if the unbelieving depart, let him depart. A brother or a sister is not under bondage in such cases: but God hath called us to peace. -For what knowest thou, O wife, whether thou shalt save thy husband? or how knowest thou, O man, whether thou shalt save thy wife? -But as God hath distributed to every man, as the Lord hath called every one, so let him walk. And so ordain I in all churches. -Is any man called being circumcised? let him not become uncircumcised. Is any called in uncircumcision? let him not be circumcised. -Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of God. -Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called. -Art thou called being a servant? care not for it: but if thou mayest be made free, use it rather. -For he that is called in the Lord, being a servant, is the Lord's freeman: likewise also he that is called, being free, is Christ's servant. -Ye are bought with a price; be not ye the servants of men. -Brethren, let every man, wherein he is called, therein abide with God. -Now concerning virgins I have no commandment of the Lord: yet I give my judgment, as one that hath obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful. -I suppose therefore that this is good for the present distress, I say, that it is good for a man so to be. -Art thou bound unto a wife? seek not to be loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seek not a wife. -But and if thou marry, thou hast not sinned; and if a virgin marry, she hath not sinned. Nevertheless such shall have trouble in the flesh: but I spare you. -But this I say, brethren, the time is short: it remaineth, that both they that have wives be as though they had none; -And they that weep, as though they wept not; and they that rejoice, as though they rejoiced not; and they that buy, as though they possessed not; -And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away. -But I would have you without carefulness. He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord: -But he that is married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please his wife. -There is difference also between a wife and a virgin. The unmarried woman careth for the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit: but she that is married careth for the things of the world, how she may please her husband. -And this I speak for your own profit; not that I may cast a snare upon you, but for that which is comely, and that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. -But if any man think that he behaveth himself uncomely toward his virgin, if she pass the flower of her age, and need so require, let him do what he will, he sinneth not: let them marry. -Nevertheless he that standeth stedfast in his heart, having no necessity, but hath power over his own will, and hath so decreed in his heart that he will keep his virgin, doeth well. -So then he that giveth her in marriage doeth well; but he that giveth her not in marriage doeth better. -The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord. -But she is happier if she so abide, after my judgment: and I think also that I have the Spirit of God. -Now as touching things offered unto idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth. -And if any man think that he knoweth any thing, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know. -But if any man love God, the same is known of him. -As concerning therefore the eating of those things that are offered in sacrifice unto idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world, and that there is none other God but one. -For though there be that are called gods, whether in heaven or in earth, (as there be gods many, and lords many,) -But to us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by him. -Howbeit there is not in every man that knowledge: for some with conscience of the idol unto this hour eat it as a thing offered unto an idol; and their conscience being weak is defiled. -But meat commendeth us not to God: for neither, if we eat, are we the better; neither, if we eat not, are we the worse. -But take heed lest by any means this liberty of your's become a stumbling block to them that are weak. -For if any man see thee which hast knowledge sit at meat in the idol's temple, shall not the conscience of him which is weak be emboldened to eat those things which are offered to idols; -And through thy knowledge shall the weak brother perish, for whom Christ died? -But when ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, ye sin against Christ. -Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend. -Am I am not an apostle? am I not free? have I not seen Jesus Christ our Lord? are not ye my work in the Lord? -If I be not an apostle unto others, yet doubtless I am to you: for the seal of mine apostleship are ye in the Lord. -Mine answer to them that do examine me is this, -Have we not power to eat and to drink? -Have we not power to lead about a sister, a wife, as well as other apostles, and as the brethren of the Lord, and Cephas? -Or I only and Barnabas, have not we power to forbear working? -Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? -Say I these things as a man? or saith not the law the same also? -For it is written in the law of Moses, thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen? -Or saith he it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is written: that he that ploweth should plow in hope; and that he that thresheth in hope should be partaker of his hope. -If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap your carnal things? -If others be partakers of this power over you, are not we rather? Nevertheless we have not used this power; but suffer all things, lest we should hinder the gospel of Christ. -Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of the things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar? -Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel. -But I have used none of these things: neither have I written these things, that it should be so done unto me: for it were better for me to die, than that any man should make my glorying void. -For though I preach the gospel, I have nothing to glory of: for necessity is laid upon me; yea, woe is unto me, if I preach not the gospel! -For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward: but if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me. -What is my reward then? Verily that, when I preach the gospel, I may make the gospel of Christ without charge, that I abuse not my power in the gospel. -For though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto all, that I might gain the more. -And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; -To them that are without law, as without law, (being not without law to God, but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them that are without law. -To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some. -And this I do for the gospel's sake, that I might be partaker thereof with you. -Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain. -And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. -I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air: -But I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. -Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; -And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea; -And did all eat the same spiritual meat; -And did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christ. -But with many of them God was not well pleased: for they were overthrown in the wilderness. -Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted. -Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written, The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. -Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand. -Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also tempted, and were destroyed of serpents. -Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured, and were destroyed of the destroyer. -Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come. -Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall. -There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it. -Wherefore, my dearly beloved, flee from idolatry. -I speak as to wise men; judge ye what I say. -The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? -For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all partakers of that one bread. -Behold Israel after the flesh: are not they which eat of the sacrifices partakers of the altar? -What say I then? that the idol is any thing, or that which is offered in sacrifice to idols is any thing? -But I say, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils. -Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils. -Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? are we stronger than he? -All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not. -Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth. -Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat, asking no question for conscience sake: -For the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof. -If any of them that believe not bid you to a feast, and ye be disposed to go; whatsoever is set before you, eat, asking no question for conscience sake. -But if any man say unto you, this is offered in sacrifice unto idols, eat not for his sake that shewed it, and for conscience sake: for the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof: -Conscience, I say, not thine own, but of the other: for why is my liberty judged of another man's conscience? -For if I by grace be a partaker, why am I evil spoken of for that for which I give thanks? -Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. -Give none offence, neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor to the church of God: -Even as I please all men in all things, not seeking mine own profit, but the profit of many, that they may be saved. -Be ye followers of me, even as I also am of Christ. -Now I praise you, brethren, that ye remember me in all things, and keep the ordinances, as I delivered them to you. -But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God. -Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonoureth his head. -But every woman that prayeth or prophesieth with her head uncovered dishonoureth her head: for that is even all one as if she were shaven. -For if the woman be not covered, let her also be shorn: but if it be a shame for a woman to be shorn or shaven, let her be covered. -For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man. -For the man is not of the woman: but the woman of the man. -Neither was the man created for the woman; but the woman for the man. -For this cause ought the woman to have power on her head because of the angels. -Nevertheless neither is the man without the woman, neither the woman without the man, in the Lord. -For as the woman is of the man, even so is the man also by the woman; but all things of God. -Judge in yourselves: is it comely that a woman pray unto God uncovered? -Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him? -But if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering. -But if any man seem to be contentious, we have no such custom, neither the churches of God. -Now in this that I declare unto you I praise you not, that ye come together not for the better, but for the worse. -For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear that there be divisions among you; and I partly believe it. -For there must be also heresies among you, that they which are approved may be made manifest among you. -When ye come together therefore into one place, this is not to eat the Lord's supper. -For in eating every one taketh before other his own supper: and one is hungry, and another is drunken. -What? have ye not houses to eat and to drink in? or despise ye the church of God, and shame them that have not? what shall I say to you? shall I praise you in this? I praise you not. -For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread: -And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me. -After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, this cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. -For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord's death till he come. -Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord. -But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup. -For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's body. -For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep. -For if we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged. -But when we are judged, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not be condemned with the world. -Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one for another. -And if any man hunger, let him eat at home; that ye come not together unto condemnation. And the rest will I set in order when I come. -Now concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I would not have you ignorant. -Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led. -Wherefore I give you to understand, that no man speaking by the Spirit of God calleth Jesus accursed: and that no man can say that Jesus is the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost. -Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit. -And there are differences of administrations, but the same Lord. -And there are diversities of operations, but it is the same God which worketh all in all. -But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man to profit withal. -For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom; to another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit; -To another faith by the same Spirit; to another the gifts of healing by the same Spirit; -To another the working of miracles; to another prophecy; to another discerning of spirits; to another divers kinds of tongues; to another the interpretation of tongues: -But all these worketh that one and the selfsame Spirit, dividing to every man severally as he will. -For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also is Christ. -For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. -For the body is not one member, but many. -If the foot shall say, Because I am not the hand, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? -And if the ear shall say, Because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? -If the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing? If the whole were hearing, where were the smelling? -But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it hath pleased him. -And if they were all one member, where were the body? -But now are they many members, yet but one body. -And the eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no need of thee: nor again the head to the feet, I have no need of you. -Nay, much more those members of the body, which seem to be more feeble, are necessary: -And those members of the body, which we think to be less honourable, upon these we bestow more abundant honour; and our uncomely parts have more abundant comeliness. -For our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, having given more abundant honour to that part which lacked. -That there should be no schism in the body; but that the members should have the same care one for another. -And whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it; or one member be honoured, all the members rejoice with it. -Now ye are the body of Christ, and members in particular. -And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues. -Are all apostles? are all prophets? are all teachers? are all workers of miracles? -Have all the gifts of healing? do all speak with tongues? do all interpret? -But covet earnestly the best gifts: and yet shew I unto you a more excellent way. -Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. -And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. -And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. -Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, -Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; -Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; -Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. -Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. -For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. -But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. -When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. -For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known. -And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. -Follow after charity, and desire spiritual gifts, but rather that ye may prophesy. -For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries. -But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort. -He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church. -I would that ye all spake with tongues but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive edifying. -Now, brethren, if I come unto you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by doctrine? -And even things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped? -For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle? -So likewise ye, except ye utter by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what is spoken? for ye shall speak into the air. -There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification. -Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. -Even so ye, forasmuch as ye are zealous of spiritual gifts, seek that ye may excel to the edifying of the church. -Wherefore let him that speaketh in an unknown tongue pray that he may interpret. -For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful. -What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit, and I will sing with the understanding also. -Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest? -For thou verily givest thanks well, but the other is not edified. -I thank my God, I speak with tongues more than ye all: -Yet in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue. -Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men. -In the law it is written, With men of other tongues and other lips will I speak unto this people; and yet for all that will they not hear me, saith the Lord. -Wherefore tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but to them that believe not: but prophesying serveth not for them that believe not, but for them which believe. -If therefore the whole church be come together into one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad? -But if all prophesy, and there come in one that believeth not, or one unlearned, he is convinced of all, he is judged of all: -And thus are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth. -How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying. -If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at the most by three, and that by course; and let one interpret. -But if there be no interpreter, let him keep silence in the church; and let him speak to himself, and to God. -Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge. -If any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the first hold his peace. -For ye may all prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all may be comforted. -And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets. -For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints. -Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience as also saith the law. -And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church. -What? came the word of God out from you? or came it unto you only? -If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord. -But if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant. -Wherefore, brethren, covet to prophesy, and forbid not to speak with tongues. -Let all things be done decently and in order. -Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; -By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain. -For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; -And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures: -And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve: -After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. -After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles. -And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time. -For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. -But by the grace of God I am what I am: and his grace which was bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me. -Therefore whether it were I or they, so we preach, and so ye believed. -Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead? -But if there be no resurrection of the dead, then is Christ not risen: -And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain. -Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not. -For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised: -And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins. -Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished. -If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable. -But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. -For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead. -For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. -But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming. -Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power. -For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet. -The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death. -For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him. -And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all. -Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead? -And why stand we in jeopardy every hour? -I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily. -If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die. -Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. -Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame. -But some man will say, How are the dead raised up? and with what body do they come? -Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened, except it die: -And that which thou sowest, thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of wheat, or of some other grain: -But God giveth it a body as it hath pleased him, and to every seed his own body. -All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. -There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. -There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. -So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption: -It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: -It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body. -And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. -Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual. -The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is the Lord from heaven. -As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy: and as is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly. -And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly. -Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption. -Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, -In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. -For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. -So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. -O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? -The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law. -But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. -Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the Lord. -Now concerning the collection for the saints, as I have given order to the churches of Galatia, even so do ye. -Upon the first day of the week let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him, that there be no gatherings when I come. -And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your letters, them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem. -And if it be meet that I go also, they shall go with me. -Now I will come unto you, when I shall pass through Macedonia: for I do pass through Macedonia. -And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you, that ye may bring me on my journey whithersoever I go. -For I will not see you now by the way; but I trust to tarry a while with you, if the Lord permit. -But I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost. -For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are many adversaries. -Now if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear: for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do. -Let no man therefore despise him: but conduct him forth in peace, that he may come unto me: for I look for him with the brethren. -As touching our brother Apollos, I greatly desired him to come unto you with the brethren: but his will was not at all to come at this time; but he will come when he shall have convenient time. -Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong. -Let all your things be done with charity. -I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints,) -That ye submit yourselves unto such, and to every one that helpeth with us, and laboureth. -I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus: for that which was lacking on your part they have supplied. -For they have refreshed my spirit and your's: therefore acknowledge ye them that are such. -The churches of Asia salute you. Aquila and Priscilla salute you much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house. -All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with an holy kiss. -The salutation of me Paul with mine own hand. -If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. -My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen. -Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, unto the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia: -Grace be to you and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. -Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort; -Who comforteth us in all our tribulation, that we may be able to comfort them which are in any trouble, by the comfort wherewith we ourselves are comforted of God. -For as the sufferings of Christ abound in us, so our consolation also aboundeth by Christ. -And whether we be afflicted, it is for your consolation and salvation, which is effectual in the enduring of the same sufferings which we also suffer: or whether we be comforted, it is for your consolation and salvation. -And our hope of you is stedfast, knowing, that as ye are partakers of the sufferings, so shall ye be also of the consolation. -For we would not, brethren, have you ignorant of our trouble which came to us in Asia, that we were pressed out of measure, above strength, insomuch that we despaired even of life: -But we had the sentence of death in ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God which raiseth the dead: -Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us; -Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for the gift bestowed upon us by the means of many persons thanks may be given by many on our behalf. -For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we have had our conversation in the world, and more abundantly to you-ward. -For we write none other things unto you, that what ye read or acknowledge; and I trust ye shall acknowledge even to the end; -As also ye have acknowledged us in part, that we are your rejoicing, even as ye also are our's in the day of the Lord Jesus. -And in this confidence I was minded to come unto you before, that ye might have a second benefit; -And to pass by you into Macedonia, and to come again out of Macedonia unto you, and of you to be brought on my way toward Judaea. -When I therefore was thus minded, did I use lightness? or the things that I purpose, do I purpose according to the flesh, that with me there should be yea yea, and nay nay? -But as God is true, our word toward you was not yea and nay. -For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was preached among you by us, even by me and Silvanus and Timotheus, was not yea and nay, but in him was yea. -For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen, unto the glory of God by us. -Now he which stablisheth us with you in Christ, and hath anointed us, is God; -Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts. -Moreover I call God for a record upon my soul, that to spare you I came not as yet unto Corinth. -Not for that we have dominion over your faith, but are helpers of your joy: for by faith ye stand. -But I determined this with myself, that I would not come again to you in heaviness. -For if I make you sorry, who is he then that maketh me glad, but the same which is made sorry by me? -And I wrote this same unto you, lest, when I came, I should have sorrow from them of whom I ought to rejoice; having confidence in you all, that my joy is the joy of you all. -For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote unto you with many tears; not that ye should be grieved, but that ye might know the love which I have more abundantly unto you. -But if any have caused grief, he hath not grieved me, but in part: that I may not overcharge you all. -Sufficient to such a man is this punishment, which was inflicted of many. -So that contrariwise ye ought rather to forgive him, and comfort him, lest perhaps such a one should be swallowed up with overmuch sorrow. -Wherefore I beseech you that ye would confirm your love toward him. -For to this end also did I write, that I might know the proof of you, whether ye be obedient in all things. -To whom ye forgive any thing, I forgive also: for if I forgave any thing, to whom I forgave it, for your sakes forgave I it in the person of Christ; -Lest Satan should get an advantage of us: for we are not ignorant of his devices. -Furthermore, when I came to Troas to preach Christ's gospel, and a door was opened unto me of the Lord, -I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not Titus my brother: but taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia. -Now thanks be unto God, which always causeth us to triumph in Christ, and maketh manifest the savour of his knowledge by us in every place. -For we are unto God a sweet savour of Christ, in them that are saved, and in them that perish: -To the one we are the savour of death unto death; and to the other the savour of life unto life. And who is sufficient for these things? -For we are not as many, which corrupt the word of God: but as of sincerity, but as of God, in the sight of God speak we in Christ. -Do we begin again to commend ourselves? or need we, as some others, epistles of commendation to you, or letters of commendation from you? -Ye are our epistle written in our hearts, known and read of all men: -Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart. -And such trust have we through Christ to God-ward: -Not that we are sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves; but our sufficiency is of God; -Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. -But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which glory was to be done away: -How shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious? -For if the ministration of condemnation be glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. -For even that which was made glorious had no glory in this respect, by reason of the glory that excelleth. -For if that which is done away was glorious, much more that which remaineth is glorious. -Seeing then that we have such hope, we use great plainness of speech: -And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished: -But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which vail is done away in Christ. -But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon their heart. -Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be taken away. -Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. -But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. -Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy, we faint not; -But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. -But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost: -In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them. -For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus' sake. -For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. -But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency of the power may be of God, and not of us. -We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; -Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed; -Always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our body. -For we which live are alway delivered unto death for Jesus' sake, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our mortal flesh. -So then death worketh in us, but life in you. -We having the same spirit of faith, according as it is written, I believed, and therefore have I spoken; we also believe, and therefore speak; -Knowing that he which raised up the Lord Jesus shall raise up us also by Jesus, and shall present us with you. -For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God. -For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day. -For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory; -While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal. -For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. -For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven: -If so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked. -For we that are in this tabernacle do groan, being burdened: not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might be swallowed up of life. -Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit. -Therefore we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord: -(For we walk by faith, not by sight:) -We are confident, I say, and willing rather to be absent from the body, and to be present with the Lord. -Wherefore we labour, that, whether present or absent, we may be accepted of him. -For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad. -Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men; but we are made manifest unto God; and I trust also are made manifest in your consciences. -For we commend not ourselves again unto you, but give you occasion to glory on our behalf, that ye may have somewhat to answer them which glory in appearance, and not in heart. -For whether we be beside ourselves, it is to God: or whether we be sober, it is for your cause. -For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge, that if one died for all, then were all dead: -And that he died for all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto him which died for them, and rose again. -Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we him no more. -Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. -And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; -To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. -Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God. -For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. -We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain. -(For he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of salvation.) -Giving no offence in any thing, that the ministry be not blamed: -But in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, -In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; -By pureness, by knowledge, by long suffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, -By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, -By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as deceivers, and yet true; -As unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and, behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed; -As sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things. -O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart is enlarged. -Ye are not straitened in us, but ye are straitened in your own bowels. -Now for a recompence in the same, (I speak as unto my children,) be ye also enlarged. -Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? -And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? -And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. -Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you. -And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty. -Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God. -Receive us; we have wronged no man, we have corrupted no man, we have defrauded no man. -I speak not this to condemn you: for I have said before, that ye are in our hearts to die and live with you. -Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my glorying of you: I am filled with comfort, I am exceeding joyful in all our tribulation. -For, when we were come into Macedonia, our flesh had no rest, but we were troubled on every side; without were fightings, within were fears. -Nevertheless God, that comforteth those that are cast down, comforted us by the coming of Titus; -And not by his coming only, but by the consolation wherewith he was comforted in you, when he told us your earnest desire, your mourning, your fervent mind toward me; so that I rejoiced the more. -For though I made you sorry with a letter, I do not repent, though I did repent: for I perceive that the same epistle hath made you sorry, though it were but for a season. -Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance: for ye were made sorry after a godly manner, that ye might receive damage by us in nothing. -For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of: but the sorrow of the world worketh death. -For behold this selfsame thing, that ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, yea, what clearing of yourselves, yea, what indignation, yea, what fear, yea, what vehement desire, yea, what zeal, yea, what revenge! In all things ye have approved yourselves to be clear in this matter. -Wherefore, though I wrote unto you, I did it not for his cause that had done the wrong, nor for his cause that suffered wrong, but that our care for you in the sight of God might appear unto you. -Therefore we were comforted in your comfort: yea, and exceedingly the more joyed we for the joy of Titus, because his spirit was refreshed by you all. -For if I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am not ashamed; but as we spake all things to you in truth, even so our boasting, which I made before Titus, is found a truth. -And his inward affection is more abundant toward you, whilst he remembereth the obedience of you all, how with fear and trembling ye received him. -I rejoice therefore that I have confidence in you in all things. -Moreover, brethren, we do you to wit of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia; -How that in a great trial of affliction the abundance of their joy and their deep poverty abounded unto the riches of their liberality. -For to their power, I bear record, yea, and beyond their power they were willing of themselves; -Praying us with much intreaty that we would receive the gift, and take upon us the fellowship of the ministering to the saints. -And this they did, not as we hoped, but first gave their own selves to the Lord, and unto us by the will of God. -Insomuch that we desired Titus, that as he had begun, so he would also finish in you the same grace also. -Therefore, as ye abound in every thing, in faith, and utterance, and knowledge, and in all diligence, and in your love to us, see that ye abound in this grace also. -I speak not by commandment, but by occasion of the forwardness of others, and to prove the sincerity of your love. -For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich. -And herein I give my advice: for this is expedient for you, who have begun before, not only to do, but also to be forward a year ago. -Now therefore perform the doing of it; that as there was a readiness to will, so there may be a performance also out of that which ye have. -For it there be first a willing mind, it is accepted according to that a man hath, and not according to that he hath not. -For I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened: -But by an equality, that now at this time your abundance may be a supply for their want, that their abundance also may be a supply for your want: that there may be equality: -As it is written, He that had gathered much had nothing over; and he that had gathered little had no lack. -But thanks be to God, which put the same earnest care into the heart of Titus for you. -For indeed he accepted the exhortation; but being more forward, of his own accord he went unto you. -And we have sent with him the brother, whose praise is in the gospel throughout all the churches; -And not that only, but who was also chosen of the churches to travel with us with this grace, which is administered by us to the glory of the same Lord, and declaration of your ready mind: -Avoiding this, that no man should blame us in this abundance which is administered by us: -Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men. -And we have sent with them our brother, whom we have oftentimes proved diligent in many things, but now much more diligent, upon the great confidence which I have in you. -Whether any do enquire of Titus, he is my partner and fellowhelper concerning you: or our brethren be enquired of, they are the messengers of the churches, and the glory of Christ. -Wherefore shew ye to them, and before the churches, the proof of your love, and of our boasting on your behalf. -For as touching the ministering to the saints, it is superfluous for me to write to you: -For I know the forwardness of your mind, for which I boast of you to them of Macedonia, that Achaia was ready a year ago; and your zeal hath provoked very many. -Yet have I sent the brethren, lest our boasting of you should be in vain in this behalf; that, as I said, ye may be ready: -Lest haply if they of Macedonia come with me, and find you unprepared, we (that we say not, ye) should be ashamed in this same confident boasting. -Therefore I thought it necessary to exhort the brethren, that they would go before unto you, and make up beforehand your bounty, whereof ye had notice before, that the same might be ready, as a matter of bounty, and not as of covetousness. -But this I say, He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly; and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully. -Every man according as he purposeth in his heart, so let him give; not grudgingly, or of necessity: for God loveth a cheerful giver. -And God is able to make all grace abound toward you; that ye, always having all sufficiency in all things, may abound to every good work: -(As it is written, He hath dispersed abroad; he hath given to the poor: his righteousness remaineth for ever. -Now he that ministereth seed to the sower both minister bread for your food, and multiply your seed sown, and increase the fruits of your righteousness;) -Being enriched in every thing to all bountifulness, which causeth through us thanksgiving to God. -For the administration of this service not only supplieth the want of the saints, but is abundant also by many thanksgivings unto God; -Whiles by the experiment of this ministration they glorify God for your professed subjection unto the gospel of Christ, and for your liberal distribution unto them, and unto all men; -And by their prayer for you, which long after you for the exceeding grace of God in you. -Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift. -Now I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ, who in presence am base among you, but being absent am bold toward you: -But I beseech you, that I may not be bold when I am present with that confidence, wherewith I think to be bold against some, which think of us as if we walked according to the flesh. -For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh: -(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) -Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ; -And having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled. -Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? if any man trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's. -For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction, I should not be ashamed: -That I may not seem as if I would terrify you by letters. -For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible. -Let such an one think this, that, such as we are in word by letters when we are absent, such will we be also in deed when we are present. -For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare ourselves with some that commend themselves: but they measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves, are not wise. -But we will not boast of things without our measure, but according to the measure of the rule which God hath distributed to us, a measure to reach even unto you. -For we stretch not ourselves beyond our measure, as though we reached not unto you: for we are come as far as to you also in preaching the gospel of Christ: -Not boasting of things without our measure, that is, of other men's labours; but having hope, when your faith is increased, that we shall be enlarged by you according to our rule abundantly, -To preach the gospel in the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of things made ready to our hand. -But he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. -For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth. -Would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly: and indeed bear with me. -For I am jealous over you with godly jealousy: for I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ. -But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. -For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him. -For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. -But though I be rude in speech, yet not in knowledge; but we have been throughly made manifest among you in all things. -Have I committed an offence in abasing myself that ye might be exalted, because I have preached to you the gospel of God freely? -I robbed other churches, taking wages of them, to do you service. -And when I was present with you, and wanted, I was chargeable to no man: for that which was lacking to me the brethren which came from Macedonia supplied: and in all things I have kept myself from being burdensome unto you, and so will I keep myself. -As the truth of Christ is in me, no man shall stop me of this boasting in the regions of Achaia. -Wherefore? because I love you not? God knoweth. -But what I do, that I will do, that I may cut off occasion from them which desire occasion; that wherein they glory, they may be found even as we. -For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. -And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light. -Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works. -I say again, let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me, that I may boast myself a little. -That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord, but as it were foolishly, in this confidence of boasting. -Seeing that many glory after the flesh, I will glory also. -For ye suffer fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise. -For ye suffer, if a man bring you into bondage, if a man devour you, if a man take of you, if a man exalt himself, if a man smite you on the face. -I speak as concerning reproach, as though we had been weak. Howbeit whereinsoever any is bold, (I speak foolishly,) I am bold also. -Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? so am I. -Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths oft. -Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes save one. -Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; -In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; -In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. -Beside those things that are without, that which cometh upon me daily, the care of all the churches. -Who is weak, and I am not weak? who is offended, and I burn not? -If I must needs glory, I will glory of the things which concern mine infirmities. -The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is blessed for evermore, knoweth that I lie not. -In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king kept the city of the damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me: -And through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands. -It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. -I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. -And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) -How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. -Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. -For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. -And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure. -For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart from me. -And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. -Therefore I take pleasure in infirmities, in reproaches, in necessities, in persecutions, in distresses for Christ's sake: for when I am weak, then am I strong. -I am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me: for I ought to have been commended of you: for in nothing am I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing. -Truly the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds. -For what is it wherein ye were inferior to other churches, except it be that I myself was not burdensome to you? forgive me this wrong. -Behold, the third time I am ready to come to you; and I will not be burdensome to you: for I seek not your's but you: for the children ought not to lay up for the parents, but the parents for the children. -And I will very gladly spend and be spent for you; though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved. -But be it so, I did not burden you: nevertheless, being crafty, I caught you with guile. -Did I make a gain of you by any of them whom I sent unto you? -I desired Titus, and with him I sent a brother. Did Titus make a gain of you? walked we not in the same spirit? walked we not in the same steps? -Again, think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you? we speak before God in Christ: but we do all things, dearly beloved, for your edifying. -For I fear, lest, when I come, I shall not find you such as I would, and that I shall be found unto you such as ye would not: lest there be debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings, swellings, tumults: -And lest, when I come again, my God will humble me among you, and that I shall bewail many which have sinned already, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and lasciviousness which they have committed. -This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. -I told you before, and foretell you, as if I were present, the second time; and being absent now I write to them which heretofore have sinned, and to all other, that, if I come again, I will not spare: -Since ye seek a proof of Christ speaking in me, which to you-ward is not weak, but is mighty in you. -For though he was crucified through weakness, yet he liveth by the power of God. For we also are weak in him, but we shall live with him by the power of God toward you. -Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates? -But I trust that ye shall know that we are not reprobates. -Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as reprobates. -For we can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth. -For we are glad, when we are weak, and ye are strong: and this also we wish, even your perfection. -Therefore I write these things being absent, lest being present I should use sharpness, according to the power which the Lord hath given me to edification, and not to destruction. -Finally, brethren, farewell. Be perfect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace; and the God of love and peace shall be with you. -Greet one another with an holy kiss. -All the saints salute you. -The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen. -Paul, an apostle, (not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead;) -And all the brethren which are with me, unto the churches of Galatia: -Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ, -Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our Father: -To whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. -I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel: -Which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of Christ. -But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed. -As we said before, so say I now again, if any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed. -For do I now persuade men, or God? or do I seek to please men? for if I yet pleased men, I should not be the servant of Christ. -But I certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached of me is not after man. -For I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ. -For ye have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews' religion, how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and wasted it: -And profited in the Jews' religion above many my equals in mine own nation, being more exceedingly zealous of the traditions of my fathers. -But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb, and called me by his grace, -To reveal his Son in me, that I might preach him among the heathen; immediately I conferred not with flesh and blood: -Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me; but I went into Arabia, and returned again unto Damascus. -Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to see Peter, and abode with him fifteen days. -But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother. -Now the things which I write unto you, behold, before God, I lie not. -Afterwards I came into the regions of Syria and Cilicia; -And was unknown by face unto the churches of Judaea which were in Christ: -But they had heard only, That he which persecuted us in times past now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed. -And they glorified God in me. -Then fourteen years after I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and took Titus with me also. -And I went up by revelation, and communicated unto them that gospel which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately to them which were of reputation, lest by any means I should run, or had run, in vain. -But neither Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised: -And that because of false brethren unawares brought in, who came in privily to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage: -To whom we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the gospel might continue with you. -But of these who seemed to be somewhat, (whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me: God accepteth no man's person:) for they who seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me: -But contrariwise, when they saw that the gospel of the uncircumcision was committed unto me, as the gospel of the circumcision was unto Peter; -(For he that wrought effectually in Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision, the same was mighty in me toward the Gentiles:) -And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. -Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do. -But when Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood him to the face, because he was to be blamed. -For before that certain came from James, he did eat with the Gentiles: but when they were come, he withdrew and separated himself, fearing them which were of the circumcision. -And the other Jews dissembled likewise with him; insomuch that Barnabas also was carried away with their dissimulation. -But when I saw that they walked not uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, I said unto Peter before them all, If thou, being a Jew, livest after the manner of Gentiles, and not as do the Jews, why compellest thou the Gentiles to live as do the Jews? -We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles, -Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified. -But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves also are found sinners, is therefore Christ the minister of sin? God forbid. -For if I build again the things which I destroyed, I make myself a transgressor. -For I through the law am dead to the law, that I might live unto God. -I am crucified with Christ: neverthless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me. -I do not frustrate the grace of God: for if righteousness come by the law, then Christ is dead in vain. -O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? -This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? -Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh? -Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if it be yet in vain. -He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? -Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness. -Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham. -And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed. -So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham. -For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them. -But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith. -And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them. -Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree: -That the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. -Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto. -Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ. -And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect. -For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise. -Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. -Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one. -Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law. -But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe. -But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. -Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. -But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster. -For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. -For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. -There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. -And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise. -Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; -But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father. -Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world: -But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, -To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. -And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. -Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ. -Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods. -But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? -Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years. -I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain. -Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all. -Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first. -And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus. -Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me. -Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth? -They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them. -But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you. -My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you, -I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you. -Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law? -For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman. -But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise. -Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar. -For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children. -But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all. -For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband. -Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise. -But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now. -Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman. -So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free. -Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage. -Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing. -For I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law. -Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. -For we through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. -For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision; but faith which worketh by love. -Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth? -This persuasion cometh not of him that calleth you. -A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump. -I have confidence in you through the Lord, that ye will be none otherwise minded: but he that troubleth you shall bear his judgment, whosoever he be. -And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution? then is the offence of the cross ceased. -I would they were even cut off which trouble you. -For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one another. -For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. -But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another. -This I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh. -For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye cannot do the things that ye would. -But if ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law. -Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, -Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, -Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. -But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, -Meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. -And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts. -If we live in the Spirit, let us also walk in the Spirit. -Let us not be desirous of vain glory, provoking one another, envying one another. -Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. -Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ. -For if a man think himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself. -But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. -For every man shall bear his own burden. -Let him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things. -Be not deceived; God is not mocked: for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap. -For he that soweth to his flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption; but he that soweth to the Spirit shall of the Spirit reap life everlasting. -And let us not be weary in well doing: for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not. -As we have therefore opportunity, let us do good unto all men, especially unto them who are of the household of faith. -Ye see how large a letter I have written unto you with mine own hand. -As many as desire to make a fair shew in the flesh, they constrain you to be circumcised; only lest they should suffer persecution for the cross of Christ. -For neither they themselves who are circumcised keep the law; but desire to have you circumcised, that they may glory in your flesh. -But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world. -For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature. -And as many as walk according to this rule, peace be on them, and mercy, and upon the Israel of God. -From henceforth let no man trouble me: for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus. -Brethren, the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen. -Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, to the saints which are at Ephesus, and to the faithful in Christ Jesus: -Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. -Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ: -According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love: -Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, -To the praise of the glory of his grace, wherein he hath made us accepted in the beloved. -In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace; -Wherein he hath abounded toward us in all wisdom and prudence; -Having made known unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he hath purposed in himself: -That in the dispensation of the fulness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: -In whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to the purpose of him who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will: -That we should be to the praise of his glory, who first trusted in Christ. -In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, -Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. -Wherefore I also, after I heard of your faith in the Lord Jesus, and love unto all the saints, -Cease not to give thanks for you, making mention of you in my prayers; -That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him: -The eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that ye may know what is the hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints, -And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power, -Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, -Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: -And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, -Which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all. -And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins; -Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience: -Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. -But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great love wherewith he loved us, -Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) -And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus: -That in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches of his grace in his kindness toward us through Christ Jesus. -For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: -Not of works, lest any man should boast. -For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them. -Wherefore remember, that ye being in time past Gentiles in the flesh, who are called Uncircumcision by that which is called the Circumcision in the flesh made by hands; -That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: -But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. -For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; -Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; -And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: -And came and preached peace to you which were afar off, and to them that were nigh. -For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father. -Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God; -And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; -In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: -In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit. -For this cause I Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ for you Gentiles, -If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God which is given me to you-ward: -How that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery; (as I wrote afore in few words, -Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery of Christ) -Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; -That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel: -Whereof I was made a minister, according to the gift of the grace of God given unto me by the effectual working of his power. -Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints, is this grace given, that I should preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ; -And to make all men see what is the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ: -To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God, -According to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord: -In whom we have boldness and access with confidence by the faith of him. -Wherefore I desire that ye faint not at my tribulations for you, which is your glory. -For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, -Of whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named, -That he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with might by his Spirit in the inner man; -That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, -May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; -And to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God. -Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us, -Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen. -I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, -With all lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love; -Endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. -There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; -One Lord, one faith, one baptism, -One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all. -But unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ. -Wherefore he saith, When he ascended up on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men. -(Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth? -He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.) -And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; -For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: -Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: -That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; -But speaking the truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ: -From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love. -This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth walk not as other Gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind, -Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart: -Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness. -But ye have not so learned Christ; -If so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: -That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts; -And be renewed in the spirit of your mind; -And that ye put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness. -Wherefore putting away lying, speak every man truth with his neighbour: for we are members one of another. -Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your wrath: -Neither give place to the devil. -Let him that stole steal no more: but rather let him labour, working with his hands the thing which is good, that he may have to give to him that needeth. -Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth, but that which is good to the use of edifying, that it may minister grace unto the hearers. -And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption. -Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be put away from you, with all malice: -And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you. -Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children; -And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour. -But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints; -Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient: but rather giving of thanks. -For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. -Let no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. -Be not ye therefore partakers with them. -For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light: -(For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth;) -Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord. -And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them. -For it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done of them in secret. -But all things that are reproved are made manifest by the light: for whatsoever doth make manifest is light. -Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light. -See then that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise, -Redeeming the time, because the days are evil. -Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what the will of the Lord is. -And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; -Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord; -Giving thanks always for all things unto God and the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ; -Submitting yourselves one to another in the fear of God. -Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. -For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body. -Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in every thing. -Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it; -That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, -That he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish. -So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. -For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: -For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones. -For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be one flesh. -This is a great mystery: but I speak concerning Christ and the church. -Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the wife see that she reverence her husband. -Children, obey your parents in the Lord: for this is right. -Honour thy father and mother; which is the first commandment with promise; -That it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth. -And, ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath: but bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. -Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ; -Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; -With good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: -Knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or free. -And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him. -Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power of his might. -Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. -For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. -Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. -Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; -And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; -Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. -And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God: -Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints; -And for me, that utterance may be given unto me, that I may open my mouth boldly, to make known the mystery of the gospel, -For which I am an ambassador in bonds: that therein I may speak boldly, as I ought to speak. -But that ye also may know my affairs, and how I do, Tychicus, a beloved brother and faithful minister in the Lord, shall make known to you all things: -Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that ye might know our affairs, and that he might comfort your hearts. -Peace be to the brethren, and love with faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. -Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. Amen. -Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons: -Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. -I thank my God upon every remembrance of you, -Always in every prayer of mine for you all making request with joy, -For your fellowship in the gospel from the first day until now; -Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ: -Even as it is meet for me to think this of you all, because I have you in my heart; inasmuch as both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the gospel, ye all are partakers of my grace. -For God is my record, how greatly I long after you all in the bowels of Jesus Christ. -And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge and in all judgment; -That ye may approve things that are excellent; that ye may be sincere and without offence till the day of Christ. -Being filled with the fruits of righteousness, which are by Jesus Christ, unto the glory and praise of God. -But I would ye should understand, brethren, that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the furtherance of the gospel; -So that my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the palace, and in all other places; -And many of the brethren in the Lord, waxing confident by my bonds, are much more bold to speak the word without fear. -Some indeed preach Christ even of envy and strife; and some also of good will: -The one preach Christ of contention, not sincerely, supposing to add affliction to my bonds: -But the other of love, knowing that I am set for the defence of the gospel. -What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice. -For I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ, -According to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death. -For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. -But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet what I shall choose I wot not. -For I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ; which is far better: -Nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful for you. -And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furtherance and joy of faith; -That your rejoicing may be more abundant in Jesus Christ for me by my coming to you again. -Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel; -And in nothing terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God. -For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ, not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake; -Having the same conflict which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in me. -If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies, -Fulfil ye my joy, that ye be likeminded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind. -Let nothing be done through strife or vainglory; but in lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than themselves. -Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the things of others. -Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: -Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: -But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: -And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. -Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: -That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; -And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. -Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. -For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure. -Do all things without murmurings and disputings: -That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world; -Holding forth the word of life; that I may rejoice in the day of Christ, that I have not run in vain, neither laboured in vain. -Yea, and if I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith, I joy, and rejoice with you all. -For the same cause also do ye joy, and rejoice with me. -But I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timotheus shortly unto you, that I also may be of good comfort, when I know your state. -For I have no man likeminded, who will naturally care for your state. -For all seek their own, not the things which are Jesus Christ's. -But ye know the proof of him, that, as a son with the father, he hath served with me in the gospel. -Him therefore I hope to send presently, so soon as I shall see how it will go with me. -But I trust in the Lord that I also myself shall come shortly. -Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labour, and fellowsoldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants. -For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been sick. -For indeed he was sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him; and not on him only, but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow. -I sent him therefore the more carefully, that, when ye see him again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful. -Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness; and hold such in reputation: -Because for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life, to supply your lack of service toward me. -Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you, to me indeed is not grievous, but for you it is safe. -Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. -For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh. -Though I might also have confidence in the flesh. If any other man thinketh that he hath whereof he might trust in the flesh, I more: -Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee; -Concerning zeal, persecuting the church; touching the righteousness which is in the law, blameless. -But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. -Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ, -And be found in him, not having mine own righteousness, which is of the law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the righteousness which is of God by faith: -That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable unto his death; -If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the dead. -Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus. -Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, -I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. -Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you. -Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the same thing. -Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. -(For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ: -Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.) -For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: -Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself. -Therefore, my brethren dearly beloved and longed for, my joy and crown, so stand fast in the Lord, my dearly beloved. -I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord. -And I intreat thee also, true yokefellow, help those women which laboured with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life. -Rejoice in the Lord alway: and again I say, Rejoice. -Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand. -Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. -And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. -Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things. -Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you. -But I rejoiced in the Lord greatly, that now at the last your care of me hath flourished again; wherein ye were also careful, but ye lacked opportunity. -Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. -I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. -I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. -Notwithstanding ye have well done, that ye did communicate with my affliction. -Now ye Philippians know also, that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church communicated with me as concerning giving and receiving, but ye only. -For even in Thessalonica ye sent once and again unto my necessity. -Not because I desire a gift: but I desire fruit that may abound to your account. -But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odour of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God. -But my God shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus. -Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen. -Salute every saint in Christ Jesus. The brethren which are with me greet you. -All the saints salute you, chiefly they that are of Caesar's household. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. -Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timotheus our brother, -To the saints and faithful brethren in Christ which are at Colosse: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. -We give thanks to God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying always for you, -Since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus, and of the love which ye have to all the saints, -For the hope which is laid up for you in heaven, whereof ye heard before in the word of the truth of the gospel; -Which is come unto you, as it is in all the world; and bringeth forth fruit, as it doth also in you, since the day ye heard of it, and knew the grace of God in truth: -As ye also learned of Epaphras our dear fellowservant, who is for you a faithful minister of Christ; -Who also declared unto us your love in the Spirit. -For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to pray for you, and to desire that ye might be filled with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding; -That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God; -Strengthened with all might, according to his glorious power, unto all patience and longsuffering with joyfulness; -Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light: -Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: -In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins: -Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: -For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: -And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. -And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. -For it pleased the Father that in him should all fulness dwell; -And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. -And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled -In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight: -If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled, and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached to every creature which is under heaven; whereof I Paul am made a minister; -Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is the church: -Whereof I am made a minister, according to the dispensation of God which is given to me for you, to fulfil the word of God; -Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is made manifest to his saints: -To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory: -Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus: -Whereunto I also labour, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily. -For I would that ye knew what great conflict I have for you, and for them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh; -That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ; -In whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. -And this I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing words. -For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, joying and beholding your order, and the stedfastness of your faith in Christ. -As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him: -Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving. -Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. -For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. -And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: -In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ: -Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead. -And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; -Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross; -And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it. -Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days: -Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ. -Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind, -And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God. -Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, -(Touch not; taste not; handle not; -Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men? -Which things have indeed a shew of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh. -If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God. -Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. -For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God. -When Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory. -Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry: -For which things' sake the wrath of God cometh on the children of disobedience: -In the which ye also walked some time, when ye lived in them. -But now ye also put off all these; anger, wrath, malice, blasphemy, filthy communication out of your mouth. -Lie not one to another, seeing that ye have put off the old man with his deeds; -And have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the image of him that created him: -Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in all. -Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering; -Forbearing one another, and forgiving one another, if any man have a quarrel against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye. -And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness. -And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye are called in one body; and be ye thankful. -Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. -And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him. -Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord. -Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them. -Children, obey your parents in all things: for this is well pleasing unto the Lord. -Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged. -Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God; -And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men; -Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ. -But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of persons. -Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven. -Continue in prayer, and watch in the same with thanksgiving; -Withal praying also for us, that God would open unto us a door of utterance, to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am also in bonds: -That I may make it manifest, as I ought to speak. -Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time. -Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man. -All my state shall Tychicus declare unto you, who is a beloved brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord: -Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that he might know your estate, and comfort your hearts; -With Onesimus, a faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things which are done here. -Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) -And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort unto me. -Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ, saluteth you, always labouring fervently for you in prayers, that ye may stand perfect and complete in all the will of God. -For I bear him record, that he hath a great zeal for you, and them that are in Laodicea, and them in Hierapolis. -Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you. -Salute the brethren which are in Laodicea, and Nymphas, and the church which is in his house. -And when this epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans; and that ye likewise read the epistle from Laodicea. -And say to Archippus, Take heed to the ministry which thou hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it. -The salutation by the hand of me Paul. Remember my bonds. Grace be with you. Amen. -Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians which is in God the Father and in the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. -We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our prayers; -Remembering without ceasing your work of faith, and labour of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, in the sight of God and our Father; -Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God. -For our gospel came not unto you in word only, but also in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance; as ye know what manner of men we were among you for your sake. -And ye became followers of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Ghost. -So that ye were ensamples to all that believe in Macedonia and Achaia. -For from you sounded out the word of the Lord not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward is spread abroad; so that we need not to speak any thing. -For they themselves shew of us what manner of entering in we had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God; -And to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come. -For yourselves, brethren, know our entrance in unto you, that it was not in vain: -But even after that we had suffered before, and were shamefully entreated, as ye know, at Philippi, we were bold in our God to speak unto you the gospel of God with much contention. -For our exhortation was not of deceit, nor of uncleanness, nor in guile: -But as we were allowed of God to be put in trust with the gospel, even so we speak; not as pleasing men, but God, which trieth our hearts. -For neither at any time used we flattering words, as ye know, nor a cloke of covetousness; God is witness: -Nor of men sought we glory, neither of you, nor yet of others, when we might have been burdensome, as the apostles of Christ. -But we were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children: -So being affectionately desirous of you, we were willing to have imparted unto you, not the gospel of God only, but also our own souls, because ye were dear unto us. -For ye remember, brethren, our labour and travail: for labouring night and day, because we would not be chargeable unto any of you, we preached unto you the gospel of God. -Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and justly and unblameably we behaved ourselves among you that believe: -As ye know how we exhorted and comforted and charged every one of you, as a father doth his children, -That ye would walk worthy of God, who hath called you unto his kingdom and glory. -For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which effectually worketh also in you that believe. -For ye, brethren, became followers of the churches of God which in Judaea are in Christ Jesus: for ye also have suffered like things of your own countrymen, even as they have of the Jews: -Who both killed the Lord Jesus, and their own prophets, and have persecuted us; and they please not God, and are contrary to all men: -Forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they might be saved, to fill up their sins alway: for the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost. -But we, brethren, being taken from you for a short time in presence, not in heart, endeavoured the more abundantly to see your face with great desire. -Wherefore we would have come unto you, even I Paul, once and again; but Satan hindered us. -For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming? -For ye are our glory and joy. -Wherefore when we could no longer forbear, we thought it good to be left at Athens alone; -And sent Timotheus, our brother, and minister of God, and our fellowlabourer in the gospel of Christ, to establish you, and to comfort you concerning your faith: -That no man should be moved by these afflictions: for yourselves know that we are appointed thereunto. -For verily, when we were with you, we told you before that we should suffer tribulation; even as it came to pass, and ye know. -For this cause, when I could no longer forbear, I sent to know your faith, lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labour be in vain. -But now when Timotheus came from you unto us, and brought us good tidings of your faith and charity, and that ye have good remembrance of us always, desiring greatly to see us, as we also to see you: -Therefore, brethren, we were comforted over you in all our affliction and distress by your faith: -For now we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord. -For what thanks can we render to God again for you, for all the joy wherewith we joy for your sakes before our God; -Night and day praying exceedingly that we might see your face, and might perfect that which is lacking in your faith? -Now God himself and our Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, direct our way unto you. -And the Lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward another, and toward all men, even as we do toward you: -To the end he may stablish your hearts unblameable in holiness before God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his saints. -Furthermore then we beseech you, brethren, and exhort you by the Lord Jesus, that as ye have received of us how ye ought to walk and to please God, so ye would abound more and more. -For ye know what commandments we gave you by the Lord Jesus. -For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication: -That every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour; -Not in the lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God: -That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter: because that the Lord is the avenger of all such, as we also have forewarned you and testified. -For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness. -He therefore that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God, who hath also given unto us his holy Spirit. -But as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you: for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another. -And indeed ye do it toward all the brethren which are in all Macedonia: but we beseech you, brethren, that ye increase more and more; -And that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business, and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you; -That ye may walk honestly toward them that are without, and that ye may have lack of nothing. -But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. -For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. -For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. -For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: -Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. -Wherefore comfort one another with these words. -But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I write unto you. -For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. -For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape. -But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. -Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness. -Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. -For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken are drunken in the night. -But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. -For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, -Who died for us, that, whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with him. -Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another, even as also ye do. -And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; -And to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake. And be at peace among yourselves. -Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort the feebleminded, support the weak, be patient toward all men. -See that none render evil for evil unto any man; but ever follow that which is good, both among yourselves, and to all men. -Rejoice evermore. -Pray without ceasing. -In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you. -Quench not the Spirit. -Despise not prophesyings. -Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. -Abstain from all appearance of evil. -And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. -Faithful is he that calleth you, who also will do it. -Brethren, pray for us. -Greet all the brethren with an holy kiss. -I charge you by the Lord that this epistle be read unto all the holy brethren. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. -Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: -Grace unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. -We are bound to thank God always for you, brethren, as it is meet, because that your faith groweth exceedingly, and the charity of every one of you all toward each other aboundeth; -So that we ourselves glory in you in the churches of God for your patience and faith in all your persecutions and tribulations that ye endure: -Which is a manifest token of the righteous judgment of God, that ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer: -Seeing it is a righteous thing with God to recompense tribulation to them that trouble you; -And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, -In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: -Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; -When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in all them that believe (because our testimony among you was believed) in that day. -Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count you worthy of this calling, and fulfil all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with power: -That the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in you, and ye in him, according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ. -Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him, -That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. -Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; -Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. -Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? -And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. -For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. -And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: -Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, -And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. -And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: -That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness. -But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: -Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. -Therefore, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word, or our epistle. -Now our Lord Jesus Christ himself, and God, even our Father, which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation and good hope through grace, -Comfort your hearts, and stablish you in every good word and work. -Finally, brethren, pray for us, that the word of the Lord may have free course, and be glorified, even as it is with you: -And that we may be delivered from unreasonable and wicked men: for all men have not faith. -But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and keep you from evil. -And we have confidence in the Lord touching you, that ye both do and will do the things which we command you. -And the Lord direct your hearts into the love of God, and into the patient waiting for Christ. -Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly, and not after the tradition which he received of us. -For yourselves know how ye ought to follow us: for we behaved not ourselves disorderly among you; -Neither did we eat any man's bread for nought; but wrought with labour and travail night and day, that we might not be chargeable to any of you: -Not because we have not power, but to make ourselves an ensample unto you to follow us. -For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat. -For we hear that there are some which walk among you disorderly, working not at all, but are busybodies. -Now them that are such we command and exhort by our Lord Jesus Christ, that with quietness they work, and eat their own bread. -But ye, brethren, be not weary in well doing. -And if any man obey not our word by this epistle, note that man, and have no company with him, that he may be ashamed. -Yet count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother. -Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. The Lord be with you all. -The salutation of Paul with mine own hand, which is the token in every epistle: so I write. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. -Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; -Unto Timothy, my own son in the faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord. -As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, -Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in faith: so do. -Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience, and of faith unfeigned: -From which some having swerved have turned aside unto vain jangling; -Desiring to be teachers of the law; understanding neither what they say, nor whereof they affirm. -But we know that the law is good, if a man use it lawfully; -Knowing this, that the law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners, for unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers, -For whoremongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, for menstealers, for liars, for perjured persons, and if there be any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine; -According to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, which was committed to my trust. -And I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath enabled me, for that he counted me faithful, putting me into the ministry; -Who was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious: but I obtained mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief. -And the grace of our Lord was exceeding abundant with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. -This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief. -Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might shew forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting. -Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honour and glory for ever and ever. Amen. -This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war a good warfare; -Holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck: -Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme. -I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; -For kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty. -For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour; -Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth. -For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; -Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time. -Whereunto I am ordained a preacher, and an apostle, (I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not;) a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity. -I will therefore that men pray every where, lifting up holy hands, without wrath and doubting. -In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; -But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. -Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. -But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. -For Adam was first formed, then Eve. -And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. -Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. -This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work. -A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach; -Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; -One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; -(For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?) -Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. -Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. -Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; -Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. -And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. -Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. -Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. -For they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in Christ Jesus. -These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly: -But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. -And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. -Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; -Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; -Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. -For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: -For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer. -If thou put the brethren in remembrance of these things, thou shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished up in the words of faith and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast attained. -But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness. -For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come. -This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptation. -For therefore we both labour and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of those that believe. -These things command and teach. -Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity. -Till I come, give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. -Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by prophecy, with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery. -Meditate upon these things; give thyself wholly to them; that thy profiting may appear to all. -Take heed unto thyself, and unto the doctrine; continue in them: for in doing this thou shalt both save thyself, and them that hear thee. -Rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father; and the younger men as brethren; -The elder women as mothers; the younger as sisters, with all purity. -Honour widows that are widows indeed. -But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to shew piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and acceptable before God. -Now she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, trusteth in God, and continueth in supplications and prayers night and day. -But she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth. -And these things give in charge, that they may be blameless. -But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. -Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore years old, having been the wife of one man. -Well reported of for good works; if she have brought up children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently followed every good work. -But the younger widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax wanton against Christ, they will marry; -Having damnation, because they have cast off their first faith. -And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. -I will therefore that the younger women marry, bear children, guide the house, give none occasion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. -For some are already turned aside after Satan. -If any man or woman that believeth have widows, let them relieve them, and let not the church be charged; that it may relieve them that are widows indeed. -Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honour, especially they who labour in the word and doctrine. -For the scripture saith, thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward. -Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or three witnesses. -Them that sin rebuke before all, that others also may fear. -I charge thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, and the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality. -Lay hands suddenly on no man, neither be partaker of other men's sins: keep thyself pure. -Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities. -Some men's sins are open beforehand, going before to judgment; and some men they follow after. -Likewise also the good works of some are manifest beforehand; and they that are otherwise cannot be hid. -Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. -And they that have believing masters, let them not despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach and exhort. -If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness; -He is proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions and strifes of words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings, -Perverse disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is godliness: from such withdraw thyself. -But godliness with contentment is great gain. -For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. -And having food and raiment let us be therewith content. -But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. -For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. -But thou, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness. -Fight the good fight of faith, lay hold on eternal life, whereunto thou art also called, and hast professed a good profession before many witnesses. -I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; -That thou keep this commandment without spot, unrebukable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ: -Which in his times he shall shew, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings, and Lord of lords; -Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honour and power everlasting. Amen. -Charge them that are rich in this world, that they be not highminded, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living God, who giveth us richly all things to enjoy; -That they do good, that they be rich in good works, ready to distribute, willing to communicate; -Laying up in store for themselves a good foundation against the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life. -O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: -Which some professing have erred concerning the faith. Grace be with thee. Amen. -Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according to the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus, -To Timothy, my dearly beloved son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord. -I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure conscience, that without ceasing I have remembrance of thee in my prayers night and day; -Greatly desiring to see thee, being mindful of thy tears, that I may be filled with joy; -When I call to remembrance the unfeigned faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that in thee also. -Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands. -For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind. -Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the gospel according to the power of God; -Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began, -But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel: -Whereunto I am appointed a preacher, and an apostle, and a teacher of the Gentiles. -For the which cause I also suffer these things: nevertheless I am not ashamed: for I know whom I have believed, and am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day. -Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. -That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us. -This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. -The Lord give mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus; for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain: -But, when he was in Rome, he sought me out very diligently, and found me. -The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of the Lord in that day: and in how many things he ministered unto me at Ephesus, thou knowest very well. -Thou therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus. -And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also. -Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ. -No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life; that he may please him who hath chosen him to be a soldier. -And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned, except he strive lawfully. -The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the fruits. -Consider what I say; and the Lord give thee understanding in all things. -Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel: -Wherein I suffer trouble, as an evil doer, even unto bonds; but the word of God is not bound. -Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. -It is a faithful saying: For if we be dead with him, we shall also live with him: -If we suffer, we shall also reign with him: if we deny him, he also will deny us: -If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful: he cannot deny himself. -Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers. -Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. -But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness. -And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus and Philetus; -Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some. -Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity. -But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour. -If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared unto every good work. -Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart. -But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strifes. -And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, patient, -In meekness instructing those that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth; -And that they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him at his will. -This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. -For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, -Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, -Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; -Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away. -For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts, -Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth. -Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith. -But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men, as their's also was. -But thou hast fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose, faith, longsuffering, charity, patience, -Persecutions, afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered me. -Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution. -But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. -But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them; -And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. -All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: -That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works. -I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; -Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long suffering and doctrine. -For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; -And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. -But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry. -For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. -I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: -Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. -Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me: -For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia. -Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry. -And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus. -The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. -Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works: -Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath greatly withstood our words. -At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me: I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge. -Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me, and strengthened me; that by me the preaching might be fully known, and that all the Gentiles might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion. -And the Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and will preserve me unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. -Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus. -Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. -Do thy diligence to come before winter. Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren. -The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy spirit. Grace be with you. Amen. -Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God's elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is after godliness; -In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie, promised before the world began; -But hath in due times manifested his word through preaching, which is committed unto me according to the commandment of God our Saviour; -To Titus, mine own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. -For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: -If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly. -For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre; -But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate; -Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers. -For there are many unruly and vain talkers and deceivers, specially they of the circumcision: -Whose mouths must be stopped, who subvert whole houses, teaching things which they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake. -One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, the Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. -This witness is true. Wherefore rebuke them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith; -Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men, that turn from the truth. -Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled. -They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate. -But speak thou the things which become sound doctrine: -That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience. -The aged women likewise, that they be in behaviour as becometh holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine, teachers of good things; -That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to love their children, -To be discreet, chaste, keepers at home, good, obedient to their own husbands, that the word of God be not blasphemed. -Young men likewise exhort to be sober minded. -In all things shewing thyself a pattern of good works: in doctrine shewing uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity, -Sound speech, that cannot be condemned; that he that is of the contrary part may be ashamed, having no evil thing to say of you. -Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again; -Not purloining, but shewing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour in all things. -For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, -Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world; -Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; -Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works. -These things speak, and exhort, and rebuke with all authority. Let no man despise thee. -Put them in mind to be subject to principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready to every good work, -To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, shewing all meekness unto all men. -For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another. -But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared, -Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; -Which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour; -That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life. -This is a faithful saying, and these things I will that thou affirm constantly, that they which have believed in God might be careful to maintain good works. These things are good and profitable unto men. -But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and strivings about the law; for they are unprofitable and vain. -A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition reject; -Knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself. -When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus, be diligent to come unto me to Nicopolis: for I have determined there to winter. -Bring Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey diligently, that nothing be wanting unto them. -And let our's also learn to maintain good works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful. -All that are with me salute thee. Greet them that love us in the faith. Grace be with you all. Amen. -Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, unto Philemon our dearly beloved, and fellowlabourer, -And to our beloved Apphia, and Archippus our fellowsoldier, and to the church in thy house: -Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. -I thank my God, making mention of thee always in my prayers, -Hearing of thy love and faith, which thou hast toward the Lord Jesus, and toward all saints; -That the communication of thy faith may become effectual by the acknowledging of every good thing which is in you in Christ Jesus. -For we have great joy and consolation in thy love, because the bowels of the saints are refreshed by thee, brother. -Wherefore, though I might be much bold in Christ to enjoin thee that which is convenient, -Yet for love's sake I rather beseech thee, being such an one as Paul the aged, and now also a prisoner of Jesus Christ. -I beseech thee for my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in my bonds: -Which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but now profitable to thee and to me: -Whom I have sent again: thou therefore receive him, that is, mine own bowels: -Whom I would have retained with me, that in thy stead he might have ministered unto me in the bonds of the gospel: -But without thy mind would I do nothing; that thy benefit should not be as it were of necessity, but willingly. -For perhaps he therefore departed for a season, that thou shouldest receive him for ever; -Not now as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved, specially to me, but how much more unto thee, both in the flesh, and in the Lord? -If thou count me therefore a partner, receive him as myself. -If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put that on mine account; -I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will repay it: albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest unto me even thine own self besides. -Yea, brother, let me have joy of thee in the Lord: refresh my bowels in the Lord. -Having confidence in thy obedience I wrote unto thee, knowing that thou wilt also do more than I say. -But withal prepare me also a lodging: for I trust that through your prayers I shall be given unto you. -There salute thee Epaphras, my fellowprisoner in Christ Jesus; -Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas, my fellowlabourers. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen. -God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, -Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds; -Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high: -Being made so much better than the angels, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. -For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son? -And again, when he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him. -And of the angels he saith, Who maketh his angels spirits, and his ministers a flame of fire. -But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom. -Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. -And, Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: -They shall perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a garment; -And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail. -But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool? -Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation? -Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip. -For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward; -How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him; -God also bearing them witness, both with signs and wonders, and with divers miracles, and gifts of the Holy Ghost, according to his own will? -For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak. -But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man that thou visitest him? -Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands: -Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him. -But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man. -For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings. -For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren, -Saying, I will declare thy name unto my brethren, in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee. -And again, I will put my trust in him. And again, Behold I and the children which God hath given me. -Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; -And deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage. -For verily he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took on him the seed of Abraham. -Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. -For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them that are tempted. -Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus; -Who was faithful to him that appointed him, as also Moses was faithful in all his house. -For this man was counted worthy of more glory than Moses, inasmuch as he who hath builded the house hath more honour than the house. -For every house is builded by some man; but he that built all things is God. -And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken after; -But Christ as a son over his own house; whose house are we, if we hold fast the confidence and the rejoicing of the hope firm unto the end. -Wherefore (as the Holy Ghost saith, To day if ye will hear his voice, -Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness: -When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. -Wherefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do alway err in their heart; and they have not known my ways. -So I sware in my wrath, They shall not enter into my rest.) -Take heed, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of unbelief, in departing from the living God. -But exhort one another daily, while it is called To day; lest any of you be hardened through the deceitfulness of sin. -For we are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end; -While it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation. -For some, when they had heard, did provoke: howbeit not all that came out of Egypt by Moses. -But with whom was he grieved forty years? was it not with them that had sinned, whose carcases fell in the wilderness? -And to whom sware he that they should not enter into his rest, but to them that believed not? -So we see that they could not enter in because of unbelief. -Let us therefore fear, lest, a promise being left us of entering into his rest, any of you should seem to come short of it. -For unto us was the gospel preached, as well as unto them: but the word preached did not profit them, not being mixed with faith in them that heard it. -For we which have believed do enter into rest, as he said, As I have sworn in my wrath, if they shall enter into my rest: although the works were finished from the foundation of the world. -For he spake in a certain place of the seventh day on this wise, And God did rest the seventh day from all his works. -And in this place again, If they shall enter into my rest. -Seeing therefore it remaineth that some must enter therein, and they to whom it was first preached entered not in because of unbelief: -Again, he limiteth a certain day, saying in David, To day, after so long a time; as it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts. -For if Jesus had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day. -There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God. -For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his. -Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. -For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. -Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do. -Seeing then that we have a great high priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession. -For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. -Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need. -For every high priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins: -Who can have compassion on the ignorant, and on them that are out of the way; for that he himself also is compassed with infirmity. -And by reason hereof he ought, as for the people, so also for himself, to offer for sins. -And no man taketh this honour unto himself, but he that is called of God, as was Aaron. -So also Christ glorified not himself to be made an high priest; but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to day have I begotten thee. -As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. -Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; -Though he were a Son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered; -And being made perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation unto all them that obey him; -Called of God an high priest after the order of Melchisedec. -Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing. -For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. -For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. -But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil. -Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, -Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. -And this will we do, if God permit. -For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost, -And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come, -If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame. -For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it, and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed, receiveth blessing from God: -But that which beareth thorns and briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be burned. -But, beloved, we are persuaded better things of you, and things that accompany salvation, though we thus speak. -For God is not unrighteous to forget your work and labour of love, which ye have shewed toward his name, in that ye have ministered to the saints, and do minister. -And we desire that every one of you do shew the same diligence to the full assurance of hope unto the end: -That ye be not slothful, but followers of them who through faith and patience inherit the promises. -For when God made promise to Abraham, because he could swear by no greater, he sware by himself, -Saying, Surely blessing I will bless thee, and multiplying I will multiply thee. -And so, after he had patiently endured, he obtained the promise. -For men verily swear by the greater: and an oath for confirmation is to them an end of all strife. -Wherein God, willing more abundantly to shew unto the heirs of promise the immutability of his counsel, confirmed it by an oath: -That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us: -Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; -Whither the forerunner is for us entered, even Jesus, made an high priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. -For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him; -To whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all; first being by interpretation King of righteousness, and after that also King of Salem, which is, King of peace; -Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually. -Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils. -And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham: -But he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. -And without all contradiction the less is blessed of the better. -And here men that die receive tithes; but there he receiveth them, of whom it is witnessed that he liveth. -And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. -For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedec met him. -If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? -For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law. -For he of whom these things are spoken pertaineth to another tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the altar. -For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood. -And it is yet far more evident: for that after the similitude of Melchisedec there ariseth another priest, -Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. -For he testifieth, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. -For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof. -For the law made nothing perfect, but the bringing in of a better hope did; by the which we draw nigh unto God. -And inasmuch as not without an oath he was made priest: -(For those priests were made without an oath; but this with an oath by him that said unto him, The Lord sware and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec:) -By so much was Jesus made a surety of a better testament. -And they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered to continue by reason of death: -But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood. -Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them. -For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens; -Who needeth not daily, as those high priests, to offer up sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people's: for this he did once, when he offered up himself. -For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is consecrated for evermore. -Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens; -A minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man. -For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer. -For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: -Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount. -But now hath he obtained a more excellent ministry, by how much also he is the mediator of a better covenant, which was established upon better promises. -For if that first covenant had been faultless, then should no place have been sought for the second. -For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: -Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they continued not in my covenant, and I regarded them not, saith the Lord. -For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people: -And they shall not teach every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for all shall know me, from the least to the greatest. -For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their iniquities will I remember no more. -In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away. -Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. -For there was a tabernacle made; the first, wherein was the candlestick, and the table, and the shewbread; which is called the sanctuary. -And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of all; -Which had the golden censer, and the ark of the covenant overlaid round about with gold, wherein was the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant; -And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly. -Now when these things were thus ordained, the priests went always into the first tabernacle, accomplishing the service of God. -But into the second went the high priest alone once every year, not without blood, which he offered for himself, and for the errors of the people: -The Holy Ghost this signifying, that the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first tabernacle was yet standing: -Which was a figure for the time then present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the conscience; -Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of reformation. -But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; -Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us. -For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh: -How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? -And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. -For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. -For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth. -Whereupon neither the first testament was dedicated without blood. -For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people, -Saying, This is the blood of the testament which God hath enjoined unto you. -Moreover he sprinkled with blood both the tabernacle, and all the vessels of the ministry. -And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission. -It was therefore necessary that the patterns of things in the heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these. -For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: -Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; -For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. -And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: -So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. -For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect. -For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins. -But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again made of sins every year. -For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins. -Wherefore when he cometh into the world, he saith, Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not, but a body hast thou prepared me: -In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin thou hast had no pleasure. -Then said I, Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is written of me,) to do thy will, O God. -Above when he said, Sacrifice and offering and burnt offerings and offering for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst pleasure therein; which are offered by the law; -Then said he, Lo, I come to do thy will, O God. He taketh away the first, that he may establish the second. -By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. -And every priest standeth daily ministering and offering oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins: -But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God; -From henceforth expecting till his enemies be made his footstool. -For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified. -Whereof the Holy Ghost also is a witness to us: for after that he had said before, -This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write them; -And their sins and iniquities will I remember no more. -Now where remission of these is, there is no more offering for sin. -Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, -By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; -And having an high priest over the house of God; -Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water. -Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering; (for he is faithful that promised;) -And let us consider one another to provoke unto love and to good works: -Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but exhorting one another: and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching. -For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, -But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries. -He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses: -Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace? -For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people. -It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. -But call to remembrance the former days, in which, after ye were illuminated, ye endured a great fight of afflictions; -Partly, whilst ye were made a gazingstock both by reproaches and afflictions; and partly, whilst ye became companions of them that were so used. -For ye had compassion of me in my bonds, and took joyfully the spoiling of your goods, knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a better and an enduring substance. -Cast not away therefore your confidence, which hath great recompence of reward. -For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise. -For yet a little while, and he that shall come will come, and will not tarry. -Now the just shall live by faith: but if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. -But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. -Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. -For by it the elders obtained a good report. -Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear. -By faith Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh. -By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God. -But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him. -By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith. -By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and he went out, not knowing whither he went. -By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise: -For he looked for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God. -Through faith also Sara herself received strength to conceive seed, and was delivered of a child when she was past age, because she judged him faithful who had promised. -Therefore sprang there even of one, and him as good as dead, so many as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the sand which is by the sea shore innumerable. -These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth. -For they that say such things declare plainly that they seek a country. -And truly, if they had been mindful of that country from whence they came out, they might have had opportunity to have returned. -But now they desire a better country, that is, an heavenly: wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God: for he hath prepared for them a city. -By faith Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac: and he that had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, -Of whom it was said, That in Isaac shall thy seed be called: -Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from whence also he received him in a figure. -By faith Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau concerning things to come. -By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff. -By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones. -By faith Moses, when he was born, was hid three months of his parents, because they saw he was a proper child; and they were not afraid of the king's commandment. -By faith Moses, when he was come to years, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter; -Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season; -Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt: for he had respect unto the recompence of the reward. -By faith he forsook Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king: for he endured, as seeing him who is invisible. -Through faith he kept the passover, and the sprinkling of blood, lest he that destroyed the firstborn should touch them. -By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land: which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned. -By faith the walls of Jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. -By faith the harlot Rahab perished not with them that believed not, when she had received the spies with peace. -And what shall I more say? for the time would fail me to tell of Gedeon, and of Barak, and of Samson, and of Jephthae; of David also, and Samuel, and of the prophets: -Who through faith subdued kingdoms, wrought righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions. -Quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of the aliens. -Women received their dead raised to life again: and others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better resurrection: -And others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings, yea, moreover of bonds and imprisonment: -They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain with the sword: they wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented; -(Of whom the world was not worthy:) they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth. -And these all, having obtained a good report through faith, received not the promise: -God having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not be made perfect. -Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, -Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. -For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. -Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin. -And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him: -For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. -If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not? -But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons. -Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and we gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live? -For they verily for a few days chastened us after their own pleasure; but he for our profit, that we might be partakers of his holiness. -Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness unto them which are exercised thereby. -Wherefore lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble knees; -And make straight paths for your feet, lest that which is lame be turned out of the way; but let it rather be healed. -Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord: -Looking diligently lest any man fail of the grace of God; lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you, and thereby many be defiled; -Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. -For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the blessing, he was rejected: for he found no place of repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears. -For ye are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and that burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest, -And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words; which voice they that heard intreated that the word should not be spoken to them any more: -(For they could not endure that which was commanded, And if so much as a beast touch the mountain, it shall be stoned, or thrust through with a dart: -And so terrible was the sight, that Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake:) -But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, -To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, -And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things that that of Abel. -See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven: -Whose voice then shook the earth: but now he hath promised, saying, Yet once more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven. -And this word, Yet once more, signifieth the removing of those things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain. -Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear: -For our God is a consuming fire. -Let brotherly love continue. -Be not forgetful to entertain strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. -Remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them; and them which suffer adversity, as being yourselves also in the body. -Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. -Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee. -So that we may boldly say, The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall do unto me. -Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the word of God: whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation. -Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and to day, and for ever. -Be not carried about with divers and strange doctrines. For it is a good thing that the heart be established with grace; not with meats, which have not profited them that have been occupied therein. -We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle. -For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. -Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate. -Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach. -For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come. -By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. -But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. -Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves: for they watch for your souls, as they that must give account, that they may do it with joy, and not with grief: for that is unprofitable for you. -Pray for us: for we trust we have a good conscience, in all things willing to live honestly. -But I beseech you the rather to do this, that I may be restored to you the sooner. -Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, -Make you perfect in every good work to do his will, working in you that which is wellpleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. -And I beseech you, brethren, suffer the word of exhortation: for I have written a letter unto you in few words. -Know ye that our brother Timothy is set at liberty; with whom, if he come shortly, I will see you. -Salute all them that have the rule over you, and all the saints. They of Italy salute you. -Grace be with you all. Amen. -James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting. -My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; -Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh patience. -But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing. -If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. -But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. -For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord. -A double minded man is unstable in all his ways. -Let the brother of low degree rejoice in that he is exalted: -But the rich, in that he is made low: because as the flower of the grass he shall pass away. -For the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth, and the grace of the fashion of it perisheth: so also shall the rich man fade away in his ways. -Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that love him. -Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: -But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. -Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin: and sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death. -Do not err, my beloved brethren. -Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. -Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. -Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: -For the wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God. -Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness, and receive with meekness the engrafted word, which is able to save your souls. -But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves. -For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass: -For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was. -But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth therein, he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed. -If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain. -Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world. -My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, with respect of persons. -For if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in goodly apparel, and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment; -And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool: -Are ye not then partial in yourselves, and are become judges of evil thoughts? -Hearken, my beloved brethren, Hath not God chosen the poor of this world rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that love him? -But ye have despised the poor. Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats? -Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called? -If ye fulfil the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ye do well: -But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors. -For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. -For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law. -So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty. -For he shall have judgment without mercy, that hath shewed no mercy; and mercy rejoiceth against judgment. -What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and have not works? can faith save him? -If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food, -And one of you say unto them, Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye give them not those things which are needful to the body; what doth it profit? -Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone. -Yea, a man may say, Thou hast faith, and I have works: shew me thy faith without thy works, and I will shew thee my faith by my works. -Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils also believe, and tremble. -But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead? -Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? -Seest thou how faith wrought with his works, and by works was faith made perfect? -And the scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of God. -Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only. -Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way? -For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also. -My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation. -For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body. -Behold, we put bits in the horses' mouths, that they may obey us; and we turn about their whole body. -Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the governor listeth. -Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! -And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. -For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: -But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. -Therewith bless we God, even the Father; and therewith curse we men, which are made after the similitude of God. -Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not so to be. -Doth a fountain send forth at the same place sweet water and bitter? -Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs? so can no fountain both yield salt water and fresh. -Who is a wise man and endued with knowledge among you? let him shew out of a good conversation his works with meekness of wisdom. -But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory not, and lie not against the truth. -This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. -For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. -But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. -And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace. -From whence come wars and fightings among you? come they not hence, even of your lusts that war in your members? -Ye lust, and have not: ye kill, and desire to have, and cannot obtain: ye fight and war, yet ye have not, because ye ask not. -Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss, that ye may consume it upon your lusts. -Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God. -Do ye think that the scripture saith in vain, The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy? -But he giveth more grace. Wherefore he saith, God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble. -Submit yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. -Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners; and purify your hearts, ye double minded. -Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to heaviness. -Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up. -Speak not evil one of another, brethren. He that speaketh evil of his brother, and judgeth his brother, speaketh evil of the law, and judgeth the law: but if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge. -There is one lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy: who art thou that judgest another? -Go to now, ye that say, To day or to morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year, and buy and sell, and get gain: -Whereas ye know not what shall be on the morrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapour, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away. -For that ye ought to say, If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this, or that. -But now ye rejoice in your boastings: all such rejoicing is evil. -Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin. -Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that shall come upon you. -Your riches are corrupted, and your garments are motheaten. -Your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust of them shall be a witness against you, and shall eat your flesh as it were fire. Ye have heaped treasure together for the last days. -Behold, the hire of the labourers who have reaped down your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth: and the cries of them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth. -Ye have lived in pleasure on the earth, and been wanton; ye have nourished your hearts, as in a day of slaughter. -Ye have condemned and killed the just; and he doth not resist you. -Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth, and hath long patience for it, until he receive the early and latter rain. -Be ye also patient; stablish your hearts: for the coming of the Lord draweth nigh. -Grudge not one against another, brethren, lest ye be condemned: behold, the judge standeth before the door. -Take, my brethren, the prophets, who have spoken in the name of the Lord, for an example of suffering affliction, and of patience. -Behold, we count them happy which endure. Ye have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the end of the Lord; that the Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy. -But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation. -Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him sing psalms. -Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord: -And the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; and if he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him. -Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another, that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much. -Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by the space of three years and six months. -And he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth her fruit. -Brethren, if any of you do err from the truth, and one convert him; -Let him know, that he which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a multitude of sins. -Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, -Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: Grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied. -Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, -To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you, -Who are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. -Wherein ye greatly rejoice, though now for a season, if need be, ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations: -That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ: -Whom having not seen, ye love; in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing, ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory: -Receiving the end of your faith, even the salvation of your souls. -Of which salvation the prophets have enquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that should come unto you: -Searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow. -Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into. -Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ; -As obedient children, not fashioning yourselves according to the former lusts in your ignorance: -But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; -Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy. -And if ye call on the Father, who without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear: -Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers; -But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot: -Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you, -Who by him do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him glory; that your faith and hope might be in God. -Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit unto unfeigned love of the brethren, see that ye love one another with a pure heart fervently: -Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth for ever. -For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away: -But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you. -Wherefore laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and envies, all evil speakings, -As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby: -If so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious. -To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious, -Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. -Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. -Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner, -And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed. -But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light; -Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy. -Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul; -Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation. -Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme; -Or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well. -For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: -As free, and not using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the servants of God. -Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king. -Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward. -For this is thankworthy, if a man for conscience toward God endure grief, suffering wrongfully. -For what glory is it, if, when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye shall take it patiently? but if, when ye do well, and suffer for it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God. -For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps: -Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth: -Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously: -Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. -For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. -Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives; -While they behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear. -Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; -But let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price. -For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands: -Even as Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him lord: whose daughters ye are, as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any amazement. -Likewise, ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel, and as being heirs together of the grace of life; that your prayers be not hindered. -Finally, be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another, love as brethren, be pitiful, be courteous: -Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing: but contrariwise blessing; knowing that ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing. -For he that will love life, and see good days, let him refrain his tongue from evil, and his lips that they speak no guile: -Let him eschew evil, and do good; let him seek peace, and ensue it. -For the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their prayers: but the face of the Lord is against them that do evil. -And who is he that will harm you, if ye be followers of that which is good? -But and if ye suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye: and be not afraid of their terror, neither be troubled; -But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear: -Having a good conscience; that, whereas they speak evil of you, as of evildoers, they may be ashamed that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ. -For it is better, if the will of God be so, that ye suffer for well doing, than for evil doing. -For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit: -By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; -Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. -The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: -Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him. -Forasmuch then as Christ hath suffered for us in the flesh, arm yourselves likewise with the same mind: for he that hath suffered in the flesh hath ceased from sin; -That he no longer should live the rest of his time in the flesh to the lusts of men, but to the will of God. -For the time past of our life may suffice us to have wrought the will of the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness, lusts, excess of wine, revellings, banquetings, and abominable idolatries: -Wherein they think it strange that ye run not with them to the same excess of riot, speaking evil of you: -Who shall give account to him that is ready to judge the quick and the dead. -For for this cause was the gospel preached also to them that are dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according to God in the spirit. -But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and watch unto prayer. -And above all things have fervent charity among yourselves: for charity shall cover the multitude of sins. -Use hospitality one to another without grudging. -As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God. -If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. -Beloved, think it not strange concerning the fiery trial which is to try you, as though some strange thing happened unto you: -But rejoice, inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ's sufferings; that, when his glory shall be revealed, ye may be glad also with exceeding joy. -If ye be reproached for the name of Christ, happy are ye; for the spirit of glory and of God resteth upon you: on their part he is evil spoken of, but on your part he is glorified. -But let none of you suffer as a murderer, or as a thief, or as an evildoer, or as a busybody in other men's matters. -Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf. -For the time is come that judgment must begin at the house of God: and if it first begin at us, what shall the end be of them that obey not the gospel of God? -And if the righteous scarcely be saved, where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear? -Wherefore let them that suffer according to the will of God commit the keeping of their souls to him in well doing, as unto a faithful Creator. -The elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that shall be revealed: -Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; -Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. -And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away. -Likewise, ye younger, submit yourselves unto the elder. Yea, all of you be subject one to another, and be clothed with humility: for God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble. -Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time: -Casting all your care upon him; for he careth for you. -Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: -Whom resist stedfast in the faith, knowing that the same afflictions are accomplished in your brethren that are in the world. -But the God of all grace, who hath called us unto his eternal glory by Christ Jesus, after that ye have suffered a while, make you perfect, stablish, strengthen, settle you. -To him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. -By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God wherein ye stand. -The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son. -Greet ye one another with a kiss of charity. Peace be with you all that are in Christ Jesus. Amen. -Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained like precious faith with us through the righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ: -Grace and peace be multiplied unto you through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus our Lord, -According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue: -Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust. -And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; -And to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; -And to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. -For if these things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. -But he that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar off, and hath forgotten that he was purged from his old sins. -Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall: -For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. -Wherefore I will not be negligent to put you always in remembrance of these things, though ye know them, and be established in the present truth. -Yea, I think it meet, as long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir you up by putting you in remembrance; -Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed me. -Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to have these things always in remembrance. -For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty. -For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. -And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount. -We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: -Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation. -For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. -But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. -And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. -And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not. -For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment; -And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly; -And turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an ensample unto those that after should live ungodly; -And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked: -(For that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds;) -The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished: -But chiefly them that walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness, and despise government. Presumptuous are they, selfwilled, they are not afraid to speak evil of dignities. -Whereas angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them before the Lord. -But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption; -And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness, as they that count it pleasure to riot in the day time. Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves with their own deceivings while they feast with you; -Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed children: -Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness; -But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet. -These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever. -For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error. -While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage. -For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the beginning. -For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them. -But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. -This second epistle, beloved, I now write unto you; in both which I stir up your pure minds by way of remembrance: -That ye may be mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets, and of the commandment of us the apostles of the Lord and Saviour: -Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, -And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. -For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: -Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: -But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. -But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. -The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. -But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. -Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, -Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? -Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. -Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things, be diligent that ye may be found of him in peace, without spot, and blameless. -And account that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you; -As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction. -Ye therefore, beloved, seeing ye know these things before, beware lest ye also, being led away with the error of the wicked, fall from your own stedfastness. -But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen. -That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of life; -(For the life was manifested, and we have seen it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us;) -That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that ye also may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. -And these things write we unto you, that your joy may be full. -This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all. -If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth: -But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. -If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. -If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. -If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us. -My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: -And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for our's only, but also for the sins of the whole world. -And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments. -He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. -But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God perfected: hereby know we that we are in him. -He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked. -Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning. -Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth. -He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now. -He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion of stumbling in him. -But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes. -I write unto you, little children, because your sins are forgiven you for his name's sake. -I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have known the Father. -I have written unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I have written unto you, young men, because ye are strong, and the word of God abideth in you, and ye have overcome the wicked one. -Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. -For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world. -And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever. -Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last time. -They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us: but they went out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us. -But ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things. -I have not written unto you because ye know not the truth, but because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth. -Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son. -Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Father: he that acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also. -Let that therefore abide in you, which ye have heard from the beginning. If that which ye have heard from the beginning shall remain in you, ye also shall continue in the Son, and in the Father. -And this is the promise that he hath promised us, even eternal life. -These things have I written unto you concerning them that seduce you. -But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him. -And now, little children, abide in him; that, when he shall appear, we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming. -If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him. -Behold, what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should be called the sons of God: therefore the world knoweth us not, because it knew him not. -Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is. -And every man that hath this hope in him purifieth himself, even as he is pure. -Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law. -And ye know that he was manifested to take away our sins; and in him is no sin. -Whosoever abideth in him sinneth not: whosoever sinneth hath not seen him, neither known him. -Little children, let no man deceive you: he that doeth righteousness is righteous, even as he is righteous. -He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil. -Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; for his seed remaineth in him: and he cannot sin, because he is born of God. -In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the devil: whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother. -For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another. -Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous. -Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you. -We know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love the brethren. He that loveth not his brother abideth in death. -Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and ye know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. -Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren. -But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him? -My little children, let us not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth. -And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him. -For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things. -Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then have we confidence toward God. -And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments, and do those things that are pleasing in his sight. -And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, as he gave us commandment. -And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in him. And hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us. -Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. -Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: -And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world. -Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world. -They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them. -We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error. -Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God. -He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. -In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. -Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. -Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. -No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. -Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit. -And we have seen and do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world. -Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwelleth in him, and he in God. -And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him. -Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment: because as he is, so are we in this world. -There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in love. -We love him, because he first loved us. -If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen? -And this commandment have we from him, That he who loveth God love his brother also. -Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. -By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. -For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous. -For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. -Who is he that overcometh the world, but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God? -This is he that came by water and blood, even Jesus Christ; not by water only, but by water and blood. And it is the Spirit that beareth witness, because the Spirit is truth. -For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. -And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one. -If we receive the witness of men, the witness of God is greater: for this is the witness of God which he hath testified of his Son. -He that believeth on the Son of God hath the witness in himself: he that believeth not God hath made him a liar; because he believeth not the record that God gave of his Son. -And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. -He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not life. -These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son of God; that ye may know that ye have eternal life, and that ye may believe on the name of the Son of God. -And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he heareth us: -And if we know that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions that we desired of him. -If any man see his brother sin a sin which is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that sin not unto death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray for it. -All unrighteousness is sin: and there is a sin not unto death. -We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth not; but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself, and that wicked one toucheth him not. -And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness. -And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an understanding, that we may know him that is true, and we are in him that is true, even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life. -Little children, keep yourselves from idols. Amen. -The elder unto the elect lady and her children, whom I love in the truth; and not I only, but also all they that have known the truth; -For the truth's sake, which dwelleth in us, and shall be with us for ever. -Grace be with you, mercy, and peace, from God the Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, in truth and love. -I rejoiced greatly that I found of thy children walking in truth, as we have received a commandment from the Father. -And now I beseech thee, lady, not as though I wrote a new commandment unto thee, but that which we had from the beginning, that we love one another. -And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the commandment, That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk in it. -For many deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist. -Look to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have wrought, but that we receive a full reward. -Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son. -If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed: -For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds. -Having many things to write unto you, I would not write with paper and ink: but I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face, that our joy may be full. -The children of thy elect sister greet thee. Amen. -The elder unto the wellbeloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth. -Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth. -For I rejoiced greatly, when the brethren came and testified of the truth that is in thee, even as thou walkest in the truth. -I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth. -Beloved, thou doest faithfully whatsoever thou doest to the brethren, and to strangers; -Which have borne witness of thy charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a godly sort, thou shalt do well: -Because that for his name's sake they went forth, taking nothing of the Gentiles. -We therefore ought to receive such, that we might be fellowhelpers to the truth. -I wrote unto the church: but Diotrephes, who loveth to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not. -Wherefore, if I come, I will remember his deeds which he doeth, prating against us with malicious words: and not content therewith, neither doth he himself receive the brethren, and forbiddeth them that would, and casteth them out of the church. -Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen God. -Demetrius hath good report of all men, and of the truth itself: yea, and we also bear record; and ye know that our record is true. -I had many things to write, but I will not with ink and pen write unto thee: -But I trust I shall shortly see thee, and we shall speak face to face. Peace be to thee. Our friends salute thee. Greet the friends by name. -Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, to them that are sanctified by God the Father, and preserved in Jesus Christ, and called: -Mercy unto you, and peace, and love, be multiplied. -Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. -For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ. -I will therefore put you in remembrance, though ye once knew this, how that the Lord, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed them that believed not. -And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. -Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. -Likewise also these filthy dreamers defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. -Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee. -But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corrupt themselves. -Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. -These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they feast with you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds they are without water, carried about of winds; trees whose fruit withereth, without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots; -Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. -And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, -To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. -These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling words, having men's persons in admiration because of advantage. -But, beloved, remember ye the words which were spoken before of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ; -How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts. -These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. -But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith, praying in the Holy Ghost, -Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life. -And of some have compassion, making a difference: -And others save with fear, pulling them out of the fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh. -Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling, and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy, -To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen. -The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: -Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw. -Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the time is at hand. -John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; -And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, -And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. -Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of him. Even so, Amen. -I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. -I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. -I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, -Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. -And I turned to see the voice that spake with me. And being turned, I saw seven golden candlesticks; -And in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a garment down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle. -His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; -And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. -And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength. -And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first and the last: -I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. -Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and the things which shall be hereafter; -The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. -Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks; -I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars: -And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name's sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted. -Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love. -Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent. -But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. -And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive; -I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan. -Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death. -And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges; -I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth. -But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication. -So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, which thing I hate. -Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. -And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass; -I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to be more than the first. -Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols. -And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she repented not. -Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds. -And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works. -But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden. -But that which ye have already hold fast till I come. -And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: -And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father. -And I will give him the morning star. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. -And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead. -Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are ready to die: for I have not found thy works perfect before God. -Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and hold fast, and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I will come on thee as a thief, and thou shalt not know what hour I will come upon thee. -Thou hast a few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy. -He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will confess his name before my Father, and before his angels. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. -And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth; -I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name. -Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. -Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell upon the earth. -Behold, I come quickly: hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown. -Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. -And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; -I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. -So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth. -Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: -I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see. -As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent. -Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. -To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne. -He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. -After this I looked, and, behold, a door was opened in heaven: and the first voice which I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with me; which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must be hereafter. -And immediately I was in the spirit: and, behold, a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne. -And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. -And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. -And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. -And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. -And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle. -And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, LORD God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. -And when those beasts give glory and honour and thanks to him that sat on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, -The four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, -Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. -And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals. -And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? -And no man in heaven, nor in earth, neither under the earth, was able to open the book, neither to look thereon. -And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to open and to read the book, neither to look thereon. -And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof. -And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. -And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that sat upon the throne. -And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them harps, and golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of saints. -And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation; -And hast made us unto our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth. -And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; -Saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing. -And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. -And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever. -And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. -And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer. -And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. -And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword. -And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. -And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine. -And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, Come and see. -And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth. -And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: -And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? -And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled. -And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; -And the stars of heaven fell unto the earth, even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. -And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and every mountain and island were moved out of their places. -And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains; -And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: -For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand? -And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any tree. -And I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God: and he cried with a loud voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to hurt the earth and the sea, -Saying, Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God in their foreheads. -And I heard the number of them which were sealed: and there were sealed an hundred and forty and four thousand of all the tribes of the children of Israel. -Of the tribe of Juda were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Reuben were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Gad were sealed twelve thousand. -Of the tribe of Aser were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Nephthalim were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Manasses were sealed twelve thousand. -Of the tribe of Simeon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Levi were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Issachar were sealed twelve thousand. -Of the tribe of Zabulon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Joseph were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Benjamin were sealed twelve thousand. -After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; -And cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb. -And all the angels stood round about the throne, and about the elders and the four beasts, and fell before the throne on their faces, and worshipped God, -Saying, Amen: Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, be unto our God for ever and ever. Amen. -And one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these which are arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? -And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. -Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them. -They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. -For the Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes. -And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. -And I saw the seven angels which stood before God; and to them were given seven trumpets. -And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. -And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand. -And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire of the altar, and cast it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake. -And the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound. -The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up. -And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood; -And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. -And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; -And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter. -And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the stars; so as the third part of them was darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and the night likewise. -And I beheld, and heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet to sound! -And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit. -And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit. -And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. -And it was commanded them that they should not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads. -And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. -And in those days shall men seek death, and shall not find it; and shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them. -And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men. -And they had hair as the hair of women, and their teeth were as the teeth of lions. -And they had breastplates, as it were breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running to battle. -And they had tails like unto scorpions, and there were stings in their tails: and their power was to hurt men five months. -And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. -One woe is past; and, behold, there come two woes more hereafter. -And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God, -Saying to the sixth angel which had the trumpet, Loose the four angels which are bound in the great river Euphrates. -And the four angels were loosed, which were prepared for an hour, and a day, and a month, and a year, for to slay the third part of men. -And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred thousand thousand: and I heard the number of them. -And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone. -By these three was the third part of men killed, by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued out of their mouths. -For their power is in their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and with them they do hurt. -And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: -Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. -And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: -And he had in his hand a little book open: and he set his right foot upon the sea, and his left foot on the earth, -And cried with a loud voice, as when a lion roareth: and when he had cried, seven thunders uttered their voices. -And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Seal up those things which the seven thunders uttered, and write them not. -And the angel which I saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth lifted up his hand to heaven, -And sware by him that liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things that therein are, and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the things which are therein, that there should be time no longer: -But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared to his servants the prophets. -And the voice which I heard from heaven spake unto me again, and said, Go and take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel which standeth upon the sea and upon the earth. -And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey. -And I took the little book out of the angel's hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten it, my belly was bitter. -And he said unto me, Thou must prophesy again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings. -And there was given me a reed like unto a rod: and the angel stood, saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and them that worship therein. -But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot forty and two months. -And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth. -These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth. -And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he must in this manner be killed. -These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will. -And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them. -And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified. -And they of the people and kindreds and tongues and nations shall see their dead bodies three days and an half, and shall not suffer their dead bodies to be put in graves. -And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them, and make merry, and shall send gifts one to another; because these two prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth. -And after three days and an half the spirit of life from God entered into them, and they stood upon their feet; and great fear fell upon them which saw them. -And they heard a great voice from heaven saying unto them, Come up hither. And they ascended up to heaven in a cloud; and their enemies beheld them. -And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven thousand: and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven. -The second woe is past; and, behold, the third woe cometh quickly. -And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. -And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, -Saying, We give thee thanks, O LORD God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great power, and hast reigned. -And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth. -And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen in his temple the ark of his testament: and there were lightnings, and voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail. -And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars: -And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. -And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. -And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth: and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born. -And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his throne. -And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days. -And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, -And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. -And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. -And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night. -And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death. -Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time. -And when the dragon saw that he was cast unto the earth, he persecuted the woman which brought forth the man child. -And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent. -And the serpent cast out of his mouth water as a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood. -And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth. -And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. -And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. -And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. -And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast. -And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? -And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two months. -And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. -And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations. -And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. -If any man have an ear, let him hear. -He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints. -And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. -And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. -And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, -And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. -And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. -And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: -And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. -Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six. -And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in their foreheads. -And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: -And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. -These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. -And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God. -And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, -Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. -And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. -And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, -The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: -And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name. -Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. -And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them. -And I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sat like unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a sharp sickle. -And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud voice to him that sat on the cloud, Thrust in thy sickle, and reap: for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is ripe. -And he that sat on the cloud thrust in his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped. -And another angel came out of the temple which is in heaven, he also having a sharp sickle. -And another angel came out from the altar, which had power over fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe. -And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. -And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs. -And I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvellous, seven angels having the seven last plagues; for in them is filled up the wrath of God. -And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them that had gotten the victory over the beast, and over his image, and over his mark, and over the number of his name, stand on the sea of glass, having the harps of God. -And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints. -Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for thy judgments are made manifest. -And after that I looked, and, behold, the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven was opened: -And the seven angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure and white linen, and having their breasts girded with golden girdles. -And one of the four beasts gave unto the seven angels seven golden vials full of the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. -And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from his power; and no man was able to enter into the temple, till the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled. -And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth. -And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image. -And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea. -And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and fountains of waters; and they became blood. -And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus. -For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy. -And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments. -And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. -And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory. -And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the seat of the beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain, -And blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds. -And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared. -And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. -For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. -Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame. -And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon. -And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, It is done. -And there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. -And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. -And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found. -And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great. -And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters: -With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication. -So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. -And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: -And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. -And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration. -And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns. -The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. -And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth. -And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is, and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh, he must continue a short space. -And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into perdition. -And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast. -These have one mind, and shall give their power and strength unto the beast. -These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with him are called, and chosen, and faithful. -And he saith unto me, The waters which thou sawest, where the whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues. -And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. -For God hath put in their hearts to fulfil his will, and to agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast, until the words of God shall be fulfilled. -And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth. -And after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven, having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory. -And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. -For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. -And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. -For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities. -Reward her even as she rewarded you, and double unto her double according to her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her double. -How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so much torment and sorrow give her: for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow. -Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong is the Lord God who judgeth her. -And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning, -Standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas that great city Babylon, that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come. -And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: -The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, -And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men. -And the fruits that thy soul lusted after are departed from thee, and all things which were dainty and goodly are departed from thee, and thou shalt find them no more at all. -The merchants of these things, which were made rich by her, shall stand afar off for the fear of her torment, weeping and wailing, -And saying, Alas, alas that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! -For in one hour so great riches is come to nought. And every shipmaster, and all the company in ships, and sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, -And cried when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What city is like unto this great city! -And they cast dust on their heads, and cried, weeping and wailing, saying, Alas, alas that great city, wherein were made rich all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness! for in one hour is she made desolate. -Rejoice over her, thou heaven, and ye holy apostles and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her. -And a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone, and cast it into the sea, saying, Thus with violence shall that great city Babylon be thrown down, and shall be found no more at all. -And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and of pipers, and trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of whatsoever craft he be, shall be found any more in thee; and the sound of a millstone shall be heard no more at all in thee; -And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy sorceries were all nations deceived. -And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of saints, and of all that were slain upon the earth. -And after these things I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia; Salvation, and glory, and honour, and power, unto the Lord our God: -For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand. -And again they said, Alleluia And her smoke rose up for ever and ever. -And the four and twenty elders and the four beasts fell down and worshipped God that sat on the throne, saying, Amen; Alleluia. -And a voice came out of the throne, saying, Praise our God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both small and great. -And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. -Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honour to him: for the marriage of the Lamb is come, and his wife hath made herself ready. -And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness of saints. -And he saith unto me, Write, Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb. And he saith unto me, These are the true sayings of God. -And I fell at his feet to worship him. And he said unto me, See thou do it not: I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. -And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. -His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. -And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God. -And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. -And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. -And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS. -And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God; -That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great. -And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army. -And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. -And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh. -And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. -And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, -And cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. -And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. -But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. -Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years. -And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, -And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog, and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. -And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. -And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. -And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. -And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. -And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. -And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. -And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. -And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. -And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. -And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God. -And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away. -And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful. -And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely. -He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son. -But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. -And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. -And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God, -Having the glory of God: and her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; -And had a wall great and high, and had twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names written thereon, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel: -On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on the south three gates; and on the west three gates. -And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. -And he that talked with me had a golden reed to measure the city, and the gates thereof, and the wall thereof. -And the city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal. -And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred and forty and four cubits, according to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel. -And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. -And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; -The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolyte; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. -And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. -And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it. -And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. -And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it. -And the gates of it shall not be shut at all by day: for there shall be no night there. -And they shall bring the glory and honour of the nations into it. -And there shall in no wise enter into it any thing that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb's book of life. -And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. -In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. -And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: -And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads. -And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever. -And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly be done. -Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book. -And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which shewed me these things. -Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which keep the sayings of this book: worship God. -And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand. -He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still. -And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. -I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. -Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city. -For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie. -I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. -And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely. -For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: -And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. -He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus. -The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. - diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/cast b/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/cast deleted file mode 100644 index 70003a681f..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/cast +++ /dev/null @@ -1,19 +0,0 @@ -Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski. Bridges had heard or was told by the Coen brothers that they had written a screenplay for him.[9]:27 -John Goodman as Walter Sobchak; a Vietnam veteran and bowling partner and friend of "The Dude." Walter was based, in part, on screenwriter and director John Milius.[10]:189 -Julianne Moore as Maude Lebowski; Jeffrey "The Big" Lebowski's daughter, a feminist and an avant-garde artist. -Steve Buscemi as Theodore Donald "Donny" Kerabatsos; a bowling partner and friend of "The Dude." Walter's repeated response, "Shut the fuck up, Donny!" is a reference to Fargo, in which Buscemi's character was constantly talking and interrupting conversations when he is not paying attention to the story.[11] -David Huddleston as Jeffrey "The Big" Lebowski; a millionaire philanthropist for whom "The Dude" is mistaken. -Philip Seymour Hoffman as Brandt; Jeffrey "The Big" Lebowski's executive assistant -Tara Reid as Bunny Lebowski; Jeffrey "The Big" Lebowski's blonde 20s-something trophy wife and former porn video performer (“Log Jammin’”) for Jackie Treehorn Productions. According to Reid, Charlize Theron also tried out for the role.[9]:72 -Philip Moon as Woo; a Jackie Treehorn thug -Mark Pellegrino as the Blond Treehorn thug -Peter Stormare, Torsten Voges, and Flea as Uli Kunkel/Karl Hungus, Franz, and Kieffer, the German nihilists; Uli originated on the set of Fargo between Ethan Coen and Stormare, who often spoke in a mock German accent.[9]:57 -Jimmie Dale Gilmore as Smokey; a hippie bowler in the league whom Walter threatens at gunpoint over an attempt to mark his frame an eight despite letting his foot move over the alley line -Jack Kehler as Marty; The Dude's landlord, who is also a performance artist -John Turturro as Jesus Quintana. The Coen brothers let Turturro come up with a lot of his own ideas for the character, like towel-shining the bowling ball and the scene where he dances backward from his bowling alley line, which he says was inspired by Muhammad Ali.[9]:44 -David Thewlis as Knox Harrington, an avant-garde videographer-friend of Maude Lebowski -Sam Elliott as The Stranger, a smooth-talking urban cowboy who also serves as the narrator of the film -Ben Gazzara as big-time porn video producer Jackie Treehorn, to whom Bunny Lebowski owes money -Jon Polito as Da Fino, a private dick who mistakes the Dude for a "brother shamus", hired by Bunny's family to return her to them -Leon Russom as the Malibu police chief -Aimee Mann as Nihilist Woman/Franz's Girlfriend who donates her amputated green nail-polished little toe (proof of Bunny Lebowski's kidnapping). diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/lebowski b/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/lebowski deleted file mode 100644 index 6cefcc86db..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/lebowski +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -Wait... let me just explain something to you. I am not Mr. Lebowski. You're Mr. Lebowski. I'm "The Dude". So that's what you call me, you know. That, or His Dudeness, or Duder, or El Duderino if you're not into the whole brevity thing. diff --git a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/wordlist b/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/wordlist deleted file mode 100644 index b62c23983f..0000000000 --- a/tests/pipeline-tests/test-content/wordlist +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122823 +0,0 @@ -W -w -WW -WWW -WY -Y -y -A -a -AA -AAA -aah -ah -AI -air -AR -Ar -Au -aw -E -e -ea -ear -EEO -e'er -eh -EOE -ER -Er -er -EU -Eu -Eur -I -i -IA -Ia -IE -IEEE -ii -iii -Io -IOU -Ir -O -o -oar -OE -o'er -OH -oh -oi -ooh -OR -or -our -ow -U -u -UAR -UAW -ugh -uh -Ur -Arthur -author -earth -earthier -earthy -eighth -either -ether -oath -other -earthbound -Athabasca -Athabaskan -Athabaskan's -Athabaskans -Athabasca's -ethic -Ithaca -earthquake -earthquake's -earthquakes -ethical -ethically -Ithacan -orthogonal -orthogonality -Ithacan's -orthography -orthographic -orthographically -orthographies -orthography's -ethic's -ethics -ethics's -Ithaca's -earthlier -earthly -Ethel -ethyl -Othello -ethology -ethological -ethology's -ethologist -ethologist's -ethologists -earthling -ethylene -earthling's -earthlings -ethylene's -Ethelred -Ethelred's -Ethel's -ethyl's -Othello's -earthliest -athlete -athletic -athletically -athletics -athletics's -athlete's -athletes -athleticism -Athena -Athene -earthen -earthing -Ethan -ethane -ethnic -ethnically -ethnographer -ethnography -ethnographic -ethnographically -ethnographers -ethnic's -ethnics -euthenics -euthenics's -ethanol -ethnology -ethnological -ethnologically -ethnology's -ethnologist -ethnologist's -ethnologists -ethanol's -Athenian -Athenian's -Athenians -Athena's -Athene's -Athens -Athens's -earthiness -earthiness's -ethane's -Ethan's -euthanize -otherness -euthanizing -ethnocentric -ethnocentrism -ethnocentrism's -Athanasius -euthanizes -ethnicity -euthanized -ethnicity's -Ethernet -authentic -authentically -authenticate -authenticating -authenticates -authenticated -authentication -authentication's -authentications -Ethernet's -authenticity -authenticity's -earthenware -earthenware's -euthanasia -euthanasia's -Ethiopia -Ethiopian -Ethiopian's -Ethiopians -Ethiopia's -authorial -ethereal -ethereally -Arthurian -authoring -Arthurian's -arthropod -arthropod's -arthropods -authoress -authoress's -atherosclerosis -atherosclerosis's -atherosclerotic -arthroscope -arthroscopy -arthroscopic -arthroscope's -arthroscopes -authoresses -authored -authority -arthritic -arthritic's -arthritics -authoritarian -authoritarian's -authoritarians -authoritarianism -authoritarianism's -arthritis -arthritis's -authorities -authority's -authoritative -authoritatively -authoritativeness -authoritativeness's -Arthur's -author's -authors -earth's -earths -eighth's -eighths -ether's -ethos -ethos's -oath's -oaths -other's -others -outhouse -atheism -atheism's -outhouse's -outhouses -atheist -athirst -earthiest -atheistic -atheist's -atheists -earthed -outhit -Orthodox -orthodox -orthodoxy -orthodoxies -orthodoxy's -outhitting -orthodontic -orthodontics -orthodontics's -orthodontist -orthodontist's -orthodontists -orthodontia -orthodontia's -outhits -earthwork -earthwork's -earthworks -otherworldly -earthworm -earthworm's -earthworms -otherwise -athwart -earthward -earthwards -earthshaking -authorship -authorship's -AB -ab -ABA -abbey -Abby -Abe -eBay -ebb -Ibo -OB -Ob -ob -obey -obi -oboe -orb -above -aboveboard -above's -obverse -obvious -obfuscate -obfuscating -obfuscates -obfuscated -obfuscation -obfuscation's -obfuscations -obviously -obviousness -obviousness's -obverse's -obverses -abaft -arborvitae -obviate -obviating -arborvitae's -arborvitaes -obviates -obviated -obviation -obviation's -abhor -abhorring -abhorrence -abhorrence's -abhorrent -abhorrently -abhorred -abhors -aback -ABC -Abuja -airbag -obj -abject -object -objector -objurgate -objectify -objective -objectification -objectively -objectiveness -objectiveness's -objectifies -objective's -objectives -objectified -objectivity -objectivity's -objectifying -abjectly -objecting -objurgating -abjectness -abjectness's -objector's -objectors -object's -objects -objurgates -objected -objurgated -abjection -objection -objurgation -objectionable -objectionably -abjection's -objection's -objections -objurgation's -objurgations -Abigail -orbicular -Abigail's -aubergine -aubergines -abjure -abjurer -abjuring -abjurer's -abjurers -abjures -abjured -abjuratory -abjuration -abjuration's -abjurations -abacus -abacus's -ABC's -ABCs -Abuja's -airbag's -airbags -ibex -abacuses -ibexes -ibex's -ubiquity -ubiquitous -ubiquity's -ubiquitously -Abel -able -abler -ably -Ebola -oblivion -oblivion's -oblivious -obliviously -obliviousness -obliviousness's -oblige -oblique -obloquy -obliquely -obliging -obligingly -obliqueness -obliqueness's -obliges -oblique's -obliques -obloquy's -obbligato -obligate -obliged -obliquity -obligating -obligatory -obligatorily -obbligato's -obbligatos -obligates -obliquity's -obligated -obligation -obligation's -obligations -abloom -abalone -Abilene -Oberlin -oblong -oblong's -oblongs -abalone's -abalones -Abilene's -ebullience -Oberlin's -ebullience's -ebullient -ebulliently -Abel's -ablaze -Ebola's -Iblis -Iblis's -obelisk -obelisk's -obelisks -Abelson -Abelson's -ablest -Abelard -ability -ablate -oblate -oubliette -ablative -ablative's -ablatives -ablating -obliterate -obliterating -obliterates -obliterated -obliteration -obliteration's -Abelard's -abilities -ability's -ablates -oubliette's -oubliettes -ablated -abolish -ablation -ablution -abolishing -abolition -ebullition -oblation -ablation's -ablations -ablution's -ablutions -abolition's -ebullition's -oblation's -oblations -abolitionism -abolitionism's -abolitionist -abolitionist's -abolitionists -abolishes -abolished -abeam -ABM -erbium -IBM -Obama -Obamacare -abominable -abominably -abominate -abominating -abominates -abominated -abomination -abomination's -abominations -ABM's -ABMs -erbium's -IBM's -Obama's -Abner -airborne -auburn -ebbing -Eben -Ebony -ebony -Urban -urban -urbane -urbaner -Abernathy -Abernathy's -Ubangi -Ebonics -Ebonics's -Ubangi's -obnoxious -obnoxiously -obnoxiousness -obnoxiousness's -abnegate -abnegating -abnegates -abnegated -abnegation -abnegation's -urbanely -urbanology -urbanology's -urbanologist -urbanologist's -urbanologists -abnormal -abnormally -abnormality -abnormalities -abnormality's -aborning -Abner's -auburn's -Ebeneezer -Eben's -ebonies -Ebony's -ebony's -Urban's -Ebeneezer's -urbanest -abound -Ubuntu -urbanity -abandon -abounding -UbuntuOne -abandonment -abandonment's -abandoning -abandons -abundance -UbuntuOne's -abundance's -abundances -abandoned -abundant -abundantly -abounds -Ubuntu's -urbanity's -abounded -ibuprofen -ibuprofen's -abbr -Aubrey -Ebro -Iberia -abbrev -abbrevs -abbreviate -abbreviating -abbreviates -abbreviated -abbreviation -abbreviation's -abbreviations -Abraham -Abraham's -abridge -Aborigine -aborigine -aboriginal -aboriginal's -aboriginals -Aborigine's -Aborigines -aborigine's -aborigines -abridges -abridged -abrogate -abrogator -abracadabra -abracadabra's -abrogating -abrogates -abrogator's -abrogators -abrogated -abrogation -abrogation's -abrogations -arboreal -Abram -Abram's -Abrams -Abrams's -Iberian -Oberon -O'Brien -Iberian's -Oberon's -O'Brien's -aberrant -abrupt -abrupter -abruptly -abruptness -abruptness's -abruptest -Aubrey's -Ebro's -Iberia's -abrasive -abrasively -abrasiveness -abrasiveness's -abrasive's -abrasives -abreast -abrade -abroad -abridging -arboretum -arboretum's -arboretums -abrading -abrades -abraded -airbrush -aberration -abrasion -airbrushing -aberrational -aberration's -aberrations -abrasion's -abrasions -airbrushes -airbrush's -airbrushed -abase -Abbas -Abbas's -abbess -abbess's -abbey's -abbeys -Abby's -Abe's -AB's -ABS -abs -abs's -abuse -abuser -abuzz -abyss -abyss's -airbase -airbus -airbus's -eBay's -ebb's -ebbs -ibis -ibis's -Ibiza -Ibo's -obese -obeys -obi's -obis -oboe's -oboes -Ob's -obs -orb's -orbs -UBS -UBS's -absorb -absorbing -absorbingly -absorbance -absorbency -absorbency's -absorbent -absorbent's -absorbents -absorbs -absorbed -abusive -observe -observer -observable -observably -abusively -observing -abusiveness -abusiveness's -observance -observance's -observances -observant -observantly -observer's -observers -observes -observed -observatory -observatories -observatory's -observation -observational -observation's -observations -obsequy -abscond -absconder -absconding -absconder's -absconders -absconds -absconded -obscure -obscurer -obscurely -obscuring -obscurantism -obscurantism's -obscurantist -obscurantist's -obscurantists -obscures -obscurest -obscured -obscurity -obscurities -obscurity's -obsequies -obsequious -obsequy's -obsequiously -obsequiousness -obsequiousness's -abseil -abyssal -absolve -absolving -absolves -absolved -Absalom -Absalom's -abseiling -abseil's -abseils -obsolesce -obsolescing -obsolescence -obsolescence's -obsolescent -obsolesces -obsolesced -abseiled -absolute -obsolete -absolutely -obsoleting -absoluteness -absoluteness's -absolute's -absolutes -obsoletes -absolutism -absolutism's -absolutest -absolutist -absolutist's -absolutists -obsoleted -absolution -absolution's -abysmal -abysmally -abasement -abasement's -abasing -abusing -Abyssinia -Ibsen -obscene -obscener -Orbison -absinthe -absinthe's -obscenely -Abyssinian -Abyssinian's -absence -Abyssinia's -Ibsen's -obeisance -Orbison's -absence's -absences -obeisance's -obeisances -obscenest -absent -absentee -obeisant -obscenity -absently -absentminded -absentmindedly -absentmindedness -absentmindedness's -absenting -absentee's -absentees -absents -obscenities -obscenity's -absenteeism -absenteeism's -absented -absorptive -absorption -absorption's -abases -abbesses -abscess -abscess's -abscissa -abuser's -abusers -abuse's -abuses -abysses -airbase's -airbases -airbuses -ibises -Ibiza's -obsess -obsessive -obsessively -obsessiveness -obsessiveness's -obsessive's -obsessives -abscessing -obsessing -abscesses -abscissa's -abscissas -obsesses -abscessed -obsessed -abased -Abbasid -absurd -absurder -abused -obesity -oboist -obstacle -obstacle's -obstacles -absurdly -abstemious -abstemiously -abstemiousness -abstemiousness's -abstain -abstainer -obsidian -abstaining -abstinence -abstinence's -abstinent -abstainer's -abstainers -abstains -absurdness -absurdness's -obsidian's -obstinacy -obstinacy's -abstained -obstinate -obstinately -abstention -abstention's -abstentions -abstract -obstruct -obstructive -obstructively -obstructiveness -obstructiveness's -abstractly -abstracting -obstructing -abstractness -abstractness's -abstractnesses -abstract's -abstracts -obstructs -abstracted -obstructed -abstractedly -abstractedness -abstractedness's -abstraction -obstruction -abstraction's -abstractions -obstruction's -obstructions -obstructionism -obstructionism's -obstructionist -obstructionist's -obstructionists -obstreperous -obstreperously -obstreperousness -obstreperousness's -abstruse -abstrusely -abstruseness -abstruseness's -Abbasid's -obesity's -oboist's -oboists -absurdest -absurdist -absurdist's -absurdists -absurdity -obstetric -obstetrical -obstetrics -obstetrics's -obstetrician -obstetrician's -obstetricians -absurdities -absurdity's -abscission -obsession -obsessional -obsessionally -abscission's -obsession's -obsessions -abate -abattoir -abbot -Abbott -abed -abet -abide -aboard -abode -abort -about -abut -airbed -arbiter -earbud -ebbed -Ebert -ibid -Obadiah -obit -orbit -orbiter -abortive -abortively -Abidjan -Abidjan's -abdicate -abduct -abductee -abductor -abdicating -abducting -abdicates -abductee's -abductees -abductor's -abductors -abducts -abdicated -abducted -abdication -abduction -abdication's -abdications -abduction's -abductions -Abdul -orbital -Abdul's -orbital's -orbitals -ibidem -abdomen -abdominal -abdomen's -abdomens -abatement -abutment -abatement's -abutment's -abutments -abating -Aberdeen -abetting -abiding -aborting -abutting -Ibadan -obtain -orbiting -obtainable -abidingly -obtainment -obtainment's -obtaining -Aberdeen's -abidance -Ibadan's -obedience -obtains -abidance's -obedience's -obedient -obtained -obediently -obituary -arbitrage -arbitrager -arbitrageur -arbitraging -arbitrager's -arbitragers -arbitrage's -arbitrages -arbitrageur's -arbitrageurs -arbitraged -arbitrament -arbitrament's -arbitraments -Arbitron -Arbitron's -arbitrary -arbitrarily -arbitrariness -arbitrariness's -obduracy -obituaries -obituary's -obtrusive -obtrusively -obtrusiveness -obtrusiveness's -obduracy's -arbitrate -arbitrator -obdurate -obtrude -obdurately -arbitrating -obtruding -obdurateness -obdurateness's -arbitrates -arbitrator's -arbitrators -obtrudes -arbitrated -obtruded -arbitration -obtrusion -arbitration's -obtrusion's -abates -abattoir's -abattoirs -abbot's -abbots -Abbott's -abets -abides -abode's -abodes -aborts -abuts -airbeds -arbiter's -arbiters -arbutus -arbutus's -earbud's -earbuds -Ebert's -Obadiah's -obit's -obits -obtuse -obtuser -orbiter's -orbiters -orbit's -orbits -obtusely -obtuseness -obtuseness's -arbutuses -obtusest -abated -abetted -aborted -abutted -orbited -abash -abashment -abashment's -abashing -abortion -abortion's -abortions -abortionist -abortionist's -abortionists -abashes -abashed -abashedly -obeying -abeyance -abeyance's -obeyed -AF -afar -affair -AV -Av -av -Ava -Ave -ave -aver -AVI -Avior -avow -eave -eff -Effie -Eva -Eve -eve -ever -if -iffier -iffy -IV -iv -Iva -I've -Ivy -ivy -oaf -of -off -offer -ova -over -Ufa -UFO -UHF -uhf -UV -ophthalmic -ophthalmology -ophthalmology's -ophthalmologist -ophthalmologist's -ophthalmologists -overthink -overthinking -overthinks -overthrew -overthrow -overthrown -overthrow's -overthrows -overthrowing -overthought -AFB -overbear -overbuy -overbook -overbooking -overbooks -overbooked -affable -affably -overblown -overbalance -overbalancing -overbalance's -overbalances -overbalanced -affability -overbold -overbuild -overbuilt -overbuilding -affability's -overbuilds -overborne -overbore -overbearing -overbearingly -overbears -overbuys -offbeat -overbid -overbite -overboard -overbought -overbidding -overburden -overburdening -overburdens -overburdened -offbeat's -offbeats -overbid's -overbids -overbite's -overbites -overbuying -IVF -overview -overfill -overflew -overflow -overfly -overfull -overvalue -upheaval -overfilling -overflown -overvaluing -overfills -overflies -overflow's -overflows -overvalues -upheaval's -upheavals -overfilled -overflight -overvalued -overflight's -overflights -overflowing -overflowed -overvaluation -overvaluations -overflying -overfond -effervesce -overview's -overviews -effervescing -effervescence -effervescence's -effervescent -effervescently -effervesces -effervesced -overfed -overfeed -overfeeding -overfeeds -overhear -overhaul -overwhelm -overwhelming -overwhelmingly -overwhelms -overwhelmed -overhauling -overhaul's -overhauls -overhauled -overhang -overhung -overhanging -overhang's -overhangs -offhand -overhand -overhand's -overhands -offhanded -overhanded -offhandedly -offhandedness -offhandedness's -overhearing -overhears -overhasty -overhead -overheard -overheat -overheating -overhead's -overheads -overheats -overheated -AFAIK -AFC -avg -effigy -evacuee -evoke -Orphic -overjoy -overcook -overcooking -overcooks -overcooked -overkill -overqualified -overclock -overclocking -overclocked -overkill's -everglade -overcloud -overclouding -Everglades -everglade's -everglades -Everglades's -overclouds -overclouded -overcame -overcome -overcoming -overcompensate -overcompensating -overcompensates -overcompensated -overcompensation -overcompensation's -overcomes -Afghan -afghan -Afghani -evoking -Iphigenia -overconfidence -overconfidence's -overconfident -Avignon -Avignon's -overgenerous -Afghani's -Afghan's -Afghans -afghan's -afghans -Iphigenia's -overconscientious -Afghanistan -Afghanistan's -overcapacity -overcapacity's -overgrew -overgrow -overgrowth -overgrowth's -overcareful -evergreen -overgrown -evergreen's -evergreens -overground -overgraze -overgrows -overgrazing -overgrazes -overgrazed -overcrowd -overcritical -overcrowding -overcrowding's -overcrowds -overcrowded -overgrowing -AFC's -affix -efficacy -effigies -effigy's -evacuee's -evacuees -evokes -Orphic's -overjoys -affixing -affixes -affix's -efficacious -efficacy's -efficaciously -affixed -overcast -overcasting -overcast's -overcasts -affect -avocado -effect -evacuate -evict -evoked -overcoat -effective -evocative -effectively -evocatively -effectiveness -effectiveness's -effectual -effectually -affecting -effecting -evacuating -evicting -affectingly -Avogadro -Avogadro's -affect's -affects -avocado's -avocados -effect's -effects -evacuates -evicts -overcoat's -overcoats -affected -effected -effectuate -evacuated -evicted -affectedly -effectuating -effectuates -effectuated -affectation -affectation's -affectations -affection -avocation -evacuation -eviction -evocation -avocational -affection's -affections -avocation's -avocations -evacuation's -evacuations -eviction's -evictions -evocation's -evocations -affectionate -affectionately -overcautious -overjoying -overjoyed -afoul -airflow -aphelia -avail -Avila -awful -awfuller -awfully -earful -EFL -Eiffel -evil -eviler -eviller -evilly -Ofelia -offal -Ophelia -Orval -Orville -oval -overlay -overlie -overly -ovular -ovule -uphill -uvula -uvular -available -availability -availability's -effluvia -evolve -overleaf -effluvium -effluvium's -evolving -evolves -evolved -overlarge -overlook -ufology -overlooking -effulgence -effulgence's -effulgent -efflux -overlook's -overlooks -ufology's -ufologist -ufologist's -ufologists -afflict -overlooked -afflicting -afflicts -afflicted -affliction -affliction's -afflictions -aflame -aphelion -availing -Avalon -Evelyn -offline -overlain -overlong -affluence -aphelion's -aphelions -Avalon's -awfulness -awfulness's -effluence -Evelyn's -evilness -evilness's -affluence's -effluence's -affluent -effluent -overland -affluently -effluent's -effluents -avalanche -avalanche's -avalanches -overlap -overlapping -overlap's -overlaps -overlapped -efflorescence -efflorescence's -efflorescent -airflow's -avail's -avails -Avila's -earful's -earfuls -Eiffel's -evil's -evils -Ofelia's -offal's -Ophelia's -Orval's -Orville's -oval's -ovals -overlay's -overlays -overlies -ovule's -ovules -uphill's -uphills -uvular's -uvulars -uvula's -uvulas -awfullest -evilest -evillest -upholster -everlasting -everlastingly -everlasting's -everlastings -upholsterer -upholstery -upholstering -upholsterer's -upholsterers -upholstery's -upholstered -upholsters -affiliate -afield -afloat -aflutter -airfield -availed -evaluate -evaluator -evildoer -offload -overlaid -overload -overlord -ovulate -upheld -uphold -upholder -evaluative -affiliating -evaluating -evildoing -offloading -overladen -overloading -ovulating -upholding -evildoing's -affiliate's -affiliates -afflatus -afflatus's -airfield's -airfields -evaluates -evaluators -evildoer's -evildoers -offloads -overload's -overloads -overlord's -overlords -ovulates -upholder's -upholders -upholds -affiliated -evaluated -offloaded -overloaded -ovulated -affiliation -evaluation -evolution -ovulation -evolutionary -affiliation's -affiliations -evaluation's -evaluations -evolution's -ovulation's -evolutionist -evolutionist's -evolutionists -overlaying -overlying -affirm -ovum -affirming -overmanning -effeminacy -effeminacy's -effeminate -overmanned -effeminately -ephemera -evermore -ephemeral -ephemerally -ephemera's -affirms -ovum's -euphemism -euphemism's -euphemisms -overmaster -euphemistic -euphemistically -overmastering -overmastered -overmasters -affirmed -affirmative -affirmatively -affirmative's -affirmatives -overmodest -overmuch -affirmation -affirmation's -affirmations -overmuches -AFN -avenue -avian -Avon -earphone -effing -ErvIn -euphony -Evan -even -evener -Evian -iPhone -Irvin -Irvine -Irving -Ivan -offing -orphan -oven -ovenbird -ovenbird's -ovenbirds -Offenbach -Offenbach's -Ivanhoe -evenhanded -evenhandedly -Ivanhoe's -avenge -avenger -avionic -Evenki -orphanage -avuncular -evangelic -Evangelical -evangelical -evangelically -evangelical's -evangelicals -evangelicalism -evangelicalism's -avuncularly -Evangelina -Evangeline -Evangelina's -Evangeline's -evangelism -evangelism's -Evangelist -evangelist -evangelistic -Evangelist's -evangelist's -evangelists -avenging -avenger's -avengers -avenges -avionics -avionics's -Evenki's -orphanage's -orphanages -avenged -evenly -evening -orphaning -evening's -evenings -ovenproof -affiance -avenue's -avenues -Avernus -Avernus's -Avon's -earphone's -earphones -ErvIn's -euphonious -euphony's -Evan's -Evans -Evans's -evenness -evenness's -even's -evens -Evian's -evince -iffiness -iffiness's -iPhone's -Irvine's -Irving's -Irvin's -Ivan's -offing's -offings -orphan's -orphans -oven's -ovens -overnice -offensive -Evansville -offensively -Evansville's -offensiveness -offensiveness's -offensive's -offensives -euphoniously -affiancing -evincing -evensong -evensong's -evanescence -evanescence's -evanescent -affiances -evinces -affianced -evenest -evinced -affinity -avaunt -effendi -evened -event -offend -offender -orphaned -overnight -eventful -eventfully -eventfulness -eventfulness's -eventual -eventually -eventuality -eventualities -eventuality's -Aventine -offending -Aventine's -affinities -affinity's -effendi's -effendis -event's -events -offender's -offenders -offends -overnight's -overnights -eventide -eventuate -offended -eventuating -eventide's -eventuates -eventuated -ovenware -overpay -overplay -overplays -overplaying -overplayed -overpopulate -overpopulating -overpopulates -overpopulated -overpopulation -overpopulation's -offprint -overprint -overprinting -offprint's -offprints -overprint's -overprints -overprinted -overpraise -overprice -oviparous -overpraising -overpricing -overpraises -overprecise -overprices -overpraised -overpriced -evaporate -evaporator -overprotect -overprotective -overprotecting -overprotects -overprotected -overproduction -overproduction's -evaporating -evaporates -evaporator's -evaporators -overproduce -overproducing -overproduces -overproduced -evaporated -evaporation -evaporation's -overpass -overpass's -overpays -overpasses -overpaid -overparticular -overpower -overpowering -overpoweringly -overpowered -overpowers -overpaying -affray -afire -Afr -Afro -airfare -Avery -aviary -euphoria -every -Ivory -ivory -oeuvre -ovary -everything -everything's -aforethought -overabundance -overabundance's -overabundant -everybody -everybody's -overrefined -everywhere -Africa -average -euphoric -overage -overeager -averagely -euphorically -African -Afrikaner -averaging -African's -Africans -Afrikaans -Afrikaans's -Afrikaner's -Afrikaners -overaggressive -Africa's -average's -averages -overage's -overages -overexpose -overexposing -overexposure -overexposure's -overexposes -overexposed -overexercise -overexercising -overexercises -overexercised -overexcite -overexciting -overexcites -overexcited -overexert -overexerting -overextend -overextending -overextends -overextended -overexerts -overexerted -overexertion -overexertion's -averaged -overact -overreact -overactive -overacting -overreacting -overacts -overreacts -overacted -overreacted -overreaction -overreaction's -overreactions -overall -overrule -overruling -overall's -overalls -overalls's -overrules -overruled -Ephraim -overarm -overambitious -overemphasis -overemphasis's -overarming -aforementioned -Ephraim's -overarms -overarmed -overemotional -averring -Efrain -Efren -Ivorian -offering -ovarian -overran -overrun -overenthusiastic -overinflated -overanxious -overrunning -Efrain's -Efren's -offering's -offerings -overrun's -overruns -afferent -affront -efferent -overindulge -overindulging -overindulgence -overindulgence's -overindulgent -overindulges -overindulged -affronting -effrontery -effrontery's -affront's -affronts -affronted -overripe -everyplace -overripe's -overoptimism -overoptimism's -overoptimistic -affray's -affrays -Afro's -Afros -airfare's -airfares -avarice -Averroes -Averroes's -Avery's -aviaries -aviary's -euphoria's -ivories -Ivory's -ivory's -oeuvre's -oeuvres -ovaries -ovary's -overuse -aphorism -aphorism's -aphorisms -overusing -Afrocentric -Afrocentrism -Afrocentrism's -avarice's -avaricious -overuse's -overuses -avariciously -afforest -aforesaid -Everest -overused -aphoristic -aphoristically -overestimate -overestimating -overestimate's -overestimates -overestimated -overestimation -overestimation's -afforesting -afforests -Everest's -afforested -afforestation -afforestation's -afraid -airfreight -averred -Everett -Everette -EverReady -everyday -offered -overate -overeat -overrate -override -overrode -overwrite -overwrote -overwrought -overeaten -overeating -overrating -overridden -overriding -overwriting -overwritten -overattentive -airfreight's -Euphrates -Euphrates's -Everette's -Everett's -EverReady's -overeats -overrates -override's -overrides -overwrites -Aphrodite -overrated -Aphrodite's -aphrodisiac -aphrodisiac's -aphrodisiacs -overawe -overawing -overawes -overawed -afresh -overreach -overachieve -overachiever -overachieving -overachiever's -overachievers -overachieves -overachieved -overarching -overreaching -overreaches -overreached -everyone -everyone's -affair's -affairs -Ava's -avers -averse -Ave's -Avior's -Avis -Avis's -avows -Av's -eave's -eaves -efface -Effie's -effs -effuse -Eva's -Eve's -eve's -eves -if's -ifs -Iva's -Ives -Ives's -ivies -IV's -IVs -Ivy's -ivy's -oaf's -oafs -offer's -offers -office -officer -offs -Orpheus -Orpheus's -over's -overs -oversaw -oversea -oversee -overseer -Ufa's -UFO's -UFOs -UHF's -UV's -oversubscribe -oversubscribing -oversubscribes -oversubscribed -oversubtle -effusive -evasive -effusively -evasively -effusiveness -effusiveness's -evasiveness -evasiveness's -officeholder -officeholder's -officeholders -aphasic -aphasic's -aphasics -oversexed -oversell -overselling -oversleep -oversleeping -oversleeps -overslept -oversells -overzealous -oversold -OfficeMax -OfficeMax's -effacement -effacement's -oversimple -oversimplify -oversimplification -oversimplification's -oversimplifications -oversimplifies -oversimplified -oversimplifying -oversampling -Avicenna -effacing -effusing -overseeing -overseen -Avicenna's -efficiency -efficiencies -efficiency's -oversensitive -oversensitiveness -oversensitiveness's -aficionado -efficient -efficiently -aficionado's -aficionados -oversupply -oversupplies -oversupplied -oversupplying -overspend -overspent -overspending -overspends -offspring -offspring's -overspread -overspreading -overspreads -eviscerate -eviscerating -eviscerates -eviscerated -evisceration -evisceration's -effaces -effuses -Ephesus -Ephesus's -officer's -officers -office's -offices -officious -overseas -overseer's -overseers -oversees -officiously -officiousness -officiousness's -oversuspicious -avast -Avesta -effaced -effused -iffiest -offset -offside -offsite -oversight -overstay -overstaffed -overstuffed -offstage -overstock -overstocking -offstages -overstocks -overstocked -overstimulate -overstimulating -overstimulates -overstimulated -offsetting -overstep -overstepping -oversteps -overstepped -overstrict -overstrung -eavesdrop -eavesdropper -eavesdropping -eavesdropper's -eavesdroppers -eavesdrops -eavesdropped -overstretch -overstretching -overstretches -overstretched -Avesta's -offset's -offsets -oversight's -oversights -overstays -overstate -overstatement -overstatement's -overstatements -overstating -overstates -overstated -overstaying -overstayed -afford -afoot -AFT -aft -after -aphid -avatar -avert -aviator -avid -avoid -effed -effete -effort -EFT -evade -evader -Evert -Evita -ivied -offed -oft -ovate -overdo -overdue -overt -Ovid -ovoid -afterthought -afterthought's -afterthoughts -overdub -afterbirth -afterbirth's -afterbirths -affordable -affordably -avoidable -avoidably -affordability -afterburner -overdubbing -afterburner's -afterburners -overdub's -overdubs -overdubbed -overdevelop -overdeveloping -overdevelops -overdeveloped -affidavit -affidavit's -affidavits -AFDC -overtake -overtook -afterglow -afterglow's -afterglows -overtaken -overtaking -aftercare -aftercare's -overdecorate -overdecorating -overdecorates -overdecorated -overtakes -overtax -overtaxing -overtaxes -overtaxed -oviduct -oviduct's -oviducts -avidly -effetely -overtly -afterlife -afterlife's -afterlives -effortless -effortlessly -effortlessness -effortlessness's -overtime -aftermath -aftermath's -aftermaths -aftermarket -aftermarket's -aftermarkets -avitaminosis -avitaminosis's -ofttimes -overtime's -overtimes -affording -averting -avoiding -evading -often -oftener -overdoing -overdone -overtone -overturn -afternoon -overturning -afternoon's -afternoons -avoidance -effeteness -effeteness's -evidence -overtone's -overtones -overturns -evidencing -avoidance's -evidence's -evidences -evidenced -oftenest -evident -overturned -evidently -oftentimes -avdp -overdependent -avoirdupois -avoirdupois's -offertory -overdraw -overdrew -overtire -overture -overdrive -aftereffect -aftereffect's -aftereffects -overdrive's -overdrives -overdraft -overdraft's -overdrafts -offtrack -aviatrix -aviatrixes -aviatrix's -afterimage -afterimage's -afterimages -ephedrine -overdrawn -overtiring -ephedrine's -offertories -offertory's -overdraws -overdress -overdress's -overtires -overture's -overtures -overdressing -aviatrices -overdresses -overdressed -overtired -overdrawing -affords -afters -aphid's -aphids -avatar's -avatars -averts -aviator's -aviators -avoids -effort's -efforts -evader's -evaders -evades -Evert's -Evita's -overdoes -overdose -Ovid's -ovoid's -ovoids -uveitis -overdosing -overdose's -overdoses -overdosed -afforded -averted -avidity -avoided -evaded -overdid -avidity's -aftertaste -aftertaste's -aftertastes -afterword -afterwards -afterword's -afterwords -aftershave -aftershave's -aftershaves -aftershock -aftershock's -aftershocks -overwork -overworking -overwork's -overworks -overworked -avowal -avowal's -avowals -avowing -overweening -overweeningly -overwinter -overwintering -overwintered -overwinters -avowed -overweight -avowedly -overweight's -aphasia -avouch -oafish -offish -overshoe -overcharge -overcharging -overcharge's -overcharges -overcharged -oafishly -official -officially -officialese -official's -officials -officialism -officialism's -officialdom -officialdom's -aversion -aviation -avouching -effusion -Ephesian -evasion -ovation -aversion's -aversions -aviation's -effusion's -effusions -Ephesian's -Ephesians -evasion's -evasions -oafishness -oafishness's -ovation's -ovations -officiant -officiant's -officiants -offshore -overshare -offshoring -oversharing -overshares -overshared -aphasia's -avouches -Ophiuchus -Ophiuchus's -overshoe's -overshoes -avouched -officiate -officiator -offshoot -overshadow -overshoot -overshot -officiating -overshooting -officiates -officiator's -officiators -offshoot's -offshoots -overshadows -overshoots -officiated -overshadowing -overshadowed -aha -ahoy -Oahu -Ohio -oho -Ahab -Ahab's -O'Higgins -O'Higgins's -awhile -ahem -Ohioan -oohing -Ohioan's -Ohioans -O'Hara -O'Hara's -Oahu's -Ohio's -ahead -airhead -Earhart -Erhard -oohed -airhead's -airheads -Earhart's -Erhard's -AC -Ac -ac -Ag -agar -age -Aggie -ago -ague -ajar -AK -aka -aqua -ARC -arc -Argo -argue -arguer -Ark -ark -Aug -auger -augur -auk -eager -EC -Eco -ecu -edge -edgier -edgy -EEC -EEG -eek -EEOC -egg -Eggo -ego -eke -erg -ergo -ex -Eyck -Iago -ICC -ickier -icky -ICU -Igor -Ike -IKEA -IQ -IRC -irk -ix -oak -occur -ocker -oik -OJ -OK -orc -org -orgy -Ouija -ox -Uighur -UK -urge -ACTH -Agatha -ACTH's -Agatha's -Akbar -arguable -arguably -equable -equably -Iqbal -Iqbal's -equability -equability's -ICBM -ICBM's -ICBMs -Ogbomosho -Ogbomosho's -Akbar's -eggbeater -eggbeater's -eggbeaters -Ojibwa -Ojibwa's -Ojibwas -Acuff -agave -Akiva -aquifer -equiv -O'Keeffe -equivocal -equivocally -equivocalness -equivocalness's -equivocate -equivocator -equivocating -equivocates -equivocator's -equivocators -equivocated -equivocation -equivocation's -equivocations -equivalence -equivalency -equivalence's -equivalences -equivalencies -equivalency's -equivalent -equivalently -equivalent's -equivalents -Okefenokee -Okefenokee's -Aquafresh -Aquafresh's -Acuff's -agave's -Akiva's -aquifer's -aquifers -O'Keeffe's -aquavit -aquavit's -Akhmatova -Akhmatova's -Arkhangelsk -Arkhangelsk's -Ikhnaton -Ikhnaton's -Akihito -egghead -Urquhart -Akihito's -egghead's -eggheads -Urquhart's -Okhotsk -Okhotsk's -agog -ECG -EKG -Iaccoca -ejaculate -ejaculating -aquaculture -ejaculatory -aquaculture's -ejaculates -ejaculated -ejaculation -ejaculation's -ejaculations -eggcup -eggcup's -eggcups -ECG's -EKG's -Iaccoca's -eject -ejector -ejecting -ejector's -ejectors -ejects -ejected -ejection -ejection's -ejections -ACLU -agile -Aglaia -aglow -Aguilar -Aquila -argyle -eagerly -eagle -eccl -ecol -edgily -equal -equally -igloo -Oakley -ocular -ogle -ogler -Okla -UCLA -uglier -ugly -Oglethorpe -Oglethorpe's -equilibrium -equilibrium's -Ogilvy -Ogilvy's -acclivity -acclivities -acclivity's -Oklahoma -Oklahoman -Oklahoman's -Oklahoma's -eclogue -ecology -o'clock -ecologic -ecological -ecologically -eclogue's -eclogues -ecology's -ecologist -ecologist's -ecologists -eclectic -eclectically -eclectic's -eclectics -eclecticism -eclecticism's -agilely -ukulele -ukulele's -ukuleles -acclaim -agleam -acclaiming -agglomerate -agglomerating -agglomerate's -agglomerates -agglomerated -agglomeration -agglomeration's -agglomerations -acclaim's -acclaims -acclaimed -acclimate -oculomotor -acclimating -acclimates -acclimated -acclamation -acclimation -acclamation's -acclimation's -aquiline -ogling -aqualung -aqualung's -aqualungs -ugliness -ugliness's -Auckland -Oakland -eglantine -eglantine's -eglantines -Auckland's -Oakland's -eclipse -eclipsing -eclipse's -eclipses -eclipsed -eucalypti -ecliptic -ecliptic's -eucalyptus -eucalyptus's -eucalyptuses -ACLU's -ageless -Aglaia's -Aguilar's -Aquila's -argyle's -argyles -eagle's -eagles -equal's -equals -Equuleus -Equuleus's -igloo's -igloos -Oakley's -ocular's -oculars -ogler's -oglers -ogle's -ogles -UCLA's -occlusive -agelessly -agelessness -agelessness's -oculist -ugliest -oculist's -oculists -accolade -acolyte -agility -aglitter -eaglet -equality -Euclid -Iqaluit -occlude -occult -ogled -euclidean -occluding -agglutinate -agglutinating -agglutinates -agglutinated -agglutination -agglutination's -agglutinations -equilateral -equilateral's -equilaterals -egalitarian -egalitarian's -egalitarians -egalitarianism -egalitarianism's -acculturate -acculturating -acculturates -acculturated -acculturation -acculturation's -accolade's -accolades -acolyte's -acolytes -agility's -eaglet's -eaglets -equality's -Euclid's -Iqaluit's -occludes -occult's -occultism -occultism's -occultist -occultist's -occultists -occluded -ecclesial -occlusion -occlusion's -occlusions -ecclesiastic -ecclesiastical -ecclesiastically -ecclesiastic's -ecclesiastics -Ecclesiastes -Ecclesiastes's -acme -oakum -Occam -akimbo -accumulate -accumulator -accumulative -accumulating -accumulates -accumulator's -accumulators -accumulated -accumulation -accumulation's -accumulations -Agamemnon -Agamemnon's -acumen -egomania -egomaniac -ecumenical -ecumenically -egomaniac's -egomaniacs -acumen's -egomania's -ecumenism -ecumenism's -ecumenicism -ecumenicism's -argument -augment -augmenter -augmenting -argument's -arguments -augmenter's -augmenters -augments -augmented -argumentative -augmentative -argumentatively -argumentativeness -argumentativeness's -argumentation -augmentation -argumentation's -augmentation's -augmentations -accomplice -accomplice's -accomplices -accomplish -accomplishment -accomplishment's -accomplishments -accomplishing -accomplishes -accomplished -accompany -accompaniment -accompaniment's -accompaniments -accompanies -accompanist -accompanist's -accompanists -accompanied -accompanying -aquamarine -aquamarine's -aquamarines -acme's -acmes -oakum's -Occam's -ECMAScript -ECMAScript's -accommodate -accommodating -accommodatingly -accommodates -accommodated -accommodation -accommodation's -accommodations -acne -acorn -Aegean -again -Agana -Agnew -Agni -agony -Aiken -akin -Aquino -arcane -argon -Argonne -arguing -Arjuna -Augean -econ -egging -eking -equine -Eugene -Eugenia -Eugenie -Eugenio -Icahn -icon -iguana -irking -oaken -O'Connor -OKing -organ -Orkney -urging -acanthus -acanthus's -acanthuses -ignoble -ignobly -eigenvalue -eigenvalues -eggnog -eugenic -iconic -organic -Aconcagua -Aconcagua's -eugenically -organically -iconoclasm -iconoclasm's -iconoclast -iconoclastic -iconoclast's -iconoclasts -Ujungpandang -Ujungpandang's -iconography -iconography's -eggnog's -equinox -eugenics -eugenics's -organic's -organics -equinoxes -equinox's -equinoctial -O'Connell -organelle -acknowledge -acknowledges -acknowledged -O'Connell's -organelle's -organelles -Aguinaldo -acknowledging -Aguinaldo's -economy -economic -ergonomic -economical -economically -ergonomically -economics -economics's -ergonomics -ergonomics's -ignominy -ignominies -ignominious -ignominy's -ignominiously -economies -economy's -economist -economist's -economists -equanimity -econometric -equanimity's -arginine -ignore -ignoramus -ignoramus's -ignoramuses -ignoring -ignorance -ignorance's -ignorant -ignorantly -ignores -ignored -acne's -acorn's -acorns -Aegean's -agency -Agnes -Agnes's -Agnew's -Agni's -agonies -agony's -Aiken's -airguns -Aquinas -Aquinas's -Aquino's -Argonne's -argon's -Arjuna's -Augean's -eagerness -eagerness's -Eakins -Eakins's -edginess -edginess's -equine's -equines -Eugene's -Eugenia's -Eugenie's -Eugenio's -Icahn's -icon's -icons -Ignacio -igneous -iguana's -iguanas -O'Connor's -organ's -organs -organza -Orkney's -urgency -organism -organismic -organism's -organisms -Arkansan -Arkansan's -Arkansans -agencies -agency's -Arkansas -Arkansas's -Ignacio's -organza's -urgency's -eugenicist -eugenicist's -eugenicists -against -agonist -organist -agnostic -agnostic's -agnostics -agonists -organist's -organists -agnosticism -agnosticism's -account -aconite -acquaint -agenda -agent -aquanaut -argent -Argonaut -ignite -Uganda -urgent -accountable -ignitable -accountability -accountability's -urgently -accounting -acquainting -Argentina -Argentine -igniting -Ugandan -Argentinean -Argentinian -Argentinian's -Argentinians -accountancy -accounting's -acquaintance -Argentina's -Argentine's -Ugandan's -Ugandans -accountancy's -acquaintance's -acquaintances -acquaintanceship -acquaintanceship's -accountant -accountant's -accountants -account's -accounts -aconite's -aconites -acquaints -agenda's -agendas -agent's -agents -aquanaut's -aquanauts -argent's -Argonaut's -Argonauts -Ignatius -Ignatius's -ignites -Uganda's -accounted -acquainted -ignited -Okinawa -Okinawan -Okinawa's -ignition -ignition's -ignitions -agape -equip -occupier -occupy -okapi -equipage -equipage's -equipages -Acapulco -Acapulco's -aquaplane -aquaplaning -aquaplane's -aquaplanes -aquaplaned -eggplant -eggplant's -eggplants -equipment -equipment's -equipping -acupuncture -acupuncture's -acupuncturist -acupuncturist's -acupuncturists -occupancy -occupancy's -occupant -occupant's -occupants -acupressure -acupressure's -agape's -equipoise -equips -occupier's -occupiers -occupies -okapi's -okapis -equipoise's -Egypt -equipped -occupied -Egyptology -Egyptology's -Egypt's -Egyptian -occupation -occupational -occupationally -Egyptian's -Egyptians -occupation's -occupations -occupying -Accra -accrue -acquire -acquirer -acre -aggro -Agra -agree -Aguirre -aircrew -augury -eagerer -ecru -equerry -OCR -ogre -okra -acquirable -agreeable -agreeably -agreeableness -agreeableness's -agribusiness -agribusiness's -agribusinesses -acrobat -acrobatic -acrobatically -acrobatics -acrobatics's -acrobat's -acrobats -aggrieve -acrophobia -agoraphobia -agoraphobic -agoraphobic's -agoraphobics -acrophobia's -agoraphobia's -aggrieving -aggrieves -aggravate -aggrieved -aircraft -aircraftman -aircraftmen -aggravating -aggravatingly -aggravates -aircraft's -aggravated -aggravation -aggravation's -aggravations -acreage -Agricola -Agricola's -agriculture -agricultural -agriculturally -agriculturalist -agriculturalist's -agriculturalists -agriculture's -agriculturist -agriculturist's -agriculturists -acreage's -acreages -Acrux -egregious -egregiously -egregiousness -egregiousness's -Acrux's -aggregate -aggregator -aggregating -aggregate's -aggregates -aggregator's -aggregators -aggregated -aggregation -aggregation's -aggregations -accrual -acrylic -acrylic's -acrylics -acrylamide -accrual's -accruals -aquarium -acrimony -acrimonious -acrimony's -acrimoniously -acrimoniousness -acrimoniousness's -acquirement -agreement -acquirement's -agreement's -agreements -aquarium's -aquariums -accruing -acquiring -agreeing -Akron -Aquarian -auguring -ocarina -occurring -Ukraine -acronym -agronomy -agronomic -acronym's -acronyms -agronomy's -agronomist -agronomist's -agronomists -Ukrainian -Ukrainian's -Ukrainians -Akron's -ocarina's -ocarinas -occurrence -Ukraine's -occurrence's -occurrences -aground -Agrippa -Acropolis -acropolis -acropolis's -acropolises -Agrippina -Agrippina's -Agrippa's -agrarian -agrarian's -agrarians -agrarianism -agrarianism's -Accra's -accrues -accuracy -acquirers -acquires -acre's -acres -across -aggressor -Agra's -agrees -Aguirre's -aircrews -Aquarius -Aquarius's -auguries -augury's -ecru's -egress -egress's -equerries -equerry's -Icarus -Icarus's -ogre's -ogres -ogress -ogress's -okra's -okras -aggressive -aggressively -aggressiveness -aggressiveness's -accuracy's -aggressor's -aggressors -Aquariuses -egresses -ogresses -eagerest -acrostic -acrostic's -acrostics -accrued -accurate -acquired -acrid -acrider -agreed -aigrette -Arkwright -augured -egret -occurred -accurately -acridly -ageratum -ageratum's -accurateness -accurateness's -acridness -acridness's -aigrette's -aigrettes -Arkwright's -egret's -egrets -acridest -accredit -acridity -accrediting -accredits -acridity's -accredited -accreditation -accreditation's -ogreish -accretion -aggression -accretion's -accretions -aggression's -eukaryotes -accuse -accuser -acquiesce -AC's -Ac's -aegis -aegis's -agar's -Agassi -age's -ages -Aggie's -Ag's -ague's -Ajax -aqua's -aquas -aqueous -arc's -arcs -Argo's -Argos -Argos's -argosy -arguer's -arguers -argues -Argus -Argus's -Ark's -ark's -arks -auger's -augers -Aug's -augur's -augurs -auk's -auks -aux -Eco's -edge's -edges -EEC's -EEG's -Eggo's -egg's -eggs -ego's -egos -ekes -erg's -ergs -exp -ext -Eyck's -Iago's -Igor's -Iguassu -IKEA's -Ike's -IQ's -irks -oak's -oaks -O'Casey -occurs -ockers -oiks -OK's -OKs -orc's -orcs -orgies -orgy's -Ouija's -Ouijas -Uighur's -ukase -UK's -urge's -urges -exothermic -exurb -exurbia -oxbow -Augsburg -Augsburg's -exobiology -exobiology's -oxblood -oxblood's -exurban -exurbanite -exurbanite's -exurbanites -exuberance -exuberance's -exuberant -exuberantly -exurbia's -exurb's -exurbs -oxbow's -oxbows -exabyte -exorbitance -exorbitance's -exorbitant -exorbitantly -exabyte's -exabytes -exfoliate -exfoliating -exfoliates -exfoliated -exfoliation -Oxford -oxford -Oxford's -Oxfords -oxford's -oxfords -exhibit -exhibitor -exhibiting -exhibitor's -exhibitors -exhibit's -exhibits -exhibited -exhibition -exhibition's -exhibitions -exhibitionism -exhibitionism's -exhibitionist -exhibitionist's -exhibitionists -exhale -exhaling -exhilarate -exhilarating -exhilarates -exhilarated -exhilaration -exhilaration's -exhales -exhaled -exhalation -exhalation's -exhalations -exhume -exhuming -exhumes -exhumed -exhumation -exhumation's -exhumations -exhaust -exhaustible -exhaustive -exhaustively -exhaustiveness -exhaustiveness's -exhausting -exhaust's -exhausts -exhausted -exhaustion -exhaustion's -exhort -exhorting -exhorts -exhorted -exhortation -exhortation's -exhortations -excl -exec -Oaxaca -excavate -excavator -excavating -excavates -excavator's -excavators -excavated -excavation -excavation's -excavations -Excalibur -Excalibur's -exclaim -exclaiming -exclaims -exclaimed -exclamatory -exclamation -exclamation's -exclamations -Aguascalientes -exculpate -exculpating -exculpatory -exculpates -exculpated -exculpation -exculpation's -exclusive -exclusively -exclusiveness -exclusiveness's -exclusive's -exclusives -exclusivity -exclusivity's -exclude -excluding -excludes -excluded -exclusion -exclusionary -exclusion's -exclusions -excommunicate -excommunicating -excommunicates -excommunicated -excommunication -excommunication's -excommunications -oxygen -exigence -exigency -exogenous -oxygen's -exigence's -exigences -exigencies -exigency's -exigent -oxygenate -Oxycontin -oxygenating -Oxycontin's -oxygenates -oxygenated -oxygenation -oxygenation's -execrable -execrably -excrement -excremental -excrement's -excrescence -excrescence's -excrescences -excrescent -exaggerate -exaggerator -excoriate -excreta -excrete -execrate -exaggerating -excoriating -excreting -execrating -excretory -exaggerates -exaggerator's -exaggerators -excoriates -excreta's -excretes -execrates -exaggerated -excoriated -excreted -execrated -exaggeratedly -exaggeration -excoriation -excretion -execration -exaggeration's -exaggerations -excoriation's -excoriations -excretion's -excretions -execration's -excruciating -excruciatingly -excuse -exec's -execs -exiguous -Exxon -Oaxaca's -excusable -excusably -excursive -excursively -excursiveness -excursiveness's -excusing -Exxon's -excuse's -excuses -exegeses -exegesis -exegesis's -excused -exquisite -exquisitely -exquisiteness -exquisiteness's -exact -exacter -execute -executor -exiguity -oxcart -executable -executive -executive's -executives -exegetic -exegetical -exactly -exacting -executing -exactingly -exactness -exactness's -executrix -executrix's -executrices -exacts -executes -executor's -executors -exiguity's -oxcart's -oxcarts -exactest -exacted -executed -exactitude -exactitude's -exaction -excursion -execution -executioner -exaction's -excursion's -excursions -executioner's -executioners -execution's -executions -excursionist -excursionist's -excursionists -axial -axially -axle -exile -Uccello -Ijsselmeer -Ijsselmeer's -exiling -auxiliary -auxiliaries -auxiliary's -accelerate -accelerator -accelerating -accelerates -accelerator's -accelerators -accelerated -acceleration -acceleration's -accelerations -axle's -axles -exile's -exiles -Uccello's -exalt -exiled -exult -axolotl -axolotl's -axolotls -exalting -exulting -exultant -exultantly -axletree -axletree's -axletrees -exalts -exults -exalted -exulted -exaltation -exultation -exaltation's -exultation's -ageism -axiom -Axum -eczema -egoism -exam -irksome -orgasm -orgasmic -irksomely -examine -examiner -examining -examiner's -examiners -examines -irksomeness -irksomeness's -examined -examination -examination's -examinations -example -exemplar -exemplify -exemplification -exemplification's -exemplifications -exemplifies -exemplified -exemplifying -exampling -exemplary -example's -examples -exemplar's -exemplars -exampled -exempt -exempting -exempts -exempted -exemption -exemption's -exemptions -oxymora -oxymoron -oxymoron's -ageism's -axiom's -axioms -Axum's -eczema's -egoism's -exam's -exams -orgasm's -orgasms -axiomatic -axiomatically -accusing -acquiescing -auxin -axing -axon -exon -oxen -accusingly -Oxonian -Oxonian's -exonerate -exonerating -exonerates -exonerated -exoneration -exoneration's -acquiescence -auxin's -axon's -axons -exon's -exons -acquiescence's -accent -acquiescent -exeunt -Oxnard -accentual -acquiescently -accenting -Accenture -eccentric -egocentric -eccentrically -egocentrically -eccentric's -eccentrics -egocentric's -egocentrics -Accenture's -eccentricity -egocentricity -eccentricities -eccentricity's -egocentricity's -accent's -accents -Oxnard's -accented -accentuate -accentuating -accentuates -accentuated -accentuation -accentuation's -expo -expect -expurgate -expecting -expurgating -expectancy -expectancy's -expectant -expectantly -expectorant -expectorant's -expectorants -expectorate -expectorating -expectorates -expectorated -expectoration -expectoration's -expects -expurgates -expected -expurgated -expectation -expectation's -expectations -expurgation -expurgation's -expurgations -expel -explicable -explicate -explicating -explicates -explicated -explication -explication's -explications -expelling -explain -explainable -explaining -explains -exoplanet -explained -explanatory -exoplanet's -exoplanets -explanation -explanation's -explanations -explore -explorer -exploring -explorer's -explorers -explores -explored -exploratory -exploration -exploration's -explorations -expels -explosive -explosively -explosiveness -explosiveness's -explosive's -explosives -explicit -explicitly -explicitness -explicitness's -expelled -explode -exploit -exploiter -exploitable -expletive -expletive's -expletives -exploding -exploiting -explodes -exploiter's -exploiters -exploit's -exploits -exploded -exploited -exploitative -exploitation -exploitation's -explosion -expulsion -explosion's -explosions -expulsion's -expulsions -expunge -expunging -expunges -expunged -exponent -exponent's -exponents -exponential -exponentially -exponentiation -expanse -expense -expansible -expansive -expensive -expansively -expensively -expansiveness -expansiveness's -expensiveness -expensiveness's -expanse's -expanses -expense's -expenses -expand -expend -expound -expounder -expandable -expendable -expendable's -expendables -expanding -expending -expounding -expands -expends -expounder's -expounders -expounds -expanded -expended -expounded -expenditure -expenditure's -expenditures -expansion -expansionary -expansion's -expansions -expansionism -expansionism's -expansionist -expansionist's -expansionists -expire -expiry -experiment -experimenter -experimental -experimentally -experimenting -experimenter's -experimenters -experiment's -experiments -experimented -experimentation -experimentation's -expiring -experience -experiencing -experience's -experiences -experienced -experiential -expropriate -expropriator -expropriating -expropriates -expropriator's -expropriators -expropriated -expropriation -expropriation's -expropriations -expires -expiry's -express -express's -expressible -expressive -expressively -expressiveness -expressiveness's -expressly -expressing -expresses -expressed -expressway -expressway's -expressways -expired -expiration -expression -expressionless -expressionlessly -expiration's -expression's -expressions -expressionism -expressionism's -expressionist -expressionistic -expressionist's -expressionists -expo's -expos -expose -exposing -exposure -exposure's -exposures -expose's -exposes -exposed -expositor -expostulate -expostulating -expostulates -expostulated -expostulation -expostulation's -expostulations -expository -expositor's -expositors -exposition -exposition's -expositions -accept -expat -expert -expiate -export -exporter -acceptable -acceptably -exportable -acceptableness -acceptableness's -acceptability -acceptability's -expertly -accepting -expiating -exporting -acceptance -expedience -expediency -expertness -expertness's -acceptance's -acceptances -expedience's -expediences -expediencies -expediency's -expedient -expediently -expedient's -expedients -expiatory -expatriate -expatriating -expatriate's -expatriates -expatriated -expatriation -expatriation's -accepts -expats -expertise -expert's -experts -expiates -exporter's -exporters -export's -exports -expertise's -accepted -expedite -expediter -expiated -exported -expediting -expediter's -expediters -expedites -expedited -acceptation -expedition -exportation -expeditionary -acceptation's -acceptations -expedition's -expeditions -exportation's -expeditious -expeditiously -expeditiousness -expeditiousness's -expiation -expiation's -expatiate -expatiating -expatiates -expatiated -expatiation -expatiation's -uxorious -access -access's -accuser's -accusers -accuses -acquiesces -Agassi's -Agassiz -Ajax's -argosies -argosy's -axes -Axis -axis -axis's -exes -ex's -Iguassu's -O'Casey's -ox's -Oxus -Oxus's -ukase's -ukases -accessible -accessibly -accessibility -accessibility's -exacerbate -exacerbating -exacerbates -exacerbated -exacerbation -exacerbation's -exosphere -exosphere's -exospheres -Exercycle -Exercycle's -exoskeleton -exoskeleton's -exoskeletons -excel -excelling -excellence -Excellency -excellency -excellence's -Excellencies -excellencies -Excellency's -excellency's -excellent -excellently -excels -excelled -excelsior -excelsior's -accessing -exasperate -exasperating -exasperatingly -exasperates -exasperated -exasperatedly -exasperation -exasperation's -except -excerpt -excepting -excerpting -excepts -excerpt's -excerpts -excepted -excerpted -exception -exceptionable -exceptional -exceptionally -exceptionalism -exception's -exceptions -accessory -accessories -accessory's -accesses -Agassiz's -excess -excess's -excise -exercise -exerciser -excessive -excessively -exorcism -exorcism's -exorcisms -excising -exercising -excesses -excise's -excises -exerciser's -exercisers -exercise's -exercises -excised -exercised -exorcist -exorcist's -exorcists -accessed -exceed -excite -exciter -exist -Exocet -excitable -excitably -excitability -excitability's -ecosystem -excitement -excitement's -excitements -ecosystem's -ecosystems -exceeding -exciting -existing -exceedingly -excitingly -existence -existence's -existences -existent -existential -existentially -existentialism -existentialism's -existentialist -existentialist's -existentialists -Excedrin -Excedrin's -exceeds -exciter's -exciters -excites -exists -Exocet's -exceeded -excited -existed -excitedly -excitation -excitation's -excision -excision's -excisions -accede -accost -accursed -accused -Acosta -acquiesced -ageist -aghast -August -august -Augusta -auguster -axed -ecocide -edgiest -egoist -exert -exit -exude -ickiest -oxide -accusative -acquisitive -acquisitively -acquisitiveness -acquisitiveness's -accusative's -accusatives -acoustic -egoistic -exotic -exotica -orgiastic -acoustical -acoustically -egoistical -egoistically -exotically -acoustics -acoustics's -exotic's -exotics -augustly -extol -oxtail -extolling -extols -oxtails -extolled -accustom -accustoming -exterminate -exterminator -exterminating -exterminates -exterminator's -exterminators -exterminated -extermination -extermination's -exterminations -extempore -extemporaneous -extemporaneously -extemporaneousness -extemporaneousness's -accustoms -accustomed -acceding -accosting -Agustin -Augustan -Augustine -exerting -exiting -exuding -extinct -extincting -extincts -extincted -extinction -extinction's -extinctions -external -externally -external's -externals -Augustinian -Augustinian's -Augustinians -accursedness -accursedness's -Agustin's -Augustan's -Augustine's -augustness -augustness's -extensible -extensive -extensively -extensiveness -extensiveness's -accident -extant -extend -extender -extent -extenuate -Occident -oxidant -extendable -accidental -accidentally -Occidental -occidental -accidental's -accidentals -Occidental's -Occidentals -occidental's -occidentals -extending -extenuating -accident's -accidents -extender's -extenders -extends -extent's -extents -extenuates -oxidant's -oxidants -extended -extenuated -extinguish -extinguisher -extinguishable -extension -extenuation -extinguishing -extensional -extension's -extensions -extenuation's -extinguisher's -extinguishers -extinguishes -extinguished -extirpate -extirpating -extirpates -extirpated -extirpation -extirpation's -accusatory -exterior -extra -extravehicular -extravagance -extravaganza -extravagance's -extravagances -extravaganza's -extravaganzas -extravagant -extravagantly -extrovert -extrovert's -extroverts -extroverted -extroversion -extroversion's -extricable -extracurricular -extract -extractor -extricate -extractive -extracting -extricating -extractor's -extractors -extract's -extracts -extricates -extracted -extricated -extrajudicial -extraction -extrication -extraction's -extractions -extrication's -ergosterol -extralegal -ergosterol's -extreme -extremer -extremely -extremeness -extremeness's -extramural -extramarital -extreme's -extremes -extremism -extremism's -extremest -extremist -extremist's -extremists -extremity -extremities -extremity's -equestrian -equestrienne -equestrian's -equestrians -equestrienne's -equestriennes -extraneous -extrinsic -extrinsically -extraneously -equestrianism -equestrianism's -extrapolate -extrapolating -extrapolates -extrapolated -extrapolation -extrapolation's -extrapolations -exterior's -exteriors -extra's -extras -extrusive -extracellular -extrasensory -extrude -extruding -extraordinaire -extraordinary -extraordinarily -extraterrestrial -extraterrestrial's -extraterrestrials -extraterritorial -extraterritoriality -extraterritoriality's -extrudes -extradite -extruded -extraditable -extraditing -extradites -extradited -extradition -extradition's -extraditions -extrusion -extrusion's -extrusions -accedes -accost's -accosts -Acosta's -ageist's -ageists -Augusta's -August's -Augusts -Augustus -Augustus's -ecocide's -Ecstasy -ecstasy -egoist's -egoists -exerts -exit's -exits -Exodus -exodus -Exodus's -exodus's -exudes -oxidase -oxide's -oxides -ecstasies -ecstasy's -exoduses -exoticism -exoticism's -augustest -acceded -accosted -exerted -exited -extort -exuded -oxidative -ecstatic -ecstatically -extorting -extorts -extorted -extortion -extortioner -exudation -oxidation -extortioner's -extortioners -extortion's -exudation's -oxidation's -extortionist -extortionist's -extortionists -extortionate -extortionately -Exchequer -exchequer -exchequer's -exchequers -accession -accusation -acquisition -exertion -exchange -exchangeable -exchanging -exchange's -exchanges -exchanged -accessioning -accession's -accessions -accusation's -accusations -acquisition's -acquisitions -exertion's -exertions -accessioned -oxyacetylene -oxyacetylene's -Acadia -accord -acct -acquit -ACT -act -actor -acuity -acute -acuter -agate -aged -Akita -Akkad -arcade -Arcadia -argot -argued -Ecuador -edged -egad -egged -eked -equate -equator -equity -ergot -irked -Oct -OKed -urged -October -Oktoberfest -Oktoberfest's -equatable -equitable -equitably -October's -Octobers -active -octave -Octavia -Octavio -octavo -actively -Octavian -activeness -activeness's -Octavian's -active's -actives -octave's -octaves -Octavia's -Octavio's -octavo's -octavos -activism -activism's -activist -activist's -activists -activate -activator -activity -activating -activates -activator's -activators -activities -activity's -activated -activation -activation's -aquatic -Arctic -arctic -Ouagadougou -aquatically -octagon -octagonal -octogenarian -octogenarian's -octogenarians -octagon's -octagons -aquatic's -aquatics -aquatics's -Arctic's -arctic's -arctics -Ouagadougou's -aqueduct -aqueduct's -aqueducts -acquittal -actual -actually -acutely -ioctl -octal -acquittal's -acquittals -actuality -actualities -actuality's -academe -academia -academy -academic -academical -academically -academic's -academics -accouterments's -academe's -academia's -academies -academy's -academician -academician's -academicians -according -accordion -acquitting -Actaeon -acting -Acton -Aquitaine -Arcadian -equating -octane -Ogden -accordingly -actinium -actinium's -accordance -accordion's -accordions -Actaeon's -acting's -Acton's -acuteness -acuteness's -Aquitaine's -Arcadian's -octane's -octanes -Ogden's -accordance's -accordionist -accordionist's -accordionists -accordant -aquatint -aquatints -agitprop -agitprop's -octopus -octopus's -octopuses -actuary -actuarial -equatorial -Ecuadoran -Ecuadorean -Ecuadorian -Ecuadoran's -Ecuadorans -Ecuadorian's -Ecuadorians -actress -actress's -actuaries -actuary's -Arcturus -Arcturus's -ecotourism -ecotourism's -actresses -ecotourist -ecotourist's -ecotourists -Acadia's -accord's -accords -acquits -actor's -actors -Acts -act's -acts -Acts's -acuity's -acute's -acutes -agate's -agates -Akita's -Akkad's -arcade's -arcades -Arcadia's -argot's -argots -Ecuador's -equates -equator's -equators -equities -equity's -ergot's -ictus -ictus's -Iquitos -Iquitos's -Oct's -Irkutsk -Irkutsk's -egotism -egotism's -acutest -egotist -egotistic -egotistical -egotistically -equidistant -equidistantly -egotist's -egotists -accorded -acquitted -acted -actuate -actuator -agitate -agitator -equated -octet -actuating -agitating -actuates -actuator's -actuators -agitates -agitator's -agitators -octet's -octets -actuated -agitated -actuation -agitation -equitation -actuation's -agitation's -agitations -equitation's -edgewise -awkward -awkwarder -awkwardly -awkwardness -awkwardness's -awkwardest -acacia -Okeechobee -Okeechobee's -eggshell -eggshell's -eggshells -action -auction -auctioneer -equation -occasion -actionable -occasional -occasionally -auctioning -occasioning -action's -actions -auctioneer's -auctioneers -auction's -auctions -equation's -equations -occasion's -occasions -auctioned -occasioned -acacia's -acacias -Ucayali -Ucayali's -Okayama -ail -AL -Al -Ala -Alar -ale -Ali -all -Allah -allay -alley -Allie -allow -alloy -ally -aloe -AOL -awl -Earl -earl -Earle -earlier -early -eel -Eli -ell -Ella -Ellie -Eloy -EULA -Eula -Euler -IL -Ila -ilea -ilia -I'll -Ill -ill -oil -oilier -oily -Ola -oleo -Ollie -Orly -owl -UL -URL -Alioth -Althea -although -Alioth's -Althea's -alb -Alba -Albee -alibi -earlobe -Elba -Elbe -elbow -Albuquerque -Albuquerque's -Albigensian -Albigensian's -albacore -albacore's -albacores -Alabama -album -Alabaman -Alabamian -albumen -albumin -Alabaman's -Alabamans -Alabamian's -Alabamians -albumen's -albuminous -albumin's -Alabama's -album's -albums -Albania -Albany -albino -Albion -alibiing -Albanian -Albanian's -Albanians -Albania's -Albany's -albino's -albinos -Albion's -albinism -albinism's -Alberio -Albireo -illiberal -illiberally -illiberality -illiberality's -elbowroom -elbowroom's -Alberio's -Albireo's -Elbrus -Elbrus's -elaborate -elaborately -elaborating -elaborateness -elaborateness's -elaborates -elaborated -elaboration -elaboration's -elaborations -Alba's -Albee's -alb's -albs -alibi's -alibis -earlobe's -earlobes -Elba's -Elbe's -elbow's -elbows -alabaster -alabaster's -albeit -Albert -Alberta -Alberto -alibied -Elbert -Albertan -albatross -albatross's -albatrosses -Alberta's -Alberto's -Albert's -Elbert's -elbowing -elbowed -alive -allover -aloof -alpha -Alva -elev -ELF -elf -Elva -elver -Elvia -Olaf -Olav -Olive -olive -Oliver -Olivia -Olivier -alphabet -alphabetic -alphabetical -alphabetically -alphabet's -alphabets -Alphecca -Alphecca's -olfactory -olfactories -olfactory's -alluvial -aloofly -alveolar -alfalfa -alfalfa's -alluvial's -alveolars -oilfield -oilfields -alluvium -alluvium's -alluviums -Alvin -eleven -elfin -Elvin -eleventh -eleventh's -elevenths -alphanumeric -alphanumerical -alphanumerically -Alfonso -Alfonzo -aliveness -aliveness's -aloofness -aloofness's -Alphonse -Alphonso -Alvin's -eleven's -elevens -Elvin's -Alfonso's -Alfonzo's -Alphonse's -Alphonso's -elevenses -elephant -elephantine -elephant's -elephants -elephantiasis -elephantiasis's -Alvaro -Elvira -Aelfric -Aelfric's -Alvarez -Alvaro's -Elvira's -alfresco -Alvarez's -Alfred -Alfreda -Alfredo -Alvarado -Alfreda's -Alfredo's -Alfred's -Alpheratz -Alvarado's -Alpheratz's -alpha's -alphas -Alva's -ELF's -elf's -Elva's -elver's -elvers -elves -Elvia's -Elvis -Elvis's -Olaf's -Olav's -Oliver's -Olive's -olive's -olives -Olivia's -Olivier's -airlift -Alford -alleviate -aloft -Alphard -elevate -elevator -Olivetti -airlifting -alleviating -elevating -airlift's -airlifts -Alford's -alleviates -Alphard's -elevates -elevator's -elevators -Olivetti's -airlifted -alleviated -elevated -elfish -elvish -alleviation -elevation -alleviation's -elevation's -elevations -aloha -Allahabad -Allahabad's -Allhallows -Allhallows's -Elohim -Alhambra -Alhambra's -Elohim's -Alhena -Alhena's -alehouse -aloha's -alohas -alehouse's -alehouses -airlock -alack -Alcoa -Alec -alga -algae -Alger -alike -allege -allergy -elegy -Elgar -Elijah -elk -eulogy -ilk -oarlock -Olga -Algieba -eligible -illegible -illegibly -eligibility -illegibility -eligibility's -illegibility's -algebra -algebraic -algebraically -algebra's -algebras -Algieba's -alcove -alcove's -alcoves -alcohol -alcoholic -alcoholically -alcoholic's -alcoholics -alcohol's -alcohols -alcoholism -alcoholism's -allergic -elegiac -allergically -elegiacal -illogical -illogically -illogicality -illogicality's -elegiac's -elegiacs -algal -Algol -alkali -illegal -illegally -oilcloth -oilcloth's -oilcloths -alkaline -alkalinity -alkalinity's -Algol's -alkalies -alkali's -illegal's -illegals -alkaloid -illegality -alkaloid's -alkaloids -illegalities -illegality's -Alcmena -Alcmena's -Alcuin -aligner -Allegheny -alleging -allergen -oilcan -Algenib -Algenib's -allergenic -oligonucleotide -oligonucleotides -Algonquian -Algonquin -Algonquian's -Algonquians -Algonquin's -Algonquins -alignment -alignment's -alignments -aligning -Alcuin's -aligner's -aligners -Alleghenies -Alleghenies's -Allegheny's -allegiance -allergen's -allergens -elegance -eloquence -oilcans -oleaginous -allegiance's -allegiances -elegance's -eloquence's -elegant -eloquent -elegantly -eloquently -Alejandra -Alejandro -Alejandra's -Alejandro's -oligopoly -oligopolies -oligopoly's -Algeria -Alighieri -allegory -Allegra -allegro -algorithm -algorithmic -algorithm's -algorithms -allegoric -allegorical -allegorically -Algerian -Algerian's -Algerians -Algeria's -Alighieri's -allegories -allegory's -Allegra's -allegro's -allegros -allegorist -allegorist's -allegorists -alacrity -allegretto -alacrity's -allegretto's -allegrettos -airlock's -airlocks -Alcoa's -Alec's -Alex -Alexei -alga's -Alger's -Algiers -Algiers's -alleges -allergies -allergy's -elegies -elegy's -Elgar's -Elijah's -elixir -elk's -elks -eulogies -eulogy's -ilk's -ilks -oarlock's -oarlocks -Olga's -Oligocene -Oligocene's -Alexander -Alexandra -Alexandria -Alexandrian -Alexandra's -Alexandria's -Alexander's -Alexanders -Alexei's -Alexis -Alexis's -Alex's -elixir's -elixirs -allergist -eulogist -eulogistic -allergist's -allergists -eulogist's -eulogists -Alcott -Alkaid -alkyd -alleged -alligator -allocate -elect -elector -electable -elective -elective's -electives -allegedly -illegitimacy -illegitimacy's -illegitimate -illegitimately -allocating -electing -Electra -electrifier -electrify -electrification -electrification's -electrifier's -electrifiers -electrifies -electrified -electrifying -electric -electrical -electrically -electrics -electrocute -electrocardiograph -electrocardiography -electrocardiograph's -electrocardiographs -electrocardiography's -electrocardiogram -electrocardiogram's -electrocardiograms -electrocuting -electrocutes -electrocuted -electrocution -electrocution's -electrocutions -electoral -electorally -electrologist -electrologist's -electrologists -electrolysis -electrolysis's -electrolyte -electrolytic -electrolyte's -electrolytes -electromagnet -electromagnetic -electromagnetically -electromagnet's -electromagnets -electromagnetism -electromagnetism's -electromotive -electron -electronic -electronica -electronically -electronica's -electronics -electronics's -electron's -electrons -electroencephalograph -electroencephalography -electroencephalographic -electroencephalograph's -electroencephalographs -electroencephalography's -electroencephalogram -electroencephalogram's -electroencephalograms -electroplate -electroplating -electroplates -electroplated -Alcatraz -Electra's -electroscope -electroscopic -electroscope's -electroscopes -Alcatraz's -electricity -electricity's -electrostatic -electrostatics -electrostatics's -electorate -electrode -electrodynamics -electrotype -electrotype's -electrotypes -electorate's -electorates -electrode's -electrodes -electroshock -electroshock's -electrician -electrician's -electricians -Alcott's -Alkaid's -alkyd's -alkyds -alligator's -alligators -allocates -elector's -electors -elect's -elects -allocated -elected -Olajuwon -Olajuwon's -oligarch -oligarchy -oligarchic -oligarchical -allegation -allocation -election -electioneer -elocution -elocutionary -electioneering -electioneered -allegation's -allegations -allocation's -allocations -electioneers -election's -elections -elocution's -elocutionist -elocutionist's -elocutionists -oligarchies -oligarch's -oligarchs -oligarchy's -allele -alleluia -Elul -allele's -alleles -alleluia's -alleluias -Elul's -ululate -ululating -ululates -ululated -ululation -ululation's -ululations -Alamo -alarm -Alma -alum -Elam -elem -elm -Elma -Elmer -Elmo -ileum -ilium -alembic -alembic's -alembics -Alembert -Alembert's -Almohad -Almohad's -Olmec -oleomargarine -oleomargarine's -Olmec's -Alamogordo -Alamogordo's -alarming -alimony -almoner -alumina -alumna -alumnae -alumni -illumine -oilman -oilmen -illuminable -almanac -almanac's -almanacs -alarmingly -illumining -alimony's -almoner's -almoners -alumina's -alumna's -alumnus -alumnus's -illumines -ailment -aliment -almond -element -eliminate -eliminator -illuminate -Illuminati -illumined -elemental -elementally -alimenting -eliminating -illuminating -illuminatingly -alimentary -elementary -ailment's -ailments -aliment's -aliments -almond's -almonds -element's -elements -eliminates -eliminators -illuminates -Illuminati's -alimented -eliminated -illuminated -elimination -illumination -elimination's -eliminations -illumination's -illuminations -Olympia -Olympic -Olympic's -Olympics -Olympics's -Olympian -Olympian's -Olympians -Olympia's -Olympias -Olympus -Olympus's -Olympiad -Olympiad's -Olympiads -Almoravid -Almoravid's -Alamo's -alarm's -alarms -Alma's -alms -alms's -alum's -alums -Elam's -Elma's -Elmer's -Elmo's -elm's -elms -ileum's -ilium's -eleemosynary -alarmist -almost -alarmist's -alarmists -Olmsted -Olmsted's -alarmed -Almaty -Almighty -almighty -illimitable -Almaty's -Almighty's -Almach -Almach's -almshouse -almshouse's -almshouses -Aileen -ailing -airline -airliner -Alan -Alana -alien -align -aligned -Aline -Allan -Allen -alone -Arlene -Arline -Earlene -Earline -Eileen -Elaine -Elanor -Eleanor -Elena -Elinor -Ellen -eolian -Ilene -oiling -Olen -Olin -Orlon -ulna -ulnae -ulnar -Elnath -Elnath's -alienable -along -Olenek -Olenek's -alongside -elongate -elongating -elongates -elongated -elongation -elongation's -elongations -alongshore -Alnilam -Alnilam's -Erlenmeyer -Erlenmeyer's -aliening -Elnora -Elnora's -Aileen's -airliner's -airliners -airline's -airlines -Alana's -Alan's -alien's -aliens -aligns -Aline's -Allan's -Allen's -alliance -Alonzo -Arlene's -Arline's -Earlene's -Earline's -earliness -earliness's -Eileen's -Elaine's -Elanor's -Eleanor's -Elena's -Elinor's -Ellen's -Ilene's -Illinois -Illinois's -illness -illness's -oiliness -oiliness's -Olen's -Olin's -Orleans -Orleans's -Orlon's -Orlons -ulna's -Illinoisan -Illinoisan's -Illinoisans -alliance's -alliances -Alonzo's -illnesses -alienist -alienist's -alienists -alienate -aliened -Allende -eland -oleander -Orlando -Alnitak -Alnitak's -alienating -Allentown -Arlington -Ellington -Allentown's -Arlington's -Ellington's -alienates -Allende's -eland's -elands -oleander's -oleanders -Orlando's -alienated -alienation -alienation's -Aleppo -alp -Alpo -elope -alpaca -alpaca's -alpacas -elopement -elopement's -elopements -Alpine -alpine -eloping -Alpine's -alpines -Aleppo's -Alpo's -Alps -alp's -alps -Alps's -elapse -ellipse -elopes -elapsing -elapses -ellipse's -ellipses -ellipsis -ellipsis's -elapsed -ellipsoid -ellipsoidal -ellipsoid's -ellipsoids -Alpert -eloped -elliptic -elliptical -elliptically -Alpert's -allure -Elroy -Alaric -Alaric's -allurement -allurement's -allurements -aileron -alluring -alluringly -aileron's -ailerons -allure's -allures -Elroy's -allured -already -alright -Aeolus -Aeolus's -ails -airless -Alar's -Alas -alas -ale's -ales -alias -alias's -Alice -Ali's -Alisa -Alissa -Allah's -allays -alley's -alleys -Allie's -Allies -allies -allows -alloy's -alloys -all's -ally's -aloe's -aloes -Al's -also -Alyce -Alyssa -AOL's -awl's -awls -Earle's -Earl's -earl's -earls -eel's -eels -Eleazar -Elias -Elias's -Eli's -Elisa -Elise -Eliseo -Eliza -Ella's -Ellie's -Ellis -Ellis's -ell's -ells -Eloise -Eloy's -Elsa -else -Elsie -EULAs -Eula's -Euler's -Ila's -ill's -ills -illus -oil's -oils -Ola's -oleo's -oles -Ollie's -Orly's -owl's -owls -ulcer -URLs -Elisabeth -Elizabeth -Elizabethan -Elizabethan's -Elizabethans -Elisabeth's -Elizabeth's -Alcibiades -Alcibiades's -allusive -elusive -illusive -allusively -elusively -allusiveness -allusiveness's -elusiveness -elusiveness's -Alzheimer -Alzheimer's -elsewhere -Alaska -Alaskan -oilskin -Alaskan's -Alaskans -oilskin's -oilskins -oilskins's -Alaska's -Elysium -Ellesmere -Ellesmere's -Elysium's -Elysiums -aliasing -Alison -Allison -Allyson -Alyson -Ellison -Olsen -Olson -Elsinore -Elsinore's -airlessness -airlessness's -Alison's -Allison's -Allyson's -Alyson's -Ellison's -Olsen's -Olson's -Alcindor -Alcindor's -Alsop -allspice -Alsop's -allspice's -illusory -ulcerous -ulcerate -ulcerating -ulcerates -ulcerated -ulceration -ulceration's -ulcerations -aliases -Alice's -Alisa's -Alissa's -Alsace -Alyce's -Alyssa's -Eleazar's -Elisa's -Eliseo's -Elise's -Eliza's -Eloise's -Elsa's -Elsie's -ulcer's -ulcers -Ulysses -Ulysses's -Alsace's -Alcestis -Alcestis's -aliased -Alistair -earliest -elicit -illicit -oiliest -Ulster -ulster -elastic -elastically -elastic's -elastics -elasticated -illicitly -Alston -eliciting -Alston's -illicitness -illicitness's -Elastoplast -Elastoplast's -illustrious -illustriously -illustriousness -illustriousness's -illustrate -illustrator -illustrative -illustratively -illustrating -illustrates -illustrator's -illustrators -illustrated -illustration -illustration's -illustrations -Alistair's -elicits -Ulster's -ulster's -ulsters -elasticity -elasticity's -Allstate -elicited -elucidate -elucidating -Allstate's -elucidates -elucidated -elicitation -elucidation -elicitation's -elucidation's -elucidations -Alsatian -Alsatian's -Alsatians -Alcyone -Alcyone's -ailed -alder -Aldo -alert -Aleut -alight -allied -allot -allude -aloud -alt -Alta -Altai -Altair -altar -alter -alto -elate -elder -elide -Eliot -elite -Elliot -Elliott -elodea -elude -Iliad -oiled -old -older -oldie -owlet -ult -elderberry -Aldebaran -Aldebaran's -elderberries -elderberry's -Olduvai -Oldfield -Oldfield's -Olduvai's -Altaic -altogether -eldercare -eldercare's -Altaic's -altercation -altercation's -altercations -alertly -elderly -earldom -ultimo -alderman -aldermen -Altman -alderman's -Altman's -allotment -allotment's -allotments -Altamira -Altamira's -earldom's -earldoms -altimeter -ultimate -ultimately -ultimatum -ultimatum's -ultimatums -altimeter's -altimeters -ultimate's -Aladdin -Aldan -Alden -alerting -alighting -allotting -alluding -Alton -elating -Eldon -eliding -Elton -eluding -olden -Oldenburg -Oldenburg's -Eltanin -Eltanin's -Aladdin's -Aldan's -Alden's -alertness -alertness's -Alton's -Eldon's -Elton's -oldness -oldness's -alternate -alternator -alternative -alternatively -alternative's -alternatives -alternately -alternating -alternate's -alternates -alternator's -alternators -alternated -alternation -alternation's -alternations -Altiplano -Altiplano's -altarpiece -altarpiece's -altarpieces -aleatory -Aludra -ulterior -ultra -alterable -ultraviolet -ultraviolet's -ultrahigh -ultraconservative -ultraconservative's -ultraconservatives -ultralight -ultralight's -ultralights -Alderamin -Alderamin's -ultramarine -ultramarine's -ultramodern -Aldrin -altering -Aldrin's -Aludra's -illiteracy -ultra's -ultras -altruism -altruism's -ultrasonic -ultrasonically -ultrasound -ultrasound's -ultrasounds -illiteracy's -altruist -Ultrasuede -altruistic -altruistically -altruist's -altruists -Ultrasuede's -alliterate -altered -illiterate -alliterative -alliteratively -illiterately -alliterating -alliterates -illiterate's -illiterates -alliterated -eldritch -alliteration -alteration -alliteration's -alliterations -alteration's -alterations -ultrashort -airletters -alder's -alders -Aldo's -alert's -alerts -Aleut's -Aleuts -alights -allots -alludes -Altair's -Altai's -altar's -altars -Alta's -alters -alto's -altos -alts -elates -elder's -elders -elides -Eliot's -elite's -elites -Elliot's -Elliott's -elodea's -elodeas -eludes -ileitis -ileitis's -Iliad's -Iliads -oldie's -oldies -old's -owlet's -owlets -elitism -Oldsmobile -Oldsmobile's -elitism's -eldest -elitist -oldest -oldster -elitist's -elitists -oldster's -oldsters -alerted -alighted -allotted -alluded -elated -elided -eluded -elatedly -Altoids -Altoids's -altitude -altitude's -altitudes -alderwoman -alderwomen -alderwoman's -oldish -alleyway -Elway -allowable -allowably -alewife -alewife's -alewives -allowing -allowance -allowance's -allowances -alleyway's -alleyways -always -Elway's -allowed -Elwood -Elwood's -Alicia -Alisha -Elisha -owlish -owlishly -alchemy -Aleichem -alchemy's -Aleichem's -alchemist -alchemist's -alchemists -Aleutian -allusion -elation -elision -Elysian -illusion -Aleutian's -Aleutians -allusion's -allusions -elation's -elision's -elisions -Elysian's -illusion's -illusions -illusionist -illusionist's -illusionists -Alicia's -Alisha's -Elisha's -Aaliyah -aliyah -allaying -alloying -allying -Ulyanovsk -Ulyanovsk's -Aaliyah's -aliyah's -aliyahs -allayed -alloyed -Ilyushin -Ilyushin's -aim -Aimee -AM -Am -am -AMA -Amer -Amie -ammo -amour -Amur -Amy -arm -Armour -army -EM -em -emir -Emma -Emmy -emo -emu -Erma -iamb -I'm -IMO -Irma -ohm -om -Omar -OMB -um -amethyst -amethyst's -amethysts -Amber -amber -amoeba -amoebae -ember -iambi -imbue -umber -imbibe -imbiber -imbibing -imbiber's -imbibers -imbibes -imbibed -ambivalence -ambivalence's -ambivalent -ambivalently -amoebic -embargo -embark -iambic -embargoing -embarking -ambergris -ambergris's -ambiguous -embargoes -embargo's -embarks -iambic's -iambics -ambiguously -ambiguity -embargoed -embarked -ambiguities -ambiguity's -embarkation -embarkation's -embarkations -amble -ambler -amiable -amiably -immobile -umbel -umbilical -umbilicus -umbilicus's -embalm -embalmer -emblem -embalming -embalmer's -embalmers -embalms -emblem's -emblems -embalmed -emblematic -emblematically -ambling -ambulance -imbalance -ambulanceman -ambulancemen -ambulance's -ambulances -imbalance's -imbalances -imbalanced -ambulancewoman -ambulancewomen -ambulant -ambler's -amblers -amble's -ambles -umbel's -umbels -umbilici -embolism -embolism's -embolisms -emblazon -emblazonment -emblazonment's -emblazoning -emblazons -emblazoned -ambled -ambulate -amiability -immobility -ambulating -embolden -emboldening -emboldens -emboldened -ambulatory -ambulatories -ambulatory's -ambulates -amiability's -immobility's -ambulated -embellish -embellishment -embellishment's -embellishments -ambulation -embellishing -ambulation's -ambulations -embellishes -embellished -imbuing -embank -embankment -embankment's -embankments -embanking -embanks -embanked -ambient -armband -armband's -armbands -umbra -umbrage -imbroglio -imbroglio's -imbroglios -umbrage's -embrocation -imbrication -embrocation's -embrocations -imbrication's -embroil -umbrella -Umbriel -embroilment -embroilment's -embroiling -embroils -umbrella's -umbrellas -Umbriel's -embroiled -embarrass -embrace -umbra's -umbras -embraceable -embarrassment -embarrassment's -embarrassments -embarrassing -embracing -embarrassingly -embrasure -embrasure's -embrasures -embarrasses -embrace's -embraces -embarrassed -embraced -embroider -embroiderer -embroidery -embroidering -embroiderer's -embroiderers -embroideries -embroidery's -embroidered -embroiders -ambrosia -ambrosial -ambrosia's -embryo -embryology -embryological -embryology's -embryologist -embryologist's -embryologists -embryonic -embryo's -embryos -Amber's -amber's -amoeba's -amoebas -embassy -ember's -embers -emboss -embosser -iamb's -iambs -iambus -iambus's -imbues -OMB's -umber's -ambuscade -ambuscading -ambuscade's -ambuscades -ambuscaded -embezzle -embezzler -imbecile -imbecilic -embezzlement -embezzlement's -embezzling -embezzler's -embezzlers -embezzles -imbecile's -imbeciles -embezzled -imbecility -imbecilities -imbecility's -embossing -embassies -embassy's -embosser's -embossers -embosses -iambuses -ambassador -embossed -ambassadorial -ambassadress -ambassadress's -ambassadresses -ambassador's -ambassadors -ambassadorship -ambassadorship's -ambassadorships -ambit -embed -embitter -embody -imbued -ambidextrous -ambidextrously -ambidexterity -ambidexterity's -embattled -embitterment -embodiment -embitterment's -embodiment's -embedding -embittering -embittered -embeds -embitters -embodies -ombudsman -ombudsmen -ombudsman's -embedded -embodied -embodying -embower -embowering -embowered -embowers -ambush -ambition -ambushing -ambition's -ambitions -embouchure -embouchure's -ambitious -ambushes -ambush's -ambitiously -ambitiousness -ambitiousness's -ambushed -earmuff -emf -IMF -oomph -immovable -immovably -immovability -immovability's -amphibian -amphibian's -amphibians -amphibious -amphibiously -armful -armful's -armfuls -amphora -amphorae -amphora's -amorphous -earmuff's -earmuffs -emfs -IMF's -amorphously -emphysema -emphysema's -amorphousness -amorphousness's -emphases -emphasis -emphasis's -emphatic -emphatically -amphetamine -amphetamine's -amphetamines -IMHO -Omaha -armhole -armhole's -armholes -Amharic -Amharic's -Omaha's -Omahas -Amherst -Amherst's -Imhotep -Imhotep's -Amiga -amigo -Amoco -amok -earmark -emerge -emoji -image -imago -omega -umiak -amicable -amicably -amicability -amicability's -immaculate -immaculately -immaculateness -immaculateness's -earmarking -emerging -imagine -imaging -Imogene -imaginable -imaginably -Armagnac -Armagnac's -imaginal -imagining -imaginings -imaginary -emergence -emergency -imagines -Imogene's -emergence's -emergencies -emergency's -emergent -imagined -imaginative -imaginatively -imagination -imagination's -imaginations -imagery -omicron -omicron's -omicrons -emigrant -immigrant -emigrant's -emigrants -immigrant's -immigrants -imagery's -emigrate -immigrate -emigrating -immigrating -emigrates -immigrates -emigrated -immigrated -emigration -immigration -emigration's -emigrations -immigration's -Amiga's -amigo's -amigos -Amoco's -earmark's -earmarks -Emacs -Emacs's -emerges -emoji's -emojis -image's -images -imagoes -imago's -omega's -omegas -umiak's -umiaks -amoxicillin -earmarked -emerged -imaged -Armageddon -Armageddon's -Armageddons -airmail -Amalia -Amelia -email -Emil -Emile -Emilia -Emilio -Emily -ormolu -amalgam -amalgam's -amalgams -amalgamate -amalgamating -amalgamates -amalgamated -amalgamation -amalgamation's -amalgamations -emolument -emolument's -emoluments -airmailing -emailing -emollient -emollient's -emollients -ameliorate -ameliorative -ameliorating -ameliorates -ameliorated -amelioration -amelioration's -aimless -airmail's -airmails -Amalia's -Amelia's -amylase -email's -emails -Emile's -Emilia's -Emilio's -Emil's -Emily's -ormolu's -emulsifier -emulsify -emulsification -emulsification's -emulsifier's -emulsifiers -emulsifies -emulsified -emulsifying -aimlessly -aimlessness -aimlessness's -amylase's -airmailed -amulet -amyloid -armlet -armload -emailed -emulate -emulator -Imelda -immolate -umlaut -emulative -emulating -immolating -amulet's -amulets -armlet's -armlets -armloads -emulates -emulator's -emulators -Imelda's -immolates -umlaut's -umlauts -emulated -immolated -emulation -emulsion -immolation -emulation's -emulations -emulsion's -emulsions -immolation's -imam -armament -armament's -armaments -immemorial -immemorially -imam's -imams -aiming -airman -airmen -Amen -amen -amine -amino -Amman -ammonia -Armani -Armenia -arming -ermine -immune -Oman -Omani -omen -amenable -amenably -amenability -amenability's -omnibus -omnibus's -omnibuses -omnivore -omnivore's -omnivores -omnivorous -omnivorously -omnivorousness -omnivorousness's -Amenhotep -Amenhotep's -among -Armonk -immunoglobulin -immunoglobulins -Armonk's -Emanuel -Emmanuel -immunology -immunologic -immunological -immunology's -immunologist -immunologist's -immunologists -Emanuel's -Emmanuel's -ammonium -Eminem -Eminem's -amnion -Armenian -amnion's -amnions -Armenian's -Armenians -Eminence -eminence -immanence -immanency -imminence -amanuenses -amanuensis -amanuensis's -eminence's -eminences -immanence's -immanency's -imminence's -eminent -immanent -imminent -eminently -immanently -imminently -omnipresence -omnipresence's -omnipresent -omnipotence -omnipotence's -Omnipotent -omnipotent -airman's -Amen's -amines -Amman's -ammonia's -Armani's -Armenia's -Arminius -Arminius's -ermine's -ermines -immense -Omani's -Omanis -Oman's -omen's -omens -ominous -amnesic -amnesic's -amnesics -immensely -ominously -ominousness -ominousness's -omniscience -omniscience's -omniscient -amniocenteses -amniocentesis -amniocentesis's -emancipate -emancipator -emancipating -emancipates -emancipator's -emancipators -emancipated -emancipation -emancipation's -amnesty -immensity -amnesties -amnesty's -immensities -immensity's -amnestied -amnestying -Amanda -amend -amenity -amount -Armand -Armando -emanate -emend -immunity -amendable -immunodeficiency -immunodeficiency's -immunodeficient -amniotic -amontillado -amontillado's -amontillados -amendment -amendment's -amendments -amending -amounting -emanating -emending -Amanda's -amends -amenities -amenity's -amount's -amounts -Armando's -Armand's -emanates -emends -Eumenides -Eumenides's -immunity's -Amundsen -Amundsen's -amended -amounted -emanated -emended -emendation -emendation's -emendations -amnesia -IMNSHO -amnesiac -amnesiac's -amnesiacs -ammunition -emanation -ammunition's -emanation's -emanations -amnesia's -amp -imp -impair -imper -ump -empathy -empathy's -empathetic -imperf -imperfect -imperfectly -imperfectness -imperfectness's -imperfect's -imperfects -imperfection -imperfection's -imperfections -impoverish -impoverishment -impoverishment's -impoverishing -impoverishes -impoverished -impervious -imperviously -impeccable -impeccably -impeccability -impeccability's -impugner -impugning -impecunious -impugner's -impugners -impecuniously -impecuniousness -impecuniousness's -impact -impacting -impact's -impacts -impacted -ample -ampler -amply -ampule -employ -impala -impale -impel -impeller -imply -amplifier -amplify -amplification -amplification's -amplifications -amplifier's -amplifiers -amplifies -amplified -amplifying -implacable -implacably -implacability -implacability's -implicate -implicating -implicates -implicated -implication -implication's -implications -employment -impalement -implement -implementer -implementable -implementing -employment's -employments -impalement's -implement's -implements -implemented -implementation -implementation's -implementations -impaling -impelling -implant -implantable -implanting -implant's -implants -implanted -implantation -implantation's -impalpable -impalpably -implore -imploring -imploringly -implores -implored -ampule's -ampules -employ's -employs -impala's -impalas -impales -impeller's -impellers -impels -implies -impulse -implausible -implausibly -implausibility -implausibilities -implausibility's -implosive -impulsive -impulsively -impulsiveness -impulsiveness's -emplacement -emplacement's -emplacements -impulsing -impulse's -impulses -amplest -implicit -impulsed -implicitly -implicitness -implicitness's -impaled -impelled -implied -implode -impolite -impolitic -impolitely -imploding -impoliteness -impoliteness's -impolitenesses -implodes -amplitude -imploded -amplitude's -amplitudes -implosion -impulsion -implosion's -implosions -impulsion's -employee -employer -employable -employing -implying -employee's -employees -employer's -employers -employed -impermeable -impermeably -impermeability -impermeability's -impermanence -impermanence's -impermanent -impermanently -impairment -impairment's -impairments -impermissible -impinge -impugn -impugned -umping -impingement -impingement's -impinging -impinges -impugns -impend -impinged -impound -impunity -impending -impounding -impenitence -impenitence's -impenitent -impenitently -impenetrable -impenetrably -imponderable -imponderable's -imponderables -impenetrability -impenetrability's -impends -impounds -impunity's -impended -impounded -Amparo -Ampere -ampere -emperor -empire -impure -impurer -umpire -improbable -improbably -improbability -improbabilities -improbability's -improve -improvable -improvement -improvement's -improvements -improving -improves -improvise -improviser -improvising -improviser's -improvisers -improvises -improvised -improvisation -improvisational -improvisation's -improvisations -improved -improvidence -improvidence's -improvident -improvidently -amperage -empiric -empirical -empirically -impregnable -impregnably -impregnability -impregnability's -impregnate -impregnating -impregnates -impregnated -impregnation -impregnation's -amperage's -imprecate -impracticable -impracticably -impracticability -impractical -impractically -impracticality -impracticality's -imprecating -imprecates -imprecated -imprecation -imprecation's -imprecations -imperial -imperially -imperil -impurely -imperilment -imperilment's -imperial's -imperials -imperils -imperialism -imperialism's -imperialist -imperialistic -imperialistically -imperialist's -imperialists -emporium -impromptu -impromptu's -impromptus -emporium's -emporiums -imprimatur -imprimatur's -imprimaturs -empyrean -impairing -umpiring -empyrean's -imprint -imprinter -imprinting -imprinter's -imprinters -imprint's -imprints -imprinted -improper -improperly -impropriety -improprieties -impropriety's -Amparo's -Ampere's -ampere's -amperes -emperor's -emperors -empire's -empires -empress -empress's -imperious -impress -impress's -umpire's -umpires -impressible -impressibility -impressibility's -impressive -impressively -impressiveness -impressiveness's -imperiously -impressing -imprison -imprisonment -imprisonment's -imprisonments -imprisoning -imperiousness -imperiousness's -imprisons -imprisoned -impresario -impresario's -impresarios -empresses -imprecise -impresses -imprecisely -empiricism -empiricism's -impreciseness -impreciseness's -empiricist -empiricist's -empiricists -impressed -impurest -imprecision -imprecision's -impaired -impurity -umpired -imperative -imperatively -imperative's -imperatives -imprudence -imprudence's -imprudent -imprudently -impurities -impurity's -imperishable -imperishably -impression -impressionable -impressionability -impressionability's -impression's -impressions -impressionism -impressionism's -impressionist -impressionistic -impressionist's -impressionists -amp's -amps -impairs -impasse -impious -impose -imposer -imp's -imps -ump's -umps -impassable -impassably -impassible -impassibly -impossible -impossibly -impossibles -impassibility -impossibility -impassibility's -impossibilities -impossibility's -impassive -impassively -impassiveness -impassiveness's -impassivity -impassivity's -impiously -ampicillin -imposing -impersonal -impersonally -imposingly -impiousness -impiousness's -ampersand -impersonate -impersonator -impersonating -ampersand's -ampersands -impersonates -impersonator's -impersonators -impersonated -impersonation -impersonation's -impersonations -imperceptible -imperceptibly -imperceptibility -imperceptibility's -imperceptive -impasse's -impasses -imposer's -imposers -imposes -impasto -imposed -impost -imposture -imposture's -impostures -impasto's -impost's -imposts -imposition -imposition's -impositions -amputee -armpit -emptier -empty -impart -impede -impiety -import -importer -impute -umped -imperturbable -imperturbably -imperturbability -imperturbability's -importable -imputable -impetigo -impetigo's -emptily -impediment -impedimenta -impedimenta's -impediment's -impediments -imparting -impeding -importing -importune -imputing -umpteen -umpteenth -importuning -impertinence -impertinence's -impertinences -impertinent -impertinently -emptiness -emptiness's -impatience -impatiens -impatiens's -impedance -importance -importunes -impotence -impotency -impudence -impatience's -impatiences -impedance's -importance's -impotence's -impotency's -impudence's -impatient -important -importunate -importuned -importunity -impotent -impudent -impatiently -importantly -importunately -impotently -impudently -importunity's -amputee's -amputees -armpit's -armpits -empties -empty's -imparts -impedes -impetuous -impetus -impetus's -impieties -impiety's -importer's -importers -import's -imports -imputes -impetuously -impetuousness -impetuousness's -impetuses -emptiest -impetuosity -impetuosity's -amputate -emptied -imparted -impeded -imported -imputed -amputating -amputates -amputated -amputation -importation -imputation -amputation's -amputations -importation's -importations -imputation's -imputations -emptying -empower -empowerment -empowerment's -empowering -empowered -empowers -impeach -impeacher -impish -impeachable -impartial -impartially -impishly -impartiality -impartiality's -impeachment -impeachment's -impeachments -impeaching -impishness -impishness's -impassioned -impeacher's -impeachers -impeaches -impeached -Amaru -Aymara -Emery -emery -Emory -immure -America -American -Americana -Americana's -American's -Americans -Americanism -Americanism's -Americanisms -America's -Americas -Amarillo -amoral -amorally -armorial -immoral -immorally -Amarillo's -amaryllis -amaryllis's -amaryllises -amorality -emerald -immorality -amorality's -emerald's -emeralds -immoralities -immorality's -immuring -amaranth -amaranth's -amaranths -Amerind -Amerindian -Amerindian's -Amerindians -Amerind's -Amerinds -Amaru's -amorous -Aymara's -Emery's -emery's -Emory's -immures -amorously -americium -americium's -amorousness -amorousness's -armrest -armrest's -armrests -amaretto -emerita -emirate -immured -amaretto's -Amritsar -emeritus -emirate's -emirates -Amritsar's -Amerasian -Amerasian's -Aimee's -aim's -aims -amass -amaze -amerce -Amie's -amiss -ammo's -Amos -Amos's -amour's -amours -AM's -Am's -Amur's -amuse -Amy's -armies -Armour's -arm's -arms -army's -emcee -emir's -emirs -Emma's -Emmy's -emo's -emos -em's -ems -emu's -emus -Erma's -immerse -Imus -Imus's -Irma's -ohm's -ohms -Omar's -om's -oms -immersible -immersive -eMusic -Omsk -emasculate -emasculating -emasculates -emasculated -emasculation -emasculation's -eMusic's -Omsk's -Ameslan -Ameslan's -amazement -amercement -amusement -amazement's -amercement's -amercements -amusement's -amusements -amassing -amazing -Amazon -amazon -amercing -amusing -emceeing -Emerson -immersing -amazingly -amusingly -Amazonian -amazonian -Amazon's -Amazons -amazon's -amazons -Emerson's -emissary -immeasurable -immeasurably -emissaries -emissary's -amasses -amaze's -amazes -amerces -amuses -emcee's -emcees -immerses -amassed -amazed -amerced -amused -emceed -immersed -Armstrong -Armstrong's -armistice -armistice's -armistices -Amsterdam -Amsterdam's -Ahmad -Ahmed -aimed -Amado -amateur -Amati -AMD -amid -amide -amity -ammeter -amt -armada -armed -emit -emitter -Emmett -emote -EMT -ohmmeter -omit -imitable -immutable -immutably -immutability -immutability's -Ahmadabad -Ahmadabad's -emotive -emotively -emetic -emoticon -emoticon's -emoticons -emetic's -emetics -armadillo -immortal -immortally -armadillo's -armadillos -immortal's -immortals -immortality -immortality's -Imodium -Omdurman -Omdurman's -Imodium's -emitting -emoting -omitting -Ahmadinejad -Ahmadinejad's -amatory -armature -immature -Amtrak -Amtrak's -immaterial -immaterially -immaturely -immaterialness -immaterialness's -immateriality -immateriality's -Amaterasu -armature's -armatures -amateurism -amateurism's -Amaterasu's -immaturity -immoderate -immoderately -immaturity's -amateurish -amateurishly -amateurishness -amateurishness's -Ahmad's -Ahmed's -Amadeus -Amadeus's -Amado's -amateur's -amateurs -Amati's -AMD's -amide's -amides -amity's -ammeter's -ammeters -armada's -armadas -emits -emitter's -emitters -Emmett's -emotes -immediacy -ohmmeter's -ohmmeters -omits -immediacies -immediacies's -immediacy's -immodest -immodesty -immodestly -immodesty's -emitted -emoted -imitate -imitator -immediate -omitted -imitative -imitatively -imitativeness -imitativeness's -immediately -imitating -immediateness -immediateness's -imitates -imitator's -imitators -imitated -imitation -imitation's -imitations -amidship -amidships -Amway -Amway's -Amish -armchair -emission -emotion -immersion -omission -emotional -emotionally -emotionless -emotionalism -emotionalism's -emission's -emissions -emotion's -emotions -immersion's -immersions -omission's -omissions -Amish's -armchair's -armchairs -emaciate -emaciating -emaciates -emaciated -emaciation -emaciation's -Omayyad -Omayyad's -Ainu -an -Ana -anew -Ann -Anna -Anne -Annie -annoy -any -Arno -awn -earn -earner -e'en -en -ENE -ennui -Erna -Ernie -Ian -IN -In -in -Ina -inn -inner -ion -ON -on -one -Ono -own -owner -UN -uni -urn -another -anther -unearth -unethical -unethically -anthill -unearthly -anthology -ornithology -ornithological -anthologies -anthology's -ornithology's -anthologist -ornithologist -anthologist's -anthologists -ornithologist's -ornithologists -unearthliness -unearthliness's -anthill's -anthills -anathema -anthem -anathema's -anathemas -anthem's -anthems -Anthony -anything -unearthing -unthinkable -unthinkably -unthinking -unthinkingly -Anthony's -anything's -anythings -inauthentic -unauthentic -unauthenticated -anthrax -anthrax's -enthralling -enthralled -enthrone -enthronement -enthronement's -enthronements -enthroning -enthrones -enthroned -anthropology -anthropological -anthropologically -anthropology's -anthropologist -anthropologist's -anthropologists -anthropomorphic -anthropomorphically -anthropomorphous -anthropomorphism -anthropomorphism's -Anthropocene -anthropocentric -anthropoid -anthropoid's -anthropoids -anthracite -anthracite's -anther's -anthers -enthuse -unearths -enthusing -enthuses -enthused -unearthed -unorthodox -enthusiasm -enthusiasm's -enthusiasms -enthusiast -enthusiastic -enthusiastically -enthusiast's -enthusiasts -Arneb -unbar -unbothered -unobjectionable -unbuckle -unbuckling -unbuckles -unbuckled -unbecoming -unbecomingly -inbox -inboxes -inbox's -unbaked -Anabel -Anibal -Annabel -Annabelle -enable -enabler -ennoble -unable -unbelief -unbeliever -unbelievable -unbelievably -unbelieving -unbelief's -unbeliever's -unbelievers -unblock -unblocking -unblocks -unblocked -ennoblement -ennoblement's -unblemished -enabling -ennobling -unblinking -unblinkingly -unbalance -unbalancing -unbalances -unbalanced -Anabel's -Anibal's -Annabelle's -Annabel's -enabler's -enablers -enables -ennobles -anabolism -anabolism's -enabled -ennobled -inability -inbuilt -unbolt -unbolting -inabilities -inability's -unbolts -unbolted -unblushing -unblushingly -unbleached -inborn -unborn -inbound -unbend -unbent -unbind -unbound -unbending -unbinding -unbends -unbinds -unbounded -Anabaptist -Anabaptist's -unbearable -unbearably -unbreakable -unbridgeable -unbroken -unabridged -unabridged's -unabridgeds -unbarring -unbranded -inbred -inbreed -inebriate -unbarred -unbridled -inbreeding -inebriating -inbreeding's -inbreeds -inebriate's -inebriates -inebriated -inebriation -inebriation's -Anubis -Anubis's -Arneb's -unbars -unobservant -unobserved -unbosom -unbosoming -unbosoms -unbosomed -unbiased -unobstructed -anybody -inboard -onboard -unbid -unbeatable -unbeaten -unbidden -unburden -unbutton -unobtainable -unburdening -unbuttoning -unburdens -unbuttons -unburdened -unbuttoned -unobtrusive -unobtrusively -unobtrusiveness -unobtrusiveness's -anybodies -anybody's -inboard's -inboards -unabated -unbowed -unabashed -unabashedly -Enif -enough -envoy -envy -inf -infer -info -Invar -inveigh -unfair -unify -univ -unnerve -unfaithful -unfaithfully -unfaithfulness -unfaithfulness's -unfathomable -unfathomably -enfeeble -enviable -enviably -ineffable -ineffably -enfeeblement -enfeeblement's -enfeebling -enfeebles -enfeebled -ineffability -ineffability's -invoke -unforgivable -unforgivably -unforgiving -inveigle -inveigler -inveigling -inveigler's -inveiglers -inveigles -inveigled -invigilate -invigilator -invigilating -invigilates -invigilators -invigilated -invigilation -inveighing -invoking -invigorate -invigorating -invigoratingly -invigorates -invigorated -invigoration -invigoration's -inefficacy -infix -invokes -unfix -unfixing -inefficacy's -unfixes -unfixed -unfocused -infarct -infect -inveighed -invoked -unforgettable -unforgettably -ineffective -invective -ineffectively -ineffectiveness -ineffectiveness's -invective's -ineffectual -ineffectually -infecting -unforgotten -infarct's -infarcts -infects -infected -unaffected -unaffectedly -infarction -infection -invocation -unification -infarction's -infection's -infections -invocation's -invocations -unification's -infectious -infectiously -infectiousness -infectiousness's -anvil -infill -inflow -oenophile -unfairly -unfurl -unveil -infallible -infallibly -invaluable -invaluably -inviolable -inviolably -unavailable -infallibility -inviolability -unavailability -infallibility's -inviolability's -unavailability's -involve -univalve -unfulfilling -unfulfilled -involvement -involvement's -involvements -involving -involves -univalve's -univalves -involved -unflagging -unflaggingly -influx -inflexible -inflexibly -inflexibility -inflexibility's -influxes -influx's -inflect -inflict -unfledged -inflictive -inflecting -inflicting -inflects -inflicts -inflected -inflicted -inflection -infliction -inflectional -inflection's -inflections -infliction's -inflame -inflammable -inflammability -inflammability's -inflaming -inflames -inflamed -inflammatory -inflammation -inflammation's -inflammations -infilling -unavailing -unfailing -unfeeling -unfurling -unveiling -unavailingly -unfailingly -unfeelingly -invulnerable -invulnerably -invulnerability -invulnerability's -influence -influenza -influencing -influence's -influences -influenza's -influenced -univalent -involuntary -involuntarily -involuntariness -involuntariness's -influential -influentially -unflinching -unflinchingly -envelop -envelope -enveloper -unflappable -unflappably -unflappability -unflappability's -envelopment -envelopment's -enveloping -enveloper's -envelopers -envelope's -envelopes -envelops -enveloped -inflorescence -inflorescence's -inflorescent -anopheles -anopheles's -anvil's -anvils -infills -inflow's -inflows -oenophile's -oenophiles -unfurls -unveils -infelicity -infelicities -infelicitous -infelicity's -enfilade -enfold -infield -infielder -infilled -inflate -invalid -inviolate -unfilled -unfold -unfurled -unveiled -inflatable -inflatable's -inflatables -invalidly -enfilading -enfolding -inflating -invaliding -unfolding -unfaltering -unflattering -infiltrate -infiltrator -unfiltered -infiltrating -infiltrates -infiltrator's -infiltrators -infiltrated -infiltration -infiltration's -enfilade's -enfilades -enfolds -infielder's -infielders -infield's -infields -inflates -invalid's -invalids -unfolds -invalidism -invalidism's -enfiladed -enfolded -inflated -invalidate -invalided -invalidity -unaffiliated -unfolded -invalidating -invalidates -invalidity's -invalidated -invalidation -invalidation's -inflation -involution -inflationary -inflation's -involution's -infamy -infirm -inform -informer -uniform -informal -informally -unfamiliar -uniformly -unfamiliarity -unfamiliarity's -informality -informality's -unformulated -informing -uniforming -unfeminine -informant -informant's -informants -infirmary -infirmaries -infirmary's -infamies -infamous -infamy's -informer's -informers -informs -uniform's -uniforms -infamously -infirmity -informed -unformed -uniformed -uniformity -informative -informatively -informativeness -informativeness's -informatics -infirmities -infirmity's -uniformity's -infomercial -infomercial's -infomercials -information -informational -information's -inferno -uneven -unfeigned -unfunny -unnerving -infernal -infernally -unevenly -unnervingly -envenom -envenoming -envenoms -envenomed -infancy -inferno's -infernos -unevenness -unevenness's -unfairness -unfairness's -invincible -invincibly -invincibility -invincibility's -inoffensive -unoffensive -inoffensively -inoffensiveness -inoffensiveness's -infancy's -infant -infinite -infinity -invent -inventor -infinitive -inventive -infinitival -inventively -uneventful -uneventfully -inventiveness -inventiveness's -infinitive's -infinitives -infantile -infinitely -inventing -infantry -inventory -infantryman -infantrymen -infantryman's -infantries -infantry's -inventories -inventory's -inventoried -inventorying -infant's -infants -infinite's -infinities -infinity's -inventor's -inventors -invents -infinitesimal -infinitesimally -infinitesimal's -infinitesimals -infanticide -infanticide's -infanticides -infinitude -invented -unfounded -unfunded -infinitude's -invention -invention's -inventions -unfinished -unfurnished -unvarnished -inferior -infra -unfairer -invariable -invariably -invariable's -invariables -invariability -invariability's -unverifiable -unverified -unfrock -unfrocking -infrequence -infrequency -infrequence's -infrequency's -infrequent -infrequently -unfrequented -unfrocks -unfrocked -infraction -infraction's -infractions -unframed -inferring -infringe -environment -infringement -environmental -environmentally -environmentalism -environmentalism's -environmentalist -environmentalist's -environmentalists -environment's -environments -infringement's -infringements -infringing -environs -environs's -inference -infringes -inference's -inferences -infringed -invariant -unfriend -unfriendlier -unfriendly -unfriendliness -unfriendliness's -unfriendliest -unfriending -unfriends -unfriended -inferential -enfranchise -enfranchisement -enfranchisement's -enfranchising -enfranchises -enfranchised -inferiority -infrared -inferiority's -infrared's -inferior's -inferiors -unfreeze -unfroze -unforeseeable -unforeseen -unfreezing -unfrozen -infrasonic -unfreezes -unfairest -infrastructure -infrastructural -infrastructure's -infrastructures -inferred -infuriate -unafraid -unvaried -unfruitful -infuriating -infuriatingly -infuriates -infuriated -unvarying -enforce -enforcer -Enif's -envies -envious -envoy's -envoys -envy's -infers -info's -infuse -infuser -Invar's -inveighs -inverse -invoice -unifies -universe -unnerves -enforceable -infeasible -invisible -invisibly -unfeasible -invisibility -invisibility's -invasive -envisage -envisaging -envisages -envisaged -enviously -inversely -universal -universally -universal's -universals -universality -universality's -enforcement -enforcement's -enforcing -infusing -invoicing -enviousness -enviousness's -inefficiency -inefficiencies -inefficiency's -inefficient -inefficiently -anniversary -anniversaries -anniversary's -enforcer's -enforcers -enforces -infuser's -infusers -infuses -inverse's -inverses -invoice's -invoices -universe's -universes -enforced -infest -infused -invest -investor -invoiced -unfazed -unforced -university -unversed -unvoiced -investigate -investigator -investigative -investigating -investigatory -investigates -investigator's -investigators -investigated -investigation -investigation's -investigations -investment -investment's -investments -infesting -investing -unfasten -unfastening -unfastens -unfastened -infests -investor's -investors -invests -universities -university's -infested -invested -investiture -investiture's -investitures -infestation -infestation's -infestations -enervate -envied -infighter -innervate -innovate -innovator -invade -invader -invert -inverter -invite -invitee -unfed -unfetter -unfit -unified -unnerved -inevitable -inevitably -unavoidable -unavoidably -inevitable's -inevitability -inevitability's -invertebrate -invertebrate's -invertebrates -innovative -unfortified -infertile -infidel -infidel's -infidels -infertility -infidelity -infertility's -infidelities -infidelity's -enervating -infighting -innervating -innovating -invading -inverting -inviting -unfading -unfitting -invitingly -infotainment -infotainment's -infighting's -unfitness -unfitness's -unfortunate -unfortunately -unfortunate's -unfortunates -innovatory -unfettering -inveteracy -inveteracy's -inveterate -unfettered -enervates -infighter's -infighters -innervates -innovates -innovator's -innovators -invader's -invaders -invades -inverter's -inverters -invert's -inverts -invidious -invitee's -invitees -invite's -invites -unfetters -unfits -invidiously -invidiousness -invidiousness's -enervated -infatuate -innervated -innovated -invaded -inverted -invited -unfitted -infatuating -infatuates -infatuated -infatuation -invitation -invitational -invitational's -invitationals -infatuation's -infatuations -invitation's -invitations -unofficial -unofficially -enervation -envision -infusion -innervation -innovation -invasion -inversion -unfashionable -unfashionably -envisioning -enervation's -envisions -infusion's -infusions -innervation's -innovation's -innovations -invasion's -invasions -inversion's -inversions -envisioned -envying -unifying -envyingly -anyhow -inhabit -inhibit -inhibitor -inhabitable -inhabiting -inhibiting -inhabitant -inhabitant's -inhabitants -inhibitory -inhabits -inhibitor's -inhibitors -inhibits -inhabited -inhibited -inhibition -inhibition's -inhibitions -unharvested -unhook -unhooking -unhygienic -unhooks -unhooked -inhale -inhaler -unholier -unholy -unhealthier -unhealthy -unhealthful -unhealthily -unhealthiness -unhealthiness's -unhealthiest -inhaling -unholiness -unholiness's -inhalant -inhalant's -inhalants -unhelpful -unhelpfully -inhaler's -inhalers -inhales -unwholesome -unwholesomeness -unwholesomeness's -unholiest -annihilate -annihilator -inhalator -inhaled -unhealed -annihilating -annihilates -annihilator's -annihilators -inhalator's -inhalators -annihilated -unhallowed -annihilation -inhalation -annihilation's -inhalation's -inhalations -Anaheim -Arnhem -inhuman -inhumane -inhumanely -inhumanly -inharmonious -inhumanity -inhumanities -inhumanity's -unhampered -Anaheim's -Arnhem's -unharmed -unhinge -unhinging -enhance -enhancer -unharness -unhinges -enhancement -enhancement's -enhancements -enhancing -unharnessing -enhancers -enhances -unharnesses -enhanced -unharnessed -unhand -unhandier -unhandy -unhinged -unhanding -unhindered -unhands -unhandiest -unhanded -unhappier -unhappy -unhappily -unhappiness -unhappiness's -unhappiest -anywhere -inhere -unheralded -inhering -inherent -inherently -inheres -inhered -inherit -inheritor -unhurried -inheritable -unhurriedly -inheriting -inheritance -inheritance's -inheritances -inheritor's -inheritors -inherits -inherited -unhorse -unhorsing -inhospitable -inhospitably -unhorses -unhorsed -unhistorical -unhesitating -unhesitatingly -unheard -unhurt -unhardened -anhydrous -Earnhardt -unheated -unheeded -Earnhardt's -unhitch -unhitching -unhitches -unhatched -unhitched -anger -Angie -enc -energy -Eng -enjoy -Inc -inc -Inca -incur -ING -Inge -ink -inkier -inky -Ionic -ionic -oink -Onega -unique -uniquer -uncouth -uncouthly -inarguable -unarguable -unarguably -inkblot -inkblot's -inkblots -incubus -incubus's -incubuses -incubate -incubator -incubating -incubates -incubator's -incubators -incubated -incubation -incubation's -uncover -Ungava -unequivocal -unequivocally -Angevin -ungovernable -Angevin's -ungoverned -uncovering -uncovered -uncovers -Ungava's -ankh -incoherence -incoherence's -incoherent -incoherently -ankh's -ankhs -Angkor -engage -engorge -uncork -engagement -engorgement -engagement's -engagements -engorgement's -engaging -engorging -oncogene -uncorking -engagingly -oncogene's -oncogenes -incognito -incognito's -incognitos -Angkor's -engages -engorges -uncorks -engaged -engorged -inject -injector -uncooked -uncorked -injecting -injector's -injectors -injects -injected -injection -injection's -injections -Angel -angel -Angela -Angelia -Angelo -Angelou -Angle -angle -angler -Anglia -Anglo -Angola -Anguilla -angular -ankle -encl -incl -uncle -unclear -uncoil -uncool -uncurl -unequal -unequally -uniquely -unclothe -unclothing -unclothes -unclothed -anklebone -anklebone's -anklebones -enclave -engulf -Anglophobe -Anglophile -anglophile -Anglophile's -anglophiles -engulfment -engulfment's -anglophone -engulfing -anglophones -enclave's -enclaves -engulfs -engulfed -unqualified -angelfish -angelfishes -angelfish's -Unukalhai -Unukalhai's -angelic -Angelica -angelica -Angelico -Angelique -oncology -uncloak -unclog -angelical -angelically -incalculable -incalculably -Anglican -uncloaking -unclogging -Anglican's -Anglicans -Anglicanism -Anglicanism's -Anglicanisms -Angelica's -angelica's -Angelico's -Angelique's -oncology's -uncloaks -unclogs -oncologist -oncologist's -oncologists -inculcate -uncloaked -unclogged -inculcating -inculcates -inculcated -uncollected -inculcation -inculcation's -inclemency -inclemency's -inclement -unclaimed -Angelina -Angeline -angling -Angolan -incline -inkling -unclean -uncleaner -uncoiling -uncurling -inglenook -inglenook's -inglenooks -uncleanlier -uncleanly -uncleanliness -uncleanliness's -uncleanliest -inclining -Angelina's -Angeline's -angling's -Angolan's -Angolans -incline's -inclines -inkling's -inklings -uncleanness -uncleanness's -uncleanest -England -inclined -uncleaned -England's -inclination -inclination's -inclinations -inculpable -inculpate -inculpating -inculpates -inculpated -unclearer -inglorious -ingloriously -unclearest -angularity -uncleared -angularities -angularity's -Angela's -Angeles -Angeles's -Angelia's -Angelo's -Angelou's -Angel's -angel's -angels -angler's -anglers -Angle's -Angles -angle's -angles -Anglia's -Anglo's -Angola's -Anguilla's -ankle's -ankles -enclose -Engels -Engels's -uncle's -uncles -uncoils -uncurls -inclusive -inclusively -inclusiveness -inclusiveness's -unclassified -enclosing -unclasp -unclasping -unclasps -unclasped -enclosure -enclosure's -enclosures -Anglicize -encloses -Anglicism -anglicism -Anglicism's -Anglicisms -anglicisms -Anglicization -enclosed -Angelita -angled -anklet -include -inequality -inoculate -uncalled -unclad -unclutter -uncoiled -uncurled -unglued -ungulate -uncultivated -including -inoculating -uncluttering -uncluttered -uncultured -Angelita's -anklet's -anklets -includes -inequalities -inequality's -inoculates -unclutters -ungulate's -ungulates -included -inoculated -unclouded -angleworm -angleworm's -angleworms -Inglewood -English -Englisher -Englishman -Englishmen -Englishman's -Englishmen's -angulation -inclusion -inoculation -inclusion's -inclusions -inoculation's -inoculations -Englishes -English's -Englishwoman -Englishwomen -Englishwoman's -Englishwomen's -enigma -income -incomer -encumber -enjambment -enjambment's -enjambments -incumbency -incumbencies -incumbency's -incumbent -uncombined -incumbent's -incumbents -encumbering -encumbrance -encumbrance's -encumbrances -encumbered -encumbers -incombustible -uncombed -uncomfortable -uncomfortably -encomium -encomium's -encomiums -incoming -oncoming -uncommon -uncommoner -incommunicable -incommunicado -uncommunicative -uncommonly -uncommonness -uncommonness's -incommensurate -incommensurately -uncommonest -enjoyment -enjoyment's -enjoyments -encamp -uncomplicated -uncomplimentary -uncomplaining -uncomplainingly -incomplete -incompletely -incompleteness -incompleteness's -uncompleted -unaccomplished -encampment -encampment's -encampments -encamping -uncompensated -unaccompanied -uncompounded -incomparable -incomparably -incomprehensible -incomprehensibly -incomprehensibility -incomprehensibility's -uncomprehending -uncomprehendingly -incomprehension -incomprehension's -uncompromising -uncompromisingly -uncompressed -encamps -encompass -encompassing -encompasses -encompassed -encamped -unkempt -incompatible -incompatibly -incompatible's -incompatibles -incompatibility -incompatibilities -incompatibility's -incompetence -incompetency -incompetence's -incompetency's -incompetent -incompetently -incompetent's -incompetents -unicameral -enigma's -enigmas -incomers -income's -incomes -incommode -enigmatic -enigmatically -incommoding -incommodes -incommodious -incommoded -uncommitted -unaccommodating -angina -engine -engineer -enjoin -inking -oinking -Onegin -ongoing -uncannier -uncanny -unicorn -incunabula -incunabulum -incunabulum's -unconformable -unconfirmed -inconvenience -inconveniencing -inconvenience's -inconveniences -inconvenienced -inconvenient -inconveniently -unconvincing -unconvincingly -unconvinced -unconfined -unconventional -unconventionally -unconventionality -unconventionality's -unconverted -inorganic -inorganically -inconclusive -inconclusively -inconclusiveness -inconclusiveness's -uncongenial -unconquerable -incongruous -incongruously -incongruousness -incongruousness's -incongruity -unconquered -incongruities -incongruity's -unconnected -injunction -injunction's -injunctions -inguinal -uncannily -ungainlier -ungainly -unacknowledged -ungainliness -ungainliness's -ungainliest -uneconomic -uneconomical -uneconomically -enjoining -unknown -unknown's -unknowns -engineering -engineering's -ungenerous -engineered -angina's -engineer's -engineers -engine's -engines -enjoins -ingenious -ingenuous -inkiness -inkiness's -Onegin's -unicorn's -unicorns -uniqueness -uniqueness's -inconceivable -inconceivably -inconceivability -inconceivability's -inconsequential -inconsequentially -unconsecrated -ingeniously -ingenuously -inconsolable -inconsolably -unconcealed -unconsolidated -unconsumed -unconsummated -unconcern -unconscionable -unconscionably -ingeniousness -ingeniousness's -ingenuousness -ingenuousness's -unconcern's -unconcerned -unconcernedly -inconspicuous -inconspicuously -inconspicuousness -inconspicuousness's -unconscious -unconscious's -unconsciously -unconsciousness -unconsciousness's -inconsistency -inconsistencies -inconsistency's -inconsistent -inconsistently -uncanniest -inconstancy -inconstancy's -inconstant -inconstantly -inconsiderable -unconstrained -inconsiderate -unconsidered -inconsiderately -inconsiderateness -inconsiderateness's -inconsideration -inconsideration's -unconstitutional -unconstitutionally -unconstitutionality -unconstitutionality's -anaconda -encounter -engender -enjoined -incarnate -ingenuity -unguent -unkind -unkinder -unaccountable -unaccountably -uncountable -ungentle -unkindlier -unkindly -ungentlemanly -unkindliest -uncontaminated -incarnadine -incarnating -incarnadining -incontinence -incontinence's -incontinent -incarnadines -unkindness -unkindness's -incarnadined -incontrovertible -incontrovertibly -uncontroversial -uncontrollable -uncontrollably -uncontrolled -encountering -engendering -encountered -engendered -anaconda's -anacondas -encounter's -encounters -engenders -incarnates -ingenuity's -unguent's -unguents -incandescence -incandescence's -incandescent -incandescently -unkindest -incontestable -incontestably -incontestability -incontestability's -uncontested -incarnated -unaccounted -unacquainted -uncounted -incantation -unconditional -unconditionally -incantation's -incantations -unconditioned -unknowable -unknowable's -unknowing -unknowingly -unknowings -unquenchable -incarnation -incarnation's -incarnations -innkeeper -uncap -incapable -incapably -incapability -incapability's -uncouple -uncoupling -uncouples -angioplasty -angioplasties -angioplasty's -uncoupled -uncapping -incorporeal -incorporate -uncooperative -incorporating -incorporates -Incorporated -incorporated -incorporation -incorporation's -innkeeper's -innkeepers -uncaps -encapsulate -encapsulating -encapsulates -encapsulated -encapsulation -encapsulation's -encapsulations -incapacity -incapacity's -incapacitate -incapacitating -incapacitates -incapacitated -uncapped -unequipped -unoccupied -Angara -Angora -angora -angrier -angry -Ankara -encore -enquirer -injure -injurer -injury -inquirer -incurable -incurably -incurable's -incurables -uncorroborated -engrave -engraver -engraving -engraving's -engravings -engraver's -engravers -engraves -engraved -encourage -incorrigible -incorrigibly -incorrigibility -incorrigibility's -encouragement -encouragement's -encouragements -encouraging -encouragingly -encourages -encouraged -incorrect -incorrectly -incorrectness -incorrectness's -uncorrected -angrily -inaugural -inaugural's -inaugurals -uncorrelated -anagram -engram -Ingram -increment -incriminate -incremental -incrementally -incrementalism -incrementalist -incrementalist's -incrementalists -incriminating -incriminatory -increment's -increments -incriminates -incremented -incriminated -incrimination -incrimination's -anagram's -anagrams -engram's -engrams -Ingram's -ungrammatical -ungrammatically -Anacreon -angering -encoring -incurring -ingrain -ingrown -injuring -uncaring -enquiringly -inquiringly -ingraining -Anacreon's -ingrain's -ingrains -ingrained -uncrowned -encrypt -incorruptible -incorruptibly -incorruptibility -incorruptibility's -encrypting -encrypts -encrypted -encryption -Angara's -Angora's -Angoras -angora's -angoras -Ankara's -encore's -encores -engross -enquirers -inaccuracy -increase -incurious -Ingres -Ingres's -ingress -ingress's -injurer's -injurers -injures -injuries -injurious -injury's -inquirer's -inquirers -uncross -ungraceful -ungracefully -engrossment -engrossment's -engrossing -increasing -uncrossing -increasingly -engrosses -inaccuracies -inaccuracy's -increase's -increases -ingresses -uncrosses -ungracious -ungraciously -angriest -encrust -engrossed -increased -uncrossed -encrusting -encrusts -encrusted -encrustation -incrustation -encrustation's -encrustations -incrustation's -incrustations -angered -encored -inaccurate -inaugurate -incurred -ingrate -Ingrid -injured -inquorate -uncured -incredible -incredibly -incredibility -incredibility's -ungrateful -ungratefully -ungratefulness -ungratefulness's -uncritical -uncritically -ungrudging -inaccurately -incredulous -incredulously -incredulity -incredulity's -inaugurating -ingredient -ingredient's -ingredients -inaugurates -ingrate's -ingrates -Ingrid's -inaugurated -uncrowded -ungraded -ingratitude -unaccredited -ingratitude's -ingrowing -encroach -uncrushable -encroachment -encroachment's -encroachments -encroaching -inauguration -inauguration's -inaugurations -encroaches -encroached -ingratiate -ingratiating -ingratiatingly -ingratiates -ingratiated -ingratiation -ingratiation's -anger's -angers -Angie's -Angus -Angus's -annex -encase -energies -energy's -Eng's -enjoys -Inca's -Incas -incs -incurs -Inge's -ING's -ink's -inks -innocuous -Ionic's -Ionics -oink's -oinks -Onega's -onyx -UNIX -Unix -inexhaustible -inexhaustibly -Anaxagoras -Anaxagoras's -inexcusable -inexcusably -unexcused -inexact -inexactly -inexactness -inexactness's -innocuously -encasement -encasement's -unexampled -annexing -encasing -innocuousness -innocuousness's -unaccented -inexpiable -unexpected -unexpurgated -unexpectedly -unexpectedness -unexpectedness's -inexplicable -inexplicably -unexplained -unexplored -unexploited -angiosperm -angiosperm's -angiosperms -inexpensive -inexpensively -inexpensiveness -inexpensiveness's -inexperience -inexperience's -inexperienced -inexpressible -inexpressibly -inexpressive -unexpressed -unexpired -unexposed -inexpert -unacceptable -unacceptably -unacceptability -inexpertly -inexpedience -inexpediency -inexpedience's -inexpediency's -inexpedient -unaccepted -inexorable -inexorably -inexorability -incarcerate -incarcerating -incarcerates -incarcerated -incarceration -incarceration's -incarcerations -annexes -annex's -anxious -encases -onyxes -onyx's -Unixes -UNIX's -inaccessible -inaccessibly -inaccessibility -inaccessibility's -anxiously -anxiousness -anxiousness's -unexceptionable -unexceptionably -unexceptional -unexceptionally -unexciting -unexcited -angst -annexed -anxiety -encased -ingest -inkiest -inquest -inquisitor -uncased -uniquest -unjust -inquisitive -unjustifiable -unjustifiably -inquisitively -inquisitiveness -inquisitiveness's -unjustified -unjustly -uncustomary -unaccustomed -ingesting -inkstand -inkstand's -inkstands -inextinguishable -angostura -inextricable -inextricably -inquisitorial -angstrom -angstrom's -angstroms -angst's -anxieties -anxiety's -ingests -injustice -inquest's -inquests -inquisitor's -inquisitors -injustice's -injustices -ingested -annexation -ingestion -Inquisition -inquisition -unquestionable -unquestionably -inquisitional -unquestioning -unquestioningly -annexation's -annexations -ingestion's -Inquisition's -inquisition's -inquisitions -unquestioned -enact -Encarta -encode -encoder -Enkidu -inequity -ingot -iniquity -inked -oinked -uncaught -uncut -Unicode -unquiet -unquieter -unquote -inequitable -inequitably -inactive -inactively -inactivate -inactivity -inactivating -inactivates -inactivity's -inactivated -inactivation -inactivation's -energetic -energetically -ungodlier -ungodly -uncatalogued -ungodliness -ungodliness's -ungodliest -enactment -enactment's -enactments -enacting -encoding -unquoting -uncoordinated -enacts -Encarta's -encoder's -encoders -encodes -Enkidu's -inequities -inequity's -ingot's -ingots -iniquities -iniquitous -iniquity's -unctuous -Unicode's -unquotes -iniquitously -unctuously -unctuousness -unctuousness's -injudicious -injudiciously -injudiciousness -injudiciousness's -unquietest -anecdote -enacted -encoded -inquietude -unguarded -unguided -unquoted -anecdotal -anecdotally -anecdote's -anecdotes -inquietude's -Inuktitut -Inuktitut's -inkwell -inkwell's -inkwells -anguish -Aniakchak -Aniakchak's -anguishing -inaction -incursion -unction -inaction's -incursion's -incursions -unction's -unctions -anguishes -anguish's -incautious -incautiously -anguished -enjoyable -enjoyably -enjoying -enjoyed -anal -anally -anneal -annual -annually -annul -annular -inlay -Oneal -O'Neil -O'Neill -only -Arnulfo -Unilever -unlivable -unlovable -unlawful -unlawfully -unlovelier -unlovely -unlawfulness -unlawfulness's -unloveliest -enliven -unloving -enlivenment -enlivenment's -enlivening -enlivens -enlivened -unleavened -Arnulfo's -Unilever's -unloved -Anouilh -Anouilh's -analogue -analogy -enlarge -enlarger -oenology -onlooker -unalike -unlike -unlock -unluckier -unlucky -enlargeable -ineligible -ineligibly -unlikable -ineligible's -ineligibles -ineligibility -ineligibility's -analogical -analogically -unlikelier -unlikely -unluckily -unlikelihood -unlikelihood's -unlikeliness -unlikeliness's -unlikeliest -enlargement -enlargement's -enlargements -enlarging -onlooking -unlocking -inelegance -unlikeness -unlikeness's -unluckiness -unluckiness's -inelegance's -inelegant -inelegantly -analogies -analogous -analogue's -analogues -analogy's -enlarger's -enlargers -enlarges -oenology's -onlooker's -onlookers -unlocks -analgesic -analgesic's -analgesics -analogously -analogousness -analogousness's -unluckiest -enlarged -unlocked -ineluctable -ineluctably -Analects -Analects's -analgesia -analgesia's -unlimber -unlimbering -unlimbered -unlimbers -annulment -annulment's -annulments -unlimited -aniline -annealing -annulling -inline -online -unaligned -unlearn -inalienable -inalienably -unalienable -inalienability -inalienability's -unlearning -aniline's -unlearns -inland -unlearned -unlined -inland's -annals -annals's -anneals -annual's -annuals -annuls -inlay's -inlays -Oneal's -O'Neill's -O'Neil's -unlace -unless -unloose -unlacing -unloosen -unloosing -unloosening -unloosens -unlicensed -analysand -unloosened -analysand's -analysands -analyses -analysis -analysis's -unlaces -unlooses -analyst -annalist -enlist -enlistee -unlaced -unloosed -inelastic -enlistment -enlistment's -enlistments -enlisting -analyst's -analysts -annalist's -annalists -enlistee's -enlistees -enlists -enlisted -unlisted -annealed -annelid -annulled -Arnold -inlaid -inlet -unlit -unload -analytic -analytical -analytically -unladylike -enlighten -unladen -unloading -enlightenment -enlightenment's -enlightening -enlightens -enlightened -unalterable -unalterably -unilateral -unilaterally -unilateralism -unaltered -unlettered -annelid's -annelids -Arnold's -inlet's -inlets -unloads -unleaded -unlighted -unloaded -unleaded's -unallowable -unlatch -unleash -unlatching -unleashing -unlatches -unleashes -unlatched -unleashed -inlaying -unalloyed -anime -Annam -enema -enemy -unambiguous -unambiguously -unnameable -unembarrassed -unnumbered -unambitious -unmovable -unmoved -unemphatic -unmake -inimical -inimically -unmaking -unimaginable -unimaginably -unimaginative -unimaginatively -unmakes -unmixed -unmarked -unmarketable -animal -anomaly -enamel -animalcule -animalcule's -animalcules -animal's -animals -anomalies -anomalous -anomaly's -enamel's -enamels -anomalously -unmolested -enamelware -enamelware's -unmemorable -anemometer -anemometer's -anemometers -anemone -unman -unmanageable -unmanlier -unmanly -unmannerly -unmanliest -unmanning -unmeaning -anemone's -anemones -unmans -ornament -unmanned -unmeant -unmourned -unmindful -ornamental -ornamenting -ornament's -ornaments -ornamented -unmounted -ornamentation -ornamentation's -unmentionable -unmentionable's -unmentionables -unmentionables's -unmentioned -unemployment -unimplementable -unemployment's -unimplemented -unemployable -unemployed -unemployed's -unimproved -unimpressive -unimpressed -unimpaired -unimposing -unimportant -unimpeded -unimpeachable -Annmarie -anymore -enumerable -innumerable -innumerably -unmoral -unmorality -unmorality's -Annmarie's -innumeracy -innumeracy's -enumerate -enumerator -inamorata -innumerate -unmarred -unmarried -enumerating -enumerates -enumerator's -enumerators -inamorata's -inamoratas -enumerated -unmerited -enumeration -enumeration's -enumerations -anime's -animus -animus's -Annam's -enema's -enemas -enemies -enemy's -enormous -unmissable -unmerciful -unmercifully -unmask -unmusical -unmasking -unmasks -unmasked -enormously -animism -animism's -enormousness -enormousness's -unmeasured -animist -animosity -inmost -innermost -unmissed -animistic -unmistakable -unmistakably -animist's -animists -animosities -animosity's -animate -animator -enmity -enormity -inmate -unarmed -unmade -unmet -unnamed -inimitable -inimitably -animadvert -unmodified -animadverting -animadverts -animadverted -unmotivated -animadversion -animadversion's -animadversions -unmitigated -animating -onomatopoeia -onomatopoeic -onomatopoeia's -onomatopoetic -animates -animator's -animators -enmities -enmity's -enormities -enormity's -inmate's -inmates -animated -animatedly -unmediated -enmesh -enmeshment -enmeshment's -animation -enmeshing -unemotional -unemotionally -animation's -animations -enmeshes -enmeshed -unmatched -anion -anon -awning -earning -inane -inaner -inning -Inonu -Ionian -Onion -onion -owning -Union -union -unenthusiastic -unenviable -uninfected -uninvolved -uninfluenced -uninformed -uninformative -unenforceable -unenforced -uninviting -uninvited -uninhabitable -uninhabited -uninhibited -uninhibitedly -anionic -unenclosed -unencumbered -unincorporated -uninjured -inanely -unenlightened -anonymous -unanimous -anonymously -unanimously -anonymity -inanimate -unanimity -inanimately -inanimateness -inanimateness's -anonymity's -unanimity's -unannounced -Ananias -Ananias's -anion's -anions -announce -announcer -anons -awning's -awnings -earnings -earnings's -inning's -innings -Inonu's -Ionian's -Ionians -oneness -oneness's -Onion's -onion's -onions -Union's -Unions -union's -unions -onionskin -onionskin's -unionism -announcement -announcement's -announcements -unionism's -announcing -uninspiring -uninspired -uninsured -announcer's -announcers -announces -announced -inanest -Unionist -unionist -uninstall -uninstaller -uninstallable -uninstalling -uninstaller's -uninstallers -uninstalls -uninstalled -uninstructed -unionist's -unionists -unanswerable -unanswered -anent -anoint -inanity -innuendo -unearned -Onondaga -Onondaga's -Onondagas -unintelligible -unintelligibly -unintelligent -anointment -anointment's -anointing -unending -unintended -unintentional -unintentionally -unenterprising -uninterpreted -unendurable -uninterruptible -uninterrupted -uninterruptedly -uninteresting -uninterested -anoints -inanities -inanity's -innuendo's -innuendos -unanticipated -anointed -inundate -inundating -inundates -inundated -inundation -inundation's -inundations -enunciate -enunciating -enunciates -enunciated -uninitiated -Annunciation -annunciation -enunciation -Annunciation's -Annunciations -annunciation's -annunciations -enunciation's -unpublished -unperformed -unpaved -unpack -unpick -unpacking -unpicking -unpacks -unpicks -unpacked -unpicked -unplug -inapplicable -unplugging -unplugs -unplugged -unapologetic -unplumbed -enplane -unappealing -unappealingly -enplaning -enplanes -enplaned -unplanned -Annapolis -Annapolis's -anyplace -unpleasing -unpleasant -unpleasantly -unpleasantness -unpleasantness's -unplaced -unpeeled -unpalatable -unpolitical -unpolluted -unpolished -unplayable -Annapurna -unpin -unpinning -Annapurna's -unpins -unopened -unpinned -unpainted -unpunished -unpeople -unpopular -unpopularity -unpopularity's -unpopulated -inoperable -unproblematic -unprovoked -unprivileged -unproven -unpreventable -unapproved -unproved -unprofitable -unprofitably -unprovided -unprofessional -unprofessionally -unpractical -unprejudiced -unparalleled -unprompted -unpromising -unpremeditated -unpronounceable -unprincipled -unapparent -unprintable -inappropriate -unprepared -inappropriately -inappropriateness -inappropriateness's -unpreparedness -unpreparedness's -unappropriated -unprepossessing -unpropitious -unprocessed -unpressed -unprecedented -unprecedentedly -unpaired -inoperative -unpredictable -unpredictably -unpredictability -unpredictability's -unproductive -unproductively -unprotected -unpretentious -unpretentiously -inappreciable -inappreciably -inapproachable -unapproachable -unappreciative -unappreciated -unperceived -unperson -unperson's -unpersons -unperceptive -unpersuasive -anapest -unopposed -anapestic -anapestic's -anapestics -anapest's -anapests -unpersuaded -inapt -inept -input -unpaid -unperturbed -inaptly -ineptly -inopportune -inputting -unpardonable -unpardonably -inopportunely -inaptness -inaptness's -ineptness -ineptness's -inpatient -inpatient's -inpatients -unpatriotic -input's -inputs -inputted -ineptitude -ineptitude's -INRI -inure -ornerier -ornery -anaerobe -anaerobic -anaerobically -anaerobe's -anaerobes -unravel -unrevealing -unravels -unrevealed -unruffled -unreformed -unrefined -unrehearsed -anorak -enrage -Enrico -Enrique -unrecoverable -unregulated -enraging -unoriginal -unregenerate -unreconstructed -anorak's -anoraks -anorexia -enrages -Enrico's -Enrique's -anorexic -anorexic's -anorexics -anorexia's -unregistered -enraged -anorectic -anorectic's -anorectics -unrecorded -unrequited -unreal -unreel -unroll -unrulier -unruly -unreliable -unreliably -unreliability -unreliability's -unrelieved -unrelievedly -enrolling -unreeling -unrolling -unruliness -unruliness's -unrelenting -unrelentingly -unreels -unrolls -unreleased -unruliest -unrealistic -unrealistically -enrolled -unreality -unreeled -unrolled -unreality's -unrelated -unremarkable -unremarked -unremembered -unromantic -unremitting -unremittingly -Enron -inuring -unerring -unwrinkled -unerringly -Enron's -orneriness -orneriness's -inerrant -unripe -unriper -unwrap -unwrapping -unripened -unrepentant -unrepresented -unrepresentative -unwraps -unripest -unwrapped -unrepeatable -enrapture -enrapturing -enraptures -enraptured -unreported -inures -onerous -unreserved -unreservedly -onerously -unresolved -aneurysm -aneurysm's -aneurysms -unreasonable -unreasonably -unreasonableness -unreasonableness's -unreasoning -onerousness -onerousness's -unresponsive -unresponsively -unresponsiveness -unresponsiveness's -enuresis -enuresis's -unresistant -orneriest -unrest -unrestricted -unrestrained -unrest's -inroad -inured -unread -unready -unreadable -ineradicable -unwritten -inroad's -inroads -unrighteous -unrighteousness -unrighteousness's -unrated -unrewarding -unrewarded -enrich -inrush -onrush -unreachable -enrichment -enrichment's -enriching -onrushing -enriches -inrushes -inrush's -onrushes -onrush's -enriched -Uniroyal -Uniroyal's -Aeneas -Aeneas's -Ainu's -Ana's -anise -Anna's -Anne's -Annie's -annoys -Ann's -ans -ANSI -anus -anus's -Arno's -awn's -awns -earner's -earners -earns -ency -ENE's -ennui's -Enos -Enos's -enough's -en's -ens -ensue -Erna's -Ernie's -Eunice -Ian's -Ina's -Ines -Ines's -Inez -inn's -inns -INS -In's -in's -ins -ionizer -ion's -ions -once -one's -ones -Ono's -onus -onus's -ounce -owner's -owners -owns -unease -uneasier -uneasy -unis -UN's -unsay -urn's -urns -unaesthetic -unusable -Innsbruck -insobriety -insobriety's -unsubscribe -unsubscribing -unsubscribes -unsubscribed -insubstantial -insubstantially -unsubstantial -unsubstantiated -unsubtle -insubordinate -insubordination -insubordination's -encipher -insofar -UNICEF -unsafe -unsafer -uncivil -uncivilly -unsafely -incivility -encephalitic -encephalitis -encephalitis's -incivilities -incivility's -ionosphere -insufferable -insufferably -ionospheric -enciphering -ionosphere's -ionospheres -enciphered -enciphers -UNICEF's -insufficiency -insufficiency's -insufficient -insufficiently -unsafest -unsophisticated -unsaved -unsifted -Anzac -Ionesco -Onsager -UNESCO -unscathed -encircle -unicycle -unskillful -unskillfully -encyclical -encyclical's -encyclicals -encirclement -encirclement's -encircling -encyclopedia -encyclopedic -encyclopedia's -encyclopedias -encircles -unicycle's -unicycles -encircled -unschooled -unskilled -unsegmented -uncircumcised -insignia -insignificance -insignificance's -insignificant -insignificantly -ensconce -insignia's -insurgence -insurgency -ensconcing -ensconces -insurgence's -insurgences -insurgencies -insurgency's -ensconced -insurgent -insurgent's -insurgents -inescapable -inescapably -insecure -unscrew -inscribe -inscriber -inscribing -inscriber's -inscribers -inscribes -inscribed -unsegregated -insecurely -unscramble -unscrambling -unscrambles -unscrambled -onscreen -unscrupulous -unscrupulously -unscrupulousness -unscrupulousness's -unscripted -inscription -inscription's -inscriptions -unscrews -insecurity -unsecured -inscrutable -inscrutably -inscrutableness -inscrutableness's -inscrutability -inscrutability's -insecurities -insecurity's -unscrewing -unscrewed -unscratched -Anzac's -Ionesco's -Onsager's -UNESCO's -unisex -unisex's -unsuccessful -unsuccessfully -insect -unasked -insectivore -insectivore's -insectivores -insectivorous -unscheduled -insect's -insects -insecticide -insecticidal -insecticide's -insecticides -innersole -insole -insular -uneasily -unseal -unusual -unusually -insoluble -insolubly -unassailable -unsalable -unsaleable -insolubility -insolubility's -insalubrious -enslave -oneself -insolvable -unsolvable -enslavement -enslavement's -enslaving -insolvency -insolvencies -insolvency's -insolvent -insolvent's -insolvents -enslaves -enslaved -unsolved -unselfish -unselfishly -unselfishness -unselfishness's -ensilage -ensilage's -unicellular -Anselm -Anselmo -Anselmo's -Anselm's -insulin -unsealing -insolence -insulin's -insolence's -insolent -insolently -ancillary -ancillaries -ancillary's -insularity -insularity's -innersole's -innersoles -insole's -insoles -unseals -unsolicited -insulate -insulator -insult -onslaught -unsealed -unsoiled -unsold -unsullied -insulating -insulting -insultingly -insulates -insulator's -insulators -insult's -insults -onslaught's -onslaughts -insulated -insulted -unsalted -insulation -insulation's -enzyme -inseam -ensemble -ensemble's -ensembles -unseemlier -unseemly -unsmiling -unseemliness -unseemliness's -unseemliest -insomnia -unassuming -insomniac -insomniac's -insomniacs -unassumingly -insomnia's -inseminate -insurmountable -insurmountably -inseminating -inseminates -inseminated -insemination -insemination's -unsympathetic -unsympathetically -enzyme's -enzymes -inseam's -inseams -enzymatic -unsymmetrical -inasmuch -insomuch -Anacin -ensign -ensuing -incing -insane -insaner -unassigned -unison -unseeing -unseen -unsigned -unsung -unsinkable -unsanctioned -insanely -unseeingly -unsnarl -unsnarling -unsnarls -unsnarled -unsnap -unsnapping -unsnaps -unsnapped -ensnare -ensnarement -ensnarement's -ensnaring -ensnares -ensnared -incinerate -incinerator -incinerating -incinerates -incinerator's -incinerators -incinerated -incineration -incineration's -Anacin's -ensign's -ensigns -incense -innocence -uneasiness -uneasiness's -unison's -unseen's -insensible -insensibly -insensibility -insensibility's -incensing -insincere -insincerely -insincerity -uncensored -insincerity's -incense's -incenses -innocence's -incensed -insanest -insensate -insensitive -insensitively -insensitivity -insensitivity's -ancient -ancienter -Innocent -innocent -insanity -insinuate -insinuator -unsent -unsound -unsounder -incentive -insinuative -unscientific -unscientifically -incentive's -incentives -anciently -innocently -unsoundly -unsentimental -insinuating -ancientness -ancientness's -insentience -unsoundness -unsoundness's -insentience's -insentient -incendiary -insanitary -unsanitary -incendiaries -incendiary's -ancient's -ancients -Innocent's -innocent's -innocents -insanity's -insinuates -insinuator's -insinuators -ancientest -unsoundest -insinuated -unscented -inessential -unessential -inessential's -inessentials -insinuation -insinuation's -insinuations -unzip -unsupervised -unspeakable -unspeakably -unspoken -inspect -inspector -unspectacular -inspecting -inspectorate -inspectorate's -inspectorates -inspector's -inspectors -inspects -inspected -inspection -inspection's -inspections -unspoiled -unzipping -incipience -incipience's -incipient -unspent -incipiently -inspire -inseparable -inseparably -insuperable -insuperably -inseparable's -inseparables -inseparability -inseparability's -innerspring -inspiring -unsparing -unsparingly -inspires -unsurprising -unsurprisingly -inspired -inspirit -inspiriting -inspirits -inspirited -inspiration -inspirational -inspiration's -inspirations -unzips -unspecific -unspecified -inauspicious -inauspiciously -unsurpassed -insipid -unzipped -insupportable -unsupportable -insipidly -unsporting -insipidness -unsportsmanlike -insipidity -unsupported -insipidity's -inception -inception's -inceptions -ensure -ensurer -insure -insurer -unsure -insurable -insurrection -insurrection's -insurrections -insurrectionist -insurrectionist's -insurrectionists -unceremonious -unceremoniously -ensuring -insuring -insurance -insurance's -insurances -ensurer's -ensurers -ensures -insurer's -insurers -insures -ensured -insured -insured's -insureds -Anasazi -anise's -ANSIs -anuses -ANZUS -ANZUS's -ensues -Eunice's -incise -incisor -Inez's -ionizer's -ionizers -Onassis -Onassis's -once's -onuses -ounce's -ounces -unease's -unsays -incisive -incisively -incisiveness -incisiveness's -incising -unceasing -unseasonable -unseasonably -unceasingly -incessant -unseasoned -incessantly -unsuspecting -unsuspectingly -unsuspected -insusceptible -unnecessary -unnecessarily -Anasazi's -incises -incisor's -incisors -ancestor -encyst -incest -incised -insist -uneasiest -encystment -encystment's -unsystematic -encysting -insisting -unsustainable -insistingly -insistence -insistence's -insistent -insistently -ancestry -ancestral -ancestrally -ancestress -ancestress's -ancestries -ancestry's -ancestresses -ancestor's -ancestors -encysts -incest's -incestuous -insists -incestuously -incestuousness -incestuousness's -encysted -insisted -unassisted -aniseed -anisette -Earnest -earnest -ensued -Ernest -Ernesto -Ernst -inced -incite -inciter -insert -inset -inside -insider -insight -Inst -inst -instar -onset -onside -onsite -unsaid -unseat -unset -unsought -unused -unstable -unstably -unsuitable -unsuitably -instability -unsuitability -instabilities -instability's -unsuitability's -unassertive -insightful -onstage -unstuck -Instagram -Instagram's -instigate -instigator -instigating -instigates -instigator's -instigators -instigated -instigation -instigation's -earnestly -inositol -install -installer -unsaddle -unsettle -unsightlier -unsightly -installing -instilling -unsaddling -unsettling -unsightliness -unsightliness's -installer's -installers -installs -unsaddles -unsettles -unsightliest -installed -instilled -unsaddled -unsettled -installation -instillation -installation's -installations -instillation's -inestimable -inestimably -incitement -incitement's -incitements -Instamatic -Instamatic's -Earnestine -Einstein -Ernestine -inciting -inserting -insetting -uncertain -unseating -instinct -instinctive -instinctively -instinctual -instinct's -instincts -uncertainly -einsteinium -einsteinium's -Earnestine's -earnestness -earnestness's -Einstein's -Einsteins -Ernestine's -incidence -instance -instancing -incidence's -incidences -instance's -instances -instanced -incident -instant -instanter -uncertainty -unstained -incidental -incidentally -instantly -incidental's -incidentals -unstinting -unstintingly -instantaneous -instantaneously -incident's -incidents -instant's -instants -uncertainties -uncertainty's -instantiate -instantiating -instantiates -instantiated -instep -unstop -unstoppable -unstopping -instep's -insteps -unstops -unstopped -instr -instruct -instructor -instructive -instructively -instructing -unstructured -instructor's -instructors -instructs -instructed -instruction -instructional -instruction's -instructions -instrument -instrumental -instrumentally -instrumental's -instrumentals -instrumentalist -instrumentalist's -instrumentalists -instrumentality -instrumentality's -instrumenting -instrument's -instruments -instrumented -instrumentation -instrumentation's -unstrung -unstrap -unstrapping -unstraps -unstrapped -unstressed -unsaturated -aniseed's -anisette's -Earnest's -earnest's -earnests -Ernesto's -Ernest's -Ernst's -inciter's -inciters -incites -insert's -inserts -inset's -insets -insider's -insiders -inside's -insides -insidious -insight's -insights -onset's -onsets -unseats -unsatisfactory -unsatisfactorily -unsatisfied -unsatisfying -insidiously -insidiousness -insidiousness's -incited -inserted -instate -instead -unseated -unseeded -unsorted -unsteadier -unsteady -unsuited -unsteadily -instating -unsteadiness -unsteadiness's -instates -unsteadiest -incertitude -instated -institute -instituter -unstated -unstudied -instituting -incertitude's -instituter's -instituters -institute's -institutes -instituted -institution -institutional -institutionally -institution's -institutions -Anastasia -Anastasia's -answer -answerphone -unswerving -answerphones -answerable -answering -answered -answer's -answers -unsweetened -unswayed -insatiable -insatiably -unsearchable -unsociable -insatiability -insatiability's -unsocial -incision -insertion -incision's -incisions -insertion's -insertions -insouciance -insouciance's -insouciant -unsaying -Aeneid -ain't -and -Andy -Anita -Annette -annuity -anode -ant -ante -anti -aunt -auntie -earned -end -endear -endow -endue -Enid -enter -Ind -ind -India -indie -indoor -Indy -inert -innate -innit -int -inter -into -Inuit -Oneida -Ont -onto -ornate -owned -under -undo -undue -unit -unite -unity -untie -unto -endothelial -endothermic -underthings -underthings's -antitheses -antithesis -antithesis's -antithetic -antithetical -antithetically -antibacterial -antibacterial's -antibacterials -inaudible -inaudibly -inedible -underbelly -uneatable -antebellum -underbellies -underbelly's -inaudibility -inaudibility's -interbred -interbreed -interbreeding -interbreeds -underbrush -underbrush's -antibody -underbid -indubitable -indubitably -antibiotic -antibiotic's -antibiotics -underbidding -antibodies -antibody's -underbids -indebted -undoubted -undoubtedly -indebtedness -indebtedness's -endive -interview -underfur -interfaith -antivivisectionist -antivivisectionist's -antivivisectionists -intervocalic -Antofagasta -Antofagasta's -interfile -interval -underfloor -underflow -undervalue -interfiling -undervaluing -undeveloped -interfiles -interval's -intervals -undervalues -interfiled -undervalued -undervaluation -undervaluation's -antiphon -endorphin -intervene -indefinable -indefinably -undefinable -antiphonal -antiphonally -antiphonal's -antiphonals -antivenom -antivenin -intervening -antivenin's -antivenins -antiphon's -antiphons -endorphin's -endorphins -intervenes -indefensible -indefensibly -indefinite -intervened -undefined -indefinitely -indefiniteness -indefiniteness's -unadventurous -undefended -underfunded -intervention -intervention's -interventions -interventionism -interventionism's -interventionist -interventionist's -interventionists -interfere -antiviral -antiviral's -antivirals -interfering -interferon -indifference -interference -interferon's -indifference's -interference's -indifferent -indifferently -undifferentiated -antifreeze -antivirus -interferes -antifreeze's -interfered -endive's -endives -interface -interview's -interviews -underfur's -inadvisable -indefeasible -indefeasibly -indivisible -indivisibly -inadvisability -indivisibility -inadvisability's -indivisibility's -interfacing -interface's -interfaces -antifascist -antifascist's -antifascists -interfaced -unadvised -unadvisedly -underfed -underfeed -underfoot -indefatigable -indefatigably -individual -individually -individual's -individuals -individualism -individualism's -individualist -individualistic -individualistically -individualist's -individualists -individuality -individuality's -underfeeding -undeviating -inadvertence -inadvertence's -inadvertent -inadvertently -underfeeds -unadvertised -individuate -undefeated -undivided -individuating -individuates -individuated -individuation -individuation's -interviewee -interviewer -interviewing -interviewee's -interviewees -interviewer's -interviewers -interviewed -unedifying -underwhelm -underwhelming -underwhelms -underwhelmed -underhand -underhanded -underhandedly -underhandedness -underhandedness's -antihero -antiheroes -antihero's -antihistamine -antihistamine's -antihistamines -antic -Antigua -antique -indigo -intake -integer -interj -undergo -ineducable -undercover -intergovernmental -anticoagulant -anticoagulant's -anticoagulants -interject -interjecting -interjects -interjected -interjection -interjection's -interjections -intaglio -underclothing -underclothing's -underclothes -underclothes's -intercollegiate -intergalactic -anticlockwise -anticlimax -anticlimaxes -anticlimax's -anticlimactic -anticlimactically -anticline -anticline's -anticlines -anticlerical -undeclared -inarticulacy -intaglio's -intaglios -underclass -underclass's -underclassman -underclassmen -underclassman's -underclasses -inarticulate -inarticulately -inarticulateness -inarticulateness's -intercultural -endgame -intercom -intercommunicate -intercommunicating -intercommunicates -intercommunicated -intercommunication -intercommunication's -anticommunism -anticommunism's -anticommunist -anticommunist's -anticommunists -integument -undergarment -integument's -integuments -undergarment's -undergarments -undocumented -endgames -intercom's -intercoms -anticking -antigen -Antigone -antiquing -ontogeny -undergoing -undergone -undignified -antigenic -antiknock -antiknock's -interconnect -interconnecting -interconnects -interconnected -interconnection -interconnection's -interconnections -indignant -indignantly -anticancer -antigen's -antigens -Antigone's -endogenous -indigence -indigenous -ontogeny's -endogenously -antagonism -antagonism's -antagonisms -indigence's -antagonist -antigenicity -antagonistic -antagonistically -antagonist's -antagonists -antigenicity's -indigent -indignity -indigently -intercontinental -indigent's -indigents -indignities -indignity's -indignation -indignation's -antiquary -undergrowth -undergrowth's -undercarriage -undercarriage's -undercarriages -integral -integrally -integral's -integrals -antiquarian -endocrine -endocrinology -endocrinology's -endocrinologist -endocrinologist's -endocrinologists -antiquarian's -antiquarians -endocrine's -endocrines -antiquarianism -antiquarianism's -undercurrent -underground -undercurrent's -undercurrents -underground's -undergrounds -antiquaries -antiquary's -indecorous -indecorously -integrate -integrator -integrity -undergrad -integrative -integrating -integrates -integrity's -undergrads -integrated -undergraduate -undergraduate's -undergraduates -integration -integration's -antic's -antics -Antigua's -antique's -antiques -inadequacy -index -indexer -indigo's -intake's -intakes -integer's -integers -intercourse -undergoes -intoxicant -intoxicant's -intoxicants -intoxicate -intoxicating -intoxicates -intoxicated -intoxication -intoxication's -indexing -inadequacies -inadequacy's -indexer's -indexers -indexes -index's -intercourse's -indexed -indigestible -undigested -indexation -indigestion -indexation's -indexations -indigestion's -anticked -antiquate -antiqued -antiquity -inadequate -indicate -indicator -indict -induct -inductee -intact -undercoat -undercut -indictable -indicative -inductive -indicatively -inductively -untactful -indicative's -indicatives -Antarctic -antarctic -Antarctica -Antarctica's -Antarctic's -inadequately -indictment -indictment's -indictments -antiquating -indicating -indicting -inducting -undercoating -undercutting -inductance -undercoating's -undercoatings -inductance's -indoctrinate -indoctrinating -indoctrinates -indoctrinated -indoctrination -indoctrination's -antiquates -antiquities -antiquity's -indicates -indicator's -indicators -indicts -inductee's -inductees -inducts -undercoat's -undercoats -undercut's -undercuts -antiquated -indicated -indicted -inducted -undercoated -uneducated -endocarditis -indication -induction -indication's -indications -induction's -inductions -Anatole -Anatolia -antler -entail -inertly -innately -Intel -ornately -underlay -underlie -unduly -until -indelible -indelibly -interleave -interleaving -undelivered -interleaves -interleaved -indulge -interlock -ontology -intelligible -intelligibly -intelligibility -intelligibility's -ontological -indulging -interleukin -interlocking -indulgence -intelligence -interleukin's -indulgence's -indulgences -intelligence's -indulgent -intelligent -indulgently -intelligently -intelligentsia -intelligentsia's -antilogarithm -antilogarithm's -antilogarithms -indelicacy -indulges -interlock's -interlocks -ontology's -indelicacies -indelicacy's -indelicate -indulged -intellect -interlocked -interlocutor -indelicately -intellectual -intellectually -intellectual's -intellectuals -intellectualism -intellectualism's -interlocutory -intellect's -intellects -interlocutor's -interlocutors -entailment -entailment's -Anatolian -Antillean -entailing -interline -interlinear -underlain -underline -underling -interlink -interlinking -interlinks -interlinked -interlining -underlining -interlining's -interlinings -Anatolian's -indolence -interlines -underline's -underlines -underling's -underlings -indolence's -indolent -interlined -underlined -undulant -indolently -untalented -antelope -interlope -interloper -underlip -interloping -antelope's -antelopes -interloper's -interlopers -interlopes -underlip's -underlips -interloped -intolerable -intolerably -intolerance -intolerance's -intolerant -intolerantly -antlered -Anatole's -Anatolia's -Antilles -Antilles's -antler's -antlers -endless -entails -Intel's -interlace -underlay's -underlays -underlies -endlessly -interlacing -endlessness -endlessness's -interlaces -Intelsat -interlaced -Intelsat's -entailed -interlard -interlude -undulate -untold -interlarding -interluding -undulating -unadulterated -interlards -interlude's -interludes -undulates -interlarded -interluded -undiluted -undulated -Andalusia -Andalusian -undulation -Andalusian's -undulation's -undulations -Andalusia's -underlying -anatomy -anytime -entomb -indium -onetime -entombment -entombment's -entombing -entombs -entombed -anatomic -endemic -anatomical -anatomically -endemically -antimicrobial -undemocratic -antimacassar -endemic's -endemics -intermix -intermixing -antimacassar's -antimacassars -intermixes -intermixed -undamaged -untimelier -untimely -entomology -entomological -entomology's -entomologist -entomologist's -entomologists -untimeliness -untimeliness's -antimalarial -untimeliest -Andaman -antimony -Endymion -undermine -interminable -interminably -indemnify -indemnification -indemnification's -indemnifications -indemnifies -indemnified -indemnifying -intermingle -intermingling -intermingles -intermingled -undermining -Andaman's -antimony's -Endymion's -undermines -indemonstrable -undemonstrative -undemonstratively -endearment -endowment -indemnity -interment -ointment -undermanned -undermined -undemanding -endearment's -endearments -endowment's -endowments -indemnities -indemnity's -interment's -interments -ointment's -ointments -undermentioned -undiminished -intemperance -intemperance's -intemperate -intemperately -intermarry -intermarriage -intermarriage's -intermarriages -intermarries -intermarried -intermarrying -anatomies -anatomy's -indium's -intermezzi -intermezzo -intimacy -inadmissible -inadmissibility -inadmissibility's -antimissile -intermezzo's -intermezzos -intimacies -intimacy's -anatomist -endmost -undermost -undomesticated -anatomist's -anatomists -antimatter -intimate -undimmed -untamed -indomitable -indomitably -unidiomatic -intimately -intimating -intermittent -intermittently -intermediary -endometrial -endometrium -intermediaries -intermediary's -endometriosis -antimatter's -intimate's -intimates -intermediate -intimated -intimidate -intermediately -intimidating -intimidatingly -intermediate's -intermediates -intimidates -intimidated -intimidation -intimidation's -intermission -intimation -intermission's -intermissions -intimation's -intimations -Andean -anodyne -anteing -antenna -antennae -Antoine -Anton -Antone -Antonia -Antonio -Antony -ending -enduing -Indian -Indiana -intern -internee -intone -intoner -undoing -undone -uneaten -uniting -underneath -underneath's -underneaths -unattainable -undeniable -undeniably -untenable -endanger -intangible -intangibly -intangible's -intangibles -intangibility -intangibility's -antinuclear -entangle -untangle -entanglement -entanglement's -entanglements -entangling -untangling -entangles -untangles -entangled -untangled -endangerment -endangerment's -endangering -endangered -endangers -internal -internally -internals -antonym -internment -internment's -antonymous -antonym's -antonyms -Indianan -Indianian -interning -intoning -Antananarivo -Antananarivo's -Antoninus -Antoninus's -Indianan's -Indianans -untenanted -Indianapolis -Indianapolis's -undernourishment -undernourishment's -undernourished -Andean's -anodyne's -anodynes -antenna's -antennas -Antoine's -Antone's -Antonia's -Antonio's -Antonius -Antonius's -Anton's -Antony's -ending's -endings -Indiana's -Indian's -Indians -inertness -inertness's -innateness -innateness's -intense -intenser -internee's -internees -intern's -interns -intoner's -intoners -intones -ornateness -ornateness's -undoing's -undoings -intensifier -intensify -intensive -intensification -intensification's -intensively -intensiveness -intensiveness's -intensifier's -intensifiers -intensifies -intensive's -intensives -intensified -intensifying -intensely -internecine -intensest -intensity -internist -intensities -intensity's -internist's -internists -andante -annuitant -Antoinette -entente -indent -inordinate -intend -intent -interned -Internet -internet -intoned -unadorned -untanned -inattentive -unidentifiable -inattentively -inattentiveness -inattentiveness's -unidentified -antenatal -inordinately -intently -indenting -intending -intentness -intentness's -indenture -antineutrino -antineutron -indenturing -antineutrino's -antineutrinos -antineutron's -antineutrons -indenture's -indentures -indentured -andante's -andantes -annuitant's -annuitants -Antoinette's -entente's -ententes -indent's -indents -intends -intent's -intents -Internet's -Internets -indented -intended -unattended -undaunted -untainted -untended -undauntedly -intended's -intendeds -indentation -indentation's -indentations -Indonesia -inattention -indention -Indonesian -intention -intonation -intentional -intentionally -international -Internationale -internationally -Internationale's -international's -internationals -internationalism -internationalism's -internationalist -internationalist's -internationalists -inattention's -indention's -Indonesian's -Indonesians -intention's -intentions -intonation's -intonations -internship -internship's -internships -Indonesia's -untarnished -underpay -antipathy -antipathies -antipathy's -antipathetic -antipoverty -untypical -untypically -interplay -Interpol -underplay -undiplomatic -interplanetary -interplay's -Interpol's -underplays -interpolate -interpolating -interpolates -interpolated -antipollution -interpolation -interpolation's -interpolations -underplaying -underplayed -underpayment -underpayment's -underpayments -underpin -underpinning -underpinning's -underpinnings -underpins -endpoint -underpinned -undependable -Independence -independence -Independence's -independence's -independent -independently -independent's -independents -interpenetrate -interpenetrating -interpenetrates -interpenetrated -interpenetration -endpoint's -endpoints -underpants -underpants's -underpopulated -underprivileged -Enterprise -enterprise -enterprising -enterprisingly -Enterprise's -enterprise's -enterprises -interpret -interpreter -interpretive -underproduction -underproduction's -antiproton -interpreting -antiproton's -antiprotons -interpreter's -interpreters -interprets -interpreted -interpretative -interpretation -interpretation's -interpretations -Antipas -Antipas's -interpose -underpass -underpass's -underpays -interposing -antipersonnel -interpersonal -antiperspirant -antiperspirant's -antiperspirants -interposes -underpasses -antipasti -antipasto -interposed -antipasto's -antipastos -interposition -interposition's -underpaid -underpart -untapped -antiparticle -antiparticle's -antiparticles -antipodal -antipodals -antipodean -antipodean's -antipodeans -Antipodes -antipodes -antipodes's -underpart's -underparts -underpaying -Andorra -Andre -Andrea -Andrei -Andrew -anterior -endure -entire -entry -Indira -Indore -Indra -interior -intro -Ontario -unitary -untrue -untruer -untruth -untruthful -untruthfully -untruthfulness -untruthfulness's -untruth's -untruths -endurable -unutterable -unutterably -untroubled -interurban -unattributed -untraveled -entryphone -entryphones -intravenous -intravenous's -intravenously -intravenouses -interoffice -introvert -introvert's -introverts -introverted -introversion -introversion's -antirrhinum -antirrhinums -enteric -entourage -intrigue -intriguer -underage -androgen -androgyny -intriguing -androgenic -intriguingly -interregnum -interregnum's -interregnums -androgen's -androgynous -androgyny's -intracranial -entourage's -entourages -intricacy -intriguer's -intriguers -intrigue's -intrigues -underexpose -underexposing -underexposure -underexposure's -underexposures -underexposes -underexposed -intricacies -intricacy's -entr'acte -indirect -interact -interrogate -interrogator -intricate -intrigued -underact -intractable -intractably -intractability -intractability's -interactive -interrogative -unattractive -interactively -interrogatively -unattractively -interrogative's -interrogatives -interactivity -indirectly -intricately -interacting -interrogating -underacting -indirectness -indirectness's -interrogatory -interrogatories -interrogatory's -interacts -interrogates -interrogator's -interrogators -underacts -interacted -interrogated -underacted -indirection -interaction -interrogation -unidirectional -indirection's -interaction's -interactions -interrogation's -interrogations -enteral -entirely -unnatural -unnaturally -untruly -unnaturalness -unnaturalness's -entrails -entrails's -interrelate -interrelating -interrelates -interrelated -interrelation -interrelation's -interrelations -interrelationship -interrelationship's -interrelationships -anteroom -antrum -interim -underarm -underemployment -underemployment's -underemployed -intramural -anteroom's -anterooms -interim's -underarm's -underarms -intramuscular -Andromeda -undreamed -untrimmed -undramatic -Andromeda's -Andromache -Andromache's -andiron -Andorran -endearing -enduring -entering -interring -Ontarian -Unitarian -untiring -underinflated -undrinkable -endearingly -untiringly -Andrianampoinimerina -Andrianampoinimerina's -andiron's -andirons -Andorran's -Andorrans -endurance -entrance -intrans -Unitarian's -Unitarians -intrinsic -intrinsically -intransigence -intransigence's -intransigent -intransigently -intransigent's -intransigents -untranslatable -untranslated -Unitarianism -entrancement -entrancement's -Unitarianism's -Unitarianisms -entrancing -entrancingly -endurance's -entrance's -entrances -entranced -intransitive -intransitively -intransitive's -intransitives -entrained -entrant -intranet -untrained -entrant's -entrants -intranet's -intranets -entrench -entrenchment -entrenchment's -entrenchments -entrenching -entrenches -entrenched -entrap -entropy -Andropov -Andropov's -entrapment -entrapment's -entrapping -entrepreneur -entrepreneurial -entrepreneur's -entrepreneurs -entrepreneurship -underrepresented -underappreciated -entraps -entropy's -entrapped -interrupt -interrupter -intrepid -intrepidly -interrupting -interrupter's -interrupters -interrupt's -interrupts -interrupted -intrepidity -intrepidity's -interruption -interruption's -interruptions -Andorra's -Andrea's -Andrei's -Andre's -Andres -Andres's -Andrew's -Andrews -Andrews's -Antares -Antares's -endures -entries -entry's -Indira's -Indore's -Indra's -interior's -interiors -intro's -intros -Ontario's -undress -undress's -untraceable -intrusive -intrusively -intrusiveness -intrusiveness's -undressing -introspect -introspective -introspectively -introspecting -introspects -introspected -introspection -introspection's -undresses -entrust -interest -unaddressed -underused -undressed -untruest -underestimate -underestimating -underestimate's -underestimates -underestimated -underestimation -underestimation's -underestimations -entrusting -interesting -interestingly -entrusts -interest's -interests -entrusted -interested -intrastate -untrustworthy -Andretti -Android -android -endeared -endured -entered -entirety -entreat -entreaty -interred -introit -intrude -intruder -underrate -underwrite -underwriter -underwrote -unordered -untried -untrod -introductory -introduction -introduction's -introductions -entreating -intruding -underrating -underwriting -underwritten -entreatingly -intrauterine -Andretti's -Android's -android's -androids -enteritis -enteritis's -entirety's -entreaties -entreats -entreaty's -introduce -introit's -introits -intruder's -intruders -intrudes -underrates -underwriter's -underwriters -underwrites -introducing -introduces -introduced -entreated -intruded -underrated -untreated -entryway -entryway's -entryways -underachieve -underachiever -underachievement -underachieving -underachiever's -underachievers -underachieves -underachieved -interracial -intrusion -intrusion's -intrusions -Aeneid's -Andes -Andes's -Andy's -Anita's -Annette's -annuities -annuity's -anode's -anodes -Antaeus -Antaeus's -ante's -antes -anti's -antis -ant's -ants -antsier -antsy -auntie's -aunties -aunt's -aunts -endears -endorse -endorser -endows -end's -ends -endues -Enid's -enters -entice -India's -Indies -indies -Indies's -indoors -induce -inducer -Indus -Indus's -Indy's -innards -innards's -inters -Inuit's -Inuits -Oneida's -Oneidas -undersea -undies -undies's -undoes -Unitas -Unitas's -unites -unities -unit's -units -unity's -unties -unnoticeable -antisubmarine -undeceive -undeceiving -undeserving -indecipherable -undecipherable -undeceives -undeceived -undeserved -undeservedly -undiscovered -anticyclone -anticyclonic -anticyclone's -anticyclones -undisclosed -interscholastic -undersigning -undersigned's -endoscope -endoscopy -endoscopic -endoscope's -endoscopes -endoscopy's -underscore -indescribable -indescribably -indiscriminate -indiscriminately -undiscriminating -underscoring -underscore's -underscores -indiscreet -underscored -indiscreetly -undersecretary -undersecretaries -undersecretary's -indiscretion -indiscretion's -indiscretions -intersex -undersexed -undisguised -intersect -underskirt -intersecting -intersects -underskirt's -underskirts -intersected -intersection -intersection's -intersections -undersell -indissoluble -indissolubly -indissolubility -antislavery -undissolved -underselling -undersells -undersold -endorsement -enticement -inducement -endorsement's -endorsements -enticement's -enticements -inducement's -inducements -antisemitic -antisemitism -antisemitism's -undismayed -Andersen -Anderson -endorsing -enticing -inducing -undersign -undersigned -indiscernible -enticingly -Andersen's -Anderson's -antiscience -indecency -undersigns -indecencies -indecency's -indecent -indecently -indiscipline -undisciplined -indispensable -indispensably -indispensable's -indispensables -indispensability -indispensability's -intersperse -antispasmodic -antispasmodic's -antispasmodics -interspersing -antisepsis -antisepsis's -intersperses -indisposed -interspersed -indisposition -indisposition's -indispositions -anticipate -intercept -interceptor -indisputable -indisputably -antiseptic -antiseptically -antiseptic's -antiseptics -anticipating -intercepting -anticipatory -anticipates -interceptor's -interceptors -intercept's -intercepts -anticipated -intercepted -undisputed -anticipation -interception -interspersion -anticipation's -anticipations -interception's -interceptions -interspersion's -undesirable -undesirably -undesirable's -undesirables -undesirability -undesirability's -antiserum -antiserum's -antiserums -undesired -endorser's -endorsers -endorses -entices -indices -inducer's -inducers -induces -intercessor -underseas -indecisive -indecisively -indecisiveness -indecisiveness's -intercessory -intercessor's -intercessors -antsiest -undersized -antacid -endorsed -enticed -induced -intercede -intercity -underside -unnoticed -undecidable -undisturbed -understaffed -inartistic -interstellar -interceding -intestine -indistinct -indistinctly -indistinctness -indistinctness's -intestinal -antecedence -intestine's -intestines -antecedence's -antecedent -understand -understandable -understandably -understanding -understandingly -understanding's -understandings -antecedent's -antecedents -understands -indistinguishable -indistinguishably -undistinguished -industry -undistributed -indestructible -indestructibly -indestructibility -indestructibility's -industrial -industrially -industrialism -industrialism's -industrialist -industrialist's -industrialists -industries -industrious -industry's -industriously -industriousness -industriousness's -antacid's -antacids -intercedes -interstice -intestacy -underside's -undersides -interstice's -interstices -intestacy's -interceded -interstate -intestate -unattested -undecided -understate -understood -understudy -untasted -untested -understatement -understatement's -understatements -understating -interstate's -interstates -undecided's -undecideds -understates -understudies -understudy's -understated -understudied -understudying -interstitial -undischarged -antisocial -antisocially -indecision -intercession -intersession -indecision's -intercession's -intercessions -intersession's -intersessions -annotate -annotator -anteater -anted -ended -endued -entity -indeed -indite -intuit -unaided -undertow -undid -united -unneeded -untaught -untidier -untidy -untied -annotative -intuitive -intuitively -underdevelopment -underdevelopment's -underdeveloped -intuitiveness -intuitiveness's -underdog -undertake -undertaker -undertook -undertaken -undertaking -undertaking's -undertakings -underdog's -underdogs -undertaker's -undertakers -undertakes -antitoxin -antitoxin's -antitoxins -interdict -undetectable -interdicting -interdict's -interdicts -interdicted -undetected -interdiction -interdiction's -entitle -unitedly -untidily -antediluvian -entitlement -entitlement's -entitlements -entitling -entitles -entitled -untitled -Antietam -antidemocratic -indeterminable -indeterminably -indeterminacy -indeterminacy's -indeterminate -undetermined -indeterminately -Antietam's -annotating -entertain -entertainer -inditing -intuiting -underdone -undertone -antitank -entertainment -entertainment's -entertainments -interdenominational -entertaining -entertainingly -entertaining's -entertainer's -entertainers -entertains -undertone's -undertones -untidiness -untidiness's -entertained -interdependence -interdependence's -interdependent -interdependently -antidepressant -antidepressant's -antidepressants -interdepartmental -antitrust -undeterred -untutored -annotates -annotator's -annotators -anteater's -anteaters -entities -entity's -indites -intuits -undertow's -undertows -interdisciplinary -untidiest -annotated -antedate -antidote -indited -intuited -undated -unedited -antedating -antedates -antidote's -antidotes -antedated -intertwine -intertwining -intertwines -intertwined -antiwar -interwar -underway -underwear -interweave -interwove -interweaving -interwoven -interweaves -indwell -indwelling -indwells -indwelt -underworld -underworld's -underworlds -Antwan -endowing -entwine -entwining -Antwan's -entwines -entwined -underwent -Antwerp -Antwerp's -underwire -underwires -underwired -endways -underwear's -untwist -untwisting -untwists -untwisted -endowed -underwater -underweight -Underwood -untoward -underweight's -Underwood's -unteachable -untouchable -untouchable's -untouchables -undercharge -undercharging -undercharge's -undercharges -undercharged -antechamber -antechamber's -antechambers -annotation -Indochina -intuition -interchange -interchangeable -interchangeably -interchangeability -interchanging -interchange's -interchanges -interchanged -annotation's -annotations -Indochina's -Indochinese -intuition's -intuitions -Indochinese's -Antichrist -Antichrist's -Antichrists -unattached -undershirt -undershoot -undershot -untouched -undershooting -undershirt's -undershirts -undershoots -undershorts -undershorts's -undying -untying -anyway -unworthier -unworthy -unworthily -unworthiness -unworthiness's -unworthiest -unwoven -unwavering -unworkable -unwaged -unwell -unwelcome -unwelcoming -unwilling -unwillingly -unwillingness -unwillingness's -unwieldier -unwieldy -unworldly -unworldliness -unworldliness's -unwieldiness -unwieldiness's -unwieldiest -unworn -unwinnable -unwind -unwound -unwinding -unwinds -unwanted -unwonted -unaware -unwarier -unwary -unwearable -unwarily -unawareness -unawareness's -unwariness -unwariness's -unwarrantable -unwarranted -unawares -unwariest -unwearied -unworried -anyways -anywise -unwise -unwiser -unwisely -unwisest -inward -onward -unwed -Eniwetok -Eniwetok's -inwardly -unwitting -unwittingly -inwards -unweighted -unwatchable -unwashed -anarchy -anchor -Enoch -eunuch -inch -inertia -unsheathe -unsheathing -unsheathes -unsheathed -antiabortion -antiabortionist -antiabortionist's -antiabortionists -anchovy -unachievable -unshaven -anchovies -anchovy's -anarchic -unshakably -unshockable -anarchically -unshackle -unshackling -unshackles -unshackled -unshaken -antiaircraft -antioxidant -antioxidant's -antioxidants -uncharged -unchecked -inertial -initial -initially -uncial -unchallenged -initial's -initials -uncial's -initialism -enchilada -enchilada's -enchiladas -anchorman -anchormen -anchorman's -unashamed -unashamedly -Anshan -enchain -inching -Inchon -unchain -unshorn -unchangeable -unchanging -unchanged -enchaining -unchaining -Anshan's -enchains -Inchon's -unchains -enchained -enchant -enchanter -unchained -enchantment -enchantment's -enchantments -enchanting -enchantingly -enchantress -enchantress's -enchantresses -enchanter's -enchanters -enchants -enchanted -ownership -unshapely -anchorpeople -unchaperoned -ownership's -anchorperson -anchorperson's -anchorpersons -unshaped -inshore -onshore -Anchorage -anchorage -Anchorage's -anchorage's -anchorages -uncharacteristic -uncharacteristically -anchoring -enshrine -enshrinement -enshrinement's -enshrining -enshrines -anachronism -anachronism's -anachronisms -anachronistic -anachronistically -enshrined -unchristian -anchored -anchorite -enshroud -uncharitable -uncharitably -enshrouding -anchorite's -anchorites -enshrouds -enshrouded -anarchy's -anchor's -anchors -Enoch's -eunuch's -eunuchs -inches -inch's -inertia's -anarchism -anarchism's -anarchist -unchaste -unchaster -anarchistic -anarchist's -anarchists -unchastest -inched -inchoate -initiate -initiator -unshod -initiative -initiative's -initiatives -initiating -initiatory -initiate's -initiates -initiator's -initiators -initiated -uncharted -inchworm -anchorwoman -anchorwomen -anchorwoman's -inchworm's -inchworms -Antioch -initiation -initiation's -initiations -Antioch's -unyoke -unyoking -unyokes -unyoked -unyielding -annoying -anyone -annoyingly -annoyance -anyone's -annoyance's -annoyances -annoyed -AP -ape -API -Apia -APO -app -appear -Earp -EPA -IP -IPA -IPO -op -ope -opp -up -UPI -upper -apathy -apothegm -apothegm's -apothegms -apothecary -apothecaries -apothecary's -epithelial -epithelium -epithelium's -upthrust -upthrusting -upthrust's -upthrusts -apathy's -apotheoses -apotheosis -apotheosis's -apartheid -epithet -apathetic -apathetically -apartheid's -epithet's -epithets -APB -upbringing -upbringing's -upbringings -upbraid -upbraiding -upbraids -upbraided -upbeat -upbeat's -upbeats -Epiphany -epiphany -Epiphanies -epiphanies -Epiphany's -epiphany's -upfront -APC -apogee -arpeggio -epic -opaque -opaquer -OPEC -UPC -ipecac -ipecac's -ipecacs -apical -apically -opaquely -Apocalypse -apocalypse -Apocalypse's -apocalypse's -apocalypses -apocalyptic -upperclassman -upperclassmen -upperclassman's -upperclasswoman -upperclasswomen -epiglottis -epiglottis's -epiglottises -upcoming -opaquing -Upjohn -opaqueness -opaqueness's -Upjohn's -upcountry -upcountry's -upkeep -upkeep's -epicure -Apocrypha -apocrypha -epigraph -epigraphy -apocryphal -apocryphally -Apocrypha's -apocrypha's -epigraph's -epigraphs -epigraphy's -epigram -epigram's -epigrams -epigrammatic -Epicurean -epicurean -Epicurean's -epicurean's -epicureans -epicure's -epicures -Epicurus -Epicurus's -upgrade -upgrading -upgrade's -upgrades -upgraded -apex -apogee's -apogees -arpeggio's -arpeggios -epic's -epics -epoxy -opaques -OPEC's -uppercase -apexes -apex's -epoxies -epoxy's -uppercase's -epoxied -opaquest -epoxying -Epcot -opaqued -opcode -uppercut -uppercutting -Epcot's -opcodes -uppercut's -uppercuts -Epictetus -Epictetus's -airplay -Apollo -appeal -Apple -apple -applier -apply -Opal -opal -Opel -uplift -uplifting -upliftings -uplift's -uplifts -uplifted -apelike -apologia -apology -earplug -epilogue -applicable -applicably -applicability -applicability's -applejack -applejack's -applicant -applicant's -applicants -apologia's -apologias -apologies -apology's -earplug's -earplugs -epilogue's -epilogues -apologist -apologist's -apologists -applicator -apologetic -apologetically -applicator's -applicators -application -application's -applications -aplomb -aplomb's -appalling -appealing -appallingly -appealingly -Apollonian -Apollonian's -Apollinaire -Apollinaire's -appliance -opulence -appliance's -appliances -opulence's -aplenty -appellant -opulent -upland -opulently -appellant's -appellants -upland's -uplands -epilepsy -epilepsy's -epileptic -epileptic's -epileptics -airplay's -Apollo's -Apollos -Appaloosa -appaloosa -appeal's -appeals -applause -Apple's -apple's -apples -applier's -appliers -applies -Apuleius -Apuleius's -Opal's -opal's -opals -Opel's -opalescence -opalescence's -opalescent -Appaloosa's -Appaloosas -appaloosa's -appaloosas -applause's -applesauce -applesauce's -Appleseed -Appleseed's -appalled -appealed -appellate -applaud -applauder -applet -applied -upload -apolitical -apolitically -applauding -Appleton -uploading -Appleton's -applauder's -applauders -applauds -applet's -applets -uploads -applauded -uploaded -Appalachia -Apalachicola -Apalachicola's -Appalachian -appellation -Appalachian's -Appalachians -Appalachians's -appellation's -appellations -Appalachia's -applying -opium -Epimethius -Epimethius's -upmarket -opium's -upmost -uppermost -Appomattox -Appomattox's -aping -open -opener -opine -oping -upon -upping -epinephrine -epinephrine's -OpenOffice -OpenOffice's -Oppenheimer -Oppenheimer's -openhanded -openhandedness -openhandedness's -openhearted -opencast -openly -eponymous -opening -opining -opinion -Apennines -Apennines's -opening's -openings -opinion's -opinions -opponent -opponent's -opponents -opinionated -opener's -openers -openness -openness's -open's -opens -opines -openest -append -appoint -appointee -opened -opined -upend -appointive -appendage -appendage's -appendages -appendix -appendixes -appendix's -appendectomy -appendectomies -appendectomy's -appointment -appointment's -appointments -appending -appointing -upending -appends -appointee's -appointees -appoints -upends -appendices -appendicitis -appendicitis's -appended -appointed -upended -openwork -openwork's -Upanishads -Upanishads's -apoplexy -apoplexies -apoplexy's -apoplectic -apoptosis -apoptotic -apiary -APR -Apr -opera -Oprah -uprear -uproar -operable -opprobrium -opprobrium's -opprobrious -opprobriously -approbation -approbation's -approbations -approve -upriver -approval -approval's -approvals -approving -approvingly -approves -approved -apprehensive -apprehensively -apprehensiveness -apprehensiveness's -apprehend -apprehending -apprehends -apprehended -apprehension -apprehension's -apprehensions -approx -approximate -approximately -approximating -approximates -approximated -approximation -approximation's -approximations -apricot -apricot's -apricots -apparel -April -apparel's -apparels -April's -Aprils -appearing -apron -appearance -apron's -aprons -appearance's -appearances -apparent -operand -apparently -apprentice -operands -apprenticing -apprentice's -apprentices -apprenticed -apprenticeship -apprenticeship's -apprenticeships -appropriate -appropriator -appropriately -appropriating -appropriateness -appropriateness's -appropriates -appropriator's -appropriators -appropriated -appropriation -appropriation's -appropriations -apropos -uprearing -uproarious -uproariously -upreared -apiaries -apiary's -appraise -appraiser -apprise -Apr's -opera's -operas -oppress -oppressor -Oprah's -upraise -uprears -uproar's -uproars -oppressive -oppressively -oppressiveness -oppressiveness's -appraisal -appraisal's -appraisals -appraising -apprising -oppressing -upraising -uprising -uprising's -uprisings -appraiser's -appraisers -appraises -apprises -oppresses -oppressor's -oppressors -upraises -apiarist -appraised -apprised -oppressed -upraised -apiarist's -apiarists -appeared -operate -operator -operetta -upright -uproot -aperitif -operative -aperitif's -aperitifs -operative's -operatives -operatic -operatically -uprightly -operating -uprooting -uprightness -uprightness's -apparatus -apparatus's -operates -operator's -operators -operetta's -operettas -upright's -uprights -uproots -apparatuses -operated -uprooted -approach -appreciable -appreciably -approachable -apparatchik -apparatchiks -apparition -approaching -operation -oppression -operational -operationally -apparition's -apparitions -operation's -operations -oppression's -approaches -approach's -appreciate -appreciator -approached -appreciative -appreciatively -appreciating -appreciatory -appreciates -appreciator's -appreciators -appreciated -appreciation -appreciation's -appreciations -apace -ape's -apes -Apia's -apiece -appears -appease -appeaser -appose -app's -apps -AP's -apse -earpiece -Earp's -EPA's -oops -opes -oppose -op's -ops -opus -opus's -UPI's -upper's -uppers -UPS -ups -UPS's -upsurge -upscale -upsurging -Episcopal -episcopal -Episcopalian -Episcopalian's -Episcopalians -episcopacy -episcopacy's -episcopate -episcopate's -upsurge's -upsurges -upsurged -epsilon -upsilon -epsilon's -epsilons -upsilon's -upsilons -Epsom -opossum -appeasement -appeasement's -appeasements -Epsom's -opossum's -opossums -appeasing -apposing -Epson -opposing -Epson's -appeaser's -appeasers -appeases -apposes -apse's -apses -earpieces -opposes -opuses -appeased -apposed -apposite -episode -opacity -opposed -opposite -upset -upside -appositive -appositive's -appositives -episodic -upstage -episodically -upstaging -upstages -upstaged -Apostle -apostle -appositely -Epistle -epistle -oppositely -apostolic -epistolary -Apostle's -apostle's -apostles -epistle's -epistles -apostleship -apostleship's -epistemic -epistemology -epistemological -Epstein -upsetting -appositeness -appositeness's -Epstein's -upstanding -apostrophe -apostrophe's -apostrophes -upstroke -upstroke's -upstrokes -upstream -apostasy -episode's -episodes -opacity's -opposite's -opposites -upset's -upsets -upside's -upsides -upstairs -apostasies -apostasy's -apostate -upstart -upstate -upstarting -apostate's -apostates -upstart's -upstarts -upstate's -upstarted -upswing -upswing's -upswings -Ipswich -apposition -Opposition -opposition -apposition's -opposition's -oppositions -airport -apart -aped -apt -apter -iPad -iPod -oped -opiate -opt -upped -uppity -epitaph -epitaph's -epitaphs -optic -Updike -uptake -uptick -optical -optically -optic's -optics -optics's -Updike's -uptake's -uptakes -uptick's -upticks -aptly -epitome -optima -epidemic -epidermic -epidemically -epidemic's -epidemics -epidermal -optimal -optimally -epidemiology -epidemiological -epidemiology's -epidemiologist -epidemiologist's -epidemiologists -optimum -optimum's -optimums -apartment -apartment's -apartments -uptempo -epidermis -epidermis's -epitome's -epitomes -optimism -optimism's -optimisms -epidermises -optimist -optimistic -optimistically -optimist's -optimists -optometry -optometry's -optometrist -optometrist's -optometrists -appertain -opportune -opting -Upton -uptown -upturn -opportunely -appertaining -upturning -appurtenance -appurtenance's -appurtenances -appurtenant -appertains -aptness -aptness's -Upton's -uptown's -upturn's -upturns -opportunism -opportunism's -opportunist -opportunistic -opportunistically -opportunist's -opportunists -appertained -opportunity -upturned -opportunities -opportunity's -aperture -epidural -epidurals -uptrend -aperture's -apertures -airport's -airports -Iapetus -Iapetus's -iPad's -iPod's -opiate's -opiates -opts -Apatosaurus -aptest -apatite -appetite -opted -update -updater -uptight -updating -apatite's -appetite's -appetites -update's -updates -aptitude -updated -aptitude's -aptitudes -optician -optician's -opticians -upwind -upward -upwardly -upwards -Apache -apish -epoch -uppish -upchuck -upchucking -upchucks -upchucked -apishly -epochal -apportion -option -optional -optionally -apportionment -apportionment's -apportioning -optioning -apportions -option's -options -apportioned -optioned -Apache's -Apaches -epoch's -epochs -upshot -upshot's -upshots -aerie -airier -airy -Ara -are -area -aria -arr -array -arrow -aura -awry -eerie -eerier -Eire -ERA -era -ere -Erie -err -error -euro -Eyre -IRA -Ira -ire -Ora -Ore -ore -Oreo -Orr -urea -Urey -Uriah -arithmetic -arithmetical -arithmetically -arithmetic's -arithmetician -arithmetician's -arithmeticians -urethane -urethane's -urethra -urethrae -urethral -erythromycin -urethra's -erythrocyte -erythrocyte's -erythrocytes -Arab -Arabia -Araby -Aruba -aerobic -Arabic -aerobically -aerobics -aerobics's -Arabic's -arable -arability -arability's -Arabian -Arabian's -Arabians -Arabia's -Arab's -Arabs -Araby's -Aruba's -Erebus -Erebus's -arabesque -arabesque's -arabesques -Arabist -Arabist's -Arabists -aerobatic -aerobatics -aerobatics's -arrive -irrevocable -irrevocably -arrival -ireful -arrival's -arrivals -Aeroflot -Aeroflot's -arriving -irreverence -irreverence's -irreverent -irreverently -arrives -orifice -irreversible -irreversibly -orifice's -orifices -Arafat -arrived -irrefutable -irrefutably -Arafat's -arrhythmia -arrhythmic -arrhythmical -arrhythmia's -Erewhon -Arrhenius -Arrhenius's -Erewhon's -arrowhead -arrowhead's -arrowheads -Auriga -Eric -Erica -Erick -Ericka -Erik -Erika -eureka -Iraq -Iraqi -Oreg -orig -O'Rourke -uric -Uruguay -irrigable -irrecoverable -irrecoverably -arugula -auricle -auricular -irregular -Oracle -oracle -oracular -irregularly -irreclaimable -irregularity -irregularities -irregularity's -auricle's -auricles -irregular's -irregulars -Oracle's -oracle's -oracles -origami -origami's -Aragon -Iroquoian -oregano -Oregon -origin -original -originally -original's -originals -originality -originality's -arraignment -arraignment's -arraignments -Araucanian -arraigning -Oregonian -Araucanian's -Oregonian's -Oregonians -arrogance -erogenous -Iroquoian's -Iroquoians -oregano's -Oregon's -origin's -origins -irreconcilable -irreconcilably -irreconcilability -irreconcilability's -arrogance's -arrogant -originate -originator -arrogantly -urogenital -originating -originates -originator's -originators -originated -origination -origination's -Arequipa -Arequipa's -aerogram -aerograms -Auriga's -Erica's -Ericka's -Erick's -Eric's -Erika's -Erik's -Iraqi's -Iraqis -Iraq's -Iroquois -Iroquois's -O'Rourke's -Uruguay's -Erickson -Erickson's -arrogate -erect -Erector -erector -eruct -irrigate -erectile -erectly -irregardless -arrogating -erecting -eructing -irrigating -erectness -erectness's -arrogates -Erector's -erector's -erectors -erects -eructs -irrigates -arrogated -erected -eructed -irrigated -eructation -eructation's -eructations -arrogation -erection -irrigation -arrogation's -erection's -erections -irrigation's -Araguaya -Uruguayan -Uruguayan's -Uruguayans -Araguaya's -aerial -aerially -airily -Aral -areal -Ariel -aural -aurally -Aurelia -Aurelio -aureole -eerily -Errol -oral -orally -oriel -oriole -Ural -Uriel -irrelevance -irrelevancy -irrelevance's -irrelevances -irrelevancies -irrelevancy's -irrelevant -irrelevantly -urology -urological -irreligion -irreligious -urology's -urologist -urologist's -urologists -erelong -Ireland -Ireland's -aerial's -aerials -Aral's -Ariel's -Aurelia's -Aurelio's -Aurelius -Aurelius's -aureole's -aureoles -Errol's -oral's -orals -oriel's -oriels -oriole's -orioles -Ural's -Urals -Urals's -Uriel's -aerialist -aerialist's -aerialists -Ehrlich -Ehrlich's -aroma -arum -aromatherapy -aromatherapy's -aromatherapist -aromatherapist's -aromatherapists -irremovable -Aramaic -Aramco -Urumqi -Aramaic's -Aramco's -Urumqi's -Ahriman -Ahriman's -aroma's -aromas -arum's -arums -Aureomycin -Aureomycin's -eremite -irremediable -irremediably -aromatic -aromatically -aromatic's -aromatics -eremite's -eremites -Aaron -airing -arena -Aron -arraign -arraigned -Arron -earring -Erin -erring -Iran -Irene -iron -irony -oaring -Oran -Orin -Orion -Urania -urine -Ehrenberg -Ehrenberg's -arrange -arranger -irenic -ironic -Orange -orange -Orinoco -ironical -ironically -ironclad -ironclad's -ironclads -arrangement -arrangement's -arrangements -arranging -orangeness -orangery -orangeries -orangery's -arranger's -arrangers -arranges -Orange's -orange's -oranges -Orinoco's -Aurangzeb -Aurangzeb's -Oranjestad -Oranjestad's -arranged -orangeade -orangutan -orangutan's -orangutans -orangeade's -orangeades -urinal -urinal's -urinals -urinalyses -urinalysis -urinalysis's -uranium -ironmonger -ironmongery -ironmongers -uranium's -Iranian -ironing -Iranian's -Iranians -ironing's -urinary -Aaron's -airiness -airiness's -airing's -airings -arena's -arenas -Aron's -arraigns -Arron's -earring's -earrings -eeriness -eeriness's -Erin's -erroneous -Iran's -Irene's -ironies -iron's -irons -irony's -Oran's -Orin's -Orion's -Urania's -Uranus -Uranus's -urine's -erroneously -Arianism -Arianism's -ironstone -ironstone's -aren't -around -arrant -errand -errant -ironed -Orient -orient -urinate -aeronautic -aeronautical -aeronautics -aeronautics's -Oriental -oriental -Oriental's -Orientals -oriental's -orientals -Orientalism -orientalist -orientalists -orienting -urinating -orienteering -errand's -errands -Orient's -orient's -orients -urinates -orientate -oriented -urinated -orientating -orientates -orientated -orientation -orientation's -orientations -ironwork -ironwork's -ironware -ironware's -ironwood -ironwood's -ironwoods -urination -urination's -Europa -Europe -Arapaho -Arapahoes -Arapaho's -Arapahos -irreplaceable -europium -europium's -European -European's -Europeans -irreparable -irreparably -irrepressible -irrepressibly -irreproachable -irreproachably -Europa's -Europe's -erupt -irrupt -eruptive -irruptive -erupting -irrupting -erupts -Euripides -Euripides's -irrupts -erupted -irrupted -eruption -irruption -eruption's -eruptions -irruption's -irruptions -Aurora -aurora -Aurora's -aurora's -auroras -Ararat -arrowroot -Ararat's -arrowroot's -aerie's -aeries -Aires -Aires's -Ara's -area's -areas -Ares -are's -ares -Ares's -aria's -arias -Aries -Aries's -arise -Arius -Arius's -Ariz -arose -arouse -arras -arras's -array's -arrays -arrears -arrears's -arrow's -arrows -aura's -auras -aureus -Eire's -era's -eras -erase -eraser -Erie's -Eris -Eris's -Eros -Eros's -error's -errors -errs -euro's -euros -Eyre's -IRA's -IRAs -Ira's -ire's -Iris -iris -Iris's -iris's -Ora's -Oreo's -ore's -ores -orris -orris's -Orr's -urea's -Urey's -Uriah's -Uris -Uris's -Orizaba -erasable -irascible -irascibly -irascibility -irascibility's -Orizaba's -erosive -aerosol -Araceli -arousal -uracil -aerosol's -aerosols -Araceli's -arousal's -uracil's -irresolute -irresolutely -irresoluteness -irresoluteness's -irresolution -irresolution's -Erasmus -Erasmus's -arisen -arising -Arizona -arousing -erasing -orison -Arizonan -Arizonian -Arizonan's -Arizonans -Arizonian's -Arizonians -Arizona's -orison's -orisons -irrespective -erysipelas -erysipelas's -irresponsible -irresponsibly -irresponsibility -irresponsibility's -aerospace -aerospace's -erasure -erasure's -erasures -Arieses -arises -arouses -arrases -eraser's -erasers -erases -Erises -Eroses -irises -orrises -irresistible -irresistibly -airiest -Ariosto -aroused -arrest -eeriest -erased -Aristophanes -Aristophanes's -aristocracy -aristocracies -aristocracy's -aristocrat -aristocratic -aristocratically -aristocrat's -aristocrats -arresting -Ariosto's -arrest's -arrests -Orestes -Orestes's -arrested -Aristotle -Aristotelian -Aristotelian's -Aristotle's -Aristides -Aristides's -Aristarchus -Aristarchus's -aerate -aerator -aired -arid -aright -eared -Erato -erode -errata -erred -irate -oared -orate -orator -ureter -erodible -irritable -irritably -irritability -irritability's -erotic -erotica -erratic -eradicable -erotically -erratically -erotica's -erotics -eradicate -eradicator -eradicating -eradicates -eradicator's -eradicators -eradicated -eradication -eradication's -Airedale -aridly -Eurodollar -irately -Airedale's -Airedales -Eurodollar's -Eurodollars -erratum -iridium -irredeemable -irredeemably -erratum's -iridium's -aerating -Ariadne -eroding -orating -aerodynamic -aerodynamically -aerodynamics -aerodynamics's -Ariadne's -Eridanus -Eridanus's -irateness -irateness's -irritant -orotund -irritant's -irritants -orotundity -orotundities -orotundity's -Eritrea -oratorio -oratory -irretrievable -irretrievably -oratorical -oratorically -aerodrome -aerodrome's -aerodromes -Eritrean -Eritrean's -Eritreans -Eritrea's -oratories -oratorio's -oratorios -oratory's -aerates -aerator's -aerators -Erato's -erodes -errata's -erratas -Eurydice -irides -orates -orator's -orators -ureter's -ureters -Eratosthenes -Eratosthenes's -irreducible -irreducibly -iridescence -iridescence's -iridescent -iridescently -Eurydice's -eroticism -eroticism's -aerated -aridity -eroded -erudite -irradiate -irritate -orated -eruditely -irradiating -irritating -irritatingly -aridity's -irradiates -irritates -irradiated -irritated -erudition -irradiation -irritation -erudition's -irradiation's -irritation's -irritations -Arawak -Arawakan -Arawakan's -Arawak's -Irrawaddy -Irrawaddy's -earache -Erich -Eurasia -Irish -Irisher -Irishman -Irishmen -Irishman's -Irishmen's -aeration -erosion -Eurasian -oration -arachnophobia -irrational -irrationally -irrational's -irrationals -irrationality -irrationality's -aeration's -erosion's -Eurasian's -Eurasians -oration's -orations -arachnid -arachnid's -arachnids -Ayrshire -Ayrshire's -earache's -earaches -Erich's -Eurasia's -Irish's -Irishwoman -Irishwomen -Irishwoman's -Irishwomen's -arroyo -Oriya -arraying -Aryan -Aryan's -Aryans -arroyo's -arroyos -Oriya's -arrayed -AA's -ace -air's -airs -AI's -AIs -Ar's -A's -As -as -ASCII -As's -ass -assay -ass's -Au's -Aussie -AZ -ear's -ears -ease -easier -easy -Er's -Erse -E's -Es -es -Esau -ESE -essay -Essie -Eu's -Ice -ice -icier -icy -Io's -IOU's -IRS -Ir's -IRS's -I's -is -Isaiah -ISO -ISS -issue -issuer -oar's -oars -OAS -OAS's -oh's -ohs -OHSA -Oise -oohs -ooze -oozier -oozy -orzo -O's -OS -Os -osier -OS's -Os's -ours -ouzo -Oz -oz -Ozzie -Ur's -Ursa -U's -US -us -USA -use -user -USO -US's -USS -usu -Uzi -Esther -asthma -isotherm -isthmian -asthma's -isotherm's -isotherms -isthmus -isthmus's -isthmuses -asthmatic -asthmatically -asthmatic's -asthmatics -Esther's -aesthete -aesthetic -aesthetically -aesthetics -aesthetics's -aesthete's -aesthetes -aestheticism -aestheticism's -isobar -USB -acerbic -iceberg -Uzbek -acerbically -Azerbaijan -Azerbaijani -Azerbaijani's -Azerbaijanis -Azerbaijan's -iceberg's -icebergs -icebox -Uzbek's -iceboxes -icebox's -Uzbekistan -Uzbekistan's -Isabel -Isabella -Isabelle -usable -Isabella's -Isabelle's -Isabel's -usability -usability's -ISBN -Osborn -Osborne -Osborne's -Osborn's -icebound -icebreaker -isobaric -icebreaker's -icebreakers -isobar's -isobars -asbestos -asbestos's -acerbate -acerbity -iceboat -Osbert -acerbating -acerbates -acerbity's -iceboat's -iceboats -Osbert's -acerbated -Azov -ossify -USAF -Isfahan -Isfahan's -esophageal -asphyxia -esophagus's -asphyxia's -asphyxiate -asphyxiating -asphyxiates -asphyxiated -asphyxiation -asphyxiation's -asphyxiations -ossification -ossification's -useful -usefully -usefulness -usefulness's -asphalt -Osvaldo -asphalting -asphalt's -asphalts -Osvaldo's -asphalted -asseverate -asseverating -asseverates -asseverated -asseveration -asseveration's -Azov's -ossifies -Izvestia -Izvestia's -Acevedo -ossified -asphodel -asphodel's -asphodels -Acevedo's -ossifying -Izhevsk -Izhevsk's -airsick -ask -askew -Asoka -assoc -assuage -Escher -eschew -Esq -Isaac -Issac -Izaak -Osage -Osaka -Oscar -Ozark -usage -Asquith -Asquith's -Essequibo -Essequibo's -USCG -escargot -escargot's -escargots -Ezekiel -icicle -acyclovir -acyclovir's -escallop -escalope -escalloping -Aesculapius -Aesculapius's -escallop's -escallops -escalopes -escalloped -Ezekiel's -icicle's -icicles -escalate -escalator -osculate -escalating -osculating -escalates -escalator's -escalators -osculates -auscultate -escalated -osculated -auscultating -auscultates -auscultated -auscultation -auscultation's -auscultations -escalation -osculation -escalation's -escalations -osculation's -osculations -Eskimo -Eskimo's -Eskimos -asking -assignee -assigner -assignor -assuaging -easygoing -assignable -assignment -assignment's -assignments -assigning -airsickness -airsickness's -askance -assignee's -assigner's -assigners -assignor's -assignors -Escondido -assignation -assignation's -assignations -escape -escapee -icecap -escapology -escapologist -escapologists -escapement -escarpment -escapement's -escapements -escarpment's -escarpments -escaping -escapee's -escapees -escape's -escapes -icecap's -icecaps -escapism -escapism's -escapist -escapist's -escapists -escapade -escaped -escapade's -escapades -escrow -Esquire -esquire -ascribe -ascribable -ascribing -ascribes -ascribed -escarole -escarole's -escaroles -ascription -ascription's -escrow's -escrows -Esquire's -Esquires -esquire's -esquires -Iscariot -escritoire -escritoire's -escritoires -Iscariot's -Escherichia -Escherichia's -asks -Asoka's -assuages -Escher's -eschews -Esq's -Essex -Isaac's -Issac's -Izaak's -Osage's -Osages -Osaka's -Oscar's -Oscars -Ozark's -Ozarks -Ozarks's -usage's -usages -asexual -asexually -asexuality -asexuality's -Essex's -ascot -Asgard -asked -assuaged -escort -escudo -Osgood -escorting -ascot's -ascots -Asgard's -escort's -escorts -escudo's -escudos -Osgood's -escorted -eschewing -eschewed -escutcheon -escutcheon's -escutcheons -acyl -aisle -Ascella -ASL -assail -azalea -easel -easily -ESL -icily -isl -isle -Osceola -Oslo -Ursula -usual -usually -assailable -ourselves -asylum -Islam -Islamabad -Islamabad's -Islamophobia -Islamophobic -Islamic -Islamic's -asylum's -asylums -Islam's -Islams -Islamism -Islamism's -Islamist -Islamist's -assailing -Ursuline -Ursuline's -aslant -assailant -Iceland -Icelander -island -islander -Icelandic -Icelandic's -assailant's -assailants -Icelander's -Icelanders -Iceland's -islander's -islanders -island's -islands -asleep -aisle's -aisles -Ascella's -ASL's -assails -azalea's -azaleas -easel's -easels -isle's -isles -Osceola's -Oslo's -Ursula's -useless -usual's -oscilloscope -oscilloscope's -oscilloscopes -uselessly -uselessness -uselessness's -assailed -assault -assaulter -islet -isolate -Isolde -ocelot -oscillate -oscillator -assaulting -isolating -oscillating -oscillatory -assault's -assaults -islet's -islets -isolate's -isolates -Isolde's -ocelot's -ocelots -oscillates -oscillator's -oscillators -assaulted -isolated -oscillated -isolation -oscillation -isolation's -oscillation's -oscillations -isolationism -isolationism's -isolationist -isolationist's -isolationists -Asama -Assam -assume -ism -isomer -Izmir -azimuth -azimuth's -azimuths -assemble -assembler -Assembly -assembly -assumable -assemblage -assemblage's -assemblages -assemblyman -assemblymen -assemblyman's -assembling -assembler's -assemblers -assembles -assemblies -assembly's -assembled -assemblywoman -assemblywomen -assemblywoman's -Asimov -isomorphic -Asimov's -USMC -Ismael -Ismail -Ismael's -Ismail's -assimilate -assimilating -assimilates -assimilated -assimilation -assimilation's -osmium -osmium's -assuming -iceman -icemen -oarsman -oarsmen -Osman -iceman's -oarsman's -Osman's -easement -easement's -easements -Ozymandias -Ozymandias's -assumptive -asymptomatic -asymptotic -asymptotically -assumption -assumption's -assumptions -Asmara -isomeric -Esmeralda -Esmeralda's -Asmara's -isomerism -isomerism's -Asama's -Assamese -Assam's -assumes -ism's -isms -isomer's -isomers -Izmir's -Assamese's -osmosis -osmosis's -assumed -osmotic -asymmetry -asymmetric -isometric -asymmetrical -asymmetrically -isometrically -isometrics -isometrics's -asymmetries -asymmetry's -acing -arcing -arsing -arson -assign -assigned -assn -Azana -Azania -easing -Eisner -Eocene -Essen -Essene -icing -issuing -ocean -Oceania -oozing -ozone -ursine -using -USN -eosinophil -eosinophilic -eosinophils -oceanfront -oceanfront's -oceanfronts -Eisenhower -Eisenhower's -arsenic -Eysenck -Izanagi -oceanic -oceangoing -oceanographer -oceanography -oceanographic -oceanographer's -oceanographers -oceanography's -arsenic's -Eysenck's -Izanagi's -oceanic's -arsenal -oceanology -oceanology's -arsenal's -arsenals -isinglass -isinglass's -Izanami -username -Izanami's -username's -usernames -asinine -asininely -assonance -assonance's -asininity -assonant -asininities -asininity's -assonant's -assonants -arson's -assign's -assigns -Azana's -Azania's -easiness -easiness's -Eisner's -Eocene's -essence -Essene's -Essen's -iciness -iciness's -icing's -icings -issuance -Oceania's -ocean's -oceans -Oceanus -Oceanus's -ozone's -essence's -essences -issuance's -arsonist -Oceanside -Eisenstein -Eisenstein's -arsonist's -arsonists -ascend -ascent -assent -asunder -isn't -Usenet -ascending -assenting -ascendance -ascendancy -ascendance's -ascendancy's -ascendant -ascendant's -ascendants -ascends -ascent's -ascents -assent's -assents -Usenet's -Usenets -ascended -assented -essential -essentially -essential's -essentials -Ascension -ascension -Ascension's -ascension's -ascensions -asynchronous -asynchronously -Aesop -ASAP -asap -asp -ESP -esp -espy -ISP -USP -usurp -usurper -ASPCA -Asperger -aspic -Asperger's -aspic's -aspics -aspect -aspect's -aspects -Aspell -espalier -Ispell -esplanade -esplanade's -esplanades -espaliering -espaliered -Aspell's -espalier's -espaliers -Ispell's -earsplitting -Aspen -aspen -ESPN -usurping -espionage -espionage's -Aspen's -aspen's -aspens -Espinoza -ESPN's -Espinoza's -aspire -osprey -asparagus -asparagus's -aspirin -aspiring -aspirin's -aspirins -Esperanza -Esperanza's -aspirant -Esperanto -aspirant's -aspirants -Esperanto's -aspires -espresso -osprey's -ospreys -espresso's -espressos -asperity -aspirate -aspirator -aspired -esprit -aspirating -asperities -asperity's -aspirate's -aspirates -aspirator's -aspirators -esprit's -aspirated -aspiration -aspiration's -aspirations -Aesop's -airspace -asp's -asps -auspice -espies -espouse -ESP's -USPS -usurper's -usurpers -usurps -espousal -espousal's -espousing -airspace's -auspice's -auspices -auspicious -espouses -auspiciously -auspiciousness -auspiciousness's -espoused -airspeed -espied -usurped -aseptic -aseptically -aspartame -aspartame's -espadrille -espadrille's -espadrilles -Aspidiske -Aspidiske's -aspidistra -aspidistra's -aspidistras -especial -especially -aspersion -usurpation -aspersion's -aspersions -usurpation's -espying -assure -Assyria -azure -ESR -Ezra -USSR -usurer -usury -Israel -Israeli -Israeli's -Israelis -Israel's -Israels -Israelite -Israelite's -assuring -Assyrian -assurance -Assyrian's -Assyrians -assurance's -assurances -assures -Assyria's -Azores -Azores's -azure's -azures -Ezra's -Osiris -Osiris's -USSR's -usurer's -usurers -usurious -usury's -assured -assuredly -assured's -assureds -ace's -aces -ASCII's -ASCIIs -assay's -assays -asses -assess -assessor -Assisi -assize -Aussie's -Aussies -AZ's -ease's -eases -Erse's -Esau's -ESE's -essay's -essays -Essie's -ice's -ices -Isaiah's -ISIS -Isis -Isis's -ISO's -issuer's -issuers -issue's -issues -Isuzu -oases -oasis -oasis's -OHSA's -Oise's -ooze's -oozes -orzo's -OSes -osier's -osiers -ouzo's -ouzos -Oz's -Ozzie's -Ursa's -USA's -user's -users -use's -uses -Uzi's -Uzis -Azazel -Azazel's -isosceles -assessment -assessment's -assessments -assassin -assessing -assassin's -assassins -assassinate -assassinating -assassinates -assassinated -assassination -assassination's -assassinations -assesses -assessor's -assessors -Assisi's -assize's -assizes -Isuzu's -assessed -assist -easiest -iciest -ooziest -assistive -assisting -assistance -assistance's -assistant -assistant's -assistants -assist's -assists -assisted -aced -acid -arced -arsed -aside -Assad -assert -asset -assort -asst -aster -astir -Astor -AZT -eased -East -east -Easter -erst -EST -est -Ester -ester -iced -issued -Izod -oozed -oust -ouster -oyster -USDA -used -osteoarthritis -osteoarthritis's -establish -Establishment -establishment -establishment's -establishments -establishing -establishes -established -Esteban -Esteban's -eastbound -acidify -assertive -assertively -assertiveness -assertiveness's -acidifies -acidified -acidifying -erstwhile -acetic -acidic -ascetic -Aztec -ascetically -astigmatic -astigmatism -astigmatism's -astigmatisms -Aztecan -Aztecan's -ascetic's -ascetics -Aztec's -Aztecs -acetyl -acidly -easterly -Estela -Estella -Estelle -ostler -acetylene -Aztlan -acetylene's -Aztlan's -acidulous -easterlies -easterly's -Estela's -Estella's -Estelle's -ostlers -Austerlitz -Austerlitz's -esteem -estimable -Eastman -esteeming -acetaminophen -acetaminophen's -Eastman's -assortment -assortment's -assortments -esteem's -esteems -esteemed -estimate -estimator -estimating -estimate's -estimates -estimator's -estimators -estimated -estimation -estimation's -estimations -acetone -ascertain -asserting -assorting -Astana -astern -Aston -Austen -Austin -Eastern -eastern -Easterner -easterner -Estonia -ousting -ascertainable -Istanbul -Istanbul's -Ustinov -Ustinov's -acetonic -ascertainment -ascertainment's -easternmost -ascertaining -Estonian -Estonian's -Estonians -acetone's -ascertains -Astana's -Aston's -Austen's -Austin's -Austins -easterner's -easterners -Estonia's -ostensible -ostensibly -ascertained -astound -astounding -astoundingly -astounds -astounded -ostentation -ostentation's -ostentatious -ostentatiously -astonish -astonishment -astonishment's -astonishing -astonishingly -astonishes -astonished -isotope -osteopath -osteopathy -osteopathic -osteopath's -osteopaths -osteopathy's -isotopic -estoppel -osteoporosis -osteoporosis's -isotope's -isotopes -Astaire -Astoria -astray -austere -austerer -Austria -estuary -Isidro -astrophysical -astrophysics -astrophysics's -astrophysicist -astrophysicist's -astrophysicists -airstrike -esoteric -Ostrogoth -Ostrogoth's -Astrakhan -astrakhan -Astrakhan's -astrakhan's -esoterically -airstrike's -airstrikes -astral -austerely -austral -Australia -astrolabe -astrolabe's -astrolabes -astrologer -astrology -astrological -astrologically -astrologer's -astrologers -astrology's -astrologist -astrologist's -astrologists -Australian -Australian's -Australians -Australopithecus -Australopithecus's -Australia's -Australoid -Australoid's -Australasia -Australasian -Australasia's -Austrian -estrange -estrangement -estrangement's -estrangements -estranging -estranges -estranged -astronomer -astronomy -astronomic -astronomical -astronomically -astronomer's -astronomers -astronomy's -astringency -astringency's -astringent -astringently -astringent's -astringents -Austrian's -Austrians -astronaut -astronautic -astronautical -astronautics -astronautics's -astronaut's -astronauts -Austronesian -Austronesian's -airstrip -isotropic -airstrip's -airstrips -Astaire's -Astoria's -Asturias -Asturias's -Austria's -estuaries -estuary's -Isidro's -asterisk -asterisking -asterisk's -asterisks -asterisked -ostracism -ostracism's -austerest -asteroid -astride -austerity -Estrada -AstroTurf -AstroTurf's -astraddle -asteroid's -asteroids -austerities -austerity's -Estrada's -ostrich -ostriches -ostrich's -acid's -acids -aside's -asides -Assad's -asserts -asset's -assets -assiduous -assorts -aster's -asters -Astor's -AZT's -Easter's -Easters -East's -Easts -east's -ersatz -Ester's -ester's -esters -Estes -Estes's -EST's -Izod's -ouster's -ousters -ousts -oyster's -oysters -USDA's -assiduously -assiduousness -assiduousness's -acidosis -acidosis's -ersatzes -ersatz's -asceticism -asceticism's -acetate -acidity -asserted -assiduity -assorted -Astarte -astute -astuter -estate -Oersted -ousted -eisteddfod -eisteddfods -astutely -astatine -astatine's -astuteness -astuteness's -acetate's -acetates -acidity's -assiduity's -Astarte's -estate's -estates -Oersted's -astutest -Ostwald -Ostwald's -eastward -Eastwood -eastwards -Eastwood's -Eustachian -Eustachian's -Oswald -Oswald's -oarswoman -oarswomen -oarswoman's -Aswan -Aswan's -Issachar -asocial -Aeschylus -Aeschylus's -assertion -assertion's -assertions -Issachar's -associate -associative -eschatology -eschatological -associating -associate's -associates -associated -Auschwitz -Auschwitz's -association -association's -associations -assayer -essayer -assaying -essaying -assayer's -assayers -essayer's -essayers -essayist -essayist's -essayists -assayed -essayed -AD -ad -Ada -Adar -ADD -add -adder -Addie -adieu -ado -aid -Aida -aide -aorta -Art -art -Artie -artier -arty -At -at -ate -attar -atty -Audi -audio -aught -auto -eat -eater -Ed -ed -Edda -Eddie -Eddy -eddy -eider -eight -eighty -ET -ETA -eta -Etta -I'd -ID -id -Ida -IDE -idea -IED -iota -IT -It -it -Ito -IUD -oat -OD -odd -odder -ode -Oder -OED -Oort -order -OT -OTOH -otter -Otto -ought -out -outer -outta -udder -Urdu -UT -Ut -Utah -Ute -utter -Edith -eightieth -Edith's -eightieth's -eightieths -adobe -OTB -outback -autobiographer -autobiography -autobiographic -autobiographical -autobiographically -autobiographer's -autobiographers -autobiographies -autobiography's -outback's -outbacks -outbox -outboxes -outbox's -addable -Ardabil -audible -audibly -eatable -edible -oddball -edibleness -edibleness's -outbalance -outbalancing -outbalances -outbalanced -audible's -audibles -eatable's -eatables -edible's -edibles -oddball's -oddballs -audibility -edibility -outbuilding -outbuilding's -outbuildings -audibility's -edibility's -Audubon -autobahn -Audubon's -autobahn's -autobahns -Edubuntu -outbound -Edubuntu's -outbreak -outbreak's -outbreaks -adobe's -adobes -outboast -outburst -outboasting -outboasts -outburst's -outbursts -outboasted -outbid -outboard -adiabatic -outbidding -outbids -outboard's -outboards -adv -ATV -edifier -edify -adverb -adverbial -adverbially -adverbial's -adverbials -adverb's -adverbs -aardvark -aardvark's -aardvarks -advocacy -outfox -outfoxing -advocacy's -outfoxes -outfoxed -advocate -advocating -advocate's -advocates -advocated -edification -edification's -Advil -artful -artfully -audiophile -outfall -outflow -outflank -outflanking -outflanks -outflanked -artfulness -artfulness's -Advil's -audiophile's -audiophiles -outfalls -outflow's -outflows -outfield -outfielder -outfielder's -outfielders -outfield's -outfields -advance -advancement -advancement's -advancements -advancing -advance's -advances -advanced -Advent -advent -advantage -advantaging -advantageous -advantage's -advantages -advantageously -advantaged -adventure -adventurer -adventuring -adventurer's -adventurers -adventure's -adventures -adventuress -adventuress's -adventurous -adventurously -adventuresome -adventurism -adventurousness -adventurousness's -adventuresses -adventurist -adventurists -adventured -Advent's -Advents -advent's -advents -Adventist -Adventist's -Adventists -adventitious -adventitiously -adverse -adverser -advice -advise -adviser -advisor -artifice -artificer -edifice -edifier's -edifiers -edifies -outface -advisable -advisably -advisability -advisability's -adversely -audiovisual -audiovisuals -audiovisuals's -atavism -advisement -advisement's -atavism's -advising -outfacing -adverseness -adverseness's -adversary -advisory -adversarial -adversaries -adversary's -advisories -advisory's -advice's -adviser's -advisers -advises -artificer's -artificers -artifice's -artifices -edifice's -edifices -outfaces -adversest -adversity -advised -atavist -outfaced -atavistic -advisedly -adversities -adversity's -atavist's -atavists -advert -advt -edified -outfight -outfit -outfitter -outfought -outvote -adverting -outfighting -outfitting -outvoting -advertorial -advertorial's -advertorials -advertise -advertiser -advert's -adverts -outfights -outfit's -outfits -outfitter's -outfitters -outvotes -advertisement -advertisement's -advertisements -advertising -advertising's -advertiser's -advertisers -advertises -advertised -adverted -outfitted -outvoted -artificial -artificially -artificiality -artificiality's -Ordovician -Ordovician's -edifying -Idaho -Atahualpa -Atahualpa's -Idahoan -Utahan -Idahoan's -Idahoans -Utahan's -Utahans -Adhara -adhere -adhering -adherence -adherence's -adherent -adherent's -adherents -Adhara's -adheres -adhered -Idahoes -Idaho's -Idahos -adhesive -adhesiveness -adhesiveness's -adhesive's -adhesives -adhesion -adhesion's -adage -adagio -ADC -adj -aortic -attack -attacker -Attic -attic -Attica -Edgar -edger -educ -etc -Ortega -OTC -outage -outargue -outgo -outtake -UTC -educable -educability -educability's -adjudge -oatcake -adjudges -oatcake's -oatcakes -adjudged -adjective -adjectival -adjectivally -adjective's -adjectives -article -articular -autoclave -autoclave's -autoclaves -article's -articles -articulacy -outclass -outclassing -outclasses -outclassed -articled -articulate -articulately -articulating -articulateness -articulateness's -articulates -articulated -articulation -articulation's -articulations -Atacama -outcome -Atacama's -outcome's -outcomes -adjoin -adjourn -attacking -edging -outarguing -outgoing -outgun -adjunct -adjunct's -adjuncts -adjournment -adjournment's -adjournments -adjoining -adjourning -outgunning -adjoins -adjourns -Adkins -Adkins's -Atkins -Atkins's -edging's -edgings -outgoings -outguns -Atkinson -Atkinson's -adjoined -adjourned -outgunned -adjure -outcry -outgrew -outgrow -urticaria -outgrowth -outgrowth's -outgrowths -autograph -ideograph -autographing -autograph's -autographs -ideograph's -ideographs -autographed -ideogram -ideogram's -ideograms -adjuring -outgrown -outcrop -outcropping -outcropping's -outcroppings -outcrop's -outcrops -outcropped -adjures -autocracy -autocross -outcries -outcry's -outgrows -urticaria's -autocracies -autocracy's -adjured -autocrat -autocratic -autocratically -autocrat's -autocrats -outgrowing -adjuration -adjuration's -adjurations -adage's -adages -adagio's -adagios -adequacy -ataxia -attacker's -attackers -attack's -attacks -Attica's -Attic's -attic's -attics -Attucks -Attucks's -Edgar's -edger's -edgers -Ortega's -outage's -outages -outargues -outgoes -outgo's -outguess -outtake's -outtakes -ataxic -ataxic's -ataxics -Artaxerxes -Artaxerxes's -outguessing -adjacency -adjacency's -adjacent -adjacently -adequacy's -ataxia's -outguesses -adjust -adjuster -outcast -outguessed -adjustable -adjustment -adjustment's -adjustments -adjusting -adjuster's -adjusters -adjusts -outcast's -outcasts -adjusted -addict -adequate -attacked -Edgardo -edict -educate -educator -etiquette -outargued -addictive -educative -eutectic -adjudging -adjudicate -adjudicator -adjudicative -adjudicating -adjudicatory -adjudicates -adjudicator's -adjudicators -adjudicated -adjudication -adjudication's -adjudications -adequately -addicting -educating -adequateness -adequateness's -adjutant -adjutant's -adjutants -addict's -addicts -Edgardo's -edict's -edicts -educates -educator's -educators -etiquette's -addicted -educated -addiction -education -educational -educationally -educationalist -educationalists -addiction's -addictions -education's -educations -educationist -educationists -Adderley -addle -Adela -Adele -Adler -atelier -atoll -Attila -Attlee -ideal -ideally -idle -idler -idly -idol -idyll -Ital -ital -Italy -it'll -oddly -Odell -ordeal -orderly -O'Toole -outlaw -outlay -outlier -Udall -utterly -adulthood -adulthood's -Adolf -Adolfo -Adolph -outlive -outliving -Adolfo's -Adolf's -Adolph's -outlives -outlived -audiology -ideologue -ideology -idyllic -italic -outlook -audiological -ideological -ideologically -idyllically -audiology's -ideologies -ideologue's -ideologues -ideology's -italic's -italics -italics's -outlook's -outlooks -audiologist -ideologist -audiologist's -audiologists -ideologist's -ideologists -addling -Adeline -idling -Italian -outline -outlining -Adeline's -idleness -idleness's -Italian's -Italians -orderliness -orderliness's -outline's -outlines -Atalanta -Atlanta -Italianate -outlined -Atlantic -Atlantic's -Atalanta's -Atlanta's -Atlantes -Atlantis -Atlantis's -outlandish -outlandishly -outlandishness -outlandishness's -artillery -artilleryman -artillerymen -artilleryman's -artillery's -Adderley's -addles -Adela's -Adele's -Adler's -artless -atelier's -ateliers -Atlas -atlas -Atlas's -atlas's -atoll's -atolls -Attila's -Attlee's -ideal's -ideals -idler's -idlers -idle's -idles -idol's -idols -idyll's -idylls -Italy's -Odell's -oodles -oodles's -ordeal's -ordeals -orderlies -orderly's -O'Toole's -outlaw's -outlaws -outlay's -outlays -outliers -Udall's -odalisque -odalisque's -odalisques -artlessly -idealism -idealism's -adolescence -artlessness -artlessness's -adolescence's -adolescences -adolescent -adolescent's -adolescents -Atlases -atlases -idealist -idlest -outlast -idealistic -idealistically -outlasting -idealist's -idealists -outlasts -outlasted -addled -Adelaide -adulate -adulator -adult -atilt -idled -idolater -outlaid -outlet -utility -adulating -adulatory -adulterer -adultery -idolatry -utilitarian -utilitarian's -utilitarians -utilitarianism -utilitarianism's -adulterant -adulterant's -adulterants -adulterer's -adulterers -adulteress -adulteress's -adulteries -adulterous -adultery's -idolatress -idolatress's -idolatrous -idolatry's -adulteresses -idolatresses -adulterate -adulterating -adulterates -adulterated -adulteration -adulteration's -Adelaide's -adulates -adulator's -adulators -adult's -adults -idolater's -idolaters -outlet's -outlets -utilities -utility's -adulated -outlawing -edelweiss -edelweiss's -outlawed -adulation -adulation's -outlaying -outlying -Adam -ADM -Adm -airtime -ATM -atom -Edam -idem -idiom -item -odium -Odom -automobile -automobiling -automobile's -automobiles -automobiled -adumbrate -adumbrating -adumbrates -adumbrated -adumbration -adumbration's -atomic -automaker -atomically -admix -automaker's -automakers -admixing -admixes -admixed -admixture -admixture's -admixtures -oatmeal -etymology -etymological -etymologically -etymologies -etymology's -etymologist -etymologist's -etymologists -oatmeal's -edamame -adman -admen -admin -Atman -autoimmune -Autumn -autumn -Ottoman -ottoman -autumnal -adman's -admins -Atman's -Autumn's -autumn's -autumns -Ottoman's -ottoman's -ottomans -administer -administering -administered -administrate -administrator -administrative -administratively -administrating -administrates -administrator's -administrators -administrated -administration -administration's -administrations -administers -adamant -autoimmunity -Edmond -Edmund -oddment -adamantly -Edmonton -Edmonton's -admonitory -adamant's -autoimmunity's -Edmond's -Edmund's -oddment's -oddments -admonish -admonishment -admonishment's -admonishments -admonishing -admonition -admonition's -admonitions -admonishes -admonished -attempt -attempting -idempotent -attempt's -attempts -attempted -admire -admirer -admirable -admirably -admiral -admiral's -admirals -Admiralty -admiralty -admiralty's -admiring -admiringly -admirer's -admirers -admires -admired -admiration -admiration's -Adam's -Adams -Adams's -Addams -Addams's -airtime's -Artemis -Artemis's -ATM's -atom's -atoms -Edam's -Edams -idiom's -idioms -item's -items -odium's -Odom's -admissible -admissibly -admissibility -admissibility's -atmosphere -atmospheric -atmospherically -atmospherics -atmospherics's -atmosphere's -atmospheres -outermost -utmost -uttermost -utmost's -uttermost's -admit -audiometer -automate -odometer -automotive -automatic -idiomatic -automatically -idiomatically -automatic's -automatics -admitting -automating -automaton -admittance -automaton's -automatons -admittance's -admits -audiometer's -audiometers -automates -odometer's -odometers -automatism -automatism's -admitted -automated -outmoded -admittedly -outmatch -admission -automation -outmatching -admission's -admissions -automation's -outmatches -outmatched -Adan -Adana -adding -Aden -Adenauer -adorn -aiding -Arden -atone -attain -Attn -attn -attorney -attune -Auden -Audion -eaten -eating -Eaton -Eden -Edna -eighteen -Etna -Eton -iodine -oaten -Odin -ordain -outing -eighteenth -eighteenth's -eighteenths -Edinburgh -attainable -attainability -attainability's -Edinburgh's -adenocarcinoma -atonal -atonally -eternal -eternally -O'Donnell -ordinal -eternalness -eternalness's -O'Donnell's -ordinal's -ordinals -atonality -atonality's -autonomy -outnumber -outnumbering -outnumbered -outnumbers -autonomic -adornment -Atonement -atonement -attainment -ordainment -adornment's -adornments -atonement's -attainment's -attainments -ordainment's -autonomous -autonomy's -autonomously -adenine -adorning -atoning -attaining -attuning -ordaining -adenine's -ordinance -ordnance -ordinance's -ordinances -ordnance's -ordinary -ordinarily -ordinariness -ordinariness's -itinerant -itinerant's -itinerants -itinerary -itineraries -itinerary's -ordinaries -ordinary's -Adana's -Adan's -Adenauer's -Aden's -Adonis -Adonis's -adorns -Arden's -artiness -artiness's -atones -attains -attorney's -attorneys -attunes -Auden's -audience -Audion's -Eaton's -Eden's -Edens -Edna's -eighteen's -eighteens -Etna's -Eton's -iodine's -iTunes -iTunes's -oddness -oddness's -Odin's -ordains -outing's -outings -utensil -utensil's -utensils -Adonises -audience's -audiences -addend -addenda -adenoid -adorned -ardent -atoned -attainder -attained -attend -attendee -attender -attenuate -attuned -eternity -ordained -ordinate -oughtn't -attentive -identifier -identify -identifiable -identification -identification's -identifications -attentively -attentiveness -attentiveness's -identifiers -identifies -identified -identifying -identical -identically -identikit -identikits -adenoidal -ardently -addendum -addendum's -attending -attenuating -Eddington -attendance -Eddington's -attendance's -attendances -attendant -attendant's -attendants -addend's -addends -adenoid's -adenoids -attainder's -attendee's -attendees -attenders -attends -attenuates -eternities -eternity's -ordinate's -ordinates -attended -attenuated -identity -identities -identity's -attention -attenuation -ordination -attention's -attentions -attenuation's -ordination's -ordinations -ADP -atop -ATP -EDP -Euterpe -Itaipu -Utopia -utopia -idiopathic -outperform -outperforming -outperforms -outperformed -atypical -atypically -Oedipal -oedipal -outplay -Oedipal's -outplace -outplays -outplacement -outplacement's -autopilot -autopilot's -autopilots -outplaying -outplayed -Utopian -Utopian's -Utopians -outpoint -outpointing -outpoints -outpointed -outpouring -outpouring's -outpourings -outproduce -outproducing -outproduces -outproduced -adipose -ADP's -ATP's -autopsy -EDP's -Euterpe's -Itaipu's -Oedipus -Oedipus's -outpace -Utopia's -Utopias -utopia's -utopias -outpacing -autopsies -autopsy's -outpaces -autopsied -outpaced -outpost -outpost's -outposts -autopsying -adapt -adept -adopt -adopter -output -adaptable -adoptable -adaptability -adaptability's -adaptive -adoptive -adeptly -adapting -adopting -outputting -adeptness -adeptness's -outpatient -outpatient's -outpatients -adapts -adept's -adepts -adopter's -adopters -adopts -output's -outputs -adapted -adopted -outputted -adaptation -adaptation's -adaptations -adaption -adoption -adaptions -adoption's -adoptions -adore -adorer -artery -Arturo -Atari -Atria -atria -attire -Audra -Audrey -eatery -ordure -uteri -adorable -adorably -adorableness -adorableness's -attribute -attributable -attributive -attributively -attributive's -attributives -attributing -attribute's -attributes -attributed -attribution -attribution's -attributions -atrophy -atrioventricular -odoriferous -atrophies -atrophy's -adrift -atrophied -atrophying -outrage -outrigger -outraging -outrageous -outrage's -outrages -outrigger's -outriggers -outrageously -attract -outraged -attractable -attractive -attractively -attractiveness -attractiveness's -attracting -attractant -attractant's -attractants -attracts -attracted -attraction -attraction's -attractions -arterial -arteriole -atrial -Utrillo -arteriole's -arterioles -Utrillo's -airdrome -atrium -eardrum -airdromes -atrium's -eardrum's -eardrums -adoring -Adrian -Adriana -Adrienne -attiring -ordering -outran -outrun -uterine -uttering -outrank -adrenergic -outranking -outranks -outranked -adoringly -adrenal -Adrenalin -adrenaline -adrenaline's -Adrenalin's -Adrenalins -adrenalin's -adrenal's -adrenals -outrunning -Adriana's -Adrian's -Adrienne's -orderings -outruns -utterance -utterance's -utterances -Adirondack -Adirondack's -Adirondacks -Adirondacks's -airdrop -airdropping -atropine -atropine's -airdrop's -airdrops -Atropos -Atropos's -airdropped -Etruria -Etruria's -address -addressee -address's -adorer's -adorers -adores -arteries -artery's -Arturo's -Atari's -Atreus -Atreus's -Atria's -attire's -attires -Audra's -Audrey's -eateries -eatery's -odorous -ordure's -outrace -uterus -uterus's -addressable -arteriosclerosis -arteriosclerosis's -Etruscan -Etruscan's -addressing -outracing -addressee's -addressees -addresses -atrocious -outraces -atrociously -atrociousness -atrociousness's -addressed -atrocity -outraced -atrocities -atrocity's -adored -adroit -attired -iterate -iterator -ordered -outrider -outright -uttered -iterative -Adriatic -Adriatic's -adroitly -iterating -adroitness -adroitness's -iterates -iterators -outrider's -outriders -iterated -outreach -adoration -attrition -iteration -outreaching -adoration's -attrition's -iteration's -iterations -outreaches -outreach's -outreached -Utrecht -Utrecht's -Adar's -Ada's -Adas -adder's -adders -Addie's -adds -adduce -adieu's -adieus -ado's -AD's -ad's -ads -adze -Aida's -aide's -aides -AIDS -aid's -aids -AIDS's -aorta's -aortas -arduous -Artie's -Art's -art's -arts -artsier -artsy -At's -Ats -attar's -audio's -audios -Audi's -aught's -aughts -auto's -autos -eater's -eaters -eats -Edda's -Eddie's -eddies -Eddy's -eddy's -Ed's -ed's -eds -educe -eider's -eiders -eighties -eight's -eights -eighty's -eta's -etas -Etta's -Ida's -idea's -ideas -ides -ides's -idiocy -ID's -IDs -id's -ids -iota's -iotas -Ito's -it's -its -Oates -Oates's -oat's -oats -oats's -odds -odds's -Oder's -ode's -odes -Odessa -odious -Odis -Odis's -OD's -ODs -Odyssey -odyssey -Oort's -order's -orders -Ortiz -Otis -Otis's -otter's -otters -Otto's -out's -outs -udder's -udders -Urdu's -Utah's -Ute's -Utes -UT's -utters -adsorb -adsorbing -adsorbent -adsorbent's -adsorbents -adsorbs -adsorbed -Itasca -outscore -outscoring -outscores -outscored -Itasca's -autosuggestion -outskirt -outskirt's -outskirts -arduously -Edsel -odiously -outsell -itself -outselling -Edsel's -outsells -outsold -autism -autism's -outsmart -outsmarting -outsmarts -outsmarted -Addison -adducing -artisan -Edison -educing -idiosyncrasy -idiosyncrasies -idiosyncrasy's -idiosyncratic -idiosyncratically -Addison's -arduousness -arduousness's -artisan's -artisans -Edison's -odiousness -odiousness's -outspoken -outspokenly -outspokenness -outspokenness's -outspend -outspent -outspending -outspends -outspread -outspreading -outspreads -adsorption -adsorption's -adsorptions -adduces -adze's -adzes -audacious -educes -idiocies -idiocy's -Odessa's -Odysseus -Odysseus's -Odyssey's -odyssey's -odysseys -Ortiz's -outsize -outsource -audaciously -outsourcing -audaciousness -audaciousness's -outsourcing's -outsize's -outsizes -outsources -artsiest -outsourced -adduced -artiest -artist -artiste -attest -audacity -educed -oddest -outset -outside -outsider -outstay -artistic -autistic -artistically -attesting -outstanding -outstandingly -artistry -outstrip -outstripping -outstrips -outstripped -artistry's -outstretch -outstretching -outstretches -outstretched -artiste's -artistes -artist's -artists -attests -audacity's -outset's -outsets -outsider's -outsiders -outside's -outsides -outstays -attested -attestation -outstation -attestation's -attestations -outstation's -outstations -outstaying -outstayed -added -aided -airtight -audit -auditor -eddied -edit -editor -EDT -Eduardo -ETD -idiot -iodide -it'd -oddity -outdo -outdoor -outed -editable -additive -additive's -additives -idiotic -idiotically -auditing -editing -eiderdown -outdoing -outdone -edutainment -edutainment's -eiderdown's -eiderdowns -audiotape -audiotape's -audiotapes -auditory -outdraw -outdrew -editorial -editorially -editorial's -editorials -auditorium -auditorium's -auditoriums -outdrawn -outdraws -outdrawing -Adidas -Adidas's -auditor's -auditors -audit's -audits -editor's -editors -edit's -edits -Eduardo's -idiot's -idiots -iodide's -iodides -oddities -oddity's -Odets -Odets's -outdoes -outdoors -outdoors's -outdoorsy -outdistance -outdistancing -outdistances -outdistanced -attitude -audited -edited -outdid -autodidact -autodidact's -autodidacts -attitudinal -attitude's -attitudes -outdated -editorship -editorship's -Ottawa -outerwear -outwear -outweigh -outwith -artwork -autoworker -outwork -outworker -outweighing -outworking -artwork's -artworks -autoworker's -autoworkers -outworkers -outwork's -outworks -outweighed -outworked -Edwin -Edwina -outworn -Edwina's -Edwin's -adware -outwore -outwearing -Ottawa's -Ottawas -outerwear's -outwears -outweighs -atwitter -Atwood -Edward -Edwardo -outward -outwit -outwardly -Edwardian -outwitting -Edwardian's -Atwood's -Edwardo's -Edward's -Edwards -Edwards's -outwards -outwits -outwitted -atishoo -attach -Irtish -attachable -artichoke -artichoke's -artichokes -attachment -attachment's -attachments -addition -attaching -audition -edition -outshine -outshone -additional -additionally -auditioning -outshining -addition's -additions -audition's -auditions -edition's -editions -outshines -auditioned -Irtish's -attached -outshout -outshouting -outshouts -outshouted -eddying -airway -away -awe -aweigh -ewe -ewer -Iowa -owe -airworthy -airworthiness -airworthiness's -airwaves -airwaves's -awake -awoke -earwig -awaken -awaking -awoken -awakening -awakening's -awakenings -awakens -awakened -AWACS -AWACS's -awakes -earwax -earwig's -earwigs -earwax's -AWOL -Orwell -Orwellian -Orwellian's -AWOL's -Orwell's -airwoman -airwomen -awing -Erwin -Ewing -Iowan -Irwin -Owen -owing -Erwin's -Ewing's -Iowan's -Iowans -Irwin's -Owen's -Owens -Owens's -aware -awareness -awareness's -airway's -airways -awe's -awes -ewer's -ewers -ewe's -ewes -Iowa's -Iowas -owes -awesome -awesomely -awesomeness -awesomeness's -awestruck -await -award -awardee -awed -owed -awaiting -awarding -awaits -awardees -award's -awards -awaited -awarded -awash -ache -achier -achoo -achy -ahchoo -airshow -Aisha -aitch -arch -archer -Archie -ash -Ashe -ashier -ashy -Asia -each -echo -etch -etcher -Isiah -itch -itchier -itchy -och -Ochoa -OSHA -ouch -usher -USIA -ichthyology -ichthyology's -ichthyologist -ichthyologist's -ichthyologists -Achebe -Archibald -Archibald's -Ashurbanipal -Ashurbanipal's -Achebe's -archbishop -archbishopric -archbishopric's -archbishoprics -archbishop's -archbishops -achieve -achiever -archive -achievable -archival -achievement -achievement's -achievements -achieving -archiving -archfiend -archfiend's -archfiends -achiever's -achievers -achieves -archive's -archives -archivist -archivist's -archivists -achieved -archived -archaic -Asiago -echoic -Ashgabat -Ashkhabad -Ashkhabad's -Ashikaga -Ashikaga's -archaically -ashcan -ashcan's -ashcans -Ashkenazim -Ashkenazim's -Ashcroft -Ashcroft's -Oshkosh -Oshkosh's -archly -ashlar -Ashlee -Ashley -archaeology -etiologic -archaeological -archaeologically -etiological -archaeology's -etiologies -archaeologist -archaeologist's -archaeologists -echolocation -echolocation's -echelon -echelon's -echelons -Achilles -Achilles's -ashlar's -ashlars -Ashlee's -Ashley's -etiolated -Ishim -Ishmael -Ashmolean -Ashmolean's -Ishmael's -Eichmann -Eichmann's -Ishim's -ashamed -ashamedly -Archimedes -Archimedes's -Aachen -Achaean -achene -Achernar -aching -Archean -arching -ashen -ashing -Asian -echoing -etching -itching -urchin -archangel -archangel's -archangels -achingly -archenemy -archenemies -archenemy's -Aachen's -Achaean's -achene's -achenes -Achernar's -Archean's -archness -archness's -Asian's -Asians -etching's -etchings -itchiness -itchiness's -urchin's -urchins -Ashanti -echinoderm -echinoderm's -echinoderms -Ashanti's -airship -archipelago -archipelago's -archipelagos -airship's -airships -archiepiscopal -archery -ashore -euchre -ashram -ashram's -ashrams -achromatic -euchring -ushering -archery's -euchre's -euchres -Eucharist -Eucharistic -Eucharist's -Eucharists -euchred -ushered -usherette -usherette's -usherettes -ache's -aches -achoo's -airshows -Aisha's -aitches -aitch's -archer's -archers -arches -Archie's -arch's -Ashe's -ashes -ash's -Asia's -echoes -echo's -echos -etcher's -etchers -etches -Isiah's -itches -itch's -Ochoa's -OSHA's -otiose -usher's -ushers -archaism -archaism's -archaisms -Acheson -Acheson's -achiest -archaist -archest -ashiest -itchiest -orchestra -orchestral -orchestra's -orchestras -orchestrate -orchestrating -orchestrates -orchestrated -orchestration -orchestration's -orchestrations -archaist's -archaists -ached -arched -ashed -earshot -echoed -etched -Ishtar -itched -orchard -orchid -archduke -Asiatic -archdeacon -archdeacon's -archdeacons -archduke's -archdukes -Asiatic's -Asiatics -architect -architectonic -architectonics -architectonics's -architecture -architectural -architecturally -architecture's -architectures -architect's -architects -echidna -archetype -archetypal -archetype's -archetypes -ashtray -architrave -architrave's -architraves -ashtray's -ashtrays -earshot's -Ishtar's -orchard's -orchards -orchid's -orchids -archdiocese -archdiocesan -archdiocese's -archdioceses -archduchess -archduchess's -archduchesses -archway -Oshawa -archway's -archways -Oshawa's -Isherwood -Isherwood's -ayah -aye -eye -Iyar -eyeball -eyeballing -eyeball's -eyeballs -eyeballed -eyebrow -eyebrow's -eyebrows -Ayyubid -Ayyubid's -eyeful -eyeful's -eyefuls -Ayurveda -Ayurveda's -eyeglass -eyeglass's -eyeglasses -Ayala -eyeliner -eyeliner's -eyeliners -Ayala's -eyeless -eyelet -eyelid -eyelet's -eyelets -eyelid's -eyelids -eyelash -eyelashes -eyelash's -eyeing -eyeopener -eyeopening -eyeopener's -eyeopeners -eyepiece -eyepiece's -eyepieces -Eeyore -Eeyore's -ayah's -ayahs -Ayers -Ayers's -aye's -ayes -eye's -eyes -Ieyasu -Iyar's -eyesore -eyesore's -eyesores -Ieyasu's -eyesight -eyestrain -eyestrain's -eyesight's -eyed -eyeteeth -eyetooth -eyetooth's -ayatollah -ayatollah's -ayatollahs -eyedropper -eyedropper's -eyedroppers -eyewitness -eyewitness's -eyewitnesses -eyewash -eyewash's -Th -Thai -Thar -thaw -the -Thea -thee -their -thew -they -Thieu -thigh -tho -Thor -thou -though -Thu -Thur -thy -thither -Thoth -Thoth's -Thurber -thighbone -thighbone's -thighbones -Thebes -Thebes's -Thurber's -they've -thief -thieve -thieving -thieving's -thievery -thievery's -thief's -thieves -theft -thieved -theft's -thefts -thievish -THC -thick -thicker -thicko -thug -thickheaded -thickheaded's -thickly -thicken -thickener -thickening -thickening's -thickenings -thickener's -thickeners -thickens -thickness -thickness's -thicknesses -thickened -Thackeray -thuggery -Thackeray's -theocracy -thuggery's -theocracies -theocracy's -theocratic -Theocritus -Theocritus's -thickos -thick's -thug's -thugs -thickest -thickset -thicket -thicket's -thickets -thuggish -Thalia -Theiler -they'll -thole -Thule -theology -theological -theologically -theologian -theologian's -theologians -theologies -theology's -thalami -thallium -Thelma -thulium -thalamus -thalamus's -thallium's -Thelma's -thulium's -Thailand -Thailand's -Thales -Thales's -Thalia's -Theiler's -thole's -tholes -Thule's -thalidomide -thalidomide's -them -theme -therm -thumb -thyme -Thimbu -thimble -thimbleful -thimbleful's -thimblefuls -thimble's -thimbles -thumbing -thumbnail -thumbnail's -thumbnails -thumbprint -thumbprint's -thumbprints -Thimbu's -thumb's -thumbs -thumbscrew -thumbscrew's -thumbscrews -thumbed -thumbtack -thumbtack's -thumbtacks -Thimphu -thermal -thermally -thermal's -thermals -thermometer -thermometric -thermometer's -thermometers -thiamine -Thurman -thymine -thermionic -thermonuclear -thiamine's -Thurman's -thymine's -Thurmond -Thurmond's -thump -Thermopylae -Thermopylae's -thermoplastic -thermoplastic's -thermoplastics -thumping -thumping's -thump's -thumps -Thompson -Thompson's -thumped -Thames -Thames's -theme's -themes -Thermos -thermos -thermos's -therm's -therms -Thomas -Thomas's -thyme's -thymus -thymus's -themselves -Thomism -Thomism's -Thomson -Thomson's -thermoses -thymuses -Thomistic -Themistocles -Themistocles's -Thomistic's -thermostat -thermostatic -thermostatically -thermostat's -thermostats -themed -thematic -thematically -thermodynamic -thermodynamics -thermodynamics's -than -thane -then -thin -thine -thing -thingy -thinner -thorn -thornier -thorny -Thanh -Thanh's -thank -think -thinker -thong -thunk -thinkable -thankful -thankfully -thankfulness -thankfulness's -thankless -thanklessly -thanklessness -thanklessness's -thanking -thinking -thinking's -thanks -thinker's -thinkers -thinks -thong's -thongs -thunks -Thanksgiving -thanksgiving -Thanksgiving's -Thanksgivings -thanksgiving's -thanksgivings -thanked -thinly -thingummy -thingamabob -thingumabob -thingamabob's -thingamabobs -thingumabobs -thingamajig -thingamajig's -thingamajigs -thingummies -thinning -thorniness -thorniness's -thane's -thanes -thence -then's -thingies -thing's -things -thinner's -thinners -thinness -thinness's -thins -thorn's -thorns -thenceforth -thenceforward -thinnest -thorniest -Thant -thinned -thunder -thunderbolt -thunderbolt's -thunderbolts -Thunderbird -Thunderbird's -thunderhead -thunderhead's -thunderheads -thunderclap -thunderclap's -thunderclaps -thundercloud -thundercloud's -thunderclouds -Thornton -Thornton's -thunderer -thundery -thundering -thunderer's -thunderers -thunderous -thunderously -thundered -Thant's -thunder's -thunders -thunderstorm -thunderstorm's -thunderstorms -thunderstruck -thundershower -thundershower's -thundershowers -Tharp -Thorpe -Tharp's -Thorpe's -theory -there -they're -Thoreau -thorough -three -threw -throe -through -throw -thru -thereby -throb -throwback -throwback's -throwbacks -throbbing -Thoroughbred -thoroughbred -Thoroughbred's -thoroughbred's -thoroughbreds -throb's -throbs -thereabout -throbbed -thereabouts -therefor -thereof -thrive -threefold -thriving -therefore -thoroughfare -therefrom -thoroughfare's -thoroughfares -thrives -Theravada -thereafter -thrift -thriftier -thrifty -thrived -thriftily -thriftless -thriftiness -thriftiness's -Theravada's -thrift's -thrifts -thriftiest -thorougher -thoroughgoing -thorax -thoraxes -thorax's -thoroughest -throughout -thoroughly -thrall -thrill -thriller -thralling -thrilling -thrillingly -thrall's -thralls -thriller's -thrillers -thrill's -thrills -thralled -thrilled -theorem -thorium -thrum -thrombi -thrombolytic -thrombus -thrombus's -thromboses -thrombosis -thrombosis's -thrombotic -theremin -thrumming -theremin's -theremins -theorem's -theorems -thorium's -thrum's -thrums -thrummed -therein -thereon -Theron -throne -thrown -throng -thronging -throng's -throngs -thronged -Theron's -thoroughness -thoroughness's -throne's -thrones -thereunder -thereunto -threnody -threnodies -threnody's -therapy -thereupon -threepence -threepence's -therapies -therapy's -therapist -therapist's -therapists -throughput -therapeutic -therapeutically -therapeutics -therapeutics's -throughput's -theories -theory's -there's -Theresa -Therese -Thoreau's -Thrace -three's -threes -thrice -throe's -throes -throw's -throws -thoracic -threescore -threescore's -threescores -threesome -threesome's -threesomes -Thorazine -Thorazine's -Theresa's -Therese's -Thrace's -theorist -thrust -thrusting -theorist's -theorists -thrust's -thrusts -thereat -thereto -thread -threader -threadier -thready -threat -throat -throatier -throaty -thyroid -threadbare -theretofore -theoretic -theoretical -theoretically -throatily -throttle -throttler -thyroidal -threadlike -throttling -throttler's -throttlers -throttle's -throttles -throttled -threading -threaten -threatening -threateningly -threatens -throatiness -throatiness's -threatened -threader's -threaders -thread's -threads -threat's -threats -throat's -throats -thyroid's -thyroids -threadiest -throatiest -threaded -theoretician -theoretician's -theoreticians -thrower -therewith -throwing -thrower's -throwers -throwaway -throwaway's -throwaways -thrash -thrasher -thresh -thresher -thrush -threshold -threshold's -thresholds -Thracian -thrashing -threshing -Thracian's -thrashing's -thrashings -thrasher's -thrashers -thrashes -thrash's -thresher's -threshers -threshes -thresh's -thrushes -thrush's -thrashed -threshed -Thai's -Thais -Thar's -thaw's -thaws -Thea's -thees -theirs -these -thew's -thews -Thieu's -thigh's -thighs -this -Thor's -those -thou's -thous -Th's -Thurs -thus -Theosophy -theosophy -theosophic -theosophical -Theosophy's -theosophy's -theosophist -theosophist's -theosophists -Thessaly -thyself -Thessalonian -Thessalonian's -Thessalonians -Thessaly's -theism -theism's -thousand -thousandth -thousandth's -thousandths -thousandfold -thousand's -thousands -Thespian -thespian -Thespian's -thespian's -thespians -Thespis -Thespis's -thesauri -thesaurus -thesaurus's -thesauruses -theses -Theseus -Theseus's -thesis -thesis's -theist -thirst -thirstier -thirsty -Thursday -theistic -thirstily -thistle -thistle's -thistles -thistledown -thistledown's -thirsting -thirstiness -thirstiness's -theist's -theists -thirst's -thirsts -Thursday's -Thursdays -thirstiest -thirsted -Thucydides -Thucydides's -Thad -that -theta -they'd -third -thirty -thought -thud -thirtieth -thirtieth's -thirtieths -thoughtful -thoughtfully -thoughtfulness -thoughtfulness's -that'll -thirdly -thoughtless -thoughtlessly -thoughtlessness -thoughtlessness's -theodolite -theodolites -Thutmose -Thutmose's -thirteen -thudding -thirteenth -thirteenth's -thirteenths -thirteen's -thirteens -Theodora -Theodore -Theodoric -theatrical -theatrically -theatricals -theatricals's -theatricality -theatricality's -theatrics -theatrics's -Theodoric's -Theodora's -Theodore's -Thaddeus -Thaddeus's -Thad's -that's -theta's -thetas -third's -thirds -thirties -thirty's -thought's -thoughts -thud's -thuds -Theodosius -Theodosius's -that'd -thudded -thwack -thwacker -thwacking -thwacker's -thwackers -thwack's -thwacks -thwacked -thawing -thawed -thwart -thwarting -thwart's -thwarts -thwarted -thatch -Thatcher -thatcher -thatching -thatching's -Thatcher's -thatcher's -thatchers -thatches -thatch's -thatched -B -b -BA -Ba -baa -bah -bar -Bauer -bay -BB -BBB -Be -be -bear -Beau -beau -bee -beer -bey -Bi -bi -BIA -bier -bio -BO -boa -boar -Boer -boo -boor -bough -bow -boy -bu -buoy -bur -burgh -buy -by -Yb -Baath -Barth -bath -bathe -bather -berth -Bertha -Beth -Bethe -birth -birther -Booth -booth -both -bother -Beethoven -Beethoven's -bathhouse -bathhouse's -bathhouses -bioethics -bioethics's -Bethlehem -Bethlehem's -Bartholomew -Bartholomew's -biathlon -biathlon's -biathlons -Bartholdi -Bartholdi's -birthmark -birthmark's -birthmarks -bathmat -bathmat's -bathmats -bathing -berthing -Bethany -Bethune -birthing -bethink -bethinking -bethinks -bathing's -Bethany's -Bethune's -birthplace -birthplace's -birthplaces -bathrobe -bathrobe's -bathrobes -bathroom -bathroom's -bathrooms -bothering -birthrate -birthright -bothered -birthrate's -birthrates -birthright's -birthrights -botheration -Baath's -Barthes -Barth's -bather's -bathers -bathe's -bathes -bathos -bathos's -bath's -baths -Bertha's -berth's -berths -Bethe's -Beth's -birther's -birthers -birth's -births -boathouse -Boethius -Boethius's -Booth's -booth's -booths -bother's -bothers -bathysphere -bathysphere's -bathyspheres -bathyscaphe -bathyscaphe's -bathyscaphes -bothersome -boathouse's -boathouses -Baathist -Bethesda -birthstone -birthstone's -birthstones -Baathist's -Bethesda's -bathed -berthed -bethought -birthday -birthed -bathtub -bathtub's -bathtubs -bathetic -birthday's -birthdays -bathwater -Bathsheba -Bathsheba's -babe -babier -baby -barb -Barber -barber -Barbie -barbie -Barbour -Beebe -Berber -Bib -bib -Bob -bob -Bobbi -Bobbie -Bobby -bobby -boob -booby -bub -Buber -bubo -baobab -baobab's -baobabs -babyhood -bobwhite -babyhood's -bobwhite's -bobwhites -Babbage -barbacoa -barbecue -Bourbaki -buyback -barbecuing -Babbage's -barbecue's -barbecues -Bourbaki's -buyback's -buybacks -barbecued -bobcat -bobcat's -bobcats -babble -babbler -Babel -babel -barbel -barbell -bauble -Bible -bible -bobble -bubble -bubblier -bubbly -burble -bibliophile -bibliophile's -bibliophiles -biblical -bubblegum -bubblegum's -bibliographer -bibliography -bibliographic -bibliographical -bibliographically -bibliographer's -bibliographers -bibliographies -bibliography's -babbling -Babylon -Babylonia -bobbling -bubbling -burbling -bobolink -bobolink's -bobolinks -Babylonian -Babylonian's -Babylonians -Babylonia's -Babylon's -Babylons -babbler's -babblers -babble's -babbles -Babel's -Babels -babel's -babels -barbell's -barbells -barbel's -barbels -bauble's -baubles -Bible's -Bibles -bible's -bibles -bibulous -bobble's -bobbles -bubble's -bubbles -bubbly's -burble's -burbles -Byblos -Byblos's -bubbliest -babbled -bobbled -bubbled -burbled -Beerbohm -Beerbohm's -baboon -barbing -bobbin -bobbing -boobing -Bourbon -bourbon -Burbank -Burbank's -baboon's -baboons -bobbin's -bobbins -Bourbon's -Bourbons -bourbon's -bourbons -bebop -bebop's -bebops -Barbara -Barbary -barberry -Barbra -bayberry -Burberry -barbaric -barbarically -Barbarella -Barbarella's -barbarian -barbering -barbarian's -barbarians -barbarianism -barbarianism's -barbarianisms -Barbara's -Barbarossa -barbarous -Barbary's -barberries -barberry's -Barbra's -bayberries -bayberry's -Burberry's -barbarously -barbarism -barbarism's -barbarisms -Barbarossa's -barbarity -barbered -beebread -barbarities -barbarity's -beebread's -babe's -babes -babies -baby's -Barber's -barber's -barbers -Barbie's -barbies -Barbour's -barb's -barbs -Beebe's -Berber's -Berbers -bib's -bibs -Bobbie's -bobbies -Bobbi's -Bobby's -bobby's -Bob's -bob's -bobs -boobies -boob's -boobs -booby's -Buber's -buboes -bubo's -bub's -bubs -burbs -burbs's -bobbysoxer -bobbysoxer's -bobbysoxers -bobsleigh -bobsleigh's -bobsleighs -bobsled -bobsledder -bobsledding -bobsledder's -bobsledders -bobsled's -bobsleds -bobsledded -babiest -babysat -babysit -babysitter -babysitting -babysitting's -babysits -babysitter's -babysitters -Babbitt -babied -barbed -Barbuda -bobbed -Bobbitt -boobed -bobtail -bobtail's -bobtails -Barbadian -Barbadian's -Barbadians -barbiturate -barbiturate's -barbiturates -Babbitt's -Barbados -Barbados's -Barbuda's -Bobbitt's -barbwire -barbwire's -babushka -babushka's -babushkas -barbershop -barbershop's -barbershops -babying -babyish -barf -Beauvoir -beaver -beef -beefier -beefy -bevy -bf -BFF -biff -boffo -buff -buffer -Buffy -beefburger -beefburger's -beefburgers -bevvy -bovver -bevvies -befog -bivouac -beefcake -beefcake's -beefcakes -bifocal -bifocals -bifocals's -befogging -bivouacking -befogs -bivouac's -bivouacs -befogged -bifurcate -bivouacked -bifurcating -bifurcates -bifurcated -bifurcation -bifurcation's -bifurcations -baffle -baffler -barfly -befall -befell -befoul -bevel -Beverley -Beverly -Buffalo -buffalo -bivalve -bivalve's -bivalves -bafflement -bafflement's -baffling -befallen -befalling -befouling -buffaloing -bivalent -baffler's -bafflers -baffle's -baffles -barflies -barfly's -befalls -befouls -bevel's -bevels -Beverley's -Beverly's -buffaloes -Buffalo's -buffalo's -baffled -befouled -buffaloed -Baffin -barfing -beefing -biffing -boffin -bovine -buffing -buffoon -buffoonery -buffoonery's -Baffin's -beefiness -beefiness's -boffins -bovine's -bovines -buffoon's -buffoons -bouffant -bouffant's -bouffants -buffoonish -Bavaria -before -Bovary -beforehand -beverage -Beveridge -beverage's -beverages -Bavarian -beavering -Beefaroni -buffering -Bavarian's -Beefaroni's -befriend -boyfriend -befriending -befriends -boyfriend's -boyfriends -befriended -Bavaria's -Bovary's -beavered -buffered -barf's -barfs -Beauvoir's -beaver's -beavers -beef's -beefs -beeves -bevies -bevy's -biffs -buffer's -buffers -buff's -buffs -Buffy's -biophysical -biophysics -biophysics's -biophysicist -biophysicist's -biophysicists -beefiest -beefsteak -beefsteak's -beefsteaks -barfed -Beaufort -beefed -befit -biffed -buffed -buffet -Buford -biofeedback -biofeedback's -befuddle -befuddlement -befuddlement's -befuddling -befuddles -befuddled -befitting -buffeting -befittingly -buffetings -Beaufort's -befits -buffet's -buffets -Buford's -befitted -buffeted -Baha'i -Bahia -boohoo -biorhythm -biorhythm's -biorhythms -beehive -behave -behaving -beehive's -beehives -behaves -behaved -bhaji -Baha'ullah -behalf -behalf's -behalves -Baha'ullah's -beheld -behold -beholder -beholden -beholding -beholder's -beholders -beholds -Bahama -Bohemia -behemoth -behemoth's -behemoths -Bahamian -Bohemian -bohemian -Bahamanian -Bahamian's -Bahamians -Bohemian's -Bohemians -bohemian's -bohemians -bohemianism -bohemianism's -Bahama's -Bahamas -Bahamas's -Bohemia's -Behan -boohooing -Behan's -behind -behindhand -behind's -behinds -barhop -Bhopal -Bhopal's -barhopping -barhops -barhopped -Bharat -Bharat's -Baha'i's -Bahia's -Bauhaus -Bauhaus's -boohoo's -boohoos -bewhiskered -behest -behest's -behests -behead -Bhutto -boohooed -boyhood -beheading -Bhutan -Bhutanese -Bhutan's -Bhutanese's -beheads -Bhutto's -boyhood's -boyhoods -beheaded -back -backer -badge -bag -baggie -baggier -baggy -Baguio -bake -Baker -baker -Baku -barge -bark -Barker -barker -barque -BBC -BBQ -BC -beak -beaker -Beck -beck -Becker -Becky -beg -beggar -beige -Berg -berg -Berger -berk -Bic -bicker -big -bigger -biggie -bijou -bike -biker -Biko -biog -Bioko -Bk -bk -bock -bodge -bog -boga -bogey -boggier -boggy -bogie -booger -boogie -book -Booker -bookie -Borg -Borgia -Bork -Buck -buck -budge -budgie -bug -bugger -buggier -buggy -Buick -burg -Burger -burger -burgher -Burke -bx -bequeath -bequeathing -bequeaths -bequeathed -bicarb -bugaboo -bugbear -bookable -buckyball -buckyball's -buckyballs -backbone -backbone's -backbones -bicarbonate -bookbinder -bookbinding -bookbinding's -bookbindery -bookbinderies -bookbindery's -bicarbonate's -bicarbonates -bookbinder's -bookbinders -backbench -backbenches -backbreaking -bicarb's -bicarbs -bugaboo's -bugaboos -bugbear's -bugbears -backbit -backbite -backbiter -backboard -buckboard -backbiting -backbitten -backbiter's -backbiters -backbites -backboard's -backboards -buckboard's -buckboards -bagful -bagful's -bagfuls -backfield -backfield's -backfields -backfire -backfiring -backfire's -backfires -backfired -Bigfoot -Bigfoot's -backhoe -backhand -backhander -backhanding -backhander's -backhanders -backhand's -backhands -backhanded -backhandedly -Bukhara -Bukharin -Bukharin's -Bukhara's -backhoe's -backhoes -buckwheat -buckwheat's -baggage -Bjork -backcloth -backcloths -backcomb -backcombing -backcombs -backcombed -backgammon -backgammon's -Bjerknes -Bjerknes's -background -backgrounder -backgrounder's -backgrounders -background's -backgrounds -baggage's -Bjork's -Boccaccio -bookcase -Boccaccio's -bookcase's -bookcases -Bacall -bagel -baggily -Baikal -Barclay -Barkley -beagle -beggarly -beguile -beguiler -Berkeley -boggle -buckle -buckler -Buckley -bugle -bugler -burglar -burgle -baklava -baklava's -backlog -bucolic -bucolically -backlogging -backlog's -backlogs -bucolic's -bucolics -backlogged -becalm -berkelium -Borglum -becalming -beguilement -beguilement's -becalms -berkelium's -Borglum's -becalmed -beguiling -boggling -buckling -bugling -burgling -beguilingly -burglarproof -burglary -burglaries -burglary's -baccalaureate -baccalaureate's -baccalaureates -Bacall's -backless -bagel's -bagels -Baikal's -Barclay's -Barclays -Barclays's -Barkley's -beagle's -beagles -Beaujolais -Beaujolais's -beguiler's -beguilers -beguiles -Berkeley's -Biggles -Biggles's -boggles -buckler's -bucklers -buckle's -buckles -Buckley's -bugler's -buglers -bugle's -bugles -burglar's -burglars -burgles -Bakelite -becloud -beguiled -boggled -booklet -buckled -bugled -burgled -beclouding -Bakelite's -beclouds -booklet's -booklets -beclouded -backlash -backlashes -backlash's -became -become -begum -bigamy -bigmouth -bigmouth's -bigmouths -bookmobile -bookmobile's -bookmobiles -Bujumbura -Bujumbura's -bookmaker -bookmark -bookmaking -bookmarking -bookmaking's -bookmaker's -bookmakers -bookmark's -bookmarks -bookmarked -bargeman -bargemen -becoming -Bergman -bogeyman -bogeymen -bogyman -bogymen -boogeyman -boogeymen -boogieman -becomingly -bargeman's -Bergman's -bogeyman's -bogyman's -boogeyman's -boogieman's -bicameral -bicameralism -bicameralism's -becomes -begum's -begums -bigamous -bigamy's -bigamist -burgomaster -bigamist's -bigamists -burgomaster's -burgomasters -backing -Bacon -bacon -bagging -baking -bargain -bargainer -barging -barking -beacon -beckon -began -begging -Begin -begin -beginner -begone -begonia -beguine -begun -Beijing -Bergen -bighorn -biking -bikini -bogging -bogon -boogieing -booking -buccaneer -bucking -Buckner -bugging -burgeon -Burgoyne -bygone -biconvex -bougainvillea -bougainvillea's -bougainvilleas -Buckingham -Buckingham's -biconcave -Bojangles -Bojangles's -Bakunin -bargaining -beckoning -beginning -burgeoning -Bakunin's -beginning's -beginnings -buccaneering -buccaneered -backing's -backings -Bacon's -bacon's -bagginess -bagginess's -bargainer's -bargainers -bargain's -bargains -beacon's -beacons -beckons -beginner's -beginners -Begin's -begins -begonia's -begonias -beguine's -beguines -Beijing's -Bergen's -bighorn's -bighorns -bigness -bigness's -bikini's -bikinis -booking's -bookings -buccaneer's -buccaneers -Buckner's -burgeons -Burgoyne's -bygone's -bygones -Birkenstock -Birkenstock's -bargained -beckoned -bookend -burgeoned -Burgundy -burgundy -Burgundian -Burgundian's -bookend's -bookends -Burgundies -burgundies -Burgundy's -burgundy's -backup -barkeep -barkeeper -beekeeper -bookkeeper -backpack -backpacker -backpacking -backpacking's -backpacker's -backpackers -backpack's -backpacks -backpacked -bookplate -bookplate's -bookplates -beekeeping -bookkeeping -beekeeping's -bookkeeping's -bagpipe -bagpiper -bagpiper's -bagpipers -bagpipe's -bagpipes -backup's -backups -barkeeper's -barkeepers -barkeep's -barkeeps -beekeeper's -beekeepers -bookkeeper's -bookkeepers -backpedal -backpedals -bakery -beggary -bickerer -buckaroo -buggery -biographer -biography -biographic -biographical -biographically -biographer's -biographers -biographies -biography's -begrudge -Bergerac -begrudges -Bergerac's -begrudged -barcarole -Becquerel -becquerel -barcarole's -barcaroles -Becquerel's -becquerels -backroom -begrime -buckram -begriming -backrooms -begrimes -buckram's -begrimed -beggaring -bickering -buggering -bakeries -bakery's -beggary's -bickerer's -bickerers -buckaroo's -buckaroos -backrest -backrest's -backrests -baccarat -beggared -bickered -buggered -begrudging -begrudgingly -baccarat's -baccy -backer's -backers -back's -backs -Backus -Backus's -badge's -badges -Baggies -baggie's -baggies -Baggies's -bag's -bags -Baguio's -Baker's -baker's -bakers -bake's -bakes -Baku's -barge's -barges -Barker's -barker's -barkers -bark's -barks -barque's -barques -BBC's -BC's -beaker's -beakers -beak's -beaks -because -Becker's -Beck's -beck's -becks -Becky's -beggar's -beggars -begs -beige's -Bekesy -Berger's -Berg's -berg's -bergs -berks -bicker's -bickers -Bic's -biggie's -biggies -bijou's -bijoux -biker's -bikers -bike's -bikes -Biko's -Bioko's -Bk's -boccie -bock's -bodges -bogey's -bogeys -bogie's -bogies -bog's -bogs -bogus -boogers -boogie's -boogies -Booker's -bookie's -bookies -book's -books -Borges -Borges's -Borgia's -Borg's -Borgs -Bork's -bourgeois -bourgeoisie -bourgeois's -box -boxer -boxier -boxy -Buck's -buck's -bucks -bucksaw -budges -budgie's -budgies -bugger's -buggers -buggies -buggy's -bug's -bugs -Buick's -Burger's -burger's -burgers -Burgess -Burgess's -burgher's -burghers -burg's -burgs -Burke's -Burks -Burks's -bxs -Bakersfield -Bakersfield's -boxcar -buckskin -buckskin's -buckskins -backscratching -backscratching's -boxcar's -boxcars -bookseller -Bugzilla -boxlike -backslapper -backslapping -backslapping's -backslapper's -backslappers -bookseller's -booksellers -Bugzilla's -backslid -backslide -backslider -backsliding -backslider's -backsliders -backslides -backslash -backslashes -backslash's -buxom -Barquisimeto -Barquisimeto's -Bergson -boxen -boxing -Bergson's -boxing's -backspin -backspin's -backspace -backspacing -backspace's -backspaces -backspaced -bicuspid -bicuspid's -bicuspids -boxroom -boxrooms -Bekesy's -boccie's -bourgeoisie's -boxer's -boxers -boxes -box's -bucksaw's -bucksaws -boxiest -backseat -backside -backstair -baggiest -bauxite -Baxter -bequest -biggest -boggiest -bogosity -boxed -buggiest -backstabber -backstabbing -backstabber's -backstabbers -Buxtehude -Buxtehude's -backstage -backstage's -bookstall -bookstalls -backstop -backstopping -backstop's -backstops -backstopped -backstory -bookstore -backstroke -backstroking -backstroke's -backstrokes -backstroked -backstories -bookstore's -bookstores -backstreet -backstreets -backstretch -backstretches -backstretch's -backseat's -backseats -backside's -backsides -backstairs -bauxite's -Baxter's -bequest's -bequests -boxwood -boxwood's -Bacardi -backdoor -backed -bagged -baguette -baked -barged -barked -beaked -Becket -Beckett -begat -beget -begetter -begged -begot -bighead -bigot -biked -bodged -Bogart -bogged -boogied -booked -bouquet -boycott -bucked -bucket -budged -budget -Bugatti -bugged -buckteeth -bucktooth -bucktooth's -bucktoothed -bucketful -bucketful's -bucketfuls -bagatelle -backtalk -backtalk's -bagatelle's -bagatelles -begetting -begotten -boycotting -bucketing -budgeting -bacteria -Bactria -bigotry -budgetary -backtrack -backtracking -backtracks -backtracked -bacterial -bacteriology -bacteriologic -bacteriological -bacteriology's -bacteriologist -bacteriologist's -bacteriologists -bacterium -bacterium's -backdrop -backdrop's -backdrops -bacteria's -Bactria's -bigotries -bigotry's -bactericide -bactericidal -bactericide's -bactericides -Bacardi's -baguette's -baguettes -Becket's -Beckett's -begets -begetters -bighead's -bigheads -bigot's -bigots -Bogart's -bouquet's -bouquets -boycott's -boycotts -bucket's -buckets -budget's -budgets -Bugatti's -backdate -bighearted -bigoted -boycotted -bucketed -budgeted -backdating -bigheartedness -bigheartedness's -backdates -backdated -bigwig -bigwig's -bigwigs -bejewel -bejewels -bookworm -bookworm's -bookworms -backward -backwater -backwardly -backwardness -backwardness's -backwards -backwater's -backwaters -backwoods -backwoods's -backwoodsman -backwoodsmen -backwoodsman's -backwash -backwash's -backache -biggish -bookish -Bacchic -bookshelf -bookshelf's -bookshelves -bacchanal -Bacchanalia -bacchanalia -bacchanalian -bacchanalian's -bacchanalians -Bacchanalia's -bacchanalia's -bacchanal's -bacchanals -bakeshop -bookshop -bakeshop's -bakeshops -bookshop's -bookshops -Berkshire -Berkshire's -Berkshires -Berkshires's -Bacchus -Bacchus's -backache's -backaches -backchat -buckshot -buckshot's -baksheesh -baksheesh's -buckeye -bogeying -buckeye's -buckeyes -backyard -bogeyed -backyard's -backyards -Baal -bail -Bailey -bailey -bale -baler -Bali -Ball -ball -bally -barley -Barlow -bawl -Baylor -bbl -Bela -Belau -belay -belie -Bell -bell -Bella -belle -Bellow -bellow -belly -below -Berle -Beulah -bile -Bill -bill -Billie -billow -billowy -Billy -billy -biol -bl -blah -Blair -blear -blew -Bligh -blow -blowy -Blu -blue -bluer -blur -boil -boiler -bola -bole -boll -Boole -bowl -bowler -Boyle -bull -bully -Burl -burl -burlier -burly -bylaw -blather -blithe -blither -Blythe -blithely -bolthole -boltholes -blitheness -blitheness's -blathering -blithering -blathered -Balthazar -blather's -blathers -Blythe's -blithesome -Balthazar's -blithest -Balboa -balboa -bellboy -Bilbao -Bilbo -blab -blabber -blob -blubber -blurb -bulb -bailable -bilabial -billable -bluebell -bilabial's -bilabials -bluebell's -bluebells -blabbermouth -blabbermouth's -blabbermouths -blabbing -blobbing -bluebonnet -bluebonnet's -bluebonnets -bilberry -blubbery -blueberry -blabbering -blubbering -bilberries -blueberries -blueberry's -blabbered -blubbered -Balboa's -balboa's -balboas -bellboy's -bellboys -Bilbao's -Bilbo's -blabbers -blab's -blabs -blob's -blobs -blubber's -blubbers -blurb's -blurbs -bouillabaisse -bulbous -bulb's -bulbs -bouillabaisse's -bouillabaisses -billboard -blabbed -blobbed -Bluebeard -bluebird -bluebottle -bluebottle's -bluebottles -bellybutton -bellybutton's -bellybuttons -billboard's -billboards -Bluebeard's -bluebird's -bluebirds -bailiff -Balfour -belief -believe -believer -bluff -bluffer -Bolivar -bolivar -Bolivia -believable -believably -baleful -balefully -bellyful -blowfly -bluffly -bowlful -balefulness -balefulness's -bellyful's -bellyfuls -blowflies -blowfly's -bowlful's -bowlfuls -billfold -billfold's -billfolds -believing -bluffing -Bolivian -Blevins -Blevins's -bluffness -bluffness's -Bolivian's -Bolivians -Bulfinch -bullfinch -Bulfinch's -bullfinches -bullfinch's -belfry -bullfrog -bullfrog's -bullfrogs -belfries -belfry's -bolivares -bailiffs -Balfour's -belief's -beliefs -believer's -believers -believes -bluffer's -bluffers -bluff's -bluffs -Bolivar's -bolivar's -bolivars -Bolivia's -Belfast -bluffest -Belfast's -believed -beloved -blivet -bluffed -Blvd -blvd -boulevard -bullfight -bullfighter -bullfighting -bullfighting's -beloved's -beloveds -blivets -boulevard's -boulevards -bullfighter's -bullfighters -bullfight's -bullfights -Blavatsky -Blavatsky's -bluefish -bluefishes -bluefish's -ballyhoo -billhook -billhooks -blowhole -blowholes -ballyhooing -bullhorn -bullhorn's -bullhorns -bellhop -bullwhip -bellhop's -bellhops -bullwhips -ballyhoo's -ballyhoos -ballyhooed -blowhard -bullhead -blowhard's -blowhards -bullhead's -bullheads -bullheaded -bullheadedly -bullheadedness -bullheadedness's -balkier -balky -bearlike -beleaguer -Belg -Belleek -beluga -bilge -bilk -bilker -biology -black -blacker -blag -Blake -bleak -bleaker -bloc -block -blocker -blog -blogger -bloke -Borlaug -bowleg -Bulgar -bulge -bulgier -bulgy -bulk -bulkier -bulky -Bullock -bullock -blackthorn -blackthorn's -blackthorns -blowjob -blackball -blackballing -blackball's -blackballs -blackballed -Blackburn -Blackburn's -BlackBerry -blackberry -blackberries -BlackBerry's -blackberry's -blackberrying -blowjob's -blowjobs -Blockbuster -blockbuster -blockbusting -blockbusting's -Blockbuster's -blockbuster's -blockbusters -Blackbeard -blackbird -blackboard -Blackbeard's -blackbird's -blackbirds -blackboard's -blackboards -blackface -Blackfeet -Blackfoot -Blackfeet's -Blackfoot's -blockhouse -blockhouse's -blockhouses -blackhead -blockhead -bulkhead -blackhead's -blackheads -blockhead's -blockheads -bulkhead's -bulkheads -Balkhash -Balkhash's -ballcock -biologic -blockage -blackjack -blackjacking -blackjack's -blackjacks -blackjacked -biological -biologically -blackcurrant -blackcurrants -ballcock's -ballcocks -blockage's -blockages -blackguard -bluejacket -blackguard's -blackguards -bluejacket's -bluejackets -ballgirl -blackly -bleakly -bluegill -balaclava -balaclava's -balaclavas -blackleg -blacklegs -ballgirls -bluegill's -bluegills -blacklist -blacklisting -blacklist's -blacklists -blacklisted -ballgame -Belgium -blackamoor -blackmail -blackmailer -blackmailing -blackmailer's -blackmailers -blackmail's -blackmails -blackmailed -ballgame's -ballgames -Belgium's -blackamoor's -blackamoors -balcony -Balkan -ballgown -Belgian -bilking -billycan -blacken -blacking -blagging -blocking -blogging -blowgun -bludgeon -bollocking -Bologna -bologna -bulging -bulking -blackening -bludgeoning -Bulganin -Bulganin's -balconies -balcony's -Balkan's -Balkans -Balkans's -ballgowns -Belgian's -Belgians -billycans -blackens -blacking's -blackness -blackness's -bleakness -bleakness's -blogging's -blowgun's -blowguns -bludgeon's -bludgeons -bluejeans -bluejeans's -bollockings -Bologna's -bologna's -bulkiness -bulkiness's -blackened -bludgeoned -Blackpool -Blackpool's -Bulgari -Bulgaria -beleaguering -Bulgarian -belligerence -belligerency -Bulgarian's -Bulgarians -belligerence's -belligerency's -belligerent -belligerently -belligerent's -belligerents -bluegrass -bluegrass's -Bulgaria's -Bulgari's -beleaguered -Belgrade -Belgrade's -beleaguers -Belleek's -bellicose -beluga's -belugas -bilge's -bilges -bilker's -bilkers -bilks -biology's -black's -blacks -blags -Blake's -blocker's -blockers -block's -blocks -bloc's -blocs -blogger's -bloggers -blog's -blogs -bloke's -blokes -bollix -bollocks -Borlaug's -bowleg's -bowlegs -Bulgar's -bulge's -bulges -bulk's -bulks -Bullock's -bullock's -bullocks -blacksmith -blacksmith's -blacksmiths -bollixing -blacksnake -blacksnake's -blacksnakes -bollixes -bollix's -balkiest -bellicosity -biologist -blackest -bleakest -bollixed -bulgiest -bulkiest -Blackstone -Blackstone's -bellicosity's -biologist's -biologists -bilked -blacked -blackout -blagged -blockade -blockader -blocked -blogged -bowlegged -bulged -bulked -blockading -blacktop -blacktopping -blacktop's -blacktops -blacktopped -blackout's -blackouts -blockader's -blockaders -blockade's -blockades -blockaded -Blackwell -Blackwell's -blackish -blokish -Blackshirt -Blackshirt's -balalaika -balalaika's -balalaikas -blowlamp -blowlamps -balm -balmier -balmy -Belem -Bellamy -blame -blamer -blammo -blimey -Bloom -bloom -Bloomer -bloomer -bulimia -Bloomfield -Bloomfield's -Bloemfontein -Bloemfontein's -boilermaker -bulimic -boilermaker's -boilermakers -bulimic's -bulimics -blameless -blamelessly -blamelessness -blamelessness's -bellman -bellmen -blaming -blooming -balminess -balminess's -bellman's -Belmont -Bloomingdale -Bloomingdale's -Belmont's -blimp -Belmopan -Belmopan's -blimp's -blimps -blimpish -bulimarexia -bulimarexia's -balm's -balms -Belem's -Bellamy's -blame's -blames -Bloomer's -bloomer's -bloomers -Bloom's -bloom's -blooms -bulimia's -Bloomsbury -Bloomsbury's -balmiest -blamed -bloomed -blameworthy -blameworthiness -blameworthiness's -blemish -blemishing -blemishes -blemish's -blemished -bailing -baleen -baling -balling -balloon -baloney -bawling -beeline -belling -Bellini -Berlin -Berliner -billing -billion -Blaine -blarney -bling -blini -blown -bluing -boiling -Boleyn -Boolean -bouillon -bowline -bowling -bulling -bullion -byline -billionth -billionth's -billionths -Blenheim -Blenheim's -belong -Blanca -blank -blanker -blink -blinker -blankly -blancmange -blancmange's -blancmanges -belonging -blanking -blinking -belonging's -belongings -blankness -blankness's -Blankenship -Blankenship's -blinkering -blinkered -belongs -Blanca's -blank's -blanks -blinker's -blinkers -blink's -blinks -blankest -belonged -blanked -blanket -blinked -blanketing -blanket's -blankets -blanketed -bilingual -bilingually -bilingual's -bilinguals -bilingualism -bilingualism's -ballooning -billionaire -billionaire's -billionaires -balance -baleen's -Balinese -balloon's -balloons -baloney's -beeline's -beelines -Bellini's -Berliner's -Berliners -Berlin's -Berlins -Billings -billing's -billings -Billings's -billion's -billions -Blaine's -blarney's -blarneys -blini's -blinis -blueness -blueness's -bluenose -bluing's -boilings -Boleyn's -Boolean's -bouillon's -bouillons -bowline's -bowlines -bowling's -bullion's -burliness -burliness's -byline's -bylines -billingsgate -billingsgate's -balancing -balance's -balances -Balinese's -bluenose's -bluenoses -balanced -balloonist -balloonist's -balloonists -ballooned -Belinda -bland -blander -blend -blender -blind -blinder -blond -blonde -blonder -Blondie -blunder -blunt -blunter -blunderbuss -blunderbuss's -blunderbusses -blindfold -blindfolding -blindfold's -blindfolds -blindfolded -blandly -blindly -Blondel -bluntly -Blondel's -blending -blinding -blunting -Burlington -blindingly -blandness -blandness's -blindness -blindness's -blondness -blondness's -bluntness -bluntness's -Burlington's -Blantyre -blunderer -blundering -Blantyre's -blunderer's -blunderers -blundered -Belinda's -blender's -blenders -blend's -blends -blinder's -blinders -blind's -blinds -blintz -blintze -blonde's -blondes -Blondie's -blond's -blonds -blunder's -blunders -blunts -blintze's -blintzes -blintz's -blandest -blindest -blindside -blondest -bluntest -blindsiding -blindsides -blindsided -blended -blinded -blunted -blandish -blondish -blandishment -blandishment's -blandishments -blandishing -blandishes -blandished -blanch -Blanche -blench -Balanchine -blanching -blenching -Balanchine's -Blanche's -blanches -blenches -Blanchard -blanched -blenched -Blanchard's -blarneying -blarneyed -bleep -bleeper -blip -bloop -blooper -burlap -ballpark -ballpark's -ballparks -boilerplate -boilerplate's -ballplayer -ballplayer's -ballplayers -bleeping -blooping -bullpen -bullpen's -bullpens -ballpoint -bluepoint -ballpoint's -ballpoints -bluepoint's -bluepoints -blowpipe -blowpipe's -blowpipes -blueprint -blueprinting -blueprint's -blueprints -blueprinted -bleeper's -bleepers -bleep's -bleeps -blip's -blips -blooper's -bloopers -bloop's -bloops -burlap's -bleeped -blooped -blare -blearier -bleary -blurrier -blurry -bolero -bilirubin -Balearic -Balearic's -blearily -ballroom -ballroom's -ballrooms -ballerina -blaring -blurring -bullring -ballerina's -ballerinas -bleariness -bleariness's -blurriness -blurriness's -bullring's -bullrings -Belarus -Belarus's -blare's -blares -bolero's -boleros -bleariest -blurriest -blared -blurred -bulrush -Belarusian -Belorussian -Belorussian's -Belorussians -bulrushes -bulrush's -Baal's -Baals -Bailey's -baileys -bail's -bails -baler's -balers -bale's -bales -Bali's -Ball's -ball's -balls -ballsier -ballsy -balsa -barley's -Barlow's -bawl's -bawls -Baylor's -Bela's -Belau's -belays -belies -Belize -Bella's -belle's -belles -bellies -Bellow's -bellow's -bellows -Bell's -bell's -bells -belly's -Berle's -Berlioz -Beulah's -bile's -bilious -Billie's -billies -billow's -billows -Bill's -bill's -bills -Billy's -billy's -blah's -blahs -blahs's -Blair's -blaze -blazer -bless -Bligh's -bliss -bliss's -blouse -blow's -blows -blue's -blues -bluesier -bluesy -blur's -blurs -boiler's -boilers -boil's -boils -bola's -bolas -bole's -boles -boll's -bolls -bolus -bolus's -Boole's -boules -Boulez -bowler's -bowlers -bowl's -bowls -Boyle's -bullies -bull's -bulls -bully's -Burl's -burl's -burls -bylaw's -bylaws -Beelzebub -Beelzebub's -blissful -blissfully -blissfulness -blissfulness's -blaspheme -blasphemer -blasphemy -blaspheming -blasphemer's -blasphemers -blasphemes -blasphemies -blasphemous -blasphemy's -blasphemously -blasphemed -Balzac -burlesque -burlesquing -Balzac's -burlesque's -burlesques -burlesqued -balsam -blossom -blossomy -balsamic -bailsman -bailsmen -blossoming -bailsman's -balsam's -balsams -blossom's -blossoms -blossomed -ballsing -blazing -blazon -blessing -blousing -blazoning -biliousness -biliousness's -blazon's -blazons -blessing's -blessings -blazoned -ballses -balsa's -balsas -Belize's -Berlioz's -blazer's -blazers -blaze's -blazes -blesses -blouse's -blouses -boluses -Boulez's -ballsiest -bluesiest -ballast -ballsed -baluster -blast -blaster -blazed -blessed -blister -blizzard -bloused -bluest -bluster -bolster -burliest -blastoff -blastoff's -blastoffs -ballistic -Bialystok -bluestocking -bluestocking's -bluestockings -ballistics -ballistics's -Bialystok's -blessedly -ballasting -blasting -blessedness -blessedness's -blistery -blusterer -blustery -blistering -blustering -bolstering -blisteringly -blusterer's -blusterers -blusterous -balustrade -blistered -blustered -bolstered -balustrade's -balustrades -ballast's -ballasts -baluster's -balusters -blaster's -blasters -blast's -blasts -blister's -blisters -blizzard's -blizzards -bluster's -blusters -bolster's -bolsters -ballasted -blasted -bullseye -bailed -bailout -bald -Balder -balder -baldy -baled -ballad -balladeer -Ballard -balled -ballet -ballot -bawled -belied -belled -bellied -belt -billed -billet -billiard -bladder -blade -blat -bleat -bled -bleed -bleeder -blight -blighter -bloat -bloater -blood -bloodier -bloody -blot -blotter -blotto -BLT -blued -bluet -blurt -boiled -bold -bolder -bollard -bolt -Boulder -boulder -bowled -build -builder -built -bulled -bullet -bullied -burled -Bluetooth -Bluetooth's -bloodthirstier -bloodthirsty -bloodthirstily -bloodthirstiness -bloodthirstiness's -bloodthirstiest -bloodbath -bloodbath's -bloodbaths -boldface -boldface's -baldfaced -boldfaced -bloodhound -bloodhound's -bloodhounds -balletic -Baltic -bldg -bulldog -bulldogging -Baltic's -bulldog's -bulldogs -bulldogged -bloodcurdling -baldly -belittle -bloodily -boldly -belittlement -belittlement's -belittling -bloodline -bloodline's -bloodlines -belittles -bloodless -bloodlessly -bloodlessness -bloodlessness's -belittled -bloodletting -bloodletting's -bloodmobile -bloodmobile's -bloodmobiles -Bultmann -Bultmann's -Baltimore -Baltimore's -Balaton -balding -balloting -belladonna -Beltane -belting -billeting -bleating -bleeding -blighting -bloating -blooding -blotting -blurting -bolting -Bolton -building -builtin -bulletin -bulletining -Balaton's -baldness -baldness's -belladonna's -Beltane's -blatancy -bleeding's -bloodiness -bloodiness's -boldness -boldness's -Bolton's -building's -buildings -bulletin's -bulletins -blatancies -blatancy's -blatant -bulletined -blatantly -buildup -bulletproof -bulletproofing -bulletproofs -bulletproofed -buildup's -buildups -balladry -baldric -baldric's -baldrics -Bellatrix -Bellatrix's -bilateral -bilaterally -balladry's -belletrist -belletristic -belletrist's -belletrists -bailout's -bailouts -Balder's -baldies -balds -balladeer's -balladeers -ballad's -ballads -Ballard's -ballet's -ballets -ballot's -ballots -belt's -belts -Berlitz -billet's -billets -billiards -billiards's -bladder's -bladders -blade's -blades -blats -Blatz -bleat's -bleats -bleeder's -bleeders -bleeds -blighters -blight's -blights -blitz -bloaters -bloats -bloodies -blood's -bloods -blot's -blots -blotter's -blotters -BLT's -BLTs -bluet's -bluets -blurts -bollards -bolt's -bolts -Boulder's -boulder's -boulders -builder's -builders -build's -builds -bulldoze -bulldozer -bullet's -bullets -bloodsucker -bloodsucking -blitzkrieg -blitzkrieg's -blitzkriegs -bloodsucker's -bloodsuckers -Boltzmann -Boltzmann's -blitzing -bulldozing -Berlitz's -Blatz's -blitzes -blitz's -bulldozer's -bulldozers -bulldozes -baldest -blitzed -bloodiest -boldest -bulldozed -bloodstock -bloodstock's -bloodstain -bloodstain's -bloodstains -bloodstained -bloodstream -bloodstream's -bloodstreams -balded -balloted -belated -belted -billeted -bladed -bleated -blighted -bloated -blooded -bloodied -blotted -blurted -bolted -bulleted -belatedly -balderdash -balderdash's -beltway -Baldwin -Baldwin's -Baldwins -bloatware -beltway's -beltways -blowtorch -blowtorches -blowtorch's -bloodshed -bloodshot -bloodshed's -bloodying -blower -blowier -bellwether -bellwether's -bellwethers -bailiwick -bulwark -bailiwick's -bailiwicks -bulwark's -bulwarks -bellowing -billowing -blowing -Bullwinkle -Bullwinkle's -blowup -blowup's -blowups -blower's -blowers -blowiest -bellowed -billowed -blowout -Bollywood -blowout's -blowouts -Bollywood's -Bulawayo -Bulawayo's -belch -Belushi -bleach -bleacher -bletch -Bloch -blotch -blotchier -blotchy -Blucher -blueish -bluish -blush -blusher -bolshie -Bolshoi -bullish -Bolshevik -Bolsheviki -Bolshevik's -Bolsheviks -Bolshevism -Bolshevism's -Bolshevist -Bolshevist's -bullishly -belching -bleaching -blotching -blushing -bullishness -bullishness's -belches -belch's -Belshazzar -Belushi's -bleacher's -bleachers -bleaches -bleach's -Bloch's -blotches -blotch's -Blucher's -blusher's -blushers -blushes -blush's -Bolshoi's -Belshazzar's -blotchiest -Baluchistan -Baluchistan's -belched -bleached -blotched -blushed -bullshit -bullshitter -bullshitting -bullshit's -bullshits -bullshitter's -bullshitters -bullshitted -belaying -bellying -belying -bullying -belayed -bellyache -bellyaching -bellyache's -bellyaches -bellyached -barmier -barmy -Baum -beam -berm -BM -BMW -bomb -boom -boomer -bum -bummer -Burma -Bambi -bamboo -bimbo -Bombay -bomber -bumbag -boombox -bumbags -boomboxes -boombox's -bumble -bumbler -bumblebee -bumblebee's -bumblebees -bumbling -bumbler's -bumblers -bumbles -bumbled -bombing -bombings -bombproof -Bambi's -bamboo's -bamboos -bimbo's -bimbos -Bombay's -bomber's -bombers -bomb's -bombs -bamboozle -bamboozling -bamboozles -bamboozled -bombast -bombsite -bombastic -bombastically -bombast's -bombsites -bombard -bombardier -bombed -bombardment -bombardment's -bombardments -bombarding -bombardier's -bombardiers -bombards -bombarded -bombshell -bombshell's -bombshells -bumf -bumph -Bamako -Bamako's -barman -barmen -beaming -bemoan -Bimini -booming -Bowman -bowman -bowmen -bumming -bimonthly -bimonthlies -bimonthly's -Birmingham -Birmingham's -bemoaning -barman's -bemoans -Bimini's -Bowman's -bowman's -Beaumont -bemoaned -Beaumont's -bump -bumper -bumpier -Bumppo -bumpy -bumpkin -bumpkin's -bumpkins -bumping -bumpiness -bumpiness's -bumper's -bumpers -Bumppo's -bump's -bumps -bumpiest -bumped -bumptious -bumptiously -bumptiousness -bumptiousness's -bemire -bemiring -boomerang -boomeranging -boomerang's -boomerangs -boomeranged -bemires -bemired -Baum's -beam's -beams -bemuse -berm's -berms -biomass -biomass's -BM's -BMW's -boomers -boom's -booms -bummer's -bummers -bum's -bums -Burma's -Burmese -bemusement -bemusement's -bemusing -bemuses -Burmese's -barmiest -bemused -bummest -bemusedly -barmaid -beamed -Bermuda -boomed -bummed -biomedical -bimetallic -bimetallic's -bimetallics -bimetallism -bimetallism's -Bermudan -Bermudian -Bermudan's -Bermudans -Bermudian's -Bermudians -barmaid's -barmaids -Bermuda's -Bermudas -Beaumarchais -Beaumarchais's -baaing -bairn -ban -bane -bani -banner -barn -Barney -barney -Bean -bean -beanie -been -being -Ben -Bennie -Benny -Bern -Bernie -bin -binge -bingo -Boeing -bone -boner -bonier -Bonn -Bonner -Bonnie -bonnier -bonny -Bono -bony -booing -boon -Boone -Born -born -borne -Borneo -bun -bunny -burn -burner -beneath -Bentham -Bentham's -Barnaby -bonobo -beanbag -beanbag's -beanbags -burnable -burnable's -burnables -bonbon -bonbon's -bonbons -Barnabas -Barnabas's -Barnaby's -bonobo's -bonobos -Bernbach -Bernbach's -benefactor -benefactress -benefactress's -benefactresses -benefactor's -benefactors -benefaction -benefaction's -benefactions -baneful -Bonneville -benevolence -benevolence's -benevolences -benevolent -benevolently -Bonneville's -Bonaventure -Bonaventure's -bonfire -bonfire's -bonfires -benefice -Boniface -beneficence -beneficence's -beneficent -beneficently -beneficiary -beneficiaries -beneficiary's -benefice's -benefices -Boniface's -beanfeast -beanfeasts -benefit -benefiting -benefit's -benefits -benefited -beneficial -beneficially -Bonhoeffer -Bonhoeffer's -bonhomie -bonhomie's -bonehead -bonehead's -boneheads -Bernhardt -boneheaded -Bernhardt's -bang -banger -Bangor -Bangui -banjo -bank -banker -Banneker -bannock -Bianca -bionic -boink -bong -bongo -bonk -bunco -bung -bungee -bunk -Bunker -bunker -bankbook -bankbook's -bankbooks -bankable -bunkhouse -bunkhouse's -bunkhouses -Bangkok -Bangkok's -bankcard -bankcard's -bankcards -bangle -Banjul -barnacle -Bengal -Bengali -binnacle -binocular -bionically -bungalow -bunghole -bungle -bungler -bungling -Bangalore -Bangalore's -bangle's -bangles -Banjul's -barnacle's -barnacles -Bengali's -Bengal's -Bengals -binnacle's -binnacles -binocular's -binoculars -bungalow's -bungalows -bunghole's -bungholes -bungler's -bunglers -bungle's -bungles -barnacled -bungled -Bangladesh -Bangladeshi -Bangladeshi's -Bangladeshis -Bangladesh's -bunkum -Benjamin -Benjamin's -bunkum's -Banjarmasin -Banjarmasin's -banging -banking -boinking -bonging -bonking -buncoing -bunging -bunking -benignly -benignant -banking's -banknote -benignity -banknote's -banknotes -benignity's -Bancroft -Bancroft's -bankroll -bankrolling -bankroll's -bankrolls -bankrolled -bankrupt -bankrupting -bankruptcy -bankrupt's -bankrupts -bankruptcies -bankruptcy's -bankrupted -Bangor's -bang's -bangs -Bangui's -banjo's -banjos -banker's -bankers -Banks -bank's -banks -Banks's -Banneker's -bannock's -bannocks -Benghazi -Bianca's -bionics -bionics's -boinks -bongo's -bongos -bong's -bongs -bonkers -bonks -bunco's -buncos -bungee's -bungees -bung's -bungs -Bunker's -bunker's -bunkers -bunk's -bunks -Benghazi's -banjoist -banjoist's -banjoists -banged -banked -banquet -banqueter -banquette -boinked -bonged -bonked -buncoed -bunged -bunked -banqueting -banqueter's -banqueters -banquet's -banquets -banquette's -banquettes -banqueted -banal -banally -Barnaul -Bernoulli -biannual -biannually -biennial -biennially -Benelux -Benelux's -Barnaul's -Bernoulli's -biennial's -biennials -boneless -banality -banalities -banality's -Barnum -benumb -biennium -Bournemouth -Bournemouth's -benumbing -benumbs -benumbed -binomial -binomial's -binomials -binman -binmen -Barnum's -biennium's -bienniums -banana -banning -beaning -benign -Benin -Bernini -binning -boning -Bunin -bunion -burning -Bernanke -Bernanke's -banana's -bananas -Beninese -Benin's -Bernini's -bonanza -boniness -boniness's -Bunin's -bunion's -bunions -Beninese's -bonanza's -bonanzas -beanpole -beanpole's -beanpoles -Bonaparte -Bonaparte's -binary -binaries -binary's -bairn's -bairns -bane's -banes -banner's -banners -banns -banns's -ban's -bans -banzai -Barnes -Barnes's -Barney's -barneys -barn's -barns -beanie's -beanies -Bean's -bean's -beans -Bearnaise -being's -beings -Bennie's -Benny's -Ben's -Benz -Bernays -Bernays's -Bernese -Bernice -Bernie's -Bern's -binge's -binges -bingo's -bin's -bins -Boeing's -bonce -boner's -boners -bone's -bones -Bonner's -Bonnie's -Bonn's -Bono's -bonsai -bonus -bonus's -Boone's -boonies -boonies's -boon's -boons -Borneo's -Born's -bounce -bouncer -bouncier -bouncy -bunnies -bunny's -bun's -buns -burner's -burners -burnoose -Burns -burn's -burns -Burns's -benzyl -bouncily -Benson -benzene -benzine -bouncing -Bunsen -Benson's -benzene's -benzine's -bounciness -bounciness's -Bunsen's -beansprout -beansprouts -Benacerraf -Benacerraf's -banzai's -banzais -Bearnaise's -Benz's -Bernice's -bonces -bonsai's -bonuses -bouncer's -bouncers -bounce's -bounces -burnoose's -burnooses -bounciest -banister -Bannister -boniest -bonniest -bounced -Burnside -beanstalk -beanstalk's -beanstalks -barnstorm -barnstormer -barnstorming -barnstormer's -barnstormers -barnstorms -barnstormed -Bernstein -Bernstein's -Benzedrine -Benzedrine's -banister's -banisters -Bannister's -Burnside's -band -bandeau -bandier -bandy -banned -banter -Bantu -Barnard -Barnett -beaned -bend -Bender -bender -bendier -bendy -Benet -Benita -Benito -Bennett -bent -Bernard -Bernardo -bind -binder -binged -binned -Bond -bond -boned -Bonita -bonito -bonnet -bound -bounder -bounty -bunt -burned -Burnett -burnout -burnt -bandbox -bandboxes -bandbox's -bendable -bountiful -bountifully -bountifulness -bountifulness's -bondholder -bondholder's -bondholders -bandage -bondage -boondoggle -boondoggler -boondoggling -boondoggler's -boondogglers -boondoggle's -boondoggles -boondoggled -bandaging -bandage's -bandages -bandeaux -Bendix -bondage's -boondocks -boondocks's -Bendix's -bandaged -Benedict -Benedictine -benedictine -Benedictine's -Benedictines -benedictory -Bendictus -Benedict's -benediction -benediction's -benedictions -bandoleer -Bentley -bundle -bundling -bandoleer's -bandoleers -Bentley's -boundless -bundle's -bundles -boundlessly -boundlessness -boundlessness's -bandleader -bundled -bandleaders -bantam -bondman -bondmen -bondman's -bantam's -bantams -bandmaster -bandmaster's -bandmasters -bantamweight -bantamweight's -bantamweights -banding -Banting -bending -Benetton -Benton -Bernadine -binding -bonding -bounden -bounding -bunting -Bandung -Bandung's -Banting's -Benetton's -Benton's -Bernadine's -binding's -bindings -bonding's -bunting's -buntings -bindery -boundary -bantering -banteringly -binderies -bindery's -boundaries -boundary's -bantered -bandeau's -bandies -band's -bands -banter's -banters -Bantu's -Bantus -Barnard's -Barnett's -Bender's -bender's -benders -bend's -bends -Benet's -Benita's -Benito's -Bennett's -bent's -bents -Bernardo's -Bernard's -binder's -binders -bind's -binds -Bond's -bond's -bonds -Bonita's -bonito's -bonitos -bonnet's -bonnets -bounder's -bounders -bound's -bounds -bounteous -bounties -bounty's -bunt's -bunts -Burnett's -burnout's -burnouts -Bundesbank -Bundesbank's -bounteously -bandsman -bandsmen -bondsman -bondsmen -bandsman's -bondsman's -bounteousness -bounteousness's -bandiest -bendiest -Bundestag -Bundestag's -bandstand -bandstand's -bandstands -banded -bandied -bandit -benighted -Bernadette -bonded -bounded -bunted -benightedly -banditry -banditry's -bandit's -bandits -Bernadette's -bandwagon -bandwagon's -bandwagons -bondwoman -bondwomen -bondwoman's -bentwood -bindweed -bandwidth -bandwidths -bentwood's -bindweed's -bandying -Banach -banish -banshee -bench -bunch -Bunche -bunchier -bunchy -burnish -burnisher -boneshaker -boneshakers -Benchley -Benchley's -benchmark -benchmark's -benchmarks -banishment -banishment's -banishing -benching -bunching -burnishing -Banach's -banishes -banshee's -banshees -benches -bench's -Bunche's -bunches -bunch's -burnisher's -burnishers -burnishes -burnish's -bunchiest -banished -benched -bunched -burnished -banyan -Bunyan -banyan's -banyans -Bunyan's -barnyard -boneyard -barnyard's -barnyards -bap -beep -beeper -bop -BP -BPOE -burp -bypath -bypath's -bypaths -biopic -biopic's -biopics -bipolar -byplay -biplane -biplane's -biplanes -bipolarity -bipolarity's -byplay's -bpm -beeping -bopping -burping -byproduct -byproduct's -byproducts -baps -beeper's -beepers -beep's -beeps -biopsy -bop's -bops -BP's -bps -burp's -burps -bypass -bypass's -bypassing -biopsies -biopsy's -bypasses -biopsied -bypassed -biopsying -beeped -biped -bopped -burped -bipedal -biped's -bipeds -baptism -baptismal -baptism's -baptisms -bipartisan -bipartisanship -bipartisanship's -Baptist -baptist -Baptiste -baptistery -baptisteries -baptistery's -Baptiste's -Baptist's -Baptists -baptists -bipartite -bare -barer -Barr -barre -Barrie -barrier -barrio -barrow -Barry -bearer -beerier -beery -Berra -Berry -berry -Biro -Bohr -bore -borer -borough -borrow -Boru -BR -Br -bra -brae -Bray -bray -brew -Brie -brie -bro -brow -brr -bureau -Burr -burr -burro -burrow -bury -byre -Bayreuth -breath -breathe -breather -breathier -breathy -broth -brother -breathable -brotherhood -brotherhood's -brotherhoods -brothel -brotherly -brotherliness -brotherliness's -Breathalyzer -breathless -brothel's -brothels -breathlessly -breathlessness -breathlessness's -breathing -breathing's -brethren -Bayreuth's -breather's -breathers -breathes -breath's -breaths -brother's -brothers -broth's -broths -breathiest -breathed -breathtaking -breathtakingly -bribe -briber -bareback -Brubeck -Brubeck's -barebacked -bearable -bearably -bribing -beriberi -bribery -beriberi's -bribery's -Barabbas -Barabbas's -briber's -bribers -bribe's -bribes -Borobudur -bribed -browbeat -browbeaten -browbeating -Brobdingnag -Brobdingnagian -Brobdingnagian's -Brobdingnag's -Borobudur's -browbeats -bereave -brave -braver -bravo -breve -brief -briefer -briefcase -briefcase's -briefcases -bravely -briefly -bereavement -bereavement's -bereavements -bereaving -braving -briefing -braveness -braveness's -briefing's -briefings -briefness -briefness's -bravery -bravura -breviary -bravery's -bravura's -bravuras -breviaries -breviary's -bereaves -brave's -braves -bravo's -bravos -breve's -breves -brief's -briefs -barefaced -bravest -briefest -barefacedly -barefoot -bereaved -bereft -bravado -braved -brevet -brevity -briefed -brevetting -bravado's -brevet's -brevets -brevity's -barefooted -brevetted -Brahe -brouhaha -brouhaha's -brouhahas -borehole -boreholes -barehanded -Brahe's -bareheaded -Barack -baroque -barrack -barrage -brag -Bragg -bragger -brake -Braque -break -breaker -brick -brickie -bridge -brig -Brock -brogue -Brokaw -broke -broker -brook -Brooke -breakthrough -breakthrough's -breakthroughs -breakable -bridgeable -breakable's -breakables -brickbat -brickbat's -brickbats -breakfront -breakfront's -breakfronts -breakfast -breakfasting -breakfast's -breakfasts -breakfasted -breakage -breakage's -breakages -broccoli -Bruegel -Brooklyn -Brooklyn's -broccoli's -brooklet -brooklet's -brooklets -bricklayer -bricklaying -bricklaying's -bricklayer's -bricklayers -Brigham -brougham -brakeman -brakemen -brakeman's -Brigham's -brougham's -broughams -barracking -barraging -bracken -bragging -braking -breaking -bricking -brogan -broken -brooking -Bruckner -brokenhearted -brokenheartedly -breakneck -brokenly -Breckenridge -Breckenridge's -bracken's -brogan's -brogans -brokenness -brokenness's -Bruckner's -brigand -brigandage -brigandage's -brigantine -brigantine's -brigantines -brigand's -brigands -breakup -breakpoints -breakup's -breakups -Bridgeport -Bridgeport's -brokerage -brokerage's -brokerages -brokering -bureaucracy -bureaucracies -bureaucracy's -brokered -bureaucrat -bureaucratic -bureaucratically -bureaucrat's -bureaucrats -Barack's -baroque's -barrack's -barracks -barrage's -barrages -borax -bragger's -braggers -Bragg's -brag's -brags -brake's -brakes -Braque's -breaker's -breakers -break's -breaks -brickies -brick's -bricks -Bridges -bridge's -bridges -Bridges's -Briggs -Briggs's -brig's -brigs -Brock's -brogue's -brogues -Brokaw's -broker's -brokers -Brooke's -Brookes -Brooks -brook's -brooks -Brooks's -Breakspear -Breakspear's -borax's -Brexit -barracked -barracuda -barraged -barricade -Beauregard -bioreactor -bracket -bract -braggart -bragged -braked -breakout -bricked -bridged -Bridget -Bridgett -Bridgette -brigade -brigadier -Brigid -Brigitte -briquette -brocade -brooked -barricading -bracketing -breakdown -Bridgetown -Brigadoon -brocading -breakdown's -breakdowns -Bridgetown's -Brigadoon's -barracuda's -barracudas -barricade's -barricades -Beauregard's -bioreactors -bracket's -brackets -bract's -bracts -braggadocio -braggart's -braggarts -breakout's -breakouts -Bridget's -Bridgette's -Bridgett's -brigade's -brigades -brigadier's -brigadiers -Brigid's -Brigitte's -briquette's -briquettes -brocade's -brocades -braggadocio's -braggadocios -barricaded -bracketed -brocaded -breakaway -brickwork -bridgework -brickwork's -bridgework's -breakaway's -breakaways -breakwater -breakwater's -breakwaters -brackish -brackishness -brackishness's -brickyard -brickyards -barely -barrel -Beryl -beryl -Braille -braille -brawl -brawler -brill -Brillo -broil -broiler -brolly -burial -berrylike -barelegged -beryllium -beryllium's -brawling -broiling -brilliance -brilliancy -brilliance's -brilliancy's -brilliant -brilliantly -brilliantine -brilliantine's -brilliant's -brilliants -barrel's -barrels -Beryl's -beryl's -beryls -Braille's -Brailles -braille's -brawler's -brawlers -brawl's -brawls -Brillo's -broiler's -broilers -broil's -broils -brollies -burial's -burials -brawled -broiled -barium -barroom -Brahma -bream -brim -broom -bramble -brambly -bramble's -brambles -brimful -Brahmagupta -Brahmagupta's -Brummel -brimless -Brummel's -Brahman -Brahmani -Bremen -brimming -bromine -Brahman's -Brahmans -Bremen's -bromine's -Brahmanism -Brahmanism's -Brahmanisms -Brampton -Brampton's -Brahmaputra -Brahmaputra's -Barrymore -Barrymore's -barium's -barroom's -barrooms -Brahma's -Brahmas -Brahms -Brahms's -bream's -breams -brim's -brims -broom's -brooms -broomstick -broomstick's -broomsticks -brimstone -brimstone's -barometer -brimmed -bromide -bromidic -barometric -barometrically -barometer's -barometers -bromide's -bromides -Bahrain -baring -baron -barony -barren -barrener -barring -Barron -bearing -Behring -Bering -boring -boron -Brain -brain -brainier -brainy -Bran -bran -brawn -brawnier -brawny -Brenner -Brian -Briana -Brianna -brine -bring -bringer -brinier -briny -Brno -Brown -brown -Browne -browner -Brownie -brownie -bruin -Brunei -Bruno -Brynner -burring -Byron -brownfield -Brunhilde -Brunhilde's -baronage -brink -bronc -bronco -Byronic -broncobuster -broncobuster's -broncobusters -Barranquilla -Brinkley -Barranquilla's -Brinkley's -brinkmanship -brinkmanship's -baronage's -baronages -brink's -brinks -bronco's -broncos -bronc's -broncs -Bronx -Byronic's -Bronx's -baronial -boringly -brainless -brainlessly -Brunelleschi -Brunelleschi's -braining -Brennan -bringing -Brownian -Browning -browning -Bruneian -braininess -braininess's -brawniness -brawniness's -Brennan's -brininess -brininess's -Brownian's -Browning's -Bruneian's -Bruneians -brainpower -Bahrain's -bareness -bareness's -baroness -baroness's -baronies -baron's -barons -barony's -barrenness -barrenness's -barren's -barrens -barrings -Barron's -bearing's -bearings -Behring's -Berenice -Bering's -boron's -Brain's -brain's -brains -Bran's -bran's -brawn's -Brenner's -Briana's -Brianna's -Brian's -brine's -bringer's -bringers -brings -Brno's -bronze -Browne's -Brownies -brownie's -brownies -brownness -brownness's -Brown's -brown's -browns -bruin's -bruins -Brunei's -Bruno's -Brynner's -Byron's -Brownsville -Brownsville's -Bronson -bronzing -Bronson's -baronesses -Berenice's -bronze's -bronzes -barrenest -brainiest -brawniest -briniest -bronzed -brownest -brainstorm -brainstorming -brainstorming's -brainstorm's -brainstorms -brainstormed -brownstone -brownstone's -brownstones -Brunswick -Brunswick's -baronet -brained -brand -brander -Brandi -Brandie -Brando -Brandy -brandy -Brant -Brenda -Brent -Bronte -browned -brownout -brunet -brunette -brunt -Burundi -brindle -brindle's -brindled -Branden -branding -Brandon -Brendan -Brenton -Burundian -Brandenburg -Brandenburg's -Branden's -Brandon's -Brendan's -Brenton's -Burundian's -Burundians -Barents -Barents's -baronetcy -baronet's -baronets -brainteaser -Brandeis -Brandeis's -brander's -branders -Brandie's -brandies -Brandi's -Brando's -brand's -brands -Brandy's -brandy's -Brant's -Brenda's -Brent's -Bronte's -brontosaur -brownout's -brownouts -brunet's -brunets -brunette's -brunettes -brunt's -Burundi's -Brontosaurus -brontosaurus -brontosaurus's -brontosauruses -baronetcies -baronetcy's -brainteaser's -brainteasers -brontosaur's -brontosaurs -branded -brandied -Brandt -Brandt's -brandish -brandishing -brandishes -brandished -brandying -brainwave -brainwaves -brainwash -brainwashing -brainwashing's -brainwashes -brainwashed -Branch -branch -bronchi -brownish -brunch -bronchial -branchlike -brainchild -brainchildren -brainchildren's -brainchild's -branching -brunching -branches -Branch's -branch's -bronchus -bronchus's -brunches -brunch's -branched -Brownshirt -brunched -bronchitic -bronchitis -bronchitis's -Brownshirt's -brewpub -brewpub's -brewpubs -Barrera -Barrera's -bares -barre's -barres -barrier's -barriers -Barrie's -barrio's -barrios -barrow's -barrows -Barr's -Barry's -bearer's -bearers -Berra's -berries -Berry's -berry's -Biro's -Bohr's -Boreas -Boreas's -borer's -borers -bore's -bores -Boris -Boris's -borough's -boroughs -borrows -Boru's -brace -bracer -brae's -braes -braise -bra's -bras -brass -brassier -brass's -brassy -Bray's -bray's -brays -braze -brazer -brazier -breeze -breezier -breezy -brew's -brews -Brice -Brie's -Bries -brie's -Bros -bro's -bros -brow's -brows -browse -browser -Br's -Bruce -bruise -bruiser -Bryce -bureau's -bureaus -buries -Burris -Burris's -burro's -burros -Burroughs -Burroughs's -burrow's -burrows -Burr's -burr's -burrs -byres -Brisbane -Brisbane's -Brazzaville -Brazzaville's -Brezhnev -Brezhnev's -brisk -brisker -brusque -brusquer -briskly -brusquely -brisking -briskness -briskness's -brusqueness -brusqueness's -brisks -briskest -brusquest -brisked -brisket -brisket's -briskets -Brasilia -brassily -Brazil -breezily -Brazilian -Brazilian's -Brazilians -Brasilia's -Brazil's -Brussels -Brussels's -bracelet -bracelet's -bracelets -bracing -braising -brazen -brazing -breezing -browsing -bruising -brazenly -brazening -brassiness -brassiness's -brazenness -brazenness's -brazens -breeziness -breeziness's -bruising's -brazened -bracero -brasserie -brassiere -bracero's -braceros -brasserie's -brasseries -brassiere's -brassieres -bracer's -bracers -brace's -braces -braises -brasses -brazer's -brazers -brazes -brazier's -braziers -Brazos -Brazos's -breeze's -breezes -Brice's -browser's -browsers -browse's -browses -Bruce's -bruiser's -bruisers -bruise's -bruises -Bryce's -Brzezinski -Brzezinski's -brassiest -breeziest -barest -barista -barrister -beeriest -braced -braised -brazed -breast -breezed -Brest -Brewster -browsed -bruised -breastbone -breastbone's -breastbones -breastfed -breastfeed -breastfeeding -breastfeeds -bristle -bristlier -bristly -Bristol -bristling -bristle's -bristles -Bristol's -bristliest -bristled -breasting -breastplate -breastplate's -breastplates -barista's -baristas -barrister's -barristers -breast's -breasts -Brest's -Brewster's -breaststroke -breaststroke's -breaststrokes -breasted -breastwork -breastwork's -breastworks -breezeway -breezeway's -breezeways -bared -Baroda -barred -Barrett -barrette -Beirut -berate -beret -Beretta -berried -biretta -bored -Brad -brad -Brady -braid -brat -brattier -bratty -bread -bred -breed -breeder -Bret -Brett -bride -Bright -bright -brighter -Brit -Britt -broad -broader -brood -brooder -broodier -broody -brought -bruit -Brut -brute -buried -burred -burrito -Byrd -byroad -breadth -breadth's -breadths -breadbox -breadboxes -breadbox's -broadband -broadband's -Bradbury -Bradbury's -breadbasket -breadbasket's -breadbaskets -breadboard -breadboard's -breadboards -breadfruit -breadfruit's -breadfruits -Bradford -Bradford's -Braddock -Bridger -bridgehead -bridgehead's -bridgeheads -broadcloth -broadcloth's -Bridgman -Bridgman's -bridging -breadcrumb -bridegroom -breadcrumb's -breadcrumbs -bridegroom's -bridegrooms -Braddock's -Bridger's -broadcast -broadcaster -broadcasting -broadcasting's -broadcaster's -broadcasters -broadcast's -broadcasts -bradycardia -bradawl -Bradley -Bradly -bridal -bridle -brightly -brittle -brittler -broadly -broodily -brutal -brutally -Bridalveil -Bridalveil's -broadloom -broadloom's -breadline -bridling -breadline's -breadlines -brittleness -brittleness's -bradawls -Bradley's -Bradly's -bridal's -bridals -bridle's -bridles -brittle's -brittlest -bridled -brutality -brutalities -brutality's -bridleway -bridleways -boredom -broadminded -broodmare -broodmare's -broodmares -boredom's -baritone -berating -Borodin -braiding -Brattain -breading -breeding -Breton -brighten -brightener -Brighton -Britain -Britannia -Britney -Briton -Brittany -Britten -Brittney -broaden -brooding -bruiting -Britannic -Britannica -Britannica's -Britannic's -broodingly -brightening -broadening -baritone's -baritones -Borodin's -braiding's -Brattain's -breeding's -Breton's -brightener's -brighteners -brightens -brightness -brightness's -Brighton's -Britain's -Britannia's -Britney's -Briton's -Britons -Brittanies -Brittany's -Britten's -Brittney's -broadens -broadness -broadness's -broodiness -brooding's -brightened -broadened -Baroda's -barrette's -barrettes -Barrett's -Beirut's -berates -beret's -berets -Beretta's -biretta's -birettas -Brad's -brad's -brads -Brady's -braid's -braids -brat's -brats -bread's -breads -breeder's -breeders -breed's -breeds -Bret's -Brett's -bride's -brides -Bright's -brights -brights's -Brit's -Brits -Britt's -broad's -broads -brooder's -brooders -brood's -broods -broody's -bruits -brute's -brutes -Brut's -Brutus -Brutus's -burrito's -burritos -Byrd's -byroad's -byroads -Bratislava -Bratislava's -bridesmaid -bridesmaid's -bridesmaids -Briticism -Briticism's -Briticisms -brattiest -brightest -broadest -broadside -broodiest -broadsiding -Bradstreet -Bradstreet's -broadside's -broadsides -broadsided -broadsword -broadsword's -broadswords -berated -braided -breaded -brooded -bruited -Broadway -breadwinner -breadwinner's -breadwinners -Broadway's -Broadways -bratwurst -bratwurst's -bratwursts -Bradshaw -British -Britisher -brutish -brutishly -brutishness -brutishness's -Bradshaw's -Britisher's -Britishers -British's -broadsheet -broadsheet's -broadsheets -borrower -Brewer -brewer -burrower -borrowing -brewing -burrowing -borrowing's -borrowings -brewery -breweries -brewery's -borrower's -borrowers -Brewer's -brewer's -brewers -burrower's -burrowers -borrowed -brewed -burrowed -Baruch -bearish -boorish -brash -brasher -breach -breech -brioche -broach -brooch -brush -brushoff -brushoff's -brushoffs -bearishly -biracial -boorishly -brashly -breaching -broaching -brushing -Baryshnikov -Baryshnikov's -bearishness -bearishness's -boorishness -boorishness's -brashness -brashness's -boorishnesses -brochure -brochure's -brochures -Baruch's -breaches -breach's -breeches -breech's -brioche's -brioches -britches -britches's -broaches -broach's -brooches -brooch's -brushes -brush's -brashest -brushstroke -brushstrokes -breached -Brecht -broached -brochette -brushed -Brecht's -brochette's -brochettes -brushwork -brushwork's -brushwood -brushwood's -baryon -berrying -braying -Bryan -Bryon -burying -baryon's -baryons -Bryan's -Bryon's -Bryant -Bryant's -brayed -baa's -baas -Baez -baize -bar's -bars -BA's -Ba's -base -baser -Basie -Bass -bass -basso -Bass's -bass's -Bauer's -bay's -bays -bazaar -BBB's -BB's -BBS -bear's -bears -Beau's -beau's -beaus -beer's -beers -bee's -bees -Be's -Bess -Bessie -Bess's -bey's -beys -bias -bias's -Bierce -bier's -biers -BIOS -bio's -bios -Bi's -bi's -bis -Bissau -biz -boar's -boars -Boas -boa's -boas -Boas's -Boer's -Boers -Boise -boor's -boors -boo's -boos -booze -boozer -boozier -boozy -borzoi -Bose -boss -bossier -boss's -bossy -bough's -boughs -bow's -bows -boy's -boys -bozo -B's -BS -BSA -BS's -buoy's -buoys -burgh's -burghs -bur's -burs -Bursa -bursa -bursae -bursar -bus -busier -bus's -buss -buss's -busy -buy's -buys -buzz -buzzer -by's -Yb's -busboy -busby -baseball -baseball's -baseballs -busbies -busboy's -busboys -busby's -baseboard -busybody -baseboard's -baseboards -busybodies -busybody's -biosphere -biosphere's -biospheres -BASIC -basic -bask -Basque -basque -bazooka -berserk -besiege -besieger -Biscay -bisque -bouzouki -busk -busker -Bisquick -Bisquick's -basically -bicycle -bicycler -busgirl -buzzkill -bicycling -bicycler's -bicyclers -bicycle's -bicycles -busgirl's -busgirls -buzzkill's -buzzkills -bicyclist -bicyclist's -bicyclists -bicycled -basking -bearskin -besieging -Biscayne -buskin -busking -bearskin's -bearskins -Biscayne's -buskin's -buskins -BASIC's -BASICs -basic's -basics -basks -Basque's -Basques -basques -bazooka's -bazookas -besieger's -besiegers -besieges -Biscay's -bisque's -bouzouki's -bouzoukis -buskers -busks -bisexual -bisexually -bisexual's -bisexuals -bisexuality -bisexuality's -basked -basket -besieged -biscuit -bisect -bisector -busked -basketball -basketball's -basketballs -bisecting -basketry -basketry's -basket's -baskets -biscuit's -biscuits -bisector's -bisectors -bisects -bisected -basketwork -basketwork's -bisection -bisection's -bisections -bacilli -basal -basally -Basel -basely -Basil -basil -Beasley -Bessel -bezel -bossily -busily -basilica -basilica's -basilicas -Barcelona -baseline -bazillion -Barcelona's -baseline's -baselines -bazillions -bacillary -bacillus -bacillus's -baseless -Basel's -Basil's -basil's -Beasley's -Berzelius -Berzelius's -Bessel's -bezel's -bezels -basilisk -basilisk's -basilisks -basalt -busload -basaltic -basalt's -busloads -beseem -besmear -besom -Bessemer -bosom -bosomy -bismuth -bismuth's -Bismarck -Bismark -Bismarck's -Bismark's -baseman -basemen -beseeming -baseman's -basement -basement's -basements -besmearing -besmeared -beseems -besmears -besom's -besoms -Bessemer's -bosom's -bosoms -beseemed -besmirch -besmirching -besmirches -besmirched -basin -basing -bassoon -biasing -bison -boozing -Bosnia -bossing -buzzing -biosynthesis -boysenberry -boysenberries -boysenberry's -basinful -basinful's -basinfuls -Bosnian -baseness -baseness's -basin's -basins -bassoon's -bassoons -biosensor -bison's -Bosnia's -bossiness -bossiness's -business -business's -busyness -busyness's -businesslike -businessman -businessmen -businessman's -businessperson -businessperson's -businesspersons -biosensors -businesses -bassoonist -bassoonist's -bassoonists -businesswoman -businesswomen -businesswoman's -bassinet -Byzantium -Byzantium's -Byzantine -byzantine -bicentennial -bicentennial's -bicentennials -bicentenary -bicentenaries -bicentenary's -Byzantine's -Byzantines -bassinet's -bassinets -bicep -bespeak -bespoke -bespeaking -bespoken -bespeaks -bespectacled -bespangle -bespangling -bespangles -bespangled -Bosporus -Bosporus's -bowsprit -bowsprit's -bowsprits -bicep's -biceps -biceps's -bespatter -bespattering -bespattered -bespatters -Basra -bizarre -bursary -bizarrely -Basra's -bursaries -bursary's -Baez's -baize's -base's -bases -Basie's -basis -basis's -basses -basso's -bassos -bazaar's -bazaars -BBSes -Bessie's -biases -Bierce's -Bissau's -biz's -Boise's -boozer's -boozers -booze's -boozes -borzoi's -borzois -Bose's -bosses -bozo's -bozos -bursar's -bursars -Bursa's -bursa's -buses -busies -buzzer's -buzzers -buzzes -buzz's -bossism -bossism's -basest -bassist -booziest -bossiest -busiest -bassist's -bassists -based -basset -bast -baste -baster -beast -beset -beside -besot -besought -Best -best -bestir -bestow -biased -Bizet -boast -boaster -boost -booster -boozed -bossed -BSD -burst -busied -bust -buster -bustier -busty -buzzard -buzzed -boastful -boastfully -boastfulness -boastfulness's -Bastille -beastlier -beastly -borstal -bustle -bustling -beastliness -beastliness's -Basutoland -Basutoland's -Bastille's -beastly's -borstals -bustle's -bustles -beastliest -bustled -basting -besetting -besotting -besting -boasting -boosting -Boston -bursting -busting -Bostonian -Bostonian's -Boston's -Bostons -bystander -bystander's -bystanders -Basseterre -bestrew -bistro -boustrophedon -bestirring -bestrewn -bowstring -bowstring's -bowstrings -Basseterre's -bestrews -bistro's -bistros -boisterous -boisterously -boisterousness -boisterousness's -bestirred -bestride -bestrode -bestridden -bestriding -bestrides -bestrewing -bestrewed -basset's -bassets -baster's -basters -bastes -bast's -beast's -beasts -besets -besides -besots -bestirs -bestows -Best's -best's -bests -Bizet's -boaster's -boasters -boast's -boasts -booster's -boosters -boost's -boosts -BSD's -BSDs -bursitis -bursitis's -burst's -bursts -buster's -busters -bustiers -bust's -busts -buzzard's -buzzards -bestseller -bestselling -bestseller's -bestsellers -bustiest -bastard -bastardy -basted -besotted -bested -boasted -boosted -busted -bastard's -bastards -bastardy's -bestowal -bestowal's -bestowals -bestowing -bestowed -busywork -beeswax -busywork's -beeswax's -Boswell -Boswell's -basswood -buzzword -basswood's -basswoods -buzzword's -buzzwords -beseech -beseecher -Bosch -Busch -bestial -bestially -bestiality -bestiality's -bastion -beseeching -beseechingly -bastion's -bastions -bestiary -bestiaries -bestiary's -beseecher's -beseechers -beseeches -Bosch's -Busch's -borscht -borscht's -busying -baaed -bad -badder -baddie -bade -baht -Baird -bait -Baotou -bard -Bart -barter -bat -bate -batter -battier -batty -Batu -baud -bawd -bawdier -bawdy -bead -beadier -beady -Beard -beard -beat -beater -Beatty -beaut -beauty -bed -bedder -Bede -beet -Bert -Berta -Bertie -bet -beta -Bette -better -Bettie -bettor -Betty -bid -bidder -biddy -bide -bight -Bird -bird -birder -birdie -bit -bite -biter -bitter -bittier -bitty -board -boarder -boat -boater -bod -bode -body -booed -boot -bootee -booty -border -bot -boudoir -bought -bout -Boyd -BTU -Btu -BTW -Bud -bud -Buddy -buddy -Burt -but -butt -butte -butter -butty -byte -bedaub -birdbath -birdbath's -birdbaths -bedbug -Beiderbecke -bedbug's -bedbugs -Beiderbecke's -beatable -biddable -butterball -bootblack -bootblack's -bootblacks -butterball's -butterballs -bodybuilder -bodybuilding -bodybuilding's -bodybuilder's -bodybuilders -bedaubing -birdbrain -birdbrain's -birdbrains -birdbrained -bedaubs -bedaubed -beatify -beautifier -beautify -beatific -beatifically -beatification -beautification -beatification's -beatifications -beautification's -beautiful -beautifully -bedevil -bedfellow -butterfly -bedevilment -bedevilment's -bedevils -bedfellow's -bedfellows -butterflies -butterfly's -butterflied -butterflying -butterfingered -Butterfingers -butterfingers -Butterfingers's -butterfingers's -beatifies -beautifier's -beautifiers -beautifies -biodiversity -biodiversity's -beatified -beautified -butterfat -butterfat's -beatifying -beautifying -Buddha -birdhouse -Buddha's -Buddhas -Buddhism -Buddhism's -Buddhisms -birdhouse's -birdhouses -Buddhist -Bodhisattva -Bodhisattva's -Buddhist's -Buddhists -bedhead -Bodhidharma -Bodhidharma's -bedheads -badger -Baedeker -bardic -batik -bedeck -betake -betook -bodega -boutique -burdock -buttock -birdcage -birdcages -bedclothes -bedclothes's -bedecking -betaken -betaking -betoken -bitcoin -bodging -bodkin -budging -betokening -betokens -bitcoin's -bitcoins -bodkin's -bodkins -betokened -buttercup -buttercup's -buttercups -budgerigar -budgerigar's -budgerigars -buttercream -badgering -badgered -biodegrade -biodegradable -biodegradability -biodegradability's -biodegrading -biodegrades -biodegraded -badger's -badgers -Baedeker's -Baedekers -batik's -batiks -bedecks -betakes -bodega's -bodegas -Bordeaux -Botox -boutique's -boutiques -burdock's -buttock's -buttocks -Bordeaux's -bedecked -bodyguard -bodyguard's -bodyguards -badly -Battle -battle -battler -bawdily -Beadle -beadle -beetle -betel -Biddle -bitterly -bodily -boodle -bordello -bottle -bottler -Butler -butler -battlefield -battlefield's -battlefields -battlefront -battlefront's -battlefronts -birdlike -bootleg -bootlegger -bootlegging -bootlegging's -battleground -battleground's -battlegrounds -battleaxe -Betelgeuse -bootlegger's -bootleggers -bootleg's -bootlegs -battleaxe's -battleaxes -Betelgeuse's -bootlegged -bedlam -birdlime -Beatlemania -Beatlemania's -battlement -battlement's -battlements -bedlam's -bedlams -birdlime's -battalion -battling -beetling -Bertillon -Bodleian -borderline -bottling -bottleneck -bottleneck's -bottlenecks -botulinum -battalion's -battalions -Bertillon's -borderline's -borderlines -borderland -Badlands -badlands -Badlands's -badlands's -borderland's -borderlands -Baudelaire -Baudelaire's -battler's -battlers -Battle's -battle's -battles -Beadle's -beadle's -beadles -beardless -Beatles -Beatles's -beetle's -beetles -betel's -Biddle's -boodle's -boodles -bootlace -bootless -bordello's -bordellos -bottler's -bottlers -bottle's -bottles -Butler's -butler's -butlers -botulism -Bertelsmann -Bertelsmann's -botulism's -bootlaces -Bartlett -battled -beetled -boatload -bottled -battledore -battledore's -battledores -battledress -Bartlett's -boatloads -battleship -battleship's -battleships -bedim -bottom -badmouth -badmouthing -badmouths -badmouthed -buttermilk -buttermilk's -bottomless -badman -badmen -Batman -batman -batmen -bedimming -bitumen -boatman -boatmen -bottoming -badman's -Batman's -batman's -bitumen's -bituminous -boatman's -betterment -badminton -badminton's -betterment's -bitmap -bitmaps -Beardmore -Beardmore's -bedims -betimes -bottom's -bottoms -bedimmed -bottomed -Baden -baiting -Bardeen -Barton -Bataan -bating -baton -batten -batting -Baudouin -beading -bearding -beaten -beating -bedding -Bedouin -Beeton -betting -bidden -bidding -Biden -biding -biotin -birdieing -birding -biting -bitten -bittern -boarding -boating -boding -booting -Borden -Bordon -botany -budding -burden -Burton -butane -butting -button -buttonhole -buttonholing -buttonhole's -buttonholes -buttonholed -boardinghouse -boardinghouse's -boardinghouses -badinage -beatnik -botanic -botanical -botanically -badinage's -beatnik's -beatniks -bitingly -battening -burdening -buttoning -Baden's -badness -badness's -Bardeen's -Barton's -Bataan's -baton's -batons -batten's -battens -batting's -Baudouin's -bawdiness -bawdiness's -beading's -beating's -beatings -bedding's -Bedouin's -Bedouins -Beeton's -bidding's -Biden's -biotin's -bitterness -bitterness's -bittern's -bitterns -boarding's -boating's -Borden's -Bordon's -botany's -buddings -burden's -burdens -Burton's -butane's -button's -buttons -burdensome -botanist -botanist's -botanists -bartender -battened -BITNET -botnet -burdened -butternut -buttoned -bartender's -bartenders -botnet's -botnets -butternut's -butternuts -buttonwood -buttonwood's -buttonwoods -bedpan -bedpan's -bedpans -bedpost -Budapest -bedpost's -bedposts -Budapest's -barterer -batterer -battery -betray -bitterer -butterier -buttery -betroth -betrothal -betrothal's -betrothals -betrothing -betroths -betrothed -betrothed's -bedrock -bedraggle -bedraggling -bedraggles -bedraggled -Beatrix -bedrock's -bedrocks -Beatrix's -bidirectional -bidirectionally -bedroll -bedroll's -bedrolls -Baudrillard -Baudrillard's -bdrm -bedroom -Bertram -boardroom -bedroom's -bedrooms -Bertram's -boardroom's -boardrooms -bartering -battering -bettering -bordering -buttering -batterings -Bertrand -BitTorrent -Bertrand's -BitTorrent's -barterer's -barterers -batterer's -batterers -batteries -battery's -Beatrice -Beatriz -betrays -butteries -buttery's -buttress -buttress's -buttressing -Beatrice's -Beatriz's -buttresses -bitterest -butteriest -buttressed -bartered -battered -beetroot -bettered -bordered -buttered -bedridden -beetroots -betrayer -betrayal -betrayal's -betrayals -betraying -betrayer's -betrayers -betrayed -baddie's -baddies -bad's -baht's -bahts -Baird's -bait's -baits -Baotou's -bard's -bards -barter's -barters -Bart's -Bates -bates -Bates's -bat's -bats -batter's -batters -Batu's -baud's -bauds -bawd's -bawds -bead's -beads -Beard's -beard's -beards -beater's -beaters -beat's -beats -Beatty's -beauteous -beauties -beaut's -beauts -beauty's -Bede's -bed's -beds -beet's -beets -Berta's -Bertie's -Bert's -beta's -betas -bet's -bets -Betsy -better's -betters -Bette's -Bettie's -bettor's -bettors -Betty's -bidder's -bidders -biddies -biddy's -bides -bid's -bids -bight's -bights -birder's -birders -birdie's -birdies -Bird's -bird's -birds -biter's -biters -bite's -bites -bit's -bits -bitter's -bitters -bitters's -Boadicea -boarder's -boarders -board's -boards -boater's -boaters -boat's -boats -bodes -bodice -bodies -bod's -bods -body's -bootee's -bootees -booties -boot's -boots -booty's -border's -borders -bots -boudoir's -boudoirs -bout's -bouts -Boyd's -Btu's -buddies -Buddy's -buddy's -Bud's -bud's -buds -Burt's -buts -butter's -butters -butte's -buttes -butties -butt's -butts -byte's -bytes -butterscotch -butterscotch's -Beardsley -beauteously -bedazzle -Botticelli -bedazzlement -bedazzlement's -bedazzling -Beardsley's -bedazzles -Botticelli's -bedazzled -batsman -batsmen -batsman's -bedizen -birdsong -bedizening -bedizens -bedizened -bedspread -bedspread's -bedspreads -bedsore -bedsore's -bedsores -Betsy's -bodacious -bodice's -bodices -baddest -Batista -batiste -battiest -bawdiest -beadiest -bedside -bedsit -bedsitter -birdseed -bittiest -bodysuit -bootstrap -bootstrapping -bootstrap's -bootstraps -bootstrapped -Batista's -batiste's -bedside's -bedsides -bedsits -bedsitters -birdseed's -bodysuit's -bodysuits -bedstead -bedstead's -bedsteads -boatswain -Botswana -boatswain's -boatswains -Botswana's -bittersweet -bittersweet's -bittersweets -Birdseye -Birdseye's -Baghdad -baited -bated -batted -beaded -bearded -bedded -betide -bidet -birded -birdied -boarded -boated -boded -bodied -booted -budded -butted -bedtime -bedtime's -bedtimes -betiding -Baghdad's -betides -bidet's -bidets -beatitude -betided -beatitude's -beatitudes -bodywork -bodywork's -betwixt -boardwalk -boardwalk's -boardwalks -between -Budweiser -Budweiser's -birdwatcher -birdwatcher's -birdwatchers -biotech -Bowditch -bedchamber -bedchambers -beautician -biotechnology -biotechnological -biotechnology's -beautician's -beauticians -Bowditch's -Bettye -birdying -Bettye's -boatyard -boatyards -bower -Bowie -bowwow -byway -biweekly -biweeklies -biweekly's -bewigged -bewail -bowel -Bowell -Beowulf -Beowulf's -bewailing -bewails -Bowell's -bowel's -bowels -bewailed -bewilder -bewilderment -bewilderment's -bewildering -bewilderingly -bewildered -bewilders -Bowen -bowing -Bowen's -beware -Bowery -bewaring -bewares -Bowery's -bewared -Bowers -bower's -bowers -Bowers's -Bowie's -bowwow's -bowwows -byway's -byways -bowed -byword -byword's -bywords -Baywatch -bewitch -bewitchment -bewitchment's -bewitching -bewitchingly -Baywatch's -bewitches -bewitched -Bach -bash -Basho -batch -Beach -beach -beech -Beecher -betcha -birch -bitch -bitchier -bitchy -Boeotia -bosh -botch -botcher -Burch -Bush -bush -bushier -bushy -butch -butcher -bashful -bashfully -bashfulness -bashfulness's -beachfront -bushwhack -bushwhacker -bushwhacking -bushwhacker's -bushwhackers -bushwhacks -bushwhacked -beachhead -beachhead's -beachheads -Bishkek -Bishkek's -beachcomber -beachcomber's -beachcombers -bachelor -bitchily -bushel -bachelorhood -bachelorhood's -bachelor's -bachelors -bushel's -bushels -biochemical -biochemically -biochemical's -biochemicals -bushman -bushmen -bushman's -biochemist -bushmaster -biochemistry -biochemistry's -biochemist's -biochemists -bushmaster's -bushmasters -bashing -batching -beaching -birching -bitching -Boeotian -botching -bushing -Bushnell -Bushnell's -Buchanan -Buchanan's -bashing's -bitchiness -bitchiness's -Boeotian's -bushiness -bushiness's -bushing's -bushings -beechnut -beechnut's -beechnuts -Buchenwald -Buchenwald's -Bishop -bishop -bishopric -bishopric's -bishoprics -Bishop's -bishop's -bishops -butchery -butchering -butcheries -butchery's -Bucharest -Bucharest's -butchered -Bach's -bashes -Basho's -bash's -batches -batch's -beaches -Beach's -beach's -Beecher's -beeches -beech's -birches -birch's -bitches -bitch's -Boeotia's -bosh's -botcher's -botchers -botches -botch's -Burch's -bushes -Bush's -bush's -butcher's -butchers -butches -butch's -bitchiest -bushiest -bashed -batched -beached -birched -bitched -botched -bushed -Bushido -Bechtel -Bechtel's -Bushido's -beachwear -Buchwald -Buchwald's -beachwear's -Bayer -bayou -Boyer -buyer -bye -BYOB -Bayeux -Bayeux's -biyearly -Bayamon -baying -Bayonne -buoying -buying -Bayonne's -buoyancy -buoyancy's -bayonet -beyond -buoyant -buoyantly -bayoneting -bayonet's -bayonets -bayoneted -Bayer's -Bayes -Bayes's -bayou's -bayous -Boyer's -buyer's -buyers -Byers -Byers's -bye's -byes -bayed -buoyed -buyout -buyout's -buyouts -boyish -boyishly -Bayesian -Bayesian's -boyishness -boyishness's -F -f -fa -FAA -fair -far -Fay -fay -Fe -fear -fee -fer -few -fey -ff -fie -fir -foe -foo -for -four -fur -fwy -FY -pH -phew -phi -phooey -WV -Faith -faith -farther -Father -father -feather -firth -forth -Fourth -fourth -further -featherbrained -featherbedding -featherbedding's -faithful -faithfully -faithfulness -faithfulness's -faithful's -faithfuls -fatherhood -fatherhood's -forthcoming -forthcoming's -fatherly -foothill -fourthly -fatherland -fatherland's -fatherlands -faithless -fatherless -featherless -foothill's -foothills -faithlessly -faithlessness -faithlessness's -foothold -foothold's -footholds -fathom -fathomable -fathomless -fathoming -furthermore -fathom's -fathoms -farthermost -furthermost -fathomed -farthing -Phaethon -farthing's -farthings -Phaethon's -featherier -feathery -fathering -feathering -furthering -furtherance -furtherance's -featheriest -fathered -feathered -forthright -furthered -forthrightly -forthrightness -forthrightness's -Faith's -faith's -faiths -Father's -Fathers -father's -fathers -feather's -feathers -firth's -firths -fourth's -fourths -furthers -farthest -furthest -fathead -fathead's -fatheads -fatheaded -forthwith -featherweight -featherweight's -featherweights -fab -FBI -Feb -Ferber -fib -fibber -fob -foobar -forbear -phobia -Phoebe -phoebe -phobic -Fiberglas -Fiberglas's -phobic's -phobics -fable -feeble -feebler -feebly -fibula -fibulae -fibular -foible -furbelow -feebleness -feebleness's -fable's -fables -fabulous -fibula's -foible's -foibles -furbelow's -fabulously -feeblest -fabled -Fabian -fibbing -fobbing -forborne -Fairbanks -Fairbanks's -Fibonacci -Fibonacci's -Fabian's -Fabians -forbore -fabric -fabric's -fabrics -fabricate -fabricator -fabricating -fabricates -fabricator's -fabricators -fabricated -fabrication -fabrication's -fabrications -febrile -fibril -fibril's -fibrils -fibrillate -fibrillating -fibrillates -fibrillated -fibrillation -fibrillation's -fibrin -forbearing -fibrin's -forbearance -forbearance's -February -Februaries -February's -fibrous -fibrosis -fibrosis's -fibroid -FBI's -Feb's -Ferber's -fibber's -fibbers -fib's -fibs -fob's -fobs -forbear's -forbears -Forbes -Forbes's -phobia's -phobias -Phobos -Phobos's -Phoebe's -phoebe's -phoebes -fibbed -fobbed -forbade -forbid -forbidden -forbidding -forbiddingly -forbiddings -forbids -furbish -furbishing -furbishes -furbished -faff -fave -fever -fief -fife -fifer -FIFO -five -fiver -fifth -fifthly -fifth's -fifths -fearful -fearfully -FOFL -fearfulness -fearfulness's -fourfold -faffing -Fafnir -Fafnir's -fervency -fervency's -fervent -fervently -fevered -feverish -feverishly -feverishness -feverishness's -faffs -faves -fever's -fevers -fief's -fiefs -fifer's -fifers -fife's -fifes -fivers -five's -fives -fauvism -fauvism's -fauvist -fauvist's -fauvists -faffed -fervid -fifty -forfeit -fiftieth -fiftieth's -fiftieths -fervidly -fiefdom -fiefdom's -fiefdoms -fifteen -forfeiting -fifteenth -fifteenth's -fifteenths -fifteen's -fifteens -forfeiture -forfeiture's -forfeitures -fifties -fifty's -forfeit's -forfeits -forfeited -FHA -FHA's -fag -fake -faker -fakir -FAQ -Fargo -FCC -FICA -fig -Fiji -fog -foggier -foggy -Fokker -forge -forger -forgo -forgoer -fork -fuck -fucker -fudge -fug -Fugger -fuggy -fugue -Fuji -phage -fogbound -forgave -forgive -forgiver -forgivable -forkful -forkful's -forkfuls -forgiven -forgiving -forgiveness -forgiveness's -forgiver's -forgivers -forgives -fuckhead -fuckheads -Fukuoka -Fukuoka's -fickle -fickler -focal -focally -foggily -fugal -forklift -forklift's -forklifts -fickleness -fickleness's -feckless -fecklessly -fecklessness -ficklest -faculty -Foucault -faculties -faculty's -Foucault's -figment -figment's -figments -fagging -Fagin -faking -Fijian -fogging -foghorn -forging -forgoing -forgone -forking -fucking -feigning -Fagin's -Fijian's -Fijians -fogginess -fogginess's -foghorn's -foghorns -forging's -forgings -fecund -fecundate -fecundity -fecundating -fecundates -fecundity's -fecundated -fecundation -fecundation's -Figaro -Figueroa -figure -forgery -figurehead -figurehead's -figureheads -figurine -figuring -figurine's -figurines -fairground -fairground's -fairgrounds -Figaro's -Figueroa's -figure's -figures -forgeries -forgery's -figured -figurative -figuratively -figuration -figuration's -fag's -fags -faker's -fakers -fake's -fakes -fakir's -fakirs -FAQ's -FAQs -Fargo's -faux -Fawkes -Fawkes's -fax -Fergus -Fergus's -FICA's -ficus -ficus's -fig's -figs -Fiji's -fix -fixer -focus -focus's -fog's -fogs -Fokker's -forger's -forgers -forge's -forges -forgoer's -forgoers -forgoes -fork's -forks -Fox -fox -foxier -foxy -fucker's -fuckers -fuck's -fucks -fudge's -fudges -Fugger's -fugue's -fugues -Fuji's -phages -fixable -foxfire -foxfire's -foxhole -foxhole's -foxholes -foxhound -foxhunt -foxhunting -foxhound's -foxhounds -foxhunts -foxglove -foxglove's -foxgloves -foxily -facsimile -facsimileing -facsimile's -facsimiles -facsimiled -faxing -Ferguson -fixing -focusing -foxing -Ferguson's -fixings -fixings's -foxiness -foxiness's -faxes -fax's -fixer's -fixers -fixes -fix's -focuses -Foxes -foxes -Fox's -fox's -foxiest -faxed -fixate -fixed -fixity -focused -foggiest -foxed -phagocyte -fixative -fixative's -fixatives -fixedly -fixating -fixture -fixture's -fixtures -foxtrot -foxtrotting -foxtrot's -foxtrots -foxtrotted -fixates -fixity's -phagocyte's -phagocytes -fixated -fixation -fixation's -fixations -facade -fact -factor -fagged -faggot -fajita -faked -fidget -fidgety -fjord -fogged -forged -forget -forgot -forked -fucked -fudged -Phekda -forgettable -fictive -fugitive -forgetful -forgetfully -forgetfulness -forgetfulness's -fugitive's -fugitives -factual -factually -fidgeting -forgetting -forgotten -factory -factorial -factorial's -factorials -factoring -factories -factory's -factored -facade's -facades -factor's -factors -fact's -facts -faggot's -faggots -fajita's -fajitas -fajitas's -fidget's -fidgets -fjord's -fjords -forgets -Fujitsu -Phekda's -Fujitsu's -factoid -fidgeted -factotum -factotum's -factotums -factoid's -factoids -factitious -fictitious -fictitiously -Fujiwara -Fujiwara's -faction -fiction -factional -fictional -fictionally -factionalism -factionalism's -faction's -factions -fiction's -fictions -factious -Fujiyama -Fukuyama -Fujiyama's -Fukuyama's -fogyish -fail -faille -fairly -fall -fallow -Farley -feel -feeler -fell -fella -feller -fellow -file -filer -fill -filler -filly -filo -FL -fl -Fla -flair -flaw -flay -flea -flee -flew -Flo -floe -floor -flour -flow -flu -flue -fly -foal -foil -fol -Foley -folio -foll -follow -folly -fool -foul -fouler -foully -fowl -Fowler -fuel -full -Fuller -fuller -fully -furl -furlough -phalli -phial -Phil -Philly -phyla -filth -filthier -filthy -filthily -filthiness -filthiness's -filth's -filthiest -Flathead -flab -flabbier -flabby -flub -flyby -Philby -fallback -fleabag -fullback -fleabag's -fleabags -fullback's -fullbacks -flabbergast -flabbergasting -flabbergasts -flabbergasted -fallible -fallibly -flabbily -flyblown -fallibleness -fallibleness's -fallibility -fallibility's -flubbing -flabbiness -flabbiness's -Fulbright -Fulbright's -flab's -flub's -flubs -flyby's -flybys -Philby's -filibuster -flabbiest -filibusterer -filibustering -filibusterer's -filibusterers -filibustered -filibuster's -filibusters -filbert -Flaubert -fleabite -floorboard -flubbed -flibbertigibbet -flibbertigibbet's -flibbertigibbets -filbert's -filberts -Flaubert's -fleabites -floorboard's -floorboards -phlebitis -phlebitis's -falloff -flavor -fluff -fluffier -fluffy -flavorful -Filofax -Filofax's -fluvial -fulfilling -fulfilled -fluffing -fluffiness -fluffiness's -falloff's -falloffs -flavors -flophouse -fluff's -fluffs -flophouse's -flophouses -fluffiest -fluffed -flywheel -flywheel's -flywheels -philharmonic -philharmonic's -philharmonics -foolhardier -foolhardy -foolhardily -foolhardiness -foolhardiness's -foolhardiest -flack -flag -flak -flake -flakier -flaky -fleck -flick -flicker -flock -flog -flogger -fluke -flukier -fluky -foliage -folic -folk -phallic -flagella -follicle -flagellum -flagellum's -Falkland -flagellant -Falkland's -Falklands -Falklands's -flagellants -folklore -folkloric -folklore's -folklorist -folklorist's -folklorists -follicle's -follicles -flagellate -flagellating -flagellates -flagellated -flagellation -flagellation's -phlegm -flagman -flagmen -flagman's -phlegm's -phlegmatic -phlegmatically -falcon -falconer -Faulkner -flagging -flagon -flaking -flecking -flicking -flocking -flogging -furloughing -phylogeny -falconry -Faulknerian -Faulknerian's -falconry's -falconer's -falconers -falcon's -falcons -Faulkner's -flagon's -flagons -flakiness -flakiness's -flocking's -flogging's -floggings -phylogeny's -flagpole -flagpole's -flagpoles -filigree -fulcrum -fulcrum's -fulcrums -filigreeing -flickering -flagrance -flagrancy -flagrance's -flagrancy's -flagrant -flagrantly -filigree's -filigrees -filigreed -flickered -Felix -flack's -flacks -flag's -flags -flake's -flakes -flak's -flax -fleck's -flecks -flex -flicker's -flickers -flick's -flicks -flock's -flocks -flogger's -floggers -flogs -fluke's -flukes -flux -Folgers -Folgers's -foliage's -folk's -folks -folksier -folksy -phlox -flexible -flexibly -flexibility -flexibility's -flaxen -flexing -flexion -fluxing -folksinger -folksinging -folksinging's -folksiness -folksiness's -folksinger's -folksingers -Felix's -flax's -flexes -flex's -fluxes -flux's -phlox's -folksiest -flaccid -flakiest -flexed -flukiest -fluxed -flagstaff -flagstaff's -flagstaffs -flaccidly -flextime -flextime's -flagstone -flagstone's -flagstones -flaccidity -flaccidity's -feelgood -flagged -flaked -flecked -fledged -flicked -flocked -flogged -furloughed -folktale -folktale's -folktales -phylactery -phylacteries -phylactery's -fluctuate -fluctuating -fluctuates -fluctuated -fluctuation -fluctuation's -fluctuations -folkway -folkway's -folkways -flycatcher -flagship -flagship's -flagships -flycatcher's -flycatchers -filial -flail -flyleaf -flyleaf's -flyleaves -philology -philological -philology's -philologist -philologist's -philologists -flailing -flail's -flails -flawless -flawlessly -flawlessness -flawlessness's -flailed -film -filmier -filmy -flame -flamer -flume -phloem -phylum -flamethrower -flamethrower's -flamethrowers -foulmouthed -flammable -flammable's -flammables -flammability -flammability's -flambeing -flambes -flamboyance -flamboyancy -flamboyance's -flamboyancy's -flamboyant -flamboyantly -flimflam -flimflamming -flimflam's -flimflams -flimflammed -filmmaker -flamage -filmmaker's -filmmakers -flummox -flummoxing -flummoxes -flummoxed -fellowman -fellowmen -filming -flaming -flamingo -Fleming -Philemon -flamenco -flamenco's -flamencos -fellowman's -filminess -filminess's -flamingo's -flamingos -flamings -Fleming's -Philemon's -filament -fulminate -fulminating -filamentous -filament's -filaments -fulminates -fulminated -fulmination -fulmination's -fulminations -flameproof -flameproofing -flameproofs -flameproofed -Fillmore -Fillmore's -film's -films -flamers -flame's -flames -flimsier -flimsy -flume's -flumes -phloem's -phylum's -flimsily -flimsiness -flimsiness's -flimsiest -filmiest -filmstrip -filmstrip's -filmstrips -filmed -flamed -Flemish -Flemish's -failing -fallen -falling -feeling -feline -felling -Fellini -felon -felony -filing -filling -flan -fleeing -fling -flown -Flynn -foaling -foiling -fooling -forlorn -fouling -fowling -Fulani -fulling -furling -philanthropy -philanthropic -philanthropically -philanthropies -philanthropy's -philanthropist -philanthropist's -philanthropists -Ferlinghetti -Ferlinghetti's -flange -flank -flanker -flung -flunk -flunky -furlong -phalanger -Flanagan -flanking -flunking -Flanagan's -flange's -flanges -flanker's -flankers -flank's -flanks -flunkies -flunk's -flunks -flunky's -furlong's -furlongs -phalanger's -phalangers -phalanges -phalanx -phalanxes -phalanx's -flanked -flunked -feelingly -flannel -forlornly -flannel's -flannels -flannelette -flannelette's -filename -filenames -flinging -failing's -failings -feeling's -feelings -feline's -felines -Fellini's -felonies -felonious -felon's -felons -felony's -filing's -filings -filling's -fillings -flan's -flans -fling's -flings -flounce -flouncy -fluency -Flynn's -foulness -foulness's -Fulani's -fullness -fullness's -flouncing -flounce's -flounces -fluency's -flounced -flaunt -Flint -flint -flintier -flinty -flounder -fluent -philander -fluently -flintlock -flintlock's -flintlocks -flaunting -flauntingly -philanderer -floundering -philandering -philandering's -philanderer's -philanderers -floundered -philandered -Flanders -Flanders's -flaunt's -flaunts -Flint's -flint's -flints -flounder's -flounders -philanders -flintiest -Flintstones -Flintstones's -flaunted -flinch -flinching -flinches -flinch's -flinched -Felipe -fillip -flap -flapper -flip -flipper -flippy -flop -floppier -floppy -Philip -Philippe -Phillip -Phillipa -philippic -flapjack -flapjack's -flapjacks -philippic's -philippics -floppily -Fallopian -Filipino -filliping -flapping -flipping -flopping -Philippine -Fallopian's -Filipino's -Filipinos -flippancy -floppiness -floppiness's -Philippians -Philippians's -Philippine's -Philippines -Philippines's -flippancy's -flippant -flippantly -flypaper -flypaper's -flypapers -foolproof -Felipe's -fillip's -fillips -flapper's -flappers -flap's -flaps -flipper's -flippers -flippies -flip's -flips -floppies -floppy's -flop's -flops -Phelps -Phelps's -Philippe's -Philip's -Philips -Philips's -Phillipa's -Phillip's -Phillips -Phillips's -flippest -floppiest -flypast -flypasts -filliped -flapped -fleapit -flipped -flopped -fleapits -failure -flare -Flora -flora -Flory -floury -flurry -foolery -fluorocarbon -fluorocarbon's -fluorocarbons -floral -flaring -flooring -florin -Florine -flouring -fluorine -flooring's -Florence -Florine's -florin's -florins -fluorine's -Florence's -Florentine -Florentine's -flareup -flareup's -flareups -failure's -failures -flare's -flares -Flora's -flora's -floras -Flores -Flores's -Flory's -fluoresce -flurries -flurry's -fooleries -foolery's -fluoroscope -fluoroscopic -fluoroscope's -fluoroscopes -fluorescing -florescence -fluorescence -florescence's -fluorescence's -florescent -fluorescent -fluoresces -florist -fluoresced -florist's -florists -flared -floored -floret -florid -Florida -floured -fluoride -fluorite -flurried -floridly -Floridan -Floridian -Floridan's -Floridian's -Floridians -floridness -floridness's -floret's -florets -Florida's -fluoride's -fluorides -fluorite's -fluoridate -fluoridating -fluoridates -fluoridated -fluoridation -fluoridation's -flourish -flourishing -flourishes -flourish's -flourished -flurrying -faille's -fail's -fails -fallacy -fallow's -fallows -fall's -falls -false -falser -falsie -Farley's -fearless -feeler's -feelers -feel's -feels -Felice -fellas -fellers -fellow's -fellows -fell's -fells -filer's -filers -file's -files -filler's -fillers -fillies -fill's -fills -filly's -flair's -flairs -flaw's -flaws -flays -flea's -fleas -fleece -fleecer -fleecier -fleecy -flees -flies -floe's -floes -floor's -floors -floozy -Flo's -floss -Flossie -flossier -floss's -flossy -flour's -flours -flow's -flows -flue's -flues -flu's -fly's -foal's -foals -foil's -foils -Foley's -folio's -folios -follies -follows -folly's -fool's -fools -foul's -fouls -Fowler's -fowl's -fowls -fuel's -fuels -Fuller's -fuller's -fullers -full's -fulls -furlough's -furloughs -furl's -furls -phallus -phallus's -phial's -phials -Philly's -Phil's -Phyllis -Phyllis's -falsifier -falsify -philosopher -philosophy -falsifiable -philosophic -philosophical -philosophically -falsification -falsification's -falsifications -falsifier's -falsifiers -falsifies -philosopher's -philosophers -philosophies -philosophy's -falsified -falsifying -falsehood -falsehood's -falsehoods -flask -Fleischer -foolscap -foolscap's -flask's -flasks -Fleischer's -falsely -fearlessly -Folsom -fulsome -fulsomely -fulsomeness -fulsomeness's -Folsom's -fleecing -flossing -falseness -falseness's -fearlessness -fearlessness's -fleeciness -fleeciness's -phallocentric -phallocentrism -flyspeck -flyspecking -flyspeck's -flyspecks -flyspecked -fallacies -fallacious -fallacy's -falsie's -falsies -Felice's -fleecer's -fleecers -fleece's -fleeces -floozies -floozy's -flosses -Flossie's -fallaciously -falsest -fleeciest -flossiest -falsetto -falsity -Felicity -felicity -fellest -fleeced -fliest -flossed -fluster -foulest -fullest -Falstaff -Falstaff's -Philistine -philistine -Philistine's -philistine's -philistines -philistinism -philistinism's -flustering -flustered -falsetto's -falsettos -falsities -falsity's -felicities -felicitous -Felicity's -felicity's -fluster's -flusters -felicitously -felicitate -felicitating -felicitates -felicitated -felicitation -felicitation's -felicitations -flyswatter -flyswatter's -flyswatters -failed -fallout -falter -fault -faultier -faulty -fealty -felled -felt -field -fielder -filed -filet -filled -fillet -filter -flat -Flatt -flatter -fled -fleet -fleeter -flied -flight -flightier -flighty -flirt -flirty -flit -float -floater -flood -flooder -flout -flouter -Floyd -flt -fluid -flute -flutter -foaled -foiled -fold -folder -fooled -foulard -fouled -fowled -fulled -furled -flatbread -flatbed -flatboat -flatbed's -flatbeds -flatboat's -flatboats -faultfinder -faultfinding -faultfinding's -faultfinder's -faultfinders -flatfeet -flatfoot -flatfoot's -flatfoots -flatfooted -flatfish -flatfishes -flatfish's -flatcar -fledgling -fledgling's -fledglings -flatcar's -flatcars -floodgate -floodgate's -floodgates -faultily -flatly -fleetly -flotilla -fluidly -philately -Philadelphia -Philadelphia's -philatelic -flatulence -flatulence's -flatland -flatulent -flatland's -faultless -flightless -flotilla's -flotillas -philately's -faultlessly -faultlessness -faultlessness's -philatelist -philatelist's -philatelists -flatlet -floodlight -floodlit -floodlighting -flatlets -floodlight's -floodlights -floodlighted -flatmate -flatmates -faulting -felting -Fielding -fielding -filleting -flatten -flatting -fleeting -flirting -flitting -floating -flooding -flouting -fluting -folding -Fullerton -Fulton -fleetingly -fleetingly's -flattening -fleetingness -fleetingness's -faultiness -faultiness's -Fielding's -flatness -flatness's -flattens -fleetness -fleetness's -flightiness -flightiness's -fluting's -Fullerton's -Fulton's -flattened -philodendron -philodendron's -philodendrons -flattop -floodplain -floodplain's -floodplains -flattop's -flattops -filterer -flatterer -flattery -fluttery -filterable -faltering -filtering -flatiron -flattering -fluttering -falteringly -flatteringly -falterings -flatiron's -flatirons -flytrap -flytraps -filterer's -filterers -flatterer's -flatterers -flattery's -faltered -filtered -filtrate -flattered -fluttered -filtrating -filtrate's -filtrates -filtrated -filtration -filtration's -fallout's -falter's -falters -fault's -faults -fealty's -felt's -felts -fielder's -fielders -Fields -field's -fields -Fields's -fillet's -fillets -filter's -filters -flat's -flats -flatters -Flatt's -flatus -flatus's -fleet's -fleets -flight's -flights -flirt's -flirts -flit's -flits -floater's -floaters -float's -floats -flood's -floods -flouter's -flouters -flout's -flouts -Floyd's -fluid's -fluids -flute's -flutes -flutter's -flutters -folder's -folders -fold's -folds -foulard's -flotsam -fieldsman -fieldsmen -flotsam's -feldspar -feldspar's -faultiest -flattest -fleetest -flightiest -faulted -felted -fielded -filleted -flatted -fleeted -flirted -flitted -floated -flooded -flouted -fluidity -fluted -folded -foldout -fluidity's -foldout's -foldouts -foldaway -fieldwork -fieldworker -fieldworker's -fieldworkers -fieldwork's -flatworm -flatworm's -flatworms -flatware -flatware's -floodwater -floodwater's -floodwaters -flattish -flirtation -flotation -flirtation's -flirtations -flotation's -flotations -flirtatious -flirtatiously -flirtatiousness -flirtatiousness's -flower -flyway -follower -flowerbed -flowerbed's -flowerbeds -Falwell -floorwalker -floorwalker's -floorwalkers -Falwell's -flowerless -fallowing -flawing -flowing -following -following's -followings -followup -followups -flowerpot -flowerpot's -flowerpots -flowerier -flowery -flowering -floweriness -floweriness's -flowerings -floweriest -flowered -Flowers -flower's -flowers -Flowers's -flyway's -flyways -follower's -followers -fallowed -flawed -flowed -flyweight -followed -flyweight's -flyweights -Falasha -Felecia -Felicia -fellatio -filch -flash -flasher -flashier -flashy -flesh -fleshier -fleshy -Fletcher -flush -flusher -foolish -flashback -flashback's -flashbacks -flashbulb -flashbulb's -flashbulbs -flashcube -flashcube's -flashcubes -flashgun -flashgun's -flashguns -flashcard -flashcard's -flashcards -flashily -fleshlier -fleshly -foolishly -fleshliest -flashlight -flashlight's -flashlights -Florsheim -Florsheim's -filching -flashing -fleshing -flushing -flashiness -flashiness's -flashing's -foolishness -foolishness's -fellowship -fellowship's -fellowships -fleshpot -fleshpot's -fleshpots -Falasha's -Felecia's -Felicia's -fellatio's -filches -flasher's -flashers -flashes -flash's -fleshes -flesh's -Fletcher's -flushes -flush's -flashest -flashiest -fleshiest -flushest -filched -flashed -fleshed -flowchart -flushed -flysheet -flowchart's -flowcharts -flysheets -flyable -flyover -flyover's -flyovers -flaying -flying -flying's -flayed -flyaway -fame -farm -Farmer -farmer -fem -femur -Fermi -firm -firmer -FM -Fm -foam -foamier -foamy -form -former -fum -fume -fumier -fumy -fumble -fumbler -fumbling -fumblingly -fumbler's -fumblers -fumble's -fumbles -fumbled -formfitting -farmhand -farmhand's -farmhands -farmhouse -farmhouse's -farmhouses -formic -Formica -pharmacology -pharmacologic -pharmacological -pharmacology's -pharmacologist -pharmacologist's -pharmacologists -fumigant -fumigant's -fumigants -pharmacopoeia -pharmacopoeia's -pharmacopoeias -Formica's -Formicas -fumigate -fumigator -fumigating -fumigates -fumigator's -fumigators -fumigated -fumigation -fumigation's -familiar -family -female -firmly -formal -formally -formerly -formula -formulae -Fomalhaut -Fomalhaut's -formulaic -familial -familiarly -formalin -femaleness -femaleness's -farmland -farmland's -farmlands -familiarity -familiarity's -familiar's -familiars -families -family's -female's -females -formal's -formals -formless -formula's -formulas -formlessly -formalism -formalism's -formlessness -formlessness's -formalist -formalist's -formalists -formality -formulate -formulator -formaldehyde -formaldehyde's -formulating -formalities -formality's -formulates -formulator's -formulators -formulated -formulation -formulation's -formulations -fermium -firmament -firmament's -firmaments -fermium's -famine -farming -firming -foaming -forming -fuming -feminine -femininely -feminine's -feminines -femininity -femininity's -famine's -famines -farming's -farmings -firmness -firmness's -foaminess -foaminess's -feminism -feminism's -feminist -feminist's -feminists -ferment -foment -fermenting -fomenting -ferment's -ferments -foments -fermented -fomented -fermentation -fomentation -fermentation's -fomentation's -femoral -fame's -famous -Farmer's -farmer's -farmers -farm's -farms -femur's -femurs -Fermi's -firm's -firms -FM's -FMs -Fm's -foam's -foams -former's -Formosa -form's -forms -fume's -fumes -fums -pharmacy -famously -Formosan -Formosan's -Formosa's -pharmacies -pharmacy's -pharmacist -pharmacist's -pharmacists -firmest -foamiest -fumiest -pharmaceutic -pharmaceutical -pharmaceutical's -pharmaceuticals -pharmaceutic's -pharmaceutics -pharmaceutics's -farmstead -farmstead's -farmsteads -famed -farmed -Fermat -firmed -foamed -format -formed -fumed -formidable -formidably -formative -formatting -formatting's -Fermat's -format's -formats -formatted -firmware -firmware's -famish -famishing -formation -formation's -formations -famishes -famished -farmyard -farmyard's -farmyards -fain -fainer -fan -Fannie -Fanny -fanny -faun -fauna -fawn -fawner -feign -feigned -fen -Fern -fern -fernier -ferny -fin -fine -finer -finger -Finn -finny -Fiona -fun -funner -funnier -funny -furn -phone -phonier -Yvonne -fainthearted -fanboy -phenobarbital -phenobarbital's -Finnbogadottir -Finnbogadottir's -fanboy's -fanboys -fingerboard -fingerboard's -fingerboards -funfair -fanfare -fanfare's -fanfares -funfairs -Funafuti -Funafuti's -fang -finickier -finicky -fink -fungi -funk -funkier -funky -phonic -fungible -fungible's -fungibles -finagle -finagler -finical -fungal -funicular -phonically -finagling -finagler's -finaglers -finagles -funicular's -funiculars -finagled -finking -Finnegan -funking -finickiness -finickiness's -Finnegan's -funkiness -funkiness's -phonograph -phonographic -phonograph's -phonographs -fang's -fangs -fink's -finks -fungous -fungus -fungus's -funk's -funks -Phoenix -phoenix -phonics -phonics's -phoenixes -Phoenix's -phoenix's -finickiest -fungicide -funkiest -fungicidal -fungicide's -fungicides -fanged -finked -fornicate -fornicator -fungoid -funked -phonecard -fornicating -fornicates -fornicator's -fornicators -phonecards -fornicated -fornication -function -functional -functionally -functionalism -functionalist -functionalists -functionality -functionalities -functioning -functionary -functionaries -functionary's -fornication's -function's -functions -functioned -fennel -final -finale -finally -finely -finial -Finley -funnel -funnily -phenol -phonology -phonological -phonologically -phonology's -phonologist -phonologist's -phonologists -fingerling -fingerling's -fingerlings -Finland -Finland's -fennel's -finale's -finales -final's -finals -finial's -finials -Finley's -funnel's -funnels -phenol's -finalist -finalist's -finalists -fanlight -finality -fanlight's -fanlights -finality's -FNMA -phenom -phoneme -fingermark -phonemic -phonemically -fingermarks -Feynman -funnyman -funnymen -phenomena -phenomenal -phenomenally -phenomenology -phenomenological -phenomenon -phenomenon's -phenomenons -Feynman's -funnyman's -FNMA's -phenom's -phenoms -phoneme's -phonemes -fanning -fawning -Fenian -fining -phoning -fingernail -fingernail's -fingernails -Fenian's -finance -financier -fineness -fineness's -funniness -funniness's -phoniness -phoniness's -financing -financing's -finance's -finances -financier's -financiers -financed -Fernando -Fernandez -Fernando's -Fernandez's -financial -financially -fingerprint -fingerprinting -fingerprint's -fingerprints -fingerprinted -finery -funeral -funereal -funereally -funeral's -funerals -fingering -Fourneyron -fingering's -fingerings -Fourneyron's -funerary -finery's -Phanerozoic -Phanerozoic's -fingered -fairness -fairness's -fancier -fancy -Fannie's -fannies -Fanny's -fanny's -fan's -fans -fauna's -faunas -faun's -fauns -fawner's -fawners -fawn's -fawns -feigns -fence -fencer -fen's -fens -Fern's -fern's -ferns -fewness -fewness's -fine's -fines -finesse -finger's -fingers -finis -finis's -Finn's -Finns -fin's -fins -Fiona's -funnies -funny's -fun's -furnace -phone's -phones -Yvonne's -fanciful -fancifully -fancifulness -fancifulness's -fancily -fanzine -fencing -finessing -fanciness -fanciness's -fanzine's -fanzines -fencing's -finespun -fancier's -fanciers -fancies -fancy's -fencer's -fencers -fence's -fences -finesse's -finesses -finises -furnace's -furnaces -fanciest -fainest -fancied -fenced -ferniest -finessed -finest -funnest -funniest -phoniest -phenacetin -phenacetin's -fenestration -fenestration's -fancywork -fancywork's -fancying -faint -fainter -fanned -fawned -feint -fend -fender -fiend -find -finder -fined -finite -finned -fond -Fonda -fonder -fondue -font -found -founder -fount -fund -Fundy -phoned -phonied -fanatic -phonetic -fanatical -fanatically -phonetically -fanatic's -fanatics -phonetics -phonetics's -faintly -fantail -finitely -fondle -fondly -fondling -foundling -foundling's -foundlings -Fauntleroy -Fauntleroy's -fantail's -fantails -fondles -fondled -fandom -phantom -fundamental -fundamentally -fundamental's -fundamentals -fundamentalism -fundamentalism's -fundamentalist -fundamentalist's -fundamentalists -phantom's -phantoms -fainting -feinting -fending -finding -founding -fountain -funding -fountainhead -fountainhead's -fountainheads -fandango -fandango's -fandangos -faintness -faintness's -finding's -findings -findings's -fondness -fondness's -fountain's -fountains -funding's -fondant -fondant's -fondants -fingertip -phenotype -fingertip's -fingertips -foundry -furniture -foundering -foundries -foundry's -fundraiser -furniture's -fundraising -fundraiser's -fundraisers -foundered -faint's -faints -fantasy -feint's -feints -fender's -fenders -fends -fiend's -fiends -finder's -finders -find's -finds -Fonda's -fondue's -fondues -font's -fonts -founder's -founders -founds -fount's -founts -Fuentes -Fuentes's -fund's -funds -Fundy's -phantasm -phantasmagoria -phantasmagorical -phantasmagoria's -phantasmagorias -phantasmal -phantasm's -phantasms -fantasies -fantasy's -fanaticism -fanaticism's -fantasist -fantasists -faintest -fantasied -fondest -fantastic -fantastical -fantastically -fantasying -fainted -feinted -fended -founded -funded -fantasia -fiendish -fiendishly -foundation -phonetician -foundational -foundation's -foundations -phonetician's -phoneticians -fantasia's -fantasias -Finch -finch -finish -finisher -Finnish -furnish -Phoenicia -fanciable -finishing -furnishing -Phoenician -furnishings -furnishings's -Phoenician's -Phoenicians -finches -Finch's -finch's -finisher's -finishers -finishes -finish's -Finnish's -furnishes -Phoenicia's -finished -furnished -phoneying -phonying -phoneyed -fop -FPO -foppery -foppery's -fop's -fops -fps -Phipps -Phipps's -fourposter -fourposter's -fourposters -foppish -foppishness -foppishness's -faerie -Faeroe -fairer -fairy -fare -faro -farrier -Farrow -farrow -ferry -fierier -fiery -fire -firer -fora -foray -fore -Fourier -Fr -fr -Frau -fray -free -freer -Frey -Fri -friar -fro -Fry -fry -fuehrer -fuhrer -furrier -furrow -furry -fury -Pharaoh -pharaoh -froth -frothier -frothy -frothing -freethinker -freethinking -freethinking's -freethinker's -freethinkers -frothiness -frothiness's -froth's -froths -frothiest -forethought -frothed -forethought's -forebear -freebie -firebug -firebox -firebug's -firebugs -fireboxes -firebox's -fireball -friable -fireball's -fireballs -firebomb -firebombing -firebombings -firebomb's -firebombs -firebombed -freeborn -firebreak -firebrick -firebreak's -firebreaks -firebrick's -firebricks -firebrand -firebrand's -firebrands -forebear's -forebears -freebase -freebie's -freebies -freebasing -freebase's -freebases -freebased -ferryboat -forebode -freebooter -foreboding -foreboding's -forebodings -ferryboat's -ferryboats -forebodes -freebooter's -freebooters -foreboded -Frobisher -Frobisher's -forever -forefather -forefather's -forefathers -Firefox -Firefox's -firefly -fireflies -firefly's -frivolous -frivolously -frivolousness -frivolousness's -frivolity -frivolities -frivolity's -forevermore -forefinger -freephone -forefinger's -forefingers -froufrou -forefront -forefront's -forefronts -froufrou's -forever's -firefight -firefighter -forefeet -forefoot -firefighting -firefighting's -firefighter's -firefighters -firefight's -firefights -forefoot's -freewheel -freewheeling -freewheels -freehold -freeholder -freewheeled -freeholder's -freeholders -freehold's -freeholds -forehand -freehand -forehand's -forehands -firehouse -firehouse's -firehouses -forehead -forehead's -foreheads -farrago -ferric -forage -forager -forego -frack -frag -freak -freakier -freaky -freq -fridge -frig -Frigga -frock -frog -Phrygia -Farrakhan -Farrakhan's -fragile -fragiler -freckle -freckly -frugal -frugally -freckling -foreclose -freckle's -freckles -foreclosing -foreclosure -foreclosure's -foreclosures -forecloses -foreclosed -fragilest -fragility -freckled -frugality -fragility's -frugality's -frogman -frogmen -frogman's -fragment -fragmenting -fragmentary -fragmentary's -fragment's -fragments -fragmented -fragmentation -fragmentation's -frogmarch -frogmarching -frogmarches -frogmarched -foraging -foregoing -foregone -foreigner -foreknew -foreknow -fracking -freaking -frigging -frogging -phreaking -foreknowledge -foreknowledge's -foreknown -foreigner's -foreigners -foreignness -foreignness's -foreknows -frequency -froggings -frequencies -frequency's -Fragonard -frequent -frequenter -frequently -frequenting -Fragonard's -frequenter's -frequenters -frequents -frequentest -frequented -foreknowing -firecracker -firecracker's -firecrackers -fragrance -fragrance's -fragrances -foreground -fragrant -fragrantly -foregrounding -foreground's -foregrounds -foregrounded -farragoes -farrago's -forager's -foragers -forage's -forages -foregoes -fracas -fracas's -fracks -frags -freak's -freaks -fricassee -fridge's -fridges -Frigga's -frigs -frock's -frocks -frog's -frogs -Phrygia's -fricasseeing -frogspawn -fracases -fricassee's -fricassees -forecast -forecaster -freakiest -fricasseed -forecastle -forecastle's -forecastles -forecasting -forecaster's -forecasters -forecast's -forecasts -Farragut -fireguard -foraged -forecourt -forequarter -fracked -freaked -frigate -frigged -frigid -fricative -fructify -fricative's -fricatives -fructifies -fructified -fructifying -fractal -frigidly -fractal's -fractals -frigidness -frigidness's -fracture -Frigidaire -fracturing -fracture's -fractures -Frigidaire's -fractured -Farragut's -fireguards -forecourt's -forecourts -forequarter's -forequarters -frigate's -frigates -fructose -fructose's -frigidity -frigidity's -freakish -freakishly -fraction -friction -fractional -fractionally -frictional -fraction's -fractions -freakishness -freakishness's -friction's -frictions -fractious -fractiously -fractiousness -fractiousness's -Farrell -feral -Ferrell -ferrule -ferule -frail -frailer -frailly -freely -frill -frillier -frilly -foreleg -forelock -frolic -frolicker -frolicking -foreleg's -forelegs -forelock's -forelocks -frolicker's -frolickers -frolic's -frolics -frolicsome -frolicked -forelimb -forelimb's -forelimbs -Fraulein -frailness -frailness's -freelance -freelancer -freelancing -freelancer's -freelancers -freelance's -freelances -freelanced -fairyland -fairyland's -fairylands -Farrell's -Ferrell's -ferrule's -ferrules -ferule's -ferules -frill's -frills -frailest -frilliest -firelight -firelighter -frailty -freeload -freeloader -frilled -freeloading -firelighters -firelight's -frailties -frailty's -freeloader's -freeloaders -freeloads -freeloaded -firearm -forearm -forum -frame -framer -from -Fromm -ferromagnetic -ferryman -ferrymen -fireman -firemen -forearming -Foreman -foreman -foremen -framing -Freeman -freeman -freemen -pheromone -ferryman's -fireman's -Foreman's -foreman's -Freeman's -freeman's -pheromone's -pheromones -Fremont -Fremont's -frump -frumpier -frumpy -frump's -frumps -frumpiest -frumpish -firearm's -firearms -forearm's -forearms -forum's -forums -framer's -framers -frame's -frames -Fromm's -Freemason -Freemasonry -freemasonry -Freemasonries -Freemasonry's -Freemason's -Freemasons -foremast -foremost -foremast's -foremasts -forearmed -framed -framework -framework's -frameworks -fairing -farina -faring -fearing -firing -foreign -Fran -Franny -Frauen -freeing -Freon -fringe -frown -furring -Fahrenheit -Fahrenheit's -franc -Franck -Franco -Frank -frank -franker -Frankie -frangible -frangibility -frangibility's -Francophile -francophone -Frankfort -Frankfurt -Frankfurter -frankfurter -Frankfort's -Frankfurter's -frankfurter's -frankfurters -Frankfurt's -Frankel -frankly -pharyngeal -Franklin -Franklin's -Franglais -Franglais's -Frankel's -franking -frankness -frankness's -frankincense -frankincense's -Frankenstein -Frankenstein's -Franck's -Francois -Francoise -Francois's -Franco's -franc's -francs -Frankie's -Frank's -Franks -frank's -franks -Franks's -pharynges -pharynx -Francoise's -pharynx's -frankest -franked -pharyngitis -pharyngitis's -Frankish -phrenology -phrenology's -phrenologist -phrenologist's -phrenologists -forename -forename's -forenames -forenamed -forenoon -fringing -frowning -forenoon's -forenoons -fairing's -fairings -farina's -fieriness -fieriness's -firings -France -Franny's -Fran's -Franz -frenzy -Freon's -fringe's -fringes -frown's -frowns -Frunze -furriness -furriness's -furring's -forensic -forensically -forensic's -forensics -forensics's -francium -francium's -Francine -Francine's -farinaceous -France's -Frances -Frances's -Francis -Francis's -Franz's -frenzies -frenzy's -Frunze's -Francesca -Francisca -Francisco -Franciscan -Franciscan's -Franciscans -Francesca's -Francisca's -Francisco's -frenzied -frenziedly -Friend -friend -fringed -frond -Fronde -front -frontier -frowned -frontbench -frontbencher -frontbenchers -frontbenches -frantic -frenetic -frontage -frantically -frenetically -frontage's -frontages -friendlier -friendly -frontal -frontally -friendliness -friendliness's -friendless -friendlies -friendly's -friendliest -friending -fronting -Frontenac -Frontenac's -Friend's -Friends -friend's -friends -Fronde's -frond's -fronds -frontier's -frontiers -front's -fronts -frontiersman -frontiersmen -frontiersman's -frontispiece -frontispiece's -frontispieces -frontierswoman -frontierswomen -friended -fronted -frontward -frontwards -friendship -friendship's -friendships -French -french -Frenchman -Frenchmen -Frenchman's -Frenchmen's -franchise -franchisee -franchiser -Frenches -French's -franchising -franchisee's -franchisees -franchiser's -franchisers -franchise's -franchises -franchised -Frenchwoman -Frenchwomen -Frenchwoman's -Frenchwomen's -foreplay -fireplug -fireplug's -fireplugs -fireplace -foreplay's -fireplace's -fireplaces -frippery -fireproof -fireproofing -fireproofs -fireproofed -fripperies -frippery's -frappes -foreperson -foreperson's -forepersons -forepart -forepart's -foreparts -firepower -firepower's -Ferrari -Ferraro -friary -forerunner -forerunner's -forerunners -Ferrari's -Ferraro's -friaries -friary's -faerie's -faeries -Faeroe's -fairies -fairy's -fare's -fares -faro's -farrier's -farriers -Farrow's -farrow's -farrows -ferries -Ferris -Ferris's -ferrous -ferry's -firer's -firers -fire's -fires -foray's -forays -fore's -fores -foresaw -foresee -foreseer -Fourier's -Fraser -Frau's -fray's -frays -Frazier -frees -freeze -freezer -Frey's -friar's -friars -fries -frieze -Fri's -frizz -frizzier -frizzy -frowzier -frowzy -froze -Fr's -Fry's -fry's -fuehrer's -fuehrers -fuhrer's -fuhrers -Furies -furies -Furies's -furious -furrier's -furriers -furrow's -furrows -fury's -Pharaoh's -Pharaohs -pharaoh's -pharaohs -Pharisee -pharisee -phrase -Frisbee -phrasebook -phrasebooks -foreseeable -freezable -Frisbee's -fresco -Frisco -frisk -friskier -frisky -Pharisaic -pharisaic -friskily -Pharisaical -foreskin -frisking -foreskin's -foreskins -friskiness -friskiness's -firescreen -firescreens -frescoes -fresco's -Frisco's -frisks -friskiest -frisked -foresail -frazzle -frizzle -frizzly -frowzily -furiously -phrasal -phraseology -phraseology's -frazzling -frizzling -foresail's -foresails -frazzle's -frazzles -frizzle's -frizzles -frazzled -frizzled -foreseeing -foreseen -freezing -Fresno -frisson -frizzing -frozen -phrasing -Fresnel -Fresnel's -freezing's -Fresno's -frissons -frowziness -frowziness's -phrasing's -phrasings -ferocious -foreseer's -foreseers -foresees -Fraser's -Frazier's -freezer's -freezers -freeze's -freezes -frieze's -friezes -frizzes -frizz's -Pharisee's -Pharisees -pharisee's -pharisees -phrase's -phrases -ferociously -ferociousness -ferociousness's -frizziest -frowziest -fairest -ferocity -fieriest -fireside -foresight -Forest -forest -Forester -forester -Forrest -freest -frizzed -Froissart -Frost -frost -frostier -frosty -furriest -phrased -Frostbelt -Frostbelt's -frostbit -frostbite -frostbiting -frostbitten -frostbite's -frostbites -forestall -freestyle -frostily -forestalling -forestland -forestland's -forestalls -freestyle's -freestyles -forestalled -firestorm -frustum -firestorm's -firestorms -frustum's -frustums -Firestone -foresting -freestone -frosting -Firestone's -freestone's -freestones -frostiness -frostiness's -frosting's -frostings -freestanding -forestry -forestry's -frustrate -frustrating -frustratingly -frustrates -frustrated -frustration -frustration's -frustrations -ferocity's -fireside's -firesides -foresight's -Forester's -forester's -foresters -Forest's -forest's -forests -Forrest's -Froissart's -Frost's -frost's -frosts -frostiest -foresighted -forested -frosted -foresightedness -foresightedness's -forestation -forestation's -farad -Faraday -fared -feared -ferret -ferried -fired -frat -fraud -fraught -Fred -Freda -Freddie -Freddy -freed -Freida -freight -freighter -fret -Freud -Friday -fried -Frieda -fright -Frito -fritter -Frodo -fruit -fruitier -fruity -furred -fretful -fretfully -frightful -frightfully -fruitful -fruitfully -fretfulness -fretfulness's -frightfulness -frightfulness's -fruitfulness -fruitfulness's -friedcake -fruitcake -friedcake's -friedcakes -fruitcake's -fruitcakes -foretell -foretelling -fraudulence -fraudulence's -fraudulent -fraudulently -foretells -fruitless -fruitlessly -fruitlessness -fruitlessness's -foretold -foredoom -freedom -foredooming -freedman -freedmen -Friedman -freedman's -Friedman's -firedamp -firedamp's -foredooms -freedom's -freedoms -foredoomed -ferreting -foreordain -Freetown -freighting -fretting -Freudian -Friedan -frighten -frighting -fruiting -fraternal -fraternally -foreordaining -frightening -frighteningly -foreordains -Freetown's -Freudian's -Friedan's -frightens -fruitiness -fruitiness's -foreordained -fraternity -frightened -fraternities -fraternity's -fruiterer -firetruck -Frederic -Frederick -Fredric -Fredrick -firetruck's -firetrucks -Frederick's -Frederic's -Fredrick's -Fredric's -Fredericton -Fredericton's -frittering -firetrap -firetrap's -firetraps -fruiterers -fratricide -fratricidal -fratricide's -fratricides -frittered -Faraday's -faradize -farad's -farads -ferret's -ferrets -frat's -frats -fraud's -frauds -Freda's -Freddie's -Freddy's -Fred's -Freida's -freighter's -freighters -freight's -freights -fret's -frets -fretsaw -Freud's -Friday's -Fridays -Frieda's -fright's -frights -Frito's -fritter's -fritters -Fritz -fritz -Frodo's -fruit's -fruits -faradizing -fretsaw's -fretsaws -Fritz's -fritz's -faradized -foretaste -fraudster -fruitiest -foretasting -foretaste's -foretastes -fraudsters -foretasted -ferreted -freighted -fretted -frighted -fruited -fretwork -fretwork's -faraway -freeway -firework -firework's -fireworks -farewell -firewall -freewill -farewell's -farewells -firewall's -firewalls -forewoman -forewomen -forewoman's -farrowing -forewarn -furrowing -forewarning -forewarns -forewarned -forewent -freeware -freeware's -freeway's -freeways -farrowed -firewater -firewood -foreword -froward -furrowed -frowardness -frowardness's -firewater's -firewood's -foreword's -forewords -freesia -fresh -fresher -frosh -freshly -freshman -freshmen -freshman's -freshen -freshener -Frisian -fruition -freshening -freshener's -fresheners -freshens -freshness -freshness's -Frisian's -Frisians -fruition's -freshened -foreshore -foreshores -freesias -freshers -frosh's -freshest -foreshadow -freshet -foreshorten -foreshortening -foreshortens -foreshortened -foreshadows -freshet's -freshets -foreshadowing -foreshadowed -freshwater -freshwater's -Freya -Frye -fryer -ferrying -foraying -fraying -frying -Freya's -fryer's -fryers -Frye's -forayed -frayed -face -fair's -fairs -farce -Farsi -fa's -fascia -Fay's -fay's -fays -faze -fear's -fears -fee's -fees -Fe's -fess -few's -Fez -fez -fierce -fiercer -fir's -firs -Fizeau -fizz -fizzier -fizzy -foe's -foes -force -fossa -Fosse -four's -fours -F's -fur's -furs -furze -fuse -fusee -fuss -fussier -fuss's -fussy -fuzz -fuzzier -fuzzy -phase -phi's -phis -phys -Yves -Yves's -forsooth -forsythia -firsthand -forsythia's -forsythias -Facebook -Facebook's -fussbudget -fussbudget's -fussbudgets -feasible -feasibly -Foosball -forcible -forcibly -fusible -fuzzball -Foosball's -fuzzballs -feasibility -fusibility -feasibility's -fusibility's -Fassbinder -Fassbinder's -Fuzzbuster -Fuzzbuster's -FSF -phosphor -forceful -forcefully -forcefulness -forcefulness's -phosphoric -phosphorylation -phosphorous -phosphorus -phosphorus's -phosphorescence -phosphorescence's -phosphorescent -phosphorescently -FSF's -phosphor's -phosphors -phosphate -phosphate's -phosphates -phosphodiesterase -Fuzhou -Fuzhou's -fiasco -Fischer -Fisk -forsake -forsook -physic -physique -farcical -farcically -fascicle -fiscal -fiscally -physical -physically -facecloth -facecloth's -facecloths -fascicle's -fascicles -fiscal's -fiscals -physical's -physicals -physicality -forsaken -forsaking -physicking -fourscore -foursquare -fourscore's -fiascoes -fiasco's -Fischer's -Fisk's -forsakes -physic's -physics -physics's -physique's -physiques -physicked -facile -Faisal -fiercely -fissile -fizzle -fossil -fusilier -fussily -fuzzily -Faisalabad -Faisalabad's -FSLIC -fuselage -fuselage's -fuselages -facilely -fizzling -faceless -Faisal's -fizzle's -fizzles -fossil's -fossils -fusilier's -fusiliers -facility -fizzled -fusillade -facilities -facility's -fusillade's -fusillades -facilitate -facilitator -facilitating -facilitates -facilitator's -facilitators -facilitated -facilitation -facilitation's -fearsome -foursome -foursome's -foursomes -facing -farseeing -fazing -fessing -fizzing -forcing -fusing -fussing -fuzzing -phasing -facing's -facings -fierceness -fierceness's -fussiness -fussiness's -fuzziness -fuzziness's -fascinate -pheasant -fascinating -fascinatingly -fascinates -pheasant's -pheasants -fascinated -fascination -fascination's -fascinations -facepalm -facepalming -facepalms -facepalmed -forceps -forceps's -fusspot -fusspot's -fusspots -fissure -fissure's -fissures -face's -faces -farce's -farces -Farsi's -fascia's -fascias -fazes -fesses -Fez's -fez's -fezzes -Fizeau's -fizzes -fizz's -force's -forces -Fosse's -furze's -fusee's -fusees -fuse's -fuses -fusses -fuzzes -fuzz's -phase's -phases -fascism -fascism's -physicist -physicist's -physicists -fascist -fiercest -fizziest -fussiest -fuzziest -fascistic -fascist's -fascists -faced -facet -fast -faster -faucet -Faust -fazed -feast -feaster -feistier -feisty -fessed -fest -fester -fiesta -first -fist -fizzed -foist -forced -Forster -Foster -foster -fused -fussed -fustier -fusty -fuzzed -phased -phaseout -fastback -fastback's -fastbacks -fastball -fastball's -fastballs -firstborn -firstborn's -firstborns -festive -festival -festively -fistful -festival's -festivals -fistful's -fistfuls -festiveness -festiveness's -festivity -fistfight -festivities -festivity's -fistfight's -fistfights -fisticuffs -fisticuffs's -festal -firstly -fistula -fistula's -fistulas -fistulous -fistulous's -faceting -fasten -fastener -fasting -Faustino -feasting -festoon -foisting -fastening -festooning -fastening's -fastenings -fastener's -fasteners -fastens -fastness -fastness's -Faustino's -festoon's -festoons -fustiness -fustiness's -fastnesses -fastened -festooned -festering -fostering -festered -fostered -facet's -facets -fast's -fasts -faucet's -faucets -Faust's -Faustus -Faustus's -feaster's -feasters -feast's -feasts -fester's -festers -fest's -fests -fiesta's -fiestas -first's -firsts -fist's -fists -foists -Forster's -Foster's -fosters -phaseout's -phaseouts -fastest -feistiest -fustiest -faceted -farsighted -fasted -feasted -foisted -farsightedness -farsightedness's -fastidious -fastidiously -fastidiousness -fastidiousness's -forswear -forsworn -forswore -forswearing -forswears -Faustian -fustian -physician -Faustian's -fustian's -physician's -physicians -facetious -facetiously -facetiousness -facetiousness's -fad -faddy -fade -Fahd -fart -fat -Fatah -fate -fatter -fattier -fatty -FD -FDA -feat -Fed -fed -feed -feeder -feet -feta -fetter -feud -Fiat -fiat -Fido -fight -fighter -fit -fitter -fodder -food -foodie -foot -footer -footie -footy -Ford -ford -fort -forte -forty -fought -ft -FUD -fut -FWD -fwd -phat -PhD -photo -Yvette -fortieth -fortieth's -fortieths -fatback -feedback -feedbag -fightback -fatback's -feedback's -feedbag's -feedbags -football -footballer -fordable -footballing -footballer's -footballers -football's -footballs -footbridge -footbridge's -footbridges -fortifier -fortify -furtive -fortification -fortification's -fortifications -fateful -fatefully -fitful -fitfully -footfall -furtively -fatefulness -fatefulness's -fitfulness -fitfulness's -footfall's -footfalls -furtiveness -furtiveness's -photofinishing -photofinishing's -fortifier's -fortifiers -fortifies -fortified -fortifying -fatigue -FDIC -footage -FTC -fatiguing -fudging -photogenic -photogenically -photojournalism -photojournalism's -photojournalist -photojournalist's -photojournalists -photocopier -photocopy -photocopier's -photocopiers -photocopies -photocopy's -photocopied -photocopying -photograph -photographer -photography -photographic -photographically -photographing -photographer's -photographers -photograph's -photographs -photography's -photographed -fatigue's -fatigues -fatigues's -FDIC's -FedEx -footage's -fettuccine -fettuccine's -FedEx's -fatigued -fatal -fatally -fertile -fetal -fettle -feudal -fiddle -fiddler -fiddlier -fiddly -Fidel -fitly -fuddle -futile -fetlock -footlocker -fetlock's -fetlocks -footlocker's -footlockers -photoelectric -photoelectrically -futilely -fiddling -footling -fuddling -footling's -footlings -fettle's -fiddler's -fiddlers -fiddle's -fiddles -Fidel's -footless -footloose -Fortaleza -fuddle's -fuddles -fatalism -feudalism -fatalism's -feudalism's -Fortaleza's -fatalist -fiddliest -fatalistic -feudalistic -fatalistically -fiddlesticks -fatalist's -fatalists -fatality -feedlot -fertility -fiddled -fidelity -fuddled -futility -fatalities -fatality's -feedlot's -feedlots -fertility's -fidelity's -footlights -footlights's -futility's -Fatima -footman -footmen -footman's -fitment -fitments -Fatima's -Fatimid -Fotomat -photometer -Fatimid's -Fotomat's -photometer's -photometers -fading -farting -fating -fatten -feeding -feting -feuding -fighting -fitting -footing -fording -fortune -fourteen -futon -phaeton -photoing -photon -fourteenth -fourteenth's -fourteenths -photoengrave -photoengraver -photoengraving -photoengraving's -photoengravings -photoengraver's -photoengravers -photoengraves -photoengraved -fittingly -fattening -Ferdinand -Ferdinand's -faddiness -fatness -fatness's -fattens -fattiness -fattiness's -feeding's -feedings -fighting's -fitness -fitness's -fitting's -fittings -footing's -footings -fortune's -fortunes -fourteen's -fourteens -futon's -futons -phaeton's -phaetons -photon's -photons -fattened -footnote -fortnight -fortunate -fortnightly -fortunately -fortuneteller -fortunetelling -fortunetelling's -fortuneteller's -fortunetellers -footnoting -footnote's -footnotes -fortnight's -fortnights -footnoted -ftp -footpath -footpath's -footpaths -footplate -footplates -ftping -footprint -footprint's -footprints -ftpers -ftps -FDR -feature -fedora -future -Phaedra -Federico -Federico's -Federal -federal -federally -futurology -futurology's -futurologist -futurologist's -futurologists -featureless -Federal's -Federals -federal's -federals -federalism -federalism's -Federalist -federalist -Federalist's -federalist's -federalists -featuring -fettering -FORTRAN -FORTRAN's -FDR's -feature's -features -fedora's -fedoras -footrace -fortress -fortress's -future's -futures -Phaedra's -futurism -futurism's -footrace's -footraces -fortresses -footrest -futurist -futuristic -footrest's -footrests -futurist's -futurists -featured -federate -fettered -futurity -federating -federates -futurities -futurity's -federated -federation -federation's -federations -fade's -fades -fad's -fads -Fahd's -fart's -farts -Fatah's -Fates -fate's -fates -Fates's -fat's -fats -fatso -fatties -fatty's -fatuous -feat's -feats -Fed's -Feds -fed's -feds -Feds's -feeder's -feeders -feed's -feeds -feta's -fetter's -fetters -fetus -fetus's -feud's -feuds -Fiat's -fiat's -fiats -Fido's -fighter's -fighters -fight's -fights -fit's -fits -fitter's -fitters -fodder's -fodders -foodie's -foodies -food's -foods -footers -foot's -foots -footsie -Ford's -ford's -fords -forte's -fortes -forties -fort's -forts -forty's -FUDs -futz -PhD's -Phidias -Phidias's -photo's -photos -Yvette's -Fitzgerald -Fitzgerald's -fatuously -photocell -footslogging -photocell's -photocells -fortissimo -futzing -photosynthesis -photosynthesis's -photosynthetic -fatuousness -fatuousness's -photosensitive -Fitzpatrick -Fitzpatrick's -fiduciary -Fitzroy -footsore -fiduciaries -fiduciary's -Fitzroy's -fatsos -fetuses -footsie's -footsies -futzes -faddist -fattest -fattiest -fittest -futzed -foodstuff -foodstuff's -foodstuffs -footstool -footstool's -footstools -footstep -footstep's -footsteps -faddist's -faddists -Photostat -photostat -photostatic -Photostatting -photostatting -Photostat's -Photostats -photostat's -photostats -Photostatted -photostatted -faded -farted -fated -fatuity -feted -fetid -feuded -fitted -footed -forded -fortuity -photoed -fetidness -fetidness's -phototypesetter -phototypesetting -phototropic -phototropism -fatuity's -fortuitous -fortuity's -fortuitously -fortuitousness -fortuitousness's -fortitude -fortitude's -fatwa -footwear -footwork -footwork's -fatwa's -fatwas -footwear's -faddish -fetish -faddishness -fetishes -fetish's -fetishism -fetishism's -fetishist -fetishistic -fetishist's -fetishists -fairway -fewer -FWIW -forwent -fairway's -fairways -fewest -forward -forwarder -forwardly -forwarding -forwardness -forwardness's -forwarder's -forwarders -forward's -forwards -forwardest -forwarded -fetch -fetcher -fiche -fichu -fish -Fisher -fisher -fishier -fishy -Fitch -Foch -phish -phisher -physio -physiotherapy -physiotherapy's -physiotherapist -physiotherapist's -physiotherapists -fishbowl -fishbowl's -fishbowls -fishhook -fishhook's -fishhooks -fishcake -fishcake's -fishcakes -physiognomy -physiognomies -physiognomy's -physiography -physiography's -facial -facially -fishily -physiology -physiologic -physiological -physiologically -physiology's -physiologist -physiologist's -physiologists -facial's -facials -fisherman -fishermen -fishmonger -fishmonger's -fishmongers -fisherman's -fashion -fashioner -fetching -fishing -fission -Fushun -fusion -phishing -fashionable -fashionably -fissionable -fetchingly -fashioning -fashioner's -fashioners -fashion's -fashions -fishiness -fishiness's -fishing's -fission's -Fushun's -fusion's -fusions -fashionista -fashionista's -fashionistas -fashioned -fishnet -fishnet's -fishnets -fishpond -fishpond's -fishponds -fishery -fisheries -fishery's -fetcher's -fetchers -fetches -fiche's -fiches -fichu's -fichus -Fisher's -fisher's -fishers -fishes -fish's -Fitch's -Foch's -Fuchs -Fuchs's -phisher's -phishers -physios -fishiest -fetched -Fichte -fished -phished -fishtail -fishtailing -fishtails -fishtailed -Fichte's -fishwife -fishwife's -fishwives -fuchsia -fuchsia's -fuchsias -Faye -foyer -FYI -Faye's -foyer's -foyers -fayest -H -h -Ha -ha -hair -Haw -haw -Hay -hay -He -he -hear -heir -her -hew -hey -HI -hi -hie -high -Ho -ho -hoe -hoer -hooey -hour -how -hue -Huey -Hugh -huh -Hui -hwy -YWHA -hath -hearth -Heath -heath -Heather -heather -hither -Horthy -hawthorn -Hawthorne -heathen -Hawthorne's -hawthorn's -hawthorns -heathen's -heathens -heathenism -heathenism's -heathendom -heathendom's -heathenish -heartthrob -heartthrob's -heartthrobs -hearthrug -hearthrugs -hearth's -hearths -Heather's -heather's -Heath's -heath's -heaths -Horthy's -hothouse -hothouse's -hothouses -hearthstone -hearthstone's -hearthstones -hitherto -hothead -hothead's -hotheads -hotheaded -hotheadedly -hotheadedness -hotheadedness's -Hathaway -Hathaway's -Haber -HBO -Heb -Hebe -herb -highboy -hob -hobby -hobo -hub -hubby -Huber -hubbub -hubbub's -hubbubs -herbivore -herbivore's -herbivores -herbivorous -hobbyhorse -hobbyhorse's -hobbyhorses -hauberk -herbage -hobgoblin -hobgoblin's -hobgoblins -Habakkuk -Habakkuk's -hubcap -hubcap's -hubcaps -hauberk's -hauberks -herbage's -hairball -herbal -highball -hobble -hobbler -Hubble -habiliment -habiliment's -habiliments -hobbling -hairball's -hairballs -herbals -highball's -highballs -hobbler's -hobblers -hobble's -hobbles -Hubble's -herbalist -herbalist's -herbalists -hobbled -harbormaster -harbormasters -Harbin -harbinger -Hibernia -highborn -hobnob -hobnobbing -hobnobs -hobnobbed -hobnail -hobnailing -hobnail's -hobnails -hobnailed -Hibernian -harbinger's -harbingers -Harbin's -Hibernia's -hairband -hibernate -hibernator -hibernating -hairbands -hibernates -hibernator's -hibernators -hibernated -hibernation -hibernation's -Hebrew -highbrow -Hebraic -Hebraic's -Hebrew's -Hebrews -Hebrews's -highbrow's -highbrows -hubris -hubris's -Hebraism -Hebraism's -Hebraisms -hybrid -hairbreadth -hairbreadth's -hairbreadths -Hebrides -Hebrides's -hybrid's -hybrids -hybridism -hybridism's -hairbrush -hairbrushes -hairbrush's -Haber's -HBO's -Hebe's -herb's -herbs -highboy's -highboys -Hobbes -Hobbes's -hobbies -Hobbs -Hobbs's -hobby's -hobo's -hobos -hob's -hobs -hubbies -hubby's -Huber's -hub's -hubs -hibiscus -hibiscus's -hibiscuses -herbaceous -herbicide -herbicidal -herbicide's -herbicides -habit -Hebert -Herbart -Herbert -Hobart -hobbit -howbeit -Hubbard -Hubert -habitable -habitability -habitability's -habitual -habitually -habitualness -habitualness's -habit's -habits -Hebert's -Herbart's -Herbert's -Hobart's -hobbits -Hubbard's -Hubert's -habitat -habituate -habituating -habitat's -habitats -habituates -habituated -haberdasher -habitation -habituation -habitation's -habitations -habituation's -haberdashery -haberdasheries -haberdashery's -haberdasher's -haberdashers -hibachi -hibachi's -hibachis -hobbyist -hobbyist's -hobbyists -Haifa -Harvey -have -heave -heaver -heavier -heavy -heifer -HF -Hf -hf -HIV -hive -Hoff -Hoffa -hoof -hoofer -Hoover -hoover -HOV -hove -hover -Huff -huff -huffier -huffy -Hovhaness -Hovhaness's -heavyhearted -havoc -hovercraft -hovercraft's -havoc's -hiphuggers -Havel -heavily -hovel -huffily -Havoline -Havoline's -Havel's -hovel's -hovels -highfalutin -Hoffman -Huffman -Hoffman's -Huffman's -Havana -haven -having -heaven -heaving -Hefner -hiving -hoofing -huffing -hyphen -Haiphong -Haiphong's -heavenlier -heavenly -heavenliest -hafnium -hafnium's -hyphening -Havana's -Havanas -haven's -havens -heaven's -heavens -heavens's -heaviness -heaviness's -Hefner's -huffiness -huffiness's -hyphen's -hyphens -haven't -hyphenate -hyphened -hyphenating -hyphenate's -hyphenates -hyphenated -heavenward -heavenwards -hyphenation -hyphenation's -hyphenations -hoovering -hovering -hoarfrost -hoarfrost's -hoovered -hovered -Hafiz -Haifa's -Harvey's -have's -haves -heaver's -heavers -heave's -heaves -heavies -heavy's -heifer's -heifers -HF's -Hf's -hive's -hives -HIV's -Hoffa's -Hoff's -hoofers -hoof's -hoofs -Hoover's -Hoovers -hoovers -hooves -hovers -Huff's -huff's -huffs -haversack -haversack's -haversacks -Hafiz's -haphazard -harvest -harvester -heaviest -Heaviside -heavyset -huffiest -haphazardly -harvesting -haphazardness -haphazardness's -harvester's -harvesters -harvest's -harvests -Heaviside's -Hephaestus -Hephaestus's -harvested -Hofstadter -Hofstadter's -haft -Harvard -Havarti -heaved -heft -heftier -hefty -hived -hoofed -huffed -heftily -hefting -heftiness -heftiness's -haft's -hafts -Harvard's -Havarti's -heft's -hefts -Heifetz -Heifetz's -heftiest -hefted -heavyweight -heavyweight's -heavyweights -heehaw -Hohokam -Hohokam's -Houyhnhnm -Houyhnhnm's -Hohenlohe -Hohenlohe's -Hohenzollern -Hohenzollern's -Hohenstaufen -Hohenstaufen's -highhanded -highhandedly -highhandedness -highhandedness's -heehaw's -heehaws -HHS -Hohhot -Hohhot's -heehawing -heehawed -hack -hacker -hag -Hagar -Haggai -Hague -haiku -haj -hake -Hakka -hark -hawk -hawker -headgear -heck -hedge -Hg -hgwy -hiccough -hick -hickey -higher -hike -hiker -hoagie -hock -hockey -Hodge -hog -hoick -hoke -hokey -hokier -hook -hookah -Hooke -Hooker -hooker -hooky -HQ -Huck -hug -huge -huger -Hugo -Hogarth -Hogarth's -Hecuba -hijab -hogback -hogback's -hogbacks -Hecuba's -hijab's -hijabs -hajj -hajji -haycock -Hickok -hijack -hijacker -hoecake -hiccoughing -hijacking -hijacking's -hijackings -Hagiographa -hagiographer -hagiography -Hagiographa's -hagiographer's -hagiographers -hagiographies -hagiography's -hajjes -hajji's -hajjis -hajj's -haycock's -haycocks -Hickok's -hijacker's -hijackers -hijack's -hijacks -hoecake's -hoecakes -hiccoughed -hijacked -hackle -haggle -haggler -heckle -heckler -Hegel -hugely -haircloth -haircloth's -huckleberry -huckleberries -huckleberry's -haggling -heckling -Hegelian -Herculean -herculean -Herculaneum -Herculaneum's -heckling's -Hegelian's -hackle's -hackles -haggler's -hagglers -haggle's -haggles -heckler's -hecklers -heckle's -heckles -Hegel's -Hercules -Hercules's -hourglass -hourglass's -hourglasses -haggled -Hakluyt -heckled -Hakluyt's -hokum -hegemony -Hickman -hegemonic -hegemony's -Hickman's -hokum's -hacking -hackney -harking -Hawking -hawking -hearken -hiking -hocking -Hockney -Hogan -hogan -hogging -hoicking -hoking -hooking -hugging -hygiene -hygienic -hygienically -hearkening -hacking's -hackney's -hackneys -Hawking's -Hawkins -Hawkins's -hearkens -Higgins -Higgins's -hiking's -Hockney's -Hogan's -hogan's -hogans -hugeness -hugeness's -Huggins -Huggins's -Huygens -Huygens's -hygiene's -hygienist -hygienist's -hygienists -hearkened -Huguenot -Huguenot's -Huguenots -hackneying -hackneyed -hiccup -hookup -hodgepodge -hodgepodge's -hodgepodges -hiccuping -hiccup's -hiccups -hookup's -hookups -hiccuped -Hegira -hegira -hickory -Hargreaves -Hargreaves's -hygrometer -hygrometer's -hygrometers -hairgrip -hairgrips -Hegira's -hegira's -hegiras -hickories -hickory's -hacker's -hackers -hack's -hacks -hacksaw -Hagar's -Haggai's -haggis -haggis's -hag's -hags -Hague's -haiku's -hake's -hakes -Hakka's -harks -hawker's -hawkers -Hawks -hawk's -hawks -headgear's -heck's -hedge's -hedges -hex -Hg's -hiccoughs -hickey's -hickeys -Hicks -hick's -hicks -Hicks's -highers -hiker's -hikers -hike's -hikes -hoagie's -hoagies -hoax -hoaxer -hockey's -hock's -hocks -Hodge's -Hodges -Hodges's -hog's -hogs -hoicks -hokes -Hokusai -hookah's -hookahs -Hooker's -hooker's -hookers -Hooke's -hook's -hooks -hooky's -HQ's -Huck's -Hughes -Hughes's -Hugo's -hug's -hugs -hexagon -hexagonal -hexagon's -hexagons -hexagram -hexagram's -hexagrams -Huxley -Huxley's -hexameter -hexameter's -hexameters -hexing -hoaxing -hacksaw's -hacksaws -haggises -hexes -hex's -hoaxer's -hoaxers -hoaxes -hoax's -Hokusai's -hexed -highest -hoaxed -hokiest -huckster -hugest -huckstering -hucksterism -hucksterism's -huckstered -huckster's -hucksters -hexadecimal -hexadecimals -hacked -haggard -haircut -harked -hawked -Hecate -Hector -hector -hedged -hgt -hiked -hocked -hogged -hogtie -hoicked -hoked -Hokkaido -hooked -hugged -hacktivist -hacktivist's -hacktivists -hectic -hectically -hectogram -hectogram's -hectograms -haggardly -haggardness -haggardness's -hectare -hectoring -hectare's -hectares -hectored -haircut's -haircuts -Hecate's -Hector's -hector's -hectors -hogties -Hokkaido's -hogtied -hogtying -hackwork -hackwork's -hookworm -hookworm's -hookworms -Hogwarts -Hogwarts's -hogwash -hogwash's -hackish -haggish -hawkish -hoggish -hoggishly -hawkishness -hawkishness's -hockshop -hockshop's -hockshops -Higashiosaka -hogshead -hogshead's -hogsheads -hail -Hal -Hale -hale -haler -Haley -Hall -hall -Halley -Hallie -halloo -hallow -halo -Harley -Harlow -haul -hauler -haulier -heal -healer -heel -he'll -hell -Heller -hello -Hialeah -highly -Hill -hill -hillier -hilly -hole -holey -holier -holler -Holley -Hollie -hollow -Holly -holly -holy -hourly -howl -howler -Hoyle -hula -Hull -hull -huller -hurl -hurler -Hurley -health -healthier -healthy -healthful -healthfully -healthfulness -healthfulness's -healthcare -healthily -healthiness -healthiness's -health's -healthiest -hillbilly -hullabaloo -hillbillies -hillbilly's -hullabaloo's -hullabaloos -Holbein -Holbein's -hellbent -hellebore -hellebore's -halberd -halibut -Hilbert -Halliburton -Halliburton's -halberd's -halberds -halibut's -halibuts -Hilbert's -half -halve -helluva -helve -halfback -halfback's -halfbacks -halfhearted -halfheartedly -halfheartedness -halfheartedness's -Hilfiger -Halifax -Hilfiger's -Halifax's -halving -halfpenny -halfpence -halfpennies -halfpenny's -hellfire -half's -halves -helve's -helves -halved -hayloft -halftime -halftime's -halftimes -halftone -halftone's -halftones -hayloft's -haylofts -Helvetius -Helvetius's -halfway -halfwit -halfwit's -halfwits -Helvetian -hollyhock -hollyhock's -hollyhocks -hellhole -hellhole's -hellholes -hairlike -haulage -Helga -hillock -hulk -Haleakala -helical -Haleakala's -Holcomb -Holcomb's -halogen -Harlequin -harlequin -Helicon -hooligan -hulking -halogen's -halogens -Harlequin's -harlequin's -harlequins -Helicon's -hooligan's -hooligans -hooliganism -hooliganism's -helicopter -helicoptering -helicoptered -helicopter's -helicopters -holograph -holography -holographic -holograph's -holographs -holography's -hologram -hologram's -holograms -haulage's -Helga's -helix -hillock's -hillocks -hulk's -hulks -helix's -Holocaust -holocaust -Holocaust's -holocaust's -holocausts -hellcat -hellcat's -hellcats -halal -Hillel -hollowly -hallelujah -hallelujah's -hallelujahs -halal's -Hillel's -Harlem -heirloom -helium -helm -Helmholtz -Helmholtz's -Hallmark -hallmark -hallmarking -Hallmark's -hallmark's -hallmarks -hallmarked -holmium -holmium's -Hellman -Holman -Hellman's -Holman's -Harlem's -heirloom's -heirlooms -helium's -helm's -helms -Holmes -Holmes's -helmsman -helmsmen -helmsman's -helmet -helmet's -helmets -helmeted -hailing -hairline -haling -hallooing -haloing -Halon -halon -Harlan -hauling -healing -heeling -Helen -Helena -Helene -Hellene -hellion -holing -howling -hulling -hurling -Hellenic -Hellenic's -hairline's -hairlines -Halon's -Harlan's -Helena's -Helene's -Helen's -Hellene's -Hellenes -hellion's -hellions -hilliness -hilliness's -Holiness -holiness -holiness's -hollowness -hollowness's -hurling's -Hellenism -Hellenism's -Hellenisms -Hellenize's -Hellenist -Hellenistic -Hellenistic's -highland -Highlander -highlander -Holland -Hollander -Highlander's -Highlanders -highlander's -highlanders -Highlands -highland's -highlands -Hollander's -Hollanders -Holland's -Hollands -help -helper -helpful -helpfully -helpfulness -helpfulness's -helpline -helpline's -helplines -Heliopolis -Heliopolis's -helpless -helplessly -helplessness -helplessness's -helpmate -helpmate's -helpmates -helping -helping's -helpings -helper's -helpers -help's -helps -helipad -heliport -helped -helipads -heliport's -heliports -Hilario -Hilary -Hillary -Hollerith -Hollerith's -hollering -Hilario's -hilarious -Hilary's -Hillary's -hilariously -hilariousness -hilariousness's -hilarity -hollered -hilarity's -hail's -hails -hairless -Hale's -hales -Haley's -Halley's -Hallie's -halloo's -halloos -hallows -Hall's -hall's -halls -halo's -halos -Hal's -Hals -Halsey -Hals's -Harley's -Harlow's -hauler's -haulers -hauliers -haul's -hauls -healer's -healers -heals -heelless -heel's -heels -Helios -Helios's -Heller's -hello's -hellos -hell's -Hialeah's -Hill's -hill's -hills -hole's -holes -holler's -hollers -Holley's -Hollie's -hollies -Hollis -Hollis's -hollow's -hollows -Holly's -holly's -hols -howler's -howlers -howl's -howls -Hoyle's -hula's -hulas -huller's -hullers -Hull's -hull's -hulls -hurler's -hurlers -Hurley's -hurl's -hurls -holism -Holocene -Helsinki -hallucinogen -hallucinogenic -hallucinogenic's -hallucinogenics -hallucinogen's -hallucinogens -Helsinki's -Holocene's -hallucinate -hallucinating -hallucinatory -heliocentric -hallucinates -hallucinated -hallucination -hallucination's -hallucinations -Hellespont -Hellespont's -Halsey's -helices -halest -hilliest -hillside -holiest -Holst -holster -holistic -holistically -hailstorm -hailstorm's -hailstorms -hailstone -Holstein -hailstone's -hailstones -Holstein's -Holsteins -holstering -holstered -hillside's -hillsides -holster's -holsters -Holst's -Hallstatt -Hallstatt's -halcyon -hailed -haled -halite -haloed -halt -halter -harlot -hauled -healed -heeled -held -helot -Hewlett -highlight -highlighter -Hilda -hilt -hold -Holder -holder -holed -Holiday -holiday -Holt -howled -hulled -hurled -Hildebrand -Hildebrand's -holdover -holdover's -holdovers -holdall -holdalls -holidaymaker -holidaymakers -Haldane -halting -highlighting -Hilton -Holden -holding -halterneck -halternecks -haltingly -Haldane's -Hilton's -Holden's -holding's -holdings -hilltop -holdup -hilltop's -hilltops -holdup's -holdups -harlotry -haltering -heliotrope -heliotrope's -heliotropes -harlotry's -haltered -halite's -halter's -halters -halt's -halts -harlot's -harlots -helot's -helots -Hewlett's -highlighter's -highlighters -highlight's -highlights -Hilda's -hilt's -hilts -Holder's -holder's -holders -hold's -holds -Holiday's -holiday's -holidays -Holt's -halitosis -halitosis's -halted -highlighted -holdout -holdout's -holdouts -holidaying -holidayed -hallway -Holloway -hollower -Halloween -hallowing -hollowing -Halloween's -Halloweens -hallway's -hallways -Holloway's -hollowest -hallowed -hollowed -Hollywood -Hollywood's -hellish -hellishly -hellishness -hellishness's -halyard -halyard's -halyards -Ham -ham -hammer -hammier -hammy -harm -haymow -hem -hemmer -him -HM -h'm -hmm -HMO -home -Homer -homer -homey -homier -homo -hum -Hume -Hummer -hummer -homeboy -Hamburg -hamburg -hamburger -homburg -humbug -humbugging -hamburger's -hamburgers -Hamburg's -Hamburgs -hamburg's -hamburgs -homburg's -homburgs -humbug's -humbugs -humbugged -humble -humbler -humbly -humbling -humbleness -humbleness's -humblings -humbler's -humblers -humbles -humblest -humbled -Humboldt -Humboldt's -hombre -hombre's -hombres -homeboy's -homeboys -homebody -Humberto -homebodies -homebody's -Humberto's -humph -Humvee -homophobia -homophobic -homophobia's -harmful -harmfully -harmfulness -harmfulness's -homophone -humphing -homophone's -homophones -Humphrey -Humphrey's -Humphreys -hermaphrodite -hermaphroditic -hermaphrodite's -hermaphrodites -Hermaphroditus -Hermaphroditus's -humphs -Humvee's -humphed -Hamhung -Hamhung's -hammerhead -hammerhead's -hammerheads -hammock -haymaker -homage -hummock -hummocky -homecoming -homecoming's -homecomings -haymaking -homogeneous -homogeneously -homogeneity -homogeneity's -homograph -homograph's -homographs -homegrown -hammock's -hammocks -haymakers -homage's -homages -hummock's -hummocks -Hamill -Himmler -homelier -homely -homily -Hormel -Hamilcar -hammerlock -hemlock -homelike -Hamilcar's -hammerlock's -hammerlocks -hemlock's -hemlocks -homologous -Hamlin -hemline -Hamlin's -hemline's -hemlines -homeliness -homeliness's -homeland -homeland's -homelands -Hamill's -harmless -Himmler's -homeless -homeless's -homilies -homily's -Hormel's -harmlessly -humorlessly -harmlessness -harmlessness's -homelessness -homelessness's -homeliest -Hamlet -hamlet -humiliate -humility -homiletic -Hamilton -humiliating -humiliatingly -Hamiltonian -Hamiltonian's -Hamilton's -Hamlet's -hamlet's -hamlets -humiliates -humility's -humiliated -Heimlich -humiliation -humiliation's -humiliations -Heimlich's -Himalaya -Himalayan -Himalaya's -Himalayas -Himalayas's -homemaker -homemaking -homemaking's -homemaker's -homemakers -homemade -Haman -hamming -harming -Harmon -harmony -hemming -Herman -Herminia -homeowner -homing -hominy -hormone -human -humane -humaner -humming -Hymen -hymen -hymn -hymnbook -hymnbook's -hymnbooks -hummingbird -hummingbird's -hummingbirds -harmonic -harmonica -Hmong -harmonically -humankind -humankind's -harmonica's -harmonicas -harmonic's -harmonics -Hmong's -humongous -hormonal -humanely -humanly -hymeneal -hymnal -hymnal's -hymnals -harmonium -homonym -harmonium's -harmoniums -homonym's -homonyms -hymning -humaneness -humaneness's -Haman's -harmonies -harmonious -Harmon's -harmony's -Herman's -Herminia's -homeowner's -homeowners -homeyness -homeyness's -hominy's -hormone's -hormones -humanness -humanness's -human's -humans -Hymen's -hymen's -hymens -hymn's -hymns -harmoniously -humanism -humanism's -harmoniousness -harmoniousness's -humanest -humanist -humanistic -humanist's -humanists -Hammond -hominid -hominoid -humanity -humanoid -hymned -humanitarian -humanitarian's -humanitarians -humanitarianism -humanitarianism's -Hammond's -hominid's -hominids -hominoids -humanities -humanities's -humanity's -humanoid's -humanoids -Hemingway -Hemingway's -hamper -hemp -hump -homeopath -homeopathy -homeopathic -homeopath's -homeopaths -homeopathy's -humpback -humpback's -humpbacks -humpbacked -homepage -homepage's -homepages -hempen -humping -hampering -hampered -hamper's -hampers -hemp's -hump's -humps -humped -Hampton -Hampton's -Hampshire -Hampshire's -hammerer -humeri -Hammurabi -Hammurabi's -hemorrhagic -hemorrhoid's -Homeric -homewrecker -Homeric's -homewrecker's -homewreckers -humeral -homeroom -homeroom's -homerooms -hammering -homering -hammerings -hammerer's -hammerers -humerus -humerus's -humorous -humoresque -humorously -humorousness -humorousness's -humorist -humorist's -humorists -hammered -homered -homoerotic -hammer's -hammers -Ham's -ham's -hams -harm's -harms -haymow's -haymows -heme's -hemmer's -hemmers -hem's -hems -Hermes -Hermes's -hims -HMO's -HMS -Homer's -homer's -homers -home's -homes -homey's -homeys -homo's -homos -Hormuz -Hume's -Hummer's -hummer's -hummers -hummus -hummus's -hum's -hums -humus -humus's -hemisphere -hemispheric -hemispherical -hemisphere's -hemispheres -homesick -Hammarskjold -Hammarskjold's -homeschooling -homeschooling's -homesickness -homesickness's -homosexual -homosexual's -homosexuals -homosexuality -homosexuality's -Hermosillo -himself -Hermosillo's -Hamsun -Hamsun's -homespun -homespun's -Hormuz's -hammiest -hamster -homicide -homiest -homicidal -Hammerstein -Hammerstein's -hamstring -hamstrung -hamstringing -hamstring's -hamstrings -homestretch -homestretches -homestretch's -hamster's -hamsters -homicide's -homicides -homeostasis -homeostasis's -hemostat -homestead -homesteader -homeostatic -homesteading -hemostat's -hemostats -homesteader's -homesteaders -homestead's -homesteads -homesteaded -hemstitch -hemstitching -hemstitches -hemstitch's -hemstitched -hammed -hammertoe -Hammett -harmed -hemmed -hermit -Hermite -homed -humid -humidor -hummed -humidifier -humidify -humidification -humidification's -humidifier's -humidifiers -humidifies -humidified -humidifying -Hamitic -hermetic -Hermitage -hermitage -hermetical -hermetically -Hamitic's -Hermitage's -hermitage's -hermitages -humidly -hometown -humdinger -hometown's -hometowns -humdinger's -humdingers -humdrum -humdrum's -hammertoe's -hammertoes -Hammett's -Hermite's -hermit's -hermits -humidor's -humidors -humidity -humidity's -homework -homeworker -homeworking -homeworkers -homework's -homeward -homewards -Hahn -Han -Haney -Hanna -Hannah -Hanoi -Heine -hen -henna -hernia -hieing -hing -hinge -hoeing -Hon -hon -hone -honer -honey -Horn -horn -Horne -hornier -horny -Hun -honeybee -Hannibal -hornblende -hornblende's -Hannibal's -Hornblower -Hornblower's -honeybee's -honeybees -Hanover -Hanoverian -Hanoverian's -Hanover's -hang -hangar -hanger -Hank -hank -hanker -Hanuka -Hanukkah -Honecker -Hong -honk -honker -honky -Huang -Hung -hung -hunger -hunk -hunker -hunkier -hunky -hangover -hungover -hangover's -hangovers -Hancock -Hancock's -Hangul -Hangul's -honeycomb -honeycombing -honeycomb's -honeycombs -honeycombed -hangman -hangmen -hangman's -hanging -Heineken -honking -hangnail -hangnail's -hangnails -hanging's -hangings -Heineken's -hangup -hangup's -hangups -Hungary -hungrier -hungry -hungrily -hankering -Hungarian -hungering -hunkering -hankering's -hankerings -Hungarian's -Hungarians -hungriness -hungriness's -Hungary's -hungriest -hankered -hungered -hunkered -hangar's -hangars -hanger's -hangers -hang's -hangs -hankers -hankies -Hank's -hank's -hanks -Hanukkah's -Hanukkahs -Honecker's -honker's -honkers -honkies -honk's -honks -honky's -Huang's -hunger's -hungers -Hung's -hunkers -hunk's -hunks -Hangzhou -Hangzhou's -hunkiest -hanged -hangout -honked -hangdog -hangout's -hangouts -Henley -hernial -hornlike -honeylocust -honeylocust's -Honolulu -Honolulu's -Heinlein -Heinlein's -Henley's -hornless -hahnium -honeymoon -honeymooner -honeymooning -honeymooner's -honeymooners -honeymoon's -honeymoons -honeymooned -hahnium's -hennaing -hinging -honing -Hernandez -Hernandez's -henpeck -henpecking -henpecks -henpecked -hornpipe -hornpipe's -hornpipes -honeypot -honeypots -Henri -Henry -Honiara -Honorable -honorific -honorific's -honorifics -Henrik -Henrik's -honorary -honorarily -honorarium -honorarium's -honorariums -Henri's -Henry's -Honiara's -Henrietta -Henrietta's -Heinrich -Heinrich's -Hahn's -Haney's -Hannah's -Hanna's -Hanoi's -Han's -Hans -Hans's -harness -harness's -Haynes -Haynes's -Heine's -heinous -Heinz -hence -henna's -hennas -Hennessy -hen's -hens -hernia's -hernias -Highness -highness -Highness's -highness's -Hines -Hines's -hinge's -hinges -hings -honer's -honers -hone's -hones -honey's -honeys -hon's -hons -Horne's -Horn's -horn's -horns -Hun's -Huns -henceforth -henceforward -honeysuckle -honeysuckle's -honeysuckles -Hansel -heinously -Hensley -Hansel's -Hensley's -hansom -hansom's -hansoms -Hansen -Hanson -harnessing -Henson -Hansen's -Hanson's -heinousness -heinousness's -Henson's -Hunspell -Hunspell's -harnesses -Heinz's -Hennessy's -harnessed -honest -honester -honesty -horniest -honestly -honesty's -honestest -hairnet -hand -handier -Handy -handy -haunt -haunter -hennaed -herniate -hind -hinder -Hindi -Hindu -hinged -hint -hinter -Honda -honed -honeydew -horned -hornet -hound -Hunt -hunt -Hunter -hunter -handbag -handbook -handbag's -handbags -handbook's -handbooks -handball -handbill -handball's -handballs -handbill's -handbills -handbarrow -handbrake -handbrakes -handbarrow's -handbarrows -handover -handful -handful's -handfuls -handovers -handheld -handhold -handheld's -handhelds -handhold's -handholds -handcar -handcuff -handcuffing -handcuff's -handcuffs -handcuffed -handclasp -handclasp's -handclasps -handgun -handgun's -handguns -handicap -handicapper -handicapping -handicapper's -handicappers -handicap's -handicaps -handicapped -handcraft -handicraft -handcrafting -handcraft's -handcrafts -handicraft's -handicrafts -handcrafted -handcar's -handcars -handcart -hindquarter -handcart's -handcarts -hindquarter's -hindquarters -handkerchief -handkerchief's -handkerchiefs -Handel -handily -handle -handler -Huntley -handlebar -handlebar's -handlebars -handling -hinterland -hinterland's -hinterlands -Handel's -handler's -handlers -handle's -handles -Huntley's -handled -Hindemith -Hindemith's -handyman -handymen -handyman's -hindmost -handmade -handmaid -handmaiden -handmaiden's -handmaidens -handmaid's -handmaids -handing -haunting -herniating -hinting -Hinton -hounding -hunting -Hindenburg -Hindenburg's -hauntingly -handiness -handiness's -Hinton's -hunting's -Huntington -Huntington's -handpick -handpicking -handpicks -handpicked -Hendrick -Hendrick's -Hendricks -Hendricks's -Hendrix -Hendrix's -handrail -handrail's -handrails -hindering -Honduran -hindrance -Honduran's -Hondurans -hindrance's -hindrances -Honduras -Honduras's -huntress -huntress's -huntresses -hindered -hundred -hundredth -hundredth's -hundredths -hundredfold -handwriting -handwritten -handwriting's -hundred's -hundreds -hundredweight -hundredweight's -hundredweights -hairnet's -hairnets -hand's -hands -handsaw -Handy's -haunter's -haunters -haunt's -haunts -herniates -hinders -Hindi's -hind's -hinds -Hindu's -Hindus -hinter's -hinters -hint's -hints -Honda's -honeydew's -honeydews -hornet's -hornets -hound's -hounds -Hunter's -hunter's -hunters -Hunt's -hunt's -hunts -Huntsville -Huntsville's -handsome -handsomer -Hinduism -handsomely -huntsman -huntsmen -handsomeness -handsomeness's -huntsman's -Hinduism's -Hinduisms -handsomest -Henderson -Henderson's -handspring -handspring's -handsprings -handsaw's -handsaws -handiest -handset -hindsight -Hindustan -Hindustani -Hindustani's -Hindustanis -Hindustan's -handstand -handstand's -handstands -handset's -handsets -hindsight's -handed -handout -haunted -herniated -hinted -hounded -hunted -handedness -handout's -handouts -handwoven -handiwork -handwork -handiwork's -handwork's -handshake -handshaking -handshakings -handshake's -handshakes -Honeywell -Honeywell's -haunch -Hench -honcho -Honshu -hunch -hunchback -hunchback's -hunchbacks -hunchbacked -henchman -henchmen -henchman's -herniation -hunching -herniation's -haunches -haunch's -Hench's -honcho's -honchos -Honshu's -hunches -hunch's -hunched -Hinayana -honeying -Hinayana's -honeyed -hap -happier -happy -harp -Harper -Harpy -harpy -heap -Heep -hep -hepper -hip -hipper -hippo -hippy -hoop -Hooper -hop -Hope -hope -Hopi -Hopper -hopper -HP -hp -hype -hyper -hypo -hypothalami -hypothalamus -hypothalamus's -hypothermia -hypothermia's -hyperthyroid -hypothyroid -hyperthyroid's -hypothyroid's -hyperthyroidism -hypothyroidism -hyperthyroidism's -hypothyroidism's -hypotheses -hypothesis -hypothesis's -hypothetical -hypothetically -hipbath -hipbaths -hyperbola -hyperbole -hyperbolic -hyperbola's -hyperbolas -hyperbole's -Hepburn -hipbone -Hepburn's -hipbone's -hipbones -HPV -hopeful -hopefully -hopefulness -hopefulness's -hopeful's -hopefuls -hyperventilate -hyperventilating -hyperventilates -hyperventilated -hyperventilation -hyperventilation's -hyperglycemia -hypoglycemia -hypoglycemic -hypoglycemic's -hypoglycemics -hyperglycemia's -hypoglycemia's -Hopkins -Hopkins's -hypocrisy -hypocrisies -hypocrisy's -hypocrite -Hippocratic -hypercritical -hypercritically -hypocritical -hypocritically -Hippocratic's -Hippocrates -Hippocrates's -hypocrite's -hypocrites -haply -happily -hoopla -Hepplewhite -Hepplewhite's -hypoallergenic -hyperlink -hyperlinking -hyperlink's -hyperlinks -hyperlinked -hapless -hoopla's -hopeless -haplessly -hopelessly -haplessness -haplessness's -hopelessness -hopelessness's -haploid -haploid's -haploids -hypermarket -hypermarkets -hypermedia -hypermedia's -hairpin -happen -harping -harpoon -harpooner -heaping -hipping -hooping -hoping -hopping -hyping -hypnotherapy -hypnotherapy's -hypnotherapist -hypnotherapists -happening -harpooning -happening's -happenings -hairpin's -hairpins -happens -happiness -happiness's -harpooner's -harpooners -harpoon's -harpoons -hipness -hipness's -hypnoses -hypnosis -hypnosis's -happenstance -happenstance's -happenstances -happened -harpooned -hypnotic -hypnotically -hypnotic's -hypnotics -hypnotism -hypnotism's -hypnotist -hypnotist's -hypnotists -hyperparathyroidism -hippopotamus -hippopotamus's -hippopotamuses -hyperactive -hyperactivity -hyperactivity's -heparin -Hyperion -hyperinflation -heparin's -Hyperion's -hairpiece -hap's -Harper's -Harpies -harpies -harp's -harps -Harpy's -harpy's -heap's -heaps -Heep's -herpes -herpes's -hippies -hippo's -hippos -hip's -hips -Hooper's -hoop's -hoops -Hope's -hope's -hopes -Hopi's -Hopis -Hopper's -hopper's -hoppers -hop's -hops -HP's -hype's -hypes -hypo's -hypos -Hapsburg -Hapsburg's -hopscotch -hopscotching -hopscotches -hopscotch's -hopscotched -hypersensitive -hypersensitiveness -hypersensitiveness's -hypersensitivity -hypersensitivities -hypersensitivity's -hyperspace -hyperspaces -hairpiece's -hairpieces -happiest -harpist -heppest -hippest -hipster -harpist's -harpists -hipster's -hipsters -harpsichord -harpsichord's -harpsichords -harpsichordist -harpsichordist's -harpsichordists -harped -heaped -hipped -hooped -hoped -hopped -hyped -heptathlon -heptathlon's -heptathlons -hepatic -heptagon -heptagonal -heptagon's -heptagons -hypertext -hypertext's -herpetology -herpetology's -herpetologist -herpetologist's -herpetologists -hypodermic -hypodermic's -hypodermics -Hauptmann -Hauptmann's -hypotenuse -hypertensive -hypertensive's -hypertensives -hypotenuse's -hypotenuses -hypertension -hypertension's -hypertrophy -hypertrophies -hypertrophy's -hypertrophied -hypertrophying -hippodrome -hippodrome's -hippodromes -hepatocyte -hepatocytes -hepatitis -hepatitis's -Hopewell -Hopewell's -hypochondria -hypochondriac -hypochondriac's -hypochondriacs -hypochondria's -Hipparchus -Hipparchus's -hairier -hairy -hare -harrier -harrow -Harry -harry -hearer -Hera -here -hero -Herr -hire -hoarier -hoary -hooray -hora -horror -houri -Howrah -how're -HR -hr -hurrah -hurry -Hrothgar -Hrothgar's -hereby -harebell -horrible -horribly -horribleness -horribleness's -harebell's -harebells -Hirobumi -Hirobumi's -harebrained -hereabout -Heriberto -hereabouts -Heriberto's -hereof -horrify -horrific -horrifically -horrifies -hereafter -Hereford -horrified -hereafter's -hereafters -Hereford's -Herefords -horrifying -horrifyingly -HRH -hurrahing -horehound -horehound's -horehounds -Hirohito -hurrahed -Hirohito's -hayrick -heroic -Herrick -heroically -hieroglyph -hieroglyphic -hieroglyphic's -hieroglyphics -hieroglyph's -hieroglyphs -Heracles -Heracles's -Herakles -Herakles's -Heraclitus -Heraclitus's -hiragana -hurricane -hurricane's -hurricanes -hayrick's -hayricks -heroics -heroics's -Herrick's -haricot -haricots -Harrell -horology -horologic -horological -horology's -horologist -horologist's -horologists -hireling -hireling's -hirelings -harelip -harelip's -harelips -harelipped -Harrell's -Harold -herald -heraldic -heralding -heraldry -heraldry's -Harold's -herald's -heralds -heralded -harem -Hiram -harrumph -harrumphing -harrumphs -harrumphed -harem's -harems -Hiram's -haring -hearing -herein -hereon -heroin -heroine -heron -Herring -herring -hiring -Huron -herringbone -herringbone's -hereinafter -harangue -haranguing -harangue's -harangues -harangued -Hieronymus -Hieronymus's -hairiness -hairiness's -hearing's -hearings -heroine's -heroines -heroin's -heroins -heron's -herons -Herring's -herring's -herrings -hoariness -hoariness's -Huron's -hereunder -hereunto -Harrington -Harrington's -horrendous -horrendously -hereupon -Harare -Herero -Herrera -Harare's -Herero's -Herrera's -harass -harasser -hare's -hares -harrier's -harriers -harries -Harris -Harris's -harrow's -harrows -Harry's -hearer's -hearers -heiress -heiress's -Hera's -here's -heresy -heroes -hero's -Herr's -hire's -hires -Horace -Horacio -hora's -horas -horror's -horrors -Horus -Horus's -houri's -houris -hrs -hurrah's -hurrahs -hurries -hurry's -Harrisburg -Harrisburg's -horoscope -horoscope's -horoscopes -heroism -harassment -harassment's -heroism's -harassing -Harrison -horizon -Harrison's -horizon's -horizons -horizontal -horizontally -horizontal's -horizontals -harasser's -harassers -harasses -heiresses -heresies -heresy's -Horace's -Horacio's -hairiest -harassed -hoariest -heuristic -heuristically -heuristic's -heuristics -heuristics's -haired -hared -harried -Harriet -Harriett -hayride -hereto -Herod -highroad -hired -horrid -hurried -heritable -heretofore -heretic -heritage -heretical -heretic's -heretics -heritage's -heritages -horridly -hurriedly -harridan -harridan's -harridans -Harriet's -Harriett's -Harrods -Harrods's -hayride's -hayrides -Herod's -highroad's -highroads -heredity -hereditary -heredity's -Herodotus -Herodotus's -herewith -harrowing -harrowed -Horowitz -Horowitz's -hierarchy -Horatio -huarache -hierarchic -hierarchical -hierarchically -Hiroshima -Hiroshima's -hierarchies -hierarchy's -Horatio's -huarache's -huaraches -harrying -hurrying -Haas -Haas's -hair's -hairs -Ha's -has -Hausa -haw's -haws -hawser -Hay's -Hays -hay's -hays -Hays's -haze -hazer -hazier -hazy -hears -hearsay -hearse -heir's -heirs -hers -Hersey -He's -he's -hes -Hess -Hesse -Hess's -hews -hies -high's -highs -his -Hiss -hiss -Hiss's -hiss's -hoarse -hoarser -hoer's -hoers -hoe's -hoes -hooey's -Hoosier -horse -horsey -horsier -Ho's -ho's -hos -hose -Hosea -hosier -hour's -hours -House -house -how's -hows -H's -HS -hue's -hues -Huey's -Hugh's -Hui's -Hus -Hus's -hussar -hussy -huzzah -Hz -houseboy -horseback -HSBC -horseback's -horsebox -HSBC's -horseboxes -Hezbollah -Hezbollah's -housebound -husband -husbandman -husbandmen -husbandman's -husbanding -husbandry -husbandry's -husband's -husbands -husbanded -Hasbro -housebreak -housebreaker -housebroke -housebreaking -housebroken -housebreaking's -housebreaker's -housebreakers -housebreaks -Hasbro's -hairsbreadth -hairsbreadth's -hairsbreadths -houseboy's -houseboys -houseboat -houseboat's -houseboats -howsoever -horsefly -housefly -houseful -hospholipase -horseflies -horsefly's -houseflies -housefly's -houseful's -housefuls -horseflesh -horseflesh's -horsehair -household -householder -householder's -householders -household's -households -huzzahing -horsewhip -horsewhipping -horsewhip's -horsewhips -horsewhipped -horsehair's -househusband -househusband's -househusbands -horsehide -huzzahed -horsehide's -hassock -Hezekiah -hoosegow -husk -husker -huskier -husky -Herzegovina -Herzegovina's -Haskell -Herschel -huskily -houseclean -housecleaning -housecleaning's -housecleans -housecleaned -Haskell's -Herschel's -husking -huskiness -huskiness's -housekeeper -housekeeping -housekeeping's -housekeeper's -housekeepers -hassock's -hassocks -Hezekiah's -hoosegow's -hoosegows -husker's -huskers -huskies -husk's -husks -husky's -huskiest -housecoat -husked -housecoat's -housecoats -hassle -Hazel -hazel -hazily -Herzl -hoarsely -horselaugh -Husserl -herself -hassling -hazelnut -hazelnut's -hazelnuts -hassle's -hassles -Hazel's -hazel's -hazels -Herzl's -horselaugh's -horselaughs -horseless -Husserl's -hassled -Hazlitt -Hazlitt's -houselights -houselights's -housemother -housemother's -housemothers -Heisman -horseman -horsemen -houseman -housemen -Housman -Heisman's -horseman's -houseman's -Housman's -horsemanship -horsemanship's -housemaster -housemistress -housemistresses -housemasters -hazmat -housemaid -housemate -housemaid's -housemaids -housemates -hazing -hissing -horsing -hosanna -hosing -housing -Hussein -Heisenberg -Heisenberg's -haziness -haziness's -hazing's -hazings -hoarseness -hoarseness's -hosanna's -hosannas -housing's -housings -Hussein's -hacienda -hasn't -hacienda's -haciendas -hasp -hosp -hyssop -horseplay -houseplant -houseplant's -houseplants -horseplay's -hairsplitter -hairsplitting -hairsplitting's -hairsplitter's -hairsplitters -Hispanic -Hispanic's -Hispanics -Hispaniola -Hispaniola's -hosepipe -hosepipes -hairspray -hairspring -hairspring's -hairsprings -houseparent -houseparent's -houseparents -hairsprays -Hesperus -Hesperus's -houseproud -hasp's -hasps -hospice -hyssop's -hospice's -hospices -hospitable -hospitably -hospital -hospital's -hospitals -hospitality -hospitality's -horsepower -horsepower's -hosiery -houseroom -hosiery's -horseradish -horseradishes -horseradish's -Hausa's -hawser's -hawsers -hazer's -hazers -haze's -hazes -hearsay's -hearse's -hearses -Hersey's -Hesse's -hisses -Hoosier's -Hoosiers -horse's -horses -Hosea's -hose's -hoses -hosier's -hosiers -House's -house's -houses -hussar's -hussars -hussies -hussy's -huzzah's -huzzahs -Hz's -haziest -hoarsest -horsiest -hast -haste -hastier -hasty -hayseed -hazard -hazed -Hearst -heist -Hester -hirsute -hissed -hist -hoist -horsed -hosed -Host -host -housed -HST -Hurst -Hussite -Hausdorff -Hausdorff's -haystack -hostage -histogram -histogram's -histograms -haystack's -haystacks -hostage's -hostages -hairstyle -hastily -horsetail -hostel -hosteler -hostile -hostler -hustle -hustler -histology -histology's -histologist -histologist's -histologists -hostilely -hosteling -hustling -hostelry -hostelries -hostelry's -hairstyle's -hairstyles -horsetail's -horsetails -hosteler's -hostelers -hostel's -hostels -hostile's -hostiles -hostler's -hostlers -hustler's -hustlers -hustle's -hustles -hairstylist -hairstylist's -hairstylists -hosteled -hostility -hustled -hostilities -hostilities's -hostility's -Hasidim -histamine -histamine's -histamines -Hasidim's -hasten -hasting -hazarding -heisting -Heston -hoisting -hosting -Houston -Huston -hastening -hastens -hastiness -hastiness's -Hastings -Hastings's -hesitance -hesitancy -Heston's -hirsuteness -hirsuteness's -Houston's -hustings -hustings's -Huston's -hesitance's -hesitancy's -hastened -hesitant -hesitantly -housetop -housetop's -housetops -history -hysteria -historic -hysteric -historical -historically -hysterical -hysterically -historiographer -historiography -historiographer's -historiographers -historiography's -hysteric's -hysterics -hysterics's -hysterectomy -hysterectomies -hysterectomy's -historian -histrionic -histrionically -histrionics -histrionics's -historian's -historians -histories -history's -hysteria's -hysteresis -historicity -historicity's -horsetrading -haste's -hastes -hayseed's -hayseeds -hazardous -hazard's -hazards -Hearst's -heist's -heists -Hester's -hoist's -hoists -hostess -hostess's -Host's -Hosts -host's -hosts -Hurst's -Hussite's -hazardously -hostessing -hostesses -hastiest -hostessed -hasted -hazarded -heisted -hesitate -hoisted -hosted -hesitating -hesitatingly -hesitates -hesitated -hesitation -hesitation's -hesitations -housewife -housewifely -housewife's -housewives -housework -housework's -horsewoman -horsewomen -housewarming -horsewoman's -housewarming's -housewarmings -housewares -housewares's -horseshoe -horseshoeing -horseshoe's -horseshoes -horseshit -horseshoed -had -Hadar -Haida -hairdo -Haiti -hard -harder -hardier -Hardy -hardy -Hart -hart -Harte -hat -hate -hater -hatter -Hattie -haughtier -haughty -hauteur -HDD -Head -head -header -headier -heady -heard -heart -heartier -hearty -heat -heater -he'd -heed -Heidi -height -herd -Herder -herder -Hettie -heyday -hid -hide -hider -hied -hit -hitter -hoard -hoarder -hod -hoed -Hood -hood -hoodie -hoodoo -hoot -hooter -horde -hot -hotter -hottie -how'd -howdah -howdy -HT -ht -HUD -hued -Huerta -hurt -hut -Hutu -Hyde -hardback -hardback's -hardbacks -hatbox -hotbox -hatboxes -hatbox's -hotboxes -hotbox's -hardball -hardball's -hotblooded -heartburn -headbanger -headbanging -headbangers -heartburn's -hardbound -hatband -headband -hidebound -hatbands -headband's -headbands -heartbreak -heartbreaking -heartbroken -heartbreak's -heartbreaks -hardboard -headboard -headbutt -heartbeat -hotbed -headbutting -hardboard's -headboard's -headboards -headbutts -heartbeat's -heartbeats -hotbed's -hotbeds -headbutted -hateful -hatefully -heedful -heedfully -hurtful -hurtfully -hatefulness -hatefulness's -hurtfulness -hurtfulness's -Hatfield -heartfelt -Hatfield's -headphone -headphone's -headphones -headfirst -Hartford -hotfoot -hotfooting -Hartford's -hotfoot's -hotfoots -hotfooted -headhunt -headhunter -headhunting -headhunting's -headhunter's -headhunters -headhunts -headhunted -hardhat -hardihood -hardhat's -hardhats -hardihood's -hardheaded -hardhearted -hardheadedly -hardheartedly -hardheadedness -hardheadedness's -hardheartedness -hardheartedness's -haddock -hedger -Heidegger -hotkey -hardcover -hardcover's -hardcovers -hedgehog -hedgehog's -hedgehogs -hedgehop -hedgehopping -hedgehops -hedgehopped -hotcake -Hodgkin -Hodgkin's -hotcake's -hotcakes -horticulture -horticultural -horticulturalist -horticulturalists -horticulture's -horticulturist -horticulturist's -horticulturists -hedging -headcount -headcounts -hardcore -hedgerow -hdqrs -hedgerow's -hedgerows -haddock's -haddocks -headcase -hedger's -hedgers -Heidegger's -hotkeys -headcases -headquarter -headquartering -headquartered -headquarters -headquarters's -hardily -hardly -haughtily -headily -heartily -hightail -Hitler -hotel -hotelier -hotly -huddle -hurdle -hurdler -hurtle -Heidelberg -Heidelberg's -headlock -headlock's -headlocks -hoodlum -headlamp -headlamp's -headlamps -hoodlum's -hoodlums -hardliner -Hartline -headline -headliner -hightailing -huddling -hurdling -hurtling -headlong -hotlink -hotlinks -headlining -hardliner's -hardliners -Hartline's -headliner's -headliners -headline's -headlines -hurdling's -headland -headlined -heartland -headland's -headlands -heartland's -heartlands -headless -heartless -heedless -hightails -Hitler's -Hitlers -hotelier's -hoteliers -hotel's -hotels -huddle's -huddles -hurdler's -hurdlers -hurdle's -hurdles -hurtles -heartlessly -heedlessly -heartlessness -heartlessness's -heedlessness -heedlessness's -headlight -hightailed -huddled -hurdled -hurtled -headlight's -headlights -HDMI -HTML -HTML's -Hartman -headman -headmen -hatemonger -hatemonger's -hatemongers -Hartman's -headman's -headmaster -headmistress -headmistress's -headmistresses -headmaster's -headmasters -harden -hardener -Hardin -Harding -hating -hatting -Hayden -Haydn -heading -hearten -heating -heeding -heighten -herding -hidden -hiding -hitting -hoarding -hoedown -hooding -hoodooing -hooting -hording -Horton -hotting -Houdini -hoyden -hurting -Hutton -hardening -heartening -heightening -hootenanny -hootenannies -hootenanny's -hardener's -hardeners -hardens -hardiness -hardiness's -Harding's -Hardin's -hardness -hardness's -haughtiness -haughtiness's -Hayden's -Haydn's -headiness -headiness's -heading's -headings -heartens -heartiness -heartiness's -heating's -heightens -hiding's -hidings -hoarding's -hoardings -hoedown's -hoedowns -Horton's -hotness -hotness's -Houdini's -hoyden's -hoydens -Hutton's -hedonism -hedonism's -hedonist -hedonistic -hedonist's -hedonists -hadn't -hardened -heartened -heightened -Hottentot -Hottentot's -Hottentots -hoydenish -HTTP -hotplate -hotplate's -hotplates -hatpin -headpin -hatpins -headpin's -headpins -Hotpoint -Hotpoint's -heatproof -headpiece -headpiece's -headpieces -hotpot -hotpots -hetero -Hydra -hydra -hydro -hydrotherapy -hydrotherapy's -Hyderabad -Hyderabad's -hydrophobia -hydrophobic -hydrophobia's -hydrofoil -hydrophilic -hydrofoil's -hydrofoils -hydrophone -hydrophone's -hydrophones -hydrocarbon -hydrocarbon's -hydrocarbons -hydrogen -heterogeneous -hydrogenous -hydrogen's -heterogeneously -heterogeneity -hydrogenate -hydrogenating -heterogeneity's -hydrogenates -hydrogenated -hydrogenation -hydrogenation's -hydroxide -hydroxide's -hydroxides -hydraulic -hydrology -hydraulically -hydraulics -hydraulics's -hydrology's -hydrologist -hydrologist's -hydrologists -hydroelectric -hydroelectrically -hydroelectricity -hydroelectricity's -hydrolyses -hydrolysis -hydrolysis's -headroom -headroom's -hydrometer -hydrometry -hydrometry's -hydrometer's -hydrometers -Hadrian -hydrangea -hydrangea's -hydrangeas -Hadrian's -hydrant -heartrending -heartrendingly -hydrant's -hydrants -hydroplane -hydroplaning -hydroplane's -hydroplanes -hydroplaned -hydroponic -hydroponically -hydroponics -hydroponics's -hairdresser -Hatteras -Hatteras's -headdress -headdress's -hetero's -heteros -Hydra's -hydra's -hydras -hydro's -hydrous -hydrocephalus -hydrocephalus's -hydrosphere -hydrosphere's -heterosexual -heterosexually -heterosexual's -heterosexuals -heterosexuality -heterosexuality's -hairdressing -hairdressing's -hairdresser's -hairdressers -headdresses -headrest -headrest's -headrests -hatred -hydrate -heterodox -heterodoxy -heterodoxy's -hydrating -hydrodynamic -hydrodynamics -hydrodynamics's -hatred's -hatreds -hydrate's -hydrates -hydrated -hydration -hydration's -hairdryer -hairdryer's -hairdryers -Hadar's -Hades -Hades's -Haida's -Haidas -hairdo's -hairdos -Haiti's -Hardy's -Harte's -Hart's -hart's -harts -hater's -haters -hate's -hates -hat's -hats -hatter's -hatters -Hattie's -hauteur's -header's -headers -Head's -head's -heads -hearties -heart's -hearts -hearty's -heater's -heaters -heat's -heats -heed's -heeds -Heidi's -height's -heights -Herder's -herder's -herders -herd's -herds -Hertz -hertz -Hettie's -heyday's -heydays -hiatus -hiatus's -hideous -hider's -hiders -hide's -hides -hit's -hits -hitter's -hitters -hoarder's -hoarders -hoard's -hoards -hod's -hods -hoodie's -hoodies -hoodoo's -hoodoos -Hood's -hood's -hoods -Hooters -hooter's -hooters -Hooters's -hoot's -hoots -horde's -hordes -hots -hots's -hotties -howdah's -howdahs -Hts -HUD's -Huerta's -hurt's -hurts -hut's -huts -Hutu's -Hyde's -Huddersfield -heartsick -headscarf -headscarves -heartsickness -heartsickness's -hardscrabble -hideously -Huitzilopotchli -Huitzilopotchli's -headsman -headsmen -herdsman -herdsmen -headsman's -herdsman's -Hudson -hideousness -hideousness's -Hudson's -Hertz's -hertz's -hiatuses -Hertzsprung -Hertzsprung's -hadst -hardest -hardiest -haughtiest -headiest -headset -heartiest -hottest -headstall -headstall's -headstalls -headstone -headstone's -headstones -hardstand -hatstand -headstand -hardstand's -hardstands -hatstands -headstand's -headstands -heatstroke -heatstroke's -headstrong -heartstrings -heartstrings's -headset's -headsets -hated -hatted -headed -heated -heeded -herded -hided -hideout -Hittite -hoarded -hooded -hoodooed -hooted -horded -hotted -HDTV -hardtack -hardtack's -heatedly -hardtop -hardtop's -hardtops -hortatory -hideout's -hideouts -Hittite's -Hittites -headteacher -headteachers -headway -hideaway -heatwave -heatwaves -hardworking -heartwarming -hoodwink -hoodwinking -hoodwinks -hoodwinked -headwind -headwind's -headwinds -hardware -hardware's -hardwired -headway's -hideaway's -hideaways -hardwood -headwaiter -headword -heartwood -hardwood's -hardwoods -headwaiter's -headwaiters -headwaters -headwaters's -headword's -headwords -heartwood's -headache -heartache -Hitachi -hardship -headship -hardship's -hardships -headship's -headships -Hatsheput -Hatsheput's -headshrinker -headshrinker's -headshrinkers -headache's -headaches -headcheese -heartache's -heartaches -Hitachi's -hotshot -hotshot's -hotshots -Hawaii -hewer -highway -Howe -Hayworth -Hiawatha -Hayworth's -Hiawatha's -however -Howell -Howell's -Howells -Howells's -highwayman -highwaymen -highwayman's -Hawaiian -hawing -hewing -Hawaiian's -Hawaiians -haywire -Hawaii's -hewer's -hewers -highway's -highways -Howe's -hawed -Hayward -Haywood -hewed -Hewitt -Heywood -Howard -Hayward's -Haywood's -Hewitt's -Heywood's -Howard's -howitzer -howitzer's -howitzers -harsh -harsher -hash -hatch -Hershey -highchair -hitch -hitcher -hooch -hush -hutch -hatchback -hatchback's -hatchbacks -Heshvan -Heshvan's -hitchhike -hitchhiker -hitchhiking -hitchhiker's -hitchhikers -hitchhike's -hitchhikes -hitchhiked -hatcheck -Hitchcock -Hitchcock's -hatcheck's -hatchecks -harshly -Hershel -Hershel's -Haitian -hashing -hatching -Hessian -hessian -hitching -hushing -Haitian's -Haitians -harshness -harshness's -hatching's -Hessian's -Hutchinson -Hutchinson's -hatchery -hatcheries -hatchery's -hashes -hash's -hatches -hatch's -Hershey's -highchair's -highchairs -hitcher's -hitchers -hitches -hitch's -hooch's -hushes -hush's -hutches -hutch's -harshest -hashed -hatched -hatchet -Hesiod -hitched -hushed -hashtag -hashtag's -hashtags -hatchet's -hatchets -Hesiod's -hatchway -hatchway's -hatchways -hashish -hashish's -hiya -Hayek -Hayek's -haying -hyena -hying -hyena's -hyenas -Hyundai -Hyundai's -Hayes -Hayes's -hyacinth -hyacinth's -hyacinths -hayed -Heyerdahl -Heyerdahl's -Hyades -Hyades's -C -c -CA -Ca -ca -CAI -car -caw -cay -cc -CCU -ck -CO -Co -co -coir -coo -cor -cow -Coy -coy -Cu -cu -cue -cur -cw -G -g -GA -Ga -Gaea -Gaia -GAO -gar -Gay -gay -GE -Ge -gear -gee -Geo -Ger -ghee -GHQ -GI -go -Goa -goer -goo -gooey -gooier -GU -GUI -Guy -guy -J -j -jar -jaw -Jay -jay -jeer -Jew -jew -Jo -Joe -Joey -joey -Joy -joy -K -k -Kauai -Kay -Keogh -Key -key -KIA -KKK -KO -kW -kw -KY -Ky -Q -q -QA -qua -Quaoar -quay -Que -queer -queue -quo -WC -wk -YWCA -Cathay -Cather -Cathy -coauthor -Garth -gather -girth -Goethe -Goth -goth -Kathie -Kathy -Keith -Kieth -kith -quoth -GitHub -GitHub's -Carthage -Gothic -Carthaginian -Carthaginian's -Carthaginians -Carthage's -Gothic's -Gothics -Cthulhu -Cthulhu's -Catholic -catholic -Catholic's -Catholics -Cathleen -Kathleen -Cathleen's -Kathleen's -Goethals -Goethals's -Catholicism -Catholicism's -Catholicisms -catholicity -catholicity's -Gotham -geothermic -geothermal -Kathmandu -Kathmandu's -Gotham's -gatherer -Guthrie -Catherine -Cathryn -coauthoring -gathering -Katharine -Katherine -Katheryn -Kathrine -Kathryn -Catherine's -Cathryn's -gathering's -gatherings -Katharine's -Katherine's -Katheryn's -Kathrine's -Kathryn's -gatherer's -gatherers -Guthrie's -coauthored -cutthroat -gathered -cutthroat's -cutthroats -carthorse -Cathay's -Cather's -Cathy's -coauthor's -coauthors -courthouse -Garth's -gather's -gathers -girth's -girths -Goethe's -Goth's -Goths -goths -Kathie's -Kathy's -Keith's -Kieth's -kith's -Gethsemane -Gethsemane's -carthorse's -carthorses -catharses -catharsis -catharsis's -courthouse's -courthouses -catheter -cathode -goatherd -cathartic -cathodic -cathartic's -cathartics -cathedral -cathedral's -cathedrals -catheter's -catheters -cathode's -cathodes -goatherd's -goatherds -Kathiawar -Kathiawar's -cab -cabby -caber -carboy -CB -Cb -cob -Cobb -cobber -cowboy -cub -Cuba -cube -cuber -curb -gab -gabbier -gabby -garb -Garbo -GB -Gerber -gibber -gob -Gobi -goober -jab -jabber -jib -jibe -Job -job -jobber -Kaaba -KB -Kb -Kirby -Kobe -QB -kebab -kebab's -kebabs -gabfest -gabfest's -gabfests -cubbyhole -cubbyhole's -cubbyholes -jobholder -jobholder's -jobholders -carbohydrate -carbohydrate's -carbohydrates -cabbage -CBC -cubic -garbage -kabuki -Quebec -cubical -cubicle -cubicle's -cubicles -garbageman -cabbage's -cabbages -CBC's -garbage's -gearbox -kabuki's -Quebec's -gearboxes -gearbox's -cabal -cable -Carboloy -cobble -cobbler -COBOL -corbel -cowbell -gabble -Gable -gable -garble -gerbil -gobble -gobbler -Jubal -jubilee -kabbalah -Kabul -kibble -Kublai -quibble -quibbler -carbolic -cablegram -cablegram's -cablegrams -cablecast -cablecasting -cablecast's -cablecasts -cabling -cobbling -gabbling -garbling -Ghibelline -gobbling -goblin -kibbling -quibbling -Ghibelline's -goblin's -goblins -jubilant -jubilantly -caballero -caballero's -caballeros -cabala's -cabal's -cabals -cable's -cables -Carboloy's -cobbler's -cobblers -cobble's -cobbles -COBOL's -COBOLs -corbel's -corbels -cowbell's -cowbells -gabble's -gabbles -Gable's -gable's -gables -garbles -gerbil's -gerbils -gobbler's -gobblers -gobble's -gobbles -Goebbels -Goebbels's -jobless -Jubal's -jubilee's -jubilees -Kabul's -kibble's -kibbles -Kublai's -quibbler's -quibblers -quibble's -quibbles -joblessness -joblessness's -cobblestone -cobblestone's -cobblestones -cabled -cobalt -cobbled -gabbled -gabled -garbled -giblet -gobbled -goblet -kibbled -quibbled -cobalt's -giblet's -giblets -goblet's -goblets -jubilation -jubilation's -kaboom -cabana -cabbing -cabin -carbine -carbon -Cobain -Cuban -cubing -curbing -gabbing -Gabon -garbing -Gibbon -gibbon -gobbing -jabbing -jawbone -jibbing -jibing -jobbing -Carboniferous -carboniferous -Carboniferous's -carbuncle -carbuncular -carbuncle's -carbuncles -jawboning -cabana's -cabanas -cabin's -cabins -carbine's -carbines -carbon's -carbons -Cobain's -Cuban's -Cubans -curbing's -gabbiness -gabbiness's -Gabonese -Gabon's -garbanzo -Gibbon's -gibbon's -gibbons -jawbone's -jawbones -carbonaceous -Gabonese's -garbanzo's -garbanzos -Cabernet -cabinet -carbonate -cobnut -jawboned -Kubuntu -cabinetmaker -cabinetmaking -cabinetmaking's -cabinetmaker's -cabinetmakers -carbonating -keybinding -keybindings -cabinetry -gubernatorial -cabinetry's -Cabernet's -cabinet's -cabinets -carbonate's -carbonates -cobnuts -Kubuntu's -carbonated -cabinetwork -cabinetwork's -carbonation -carbonation's -cobra -jabberer -jawbreaker -Kubrick -jawbreaker's -jawbreakers -Kubrick's -Cabral -Gabriel -Gabriela -Gabrielle -Cabral's -Gabriela's -Gabrielle's -Gabriel's -cabriolet -Gibraltar -cabriolet's -cabriolets -Gibraltar's -Gibraltars -Cabrini -Gaborone -gibbering -jabbering -Cabrini's -Gaborone's -Carborundum -carborundum -Carborundum's -carborundum's -Cabrera -Cabrera's -cobra's -cobras -jabberer's -jabberers -cabaret -gibbered -jabbered -cabaret's -cabarets -gibberish -gibberish's -cabbies -cabby's -cabers -caboose -cab's -cabs -carboy's -carboys -carbs -CBS -CBS's -cobbers -Cobb's -cob's -cobs -cowboy's -cowboys -Cuba's -cuber's -cubers -cube's -cubes -cub's -cubs -curb's -curbs -gab's -gabs -Garbo's -garb's -garbs -GB's -Gerber's -gibbers -gibbous -Gibbs -Gibbs's -Gobi's -gob's -gobs -goober's -goobers -jabber's -jabbers -jab's -jabs -jibe's -jibes -jib's -jibs -jobber's -jobbers -Job's -Jobs -job's -jobs -Jobs's -Kaaba's -KB's -Kb's -Kirby's -Kobe's -cubism -gobsmacked -cubism's -Gibson -Gibson's -caboose's -cabooses -cubist -curbside -gabbiest -kerbside -curbstone -curbstone's -curbstones -cabstand -cabstand's -cabstands -gobstopper -gobstoppers -cubist's -cubists -jobsworth -jobsworths -cabbed -Cabot -carbide -Courbet -cowbird -cubed -cubit -cuboid -curbed -gabbed -garbed -gibbet -gobbed -gobbet -jabbed -jabot -jaybird -jibbed -jibed -jobbed -keyboard -keyboarder -caboodle -caboodle's -gabardine -gaberdine -gibbeting -keyboarding -gabardine's -gabardines -gaberdine's -gaberdines -cabdriver -cabdriver's -cabdrivers -Cabot's -carbide's -carbides -Courbet's -cowbird's -cowbirds -cubit's -cubits -cuboids -gibbet's -gibbets -gobbet's -gobbets -jabot's -jabots -jaybird's -jaybirds -keyboarder's -keyboarders -keyboard's -keyboards -kibbutz -kibitz -kibitzer -kibbutzim -kibitzing -kibbutzes -kibbutz's -kibitzer's -kibitzers -kibitzes -keyboardist -kibitzed -keyboardist's -keyboardists -gibbeted -keyboarded -cobweb -cobwebbier -cobwebby -cobweb's -cobwebs -cobwebbiest -cobwebbed -kibosh -Gorbachev -Kuibyshev -Gorbachev's -Kuibyshev's -cabochon -cabochon's -cabochons -jobshare -jobshares -kibosh's -caff -Caph -carve -Carver -carver -cave -caver -caviar -Cavour -CF -Cf -cf -CFO -coffee -coffer -Coffey -coif -Corfu -cough -cove -cover -covey -cuff -curfew -curve -curvier -curvy -Cuvier -CV -gaff -gaffe -gaffer -Garvey -gave -GIF -give -giver -gofer -Goff -goof -goofier -goofy -Gopher -gopher -gov -guava -guff -guffaw -guv -gyve -Java -java -Javier -Jeff -jiff -jiffy -jive -Jove -JV -Kiev -kph -quaff -quaver -quiff -quiver -Jephthah -Jephthah's -giveback -giveback's -givebacks -goofball -goofball's -goofballs -kerfuffle -kerfuffles -coffeehouse -coffeehouse's -coffeehouses -CFC -JFK -Kafka -KFC -coffeecake -coffeecake's -coffeecakes -kaffeeklatsches -kaffeeklatsch -kaffeeklatsch's -kaffeeklatch -kaffeeklatches -kaffeeklatch's -Kevorkian -Kevorkian's -CFC's -JFK's -Kafka's -KFC's -Koufax -Kafkaesque -Kafkaesque's -Koufax's -Caerphilly -cavalier -cavil -coeval -coevally -gavel -jarful -jovial -jovially -joyful -joyfuller -joyfully -Kevlar -cavalcade -cavalcade's -cavalcades -cavalierly -javelin -javelin's -javelins -joyfulness -joyfulness's -cavalry -cavalryman -cavalrymen -cavalryman's -cavalries -cavalry's -Caerphilly's -cavalier's -cavaliers -cavil's -cavils -coeval's -coevals -Corvallis -Corvallis's -gavel's -gavels -jarful's -jarfuls -Kevlar's -joyfullest -coverlet -Garfield -joviality -coverlet's -coverlets -Garfield's -joviality's -coffeemaker -coffeemaker's -coffeemakers -caveman -cavemen -Kaufman -caveman's -Kaufman's -caffeine -carving -cavern -caving -coffin -coiffing -coughing -coven -cuffing -curving -gaffing -Gavin -Geffen -Giovanni -given -giving -goofing -govern -Governor -governor -guvnor -gyving -jiving -Jovian -Keven -Kevin -quaffing -governable -Guofeng -Kaifeng -Garfunkel -Garfunkel's -Guofeng's -Kaifeng's -Juvenal -juvenile -Juvenal's -juvenile's -juveniles -government -governmental -government's -governments -coffining -governing -governance -governance's -covenant -covenanting -covenant's -covenants -covenanted -caffeine's -carving's -carvings -cavernous -cavern's -caverns -caving's -coffin's -coffins -coven's -covens -Gavin's -Geffen's -Giovanni's -given's -givens -givings -goofiness -goofiness's -governess -governess's -governor's -governors -governs -guvnors -Javanese -Jovian's -Keven's -Kevin's -cavernously -governesses -Javanese's -coffined -governed -Coventry -Coventries -Coventry's -caffeinated -Cavendish -Cavendish's -governorship -governorship's -coffeepot -coffeepot's -coffeepots -carfare -carvery -coiffure -Geoffrey -Guevara -Jefferey -Jeffery -Jeffrey -Jeffry -Jivaro -quavery -quivery -coverage -coverage's -coverall -coverall's -coveralls -coiffuring -covering -quavering -quivering -covering's -coverings -carfare's -carveries -coiffure's -coiffures -Geoffrey's -Guevara's -Jefferey's -Jeffery's -Jeffrey's -Jeffry's -Jivaro's -coiffured -covered -quavered -quivered -caffs -Caiaphas -Caiaphas's -Caph's -Carver's -carver's -carvers -carves -cavers -cave's -caves -caviar's -Cavour's -Cf's -coffee's -coffees -coffer's -coffers -Coffey's -coif's -coifs -Corfu's -Corvus -Corvus's -cough's -coughs -cover's -covers -cove's -coves -covey's -coveys -cuff's -cuffs -curfew's -curfews -curve's -curves -Cuvier's -CVS -CVS's -gaffer's -gaffers -gaffe's -gaffes -gaff's -gaffs -Garvey's -giver's -givers -gives -gofer's -gofers -Goff's -goof's -goofs -gopher's -gophers -guava's -guavas -guffaw's -guffaws -guff's -guvs -gyve's -gyves -Jarvis -Jarvis's -Java's -Javas -java's -Javier's -Jeeves -Jeeves's -Jeff's -jiffies -jiff's -jiffs -jiffy's -jive's -jives -Jove's -Kiev's -quaff's -quaffs -quaver's -quavers -quiffs -quiver's -quivers -geophysical -JavaScript -JavaScript's -geophysics -geophysics's -Jefferson -Jeffersonian -Jeffersonian's -Jefferson's -coefficient -coefficient's -coefficients -curvaceous -curvaceousness -curvaceousness's -geophysicist -geophysicist's -geophysicists -curviest -goofiest -carved -caveat -caved -cavity -cavort -coiffed -Corvette -corvette -coughed -covert -covet -cuffed -curved -gaffed -gavotte -gift -goofed -govt -gyved -jived -quaffed -covertly -cofferdam -cofferdam's -cofferdams -cavorting -coveting -gifting -covertness -covertness's -cafeteria -cafetiere -curvature -cafeteria's -cafeterias -cafetieres -curvature's -curvatures -caveat's -caveats -cavities -cavity's -cavorts -Corvette's -corvette's -corvettes -covert's -coverts -covetous -covets -gavotte's -gavottes -gift's -gifts -covetously -covetousness -covetousness's -cavorted -coveted -gifted -cavitation -giveaway -guffawing -giveaway's -giveaways -guffawed -garfish -kvetch -kvetcher -kvetching -garfishes -garfish's -kvetcher's -kvetchers -kvetches -kvetch's -kvetched -coheir -coho -kWh -Khyber -Khabarovsk -Khabarovsk's -Khyber's -cohabit -cohabiting -cohabitant -cohabitant's -cohabitants -cohabits -cohabited -cohabitation -cohabitation's -Jehovah -Khufu -Jehovah's -Khufu's -Cahokia -khaki -quahog -Kharkov -Kharkov's -Khoikhoi -Khoikhoi's -Cahokia's -khaki's -khakis -quahog's -quahogs -gearwheel -keyhole -Khulna -Khulna's -gearwheel's -gearwheels -keyhole's -keyholes -Khalid -Khalid's -Khmer -Khomeini -Khomeini's -Khmer's -Cohan -Cohen -Gehenna -Johann -Johanna -kahuna -Khan -khan -Kohinoor -Jahangir -Jahangir's -Cohan's -Cohen's -Gehenna's -Johanna's -Johannes -Johannes's -Johann's -kahunas -Khan's -khan's -khans -Kohinoor's -Johannesburg -Johannesburg's -cowhand -cowhand's -cowhands -carhop -carhop's -carhops -cohere -cohering -Khorana -coherence -coherency -Khorana's -coherence's -coherency's -coherent -coherently -coheres -cohered -Khrushchev -Khrushchev's -coheir's -coheirs -coho's -cohos -Khazar -kHz -cohesive -cohesively -cohesiveness -cohesiveness's -Khoisan -Khoisan's -Khazar's -cahoot -cohort -cowherd -cowhide -jihad -Khartoum -Khartoum's -cahoot's -cahoots -cohort's -cohorts -cowherd's -cowherds -cowhide's -cowhides -jihad's -jihads -jihadist -jihadist's -jihadists -Khwarizmi -Khwarizmi's -Jehoshaphat -Jehoshaphat's -cohesion -cohesion's -Khachaturian -Khachaturian's -Khayyam -Khayyam's -cacao -cadge -Cage -cage -cagey -cagier -cake -cargo -cg -CGI -coca -cock -cockier -cocky -coco -cocoa -cog -Coke -coke -Cook -cook -Cooke -cooker -cookie -corgi -Cork -cork -corker -cougar -cuckoo -gag -gaga -Gage -gauge -gawk -gawkier -gawky -GCC -gecko -geek -geekier -geeky -Geiger -geog -George -Georgia -gewgaw -Giauque -gig -GIGO -Gk -Gog -gook -gorge -Gorky -gouge -gouger -Jack -jack -Jackie -Jacky -jag -Jagger -Jaguar -jaguar -Jake -jerk -jerkier -jerky -jg -jig -jigger -Jock -jock -Jockey -jockey -jog -jogger -joke -joker -jokey -jokier -Jorge -judge -jug -KC -kc -Keck -keg -kg -kick -kicker -kickier -kicky -kike -Kirk -kook -kookier -kooky -QC -quack -quake -Quaker -quaky -quark -quick -quicker -quickie -quirk -quirkier -quirky -Jacob -Jacobi -jojoba -jujube -KGB -cookbook -kickback -cookbook's -cookbooks -jukebox -kickback's -kickbacks -kickboxing -jukeboxes -jukebox's -kickball -kickball's -Jacobean -Jacobin -Jacobean's -Jacobin's -kookaburra -kookaburra's -kookaburras -Jacobi's -Jacob's -Jacobs -Jacobs's -jujube's -jujubes -KGB's -Jacobson -Jacobson's -gigabit -gigabyte -jackboot -Jacobite -gigabit's -gigabits -gigabyte's -gigabytes -jackboot's -jackboots -Jacobite's -jackbooted -kickoff -jugful -jugful's -jugfuls -cacophony -cacophonies -cacophonous -cacophony's -quickfire -kickoff's -kickoffs -cockfight -cockfighting -cockfighting's -cockfight's -cockfights -Gurkha -Qiqihar -cogwheel -cogwheel's -cogwheels -jackhammer -jackhammer's -jackhammers -cookhouse -Gurkha's -Qiqihar's -cookhouses -gigahertz -gigahertz's -carjack -carjacker -corkage -Keokuk -Kojak -Jogjakarta -Jogjakarta's -carjacking -jackknife -jackknifing -jackknife's -jackknifes -jackknives -jackknifed -carjacking's -carjackings -cockcrow -cockcrow's -cockcrows -carjacker's -carjackers -carjacks -Keokuk's -Kojak's -carjacked -Kierkegaard -Kierkegaard's -cackle -cackler -cagily -cagoule -cajole -cajoler -cockily -cockle -coequal -coequally -cowgirl -cudgel -gaggle -gargle -gargoyle -gawkily -giggle -giggler -gigglier -giggly -gigolo -goggle -Gogol -Google -google -googly -gurgle -jackal -Jekyll -jerkily -jiggle -jiggly -jocular -joggle -juggle -juggler -jugular -Kigali -quickly -jocularly -quicklime -cajolement -cajolement's -quicklime's -cackling -cajoling -gargling -giggling -goggling -googling -gurgling -Jacklyn -Jaclyn -Jacqueline -Jacquelyn -Jagiellon -jiggling -joggling -juggling -Jacklyn's -Jaclyn's -Jacqueline's -Jacquelyn's -Jagiellon's -coagulant -Kirkland -coagulant's -coagulants -Kirkland's -cajolery -jugglery -cajolery's -jugglery's -jocularity -jocularity's -cackler's -cacklers -cackle's -cackles -cagoules -cajoler's -cajolers -cajoles -cockle's -cockles -coequal's -coequals -cowgirl's -cowgirls -cudgel's -cudgels -gaggle's -gaggles -gargle's -gargles -gargoyle's -gargoyles -giggler's -gigglers -giggle's -giggles -gigolo's -gigolos -goggle's -goggles -goggles's -Gogol's -Google's -google's -googles -googlies -gurgle's -gurgles -jackal's -jackals -Jekyll's -jiggle's -jiggles -joggle's -joggles -juggler's -jugglers -juggle's -juggles -jugular's -jugulars -Kigali's -giggliest -cackled -cajoled -coagulate -coagulator -cuckold -gargled -giggled -goggled -googled -gurgled -jiggled -joggled -juggled -coagulating -cuckolding -cuckoldry -cuckoldry's -coagulates -coagulator's -coagulators -cuckold's -cuckolds -coagulated -cuckolded -cockleshell -cockleshell's -cockleshells -coagulation -coagulation's -cucumber -cucumber's -cucumbers -guacamole -guacamole's -cockamamie -quagmire -quagmire's -quagmires -Giacometti -Giacometti's -caging -Cagney -Cajun -caking -cocaine -cocking -Cockney -cockney -cocoon -coking -cooking -corking -gagging -gauging -Gauguin -gawking -Georgian -Georgina -gherkin -gigging -Giorgione -gorging -Gorgon -gorgon -gouging -jacking -jargon -jejuna -jejune -jerkin -jerking -jigging -Joaquin -jogging -joking -jugging -kicking -quacking -quaking -quicken -quirking -Guggenheim -Guggenheim's -Cognac -cognac -Cognac's -cognac's -cognacs -jokingly -jejunum -cognomen -cognomen's -cognomens -jejunum's -cocooning -quickening -caginess -caginess's -Cagney's -Cajun's -Cajuns -cocaine's -cockiness -cockiness's -Cockney's -cockney's -cockneys -cocoon's -cocoons -cogency -cooking's -Gauguin's -gawkiness -gawkiness's -Georgian's -Georgians -Georgina's -gherkin's -gherkins -Giorgione's -Gorgon's -gorgon's -gorgons -jargon's -jerkiness -jerkiness's -jerkin's -jerkins -Joaquin's -jogging's -kookiness -kookiness's -quickens -quickness -quickness's -quirkiness -quirkiness's -Gorgonzola -Gorgonzola's -cognoscente -cognoscenti -cognoscente's -cogency's -coconut -cocooned -cogent -cognate -Gargantua -jocund -Juggernaut -juggernaut -quickened -cognitive -cognitively -gigantic -gigantically -cogently -jocundly -gargantuan -coconut's -coconuts -cognate's -cognates -Gargantua's -Juggernaut's -juggernaut's -juggernauts -jocundity -jocundity's -cognition -cognitional -cognition's -Kickapoo -gigapixel -gigapixel's -gigapixels -Kickapoo's -cockpit -jackpot -Kirkpatrick -Kirkpatrick's -cockpit's -cockpits -jackpot's -jackpots -cookery -quackery -jackrabbit -jackrabbit's -jackrabbits -geographer -geography -geographic -geographical -geographically -geographer's -geographers -geographies -geography's -Gacrux -Gacrux's -cockerel -cockerel's -cockerels -Gagarin -jiggering -Gagarin's -jacaranda -jacaranda's -jacarandas -Gujranwala -Gujranwala's -cookeries -cookery's -quackery's -Quakerism -Quakerism's -Quakerisms -Gujarat -Gujarati -jiggered -Gujarati's -Gujarat's -cockroach -cockroaches -cockroach's -cacao's -cacaos -cadges -Cage's -cage's -cages -cake's -cakes -carcass -carcass's -cargoes -cargo's -caucus -caucus's -coca's -cocci -coccus -coccus's -cock's -cocks -cocoa's -cocoas -coco's -cocos -cog's -cogs -Coke's -Cokes -coke's -cokes -cooker's -cookers -Cooke's -cookie's -cookies -Cook's -cook's -cooks -corgi's -corgis -corker's -corkers -cork's -corks -cougar's -cougars -cuckoo's -cuckoos -Gage's -gag's -gags -gauge's -gauges -gawks -GCC's -gecko's -geckos -geek's -geeks -Geiger's -George's -Georges -Georgia's -gewgaw's -gewgaws -Giauque's -gig's -gigs -Gog's -gook's -gooks -Gorgas -Gorgas's -gorgeous -gorge's -gorges -Gorky's -gouger's -gougers -gouge's -gouges -Gucci -jackass -jackass's -Jackie's -Jack's -jack's -jacks -Jacky's -Jacques -Jacques's -Jacuzzi -Jagger's -jaggies -jag's -jags -Jaguar's -jaguar's -jaguars -Jake's -JCS -jerk's -jerks -jerky's -jigger's -jiggers -jig's -jigs -jigsaw -Jockey's -jockey's -jockeys -Jock's -jock's -jocks -jocose -jogger's -joggers -jog's -jogs -joker's -jokers -joke's -jokes -Jorge's -Judges -judge's -judges -jug's -jugs -Keck's -keg's -kegs -kicker's -kickers -kick's -kicks -kikes -Kirghiz -Kirghizia -Kirk's -kook's -kooks -quack's -quacks -Quaker's -Quakers -quake's -quakes -quark's -quarks -quickie's -quickies -quick's -quirk's -quirks -cocksucker -cockscomb -cockscomb's -cockscombs -corkscrew -corkscrew's -corkscrews -corkscrewing -corkscrewed -coccyges -coccyx -cocksucker's -cocksuckers -coccyx's -gorgeously -jocosely -quicksilver -quicksilver's -caucusing -Jackson -Jacksonville -Jacksonville's -Jacksonian -Jacksonian's -gorgeousness -gorgeousness's -Jackson's -jocoseness -jocoseness's -quicksand -quicksand's -quicksands -cocksure -carcasses -Caucasus -Caucasus's -caucuses -coccis -Gucci's -jackasses -Jacuzzi's -jigsaw's -jigsaws -Kirghizia's -Kirghiz's -cagiest -Caucasoid -caucused -cockiest -gawkiest -geekiest -jerkiest -Jocasta -jocosity -jokiest -kickiest -kookiest -quickest -quirkiest -Kirghistan -Kirghistan's -kickstand -kickstand's -kickstands -quickstep -quickstep's -quicksteps -jackstraw -jockstrap -jockstrap's -jockstraps -jackstraw's -jackstraws -Jocasta's -jocosity's -jigsawing -jigsawed -cacti -cadged -caged -caked -cockade -cockatoo -cocked -Cocteau -coked -cooked -cookout -coquette -corked -courgette -gadget -gagged -gauged -gawked -Georgette -gigged -gorged -gouged -jackdaw -jacked -jacket -Jacquard -jacquard -jagged -jaggeder -Jakarta -jct -jerked -jigged -jogged -joked -judged -jugged -kicked -quacked -quaked -quirked -cockatiel -cocktail -jaggedly -cockatiel's -cockatiels -cocktail's -cocktails -coquetting -Georgetown -Georgetown's -jaggedness -jaggedness's -coquetry -gadgetry -cockatrice -coquetries -coquetry's -gadgetry's -cockatrice's -cockatrices -cactus -cactus's -cockade's -cockades -cockatoo's -cockatoos -Cocteau's -cookout's -cookouts -coquette's -coquettes -courgettes -gadget's -gadgets -Georgette's -jackdaw's -jackdaws -jacket's -jackets -Jacquard's -jacquard's -Jakarta's -jujitsu -jujitsu's -jaggedest -cogitate -cogitator -coquetted -jacketed -cogitative -cogitating -cogitates -cogitator's -cogitators -cogitated -coquettish -coquettishly -cogitation -cogitation's -cogitations -cakewalk -cakewalk's -cakewalks -cookware -cookware's -cookwares -gigawatt -jerkwater -gigawatt's -gigawatts -cowcatcher -geocache -cockchafer -cockchafers -Kagoshima -Kagoshima's -Caucasian -geocaching -Caucasian's -Caucasians -judgeship -judgeship's -cowcatcher's -cowcatchers -geocaches -geocached -Kikuyu -jockeying -Kikuyu's -cockeyed -jockeyed -Cal -cal -Cali -call -calla -Callao -caller -Callie -callow -Carl -Carla -Carlo -Carly -Cl -cl -Clair -claw -Clay -clay -clear -Cleo -clew -clii -Clio -cloy -clue -coal -coil -COL -Col -col -COLA -cola -Cole -coley -coll -collar -collie -Collier -collier -Colo -cool -cooler -Cooley -coolie -coolly -cowl -Cowley -coyly -cull -curl -curler -curlew -curlier -curly -Gael -Gail -gaily -gal -gala -Gale -gale -Gall -gall -galley -Gallo -Gaul -Gayle -gel -Geller -ghoul -Gil -Gila -Gill -gill -gillie -girl -girly -glee -glow -glue -gluey -gluier -goal -goalie -golly -guile -gull -Gullah -gully -jail -jailer -jell -jello -jelly -Jill -Joel -jollier -jolly -Joule -joule -jowl -jowlier -jowly -Jul -Julia -Julie -Julio -July -Kahlua -kale -Kali -Karl -Karla -Kayla -keel -Keillor -Keller -Kelley -Kelli -Kellie -Kelly -Kiel -Kilauea -kill -killer -kilo -kl -Klee -koala -Kohl -kohl -kola -Kyle -quail -Quayle -queerly -quell -quill -wkly -cloth -clothe -clothier -Clotho -Goliath -Kulthumm -Kulthumm's -clothing -clothing's -clothes -clothier's -clothiers -Clotho's -cloth's -cloths -Goliath's -clothesline -clothesline's -clotheslines -clothespin -clothespin's -clothespins -clothed -clotheshorse -clotheshorse's -clotheshorses -Caleb -clobber -club -clubber -Colby -Galibi -glib -glibber -glob -globe -Kalb -clubbable -Gelbvieh -Gelbvieh's -clubfeet -clubfoot -clubfoot's -clubfooted -clubhouse -clubhouse's -clubhouses -callback -callback's -callbacks -callable -glibly -global -globally -globular -globule -gullible -globulin -globulin's -clubland -globule's -globules -globalism -globalism's -globalist -globalist's -globalists -gallbladder -gullibility -gallbladder's -gallbladders -gullibility's -Caliban -Claiborne -Cliburn -clubbing -collarbone -globing -jellybean -Caliban's -Claiborne's -Cliburn's -collarbone's -collarbones -glibness -glibness's -jellybean's -jellybeans -Galbraith -Galbraith's -jailbreak -jailbreak's -jailbreaks -clobbering -calibrate -calibrator -clobbered -collaborate -collaborator -collaborative -collaboratively -calibrating -collaborating -calibrates -calibrator's -calibrators -collaborates -collaborator's -collaborators -calibrated -collaborated -calibration -collaboration -calibration's -calibrations -collaboration's -collaborations -collaborationist -calaboose -Caleb's -clobber's -clobbers -clubbers -club's -clubs -Colby's -Galibi's -globe's -globes -glob's -globs -Kalb's -kielbasa -kielbasi -calaboose's -calabooses -kielbasa's -kielbasas -glibbest -clubbed -Colbert -Gilbert -Gilberto -globed -jailbird -kilobyte -globetrotter -globetrotting -globetrotter's -globetrotters -Colbert's -Gilberto's -Gilbert's -jailbird's -jailbirds -kilobyte's -kilobytes -Culbertson -Culbertson's -calabash -calabashes -calabash's -calf -Calif -caliph -calve -clavier -cleave -cleaver -clef -clever -Cliff -cliff -Clive -clove -clover -clvi -clvii -glove -Glover -glyph -golf -golfer -Guelph -gulf -Gulliver -Karloff -qualifier -qualify -Wycliffe -cliffhanger -cliffhanging -cliffhanger's -cliffhangers -cleavage -clavicle -clavicle's -clavicles -cleavage's -cleavages -Colfax -Colfax's -jollification -qualification -jollification's -jollifications -qualification's -qualifications -cleverly -gleeful -gleefully -guileful -Kalevala -cloverleaf -cloverleaf's -cloverleafs -cloverleaves -gleefulness -gleefulness's -Cleveland -Cleveland's -Kalevala's -coalfield -coalfields -cauliflower -cauliflower's -cauliflowers -California -Calvin -calving -cleaving -cloven -colophon -Galvani -gloving -golfing -Kelvin -kelvin -galvanic -californium -californium's -galvanometer -galvanometer's -galvanometers -Californian -Californian's -Californians -California's -Calvin's -cleverness -cleverness's -colophon's -colophons -Galvani's -Kelvin's -kelvin's -kelvins -Calvinism -galvanism -Calvinism's -Calvinisms -galvanism's -Calvinist -Calvinistic -Calvinist's -Calvinists -gallivant -gallivanting -gallivants -gallivanted -Calvary -cleverer -girlfriend -girlfriend's -girlfriends -Calvary's -cleverest -calf's -caliph's -caliphs -calves -clavier's -claviers -cleaver's -cleavers -cleaves -clef's -clefs -clevis -clevis's -Cliff's -cliff's -cliffs -Clive's -clover's -clovers -clove's -cloves -Clovis -Clovis's -coalface -Glover's -glove's -gloves -golfer's -golfers -golf's -golfs -Guelph's -gulf's -gulfs -Gulliver's -Karloff's -qualifier's -qualifiers -qualifies -Wycliffe's -calfskin -calfskin's -clevises -coalface's -coalfaces -Galveston -Galveston's -caliphate -calved -Calvert -cleaved -cleft -Clifford -culvert -gloved -golfed -qualified -Clifton -Clifton's -clifftop -clifftops -caliphate's -caliphates -Calvert's -cleft's -clefts -Clifford's -culvert's -culverts -jellyfish -jellyfishes -jellyfish's -clavichord -clavichord's -clavichords -qualifying -clairvoyance -clairvoyance's -clairvoyant -clairvoyant's -clairvoyants -keelhaul -keelhauling -keelhauls -keelhauled -Calhoun -Callahan -Calhoun's -Callahan's -Kalahari -Kalahari's -jailhouse -jailhouses -Galahad -girlhood -Galahad's -Galahads -girlhood's -girlhoods -kilohertz -kilohertz's -clearheaded -calico -caulk -caulker -clack -claque -Clark -Clarke -clergy -clerk -click -clicker -clique -cliquey -cloaca -cloacae -cloak -clock -clog -cluck -colic -colicky -collage -colleague -college -colloq -colloquy -Coolidge -cowlick -curlicue -Gaelic -Gallagher -Gallic -garlic -garlicky -geology -Golgi -gulag -Kellogg -killjoy -kludge -kluge -Golgotha -Golgotha's -clickable -geologic -geological -geologically -glucagon -glycogen -glycogen's -calculi -Caligula -colloquial -colloquially -glycol -Kalgoorlie -calculable -calculus -calculus's -Caligula's -Kalgoorlie's -colloquialism -colloquialism's -colloquialisms -calculate -calculator -collegiality -calculative -calculating -calculatingly -calculates -calculator's -calculators -collegiality's -calculated -calculatedly -calculation -calculation's -calculations -colloquium -glaucoma -clergyman -clergymen -clergyman's -colloquium's -colloquiums -glaucoma's -Gilgamesh -Gilgamesh's -Callaghan -Caloocan -caulking -clacking -clerking -clicking -cloaking -clocking -clogging -clucking -collagen -collegian -Cologne -cologne -curlicuing -Gilligan -Goolagong -Goolagong's -Callaghan's -Caloocan's -collegian's -collegians -Cologne's -cologne's -colognes -Gilligan's -glockenspiel -glockenspiel's -glockenspiels -gelignite -Golconda -gelignite's -Golconda's -gelcap -goalkeeper -goalkeeping -goalkeeping's -gelcap's -goalkeeper's -goalkeepers -Calgary -calligrapher -calligraphy -calligraphic -calligrapher's -calligraphers -calligraphy's -calligraphist -calligraphist's -calligraphists -cloakroom -kilogram -cloakroom's -cloakrooms -kilogram's -kilograms -calcareous -Calgary's -calicoes -calico's -calyx -caulker's -caulkers -caulk's -caulks -clack's -clacks -claque's -claques -Clarke's -Clark's -clergies -clergy's -clerk's -clerks -clicker's -clickers -click's -clicks -clique's -cliques -clix -cloaca's -cloak's -cloaks -clock's -clocks -clog's -clogs -cluck's -clucks -clxi -clxii -colic's -collage's -collages -colleague's -colleagues -college's -colleges -colloquies -colloquy's -Coolidge's -cowlick's -cowlicks -curlicue's -curlicues -Gaelic's -Galaxy -galaxy -Gallagher's -Gallegos -Gallegos's -Gallic's -garlic's -geologies -geology's -Glaxo -glucose -Golgi's -gulag's -gulags -Kellogg's -killjoy's -killjoys -kludges -kluges -clxiv -clxvi -clxvii -clxix -klaxon -klaxons -calyxes -calyx's -galaxies -galaxy's -Glaxo's -glucose's -geologist -geologist's -geologists -Calcutta -caulked -clacked -clerked -clicked -cloaked -clocked -clogged -clucked -Colgate -collect -collector -collegiate -collocate -curlicued -Gielgud -kludged -kluged -collective -collectively -collective's -collectives -collectivism -collectivism's -collectivist -collectivist's -collectivists -galactic -collecting -collocating -Calcutta's -Colgate's -collector's -collectors -collect's -collects -collocate's -collocates -Gielgud's -collected -collocated -collectedly -clockwork -clockwork's -clockworks -clergywoman -clergywomen -clergywoman's -clockwise -cliquish -cliquishly -collection -collocation -cliquishness -cliquishness's -collection's -collections -collocation's -collocations -clerkship -clerkship's -Carlyle -clearly -Galilee -Galileo -jollily -jellylike -Galilean -Galilean's -Galileans -Carlyle's -clueless -collarless -Galilee's -Galileo's -guileless -guilelessly -guilelessness -guilelessness's -calm -calmer -claim -claimer -clam -clammier -clammy -Clem -climb -clime -Coulomb -coulomb -gallium -Gilliam -glam -glamour -gleam -glimmer -gloom -gloomier -gloomy -glum -glummer -Guillermo -Kolyma -qualm -goalmouth -goalmouths -clamber -climber -Colombia -Colombo -Columbia -climbable -clambake -clambake's -clambakes -claimable -climbing -Colombian -Columbine -columbine -climbing's -Colombian's -Colombians -Columbine's -columbine's -columbines -clamberer -clambering -clamberer's -clamberers -clambered -clamber's -clambers -climber's -climbers -climb's -climbs -Colombia's -Colombo's -Columbia's -Columbus -Columbus's -Coulomb's -coulomb's -coulombs -climbed -galumph -galumphing -gallimaufry -gallimaufries -gallimaufry's -galumphs -galumphed -Kalmyk -climax -Kalmyk's -climaxing -climaxes -climax's -climaxed -climactic -climacteric -climacteric's -calmly -clammily -gloomily -glumly -calamine -calming -calumny -claiming -clamming -coalmine -Coleman -column -columnar -Gilman -gleaming -gloaming -Kilimanjaro -Kilimanjaro's -calamine's -calmness -calmness's -calumnies -calumnious -calumny's -clamminess -clamminess's -Clemenceau -clemency -Clemens -Clemens's -Clemons -Clemons's -coalmines -Coleman's -column's -columns -gleamings -gloaming's -gloamings -gloominess -gloominess's -glumness -glumness's -Clemenceau's -clemency's -columnist -columnist's -columnists -calumniate -calumniator -claimant -Clement -clement -columned -culminate -clemently -calumniating -Clementine -clementine -culminating -Clementine's -clementines -calumniates -calumniator's -calumniators -claimant's -claimants -Clement's -Clements -Clements's -culminates -calumniated -culminated -calumniation -culmination -calumniation's -culmination's -culminations -clamp -clomp -clump -clumpier -clumpy -clamping -clomping -clumping -clamp's -clamps -clomps -clump's -clumps -glimpse -glimpsing -glimpse's -glimpses -clumpiest -glimpsed -clamped -clomped -clumped -clampdown -clampdown's -clampdowns -calamari -Gilmore -glamouring -glimmering -glimmering's -glimmerings -calamari's -calamaris -clamorous -Gilmore's -glamorous -glamorously -glamoured -glimmered -calm's -calms -claimer's -claimers -claim's -claims -clam's -clams -Clem's -clime's -climes -clumsier -clumsy -gallium's -Gilliam's -glamour's -glamours -gleam's -gleams -glimmer's -glimmers -gloom's -Guillermo's -Kalamazoo -Kolyma's -qualm's -qualms -clumsily -Clemson -Clemson's -clumsiness -clumsiness's -Kalamazoo's -clumsiest -calmest -clammiest -gloomiest -glummest -calamity -calmed -calumet -claimed -clammed -climate -gleamed -guillemot -Klimt -climatic -climatically -climatology -climatology's -climatologist -climatologist's -climatologists -cliometric -cliometrics -cliometrics's -cliometrician -cliometrician's -cliometricians -calamities -calamitous -calamity's -calumet's -calumets -clematis -clematis's -climate's -climates -guillemots -Klimt's -calamitously -clematises -qualmish -calling -Carlene -Carlin -clan -clean -cleaner -Cline -cling -clinger -clingier -clingy -clone -clown -cluing -coaling -coiling -Coleen -Colin -Colleen -colleen -Collin -Colon -colon -colony -cooling -Corleone -cowling -Cullen -culling -curling -Galen -galena -galleon -galling -gallon -gelling -Gillian -gillion -Giuliani -glean -gleaner -Glen -glen -Glenn -Glenna -gluing -gluon -Golan -gulling -jailing -jawline -jelling -Jilin -Jillian -Jolene -Julian -Juliana -Julianne -julienne -kaolin -keeling -killing -kiln -Klan -Klein -Kline -Kowloon -quailing -quelling -cleanable -clingfilm -glenohumeral -clang -clanger -clank -clinic -clink -clinker -clonk -clung -clunk -clunker -clunkier -clunky -clinical -clinically -clanging -clanking -clinking -clonking -clunking -clangorous -clangorously -clangers -clang's -clangs -clank's -clanks -clinic's -clinics -clinker's -clinkers -clink's -clinks -clonk's -clonks -clunker's -clunkers -clunk's -clunks -Kleenex -Kleenexes -Kleenex's -clunkiest -clanged -clanked -clinked -clonked -clunked -cleanlier -cleanly -clonal -colonel -colonial -colonially -Glenlivet -Glenlivet's -cleanliness -cleanliness's -colonelcy -colonel's -colonels -colonial's -colonials -colonialism -colonialism's -colonelcy's -cleanliest -colonialist -colonialist's -colonialists -cleaning -clinging -cloning -clowning -gleaning -kilning -Klingon -cleaning's -cleanings -gleanings -gleanings's -Klingon's -cleanup -cleanup's -cleanups -culinary -calling's -callings -callowness -callowness's -Carlene's -Carlin's -Clancy -clan's -clans -cleaner's -cleaners -cleanness -cleanness's -cleans -cleanse -cleanser -clearness -clearness's -Cline's -clinger's -clingers -cling's -clings -clone's -clones -clown's -clowns -Coleen's -Colin's -Colleen's -colleen's -colleens -Collin's -Collins -Collins's -colones -colonies -Colon's -colon's -colons -colony's -coolness -coolness's -Corleone's -cowling's -cowlings -Cullen's -curliness -curliness's -curling's -galena's -Galen's -galleon's -galleons -gallon's -gallons -Gillian's -gillions -Giuliani's -glance -glans -glans's -gleaner's -gleaners -gleans -Glenna's -Glenn's -Glen's -glen's -glens -gluons -Golan's -jawlines -Jilin's -Jillian's -Jolene's -jolliness -jolliness's -Juliana's -Julianne's -Julian's -kaolin's -killing's -killings -kiln's -kilns -Klan's -Klein's -Kline's -Kowloon's -colonoscopy -colonoscopies -colonoscopy's -clansman -clansmen -Klansman -clansman's -Klansman's -cleansing -glancing -Clancy's -cleanser's -cleansers -cleanses -glance's -glances -cleanest -cleansed -clingiest -colonist -glanced -colonist's -colonists -clanswoman -clanswomen -calendar -cleaned -client -Clint -cloned -clowned -colander -colonnade -coolant -gallant -Garland -garland -gland -gleaned -Glenda -glenoid -glint -kilned -Klondike -Klondike's -Klondikes -gallantly -glandular -Glendale -Clinton -garlanding -glinting -Clinton's -gallantry -calendaring -gallantry's -calendared -coelenterate -coelenterate's -coelenterates -calendar's -calendars -calender's -client's -clients -Clint's -colander's -colanders -colonnade's -colonnades -coolant's -coolants -gallant's -gallants -Garland's -garland's -garlands -glandes -gland's -glands -Glenda's -glint's -glints -clandestine -clandestinely -colonnaded -garlanded -glinted -clannish -clench -clinch -clincher -clownish -clownishly -clenching -clinching -clinician -clannishness -clannishness's -clinician's -clinicians -clownishness -clownishness's -clenches -clench's -clincher's -clinchers -clinches -clinch's -clenched -clinched -caliper -Calliope -calliope -clap -clapper -clip -clipper -clop -gallop -Gallup -glop -gloppy -gulp -gulper -jalopy -julep -kelp -culpable -culpably -culpability -culpability's -clapboard -clapperboard -clipboard -clapboarding -clapboard's -clapboards -clapperboards -clipboard's -clipboards -clapboarded -Galapagos -Galapagos's -clapping -clipping -clopping -galloping -gulping -clapping's -clipping's -clippings -calipering -Clapeyron -Clapeyron's -calipered -culprit -culprit's -culprits -caliper's -calipers -Calliope's -calliope's -calliopes -calypso -clapper's -clappers -clap's -claps -clipper's -clippers -clip's -clips -clop's -clops -collapse -gallop's -gallops -Gallup's -glop's -gulper's -gulpers -gulp's -gulps -jalopies -jalopy's -julep's -juleps -kelp's -collapsible -collapsing -calypso's -calypsos -collapse's -collapses -collapsed -goalpost -goalpost's -goalposts -clapped -clipped -clopped -galloped -gulped -kleptocracy -kleptomania -kleptomaniac -kleptomaniac's -kleptomaniacs -kleptomania's -Clapton -Clapton's -Cleopatra -claptrap -claptrap's -Cleopatra's -calorie -Claire -Clara -Clare -clearer -colliery -galleria -gallery -galore -glare -Gloria -glory -Kilroy -kohlrabi -kohlrabies -kohlrabi's -clarify -glorify -calorific -clarification -glorification -clarification's -clarifications -glorification's -clarifies -glorifies -clarified -glorified -clarifying -glorifying -caloric -cleric -Coleridge -clerical -clerically -clericalism -clericalism's -cleric's -clerics -Clorox -Coleridge's -Clorox's -Clairol -jellyroll -Clairol's -jellyroll's -jellyrolls -clarion -clearing -collaring -glaring -clearinghouse -clearinghouse's -clearinghouses -glaringly -clarioning -Clarence -clarion's -clarions -clearance -clearing's -clearings -Clarence's -clearance's -clearances -clarinet -clarioned -Clarendon -Clarendon's -clarinet's -clarinets -calorie's -calories -Claire's -Clara's -Clare's -Clarice -Clarissa -collieries -colliery's -galleria's -gallerias -galleries -gallery's -glare's -glares -Gloria's -glories -glorious -glory's -Kilroy's -Clearasil -gloriously -Clearasil's -Clarice's -Clarissa's -clearest -clerestory -clerestories -clerestory's -claret -clarity -cleared -collared -Colorado -glared -gloried -Coloradan -Coloradoan -Coloradan's -Coloradans -coloratura -coloratura's -coloraturas -claret's -clarets -clarity's -Clorets -Clorets's -Colorado's -coloration -coloration's -glorying -Calais -Calais's -Cali's -Callao's -Callas -calla's -callas -Callas's -caller's -callers -Callie's -callous -call's -calls -callus -callus's -Cal's -Carla's -Carlo's -Carlos -Carlos's -Carl's -Carly's -Clair's -class -classier -class's -classy -Claus -clause -Claus's -claw's -claws -Clay's -clay's -clear's -clears -Cleo's -clew's -clews -Clio's -close -closer -Clouseau -cloys -Cl's -clue's -clues -coalesce -coal's -coals -coil's -coils -cola's -colas -Cole's -coleus -coleus's -coleys -collar's -collars -Collier's -collier's -colliers -collie's -collies -colossi -Col's -cols -cooler's -coolers -Cooley's -coolie's -coolies -cool's -cools -coulis -Cowley's -cowl's -cowls -cull's -culls -curler's -curlers -curlew's -curlews -curl's -curls -Gael's -Gaels -Gail's -gala's -galas -Gale's -gale's -gales -galley's -galleys -Gallo's -gallows -gallows's -Gall's -gall's -galls -Galois -Galois's -gal's -gals -Gaul's -Gauls -Gayle's -Geller's -gel's -gels -ghoul's -ghouls -Gila's -Giles -Giles's -gillies -Gill's -gill's -gills -Gil's -girl's -girls -glacier -Glaser -Glass -glass -glassier -Glass's -glass's -glassy -glaze -glazier -glee's -gloss -glossier -gloss's -glossy -glow's -glows -glue's -glues -goalie's -goalies -goalless -goal's -goals -gollies -golly's -guile's -Gullah's -gullies -gull's -gulls -gully's -jailer's -jailers -jail's -jails -jalousie -jealous -jealousy -jellies -jellos -jells -jelly's -Jill's -Joel's -jollies -jolly's -Joule's -joule's -joules -jowl's -jowls -joyless -Jules -Jules's -Julia's -Julie's -Julies -Julio's -Julius -Julius's -July's -Kahlua's -kale's -Kali's -Karla's -Karl's -Kayla's -keel's -keels -Keillor's -Keller's -Kelley's -Kellie's -Kelli's -Kelly's -Kelsey -Kiel's -Kilauea's -killer's -killers -kill's -kills -kilo's -kilos -Klaus -Klaus's -Klee's -koala's -koalas -Kohl's -kola's -kolas -Kyle's -quail's -quails -Quayle's -quells -quill's -quills -calisthenic -calisthenics's -Jarlsberg -Jarlsberg's -glassblower -glassblowing -glassblowing's -glassblower's -glassblowers -Carlsbad -Carlsbad's -calcify -classifier -classify -collusive -classifiable -calcification -classification -calcification's -classification's -classifications -glassful -glassful's -glassfuls -calciferous -calcifies -classifier's -classifiers -classifies -closefisted -calcified -classified -classified's -classifieds -calcifying -classifying -classic -Glasgow -classical -classically -kilocycle -classical's -kilocycle's -kilocycles -goalscorer -goalscorers -classic's -classics -Glasgow's -callously -clausal -closely -coleslaw -colossal -colossally -glassily -glossily -jealously -joylessly -glossolalia -glossolalia's -classless -coleslaw's -classlessness -calcium -coliseum -Colosseum -closemouthed -calcimine -calcimining -calcimine's -calcimines -calcimined -calcium's -coliseum's -coliseums -Colosseum's -classmate -classmate's -classmates -calcine -callousing -callusing -Carlson -classing -closing -coalescing -glassing -glazing -Gleason -glossing -Jolson -calcining -calcines -callousness -callousness's -Carlson's -classiness -classiness's -closeness -closeness's -closing's -closings -coalescence -glassiness -glassiness's -glazing's -Gleason's -glossiness -glossiness's -Jolson's -joylessness -joylessness's -coalescence's -glasnost -glasnost's -calcined -coalescent -glissandi -glissando -glissando's -clasp -closeup -Gillespie -clasping -clasp's -clasps -closeup's -closeups -Gillespie's -clasped -Closure -closure -glossary -glycerol -glycerol's -classroom -classroom's -classrooms -Closure's -closure's -closures -glossaries -glossary's -callouses -calluses -classes -clause's -clauses -Clausius -Clausius's -close's -closes -Clouseau's -coalesces -coleuses -colossus -colossus's -glacier's -glaciers -Glaser's -glasses -glaze's -glazes -glazier's -glaziers -glosses -glossies -glossy's -jalousie's -jalousies -jealousies -jealousy's -Kelsey's -Gallicism -Gallicism's -Gallicisms -classicism -classicism's -classicist -classicist's -classicists -classiest -closest -glassiest -glossiest -Gloucester -Gloucester's -calcite -Callisto -callosity -calloused -callused -classed -cloister -closed -closeout -closet -cluster -coalesced -coolest -curliest -glassed -glazed -glister -glossed -gluiest -jolliest -jowliest -colostomy -colostomies -colostomy's -closeting -gallstone -glisten -Glastonbury -Glastonbury's -glistening -gallstone's -gallstones -glisten's -glistens -glistened -claustrophobia -claustrophobic -claustrophobia's -cloistral -colostrum -colostrum's -cloistering -clustering -glistering -cloistered -clustered -glistered -calcite's -Callisto's -callosities -callosity's -cloister's -cloisters -closeout's -closeouts -closet's -closets -cluster's -clusters -glisters -closeted -Galsworthy -Galsworthy's -classwork -Glaswegian -Glaswegian's -Glaswegians -classwork's -glassware -glassware's -Clausewitz -Clausewitz's -Calder -called -carload -clad -clatter -Claude -Claudia -Claudio -cleat -clit -clod -clot -cloud -cloudier -cloudy -clout -clued -clutter -Clyde -coaled -coiled -cold -colder -Colette -collard -collate -collator -collide -collider -colloid -collude -Colt -colt -cooled -could -Coulter -culled -culotte -cult -curled -Galatea -galled -galoot -geld -gelid -gelled -gild -Gilda -gilder -Gilead -Gillette -gilt -glad -gladder -glade -glide -glider -glitter -gloat -glued -glut -gold -Golda -Goldie -Gould -guild -guilder -guilt -guiltier -guilty -gulled -gullet -jailed -jelled -jellied -jilt -jollied -jollity -jolt -jolter -Juliet -Juliette -Julliard -keeled -killdeer -killed -kilt -kilter -Quaalude -quailed -quality -quelled -quilt -quilter -Goldberg -Goldberg's -coldblooded -goldbrick -goldbricker -goldbricking -goldbricker's -goldbrickers -goldbrick's -goldbricks -goldbricked -cloudburst -cloudburst's -cloudbursts -could've -cultivar -cultivable -goldfield -goldfields -goldfinch -goldfinches -goldfinch's -cultivar's -cultivars -cultivate -cultivator -cultivatable -cultivating -cultivates -cultivator's -cultivators -cultivated -goldfish -cultivation -cultivation's -goldfishes -goldfish's -guildhall -guildhall's -guildhalls -clodhopper -clodhopper's -clodhoppers -kludging -coldly -colloidal -gladiola -gladioli -gladly -glottal -guiltily -Goldilocks -Goldilocks's -cloudless -gladiola's -gladiolas -gladiolus -gladiolus's -guiltless -Goldman -goldmine -Goldman's -goldmine's -goldmines -Clytemnestra -Clytemnestra's -Caledonia -Carlton -cladding -Claudine -Clayton -clotting -clouding -clouting -collating -colliding -colluding -gelatin -gelding -gilding -gladden -gliding -gloating -gluten -glutting -glutton -gluttony -Golden -golden -goldener -Golding -Goldwyn -guillotine -gulden -jilting -jolting -kiloton -quilting -gloatingly -gladdening -guillotining -goldenrod -goldenrod's -Caledonia's -Carlton's -cladding's -Claudine's -Clayton's -cloudiness -cloudiness's -coldness -coldness's -gelatinous -gelatin's -gelding's -geldings -gilding's -gladdens -gladness -gladness's -gliding's -glutenous -gluten's -glutinous -gluttonous -glutton's -gluttons -gluttony's -Golden's -Golding's -Goldwyn's -guillotine's -guillotines -guiltiness -guiltiness's -gulden's -guldens -kiloton's -kilotons -quilting's -glutinously -gluttonously -goldenest -couldn't -gladdened -goaltender -guillotined -goaltender's -goaltenders -caldera -cloture -culture -glittery -Guallatiri -clitoral -collateral -collaterally -cultural -culturally -collateral's -Calderon -cauldron -clattering -cluttering -Coltrane -culturing -glittering -Calderon's -cauldron's -cauldrons -Coltrane's -caldera's -calderas -clitoris -clitoris's -cloture's -clotures -culture's -cultures -Guallatiri's -clitorises -clattered -cluttered -cultured -glitterati -glittered -clitorides -Calder's -carload's -carloads -clatter's -clatters -Claude's -Claudia's -Claudio's -Claudius -Claudius's -cleat's -cleats -clit's -clits -clod's -clods -clot's -clots -cloud's -clouds -clout's -clouts -clutter's -clutters -Clyde's -cold's -colds -Colette's -colitis -colitis's -collard's -collards -collates -collator's -collators -colliders -collides -colloid's -colloids -colludes -Colt's -colt's -colts -Coulter's -culotte's -culottes -cult's -cults -Galatea's -galoot's -galoots -gelds -Gilda's -gilder's -gilders -gild's -gilds -Gilead's -Gillette's -gilt's -gilts -glade's -glades -glad's -glads -Gladys -Gladys's -glider's -gliders -glide's -glides -glitter's -glitters -glitz -glitzier -glitzy -gloat's -gloats -glottis -glottis's -glut's -gluts -Golda's -Goldie's -gold's -golds -Gould's -guilder's -guilders -guild's -guilds -guilt's -gullet's -gullets -jilt's -jilts -jollity's -jolter's -jolters -jolt's -jolts -Juliet's -Juliette's -Julliard's -killdeer's -killdeers -kilter's -kilt's -kilts -klutz -klutzier -klutzy -Quaalude's -qualities -quality's -quilter's -quilters -quilt's -quilts -kaleidoscope -kaleidoscopic -kaleidoscopically -kaleidoscope's -kaleidoscopes -cultism -gladsome -Goldsmith -goldsmith -Goldsmith's -goldsmith's -goldsmiths -cultism's -klutziness -klutziness's -glitz's -glottises -klutzes -klutz's -glitziest -klutziest -cloudiest -coldest -cultist -gladdest -guiltiest -Clydesdale -Clydesdale's -Gladstone -Gladstone's -Gladstones -cultist's -cultists -Claudette -clotted -clouded -clouted -collated -collided -colluded -gelded -gilded -gladiator -glided -gloated -glutted -jilted -jolted -kilted -quilted -qualitative -qualitatively -gladiatorial -Claudette's -gladiator's -gladiators -Caldwell -Caldwell's -Goldwater -Goldwater's -cloddish -coltish -callower -clearway -Galloway -glower -golliwog -golliwogs -glowworm -glowworm's -glowworms -clawing -clewing -glowing -glowingly -glowering -glowered -clearways -Galloway's -glower's -glowers -callowest -clawed -clewed -glowed -kilowatt -kilowatt's -kilowatts -clash -cloche -clutch -Galatia -galosh -Gaulish -ghoulish -girlish -glitch -goulash -gulch -ghoulishly -girlishly -glacial -glacially -clashing -clutching -coalition -collation -collision -collusion -glitching -Kalashnikov -Kalashnikov's -coalition's -coalitions -collation's -collations -collision's -collisions -collusion's -Galatians -Galatians's -ghoulishness -ghoulishness's -girlishness -girlishness's -coalitionist -coalitionist's -coalitionists -Gilchrist -Gilchrist's -clashes -clash's -cloche's -cloches -clutches -clutch's -Galatia's -galoshes -galosh's -glasshouse -glitches -glitch's -goulashes -goulash's -gulches -gulch's -glasshouses -clashed -clutched -glaciate -glitched -glaciating -glaciates -glaciated -glaciation -glaciation's -glaciations -clayey -clayier -cloying -jellying -jollying -cloyingly -clayiest -cloyed -CAM -cam -came -cameo -Cm -cm -Com -com -coma -comb -come -comer -comm -comma -commie -Como -corm -cum -Gama -Gamay -game -gamer -gamier -gamma -gammy -Gamow -gamy -gem -geom -germ -gimme -GM -gm -GMO -Guam -gum -gummier -gummy -gym -Jaime -jam -Jamar -jamb -Jame -Jami -Jamie -jammier -jammy -jemmy -Jim -Jimmie -Jimmy -jimmy -Kama -karma -Kim -km -korma -QM -Qom -camber -comber -combo -cumber -Gambia -gumbo -jumbo -comeback -comeback's -comebacks -cambial -Gamble -gamble -gambler -gambol -gumball -Gumbel -gumboil -jumble -Kimberley -Kimberly -gambling -jumbling -gambling's -Cumberland -Cumberland's -gambler's -gamblers -Gamble's -gamble's -gambles -gambol's -gambols -gimbals -gimbals's -gumballs -Gumbel's -gumboil's -gumboils -jumble's -jumbles -Kimberley's -Kimberly's -gambled -jumbled -jambalaya -jambalaya's -cambium -cambium's -cambiums -combine -combiner -combing -Gambian -combining -combiner's -combiners -combine's -combines -combings -combings's -Gambian's -Gambians -combined -cummerbund -cummerbund's -cummerbunds -combination -combination's -combinations -jamboree -cambric -Cambridge -cambric's -Cambridge's -cambering -Cambrian -cumbering -Cambrian's -Cambrians -cumbrous -jamboree's -jamborees -cambered -cumbered -camber's -cambers -comber's -combers -combo's -combos -Combs -comb's -combs -Combs's -cumbers -Gambia's -gumbo's -gumbos -jamb's -jambs -jumbo's -jumbos -cumbersome -cumbersomeness -cumbersomeness's -combust -combustible -combustible's -combustibles -combustibility -combustibility's -combustive -combusting -combusts -combusted -combustion -combustion's -Cambodia -combat -combed -gambit -gumboot -combative -combativeness -combativeness's -Cambodian -combating -Cambodian's -Cambodians -combatant -combatant's -combatants -Coimbatore -Coimbatore's -Cambodia's -combat's -combats -gambit's -gambits -gumboots -combated -camphor -comfier -comfy -camouflage -camouflager -camouflaging -camouflager's -camouflagers -camouflage's -camouflages -camouflaged -camphor's -comfiest -comfit -comfort -comforter -comfortable -comfortably -comfortableness -comfortableness's -comfortless -comforting -comfortingly -comfit's -comfits -comforter's -comforters -comfort's -comforts -comforted -Kamehameha -Kamehameha's -comaker -comic -Cormack -gimmick -gimmicky -Jamaica -karmic -gymkhana -gymkhana's -gymkhanas -gamecock -gamecock's -gamecocks -comical -comically -comicality -comicality's -curmudgeon -Jamaican -camiknickers -curmudgeonly -curmudgeon's -curmudgeons -Jamaican's -Jamaicans -geomagnetic -geomagnetism -geomagnetism's -gamekeeper -gamekeeper's -gamekeepers -gimmickry -gimcrack -gimcrackery -gimcrackery's -gimcrack's -gimcracks -gimmickry's -comaker's -comakers -comic's -comics -Cormack's -gimmick's -gimmicks -Jamaica's -kamikaze -kamikaze's -kamikazes -camcorder -kumquat -camcorder's -camcorders -kumquat's -kumquats -Camel -camel -camellia -Camilla -Camille -Carmela -Carmella -Carmelo -comelier -comely -cumuli -gamely -Jamaal -Jamal -Jamel -camelhair -Gomulka -gemological -Gomulka's -gemologist -gemologist's -gemologists -cumulonimbi -cumulonimbus -cumulonimbus's -comeliness -comeliness's -Camelopardalis -Camelopardalis's -camellia's -camellias -Camel's -camel's -camels -Camilla's -Camille's -Carmela's -Carmella's -Carmelo's -cumulus -cumulus's -gormless -Jamaal's -Jamal's -Jamel's -comeliest -Camelot -gimlet -cumulative -cumulatively -gimleting -Camelot's -Camelots -gimlet's -gimlets -gimleted -Camembert -Camembert's -Camemberts -commemorate -commemorator -commemorative -commemorating -commemorates -commemorator's -commemorators -commemorated -commemoration -commemoration's -commemorations -caiman -Carmen -Carmine -carmine -Cayman -coming -common -commoner -commune -cowman -cowmen -cumin -cumming -Gaiman -gamin -gamine -gaming -gammon -Gemini -German -germane -Germany -gumming -jamming -Jermaine -kimono -communique -Germanic -communicable -communicably -communicability -communicability's -communicant -communicant's -communicants -communique's -communiques -Germanic's -communicate -communicator -communicative -communicating -communicates -communicator's -communicators -communicated -communication -communication's -communications -commingle -commonly -communal -communally -germinal -commingling -commingles -germinal's -commingled -commonality -commonalty -commonalities -commonalty's -germanium -germanium's -communing -Communion -communion -Guamanian -Communion's -Communions -communion's -communions -commonplace -commonplace's -commonplaces -caiman's -caimans -Camoens -Camoens's -Carmen's -Carmine's -carmine's -carmines -Cayman's -coming's -comings -commence -commoner's -commoners -commonness -commonness's -Commons -common's -commons -Commons's -commune's -communes -cowman's -cumin's -Cummings -Cummings's -Gaiman's -gameness -gameness's -gamine's -gamines -gaminess -gaminess's -gaming's -gamin's -gamins -gammon's -Gemini's -Geminis -German's -Germans -Germany's -Jermaine's -Jimenez -kimono's -kimonos -Communism -communism -gymnasium -Kommunizma -commencement -commencement's -commencements -communism's -gymnasium's -gymnasiums -Kommunizma's -commencing -commonsense -gymnosperm -gymnosperm's -gymnosperms -commensurable -commensurate -commensurately -commences -Jimenez's -commenced -commonest -Communist -communist -gymnast -communistic -gymnastic -gymnastically -gymnastics -gymnastics's -Communist's -Communists -communist's -communists -gymnast's -gymnasts -command -commandeer -commander -commando -commend -comment -communed -community -garment -germinate -gourmand -commendable -commendably -Commandment -commandment -commandment's -commandments -Comintern -commanding -commending -commenting -germinating -Kuomintang -Kuomintang's -Comintern's -commandant -commandant's -commandants -commentary -commandeering -commentaries -commentary's -commandeered -commandeers -commander's -commanders -commando's -commandos -command's -commands -commends -comment's -comments -communities -community's -garment's -garments -germinates -gourmand's -gourmands -commanded -commended -commentate -commentator -commented -germinated -commentating -commendatory -commentates -commentator's -commentators -commentated -commendation -commendation's -commendations -commonweal -Commonwealth -commonwealth -commonwealth's -commonwealths -commonweal's -Comanche -germination -germination's -Comanche's -Comanches -camp -camper -campier -campy -comp -compeer -compo -gimp -gimpy -jump -jumper -jumpier -jumpy -Kemp -Campbell -Campbell's -campfire -campfire's -campfires -Compaq -campaigner -campaigning -campaigner's -campaigners -campground -campground's -campgrounds -Compaq's -compact -compacter -compactor -compactly -compacting -compactness -compactness's -compactor's -compactors -compact's -compacts -compactest -compacted -compaction -compel -compile -compiler -comply -jumpily -Kampala -complex -complexly -complexion -complexional -complexion's -complexions -complexioned -complexes -complex's -complexity -complexities -complexity's -complicate -complicating -complicates -complected -complicated -complicatedly -complication -complication's -complications -complement -compliment -complementing -complimenting -complementary -complimentary -complement's -complements -compliment's -compliments -complemented -complimented -compelling -compiling -complain -complainer -compellingly -complaining -complainant -complainant's -complainants -complainer's -complainers -complains -compliance -compliance's -complained -complaint -compliant -compliantly -complaint's -complaints -compels -compiler's -compilers -compiles -complies -Kampala's -compulsive -compulsively -compulsiveness -compulsiveness's -complacence -complacency -complaisance -complacence's -complacency's -complaisance's -complacent -complaisant -complacently -complaisantly -compulsory -compulsorily -compulsories -compulsory's -complicit -complicity -complicity's -compelled -compiled -complete -completer -complied -completely -completing -completeness -completeness's -completes -completest -completed -compilation -completion -compulsion -compilation's -compilations -completion's -completions -compulsion's -compulsions -complying -campaign -campaigned -camping -company -comping -gimping -jumping -compunction -compunction's -compunctions -Campanella -campanile -campanology -campanology's -campanologist -campanologist's -campanologists -Campanella's -campanile's -campaniles -companion -companionable -companionably -companion's -companions -component -component's -components -companionway -companionway's -companionways -companionship -companionship's -campaign's -campaigns -Campinas -Campinas's -camping's -comeuppance -companies -company's -jumpiness -jumpiness's -comeuppance's -comeuppances -compensate -compensating -compensatory -compensates -compensated -compensation -compensation's -compensations -compound -compoundable -compendium -compendium's -compendiums -compounding -compendious -compound's -compounds -compounded -compare -comparable -comparably -comparability -comparability's -comprehensible -comprehensibly -comprehensibility -comprehensibility's -comprehensive -comprehensively -comprehensiveness -comprehensiveness's -comprehensive's -comprehensives -comprehend -comprehending -comprehends -comprehended -comprehension -comprehension's -comprehensions -compromise -compromising -compromise's -compromises -compromised -comparing -compare's -compares -compress -compressor -compress's -comprise -compressible -comparison -compressing -comprising -comparison's -comparisons -compresses -compressor's -compressors -comprises -compressed -comprised -compared -comparative -comparatively -comparative's -comparatives -compression -compression's -camper's -campers -Campos -Campos's -camp's -camps -campus -campus's -compass -compass's -compeer's -compeers -compos -compose -composer -comp's -comps -gimp's -gimps -Gompers -Gompers's -jumper's -jumpers -jump's -jumps -Kempis -Kempis's -Kemp's -CompuServe -CompuServe's -compassing -composing -composure -composure's -campuses -compasses -composer's -composers -composes -campiest -campsite -compassed -composed -composite -compositor -compost -jumpiest -jumpsuit -composedly -compositely -compositing -composting -campsite's -campsites -composite's -composites -compositor's -compositors -compost's -composts -jumpsuit's -jumpsuits -composited -composted -composition -composition's -compositions -camped -comped -compete -comport -compote -compute -computer -gimped -jumped -compatible -compatibly -compatible's -compatibles -compatibility -compatibility's -compartment -comportment -compartmental -compartment's -compartments -comportment's -competing -comporting -Compton -computing -competence -competency -Compton's -computing's -competence's -competences -competencies -competency's -competent -competently -comptroller -comptroller's -comptrollers -compatriot -computerate -compatriot's -compatriots -competes -comports -compote's -compotes -computer's -computers -computes -competed -competitor -comported -computed -competitive -competitively -competitiveness -competitiveness's -competitor's -competitors -competition -computation -computational -computationally -competition's -competitions -computation's -computations -Kampuchea -compassion -gumption -compassion's -gumption's -compassionate -compassionately -Kampuchea's -camera -Camry -Gomorrah -Kemerovo -Kemerovo's -cameraman -cameramen -cameraman's -Cameron -Cameroon -Comoran -Qumran -Cameroonian -Cameroonian's -Cameroonians -Cameron's -Cameroon's -Cameroons -Qumran's -cormorant -cormorant's -cormorants -camera's -cameras -Camry's -Comoros -Comoros's -Gomorrah's -comrade -comradely -camaraderie -camaraderie's -comrade's -comrades -comradeship -comradeship's -camerawork -camerawoman -camerawomen -camerawoman's -cameo's -cameos -cam's -cams -Camus -Camus's -Cm's -coma's -comas -comer's -comers -come's -comes -comma's -commas -commerce -commie's -commies -commissar -Como's -corm's -corms -cum's -cums -Gamay's -game's -games -gamma's -gammas -Gamow's -gem's -gems -germ's -germs -gimme's -gimmes -GM's -Gomez -Guam's -gum's -gums -gym's -gyms -Jaime's -Jamar's -Jame's -James -James's -Jamie's -Jami's -jam's -jams -jemmies -Jimmie's -jimmies -Jimmy's -jimmy's -Jim's -Kama's -karma's -Kim's -Qom's -camisole -gymslip -gymslips -camisole's -camisoles -gamesmanship -gamesmanship's -jimsonweed -jimsonweed's -commissary -commissaries -commissary's -commiserate -commissariat -commiserative -commiserating -commiserates -commissariat's -commissariats -commiserated -commiseration -commiseration's -commiserations -commerce's -commissar's -commissars -Gomez's -gamest -gamester -gamiest -germicide -gummiest -jammiest -comestible -comestible's -comestibles -germicidal -gemstone -Jamestown -gemstone's -gemstones -Jamestown's -gamester's -gamesters -germicide's -germicides -comedy -comet -comity -commit -committee -committer -commode -commute -commuter -Comte -gamed -gamete -gamut -geometer -GMAT -GMT -gourmet -gummed -jammed -jemmied -jimmied -Kermit -Kmart -commutable -commodification -comedic -gametic -committal -committal's -committals -committeeman -committeemen -committeeman's -commitment -commitment's -commitments -Camden -comedian -comedienne -comedown -committing -commuting -Camden's -comedian's -comedians -comedienne's -comediennes -comedown's -comedowns -Cmdr -Comdr -commodore -geometry -geometric -geometrical -geometrically -gumdrop -gumdrop's -gumdrops -commodore's -commodores -geometries -geometry's -comatose -comedies -comedy's -comet's -comets -comity's -commits -committee's -committees -committers -commode's -commodes -commodious -commuter's -commuters -commute's -commutes -Comte's -gamete's -gametes -gamut's -gamuts -GMT's -gourmet's -gourmets -Kermit's -Kmart's -commodiously -committed -commodity -commutator -commuted -commutative -commodities -commodity's -commutator's -commutators -committeewoman -committeewomen -committeewoman's -commutation -commutation's -commutations -Camacho -gumshoe -camshaft -camshaft's -camshafts -Carmichael -commercial -commercially -Carmichael's -commercial's -commercials -commercialism -commercialism's -commission -commissioner -commotion -gumshoeing -commissioning -commissionaire -commissionaires -commissioner's -commissioners -commission's -commissions -commotion's -commotions -commissioned -Camacho's -gumshoe's -gumshoes -gumshoed -Kamchatka -Kamchatka's -jemmying -jimmying -Cain -cairn -Can -can -cane -caner -cannier -canny -canoe -Carney -carny -CNN -coin -coiner -con -cone -Conn -Conner -Connie -cony -cooing -coon -corn -cornea -corner -cornier -corny -cuing -gain -gainer -Garner -garner -geeing -Gen -gen -Gena -Gene -gene -genie -genii -Genoa -Ghana -Gienah -gin -Gina -Ginger -ginger -Ginny -Gino -Goiania -going -gone -goner -gonna -goon -gown -guano -Guiana -Guinea -guinea -gun -gunner -gunny -gurney -Gwyn -Jain -Jan -Jana -Jane -Janie -Janna -Jannie -Jayne -Jean -jean -Jeanie -Jeanne -Jeannie -Jenna -Jenner -Jennie -Jenny -jenny -jinn -Jinnah -jinni -Jinny -Joan -Joann -Joanna -Joanne -John -john -Johnie -Johnnie -Johnny -johnny -join -joiner -Jon -Jonah -Joni -journey -journo -Joyner -Juan -Juana -Jun -jun -June -Juneau -Junior -junior -Juno -Kan -kana -Kane -Kano -keen -keener -Ken -ken -Kenny -keno -Kern -kin -kine -King -king -Kinney -koan -Kuhn -Queen -queen -queuing -quin -quine -Quinn -quinoa -quoin -Gunther -Kenneth -Kennith -Johnathan -Johnathon -Jonathan -Jonathon -Johnathan's -Johnathon's -Jonathan's -Jonathon's -Gunther's -Kenneth's -Kennith's -Kornberg -Kornberg's -cannibal -connubial -cornball -cannibal's -cannibals -cornball's -cornballs -cannibalism -cannibalism's -cannibalistic -Canberra -canebrake -canebrake's -canebrakes -Canberra's -cornbread -gingerbread -cornbread's -gingerbread's -cannabis -cannabis's -cannabises -gunboat -gunboat's -gunboats -conurbation -conurbation's -conurbations -confer -conifer -connive -conniver -convey -convoy -Geneva -Jenifer -Jennifer -confab -confabulate -confabulating -confabulates -confabulated -confabulation -confabulation's -confabulations -confabbing -confab's -confabs -confabbed -Genevieve -convivial -convivially -conviviality -conviviality's -Genevieve's -converge -convoke -converging -convoking -convergence -convergence's -convergences -convergent -configure -configurable -configuring -configures -configured -configuration -configuration's -configurations -converges -convex -convokes -convexly -convexity -convexity's -convector -converged -convict -convoked -convective -convicting -convectors -convict's -convicts -convicted -confection -confectioner -convection -conviction -convocation -convectional -confectionery -confectioneries -confectionery's -confectioner's -confectioners -confection's -confections -convection's -conviction's -convictions -convocation's -convocations -carnival -cornflour -gainful -gainfully -kinfolk -conflagration -conflagration's -conflagrations -cornflakes -cornflakes's -kinfolk's -kinfolks -kinfolks's -conflict -genuflect -conflicting -genuflecting -conflict's -conflicts -genuflects -conflicted -genuflected -genuflection -genuflection's -genuflections -confluence -confluence's -confluences -confluent -carnival's -carnivals -convalesce -convulse -convulsive -convulsively -convalescing -convulsing -convalescence -convalescence's -convalescences -convalescent -convalescent's -convalescents -convalesces -convulses -convalesced -convulsed -conflate -cornfield -conflating -conflates -cornfields -conflated -convoluted -cornflower -cornflower's -cornflowers -conflation -convolution -convulsion -conflation's -conflations -convolution's -convolutions -convulsion's -convulsions -confirm -conform -conformer -cuneiform -conformable -confirming -conforming -conformance -conformance's -conferment -conferment's -conferments -confirms -conformer's -conformers -conforms -cuneiform's -conformism -conformism's -conformist -conformist's -conformists -confirmed -conformed -conformity -confirmatory -conformity's -confirmation -conformation -confirmation's -confirmations -conformation's -conformations -confine -conniving -convene -convener -confinement -confinement's -confinements -confining -convening -convenience -convenience's -conveniences -convenient -conveniently -confine's -confines -connivance -convener's -conveners -convenes -convince -convincing -convincingly -connivance's -convinces -convinced -confined -confound -convened -convent -conventicle -conventicle's -conventicles -confounding -confounds -convent's -convents -confounded -convention -conventioneer -conventional -conventionally -conventionality -conventionality's -conventioneers -convention's -conventions -carnivora -carnivore -conferee -conferrer -Guinevere -gunfire -conferrable -Canaveral -conferral -Canaveral's -conferral's -conferring -conference -conferencing -conference's -conferences -confront -confronting -confronts -confronted -confrontation -confrontational -confrontation's -confrontations -carnivore's -carnivores -carnivorous -conferee's -conferees -conferrer's -conferrers -coniferous -Guinevere's -gunfire's -carnivorously -carnivorousness -carnivorousness's -conferred -confraternity -confraternities -confraternity's -canvas -canvas's -canvass -canvasser -canvass's -confers -confess -confessor -confuse -confuser -conifer's -conifers -conniver's -connivers -connives -converse -conveys -convoy's -convoys -Geneva's -Jenifer's -Jennifer's -canvasback -canvasback's -canvasbacks -confiscate -confiscator -confiscating -confiscatory -confiscates -confiscator's -confiscators -confiscated -confiscation -confiscation's -confiscations -conversely -canvasing -canvassing -confessing -confusing -conversing -confusingly -conversant -canvases -canvasser's -canvassers -canvasses -confesses -confessor's -confessors -Confucius -Confucius's -confusers -confuses -converse's -converses -canvased -canvassed -confessed -confused -conversed -confessedly -confusedly -conversation -conversational -conversationally -conversationalist -conversationalist's -conversationalists -conversation's -conversations -confetti -confide -confider -confute -connived -convert -converter -gunfight -gunfighter -convertible -convertible's -convertibles -convertibility -convertibility's -confiding -confuting -converting -confidingly -confidence -confidence's -confidences -confidant -confidante -confident -confidently -confidante's -confidantes -confidant's -confidants -confidential -confidentially -confidentiality -confidentiality's -Confederacy -confederacy -confederacies -Confederacy's -confederacy's -Confederate -confederate -confederating -Confederate's -Confederates -confederate's -confederates -confederated -confederation -confederation's -confederations -confetti's -confider's -confiders -confides -confutes -converter's -converters -convert's -converts -gingivitis -gingivitis's -gunfighter's -gunfighters -gunfight's -gunfights -confided -confuted -converted -confutation -confutation's -kingfisher -confession -Confucian -confusion -conversion -confessional -confessional's -confessionals -confession's -confessions -Confucian's -Confucians -confusion's -confusions -conversion's -conversions -Confucianism -Confucianism's -Confucianisms -kingfisher's -kingfishers -conveyor -conveyable -conveying -convoying -conveyance -conveyancing -conveyance's -conveyances -conveyor's -conveyors -conveyed -convoyed -gingham -gingham's -canker -carnage -Carnegie -coinage -concur -Cong -conga -conger -Congo -conic -conj -conk -conker -conquer -gang -ganja -gong -gonk -gunge -gungy -gunk -gunky -jink -junco -Jung -junk -Junker -junker -junkie -junkier -kanji -kink -kinkier -kinky -Kong -Kongo -quango -corncob -concubine -concubinage -concubinage's -concubine's -concubines -corncob's -corncobs -gangbusters -gangbusters's -concave -concavely -concaveness -concaveness's -Jungfrau -Jungfrau's -concavity -concavities -concavity's -ginkgo -johnnycake -conjugal -conjugally -ginkgoes -ginkgo's -johnnycake's -johnnycakes -concoct -conjugate -concocting -conjugating -conjecture -conjectural -conjecturing -conjecture's -conjectures -conjectured -concocts -conjugates -concocted -conjugated -concoction -conjugation -concoction's -concoctions -conjugation's -conjugations -congeal -conical -conically -ganglia -jangle -jangler -jonquil -jungle -kinkily -conclave -conclave's -conclaves -congealment -congealment's -conglomerate -conglomerating -conglomerate's -conglomerates -conglomerated -conglomeration -conglomeration's -conglomerations -congealing -gangling -ganglion -jangling -ganglionic -ganglion's -gangland -gangland's -congeals -Congolese -jangler's -janglers -jangle's -jangles -jonquil's -jonquils -jungle's -jungles -conclusive -conclusively -conclusiveness -conclusiveness's -Congolese's -conclude -congealed -geniculate -jangled -concluding -concludes -concluded -conclusion -conclusion's -conclusions -concomitant -concomitantly -concomitant's -concomitants -cancan -Cancun -congaing -conjoin -conjoiner -conking -ganging -gonging -jinking -Jungian -junking -kinking -conjunct -conjunctiva -conjunctive -conjunctiva's -conjunctivas -conjunctive's -conjunctives -conjunctivitis -conjunctivitis's -conjuncture -conjuncture's -conjunctures -conjunct's -conjuncts -conjunction -conjunction's -conjunctions -congenial -congenially -congeniality -congeniality's -conjoining -geoengineering -cancan's -cancans -Cancun's -conjoiner's -conjoiners -conjoins -Jenkins -Jenkins's -Jungian's -kinkiness -kinkiness's -conjoined -conjoint -congenital -congenitally -conjointly -cornucopia -gangplank -gangplank's -gangplanks -cornucopia's -cornucopias -concupiscence -concupiscence's -concupiscent -Conakry -conjure -conjurer -conqueror -kangaroo -conquerable -Congreve -Congreve's -corncrake -congregant -congregant's -congregants -corncrakes -congregate -congregating -congregates -congregated -congregation -Congregational -congregational -congregationalism -congregationalism's -Congregationalist -congregationalist -Congregationalist's -Congregationalists -congregationalist's -congregationalists -congregation's -congregations -cankering -concurring -conjuring -conquering -gangrene -gangrening -concurrence -concurrency -congruence -gangrene's -gangrenes -gangrenous -concurrence's -concurrences -congruence's -concurrent -congruent -gangrened -concurrently -congruently -cankerous -Conakry's -congeries -congeries's -Congress -congress -Congress's -congress's -congruous -conjurer's -conjurers -conjures -conqueror's -conquerors -kangaroo's -kangaroos -congressman -congressmen -congressman's -congresspeople -congressperson -congressperson's -congresspersons -Congresses -congresses -congresswoman -congresswomen -congresswoman's -cankered -concrete -concurred -congruity -conjured -conquered -concretely -congratulate -congratulating -congratulatory -congratulates -congratulated -congratulation -congratulation's -congratulations -concreting -concreteness -concreteness's -concrete's -concretes -congrats -congrats's -congruities -congruity's -concreted -concretion -conjuration -Congressional -congressional -concretion's -concretions -conjuration's -conjurations -canker's -cankers -carnage's -Carnegie's -coinage's -coinages -concourse -concurs -concuss -conga's -congas -conger's -congers -Congo's -Cong's -conic's -conics -conkers -conk's -conks -conquers -Ganges -Ganges's -gang's -gangs -Genghis -Genghis's -gong's -gongs -gonks -gunk's -jinks -jinx -junco's -juncos -Jung's -Junker's -Junkers -junker's -junkers -junkie's -junkies -junk's -junks -Kinko's -kink's -kinks -Kongo's -Kong's -quangos -concussive -Guangzhou -Guangzhou's -concussing -jinxing -concourse's -concourses -concusses -jinxes -jinx's -concussed -congest -conquest -gangsta -gangster -jinxed -junkiest -kinkiest -congestive -congesting -congests -conquest's -conquests -gangstas -gangster's -gangsters -congested -conquistador -conquistador's -conquistadors -congestion -congestion's -Concord -concord -Concorde -congaed -conked -connect -connector -ganged -gonged -jinked -junked -junket -junketeer -kinked -connectable -connective -connective's -connectives -connectivity -connectivity's -Gangtok -Gangtok's -Connecticut -Connecticut's -connecting -junketing -concordance -concordance's -concordances -concatenate -concordant -concatenating -concatenates -concatenated -concatenation -concatenation's -concatenations -juncture -juncture's -junctures -Concorde's -Concord's -Concords -concord's -connector's -connectors -connects -junketeer's -junketeers -junket's -junkets -concordat -connected -junketed -concordat's -concordats -gangway -gangway's -gangways -Janjaweed -Janjaweed's -concussion -connection -junction -concussion's -concussions -connection's -connections -junction's -junctions -junkyard -junkyard's -junkyards -canal -cannily -canola -carnal -carnally -Conley -Connolly -corneal -Corneille -Cornelia -Cornell -cornily -genial -genially -gingerly -gunnel -Janell -Janelle -jingle -jingly -journal -keenly -kennel -kernel -kinglier -kingly -queenlier -queenly -genealogy -genealogical -genealogically -genealogies -genealogy's -genealogist -genealogist's -genealogists -cannelloni -carnelian -jingling -cannelloni's -carnelian's -carnelians -cunnilingus -cunnilingus's -canal's -canals -canola's -Conley's -Connolly's -Corneille's -Cornelia's -Cornelius -Cornelius's -Cornell's -gunnel's -gunnels -Janelle's -Janell's -jingle's -jingles -journalese -journal's -journals -kennel's -kennels -kernel's -kernels -journalism -journalism's -journalese's -journalist -kingliest -queenliest -journalistic -journalist's -journalists -Canaletto -carnality -geniality -jingled -Canaletto's -carnality's -geniality's -genome -kingmaker -genomics -kingmakers -cornmeal -cornmeal's -conman -gunman -gunmen -journeyman -journeymen -Kunming -conman's -gunman's -journeyman's -Kunming's -Connemara -Kenmore -Connemara's -Kenmore's -genome's -genomes -ginormous -Ganymede -kinematic -kinematics -kinematics's -gunmetal -gunmetal's -Ganymede's -Canaan -canine -caning -canning -Cannon -cannon -canoeing -Canon -canon -coining -Conan -coning -conning -Corning -corning -cunning -cunninger -gaining -genning -genuine -Ghanaian -Giannini -ginning -gowning -guanine -Guinean -gunning -Janine -Jeanine -Jeannine -Jinan -joining -Keenan -keening -Kennan -kenning -queening -quinine -cannonball -cannonball's -cannonballs -Cunningham -Cunningham's -Canonical -canonical -canonically -Canonical's -cunningly -genuinely -cannoning -genuineness -genuineness's -Canaan's -canine's -canines -canniness -canniness's -Cannon's -cannon's -cannons -Canon's -canon's -canons -Conan's -corniness -corniness's -Corning's -cunning's -Giannini's -guanine's -Guinean's -Guineans -Janine's -Jeanine's -Jeannine's -Jennings -Jennings's -Jinan's -Keenan's -Kennan's -quinine's -cunningest -Canaanite -cannonade -cannoned -cannonading -conundrum -conundrum's -conundrums -Canaanite's -Canaanites -cannonade's -cannonades -cannonaded -canopy -Carnap -juniper -Kanpur -kingpin -kingpin's -kingpins -gunpoint -gunpoint's -canopies -Canopus -Canopus's -canopy's -Carnap's -juniper's -junipers -Kanpur's -canopied -gunpowder -gunpowder's -conniption -conniption's -conniptions -canopying -canary -cannery -Connery -cornrow -Genaro -genera -genre -gingery -Guarnieri -gunnery -January -joinery -generic -generically -generic's -generics -jinrikisha -jinrikisha's -jinrikishas -Conrail -general -generally -Conrail's -general's -generals -generalissimo -generalissimo's -generalissimos -generalist -generalist's -generalists -generality -generalities -generality's -generalship -generalship's -cornering -garnering -gingering -gunrunner -gunrunning -gunrunning's -gunrunner's -gunrunners -Canaries -canaries -Canaries's -canary's -canneries -cannery's -Connery's -cornrow's -cornrows -Genaro's -generous -genre's -genres -Guarnieri's -gunnery's -Januaries -January's -joinery's -generously -generousness -generousness's -generosity -generosities -generosity's -Conrad -cornered -garnered -generate -generator -gingered -Konrad -generative -generating -Conrad's -generates -generator's -generators -Konrad's -generated -cornrowing -cornrowed -Gingrich -generation -generational -generation's -generations -Gingrich's -Cain's -Cains -cairn's -cairns -Cancer -cancer -caner's -caners -cane's -canes -Cannes -Cannes's -canoe's -canoes -Can's -can's -cans -Carney's -carnies -carny's -CNN's -CNS -CNS's -coiner's -coiners -coin's -coins -cone's -cones -coneys -Conner's -Connie's -connoisseur -Connors -Connors's -Conn's -con's -cons -cony's -coon's -coons -cornea's -corneas -corner's -corners -cornice -corn's -corns -coyness -coyness's -gainer's -gainers -Gaines -Gaines's -gain's -gains -gainsay -Garner's -garners -gayness -gayness's -Gena's -Gene's -gene's -genes -genie's -genies -genius -genius's -Genoa's -Genoas -Gen's -gens -genus -genus's -Ghana's -Gienah's -Gina's -Ginger's -ginger's -gingers -Ginny's -Gino's -gin's -gins -Ginsu -Goiania's -going's -goings -goner's -goners -gonzo -goon's -goons -gown's -gowns -guano's -Guernsey -Guiana's -Guinea's -guinea's -guineas -Guinness -Guinness's -gunner's -gunners -gunny's -gun's -guns -gurney's -gurneys -Gwyn's -Jain's -Jana's -Jane's -Janice -Janie's -Janis -Janis's -Janna's -Jannie's -Jan's -Janus -Janus's -Jayne's -Jeanie's -Jeanne's -Jeannie's -Jean's -jean's -jeans -jeans's -Jenna's -Jenner's -Jennie's -jennies -Jenny's -jenny's -Jinnah's -jinni's -Jinny's -Joanna's -Joanne's -Joann's -Joan's -Johnie's -Johnnie's -johnnies -Johnny's -johnny's -John's -Johns -john's -johns -Johns's -joiner's -joiners -join's -joins -Jonah's -Jonahs -Jonas -Jonas's -Jones -Jones's -Joni's -Jon's -jounce -jouncy -journey's -journeys -journos -Joyner's -Juana's -Juan's -Juneau's -June's -Junes -Junior's -Juniors -junior's -juniors -Juno's -Jun's -Kane's -Kano's -Kan's -Kans -Kaunas -Kaunas's -keenness -keenness's -keen's -keens -Kenny's -keno's -Ken's -ken's -kens -Kern's -Keynes -Keynes's -kinase -kines -King's -Kings -king's -kings -Kinney's -kin's -Kinsey -koans -Kuhn's -Queen's -Queens -queen's -queens -Queens's -queerness -queerness's -quince -Quincy -quines -Quinn's -quins -quinsy -quoin's -quoins -Ginsberg -Ginsburg -Ginsberg's -Ginsburg's -Gainsborough -Gainsborough's -consubstantiation -consubstantiation's -conceive -conserve -conceivable -conceivably -kinsfolk -kinsfolk's -conceiving -conserving -conservancy -conservancies -conservancy's -conceives -conserve's -conserves -conceived -conservator -conserved -Conservative -conservative -conservatively -conservative's -conservatives -conservatoire -conservatory -conservatoires -conservatories -conservatory's -conservator's -conservators -conservatism -conservatism's -conservation -conservation's -conservationism -conservationism's -conservationist -conservationist's -conservationists -concierge -gunnysack -Janacek -consignee -consignor -coonskin -consignment -consignment's -consignments -consigning -consequence -consignee's -consignees -consignor's -consignors -coonskin's -coonskins -consequence's -consequences -consequent -consequently -consequential -consequentially -conscript -conscripting -conscript's -conscripts -conscripted -conscription -conscription's -consecrate -consecrating -consecrates -consecrated -consecration -consecration's -consecrations -concierge's -concierges -gunnysack's -gunnysacks -Janacek's -consecutive -consecutively -cancel -conceal -concealer -console -Consuelo -consul -consular -council -counsel -Gonzalo -concealable -consolable -councilman -councilmen -councilman's -concealment -concealment's -concealing -consoling -gunslinger -consolingly -counselings -gunslinger's -gunslingers -Queensland -Queensland's -councilperson -councilperson's -councilpersons -cancels -concealer's -concealers -conceals -console's -consoles -Consuelo's -consul's -consuls -council's -councils -counsel's -counsels -Gonzales -Gonzales's -Gonzalez -Gonzalo's -Gonzalez's -concealed -conciliate -conciliator -consoled -consulate -consult -conciliating -consulting -consultancy -consultancies -consultancy's -consultant -consultant's -consultants -conciliatory -consolatory -conciliates -conciliator's -conciliators -consulate's -consulates -consults -conciliated -consolidate -consolidator -consulted -consultative -consolidating -consolidates -consolidator's -consolidators -consolidated -consolidation -consultation -consolidation's -consolidations -consultation's -consultations -councilwoman -councilwomen -councilwoman's -cancellation -conciliation -consolation -cancellation's -cancellations -conciliation's -consolation's -consolations -consulship -consulship's -consume -consumer -Jainism -jingoism -gunsmith -gunsmith's -gunsmiths -consumable -consumable's -consumables -consuming -kinsman -kinsmen -kinsman's -consumptive -consumptive's -consumptives -consumption -consumption's -consumerism -consumerism's -consumerist -consumerist's -consumerists -consumer's -consumers -consumes -Jainism's -jingoism's -consumed -consummate -consummately -consummating -consummates -consummated -consummation -consummation's -consummations -concern -consign -consigned -consing -Jansen -Jensen -Johnson -Jonson -jouncing -Kansan -ginseng -consanguineous -consanguinity -consanguinity's -ginseng's -concerning -consonance -consonance's -consonances -consonant -consonantly -consonant's -consonants -gingersnap -gingersnap's -gingersnaps -concern's -concerns -conscience -consigns -Jansen's -Jensen's -Johnson's -Jonson's -Kansan's -Kansans -consensual -conscienceless -conscience's -consciences -consensus -consensus's -consensuses -Jansenist -Jansenist's -concerned -consent -concernedly -consenting -concentric -concentrically -concentrate -concentrating -concentrate's -concentrates -concentrated -concentration -concentration's -concentrations -consent's -consents -consented -conscientious -conscientiously -conscientiousness -conscientiousness's -conspicuous -conspicuously -conspicuousness -conspicuousness's -conspectus -conspectus's -conspectuses -conspire -conspiring -conspiracy -conspires -conspiracies -conspiracy's -conspirator -conspired -conspiratorial -conspiratorially -conspirator's -conspirators -concept -conceptual -conceptually -concept's -concepts -conception -conceptional -conception's -conceptions -Janissary -coinsurance -coinsurance's -cancerous -Janissary's -Cancer's -Cancers -cancer's -cancers -concise -conciser -connoisseur's -connoisseurs -conscious -conses -cornice's -cornices -gainsays -geneses -Genesis -genesis -Genesis's -genesis's -geniuses -Ginsu's -Guernsey's -Guernseys -Janice's -jounce's -jounces -Kansas -Kansas's -Kinsey's -quince's -quinces -Quincy's -quinsy's -concisely -consciously -conciseness -conciseness's -consciousness -consciousness's -consciousnesses -concisest -consist -consisting -consistence -consistency -consistence's -consistences -consistencies -consistency's -consistent -consistently -consistory -consistories -consistory's -consists -consisted -canasta -canister -canniest -canoeist -canst -coincide -concede -conceit -concert -concerto -Concetta -consed -consider -consort -corniest -gainsaid -genocide -jingoist -jounced -keenest -Quonset -Constable -constable -constabulary -constabularies -constabulary's -Constable's -constable's -constables -concertgoer -Conestoga -jingoistic -concertgoers -Conestoga's -genocidal -cornstalk -cornstalk's -cornstalks -constellation -constellation's -constellations -consortium -consortium's -concertmaster -concertmaster's -concertmasters -coinciding -conceding -concertina -concerting -consorting -cornerstone -Johnston -Kingston -Kingstown -concertinaing -coincidence -concertina's -concertinas -Constance -constancy -cornerstone's -cornerstones -Johnston's -Kingston's -Kingstown's -coincidence's -coincidences -Constance's -constancy's -coincident -concertinaed -constant -coincidental -coincidentally -constantly -Constantine -Constantinople -Constantinople's -Constantine's -constant's -constants -consternation -consternation's -constipate -constipating -constipates -constipated -constipation -constipation's -construe -considerable -considerably -construable -constrict -constrictor -construct -constructor -constrictive -constructive -constructively -constructiveness -constructiveness's -constricting -constructing -constrictor's -constrictors -constricts -constructor's -constructors -construct's -constructs -constricted -constructed -constriction -construction -constructional -constriction's -constrictions -construction's -constructions -constructionist -constructionist's -constructionists -considering -constrain -construing -constraining -constrains -constrained -constraint -constraint's -constraints -construes -considerate -considered -construed -considerately -considerateness -considerateness's -consideration -consideration's -considerations -canasta's -canister's -canisters -canoeist's -canoeists -coincides -concedes -conceit's -conceits -concerto's -concertos -concert's -concerts -Concetta's -considers -consort's -consorts -genocide's -genocides -jingoist's -jingoists -Quonset's -coincided -conceded -conceited -concerted -consorted -conceitedly -concertedly -conceitedness -conceitedness's -constituency -constituencies -constituency's -constituent -constituent's -constituents -constitute -constitutive -constituting -constitutes -constituted -Constitution -constitution -constitutional -constitutionally -constitutional's -constitutionals -constitutionalism -constitutionality -constitutionality's -constitution's -constitutions -cornstarch -cornstarch's -kinswoman -kinswomen -kinswoman's -consortia -concession -concision -concessional -concessionaire -concessionary -concessionaire's -concessionaires -concession's -concessions -concision's -gainsayer -gainsaying -gainsayer's -gainsayers -Canad -Canada -canard -Candy -candy -caned -canned -cannot -canoed -can't -cant -canter -canto -Cantor -cantor -Cantu -Canute -Carnot -coined -condo -condor -coned -conned -connote -cont -contour -corned -cornet -count -counter -county -Cunard -cunt -gained -gander -gannet -garnet -gaunt -gaunter -gender -Genet -genned -gent -Gentoo -Ghent -giant -ginned -gonad -Gounod -gowned -gunned -Janet -Janette -janitor -jaunt -jauntier -jaunty -Jeanette -Jeannette -jennet -joined -joint -Juanita -junta -Kannada -Kant -Kaunda -keened -kenned -Kennedy -Kent -keynote -keynoter -kind -kinda -kinder -Qingdao -quaint -quainter -quanta -queened -quint -cantabile -countable -countably -counterbalance -counterbalancing -counterbalance's -counterbalances -counterbalanced -counterblast -counterblasts -Canterbury -Cantabrigian -Cantabrigian's -Canterbury's -genitive -quantifier -quantify -quantifiable -counterfactual -quantification -quantification's -counterfoil -countervail -countervailing -candyfloss -counterfoil's -counterfoils -countervails -countervailed -genitive's -genitives -quantifier's -quantifiers -quantifies -counterfeit -counterfeiter -quantified -counterfeiting -counterfeiter's -counterfeiters -counterfeit's -counterfeits -counterfeited -quantifying -Gandhi -Kandahar -Gandhian -Gandhian's -Gandhi's -Kandahar's -kindhearted -kindheartedly -kindheartedness -kindheartedness's -genetic -Kentucky -kinetic -canticle -genetically -kinetically -counterclockwise -counterclaim -counterclaiming -counterclaim's -counterclaims -counterclaimed -canticle's -canticles -counterculture -counterculture's -countercultures -contagion -Kentuckian -contagion's -contagions -Kentuckian's -Kentuckians -contagious -contiguous -genetics -genetics's -Kentucky's -kinetics -kinetics's -contagiously -contiguously -contagiousness -contagiousness's -context -contextual -contextually -context's -contexts -conduct -conductor -contact -contiguity -conductible -contactable -conductibility -conductibility's -conductive -conductivity -conductivity's -conducting -contacting -kindergarten -conductance -kindergarten's -kindergartens -conductance's -conductress -conductress's -conductresses -conductor's -conductors -conduct's -conducts -contact's -contacts -contiguity's -conducted -contacted -conduction -conduction's -candle -candler -canoodle -condole -genital -genitalia -genitally -genteel -genteelly -gentile -gentle -gentler -gently -gonadal -gondola -gondolier -jauntily -jointly -Kendall -kindle -kindlier -kindly -quaintly -candelabra -candelabrum -candelabrum's -candelabra's -candelabras -cantilever -Gandalf -gentlefolk -gentlefolk's -gentlefolks -gentlefolks's -cantilevering -cantilevered -cantilever's -cantilevers -Gandalf's -Condillac -Condillac's -candlelight -candlelit -candlelight's -gentleman -gentlemen -gentlemanly -gentleman's -candling -canoodling -condoling -gentling -kindling -Quintilian -condolence -genteelness -genteelness's -gentleness -gentleness's -kindliness -kindliness's -kindling's -Quintilian's -condolence's -condolences -cantaloupe -cantaloupe's -cantaloupes -candlepower -candlepower's -candler's -candlers -candle's -candles -canoodles -condoles -countless -genitalia's -genitals -genitals's -gentile's -gentiles -gentles -gondola's -gondolas -gondolier's -gondoliers -Kendall's -kindles -gentlest -kindliest -candlestick -candlestick's -candlesticks -candled -canoodled -condoled -gantlet -gauntlet -gentility -gentled -kindled -gantlet's -gantlets -gauntlet's -gauntlets -gentility's -candlewick -candlewick's -candlewicks -gentlewoman -gentlewomen -gentlewoman's -condom -gendarme -kingdom -quantum -quondam -countermove -countermoves -contumely -contumelies -contumelious -contumely's -countermelody -countermelodies -condemn -condemner -contemn -counterman -countermen -condominium -condominium's -condominiums -condemning -contemning -contaminant -contaminant's -contaminants -condemner's -condemners -condemns -contemns -conterminous -counterman's -conterminously -condemned -condiment -contaminate -contaminator -contemned -countermand -contaminating -countermanding -condemnatory -condiment's -condiments -contaminates -contaminator's -contaminators -countermand's -countermands -contaminated -countermanded -condemnation -contamination -condemnation's -condemnations -contamination's -contemplate -contemplative -contemplatively -contemplative's -contemplatives -contemplating -contemplates -contemplated -contemplation -contemplation's -contemporaneous -contemporaneously -contemporaneity -contemporaneity's -contemporary -contemporaries -contemporary's -contempt -contemptible -contemptibly -contempt's -contemptuous -contemptuously -contemptuousness -contemptuousness's -condom's -condoms -contumacy -gendarme's -gendarmes -kingdom's -kingdoms -quantum's -countermeasure -countermeasure's -countermeasures -contumacious -contumacy's -contumaciously -Canadian -canteen -canting -Canton -canton -condign -condone -connoting -contain -container -continua -continue -counting -jaunting -jointing -Kenton -keynoting -Quentin -quinidine -Quinton -containable -cantankerous -cantankerously -cantankerousness -cantankerousness's -cantonal -continual -continually -continuum -Guantanamo -cantonment -containment -cantonment's -cantonments -containment's -continuum's -Guantanamo's -condoning -containing -continuing -continence -contingency -continuance -countenance -countenancing -continence's -contingencies -contingency's -continuance's -continuances -countenance's -countenances -countenanced -Continent -continent -contingent -Continental -continental -contingently -Continental's -continental's -continentals -Continent's -continent's -continents -contingent's -contingents -Canadian's -Canadians -canteen's -canteens -Cantonese -Canton's -canton's -cantons -condense -condenser -condones -container's -containers -contains -continues -continuous -gauntness -gauntness's -jauntiness -jauntiness's -Kenton's -kindness -kindness's -quaintness -quaintness's -Quentin's -Quinton's -Kandinsky -Kandinsky's -continuously -Canadianism -condensing -Cantonese's -condenser's -condensers -condenses -kindnesses -condensate -condensed -condensate's -condensates -condensation -condensation's -condensations -condoned -contained -contend -contender -content -continued -continuity -contently -contentment -contentment's -contending -contenting -contender's -contenders -contends -content's -contents -continuities -continuity's -contended -contented -contentedly -contentedness -contentedness's -contention -continuation -contention's -contentions -continuation's -continuations -contentious -contentiously -contentiousness -contentiousness's -quintuple -quintupling -quintuple's -quintuples -quintupled -quintuplet -quintuplet's -quintuplets -counterpane -counterpane's -counterpanes -counterpoint -counterpointing -counterpoint's -counterpoints -counterpointed -counterproductive -counterpoise -counterpoising -counterpoise's -counterpoises -counterpoised -counterpart -counterpart's -counterparts -counterpetition -Cointreau -contra -country -Gantry -gantry -Gentry -gentry -Kendra -quandary -contraband -contraband's -contrabassoon -contrabassoons -contribute -contributor -contributing -contributory -contributes -contributor's -contributors -contributed -contribution -contribution's -contributions -contrive -contriver -counteroffer -gentrify -gentrification -gentrification's -contraflow -contraflows -counterrevolution -counterrevolutionary -counterrevolutionaries -counterrevolutionary's -counterrevolution's -counterrevolutions -contravene -contriving -contravening -contravenes -contrivance -counteroffensive -counteroffensive's -counteroffensives -contrivance's -contrivances -contravened -contravention -contravention's -contraventions -contriver's -contrivers -contrives -controversy -counteroffer's -counteroffers -gentrifies -controversies -controversy's -contrived -controvert -countrified -gentrified -controvertible -controverting -controverts -controverted -controversial -controversially -gentrifying -Kendrick -counterargument -counterarguments -Kendrick's -counterexample -counterexamples -contract -contractor -counteract -contractible -counteractive -contractile -contractual -contractually -contractility -contracting -counteracting -contractor's -contractors -contract's -contracts -counteracts -contracted -counteracted -contraction -counteraction -contraction's -contractions -counteraction's -counteractions -Cantrell -contrail -control -controller -janitorial -controllable -controlling -Cantrell's -contrail's -contrails -controller's -controllers -control's -controls -contralto -controlled -contralto's -contraltos -countryman -countrymen -countryman's -cantering -cnidarian -contouring -countering -genitourinary -cnidarian's -cnidarians -counterinsurgency -counterinsurgencies -counterinsurgency's -contraindicate -contraindicating -contraindicates -contraindicated -contraindication -contraindication's -contraindications -counterintelligence -counterintelligence's -contrapuntal -contrapuntally -contraption -contraption's -contraptions -contrary -contrarily -contrarian -contrarian's -contrarians -contrariness -contrariness's -contrarianism -contraries -contrary's -Contreras -Contreras's -contrariety -contrariety's -contrariwise -Cointreau's -countries -country's -gantries -Gantry's -gantry's -gentries -Gentry's -gentry's -Kendra's -quandaries -quandary's -counterespionage -counterespionage's -contraceptive -contraceptive's -contraceptives -contraception -contraception's -contrast -countryside -contrasting -contrast's -contrasts -countryside's -countrysides -contrasted -cantered -contoured -contrite -countered -gendered -kindred -counterattack -counterattacking -counterattack's -counterattacks -contradict -counterattacked -contradicting -contradictory -contradicts -contradicted -contradiction -contradiction's -contradictions -contritely -contretemps -contretemps's -contriteness -contriteness's -kindred's -contradistinction -contradistinction's -contradistinctions -countrywoman -countrywomen -countrywoman's -countrywide -contrition -contrition's -Canada's -canard's -canards -Candace -Candice -candies -Candy's -candy's -canter's -canters -Cantor's -cantor's -cantors -canto's -cantos -cant's -cants -Cantu's -Canute's -Carnot's -condor's -condors -condo's -condos -conduce -connotes -contour's -contours -contuse -cornet's -cornets -counter's -counters -countess -countess's -counties -count's -counts -county's -Cunard's -cunt's -cunts -gander's -ganders -gannet's -gannets -garnet's -garnets -gender's -genders -Genet's -Gentoo's -gent's -gents -Ghent's -giantess -giantess's -giant's -giants -gonad's -gonads -Gounod's -Janet's -Janette's -janitor's -janitors -jaundice -jaunt's -jaunts -Jeanette's -Jeannette's -jennet's -jennets -joint's -joints -Juanita's -junta's -juntas -Kannada's -Kant's -Kaunda's -Kennedy's -Kent's -keynoter's -keynoters -keynote's -keynotes -kind's -kinds -Koontz -Qantas -Qantas's -Qingdao's -quint's -quints -conducive -countersigning -countersignature -countersignature's -countersignatures -conducing -contusing -countersign -countersigned -jaundicing -countersink -countersunk -countersinking -countersink's -countersinks -countersign's -countersigns -quintessence -quintessence's -quintessences -condescend -condescending -condescendingly -condescends -condescended -quintessential -quintessentially -condescension -condescension's -counterspy -counterspies -counterspy's -Candace's -Candice's -conduces -contuses -countesses -giantesses -jaundice's -jaundices -Koontz's -geneticist -geneticist's -geneticists -Condorcet -conduced -contest -contused -gauntest -jaundiced -jauntiest -kindest -quaintest -contestable -contesting -contestant -contestant's -contestants -counterstroke -counterstroke's -counterstrokes -Condorcet's -contest's -contests -contested -candid -candida -Candide -candied -cantata -canted -conduit -connoted -contd -contort -counted -jaunted -jointed -keynoted -quantity -quintet -connotative -candidly -contorting -countdown -countertenor -candidness -candidness's -countdown's -countdowns -countertenor's -countertenors -candidacy -Candide's -cantata's -cantatas -conduit's -conduits -contorts -quantities -quantity's -quintet's -quintets -candidacies -candidacy's -candidate -contorted -quantitative -quantitatively -candidature -candidature's -candidatures -candidate's -candidates -Gondwanaland -Gondwanaland's -counterweight -countywide -counterweight's -counterweights -condition -conditioner -connotation -contortion -contusion -conditional -conditionally -conditional's -conditionals -conditionality -conditioning -conditioning's -conditioner's -conditioners -condition's -conditions -connotation's -connotations -contortion's -contortions -contusion's -contusions -contortionist -contortionist's -contortionists -conditioned -candying -Conway -Cornwall -gunwale -Cornwallis -Cornwallis's -Cornwall's -gunwale's -gunwales -Conway's -conch -conchie -Cornish -Ganesha -garnish -garnishee -quench -quencher -quenchable -quenchless -garnishment -garnishment's -garnishments -Carnation -carnation -garnisheeing -garnishing -gentian -Kantian -Keynesian -quenching -Kanchenjunga -Kanchenjunga's -Carnation's -carnation's -carnations -gentian's -gentians -Kantian's -Keynesian's -gunship -kingship -kinship -gunship's -gunships -kingship's -kinship's -conchies -conch's -conchs -Cornishes -Cornish's -Ganesha's -garnishee's -garnishees -garnishes -garnish's -Kinshasa -quencher's -quenchers -quenches -Kinshasa's -garnished -garnisheed -gunshot -quenched -gunshot's -gunshots -journeyer -Kenya -canyon -journeying -Kenyan -Kenyon -canyoning -canyon's -canyons -Kenyan's -Kenyans -Kenyon's -journeyer's -journeyers -Kenya's -journeyed -Kenyatta -Kenyatta's -CAP -cap -cape -caper -capo -carp -carper -carpi -coop -Cooper -cooper -cop -copay -cope -copier -copper -copy -Corp -corp -coup -coupe -Cowper -coypu -CPA -CPI -CPO -CPU -cup -cuppa -Gap -gap -gape -gawp -goop -GOP -gorp -GP -GPA -GPO -GPU -guppy -gyp -gypper -Jaipur -Jap -jape -Jeep -jeep -JP -kappa -keep -keeper -kepi -Kewpie -Kip -kip -kipper -KP -quip -Carpathian -Carpathian's -Carpathians -Carpathians's -copybook -copybook's -copybooks -capable -capably -Capablanca -Capablanca's -capability -capabilities -capability's -cupboard -cupboard's -cupboards -cupful -cupful's -cupfuls -Copperfield -Copperfield's -copperhead -copperhead's -copperheads -Capek -cowpoke -JPEG -kapok -kopeck -Copacabana -Copacabana's -cupcake -cupcake's -cupcakes -Capek's -cowpoke's -cowpokes -cowpox -kapok's -kopeck's -kopecks -cappuccino -cappuccino's -cappuccinos -cowpox's -copycat -copycatting -copycat's -copycats -copycatted -Capella -carpal -carpel -carpool -Copley -Coppola -copula -couple -Cpl -cpl -cupola -Kepler -Koppel -copyleft -carpooling -coupling -Joplin -Kipling -corpulence -coupling's -couplings -Joplin's -Kipling's -corpulence's -Copeland -Copland -corpulent -Copeland's -Copland's -capillary -capillaries -capillary's -capillarity -capillarity's -Capella's -carpal's -carpals -carpel's -carpels -carpool's -carpools -Copley's -Coppola's -copula's -copulas -couple's -couples -cupola's -cupolas -Kepler's -Koppel's -caplet -Capulet -carpooled -copilot -copulate -coupled -couplet -cupolaed -copulative -copulative's -copulatives -geopolitical -geopolitics -geopolitics's -copulating -caplet's -caplets -Capulet's -copilot's -copilots -copulates -couplet's -couplets -copulated -copulation -copulation's -capon -Capone -capping -carping -cooping -coping -copping -coupon -cupping -gaping -gawping -gypping -Japan -japan -japing -Jpn -keeping -kipping -quipping -Copenhagen -Copenhagen's -Copernican -Copernican's -Copernicus -Copernicus's -japanning -Capone's -capon's -capons -coping's -copings -coupon's -coupons -Japanese -Japan's -japan's -japans -keeping's -Japanese's -Japaneses -Carpenter -carpenter -japanned -carpentry -carpentering -carpentry's -carpentered -Carpenter's -carpenter's -carpenters -cowpuncher -keypunch -keypuncher -keypunching -cowpuncher's -cowpunchers -keypuncher's -keypunchers -keypunches -keypunch's -keypunched -copperplate -copperplate's -Capra -Capri -coppery -copra -corpora -CPR -Japura -cooperage -cupric -Capricorn -Capricorn's -Capricorns -cooperage's -corporal -corporeal -corporeally -corporal's -corporals -corporeality -corporeality's -capering -coopering -Couperin -kippering -Couperin's -Capra's -caprice -Capri's -copra's -CPR's -Japura's -caparison -caparisoning -caparison's -caparisons -caparisoned -caprice's -caprices -capricious -capriciously -capriciousness -capriciousness's -capered -cooperate -cooperator -coopered -copyright -copywriter -corporate -kippered -cooperative -cooperatively -cooperativeness -cooperativeness's -cooperative's -cooperatives -corporately -cooperating -copyrighting -cooperates -cooperator's -cooperators -copyright's -copyrights -copywriter's -copywriters -corporatism -cooperated -copyrighted -cooperation -corporation -cooperation's -corporation's -corporations -caper's -capers -cape's -capes -capo's -capos -cap's -caps -carper's -carpers -carp's -carps -carpus -carpus's -Cooper's -cooper's -coopers -coop's -coops -copay's -cope's -copes -copier's -copiers -copies -copious -copper's -coppers -cop's -cops -copse -copy's -corps -corpse -corps's -corpus -corpus's -coupe's -coupes -coup's -coups -Cowper's -coypu's -coypus -CPA's -CPI's -cps -CPU's -cuppas -cup's -cups -gape's -gapes -Gap's -gap's -gaps -gawps -goop's -GOP's -gorp's -gorps -GP's -GPS -guppies -guppy's -gypper's -gyppers -gyp's -gyps -Gypsy -gypsy -Jaipur's -jape's -japes -Jap's -Japs -Jeep's -jeep's -jeeps -Kaposi -kappa's -kappas -keeper's -keepers -keep's -keeps -kepi's -kepis -Kewpie's -kipper's -kippers -Kip's -kip's -kips -quip's -quips -keepsake -corpuscle -corpuscular -corpuscle's -corpuscles -capsicum -capsicum's -capsicums -capeskin -capeskin's -keepsake's -keepsakes -capsular -capsule -copiously -capsuling -capsule's -capsules -capsuled -gypsum -corpsman -corpsmen -corpsman's -gypsum's -copiousness -copiousness's -capacious -capsize -copse's -copses -corpse's -corpses -Gypsies -gypsies -Gypsy's -gypsy's -Kaposi's -capaciously -capsizing -capaciousness -capaciousness's -capsizes -capsized -capacitor -capacity -gypster -quipster -copacetic -capstan -capstone -Cooperstown -capacitance -capstan's -capstans -capstone's -capstones -Cooperstown's -capacitance's -Capistrano -Capistrano's -capacities -capacitor's -capacitors -capacity's -gypster's -gypsters -quipster's -quipsters -caped -Capet -Capote -capped -Capt -capt -captor -carped -carpet -carport -cooped -coped -copied -copped -copter -cowpat -cpd -Cupid -cupid -cupped -gaped -gawped -Gupta -gypped -japed -jeopardy -Jupiter -kaput -kept -keypad -kipped -quipped -carpetbag -carpetbagger -carpetbagging -carpetbagger's -carpetbaggers -carpetbag's -carpetbags -carpetbagged -captive -captive's -captives -captivate -captivator -captivity -captivating -captivates -captivator's -captivators -captivities -captivity's -captivated -captivation -captivation's -Coptic -Coptic's -capital -capitally -Capitol -capitol -Capitoline -Capitoline's -capital's -capitals -Capitol's -Capitols -capitol's -capitols -capitalism -capitalism's -capitalist -capitalistic -capitalistically -capitalist's -capitalists -capitulate -capitulating -capitulates -capitulated -capitulation -capitulation's -capitulations -Capetown -captain -carpeting -Coppertone -captaining -Capetown's -captaincy -captain's -captains -carpeting's -Coppertone's -captaincies -captaincy's -captained -capture -capturing -capture's -captures -captured -Capet's -Capote's -captor's -captors -carpet's -carpets -carport's -carports -copter's -copters -cowpats -Cupid's -cupid's -cupids -Gupta's -jeopardy's -Jupiter's -keypad's -keypads -carpeted -cupidity -cupidity's -capitation -capitation's -capitations -Capetian -caption -Capuchin -captioning -Capetian's -caption's -captions -Capuchin's -captioned -captious -captiously -captiousness -captiousness's -copying -copyist -copyist's -copyists -Cairo -Cara -CARE -care -career -carer -Carey -Carr -Carrie -Carrier -carrier -carry -Cary -Cora -core -corer -Corey -corr -corrie -Cory -courier -cowrie -Cr -craw -Cray -cray -Cree -crew -crier -Crow -crow -cry -cure -curer -curia -curiae -Curie -curie -curio -Currier -Curry -curry -Garry -Gary -Gere -Gerry -giro -Gore -gore -Gorey -gorier -gory -Gr -gr -Gray -Greer -grew -Grey -grow -grue -Guerra -guru -gyro -Jeri -Jerri -Jerry -Jewry -Jr -jr -juror -Jurua -jury -Kara -Kari -Karo -Karroo -Keri -Kerr -Kerri -Kerry -Korea -Kory -Kr -qr -quarry -queerer -query -quire -Gareth -growth -Gareth's -growth's -growths -greathearted -Carib -caribou -carob -crab -Crabbe -crabber -crabbier -crabby -crib -cribber -crowbar -grab -grabber -grabbier -grabby -grebe -grub -grubber -grubbier -grubby -crybaby -crybabies -crybaby's -cribbage -crabgrass -crabgrass's -cribbage's -crabbily -curable -Grable -gribble -grubbily -crablike -Grable's -gribbles -curability -Garibaldi -jerrybuilt -curability's -Garibaldi's -Jeroboam -jeroboam -Jeroboam's -jeroboams -Caribbean -crabbing -cribbing -grabbing -grubbing -Caribbean's -Caribbeans -crabbiness -crabbiness's -grubbiness -grubbiness's -corroborate -corroborator -corroborative -corroborating -corroboratory -corroborates -corroborator's -corroborators -corroborated -corroboration -corroboration's -corroborations -caribou's -caribous -Carib's -Caribs -carob's -carobs -crabber's -crabbers -Crabbe's -crab's -crabs -cribber's -cribbers -crib's -cribs -crowbar's -crowbars -grabber's -grabbers -grab's -grabs -grebe's -grebes -grubber's -grubbers -grub's -grubs -Krebs -Krebs's -crabbiest -grabbiest -grubbiest -grubstake -grubstake's -crabbed -cribbed -grabbed -graybeard -grubbed -Kiribati -graybeard's -graybeards -Kiribati's -crabwise -carafe -crave -giraffe -graph -grave -graver -gravy -grief -grieve -griever -groove -groovier -groovy -grove -Grover -gruff -gruffer -Kirov -Griffith -Griffith's -Caravaggio -graphic -graphical -graphically -Caravaggio's -graphic's -graphics -caravel -careful -carefuller -carefully -gravel -gravelly -gravely -grovel -gruffly -graphology -gyrfalcon -gyrfalcon's -gyrfalcons -graphology's -graphologist -graphologist's -graphologists -groveling -grovelling -carefulness -carefulness's -caravel's -caravels -gravel's -gravels -grovels -carefullest -groveled -grovelled -gravamen -gravamen's -gravamens -gravimeter -gravimeter's -gravimeters -caravan -craven -craving -graphing -graven -graving -grieving -Griffin -griffin -griffon -grooving -cravenly -caravan's -caravans -cravenness -cravenness's -craven's -cravens -craving's -cravings -graveness -graveness's -grievance -Griffin's -griffin's -griffins -griffon's -griffons -gruffness -gruffness's -caravansary -caravansaries -caravansary's -grievance's -grievances -carefree -carafe's -carafes -craves -crevasse -crevice -giraffe's -giraffes -Graffias -Graffias's -graph's -graphs -Graves -grave's -graves -Graves's -gravies -gravy's -grief's -griefs -griever's -grievers -grieves -grievous -groove's -grooves -Grover's -grove's -groves -Kirov's -grievously -grievousness -grievousness's -crevasse's -crevasses -crevice's -crevices -graveside -gravest -grooviest -gruffest -gravestone -gravestone's -gravestones -graveside's -gravesides -Craft -craft -craftier -crafty -cravat -craved -Crawford -croft -crofter -crowfeet -crowfoot -cruft -crufty -graffiti -graffito -graft -grafter -graphed -graphite -graved -gravid -gravity -grieved -grooved -Kraft -gravedigger -gravedigger's -gravediggers -craftily -crafting -crofting -grafting -Grafton -craftiness -craftiness's -Grafton's -Craft's -craft's -crafts -cravat's -cravats -Crawford's -crofters -crofts -crowfoot's -crowfoots -crufts -graffito's -grafter's -grafters -graft's -grafts -graphite's -gravitas -gravity's -Kraft's -craftsman -craftsmen -craftsman's -craftsmanship -craftsmanship's -craftspeople -craftiest -craftswoman -craftswomen -craftswoman's -crafted -crufted -grafted -gravitate -gravitating -gravitates -gravitated -gravitation -gravitational -gravitation's -crayfish -crayfishes -crayfish's -graveyard -graveyard's -graveyards -Graham -graham -Grahame -Grahame's -Graham's -grahams -greyhound -greyhound's -greyhounds -carriage -Correggio -courage -crack -cracker -crag -craggier -craggy -Craig -creak -creakier -creaky -Creek -creek -Crick -crick -crikey -croak -croakier -croaky -crock -crook -Curacao -garage -Garrick -Gehrig -Greek -Greg -Gregg -Grieg -grog -groggier -groggy -grok -grudge -karaoke -Kerouac -Krakow -Kroc -Kroger -Kruger -caregiver -caregiver's -caregivers -crackhead -crackhead's -crackheads -crackerjack -crackerjack's -crackerjacks -Caracalla -coracle -crackle -crackly -creakily -curricula -curricular -grackle -groggily -karakul -curriculum -curriculum's -crackling -crackling's -cracklings -Caracalla's -coracle's -coracles -crackle's -crackles -grackle's -grackles -karakul's -crackled -currycomb -currycombing -currycomb's -currycombs -currycombed -cracking -creaking -cricking -croaking -crooking -garaging -grokking -jerrycan -crookneck -crookneck's -crooknecks -crackings -cragginess -cragginess's -creakiness -creakiness's -grogginess -grogginess's -jerrycans -Karaganda -Karaganda's -crackup -crackup's -crackups -crackpot -crackpot's -crackpots -crockery -Gregorio -Gregory -Karakorum -Karakorum's -Gregorian -Gregorian's -Krugerrand -Krugerrand's -crockery's -gregarious -Gregorio's -Gregory's -gregariously -gregariousness -gregariousness's -Caracas -Caracas's -carriage's -carriages -Correggio's -courageous -courage's -cracker's -crackers -crack's -cracks -crag's -crags -Craig's -creak's -creaks -Creek's -Creeks -creek's -creeks -Crick's -crick's -cricks -croak's -croaks -crock's -crocks -crocus -crocus's -Crookes -Crookes's -crook's -crooks -Crux -crux -Curacao's -garage's -garages -Garrick's -Gehrig's -Greek's -Greeks -Gregg's -Greg's -Grieg's -grog's -groks -grudge's -grudges -karaoke's -karaokes -Kerouac's -Krakow's -Kroc's -Kroger's -Kruger's -courageously -courageousness -courageousness's -crocuses -cruxes -Crux's -crux's -Kyrgyzstan -Kyrgyzstan's -craggiest -creakiest -croakiest -groggiest -carrycot -correct -correcter -corrector -corrugate -cracked -creaked -cricked -cricket -cricketer -croaked -crocked -Crockett -crooked -crookeder -croquet -croquette -garaged -grokked -grudged -Krakatoa -correctable -corrective -corrective's -correctives -correctly -crocodile -crookedly -crocodile's -crocodiles -correcting -corrugating -crackdown -cricketing -correctness -correctness's -crackdown's -crackdowns -crookedness -crookedness's -caricature -caricaturing -caricature's -caricatures -caricaturist -caricaturist's -caricaturists -caricatured -carrycots -corrects -corrugates -cricketer's -cricketers -cricket's -crickets -Crockett's -croquet's -croquette's -croquettes -Krakatoa's -correctest -crookedest -corrected -corrugated -carriageway -carriageways -correction -corrugation -Cruikshank -Cruikshank's -correctional -correction's -corrections -corrugation's -corrugations -Gracchus -Gracchus's -Carol -carol -Carole -carrel -Carrillo -Carroll -coral -corolla -corral -crawl -crawler -crawlier -crawly -creel -Creole -creole -Criollo -Crowley -cruel -cruelly -cruller -gorilla -gorily -Grail -grail -Greeley -grill -grille -growl -growler -gruel -Karol -kraal -krill -quarrel -coreligionist -coreligionists -carillon -Carolina -Caroline -Carolyn -corralling -crawling -grilling -growling -Carolingian -Carolinian -Carolingian's -Carolinian's -carillon's -carillons -Carolina's -Caroline's -Carolyn's -Coriolanus -Coriolanus's -cruelness -cruelness's -grillings -corollary -corollaries -corollary's -careless -Carole's -Carol's -carol's -carols -carrel's -carrels -Carrillo's -Carroll's -coral's -corals -Coriolis -Coriolis's -corolla's -corollas -corral's -corrals -crawler's -crawlers -crawlies -crawl's -crawls -crawly's -creel's -creels -Creole's -Creoles -creole's -creoles -Criollo's -Crowley's -cruller's -crullers -garrulous -gorilla's -gorillas -Grail's -Greeley's -grille's -grilles -grill's -grills -growler's -growlers -growl's -growls -gruel's -Karol's -kraal's -kraals -krill's -quarrel's -quarrels -querulous -carelessly -garrulously -querulously -quarrelsome -quarrelsomeness -quarrelsomeness's -carelessness -carelessness's -garrulousness -garrulousness's -querulousness -querulousness's -crawlspace -crawlspace's -crawlspaces -crawliest -corralled -correlate -crawled -cruelty -garrulity -Gerald -grilled -growled -Jerald -Jerold -Jerrold -correlative -correlative's -correlatives -correlating -Geraldine -Geraldine's -correlate's -correlates -cruelties -cruelty's -garrulity's -Gerald's -Jerald's -Jerold's -Jerrold's -correlated -correlation -correlation's -correlations -carom -cram -crammer -cream -creamer -creamier -creamy -creme -crime -Crimea -crumb -crummier -crummy -curium -gram -grammar -Grammy -grim -grime -grimier -Grimm -grimmer -grimy -groom -groomer -Jeremiah -Jeremy -Jerome -Kareem -Kramer -quorum -crumbier -crumby -crumble -crumblier -crumbly -grumble -grumbler -crumbling -grumbling -crumbliness -crumbliness's -grumblings -crumble's -crumbles -grumbler's -grumblers -grumble's -grumbles -crumbliest -crumbled -grumbled -crumbing -crumb's -crumbs -crumbiest -crumbed -gramophone -gramophone's -gramophones -Gromyko -Gromyko's -caramel -creamily -grimly -gremlin -Kremlin -Kremlinology -Kremlinologist -gremlin's -gremlins -Kremlin's -caramel's -caramels -caroming -cramming -creaming -crewman -crewmen -Crimean -griming -grooming -Grumman -juryman -jurymen -criminal -criminally -criminology -criminology's -criminologist -criminologist's -criminologists -criminal's -criminals -criminality -criminality's -creaminess -creaminess's -cremains -cremains's -crewman's -Crimean's -crumminess -crumminess's -griminess -griminess's -grimness -grimness's -grooming's -Grumman's -juryman's -gerrymander -gerrymandering -gerrymandering's -gerrymandered -gerrymander's -gerrymanders -cramp -crimp -grump -grumpier -grumpy -crumple -grumpily -crumpling -crumple's -crumples -crumpled -cramping -crampon -crimping -cramping's -crampon's -crampons -Grampians -Grampians's -grumpiness -grumpiness's -cramp's -cramps -crimp's -crimps -grampus -grampus's -grump's -grumps -grampuses -grumpiest -cramped -crimped -crumpet -crumpet's -crumpets -creamery -grammarian -grammarian's -grammarians -creameries -creamery's -carom's -caroms -crammers -crams -creamer's -creamers -cream's -creams -creme's -cremes -Crimea's -crime's -crimes -curium's -grammar's -grammars -Grammy's -gram's -grams -grimace -Grimes -grime's -grimes -Grimes's -Grimm's -groomer's -groomers -groom's -grooms -Jeremiah's -Jeremiahs -Jeremy's -Jerome's -Kareem's -Kramer's -quorum's -quorums -Karamazov -Karamazov's -groomsman -groomsmen -groomsman's -crimson -grimacing -crimsoning -crimson's -crimsons -crimsoned -grimace's -grimaces -creamiest -crummiest -grimaced -grimiest -grimmest -caromed -crammed -creamed -cremate -grimed -grommet -groomed -jeremiad -grammatical -grammatically -cremating -crematoria -crematory -crematorium -crematorium's -crematoriums -crematories -crematory's -cremates -grommet's -grommets -jeremiad's -jeremiads -cremated -Cromwell -Cromwellian -Cromwellian's -Cromwell's -cremation -cremation's -cremations -careen -Carina -caring -carrion -Corina -Corine -coring -Corinne -corona -coroner -Corrine -Crane -crane -cranny -Creon -cringe -crone -crony -croon -crooner -crown -curing -gearing -Goering -Goren -goring -grain -grainier -grainy -gran -granny -Green -green -Greene -greener -grin -gringo -groan -groin -grown -Guarani -guarani -jarring -jeering -Karen -Karin -Karina -Karyn -Koran -Korean -krone -kroner -kronor -queering -Corinth -Corinthian -Corinthian's -Corinthians -Corinthians's -Corinth's -greenback -greenback's -greenbacks -Grenoble -Grenoble's -greenbelt -greenbelt's -greenbelts -cranberry -cranberries -cranberry's -greenfly -greenflies -greenfield -greenhorn -greenhorn's -greenhorns -greenhouse -greenhouse's -greenhouses -crank -crankier -cranky -grange -grunge -grungier -grungy -Koranic -Kronecker -greengage -crankcase -greengage's -greengages -crankcase's -crankcases -crankily -crinkle -crinklier -crinkly -crinkling -crinkle's -crinkles -crinkliest -crinkled -cranking -crankiness -crankiness's -greengrocer -greengrocer's -greengrocers -crank's -cranks -grange's -granges -grunge's -grunges -Kronecker's -crankiest -grungiest -cranked -Cronkite -Cronkite's -crankshaft -crankshaft's -crankshafts -coronal -cranial -granola -granular -granule -greenly -jarringly -jeeringly -Kringle -Quirinal -crinoline -crinoline's -crinolines -Greenland -Greenlandic -Greenland's -granularity -granularity's -coronal's -coronals -granola's -granule's -granules -Kringle's -Quirinal's -granulate -granulating -granulates -granulated -granulation -granulation's -cranium -Cranmer -geranium -Geronimo -greenmail -greenmail's -cranium's -craniums -Cranmer's -geranium's -geraniums -Geronimo's -careening -craning -cringing -Cronin -crooning -crowning -greening -grinning -groaning -grunion -Karenina -Cronin's -graininess -graininess's -grunion's -grunions -Karenina's -grownup -Greenpeace -grownup's -grownups -Greenpeace's -coronary -granary -greenery -greenroom -greenroom's -greenrooms -coronaries -coronary's -granaries -granary's -greenery's -careens -Carina's -caring's -Carranza -carrion's -Corina's -Corine's -Corinne's -corona's -coronas -coroner's -coroners -Corrine's -Crane's -crane's -cranes -crannies -cranny's -Creon's -cringe's -cringes -crone's -crones -cronies -Cronus -Cronus's -crony's -crooner's -crooners -croon's -croons -crown's -crowns -currency -gearing's -Goering's -Goren's -goriness -goriness's -grain's -grains -grannies -granny's -grans -Greene's -greenness -greenness's -Green's -Greens -green's -greens -gringo's -gringos -grin's -grins -groan's -groans -groin's -groins -Guarani's -guarani's -guaranis -jeering's -Karen's -Karina's -Karin's -Karyn's -Koran's -Korans -Korean's -Koreans -krone's -Greensboro -Greensboro's -Kerensky -Kerensky's -Greensleeves -Greensleeves's -Greenspan -Greenspan's -Carranza's -currencies -currency's -grainiest -greenest -greensward -greensward's -careened -coriander -Coronado -coronet -craned -crannied -cringed -crooned -crowned -currant -current -gerund -grained -Granada -grand -grandee -grander -grandeur -granite -Grant -grant -grantee -granter -greened -Grenada -grenade -grenadier -grind -grinder -grinned -groaned -ground -grounder -Grundy -grunt -guarantee -guarantor -guaranty -groundbreaking -groundbreaking's -groundbreakings -grandfather -grandfatherly -grandfathering -grandfathered -grandfather's -grandfathers -groundhog -groundhog's -groundhogs -granitic -groundcloth -groundcloths -currently -grandly -Grendel -gerontology -gerontological -grandiloquence -grandiloquence's -grandiloquent -gerontology's -gerontologist -gerontologist's -gerontologists -Grendel's -groundless -groundlessly -corundum -grandam -grandma -grandmother -grandmotherly -grandmother's -grandmothers -corundum's -grandam's -grandams -grandma's -grandmas -granting -Grenadian -grenadine -grinding -grounding -grunting -guaranteeing -quarantine -grandnephew -grandnephew's -grandnephews -granduncle -granduncle's -granduncles -quarantining -grandness -grandness's -grandniece -Grenadian's -Grenadians -Grenadines -grenadine's -Grenadines's -grindings -grounding's -groundings -quarantine's -quarantines -grandniece's -grandnieces -grandaunt -groundnut -quarantined -grandaunt's -grandaunts -groundnut's -groundnuts -grandpa -grandparent -grandparent's -grandparents -grandpa's -grandpas -coriander's -Coronado's -coronet's -coronets -currant's -currants -current's -currents -gerund's -gerunds -Granada's -grandee's -grandees -grandeur's -grandiose -grand's -grands -granite's -grantee's -grantees -granter's -granters -Grant's -grant's -grants -Grenada's -grenade's -grenades -grenadier's -grenadiers -grinder's -grinders -grind's -grinds -grounder's -grounders -ground's -grounds -Grundy's -grunt's -grunts -guarantee's -guarantees -guaranties -guarantor's -guarantors -guaranty's -groundskeeper -groundskeepers -grandiosely -groundsman -groundsmen -grantsmanship -grantsmanship's -grandson -grandson's -grandsons -grandest -grandiosity -grindstone -grindstone's -grindstones -grandstand -grandstanding -grandstand's -grandstands -grandstanded -grandiosity's -groundswell -groundswell's -groundswells -granddad -granddaddy -granddaughter -granted -grounded -grunted -guaranteed -guarantied -granddaddies -granddaddy's -granddad's -granddads -granddaughter's -granddaughters -groundwork -groundwork's -groundwater -groundwater's -grandchild -grandchildren -grandchildren's -grandchild's -groundsheet -groundsheets -guarantying -greenwood -greenwood's -Greenwich -Greenwich's -Cranach -crunch -cruncher -crunchier -crunchy -greenish -Grinch -coronation -crunching -coronation's -coronations -crunchiness -crunchiness's -Cranach's -crunches -crunch's -Grinch's -crunchiest -crunched -Kirinyaga -Kirinyaga's -cronyism -cronyism's -crap -crape -crapper -crappie -crappier -crappy -creep -creeper -creepier -creepy -crepe -crop -cropper -croup -croupier -croupy -crupper -grape -grep -grip -gripe -griper -grippe -gripper -grope -groper -group -grouper -groupie -Krupp -grapevine -grapevine's -grapevines -grapefruit -grapefruit's -grapefruits -creepily -cripple -crippler -grapple -crippling -grappling -cripplingly -cropland -cropland's -croplands -crippler's -cripplers -cripple's -cripples -grapple's -grapples -crippled -grappled -crippleware -crapping -creeping -cropping -grepping -griping -gripping -groping -grouping -grapnel -grapnel's -grapnels -creepiness -creepiness's -grouping's -groupings -carapace -crape's -crapes -crappers -crappie's -crappies -crap's -craps -craps's -creeper's -creepers -creep's -creeps -crepe's -crepes -cripes -cropper's -croppers -crop's -crops -croupier's -croupiers -croup's -crupper's -cruppers -grape's -grapes -greps -griper's -gripers -gripe's -gripes -gripper's -grippers -grippe's -grip's -grips -groper's -gropers -grope's -gropes -Gropius -Gropius's -grouper's -groupers -groupie's -groupies -group's -groups -Krupp's -crepuscular -carapace's -carapaces -crappiest -creepiest -croupiest -corrupt -corrupter -crapped -crept -cropped -crypt -grepped -griped -gripped -groped -grouped -corruptible -corruptibility -corruptibility's -cryptic -cryptically -Kropotkin -Kropotkin's -cryptographer -cryptography -cryptographer's -cryptographers -cryptography's -cryptogram -cryptogram's -cryptograms -corruptly -corrupting -krypton -corruptness -corruptness's -krypton's -corrupts -crypt's -crypts -Cryptozoic -Cryptozoic's -corruptest -corrupted -groupware -groupware's -corruption -corruption's -corruptions -crapshooter -grapeshot -crapshooter's -crapshooters -grapeshot's -curare -Guerrero -careering -couriering -curare's -Guerrero's -careerism -careerist -careerist's -careerists -careered -couriered -Cairo's -Cara's -career's -careers -carer's -carers -care's -cares -caress -caress's -Carey's -caries -caries's -carious -Carissa -carouse -carouser -Carrier's -carrier's -carriers -Carrie's -carries -Carr's -carry's -Caruso -Cary's -Cora's -corer's -corers -core's -cores -Corey's -corries -Cory's -courier's -couriers -cowrie's -cowries -crass -crasser -craw's -craws -Cray's -crays -craze -crazier -crazy -crease -Crecy -Cree's -Crees -cress -cress's -crew's -crews -crier's -criers -cries -Croce -Cross -cross -crosser -Cross's -cross's -Crow's -Crows -crow's -crows -Cr's -Cruise -cruise -cruiser -cruse -Crusoe -Cruz -cry's -curacy -curer's -curers -cure's -cures -curia's -Curie's -curie's -curies -curio's -curios -curious -Currier's -curries -Curry's -curry's -Garry's -Gary's -Gere's -Gerry's -giros -Gore's -gore's -gores -Gorey's -Grace -grace -Gracie -Grass -grass -grassier -Grass's -grass's -grassy -Gray's -graze -grazer -grease -greaser -greasier -greasy -Greece -Greer's -Grey's -Gris -Gris's -grocer -Gross -gross -grosser -Gross's -gross's -grouse -grouser -grows -grues -Grus -Grus's -Guerra's -guru's -gurus -gyro's -gyros -Jeri's -Jerri's -Jerry's -Jewry's -Jr's -Juarez -juries -juror's -jurors -Jurua's -jury's -Kara's -Kari's -Karo's -Karroo's -Keri's -Kerri's -Kerr's -Kerry's -Korea's -Kory's -Kris -Kris's -Kr's -quarries -quarry's -queries -query's -quire's -quires -Crosby -crossbar -crossbow -grosbeak -grosbeak's -grosbeaks -crucible -crucible's -crucibles -crossbeam -crossbowman -crossbowmen -crossbowman's -crossbeam's -crossbeams -crossbones -crossbones's -crossbred -crossbreed -crossbreeding -crossbreed's -crossbreeds -Crosby's -crossbar's -crossbars -crossbow's -crossbows -corrosive -crossover -crucify -crucifix -Crucifixion -crucifixion -Crucifixion's -Crucifixions -crucifixion's -crucifixions -crucifixes -crucifix's -corrosively -graceful -gracefully -gracefulness -gracefulness's -cruciform -cruciform's -cruciforms -crossfire -crossfire's -crossfires -corrosive's -corrosives -crossover's -crossovers -crucifies -crucified -crucifying -Crisco -Jurassic -Kresge -crosscheck -crosschecking -crosscheck's -crosschecks -crosschecked -gyroscope -gyroscopic -gyroscope's -gyroscopes -grosgrain -grosgrain's -crosscurrent -crosscurrent's -crosscurrents -crisscross -crisscross's -crisscrossing -crisscrosses -crisscrossed -Crisco's -Jurassic's -Kresge's -coruscate -crosscut -coruscating -crosscutting -coruscates -crosscut's -crosscuts -coruscated -coruscation -coruscation's -carousal -carousel -crassly -crazily -crossly -curiously -Graciela -greasily -grislier -grisly -grizzle -grizzlier -grizzly -grossly -Jerusalem -Jerusalem's -grizzling -grisliness -grisliness's -Graceland -grassland -Graceland's -grassland's -grasslands -carousal's -carousals -carousel's -carousels -graceless -Graciela's -grizzles -grizzlies -grizzly's -gracelessly -gracelessness -gracelessness's -grisliest -grizzliest -grizzled -gruesome -gruesomer -gruesomely -gruesomeness -gruesomeness's -gruesomest -caressing -carousing -crazing -creasing -crossing -cruising -Garrison -garrison -gracing -grassing -grazing -greasing -grossing -grousing -Grozny -kerosene -garrisoning -crassness -crassness's -craziness -craziness's -crossing's -crossings -crossness -crossness's -curiousness -curiousness's -Garrison's -garrison's -garrisons -greasiness -greasiness's -grossness -grossness's -kerosene's -crescendo -crescent -croissant -garrisoned -Krasnodar -crescendo's -crescendos -crescent's -crescents -croissant's -croissants -Krasnodar's -Krasnoyarsk -Krasnoyarsk's -crisp -crisper -crispier -crispy -grasp -graspable -crispbread -crispbreads -crisply -crisping -grasping -crispiness -crispiness's -crispness -crispness's -correspond -greasepaint -corresponding -correspondingly -correspondence -correspondence's -correspondences -corespondent -correspondent -corespondent's -corespondents -correspondent's -correspondents -corresponds -greasepaint's -corresponded -jurisprudence -jurisprudence's -crisp's -crisps -crosspiece -grasp's -grasps -crosspiece's -crosspieces -crispest -crispiest -crisped -grasped -crosspatch -crosspatches -crosspatch's -grocery -groceries -grocery's -crossroad -crossroad's -crossroads -crossroads's -grassroots -caresses -Carissa's -carouser's -carousers -carouse's -carouses -Caruso's -craze's -crazes -crazies -crazy's -crease's -creases -Crecy's -crises -crisis -crisis's -Croce's -Croesus -Croesus's -crosses -cruiser's -cruisers -Cruise's -cruise's -cruises -cruse's -cruses -Crusoe's -Cruz's -curacies -curacy's -Grace's -grace's -graces -Gracie's -gracious -grasses -grazer's -grazers -graze's -grazes -greasers -grease's -greases -Greece's -grocer's -grocers -grosses -Grosz -grouser's -grousers -grouse's -grouses -Juarez's -graciously -graciousness -graciousness's -Grosz's -crassest -craziest -crossest -grassiest -greasiest -grossest -caressed -caroused -crazed -creased -creosote -Cressida -Crest -crest -crossed -cruised -crusade -crusader -crust -crustier -crusty -curiosity -goriest -graced -grassed -grazed -greased -grist -grossed -groused -jurist -Krista -Kristi -Kristie -Kristy -queerest -Kristopher -crestfallen -Kristopher's -juristic -jurisdiction -jurisdictional -jurisdiction's -jurisdictions -crustal -crustily -Crystal -crystal -gristle -gristly -Krystal -crystallography -crystallographic -crystalline -crestless -Crystal's -crystal's -crystals -gristle's -Krystal's -gristmill -gristmill's -gristmills -creosoting -cresting -Cristina -crosstown -crusading -crusting -Kristen -Kristin -Kristina -Kristine -Cristina's -crustiness -crustiness's -Kristen's -Kristina's -Kristine's -Kristin's -creosote's -creosotes -Cressida's -Crest's -crest's -crests -crusader's -crusaders -crusade's -crusades -Crusades's -crust's -crusts -curiosities -curiosity's -grist's -jurist's -jurists -Krista's -Kristie's -Kristi's -Kristy's -crustacean -crustacean's -crustaceans -crustiest -creosoted -crested -crusaded -crusted -Kurosawa -crosswalk -crosswalk's -crosswalks -crosswind -crosswind's -crosswinds -crosswise -Kurosawa's -crossword -crossword's -crosswords -carat -cared -caret -carried -carrot -carroty -cored -Corot -corridor -corrode -crate -Crater -crater -create -Creator -creator -cred -credo -Creed -creed -Crete -cried -critter -Croat -crowd -CRT -crud -cruddier -cruddy -crude -cruder -cruet -curate -curator -cured -curried -garret -Garrett -garrote -garroter -geared -Gerard -Gerardo -gored -grad -grade -grader -Grady -grate -grater -great -greater -greed -greedier -greedy -greet -greeter -Greta -grid -grit -gritter -grittier -gritty -groat -grottier -grotto -grotty -grout -gyrate -gyrator -Jared -Jarred -jarred -Jarrett -Jarrod -jeered -Jerrod -joyride -joyrider -joyrode -karat -karate -kraut -quarried -queered -queried -quorate -Curitiba -credible -credibly -gradable -credibility -credibility's -Curitiba's -creative -curative -gratify -gratification -gratification's -gratifications -creatively -grateful -gratefully -gratefulness -gratefulness's -creativeness -creativeness's -crowdfund -crowdfunding -crowdfunds -crowdfunded -creative's -creatives -curative's -curatives -gratifies -creativity -gratified -creativity's -gratifying -gratifyingly -caretaker -critic -critique -curettage -juridic -critical -critically -juridical -juridically -criticality -critiquing -grudging -grudgingly -caretaker's -caretakers -critic's -critics -critique's -critiques -curettage's -Giraudoux -Giraudoux's -critiqued -greatcoat -greatcoat's -greatcoats -cradle -crudely -Geritol -gradual -gradually -greatly -greedily -Gretel -griddle -gridlock -griddlecake -griddlecake's -griddlecakes -gridlock's -gridlocks -gridlocked -cradling -gradualness -gradualness's -cradle's -cradles -credulous -Geritol's -Gretel's -griddle's -griddles -credulously -gradualism -gradualism's -credulousness -credulousness's -cradled -credulity -credulity's -carotene -corroding -crating -creating -Creighton -Cretan -cretin -cretonne -crowding -curating -garroting -grading -gratin -grating -greeting -gritting -grouting -gyrating -joyridden -joyriding -keratin -gratingly -carotene's -credence -credenza -Creighton's -Cretan's -Cretans -cretinous -cretin's -cretins -cretonne's -crudeness -crudeness's -grating's -gratings -gratins -greatness -greatness's -greediness -greediness's -greeting's -greetings -grittiness -grittiness's -joyriding's -keratin's -cretinism -cretinism's -credence's -credenza's -credenzas -gradient -gradient's -gradients -credential -credentialing -credential's -credentials -credentialed -creature -criteria -geriatric -geriatrics -geriatrics's -curatorial -cratering -criterion -gridiron -criterion's -gridiron's -gridirons -creature's -creatures -cratered -geriatrician -geriatricians -carat's -carats -caret's -carets -carrot's -carrots -Corot's -corridor's -corridors -corrodes -Crater's -crater's -craters -crate's -crates -creates -Creator's -creator's -creators -credo's -credos -creed's -creeds -Crete's -critter's -critters -Croat's -Croats -crowd's -crowds -CRT's -CRTs -crude's -crud's -cruet's -cruets -curate's -curates -curator's -curators -garret's -garrets -Garrett's -garroter's -garroters -garrote's -garrotes -Gerardo's -Gerard's -grader's -graders -grade's -grades -grad's -grads -Grady's -grater's -graters -grate's -grates -gratis -great's -greats -greed's -greeter's -greeters -greets -Greta's -grid's -grids -grit's -grits -grits's -gritter's -gritters -groat's -groats -Grotius -Grotius's -grottoes -grotto's -grout's -grouts -gyrates -gyrator's -gyrators -Jared's -Jarred's -Jarrett's -Jarrod's -Jerrod's -joyrider's -joyriders -joyride's -joyrides -karate's -karat's -karats -kraut's -krauts -Gretzky -grotesque -grotesquely -grotesqueness -grotesqueness's -Gretzky's -grotesque's -grotesques -Cretaceous -cretaceous -Cretaceous's -criticism -criticism's -criticisms -cruddiest -crudest -greatest -greediest -grittiest -grottiest -carotid -corroded -crated -crawdad -created -credit -creditor -crowded -crudity -curated -garroted -gradate -graded -graduate -grated -gratuity -greeted -gritted -grouted -gyrated -creditable -creditably -crediting -gradating -graduating -carotid's -carotids -crawdad's -crawdads -creditor's -creditors -credit's -credits -crudities -crudity's -gradates -graduate's -graduates -gratuities -gratuitous -gratuity's -keratitis -gratuitously -gratuitousness -gratuitousness's -credited -gradated -graduated -gratitude -gratitude's -creditworthy -creditworthiness -gradation -graduation -gradation's -gradations -graduation's -graduations -caraway -grower -crewel -crewel's -crewelwork -crewelwork's -jurywoman -jurywomen -jurywoman's -careworn -crewing -crowing -growing -caraway's -caraways -grower's -growers -crewed -crowed -crash -Croatia -crotch -crouch -crush -crusher -crutch -garish -grouch -grouchier -grouchy -Jericho -Karachi -crucial -crucially -garishly -grouchily -Gresham -Gresham's -corrosion -crashing -Creation -creation -Croatian -crouching -crushing -Grecian -Gretchen -grouching -gyration -Krishna -crushingly -Krishnamurti -Krishnamurti's -corrosion's -Creation's -creation's -creations -Croatian's -Croatians -garishness -garishness's -Grecian's -Gretchen's -grouchiness -grouchiness's -gyration's -gyrations -Krishna's -creationism -creationism's -creationisms -creationist -creationist's -creationists -grasshopper -grasshopper's -grasshoppers -crashes -crash's -Croatia's -crotches -crotch's -crouches -crouch's -crusher's -crushers -crushes -crush's -crutches -crutch's -grouches -grouch's -Jericho's -Karachi's -grouchiest -crashed -crochet -crocheter -crotchet -crotchety -crouched -crushed -grouched -Crichton -crocheting -Crichton's -crocheting's -crocheter's -crocheters -crochet's -crochets -crotchet's -crotchets -crocheted -crosshatch -crosshatching -crosshatches -crosshatched -carryover -carryover's -carryovers -cryogenic -cryogenics -cryogenics's -carryall -Crayola -crayola -carryall's -carryalls -Crayola's -crayolas -carrying -crayon -crying -currying -quarrying -querying -cryonics -crayoning -crayon's -crayons -cryings -crayoned -Gruyeres -cryosurgery -cryosurgery's -carryout -caryatid -caryatid's -caryatids -Caesar -car's -cars -Ca's -Case -case -Casey -Cassie -cause -causer -caw's -caws -cay's -cays -coarse -coarser -coax -coaxer -coerce -coercer -Coors -Coors's -coo's -coos -corsair -CO's -Co's -cos -cos's -course -courser -cow's -cows -Cox -cox -Coy's -C's -Cs -cs -cue's -cues -cur's -curs -curse -cursor -Cu's -cuss -cuss's -CZ -Gaea's -Gaia's -gar's -gars -Garza -Ga's -gas -gas's -Gasser -gassier -gassy -Gauss -Gauss's -gauze -gauzier -gauzy -Gay's -gay's -gays -Gaza -gaze -gazer -gear's -gears -gees -geese -geezer -Geo's -Ger's -GE's -Ge's -geyser -GHQ's -Giza -Goa's -goer's -goers -goes -goo's -goose -gorse -go's -G's -gs -GSA -guess -guesser -guess's -GUI's -guise -Gus -Gus's -gussy -Guy's -guy's -guys -jar's -jars -jaw's -jaws -Jaycee -Jay's -jay's -jays -jazz -jazzier -jazzy -jeer's -jeers -jeez -Jersey -jersey -Jess -Jesse -Jessie -Jess's -Jew's -Jews -Joe's -Joey's -joeys -Jo's -Jose -Josie -Josue -Joyce -Joy's -joy's -joys -J's -juice -juicer -juicier -juicy -Kaiser -kaiser -Kasai -Kasey -Kauai's -Kay's -kazoo -Keogh's -Key's -key's -keys -kiss -kisser -kiss's -KKK's -KO's -K's -KS -Ks -ks -Ky's -Quaoar's -quasar -quasi -quay's -quays -queasier -queasy -queer's -queers -ques -queue's -queues -quiz -quizzer -YWCA's -Kossuth -guesthouse -Kossuth's -guesthouses -casaba -Cosby -gazebo -casebook -coursebook -gasbag -casebooks -coursebooks -gasbag's -gasbags -guessable -Jezebel -kissable -Casablanca -Casablanca's -Jezebel's -Jezebels -goosebumps -goosebumps's -gooseberry -gooseberries -gooseberry's -casaba's -casabas -Cosby's -gazebo's -gazebos -Korzybski -Korzybski's -cassava -coercive -cursive -Josef -Josefa -Joseph -kissoff -cursively -Josefina -Josephine -Josefina's -Josephine's -Ghazvanid -Ghazvanid's -cassava's -cassavas -cursive's -Josefa's -Josef's -Joseph's -Josephs -Josephus -Josephus's -kissoff's -kissoffs -Josephson -Josephson's -gasohol -gasohol's -caseharden -casehardening -casehardens -casehardened -carsick -cask -cassock -corsage -Corsica -Cossack -Cuzco -Jessica -kiosk -Kazakh -Kazakh's -Kazakhs -Kazakhstan -Kazakhstan's -quizzical -quizzically -coxcomb -coxcomb's -coxcombs -Corsican -cosigner -Gascony -Kosygin -cosigning -carsickness -carsickness's -Corsican's -cosigner's -cosigners -Gascony's -Kosygin's -cosignatory -cosignatories -cosignatory's -cascara -kissogram -kissograms -cascara's -cascaras -cask's -casks -cassock's -cassocks -corsage's -corsages -Corsica's -Cossack's -couscous -couscous's -Cuzco's -Jessica's -kiosk's -kiosks -kirsches -cascade -casket -gasket -cascading -Cascades -cascade's -cascades -Cascades's -casket's -caskets -gasket's -gaskets -cascaded -casual -casually -causal -causally -coarsely -coaxial -gazelle -Giselle -guzzle -guzzler -juicily -queasily -Kislev -Kislev's -gasoline -gazillion -gosling -guzzling -Jocelyn -Quisling -quisling -casualness -casualness's -gasoline's -gazillions -gosling's -goslings -Jocelyn's -Quisling's -quisling's -quislings -cowslip -cowslip's -cowslips -Casals -Casals's -casual's -casuals -causeless -gazelle's -gazelles -Giselle's -guzzler's -guzzlers -guzzles -caseload -casualty -causality -gaslight -guzzled -caseload's -caseloads -casualties -casualty's -causalities -causality's -gaslight's -gaslights -gizmo -gossamer -Koizumi -cosmic -cosmically -cosmogony -cosmogonies -cosmogony's -cosmogonist -cosmogonist's -cosmogonists -Cozumel -cosmology -cosmological -cosmologies -cosmology's -cosmologist -cosmologist's -cosmologists -Cozumel's -gasman -gasmen -Guzman -Jasmine -jasmine -Guzman's -Jasmine's -jasmine's -jasmines -casement -cosmonaut -casement's -casements -cosmonaut's -cosmonauts -gazump -cosmopolitan -cosmopolitan's -cosmopolitans -cosmopolitanism -cosmopolitanism's -gazumping -gazumps -gazumped -cosmos -cosmos's -gizmo's -gizmos -gossamer's -Koizumi's -cosmoses -gasometer -kismet -Quasimodo -cosmetic -cosmetically -cosmetic's -cosmetics -cosmetology -cosmetology's -cosmetologist -cosmetologist's -cosmetologists -gasometers -kismet's -Quasimodo's -cosmetician -cosmetician's -cosmeticians -caisson -Carson -casein -casing -casino -causing -coarsen -coaxing -coercing -coercion -cosign -cosigned -cosine -coursing -cousin -coxing -cozen -cuisine -cursing -cussing -Czerny -gassing -gazing -goosing -guessing -Jason -Jayson -jazzing -Joycean -juicing -Kazan -kissing -Kissinger -Quezon -quizzing -Casanova -Casanova's -Casanovas -cozenage -Csonka -Kaohsiung -geosyncline -geosyncline's -geosynclines -carcinogen -Kisangani -carcinogenic -carcinogenic's -carcinogenics -carcinogen's -carcinogens -Kisangani's -carcinogenicity -carcinogenicity's -cozenage's -Csonka's -Kaohsiung's -coaxingly -carcinoma -carcinoma's -carcinomas -coarsening -cozening -caisson's -caissons -Carson's -casein's -casing's -casings -casino's -casinos -coarseness -coarseness's -coarsens -coercion's -cosigns -cosine's -cosines -cousin's -cousins -cozens -cuisine's -cuisines -Czerny's -gauziness -gauziness's -Jason's -Jayson's -Joycean's -juiciness -juiciness's -Kazan's -Kissinger's -queasiness -queasiness's -Quezon's -quiescence -quiescence's -coarsened -cozened -Cuisinart -quiescent -gesundheit -quiescently -Gaziantep -Gaziantep's -Casandra -Cassandra -geocentric -geocentrically -Casandra's -Cassandra's -Cassandras -Cuisinart's -Kuznets -Kuznets's -Kuznetsk -Kazantzakis -Kazantzakis's -Kuznetsk's -geosynchronous -Caspar -cusp -gasp -Giuseppe -gossip -gossiper -gossipy -Jasper -jasper -cosplay -Gospel -gospel -Gospel's -Gospels -gospel's -gospels -Caspian -gasping -gossiping -Caspian's -cosponsor -cosponsoring -cosponsored -cosponsor's -cosponsors -Kasparov -Kasparov's -Caspar's -cusp's -cusps -gasp's -gasps -Giuseppe's -gossiper's -gossipers -gossip's -gossips -Jasper's -jasper's -cuspid -cuspidor -gasped -gossiped -cuspidor's -cuspidors -cuspid's -cuspids -gazpacho -gazpacho's -caesura -causerie -cursory -casserole -cursorily -casseroling -casserole's -casseroles -casseroled -czarina -cursoriness -cursoriness's -czarina's -czarinas -caesura's -caesuras -causerie's -causeries -czarism -czarist -czarist's -czarists -Caesar's -Caesars -Case's -case's -cases -Casey's -Cassie's -Cassius -Cassius's -causer's -causers -cause's -causes -coaxer's -coaxers -coaxes -coercer's -coercers -coerces -corsair's -corsairs -courser's -coursers -course's -courses -coxes -Cox's -curse's -curses -cursor's -cursors -cusses -Garza's -gaseous -gases -Gasser's -gasses -gauze's -Gaza's -gazer's -gazers -gaze's -gazes -geezer's -geezers -geyser's -geysers -Giza's -goose's -gooses -gorse's -guesser's -guessers -guesses -guise's -guises -gussies -Jaycee's -Jaycees -Jaycees's -jazzes -jazz's -Jersey's -Jerseys -jersey's -jerseys -Jesse's -Jessie's -Jesus -Jesus's -Jose's -Josie's -Josue's -Joyce's -juicer's -juicers -juice's -juices -Kaiser's -Kaisers -kaiser's -kaisers -Kasai's -Kasey's -kazoo's -kazoos -kisser's -kissers -kisses -quasar's -quasars -quiz's -quizzer's -quizzers -quizzes -Kosciusko -Kosciusko's -casuist -coarsest -coexist -gassiest -gauziest -jazziest -juiciest -queasiest -casuistic -coexisting -coexistence -coexistence's -coexistent -goosestep -goosestepping -goosesteps -goosestepped -casuistry -casuistry's -casuist's -casuists -coexists -coexisted -coxswain -coxswain's -coxswains -cased -Cassatt -cassette -Cassidy -cast -caste -caster -Castor -castor -caused -coast -coaster -coaxed -coerced -corset -cosset -cost -costar -coursed -Cousteau -coxed -CST -cursed -cussed -Custer -gassed -gazed -gazette -gazetteer -ghost -gist -gizzard -gooiest -goosed -guessed -guest -Guizot -gusset -gussied -gust -gustier -gusto -gusty -jazzed -jest -jester -Jesuit -joist -joust -jouster -juiced -just -juster -kissed -quayside -quest -Quixote -quizzed -guestbook -guestbook's -guestbooks -castoff -causative -Gustav -Gustavo -justify -justifiable -justifiably -justification -justification's -justifications -castoff's -castoffs -Gustavo's -Gustav's -Gustavus -Gustavus's -justifies -justified -justifying -caustic -Costco -joystick -quixotic -caustically -quixotically -gesticulate -gesticulating -gesticulates -gesticulated -gesticulation -gesticulation's -gesticulations -caustic's -caustics -Costco's -joystick's -joysticks -castigate -castigator -coastguard -castigating -castigates -castigator's -castigators -coastguards -castigated -castigation -castigation's -Castillo -castle -coastal -Costello -costlier -costly -cursedly -cussedly -ghastlier -ghastly -ghostlier -ghostly -gustily -jostle -justly -Koestler -quesadilla -Castilian -castling -coastline -jostling -coastline's -coastlines -costliness -costliness's -ghastliness -ghastliness's -ghostliness -ghostliness's -Castlereagh -Castlereagh's -Castillo's -castle's -castles -Costello's -jostle's -jostles -Koestler's -quesadilla's -quesadillas -costliest -ghastliest -ghostliest -castled -gestalt -jostled -gestalts -castellated -costume -costumer -custom -customer -customhouse -customhouse's -customhouses -costuming -customary -customarily -costumer's -costumers -costume's -costumes -costumiers -customer's -customers -custom's -customs -costumed -guesstimate -guesstimating -guesstimate's -guesstimates -guesstimated -casting -Caxton -coasting -corseting -cosseting -cossetting -costing -Costner -gazetting -ghosting -guesting -gusseting -gusting -jesting -jousting -Justin -Justine -keystone -Kirsten -questing -jestingly -Justinian -Justinian's -casting's -castings -Caxton's -costings -Costner's -cussedness -jousting's -Justine's -Justin's -justness -justness's -keystone's -keystones -Kirsten's -coextensive -Castaneda -castanet -Castaneda's -castanet's -castanets -Gestapo -gestapo -Gestapo's -Gestapos -gestapo's -gestapos -juxtapose -juxtaposing -juxtaposes -juxtaposed -juxtaposition -juxtaposition's -juxtapositions -Castro -gesture -gastric -keystroke -keystroke's -keystrokes -gestural -kestrel -kestrel's -kestrels -guestroom -guestrooms -costarring -gesturing -gastronome -gastronomy -gastronomic -gastronomical -gastronomically -gastronomes -gastronomy's -Gastroenterology -gastroenteritis -gastroenteritis's -gastrointestinal -gastropod -gastropod's -gastropods -Castries -Castries's -Castro's -gesture's -gestures -castrate -costarred -gestured -ghostwrite -ghostwriter -ghostwrote -castrating -ghostwriting -ghostwritten -castrates -gastritis -gastritis's -ghostwriter's -ghostwriters -ghostwrites -castrated -castration -castration's -castrations -Cassatt's -cassette's -cassettes -Cassidy's -caster's -casters -caste's -castes -Castor's -castor's -castors -cast's -casts -coaster's -coasters -coast's -coasts -corset's -corsets -cossets -costar's -costars -cost's -costs -Cousteau's -CST's -Custer's -gazetteer's -gazetteers -gazette's -gazettes -ghost's -ghosts -gist's -gizzard's -gizzards -guest's -guests -Guizot's -gusset's -gussets -gusto's -gust's -gusts -Jaxartes -Jaxartes's -jester's -jesters -jest's -jests -Jesuit's -Jesuits -joist's -joists -jouster's -jousters -joust's -jousts -Justice -justice -quaysides -quest's -quests -Quixote's -Quixotism -Quixotism's -Justice's -justice's -justices -causticity -gustiest -justest -causticity's -coasted -corseted -cosseted -cossetted -costed -custard -custody -gazetted -gestate -ghosted -guested -gusseted -gusted -jested -jousted -quested -custodial -custodian -gestating -custodian's -custodians -custodianship -custodianship's -gustatory -custard's -custards -custody's -gestates -gestated -castaway -castaway's -castaways -gestation -gestational -geostationary -gestation's -causeway -casework -caseworker -coursework -guesswork -caseworker's -caseworkers -casework's -gasworks -gasworks's -guesswork's -cassowary -cassowaries -cassowary's -causeway's -causeways -Czech -Czechia -kirsch -Kusch -causation -question -questioner -questionable -questionably -questioning -questioningly -questioning's -questionings -questionnaire -questionnaire's -questionnaires -causation's -questioner's -questioners -question's -questions -questioned -Czechia's -Czech's -Czechs -kirsch's -Kusch's -Czechoslovak -Czechoslovakia -Czechoslovakian -Czechoslovakian's -Czechoslovakians -Czechoslovakia's -gussying -CAD -cad -caddie -card -carder -cardio -cart -Carter -carter -Cartier -cat -cater -Cato -Catt -cattier -catty -caught -CD -Cd -coat -COD -Cod -cod -coda -code -coder -Cody -coed -cooed -coot -cootie -cord -cot -Cote -cote -cottar -cotter -court -courtier -CT -Ct -ct -cud -cued -curd -Curt -curt -curter -cut -cute -cuter -cutey -cutie -cutter -cwt -gad -gadder -gaiety -gait -gaiter -garter -gate -gateau -gator -GATT -gaudier -gaudy -Gautier -gawd -Gd -GED -geed -geode -get -Getty -ghat -ghetto -giddier -giddy -Gide -Giotto -gird -girder -girt -git -gite -goad -goat -goatee -God -god -Good -good -goody -got -gotta -Gouda -gourd -gourde -gout -goutier -gouty -gt -GTE -guard -guarder -guide -guider -Guido -guitar -gut -gutter -guttier -gutty -jade -jato -JD -Jed -Jedi -jet -jetty -Jidda -Jodi -Jodie -Jody -jot -jotter -Judaeo -Judah -Judd -judder -Jude -Judea -judo -Judy -jut -jute -kart -Kate -Katie -Katy -kid -Kidd -kidder -kiddie -kiddo -Kit -kit -kite -Kitty -kitty -kowtow -kt -Kurd -Kurt -Qatar -QED -qt -qty -quad -quart -quarter -quarto -queued -quid -quiet -quieter -quirt -quit -quite -Quito -quitter -quoit -quot -quota -quote -Judith -Godthaab -Godthaab's -Judith's -Catawba -Cordoba -cutback -guidebook -jitterbug -jitterbugger -quarterback -jitterbugging -quarterbacking -cutback's -cutbacks -guidebook's -guidebooks -jitterbugger's -jitterbug's -jitterbugs -quarterback's -quarterbacks -jitterbugged -quarterbacked -quotable -quotability -quotability's -Catawba's -Cordoba's -cardboard -catbird -catboat -gadabout -cardboard's -catbird's -catbirds -catboat's -catboats -gadabout's -gadabouts -goodbye -goodbye's -goodbyes -cadaver -caitiff -Cardiff -CATV -CCTV -codifier -codify -cutoff -Godiva -Qaddafi -godfather -godfather's -godfathers -codification -codification's -codifications -gadfly -godawful -catafalque -catafalque's -catafalques -gadflies -gadfly's -cordovan -quarterfinal -quarterfinal's -quarterfinals -cordovan's -cadaverous -cadaver's -cadavers -caitiff's -caitiffs -Cardiff's -codifier's -codifiers -codifies -cutoff's -cutoffs -Godiva's -Qaddafi's -cardiovascular -godforsaken -codified -catfish -codfish -catfishes -catfish's -codfishes -codfish's -codifying -cartwheel -cartwheeling -cartwheel's -cartwheels -cardholder -cartwheeled -cardholders -jodhpurs -jodhpurs's -gatehouse -guardhouse -gatehouse's -gatehouses -guardhouse's -guardhouses -Godhead -godhead -godhood -Godhead's -godhead's -godhood's -goodhearted -cadger -cardiac -cartage -CDC -codger -cordage -cottage -cottager -Jataka -Judaic -Kodak -Kodiak -catcall -cortical -cuticle -Judaical -quitclaim -quitclaim's -quitclaims -catcalling -catcall's -catcalls -cuticle's -cuticles -cataclysm -cataclysmic -cataclysmal -cataclysm's -cataclysms -catcalled -catacomb -catacomb's -catacombs -judgmentally -cadging -cardigan -catercorner -catkin -cottaging -judging -katakana -cardigan's -cardigans -catkin's -catkins -gatekeeper -gatekeeper's -gatekeepers -category -kedgeree -cardiograph -cartographer -cartography -cartographic -cardiograph's -cardiographs -cartographer's -cartographers -cartography's -categorical -categorically -cardiogram -cardiogram's -cardiograms -categories -category's -gatecrash -gatecrasher -gatecrashing -gatecrasher's -gatecrashers -gatecrashes -gatecrashed -cadger's -cadgers -cartage's -codex -codger's -codgers -cordage's -cortex -cottager's -cottagers -cottage's -cottages -gateaux -Jataka's -Kodak's -Kodiak's -codex's -cortex's -catgut -coadjutor -judicatory -judicature -judicatories -judicatory's -judicature's -catgut's -coadjutor's -coadjutors -coeducation -coeducational -coeducation's -Kitakyushu -Kitakyushu's -cartel -cattail -cattily -cattle -caudal -caudally -coattail -coddle -coital -Cordelia -cordial -cordially -courtlier -courtly -cuddle -cuddlier -cuddly -curdle -curtail -curtly -cutely -cutler -gaudily -giddily -girdle -godlier -godly -Goodall -goodlier -goodly -kettle -Kodaly -quarterly -quietly -cuttlefish -cuttlefishes -cuttlefish's -Cadillac -cardiology -cartilage -catlike -godlike -Guadalquivir -Guadalquivir's -Guadalcanal -Guadalcanal's -cartilaginous -Guadalajara -Guadalajara's -Cadillac's -cardiology's -cartilage's -cartilages -cardiologist -cardiologist's -cardiologists -cattleman -cattlemen -cattleman's -curtailment -curtailment's -curtailments -Caitlin -Catalan -Catalina -Catalonia -Catiline -coddling -cotillion -cuddling -curdling -curtailing -Gatling -girdling -guideline -jetliner -Kaitlin -Katelyn -gadolinium -gadolinium's -Caitlin's -Catalan's -Catalans -Catalina's -Catalonia's -Catiline's -cotillion's -cotillions -courtliness -courtliness's -Gatling's -godliness -godliness's -guideline's -guidelines -jetliner's -jetliners -Kaitlin's -Katelyn's -Cortland -Jutland -Cortland's -Jutland's -catalpa -Guadalupe -Guadeloupe -catalepsy -catalpa's -catalpas -Guadalupe's -Guadeloupe's -catalepsy's -cataleptic -cataleptic's -cataleptics -cordillera -cutlery -Cordilleras -cordillera's -cordilleras -Cordilleras's -cutlery's -cartel's -cartels -cattail's -cattails -cattle's -Catullus -Catullus's -coattail's -coattails -coddles -Cordelia's -cordial's -cordials -cordless -cuddle's -cuddles -curdles -curtails -cutlass -cutlass's -cutler's -cutlers -girdle's -girdles -godless -Goodall's -gutless -kettle's -kettles -Kodaly's -quarterlies -quarterly's -godlessly -godlessness -godlessness's -gutlessness -gutlessness's -catalyses -catalysis -catalysis's -cutlasses -catalyst -courtliest -cuddliest -godliest -goodliest -catalyst's -catalysts -cartload -coddled -cordiality -cuddled -curdled -curtailed -cutlet -girdled -catalytic -catalytic's -cotyledon -cotyledon's -cotyledons -kettledrum -kettledrum's -kettledrums -cartload's -cartloads -cordiality's -cutlet's -cutlets -Gautama -Gordimer -Katmai -godmother -godmother's -godmothers -Guatemala -Guatemalan -Guatemalan's -Guatemalans -Guatemala's -cadmium -cardamom -cadmium's -cardamom's -cardamoms -Caedmon -cardamon -goddamn -Goodman -Caedmon's -cardamons -coterminous -Goodman's -goddamned -catamaran -catamaran's -catamarans -Gautama's -Gordimer's -Katmai's -quartermaster -quartermaster's -quartermasters -goddammit -cardiomyopathy -Cardin -carding -carting -carton -cartoon -catting -coating -codding -codeine -coding -codon -cording -cordon -Cotonou -Cotton -cotton -cottony -courting -Courtney -ctn -curtain -cutting -gadding -garden -gardener -gardenia -Gardner -gating -Gatun -getting -Gideon -girding -girting -goading -Gordian -Gordon -gotten -guardian -guarding -guiding -gutting -jading -jetting -jitney -Jordan -jotting -jutting -Katina -Keaton -ketone -kidding -kidney -kiting -kitten -kitting -quieten -quieting -quitting -quoiting -quoting -Gutenberg -Gutenberg's -Godunov -Godunov's -cotangent -cotangent's -cotangents -cardinal -cardinally -cuttingly -cardinal's -cardinals -cottonmouth -cottonmouth's -cottonmouths -cartooning -cordoning -cottoning -curtaining -gardening -Jordanian -quietening -gardening's -Jordanian's -Jordanians -catnap -catnip -kidnap -kidnapper -catnapping -kidnapping -kidnapping's -kidnappings -catnap's -catnaps -catnip's -kidnapper's -kidnappers -kidnaps -catnapped -kidnapped -Quaternary -Quaternary's -cadence -cadenza -Cardenas -Cardenas's -Cardin's -carton's -cartons -cartoon's -cartoons -cattiness -cattiness's -coating's -coatings -codeine's -codons -cordon's -cordons -Cotonou's -Cotton's -cotton's -cottons -Courtney's -curtain's -curtains -curtness -curtness's -cutaneous -cuteness -cuteness's -cutting's -cuttings -gardener's -gardeners -gardenia's -gardenias -garden's -gardens -Gardner's -Gatun's -gaudiness -gaudiness's -giddiness -giddiness's -Gideon's -goodness -goodness's -Gordian's -Gordon's -guardian's -guardians -guidance -jitney's -jitneys -Jordan's -jotting's -jottings -Katina's -Keaton's -ketones -kidney's -kidneys -kitten's -kittens -quietens -quietness -quietness's -quittance -Gdansk -Gdansk's -cadence's -cadences -cadenza's -cadenzas -guidance's -quittance's -cadenced -cartoonist -cottonseed -cartoonist's -cartoonists -cottonseed's -cottonseeds -cartooned -coordinate -coordinator -cordoned -cottoned -curtained -gardened -goodnight -quietened -quotient -coordinately -cottontail -cottontail's -cottontails -coordinating -coordinate's -coordinates -coordinator's -coordinators -quotient's -quotients -coordinated -cottonwood -cottonwood's -cottonwoods -kittenish -coordination -coordination's -guardianship -guardianship's -cutup -GDP -getup -Cotopaxi -Cotopaxi's -Caterpillar -caterpillar -cardiopulmonary -Caterpillar's -caterpillar's -caterpillars -catapult -catapulting -catapult's -catapults -catapulted -codependency -codependency's -codependent -codependent's -codependents -godparent -godparent's -godparents -codpiece -cutup's -cutups -GDP's -getup's -codpiece's -codpieces -gatepost -guidepost -gatepost's -gateposts -guidepost's -guideposts -jetport -jetport's -jetports -cadre -caterer -cattery -corduroy -coterie -couture -couturier -ctr -jitterier -jittery -Qatari -quadrivium -quadrivium's -quadraphonic -catarrh -catarrh's -cartridge -cartridge's -cartridges -cataract -cataract's -cataracts -guardrail -guttural -quadrille -quadrillion -quadrillion's -quadrillions -guardrail's -guardrails -guttural's -gutturals -quadrille's -quadrilles -quadrilateral -quadrilateral's -quadrilaterals -coatroom -courtroom -guardroom -coatrooms -courtroom's -courtrooms -guardroom's -guardrooms -catering -guttering -juddering -Katrina -Kettering -quartering -quatrain -quadrangle -quadrangular -quadrangle's -quadrangles -quadrennial -quadrennium -quadrennium's -quadrenniums -caterings -Katrina's -Kettering's -quatrain's -quatrains -quadrant -quadrant's -quadrants -quadruple -quadriplegia -quadriplegic -quadriplegic's -quadriplegics -quadriplegia's -quadruplicate -quadruplicating -quadruplicate's -quadruplicates -quadruplicated -quadruplication -quadruplication's -quadrupling -quadruple's -quadruples -quadrupled -quadruplet -quadruplet's -quadruplets -quadruped -quadrupedal -quadruped's -quadrupeds -cadre's -cadres -caterer's -caterers -catteries -corduroy's -corduroys -corduroys's -coterie's -coteries -couture's -couturier's -couturiers -Gutierrez -Qatari's -Qataris -Yggdrasil -Yggdrasil's -quadriceps -quadriceps's -quadricepses -Gutierrez's -guitarist -jitteriest -guitarist's -guitarists -Cartwright -catered -Gatorade -Gertrude -guttered -juddered -quartered -quadratic -quadratic's -quadratics -quadrature -Cartwright's -Gatorade's -Gertrude's -Goodrich -Goodrich's -caddie's -caddies -Cadiz -CAD's -cad's -cads -caducei -carder's -carders -cardies -Cardozo -card's -cards -Carter's -carter's -carters -Cartier's -cart's -carts -caters -Cato's -cat's -cats -Catt's -CD's -CDs -Cd's -coat's -coats -coda's -codas -coder's -coders -code's -codes -cod's -cods -Cody's -coed's -coeds -coitus -coitus's -cootie's -cooties -coot's -coots -cord's -cords -Cortes -Cortes's -Cote's -cote's -cotes -cot's -cots -cottar's -cottars -cotter's -cotters -courteous -courtesy -courtier's -courtiers -court's -courts -CT's -cud's -cuds -curd's -curds -Curtis -Curtis's -Curt's -curtsy -cutesier -cutesy -cuteys -cutie's -cuties -cut's -cuts -cutter's -cutters -gadder's -gadders -gads -gaiety's -gaiter's -gaiters -gait's -gaits -garter's -garters -Gates -gate's -gates -Gates's -gator's -gators -GATT's -Gautier's -Gd's -geode's -geodes -geodesy -gets -Getty's -Ghats -ghat's -ghats -Ghats's -ghetto's -ghettos -Gide's -Giotto's -girder's -girders -girds -girt's -girts -gites -gits -goad's -goads -goatee's -goatees -goat's -goats -goddess -goddess's -God's -god's -gods -goodies -Good's -good's -goods -goods's -goody's -Gouda's -Goudas -gourde's -gourdes -gourd's -gourds -gout's -GTE's -guarder's -guarders -guard's -guards -guider's -guiders -guide's -guides -guitar's -guitars -gut's -guts -gutsier -gutsy -gutter's -gutters -jade's -jades -jato's -jatos -Jedi's -Jed's -jet's -jets -jetties -jetty's -Jidda's -jitters -jitters's -Jodie's -Jodi's -Jody's -jot's -jots -jotter's -jotters -Judah's -Judas -Judas's -judders -Judd's -Judea's -Jude's -judo's -Judy's -jute's -jut's -juts -kart's -karts -Kate's -Katie's -Katy's -Keats -Keats's -kidder's -kidders -kiddie's -kiddies -kiddo's -kiddos -Kidd's -kid's -kids -kite's -kites -Kit's -kit's -kits -kitties -Kitty's -kitty's -kowtow's -kowtows -kudos -kudos's -kudzu -Kurd's -Kurtis -Kurtis's -Kurt's -Qatar's -qts -quad's -quads -quarter's -quarters -quarto's -quartos -quart's -quarts -quartz -quid's -quids -quiet's -quiets -quietus -quietus's -quirt's -quirts -Quito's -quits -quitter's -quitters -quoit's -quoits -quota's -quotas -quote's -quotes -Gatsby -Gettysburg -Gettysburg's -Gatsby's -Kutuzov -Ctesiphon -Ctesiphon's -Kutuzov's -geodesic -Catskill -Catskill's -Catskills -Catskills's -goatskin -kidskin -goatskin's -goatskins -kidskin's -geodesic's -geodesics -codicil -courteously -Godzilla -Quetzalcoatl -Quetzalcoatl's -codicil's -codicils -Godzilla's -jetsam -Judaism -quietism -guardsman -guardsmen -guardsman's -jetsam's -Judaism's -Judaisms -cortisone -courtesan -godson -jettison -Judson -jettisoning -guttersnipe -guttersnipe's -guttersnipes -cortisone's -courteousness -courteousness's -courtesan's -courtesans -godson's -godsons -jettison's -jettisons -Judson's -godsend -jettisoned -godsend's -godsends -Godspeed -godspeed -Godspeed's -Godspeeds -judiciary -judiciaries -judiciary's -Cadiz's -caduceus -caduceus's -Cardozo's -codices -Corteses -cortices -courtesies -courtesy's -curtsies -curtsy's -geodesy's -goddesses -Judases -judicious -kudzu's -kudzus -quartz's -quietuses -judiciously -judiciousness -judiciousness's -cutesiest -gutsiest -catsuit -cattiest -curtest -curtsied -cutest -gaudiest -giddiest -goutiest -guttiest -quietest -quarterstaff -quarterstaff's -quarterstaves -Gadsden -Kurdistan -Gadsden's -Kurdistan's -catastrophe -catastrophic -catastrophically -catastrophe's -catastrophes -catsuits -codswallop -Cotswold -Cotswold's -kitsch -kitschy -kitsch's -curtsying -caddied -cadet -Cadette -carded -carted -catted -CDT -coated -codded -coded -corded -cordite -courted -cutout -gadded -gated -geddit -girded -girted -goaded -Godard -Goddard -goddaughter -Godot -guarded -guided -gutted -jaded -jadeite -jetted -jotted -jutted -kidded -kited -kitted -quartet -quieted -quietude -quoited -quoted -geodetic -quarterdeck -quarterdeck's -quarterdecks -guardedly -jadedly -catatonia -quotidian -catatonic -catatonic's -catatonics -catatonia's -jadedness -jadedness's -cadet's -cadets -cordite's -cutout's -cutouts -Godard's -Goddard's -goddaughter's -goddaughters -Godot's -jadeite's -quartet's -quartets -quietude's -katydid -katydid's -katydids -cutaway -gateway -getaway -Jetway -caterwaul -Goodwill -goodwill -catwalk -catwalk's -catwalks -caterwauling -caterwaul's -caterwauls -Goodwill's -goodwill's -caterwauled -cutworm -cutworm's -cutworms -Goodwin -kowtowing -Goodwin's -cutaway's -cutaways -gateway's -gateways -getaway's -getaways -Jetway's -Katowice -Katowice's -kowtowed -caddish -goodish -kaddish -kiddish -Kurdish -caddishly -judicial -judicially -godchild -godchildren -godchildren's -godchild's -Cartesian -quotation -caddishness -caddishness's -Cartesian's -quotation's -quotations -cardsharp -cardsharper -courtship -cardsharper's -cardsharpers -cardsharp's -cardsharps -courtship's -courtships -Kodachrome -Kodachrome's -kaddishes -kaddish's -Kurdish's -catechism -catechism's -catechisms -catechist -catechist's -catechists -Goodyear -caddying -Goodyear's -courtyard -courtyard's -courtyards -cower -Kiowa -kiwi -Kawabata -Kawabata's -kiwifruit -kiwifruit's -kiwifruits -coworker -coworker's -coworkers -Kwakiutl -Kwakiutl's -Cowell -Gwalior -Jewel -jewel -Jewell -jaywalk -jaywalker -jaywalking -jaywalking's -jaywalker's -jaywalkers -jaywalks -jaywalked -jewelries -Cowell's -Gwalior's -Jewell's -Jewel's -jewel's -jewels -cawing -cowing -Gawain -Gwen -jawing -Kwan -Kwangju -Kwangju's -Gawain's -Gwen's -Kiwanis -Kiwanis's -Kwan's -Kwanzaa -Kwanzaa's -Kwanzaas -Gwendoline -Gwendolyn -Gwendoline's -Gwendolyn's -cowering -cowered -cowers -Jewess -Jewess's -Kiowa's -Kiowas -kiwi's -kiwis -Kawasaki -Kawasaki's -Jewesses -cawed -Coward -coward -cowed -jawed -keyword -Kuwait -Kuwaiti -QWERTY -qwerty -cowardly -cowardliness -cowardliness's -Keewatin -Keewatin's -cowardice -Coward's -coward's -cowards -keyword's -keywords -Kuwaiti's -Kuwaitis -Kuwait's -cowardice's -Jewish -Jewishness -Jewish's -cache -Cash -cash -cashew -cashier -Casio -cassia -catch -catcher -catchier -catchy -Cauchy -coach -cosh -couch -cushier -cushy -Garcia -gash -gauche -gaucher -gaucho -geisha -Gish -gosh -gotcha -gouache -gush -gusher -gushier -gushy -Josh -josh -josher -Joshua -Josiah -Keisha -ketch -Koch -kosher -quash -Quechua -quiche -Kochab -cashback -cashbook -cashback's -cashbook's -cashbooks -Cochabamba -Cochabamba's -Kochab's -kerchief -catchphrase -catchphrase's -catchphrases -kerchief's -kerchiefs -gearshift -gearshift's -gearshifts -Kirchhoff -Kirchhoff's -goshawk -goshawk's -goshawks -catchall -cochlea -cochleae -cochlear -gauchely -Cuchulain -Cuchulain's -cashless -catchall's -catchalls -cochlea's -cochleas -coachload -gasholder -coachloads -gasholders -Kashmir -coachman -coachmen -coachman's -catchment -catchment's -catchments -cashmere -cashmere's -Kashmir's -Kashmirs -geochemistry -geochemistry's -caching -cashing -catching -cation -caution -coaching -Cochin -coshing -couching -cushion -gashing -Gaussian -gushing -joshing -Kirchner -kitchen -Kitchener -kuchen -quashing -Kishinev -Kishinev's -cochineal -gushingly -cochineal's -cautioning -cushioning -cautionary -catchings -cation's -cations -caution's -cautions -Cochin's -cushion's -cushions -gaucheness -gaucheness's -Gaussian's -Kirchner's -Kitchener's -kitchen's -kitchens -kuchen's -kuchens -cautioned -cushioned -kitchenette -kitchenette's -kitchenettes -kitchenware -kitchenware's -Cassiopeia -ketchup -catchpenny -Cassiopeia's -ketchup's -cachepot -cachepot's -cachepots -gaucherie -cashiering -Cochran -koshering -Cochran's -gaucherie's -cashiered -koshered -cache's -caches -cashes -cashew's -cashews -cashier's -cashiers -Cash's -cash's -Casio's -cassia's -cassias -catcher's -catchers -catches -catch's -Cauchy's -cautious -coaches -coach's -Cochise -coshes -couches -couch's -Garcia's -gashes -gash's -gaucho's -gauchos -geisha's -Gish's -gotchas -gouaches -gusher's -gushers -gushes -gush's -josher's -joshers -joshes -Josh's -josh's -Joshua's -Josiah's -Keisha's -ketches -ketch's -Koch's -koshers -quashes -Quechua's -quiche's -quiches -cautiously -cautiousness -cautiousness's -Cochise's -catchiest -cushiest -gauchest -gushiest -cached -cachet -cashed -coached -coshed -couched -couchette -cowshed -gashed -gushed -joshed -quashed -Kshatriya -Kshatriya's -cachet's -cachets -couchettes -cowsheds -coachwork -Gershwin -Gershwin's -catchword -catchword's -catchwords -coyer -gayer -Goya -Kaye -kayo -Cayuga -kayak -Guayaquil -Guayaquil's -kayaking -kayaking's -Cayuga's -Cayugas -kayak's -kayaks -kayaked -Cayenne -cayenne -Guyana -guying -joying -kayoing -keying -Guiyang -Guiyang's -Cayenne's -cayenne's -Guyana's -Guyanese -Guyanese's -Jayapura -Jayapura's -Cayuse -cayuse -Goya's -joyous -Kaye's -kayo's -kayos -joyously -joyousness -joyousness's -cayuse's -cayuses -coyest -gayest -coyote -guyed -joyed -kayoed -keyed -Kyoto -coyote's -coyotes -Kyoto's -Jayawardene -Jayawardene's -Kyushu -Kyushu's -L -l -LA -La -la -lair -Lao -Laue -law -lay -Le -Lea -lea -Leah -Lear -Lee -lee -leer -lei -Leigh -Leo -Lew -Li -liar -Lie -lie -lieu -lii -LL -ll -lo -loo -Lou -lough -Louie -lour -low -Lu -luau -Wylie -lath -lathe -lather -leather -Letha -Lethe -lithe -lither -loath -loathe -loather -Luther -lethargy -lethargic -lethargically -lithograph -lithographer -lithography -lithographic -lithographically -lithographing -lithographer's -lithographers -lithograph's -lithographs -lithography's -lithographed -lethargy's -lethal -lethally -lithely -Latham -lithium -Latham's -lithium's -lathing -Lithuania -loathing -leatherneck -leatherneck's -leathernecks -Lithuanian -Lithuanian's -Lithuanians -litheness -litheness's -Lithuania's -loathing's -loathings -lathery -leathery -Lothario -lathering -Lutheran -Lutheran's -Lutherans -Lutheranism -Lutheranism's -Lutheranisms -Lothario's -Lotharios -lathered -leatherette -leatherette's -lather's -lathers -lathe's -lathes -lath's -laths -leather's -leathers -Letha's -Lethe's -lighthouse -loather's -loathers -loathes -Luther's -lithosphere -lithosphere's -lithospheres -lithesome -loathsome -loathsomely -loathsomeness -loathsomeness's -lighthouse's -lighthouses -lithest -lathed -loathed -lightheaded -lighthearted -lightheartedly -lightheartedness -lightheartedness's -Lab -lab -labia -lb -lbw -lib -libber -Libby -LLB -lob -lobar -lobber -lobby -lobe -lowboy -lubber -lube -Liebfraumilch -Liebfraumilch's -Lubavitcher -Lubavitcher's -LBJ -Lubbock -LBJ's -Lubbock's -label -labial -labile -liable -libel -lubberly -Leblanc -Leblanc's -label's -labels -labial's -labials -libel's -libels -liability -liabilities -liability's -labium -Lubumbashi -Lubumbashi's -Lieberman -Lieberman's -labium's -Laban -lobbing -lowborn -lubing -laburnum -laburnum's -laburnums -Lebanon -Lebanon's -Laban's -Lebanese -Leibniz -Lebanese's -Leibniz's -Liberia -Libra -lowbrow -Libreville -Libreville's -LibreOffice -LibreOffice's -lawbreaker -lawbreaking -lawbreaking's -lubricant -lubricant's -lubricants -lawbreaker's -lawbreakers -lubricate -lubricator -lubricating -lubricates -lubricator's -lubricators -lubricated -lubrication -lubrication's -Liberal -liberal -liberally -liberalness -liberalness's -liberal's -liberals -liberalism -liberalism's -liberality -liberality's -Librium -Librium's -Liberian -labyrinth -labyrinthine -labyrinth's -labyrinths -Liberian's -Liberians -library -librarian -librarian's -librarians -librarianship -libraries -library's -laborious -Liberace -Liberia's -Libra's -Libras -lowbrow's -lowbrows -laboriously -laboriousness -laboriousness's -Liberace's -lubricious -lubriciously -lubricity -lubricity's -Labrador -liberate -liberator -libretto -liberating -laboratory -Labradorean -laboratories -laboratory's -Labrador's -Labradors -liberates -liberator's -liberators -libretto's -librettos -librettist -librettist's -librettists -liberated -liberation -liberation's -lab's -labs -lbs -libber's -libbers -Libby's -lib's -LLB's -lobber's -lobbers -lobbies -lobby's -lobe's -lobes -lob's -lobs -lowboy's -lowboys -lubber's -lubbers -lube's -lubes -Lebesgue -Lebesgue's -lobster -lobster's -lobsters -larboard -liberty -libido -lobbed -lobbied -lobed -lubed -lobotomy -lobotomies -lobotomy's -libertine -libidinal -libertine's -libertines -libidinous -libertarian -libertarian's -libertarians -larboard's -larboards -liberties -liberty's -libido's -libidos -Lobachevsky -Lobachevsky's -libation -libation's -libations -Libya -Libyan -lobbying -Libyan's -Libyans -Libya's -lobbyist -lobbyist's -lobbyists -larva -larvae -laugh -lav -lava -lave -leaf -leafier -leafy -leave -leaver -Leif -levee -lever -Levi -levier -Levy -levy -lief -liefer -life -lifer -LIFO -live -liver -Livia -Livy -loaf -Loafer -loafer -loofah -Love -love -lover -lovey -luff -lvi -lvii -Leviathan -leviathan -Leviathan's -leviathan's -leviathans -Lufthansa -Lufthansa's -lifebuoy -laughable -laughably -lovable -lovably -lovableness -lovableness's -lifebelt -lifeblood -livability -lifebelts -lifeblood's -livability's -lifebuoy's -lifebuoys -lifeboat -lovebird -lifeboat's -lifeboats -lovebird's -lovebirds -Lvov -lifeforms -Lvov's -lavage -leafage -Lovecraft -Lovecraft's -lavage's -leafage's -lifeguard -lifeguard's -lifeguards -larval -Laval -lawful -lawfully -level -levelly -livelier -lively -loophole -lovelier -lovely -livelihood -livelihood's -livelihoods -levelheaded -levelheadedness -levelheadedness's -lifelike -lifeline -lovelorn -lifelong -livelong -livelongs -lawfulness -lawfulness's -levelness -levelness's -lifeline's -lifelines -liveliness -liveliness's -loveliness -loveliness's -lavaliere -lavaliere's -lavalieres -Laval's -leafless -level's -levels -lifeless -loophole's -loopholes -Lovelace -loveless -lovelies -lovely's -lifelessly -lifelessness -lifelessness's -Lovelace's -liveliest -loveliest -leaflet -leafleting -leaflet's -leaflets -leafleted -lovemaking -lovemaking's -laughing -Lavern -Laverne -laving -Lavonne -leafing -leaven -leaving -Levine -liven -living -Livonia -loafing -loving -luffing -LVN -laughingly -lovingly -leavening -livening -leavening's -laughing's -Laverne's -Lavern's -Lavonne's -leaven's -leavens -leavings -leavings's -Levine's -livens -living's -livings -Livonia's -laughingstock -laughingstock's -laughingstocks -Livingston -Livingstone -Livingstone's -Livingston's -lavender -leavened -Levant -livened -lavender's -lavenders -Levant's -Leavenworth -Leavenworth's -Liverpool -Liverpool's -Liverpudlian -Liverpudlian's -Liverpudlians -livery -Louvre -leverage -leveraging -leverage's -leverages -leveraged -liveryman -liverymen -liveryman's -levering -liveries -livery's -Louvre's -levered -liveried -liverish -larva's -laugh's -laughs -lava's -laves -Lavoisier -lavs -leaf's -leafs -leaver's -leavers -leave's -leaves -Leif's -levee's -levees -lever's -levers -levier's -leviers -levies -Levi's -Levis -Levy's -levy's -lifer's -lifers -life's -liver's -livers -lives -Livia's -Livy's -Loafer's -Loafers -loafer's -loafers -loaf's -loafs -loaves -loofah's -loofahs -lover's -lovers -Love's -love's -loves -loveys -luffs -Luvs -Luvs's -lifesaver -lifesaving -lifesaving's -lifesaver's -lifesavers -Levesque -lovesick -Levesque's -lifespan -lifespans -Lavoisier's -leafiest -liefest -livest -livestock -livestock's -lifestyle -leafstalk -leafstalk's -leafstalks -lifestyle's -lifestyles -Lafitte -laughed -laughter -laved -leafed -leaved -Left -left -lefter -lefty -levied -Levitt -levity -lift -lifter -lived -livid -loafed -loft -loftier -lofty -loved -luffed -leftover -liftoff -leftover's -leftovers -liftoff's -liftoffs -Leviticus -Leviticus's -lividly -loftily -lifetime -lifetime's -lifetimes -leftmost -lifting -lofting -loftiness -loftiness's -lavatory -L'Ouverture -lavatorial -lavatories -lavatory's -L'Ouverture's -Lafitte's -laughter's -lefties -left's -lefts -lefty's -Levitt's -levity's -lifter's -lifters -lift's -lifts -loft's -lofts -leftism -leftism's -leftest -leftist -loftiest -leftist's -leftists -levitate -lifted -lofted -levitating -levitates -levitated -Luftwaffe -Luftwaffe's -leftward -leftwards -levitation -levitation's -lifework -lifework's -lifeworks -liveware -liverwurst -liverwurst's -liverwort -liverwort's -liverworts -lavish -lavisher -lavishly -lovechild -lovechild's -lavishing -lavishness -lavishness's -lavishes -lavishest -lavished -levying -Lafayette -Lafayette's -Lohengrin -Lohengrin's -Lahore -Lahore's -Lhasa -Lhasa's -Lhasas -Lhotse -Lhotse's -lac -lack -lackey -lacquer -lag -lager -lake -large -larger -largo -lark -LC -league -leak -Leakey -leakier -leaky -ledge -leek -leg -Leger -leggier -leggy -Lego -LG -lg -lick -Liege -liege -like -liker -liq -liqueur -liquor -lock -Locke -locker -loco -Lodge -lodge -log -loge -logger -loggia -logier -LOGO -logo -logy -Loki -look -looker -luck -luckier -lucky -lug -luge -Luger -lugger -Luigi -Luke -lurgy -lurk -lurker -logbook -logbook's -logbooks -legible -legibly -lockable -Ljubljana -Ljubljana's -legibility -legibility's -lugubrious -lugubriously -lugubriousness -lugubriousness's -lucubrate -lucubrating -lucubrates -lucubrated -lucubration -lucubration's -LGBT -lawgiver -liquefy -logoff -liquefaction -liquefaction's -locavore -lakefront -lakefronts -locavore's -locavores -lawgiver's -lawgivers -liquefies -logoff's -logoffs -liquefied -liquefying -Lockheed -loggerhead -Lockheed's -loggerhead's -loggerheads -largehearted -leakage -lockjaw -logic -luggage -logical -logically -logicality -logicality's -logjam -logjam's -logjams -leakage's -leakages -lockjaw's -logic's -luggage's -Lycurgus -Lycurgus's -largely -legal -legally -likelier -likely -local -locale -locally -luckily -lughole -likelihood -likelihood's -likelihoods -lookalike -lookalike's -lookalikes -likeliness -likeliness's -legalese -legal's -legals -legless -locale's -locales -local's -locals -luckless -lugholes -legalism -legalism's -legalisms -legalese's -likeliest -legalistic -legalistically -legality -locality -legalities -legality's -localities -locality's -LCM -legume -locum -leukemic -leukemic's -leukemics -legman -legmen -legman's -leguminous -ligament -ligament's -ligaments -legume's -legumes -locums -locomotive -locomotive's -locomotives -locomotion -locomotion's -lacking -lacuna -lacunae -lagging -lagoon -Laocoon -larking -leaguing -leaking -legging -Leghorn -leghorn -legion -licking -liken -liking -Lockean -locking -Logan -logging -login -logon -looking -lucking -Lucknow -lugging -lurking -loganberry -loganberries -loganberry's -laconic -laconically -lignin -likening -lagniappe -lagniappe's -lagniappes -legionary -legionnaire -legionaries -legionary's -legionnaire's -legionnaires -lacuna's -lagging's -lagoon's -lagoons -Laocoon's -largeness -largeness's -leakiness -leakiness's -legginess -legginess's -legging's -leggings -Leghorn's -leghorn's -leghorns -legion's -legions -licking's -lickings -ligneous -likeness -likeness's -likens -liking's -Lockean's -Logan's -logging's -login's -logins -logon's -logons -luckiness -luckiness's -Lucknow's -likenesses -legend -lignite -likened -lorgnette -legendary -Legendre -legendarily -Legendre's -legend's -legends -lignite's -lorgnette's -lorgnettes -lockup -lookup -lockup's -lockups -Legree -lucre -Lycra -logarithm -logarithmic -logarithm's -logarithms -logrolling -logrolling's -legroom -legroom's -legrooms -lacquering -liquoring -Lagrange -Lagrangian -Lagrangian's -Lagrange's -lacrosse -Legree's -lucre's -Lycra's -lacrosse's -licorices -lacquered -liquored -lucrative -lucratively -lucrativeness -lucrativeness's -Lucretius -Lucretius's -Lucretia -Lucretia's -lackey's -lackeys -lack's -lacks -lacquer's -lacquers -lac's -lager's -lagers -Lagos -Lagos's -lag's -lags -Lajos -Lajos's -lake's -lakes -large's -larges -largess -largess's -largo's -largos -lark's -larks -lax -laxer -league's -leagues -Leakey's -leak's -leaks -ledge's -ledges -leek's -leeks -legacy -Leger's -Lego's -leg's -legs -lexer -LG's -lick's -licks -Liege's -liege's -lieges -like's -likes -liqueur's -liqueurs -liquor's -liquors -lix -locker's -lockers -Locke's -lock's -locks -locos -locus -locus's -Lodge's -lodge's -lodges -loge's -loges -logger's -loggers -loggia's -loggias -logo's -logos -log's -logs -Loki's -looker's -lookers -look's -looks -lox -Lucas -Lucas's -luck's -lucks -Luger's -luges -lugger's -luggers -Lugosi -lug's -lugs -Luigi's -Luke's -lurkers -lurks -lux -lxi -lxii -LyX -lxiv -lxvi -lxvii -lxix -lexicographer -lexicography -lexicographic -lexicographical -lexicographer's -lexicographers -lexicography's -lexical -lexicon -lexicon's -lexicons -laxly -lugsail -lugsail's -lugsails -legislate -legislator -legislative -legislatively -legislating -legislature -legislature's -legislatures -legislates -legislator's -legislators -legislated -legislation -legislation's -locksmith -locksmith's -locksmiths -Luxembourg -Luxembourger -Luxembourgian -Luxembourger's -Luxembourgers -Luxembourg's -laxness -laxness's -Lexington -Lexington's -larkspur -larkspur's -larkspurs -luxury -luxuriance -luxuriance's -luxuriant -luxuriantly -luxuries -luxurious -luxury's -luxuriously -luxuriousness -luxuriousness's -luxuriate -luxuriating -luxuriates -luxuriated -luxuriation -luxuriation's -legacies -legacy's -lexers -lexis -Lexus -Lexus's -loquacious -lox's -Lugosi's -LyX's -loquaciously -loquaciousness -loquaciousness's -laxest -lakeside -largest -laxity -leakiest -leggiest -leukocyte -likest -locust -logiest -loquacity -luckiest -laxative -laxative's -laxatives -logistic -logistical -logistically -logistics -logistics's -lockstep -lockstep's -laxity's -leukocyte's -leukocytes -locust's -locusts -loquacity's -lacked -laggard -lagged -Lakota -larked -LCD -leagued -leaked -Learjet -legate -legatee -legato -legged -legit -licked -ligate -liked -liquid -locate -locator -locked -locket -lockout -lodged -logged -logout -looked -lookout -lucked -lugged -lurked -lactic -lacteal -laggardly -leucotomy -legerdemain -legerdemain's -legitimacy -leucotomies -legitimacy's -legitimate -legitimately -legitimating -legitimates -legitimated -lectern -ligating -locating -lectern's -lecterns -logotype -logotype's -logotypes -lecture -lecturer -ligature -lecturing -ligaturing -lecturer's -lecturers -lecture's -lectures -ligature's -ligatures -lectured -ligatured -lectureship -lectureship's -lectureships -lactose -laggard's -laggards -Lakota's -LCD's -Learjet's -legatee's -legatees -legate's -legates -legato's -legatos -ligates -liquid's -liquids -locates -locator's -locators -locket's -lockets -lockout's -lockouts -logout's -logouts -lookout's -lookouts -lackadaisical -lackadaisically -lactose's -lactate -ligated -liquidate -liquidator -liquidity -located -lactating -liquidating -lactates -liquidates -liquidator's -liquidators -liquidity's -lactated -liquidated -lactation -liquidation -lactation's -liquidation's -liquidations -legwork -legwork's -legwarmer -lukewarm -lukewarmly -lukewarmness -lukewarmness's -legwarmers -likewise -Lakewood -Lockwood -locoweed -Lockwood's -locoweed's -locoweeds -Lakeisha -Lakisha -largish -Lakshmi -Lakshmi's -legation -ligation -location -locution -logician -legation's -legations -ligation's -location's -locations -locution's -locutions -logician's -logicians -Lakeisha's -Lakisha's -Layla -Leila -Lela -Lelia -Leola -Lila -Lilia -Lille -Lillie -Lilly -lilo -Lily -lily -Lola -loll -lolly -Louella -lowlier -lowly -Luella -Lula -lull -Lully -Lulu -lulu -Lyle -Lyly -Lilith -Lilith's -lullaby -Lollobrigida -Lollobrigida's -lullabies -lullaby's -lowlife -lowlife's -lowlifes -lilac -lollygag -lollygagging -lollygags -lollygagged -Liliuokalani -Liliuokalani's -lilac's -lilacs -lolcat -lolcat's -lolcats -Lilian -Liliana -Lillian -lolling -lulling -Lilongwe -Lilongwe's -Liliana's -Lilian's -Lillian's -lowliness -lowliness's -Leland -lowland -lowlander -Leland's -lowlander's -lowlanders -Lowlands -lowland's -lowlands -lollop -lolloping -lollipop -lollipop's -lollipops -lollops -Lilliput -lolloped -Lilliput's -Lilliputian -lilliputian -Lilliputian's -Lilliputians -lawless -Layla's -Leila's -Lela's -Lelia's -Leola's -Lila's -Lilia's -lilies -Lille's -Lillie's -Lilly's -lilos -Lily's -lily's -Lola's -lollies -lolls -Louella's -Luella's -Lula's -lull's -lulls -Lully's -Lulu's -lulus -Lyle's -Lyly's -lawlessly -lawlessness -lawlessness's -lowliest -lilt -Lolita -Lollard -lolled -lulled -lilting -lilt's -lilts -Lolita's -Lollard's -lilted -lam -lama -Lamar -Lamb -lamb -lame -lamer -L'Amour -lemma -lemme -lemur -Lima -limb -lime -limey -limier -limo -limy -llama -loam -loamier -loamy -Lome -loom -Lyme -Limbaugh -limber -Limbo -limbo -lumbar -lumber -Limburger -lumbago -lumberjack -lumberjack's -lumberjacks -lambkin -Lamborghini -lambkin's -lambkins -Lamborghini's -Limburger's -lumbago's -limbless -lumberman -lumbermen -lumberman's -lambing -lambency -limberness -limberness's -lambency's -lambent -lambently -lumberer -lamebrain -limbering -lumbering -lamebrain's -lamebrains -lumbering's -lamebrained -lumberer's -lumberers -Lambrusco -Lambrusco's -limbered -lumbered -lumberyard -lumberyard's -lumberyards -Lamb's -lamb's -lambs -Limbaugh's -limbers -limbo's -limbos -limb's -limbs -lumber's -lumbers -lambskin -lambskin's -lambskins -lambaste -lambasting -lambastes -lambasted -lambswool -lambada -lambda -lambed -Lambert -Lombard -Lombardi -Lombardy -lambada's -lambadas -lambda's -lambdas -Lambert's -Lombardi's -Lombard's -Lombardy's -lymph -lymphoma -lymphoma's -lymphomas -lymph's -lymphocyte -lymphocyte's -lymphocytes -lymphoid -lymphatic -lymphatic's -lymphatics -Lamarck -lawmaker -lawmaking -lawmaking's -Lamarck's -lawmaker's -lawmakers -Limoges -Limoges's -lummox -lummoxes -lummox's -lamely -Lemuel -Lemuel's -limelight -limelight's -lamina -laminae -laminar -laming -lamming -lawman -lawmen -layman -laymen -Lehman -lemming -lemon -lemony -liming -limn -looming -lumen -Lyman -lemongrass -limning -luminary -luminaries -luminary's -lameness -lameness's -lamina's -lawman's -layman's -Lehman's -lemming's -lemmings -lemon's -lemons -limns -luminous -Lyman's -luminously -luminescence -luminescence's -luminescent -luminosity -luminosity's -lament -laminate -Lamont -lemonade -limned -lamentable -lamentably -lamenting -laminating -lament's -laments -laminate's -laminates -Lamont's -lemonade's -lemonades -lamented -laminated -lamentation -Lamentations -lamentation's -lamentations -lamination -lamination's -lamp -limp -limper -lump -lumpier -lumpy -lampblack -lampblack's -lumpectomy -lumpectomies -limply -lamplight -lamplighter -lamplighter's -lamplighters -lamplight's -lampoon -limping -lumpen -lumping -lampooning -lampoon's -lampoons -limpness -limpness's -lumpiness -lumpiness's -lampooned -Limpopo -Limpopo's -lamprey -lamprey's -lampreys -lamp's -lamps -limp's -limps -lump's -lumps -lamppost -limpest -lumpiest -lamppost's -lampposts -limped -limpet -limpid -lumped -limpidly -limpidness -limpidness's -limpet's -limpets -limpidity -limpidity's -lumpish -lampshade -lampshade's -lampshades -Lemuria -limerick -limerick's -limericks -Lemuria's -Lamar's -lama's -lamas -Lamaze -lamers -lame's -lames -L'Amour's -lam's -lams -lemmas -lemur's -lemurs -Lima's -lime's -limes -limeys -limo's -limos -llama's -llamas -loam's -Lome's -loom's -looms -Lyme's -limescale -Lamaism -Lamaism's -Lamaisms -Limousin -limousine -limousine's -limousines -Limousin's -lamasery -lamaseries -lamasery's -Lamaze's -lamest -limiest -loamiest -limestone -limestone's -lamed -lammed -limeade -limed -limit -limiter -loomed -limitless -limitlessness -limitlessness's -limiting -limitings -Lemaitre -Lemaitre's -limeade's -limeades -limiter's -limiters -limit's -limits -limited -limitation -limitation's -limitations -lain -LAN -Lana -Lanai -lanai -Lane -lane -Lanny -lawn -Lean -lean -leaner -Leann -Leanna -Leanne -learn -learner -Len -Lena -Lenny -Leno -Lenoir -Leon -Leona -Leonor -Lerner -lien -Lin -Lina -line -linear -liner -ling -linger -lingo -lino -lion -llano -Ln -loan -loaner -loin -Lon -lone -loner -Lonnie -loon -loonie -loonier -loony -lorn -Lorna -Luann -Luna -lunar -Lynn -Lynne -lanthanum -lanthanum's -linebacker -linebacker's -linebackers -L'Enfant -linefeed -lionhearted -Lang -languor -lank -Lanka -lanker -lankier -lanky -linage -lineage -link -linker -LNG -Long -long -longer -longhair -longueur -lounge -lounger -lung -lunge -length -lengthier -lengthy -lengthily -lengthen -lengthening -lengthens -lengthiness -lengthiness's -lengthened -length's -lengths -lengthiest -lengthwise -longbow -longbow's -longbows -longboat -longboat's -longboats -Leoncavallo -Longfellow -lungful -Leoncavallo's -Longfellow's -lungfuls -longevity -longevity's -lungfish -lungfishes -lungfish's -Langerhans -Langerhans's -lunkhead -lunkhead's -lunkheads -language -linkage -language's -languages -linkage's -linkages -Langley -lankly -Longueuil -loincloth -loincloth's -loincloths -Lincoln -Lincoln's -Lincolns -Langland -Langland's -Langley's -Langmuir -linkman -linkmen -Langmuir's -Lankan -linking -longhorn -longing -lounging -lunging -longingly -Lankan's -lankiness -lankiness's -lankness -lankness's -longhorn's -longhorns -longing's -longings -longhand -longhand's -linkup -linkup's -linkups -languorous -languorously -Lang's -languor's -languors -Lanka's -linage's -lineage's -lineages -link's -links -Linux -longhair's -longhairs -longhouse -Long's -long's -longs -longueur's -longueurs -lounger's -loungers -lounge's -lounges -lunge's -lunges -lung's -lungs -lynx -Linuxes -Linux's -longhouses -lynxes -lynx's -Lancaster -lankest -lankiest -longest -longstanding -Longstreet -Longstreet's -Lancaster's -longsighted -languid -linked -longed -lounged -lunged -languidly -longtime -languidness -languidness's -longitude -longitudinal -longitudinally -longitude's -longitudes -longways -languish -longish -languishing -Lancashire -longshoreman -longshoremen -longshoreman's -Lancashire's -languishes -languished -Leonel -lineal -lineally -linearly -lingual -Lionel -lonelier -lonely -linoleum -linoleum's -lanolin -lanolin's -loneliness -loneliness's -Leonel's -Lionel's -loneliest -lineman -linemen -lineman's -lineament -liniment -lineament's -lineaments -liniment's -liniments -lawnmower -lawnmower's -lawnmowers -leaning -learning -Lenin -Lennon -leonine -linen -linguine -lining -loaning -Leningrad -Leningrad's -leaning's -leanings -learning's -lenience -leniency -Lenin's -Lennon's -linen's -linens -linens's -linguine's -lining's -linings -Leninism -Leninism's -lenience's -leniency's -Leninist -Leninist's -lenient -leniently -lineup -lineup's -lineups -Lenora -Lenore -lingerer -lingerie -lingering -lingeringly -lingerings -Lenora's -Lenore's -lingerer's -lingerers -lingerie's -linearity -lingered -linearity's -Lanai's -lanai's -lanais -Lana's -Lance -lance -lancer -Lane's -lane's -lanes -Lanny's -LAN's -lawn's -lawns -Leanna's -Leanne's -leanness -leanness's -Leann's -Lean's -lean's -leans -learner's -learners -learns -Lena's -Lenny's -Lenoir's -Leno's -Len's -lens -lens's -Leona's -Leonor's -Leon's -Lerner's -lien's -liens -Lina's -liner's -liners -line's -lines -lingers -lingoes -lingo's -ling's -lings -Linnaeus -Linnaeus's -Lin's -Linus -Linus's -lioness -lioness's -lion's -lions -llano's -llanos -loaner's -loaners -loan's -loans -loin's -loins -loner's -loners -Lonnie's -Lon's -loonie's -loonies -loon's -loons -loony's -Lorna's -lowness -lowness's -Luann's -lunacy -Luna's -Lynne's -Lynn's -Lanzhou -Lanzhou's -Lancelot -Lancelot's -lonesome -lonesomely -linesman -linesmen -linesman's -lonesomeness -lonesomeness's -lancing -Lansing -Lansing's -lancer's -lancers -Lance's -lance's -lances -lenses -lionesses -lunacies -lunacy's -lanced -lancet -leanest -linguist -linseed -looniest -linguistic -linguistically -linguistics -linguistics's -lancet's -lancets -linguist's -linguists -linseed's -Land -land -landau -lander -launder -Leander -leaned -learned -Lenard -lend -lender -Lent -lent -lento -Leonard -Leonardo -Leonid -Lind -Linda -Lindy -lined -linnet -lint -lintier -linty -loaned -Luanda -Lynda -Lynette -Lynnette -Lindbergh -Lindbergh's -lenitive -landfall -landfill -landfall's -landfalls -landfill's -landfills -landholder -landholding -landholding's -landholdings -landholder's -landholders -lunatic -lunatic's -lunatics -learnedly -lentil -lintel -landlubber -landlubber's -landlubbers -landlocked -landline -landline's -landlines -landless -landless's -lentil's -lentils -lintel's -lintels -landlady -landlord -landladies -landlady's -landlord's -landlords -landmark -landmark's -landmarks -landmine -landmines -landmass -landmass's -landmasses -landing -Landon -landowner -lantern -lending -Lenten -linden -linting -Linton -London -Londoner -Lyndon -landowning -landowning's -landownings -landing's -landings -Landon's -landowner's -landowners -lantern's -lanterns -Lenten's -linden's -lindens -Linton's -Londoner's -Londoners -London's -Lyndon's -landownership -Linotype -Linotype's -Landry -launderer -laundry -laundryman -laundrymen -laundryman's -Laundromat -laundromat -Laundromat's -laundromat's -laundromats -laundering -Landry's -launderer's -launderers -laundress -laundress's -laundries -laundry's -laundresses -laundered -launderette -launderette's -launderettes -laundrywoman -laundrywomen -laundrywoman's -landau's -landaus -Land's -land's -lands -launders -Leander's -Lenard's -lender's -lenders -lends -Lent's -Lents -Leonardo's -Leonard's -Leonidas -Leonidas's -Leonid's -Linda's -Lind's -Lindsay -Lindsey -Lindy's -linnet's -linnets -lint's -lints -Luanda's -Lynda's -Lynette's -Lynnette's -landscape -landscaper -landscaping -landscaper's -landscapers -landscape's -landscapes -landscaped -landslip -landslips -landslid -landslide -landsliding -landslide's -landslides -landsman -landsmen -landsman's -Lindsay's -Lindsey's -Landsat -lintiest -Landsteiner -Landsteiner's -Landsat's -landed -linted -landward -landwards -Linwood -loanword -Linwood's -loanword's -loanwords -launch -launcher -lunch -Lynch -lynch -lyncher -lunchbox -lunchboxes -loansharking -loansharking's -launching -luncheon -lunching -lynching -luncheon's -luncheons -lynching's -lynchings -luncheonette -luncheonette's -luncheonettes -linchpin -linchpin's -linchpins -launchpad -launchpad's -launchpads -lunchroom -lunchroom's -lunchrooms -launcher's -launchers -launches -launch's -lunches -lunch's -lyncher's -lynchers -lynches -Lynch's -launched -lunched -lynched -lunchtime -lunchtime's -lunchtimes -lanyard -lanyard's -lanyards -lap -Lapp -leap -leaper -leper -lip -Lippi -lippy -loop -loopier -loopy -lop -lope -LP -Lupe -lapboard -lapboard's -lapboards -leapfrog -leapfrogging -leapfrog's -leapfrogs -leapfrogged -Lepke -LPG -Lupercalia -Lupercalia's -Lepke's -lapel -Lapland -Laplander -Lapland's -lapel's -lapels -Laplace -Laplace's -Leopold -Leopoldo -Leopoldo's -Leopold's -Lippmann -Lippmann's -lapin -lapping -leaping -looping -loping -lopping -LPN -lupine -lapin's -lapins -LPN's -LPNs -laypeople -leprosy -leprous -laparoscopy -laparoscopic -leprosy's -lipread -lipreader -laparotomy -lipreading -lipreading's -lipreader's -lipreads -leprechaun -leprechaun's -leprechauns -Lapp's -Lapps -lap's -laps -lapse -leaper's -leapers -leap's -leaps -leper's -lepers -Lepus -Lepus's -Lippi's -lip's -lips -loop's -loops -lope's -lopes -Lopez -lops -LP's -Lupe's -Lupus -lupus -Lupus's -lupus's -Leipzig -Lipscomb -Lipscomb's -Leipzig's -liposuction -liposuction's -lapsing -layperson -Lipizzaner -layperson's -laypersons -Lipizzaner's -lapse's -lapses -Lopez's -lapsed -loopiest -lipstick -lipsticking -lipstick's -lipsticks -lipsticked -lopsided -lopsidedly -lopsidedness -lopsidedness's -lapped -lappet -leopard -lepta -lipid -lipped -looped -loped -lopped -lapdog -lapdog's -lapdogs -lepton -Lipton -lepton's -leptons -Lipton's -laptop -laptop's -laptops -lapidary -lapidaries -lapidary's -lappet's -lappets -leopardess -leopardess's -leopard's -leopards -Lepidus -Lepidus's -lipid's -lipids -leopardesses -lapwing -lapwing's -lapwings -Lara -Larry -Laura -Lauri -Laurie -Leary -leerier -leery -Leroy -lira -lire -Loire -Lora -lore -Lori -Lorie -Lorre -Lorrie -lorry -Lr -lure -Luria -Lyra -lyre -lyrebird -lyrebird's -lyrebirds -lyric -lyrical -lyrically -lyric's -lyrics -Laurel -laurel -L'Oreal -Lorelei -Laurel's -laurel's -laurels -L'Oreal's -Lorelei's -Laramie -Laramie's -Lauren -leering -Loraine -Loren -Lorena -Lorene -Lorraine -louring -luring -laryngeal -larynges -larynx -larynx's -laryngitis -laryngitis's -Laurence -Lauren's -Lawrence -leeriness -leeriness's -Loraine's -Lorena's -Lorene's -Loren's -Lorenz -Lorenzo -Lorraine's -lawrencium -lawrencium's -Laurence's -Lawrence's -Lorenzo's -Lorenz's -Laurent -Laurent's -Lorentz -Lorentz's -Lara's -Larousse -Larry's -Laura's -Laurie's -Lauri's -Leary's -Leroy's -lira's -Loire's -Lora's -lore's -Lorie's -Lori's -loris -loris's -Lorre's -Lorrie's -lorries -lorry's -lure's -lures -Luria's -Lyra's -lyre's -lyres -Larousse's -lorises -lyricism -lyricism's -lyricist -lyricist's -lyricists -leeriest -Laredo -lariat -laureate -leered -Loretta -loured -lured -lurid -luridly -luridness -luridness's -Laredo's -lariat's -lariats -laureate's -laureates -Loretta's -laureateship -laureateship's -Laurasia -Laurasia's -lace -Lacey -lacier -Lacy -lacy -lair's -lairs -Laius -Laius's -Lao's -Laos -Laos's -Lars -Lars's -La's -Las -la's -lase -laser -lass -Lassa -Lassie -lassie -lasso -lass's -Laue's -law's -laws -lay's -lays -laze -lazier -lazy -Leah's -Lear's -Lea's -lea's -leas -lease -leaser -leer's -leers -Lee's -lee's -lees -Leigh's -lei's -leis -Leo's -Leos -Le's -Les -Lesa -Les's -less -lessee -lesser -Lessie -lessor -less's -Lew's -liaise -liar's -liars -lice -Lie's -lie's -lies -lieu's -Li's -Lisa -Liz -Liza -Lizzie -Lizzy -loci -Loews -Loews's -Lois -Lois's -loos -loose -looser -Los -lose -loser -loss -loss's -loughs -Louie's -Louis -Louisa -Louise -Louis's -lours -Lou's -louse -lousier -lousy -low's -lows -L's -ls -luau's -luaus -Luce -Lucio -Lucy -Luis -Luisa -Luis's -Lu's -Luz -Wylie's -Lesotho -lecithin -lecithin's -Lesotho's -leaseback -leaseback's -leasebacks -lesbian -Lisbon -lazybones -lazybones's -lesbian's -lesbians -Lisbon's -lesbianism -lesbianism's -Lucifer -Louisville -Louisville's -lascivious -Lucifer's -lasciviously -lasciviousness -lasciviousness's -leasehold -leaseholder -leaseholder's -leaseholders -leasehold's -leaseholds -Lusaka -Lascaux -Lissajous -Lissajous's -Lusaka's -Lascaux's -lazily -Lesley -Leslie -lisle -loosely -lousily -Lucile -Lucille -Lysol -Lesley's -Leslie's -lisle's -lossless -Lucile's -Lucille's -Lysol's -lyceum -lyceum's -lyceums -lacing -larceny -Larsen -Larson -lasing -Lassen -lassoing -Lawson -lazing -leasing -lessen -lesson -leucine -liaising -liaison -loosen -loosing -losing -lousing -Lucien -Luzon -lozenge -Lysenko -lozenge's -lozenges -Lysenko's -lessening -loosening -larcenies -larcenous -larceny's -Larsen's -Larson's -Lassen's -Lawson's -laziness -laziness's -lessens -lesson's -lessons -liaison's -liaisons -license -licensee -looseness -looseness's -loosens -losing's -losings -lousiness -lousiness's -Lucien's -Luzon's -licensing -licensee's -licensees -licenses -larcenist -licensed -larcenist's -larcenists -lessened -loosened -Lucinda -Lucinda's -licentious -licentiously -licentiousness -licentiousness's -licentiate -licentiate's -licentiates -lisp -lisper -lisping -Lesseps -Lesseps's -lisper's -lispers -lisp's -lisps -lisped -Lazaro -leisure -leisurely -leisureliness -leisureliness's -Lazaro's -Lazarus -Lazarus's -leisure's -lacerate -leisured -lacerating -lacerates -lacerated -leisurewear -leisurewear's -laceration -laceration's -lacerations -lace's -laces -Lacey's -Lacy's -laser's -lasers -lases -Lassa's -lasses -Lassie's -lassie's -lassies -lasso's -lassos -laze's -lazes -lazies -leaser's -leasers -lease's -leases -Lesa's -lessee's -lessees -Lessie's -lessor's -lessors -liaises -Lisa's -Liza's -Liz's -Lizzie's -Lizzy's -looses -loser's -losers -loses -losses -Louisa's -Louise's -louse's -louses -Luce's -Lucio's -Lucius -Lucius's -Lucy's -Luisa's -luscious -Luz's -lusciously -lysosomal -lysosomes -lusciousness -lusciousness's -laciest -laziest -Leicester -Liszt -loosest -lousiest -Lysistrata -Lysistrata's -Leicester's -Leicesters -Liszt's -laced -lased -lassoed -last -lawsuit -lazed -lazied -leased -least -lest -Lester -liaised -licit -list -Lister -lizard -loosed -lost -loused -LSAT -LSD -lucid -Lucite -lust -lustier -lusty -lustful -lustfully -lastly -licitly -lucidly -lustily -listless -listlessly -listlessness -listlessness's -lasting -listen -listener -listing -Liston -Lusitania -lusting -listenable -lastingly -listening -listener's -listeners -listen's -listens -listing's -listings -Liston's -lucidness -lucidness's -Lusitania's -lustiness -lustiness's -listened -listeria -Listerine -Listerine's -lustrous -lustrously -Lestrade -Lestrade's -last's -lasts -lawsuit's -lawsuits -least's -Lester's -Lister's -list's -lists -lizard's -lizards -LSD's -Lucite's -Lucites -lust's -lusts -lustiest -lassitude -lasted -listed -lucidity -lusted -lassitude's -lucidity's -leastwise -lacework -lacework's -lacewing -lacewing's -lacewings -lazying -lad -ladder -laddie -lade -Lady -lady -laid -laird -laity -lard -larder -lardier -lardy -Lat -lat -late -later -latte -latter -Laud -laud -Lauder -lead -leader -LED -led -Leda -let -Leta -letter -lewd -lewder -lid -Lidia -lido -lied -lieder -Lieut -light -lighter -lit -lite -litter -LLD -Lloyd -load -loader -lode -loiter -loot -looter -Lord -lord -Lot -lot -Lott -Lottie -lotto -loud -louder -lout -Loyd -Lt -ludo -lute -Lydia -ladybug -Lederberg -litterbug -ladybug's -ladybugs -Lederberg's -letterbox -litterbug's -litterbugs -letterboxes -laudable -laudably -Leadbelly -loadable -Leadbelly's -letterbomb -letterbombs -ladybird -ladybird's -ladybirds -Latvia -ladyfinger -Latvian -ladyfinger's -ladyfingers -Latvian's -Latvians -Latvia's -lightface -lightface's -lightfaced -loudhailer -loudhailer's -loudhailers -Ludhiana -Ludhiana's -letterhead -letterhead's -letterheads -Ladoga -LDC -ledger -liturgy -lodger -liturgical -liturgically -latecomer -latecomer's -latecomers -lodging -lodging's -lodgings -lodgings's -litigant -litigant's -litigants -ludicrous -ludicrously -ludicrousness -ludicrousness's -Ladoga's -latex -ledger's -ledgers -litigious -liturgies -liturgy's -lodger's -lodgers -litigiousness -litigiousness's -latex's -liturgist -liturgist's -liturgists -litigate -litigator -litigating -litigates -litigator's -litigators -litigated -litigation -litigation's -ladle -lately -latterly -lewdly -lightly -Little -little -littler -lordlier -lordly -loudly -ladylove -ladylove's -ladyloves -ladylike -ladling -littleness -littleness's -lordliness -lordliness's -ladle's -ladles -leaderless -lidless -Little's -little's -littlest -lordliest -ladled -loudmouth -loudmouth's -loudmouths -loudmouthed -Letterman -Letterman's -litmus -litmus's -leitmotif -leitmotiv -leitmotif's -leitmotifs -leitmotiv's -leitmotivs -laden -lading -Ladonna -larding -Lardner -Latin -Latina -Latiner -Latino -lauding -leaden -leading -Leiden -letting -lighten -lightener -lighting -litany -Litton -loading -looting -lording -lowdown -Lydian -laudanum -laudanum's -lightening -lightning -lieutenancy -lightning's -lightnings -lieutenancy's -lieutenant -lightninged -lieutenant's -lieutenants -lading's -ladings -Ladonna's -Lardner's -latency -lateness -lateness's -Latino's -Latinos -Latin's -Latins -leading's -Leiden's -lettings -lewdness -lewdness's -lightener's -lighteners -lightens -lighting's -lightness -lightness's -litanies -litany's -Litton's -loading's -looting's -loudness -loudness's -lowdown's -Lydian's -Lydians -latency's -lutanist -lutenist -lutanist's -lutanists -lutenist's -lutenists -latent -lightened -Latonya -Latonya's -letup -lightproof -letterpress -letterpress's -letup's -letups -letterer -litterer -loiterer -lottery -Latrobe -Latrobe's -laetrile -lateral -laterally -literal -literally -littoral -lateraling -literalness -literalness's -laetrile's -lateral's -laterals -literal's -literals -littoral's -littorals -lateraled -laddering -Lateran -latrine -lettering -littering -loitering -Lateran's -latrine's -latrines -lettering's -loitering's -literary -literariness -literariness's -letterer's -letterers -literacy -litterer's -litterers -loiterer's -loiterers -lotteries -lottery's -literacy's -laddered -lettered -literate -literati -littered -loitered -literately -literature -literature's -literate's -literates -literati's -ladder's -ladders -laddie's -laddies -lades -ladies -lad's -lads -Lady's -lady's -laird's -lairds -laity's -larder's -larders -lard's -lards -Lat's -lats -latter's -latte's -lattes -lattice -Lauder's -Laud's -laud's -lauds -leader's -leaders -lead's -leads -Leda's -LED's -Leeds -Leeds's -Leta's -let's -lets -letter's -letters -lettuce -Lidia's -lido's -lidos -lid's -lids -lied's -lighter's -lighters -light's -lights -litter's -litters -LLD's -Lloyd's -loader's -loaders -load's -loads -lode's -lodes -Lodz -loiters -looter's -looters -loot's -loots -Lord's -Lords -lord's -lords -Lot's -lot's -lots -Lottie's -lotto's -Lott's -lotus -lotus's -Lourdes -Lourdes's -lout's -louts -Loyd's -lute's -lutes -Lydia's -loudspeaker -loudspeaker's -loudspeakers -latices -lattice's -lattices -lettuce's -lettuces -Lodz's -lotuses -lardiest -latest -latticed -lewdest -lightest -lodestar -loudest -lodestone -lodestone's -lodestones -latest's -lodestar's -lodestars -latticework -latticework's -latticeworks -laded -larded -lauded -leaded -leotard -lidded -lighted -loaded -looted -lorded -Ltd -ltd -Luddite -lutetium -lutetium's -letdown -letdown's -letdowns -laudatory -leotard's -leotards -litotes -litotes's -Luddite's -Luddites -latitude -latitudinal -latitudinarian -latitudinarian's -latitudinarians -latitude's -latitudes -Ludwig -Ludwig's -lightweight -lightweight's -lightweights -laddish -Latasha -latish -Latisha -Leticia -Letitia -loutish -loutishly -laddishness -loutishness -Ladyship -ladyship -leadership -lightship -Lordship -lordship -Ladyship's -Ladyships -ladyship's -ladyships -leadership's -leaderships -lightship's -lightships -Lordship's -Lordships -lordship's -lordships -Latasha's -Latisha's -Leticia's -Letitia's -Latoya -Latoya's -leeway -Loewe -Loewi -Lowe -lower -lowercase -lowercase's -Lowell -Llewellyn -Llewellyn's -Lowell's -laywoman -laywomen -laywoman's -lowermost -lowing -Lowenbrau -Lowenbrau's -Leeuwenhoek -Leeuwenhoek's -Lewinsky -Lewinsky's -Lawanda -Lawanda's -Lowery -lowering -Lowery's -lowered -leeway's -Lewis -Lewis's -Loewe's -Loewi's -lowers -Lowe's -lowest -Leeward -leeward -lowed -Leeward's -leeward's -leewards -lowish -larch -lash -latch -Leach -leach -leash -lech -lecher -leech -litchi -louche -Lucia -lurch -lush -lusher -latchkey -latchkey's -latchkeys -lychgate -lychgates -lushly -Laotian -lashing -latching -leaching -leashing -leching -leeching -lesion -lichen -lotion -Louisiana -Lucian -Luciano -lurching -Lochinvar -Lochinvar's -Louisianan -Louisianian -Louisianan's -Louisianans -Louisianian's -Louisianians -Laotian's -Laotians -lashing's -lashings -lesion's -lesions -lichen's -lichens -lotion's -lotions -Louisiana's -Luciano's -Lucian's -lushness -lushness's -lechery -lachrymal -lachrymose -lecherous -lechery's -lecherously -lecherousness -lecherousness's -larches -larch's -lashes -lash's -latches -latch's -leaches -Leach's -leashes -leash's -lecher's -lechers -leches -lech's -leeches -leech's -litchi's -litchis -Lucia's -lurches -lurch's -lushes -lush's -Lachesis -Lachesis's -lushest -lashed -latched -leached -leashed -leched -leeched -lurched -Lichtenstein -Liechtenstein -Liechtensteiner -Lichtenstein's -Liechtensteiner's -Liechtensteiners -Liechtenstein's -lawyer -layer -lye -layabout -layabouts -layoff -layover -layoff's -layoffs -layover's -layovers -loyal -loyaler -loyally -Loyola -Lyell -Lyallpur -Loyola's -Lyell's -loyalism -loyalism's -loyalest -loyalist -loyalist's -loyalists -loyalty -loyalties -loyalty's -Layamon -Layamon's -laying -lying -Lyon -Loyang -Loyang's -lying's -Lyon's -Lyons -Lyons's -layup -layup's -layups -layering -layering's -layered -lawyer's -lawyers -layer's -layers -lye's -layette -layout -layette's -layettes -layout's -layouts -layaway -layaway's -M -m -MA -ma -Mae -Mai -Mao -Mar -mar -Maui -maw -May -may -ME -Me -me -meh -Meier -Meir -mew -MI -mi -MIA -Mia -Mir -MM -mm -Mme -MO -Mo -mo -Moe -moi -moo -Moor -moor -moue -mow -mu -Muir -MW -my -Wm -Ymir -Martha -Mather -Mathew -Matthew -meth -mirth -moth -mother -mouth -Mouthe -mouthier -mouthy -myth -mothball -mothballing -mothball's -mothballs -mothballed -motherboard -motherboard's -motherboards -motherfucker -motherfucking -motherfucker's -motherfuckers -mirthful -mirthfully -mouthfeel -mouthful -mirthfulness -mirthfulness's -mouthful's -mouthfuls -motherhood -motherhood's -mythic -mythical -methyl -motherly -mythology -mythological -mythologies -mythology's -mythologist -mythologist's -mythologists -motherliness -motherliness's -motherland -motherland's -motherlands -methyl's -mirthless -motherless -mirthlessly -Merthiolate -Merthiolate's -methamphetamine -methamphetamine's -mathematical -mathematically -mathematics -mathematics's -mathematician -mathematician's -mathematicians -methane -mouthing -methinks -methanol -methanol's -methane's -mouthiness -mouthiness's -mouthpiece -mouthpiece's -mouthpieces -Mithra -mothering -Mithra's -mothered -Mithridates -Mithridates's -Martha's -Mather's -Mathew's -Mathews -Mathews's -Mathias -Mathias's -Mathis -Mathis's -Matthew's -Matthews -Matthews's -Matthias -Matthias's -meths -mirth's -mother's -mothers -moth's -moths -Mouthe's -mouth's -mouths -myth's -myths -Methuselah -Methuselah's -Mathewson -Mathewson's -mouthiest -meathead -method -methought -mouthed -methodical -methodically -methodicalness -methodicalness's -methodology -methodological -methodologically -methodologies -methodology's -methadone -methadone's -methotrexate -meathead's -meatheads -method's -methods -Methodism -Methodism's -Methodisms -Methodist -Methodist's -Methodists -mouthwatering -mouthwash -mouthwashes -mouthwash's -maybe -MB -Mb -MBA -mob -Mbabane -Mbabane's -Mabel -Mable -marble -Mobil -Mobile -mobile -marbling -marbling's -Mabel's -Mable's -marble's -marbles -Mobile's -mobile's -mobiles -Mobil's -marbled -mobility -mobility's -Mbini -mobbing -Mbini's -Mubarak -Mubarak's -maybe's -maybes -MBA's -MB's -Mb's -mob's -mobs -mobster -mobster's -mobsters -mobbed -Mobutu -morbid -morbidly -morbidness -morbidness's -Mobutu's -morbidity -morbidity's -Mafia -mafia -Marva -mauve -Mayfair -MFA -miff -MIRV -morph -morphia -Morphy -move -mover -movie -mph -muff -Murphy -YMMV -movable -movable's -movables -mfg -Mirfak -moviegoer -Mirfak's -moviegoer's -moviegoers -marvel -Marvell -mayfly -muffle -muffler -morphology -morphological -morphology's -muffling -Marvell's -marvel's -marvels -mayflies -mayfly's -muffler's -mufflers -muffles -muffled -Mayflower -mayflower -Mayflower's -mayflower's -mayflowers -Mfume -morpheme -morphemic -movement -movement's -movements -Mfume's -morpheme's -morphemes -Marvin -maven -Mervin -miffing -morphine -morphing -moving -muffin -muffing -movingly -Marvin's -maven's -mavens -Mervin's -morphine's -morphing's -muffin's -muffins -MVP -MVP's -mfr -maverick -maverick's -mavericks -mfrs -Mafia's -Mafias -mafia's -mafias -mafiosi -Mafioso -mafioso -Mahfouz -Marva's -mauve's -Mavis -Mavis's -Mayfair's -MFA's -miffs -Morpheus -Morpheus's -morphia's -morphs -Morphy's -mover's -movers -move's -moves -movie's -movies -muff's -muffs -Murphy's -Mafioso's -mafioso's -Mahfouz's -Mephisto -Mephistopheles -Mephistopheles's -miffed -morphed -moved -muffed -mufti -mufti's -muftis -mohair -Moho -YMHA -Mahabharata -Mahabharata's -Mohave -Mahavira -Mahavira's -Mohave's -Mohaves -Mohawk -Mahican -mahogany -Mohegan -Mahican's -Mahicans -mahoganies -mahogany's -Mohacs -Mohacs's -Mohawk's -Mohawks -mayhem -mayhem's -Mohamed -Mohammad -Muhammad -Mohammedan -Muhammadan -Mohammedan's -Mohammedans -Muhammadan's -Muhammadans -Mohammedanism -Muhammadanism -Mohammedanism's -Mohammedanisms -Muhammadanism's -Muhammadanisms -Mohamed's -Mohammad's -Muhammad's -moorhen -moorhens -Mohorovicic -Mohorovicic's -maharajah -maharajah's -maharajahs -maharani -maharani's -maharanis -maharishi -maharishi's -maharishis -Maharashtra -Maharashtra's -MHz -mohair's -Moho's -mahout -mahatma -mahatma's -mahatmas -mahout's -mahouts -Mahayana -Mahayana's -Mahayanist -Mahayanist's -Mac -mac -Macao -macaw -Mack -Madge -mag -mage -Maggie -Magi -magi -Magoo -Maj -Major -major -make -Maker -maker -Marc -Marco -Marge -marge -Margie -Margo -Mark -mark -marker -markka -markkaa -marque -marquee -MC -McCoy -McKay -McKee -Mecca -mecca -meek -meeker -Meg -meg -mega -MEGO -Meiji -Mejia -Merck -merge -merger -Mg -mg -mic -mica -Micah -Mick -mick -Mickey -mickey -Mickie -Micky -midge -MiG -Mike -mike -Mk -mkay -mock -mocker -MOOC -Moog -morgue -muck -muckier -mucky -mug -mugger -muggier -muggy -murk -murkier -murky -YMCA -MacArthur -McCarthy -MacArthur's -McCarthy's -McCarthyism -McCarthyism's -Markab -Micawber -Mugabe -Mujib -Macbeth -Macbeth's -megabucks -megabucks's -macabre -MacBride -McBride -MacBride's -McBride's -Maccabees -Maccabeus -Maccabeus's -Markab's -Micawber's -Mugabe's -Mujib's -megabit -megabyte -megabit's -megabits -megabyte's -megabytes -makeover -Markov -McVeigh -Mojave -mugful -McFarland -McFarland's -mugful's -mugfuls -megaphone -megaphoning -megaphone's -megaphones -megaphoned -makeover's -makeovers -Markov's -McVeigh's -Mojave's -Mojaves -McPherson -McPherson's -McFadden -McFadden's -Mikhail -Mikhail's -Markham -Markham's -mujaheddin -megahertz -megahertz's -macaque -magic -Magog -Majorca -McGee -McGuffey -McGovern -McGovern's -McGuffey's -magical -magically -magicking -McGuire -McGuire's -macaque's -macaques -magic's -magics -Magog's -Majorca's -McGee's -magicked -McGowan -McGowan's -Macaulay -majorly -McCall -McCullough -meagerly -meekly -Miguel -Mogul -mogul -Mowgli -muggle -murkily -megalith -megalithic -megalith's -megaliths -McLuhan -McLuhan's -majolica -mukluk -mycology -majolica's -mukluk's -mukluks -mycology's -mycologist -mycologist's -mycologists -McClellan -McLaughlin -McClellan's -McLaughlin's -megalomania -megalomaniac -megalomaniac's -megalomaniacs -megalomania's -Magellan -McClain -McLean -Magellanic -Magellanic's -Magellan's -McClain's -McLean's -megalopolis -megalopolis's -megalopolises -McClure -McClure's -Macaulay's -McCall's -McCullough's -Miguel's -Mogul's -Moguls -mogul's -moguls -Mowgli's -muggle's -muggles -McLeod -McLeod's -MacLeish -MacLeish's -magma -Maugham -MGM -Macumba -Macumba's -McMahon -McMahon's -McCormick -Micmac -McCormick's -Micmac's -Micmacs -Macmillan -McMillan -Macmillan's -McMillan's -magma's -Maugham's -MGM's -Mackinaw -mackinaw -Macon -making -Marconi -margin -marking -McCain -McKinney -McQueen -Meagan -Megan -Meghan -Meighen -merging -miking -mocking -Morgan -mucking -mugging -mockingbird -mockingbird's -mockingbirds -magnifier -magnify -Magnificat -magnification -magnification's -magnifications -magnifier's -magnifiers -magnifies -magnificence -magnificence's -magnificent -magnificently -magnified -magnifying -Mackinac -Mekong -Mackinac's -Mekong's -magnolia -marginal -marginalia -marginally -McConnell -McKinley -McNeil -mockingly -magniloquence -magniloquence's -magniloquent -magnolia's -magnolias -marginalia's -marginals -McConnell's -McKinley's -McNeil's -marginalization's -magnum -McNamara -McNamara's -magnum's -magnums -magnanimous -magnanimously -magnanimity -magnanimity's -mignonette -mignonette's -mignonettes -Mackenzie -Mackinaw's -mackinaw's -mackinaws -Macon's -making's -makings -makings's -Marconi's -margin's -margins -marking's -markings -McCain's -McKenzie -McKinney's -McQueen's -Meagan's -meagerness -meagerness's -meekness -meekness's -Megan's -Meghan's -Meighen's -merganser -Morgan's -Morgans -mugginess -mugginess's -mugging's -muggings -muggins -murkiness -murkiness's -magnesium -magnesium's -Mackenzie's -McKenzie's -merganser's -mergansers -magenta -Maginot -magnate -magnet -magneto -McKnight -magnetic -magnetically -Magnitogorsk -Magnitogorsk's -mercantile -mercantilism -mercantilism's -magnetometer -magnetometer's -magnetometers -McNaughton -McNaughton's -magenta's -Maginot's -magnate's -magnates -magneto's -magnetos -magnet's -magnets -McKnight's -magnetosphere -magnetism -magnetism's -magnetite -magnitude -magnetite's -magnitude's -magnitudes -mackintosh -mackintoshes -mackintosh's -magnesia -magnesia's -magpie -makeup -markup -megapixel -megapixel's -megapixels -magpie's -magpies -makeup's -makeups -markup's -markups -macro -Majuro -Margery -Marjorie -Marjory -McCray -Mercury -mercury -Mgr -mgr -micro -mockery -Margrethe -Margrethe's -microbe -microbial -microbiology -microbiological -microbiology's -microbiologist -microbiologist's -microbiologists -microbrewery -microbreweries -microbrewery's -microbe's -microbes -macrobiotic -macrobiotics -macrobiotics's -microfiber -microfiber's -microfibers -macrophages -microfilm -microfilming -microfilm's -microfilms -microfilmed -microfloppies -microphone -microphone's -microphones -microfiche -microfiche's -mercuric -muckrake -muckraker -microcomputer -microcomputer's -microcomputers -muckraking -macroeconomic -macroeconomics -macroeconomics's -microeconomics -microeconomics's -microorganism -microorganism's -microorganisms -microgroove -microgroove's -microgrooves -microaggression -microaggression's -microaggressions -muckraker's -muckrakers -muckrakes -macrocosm -microcosm -microcosmic -macrocosm's -macrocosms -microcosm's -microcosms -microcode -muckraked -mackerel -mercurial -mercurially -macrology -macrologies -microelectronic -microelectronics -microelectronics's -microloan -microloan's -microloans -mackerel's -mackerels -microlight -microlight's -microlights -marjoram -micromanage -micromanagement -micromanagement's -micromanaging -micromanages -micromanaged -marjoram's -micrometer -micrometeorite -micrometeorite's -micrometeorites -micrometer's -micrometers -macaroni -macaroon -macron -majoring -margarine -micron -migraine -macaroni's -macaronis -macaroon's -macaroons -macron's -macrons -margarine's -micron's -microns -migraine's -migraines -migrant -migrant's -migrants -Micronesia -Micronesian -Micronesian's -Micronesia's -microprocessor -microprocessor's -microprocessors -macro's -macros -Majuro's -Makarios -Makarios's -Margery's -Marjorie's -Marjory's -McCray's -Mercuries -Mercury's -mercury's -micro's -micros -mockeries -mockery's -Microsoft -Microsoft's -microsecond -microsecond's -microseconds -microscope -microscopy -macroscopic -microscopic -microscopical -microscopically -microscope's -microscopes -microscopy's -microsurgery -microsurgery's -microcircuit -microcircuit's -microcircuits -Magritte -Maigret -majored -majorette -majority -Margaret -Margarita -margarita -Margarito -Margret -Marguerite -migrate -migrating -migratory -majoritarian -majoritarian's -majoritarians -majoritarianism -Magritte's -Maigret's -majorette's -majorettes -majorities -majority's -Margaret's -Margarita's -margarita's -margaritas -Margarito's -Margret's -Marguerite's -migrates -microdot -migrated -microdot's -microdots -microwave -microwavable -microwaveable -microwaving -microwave's -microwaves -microwaved -migration -migration's -migrations -microchip -microchip's -microchips -Mercurochrome -Mercurochrome's -Macao's -macaw's -macaws -Mack's -Mac's -mac's -macs -Madge's -mage's -mages -Maggie's -magi's -Magoo's -mag's -mags -Magus -magus -magus's -Major's -major's -majors -Maker's -maker's -makers -make's -makes -Marco's -Marcos -Marcos's -Marc's -Marcus -Marcuse -Marcus's -Marge's -Margie's -Margo's -marker's -markers -markka's -Mark's -Marks -mark's -marks -Marks's -marquee's -marquees -marque's -marques -marquess -marquess's -Marquez -Marquis -marquis -marquise -Marquis's -marquis's -Marx -Max -max -maxi -McCoy's -McKay's -McKee's -Mecca's -Meccas -mecca's -meccas -MEGOs -Meg's -megs -Meiji's -Mejia's -Merck's -merger's -mergers -merges -Mex -Mg's -Micah's -mica's -Mickey's -mickey's -mickeys -Mickie's -Mick's -micks -Micky's -mics -midge's -midges -MiG's -Mike's -mike's -mikes -mix -mixer -mks -mocker's -mockers -mocks -Moog's -morgue's -morgues -moxie -muck's -mucks -mucous -mucus -mucus's -mugger's -muggers -mug's -mugs -murk's -murks -YMCA's -mixable -Mexico -megacycle -Mexicali -megacycle's -megacycles -Mexicali's -Mexican -Mexican's -Mexicans -Mexico's -maxilla -maxillae -maxillary -maxilla's -maxim -maxima -maximal -maximally -Maximilian -Maximilian's -maximum -maximum's -maximums -marksman -marksmen -marksman's -marksmanship -marksmanship's -maxim's -maxims -myxomatosis -magazine -Marxian -Maxine -maxing -mixing -moccasin -magazine's -magazines -Maxine's -moccasin's -moccasins -Magsaysay -Marquesas -Marquesas's -marquesses -Marquez's -marquise's -marquises -Marx's -maxes -maxi's -maxis -Max's -max's -mixer's -mixers -mixes -mix's -moxie's -Marxism -Marxism's -Marxisms -Magsaysay's -Marxist -Marxist's -Marxists -Majesty -majesty -marquisette -maxed -meekest -megastar -mixed -muckiest -muggiest -murkiest -majestic -Mixtec -majestically -Mixtec's -mixture -magisterial -magisterially -magistracy -mixture's -mixtures -magistracy's -magistrate -magistrate's -magistrates -majesties -majesty's -marquisette's -megastars -Maxwell -Maxwell's -maggot -maggoty -Margot -marked -market -marketeer -marketer -Marquette -Marquita -McCarty -Mercado -Mercator -merged -midget -mikado -miked -mocked -mucked -mugged -megadeath -megadeath's -megadeaths -marketable -marketability -marketability's -markedly -Magdalena -Magdalene -Magdalena's -Magdalene's -macadam -macadamia -majordomo -McAdam -macadamia's -macadamias -macadam's -majordomo's -majordomos -McAdam's -markdown -marketing -McCartney -megaton -McDaniel -McDonnell -McDaniel's -McDonnell's -MacDonald -McDonald -MacDonald's -McDonald's -markdown's -markdowns -marketing's -McCartney's -megaton's -megatons -marketplace -marketplace's -marketplaces -marquetry -marquetry's -maggot's -maggots -marketeer's -marketeers -marketer's -marketers -market's -markets -Marquette's -Marquita's -McCarty's -Mercado's -Mercator's -midget's -midgets -mikado's -mikados -marketed -McDowell -McDowell's -Mogadishu -Mogadishu's -mugwump -mugwump's -mugwumps -makeweight -megawatt -makeweights -megawatt's -megawatts -mawkish -makeshift -makeshift's -makeshifts -mawkishly -magician -magician's -magicians -mawkishness -mawkishness's -mugshot -mugshot's -mugshots -megachurch -megachurches -megachurch's -Magyar -Mikoyan -Mikoyan's -Magyar's -Magyars -Mahler -mail -Mailer -mailer -Malay -Male -male -Mali -mall -mallow -marl -Marla -Marley -maul -mauler -meal -mealier -mealy -Mel -mellow -Merle -mewl -mil -mile -miler -milieu -Mill -mill -Millay -Miller -miller -Millie -Milo -ml -Mlle -moil -molar -mole -Moll -moll -Mollie -Molly -molly -Morley -Mueller -mule -mull -mullah -Muller -Mylar -malathion -malathion's -Malthus -Malthus's -Malthusian -Malthusian's -Malthusians -Malabar -Malabo -Malibu -Melba -millibar -mailbag -mealybug -mailbag's -mailbags -mailbox -mealybug's -mealybugs -mailboxes -mailbox's -malleable -malleability -malleability's -mailbomb -mailbombing -mailbombs -mailbombed -Melbourne -Melbourne's -Marlboro -Marlborough -mulberry -Marlboro's -Marlborough's -mulberries -mulberry's -Malabar's -Malabo's -Malibu's -Melba's -millibar's -millibars -molybdenum -molybdenum's -Melva -milf -mollify -malefic -malefactor -malefactor's -malefactors -malefaction -mollification -malefaction's -mollification's -Melville -malevolence -malevolence's -malevolent -malevolently -mellifluous -Melville's -mellifluously -mellifluousness -mellifluousness's -malformed -malformation -malformation's -malformations -Melvin -malfunction -malfunctioning -malfunction's -malfunctions -malfunctioned -Melvin's -Melva's -milf's -milfs -mollifies -maleficence -malfeasance -maleficence's -malfeasance's -maleficent -Milford -mollified -Milford's -mollifying -molehill -molehill's -molehills -Malacca -malarkey -mileage -milk -milker -milkier -milky -millage -Molokai -molecular -molecule -Malcolm -Malcolm's -molecularity -molecularity's -molecule's -molecules -malocclusion -malocclusion's -milkman -milkmen -milkman's -milkmaid -milkmaid's -milkmaids -Milken -milking -Millikan -Mulligan -mulligan -Mullikan -maligning -malignancy -malignancies -malignancy's -malignant -malignantly -Milken's -milkiness -milkiness's -Millikan's -Mulligan's -mulligan's -mulligans -Mullikan's -malignity -malcontent -malcontent's -malcontents -malignity's -milligram -milligram's -milligrams -Milagros -Milagros's -Maalox -Malacca's -Malagasy -malarkey's -mileage's -mileages -milker's -milkers -milk's -milks -millage's -Molokai's -Moluccas -Moluccas's -milksop -milksop's -milksops -Maalox's -Malagasy's -milkiest -milked -mulct -mollycoddle -mollycoddling -mollycoddle's -mollycoddles -mollycoddled -mulcting -mulligatawny -mulligatawny's -mulct's -mulcts -Milquetoast -milquetoast -Milquetoast's -milquetoast's -milquetoasts -mulcted -milkweed -milkweed's -milkweeds -milkshake -milkshake's -milkshakes -Maillol -mellowly -Maillol's -mealymouthed -mailman -mailmen -melamine -mailman's -melamine's -Mallomars -Mallomars's -Malamud -malamute -milometer -Malamud's -malamute's -malamutes -milometers -mailing -Malian -malign -maligned -malinger -Malone -Marlene -Marlin -marlin -Marlon -mauling -Melanie -Mellon -melon -Merlin -mewling -Milan -millennia -milliner -milling -million -Milne -moiling -Molina -Molnar -mullein -Mullen -mulling -mullion -millionth -millionth's -millionths -melange -melange's -melanges -millennial -millennial's -melanoma -millennium -melanoma's -melanomas -millennium's -millenniums -melanin -melanin's -malingerer -millinery -millionaire -malingering -malingerer's -malingerers -millinery's -millionaire's -millionaires -millionairess -millionairesses -malingered -malnourished -mailing's -mailings -maleness -maleness's -Malian's -Malians -maligns -malingers -Malone's -Marlene's -Marlin's -marlin's -marlins -Marlon's -mealiness -mealiness's -Melanie's -Mellon's -mellowness -mellowness's -melon's -melons -Merlin's -Milanese -Milan's -milliner's -milliners -milling's -millings -million's -millions -Milne's -Molina's -Molnar's -mullein's -Mullen's -Mullins -Mullins's -mullion's -mullions -Malinowski -Malinowski's -marlinespike -marlinespike's -marlinespikes -Malinda -Melinda -moorland -mullioned -malnutrition -malnutrition's -Malinda's -Melendez -Melinda's -moorland's -moorlands -Melendez's -Melanesia -melancholia -melancholy -melancholic -melancholics -melancholia's -melancholy's -Melanesian -Melanesian's -Melanesia's -Malplaquet -Malplaquet's -Melpomene -Melpomene's -millpond -millpond's -millponds -malpractice -malpractice's -malpractices -Malaprop -Malaprop's -malapropism -malapropism's -malapropisms -milepost -milepost's -mileposts -millipede -millipede's -millipedes -malaria -Mallory -Malory -Moliere -Malraux -Malraux's -malarial -Mulroney -Mulroney's -malaria's -Mallory's -Malory's -millrace -Moliere's -millrace's -millraces -meliorate -millwright -meliorative -meliorating -meliorates -millwright's -millwrights -meliorated -melioration -melioration's -Mahler's -Mailer's -mailer's -mailers -mail's -mails -malaise -Malay's -Malays -Male's -male's -males -malice -Mali's -mallow's -mallows -mall's -malls -Marla's -Marley's -marl's -mauler's -maulers -maul's -mauls -meal's -meals -Melisa -Melissa -mellows -Mel's -Merle's -mewls -miler's -milers -Miles -mile's -miles -Miles's -milieu's -milieus -Millay's -Miller's -miller's -millers -Millie's -Mill's -Mills -mill's -mills -Mills's -Milo's -mil's -mils -moil's -moils -molar's -molars -mole's -moles -Mollie's -mollies -Moll's -moll's -molls -Molly's -molly's -Morley's -Mueller's -mule's -mules -mullah's -mullahs -Muller's -mulls -Mylar's -Mylars -Myles -Myles's -Milosevic -Milosevic's -moleskin -molluscan -muleskinner -moleskin's -muleskinner's -muleskinners -millisecond -millisecond's -milliseconds -Melisande -Millicent -Melisande's -Millicent's -malaise's -malice's -malicious -Melisa's -Melissa's -molasses -molasses's -maliciously -maliciousness -maliciousness's -mealiest -molest -molester -milestone -millstone -molesting -milestone's -milestones -millstone's -millstones -maelstrom -millstream -maelstrom's -maelstroms -millstream's -millstreams -molester's -molesters -molests -molested -molestation -molestation's -mailed -maillot -malady -mallard -mallet -malt -Malta -maltier -malty -mauled -meld -Melody -melody -melt -Merlot -mewled -milady -mild -milder -mildew -Millard -milled -Millet -millet -milliard -milt -moiled -molter -mulatto -Mulder -muleteer -mulled -mullet -multi -moldboard -moldboard's -moldboards -Maldive -Moldavia -Moldova -Molotov -multiform -multifamily -Maldivian -Moldavian -Moldovan -Maldivian's -Maldivians -multifarious -multifariously -multifariousness -multifariousness's -multivariate -Maldive's -Maldives -Maldives's -Moldavia's -Moldova's -Molotov's -multiverse -multiverse's -multiverses -multifaceted -multivitamin -multivitamin's -multivitamins -melodic -melodically -multicultural -multiculturalism -multiculturalism's -multigrain -Multics -maladjustment -maladjustment's -maladjusted -malediction -malediction's -maledictions -mildly -multilevel -multilingual -multilingualism -multilingualism's -multilateral -multilaterally -multilayered -mealtime -multimillionaire -multimillionaire's -multimillionaires -maladministration -mealtime's -mealtimes -multimedia -multimedia's -malting -melding -melting -Melton -milting -Milton -Miltown -molten -Moulton -Multan -Miltonic -Miltonic's -Melton's -mildness -mildness's -militancy -Milton's -Miltown's -moldiness -moldiness's -Moulton's -Multan's -militancy's -Maldonado -militant -militantly -Maldonado's -militant's -militants -multinational -multinational's -multinationals -multiple -multiplier -multiply -multiplicand -multiplicand's -multiplicands -multiplex -multiplexer -multiplexing -multiplexer's -multiplexers -multiplexes -multiplex's -multiplexed -multiplicative -multiplication -multiplication's -multiplications -multiple's -multiples -multiplier's -multipliers -multiplies -multiplicity -multiplicities -multiplicity's -multiplied -multiplayer -multiplying -multiplayer's -multipurpose -multiprocessor -multiprocessing -multiprocessor's -multiprocessors -multipart -multiparty -military -militarily -melodrama -melodrama's -melodramas -melodramatic -melodramatically -melodramatics -melodramatics's -malodorous -military's -militarism -militarism's -militarist -militaristic -militarist's -militarists -maladroit -maltreat -Mildred -maladroitly -maltreatment -maltreatment's -maltreating -maladroitness -maladroitness's -maltreats -Mildred's -maltreated -multiracial -maillot's -maillots -maladies -malady's -mallard's -mallards -mallet's -mallets -Malta's -Maltese -maltose -malt's -malts -meld's -melds -melodies -melodious -Melody's -melody's -melt's -melts -Merlot's -miladies -milady's -mildew's -mildews -mild's -Millard's -Millet's -millet's -milliard's -milliards -milt's -milts -molter's -molters -mulattoes -mulatto's -Mulder's -muleteer's -muleteers -mullet's -mullets -melodiously -melodiousness -melodiousness's -Maltese's -maltose's -maltiest -mildest -multistage -multistory -malted -melded -melted -militate -milted -multidimensional -meltdown -militating -meltdown's -meltdowns -malted's -malteds -militates -multitask -multitasking -multitasking's -multitasks -multidisciplinary -militated -multitude -multitudinous -multitude's -multitudes -mildewing -mildewed -multichannel -multiyear -Malawi -Marlowe -mellower -Milwaukee -Milwaukee's -Malawian -mellowing -Malawian's -Malawians -malware -malware's -Malawi's -Marlowe's -mellowest -mellowed -Malachi -Malaysia -Melchior -milch -militia -Moloch -mulch -mulish -mulishly -militiaman -militiamen -militiaman's -Malaysian -mulching -Malaysian's -Malaysians -mulishness -mulishness's -Malachi's -Malaysia's -Melchior's -militia's -militias -Moloch's -mulches -mulch's -Melchizedek -Melchizedek's -mailshot -malachite -mulched -mailshots -malachite's -Miltiades -Miltiades's -Malaya -Malayalam -Malayalam's -Malayan -Malayan's -Malayans -Malaya's -ma'am -maim -mam -mama -Mamie -mamma -mammy -meme -memo -memoir -Miami -mime -Mimi -mommy -mum -mummer -mummy -murmur -muumuu -mammoth -mammoth's -mammoths -mamba -mambo -member -Mumbai -mumble -mumbler -mumbling -mumbler's -mumblers -mumble's -mumbles -mumbled -mumbletypeg -mumbletypeg's -mamboing -membrane -membrane's -membranes -membranous -mamba's -mambas -mambo's -mambos -member's -members -Mombasa -Mumbai's -Mombasa's -mamboed -membership -membership's -memberships -mummify -mummification -mummification's -Memphis -Memphis's -mummifies -Mumford -mummified -Mumford's -mummifying -mimic -mimicker -mimicking -mimicry -mammography -mimeograph -mimeographing -mammography's -mimeograph's -mimeographs -mimeographed -mammogram -mammogram's -mammograms -mimicries -mimicry's -mimicker's -mimickers -mimic's -mimics -mimicked -mammal -Mameluke -Mameluke's -mammalian -Memling -mammalian's -mammalians -Memling's -mammal's -mammals -marmalade -marmalade's -Maiman -maiming -mammon -merman -mermen -miming -Mormon -Maiman's -mammon's -merman's -Mormon's -Mormons -Murmansk -Murmansk's -Mormonism -Mormonism's -Mormonisms -memento -moment -momenta -momentum -momentum's -momentary -momentarily -momentariness -momentariness's -Maimonides -Maimonides's -memento's -mementos -momentous -moment's -moments -momentously -momentousness -momentousness's -mumps -mumps's -mammary -Mamore -Marmara -memory -mummery -murmurer -memorabilia -memorable -memorably -memorabilia's -memorability -memorability's -marmoreal -memorial -memorial's -memorials -murmuring -murmuring's -murmurings -memorandum -memorandum's -memorandums -Mamore's -Marmara's -memories -memory's -mummery's -murmurer's -murmurers -murmurous -murmured -maims -mama's -mamas -Mamie's -mamma's -mammies -mammy's -mams -meme's -memes -memoir's -memoirs -memo's -memos -Miami's -Miamis -mime's -mimes -Mimi's -Mimosa -mimosa -mommies -mommy's -mummer's -mummers -mummies -mummy's -murmur's -murmurs -muumuu's -muumuus -memsahib -memsahibs -Mimosa's -mimosa's -mimosas -marmoset -marmoset's -marmosets -maimed -Mamet -marmot -mermaid -mimed -mimetic -Mamet's -marmot's -marmots -mermaid's -mermaids -main -Maine -Mainer -Man -man -mane -Mani -mania -Mann -manna -manner -manor -many -Marne -mean -meaner -meanie -Meany -meany -men -menu -mien -Min -min -mine -miner -Ming -mingy -mini -Minn -Minnie -minnow -minor -MN -Mn -moan -moaner -Mon -Mona -money -mono -mooing -Moon -moon -Mooney -morn -mourn -mourner -mun -month -menthol -monthly -menthol's -monthlies -monthly's -Mentholatum -Mentholatum's -mentholated -month's -months -monotheism -monotheism's -monotheist -monotheistic -monotheist's -monotheists -minibar -minibike -moneybag -minibike's -minibikes -moneybag's -moneybags -moneybox -moneyboxes -moonbeam -moonbeam's -moonbeams -minibars -minibus -minibus's -minibuses -Minerva -manufacture -manufacturer -manufacturing -manufacturing's -manufacturer's -manufacturers -manufacture's -manufactures -manufactured -manful -manfully -mournful -mournfully -menfolk -menfolk's -menfolks -menfolks's -mournfulness -mournfulness's -minifloppies -manifold -minefield -manifolding -manifold's -manifolds -minefield's -minefields -manifolded -minivan -monophonic -minivan's -minivans -mainframe -mainframe's -mainframes -Manfred -Manfred's -Minerva's -munificence -munificence's -munificent -munificently -manifest -manifesto -manifestly -manifesting -manifesto's -manifestos -manifest's -manifests -manifested -manifestation -manifestation's -manifestations -manhole -meanwhile -manhole's -manholes -meanwhile's -Mannheim -Mannheim's -Menuhin -Menuhin's -manhunt -manhandle -manhandling -manhandles -manhandled -manhunt's -manhunts -manhood -Manhattan -menhaden -Manhattan's -Manhattans -menhaden's -manhood's -manage -manager -Managua -manga -mange -manger -mangier -mango -mangy -maniac -manic -manioc -manky -menage -Menkar -mink -Monaco -monger -Monica -moniker -Monique -Monk -monk -monkey -mung -minicab -manageable -manageability -manageability's -minicabs -manacle -mangle -mangler -maniacal -maniacally -manically -Mongol -mongol -Mongolia -monocle -monocular -Mongolic -Mongolic's -manacling -mangling -Mongolian -monoclonal -Menkalinan -Menkalinan's -Mongolian's -Mongolians -manacle's -manacles -manglers -mangle's -mangles -Mongolia's -Mongol's -Mongols -mongols -monocle's -monocles -mongolism -mongolism's -manacled -mangled -Mongoloid -mongoloid -monocled -mongoloid's -mongoloids -minicam -monogamy -management -management's -managements -minicomputer -minicomputer's -minicomputers -minicam's -minicams -monogamous -monogamy's -monogamously -monogamist -monogamist's -monogamists -managing -manikin -mannequin -Mencken -Monacan -munging -Mancunian -Mancunian's -Mancunians -manganese -manginess -manginess's -manikin's -manikins -mannequin's -mannequins -Mencken's -manganese's -mankind -Menkent -mankind's -Menkent's -manicure -menagerie -mangrove -monograph -mangrove's -mangroves -monograph's -monographs -managerial -mongrel -mongrel's -mongrels -monogram -monogramming -monogram's -monograms -monogrammed -manicuring -mongering -manageress -manicure's -manicures -menagerie's -menageries -manageresses -manicurist -manicurist's -manicurists -manicured -mongered -manager's -managers -manages -Managua's -manga's -manger's -mangers -mange's -mangoes -mango's -maniac's -maniacs -manic's -manics -manioc's -maniocs -Manx -menage's -menages -Mengzi -Menkar's -mink's -minks -minx -Monaco's -monger's -mongers -mongoose -Monica's -moniker's -monikers -Monique's -monkey's -monkeys -Monk's -monk's -monks -mungs -Monegasque -Monegasque's -Monegasques -Manx's -minxes -minx's -mongoose's -mongooses -mangiest -monoxide -minoxidil -minoxidil's -monoxide's -monoxides -managed -manged -munged -monocotyledon -monocotyledonous -monocotyledon's -monocotyledons -mangetout -mangetouts -monkish -monkeyshine -monkeyshine's -monkeyshines -monkshood -monkshood's -monkshoods -monkeying -monkeyed -mainly -Manley -manlier -manly -mannerly -manual -manually -Manuel -Manuela -meanly -menial -menially -mingle -Minnelli -monolith -monolithic -monolith's -monoliths -manlike -Menelik -monologue -Menelik's -monologue's -monologues -monologist -monologist's -monologists -mainline -mingling -monolingual -monolingual's -monolinguals -mainlining -mainline's -mainlines -manliness -manliness's -mainland -mainlined -moneylender -mainland's -mainlands -moneylender's -moneylenders -Manilas -Manley's -manual's -manuals -Manuela's -Manuel's -Menelaus -Menelaus's -menial's -menials -mingles -Minnelli's -moonless -manliest -mingled -Minolta -moonlight -moonlighter -moonlit -moonlighting -moonlighting's -Minolta's -moonlighter's -moonlighters -moonlight's -moonlights -moonlighted -Manama -minim -minima -monomer -Monmouth -Monmouth's -moneymaker -moneymaking -moneymaking's -moneymaker's -moneymakers -minimal -minimally -minimalism -minimalism's -minimalist -minimalist's -minimalists -minimum -minimum's -minimums -Menominee -monomania -mnemonic -monomaniac -mnemonically -monomaniacal -mnemonic's -mnemonics -monomaniac's -monomaniacs -Menominee's -monomania's -monument -monumental -monumentally -monument's -monuments -Manama's -minim's -minims -monomer's -monomers -Mnemosyne -Mnemosyne's -mainmast -mainmast's -mainmasts -manometer -manumit -Minamoto -manumitting -manometer's -manometers -manumits -Minamoto's -manumitted -manumission -manumission's -manumissions -Manning -manning -meaning -Mennen -mining -minion -Minoan -moaning -mooning -morning -mourning -meaningful -meaningfully -meaningfulness -meaningfulness's -Monongahela -Monongahela's -mononucleosis -mononucleosis's -meninx -meninx's -meningeal -meaningless -meaninglessly -meaninglessness -meaninglessness's -mananas -Manning's -meaning's -meanings -meninges -Mennen's -mining's -minion's -minions -Minoan's -Minoans -morning's -mornings -mourning's -monounsaturated -Menander -Mennonite -minuend -Menander's -meningitis -meningitis's -Mennonite's -Mennonites -minuend's -minuends -monopoly -manipulable -monoplane -monoplane's -monoplanes -Minneapolis -Minneapolis's -monopolies -monopoly's -monopolist -monopolistic -monopolist's -monopolists -manipulate -manipulator -manipulative -manipulatively -manipulating -manipulates -manipulator's -manipulators -manipulated -manipulation -manipulation's -manipulations -menopause -menopausal -menopause's -manpower -manpower's -manure -menorah -Monera -Monroe -Munro -Monrovia -Monrovia's -manorial -mineral -monaural -monorail -mineralogy -mineralogical -mineralogy's -mineralogist -mineralogist's -mineralogists -mineral's -minerals -monorail's -monorails -manuring -minoring -manure's -manures -menorah's -menorahs -Monera's -Monroe's -Munro's -mannerism -mannerism's -mannerisms -mannered -manured -minaret -minored -minority -minaret's -minarets -minorities -minority's -Mainer's -Mainers -Maine's -main's -mains -Manasseh -mane's -manes -mania's -manias -Mani's -manna's -manner's -manners -Mann's -manor's -manors -Man's -man's -mans -manse -many's -Marne's -meanie's -meanies -meanness -meanness's -mean's -means -Meany's -meany's -menace -Menes -Menes's -menisci -men's -Mensa -menu's -menus -mien's -miens -mince -mincer -miner's -miners -mine's -mines -Ming's -Mingus -Mingus's -mini's -minis -Minnie's -minnow's -minnows -minor's -minors -Minos -Minos's -Min's -minus -minus's -Mn's -moaner's -moaners -moan's -moans -Mona's -money's -moneys -monies -mono's -Mon's -Mons -Monsieur -monsieur -Mooney's -Moon's -moon's -moons -morn's -morns -mourner's -mourners -mourns -Munoz -Mansfield -Mansfield's -manservant -manservant's -menservants -Minsk -Minsky -minuscule -minuscule's -minuscules -monseigneur -Monsignor -monsignor -monseigneur's -Monsignor's -Monsignors -monsignor's -monsignors -moonscape -moonscape's -moonscapes -manuscript -manuscript's -manuscripts -meniscus -meniscus's -mensches -Minsk's -Minsky's -miniskirt -miniskirt's -miniskirts -mainsail -monosyllabic -monosyllable -monosyllable's -monosyllables -mainsail's -mainsails -manslaughter -manslaughter's -monism -monism's -mincemeat -mincemeat's -Mancini -Manson -menacing -mincing -minnesinger -monsoon -menacingly -monsoonal -Mancini's -Manson's -minnesinger's -minnesingers -monsoon's -monsoons -Monsanto -Monsanto's -municipal -municipally -municipal's -municipals -municipality -municipalities -municipality's -mainspring -mainspring's -mainsprings -mensurable -miniseries -miniseries's -mensuration -mensuration's -Manasseh's -manse's -manses -menace's -menaces -Mencius -Mencius's -Mensa's -menses -menses's -Menzies -Menzies's -mincer's -mincers -mince's -minces -minuses -Monsieur's -monsieur's -Munoz's -mainstay -mansard -meanest -menaced -minced -minister -Minnesota -minster -monist -monster -Muenster -muenster -Munster -monastic -monastical -monastically -monastic's -monastics -Minnesotan -moonstone -Minnesotan's -Minnesotans -moonstone's -moonstones -ministry -monastery -moonstruck -menstrual -ministerial -minstrel -minstrel's -minstrels -minstrelsy -minstrelsy's -mainstream -mainstreaming -mainstream's -mainstreams -mainstreamed -minestrone -ministering -minestrone's -monstrance -monstrance's -monstrances -ministrant -ministrant's -ministrants -ministries -ministry's -monasteries -monastery's -monstrous -monstrously -monstrosity -monstrosities -monstrosity's -menstruate -ministered -menstruating -menstruates -menstruated -menstruation -ministration -menstruation's -ministration's -ministrations -mainstay's -mainstays -mansard's -mansards -minister's -ministers -Minnesota's -minster's -minsters -monist's -monists -monster's -monsters -Muenster's -Muensters -muenster's -Munster's -monasticism -monasticism's -menswear -minesweeper -minesweeper's -minesweepers -menswear's -mensch -mensch's -manatee -Mandy -maned -Manet -manned -manta -maunder -Maynard -mayn't -meander -meant -mend -mender -Menotti -mentor -mind -minder -Mindy -mined -Minot -Minotaur -mint -minter -mintier -minty -minuet -Minuit -minute -minuter -moaned -Monday -Monet -monitor -monody -Mont -Monte -Monty -mooned -mound -Mount -mount -mounter -Mountie -mourned -Manitoba -mindbogglingly -mandible -mandibular -mountable -mandible's -mandibles -mountebank -mountebank's -mountebanks -Manitoba's -Mountbatten -Mountbatten's -mindful -mindfully -mindfulness -mindfulness's -Monteverdi -Montevideo -Monteverdi's -Montevideo's -mintage -Mintaka -monodic -montage -Montague -Montgolfier -Montgolfier's -Montcalm -Montcalm's -Montgomery -Montgomery's -Mantegna -Montaigne -Mantegna's -mendicancy -Montaigne's -mendicancy's -mendicant -mendicant's -mendicants -mintage's -Mintaka's -montage's -montages -Montague's -mandala -Mandalay -Mandela -mantel -mantilla -Mantle -mantle -Mendel -mental -mentally -minutely -Mondale -Mandelbrot -Mandelbrot's -Mendeleev -mendelevium -mendelevium's -Mendeleev's -mandolin -Manitoulin -mantling -Mendelian -mandolin's -mandolins -Manitoulin's -Mendelian's -mantelpiece -mantelpiece's -mantelpieces -mandala's -mandalas -Mandalay's -Mandela's -mantel's -mantels -mantilla's -mantillas -Mantle's -mantle's -mantles -Mendel's -mindless -Mondale's -mindlessly -Mendelssohn -Mendelssohn's -mindlessness -mindlessness's -mentalist -mentalist's -mentalists -mantled -mentality -mentalities -mentality's -mantelshelf -mantelshelves -meantime -Minuteman -minuteman -minutemen -Minuteman's -minuteman's -mandamus -mandamus's -meantime's -mandamuses -maintain -maintainer -Mandingo -mending -Mindanao -minding -minting -minuting -monotone -monotony -Montana -mounding -mountain -mountaineer -mounting -mundane -maintainable -maintainability -monotonic -monotonically -Montenegro -Montenegrin -Montenegrin's -Montenegro's -mundanely -maintaining -Montanan -maintenance -Montanan's -Montanans -maintenance's -mountaineering -mountaineering's -mountaineered -maintainers -maintains -Mandingo's -mending's -Mindanao's -minuteness -minuteness's -monotone's -monotones -monotonous -monotony's -Montana's -mountaineer's -mountaineers -mountainous -mountain's -mountains -mounting's -mountings -mundanes -monotonously -monotonousness -monotonousness's -mountainside -mountainside's -mountainsides -maintained -mountaintop -mountaintop's -mountaintops -maintop -Montpelier -Montpelier's -maintop's -maintops -mantra -minatory -Mindoro -miniature -monetary -monitory -Monterrey -mandrake -mandrake's -mandrakes -mandrel -Mandrell -mandrill -monetarily -Montreal -Mandrell's -mandrel's -mandrels -mandrill's -mandrills -Montreal's -Mandarin -mandarin -maundering -meandering -mentoring -Mondrian -monitoring -Mandarin's -mandarin's -mandarins -meanderings -meanderings's -Mondrian's -mantra's -mantras -Mindoro's -miniature's -miniatures -Monterrey's -monetarism -monetarism's -miniaturist -monetarist -miniaturist's -miniaturists -monetarist's -monetarists -maundered -meandered -mentored -monitored -Montrachet -Montrachet's -manatee's -manatees -Mandy's -Manet's -manta's -mantas -mantis -mantis's -mantissa -maunders -Maynard's -meander's -meanders -mender's -menders -Mendez -Mendoza -mend's -mends -Menotti's -mentor's -mentors -minders -mind's -minds -Mindy's -Minotaur's -Minot's -minter's -minters -mint's -mints -minuet's -minuets -Minuit's -minute's -minutes -Monday's -Mondays -Monet's -monitor's -monitors -monodies -monody's -Monte's -Mont's -Monty's -mound's -mounds -mounter's -mounters -Mountie's -Mounties -Mount's -mount's -mounts -Montesquieu -Montesquieu's -Monticello -Monticello's -Montezuma -Montezuma's -Mendocino -Mendocino's -Montessori -Montessori's -Montserrat -Montserrat's -mantises -mantissa's -mantissas -mendacious -Mendez's -Mendoza's -mendaciously -mendacity -mindset -mintiest -minutest -monodist -mendacity's -mindset's -mindsets -monodist's -monodists -mandate -mended -minded -minted -minuted -mounded -mounted -mandating -mindedness -mandatory -mandate's -mandates -mandated -Montoya -Montoya's -moonwalk -moonwalk's -moonwalks -Manchu -mannish -minutia -minutiae -monarch -monarchy -Munch -munch -munchie -Munich -monarchic -monarchical -munchkin -munchkin's -munchkins -mannishly -Manichean -mansion -mention -monition -moonshine -moonshiner -munching -munition -mentioning -munitioning -Manichean's -mannishness -mannishness's -mansion's -mansions -mention's -mentions -monition's -monitions -moonshiner's -moonshiners -moonshine's -moonshines -munition's -munitions -mentioned -munitioned -Manchuria -monochrome -monochrome's -monochromes -monochromatic -Manchurian -Manchurian's -Manchuria's -Manchu's -Manchus -minutia's -monarchies -monarch's -monarchs -monarchy's -munches -munchies -munchies's -Munch's -Munich's -monarchism -monarchism's -Manchester -monarchist -monarchistic -Manchester's -monarchist's -monarchists -moonshot -munched -moonshot's -moonshots -moneyed -map -mapper -mop -mope -moper -mopey -mopier -MP -mp -MPEG -mpg -maple -Marple -Maypole -maypole -Mapplethorpe -Mapplethorpe's -maple's -maples -Marple's -maypole's -maypoles -Miaplacidus -Miaplacidus's -mapmaker -mapmaker's -mapmakers -mapping -moping -mopping -mappings -mapper's -mappers -map's -maps -MIPS -moper's -mopers -mope's -mopes -mop's -mops -MP's -Maupassant -Maupassant's -mopiest -mapped -Maputo -moped -mopped -moppet -Muppet -Maputo's -moped's -mopeds -moppet's -moppets -Muppet's -mopish -Maori -Mara -mare -Mari -Maria -maria -Marie -Mario -marrow -marry -Mary -Maura -Mauro -Mayra -mere -merrier -merry -Mira -mire -mirier -Miro -mirror -miry -Moira -moire -Moore -moray -More -more -Moro -Morrow -morrow -Mr -MRI -Murray -Murrow -Myra -Maratha -Marathi -Marathon -marathon -marathoner -marathoner's -marathoners -Marathon's -marathon's -marathons -Maratha's -Marathi's -Maghreb -marabou -Mirabeau -Maribel -Maribel's -moribund -Maghreb's -marabou's -marabous -Mirabeau's -marabout -marabout's -marabouts -Moravia -moreover -Moravian -Merovingian -Merovingian's -Moravian's -Moravia's -myrrh -myrrh's -maraca -marriage -Mauriac -Merak -Merrick -mirage -Morocco -morocco -Maracaibo -marriageable -marriageability -marriageability's -Maracaibo's -miracle -miracle's -miracles -miraculous -miraculously -marigold -marigold's -marigolds -marijuana -Moroccan -marijuana's -Moroccan's -Moroccans -maraca's -maracas -marriage's -marriages -Mauriac's -Merak's -Merrick's -mirage's -mirages -Morocco's -morocco's -Marrakesh -Marrakesh's -Marylou -merely -Merrill -merrily -moral -morale -morally -morel -mural -Muriel -Murillo -Marilyn -Marilyn's -Maryland -Marylander -Marylander's -Maryland's -Marylou's -Merrill's -Morales -morale's -Morales's -moral's -morals -morel's -morels -mural's -murals -Muriel's -Murillo's -moralist -muralist -moralistic -moralistically -moralist's -moralists -muralist's -muralists -morality -moralities -morality's -Merriam -Miriam -marimba -Murrumbidgee -Murrumbidgee's -marimba's -marimbas -Merrimack -merrymaker -merrymaking -merrymaking's -Merrimack's -merrymaker's -merrymakers -merriment -merriment's -Merriam's -Miriam's -myrmidon -myrmidon's -myrmidons -Marian -Mariana -Marianne -Mariano -Marin -Marina -marina -Marine -marine -mariner -Marion -maroon -marring -Maureen -Maurine -meringue -Merino -merino -miring -mooring -moraine -Moran -Moreno -Morin -moron -Moroni -Murine -murrain -Myrna -Myron -moronic -moronically -marooning -marinara -marinara's -Mariana's -Marianas -Marianas's -Marianne's -Mariano's -Marian's -Marina's -marina's -marinas -mariner's -mariners -Marine's -Marines -marine's -marines -Marin's -Marion's -maroon's -maroons -Maureen's -Maurine's -meringue's -meringues -Merino's -merino's -merinos -merriness -merriness's -mooring's -moorings -moraine's -moraines -Moran's -Moreno's -Morin's -Moroni's -moron's -morons -Murine's -murrain's -Myrna's -Myron's -marinade -marinate -marionette -Maronite -marooned -Miranda -marinading -marinating -marinade's -marinades -marinates -marionette's -marionettes -Maronite's -Miranda's -marinaded -marinated -marination -marination's -Mariupol -mirroring -mirrored -Maori's -Maoris -Mara's -mare's -mares -Maria's -maria's -Marie's -Mario's -Mari's -Maris -Marisa -Maris's -Marissa -Marius -Marius's -marries -marrow's -marrows -Mary's -Maura's -Maurice -Mauricio -Maurois -Maurois's -Mauro's -Mayra's -mere's -meres -Mira's -mire's -mires -Miro's -mirror's -mirrors -Moira's -moire's -moires -Moore's -morass -morass's -moray's -morays -More's -more's -mores -mores's -Moro's -morose -Morris -Morris's -Morrow's -morrow's -morrows -MRI's -Mr's -Mrs -Murray's -Murrow's -Myra's -Murasaki -Murasaki's -Maricela -Marisol -morosely -Maricela's -Marisol's -Morison -Morrison -Morison's -moroseness -moroseness's -Morrison's -Marisa's -Marissa's -Maurice's -Mauricio's -morasses -merest -merriest -miriest -maraschino -maraschino's -maraschinos -Marat -maraud -marauder -Marietta -marred -married -Marriott -merit -Merritt -mired -moored -Moriarty -Morita -Murat -myriad -Meredith -Meredith's -meritocracy -meritocracies -meritocracy's -meritocratic -marital -maritally -Myrdal -Myrtle -myrtle -Myrdal's -Myrtle's -myrtle's -myrtles -maritime -marauding -Maritain -Mauritania -meridian -meriting -Mauritanian -Mauritanian's -Mauritanians -Maritain's -Mauritania's -meridian's -meridians -moratorium -moratorium's -moratoriums -meritorious -meritoriously -meritoriousness -meritoriousness's -meretricious -meretriciously -meretriciousness -meretriciousness's -Marat's -marauder's -marauders -marauds -Marietta's -Maritza -married's -marrieds -Marriott's -Mauritius -Mauritius's -merit's -merits -Merritt's -Moriarty's -Morita's -Murat's -myriad's -myriads -Maritza's -marauded -merited -mariachi -Mirach -Moorish -moreish -Mauritian -Mauritian's -Mauritians -mariachi's -mariachis -Mirach's -Moorish's -Maryellen -Maryellen's -marrying -Maryann -Maryanne -Mauryan -Maryanne's -Maryann's -Mauryan's -Mace -mace -Macy -Mae's -Mai's -Maisie -maize -Mao's -Marceau -Marci -Marcie -Marcy -Mar's -Mars -mars -Mars's -MA's -ma's -mas -Masai -maser -Mass -mass -masseur -Massey -Mass's -mass's -Maui's -Mauser -maw's -maws -May's -Mays -may's -Mays's -maze -MCI -meas -Meier's -Meir's -Mercer -mercer -mercy -mes -Mesa -mesa -mess -messier -mess's -messy -Meuse -mew's -mews -mews's -mezzo -Mia's -mice -Mir's -MI's -mi's -miser -Miss -miss -miss's -Missy -Mizar -Mmes -Moe's -Moor's -Moors -moor's -moors -moo's -moos -moose -Morse -Mo's -mos -mosey -Moss -moss -mossier -Moss's -moss's -mossy -moue's -moues -mouse -mouser -mousier -mousse -mousy -mow's -mows -M's -MS -Ms -ms -MS's -MSW -Muir's -mu's -mus -Muse -muse -muss -mussier -muss's -mussy -muzzy -mys -Wm's -Ymir's -masthead -masthead's -mastheads -Mesabi -misbehave -misbehaving -misbehaves -misbehaved -mossback -mossback's -mossbacks -misbegotten -miscible -miscibility -miscibility's -Mesabi's -massif -massive -missive -massively -merciful -mercifully -misfile -misfiling -misfiles -Masefield -misfiled -Masefield's -massiveness -massiveness's -misfire -misfiring -misfire's -misfires -misfired -massif's -massifs -missive's -missives -misfeasance -misfeasance's -misfit -misfitting -misfortune -misfortune's -misfortunes -misfeature -misfeatures -misfit's -misfits -misfitted -masc -mask -masker -masque -massage -mazurka -message -misc -miscue -Mosaic -mosaic -Moscow -mosque -moussaka -MSG -music -musk -muskie -muskier -musky -Muzak -muzak -Muscovy -misgiving -misgovern -misgovernment -misgovernment's -misgoverning -misgiving's -misgivings -misgoverns -misgoverned -Muscovy's -Muscovite -Muscovite's -misjudge -muskeg -Muskogee -Mascagni -Mascagni's -misjudges -muskeg's -muskegs -Muskogee's -misjudged -mescal -miscall -muscle -muscly -muscular -musical -musicale -musically -musclebound -musicology -musicological -miscalculate -miscalculating -miscalculates -miscalculated -miscalculation -miscalculation's -miscalculations -musicology's -musicologist -musicologist's -musicologists -muscularly -muscleman -musclemen -masculine -mescalin -mescaline -miscalling -muscling -muskellunge -muskellunge's -muskellunges -masculine's -masculines -mescaline's -masculinity -masculinity's -muscularity -muscularity's -mescal's -mescals -miscalls -muscle's -muscles -musicale's -musicales -musical's -musicals -miscalled -muscled -musicality -musculature -musculature's -musicality's -misogamy -muskmelon -muskmelon's -muskmelons -miscommunication -miscommunications -misogamy's -misogamist -misogamist's -misogamists -masking -massaging -messaging -miscuing -misogyny -messeigneurs -misogynous -misogyny's -muskiness -muskiness's -misconceive -misconceiving -misconceives -misconceived -misconception -misconception's -misconceptions -misogynist -misogynistic -misconstrue -misconstruction -misconstruction's -misconstructions -misconstruing -misconstrues -misconstrued -misogynist's -misogynists -miscount -misconduct -misconducting -misconduct's -misconducts -misconducted -miscounting -miscount's -miscounts -miscounted -miscegenation -miscegenation's -mascara -massacre -miscarry -Msgr -miscarriage -miscarriage's -miscarriages -mascaraing -massacring -miscreant -miscreant's -miscreants -mascara's -mascaras -massacre's -massacres -miscarries -mascaraed -masquerade -masquerader -massacred -miscarried -muskrat -masquerading -masquerader's -masqueraders -masquerade's -masquerades -muskrat's -muskrats -masqueraded -miscarrying -masker's -maskers -mask's -masks -masque's -masques -massage's -massages -mazurka's -mazurkas -message's -messages -miscue's -miscues -Mosaic's -mosaic's -mosaics -Moscow's -mosque's -mosques -moussakas -MSG's -music's -musics -muskie's -muskies -muskox -musk's -Muzak's -Moussorgsky -Mussorgsky -Moussorgsky's -Mussorgsky's -muskoxen -muskox's -miscast -muskiest -miscasting -miscasts -mascot -masked -massaged -mesquite -messaged -miscued -misguide -Miskito -misquote -mosquito -Muscat -muscat -musket -musketeer -misjudging -muscatel -muscatel's -muscatels -misguiding -misquoting -misguidance -misguidance's -musketry -musketry's -mascot's -mascots -mesquite's -mesquites -misguides -Miskito's -misquote's -misquotes -mosquitoes -mosquito's -Muscat's -muscat's -muscats -musketeer's -musketeers -musket's -muskets -misguided -misquoted -misguidedly -misquotation -misquotation's -misquotations -Marcel -Marcella -Marcelo -Marsala -Mazola -measlier -measly -messily -miserly -mislay -missal -missile -morsel -Moseley -Moselle -Mosley -Mosul -Mozilla -muesli -mussel -muzzily -muzzle -Mesolithic -Mesolithic's -mislabel -mislabels -myself -mucilage -misalignment -misalignment's -mucilaginous -mucilage's -mausoleum -Muslim -mausoleum's -mausoleums -Muslim's -Muslims -Marcelino -misaligned -miscellany -muslin -Mussolini -muzzling -Marcelino's -misalliance -miscellaneous -miscellanies -miscellany's -miserliness -miserliness's -muslin's -Mussolini's -miscellaneously -misalliance's -misalliances -missilery -missilery's -Marcella's -Marcelo's -Marcel's -Marsala's -Marseillaise -Marseilles -Marseilles's -Mazola's -measles -measles's -merciless -mislays -missal's -missals -missile's -missiles -morsel's -morsels -Moseley's -Moselle's -Mosley's -Mosul's -Mozilla's -mussel's -mussels -muzzle's -muzzles -mercilessly -mercilessness -mercilessness's -Marseillaise's -Marseillaises -measliest -mislaid -mislead -misled -muzzled -misleading -misleadingly -misleads -mislaying -Maoism -Mazama -Mesmer -miasma -Mirzam -museum -Mozambique -Mozambican -Mozambican's -Mozambicans -Mozambique's -mesomorph -mesomorph's -mesomorphs -mismanage -mismanagement -mismanagement's -mismanaging -mismanages -mismanaged -mesmeric -mesmerism -mesmerism's -Maoism's -Maoisms -Mazama's -Mesmer's -miasma's -miasmas -Mirzam's -museum's -museums -messmate -messmate's -messmates -mismatch -mismatching -mismatches -mismatch's -mismatched -macing -Mason -mason -massing -Mazzini -meson -messing -Miocene -missing -mizzen -mousing -moussing -muezzin -musing -mussing -Mycenae -misanthrope -misanthropy -misanthropic -misanthropically -misanthrope's -misanthropes -misanthropy's -misanthropist -misanthropist's -misanthropists -misinform -misinforming -misinforms -misinformed -misinformation -misinformation's -Masonic -masonic -messenger -Masonic's -messenger's -messengers -musingly -misname -misnomer -misnaming -misnames -misnomer's -misnomers -mizzenmast -mizzenmast's -mizzenmasts -misnamed -mezzanine -Mycenaean -mezzanine's -mezzanines -Mycenaean's -masonry -McEnroe -mercenary -masonry's -McEnroe's -mercenaries -mercenary's -Mason's -Masons -mason's -masons -Mazzini's -meson's -mesons -messiness -messiness's -Miocene's -mizzen's -mizzens -mousiness -mousiness's -muezzin's -muezzins -musing's -musings -muzziness -Mycenae's -maisonette -Masonite -Massenet -misinterpret -misinterpreting -misinterprets -misinterpreted -misinterpretation -misinterpretation's -misinterpretations -McIntyre -misandry -McIntyre's -misandrist -maisonette's -maisonettes -Masonite's -Massenet's -misunderstand -misunderstanding -misunderstanding's -misunderstandings -misunderstands -misunderstood -Macintosh -McIntosh -Macintosh's -McIntosh's -misspeak -misspoke -misspeaking -misspoken -misspeaks -marsupial -misapply -misplay -misspell -misapplication -misapplication's -misapplications -misspelling -misspelling's -misspellings -marsupial's -marsupials -misapplies -misplace -misplay's -misplays -misspells -misplacement -misplacement's -misplacing -misplaces -misplaced -misapplied -misspelled -misapplying -misplaying -misplayed -marzipan -marzipan's -misspend -misspent -misspending -misspends -misapprehend -misapprehending -misapprehends -misapprehended -misapprehension -misapprehension's -misapprehensions -mispronounce -mispronouncing -mispronounces -mispronounced -mispronunciation -mispronunciation's -mispronunciations -misprint -misprinting -misprint's -misprints -misprinted -misappropriate -misappropriating -misappropriates -misappropriated -misappropriation -misappropriation's -misappropriations -misprision -misprision's -MySpace -MySpace's -Mesopotamia -Mesopotamian -Mesopotamia's -Maseru -measure -misery -Missouri -Mysore -measurable -measurably -miserable -miserably -miserableness -miserableness's -Masaryk -Masaryk's -misrule -mozzarella -misruling -measureless -misrule's -misrules -mozzarella's -misruled -measurement -measurement's -measurements -Mazarin -measuring -Missourian -Mazarin's -Missourian's -Missourians -misrepresent -misrepresenting -misrepresents -misrepresented -misrepresentation -misrepresentation's -misrepresentations -misreport -misreporting -misreport's -misreports -misreported -Maseru's -measure's -measures -miseries -misery's -Missouri's -Mysore's -macerate -Maserati -measured -misread -macerating -misreading -misreading's -misreadings -macerates -Maserati's -misreads -macerated -maceration -maceration's -Mace's -mace's -maces -Macy's -Maisie's -maize's -maizes -Marceau's -Marcie's -Marci's -Marcy's -Marses -Masai's -maser's -masers -Masses -masses -masseur's -masseurs -masseuse -Massey's -Mauser's -maze's -mazes -MCI's -meiosis -meiosis's -Mercer's -mercer's -mercers -mercies -mercy's -Mesa's -mesa's -mesas -messes -Messieurs -messieurs -Meuse's -mezzo's -mezzos -miser's -misers -misses -missus -missus's -Missy's -misuse -Mizar's -Moises -Moises's -moose's -Morse's -Moses -Moses's -moseys -mosses -mouser's -mousers -mouse's -mouses -mousse's -mousses -Mses -Muse's -muse's -muses -musses -mesosphere -mesosphere's -mesospheres -Mesozoic -Mississauga -Mesozoic's -Mississauga's -misusing -Mississippi -Mississippian -Mississippian's -Mississippians -Mississippi's -masseuse's -masseuses -missuses -misuse's -misuses -Massasoit -messiest -misused -mossiest -mousiest -mussiest -Massasoit's -Messerschmidt -Messerschmidt's -maced -Maoist -Masada -massed -mast -Master -master -mayst -Mazda -messed -misdo -missed -mist -Mister -mister -mistier -Misty -misty -moist -moister -most -moused -moussed -Mozart -MST -mused -musette -mussed -must -muster -mustier -musty -Myst -masturbate -masturbating -masturbatory -masturbates -masturbated -masturbation -masturbation's -mastiff -must've -mystify -mystification -mystification's -masterful -masterfully -misadventure -misadventure's -misadventures -mastiff's -mastiffs -mystifies -mystified -mystifying -mastic -mistake -mistook -mystic -mystique -mistakable -mystical -mystically -masterclass -masterclasses -mistaken -mistaking -mistakenly -misdiagnose -misdiagnosing -misdiagnoses -misdiagnosis -misdiagnosis's -misdiagnosed -mastic's -mistake's -mistakes -mystic's -mystics -mystique's -MasterCard -masticate -mastectomy -mastectomies -mastectomy's -masticating -MasterCard's -masticates -masticated -mastication -mastication's -masterly -misdeal -mistily -moistly -mostly -mustily -Mazatlan -misdealing -Mazatlan's -misdeal's -misdeals -misdealt -mistletoe -mistletoe's -mistime -mistiming -mastermind -masterminding -mastermind's -masterminds -masterminded -mesdames -mistimes -mesdemoiselles -mistimed -Macedon -Macedonia -misdoing -misdone -misting -moisten -moistener -mustang -mustang's -mustangs -Macedonian -moistening -Macedonian's -Macedonians -Macedonia's -Macedon's -misdoing's -misdoings -mistiness -mistiness's -moistener's -moisteners -moistens -moistness -moistness's -mustiness -mustiness's -moistened -mustn't -misidentify -misidentifies -misidentified -misidentifying -misstep -mistype -mistyping -masterpiece -misstep's -missteps -mistypes -masterpiece's -masterpieces -maestro -mastery -moisture -mystery -misdirect -misdirecting -misdirects -misdirected -misdirection -misdirection's -mistral -mistrial -mistral's -mistrals -mistrial's -mistrials -mastering -mustering -mistranslated -mousetrap -mousetrapping -mousetrap's -mousetraps -mousetrapped -maestro's -maestros -mastery's -misaddress -Mistress -mistress -mistress's -moisture's -mysteries -mysterious -mystery's -mysteriously -misaddressing -mysteriousness -mysteriousness's -misaddresses -mistresses -misaddressed -mistrust -mistrustful -mistrustfully -mistrusting -mistrust's -mistrusts -mistrusted -mastered -mistreat -mustered -mistreatment -mistreatment's -mistreating -mistreats -mistreated -Maoist's -Maoists -Masada's -Masters -master's -masters -Masters's -mast's -masts -Mazda's -Mercedes -Mercedes's -mestizo -misdoes -mister's -misters -mist's -mists -Misty's -most's -Mozart's -MST's -musette's -musettes -muster's -musters -must's -musts -Myst's -Mistassini -Mistassini's -mestizo's -mestizos -mysticism -mysticism's -mistiest -moistest -mustiest -masterstroke -masterstroke's -masterstrokes -masted -mastoid -misdeed -misdid -misstate -misted -mustard -misstatement -misstatement's -misstatements -mastodon -misstating -mastodon's -mastodons -mastitis -mastoid's -mastoids -misdeed's -misdeeds -misstates -mustard's -misstated -masterwork -masterwork's -masterworks -mustachio -mustachio's -mustachios -mustachioed -mischief -mischief's -mischievous -mischievously -mischievousness -mischievousness's -meerschaum -meerschaum's -meerschaums -musician -musicianly -mischance -musician's -musicians -mischance's -mischances -musicianship -musicianship's -masochism -masochism's -masochist -masochistic -masochistically -masochist's -masochists -Massachusetts -Massachusetts's -Moiseyev -Moiseyev's -moseying -moseyed -mad -madder -made -Mahdi -maid -mart -Marta -Marty -mat -mate -mater -matey -Matt -matte -matter -Mattie -Maud -Maude -mayday -MD -Md -Mead -mead -Meade -meadow -meat -meatier -meaty -med -Medea -Media -media -meed -meet -met -meta -mete -meteor -meter -mid -midair -midday -middy -MIDI -midi -might -mightier -mighty -MIT -mite -mitt -Mitty -moat -mod -mode -Moet -moiety -mood -moodier -Moody -moody -mooed -moot -Mort -mortar -mot -mote -motor -Mott -motto -MT -Mt -mt -mud -muddier -muddy -murder -mute -muter -mutt -mutter -WMD -metatheses -metathesis -metathesis's -motorbike -motorbiking -motorbike's -motorbikes -motorbiked -meatball -mutable -mutably -metabolic -metabolically -meatball's -meatballs -metabolism -metabolism's -metabolisms -metabolite -mutability -metabolite's -metabolites -mutability's -mortarboard -motorboat -mortarboard's -mortarboards -motorboat's -motorboats -metaphor -might've -modifier -modify -mortify -motif -motive -MTV -modifiable -modification -mortification -modification's -modifications -mortification's -medieval -mudflap -mudflaps -motiveless -medievalist -medievalist's -medievalists -midfield -midfielder -mudflat -midfielders -mudflat's -mudflats -metaphoric -metaphorical -metaphorically -metaphor's -metaphors -modifier's -modifiers -modifies -mortifies -motif's -motifs -motive's -motives -MTV's -metaphysical -metaphysically -metaphysics -metaphysics's -Mitford -modified -mortified -motivate -motivator -motivating -Mitford's -motivates -motivator's -motivators -motivated -motivation -motivational -motivation's -motivations -modifying -mortifying -Matterhorn -Matterhorn's -madhouse -madhouse's -madhouses -Marduk -mattock -Maytag -medic -medico -meiotic -motorcar -mtg -mtge -mortgage -mortgagee -mortgagor -mortgaging -mortgagee's -mortgagees -mortgage's -mortgages -mortgagor's -mortgagors -mortgaged -medical -medically -Modigliani -Modigliani's -medical's -medicals -meticulous -meticulously -meticulousness -meticulousness's -modicum -medicament -medicament's -modicum's -modicums -mutagen -mutagenic -mutagen's -mutagens -madcap -metacarpi -metacarpal -metacarpal's -metacarpals -madcap's -madcaps -metacarpus -metacarpus's -Medicare -medicare -mediocre -Medicare's -Medicares -medicare's -motocross -motocross's -motocrosses -mediocrity -mediocrities -mediocrity's -Maddox -Marduk's -mattock's -mattocks -Maytag's -medico's -medicos -medic's -medics -motorcar's -motorcars -Madagascar -Madagascan -Madagascan's -Madagascans -Madagascar's -Maddox's -Medicaid -medicaid -medicate -mitigate -motorcade -mudguard -medicating -mitigating -Medicaid's -Medicaids -medicaid's -medicates -mitigates -motorcade's -motorcades -mudguard's -mudguards -medicated -mitigated -medication -mitigation -medication's -medications -mitigation's -madly -Martel -Mattel -medal -meddle -meddler -medial -medially -medley -medulla -metal -mettle -middle -mightily -modal -model -modular -module -modulo -moodily -mortal -mortally -motel -motile -motley -motlier -mottle -muddily -muddle -mutely -mutual -mutually -middlebrow -middlebrow's -middlebrows -meatloaf -midlife -meatloaf's -meatloaves -midlife's -muddleheaded -meadowlark -metallic -Metallica -metallurgy -metallurgic -metallurgical -meadowlark's -meadowlarks -Metallica's -metallurgy's -metallurgist -metallurgist's -metallurgists -middleman -middlemen -middleman's -middlemost -Madeleine -Madeline -Madelyn -maudlin -medallion -meddling -Medellin -middling -mottling -muddling -Maeterlinck -metalanguage -metalanguage's -metalanguages -Maeterlinck's -Madeleine's -Madeline's -Madelyn's -medallion's -medallions -Medellin's -Midland -midland -Midland's -Midlands -midland's -midlands -Martel's -Mattel's -meatless -medal's -medals -meddler's -meddlers -meddles -medley's -medleys -medulla's -medullas -metal's -metals -mettle's -middle's -middles -modal's -modals -model's -models -module's -modules -modulus -mortal's -mortals -motel's -motels -motiles -motley's -motleys -mottles -muddle's -muddles -meddlesome -mettlesome -motliest -Matilda -meddled -modality -modulate -modulator -mortality -motility -mottled -muddled -mutilate -mutilator -mutuality -Middleton -modulating -mutilating -Middleton's -Matilda's -modalities -modulates -modulator's -modulators -mortality's -motility's -mutilates -mutilator's -mutilators -mutuality's -modulated -mutilated -metalwork -metalworker -metalworking -metalworking's -metalworker's -metalworkers -metalwork's -middleweight -middleweight's -middleweights -modulation -mutilation -modulation's -modulations -mutilation's -mutilations -Madam -madam -madame -medium -modem -Mortimer -motormouth -motormouth's -motormouths -metamorphic -metamorphose -metamorphism -metamorphism's -metamorphosing -metamorphoses -metamorphosis -metamorphosis's -metamorphosed -madman -madmen -motorman -motormen -madman's -motorman's -metempsychoses -metempsychosis -metempsychosis's -madame's -madam's -madams -medium's -mediums -modem's -modems -Mortimer's -mademoiselle -Metamucil -mademoiselle's -mademoiselles -Metamucil's -midmost -Madden -madden -madding -Madonna -maiden -marten -Martin -martin -Martina -martini -mating -matting -Medan -median -Medina -meeting -Merton -meting -midden -mitten -modding -modern -mooting -Morton -Motown -Mouton -mouton -mutineer -muting -mutiny -mutton -muttony -Maidenform -Maidenform's -maidenhair -maidenhair's -meetinghouse -meetinghouse's -meetinghouses -maidenhead -maidenhood -maidenhead's -maidenheads -maidenhood's -Martinique -Martinique's -maidenly -martingale -maternal -maternally -modernly -martingale's -martingales -maddening -maddeningly -Madden's -maddens -madness -madness's -Madonna's -Madonnas -maiden's -maidens -marten's -martens -Martina's -Martinez -martini's -martinis -Martin's -martin's -martins -mating's -matins -matins's -matting's -meatiness -meatiness's -Medan's -median's -medians -Medina's -meeting's -meetings -Merton's -midden's -middens -mightiness -mightiness's -mitten's -mittens -modernness -modernness's -modern's -moderns -moodiness -moodiness's -mordancy -Morton's -Motown's -Mouton's -mouton's -muddiness -muddiness's -muteness -muteness's -mutineer's -mutineers -mutinies -mutinous -mutiny's -mutton's -mutinously -modernism -modernism's -Martinez's -mordancy's -martensite -modernist -modernistic -modernist's -modernists -maddened -martinet -maternity -midnight -mightn't -modernity -mordant -mutant -mutinied -mordantly -martinet's -martinets -maternity's -midnight's -modernity's -mordant's -mordants -mutant's -mutants -Metternich -muttonchops -muttonchops's -Metternich's -mutinying -meetup -mudpack -meatpacking -meatpacking's -mudpacks -midpoint -midpoint's -midpoints -meetup's -meetups -Madeira -Madurai -martyr -mature -maturer -metro -mortuary -murderer -mutterer -midrib -midrib's -midribs -midriff -midriff's -midriffs -meteoric -metric -madrigal -meteorically -metrical -metrically -madrigal's -madrigals -matriculate -matriculating -matriculates -matriculated -matriculation -matriculation's -matrix -metrics -matrix's -metricate -metricating -metricates -metricated -metrication -metrication's -material -materially -maturely -mitral -Motorola -meteorology -meteorologic -meteorological -meteorology's -meteorologist -meteorologist's -meteorologists -material's -materials -Motorola's -materialism -materialism's -materialist -materialistic -materialistically -materialist's -materialists -mudroom -matrimony -matrimonial -matrimony's -mudroom's -mudrooms -martyring -matron -mattering -maturing -metering -mortaring -motoring -Motrin -murdering -muttering -matronly -metronome -metronome's -metronomes -matron's -matrons -Motrin's -muttering's -mutterings -Mitterrand -Mitterrand's -metropolis -metropolis's -metropolises -metropolitan -Madeira's -Madeiras -Madras -madras -madrasa -madrasah -Madras's -madras's -madrassa -Madurai's -martyr's -martyrs -mattress -mattress's -matures -metro's -metros -mortuaries -mortuary's -murderer's -murderers -murderess -murderess's -murderous -mutterer's -mutterers -murderously -madrasah's -madrasahs -madrasa's -madrasas -madrases -madrassa's -madrassas -matrices -mattresses -murderesses -matricide -maturest -motorist -matricidal -matricide's -matricides -motorist's -motorists -Madrid -martyred -mattered -maturate -matured -maturity -meteorite -meteoroid -metered -moderate -moderator -Mordred -mortared -motored -murdered -muttered -moderately -martyrdom -martyrdom's -maturating -moderating -moderateness -moderateness's -Madrid's -maturates -maturities -maturity's -meteorite's -meteorites -meteoroid's -meteoroids -moderate's -moderates -moderator's -moderators -Mordred's -maturated -moderated -matriarch -matriarchy -matriarchal -maturation -moderation -maturation's -moderation's -matriarchies -matriarch's -matriarchs -matriarchy's -Maitreya -Maitreya's -madder's -madders -mad's -mads -Mahdi's -maid's -maids -Marta's -mart's -marts -Marty's -mate's -mates -mateys -Matisse -mat's -mats -matter's -matters -matte's -mattes -Mattie's -Matt's -matzo -matzoh -Maude's -Maud's -mayday's -maydays -MD's -Md's -mdse -Meade's -Meadows -meadow's -meadows -Meadows's -Mead's -mead's -meat's -meats -Medea's -Media's -media's -medias -Medici -Medusa -medusa -medusae -meed's -meet's -meets -meteor's -meteors -meter's -meters -mete's -metes -midair's -Midas -Midas's -midday's -middies -middy's -MIDI's -midi's -midis -might's -mite's -mites -MIT's -mitt's -mitts -Mitty's -Mitzi -moat's -moats -mode's -modes -mod's -mods -Moet's -moieties -moiety's -mood's -moods -Moody's -moots -mortar's -mortars -mortise -Mort's -mote's -motes -motor's -motors -mot's -mots -mottoes -motto's -Mott's -MT's -muddies -mud's -murder's -murders -mute's -mutes -mutter's -mutters -mutt's -mutts -matzoth -Mitsubishi -Mitsubishi's -mitzvah -maidservant -maidservant's -maidservants -Mutsuhito -Mutsuhito's -motorcycle -motorcycling -motorcycle's -motorcycles -motorcyclist -motorcyclist's -motorcyclists -motorcycled -midsection -midsection's -midsections -mudslinger -mudslinging -mudslinging's -mudslinger's -mudslingers -mudslide -mudslide's -mudslides -midsummer -midsummer's -Madison -medicine -mortising -medicinal -medicinally -Madison's -medicine's -medicines -Matisse's -matzoh's -matzohs -matzo's -matzos -Medici's -Medusa's -midsize -mitoses -mitosis -mitosis's -Mitzi's -mortise's -mortises -maddest -matzot -meatiest -Mideast -midst -mightiest -modest -Modesto -modesty -moodiest -mortised -muddiest -mutest -modestly -Mideastern -midstream -midstream's -midst's -Modesto's -modesty's -metastases -metastasis -metastasis's -metastatic -matador -mated -matted -MDT -mediate -mediator -meted -moated -modded -mooted -motet -muddied -mutate -muted -mutative -mitotic -midterm -midterm's -midterms -mediating -midtown -mutating -midtown's -Mediterranean -Mediterranean's -Mediterraneans -matador's -matadors -mediates -mediator's -mediators -metatarsi -motet's -motets -mutates -metatarsal -metatarsal's -metatarsals -metatarsus -metatarsus's -mediated -meditate -metadata -mutated -meditative -meditatively -meditating -meditates -meditated -meditation -meditation's -meditations -Midway -midway -motorway -midwife -midwifing -midwifery -midwiferies -midwifery's -midwife's -midwifes -midwives -midwifed -midweek -midweek's -midweeks -madwoman -madwomen -madwoman's -midwinter -midwinter's -Midway's -midway's -midways -motorway's -motorways -Midwest -Midwestern -Midwesterner -Midwestern's -Midwest's -modish -Murdoch -modishly -mediation -mortician -mutation -mutational -mediation's -modishness -modishness's -mortician's -morticians -mutation's -mutations -mitochondria -mitochondrial -mitochondrion -midshipman -midshipmen -midshipman's -midships -Murdoch's -midyear -muddying -midyear's -midyears -mower -mewing -mowing -mower's -mowers -mewed -mowed -Muawiya -Muawiya's -Mach -mach -macho -March -march -marcher -Marcia -Marsh -marsh -Marsha -marshier -marshy -MASH -mash -masher -match -Mercia -mesh -Messiah -messiah -Mich -mishear -Mitch -mocha -mooch -moocher -mosh -much -Murcia -mush -musher -mushier -mushy -matchbook -matchbook's -matchbooks -matchbox -matchboxes -matchbox's -Machiavelli -Machiavellian -Machiavellian's -Machiavelli's -Mashhad -Mashhad's -Michigan -Michigan's -Michigander -Michiganite -Michigander's -Michiganders -marshal -Marshall -Martial -martial -martially -Michael -Micheal -Michel -Michele -Michelle -Mitchel -Mitchell -Musial -Michelob -Michelob's -matchlock -matchlock's -matchlocks -Michaelmas -Michaelmas's -Michaelmases -Michelin -Michelangelo -Michelangelo's -Michelin's -marshland -marshland's -marshlands -Marshall's -marshal's -marshals -Martial's -matchless -Michael's -Micheal's -Michele's -Michelle's -Michel's -Mitchell's -Mitchel's -Musial's -Michelson -Michelson's -matchmaker -matchmaking -matchmaking's -matchmaker's -matchmakers -marshmallow -marshmallow's -marshmallows -mishmash -mishmashes -mishmash's -machine -marching -Marciano -Martian -martian -mashing -matching -meshing -Messiaen -mission -missioner -mooching -moshing -motion -mushing -machinable -mechanic -Messianic -messianic -mechanical -mechanically -mechanic's -mechanics -mechanics's -motionless -motionlessly -motionlessness -motionlessness's -machining -motioning -machinery -missionary -machinery's -missionaries -missionary's -machine's -machines -marchioness -marchioness's -Marciano's -Martian's -Martians -martians -Messiaen's -missioner's -missioners -mission's -missions -motion's -motions -mushiness -mushiness's -mechanism -mechanism's -mechanisms -marchionesses -machinist -mechanistic -mechanistically -machinist's -machinists -machinate -machined -merchant -motioned -merchantable -mishandle -mishandling -mishandles -mishandled -merchantman -merchantmen -merchantman's -machinating -machinates -merchandise -merchandiser -merchant's -merchants -merchandising -merchandising's -merchandiser's -merchandisers -merchandise's -merchandises -merchandised -machinated -machination -machination's -machinations -mashup -mishap -misshape -misshapen -misshaping -mashup's -mashups -mishap's -mishaps -misshapes -misshaped -Musharraf -Musharraf's -mushroom -mushrooming -mushroom's -mushrooms -mushroomed -mishearing -macho's -Mach's -mach's -Macias -Macias's -marcher's -marchers -Marches -marches -March's -march's -Marcia's -Marsha's -marshes -Marsh's -marsh's -masher's -mashers -mashes -mash's -matches -match's -Mercia's -meshes -mesh's -Messiah's -Messiahs -messiah's -messiahs -Mich's -mishears -Mitch's -mocha's -mochas -moocher's -moochers -mooches -mooch's -moshes -much's -mushers -mushes -mush's -machismo -machismo's -Murchison -Murchison's -marshiest -mushiest -matchstick -matchstick's -matchsticks -machete -marched -mashed -matched -meshed -misheard -mishit -mooched -moshed -mushed -mishitting -machete's -machetes -mishits -matchwood -matchwood's -Maya -Mayer -Mayo -mayo -mayor -Meyer -Meyerbeer -Meyerbeer's -myocardial -myocardium -myelitis -myelitis's -Mayan -Myanmar -Myanmar's -Mayan's -Mayans -mayonnaise -mayonnaise's -myopia -myopic -myopically -myopia's -mayoral -mayoralty -mayoralty's -mayoress -mayoress's -mayoresses -Maya's -Mayas -Mayer's -mayor's -mayors -Mayo's -mayo's -Meyer's -Meyers -Meyers's -Myers -Myers's -gnaw -GNU -gnu -kn -knee -knew -know -N -n -Na -nae -nah -Nair -nay -NE -Ne -near -ne'er -NEH -neigh -new -Ni -nigh -NIH -No -no -Noah -Noe -nor -Norw -NOW -now -nu -NW -NY -WNW -Wynn -Knuth -neath -neither -nether -North -north -norther -nth -northbound -nighthawk -nighthawk's -nighthawks -knothole -northerly -Netherlander -Netherlander's -Netherlanders -Netherlands -Netherlands's -knothole's -knotholes -northerlies -northerly's -Northampton -Northampton's -nethermost -Nathan -northern -Northerner -northerner -nothing -Nathaniel -Nathaniel's -northernmost -nothingness -nothingness's -Nathan's -Nathans -Nathans's -Northerner's -northerner's -northerners -nothing's -nothings -Northrop -Northrup -Northrop's -Northrup's -Knuth's -Knuths -norther's -northers -North's -Norths -north's -nuthouse -nuthouses -Northeast -northeast -northeaster -northeasterly -northeastern -northeaster's -northeasters -Northeast's -Northeasts -northeast's -northeastward -northeastwards -knighthood -knighthood's -knighthoods -netherworld -netherworld's -Northwest -northwest -northwester -northwesterly -northwestern -northwester's -northwesters -Northwest's -Northwests -northwest's -northwestward -northwestwards -northward -northwards -nuthatch -nuthatches -nuthatch's -knob -knobbier -knobby -nab -NB -Nb -NBA -nearby -Neb -newbie -nib -Niobe -nob -nub -nubbier -nubby -Nubia -nabob -nabob's -nabobs -NBC -Nabokov -Nabokov's -NBC's -knobbly -nebula -nebulae -nebular -nibble -nibbler -nobble -Nobel -Noble -noble -nobler -nobly -nubile -nybble -nobelium -nobleman -noblemen -nobleman's -nobelium's -nibbling -nobbling -Nibelung -Nibelung's -nobleness -nobleness's -nebula's -nebulous -nibbler's -nibblers -nibble's -nibbles -nobbles -Nobel's -Noble's -noble's -nobles -nybbles -nebulously -nebulousness -nebulousness's -Nobelist -noblest -Nobelist's -Nobelists -nibbled -nobbled -nobility -nobility's -noblewoman -noblewomen -noblewoman's -niobium -niobium's -nabbing -newborn -nubbin -Nubian -newborn's -newborns -nubbin's -nubbins -Nubian's -Nebr -Niebuhr -Niebuhr's -Nebraska -Nebraskan -Nebraskan's -Nebraskans -Nebraska's -knob's -knobs -nabs -NBA's -NBS -Nb's -newbie's -newbies -nib's -nibs -Niobe's -nobs -Nubia's -nub's -nubs -Nabisco -Nabisco's -knobbiest -nubbiest -nabbed -nobody -Norbert -Norberto -nobodies -nobody's -Norberto's -Norbert's -Nebuchadnezzar -Nebuchadnezzar's -knave -knife -naff -naffer -naif -naive -naiver -nave -Navy -navy -nephew -Nerf -nerve -nervier -nervy -Nev -Neva -never -nevi -NF -niff -niffy -Nivea -Nov -Nova -nova -novae -NV -naphtha -naphthalene -naphthalene's -nevertheless -naphtha's -navvy -navvies -Navajo -NFC -navigable -navigability -navigability's -Novocain -Novocaine -Novocain's -Novocains -Novgorod -Novgorod's -Navajoes -Navajo's -Navajos -Novokuznetsk -Novokuznetsk's -navigate -navigator -navigating -navigates -navigator's -navigators -navigated -navigation -navigational -navigation's -Knievel -naively -naval -navel -neophilia -NFL -novel -novella -Norfolk -Norfolk's -Knievel's -navel's -navels -nerveless -NFL's -novella's -novellas -novel's -novels -nervelessly -nervelessness -nervelessness's -novelist -novelist's -novelists -novelette -novelty -novelette's -novelettes -novelties -novelty's -November -November's -Novembers -nevermore -knifing -nerving -Nirvana -nirvana -novena -newfangled -nerviness -nerviness's -Nirvana's -nirvana's -novena's -novenas -newfound -Newfoundland -Newfoundlander -Newfoundland's -Newfoundlands -knavery -Navarre -Navarro -nephropathy -knavery's -Navarre's -Navarro's -nefarious -nefariously -nefariousness -nefariousness's -nephrite -nephritic -Navratilova -Navratilova's -nephrite's -nephritis -nephritis's -knave's -knaves -knife's -knifes -knives -naif's -naifs -nave's -naves -navies -navy's -nephew's -nephews -Nerf's -nerve's -nerves -nervous -Neva's -Nevis -Nevis's -Nev's -nevus -nevus's -Nieves -Nieves's -Nivea's -Nova's -nova's -novas -novice -Nov's -Novosibirsk -Novosibirsk's -Nevsky -Nevsky's -nervously -nervousness -nervousness's -novice's -novices -naffest -naivest -nerviest -knifed -NAFTA -naivety -neophyte -nerved -Nevada -niftier -nifty -Naphtali -Naphtali's -Nevadan -Nevadian -Nevadan's -Nevadans -NAFTA's -naivety's -neophyte's -neophytes -Nevada's -Novartis -Novartis's -niftiest -Nefertiti -Nefertiti's -knavish -knavishly -novitiate -novitiate's -novitiates -NH -nohow -narwhal -NHL -narwhal's -narwhals -NHL's -nihilism -nihilism's -nihilist -nihilistic -nihilist's -nihilists -Nahum -Nehemiah -Nahum's -Nehemiah's -nowhere -nowhere's -Nahuatl -Nahuatl's -Nahuatls -knack -knacker -knicker -knock -knocker -nag -nagger -Nagy -narc -nark -narky -NC -NCAA -NCO -neck -neg -Nicaea -Nick -nick -nicker -Niger -nigga -nigger -nigher -Nike -Nikkei -Nikki -NJ -Nokia -nook -nookie -nooky -nudge -nuke -NYC -Nicobar -Knickerbocker -Knickerbocker's -knickerbockers -knickerbockers's -neckband -neckbands -Nicobar's -knockabout -knockoff -Negev -knockoff's -knockoffs -Negev's -Naugahyde -Naugahyde's -knickknack -knickknack's -knickknacks -knuckle -Niccolo -nickel -nickle -Nicola -Nicole -Nigel -niggle -niggler -Nikolai -nuclear -nuclei -NyQuil -Nukualofa -Nukualofa's -knucklehead -knucklehead's -knuckleheads -negligee -nucleic -negligible -negligibly -negligence -negligence's -negligent -negligently -negligee's -negligees -neglect -neglectful -neglectfully -neglectfulness -neglectfulness's -neglecting -neglect's -neglects -neglected -nucleoli -nucleolus -nucleolus's -Ngaliema -Ngaliema's -knuckling -neckline -niggling -nucleon -neocolonialism -neocolonialism's -neocolonialist -neocolonialist's -neocolonialists -neckline's -necklines -nucleon's -nucleons -narcolepsy -narcolepsy's -narcoleptic -knuckle's -knuckles -necklace -Niccolo's -nickel's -nickels -Nicklaus -Nicklaus's -nickles -Nickolas -Nickolas's -Nicola's -Nicolas -Nicolas's -Nicole's -Nigel's -niggler's -nigglers -niggle's -niggles -Nikolai's -nucleus -nucleus's -NyQuil's -neoclassic -neoclassical -necklacing -necklacings -necklace's -necklaces -neoclassicism -neoclassicism's -necklaced -nucleoside -knuckled -niggled -nucleate -Nickelodeon -nickelodeon -nucleating -Nickelodeon's -nickelodeon's -nickelodeons -nucleates -knuckleduster -knuckledusters -nucleated -nucleotide -nucleation -nucleation's -newcomer -newcomer's -newcomers -knocking -nagging -necking -neighing -neocon -Neogene -nicking -Nikon -noggin -nuking -nickname -nicknaming -nickname's -nicknames -nicknamed -necking's -neocon's -neocons -Neogene's -Nikon's -noggin's -noggins -neoconservative -neoconservative's -neoconservatives -Nijinsky -Nijinsky's -kneecap -NAACP -Nagpur -kneecapping -kneecap's -kneecaps -NAACP's -Nagpur's -kneecapped -nacre -Negro -negro -Niagara -Nigeria -necrophilia -necrophiliac -necrophiliacs -Nicaragua -Nicaraguan -Nicaraguan's -Nicaraguans -Nicaragua's -necrology -necrology's -Nkrumah -necromancer -necromancy -necromancer's -necromancers -necromancy's -Nkrumah's -knackering -nickering -Nigerian -Nigerien -Nigerian's -Nigerians -Nigerien's -necropolis -necropolis's -necropolises -nacreous -nacre's -Negress -Negress's -Negroes -Negro's -Negros -Negros's -Niagara's -Nigeria's -necroses -necrosis -necrosis's -Negresses -knackered -Negroid -negroid -nickered -necrotic -Negroid's -Negroids -Negritude -negritude -negritude's -knackers -knack's -knacks -knickers -knickers's -knocker's -knockers -knock's -knocks -Knox -nagger's -naggers -nag's -nags -Nagy's -narc's -narcs -NCAA's -neck's -necks -Nicaea's -nicker's -nickers -Nick's -nick's -nicks -Niger's -nigga's -niggas -niggaz -nigger's -niggers -Nike's -Nikkei's -Nikki's -nix -Nokia's -nook's -nooks -nudge's -nudges -nuke's -nukes -Knoxville -Knoxville's -Nagasaki -Nagasaki's -nixing -Nixon -Nixon's -Knox's -narcoses -narcosis -narcosis's -Nexis -Nexis's -nexus -nexus's -nixes -nix's -noxious -Noxzema -Noxzema's -nexuses -next -nighest -nixed -Newcastle -Newcastle's -next's -knocked -knockout -nagged -naked -necked -necktie -nectar -negate -neighed -nicked -niggard -Nikita -nougat -nudged -nugget -nuked -negative -negatively -negativing -negativeness -negativeness's -negative's -negatives -negativism -negativism's -negatived -negativity -negativity's -narcotic -narcotic's -narcotics -nakedly -niggardly -niggardliness -niggardliness's -Nicodemus -Nicodemus's -knockdown -negating -nicotine -nocturne -nocturnal -nocturnally -knockdown's -knockdowns -nakedness -nakedness's -nicotine's -nocturne's -nocturnes -nugatory -nectarine -nectarine's -nectarines -knockout's -knockouts -necktie's -neckties -nectar's -negates -niggard's -niggards -Nikita's -nougat's -nougats -nugget's -nuggets -negated -nagware -Kngwarreye -Kngwarreye's -knockwurst -knockwurst's -knockwursts -gnocchi -Nicosia -negotiable -negotiability -negotiability's -neckerchief -neckerchief's -neckerchiefs -negation -negation's -negations -Nicosia's -negotiate -negotiator -Nouakchott -negotiating -negotiates -negotiator's -negotiators -Nouakchott's -negotiated -negotiation -negotiation's -negotiations -Nagoya -Nguyen -Nguyen's -Nagoya's -gnarl -gnarlier -gnarly -kneel -knell -knoll -knurl -nail -Neal -nearly -Neil -Nell -Nellie -Nelly -newly -nil -Nile -Noel -noel -Noelle -Nola -null -Neolithic -neolithic -nailbrush -nailbrushes -nailbrush's -nullify -nullification -nullification's -nullifies -nullified -nullifying -knowledge -knowledgeable -knowledgeably -knowledge's -neologism -neologism's -neologisms -gnarling -kneeling -knelling -knurling -nailing -newline -Nolan -nylon -newlines -Nolan's -nylon's -nylons -nylons's -NLRB -gnarl's -gnarls -kneels -knell's -knells -knoll's -knolls -Knowles -Knowles's -knurl's -knurls -nail's -nails -Neal's -Neil's -Nellie's -Nell's -Nelly's -Nile's -nil's -Noelle's -Noel's -Noels -noel's -noels -Nola's -nulls -Nelsen -Nelson -nelson -Nielsen -Nelsen's -Nelson's -nelson's -nelsons -Nielsen's -gnarliest -gnarled -knelled -knelt -knurled -nailed -Nelda -nullity -Nelda's -nullity's -newlywed -newlywed's -newlyweds -gnome -Nam -name -Naomi -Niamey -NM -Noemi -Nome -norm -Norma -Noumea -numb -Namath -Namath's -Namibia -nimbi -NIMBY -nimby -number -nameable -nimble -nimbler -nimbly -numbly -nimbleness -nimbleness's -numberless -nimblest -Namibian -numbing -Namibian's -Namibians -numbness -numbness's -numbering -numbered -Namibia's -nimbus -nimbus's -Numbers -number's -numbers -Numbers's -numbs -numbest -numbed -Nembutal -Nembutal's -nymph -nympho -nymphomania -nymphomaniac -nymphomaniac's -nymphomaniacs -nymphomania's -nymphos -nymph's -nymphs -nymphet -nymphet's -nymphets -gnomic -pneumococcal -pneumococci -pneumococcus -namely -normal -normally -nameless -normalcy -normal's -namelessly -normalcy's -normality -normality's -naming -Newman -nominee -Norman -pneumonia -nomenclature -nomenclature's -nomenclatures -nominal -nominally -Newman's -nominee's -nominees -Norman's -Normans -numinous -pneumonia's -nominate -nominator -Normand -Normandy -nominative -nominative's -nominatives -nominating -nominates -nominator's -nominators -Normand's -Normandy's -nominated -nomination -nomination's -nominations -nameplate -nameplate's -nameplates -numerable -numeric -numerical -numerically -numeral -numerology -numerology's -numerologist -numerologist's -numerologists -numeral's -numerals -numeracy -numerous -numerously -numeracy's -Nimrod -nimrod -numerate -numerator -numerating -Nimrod's -nimrod's -nimrods -numerates -numerator's -numerators -numerated -numeration -numeration's -numerations -gnome's -gnomes -name's -names -Nam's -Naomi's -Niamey's -Noemi's -Nome's -Norma's -norm's -norms -Noumea's -namesake -namesake's -namesakes -numismatic -numismatics -numismatics's -numismatist -numismatist's -numismatists -nemeses -Nemesis -nemesis -Nemesis's -nemesis's -named -Narmada -nomad -normative -nomadic -pneumatic -pneumatically -namedrop -namedropping -namedropping's -Narmada's -Nimitz -nomad's -nomads -Nimitz's -nematode -nematode's -nematodes -gnomish -kneeing -known -naan -Nan -Nannie -nanny -Narnia -neon -Nina -nine -ninny -non -Nona -none -noon -noun -nun -ninth -nonetheless -nonathletic -nonthinking -nonthreatening -ninth's -ninths -nontheatrical -nonobjective -nonbeliever -nonbeliever's -nonbelievers -nonbelligerent -nonbelligerent's -nonbelligerents -nonobligatory -nonburnable -nonbinding -nonbreakable -nonabrasive -nonabsorbent -nonabsorbent's -nonabsorbents -nonobservance -nonobservance's -nonobservant -nonbasic -nanobot -nanobots -Nineveh -nonverbal -nonviable -nonvocal -noneffective -nonfactual -nonfiction -nonfictional -nonvocational -nonfiction's -nonavailability -nonavailability's -nonfluctuating -nonflammable -nonviolence -nonviolence's -nonviolent -nonviolently -nonvolatile -nonflowering -nonflying -nonfunctional -nonvenomous -nonevent -nonevent's -nonevents -nonvirulent -nonferrous -nonfreezing -Nineveh's -nonphysical -nonphysically -nonfat -nonfood -nonvoter -Nunavut -nonfatal -nonfading -nonvoting -nonfattening -nonfood's -nonvoter's -nonvoters -Nunavut's -nonofficial -nonhuman -nonhereditary -nonhazardous -nonwhite -nonwhite's -nonwhites -Nanak -Nanook -ninja -nonage -Nunki -nonequivalent -nonequivalent's -nonequivalents -nongovernmental -nonnuclear -noncollectable -nonclinical -noncaloric -nonclerical -nonclerical's -nonclericals -noncom -noncombustible -noncombat -noncombatant -noncombatant's -noncombatants -noncumulative -noncommunicable -noncompliance -noncompliance's -noncomplying -nincompoop -nincompoop's -nincompoops -noncomprehending -noncompeting -noncompetitive -noncom's -noncoms -noncommittal -noncommittally -noncommercial -noncommercial's -noncommercials -Nanjing -nonconforming -nonconformism -nonconformist -nonconformist's -nonconformists -nonconformity -nonconformity's -nonconvertible -nonagenarian -nonagenarian's -nonagenarians -Nanjing's -nonconsecutive -noncancerous -nonconstructive -noncontagious -nonconductor -nonconducting -nonconductor's -nonconductors -noncontinuous -noncontributing -noncontributory -noncontroversial -noncooperation -noncooperation's -nonoccupational -noncriminal -noncriminal's -noncriminals -nongranular -nonoccurence -noncorrosive -noncrystalline -noncritical -noncorroding -noncredit -nonaggression -nonaggression's -Nanak's -Nanook's -ninja's -ninjas -nonage's -nonages -Nunki's -nonexclusive -nonexempt -nonexempt's -nonexplosive -nonexplosive's -nonexplosives -nonacceptance -nonacceptance's -nonexistence -nonexistence's -nonexistent -noncustodial -nonexchangeable -nonactive -nonactive's -nonactives -nonnarcotic -nonjudgmental -nonnarcotic's -nonnarcotics -nonacademic -nonjudicial -nonnegotiable -nonlethal -nonliving -nonliving's -nonalcoholic -nonallergic -nonlegal -nonalignment -nonalignment's -nonelectric -nonelectrical -nonaligned -nonlinear -nonelastic -nonliterary -nonmagnetic -nonmigratory -nonmalignant -nonmilitant -nonmilitary -nonmember -nonmember's -nonmembers -nonempty -nonnumerical -nonmetal -nonmetallic -nonmetal's -nonmetals -noninfectious -noninflected -noninflammatory -noninflationary -nonuniform -nonenforceable -noninvasive -noninclusive -nonunion -nonintervention -nonintervention's -noninterference -noninterference's -nonintoxicating -nonintellectual -nonintellectual's -nonintellectuals -nonindependent -nonindustrial -nonentity -nonentities -nonentity's -noninterchangeable -nonpublic -nonperforming -nonperformance -nonperformance's -nonplus -nonplussing -nonpluses -nonplussed -nonpolitical -nonpolluting -nonpayment -nonpayment's -nonpayments -ninepin -ninepin's -ninepins -ninepins's -nonpunishable -nonprofit -nonprofitable -nonprofit's -nonprofits -nonprofessional -nonprofessional's -nonprofessionals -nonpracticing -nonprejudicial -nonpareil -nonproliferation -nonproliferation's -nonparallel -nonparallel's -nonparallels -nonpareil's -nonpareils -nonappearance -nonappearance's -nonappearances -nonporous -nonprescription -nonoperative -nonproductive -nonperishable -nonoperational -nonperson -nonperson's -nonpersons -nonpoisonous -nonpartisan -nonpartisan's -nonpartisans -nonparticipant -nonparticipant's -nonparticipants -nonparticipating -nonpaying -nunnery -nonrefillable -nonrefundable -nonrhythmic -nonrecoverable -nonrecognition -nonrecognition's -nonrecurring -nonrigid -nonreactive -nonreligious -nonrandom -nonrenewable -nonrepresentational -nunneries -nunnery's -nonreciprocal -nonreciprocal's -nonreciprocals -nonreciprocating -nonresistance -nonresistance's -nonresistant -nonresidual -nonresidual's -nonresident -nonresident's -nonresidents -nonresidential -nonrestrictive -nonradioactive -nonredeemable -nonreturnable -nonreturnable's -nonreturnables -nonirritating -nonracial -naans -Nancy -Nannie's -nannies -nanny's -Nan's -Narnia's -nearness -nearness's -neon's -newness -newness's -Nina's -nine's -nines -ninnies -ninny's -Nona's -nonce -nonissue -nonuser -noon's -noun's -nouns -nuance -nuncio -Nunez -nun's -nuns -nonsurgical -nonsecular -nonassignable -nanosecond -nanosecond's -nanoseconds -nonsegregated -nonscoring -nonsexual -nonsuccessive -nonsexist -nonskid -nonscheduled -nonsectarian -nonslip -nonsalaried -nonsmoker -nonsmoking -nonsmoker's -nonsmokers -Nansen -Nansen's -nonsense -nonsensical -nonsensically -nonsense's -nonsensitive -nonscientific -nonessential -nonspeaking -nonspiritual -nonspiritual's -nonspirituals -nonspecific -nonsupport -nonsupporting -nonsupport's -nonspecializing -nonspecialist -nonspecialist's -nonspecialists -nonzero -Nancy's -nonce's -nonuser's -nonusers -nuance's -nuances -nuncio's -nuncios -Nunez's -nonseasonal -nonsustaining -nonacid -nuanced -nonstick -nonstaining -nonstandard -nonstop -nonstriking -nonstructural -nonstrategic -nonstarter -nonstarter's -nonstarters -nonesuch -nonsocial -nonesuches -nonesuch's -Nanette -neonate -ninety -noonday -ninetieth -Neanderthal -neanderthal -Neanderthal's -Neanderthals -neanderthal's -neanderthals -ninetieth's -ninetieths -nonnative -nonnative's -nonnatives -nonadhesive -nontaxable -nontoxic -nonadjacent -nonadjustable -Nantucket -nonaddictive -Nantucket's -noneducational -neonatal -nondelivery -nondeliveries -nondelivery's -noontime -nondemocratic -nonadministrative -noontime's -nonautomotive -nineteen -nineteenth -nineteenth's -nineteenths -nondenominational -nontenured -nineteen's -nineteens -Nintendo -nonidentical -nonattendance -nonattendance's -Nintendo's -nontarnishable -nondepreciating -nondepartmental -nondairy -nontrivial -nondramatic -nondrinker -nondrinker's -nondrinkers -nontransferable -nontransparent -nontropical -nontraditional -nondrying -Nanette's -Nantes -Nantes's -neonate's -neonates -nineties -ninety's -noonday's -nondisclosure -nondisclosure's -nondiscriminatory -nondiscrimination -nondiscrimination's -nondescript -nondisciplinary -nondestructive -noontide -nondeductible -nondeductible's -noontide's -nondetachable -nontechnical -nanotechnology -nanotechnologies -nanotechnology's -nonworking -nonchargeable -nonchalance -nonchalance's -nonchalant -nonchalantly -Nanchang -Nanchang's -nonyielding -GNP -Knapp -nap -nape -Napier -napper -nappier -nappy -neap -nip -nipper -nippier -nippy -nope -NP -Np -Knopf -Knopf's -GnuPG -napkin -napkin's -napkins -Naipaul -Nepal -Nepali -nipple -napalm -napalming -napalm's -napalms -napalmed -Napoleon -napoleon -Napoleonic -Napoleonic's -Napoleon's -Napoleons -napoleon's -napoleons -Norplant -Norplant's -Naipaul's -Naples -Naples's -napless -Nepalese -Nepali's -Nepalis -Nepal's -nipple's -nipples -neoplasm -neoplasm's -neoplasms -Nepalese's -neoplastic -Neapolitan -Neapolitan's -napping -nipping -Nippon -nepenthe -nepenthe's -nippiness -nippiness's -Nipponese -Nippon's -Nipponese's -NPR -neoprene -neoprene's -NPR's -GNP's -Knapp's -nape's -napes -Napier's -napper's -nappers -nappies -nappy's -nap's -naps -neap's -neaps -nipper's -nippers -nip's -nips -Np's -knapsack -knapsack's -knapsacks -nappiest -Napster -nippiest -Napster's -napped -Newport -nipped -Neptune -neptunium -neptunium's -Neptune's -Newport's -nepotism -nepotism's -nepotist -nepotistic -nepotist's -nepotists -nuptial -nuptial's -nuptials -narrow -nary -Nauru -nearer -Nehru -Nero -Nora -NR -NRA -Nairobi -Nairobi's -Noriega -NRC -Narraganset -Narragansett -Narragansett's -Noriega's -narrowly -neural -neurally -neuralgia -neurology -neuralgic -neurological -neurologically -neuralgia's -neurology's -neurologist -neurologist's -neurologists -Nuremberg -Nuremberg's -nearing -neuron -Noreen -Nirenberg -Nirenberg's -neuronal -narrowness -narrowness's -neuron's -neurons -Noreen's -narrow's -narrows -Nauru's -Nehru's -Nero's -Nora's -Norris -Norris's -neurasthenia -neurasthenic -neurasthenic's -neurasthenics -neurasthenia's -neurosurgical -neurosurgeon -neurosurgeon's -neurosurgeons -neurosurgery -neurosurgery's -neuroses -neurosis -neurosis's -nearest -nor'easter -narrate -narrator -neared -Nereid -Neruda -NORAD -narrative -narrative's -narratives -neuritic -neurotic -neurotically -neuritic's -neuritics -neurotic's -neurotics -narrating -neurotransmitter -neurotransmitter's -neurotransmitters -narrates -narrator's -narrators -Nereid's -Neruda's -neuritis -neuritis's -NORAD's -narrated -narrower -narrowing -narrowest -narrowed -nourish -nourishment -nourishment's -narration -nourishing -narration's -narrations -nourishes -nourished -Nureyev -Nureyev's -gnaws -gneiss -gneiss's -GNU's -gnu's -gnus -knee's -knees -knows -Nair's -Na's -NASA -Nassau -Nasser -nausea -nay's -nays -Nazi -nears -neigh's -neighs -NE's -Ne's -NeWS -new's -news -newsier -news's -newsy -Nice -nice -nicer -niece -Ni's -Nisei -nisei -Noah's -Noe's -noes -noise -noisier -noisy -noose -Norse -No's -Nos -no's -nos -nose -nosier -nosy -nous -now's -Noyce -N's -NS -NSA -nurse -nurser -nu's -nus -NW's -NYSE -NZ -WNW's -Wynn's -newsboy -nosebag -nosebags -nosebleed -nosebleed's -nosebleeds -newsboy's -newsboys -NSF -NSFW -newsflash -newsflashes -Nosferatu -Nosferatu's -NASCAR -Nazca -nosegay -NSC -Nescafe -Nescafe's -newsgirl -newsgirl's -newsgirls -nosecone -nosecone's -nosecones -newsagent -newsagents -newsgroup -newsgroup's -newsgroups -NASCAR's -Nazca's -nosegay's -nosegays -newscast -newscaster -newscaster's -newscasters -newscast's -newscasts -nacelle -nasal -nasally -nicely -noisily -nosily -nozzle -nuzzle -nuzzler -nursling -nuzzling -nurselings -nursling's -nurslings -Nesselrode -Nesselrode's -nacelle's -nacelles -nasal's -nasals -noiseless -nozzle's -nozzles -nuzzler's -nuzzlers -nuzzle's -nuzzles -noiselessly -noiselessness -noiselessness's -nasality -newsletter -nuzzled -nasality's -newsletter's -newsletters -noisome -Naismith -Naismith's -noisemaker -noisemaker's -noisemakers -newsman -newsmen -Norseman -Norsemen -newsman's -Norseman's -Norsemen's -nursemaid -nursemaid's -nursemaids -niacin -Nicene -Nisan -Nissan -noising -nosing -nursing -nascence -niacin's -Nicene's -niceness -niceness's -Nisan's -Nissan's -noisiness -noisiness's -nosiness -nosiness's -nuisance -nursing's -nascence's -nuisance's -nuisances -nascent -newspeak -newspaper -newspaperman -newspapermen -newspaperman's -newspaper's -newspapers -newspaperwoman -newspaperwomen -newspaperwoman's -newsprint -newsprint's -nursery -Nazareth -Nazareth's -newsreel -newsreel's -newsreels -newsroom -nurseryman -nurserymen -nurseryman's -newsroom's -newsrooms -Nazarene -Nazarene's -nurseries -nursery's -newsreader -newsreaders -Knossos -Knossos's -NASA's -Nassau's -Nasser's -nausea's -nauseous -Nazi's -Nazis -NeWSes -Nice's -niece's -nieces -Nisei's -nisei's -noise's -noises -noose's -nooses -Norse's -nose's -noses -Noyce's -NSA's -nurser's -nursers -nurse's -nurses -nauseously -Nazism -Nazism's -Nazisms -nauseousness -nauseousness's -necessary -necessarily -necessaries -necessary's -Narcissus -narcissus -Narcissus's -narcissus's -narcissism -narcissism's -narcissist -narcissistic -narcissist's -narcissists -necessity -newsiest -nicest -noisiest -nosiest -necessities -necessitous -necessity's -necessitate -necessitating -necessitates -necessitated -Knesset -nastier -nasty -nauseate -nearside -nest -Nestor -nicety -noised -nosed -nursed -nosedive -nosediving -nosedive's -nosedives -nosedived -Gnostic -NASDAQ -Gnostic's -NASDAQ's -nastily -Nestle -nestle -newsdealer -nostalgia -nostalgic -nostalgically -nostalgia's -nestling -nestling's -nestlings -Nestle's -nestles -newsdealer's -newsdealers -nestled -nauseating -nesting -nauseatingly -nastiness -nastiness's -newsstand -newsstand's -newsstands -nostril -nostril's -nostrils -nostrum -nostrum's -nostrums -Nestorius -Nestorius's -Nostradamus -Nostradamus's -Knesset's -nauseates -Nestor's -nest's -nests -niceties -nicety's -Gnosticism -Gnosticism's -nastiest -nauseated -nearsighted -nested -nearsightedly -nasturtium -nasturtium's -nasturtiums -nearsightedness -nearsightedness's -newsworthy -newsworthiness -newsworthiness's -Newsweek -newsweekly -newsweeklies -newsweekly's -Newsweek's -newswoman -newswomen -newswoman's -naysayer -naysayer's -naysayers -gnat -knead -kneader -kneed -Knight -knight -knit -knitter -knot -knottier -knotty -Nader -Nadia -nadir -naiad -Nat -Nate -NATO -natter -nattier -natty -naughtier -naughty -ND -Nd -neat -neater -Ned -need -needier -needy -nerd -nerdier -nerdy -net -netter -Nettie -neut -neuter -newt -night -nightie -nit -Nita -nod -noddy -node -not -note -nowt -NT -nude -nuder -nut -nutter -nuttier -nutty -NWT -netbook -notebook -netbook's -netbooks -notebook's -notebooks -netball -notable -notably -notable's -notables -notability -notabilities -notability's -native -notifier -notify -notifiable -notification -notification's -notifications -needful -needfully -nightfall -Netflix -Netflix's -nightfall's -native's -natives -notifier's -notifiers -notifies -Nativity -nativity -notified -nativities -Nativity's -nativity's -notifying -Nootka -Nordic -nautical -nautically -nightclothes -nightclothes's -nightclub -nightclubbing -nightclub's -nightclubs -nightclubbed -N'Djamena -Ndjamena -Ndjamena's -nightgown -nudging -nightgown's -nightgowns -nightcap -nightcap's -nightcaps -nutcracker -nutcracker's -nutcrackers -Nootka's -Nordic's -Nordics -nutcase -nutcases -netiquette -netiquettes -knightly -natal -Natalia -Natalie -natl -nattily -naughtily -neatly -needle -nettle -nightly -nodal -noddle -nodular -nodule -noodle -nightlife -nightlife's -needling -nettling -noodling -nightlong -knightliness -knightliness's -needlepoint -needlepoint's -Natalia's -Natalie's -Nautilus -nautilus -Nautilus's -nautilus's -needle's -needles -needless -nettle's -nettles -noddle's -noddles -nodule's -nodules -noodle's -noodles -needlessly -nettlesome -needlessness -needlessness's -nautiluses -needled -nettled -nightlight -noodled -notelet -nightlights -notelets -needlework -needlework's -needlewoman -needlewomen -needlewoman's -nighttime -nutmeg -nutmeg's -nutmegs -neodymium -neodymium's -nightmare -nightmare's -nightmares -nightmarish -nighttime's -nutmeat -nutmeat's -nutmeats -kneading -knighting -knitting -knotting -Nadine -neaten -needing -netting -Newton -newton -nodding -Norton -noting -nutting -Nottingham -Nottingham's -Nightingale -nightingale -Nightingale's -nightingale's -nightingales -neatening -Newtonian -Newtonian's -knitting's -Nadine's -nattiness -nattiness's -naughtiness -naughtiness's -neatens -neatness -neatness's -neediness -neediness's -netting's -Newton's -newton's -newtons -Norton's -nuttiness -nuttiness's -neatened -needn't -nitpick -nitpicker -nutpick -nitpicking -nitpicking's -nitpicker's -nitpickers -nitpicks -nutpick's -nutpicks -nitpicked -notepaper -notepaper's -notepad -notepads -nature -nitro -notary -nurture -nurturer -nutria -nitrification -nitrification's -nitric -nitrogen -nitrogenous -nitrogen's -natural -naturally -neutral -neutrally -notarial -naturalness -naturalness's -natural's -naturals -neutral's -neutrals -naturalism -neutralism -naturalism's -neutralism's -naturalist -neutralist -naturalistic -naturalist's -naturalists -neutralist's -neutralists -neutrality -neutrality's -nutriment -nutriment's -nutriments -nattering -neutering -neutrino -neutron -nurturing -neutrino's -neutrinos -neutron's -neutrons -nutrient -nutrient's -nutrients -nature's -natures -notaries -notary's -notorious -nurturer's -nurturers -nurture's -nurtures -nutria's -nutrias -notoriously -nitrocellulose -nitrocellulose's -naturism -naturist -naturists -NutraSweet -NutraSweet's -notarization's -nattered -neutered -nitrate -nitrite -notoriety -nurtured -nutritive -nitrating -nitrate's -nitrates -nitrite's -nitrites -notoriety's -nitrated -nitration -nutrition -nutritional -nutritionally -nitration's -nutrition's -nutritionist -nutritionist's -nutritionists -nutritious -nutritiously -nutritiousness -nutritiousness's -gnat's -gnats -kneader's -kneaders -kneads -Knight's -knight's -knights -knit's -knits -knitter's -knitters -knot's -knots -Nader's -Nadia's -nadir's -nadirs -naiad's -naiads -Nate's -NATO's -Nat's -natter's -natters -Nd's -Ned's -need's -needs -nerd's -nerds -net's -nets -netters -Nettie's -neuter's -neuters -newt's -newts -nightie's -nighties -night's -nights -Nita's -nit's -nits -node's -nodes -NoDoz -nod's -nods -note's -notes -notice -nude's -nudes -nut's -nuts -nutters -noticeable -noticeably -noticeboard -noticeboards -Netzahualcoyotl -Netzahualcoyotl's -Nietzsche -Netscape -Netscape's -Nietzsche's -nudism -nudism's -Knudsen -noticing -Knudsen's -nightspot -nightspot's -nightspots -NoDoz's -notice's -notices -knottiest -nattiest -naughtiest -neatest -neediest -nerdiest -noticed -nudest -nudist -nuttiest -nightstick -nightstick's -nightsticks -nightstand -nightstand's -nightstands -nudist's -nudists -kneaded -knighted -knitted -knotted -needed -netted -nodded -notate -noted -nudity -nutted -notating -nightdress -nightdress's -nightdresses -notates -nudity's -notated -knitwear -nightwear -noteworthy -noteworthiness -noteworthiness's -notwithstanding -network -notwork -networking -networking's -network's -networks -notworks -networked -knitwear's -nightwear's -nitwit -nitwit's -nitwits -nightwatchman -nightwatchmen -Natasha -nutshell -nutshell's -nutshells -notation -notation's -notations -Natasha's -nightshade -nightshirt -nightshade's -nightshades -nightshirt's -nightshirts -newer -Norway -noway -knowable -Newark -Norwegian -Norwegian's -Norwegians -Newark's -newel -newel's -newels -gnawing -knowing -knowingly -knowings -Norway's -noways -nowise -newest -gnawed -nowadays -nowadays's -Norwich -Norwich's -gnash -knish -nacho -Nash -Nashua -natch -niche -nosh -nosher -notch -Nashville -Nashville's -Nichole -Nicholas -Nicholas's -Nichole's -Nichols -Nichols's -Nicholson -Nicholson's -gnashing -Nation -nation -noshing -notching -notion -nationhood -nationhood's -national -nationally -notional -notionally -national's -nationals -nationalism -nationalism's -nationalist -nationalistic -nationalistically -nationalist's -nationalists -nationality -nationalities -nationality's -Nation's -nation's -nations -notion's -notions -newshound -newshounds -Nationwide -nationwide -Nationwide's -nearshore -Nichiren -Nichiren's -gnashes -gnash's -knishes -knish's -nacho's -nachos -Nash's -Nashua's -Natchez -niche's -niches -nosher's -noshers -noshes -nosh's -notches -notch's -Natchez's -gnashed -noshed -notched -Nyerere -Nyerere's -Noyes -Noyes's -Nyasa -Nyasa's -P -p -PA -Pa -pa -Paar -pah -pair -par -paw -pay -PE -pea -pear -pee -peer -Pei -per -pew -pi -pie -pier -PO -Po -Poe -poi -poo -Pooh -pooh -poor -pour -POW -pow -PP -pp -Pu -Pugh -PW -WP -Parthia -path -Perth -pith -pithier -pithy -pother -potherb -potherb's -potherbs -pathfinder -pathfinder's -pathfinders -pothook -pathogen -pathogenic -pathogen's -pathogens -Pythagorean -Pythagorean's -Pythagoras -Pythagoras's -pothook's -pothooks -pithily -porthole -pothole -potholer -pathology -pathological -pathologically -pathology's -pathologist -pathologist's -pathologists -potholing -pathless -porthole's -portholes -potholers -pothole's -potholes -potholder -potholed -potholder's -potholders -Python -python -parthenogenesis -parthenogenesis's -Parthenon -Parthenon's -pithiness -pithiness's -Python's -python's -pythons -pothering -pothered -Parthia's -pathos -pathos's -path's -paths -Perth's -pith's -pother's -pothers -Pythias -Pythias's -pithiest -pithead -pothead -pathetic -pathetically -pitheads -pothead's -potheads -pathway -pathway's -pathways -Pb -poorboy -pub -payback -PBX -pubic -payback's -paybacks -Pablo -parboil -pebble -pebbly -Puebla -Pueblo -pueblo -public -publicly -publican -publican's -publicans -public's -publication -publication's -publications -Pablum -pablum -pabulum -Pablum's -pablum's -pabulum's -parboiling -pebbling -purblind -Pablo's -parboils -pebble's -pebbles -Puebla's -Pueblo's -pueblo's -pueblos -publicist -publicist's -publicists -publicity -publicity's -parboiled -pebbled -piebald -piebald's -piebalds -publish -publisher -publishable -publishing -publishing's -publisher's -publishers -publishes -published -pibroch -pibroch's -pibrochs -PBS -Pb's -PBS's -poorboy's -pubes -pubes's -pubis -pubis's -pub's -pubs -pubescence -pubescence's -pubescent -Pabst -Pabst's -Peabody -puberty -pubertal -Peabody's -puberty's -pave -peeve -pf -Piaf -poof -pouf -pouffe -puff -puffer -puffier -puffy -purvey -purview -puffball -puffball's -puffballs -PFC -Pfc -PVC -PVC's -perfect -perfecta -perfecter -perfectible -perfectibility -perfectibility's -perfectly -perfecting -perfectness -perfectness's -perfecta's -perfectas -perfect's -perfects -perfectest -perfected -perfection -perfection's -perfections -perfectionism -perfectionism's -perfectionist -perfectionist's -perfectionists -peafowl -peephole -piffle -Pavlov -Pavlova -pavlova -Pavlovian -Pavlovian's -Pavlova's -pavlovas -Pavlov's -pavilion -piffling -pavilion's -pavilions -peafowl's -peafowls -peephole's -peepholes -piffle's -perform -performer -perfume -perfumer -performing -perfuming -performance -performance's -performances -pavement -pavement's -pavements -perfumery -perfumeries -perfumery's -performer's -performers -performs -perfumer's -perfumers -perfume's -perfumes -performed -perfumed -parvenu -paving -payphone -peeving -puffin -puffing -pfennig -pfennig's -pfennigs -perfunctory -perfunctorily -parvenu's -parvenus -paving's -pavings -payphones -puffiness -puffiness's -puffin's -puffins -Porfirio -porphyry -Porfirio's -porphyry's -Pavarotti -perforate -porphyritic -perforating -Pavarotti's -perforates -perforated -perforation -perforation's -perforations -paves -peeve's -peeves -perforce -perverse -pervs -Pfizer -Piaf's -poof's -poofs -pouffes -poufs -puffer's -puffers -puff's -puffs -purveys -purview's -pervasive -pervasively -pervasiveness -pervasiveness's -perversely -perverseness -perverseness's -Pfizer's -perversity -puffiest -perversity's -parfait -paved -peeved -perfidy -pervade -pervert -pivot -poofter -poverty -puffed -Pvt -pvt -pivotal -pervading -perverting -pivoting -parfait's -parfaits -perfidies -perfidious -perfidy's -pervades -pervert's -perverts -pivot's -pivots -poofters -poverty's -perfidiously -pervaded -perverted -pivoted -peevish -peevishly -perfusion -perversion -peevishness -peevishness's -perversion's -perversions -purveyor -purveying -purveyance -purveyance's -purveyor's -purveyors -purveyed -peahen -poohing -peahen's -peahens -perhaps -poorhouse -poorhouse's -poorhouses -poohed -Powhatan -Powhatan's -PAC -pack -packer -Page -page -pager -Paige -PARC -Park -park -parka -Parker -parkour -parky -PC -peak -peaky -Peck -peck -pecker -peek -Peg -peg -Peggy -peke -pekoe -perk -perkier -perky -PG -pg -pic -pica -pick -picker -pickier -picky -pig -piggier -piggy -Pike -pike -piker -pique -pk -Pkwy -pkwy -pock -Pogo -poke -poker -pokey -pokier -poky -porgy -pork -porker -porkier -porky -Puck -puck -pucker -pudgier -pudgy -pug -puke -pukka -purge -purger -PX -pageboy -PCB -peekaboo -piggyback -piggybacking -piggyback's -piggybacks -piggybacked -pageboy's -pageboys -peekaboo's -pegboard -pegboard's -pegboards -Pickford -Pickford's -Pocahontas -Pocahontas's -package -packager -peacock -pkg -packaging -packaging's -packager's -packagers -package's -packages -peacock's -peacocks -packaged -Paglia -peculiar -percale -pergola -perkily -piccolo -pickle -peculiarly -piccalilli -piccalilli's -pickling -parkland -peculiarity -peculiarities -peculiarity's -Paglia's -percale's -percales -pergola's -pergolas -piccolo's -piccolos -pickle's -pickles -pugilism -pugilism's -pugilist -pugilistic -pugilist's -pugilists -peculate -peculator -percolate -percolator -pickled -piglet -peculating -percolating -peculates -peculator's -peculators -percolates -percolator's -percolators -piglet's -piglets -peculated -percolated -peculation -percolation -peculation's -percolation's -Pygmy -pygmy -pockmark -pockmarking -pockmark's -pockmarks -pockmarked -Pygmalion -Pygmalion's -Parkman -Parkman's -pigment -pigment's -pigments -pigmented -pigmentation -pigmentation's -Pygmies -pygmies -Pygmy's -pygmy's -PCMCIA -packing -pagan -paging -parking -peaking -pecan -pecking -peeking -pegging -peignoir -Peking -perking -picking -pidgin -pigeon -pigging -piking -piquing -pocking -Pocono -poking -puking -purging -pigeonhole -pigeonholing -pigeonhole's -pigeonholes -pigeonholed -packinghouse -packinghouse's -packinghouses -picnic -picnicker -picnicking -picnicker's -picnickers -picnic's -picnics -picnicked -Paganini -Paganini's -poignancy -poignancy's -poignant -poignantly -Peckinpah -Peckinpah's -pecuniary -packing's -pagan's -pagans -parking's -pecan's -pecans -peignoir's -peignoirs -Pekingese -pekingese -Peking's -Pekings -perkiness -perkiness's -Perkins -Perkins's -pickiness -pickings -pickings's -pidgin's -pidgins -pigeon's -pigeons -piquancy -Pocono's -Poconos -Poconos's -pudginess -pudginess's -paganism -paganism's -Parkinson -Parkinson's -Parkinsonism -pekineses -Pekingese's -Pekingeses -pekingese's -pekingeses -piquancy's -pugnacious -pugnaciously -pugnaciousness -pugnaciousness's -pugnacity -pugnacity's -pageant -paginate -picante -piquant -piquantly -paginating -pageantry -pageantry's -pageant's -pageants -paginates -paginated -pagination -pagination's -PCP -PGP -pickup -pickpocket -pickpocket's -pickpockets -pigpen -porcupine -pigpen's -pigpens -porcupine's -porcupines -PCP's -pickup's -pickups -peccary -perjure -perjurer -perjury -piggery -pickerel -pickerel's -pickerels -pogrom -pogrom's -pogroms -perjuring -Pickering -puckering -Pickering's -peccaries -peccary's -perjurer's -perjurers -perjures -perjuries -perjury's -piggeries -picaresque -piecrust -piecrust's -piecrusts -perjured -puckered -pejorative -pejoratively -pejorative's -pejoratives -pejoration -pejoration's -packer's -packers -pack's -packs -PAC's -pager's -pagers -Page's -page's -pages -Paige's -PARCs -parka's -parkas -Parker's -Park's -Parks -park's -parks -Parks's -PC's -PCs -peak's -peaks -peckers -Peck's -peck's -pecks -Pecos -Pecos's -pecs -peek's -peeks -Peggy's -Peg's -peg's -pegs -peke's -pekes -pekoe's -perk's -perks -pica's -Picasso -pickax -picker's -pickers -pick's -picks -pic's -pics -piggies -piggy's -pig's -pigs -piker's -pikers -Pike's -pike's -pikes -pique's -piques -pix -pixie -PJ's -pj's -pock's -pocks -Pogo's -poker's -pokers -poke's -pokes -pokey's -pokeys -porgies -porgy's -porker's -porkers -porkies -pork's -porky's -pox -pucker's -puckers -Puck's -puck's -pucks -pug's -pugs -puke's -pukes -purger's -purgers -purge's -purges -pyx -percussive -pigskin -pigskin's -pigskins -pixel -pixel's -pixels -pickaxing -Puccini -Puccini's -Pegasus -Pegasus's -Picasso's -pickaxes -pickax's -pixie's -pixies -pix's -poxes -pox's -pyxes -pyx's -Pegasuses -perkiest -perquisite -pickaxed -pickiest -piggiest -pigsty -pokiest -porkiest -pudgiest -pikestaff -pikestaff's -pikestaffs -packsaddle -packsaddle's -packsaddles -Pakistan -Pakistani -Pakistani's -Pakistanis -Pakistan's -perquisite's -perquisites -pigsties -pigsty's -pigswill -Packard -packed -packet -pact -paged -pagoda -parked -parquet -pct -peaked -pecked -peeked -pegged -Pequot -perked -Peugeot -Piaget -picador -picked -picket -picketer -Pickett -picot -Pict -pigged -piked -piqued -pkt -pocked -pocket -poked -Puckett -Puget -puked -purged -pocketbook -pocketbook's -pocketbooks -purgative -pocketful -pocketful's -pocketfuls -purgative's -purgatives -pectic -pocketknife -pocketknife's -pocketknives -pictograph -pictograph's -pictographs -pictogram -pictograms -peccadillo -Piccadilly -pigtail -peccadilloes -peccadillo's -Piccadilly's -pigtail's -pigtails -parqueting -pectin -picketing -pocketing -pectin's -parquetry -picture -purgatory -pectoral -pictorial -pictorially -purgatorial -pectoral's -pectorals -pictorial's -pictorials -picturing -parquetry's -picture's -pictures -purgatories -purgatory's -picturesque -picturesquely -picturesqueness -picturesqueness's -pictured -Packard's -packet's -packets -pact's -pacts -pagoda's -pagodas -parquet's -parquets -Pequot's -Peugeot's -Piaget's -picador's -picadors -picketers -picket's -pickets -Pickett's -picot's -picots -Pict's -pocket's -pockets -Puckett's -Puget's -parqueted -picketed -pigheaded -pocketed -pigheadedly -pigheadedness -pigheadedness's -parkway -Pickwick -Pickwick's -parkway's -parkways -peckish -piggish -puckish -piggishly -puckishly -percussion -percussion's -piggishness -piggishness's -puckishness -puckishness's -percussionist -percussionist's -percussionists -picayune -paella -pail -pal -pale -paler -Paley -pall -pallor -pally -parlay -parley -Paul -Paula -Pauli -pawl -peal -Peale -Pearl -pearl -Pearlie -pearlier -pearly -Peel -peel -peeler -Pele -Pelee -Perl -pile -pill -pillar -pillow -Pl -pl -play -plea -PLO -ploy -ply -Pol -pol -polar -Pole -pole -polio -poll -Polly -Polo -polo -poly -pool -Poole -poorly -pule -pull -puller -pulley -purl -purlieu -Pyle -Plath -plaything -polythene -plaything's -playthings -plethora -plethora's -pilothouse -Plath's -polytheism -polytheism's -pilothouse's -pilothouses -polytheist -polytheistic -polytheist's -polytheists -Playboy -playboy -pleb -plebby -plebe -playback -playbook -pullback -pillbox -playback's -playbacks -playbook's -playbooks -pullback's -pullbacks -pillboxes -pillbox's -playbill -pliable -playbill's -playbills -pliability -pliability's -plebeian -plebeian's -plebeians -pallbearer -pallbearer's -pallbearers -Playboy's -playboy's -playboys -plebe's -plebes -plebs -plebiscite -plebiscite's -plebiscites -Pahlavi -palaver -pelf -pilaf -pilfer -plover -pullover -pelvic -pailful -playfellow -playful -playfully -pluvial -playfulness -playfulness's -pailful's -pailfuls -playfellow's -playfellows -Polyphemus -Polyphemus's -polyphony -polyphonic -polyvinyl -polyphony's -palfrey -pilferer -pilferage -pilferage's -palavering -pilfering -palfrey's -palfreys -pilferer's -pilferers -palavered -pilfered -Pahlavi's -palaver's -palavers -paleface -pelf's -pelvis -pelvis's -pilaf's -pilafs -pilfers -plover's -plovers -pullover's -pullovers -paleface's -palefaces -pelvises -Polyhymnia -Polyhymnia's -playhouse -playhouse's -playhouses -polyhedral -polyhedron -polyhedron's -polyhedrons -Palikir -pillage -pillager -pillock -plague -plaque -playgoer -pledge -pluck -pluckier -plucky -plug -Polk -polka -pollack -Pollock -pelagic -playgirl -pluckily -plughole -polyclinic -polyclinic's -polyclinics -playgirl's -playgirls -plugholes -polyglot -polyglot's -polyglots -polygamy -polygamous -polygamy's -polygamist -polygamist's -polygamists -Pilcomayo -Pilcomayo's -Paleogene -pelican -pillaging -plaguing -plucking -plugging -plugin -polkaing -polygon -polygonal -Paleogene's -pelican's -pelicans -pluckiness -pluckiness's -plugin's -plugins -polygon's -polygons -pellagra -plagiary -paleographer -paleography -polygraph -polygraphing -paleographer's -paleographers -paleography's -polygraph's -polygraphs -polygraphed -Pilgrim -pilgrim -pilgrimage -pilgrimage's -pilgrimages -Pilgrim's -Pilgrims -pilgrim's -pilgrims -playground -playground's -playgrounds -playgroup -playgroups -pellagra's -plagiary's -plagiarism -plagiarism's -plagiarisms -plagiarist -plagiarist's -plagiarists -Palikir's -pillager's -pillagers -pillage's -pillages -pillocks -pillowcase -plague's -plagues -plaque's -plaques -playgoer's -playgoers -pledge's -pledges -pluck's -plucks -plug's -plugs -poleaxe -polka's -polkas -Polk's -pollack's -pollacks -Pollock's -Pollux -Plexiglas -Plexiglas's -Plexiglases -poleaxing -pillowcase's -pillowcases -plexus -plexus's -poleaxes -Pollux's -plexuses -pluckiest -poleaxed -pillaged -placard -placate -placket -plagued -pledged -plucked -plugged -polecat -polkaed -placarding -placating -placatory -plectra -plectrum -plectrum's -plectrums -placard's -placards -placates -placket's -plackets -polecat's -polecats -placarded -placated -placation -placation's -palely -Paleolithic's -playlist -playlist's -playlists -Palermo -palm -Palmer -palmier -palmy -Palomar -plum -plumb -plume -plumier -plummy -plumy -polymer -Plymouth -polymath -Plymouth's -polymath's -polymaths -plumber -plumbing -Palembang -Palembang's -plumbing's -plumbings -plumber's -plumbers -plumb's -plumbs -plumbed -polymorphic -polymorphous -plumage -polemic -polemical -polemically -plumage's -polemic's -polemics -polemics's -Palmolive -Palmolive's -palimony -palming -palomino -pluming -Pullman -pulmonary -palimony's -palomino's -palominos -Pullman's -Pullmans -Parliament -parliament -parliamentary -parliamentarian -parliamentarian's -parliamentarians -Parliament's -parliament's -parliaments -plump -plumper -plumply -plumping -plumpness -plumpness's -plump's -plumps -palimpsest -palimpsest's -palimpsests -plumpest -plumped -Palmyra -polymeric -Palmyra's -Palermo's -Palmer's -palm's -palms -Palomar's -plume's -plumes -plum's -plums -polymer's -polymers -plimsoll -plimsolls -polemicist -polemicist's -polemicists -palmiest -palmist -plumiest -Palmerston -Palmerston's -palmistry -palmistry's -palmist's -palmists -palmate -palmed -palmetto -pelmet -playmate -plumed -plummet -plummeting -palmtop -palmtop's -palmtops -palmetto's -palmettos -pelmets -playmate's -playmates -plummet's -plummets -plummeted -poliomyelitis -poliomyelitis's -paling -palling -Pauline -Pauling -pealing -pearling -peeling -piling -pilling -pillion -plain -plainer -plan -planar -plane -planer -planner -Plano -Pliny -poling -pollen -polling -pooling -puling -pulling -purling -purloin -pylon -plinth -plinth's -plinths -Planck -plank -plonk -plonker -plunge -plunger -plunk -plainclothes -plainclothesman -plainclothesmen -plainclothesman's -palanquin -planking -plonking -plunging -plunking -palanquin's -palanquins -plangency -planking's -plangency's -plangent -Planck's -plank's -planks -plonkers -plonks -plunger's -plungers -plunge's -plunges -plunk's -plunks -planked -plonked -plunged -plunked -plankton -plankton's -plainly -planeload -planeload's -planeloads -plenum -polonium -polynomial -polynomial's -polynomials -plenums -polonium's -planing -planning -purloining -plannings -plenipotentiary -plenipotentiaries -plenipotentiary's -plenary -plenaries -plenary's -paleness -paleness's -paling's -palings -parlance -Pauline's -Pauling's -peeling's -peelings -piling's -pilings -pillion's -pillions -plainness -plainness's -plain's -plains -planer's -planers -plane's -planes -planner's -planners -plan's -plans -pliancy -Pliny's -pollen's -polling's -polonaise -purloins -pylon's -pylons -Polanski -Polanski's -pleonasm -plainsman -plainsmen -plainsman's -pleonasm's -pleonasms -plainsong -plainsong's -plainspoken -parlance's -pliancy's -polonaise's -polonaises -plainest -plaint -planed -planet -planned -plant -plantar -planter -plenty -pliant -plunder -Poland -pollinate -pollinator -purloined -plaintiff -plaintive -plaintively -plentiful -plentifully -plaintiff's -plaintiffs -Plantagenet -Plantagenet's -pliantly -plantlike -plantain -planting -pollinating -plantain's -plantains -planting's -plantings -planetary -plunderer -palindrome -planetarium -palindromic -palindrome's -palindromes -planetarium's -planetariums -plundering -plunderer's -plunderers -plundered -plaint's -plaints -planet's -planets -planter's -planters -plant's -plants -plenteous -plenty's -plunder's -plunders -Poland's -pollinates -pollinator's -pollinators -planted -plenitude -pollinated -plenitude's -plenitudes -plantation -plantation's -plantations -Polynesia -pollination -Polynesian -pollination's -Polynesian's -Polynesians -plainchant -Polynesia's -pileup -plop -polyp -pulp -pulpier -pulpy -palpable -palpably -pluperfect -pluperfect's -pluperfects -playpen -plopping -pulping -Peloponnese -playpen's -playpens -pulpiness -pulpiness's -Peloponnese's -polypropylene -polypropylene's -pileup's -pileups -plop's -plops -polyp's -polyps -pulp's -pulps -pulpiest -palpate -plopped -pulped -pulpit -palpating -palpates -pulpit's -pulpits -palpated -palpitate -palpitating -palpitates -palpitated -palpitation -palpitation's -palpitations -pulpwood -pulpwood's -palpation -palpation's -pillory -pleura -pleurae -pylori -pyloric -plural -plural's -plurals -pluralism -pluralism's -pluralist -pluralistic -pluralist's -pluralists -plurality -pluralities -plurality's -playroom -poolroom -playroom's -playrooms -poolroom's -poolrooms -pillories -pillory's -pleura's -pleurisy -Polaris -Polaris's -pylorus -pylorus's -pleurisy's -pillared -pilloried -playwright -polarity -Polaroid -playwright's -playwrights -polarities -polarity's -Polaroid's -Polaroids -pillorying -paella's -paellas -pail's -pails -palace -palazzi -palazzo -pale's -pales -Paley's -pallor's -pall's -palls -pal's -pals -palsy -parlay's -parlays -parley's -parleys -parlous -Paula's -Pauli's -Paul's -pawl's -pawls -Peale's -peal's -peals -Pearlie's -Pearl's -pearl's -pearls -peeler's -peelers -Peel's -peel's -peels -peerless -Pelee's -Pele's -Perl's -Perls -pile's -piles -pillar's -pillars -pillow's -pillows -pill's -pills -place -placer -plaice -play's -plays -plaza -plea's -pleas -please -pliers -pliers's -plies -PLO's -ploy's -ploys -plus -plus's -ply's -Pole's -Poles -pole's -poles -police -policy -polio's -polios -poll's -polls -Polly's -Polo's -polo's -Pol's -pol's -pols -polys -Poole's -pool's -pools -pules -puller's -pullers -pulley's -pulleys -pull's -pulls -pulsar -pulse -purlieu's -purlieus -purl's -purls -Pyle's -placebo -plausible -plausibly -plausibility -plausibility's -Pillsbury -Pillsbury's -placebo's -placebos -plosive -plosives -placeholder -policyholder -placeholder's -placeholders -policyholder's -policyholders -Paleozoic -Pulaski -placekick -placekicker -placekicking -placekicker's -placekickers -placekick's -placekicks -placekicked -playschool -playschools -Paleozoic's -Pulaski's -polysyllabic -polysyllable -polysyllable's -polysyllables -pillowslip -pillowslip's -pillowslips -plasma -policymaker -policymakers -policeman -policemen -policeman's -placement -placement's -placements -plasma's -polysemous -Paleocene -placing -pleasing -Pliocene -policing -pulsing -pleasingly -Paleocene's -placings -pleasings -Pliocene's -Pliocenes -placenta -pleasant -pleasanter -placental -pleasantly -placentals -pleasantness -pleasantness's -pleasantry -pleasantries -pleasantry's -placenta's -placentas -pleasantest -pleasure -pleasurable -pleasurably -pleasureful -pleasuring -pleasure's -pleasures -pleasured -palace's -palaces -palsies -palsy's -placer's -placers -place's -places -plaza's -plazas -pleases -pluses -police's -polices -policies -policy's -pulsar's -pulsars -pulse's -pulses -palest -palisade -palsied -pearliest -pellucid -pilaster -placed -placid -plaster -pleased -polestar -policed -pollster -poolside -pulsate -pulsed -plasterboard -plasterboard's -plastic -plastique -plastic's -plastics -placidly -Palestine -pulsating -Palestinian -Palestinian's -Palestinians -Palestine's -plasterer -Palestrina -plastering -polystyrene -Palestrina's -polystyrene's -plasterer's -plasterers -plastered -Palisades -palisade's -palisades -Palisades's -pilaster's -pilasters -plaster's -plasters -polestar's -polestars -pollster's -pollsters -poolsides -pulsates -Plasticine -Pleistocene -Plasticine's -Pleistocene's -plasticity -plasticity's -placidity -pulsated -placidity's -PlayStation -PlayStation's -policewoman -policewomen -policewoman's -pulsation -pulsation's -pulsations -palsying -palate -paled -palette -Palladio -palled -pallet -palliate -pallid -Paulette -payload -pealed -pearled -peeled -pellet -pelt -Pilate -piled -pilled -pilot -plaid -plait -plat -Plataea -plate -plateau -Plato -Platte -platter -platy -plead -pleader -pleat -plied -plight -plod -plodder -plot -plotter -Pluto -poled -polite -politer -polity -Pollard -pollard -polled -pollute -polluter -pooled -puled -pulled -pullet -pullout -purled -palatable -Politburo -politburo -Politburo's -politburo's -politburos -palliative -Poltava -plateful -plateful's -platefuls -platform -platforming -platform's -platforms -platformed -palliative's -palliatives -Poltava's -politic -politico -political -politically -pledging -politicking -politicking's -plutocracy -plutocracies -plutocracy's -plutocrat -plutocratic -plutocrat's -plutocrats -Playtex -politico's -politicos -politics -politics's -Playtex's -poltergeist -poltergeist's -poltergeists -palatal -pallidly -politely -palatal's -palatals -platelet -platelet's -platelets -palladium -playtime -palladium's -playtime's -paladin -palatine -palliating -pelleting -pelting -piloting -plaiting -plateauing -platen -plating -platoon -platting -pleading -pleating -plighting -plodding -plotting -polluting -Platonic -platonic -pleadingly -platinum -plutonium -platinum's -plutonium's -platooning -paladin's -paladins -palatine's -palatines -pallidness -pallidness's -platen's -platens -plating's -platoon's -platoons -pleading's -pleadings -ploddings -politeness -politeness's -Platonism -Platonism's -Platonist -Platonist's -palatinate -platooned -pollutant -palatinate's -palatinates -pollutant's -pollutants -platypus -platypus's -platypuses -paltrier -paltry -poulterer -poultry -poltroon -paltriness -paltriness's -poltroon's -poltroons -poulterer's -poulterers -poultry's -paltriest -palate's -palates -palette's -palettes -Palladio's -pallet's -pallets -palliates -Paulette's -payload's -payloads -pellet's -pellets -pelt's -pelts -Pilate's -Pilates -Pilates's -pilot's -pilots -plaid's -plaids -plait's -plaits -Plataea's -plateau's -plateaus -plate's -plates -Plato's -plat's -plats -platter's -platters -Platte's -platy's -platys -Plautus -Plautus's -pleader's -pleaders -pleads -pleat's -pleats -Pleiades -Pleiades's -plight's -plights -plodder's -plodders -plods -plot's -plots -plotter's -plotters -Pluto's -politesse -polities -polity's -Pollard's -pollards -polluter's -polluters -pollutes -poultice -Pulitzer -pullet's -pullets -pullout's -pullouts -poulticing -politesse's -poultice's -poultices -Pulitzer's -politest -poulticed -palliated -pelleted -pelted -piloted -plaited -plateaued -plated -platted -plaudit -pleaded -pleated -plighted -plodded -plotted -polluted -plaudit's -plaudits -platitude -platitudinous -platitude's -platitudes -Plutarch -politician -polytechnic -polytechnic's -polytechnics -politician's -politicians -Plutarch's -polliwog -polliwog's -polliwogs -pillowing -pillowed -plywood -plywood's -palish -plash -plush -plusher -plushier -plushy -Polish -polish -polisher -palatial -palatially -plushly -palliation -plashing -polishing -pollution -palliation's -plushness -plushness's -pollution's -pulchritude -pulchritudinous -pulchritude's -plashes -plash's -plush's -polisher's -polishers -polishes -Polish's -polish's -plushest -plushiest -pilchard -plashed -polished -pilchard's -pilchards -player -polyethylene -polyethylene's -playable -playoff -playoff's -playoffs -polyacrylamide -playact -playacting -playacting's -playacts -playacted -polyamory -polyamories -parlaying -parleying -playing -plying -Pollyanna -Pollyanna's -polyunsaturate -polyunsaturates -polyunsaturated -polyandry -polyandrous -polyandry's -polyurethane -polyurethane's -polyurethanes -player's -players -polyester -polyester's -polyesters -parlayed -parleyed -played -Pam -Perm -perm -PM -Pm -pm -poem -pom -pommy -ppm -puma -Pym -wpm -permeable -permeability -permeability's -Pembroke -Pembroke's -pamphlet -pamphleteer -pamphleteer's -pamphleteers -pamphlet's -pamphlets -permafrost -permafrost's -parmigiana -pemmican -pemmican's -pomegranate -pomegranate's -pomegranates -Pamela -Permalloy -pommel -pummel -Pamela's -Permalloy's -pommel's -pommels -pummels -Permian -perming -PMing -Pomona -permanence -permanency -permanence's -permanency's -permanent -permanently -permanent's -permanents -Permian's -Pomona's -payment -pimento -pimiento -pomander -Parmenides -payment's -payments -pimento's -pimentos -pimiento's -pimientos -pomander's -pomanders -pamper -pimp -pomp -Pompeii -Pompey -pump -pumper -pumpkin -pumpkin's -pumpkins -pimple -pimplier -pimply -pimple's -pimples -pimpliest -pimpled -pompom -pompom's -pompoms -pimping -pompano -Pompeian -pumping -pumpernickel -pumpernickel's -pimpernel -pimpernel's -pimpernels -pompano's -pompanos -pampering -pampered -pampas -pampas's -Pampers -pampers -Pampers's -pimp's -pimps -Pompeii's -Pompey's -pompous -pomp's -pumper's -pumpers -pump's -pumps -pompously -pompousness -pompousness's -pomposity -pomposity's -pimped -Pompadour -pompadour -pumped -pompadoured -Pompadour's -pompadour's -pompadours -Pomerania -Pomeranian -Pomeranian's -Pomerania's -Pamirs -Pamirs's -Pam's -Perm's -perm's -perms -PM's -PMS -PMs -Pm's -PMS's -poem's -poems -pommies -poms -puma's -pumas -pumice -Pym's -permissible -permissibly -permissive -permissively -permissiveness -permissiveness's -Parmesan -Parmesan's -Parmesans -pumice's -pumices -paymaster -paymaster's -paymasters -permeate -permed -permit -permute -PMed -pomade -permeating -permitting -permuting -pomading -permeates -permit's -permits -permutes -pomade's -pomades -permeated -permitted -permuted -pomaded -permutation -permutation's -permutations -permeation -permission -permeation's -permission's -permissions -paean -pain -Paine -Pan -pan -pane -pannier -pawn -Pawnee -Payne -peeing -peen -Pen -pen -Pena -Penn -Penna -Penney -Penny -penny -peon -peony -piano -pieing -piing -PIN -pin -pine -piney -ping -pinier -pinny -pioneer -pone -pony -pooing -Poona -porn -porno -pun -punier -puny -pwn -panther -Pantheon -pantheon -Pantheon's -pantheon's -pantheons -panther's -panthers -penthouse -pantheism -pantheism's -penthouse's -penthouses -pantheist -pantheistic -pantheist's -pantheists -pinball -pinball's -pawnbroker -pawnbroking -pawnbroking's -pawnbroker's -pawnbrokers -pinfeather -pinfeather's -pinfeathers -painful -painfuller -painfully -painfulness -painfulness's -painfullest -pinafore -penfriend -penfriends -pinafore's -pinafores -pianoforte -pianoforte's -pianofortes -pinhole -pinwheel -pinwheeling -pinhole's -pinholes -pinwheel's -pinwheels -pinwheeled -panhandle -panhandler -panhandling -panhandler's -panhandlers -panhandle's -panhandles -panhandled -pinhead -pinhead's -pinheads -pang -Pangaea -panic -panicky -peonage -pink -pinker -pinkie -pinko -pong -pongee -Punic -punk -punker -Punjab -Punjabi -Punjabi's -Punjab's -Pankhurst -Pankhurst's -pancake -pancaking -pancake's -pancakes -pancaked -painkiller -pinnacle -painkilling -painkiller's -painkillers -pinnacle's -pinnacles -panicking -penguin -pinking -ponging -penknife -penknife's -penknives -penguin's -penguins -pinkness -pinkness's -pungency -pungency's -pungent -pungently -pornographer -pornography -pornographic -pornographically -pornographer's -pornographers -pornography's -panegyric -panegyric's -panegyrics -pancreas -pancreas's -pancreases -pancreatic -pancreatitis -Pangaea's -pang's -pangs -panic's -panics -peonage's -Pincus -Pincus's -pinkie's -pinkies -pinko's -pinkos -pink's -pinks -pongee's -pongs -Punic's -punk's -punks -pinkest -punkest -panicked -pinked -ponged -punctilio -punctual -punctually -punctilio's -punctilious -punctiliously -punctiliousness -punctiliousness's -punctuality -punctuality's -Pinkerton -Pinkerton's -puncture -puncturing -puncture's -punctures -punctured -punctuate -punctuating -punctuates -punctuated -punctuation -punctuation's -pinkish -Pinocchio -pincushion -pincushion's -pincushions -Pinocchio's -pinkeye -pinkeye's -panel -Parnell -penal -penile -Pianola -pianola -penology -penology's -penologist -penologist's -penologists -Penelope -Penelope's -painless -panel's -panels -Parnell's -penniless -Pianola's -pianolas -painlessly -painlessness -painlessness's -penalty -penlight -penultimate -penultimate's -penultimates -penalties -penalty's -penlight's -penlights -Panama -panama -penumbra -penumbrae -penumbra's -penumbras -penman -penmen -Panmunjom -Panmunjom's -Panamanian -Panamanian's -Panamanians -penman's -penmanship -penmanship's -Panama's -Panamas -panama's -panamas -paining -panning -pawning -penning -pennon -pinging -pining -pinion -pinning -punning -pwning -pinioning -penance -pennon's -pennons -pinion's -pinions -puniness -puniness's -peninsula -peninsular -peninsula's -peninsulas -penance's -penances -pennant -pinioned -Pennington -Pennington's -pennant's -pennants -pinup -panoply -pineapple -panoplies -panoply's -pineapple's -pineapples -pinpoint -pinpointing -pinpoint's -pinpoints -pinpointed -panpipes -panpipes's -pinprick -pinprick's -pinpricks -pinup's -pinups -penury -panorama -panoramic -panorama's -panoramas -pioneering -penurious -penury's -penuriously -penuriousness -penuriousness's -pioneered -paean's -paeans -Paine's -pain's -pains -panacea -pane's -panes -pannier's -panniers -Pan's -pan's -pans -Pansy -pansy -Panza -Pawnee's -Pawnees -pawn's -pawns -Payne's -peen's -peens -Pena's -pence -penis -penis's -Penney's -pennies -Penn's -Penny's -penny's -Pen's -pen's -pens -peonies -peon's -peons -peony's -piano's -pianos -pincer -pine's -pines -ping's -pings -pinnies -pin's -pins -pioneer's -pioneers -Ponce -ponce -poncy -pone's -pones -ponies -pony's -Poona's -poorness -poorness's -porno's -porn's -pounce -pun's -puns -pwns -pensive -pensively -pensiveness -pensiveness's -Pensacola -Pensacola's -pencil -Pennzoil -Pennsylvania -Pennsylvanian -Pennsylvanian's -Pennsylvanians -Pennsylvania's -penicillin -penicillin's -pencil's -pencils -Pennzoil's -pianissimo -pianissimo's -pianissimos -poncing -pouncing -Panasonic -Panasonic's -panacea's -panaceas -pansies -Pansy's -pansy's -Panza's -Parnassus -Parnassus's -penises -pernicious -pincer's -pincers -Ponce's -ponces -pounce's -pounces -perniciously -perniciousness -perniciousness's -Parnassuses -pianist -piniest -pinsetter -ponced -pounced -puniest -punster -painstaking -painstakingly -painstaking's -pinstripe -pinstripe's -pinstripes -pinstriped -pianist's -pianists -pinsetter's -pinsetters -punster's -punsters -poinsettia -poinsettia's -poinsettias -pained -paint -painter -panda -pander -panned -pant -pantie -panto -pawned -peanut -pend -penned -pent -Pernod -Pindar -pined -pinged -pinnate -pinned -pint -Pinter -pinto -point -pointer -pointier -pointy -pond -ponder -poniard -ponied -Pound -pound -punned -punnet -punt -punter -pwned -pentathlon -pentathlon's -pentathlons -pentathlete -pentathlete's -pentathletes -Pinatubo -paintbox -paintboxes -paintbox's -paintball -pointblank -paintbrush -paintbrushes -paintbrush's -Pinatubo's -pontiff -punitive -pontifical -pontifically -pontificate -pontificating -pontificate's -pontificates -pontificated -punitively -pontiff's -pontiffs -pantyhose -pantyhose's -poundage -pentacle -pentacle's -pentacles -Pentagon -pentagon -pentagonal -Pentagon's -pentagon's -pentagons -Pantagruel -Pantagruel's -pentagram -pentagram's -pentagrams -Pentax -poundage's -Pentax's -Pentecost -Pentecostal -Pentecostal's -Pentecostals -Pentecostalism -Pentecost's -Pentecosts -painterly -panatella -ponytail -pendulum -pendulum's -pendulums -Pantaloon -pantyliner -Pantaloon's -pantaloons -pantaloons's -pantyliner's -panatellas -pendulous -pointless -ponytail's -ponytails -pointlessly -pointillism -pointillism's -pointlessness -pointlessness's -pointillist -pointillist's -pointillists -Pentium -pandemic -pandemic's -pandemics -pantomime -pantomimic -pantomiming -pantomime's -pantomimes -pantomimist -pantomimist's -pantomimists -pantomimed -pandemonium -pandemonium's -Pentium's -Pentiums -pentameter -pentameter's -pentameters -painting -panting -pending -pointing -pontoon -pounding -punting -painting's -paintings -penitence -pontoon's -pontoons -pounding's -poundings -penitence's -pendant -pendent -penitent -penitently -pendant's -pendants -pendent's -pendents -penitent's -penitents -penitential -penitentiary -penitentiaries -penitentiary's -panderer -Pandora -pantry -ponderer -penetrable -penetrability -penetrability's -Penderecki -Penderecki's -pandering -pondering -panderer's -panderers -Pandora's -pantries -pantry's -ponderer's -ponderers -ponderous -ponderously -ponderousness -ponderousness's -pandered -penetrate -pondered -penetrative -penetrating -penetratingly -penetrates -penetrated -penetration -penetration's -penetrations -painter's -painters -paint's -paints -panda's -pandas -pander's -panders -pantie's -panties -pantos -pant's -pants -peanut's -peanuts -pends -Pernod's -Pindar's -Pinter's -pinto's -pintos -pint's -pints -pointer's -pointers -point's -points -ponders -pond's -ponds -poniard's -poniards -Pound's -pound's -pounds -punnets -punter's -punters -punt's -punts -pantsuit -pointiest -pantsuit's -pantsuits -painted -panted -pended -pointed -pounded -pundit -punted -pointedly -punditry -punditry's -pundit's -pundits -Pentateuch -Pentateuch's -paintwork -pantywaist -pantywaist's -pantywaists -pantechnicon -pantechnicons -pennyworth -pennyweight -pinewood -pennyweight's -pennyweights -pinewoods -panache -paunch -paunchier -paunchy -penuche -pinch -poncho -Punch -punch -puncher -punchier -punchy -punish -punchbag -punchbags -punishable -Pontiac -Pontiac's -pinochle -punchline -punchlines -pinochle's -punishment -punishment's -punishments -pension -pensioner -pinching -poinciana -puncheon -punching -punishing -Pynchon -pensionable -Pontianak -Pontianak's -punishingly -pensioning -pensioner's -pensioners -pension's -pensions -poinciana's -poincianas -puncheon's -puncheons -Pynchon's -penchant -pensioned -penchant's -penchants -pawnshop -pawnshop's -pawnshops -panchromatic -panache's -paunches -paunch's -penuche's -pinches -pinch's -poncho's -ponchos -puncher's -punchers -punches -Punch's -punch's -punishes -paunchiest -punchiest -pinched -Pinochet -punched -punished -Pontchartrain -Pontchartrain's -Pinochet's -Pinyin -pinyin -pinyon -ponying -pinyin's -pinyon's -pinyons -pap -papa -paper -pappy -pauper -pawpaw -peep -peeper -pep -pepper -peppier -peppy -pip -pipe -piper -poop -pop -Pope -pope -poppa -Popper -popper -poppy -pup -pupa -pupae -puppy -paperboy -peepbo -paperback -paperbark -paperback's -paperbacks -paperbarks -paperboy's -paperboys -paperboard -paperboard's -popover -popover's -popovers -paperhanger -paperhanging -paperhanging's -paperhanger's -paperhangers -poppycock -poppycock's -papergirl -paperclip -paperclips -papergirl's -papergirls -peppercorn -popcorn -popgun -peppercorn's -peppercorns -popcorn's -popgun's -popguns -Popocatepetl -Popocatepetl's -papal -papilla -papillae -PayPal -people -poplar -popular -pupal -pupil -purple -purpler -perplex -perplexing -perplexingly -perplexes -perplexed -perplexity -perplexedly -perplexities -perplexity's -popularly -peopling -pipeline -poplin -pipeline's -pipelines -poplin's -papillary -popularity -popularity's -paperless -papilla's -PayPal's -people's -peoples -poplar's -poplars -populace -populous -pupil's -pupils -purple's -purples -populism -populism's -populousness -populousness's -populace's -populaces -populist -purplest -populist's -populists -peopled -populate -populating -populates -populated -purplish -population -population's -populations -peppermint -peppermint's -peppermints -peeping -Peiping -Pepin -pepping -piping -Pippin -pippin -pipping -pooping -popping -pupping -popinjay -popinjay's -popinjays -Peiping's -Pepin's -peppiness -peppiness's -piping's -Pippin's -pippin's -pippins -Poppins -Poppins's -perpendicular -perpendicularly -perpendicularity -perpendicularity's -perpendicular's -perpendiculars -popup -popup's -popups -paperer -papery -papyri -peppery -paprika -paprika's -puerperal -papering -peppering -pepperoni -pepperoni's -pepperonis -paparazzi -paparazzo -paperer's -paperers -papyrus -papyrus's -pauperism -pauperism's -paparazzi's -papered -peppered -papacy -papa's -papas -paper's -papers -papoose -pappies -pappy's -pap's -paps -pauper's -paupers -pawpaw's -pawpaws -peeper's -peepers -peep's -peeps -pepper's -peppers -pep's -peps -Pepsi -Pepys -Pepys's -piper's -pipers -pipe's -pipes -pip's -pips -poop's -poops -Pope's -pope's -popes -poppa's -poppas -Popper's -popper's -poppers -poppies -poppy's -pop's -pops -porpoise -pupa's -puppies -puppy's -pup's -pups -purpose -purposeful -purposefully -purposefulness -purposefulness's -pipsqueak -pipsqueak's -pipsqueaks -Popsicle -Popsicle's -purposely -purposeless -purposelessly -purposelessness -pepsin -porpoising -purposing -pepsin's -papacies -papacy's -papoose's -papooses -Pepsi's -porpoise's -porpoises -purpose's -purposes -papist -peppiest -porpoised -purposed -papist's -papists -peeped -pepped -piped -pipette -pipit -pipped -pooped -popped -poppet -pupate -pupped -puppet -puppeteer -purport -peptic -peptic's -peptics -perpetual -perpetually -perpetual's -perpetuals -poppadom -poppadoms -pupating -purporting -puppetry -puppetry's -perpetrate -perpetrator -perpetrating -perpetrates -perpetrator's -perpetrators -perpetrated -perpetration -perpetration's -pipette's -pipettes -pipit's -pipits -poppets -pupates -puppeteer's -puppeteers -puppet's -puppets -purport's -purports -peptide -perpetuate -perpetuity -pupated -purported -purportedly -perpetuating -peptides -perpetuates -perpetuity's -perpetuated -perpetuation -perpetuation's -paperwork -pipework -paperwork's -paperweight -paperweight's -paperweights -peepshow -peepshow's -peepshows -papaya -Popeye -papaya's -papayas -Popeye's -para -pare -parer -pariah -Parr -parry -Peary -Peoria -Perrier -Perry -Peru -Pierre -poorer -pore -ppr -PR -Pr -pr -Praia -pray -prey -prier -prior -PRO -pro -prow -pry -pure -puree -purer -purr -pyre -prithee -parathion -parathion's -parathyroid -parathyroid's -parathyroids -prob -probe -probable -probably -probable's -probables -probabilistic -probability -probabilities -probability's -parable -parabola -Pribilof -Pribilof's -parabolic -problem -problem's -problems -problematic -problematical -problematically -parable's -parables -parabola's -parabolas -probing -probings -purebred -purebred's -purebreds -probe's -probes -probosces -proboscis -proboscis's -proboscises -probate -probed -probity -probating -probate's -probates -probity's -probated -probation -probationer -probational -probationary -probationer's -probationers -probation's -pref -prefer -preview -privier -privy -Prof -prof -proffer -proof -prov -prove -Provo -purifier -purify -prefab -proverb -provable -provably -proverbial -proverbially -provability -provability's -prefabbing -prefabricate -prefabricating -prefabricates -prefabricated -prefabrication -prefabrication's -prefab's -prefabs -Proverbs -proverb's -proverbs -prefabbed -provoke -provoker -provoking -provokingly -prefigure -prefiguring -prefigures -prefigured -prefix -provoker's -provokers -provokes -prefixing -prefixes -prefix's -prefixed -prefect -provocateur -provoked -provocative -provocatively -provocativeness -provocativeness's -prefecture -prefecture's -prefectures -prefect's -prefects -provocateurs -provocation -purification -provocation's -provocations -purification's -prevail -privily -profile -privilege -privileging -privilege's -privileges -profligacy -profligacy's -prophylaxes -prophylaxis -prophylaxis's -privileged -profligate -prophylactic -prophylactic's -prophylactics -profligately -profligate's -profligates -prevailing -profiling -provolone -prevalence -provolone's -prevalence's -prevalent -prevails -profile's -profiles -prevailed -profiled -preform -proforma -preforming -preferment -preferment's -preforms -preformed -paraffin -Peruvian -profane -proofing -proven -proving -Provencals -paraphernalia -profanely -paraphernalia's -profaning -profaneness -profaneness's -provenance -provenience -provenance's -provenances -provenience's -paraffin's -Peruvian's -Peruvians -profanes -Provence -province -Provence's -province's -provinces -prevent -profaned -profanity -profound -profounder -provender -preventable -preventive -preventive's -preventives -profoundly -preventing -profoundness -profoundness's -prevents -profanities -profanity's -provender's -profoundest -prevented -profundity -preventative -preventative's -preventatives -profundities -profundity's -provincial -provincially -provincial's -provincials -provincialism -provincialism's -prevention -profanation -prevention's -profanation's -profanations -periphery -preferable -preferably -prevaricate -prevaricator -prevaricating -prevaricates -prevaricator's -prevaricators -prevaricated -prevarication -prevarication's -prevarications -peripheral -peripherally -peripheral's -peripherals -preferring -proffering -preference -preference's -preferences -prefrontal -preferential -preferentially -paraphrase -peripheries -periphery's -paraphrasing -paraphrase's -paraphrases -periphrases -periphrasis -periphrasis's -paraphrased -periphrastic -preferred -proffered -proofread -proofreader -proofreading -proofreader's -proofreaders -proofreads -preface -prefers -preview's -previews -previous -privacy -privies -privy's -profess -professor -proffer's -proffers -prof's -profs -profuse -proof's -proofs -prophecy -prophesier -prophesy -proves -proviso -Provo's -purifier's -purifiers -purifies -previously -profusely -prefacing -professing -proficiency -profuseness -profuseness's -proficiency's -proficient -proficiently -proficient's -proficients -professorial -professorially -preface's -prefaces -privacy's -professes -professor's -professors -prophecies -prophecy's -prophesier's -prophesiers -prophesies -prophesy's -proviso's -provisos -prefaced -priviest -professed -prophesied -provost -professedly -provost's -provosts -professorship -professorship's -professorships -prophesying -Pravda -Private -private -privateer -privater -privet -profit -profiteer -proofed -prophet -proved -provide -provider -purified -pyruvate -profitable -profitably -profitability -profitability's -prophetic -prophetical -prophetically -privately -profitless -profiting -providing -Providence -providence -Providence's -Providences -providence's -provident -providently -providential -providentially -prefatory -profiterole -profiterole's -profiteroles -profiteering -profiteering's -profiteered -Pravda's -privateer's -privateers -private's -privates -privet's -privets -profiteer's -profiteers -profit's -profits -prophetess -prophetess's -Prophets -prophet's -prophets -provider's -providers -provides -prophetesses -privatest -profited -provided -previewer -previewing -previewers -previewed -prevision -privation -profession -profusion -provision -professional -professionally -provisional -provisionally -professional's -professionals -professionalism -professionalism's -provisioning -prevision's -previsions -privation's -privations -profession's -professions -profusion's -profusions -provision's -provisions -provisioned -purifying -prohibit -prohibitive -prohibitively -prohibiting -prohibitory -prohibits -prohibited -Prohibition -prohibition -prohibition's -prohibitions -prohibitionist -prohibitionist's -prohibitionists -Pyrrhic -Pyrrhic's -perihelia -perihelion -perihelion's -prehuman -prehensile -prehistory -prehistoric -prehistorical -prehistorically -prehistorian -prehistorians -prehistory's -preheat -preheating -preheats -preheated -Paraguay -peerage -perigee -peruke -pirogi -porridge -Prague -PRC -prick -pricker -prig -Prokofiev -Prokofiev's -precook -prejudge -precooking -precognitive -precognition -precognition's -precooks -prejudges -precooked -prejudged -project -projector -projectile -projectile's -projectiles -projecting -projector's -projectors -project's -projects -projected -projection -projection's -projections -projectionist -projectionist's -projectionists -prequel -prickle -pricklier -prickly -proclivity -proclivities -proclivity's -proclaim -proclaiming -proclaims -proclaimed -proclamation -proclamation's -proclamations -Periclean -prickling -precolonial -Periclean's -prickliness -prickliness's -Pericles -Pericles's -prequel's -prequels -prickle's -prickles -prickliest -Paraclete -preclude -prickled -paragliding -precluding -Paraclete's -precludes -precluded -preclusion -preclusion's -pregame -Precambrian -Precambrian's -pregame's -pregames -pragmatic -pragmatical -pragmatically -pragmatic's -pragmatics -pragmatism -pragmatism's -pragmatist -pragmatist's -pragmatists -paragon -pricking -procaine -progeny -prognathous -pregnancy -pregnancies -pregnancy's -pregnant -paragon's -paragons -Preakness -Preakness's -procaine's -progeny's -preconceive -preconceiving -preconceives -preconceived -precancel -proconsul -proconsular -precanceling -precancel's -precancels -proconsul's -proconsuls -precanceled -preconception -preconception's -preconceptions -precancerous -prognoses -prognosis -prognosis's -prognostic -prognostic's -prognostics -prognosticate -prognosticator -prognosticating -prognosticates -prognosticator's -prognosticators -prognosticated -prognostication -prognostication's -prognostications -progenitor -prekindergarten -prekindergarten's -prekindergartens -progenitor's -progenitors -precondition -preconditioning -precondition's -preconditions -preconditioned -preoccupy -preoccupies -preoccupied -preoccupation -preoccupation's -preoccupations -preoccupying -procure -procurer -procurable -paragraph -paragraphing -paragraph's -paragraphs -paragraphed -paregoric -paregoric's -program -programmer -programmable -programmable's -programmables -programming -programming's -programmings -procurement -procurement's -programmer's -programmers -program's -programs -programmed -programmatic -peregrine -procuring -peregrine's -peregrines -peregrinate -peregrinating -peregrinates -peregrinated -peregrination -peregrination's -peregrinations -precarious -procurer's -procurers -procures -progress -progress's -progressive -progressively -progressiveness -progressiveness's -progressive's -progressives -precariously -progressing -precariousness -precariousness's -progresses -progressed -Procrustean -Procrustean's -procrastinate -procrastinator -procrastinating -procrastinates -procrastinator's -procrastinators -procrastinated -procrastination -procrastination's -Procrustes -Procrustes's -Prakrit -procreate -procurator -procured -procreative -procreating -Prakrit's -procreates -procurator's -procurators -procreated -procreation -progression -procreation's -progression's -progressions -prokaryotic -Paraguay's -peerage's -peerages -perigee's -perigees -peruke's -perukes -pirogi's -porridge's -Prague's -PRC's -precursor -pricker's -prickers -prick's -pricks -prig's -prigs -proxy -Pyrex -proximal -proximate -proximity -proximity's -precursory -precocious -precursor's -precursors -proxies -proxy's -Pyrexes -Pyrex's -precociously -paroxysm -paroxysmal -paroxysm's -paroxysms -precociousness -precociousness's -preexist -preexisting -preexistence -preexistence's -preexists -preexisted -peroxide -precast -precocity -Praxiteles -Praxiteles's -peroxiding -progestin -progestins -progesterone -progesterone's -peroxide's -peroxides -precocity's -peroxided -parakeet -paraquat -pericardia -pricked -Procter -proctor -proactive -proactively -practicable -practicably -practicability -practicability's -practical -practically -practical's -practicals -practicality -practicalities -practicality's -practicum -practicum's -practicums -prejudging -pericardial -pericardium -pericardium's -proctoring -proctored -parakeet's -parakeets -paraquat's -practice -prejudice -Procter's -proctor's -proctors -prejudicing -practice's -practices -prejudice's -prejudices -prejudiced -pericarditis -prejudicial -practitioner -practitioner's -practitioners -priggish -precaution -precautionary -precaution's -precautions -priggishness -priggishness's -Paraguayan -Paraguayan's -Paraguayans -parole -parolee -payroll -peril -prole -prowl -prowler -puerile -purely -prolific -prolifically -proliferate -proliferating -proliferates -proliferated -proliferation -proliferation's -prologue -paralegal -paralegal's -paralegals -parallax -prolix -prologue's -prologues -prolixly -parallaxes -parallax's -prolixity -prolixity's -parallel -parallelogram -parallelogram's -parallelograms -paralleling -parallel's -parallels -parallelism -parallelism's -parallelisms -paralleled -prelim -Perelman -preliminary -preliminaries -preliminary's -Perelman's -Paralympic -Paralympics -prelim's -prelims -paroling -praline -prowling -prolong -prolonging -prolongs -prolonged -prolongation -prolongation's -prolongations -praline's -pralines -purulence -purulence's -purulent -prolapse -prolapsing -prolapse's -prolapses -prolapsed -parolee's -parolees -parole's -paroles -payroll's -payrolls -perilous -peril's -perils -prelacy -proles -prowler's -prowlers -prowl's -prowls -perilously -paralyses -paralysis -paralysis's -prelacy's -paroled -prelate -prelude -prowled -puerility -paralytic -paralytic's -paralytics -proletarian -proletarian's -proletarians -preliterate -proletariat -proletariat's -prelate's -prelates -prelude's -preludes -puerility's -paramour -Porrima -pram -preemie -premier -Priam -prim -prime -primer -primmer -prom -promo -Purim -promethium -promethium's -Promethean -Promethean's -Prometheus -Prometheus's -preamble -preambling -preamble's -preambles -perambulate -perambulator -preambled -perambulating -perambulates -perambulator's -perambulators -perambulated -perambulation -perambulation's -perambulations -primeval -primogenitor -primogeniture -primogeniture's -primogenitor's -primogenitors -premix -premixing -premixes -premixed -premolar -primal -primly -primula -promulgate -promulgator -promulgating -promulgates -promulgator's -promulgators -promulgated -promulgation -promulgation's -premolar's -premolars -primulas -paramilitary -paramilitaries -paramilitary's -premium -premium's -premiums -Preminger -priming -pyromania -pyromaniac -pyromaniac's -pyromaniacs -preeminence -prominence -preeminence's -prominence's -preeminent -prominent -preeminently -prominently -Preminger's -priming's -primness -primness's -pyromania's -premenstrual -Paramount -paramount -promenade -promenading -premonitory -promontory -promontories -promontory's -paramountcy -Paramount's -promenade's -promenades -promenaded -premonition -premonition's -premonitions -primp -primping -primps -preempt -primped -prompt -prompter -preemptive -preemptively -promptly -preempting -prompting -prompting's -promptings -promptness -promptness's -peremptory -peremptorily -preempts -prompter's -prompters -prompt's -prompts -promptest -preempted -prompted -promptitude -promptitude's -preemption -preemption's -premiere -primary -Paramaribo -Paramaribo's -primarily -premiering -premiere's -premieres -primaries -primary's -primrose -primrose's -primroses -premiered -premarital -paramour's -paramours -Porrima's -pram's -prams -preemie's -preemies -premier's -premiers -premise -Priam's -primacy -primer's -primers -prime's -primes -promise -promo's -promos -prom's -proms -Purim's -Purims -promiscuous -promiscuously -promiscuity -promiscuity's -Premyslid -Premyslid's -paramecium -paramecium's -premising -promising -promisingly -promissory -premise's -premises -primacy's -promise's -promises -premised -primmest -promised -parameter -perimeter -premed -primate -primed -promote -promoter -pyramid -primitive -primitively -primitiveness -primitiveness's -primitive's -primitives -paramedic -paramedical -premedical -paramedical's -paramedicals -paramedic's -paramedics -parimutuel -primordial -primordially -pyramidal -parimutuel's -parimutuels -promoting -pyramiding -pyrimidine -pyrimidine's -pyrimidines -premature -parametric -prematurely -parameter's -parameters -perimeter's -perimeters -premed's -premeds -primate's -primates -promoter's -promoters -promotes -pyramid's -pyramids -promoted -pyramided -premeditate -premeditating -premeditates -premeditated -premeditation -premeditation's -paramecia -promotion -promotional -promotion's -promotions -premiership -premiership's -premierships -pairing -paranoia -paring -parring -peering -perinea -Peron -poring -porringer -pouring -prawn -preen -prion -pron -prone -prune -pruner -Purana -pureeing -Purina -purine -purring -parentheses -parenthesis -parenthesis's -parenthood -parenthetic -parenthetical -parenthetically -parenthood's -piranha -piranha's -piranhas -paranoiac -prang -prank -prong -pronuclear -pranging -pronghorn -pronghorn's -pronghorns -paranoiac's -paranoiacs -prangs -prank's -pranks -prong's -prongs -prankster -prankster's -pranksters -pranged -pronged -perennial -perennially -perennial's -perennials -perineum -paranormal -pronominal -pronominal's -perineum's -prawning -preening -pronoun -pruning -proneness -proneness's -pronounce -pronoun's -pronouns -pronounceable -pronouncement -pronouncement's -pronouncements -pronouncing -pronounces -pronounced -pronunciation -pronunciation's -pronunciations -prenup -prenup's -prenups -prenuptial -pairings -paranoia's -paring's -parings -Peron's -porringer's -porringers -pourings -prance -prancer -prawn's -prawns -preens -Prensa -Prince -prince -prions -pruner's -pruners -prune's -prunes -Purana's -pureness -pureness's -Purina's -purine's -purines -Pyrenees -Pyrenees's -princelier -princely -princeliness -princeliness's -princeliest -prancing -prancingly -Principe -principal -principally -principle -principal's -principals -principle's -principles -principality -principled -principalities -principality's -Principe's -prancer's -prancers -prance's -prances -Prensa's -Prince's -prince's -princes -princess -princess's -princesses -pranced -princedom -princedom's -princedoms -Princeton -Princeton's -paranoid -parent -prawned -preened -preowned -print -printer -pronto -pruned -printable -parentage -parentage's -parental -perinatal -Pirandello -prenatal -prenatally -Pirandello's -printmaking -parenting -printing -parenting's -printing's -printings -paranoid's -paranoids -parent's -parents -Prentice -printer's -printers -print's -prints -Prentice's -parented -printed -printout -printout's -printouts -prep -prepay -preppier -preppy -prop -proper -prepubescence -prepubescence's -prepubescent -prepubescent's -prepubescents -priapic -prepackage -prepackaging -prepackages -prepackaged -propaganda -propaganda's -propagandist -propagandist's -propagandists -prepacked -propagate -propagator -propagating -propagates -propagator's -propagators -propagated -propagation -propagation's -propel -propeller -properly -paraplegia -paraplegic -paraplegic's -paraplegics -paraplegia's -propelling -propellant -propellant's -propellants -propeller's -propellers -propels -propulsive -propelled -propulsion -propulsion's -prepayment -prepayment's -prepayments -prepping -propane -propping -propinquity -propinquity's -proponent -proponent's -proponents -propane's -propensity -propensities -propensity's -propound -propounding -preponderance -preponderance's -preponderances -preponderant -preponderantly -preponderate -preponderating -preponderates -preponderated -propounds -propounded -prepare -properer -paraprofessional -paraprofessional's -paraprofessionals -preparing -prepares -properest -prepared -proprietor -propriety -preoperative -preparedness -preparedness's -preparatory -proprietary -proprietorial -proprietorially -proprietaries -proprietary's -proprietress -proprietress's -proprietresses -proprieties -proprieties's -proprietor's -proprietors -propriety's -proprietorship -proprietorship's -preparation -preparation's -preparations -prepays -preppies -preppy's -prep's -preps -prepuce -proper's -propose -proposer -prop's -props -proposal -proposal's -proposals -proposing -prepossess -prepuce's -prepuces -proposer's -proposers -proposes -prepossessing -prepossesses -prepossessed -preppiest -proposed -preposterous -preposterously -parapsychology -parapsychology's -parapsychologist -parapsychologist's -parapsychologists -preposition -prepossession -proposition -prepositional -prepositionally -propositional -propositioning -preposition's -prepositions -prepossession's -prepossessions -proposition's -propositions -propositioned -parapet -prepaid -prepped -property -propped -parapet's -parapets -properties -property's -propertied -peripatetic -peripatetic's -peripatetics -proportion -proportional -proportionally -proportionals -proportionality -proportioning -proportion's -proportions -proportionate -proportioned -proportionately -propitious -propitiously -propitiate -propitiating -propitiatory -propitiates -propitiated -propitiation -propitiation's -prepaying -prairie -priory -prorogue -proroguing -prorogues -preregister -prerequisite -preregistering -preregistered -preregistration -preregistration's -preregisters -prerequisite's -prerequisites -prerecord -prorogued -prerogative -prerogative's -prerogatives -prerecording -prerecords -prerecorded -prorogation -prorogation's -prearrange -prearrangement -prearrangement's -prearranging -prearranges -prearranged -prurience -prurience's -prurient -pruriently -prairie's -prairies -prioress -prioress's -priories -priory's -prioresses -priority -prorate -prorating -priorities -priority's -prorates -prorated -peroration -peroration's -perorations -para's -paras -parer's -parers -pares -pariah's -pariahs -Paris -Paris's -parries -Parr's -parry's -Peary's -peeress -peeress's -Peoria's -Perez -Perrier's -Perry's -Peru's -peruse -Pierre's -piracy -Piraeus -Piraeus's -pore's -pores -porous -Praia's -praise -prays -Pres -pres -press -presser -pressie -press's -prey's -preys -prezzie -Price -price -pricey -pricier -prier's -priers -pries -prior's -priors -prissier -prissy -Prius -Prius's -prize -pro's -pros -prose -prosier -prosy -prow's -prows -Pr's -pry's -puree's -purees -purr's -purrs -Purus -Purus's -pyre's -pyres -Ypres -Ypres's -prostheses -prosthesis -prosthesis's -priesthood -prosthetic -priesthood's -priesthoods -presbyter -presbytery -Presbyterian -Presbyterian's -Presbyterians -Presbyterianism -Presbyterianism's -Presbyterianisms -presbyteries -presbytery's -presbyter's -presbyters -presbyopia -presbyopia's -preserve -preserver -preservable -preserving -preserver's -preservers -preserve's -preserves -preserved -prizefight -prizefighter -preservative -preservative's -preservatives -prizefighting -prizefighting's -prizefighter's -prizefighters -prizefight's -prizefights -preservation -preservation's -preservationist -preservationist's -preservationists -presage -prosaic -Prozac -preschool -preschooler -prosaically -preschooler's -preschoolers -preschool's -preschools -presaging -periscope -periscope's -periscopes -prescribe -proscribe -prescribing -proscribing -prescribes -proscribes -prescribed -proscribed -prescript -prescriptive -prescriptively -prescript's -prescripts -prescription -proscription -prescription's -prescriptions -proscription's -proscriptions -presage's -presages -Prozac's -Prozacs -presaged -Prescott -prosecute -prosecutor -prosecuting -Prescott's -prosecutes -prosecutor's -prosecutors -prosecuted -prosecution -prosecution's -prosecutions -parasol -perusal -Presley -Priscilla -prissily -parasailing -parasol's -parasols -perusal's -perusals -Presley's -priceless -Priscilla's -Paracelsus -Paracelsus's -proselyte -proselyting -proselyte's -proselytes -proselytism -proselytism's -proselyted -presume -prism -purism -presumable -presumably -pressman -pressmen -presuming -pressman's -parasympathetic -parasympathetics -presumptive -presumptuous -presumptuously -presumptuousness -presumptuousness's -presumption -presumption's -presumptions -presumes -prism's -prisms -purism's -presumed -prismatic -perusing -praising -preassigned -pressing -pricing -prison -prisoner -precinct -precinct's -precincts -pressingly -proscenium -proscenium's -prosceniums -porousness -porousness's -prescience -presence -pressing's -pressings -prisoner's -prisoners -prison's -prisons -prissiness -prissiness's -prescience's -presence's -presences -prescient -present -presenter -presentable -presentably -presciently -presently -presentiment -presentment -presentiment's -presentiments -presentment's -presentments -parascending -presenting -presenter's -presenters -present's -presents -presented -presentation -presentation's -presentations -prosper -prospect -prospector -prospective -prospectively -prospecting -prospector's -prospectors -prospect's -prospects -prospectus -prospectus's -prospectuses -prospected -Proserpina -Proserpine -Proserpina's -Proserpine's -prospering -prosperous -prosperously -prospered -prosperity -prosperity's -precipice -presuppose -prospers -presupposing -precipice's -precipices -presupposes -presupposed -presupposition -presupposition's -presuppositions -precept -preceptor -precipitant -precipitant's -precipitants -preceptor's -preceptors -precept's -precepts -precipitous -precipitously -precipitate -precipitately -precipitating -precipitate's -precipitates -precipitated -precipitation -precipitation's -precipitations -pressure -pressuring -pressure's -pressures -pressurizer's -pressured -pareses -paresis -paresis's -peeresses -Perez's -peruses -piracy's -praise's -praises -precious -precise -preciser -presser's -pressers -presses -pressies -prezzies -Price's -price's -prices -prize's -prizes -process -processor -process's -prose's -processable -preciously -precisely -preseason -processing -preciousness -preciousness's -preciseness -preciseness's -preseason's -preseasons -precises -processes -processor's -processors -precisest -preciosity -priciest -prissiest -processed -prosiest -preciosity's -parasite -parricide -perused -poorest -porosity -praised -precede -preset -preside -presort -pressed -presto -priced -priest -proceed -prosciutto -prosody -Proust -purest -purist -parasitic -prestige -puristic -parasitical -parasitically -prestige's -prestigious -parricidal -peristyle -Priestley -priestlier -priestly -priestliness -priestliness's -peristyle's -peristyles -Priestley's -peristalses -peristalsis -peristalsis's -priestliest -peristaltic -presidium -paracetamol -paracetamols -praseodymium -praseodymium's -presidium's -preceding -presetting -presiding -presorting -Preston -pristine -proceeding -precedence -presidency -Preston's -proceeding's -proceedings -precedence's -presidencies -presidency's -precedent -president -precedent's -precedents -president's -presidents -presidential -procedure -perestroika -perestroika's -procedural -procedure's -procedures -prostrate -prostrating -prostrates -prostrated -prostration -prostration's -prostrations -parasite's -parasites -parricide's -parricides -porosity's -precedes -presets -presides -presorts -presto's -prestos -priestess -priestess's -priest's -priests -proceeds -proceeds's -prosciutto's -prosodies -prosody's -Proust's -purist's -purists -parasitism -parasitism's -priestesses -preceded -presided -presorted -proceeded -prostate -prestidigitation -prestidigitation's -prostate's -prostates -prostitute -prostituting -prostitute's -prostitutes -prostituted -prostitution -prostitution's -praiseworthy -praiseworthiness -praiseworthiness's -prizewinner -prizewinning -prizewinner's -prizewinners -precision -procession -processional -processional's -processionals -processioning -precision's -procession's -processions -processioned -Procyon -Procyon's -paired -parade -parader -pared -Pareto -parity -parody -parred -parried -parrot -peered -period -Perot -Pierrot -pirate -pirouette -Poiret -Poirot -pored -poured -Prada -Prado -praetor -prat -prate -prater -Pratt -prettier -pretty -pride -pried -prod -proud -prouder -prude -Pruitt -Prut -pureed -purity -purred -pyrite -protuberance -protuberance's -protuberances -protuberant -prettify -pratfall -prideful -pridefully -pratfall's -pratfalls -predefined -peradventure -peradventure's -prettifies -paratyphoid -prettified -paratyphoid's -prettifying -Proudhon -Proudhon's -periodic -prodigy -predicable -periodical -periodically -piratical -piratically -prodigal -prodigally -protocol -periodical's -periodicals -prodigal's -prodigals -protocol's -protocols -prodigality -prodigality's -paradigm -predicament -predicament's -predicaments -paradigm's -paradigms -paradigmatic -protagonist -protagonist's -protagonists -Protagoras -Protagoras's -paradox -pretax -prodigies -prodigious -prodigy's -paradoxical -paradoxically -prodigiously -paradoxes -paradox's -predigest -pretext -predigesting -predigests -pretext's -pretexts -predigested -predicate -predict -predictor -product -protect -protector -predictable -predictably -predictability -predictability's -predicative -predictive -productive -protective -predicatively -productively -protectively -productiveness -productiveness's -protectiveness -protectiveness's -productivity -productivity's -predicating -predicting -protecting -protactinium -protactinium's -protectorate -protectorate's -protectorates -predicate's -predicates -predictor's -predictors -predicts -product's -products -protector's -protectors -protects -predicated -predicted -protected -predication -prediction -production -protection -predication's -prediction's -predictions -production's -productions -protection's -protections -protectionism -protectionism's -protectionist -protectionist's -protectionists -parietal -prattle -prattler -prettily -proudly -predilection -predilection's -predilections -prattling -prattler's -prattlers -prattle's -prattles -preadolescence -preadolescence's -preadolescences -prattled -preterm -predominance -predominance's -predominant -predominantly -predominate -predominately -predominating -predominates -predominated -parading -parroting -pirating -pirouetting -prating -predawn -preordain -preteen -priding -prodding -protean -protein -proton -Puritan -puritan -puritanical -puritanically -peritoneal -peritoneum -peritoneum's -peritoneums -preordaining -preordains -preteen's -preteens -prettiness -prettiness's -protein's -proteins -proton's -protons -Prudence -prudence -Puritan's -puritan's -puritans -Puritanism -puritanism -Puritanism's -Puritanisms -puritanism's -Prudence's -prudence's -preordained -pretend -pretender -prudent -periodontics -periodontics's -periodontal -prudently -pretending -preternatural -preternaturally -peritonitis -peritonitis's -pretender's -pretenders -pretends -periodontist -periodontist's -periodontists -pretended -Prudential -prudential -prudentially -Prudential's -pretension -pretension's -pretensions -pretentious -pretentiously -pretentiousness -pretentiousness's -protoplasm -protoplasmic -protoplasm's -Pretoria -prudery -protract -protractor -protracting -protractor's -protractors -protracts -protracted -protraction -protraction's -pretrial -pretrials -Praetorian -praetorian -Praetorian's -paratroop -paratrooper -paratrooper's -paratroopers -paratroops -paratroops's -Pretoria's -prudery's -Proterozoic -Proterozoic's -protrusile -protrude -protruding -protrudes -protruded -protrusion -protrusion's -protrusions -parader's -paraders -parade's -parades -Paradise -paradise -Pareto's -parities -parity's -parodies -parody's -parrot's -parrots -period's -periods -Perot's -Pierrot's -pirate's -pirates -pirouette's -pirouettes -Poiret's -Poirot's -Prada's -Prado's -praetor's -praetors -prater's -praters -prate's -prates -prats -Pratt's -pretties -pretty's -pride's -prides -prod's -prods -produce -producer -Proteus -Proteus's -protozoa -prude's -prudes -Pruitt's -Prut's -purity's -pyrite's -pyrites -pyrites's -producible -protozoic -paradisaical -predesignate -predesignating -predesignates -predesignated -pretzel -pretzel's -pretzels -producing -protozoan -protozoan's -protozoans -predispose -predisposing -predisposes -predisposed -predisposition -predisposition's -predispositions -paradise's -paradises -predecease -predecessor -producer's -producers -produce's -produces -predeceasing -predeceases -predecessor's -predecessors -predeceased -parodist -periodicity -pretest -prettiest -produced -protest -protester -proudest -predestine -pretesting -protesting -predestining -predestines -predestined -Protestant -protestant -Protestant's -Protestants -protestants -Protestantism -Protestantism's -Protestantisms -predestination -predestination's -parodist's -parodists -periodicity's -pretests -protester's -protesters -protest's -protests -pretested -protested -protestation -protestation's -protestations -paraded -parodied -parotid -parroted -pirated -pirouetted -prated -predate -predator -prettied -prided -prodded -predetermine -predeterminer -predetermining -predeterminer's -predeterminers -predetermines -predetermined -predetermination -predetermination's -predating -prototype -prototypical -prototyping -prototype's -prototypes -predatory -predates -predator's -predators -predated -prudish -prudishly -pyrotechnic -pyrotechnical -pyrotechnics -pyrotechnics's -prudishness -prudishness's -parodying -prettying -prewar -periwig -periwig's -periwigs -periwinkle -periwinkle's -periwinkles -prowess -prowess's -parish -Parrish -perish -perisher -preach -preacher -preachier -preachy -Prussia -perishable -perishable's -perishables -piroshki -piroshki's -parochial -parochially -parochialism -parochialism's -preachment -preachment's -parishioner -Parisian -perishing -preaching -Prussian -parishioner's -parishioners -Parisian's -Parisians -Prussian's -Prussians -preshrank -preshrink -preshrunk -preshrinking -preshrinks -parishes -parish's -Parrish's -perishers -perishes -preacher's -preachers -preaches -Prussia's -preachiest -parachute -perished -Pratchett -preached -parachuting -parachute's -parachutes -Pratchett's -parachutist -parachutist's -parachutists -parachuted -prayer -Pryor -prayerful -prayerfully -parrying -praying -preying -prying -prayer's -prayers -Pryor's -prayed -preyed -Paar's -Pace -pace -pacer -pacey -pacier -pacy -pair's -pairs -par's -pars -parse -parser -PA's -Pa's -pa's -pas -pass -passer -pass's -pause -paw's -paws -pay's -pays -Peace -peace -pear's -pears -pea's -peas -peer's -peers -pee's -pees -Pei's -Percy -peso -pew's -pews -piazza -piece -Pierce -pierce -pier's -piers -pie's -pies -pious -pi's -pis -Pisa -piss -pisser -pissoir -piss's -Pius -Pius's -pizza -Poe's -poesy -poi's -poise -Pooh's -pooh's -poohs -poos -Po's -pose -poser -poseur -poss -posse -posy -pours -POW's -PPS -P's -PS -psi -PS's -puce -Pugh's -purse -purser -pursue -pursuer -Pu's -pus -Pusey -pus's -puss -pussier -puss's -pussy -Puzo -posthumous -posthumously -posthypnotic -posthaste -passerby -passbook -passbook's -passbooks -passable -passably -peaceable -peaceably -possible -possibly -possible's -possibles -possibility -possibilities -possibility's -passerby's -pacifier -pacify -passive -Passover -perceive -perceivable -Pacific -pacific -pacifically -Pacific's -pacification -pacification's -Parsifal -passively -peaceful -peacefully -Percival -persiflage -psephology -persiflage's -psephologist -psephologists -peacefulness -peacefulness's -Parsifal's -Percival's -perceiving -Persephone -passiveness -passiveness's -Persephone's -persevere -persevering -perseverance -perseverance's -passphrase -perseveres -passphrases -persevered -pacifier's -pacifiers -pacifies -passive's -passives -passivize -Passover's -Passovers -perceives -pacifism -pacifism's -passivizing -passivizes -pacifist -passivized -pacifistic -pacifist's -pacifists -pacified -passivity -perceived -pussyfoot -pussyfooting -passivity's -pussyfoots -pussyfooted -pacifying -parsec -passage -passkey -peskier -pesky -Porsche -PASCAL -Pascal -pascal -Pasquale -peskily -Pascal's -Pascals -pascal's -pascals -Pasquale's -peskiness -peskiness's -peacekeeper -peacekeeping -peacekeeping's -peacekeeper's -peacekeepers -parsec's -parsecs -passage's -passages -passkey's -passkeys -Porsche's -peskiest -persecute -persecutor -pizzicati -pizzicato -pussycat -persecuting -piscatorial -persecutes -persecutor's -persecutors -pizzicato's -pussycat's -pussycats -persecuted -passageway -passageway's -passageways -persecution -persecution's -persecutions -paisley -parcel -parsley -passel -piously -Purcell -puzzle -puzzler -piezoelectric -psalm -puzzlement -puzzlement's -Psalms -psalm's -psalms -Psalms's -psalmist -psalmist's -psalmists -porcelain -puzzling -pusillanimous -pusillanimously -pusillanimity -pusillanimity's -porcelain's -porcelains -Ypsilanti -Ypsilanti's -payslip -payslip's -payslips -paisley's -paisleys -parcel's -parcels -parsley's -passel's -passels -Purcell's -puzzler's -puzzlers -puzzle's -puzzles -Psalter -puzzled -psaltery -psalteries -psaltery's -Psalter's -Psalters -passim -possum -pacemaker -peacemaker -peacemaking -peacemaking's -pacemaker's -pacemakers -peacemaker's -peacemakers -pessimal -piecemeal -parsimony -persimmon -parsimonious -parsimony's -persimmon's -persimmons -parsimoniously -pismire -pismire's -pismires -possum's -possums -pessimism -pessimism's -pessimist -pessimistic -pessimistically -pessimist's -pessimists -pacing -Pacino -parsing -parson -passing -pausing -Pearson -person -persona -personae -piecing -piercing -pissing -poising -poison -poisoner -Poisson -porcine -posing -Poussin -pursing -pursuing -Pusan -personable -personify -personification -personification's -personifications -personifies -personified -personifying -parsonage -passenger -personage -parsonage's -parsonages -passenger's -passengers -personage's -personages -persnickety -passingly -personal -personally -personnel -piercingly -personal's -personals -personnel's -personality -personalty -personalities -personality's -personalty's -poisoning -Poznan -poisoning's -poisonings -Poznan's -parsnip -parsnip's -parsnips -Pacino's -Parsons -parson's -parsons -Parsons's -passing's -Pearson's -persona's -personas -person's -persons -piercing's -piercings -piousness -piousness's -poisoner's -poisoners -poisonous -poison's -poisons -Poisson's -Poussin's -pursuance -Pusan's -poisonously -pursuance's -peasant -percent -poisoned -pursuant -percentage -percentage's -percentages -percentile -percentile's -percentiles -peasantry -peasantry's -peasant's -peasants -percent's -percents -perspex -perspicuous -perspicacious -perspicaciously -perspicacity -perspicacity's -perspicuity -perspective -perspective's -perspectives -perspicuity's -Persepolis -Persepolis's -percipience -percipience's -percipient -perspire -perspiring -perspires -perspired -perspiration -perspiration's -passport -perceptible -perceptibly -perceptive -perceptively -perceptiveness -perceptiveness's -perceptual -perceptually -passport's -passports -perception -perceptional -perception's -perceptions -pessary -Pissaro -Pizarro -pizzeria -pessaries -Pissaro's -Pizarro's -pizzeria's -pizzerias -psoriasis -psoriasis's -pacer's -pacers -Pace's -pace's -paces -parses -passer's -passers -passes -pause's -pauses -Peace's -peace's -peaces -Percy's -Perseus -Perseus's -peso's -pesos -piazza's -piazzas -piece's -pieces -Pierce's -pierces -Pisa's -Pisces -Pisces's -pissers -pisses -pissoirs -pizza's -pizzas -pizzazz -poesy's -poise's -poises -poser's -posers -pose's -poses -poseur's -poseurs -posies -posse's -posses -possess -possessor -posy's -psi's -psis -puce's -purser's -pursers -purse's -purses -pursuer's -pursuers -pursues -Pusey's -pusses -pussies -pussy's -Puzo's -pzazz -passersby -persuasive -possessive -persuasively -possessively -persuasiveness -persuasiveness's -possessiveness -possessiveness's -possessive's -possessives -possessing -pizzazz's -possesses -possessor's -possessors -pacesetter -paciest -persist -possessed -pussiest -persisting -persistence -persistence's -persistent -persistently -Pisistratus -Pisistratus's -pacesetter's -pacesetters -persists -persisted -paced -parsed -passed -past -pasta -paste -Pasteur -pastie -pastier -pastor -pasty -paucity -paused -Perseid -persuade -persuader -peseta -pest -pester -pesto -pieced -pierced -pissed -piste -poised -posed -posit -Post -post -poster -postie -pseud -pseudo -pseudy -psst -PST -pursed -pursued -pursuit -postbag -postbags -postbox -postboxes -persuadable -pasteboard -pasteboard's -positive -positively -positiveness -positiveness's -pestiferous -positive's -positives -positivism -positivist -positivists -postage -postcolonial -postconsonantal -postgraduate -postgraduate's -postgraduates -postage's -psittacosis -psittacosis's -postcard -postcode -postcard's -postcards -postcodes -pastel -pastille -pestle -pistil -pistol -postal -pustular -pustule -pestling -postilion -pestilence -postilion's -postilions -pestilence's -pestilences -pestilent -pestilential -pastel's -pastels -pastille's -pastilles -pestle's -pestles -pistil's -pistils -pistol's -pistols -pustule's -pustules -pestled -pistillate -postlude -postulate -postulating -postlude's -postludes -postulate's -postulates -postulated -postulation -postulation's -postulations -pastime -peacetime -postmark -postmarking -postmark's -postmarks -postmarked -postman -postmen -postmenopausal -postman's -postmeridian -pastime's -pastimes -peacetime's -postmaster -postmistress -postmistress's -postmistresses -postmaster's -postmasters -postmortem -postmortem's -postmortems -postmodern -postmodernism -postmodernism's -postmodernist -postmodernist's -postmodernists -Pasadena -pastern -pasting -persuading -piston -Poseidon -positing -posting -Pasternak -Pasternak's -pseudonym -pseudonymous -pseudonym's -pseudonyms -Pasadena's -pastern's -pasterns -pastiness -pastiness's -piston's -pistons -Poseidon's -posting's -postings -postnasal -postnatal -postindustrial -postpone -postponement -postponement's -postponements -postponing -postpones -postponed -postprandial -postoperative -postpaid -postpartum -pastry -pasture -posterior -posture -pasturage -pasturage's -pastoral -postural -pastureland -pastureland's -pastoral's -pastorals -pastrami -pastrami's -pasturing -pestering -positron -posturing -positron's -positrons -posturing's -posturings -pastries -pastry's -pasture's -pastures -posterior's -posteriors -posture's -postures -pastorate -pastured -pestered -posterity -postured -pastorate's -pastorates -posterity's -pasta's -pastas -paste's -pastes -Pasteur's -pasties -pastor's -pastors -past's -pasts -pasty's -paucity's -Perseid's -persuader's -persuaders -persuades -peseta's -pesetas -pesters -pesto's -pest's -pests -pistes -posits -poster's -posters -posties -Post's -post's -posts -pseudos -pseuds -PST's -pursuit's -pursuits -postscript -postscript's -postscripts -postsynaptic -pseudoscience -pseudoscience's -pseudosciences -postseason -postseason's -postseasons -pastiest -pesticide -pesticide's -pesticides -pasted -persuaded -posited -posted -postdoc -postdoc's -postdocs -postdoctoral -postdate -postdating -postdates -postdated -postwar -postwoman -postwomen -pastiche -pistachio -pastiche's -pastiches -pistachio's -pistachios -piecework -pieceworker -pieceworker's -pieceworkers -piecework's -password -password's -passwords -psych -Psyche -psyche -psycho -psychotherapy -psychotherapies -psychotherapy's -psychotherapist -psychotherapist's -psychotherapists -psychobabble -psychobabble's -psychopharmacology -psychic -psychical -psychically -psychogenic -psychokinesis -psychokinetic -psychic's -psychics -psychoactive -paschal -psychology -psychological -psychologically -psychologies -psychology's -psychologist -psychologist's -psychologists -psychometric -persuasion -position -possession -psyching -positional -psychoanalyses -psychoanalysis -psychoanalysis's -psychoanalyst -psychoanalyst's -psychoanalysts -psychoanalytic -psychoanalytical -psychoanalytically -positioning -psychoneuroses -psychoneurosis -psychoneurosis's -persuasion's -persuasions -position's -positions -possession's -possessions -positioned -psychopath -psychopathy -psychopathic -psychopathology -psychopath's -psychopaths -psychopathy's -Psyche's -psyche's -psyches -psycho's -psychos -psych's -psychs -psychosomatic -psychoses -psychosis -psychosis's -psyched -psychotic -psychotically -psychotic's -psychotics -psychedelia -psychedelic -psychedelically -psychedelic's -psychedelics -psychiatry -psychiatric -psychodrama -psychodrama's -psychodramas -psychotropic -psychotropic's -psychotropics -psychiatry's -psychiatrist -psychiatrist's -psychiatrists -pad -paddy -paid -Paiute -part -party -Pat -pat -Pate -pate -patter -Patti -Patty -patty -payday -PD -Pd -pd -peat -peatier -peaty -peed -pert -perter -PET -pet -Pete -Peter -peter -pettier -Petty -petty -pewter -pied -piety -pit -pita -Pitt -pitta -pity -pod -poet -Poitier -pooed -Port -port -Porter -porter -pot -Potter -potter -pottier -potty -pout -pouter -powder -PT -Pt -pt -PTA -Ptah -PTO -pud -Puerto -purdah -Purdue -put -putt -puttee -putter -putty -perturb -portable -potable -potbelly -potboiler -portable's -portables -potable's -potables -potbellies -potbelly's -potboiler's -potboilers -portability -potability -potbellied -portability's -potability's -perturbing -perturbs -perturbed -petabyte -petabyte's -petabytes -perturbation -perturbation's -perturbations -PDF -pettifog -pettifogger -pettifogging -pettifoggery -pettifoggery's -pettifogger's -pettifoggers -pettifogs -pettifogged -pitfall -pitiful -pitifully -portfolio -potful -pitfall's -pitfalls -portfolio's -portfolios -potful's -potfuls -paterfamilias -paterfamilias's -paterfamiliases -Podhoretz -Podhoretz's -porterhouse -porterhouse's -porterhouses -paddock -partake -partaker -partook -PDQ -poetic -portage -portico -pottage -pedicab -pedicab's -pedicabs -pedagogue -pedagogy -petcock -pedagogic -pedagogical -pedagogically -pedagogue's -pedagogues -pedagogy's -petcock's -petcocks -particle -particular -poetical -poetically -Portugal -particleboard -particleboard's -particularly -particularity -particularities -particularity's -particle's -particles -particular's -particulars -portcullis -portcullis's -Portugal's -portcullises -particulate -particulate's -particulates -paddocking -partaken -partaking -Patagonia -Pitcairn -portaging -Patagonian -Patagonian's -Patagonia's -Pitcairn's -pedicure -pedigree -Podgorica -Podgorica's -pedicuring -pedicure's -pedicures -pedigree's -pedigrees -pedicurist -pedicurist's -pedicurists -pedicured -pedigreed -paddock's -paddocks -partaker's -partakers -partakes -poetics -portage's -portages -porticoes -portico's -Portuguese -pottage's -Portuguese's -podcast -podcasting -podcast's -podcasts -paddocked -petticoat -portaged -petticoat's -petticoats -paddle -paddler -Padilla -partly -Patel -patella -patellae -pedal -pedalo -peddle -pertly -petal -pettily -piddle -piddly -poodle -portal -portlier -portly -puddle -padlock -portulaca -potluck -padlocking -padlock's -padlocks -portulaca's -potluck's -potlucks -padlocked -Ptolemy -Ptolemaic -Ptolemaic's -Ptolemies -Ptolemy's -paddling -peddling -piddling -puddling -petulance -portliness -portliness's -puddling's -petulance's -petulant -Portland -petulantly -Portland's -paddler's -paddlers -paddle's -paddles -Padilla's -patella's -patellas -Patel's -pedalos -pedal's -pedals -peddles -petal's -petals -piddle's -piddles -pitiless -poodle's -poodles -portal's -portals -puddle's -puddles -pitilessly -pitilessness -pitilessness's -portliest -paddled -peddled -piddled -puddled -podium -Potomac -Potemkin -ptarmigan -Potemkin's -ptarmigan's -ptarmigans -Potomac's -Pittman -ptomaine -Pittman's -ptomaine's -ptomaines -pediment -Piedmont -portmanteau -pediment's -pediments -Piedmont's -portmanteau's -portmanteaus -podium's -podiums -pedometer -pedometer's -pedometers -padding -pardner -pardon -pardoner -parting -partner -patina -Patna -pattern -patting -Patton -pertain -petting -petunia -piton -pitting -podding -porting -potting -pouting -pudding -Putin -putting -pardonable -pardonably -Padang -Podunk -peduncle -peduncle's -peduncles -Podunk's -paternal -paternally -paternalism -paternalism's -paternalist -paternalistic -paternalists -Putnam -Putnam's -pardoning -patterning -pertaining -pertinence -pertinence's -pertinent -pertinently -partnering -partnered -padding's -pardners -pardoner's -pardoners -pardon's -pardons -parting's -partings -partner's -partners -patience -patina's -patinas -Patna's -pattern's -patterns -Patton's -pertains -pertness -pertness's -pettiness -pettiness's -petting's -petunia's -petunias -piton's -pitons -pittance -potency -pottiness -pudding's -puddings -Putin's -patience's -pertinacious -pittance's -pittances -potency's -pertinaciously -paternoster -pertinacity -paternoster's -paternosters -pertinacity's -pardoned -patent -paternity -patient -patienter -patterned -pedant -pertained -portend -portent -potent -pudenda -pedantic -pedantically -patently -patiently -potently -pudendum -pudendum's -patenting -portending -pedantry -pedantry's -patent's -patents -paternity's -patient's -patients -pedant's -pedants -portends -portentous -portent's -portents -portentously -portentousness -patientest -patented -portended -potentate -potentate's -potentates -potential -potentially -potential's -potentials -potentiality -potentialities -potentiality's -partnership -partnership's -partnerships -potentiate -potentiating -potentiates -potentiated -potpie -potpourri -potpourri's -potpourris -potpie's -potpies -pitapat -pitapat's -pitapats -padre -parterre -Pedro -Petra -poetry -portray -pottery -powdery -putterer -perdurable -petrify -putrefy -putrefactive -petrifaction -putrefaction -petrifaction's -putrefaction's -petrifies -putrefies -petrified -putrefied -petrifying -putrefying -partridge -Patrica -Patrick -partridge's -partridges -Patrica's -Patrick's -patrol -petrel -petrol -petrology -petrology's -petrologist -petrologist's -petrologists -petroleum -patrolman -patrolmen -patrolman's -petroleum's -patrolling -patrol's -patrols -petrel's -petrels -petrol's -patrolled -petrolatum -petrolatum's -patrolwoman -patrolwomen -patrolwoman's -patrimony -patrimonial -patrimonies -patrimony's -patron -patroon -pattering -petering -pottering -powdering -puttering -patronage -patronage's -patronages -patronymic -patronymically -patronymic's -patronymics -patroness -patroness's -patron's -patrons -patroon's -patroons -patronesses -padre's -padres -parterre's -parterres -Patrice -Pedro's -Petra's -poetry's -portrays -potteries -pottery's -putterer's -putterers -patresfamilias -Paderewski -Paderewski's -putrescence -putrescence's -putrescent -Patrice's -patricide -pederast -pederasty -patricide's -patricides -pederast's -pederasts -pederasty's -patriot -pattered -petered -portrait -pottered -powdered -putrid -puttered -patriotic -patriotically -pterodactyl -pterodactyl's -pterodactyls -petrodollar -petrodollar's -petrodollars -portraiture -portraiture's -patriot's -patriots -portrait's -portraits -patriotism -patriotism's -portraitist -portraitist's -portraitists -patriarch -patriarchy -Patricia -Petrarch -patriarchal -petrochemical -petrochemical's -petrochemicals -parturition -patrician -parturition's -patrician's -patricians -patriarchies -patriarch's -patriarchs -patriarchy's -Patricia's -Petrarch's -patriarchate -patriarchate's -patriarchates -portrayal -portrayal's -portrayals -portraying -portrayed -paddies -paddy's -pad's -pads -Paiute's -Paiutes -parties -part's -parts -party's -Pate's -pate's -pates -patois -patois's -Pat's -pat's -pats -Patsy -patsy -patter's -patters -patties -Patti's -Patty's -patty's -payday's -paydays -Pd's -peat's -Peter's -Peters -peter's -peters -Peters's -Pete's -PET's -pet's -pets -Petty's -pewter's -pewters -piety's -pita's -pitas -piteous -pities -pit's -pits -pittas -Pitt's -Pitts -Pitts's -pity's -pod's -pods -poetess -poetess's -poet's -poets -Poitier's -Porter's -porter's -porters -Port's -port's -ports -pot's -pots -Potter's -potter's -potters -potties -Potts -Potts's -potty's -pouter's -pouters -pout's -pouts -powder's -powders -Ptah's -PTA's -Pt's -puds -purdah's -Purdue's -put's -puts -puttee's -puttees -putter's -putters -putties -putt's -putts -putty's -putz -Pittsburgh -Pittsburgh's -putsches -piteously -potassium -Portsmouth -Portsmouth's -potassium's -partisan -Paterson -Patterson -Petersen -Peterson -partisan's -partisans -Paterson's -Patterson's -Petersen's -Peterson's -piteousness -piteousness's -partisanship -partisanship's -participial -participle -participial's -participle's -participles -participant -participant's -participants -participate -participator -participating -participatory -participates -participator's -participators -participated -participation -participation's -patisserie -patisseries -patsies -Patsy's -patsy's -pertussis -pertussis's -poetesses -putzes -peatiest -pertest -pettiest -poetaster -pottiest -pedestal -pedestal's -pedestals -Potsdam -Potsdam's -pedestrian -pedestrian's -pedestrians -poetaster's -poetasters -putsch -putsch's -padded -parted -partied -patted -PDT -petard -petite -petted -pitied -pitted -podded -ported -potato -potted -pouted -putout -putted -puttied -partitive -putative -partitive's -partitives -pituitary -podiatry -pediatrics's -pituitaries -pituitary's -podiatry's -podiatrist -podiatrist's -podiatrists -petard's -petards -petite's -petites -potatoes -potato's -putout's -putouts -partway -Pottawatomie -Pottawatomie's -pettish -potash -pettishly -partition -perdition -petition -petitioner -partitioning -petitioning -partition's -partitions -perdition's -petitioner's -petitioners -petition's -petitions -partitioned -petitioned -potash's -potsherd -potshot -potsherd's -potsherds -potshot's -potshots -partying -pitying -puttying -pityingly -peewee -pewee -power -powwow -powerboat -powerboat's -powerboats -powerful -powerfully -powerhouse -powerhouse's -powerhouses -paywall -Powell -paywall's -paywalls -Powell's -powerless -powerlessly -powerlessness -powerlessness's -pawing -PowerPC -PowerPC's -PowerPoint -PowerPoint's -payware -powering -powered -pairwise -peewee's -peewees -pewee's -pewees -Powers -power's -powers -Powers's -powwow's -powwows -pawed -peewit -pewit -peewits -pewit's -pewits -powwowing -powwowed -parch -pasha -patch -patchier -patchy -patio -peach -peachier -peachy -perch -Persia -pitch -pitcher -poach -poacher -pooch -porch -Portia -posh -posher -pouch -pshaw -push -pusher -pushier -pushy -pushbike -pushbikes -pitiable -pitiably -pitchblende -pitchblende's -pushover -pitchfork -pitchforking -pitchfork's -pitchforks -pitchforked -pushover's -pushovers -Pacheco -paycheck -Pushkin -Pushkin's -Pacheco's -paycheck's -paychecks -pushcart -pushcart's -pushcarts -partial -partially -patchily -patchouli -petiole -pushily -partial's -partials -petiole's -petioles -partiality -partiality's -pitchman -pitchmen -pitchman's -parchment -parchment's -parchments -parching -Passion -passion -patching -perching -Pershing -Persian -pitching -poaching -pooching -portion -potion -pouching -pushing -passionflower -passionflower's -passionflowers -passionless -portioning -Passion's -Passions -passion's -passions -patchiness -patchiness's -perchance -Pershing's -Persian's -Persians -poaching's -portion's -portions -potion's -potions -pushiness -pushiness's -passionate -portioned -passionately -pushpin -pushpins -Pechora -Percheron -Percheron's -Pechora's -Parcheesi -parches -pasha's -pashas -patches -patch's -patio's -patios -peaches -peach's -perches -perch's -Persia's -pitcher's -pitchers -pitches -pitch's -poacher's -poachers -poaches -pooches -pooch's -porches -porch's -Portia's -pouches -pouch's -pshaw's -pshaws -purchase -purchaser -pusher's -pushers -pushes -push's -purchasable -purchasing -pachysandra -pachysandra's -pachysandras -Parcheesi's -purchaser's -purchasers -purchase's -purchases -patchiest -peachiest -poshest -purchased -pushiest -parched -patched -peashooter -perched -pitched -poached -pooched -pouched -pushed -Pushtu -pachyderm -pachyderm's -pachyderms -peashooter's -peashooters -Pushtu's -Peshawar -patchwork -patchwork's -patchworks -Peshawar's -pushchair -pushchairs -payee -payer -payable -payoff -payoff's -payoffs -payola -pyelonephritis -payola's -paying -Pyongyang -Pyongyang's -payee's -payees -payer's -payers -payed -payout -peyote -Pyotr -Pyotr's -payout's -payouts -peyote's -R -r -Ra -Rae -rah -raw -Ray -ray -Re -re -rear -Rh -Rhea -rhea -Rhee -rho -RI -Rio -roar -roe -row -Roy -RR -Ru -rue -Rwy -Ry -wry -yr -Rather -rather -Reuther -Roth -Ruth -Ruthie -wraith -wrath -wreath -wreathe -writhe -wroth -wrathful -wrathfully -Rutherford -rutherfordium -rutherfordium's -Rutherford's -Rothko -Rothko's -ruthless -ruthlessly -ruthlessness -ruthlessness's -rhythm -rhythmic -rhythmical -rhythmically -rhythm's -rhythms -wreathing -writhing -rethink -rethinking -rethink's -rethinks -ruthenium -ruthenium's -reauthorizing -reauthorized -Rather's -Reuther's -Roth's -Ruthie's -Ruth's -wraith's -wraiths -wrath's -wreathes -wreath's -wreaths -writhe's -writhes -rathskeller -rathskeller's -rathskellers -Rothschild -Rothschild's -rethought -wreathed -writhed -rabbi -Rb -RBI -Reba -rib -ribber -Rob -rob -robber -Robbie -Robby -robe -rub -rubber -rube -rubier -Ruby -ruby -rebirth -rebirth's -rebirths -rhubarb -rhubarb's -rhubarbs -rebuff -riboflavin -riboflavin's -rebuffing -rebuff's -rebuffs -rebuffed -Rebekah -rebuke -Reebok -roebuck -Rubik -robocall -robocalling -robocall's -robocalls -robocalled -rebuking -Rubicon -rebukingly -Rubicon's -Rubicons -rubicund -Rebekah's -rebuke's -rebukes -Reebok's -roebuck's -roebucks -Rubik's -rebuked -rabble -rebel -reboil -rubble -rubella -rebelling -rebellion -reboiling -rebellion's -rebellions -rabble's -rabbles -Rabelais -Rabelais's -rebellious -rebel's -rebels -reboils -Robles -Robles's -rubble's -rubella's -rebelliously -rebelliousness -rebelliousness's -rebelled -reboiled -rebuild -rebuilt -ribald -rebuilding -ribaldry -ribaldry's -rebuilds -Rabelaisian -Rabelaisian's -Rubbermaid -Rubbermaid's -Rabin -RayBan -Rayburn -reborn -Reuben -ribbing -ribbon -Robbin -robbing -Robin -robin -robing -Robyn -rubbing -Ruben -Rubin -rabbinic -rubberneck -rubbernecker -rabbinical -rubbernecking -rubbernecker's -rubberneckers -rubberneck's -rubbernecks -rubbernecked -Rabin's -RayBan's -Rayburn's -Reuben's -ribbon's -ribbons -Robbin's -Robbins -Robbins's -Robin's -robin's -robins -Robyn's -rubbings -Ruben's -Rubens -Rubens's -Rubin's -Robinson -Robinson's -Rubinstein -Rubinstein's -rabbinate -rawboned -rebind -rebound -rebinding -rebounding -Ribbentrop -Ribbentrop's -rabbinate's -rebinds -rebound's -rebounds -rebounded -rebury -robbery -rubbery -rubric -rubric's -rubrics -reburial -reburial's -reburials -reburies -robberies -robbery's -reburied -rebroadcast -rebroadcasting -rebroadcast's -rebroadcasts -reburying -rabbi's -rabbis -rabies -rabies's -Rb's -Reba's -rebus -rebus's -ribber's -ribbers -rib's -ribs -robber's -robbers -Robbie's -Robby's -robe's -robes -Rob's -robs -rubber's -rubbers -rube's -rubes -rubies -rub's -rubs -Ruby's -ruby's -reabsorb -reabsorbing -reabsorbs -reabsorbed -Roberson -Robeson -Robson -Roberson's -Robeson's -Robson's -Robespierre -Robespierre's -rebuses -robust -robuster -rubiest -robustly -robustness -robustness's -robustest -Rabat -rabbet -rabbit -rabid -rebate -rebid -reboot -rebut -ribbed -robbed -robed -Robert -Roberta -Roberto -robot -Robt -rowboat -rubato -rubbed -robotic -robotics -robotics's -rabidly -rebuttal -rebuttal's -rebuttals -rubidium -rubidium's -rabbeting -rabbiting -rebating -rebidding -rebooting -rebutting -rubdown -rabidness -rabidness's -rubdown's -rubdowns -Rabat's -rabbet's -rabbets -rabbit's -rabbits -rebate's -rebates -rebids -reboots -rebuts -Roberta's -Roberto's -Robert's -Roberts -Roberts's -robot's -robots -Robt's -rowboat's -rowboats -rubato's -rubatos -Robertson -Robitussin -Robertson's -Robitussin's -rabbeted -rabbited -rebated -rebooted -rebutted -rubbish -rubbishy -rubbishing -rubbishes -rubbish's -rubbished -Rubaiyat -Rubaiyat's -RAF -raffia -rave -raver -reef -reefer -reeve -ref -refer -Rev -rev -Reva -review -revue -RF -Rf -RIF -rife -rifer -riff -riv -rive -river -roof -roofer -rough -rougher -Rove -rove -Rover -rover -ruff -RV -reverb -riverbank -riverbank's -riverbanks -reverberate -reverberating -reverberates -reverberated -reverberation -reverberation's -reverberations -riverbed -riverboat -riverbed's -riverbeds -riverboat's -riverboats -refurbish -refurbishment -refurbishment's -refurbishments -refurbishing -refurbishes -refurbished -revive -revivify -revivification -revivification's -revivifies -revivified -revivifying -revival -revival's -revivals -revivalism -revivalism's -revivalist -revivalist's -revivalists -reviving -revving -riverfront -revives -revived -revved -roughhouse -roughhousing -roughhouse's -roughhouses -roughhoused -ravage -ravager -reforge -refuge -refugee -Refugio -revoke -RFC -roughage -revocable -ravaging -reforging -revoking -ravager's -ravagers -ravage's -ravages -ravages's -refocus -reforges -refugee's -refugees -refuge's -refuges -Refugio's -revokes -RFCs -roughage's -refocusing -refocuses -refocused -roughcast -ravaged -refactor -reforged -revoked -refectory -refactoring -refectories -refectory's -refactored -refactors -refection -revocation -refection's -revocation's -revocations -Rafael -raffle -Raphael -Ravel -ravel -ravioli -refile -refill -refuel -revalue -reveal -reveille -revel -revile -reviler -riffle -rifle -rifler -rival -ROFL -roughly -rueful -ruefully -ruffle -ruffly -refillable -revolve -revolver -revolvable -revolving -revolver's -revolvers -revolves -revolved -refulgence -refulgence's -refulgent -reflex -reflexive -reflexively -reflexive's -reflexives -reflexology -reflexes -reflex's -reflect -reflector -reflective -reflectively -reflecting -reflector's -reflectors -reflects -reflected -reflection -reflection's -reflections -rifleman -riflemen -rifleman's -revilement -revilement's -raffling -refiling -refilling -revaluing -revealing -reviling -Revlon -riffling -rifling -ruffling -revealingly -revealings -Revlon's -rifling's -ruefulness -ruefulness's -revelry -rivalry -revelries -revelry's -rivalries -rivalry's -Rafael's -Raffles -raffle's -raffles -Raffles's -Raphael's -Ravel's -ravel's -ravels -ravioli's -raviolis -refiles -refill's -refills -refuels -revalues -reveals -reveille's -revel's -revels -reviler's -revilers -reviles -riffle's -riffles -rifler's -riflers -rifle's -rifles -rival's -rivals -roofless -ruffle's -ruffles -reupholster -reupholstering -reupholstered -reupholsters -raffled -reevaluate -refiled -refilled -reflate -refold -revalued -revealed -reviled -revolt -riffled -rifled -rivulet -ruffled -reevaluating -reflating -refolding -revolting -revoltingly -reevaluates -reflates -refolds -revolt's -revolts -rivulet's -rivulets -reevaluated -reflated -refolded -revolted -reevaluation -reflation -revaluation -Revelation -revelation -revolution -revulsion -reflationary -revolutionary -revolutionaries -revolutionary's -reevaluation's -reevaluations -reflations -revaluation's -revaluations -Revelation's -Revelations -revelation's -revelations -Revelations's -revolution's -revolutions -revulsion's -revolutionist -revolutionist's -revolutionists -reaffirm -reform -reformer -reformulate -reformulating -reformulates -reformulated -reformulation -reformulation's -reformulations -reaffirming -reforming -revamp -revamping -revamping's -revamp's -revamps -revamped -reaffirms -reformer's -reformers -reform's -reforms -reformist -reformists -reaffirmed -reformat -reformed -reformative -reformatting -reformatory -reformatories -reformatory's -reformatted -reaffirmation -Reformation -reformation -reaffirmation's -reaffirmations -Reformation's -Reformations -reformation's -reformations -raven -ravine -raving -reefing -reeving -reffing -refine -refiner -revenue -revenuer -riffing -riven -riving -roofing -roughen -roughing -roving -ruffian -ruffing -revenge -roughneck -revengeful -revengefully -revenging -roughnecking -revenge's -revenges -roughneck's -roughnecks -revenged -roughnecked -ruffianly -refinement -refinement's -refinements -ravening -refining -roughening -refinance -refinancing -refinances -refinanced -refinery -refineries -refinery's -ravenous -raven's -ravens -ravine's -ravines -raving's -ravings -refiner's -refiners -refines -revenuer's -revenuers -revenue's -revenues -roofing's -roughens -roughness -roughness's -ruffian's -ruffians -ravenously -Riefenstahl -Riefenstahl's -ravened -refined -refund -roughened -refundable -refunding -refund's -refunds -refunded -refinish -refurnish -refinishing -refurnishing -refinishes -refurnishes -refinished -refurnished -referee -referrer -Revere -revere -reverie -Rivera -Riviera -riviera -referable -riffraff -riffraff's -refrigerant -refrigerant's -refrigerants -refrigerate -refrigerator -refrigerating -refrigerates -refrigerator's -refrigerators -refrigerated -refrigeration -refrigeration's -refract -refractive -refracting -refractory -refractories -refractory's -refracts -refracted -refraction -refraction's -referral -referral's -referrals -refereeing -referring -refrain -revering -refraining -reference -refrain's -refrains -reverence -referencing -reverencing -reference's -references -reverence's -reverences -referenced -reverenced -referent -refrained -Reverend -reverend -reverent -reverently -referendum -referendum's -referendums -referent's -referents -Reverend's -reverend's -reverends -referential -reverential -reverentially -referee's -referees -referrer's -referrers -refreeze -refroze -rephrase -Revere's -reveres -reverie's -reveries -Rivera's -Riviera's -Rivieras -rivieras -refreezing -refrozen -rephrasing -refreezes -rephrases -reforest -rephrased -reforesting -reforests -reforested -reafforestation -reforestation -reforestation's -refereed -referred -revered -refresh -refresher -refreshment -refreshment's -refreshments -refreshments's -refreshing -refreshingly -refresher's -refreshers -refreshes -refreshed -raffia's -RAF's -ravers -rave's -raves -reefer's -reefers -reef's -reefs -Reeves -reeve's -reeves -Reeves's -reface -refers -ref's -refs -refuse -Reva's -revers -reverse -revers's -review's -reviews -revise -reviser -rev's -revs -revue's -revues -Rf's -riff's -riffs -Rivas -Rivas's -Rivers -river's -rivers -Rivers's -rives -roofer's -roofers -roof's -roofs -rough's -roughs -Rover's -rover's -rovers -Rove's -roves -ruff's -ruffs -Rufus -Rufus's -RV's -RVs -reversible -reversibly -reversibility -refusal -reversal -reversely -refusal's -refusals -reversal's -reversals -refacing -refusing -reversing -revising -refaces -refuse's -refuses -reverse's -reverses -reviser's -revisers -revise's -revises -refaced -refused -reversed -revised -revisit -rifest -Riverside -riverside -roughest -refasten -revisiting -refastening -refastens -refastened -revisits -riverside's -riversides -revisited -raft -rafter -raved -reefed -reffed -refit -refute -refuter -revert -RFD -riffed -rift -rived -rivet -riveter -roofed -roughed -roved -ruffed -refutable -revertible -refortify -refortifies -refortified -refortifying -rephotograph -rephotographing -rephotographs -rephotographed -revetment -revetment's -revetments -rafting -refitting -refuting -reverting -rifting -riveting -rafting's -rooftop -rooftop's -rooftops -rafter's -rafters -raft's -rafts -refit's -refits -refuter's -refuters -refutes -reverts -rift's -rifts -riveter's -riveters -rivet's -rivets -rafted -refitted -refuted -reverted -rifted -riveted -refutation -refutation's -refutations -reviewer -reviewing -reviewer's -reviewers -reviewed -raffish -ravish -ravisher -raffishly -ravishment -ravishment's -ravishing -refashion -reversion -revision -ravishingly -refashioning -raffishness -raffishness's -refashions -reversion's -reversions -revision's -revisions -revisionism -revisionism's -revisionist -revisionist's -revisionists -refashioned -ravisher's -ravishers -ravishes -ravished -roughshod -rehear -rehi -rehab -rehabilitate -rehabilitative -rehabilitating -rehabilitates -rehabilitated -rehabilitation -rehabilitation's -rehabbing -rehab's -rehabs -rehabbed -rehang -rehung -rehanging -rehangs -rehanged -rehire -rehearing -rehiring -rehearing's -rehearings -rehires -rehired -rehears -rehearse -rehouse -rehearsal -rehearsal's -rehearsals -rehearsing -rehousing -rehearses -rehouses -rehearsed -rehoused -rawhide -reheard -reheat -reheating -rawhide's -reheats -reheated -rehash -rehashing -rehashes -rehash's -rehashed -rack -rag -raga -rage -ragga -rajah -rake -RC -RCA -rec -recur -reek -reg -reggae -Reggie -Regor -reoccur -reorg -Rick -rick -Rickey -Rickie -Ricky -Rico -ridge -ridgy -rig -Riga -rigger -Rocco -Rock -rock -rocker -rockier -Rocky -rocky -Roeg -Roger -roger -rogue -Roku -rook -rookie -rouge -Rourke -ruck -rug -rugger -Rx -wrack -wreak -wreck -wrecker -regather -regathering -regathered -regathers -rugby -ragbag -ragbag's -rockabilly -rockabilly's -rockbound -rugby's -Rigoberto -Rigoberto's -recover -Rickover -Rockefeller -rockfall -Rockefeller's -rockfall's -rockfalls -rejuvenate -rejuvenating -rejuvenates -rejuvenated -rejuvenation -rejuvenation's -recovery -recoverable -recovering -recoveries -recovery's -recovered -recovers -Rickover's -Rockford -Roquefort -Rockford's -Roquefort's -Roqueforts -recook -rejig -rejigger -rejudge -rococo -wreckage -Reykjavik -Reykjavik's -recooking -rejigging -recognition -recognition's -rejiggering -rejiggered -recooks -rejiggers -rejigs -rejudges -rococo's -wreckage's -recooked -reject -rejigged -rejudged -rejecting -reject's -rejects -regurgitate -rejected -regurgitating -regurgitates -regurgitated -regurgitation -regurgitation's -rejection -rejection's -rejections -Raquel -recall -recoil -regal -regale -regalia -regally -regular -Rigel -Rogelio -wriggle -wriggler -wriggly -Wrigley -Wroclaw -recalculate -recalculating -recalculates -recalculated -recalculation -recalculation's -recalculations -recollect -recollecting -recollects -recollected -recollection -recollection's -recollections -regularly -reclaim -reclaimable -reclaiming -regalement -regalement's -reclaims -reclaimed -reclamation -reclamation's -raglan -recalling -recline -recliner -recoiling -regaling -wriggling -reclining -raglan's -raglans -recliner's -recliners -reclines -reclined -regularity -regularities -regularity's -Raquel's -recall's -recalls -reckless -recluse -recoil's -recoils -regales -regalia's -regular's -regulars -Regulus -Regulus's -Rigel's -Rogelio's -wriggler's -wrigglers -wriggle's -wriggles -Wrigley's -Wroclaw's -reclassify -reclusive -reclassification -reclassification's -reclassifies -reclassified -reclassifying -recklessly -recklessness -recklessness's -recluse's -recluses -recalcitrance -recalcitrance's -recalcitrant -recalled -recoiled -regaled -regulate -regulator -Rigoletto -wriggled -regulative -regulating -regulatory -regulates -regulator's -regulators -Rigoletto's -regulated -regulation -regulation's -regulations -regime -Requiem -requiem -recombine -recombining -recombines -recombined -recumbent -recombination -ragamuffin -ragamuffin's -ragamuffins -regimen -recommence -regimen's -regimens -recommencement -recommencement's -recommencing -recommences -recommenced -recommend -regiment -recommendable -regimental -recommending -regimenting -recommends -regiment's -regiments -recommended -regimented -recommendation -regimentation -recommendation's -recommendations -regimentation's -RCMP -recompile -recompiling -recompiled -recompilation -recompense -recompensing -recompense's -recompenses -recompensed -recompose -recomposing -recomposes -recomposed -recompute -recomputing -recomputes -recomputed -rigmarole -rigmarole's -rigmaroles -regime's -regimes -Requiem's -Requiems -requiem's -requiems -recommit -recommitting -recommits -recommitted -recommission -recommissioning -recommissions -recommissioned -raccoon -racking -ragging -raging -raking -Reagan -reckon -recon -reeking -regain -Regina -Reginae -region -rejoin -reorging -ricking -rigging -rocking -Rockne -rooking -rouging -rucking -wracking -wreaking -wrecking -Rickenbacker -Rickenbacker's -reconfigure -reconfigured -reconfiguration -reconfirm -reconfirming -reconfirms -reconfirmed -reconfirmation -reconfirmation's -reconfirmations -reconvene -reconvening -reconvenes -reconvened -reconvert -reconverting -reconverts -reconverted -reconquer -reconquering -reconquered -reconquers -reconquest -reconquest's -reconnect -reconnecting -reconnects -reconnected -ragingly -regional -regionally -regionalism -regionalism's -regionalisms -Reginald -Reginald's -Reaganomics -Reaganomics's -reckoning -regaining -reigning -rejoining -reckoning's -reckonings -regnant -regeneracy -regeneracy's -regenerate -regenerative -regenerating -regenerates -regenerated -regeneration -regeneration's -raccoon's -Reagan's -reckons -recons -regains -regency -Reginae's -Regina's -region's -regions -rejoins -rigging's -rockiness -rockiness's -Rockne's -reconsigning -reconsecrate -reconsecrating -reconsecrates -reconsecrated -reconsecration -reconsecration's -reconcile -reconcilable -reconciling -reconciles -reconciled -reconciliation -reconciliation's -reconciliations -reconsign -reconsigned -reconnaissance -reconsigns -reconnaissance's -reconnaissances -regencies -regency's -reconsider -reconstruct -reconstructive -reconstructing -reconstructs -reconstructed -Reconstruction -reconstruction -Reconstruction's -reconstruction's -reconstructions -reconsidering -reconsidered -reconsideration -reconsideration's -reconsiders -reconstitute -reconstituting -reconstitutes -reconstituted -reconstitution -reconstitution's -raconteur -reacquaint -reagent -recant -reckoned -recount -regained -regent -reignite -rejoinder -rejoined -recontact -recontacting -recontacts -recontacted -rekindle -rekindling -rekindles -rekindled -recontaminate -recontaminating -recontaminates -recontaminated -reacquainting -recanting -recounting -reigniting -raconteur's -raconteurs -reacquaints -reagent's -reagents -recants -recount's -recounts -regent's -regents -reignites -rejoinder's -rejoinders -reacquainted -recanted -recondite -recounted -reignited -recantation -recondition -reconditioning -recantation's -recantations -reconditions -reconditioned -recap -recopy -recoup -reequip -reoccupy -ridgepole -ridgepole's -ridgepoles -recapping -recouping -reequipping -recuperate -recuperative -recuperating -recuperates -recuperated -recuperation -recuperation's -recap's -recaps -recopies -recoups -reequips -reoccupies -rcpt -recapped -recopied -recouped -reequipped -reoccupied -recapitulate -recapitulating -recapitulates -recapitulated -recapitulation -recapitulation's -recapitulations -recapture -recapturing -recapture's -recaptures -recaptured -reoccupation -reoccupation's -recopying -reoccupying -reacquire -regrew -regrow -require -rockery -roguery -rookery -regrowth -regrowth's -rickrack -rickrack's -recriminate -requirement -recriminating -recriminatory -recriminates -requirement's -requirements -recriminated -recrimination -recrimination's -recriminations -reacquiring -recurring -regrown -reoccurring -requiring -rogering -recurrence -recurrence's -recurrences -recreant -recurrent -regrind -reground -recurrently -regrinding -recreant's -recreants -regrinds -regroup -regrouping -regroups -regrouped -reacquires -recross -regress -regress's -regrows -requires -rigorous -rockeries -roguery's -rookeries -rookery's -regressive -rigorously -recrossing -regressing -rigorousness -rigorousness's -recrosses -regresses -recrossed -regressed -reacquired -recreate -recruit -recruiter -recurred -regrade -regret -reoccurred -required -rogered -rugrat -regrettable -regrettably -regretful -regretfully -recruitment -recruitment's -recreating -recruiting -regrading -regretting -recreates -recrudesce -recruiter's -recruiters -recruit's -recruits -regrades -regret's -regrets -rugrat's -rugrats -recrudescing -recrudescence -recrudescence's -recrudescent -recrudesces -recrudesced -recreated -recruited -regraded -regretted -regrowing -recreation -regression -recreational -recreation's -recreations -regression's -regressions -rack's -racks -raga's -ragas -rage's -rages -rag's -rags -rajah's -rajahs -rake's -rakes -raucous -RCA's -recce -recourse -rec's -recurs -recuse -reek's -reeks -regex -reggae's -Reggie's -Regor's -rejoice -reoccurs -reorg's -reorgs -Rex -Rickey's -Rickie's -Rick's -rick's -ricks -Ricky's -Rico's -ridge's -ridges -Riga's -rigger's -riggers -Riggs -Riggs's -rig's -rigs -Rocco's -rocker's -rockers -Rockies -Rockies's -Rock's -rock's -rocks -Rocky's -Roeg's -Roger's -Rogers -rogers -Rogers's -rogue's -rogues -Rojas -Rojas's -Roku's -rookie's -rookies -rook's -rooks -rouge's -rouges -Rourke's -roux -Roxie -Roxy -rucks -ruckus -ruckus's -rug's -rugs -Rukeyser -wrack's -wracks -wreaks -wrecker's -wreckers -wreck's -wrecks -recursive -recursively -rucksack -rucksack's -rucksacks -raucously -reexamine -reexamining -reexamines -reexamined -reexamination -reexamination's -reexaminations -recusing -rejoicing -Roxanne -raucousness -raucousness's -rejoicing's -rejoicings -Roxanne's -regexp -reexplain -reexplaining -reexplains -reexplained -regexps -reexport -reexporting -reexports -reexported -recces -recourse's -recuses -regex's -rejoices -Rex's -Roxie's -Roxy's -ruckuses -Rukeyser's -recast -recused -regicide -register -rejoiced -request -requester -requisite -rockiest -recasting -requesting -recasting's -registrar -registry -registering -registrant -registrant's -registrants -registrar's -registrars -registries -registry's -registered -registration -registration's -registrations -recast's -recasts -regicide's -regicides -register's -registers -request's -requests -requisite's -requisites -requested -requisition -requisitioning -requisition's -requisitions -requisitioned -racked -racket -racketeer -raged -ragged -raggeder -raggedier -raggedy -ragout -raked -react -reactor -rearguard -rec'd -recd -record -recorder -recto -rector -reeked -regard -regatta -reorged -requite -requiter -Ricardo -ricked -ricketier -rickety -ricotta -ridged -rigged -rigid -rocked -rocket -Roget -rooked -rouged -rucked -rugged -ruggeder -wracked -wreaked -wrecked -racquetball -racquetball's -racquetballs -reactive -rectifier -rectify -rectifiable -rectification -rectification's -rectifications -rectifier's -rectifiers -rectifies -reactivate -reactivity -rectified -reactivating -reactivates -reactivated -reactivation -reactivation's -rectifying -ragtag -rejudging -ragtags -raggedly -rectal -rectally -requital -rigidly -ruggedly -rectilinear -regardless -requital's -ragtime -rectum -ragtime's -rectum's -rectums -racketing -reacting -recording -regarding -requiting -rigatoni -rocketing -rectangle -rectangular -rectangle's -rectangles -raggedness -raggedness's -recording's -recordings -rigatoni's -rigidness -rigidness's -ruggedness -ruggedness's -reactant -reactant's -reactants -rectory -rocketry -racketeering -racketeering's -rectories -rectory's -rocketry's -racketeered -racketeer's -racketeers -racket's -rackets -ragout's -ragouts -reactor's -reactors -reacts -rearguard's -rearguards -recorder's -recorders -record's -records -rector's -rectors -recto's -rectos -regard's -regards -regards's -regatta's -regattas -requiter's -requiters -requites -Ricardo's -rickets -rickets's -ricotta's -rocket's -rockets -Roget's -raggedest -raggediest -ricketiest -ruggedest -racketed -reacted -recorded -regarded -requited -rigidity -rocketed -rigidity's -rectitude -rectitude's -Rockwell -Rockwell's -ragweed -ragwort -ragweed's -rakish -rickshaw -roguish -rakishly -roguishly -reaction -recursion -reactionary -reactionaries -reactionary's -rakishness -rakishness's -reaction's -reactions -recursions -roguishness -roguishness's -ructions -rickshaw's -rickshaws -ricochet -ricocheting -ricochet's -ricochets -ricocheted -rail -Raleigh -rally -Raoul -Raul -Rayleigh -real -realer -really -reel -Reilly -rel -relay -rely -rial -Riel -rile -Riley -rill -roil -role -roll -roller -rule -ruler -wryly -rollback -rollback's -rollbacks -relabel -reliable -reliably -relabels -reliability -Rollerblade -rollerblading -reliability's -Rollerblade's -Ralph -relief -relieve -reliever -relive -rollover -relivable -Rolvaag -Rolvaag's -relieving -reliving -relevance -relevancy -relevance's -relevancy's -relevant -relevantly -Ralph's -relief's -reliefs -reliever's -relievers -relieves -relives -rollover's -rollovers -relieved -relived -relic -Rilke -rollick -rowlock -religion -rollicking -realignment -realignment's -realignments -realigning -religion's -religions -rollicking's -reliquary -reliquaries -reliquary's -relax -relaxer -relic's -relics -religious -religious's -Rilke's -Rolex -rollicks -rowlocks -religiously -relaxing -religiousness -religiousness's -relaxant -relaxant's -relaxants -relaxer's -relaxers -relaxes -Rolex's -relaxed -religiosity -relaxation -relaxation's -relaxations -railcard -reallocate -reelect -relegate -relocate -rollicked -relocatable -reallocating -reelecting -relegating -relocating -reluctance -reluctance's -reluctant -reluctantly -railcards -reallocates -reelects -relegates -relocates -reallocated -reelected -relegated -relocated -reallocation -reelection -relegation -relocation -reallocation's -reelection's -reelections -relegation's -relocation's -realm -rollmop -rollmops -realm's -realms -railing -realign -realigned -reeling -relearn -reline -riling -roiling -rolling -Rowling -ruling -relinquish -relinquishment -relinquishment's -relinquishing -relinquishes -relinquished -relearning -relining -railing's -railings -realigns -realness -realness's -relearns -reliance -relines -rollings -Rollins -Rollins's -Rowling's -ruling's -rulings -reliance's -relearned -relent -reliant -relined -Roland -Rolando -Rolland -Rowland -relentless -relentlessly -relentlessness -relentlessness's -relenting -relents -Rolando's -Roland's -Rolland's -Rowland's -relented -relaunch -relaunching -relaunches -relaunch's -relaunched -realpolitik -realpolitik's -relapse -relapsing -relapse's -relapses -relapsed -raillery -railleries -raillery's -railroad -railroader -railroading -railroading's -railroader's -railroaders -railroad's -railroads -railroaded -rail's -rails -Raleigh's -rallies -rally's -Raoul's -Raul's -Rayleigh's -real's -reals -reel's -reels -Reilly's -relay's -relays -release -relies -rial's -rials -Riel's -riles -Riley's -rill's -rills -roils -role's -roles -roller's -rollers -roll's -rolls -ruler's -rulers -rule's -rules -releasable -rollerskating -rollerskating's -realism -realism's -releasing -release's -releases -realest -realist -released -relist -realistic -realistically -relisting -realist's -realists -relists -relisted -railed -rallied -reality -Realtor -realty -reeled -relaid -relate -relater -relied -relight -reload -riled -roiled -rolled -Rouault -roulette -ruled -relative -relatively -relative's -relatives -relativism -relativism's -relativist -relativistic -relativists -relativity -relativity's -Rolodex -Rolodex's -relating -relighting -reloading -realities -reality's -Realtor's -realty's -relater's -relaters -relates -relights -reloads -Rolaids -Rolaids's -Rouault's -roulette's -related -relighted -reloaded -relatedness -relatedness's -railway -railwayman -railwaymen -railway's -railways -relish -relation -relishing -relational -relation's -relations -relationship -relationship's -relationships -relishes -relish's -relished -rallying -relaying -relying -relayed -RAM -ram -Rama -ramie -ream -reamer -rearm -REM -rem -rheum -rheumy -rhyme -rhymer -rim -rime -rm -roam -roamer -ROM -Rom -Rome -Romeo -romeo -room -roomer -roomier -roomy -rum -rummer -rummy -Rambo -rumba -reembark -reembarking -reembarks -reembarked -ramble -rambler -rumble -rambling -rumbling -ramblings -rumbling's -rumblings -rambler's -ramblers -ramble's -rambles -rumble's -rumbles -rambled -rumbled -rumbaing -rambunctious -rambunctiously -rambunctiousness -rambunctiousness's -Rembrandt -Rembrandt's -Rambo's -reimburse -rhombus -rhombus's -rumba's -rumbas -reimbursable -reimbursement -reimbursement's -reimbursements -reimbursing -reimburses -rhombuses -reimbursed -rumbustious -reembody -rhomboid -Rimbaud -rumbaed -rhomboidal -reembodies -rhomboid's -rhomboids -Rimbaud's -reembodied -reembodying -ramify -remove -remover -removable -ramification -ramification's -ramifications -removal -roomful -removal's -removals -roomful's -roomfuls -removing -ramifies -remover's -removers -remove's -removes -ramified -removed -ramifying -reemerge -remake -remark -Remarque -rummage -remarkable -remarkably -remarkableness -remarkableness's -ramekin -reemerging -remaking -remarking -rummaging -ramekin's -ramekins -reemergence -reemergence's -remigrate -remigrating -remigrates -remigrated -Ramakrishna -Ramakrishna's -reemerges -remake's -remakes -remark's -remarks -Remarque's -remix -rummage's -rummages -remixing -remixes -remixed -ramjet -reemerged -remarked -rummaged -ramjet's -ramjets -Rommel -rimless -Rommel's -Romulus -Romulus's -remelt -remelting -remelts -remelted -remember -remembering -remembrance -remembrance's -remembrances -remembered -remembers -rearmament -rearmament's -ramming -Ramon -Ramona -reaming -rearming -remain -rhyming -Riemann -riming -rimming -roaming -romaine -Roman -roman -Romano -Romany -Romney -rooming -Romanov -Romanov's -Ramanujan -Ramanujan's -remaining -Romanian -Romanian's -Romanians -remnant -ruminant -remnant's -remnants -ruminant's -ruminants -remunerate -remunerative -remunerating -remunerates -remunerated -remuneration -remuneration's -remunerations -Ramona's -Ramon's -remains -reminisce -Riemann's -roaming's -romaine's -romaines -romance -romancer -Romanies -Romano's -Roman's -Romans -roman's -Romans's -Romany's -Romney's -roominess -roominess's -Romanesque -Romanesque's -Romanesques -reminiscing -romancing -reminiscence -reminiscence's -reminiscences -reminiscent -reminiscently -reminisces -romancer's -romancers -romance's -romances -reminisced -romanced -remonstrance -remonstrance's -remonstrances -remonstrant -remonstrant's -remonstrants -remonstrate -remonstrating -remonstrates -remonstrated -raiment -Raymond -Raymundo -remainder -remained -remand -remind -reminder -remount -ruminate -ruminative -ruminatively -romantic -romantically -romantic's -romantics -remanding -reminding -Remington -remounting -ruminating -Remington's -remaindering -remaindered -raiment's -Raymond's -Raymundo's -remainder's -remainders -remands -reminder's -reminders -reminds -remount's -remounts -ruminates -Romanticism -romanticism -romanticism's -romanticist -romanticist's -romanticists -remanded -reminded -remounted -ruminated -Romansh -rumination -rumination's -ruminations -Romansh's -ramp -remap -romp -romper -rump -rampage -rampaging -rampage's -rampages -rampaged -reemploy -rumple -rumply -reemployment -reemployment's -rumpling -reemploys -rumple's -rumples -Rumpelstiltskin -Rumpelstiltskin's -rumpled -reemploying -reemployed -ramping -remapping -romping -rampancy -rampancy's -rampant -rampantly -ramp's -ramps -reimpose -remaps -romper's -rompers -romp's -romps -rump's -rumps -rumpus -rumpus's -reimposing -reimposes -rumpuses -reimposed -rampart -remapped -romped -rampart's -ramparts -Ramiro -remarry -Romero -remarriage -remarriage's -remarriages -Ramirez -Ramiro's -remarries -Romero's -Ramirez's -ramrod -remarried -ramrodding -ramrod's -ramrods -ramrodded -remarrying -Rama's -ramie's -Ramos -Ramos's -RAM's -RAMs -ram's -rams -Ramsay -Ramsey -reamer's -reamers -ream's -reams -rearms -remiss -remorse -REM's -REMs -rem's -rems -Remus -Remus's -rheum's -rhymer's -rhymers -rhyme's -rhymes -rime's -rimes -rim's -rims -roamer's -roamers -roams -Romeo's -romeo's -romeos -Rome's -Romes -ROM's -roomer's -roomers -room's -rooms -rummy's -rum's -rums -remorseful -remorsefully -Rumsfeld -Rumsfeld's -remissly -remorseless -remorselessly -remorselessness -remorselessness's -remissness -remissness's -remeasure -remeasuring -remeasures -remeasured -Ramsay's -Ramses -Ramses's -Ramsey's -remorse's -rearmost -remaster -rhymester -roomiest -rummest -remastering -remastered -remasters -rhymester's -rhymesters -Ramada -rammed -reamed -rearmed -remade -remedy -remit -remote -remoter -rhymed -rimed -rimmed -roamed -roomed -roomette -roommate -remediable -rheumatic -remortgage -remortgaging -remortgages -remortgaged -rheumatically -rheumatic's -rheumatics -remedial -remedially -remodel -remotely -remodels -Ramadan -remitting -Ramadan's -Ramadans -remittance -remoteness -remoteness's -remittance's -remittances -Ramada's -remedies -remedy's -remits -remote's -remotes -roomette's -roomettes -roommate's -roommates -rheumatism -rheumatism's -remotest -remedied -remitted -rheumatoid -remediation -remediation's -remedying -rematch -ramshackle -remission -remission's -remissions -rematches -rematch's -Ramayana -Ramayana's -rain -Rainier -rainier -rainy -ran -ranee -reign -reigned -rein -Rena -Rene -Renee -renew -Reno -Renoir -Reyna -Rheingau -Rhine -rhino -Rhone -ring -ringer -Ringo -RN -Rn -RNA -roan -Ron -Ronnie -Ronny -Rooney -ruin -ruing -run -rune -runner -runnier -runny -Wren -wren -wring -wringer -rainbow -rainbow's -rainbows -runabout -runabout's -runabouts -reunify -runoff -reinvigorate -reinvigorating -reinvigorates -reinvigorated -reinfect -reinfecting -reinfects -reinfected -reinfection -reunification -reinfection's -reinfections -reunification's -rainfall -rainfall's -rainfalls -reinflate -reinflating -reinflates -reinflated -reinvent -reinventing -reinvents -reinvented -reinvention -reinvention's -reinventions -rhinovirus -rhinovirus's -rhinoviruses -reinforce -reunifies -runoff's -runoffs -reinforcement -reinforcement's -reinforcements -reinforcing -reinforces -reinforced -reinvest -reinvestment -reinvestment's -reinvesting -reinvests -reinvested -renovate -renovator -reunified -renovating -renovates -renovator's -renovators -renovated -renovation -renovation's -renovations -reunifying -Reinhold -Reinhold's -Reinhardt -Reinhardt's -rang -range -ranger -rangier -rangy -rank -ranker -renege -reneger -rink -Roanoke -rung -runic -wrong -wronger -wrung -wrongful -wrongfully -wrongfulness -wrongfulness's -rangefinder -rangefinders -reengage -reengaging -reengages -reengaged -rankle -rankly -Wrangell -wrangle -wrangler -wrinkle -wrinklier -wrinkly -wrongly -rankling -wrangling -wrinkling -wranglings -rankles -Wrangell's -wrangler's -wranglers -wrangle's -wrangles -wrinkle's -wrinkles -wrinklies -wrinkly's -wrinkliest -rankled -reinoculate -wrangled -wrinkled -reinoculating -reinoculates -reinoculated -ranging -Rangoon -Rankin -Rankine -ranking -reneging -wronging -ranginess -ranginess's -Rangoon's -Rankine's -ranking's -rankings -Rankin's -rankness -rankness's -wrongness -wrongness's -reincarnate -reincarnating -reincarnates -reincarnated -reincarnation -reincarnation's -reincarnations -reincorporate -reincorporating -reincorporates -reincorporated -reincorporation -reincorporation's -rancorous -rancorously -ranger's -rangers -range's -ranges -rank's -ranks -reneger's -renegers -reneges -rink's -rinks -Roanoke's -rung's -rungs -wrong's -wrongs -rangiest -rankest -Rehnquist -wrongest -Rehnquist's -raincoat -ranged -ranked -reenact -renegade -reneged -ringgit -wrongdoer -wronged -reenactment -reenactment's -reenactments -reenacting -renegading -wrongdoing -wrongdoing's -wrongdoings -raincoat's -raincoats -reenacts -renegade's -renegades -ringgit's -ringgits -wrongdoer's -wrongdoers -reenacted -renegaded -wrongheaded -wrongheadedly -wrongheadedness -wrongheadedness's -renegotiable -renegotiate -renegotiating -renegotiates -renegotiated -renegotiation -renegotiation's -renal -runnel -ringlike -Ringling -Ringling's -Rhineland -Rhineland's -runnel's -runnels -reanalyses -reanalysis -reanalysis's -reenlist -reenlistment -reenlistment's -reenlisting -reenlists -reenlisted -Reinaldo -Renault -Reynaldo -ringleader -ringlet -Ronald -runlet -Reinaldo's -Renault's -Reynaldo's -Reynolds -Reynolds's -ringleader's -ringleaders -ringlet's -ringlets -Ronald's -runlet's -runlets -rename -rhenium -renumber -renumbering -renumbered -renumbers -rainmaker -rainmaking -rainmaking's -rainmaker's -rainmakers -renaming -renominate -renominating -renominates -renominated -renomination -renomination's -renames -rhenium's -ringmaster -ringmaster's -ringmasters -reanimate -renamed -Runnymede -reanimating -reanimates -Runnymede's -reanimated -reanimation -reanimation's -raining -reining -rennin -renown -Reunion -reunion -Rhiannon -ringing -ruining -running -wringing -rennin's -renounce -renown's -Reunion's -reunion's -reunions -Rhiannon's -ringings -running's -renouncement -renouncement's -renouncing -renounces -renounced -renowned -renunciation -renunciation's -renunciations -rhinoplasty -rainproof -runaround -runaround's -runarounds -Rainier's -rain's -rains -ranee's -ranees -rawness -rawness's -reign's -reigns -rein's -reins -Rena's -Renee's -Rene's -renews -Renoir's -Reno's -Reyna's -Rheingau's -Rhine's -rhino's -rhinos -Rhone's -ringer's -ringers -Ringo's -ring's -rings -rinse -RNA's -RN's -Rn's -roan's -roans -Ronnie's -Ronny's -Ron's -Rooney's -ruinous -ruin's -ruins -rune's -runes -runner's -runners -run's -runs -Wren's -wren's -wrens -wringer's -wringers -wring's -wrings -wryness -wryness's -ransack -ransacking -ransacks -ransacked -ruinously -ransom -ransomer -ransoming -ransomer's -ransomers -ransom's -ransoms -ransomed -ransomware -rinsing -Renaissance -renaissance -Renascence -renascence -Renaissance's -Renaissances -renaissance's -renaissances -renascence's -renascences -renascent -reinspect -reinspecting -reinspects -reinspected -reinsurance -rhinoceros -rhinoceros's -rhinoceroses -rinse's -rinses -rainiest -rancid -reinsert -ringside -rinsed -runniest -reinstall -reinstalling -reinstalled -rainstorm -rainstorm's -rainstorms -reinserting -rhinestone -rancidness -rancidness's -rhinestone's -rhinestones -reinserts -ringside's -rancidity -reinserted -reinstate -reinstatement -reinstatement's -reinstating -rancidity's -reinstates -reinstated -Ronstadt -Ronstadt's -reinsertion -reinsertion's -rained -Rand -rand -Randi -randier -Randy -randy -rant -ranter -reenter -reindeer -reined -rend -render -rennet -rent -renter -reunite -Rhonda -rind -ringed -Ronda -rondo -round -rounder -ruined -runt -runtier -runty -roundabout -roundabout's -roundabouts -roundhouse -roundhouse's -roundhouses -Roentgen -roentgen -Rontgen -roentgen's -roentgens -reintegrate -reintegrating -reintegrates -reintegrated -reintegration -reintegration's -Randal -Randall -Randell -rental -roundel -roundelay -roundly -Randolph -Randolph's -Randall's -Randal's -Randell's -rental's -rentals -roundelay's -roundelays -roundels -random -randomly -randomness -randomness's -randomnesses -randoms -ranting -rending -renting -reuniting -ringtone -rounding -rundown -randiness -randiness's -rantings -ringtone's -ringtones -roundness -roundness's -rundown's -rundowns -roundup -reinterpret -reinterpreting -reinterprets -reinterpreted -reinterpretation -reinterpretation's -reinterpretations -roundup's -roundups -reentry -reentering -rendering -rendering's -renderings -raindrop -raindrop's -raindrops -reentries -reentry's -reentered -rendered -reintroduction -reintroduction's -reintroduce -reintroducing -reintroduces -reintroduced -Randi's -Rand's -rand's -Randy's -ranter's -ranters -rant's -rants -reenters -reindeer's -render's -renders -rends -rennet's -renter's -renters -rent's -rents -reunites -rhinitis -rhinitis's -Rhonda's -rind's -rinds -Ronda's -rondo's -rondos -rounders -round's -rounds -runt's -runts -rendezvous -rendezvous's -rendezvousing -rendezvouses -rendezvoused -randiest -roundest -runtiest -ranted -rented -reunited -rounded -roundworm -roundworm's -roundworms -roundish -rendition -rendition's -renditions -runaway -runway -renewable -renewal -renewal's -renewals -ringworm -ringworm's -renewing -runaway's -runaways -runway's -runways -rainwater -renewed -rainwater's -ranch -rancher -raunchier -raunchy -Rhenish -wrench -raunchily -ranching -ruination -wrenching -ranching's -raunchiness -raunchiness's -ruination's -rancher's -ranchers -ranches -ranch's -Rhenish's -wrenches -wrench's -raunchiest -ranched -wrenched -Runyon -Runyon's -rap -rape -raper -rapier -rapper -reap -reaper -reappear -Rep -rep -repair -repay -RIP -rip -ripe -riper -ripper -rope -roper -ropier -ropy -RP -rupee -rupiah -wrap -wrapper -republic -Republican -republican -Republican's -Republicans -republican's -republicans -Republicanism -republicanism -republicanism's -republic's -republics -republication -republication's -republications -republish -republishing -republishes -republished -repave -ripoff -repaving -repaves -ripoff's -ripoffs -repaved -repack -repackage -repackaging -repackages -repackaged -repacking -repugnance -repugnance's -repugnant -repacks -repacked -ripcord -ripcord's -ripcords -repercussion -repercussion's -repercussions -rappel -reapply -repeal -repel -replay -reply -ripely -Ripley -ripple -ripply -replica -replica's -replicas -replicate -replicator -replicating -replicates -replicators -replicated -reapplication -replication -reapplication's -reapplications -replication's -replications -rappelling -repealing -repelling -rippling -repellent -replant -replanting -repellent's -repellents -replants -replanted -replenish -replenishment -replenishment's -replenishing -replenishes -replenished -rappel's -rappels -reapplies -repeal's -repeals -repels -replace -replay's -replays -replies -reply's -repulse -Ripley's -ripple's -ripples -replaceable -repulsive -repulsively -repulsiveness -repulsiveness's -replacement -replacement's -replacements -replacing -repulsing -replaces -repulse's -repulses -replaced -repulsed -rappelled -reapplied -repealed -repelled -replete -replied -rippled -repleting -repleteness -repleteness's -repletes -repleted -repletion -repulsion -repletion's -repulsion's -reapplying -replaying -replying -replayed -rpm -repairman -repairmen -repairman's -repayment -repayment's -repayments -rapine -raping -rapping -reaping -reopen -repine -ripen -ripping -roping -wrapping -reopening -repining -ripening -rapine's -reopens -repines -ripeness -ripeness's -ripens -wrapping's -wrappings -Rapunzel -Rapunzel's -reappoint -reopened -repaint -repent -repined -ripened -reappointment -reappointment's -reappointing -repainting -repenting -repentance -repentance's -repentant -repentantly -reappoints -repaints -repents -reappointed -repainted -repented -repopulate -repopulating -repopulates -repopulated -Rappaport -Rappaport's -repairer -repairable -reparable -reprobate -reprobate's -reprobates -reprieve -reproof -reprove -reprieving -reproofing -reproving -reprovingly -reprieve's -reprieves -reproof's -reproofs -reproves -reprieved -reproofed -reproved -reprehensible -reprehensibly -reprehensibility -reprehensibility's -reprehend -reprehending -reprehends -reprehended -reprehension -reprehension's -reprogram -reprogramming -reprograms -reprogrammed -reprimand -reprimanding -reprimand's -reprimands -reprimanded -reappearing -repairing -riparian -reappearance -reappearance's -reappearances -reprint -wraparound -reprinting -reprint's -reprints -wraparound's -wraparounds -reprinted -reappraise -repairer's -repairers -repress -reprice -reprise -repressive -repressively -repressiveness -reappraisal -reprisal -reappraisal's -reappraisals -reprisal's -reprisals -reappraising -repressing -repricing -reprising -represent -representing -represents -represented -Representative -representative -representative's -representatives -representation -representational -representation's -representations -reappraises -represses -reprices -reprise's -reprises -reprocess -reprocessing -reprocesses -reprocessed -reappraised -repressed -repriced -reappeared -repaired -reproductive -reproduction -reproduction's -reproductions -reproduce -reproducer -reproducible -reproducing -reproducer's -reproducers -reproduces -reproduced -reproach -reproachable -reproachful -reproachfully -rapprochement -rapprochement's -rapprochements -reparation -repression -reproaching -reparation's -reparations -reparations's -repression's -repressions -reproaches -reproach's -reproached -raper's -rapers -rape's -rapes -rapier's -rapiers -rapper's -rappers -rap's -raps -reaper's -reapers -reappears -reaps -repair's -repairs -repays -repose -rep's -reps -ripper's -rippers -rip's -rips -ripsaw -roper's -ropers -rope's -ropes -rps -rupee's -rupees -rupiah's -rupiahs -wrapper's -wrappers -wrap's -wraps -reposeful -rapscallion -rapscallion's -rapscallions -reposing -rapacious -repose's -reposes -repossess -ripsaw's -ripsaws -rapaciously -repossessing -rapaciousness -rapaciousness's -repossesses -repossessed -rapacity -rapeseed -rapist -repast -reposed -rhapsody -ripest -riposte -ropiest -rhapsodic -rhapsodical -riposting -repository -repositories -repository's -rapacity's -rapeseed's -rapist's -rapists -repast's -repasts -rhapsodies -rhapsody's -riposte's -ripostes -riposted -reposition -repossession -repositioning -repossession's -repossessions -raped -rapid -rapider -rapped -rapport -rapporteur -rapt -raptor -reaped -repaid -repartee -repeat -repeater -report -reporter -repute -ripped -roped -Rupert -wrapped -repeatable -repeatably -reputable -reputably -repeatability -reputability -reputability's -reportage -reportage's -rapidly -raptly -reptile -reptilian -reptilian's -reptilians -reptile's -reptiles -repeating -reporting -reputing -rapidness -rapidness's -raptness -raptness's -repeating's -rapture -repertoire -repertory -rupture -reportorial -rupturing -rapture's -raptures -rapturous -repertoire's -repertoires -repertories -repertory's -rupture's -ruptures -rapturously -repatriate -ruptured -repatriating -repatriate's -repatriates -repatriated -repatriation -repatriation's -repatriations -rapid's -rapids -rapporteurs -rapport's -rapports -raptors -repartee's -repeater's -repeaters -repeat's -repeats -reporter's -reporters -report's -reports -repute's -reputes -Rupert's -rapidest -rapidity -repeated -reported -repudiate -repudiator -reputed -riptide -repetitive -repetitively -repetitiveness -repetitiveness's -repeatedly -reportedly -reputedly -repudiating -rapidity's -repudiates -repudiator's -repudiators -riptide's -riptides -repudiated -repetition -repudiation -reputation -repetition's -repetitions -repudiation's -repudiations -reputation's -reputations -repetitious -repetitiously -repetitiousness -repetitiousness's -reapportion -reapportionment -reapportionment's -reapportioning -reapportions -reapportioned -repurchase -repurchasing -repurchases -repurchased -repayable -repaying -rare -rarer -roarer -Rory -Ruhr -rarebit -rarebit's -rarebits -rarefy -rarefaction -rarefaction's -rarefies -rarefied -rarefying -rerecord -rerecording -rerecords -rerecorded -rarely -rural -raring -rearing -reran -rerun -roaring -rearrange -rearrangement -rearrangement's -rearrangements -rearranging -rearranges -rearranged -rerunning -rareness -rareness's -rerun's -reruns -roaring's -reorient -reorienting -reorients -reoriented -reorientation -reorientation's -rares -roarer's -roarers -Rory's -Ruhr's -rarest -rearrest -rearresting -rearrest's -rearrests -rearrested -rared -rarity -reared -reread -reroute -rewrite -rewrote -roared -rereading -rerouting -rewriting -rewritten -rarities -rarity's -rereads -reroutes -rewrite's -rewrites -rerouted -race -racer -racier -racy -Rae's -raise -raiser -Ra's -raw's -Ray's -ray's -rays -raze -razor -razz -rear's -rears -Reese -reissue -Re's -re's -res -resew -resow -reuse -Rhea's -rhea's -rheas -Rhee's -rho's -rhos -Rh's -Rice -rice -ricer -Rio's -Rios -Rios's -rise -riser -roar's -roars -roe's -roes -Rosa -Rose -rose -Roseau -Rosie -rosier -Ross -Ross's -rosy -rouse -Rousseau -row's -rows -Royce -Roy's -R's -rs -RSI -rue's -rues -Ruiz -Ru's -ruse -Russ -Russo -Russ's -wrasse -yrs -razorback -razorback's -razorbacks -reusable -risible -risibility -risibility's -resubmit -resubmitting -resubmits -resubmitted -resubscribe -resubscribing -resubscribes -resubscribed -rosebud -rosebud's -rosebuds -rosebush -rosebushes -rosebush's -receive -receiver -Recife -reserve -reservoir -resurvey -RSV -receivable -receivables -receivables's -Roosevelt -Roosevelt's -receiving -reserving -RSVP -receiver's -receivers -receives -Recife's -reserve's -reserves -reservoir's -reservoirs -resurface -resurveys -resurfacing -RSFSR -resurfaces -reservist -resurfaced -reservist's -reservists -received -reserved -reservedly -reservedness -reservedness's -reservation -reservation's -reservations -receivership -receivership's -resurveying -resurveyed -racehorse -racehorse's -racehorses -racegoer -rescue -rescuer -RISC -risk -riskier -risky -Roscoe -rusk -rascal -rascally -recycle -riskily -recyclable -recyclable's -recyclables -recycling -recycling's -rascal's -rascals -recycle's -recycles -recirculate -recycled -recirculating -recirculates -recirculated -Risorgimento -Risorgimento's -rescuing -risking -Ruskin -reassignment -reassignment's -reassignments -reassigning -resigning -resurgence -riskiness -riskiness's -Ruskin's -resurgence's -resurgences -resurgent -resignedly -resignation -resignation's -resignations -Rosecrans -Rosecrans's -Rosicrucian -Rosicrucian's -racecourse -racegoers -rescuer's -rescuers -rescue's -rescues -risk's -risks -Roscoe's -rusk's -rusks -racecourse's -racecourses -riskiest -rescued -risked -reschedule -rescheduling -reschedules -rescheduled -resection -resection's -resections -racily -resale -reseal -resell -reseller -resole -rissole -Rizal -Rosalie -Rosella -rosily -Rozelle -Russel -Russell -resalable -resealable -resolve -resolver -resolvable -resolving -resolve's -resolves -resolved -Rasalhague -Rasalhague's -Rasalgethi -Rasalgethi's -resealing -reselling -resoling -Riesling -Rosalyn -Roslyn -resilience -resiliency -Riesling's -Rieslings -Rosalyn's -Roslyn's -resilience's -resiliency's -resilient -Rosalind -Rosalinda -resiliently -Rosalinda's -Rosalind's -resale's -resales -reseals -resellers -resells -resoles -rissoles -Rizal's -Rosales -Rosales's -Rosalie's -Rosella's -Rozelle's -Russell's -Russel's -resealed -resold -resoled -resolute -result -resolutely -resulting -resoluteness -resoluteness's -resultant -resultant's -resultants -result's -results -resulted -resolution -resolution's -resolutions -raceme -resume -rhizome -reassemble -reassembly -resemble -reassembling -resembling -resemblance -resemblance's -resemblances -reassembles -reassembly's -resembles -reassembled -resembled -resuming -resumption -resumption's -resumptions -Rosemarie -Rosemary -rosemary -Rosemarie's -Rosemary's -rosemary's -raceme's -racemes -resume's -resumes -rhizome's -rhizomes -Rasmussen -Rasmussen's -resumed -razzmatazz -razzmatazz's -Racine -racing -raisin -raising -razing -razzing -reason -Reasoner -reasoner -reassign -reassigned -reissuing -resewn -resign -resigned -resin -resown -reusing -rezone -ricing -risen -rising -Rosanna -Rosanne -Roseann -rosin -Rossini -rousing -Rosenberg -Rosenberg's -reasonable -reasonably -reasonableness -reasonableness's -reasoning -rezoning -rosining -reasoning's -resonance -resonance's -resonances -resonant -resonantly -Racine's -raciness -raciness's -racing's -raisin's -raisins -Reasoner's -reasoner's -reasoners -reason's -reasons -reassigns -resigns -resinous -resin's -resins -rezones -rising's -risings -Rosanna's -Rosanne's -Roseann's -rosiness -rosiness's -rosin's -rosins -Rossini's -Rosenzweig -Rosenzweig's -reascend -reasoned -recent -recenter -rescind -resend -resent -resonate -resonator -resound -rezoned -Rosendo -rosined -resentful -resentfully -resentfulness -resentfulness's -recently -resentment -resentment's -resentments -reascending -rescinding -resenting -resonating -resounding -resoundingly -recentness -recentness's -reascends -rescinds -resents -resonates -resonator's -resonators -resounds -Rosendo's -recentest -reascended -rescinded -resented -resonated -resounded -rasp -raspier -raspy -recipe -resp -raspberry -raspberries -raspberry's -respect -respecter -respectable -respectably -respectability -respectability's -respective -respectful -respectfully -respectively -respectfulness -respectfulness's -respecting -respecter's -respecters -respect's -respects -respected -respell -resupply -respelling -resplendence -resplendence's -resplendent -resplendently -respells -resupplies -respelled -resupplied -resupplying -rasping -reserpine -reserpine's -response -responsible -responsibly -responsibility -responsibilities -responsibility's -responsive -responsively -responsiveness -responsiveness's -response's -responses -recipient -respond -responding -respondent -respondent's -respondents -recipient's -recipients -responds -responded -respire -respray -reciprocal -reciprocally -reciprocal's -reciprocals -reciprocate -reciprocating -reciprocates -reciprocated -reciprocation -reciprocation's -respiring -respires -resprays -reciprocity -reciprocity's -respirator -respired -respiratory -respirator's -respirators -respiration -respiration's -respraying -resprayed -rasp's -rasps -recipe's -recipes -raspiest -rasped -receipt -receptor -respite -receptive -receptively -receptiveness -receptiveness's -receptivity -receptivity's -receptacle -receptacle's -receptacles -Rasputin -receipting -Rasputin's -receipt's -receipts -receptor's -receptors -respite's -respites -receipted -reception -resorption -reception's -receptions -resorption's -receptionist -receptionist's -receptionists -reassure -Rosario -rosary -resurrect -resurrecting -resurrects -resurrected -Resurrection -resurrection -resurrection's -resurrections -reassuring -reassuringly -reassurance -reassurance's -reassurances -reassures -rosaries -Rosario's -rosary's -reassured -racer's -racers -race's -races -raiser's -raisers -raise's -raises -razes -razor's -razors -razzes -razz's -reassess -recess -recess's -Reese's -reissue's -reissues -resews -resize -resource -resows -reuse's -reuses -rhesus -rhesus's -ricer's -ricers -Rice's -rice's -rices -riser's -risers -rise's -rises -Rosa's -Roseau's -Rose's -rose's -roses -Rosie's -rouses -Rousseau's -Royce's -Ruiz's -ruse's -ruses -Russo's -wrasse's -wrasses -recessive -resourceful -resourcefully -resourcefulness -resourcefulness's -recessive's -recessives -racism -reassessment -reassessment's -reassessments -racism's -reassessing -recessing -resizing -resourcing -reassesses -recesses -resizes -resource's -resources -rhesuses -raciest -racist -reassessed -recessed -resist -resister -resistor -resized -resourced -rosiest -resistible -resistivity -resistless -resisting -Resistance -resistance -resistance's -resistances -resistant -racist's -racists -resister's -resisters -resistor's -resistors -resist's -resists -resisted -resuscitate -resuscitator -resuscitating -resuscitates -resuscitator's -resuscitators -resuscitated -resuscitation -resuscitation's -raced -raised -Rasta -raster -razed -razzed -reassert -recede -recite -reciter -reissued -resat -reseed -reset -reside -residua -residue -resit -resort -rest -reused -riced -risotto -roast -roaster -roister -roost -rooster -roseate -Rosetta -rosette -Rossetti -roster -roused -roust -russet -rust -rustier -Rusty -rusty -wrest -wrist -Rustbelt -Rustbelt's -reestablish -reestablishment -reestablishment's -reestablishing -reestablishes -reestablished -Rastaban -Rastaban's -wristband -wristband's -wristbands -roustabout -roustabout's -roustabouts -restaff -restive -Rostov -restful -restfuller -restfully -restively -restfulness -restfulness's -restfullest -restaffing -restiveness -restiveness's -Rastafarian -Rastafarian's -Rastafarians -Rastafarianism -restaffs -Rostov's -recidivism -recidivism's -recidivist -recidivist's -recidivists -restaffed -restock -rustic -rustically -restocking -restocks -rustic's -rustics -restocked -rusticate -rusticating -rusticates -rusticated -rustication -rustication's -recital -resettle -residual -restyle -rustle -rustler -wrestle -wrestler -resettlement -resettlement's -resettling -restyling -rustling -wrestling -rustlings -wrestling's -recital's -recitals -resettles -residual's -residuals -restless -restyles -rustler's -rustlers -rustle's -rustles -wrestler's -wrestlers -wrestle's -wrestles -restlessly -restlessness -restlessness's -recitalist -recitalist's -recitalists -resettled -restyled -rustled -wrestled -residuum -residuum's -reasserting -receding -reciting -reseeding -resetting -residing -resitting -resorting -resting -roasting -roosting -rousting -rusting -wresting -residence -residency -roasting's -roastings -rustiness -rustiness's -residence's -residences -residencies -residency's -resident -Rostand -resident's -residents -Rostand's -residential -rustproof -rustproofing -rustproofs -rustproofed -restore -restorer -roisterer -racetrack -racetrack's -racetracks -restrict -restrictive -restrictively -restrictiveness -restrictiveness's -restricting -restructure -restructuring -restructuring's -restructurings -restructures -restructured -restricts -restricted -restriction -restriction's -restrictions -restroom -rostrum -restroom's -restrooms -rostrum's -rostrums -restoring -restrain -restrainer -restring -roistering -restrung -restrengthen -restrengthening -restrengthens -restrengthened -restraining -restringing -restrainer's -restrainers -restrains -restrings -restaurant -restrained -restraint -restaurant's -restaurants -restraint's -restraints -Rostropovich -Rostropovich's -restorer's -restorers -restores -roisterer's -roisterers -restaurateur -restored -roistered -restorative -restorative's -restoratives -restaurateur's -restaurateurs -Restoration -restoration -Restoration's -restoration's -restorations -reasserts -recedes -reciter's -reciters -recites -reseeds -reset's -resets -resides -residue's -residues -resits -resort's -resorts -rest's -rests -risotto's -risottos -roaster's -roasters -roast's -roasts -roisters -rooster's -roosters -roost's -roosts -Rosetta's -rosette's -rosettes -Rossetti's -roster's -rosters -rousts -russet's -russets -rust's -rusts -Rusty's -wrest's -wrests -wrist's -wrists -rusticity -rustiest -rusticity's -reasserted -receded -recited -reseeded -resided -resorted -restart -restate -rested -restudy -rheostat -roasted -roosted -rousted -rusted -wrested -recitative -recitative's -recitatives -restatement -restatement's -restatements -restarting -restating -restart's -restarts -restates -restudies -rheostat's -rheostats -restarted -restated -restudied -restitution -restitution's -restudying -wristwatch -wristwatches -wristwatch's -restitch -recitation -restitching -recitation's -recitations -restitches -restitched -raceway -Roswell -Roswell's -resewing -resowing -raceway's -raceways -resewed -resowed -rosewater -rosewood -rosewater's -rosewood's -rosewoods -research -researcher -reassertion -recession -rescission -researching -recessional -recessional's -recessionals -recessionary -reassertion's -recession's -recessions -rescission's -researcher's -researchers -researches -research's -researched -Rorschach -Rorschach's -rad -radar -radii -radio -raid -raider -rat -rate -rater -ratter -rattier -ratty -RD -Rd -rd -RDA -read -reader -readier -ready -red -redder -redo -Reed -reed -reedier -reedy -Reid -REIT -reorder -retie -Rhoda -Rhode -rid -Ride -ride -rider -Right -right -righter -righto -riot -rioter -Rita -rite -road -roadie -Rod -rod -rode -rodeo -rood -Root -root -rooter -rot -rota -rote -rotor -rotter -rout -route -router -rowdier -rowdy -rt -Rte -rte -rudder -ruddier -ruddy -rude -ruder -Rudy -rued -rut -ruttier -rutty -Ryder -Wright -wright -writ -write -writer -wrote -wrought -radiotherapy -radiotherapy's -radiotherapist -radiotherapist's -radiotherapists -ratbag -rutabaga -Rydberg -ratbags -rutabaga's -rutabagas -Rydberg's -readable -redouble -writable -roadblock -roadblocking -roadblock's -roadblocks -roadblocked -redoubling -redoubles -readability -redoubled -readabilities -readability's -redbrick -redbreast -redbreast's -redbreasts -redbird -redoubt -roadbed -redoubtable -redoubtably -redbird's -redbirds -redoubt's -redoubts -roadbed's -roadbeds -ratifier -ratify -ratification -ratification's -rightful -rightfully -rightfulness -rightfulness's -redevelop -redevelopment -redevelopment's -redevelopments -redeveloping -redevelops -redeveloped -RTFM -radiophone -redefine -redefining -radiophone's -radiophones -redefines -redefined -redefinition -redefinition's -ratifier's -ratifiers -ratifies -ratified -Redford -redivide -redividing -Redford's -redivides -redivided -ratifying -roadhouse -roadhouse's -roadhouses -redhead -redhead's -redheads -redheaded -retake -retook -Rodger -ROTC -radiocarbon -radiocarbon's -radical -radically -ridicule -roadkill -Radcliffe -Radcliffe's -ridiculing -radical's -radicals -ridicule's -ridicules -ridiculous -roadkill's -ridiculously -radicalism -radicalism's -ridiculousness -ridiculousness's -ridiculed -reticulated -reticulation -reticulation's -reticulations -retaken -retaking -ridging -redcap -redcap's -redcaps -radiographer -radiography -Redgrave -rotogravure -rotogravure's -rotogravures -radiographer's -radiographers -radiography's -Redgrave's -radiogram -radiogram's -radiograms -redcurrant -redcurrants -redecorate -redecorating -redecorates -redecorated -redecoration -redecoration's -retake's -retakes -Rodger's -Rodgers -Rodgers's -ROTC's -Rutgers -Rutgers's -readjust -readjustment -readjustment's -readjustments -readjusting -readjusts -readjusted -redact -redactor -redcoat -reeducate -rootkit -rotgut -radioactive -reductive -radioactively -radioactivity -radioactivity's -redacting -reeducating -redactor's -redactors -redacts -redcoat's -redcoats -reductase -reeducates -rootkit's -rootkits -rotgut's -reductase's -redacted -reeducated -radicchio -redaction -reduction -reeducation -redaction's -reduction's -reductions -reeducation's -reductionist -radicchio's -radial -radially -rattle -rattler -rattly -readily -redial -retail -retailer -retell -retool -Riddle -riddle -rightly -ritual -ritually -rowdily -rudely -rattlebrain -rattlebrain's -rattlebrains -rattlebrained -Ratliff -redeliver -Rodolfo -Rudolf -Rudolph -redelivering -redelivered -Ratliff's -redelivers -Rodolfo's -Rudolf's -Rudolph's -radiology -ratlike -Rutledge -radiology's -Rutledge's -radiologist -radiologist's -radiologists -ratline -rattling -retailing -retelling -retooling -riddling -Ritalin -redlining -redlining's -ratline's -ratlines -rattlings -redolence -Ritalin's -redolence's -redolent -radial's -radials -rattler's -rattlers -rattle's -rattles -redial's -redials -retailer's -retailers -retail's -retails -retells -retools -Riddle's -riddle's -riddles -riderless -ritual's -rituals -rootless -rudderless -ritualism -ritualism's -rattlesnake -rattlesnake's -rattlesnakes -rootlessness -ritualistic -ritualistically -raddled -rattled -retailed -retaliate -retold -retooled -riddled -rootlet -retaliative -retaliating -retaliatory -rattletrap -rattletrap's -rattletraps -retaliates -rootlet's -rootlets -retaliated -retaliation -retaliation's -retaliations -radium -redeem -Redeemer -redeemer -rhodium -redeemable -radioman -radiomen -redeeming -radioman's -Redmond -rudiment -rudimentary -Redmond's -rudiment's -rudiments -reattempt -redemptive -reattempting -reattempts -reattempted -redemption -redemption's -radium's -Redeemer's -redeemer's -redeemers -redeems -rhodium's -rightmost -radiometer -readmit -redeemed -readmitting -radiometry -radiometric -radiometry's -radiometer's -radiometers -readmits -readmitted -readmission -readmission's -radian -radioing -radon -raiding -rating -rattan -ratting -Reading -reading -reattain -redden -redoing -redone -retain -retainer -retina -retinue -return -returnee -returner -ridden -ridding -riding -righting -rioting -Rodin -Rodney -rooting -rotten -rottener -rotting -routeing -routine -routing -Rutan -rutting -writing -written -returnable -returnable's -returnables -Roddenberry -Roddenberry's -redneck -redneck's -rednecks -retinal -rottenly -routinely -reattaining -reddening -retaining -returning -radiance -radians -radon's -rating's -ratings -rattan's -rattans -readiness -readiness's -Reading's -reading's -readings -reattains -reddens -redness -redness's -reediness -reediness's -retainer's -retainers -retains -retina's -retinas -retinue's -retinues -returnee's -returnees -returner's -returners -return's -returns -riddance -riding's -rightness -rightness's -rioting's -Rodin's -Rodney's -rottenness -rottenness's -routine's -routines -rowdiness -rowdiness's -ruddiness -ruddiness's -rudeness -rudeness's -Rutan's -writing's -writings -radiance's -riddance's -rottenest -radiant -reattained -reddened -redound -retained -returned -rodent -rotund -rotunda -retentive -retentively -retentiveness -retentiveness's -radiantly -redounding -redundancy -rotundness -rotundness's -redundancies -redundancy's -redundant -redundantly -redounds -rodent's -rodents -rotunda's -rotundas -redounded -rotundity -rotundity's -retention -retention's -retype -redeploy -reduplicate -reduplicating -reduplicates -reduplicated -reduplication -reduplication's -redeployment -redeployment's -redeploys -redeploying -redeployed -retyping -retypes -redeposit -redepositing -redeposit's -redeposits -redeposited -readopt -retyped -readopting -readopts -readopted -ratepayer -ratepayers -redraw -redrew -retire -retiree -retro -retry -rotary -retributive -retribution -retribution's -retributions -retrieve -retriever -retrievable -retrieval -retrieval's -retrievals -retrieving -retrofire -retrofiring -retrofires -retrovirus -retrovirus's -retroviruses -retrofired -retriever's -retrievers -retrieve's -retrieves -redraft -retrieved -retrofit -redrafting -retrofitting -redrafts -retrofit's -retrofits -redrafted -retrofitted -rhetoric -Roderick -Rodrick -Rodrigo -rhetorical -rhetorically -retrogress -retrogressive -retrogressing -retrogresses -retrogressed -retrograde -retrograding -retrogrades -retrograded -retrogression -retrogression's -rhetoric's -Roderick's -Rodrick's -Rodrigo's -Rodriguez -Rodriquez -Rodriguez's -Rodriquez's -redirect -retract -retractable -retroactive -retroactively -retractile -redirecting -retracting -redirects -retracts -redirected -retracted -redirection -retraction -retraction's -retractions -retrial -retrial's -retrials -retirement -retirement's -retirements -redrawn -reordering -retiring -retrain -roadrunner -Rotarian -retraining -retrains -roadrunner's -roadrunners -Rotarian's -retrained -retrench -retrenchment -retrenchment's -retrenchments -retrenching -retrenches -retrenched -rattrap -rattrap's -rattraps -retrorocket -retrorocket's -retrorockets -readdress -redraws -redress -redress's -retiree's -retirees -retires -retrace -retries -retro's -retros -rotaries -rotary's -readdressing -redressing -retracing -retrospect -retrospective -retrospectively -retrospective's -retrospectives -retrospecting -retrospect's -retrospects -retrospected -retrospection -retrospection's -readdresses -redresses -retraces -readdressed -redressed -retraced -reiterate -reordered -retired -retread -retreat -retried -retrod -reiterative -reiterating -retreading -retreating -retrodden -reiterates -retread's -retreads -retreat's -retreats -reiterated -retreaded -retreated -redrawing -reiteration -rhetorician -reiteration's -reiterations -rhetorician's -rhetoricians -retrying -radar's -radars -radio's -radios -radius -radius's -rad's -rads -raider's -raiders -raid's -raids -rater's -raters -rate's -rates -rat's -rats -ratter's -ratters -reader's -readers -readies -read's -reads -redoes -red's -reds -reduce -reducer -Reed's -reed's -reeds -Reid's -reorder's -reorders -reties -Reuters -Reuters's -Rhoda's -Rhodes -Rhodes's -rider's -riders -Ride's -ride's -rides -rids -righteous -right's -rights -rioter's -rioters -riotous -riot's -riots -Rita's -rite's -rites -Ritz -ritzier -ritzy -roadie's -roadies -road's -roads -rodeo's -rodeos -Rod's -rod's -rods -rood's -roods -rooter's -rooters -Root's -root's -roots -rotas -rote's -rotor's -rotors -rot's -rots -rotters -router's -routers -route's -routes -rout's -routs -rowdies -rowdy's -rudder's -rudders -Rudy's -rut's -ruts -Ryder's -Wright's -wright's -wrights -writer's -writers -writes -writ's -writs -reducible -rediscover -rediscovery -rediscovering -rediscoveries -rediscovery's -rediscovered -rediscovers -redskin -redesigning -redskin's -redskins -radarscope -radioscopy -radarscope's -radarscopes -radioscopy's -radiosurgery -righteously -riotously -redissolve -redissolving -redissolves -redissolved -rightism -rightism's -redesign -redesigned -reducing -retsina -redesigns -reticence -retsina's -righteousness -righteousness's -riotousness -reticence's -radiosonde -reticent -reticently -radiosonde's -radiosondes -rotisserie -rotisserie's -rotisseries -reducer's -reducers -reduces -rightsize -Ritz's -rightsizing -rightsizes -rightsized -ritziest -rattiest -readiest -reddest -reduced -reediest -retest -rightest -rightist -roadside -roadster -rowdiest -ruddiest -rudest -ruttiest -retesting -radioisotope -radioisotope's -radioisotopes -redistribute -redistributor -redistributing -redistributes -redistributors -redistributed -redistribution -redistribution's -redistrict -redistricting -redistricts -redistricted -retest's -retests -rightist's -rightists -roadside's -roadsides -roadster's -roadsters -retested -radiate -radiator -radioed -raided -rated -ratted -readied -readout -redid -reedit -retard -retarder -retaught -retied -retort -righted -rioted -rooted -rotate -rotted -routed -rutted -rededicate -rededicating -rededicates -rededicated -ratatouille -rototiller -radiotelephone -radiotelephone's -radiotelephones -radiotelegraph -radiotelegraphy -radiotelegraph's -radiotelegraphs -radiotelegraphy's -ratatouille's -rototiller's -rototillers -Rotterdam -redetermine -redetermining -redetermines -redetermined -Rotterdam's -radiating -reediting -retarding -retorting -rotating -retardant -rhododendron -rhododendron's -rhododendrons -retardant's -retardants -rotatory -radiates -radiator's -radiators -readout's -readouts -reedits -retarder's -retarders -retard's -retards -retort's -retorts -rotates -radiated -reedited -retarded -retorted -rotated -retardation -retardation's -roadway -roadworthy -roadwork -roadwork's -roadworks -Rottweiler -rottweiler -Rottweiler's -rottweilers -roadway's -roadways -redwood -retweet -rightward -retweeting -redwood's -redwoods -retweets -rightwards -retweeted -radish -reattach -reddish -reteach -retouch -Rhodesia -roadshow -reattachment -reattachment's -radiation -reattaching -reteaching -retouching -Rhodesian -rotation -rotational -radiation's -radiations -rotation's -rotations -readership -ridership -readership's -readerships -ridership's -radishes -radish's -reattaches -reteaches -retouches -retouch's -Rhodesia's -roadshow's -roadshows -reattached -retouched -redye -readying -redyeing -retying -redyes -rowdyism -rowdyism's -redyed -Rudyard -Rudyard's -rawer -reweigh -Rowe -rower -reweave -rewove -reweaving -rewoven -reweaves -rework -reawaken -reweighing -reworking -reawakening -reawakens -reworkings -reawakened -reworks -reweighed -reworked -rowel -Rawalpindi -Rawalpindi's -rowel's -rowels -rewarm -rewarming -rewarms -rewarmed -rowan -Rowena -rowing -rowans -Rowena's -rowing's -rewind -rewound -Rwanda -rewindable -rewinding -Rwandan -Rwandan's -Rwandans -rewind's -rewinds -Rwanda's -Rwandas -rewire -rewiring -rewires -rewired -reweighs -rower's -rowers -Rowe's -rawest -rearward -reward -rewed -reword -rowed -rewarding -rewedding -rewording -rearwards -reward's -rewards -reweds -rewords -rewarded -rewedded -reworded -rewash -rewashing -rewashes -rewashed -rash -rasher -ratio -reach -reecho -Reich -retch -Rich -rich -richer -Richie -Roach -roach -Rocha -Roche -Rush -rush -rusher -rushy -Russia -wretch -Richthofen -Richthofen's -Ruchbah -reachable -Ruchbah's -reshuffle -reshuffling -reshuffle's -reshuffles -reshuffled -recharge -recheck -rechargeable -recharging -rechecking -recharge's -recharges -recheck's -rechecks -recharged -rechecked -Rachael -Rachel -Rachelle -racial -racially -rashly -Richelieu -richly -Rochelle -Rachael's -Rachelle's -Rachel's -Richelieu's -Rochelle's -racialism -racialism's -racialist -racialist's -racialists -Rochambeau -Rochambeau's -Rachmaninoff -Rachmaninoff's -Richmond -Richmond's -Rushmore -Rushmore's -ration -reaching -reechoing -retching -roaching -rushing -Russian -rational -rationale -rationally -rationale's -rationales -rational's -rationals -rationalism -rationalism's -rationalist -rationalistic -rationalist's -rationalists -rationality -rationality's -rationing -rashness -rashness's -ration's -rations -richness -richness's -Russian's -Russians -rationed -reshape -reship -reshipment -reshipment's -reshaping -resharpen -reshipping -resharpening -resharpens -resharpened -reshapes -reships -reshaped -reshipped -rechristen -rechristening -rechristens -rechristened -rasher's -rashers -rashes -rash's -ratio's -ratios -reaches -reach's -reechoes -Reich's -retches -riches -Richie's -Rich's -rich's -roaches -Roach's -roach's -Rocha's -Roche's -rusher's -rushers -rushes -Rush's -rush's -Russia's -wretches -wretch's -ratiocinate -ratiocinating -ratiocinates -ratiocinated -ratiocination -ratiocination's -rashest -richest -Rochester -Reichstag's -Rochester's -ratchet -reached -recharter -reechoed -retched -Richard -Richter -roached -ruched -Rushdie -rushed -wretched -wretcheder -wretchedly -ratcheting -wretchedness -wretchedness's -rechartering -rechartered -ratchet's -ratchets -recharters -Richard's -Richards -Richards's -Richter's -Rushdie's -Richardson -Richardson's -wretchedest -ratcheted -rye -wryer -Ryukyu -Ryukyu's -riyal -Royal -royal -royally -riyal's -riyals -Royal's -royal's -royals -royalist -royalist's -royalists -royalty -royalties -royalties's -royalty's -rayon -Ryan -rayon's -Ryan's -Reyes -Reyes's -rye's -wryest -Riyadh -Riyadh's -Ce -CEO -Ci -cir -GHz -S -s -SA -Saar -saw -say -sci -SE -Se -sea -sear -see -seer -sew -Si -sigh -Sir -sir -SO -so -soar -sou -sough -sour -sow -soy -S's -SS -SSA -SSE -SSS -SSW -Sue -sue -Sui -SW -W's -WSW -WWW's -X -x -Xe -xi -xii -xiii -xor -Y's -Z -z -Zoe -zoo -Zzz -saith -scythe -Scythia -seethe -Seth -sooth -soothe -soother -South -south -Southey -zither -southbound -southerly -Sutherland -Sutherland's -southerlies -southerly's -Southampton -Southampton's -Scythian -scything -seething -soothing -southern -Southerner -southerner -soothingly -southernmost -Scythian's -Southerner's -Southerners -southerner's -southerners -southern's -southerns -southpaw -southpaw's -southpaws -scythe's -scythes -Scythia's -seethes -Seth's -soother's -soothers -soothes -sooth's -Southey's -South's -Souths -south's -zither's -zithers -Southeast -southeast -southeaster -southeasterly -southeastern -southeaster's -southeasters -Southeast's -Southeasts -southeast's -southeastward -southeastwards -soothsayer -soothsaying -soothsaying's -soothsayer's -soothsayers -scythed -seethed -soothed -Southwest -southwest -southwester -southwesterly -southwestern -southwester's -southwesters -Southwest's -Southwests -southwest's -southwestward -southwestwards -southward -southward's -southwards -Cebu -Saab -Sb -SBA -Serb -Serbia -SOB -sob -sober -sub -zebu -Zibo -Sabbath -sabbath -Sabbath's -Sabbaths -sabbath's -sabbaths -suburb -suburbia -cyberbully -cyberbullies -cyberbully's -suburban -suburban's -suburbans -suburbanite -suburbanite's -suburbanites -suburbia's -suburb's -suburbs -suborbital -subfamily -subfamilies -subfamily's -subvention -subvention's -subventions -subfreezing -subversive -subversively -subversiveness -subversiveness's -subversive's -subversives -subvert -subverting -subverts -subverted -subversion -subversion's -subhuman -subhuman's -subhumans -subhead -subheading -subheading's -subheadings -subhead's -subheads -cyborg -Sabik -sawbuck -Seaborg -Seebeck -subaqua -subj -subject -subjugate -subjective -subjectively -subjectivity -subjectivity's -subjecting -subjugating -subject's -subjects -subjugates -subjected -subjugated -subjection -subjugation -subjection's -subjugation's -subclass -subculture -subculture's -subcultures -subcompact -subcompact's -subcompacts -subcommittee -subcommittee's -subcommittees -subjoin -subjunctive -subjunctive's -subjunctives -subjoining -subjoins -subconscious -subconscious's -subconsciously -subconsciousness -subconsciousness's -subjoined -subcontinent -subcontinental -subcontinent's -subcontinents -subcontract -subcontractor -subcontracting -subcontractor's -subcontractors -subcontract's -subcontracts -subcontracted -subgroup -subgroup's -subgroups -cyborg's -cyborgs -Sabik's -sawbuck's -sawbucks -Seaborg's -Seebeck's -subarctic -subcategory -subcategories -subcategory's -subcutaneous -subcutaneously -Cybele -sable -Sibyl -sibyl -soberly -Sybil -sublime -sublimer -sublimely -subliming -subliminal -subliminally -sublimes -sublimest -sublimate -sublimed -sublimity -sublimating -sublimates -sublimity's -sublimated -sublimation -sublimation's -sibling -sibylline -sublingual -sibling's -siblings -sibilant -sibilant's -sibilants -Cybele's -sable's -sables -Sibelius -Sibelius's -Sibyl's -sibyl's -sibyls -sublease -Sybil's -subleasing -sublease's -subleases -subleased -sublet -subaltern -subletting -sublieutenant -sublieutenants -subaltern's -subalterns -sublet's -sublets -sebum -submerge -submerging -submarginal -submergence -submergence's -submicroscopic -submerges -submerged -submarine -submariner -submariner's -submariners -submarine's -submarines -submerse -submersible -submersible's -submersibles -submissive -submissively -submissiveness -submissiveness's -submersing -submerses -submersed -submit -submitter -submitting -submits -submitted -submersion -submission -submersion's -submission's -submissions -Cebuano -Sabin -Sabina -Sabine -seaborne -Serbian -sobbing -Sorbonne -soybean -subbing -suborn -sobbingly -Zubenelgenubi -Zubenelgenubi's -subnormal -suborning -Cebuano's -Sabina's -Sabine's -Sabin's -sawbones -sawbones's -Serbian's -Serbians -soberness -soberness's -Sorbonne's -soybean's -soybeans -suborns -Zubeneschamali -Zubeneschamali's -suborned -cybernetic -cybernetics -cybernetics's -subornation -subornation's -subplot -subplot's -subplots -subpoena -cyberpunk -cyberpunk's -cyberpunks -subpoenaing -subpoena's -subpoenas -subpoenaed -subprofessional -subprofessional's -subprofessionals -subparagraph -subprogram -subprograms -subprime -sabra -Sabre -Siberia -soberer -subarea -Subaru -zebra -sobriquet -sobriquet's -sobriquets -Sabrina -Siberian -sobering -Sabrina's -Siberian's -Siberians -subbranch -subbranches -subbranch's -Cerberus -Cerberus's -sabra's -sabras -Sabre's -Siberia's -subarea's -subareas -Subaru's -zebra's -zebras -soberest -sobered -sobriety -sybarite -sybaritic -subroutine -subroutine's -subroutines -sobriety's -sybarite's -sybarites -Cebu's -Saab's -Sb's -Serbia's -Serb's -Serbs -sobers -SOB's -sob's -sobs -sub's -subs -zebu's -zebus -Zibo's -subservience -subservience's -subservient -subserviently -subsurface -subsurface's -subsequent -subsequently -subscribe -subscriber -subscribing -subscriber's -subscribers -subscribes -subscribed -subscript -subscript's -subscripts -subscription -subscription's -subscriptions -cybersex -subsection -subsection's -subsections -subsoil -subsoil's -subsume -subsuming -subbasement -subbasement's -subbasements -subsumption -subsumes -subsumed -subsonic -cyberspace -subspace -cyberspace's -cyberspaces -subspecies -subspecies's -subzero -sebaceous -subsist -subsystem -subsystem's -subsystems -subsisting -subsistence -subsistence's -subsists -subsisted -subset -subside -subsidy -subsiding -subsidence -substance -subsidence's -substance's -substances -substantive -substantively -substantive's -substantives -substandard -substantial -substantially -substantiate -substantiating -substantiates -substantiated -substantiation -substantiation's -substantiations -subsidiary -substructure -substructure's -substructures -subsidiaries -subsidiary's -subsidiarity -substrata -substrate -substratum -substratum's -substrate's -substrates -subset's -subsets -subsides -subsidies -subsidy's -subsided -substituent -substitute -substituting -substitute's -substitutes -substituted -substitution -substitution's -substitutions -substation -substation's -substations -Sebastian -Sebastian's -sabot -saboteur -seabed -seabird -seaboard -sobbed -sorbet -subbed -subdue -suborder -Zebedee -subterfuge -subterfuge's -subterfuges -subdivide -subdividing -subdivides -subdivided -subdivision -subdivision's -subdivisions -sabotage -sabbatical -sabbatical's -sabbaticals -sabotaging -sabotage's -sabotages -subtext -subtext's -subtexts -sabotaged -subtle -subtler -subtly -subtlest -subtlety -subtleties -subtlety's -subatomic -subdomain -subdominant -subdomain's -subdomains -subduing -subteen -subtenancy -subtenancy's -subtenant -subtenant's -subtenants -subteen's -subteens -subordinate -subtend -subordinating -subtending -subordinate's -subordinates -subtends -subordinated -subtended -subordination -subordination's -subtopic -subtopic's -subtopics -subtrahend -subtrahend's -subtrahends -subtract -subtracting -subtracts -subtracted -subtraction -subtraction's -subtractions -subterranean -subtropic -subtropical -subtropics -subtropics's -saboteur's -saboteurs -sabot's -sabots -seabed's -seabeds -seabird's -seabirds -seaboard's -seaboards -sorbet's -sorbets -subdues -suborder's -suborders -Zebedee's -subdued -subeditor -subtitle -subtotal -subtitling -subtitle's -subtitles -subtotal's -subtotals -subtitled -subeditors -subway -subway's -subways -Cerf -cipher -safe -safer -Saiph -Sappho -save -saver -Savior -Savoy -savoy -serf -serve -server -servo -sever -SF -sf -sieve -Siva -Soave -soever -sofa -Sofia -soph -Sophia -Sophie -suave -suaver -suffer -Sufi -surf -surfer -survey -SUV -Suva -Xavier -xiv -xv -xvi -xvii -xviii -softhearted -savable -surfboard -surfboarding -surfboard's -surfboards -surfboarded -savvier -savvy -survive -survivor -survivable -survival -survival's -survivals -survivalist -survivalist's -survivalists -surviving -civvies -civvies's -savvies -savvy's -survives -survivor's -survivors -savviest -Safavid -savvied -survived -Safavid's -savvying -civic -Savage -savage -savager -cervical -civically -savagely -Sophoclean -Sophoclean's -Sophocles -Sophocles's -savaging -sphagnum -sphagnum's -sphagnums -savageness -savageness's -safekeeping -safekeeping's -savagery -savageries -savagery's -cervix -civics -civics's -Savage's -savage's -savages -suffix -suffixing -cervix's -suffixes -suffix's -savagest -suffixed -suffixation -suffixation's -safeguard -savaged -suffocate -safeguarding -suffocating -safeguard's -safeguards -suffocates -safeguarded -suffocated -suffocation -suffocation's -civil -civilly -safely -sawfly -seafloor -servile -Seville -suavely -Svalbard -Svalbard's -cephalic -Suffolk -Suffolk's -civilian -civilian's -civilians -surveillance -surveillance's -sawflies -sawfly's -seafloor's -seafloors -Seville's -syphilis -syphilis's -civility -servility -svelte -svelter -syphilitic -syphilitic's -syphilitics -civilities -civility's -servility's -sveltest -safflower -safflower's -safflowers -sophomore -sophomoric -sophomore's -sophomores -servomotor -servomotor's -servomotors -servomechanism -servomechanism's -servomechanisms -savanna -Savannah -saving -serving -seven -Severn -sieving -siphon -Sivan -souvenir -surfing -Sven -SVN -Zephaniah -seventh -seventh's -sevenths -Souphanouvong -Souphanouvong's -Svengali -Svengali's -Sphinx -sphinx -sphinxes -Sphinx's -sphinx's -sphincter -sphincter's -sphincters -siphoning -Savonarola -Savonarola's -safeness -safeness's -Savannah's -savanna's -savannas -saving's -savings -savings's -serving's -servings -seven's -sevens -Severn's -siphon's -siphons -Sivan's -souvenir's -souvenirs -suaveness -suaveness's -surfing's -Sven's -SVN's -Zephaniah's -savant -servant -seventy -siphoned -seventieth -seventieth's -seventieths -seventeen -seventeenth -seventeenth's -seventeenths -seventeen's -seventeens -Cervantes -Cervantes's -savant's -savants -servant's -servants -seventies -seventy's -safari -sapphire -seafarer -servery -severe -severer -sphere -sufferer -zephyr -suffrage -spherical -spherically -suffragan -suffragan's -suffragans -sovereignty -sovereignty's -suffrage's -suffragist -suffragist's -suffragists -suffragette -suffragette's -suffragettes -several -severally -severely -Zeffirelli -several's -Zeffirelli's -ciphering -safariing -saffron -seafaring -severing -sovereign -suffering -saffron's -saffrons -seafaring's -severance -severeness -severeness's -sovereign's -sovereigns -sufferance -suffering's -sufferings -severance's -severances -sufferance's -seafront -seafront's -seafronts -safari's -safaris -sapphire's -sapphires -seafarer's -seafarers -serveries -Severus -Severus's -sphere's -spheres -sufferer's -sufferers -zephyr's -zephyrs -Zephyrus -Zephyrus's -severest -ciphered -safaried -severed -severity -spheroid -suffered -spheroidal -severity's -spheroid's -spheroids -Cepheus -Cepheus's -Cerf's -cipher's -ciphers -safe's -safes -Saiph's -Sappho's -saver's -savers -save's -saves -Savior's -Savoy's -savoy's -savoys -serf's -serfs -server's -servers -serve's -serves -service -servo's -servos -severs -sieve's -sieves -Siva's -Soave's -sofa's -sofas -Sofia's -Sophia's -Sophie's -suffers -suffice -suffuse -Sufi's -surface -surfer's -surfers -surf's -surfs -survey's -surveys -Suva's -Xavier's -serviceable -serviceability -serviceability's -sophism -Sufism -serviceman -servicemen -serviceman's -sophism's -Sufism's -servicing -sufficing -suffusing -surfacing -sufficiency -sufficiency's -sufficient -sufficiently -cervices -service's -services -suffices -suffuses -surface's -surfaces -safest -serviced -sophist -suavest -sufficed -suffused -surfaced -sophistic -sophistical -sophisticate -sophisticating -sophisticate's -sophisticates -sophisticated -sophistication -sophistication's -Sevastopol -Sevastopol's -sophistry -sophistries -sophistry's -sophist's -sophists -servicewoman -servicewomen -servicewoman's -Cepheid -civet -safety -saved -seafood -Sephardi -served -serviette -servitor -Seyfert -sieved -sift -sifter -soft -softer -softy -Soviet -soviet -suavity -surfed -surfeit -zoophyte -softback -softball -softball's -softballs -softbound -zoophytic -softcover -softly -Sverdlovsk -serfdom -serfdom's -sifting -soften -softener -surfeiting -softening -softener's -softeners -softens -softness -softness's -softened -Cepheid's -civet's -civets -safeties -safety's -seafood's -Sephardi's -serviette's -serviettes -servitor's -servitors -Seyfert's -sifter's -sifters -sifts -softies -softy's -Soviet's -soviet's -soviets -suavity's -surfeit's -surfeits -zoophyte's -zoophytes -softest -servitude -sifted -surfeited -servitude's -software -software's -softwood -softwood's -softwoods -Safeway -Safeway's -suffusion -suffusion's -surveyor -surveying -surveying's -surveyor's -surveyors -Savoyard -surveyed -Savoyard's -Soho -sahib -sahib's -sahibs -Zhivago -Zhivago's -Zhukov -Zhukov's -Sahel -Sahel's -Sihanouk -Sihanouk's -Zhengzhou -Zhengzhou's -Sahara -Saharan -Saharan's -Sahara's -sawhorse -seahorse -Soho's -Xhosa -sawhorse's -sawhorses -seahorse's -seahorses -Xhosa's -Suharto -Zhdanov -Suharto's -ceca -cigar -circa -cirque -SAC -sac -Sacco -sack -sacker -sag -saga -sage -sager -saggier -saggy -sago -Sakai -sake -Saki -sarge -sarky -SC -Sc -scar -scour -scow -SEC -Sec -sec -sedge -sedgy -Seeger -seek -seeker -Sega -segue -Seiko -seq -sequoia -serge -Sergei -Sergio -sic -sick -sicker -sickie -sicko -siege -SJ -SJW -SK -ska -skew -ski -skier -skua -sky -soak -Soc -soc -sock -soggier -soggy -souk -Sq -sq -squaw -suck -sucker -sugar -surge -WYSIWYG -xx -Zeke -Ziggy -Zika -Zukor -scathing -scathingly -scab -scabbier -scabby -scuba -sickbay -squab -squib -Squibb -succubi -skibob -skibobs -squabble -squabbler -squabbling -squabbler's -squabblers -squabble's -squabbles -skewbald -squabbled -skewbalds -scabbing -scubaing -scabbiness -scabbiness's -Scarborough -scabrous -Scarborough's -sagebrush -sagebrush's -scabies -scabies's -scab's -scabs -scuba's -scubas -sickbays -squab's -squabs -Squibb's -squib's -squibs -succubus -scabbiest -scabbard -scabbed -Schubert -scubaed -sickbed -scorbutic -scabbard's -scabbards -Schubert's -sickbed's -sickbeds -scarf -scoff -scoffer -scuff -scurf -scurfy -scurvier -scurvy -Segovia -skiff -skive -skiver -squiffy -xcvi -xcvii -skivvy -skivvies -skivvy's -skivvied -skivvying -sarcophagi -sarcophagus -sarcophagus's -sackful -scofflaw -scuffle -scurvily -skiffle -scuffling -sackful's -sackfuls -scofflaw's -scofflaws -scuffle's -scuffles -scaffold -scuffled -segfault -Ziegfeld -scaffolding -scaffolding's -scaffold's -scaffolds -segfaults -Ziegfeld's -scarfing -scoffing -scuffing -skiving -scavenge -scavenger -scavenging -scavenger's -scavengers -scavenges -scavenged -sycophancy -sycophancy's -sycophant -sycophantic -sycophant's -sycophants -Siegfried -Siegfried's -scarf's -scarfs -scarves -scoffer's -scoffers -scoff's -scoffs -scuff's -scuffs -scurf's -scurvy's -Segovia's -skiff's -skiffs -skivers -skives -scurviest -scarfed -scoffed -scuffed -skived -Sakha -Sikh -Sakhalin -Sakhalin's -Sakharov -Sakharov's -Scheherazade -Scheherazade's -Sakha's -Sikh's -Sikhs -Sikhism -scag -scourge -sqq -squawk -squawker -squeak -squeaker -squeakier -squeaky -squeegee -squidgy -skyjack -skyjacker -skyjacking -skyjacking's -skyjackings -skyjacker's -skyjackers -skyjacks -skyjacked -squeakily -squiggle -squiggly -surgical -surgically -sackcloth -sackcloth's -squiggling -squiggle's -squiggles -squiggled -scourging -squawking -squeaking -squeegeeing -sugarcane -squeakiness -squeakiness's -sugarcane's -skycap -skycap's -skycaps -scags -scourge's -scourges -squawker's -squawkers -squawk's -squawks -squeaker's -squeakers -squeak's -squeaks -squeegee's -squeegees -squeakiest -scagged -scourged -squawked -squeaked -squeegeed -sugarcoat -sugarcoating -sugarcoats -sugarcoated -Sacajawea -Sacajawea's -cecal -circle -circular -cycle -sagely -Scala -scalar -scale -scalier -scaly -scholar -school -Schuyler -scowl -scull -sculler -Sculley -seagull -secular -sequel -sickle -sicklier -sickly -skill -skoal -skull -soggily -SQL -squall -squally -squalor -squeal -squealer -suckle -Ziegler -schoolboy -Skylab -schoolbag -schoolbook -schoolbag's -schoolbags -schoolbook's -schoolbooks -schoolboy's -schoolboys -Skylab's -schoolfellow -schoolfellow's -schoolfellows -schoolhouse -schoolhouse's -schoolhouses -cyclic -skulk -skulker -skylark -cyclical -cyclically -schoolgirl -Schuylkill -schoolgirl's -schoolgirls -Schuylkill's -skulking -skylarking -skullcap -skullcap's -skullcaps -skulker's -skulkers -skulks -skylark's -skylarks -schoolkid -skulked -skylarked -schoolkids -circularly -scholarly -scaleless -schoolmarm -schoolmarm's -schoolmarms -schoolmarmish -cyclamen -cyclamen's -cyclamens -schoolmaster -schoolmistress -schoolmistress's -schoolmistresses -schoolmaster's -schoolmasters -cyclometer -schoolmate -cyclometer's -cyclometers -schoolmate's -schoolmates -circling -cycling -cyclone -scalene -scaling -scallion -Schelling -schooling -scowling -sculling -scullion -skyline -squalling -squealing -suckling -cyclonic -cyclone's -cyclones -scaliness -scaliness's -scallion's -scallions -Schelling's -schooling's -scullion's -scullions -skyline's -skylines -succulence -succulency -suckling's -sucklings -succulence's -succulency's -Sjaelland -succulent -Sjaelland's -succulent's -succulents -scallop -scalp -scalper -scalpel -scalpel's -scalpels -scalloping -scalping -Cyclopes -cyclopes -Cyclopes's -Cyclops -cyclops -Cyclops's -cyclops's -scallop's -scallops -scalper's -scalpers -scalp's -scalps -cyclopedia -scalloped -scalped -sculpt -sculptor -sculpting -sculpture -sculptural -sculpturing -sculptress -sculptress's -sculpture's -sculptures -sculptresses -sculptured -cyclopedia's -cyclopedias -sculptor's -sculptors -sculpts -sculpted -scullery -schoolroom -schoolroom's -schoolrooms -sculleries -scullery's -secularism -secularism's -scleroses -sclerosis -sclerosis's -secularist -secularist's -secularists -circularity -sclerotic -circularity's -circle's -circles -circular's -circulars -cycle's -cycles -scalars -Scala's -scale's -scales -scholar's -scholars -school's -schools -Schulz -Schuyler's -scowl's -scowls -sculler's -scullers -Sculley's -scull's -sculls -seagull's -seagulls -sequel's -sequels -sickle's -sickles -skill's -skills -skoal's -skoals -skull's -skulls -squall's -squalls -squalor's -squealer's -squealers -squeal's -squeals -suckles -sugarless -Ziegler's -seclusive -Schulz's -scoliosis -scoliosis's -cyclist -scaliest -sickliest -scholastic -scholastically -cyclist's -cyclists -scholasticism -circled -circlet -circulate -cycled -scald -scaled -Scarlatti -scarlet -schooled -scold -scowled -sculled -seclude -skilled -skillet -skylight -squalid -squalider -squalled -squealed -suckled -skulduggery -skulduggery's -skeletal -squalidly -circulating -scalding -scarlatina -scolding -secluding -skeleton -scarlatina's -scolding's -scoldings -skeleton's -skeletons -squalidness -squalidness's -circulatory -cyclotron -cyclotron's -cyclotrons -circlet's -circlets -circulates -Cyclades -Cyclades's -scald's -scalds -Scarlatti's -scarlet's -schooldays -Schultz -scold's -scolds -secludes -skillet's -skillets -skylight's -skylights -Schultz's -squalidest -circulated -scalded -scolded -secluded -schoolteacher -schoolteacher's -schoolteachers -scalawag -schoolwork -scalawag's -scalawags -schoolwork's -squelch -squelchy -schoolchild -schoolchildren -schoolchildren's -schoolchild's -circulation -seclusion -squelching -circulation's -circulations -seclusion's -scholarship -scholarship's -scholarships -squelches -squelch's -squelched -schoolyard -schoolyard's -schoolyards -cecum -sarcoma -scam -scammer -schema -scheme -schemer -scum -scummier -scummy -sigma -Sikkim -skim -skimmer -sorghum -squirm -squirmier -squirmy -succumb -scumbag -scumbag's -scumbags -succumbing -succumbs -succumbed -circumflex -circumflexes -circumflex's -circumvent -circumventing -circumvents -circumvented -circumvention -circumvention's -circumference -circumference's -circumferences -circumferential -SGML -circumlocutory -circumlocution -circumlocution's -circumlocutions -SGML's -scamming -scheming -Schumann -scumming -skimming -squirming -circumnavigate -circumnavigating -circumnavigates -circumnavigated -circumnavigation -circumnavigation's -circumnavigations -Schumann's -segment -Sigmund -segmenting -segment's -segments -Sigmund's -segmented -segmentation -segmentation's -scamp -scamper -scampi -skimp -skimpier -skimpy -circumpolar -skimpily -skimping -skimpiness -skimpiness's -scampering -scampered -scamper's -scampers -scampi's -scamp's -scamps -skimps -skimpiest -Schumpeter -skimped -Schumpeter's -sycamore -sycamore's -sycamores -cecum's -sarcoma's -sarcomas -scammers -scam's -scams -schemer's -schemers -scheme's -schemes -scum's -scums -sigma's -sigmas -Sikkimese -Sikkim's -skimmer's -skimmers -skim's -skims -sorghum's -squamous -squirm's -squirms -circumscribe -circumscribing -circumscribes -circumscribed -circumscription -circumscription's -circumscriptions -circumspect -circumspectly -circumspection -circumspection's -circumcise -Sikkimese's -circumcising -circumcises -circumcised -scummiest -squirmiest -circumstance -circumstancing -circumstance's -circumstances -circumstanced -circumstantial -circumstantially -circumcision -circumcision's -circumcisions -scammed -schemata -schemed -scummed -skimmed -squirmed -schematic -schematically -schematic's -schematics -skirmish -skirmisher -squeamish -squeamishly -skirmishing -squeamishness -squeamishness's -skirmishers -skirmishes -skirmish's -skirmished -sacking -Sagan -sagging -Saginaw -Saigon -Sargon -Scan -scan -scanner -schooner -scone -scorn -scorner -seagoing -seeking -segueing -seguing -seigneur -seignior -sequin -sicken -sicking -sighing -signer -signor -skein -skiing -skin -Skinner -skinnier -skinny -soaking -socking -sojourn -sojourner -soughing -sucking -Sukarno -surgeon -surging -zircon -Schoenberg -Schoenberg's -signboard -signboard's -signboards -signify -significance -significance's -significant -significantly -signification -signification's -significations -scornful -scornfully -skinful -skinflint -skinflint's -skinflints -signifies -signified -signifying -skinhead -skinhead's -skinheads -Sejong -signage -skunk -skunking -skincare -skincare's -Sejong's -signage's -skunk's -skunks -skunked -Schenectady -Schenectady's -Seconal -signal -signally -signalman -signalmen -signalman's -Seconal's -signal's -signals -skinless -signalization's -zirconium -zirconium's -scanning -scorning -sickening -signing -skinning -sojourning -sickeningly -signing's -signings -skinniness -skinniness's -signpost -signposting -signpost's -signposts -signposted -signora -signore -signori -signorina -signorine -signorina's -signorinas -signora's -signoras -Cygnus -Cygnus's -sacking's -sackings -Sagan's -Saginaw's -Saigon's -Sargon's -scanner's -scanners -scan's -scans -schooner's -schooners -sconce -scone's -scones -scorner's -scorners -scorn's -scorns -seigneur's -seigneurs -seignior's -seigniors -sequence -sequencer -sequin's -sequins -sickens -sickness -sickness's -signer's -signers -signor's -signors -skein's -skeins -skiing's -Skinner's -skinny's -skin's -skins -soaking's -soakings -sogginess -sogginess's -sojourner's -sojourners -sojourn's -sojourns -Sukarno's -surgeon's -surgeons -zircon's -zircons -sequencing -sequencing's -sconce's -sconces -sequencers -sequence's -sequences -sicknesses -sequenced -skinniest -cygnet -Sargent -scanned -scant -scanter -scantier -scanty -scorned -secant -second -seconder -Segundo -sequined -sequinned -sergeant -sickened -signet -skinned -skint -sojourned -squander -Squanto -squint -squinter -secondhand -scandal -scantily -scantly -secondly -scandalmonger -scandalmonger's -scandalmongers -scandalous -scandal's -scandals -scandalously -scandium -secondment -secondments -scandium's -scanting -seconding -squinting -Scandinavia -Scandinavian -Scandinavian's -Scandinavians -Scandinavia's -scantiness -scantiness's -scantness -scantness's -secondary -signatory -signature -scoundrel -secondarily -scoundrel's -scoundrels -squandering -secondaries -secondary's -signatories -signatory's -signature's -signatures -squandered -cygnet's -cygnets -Sargent's -scanties -scants -secant's -secants -seconder's -seconders -second's -seconds -Segundo's -sergeant's -sergeants -signet's -signets -squanders -Squanto's -squint's -squints -scantest -scantiest -squintest -scanted -seconded -skintight -squinted -sequential -sequentially -scansion -scansion's -scarp -scarper -scoop -scope -Scorpio -scupper -skip -skipper -Skippy -Skype -zookeeper -scoopful -scoopful's -scoopfuls -Skopje -scapegrace -scapegrace's -scapegraces -Skopje's -scapegoat -scapegoating -scapegoat's -scapegoats -scapegoated -scapula -scapulae -scapular -sugarplum -sugarplum's -sugarplums -scapular's -scapulars -scapula's -scarping -scooping -scoping -scorpion -skipping -Schopenhauer -Schopenhauer's -scorpion's -scorpions -scarpering -scuppering -skippering -scarpered -scuppered -skippered -scarpers -scarp's -scarps -scoop's -scoops -Scopes -scope's -scopes -Scopes's -Scorpio's -Scorpios -Scorpius -Scorpius's -scupper's -scuppers -skipper's -skippers -Skippy's -skip's -skips -Skype's -zookeeper's -zookeepers -scarped -scooped -scoped -skipped -sacra -saguaro -scare -scarier -scary -score -scorer -scourer -scree -screw -screwy -scurry -secure -securer -Segre -Socorro -square -squarer -squire -Sucre -sugarier -sugary -surgery -scarab -scribe -scrub -scrubber -scrubbier -scrubby -Zagreb -Scrabble -scrabble -scrabbler -screwball -scribal -scribble -scribbler -scrabbling -scribbling -scrabbler's -scrabblers -Scrabble's -Scrabbles -scrabble's -scrabbles -screwball's -screwballs -scribbler's -scribblers -scribble's -scribbles -scrabbled -scribbled -Scriabin -Scribner -scrubbing -Scriabin's -Scribner's -scarab's -scarabs -scribe's -scribes -scrubber's -scrubbers -scrub's -scrubs -Zagreb's -scrubbiest -scoreboard -scrubbed -scoreboard's -scoreboards -scarify -scruff -scruffier -scruffy -scarification -scarification's -scrofula -scruffily -scrofula's -scrofulous -scrivener -scrivener's -scriveners -scruffiness -scruffiness's -scrapheap -scrapheap's -scrapheaps -sacrifice -scarifies -scruff's -scruffs -sacrificing -sacrifice's -sacrifices -sacrificed -scruffiest -scarified -sacrificial -sacrificially -scarifying -scrag -scraggier -scraggy -scrog -Scrooge -scrooge -scragglier -scraggly -scraggliest -scorekeeper -scorekeeper's -scorekeepers -scarecrow -scarecrow's -scarecrows -scrag's -scrags -scrogs -Scrooge's -scrooge's -scrooges -Scruggs -Scruggs's -scraggiest -scorecard -segregate -skyrocket -segregating -skyrocketing -scorecard's -scorecards -segregates -skyrocket's -skyrockets -segregated -skyrocketed -segregation -segregation's -segregationist -segregationist's -segregationists -cigarillo -scarily -scrawl -scrawly -scroll -securely -squarely -squirrel -sacrilege -sacroiliac -sacrilege's -sacrileges -sacrilegious -sacroiliac's -sacroiliacs -sacrilegiously -scoreline -scrawling -scrolling -scorelines -cigarillo's -cigarillos -scoreless -scrawl's -scrawls -scroll's -scrolls -scurrilous -squirrel's -squirrels -scurrilously -scurrilousness -scurrilousness's -scrawled -scrolled -scurrility -scurrility's -sacrum -scram -scream -screamer -scrim -scrum -Seagram -sickroom -scramble -scrambler -scrambling -scrambler's -scramblers -scramble's -scrambles -scrambled -scrumhalf -scrumhalves -scrimmage -scrummage -scrimmaging -scrimmage's -scrimmages -scrummages -scrimmaged -scramming -screaming -scrumming -scaremonger -scaremongering -scaremonger's -scaremongers -screamingly -sacrament -Sacramento -sacramental -Sacramento's -sacrament's -sacraments -scrimp -scrump -scrumpy -scrimping -scrumping -scrimps -scrumps -scrimped -scrumped -scrumptious -scrumptiously -sacrum's -scrams -screamer's -screamers -scream's -screams -scrim's -scrims -scrums -Seagram's -sickroom's -sickrooms -scrammed -screamed -scrummed -Scaramouch -scrimshaw -Scaramouch's -scrimshaw's -scrimshaws -scrimshawing -scrimshawed -scaring -scarring -scoring -scouring -scrawnier -scrawny -screen -securing -squaring -squiring -suckering -sugaring -scrounge -scrounger -scroungier -scroungy -scrounging -scrounger's -scroungers -scrounges -scroungiest -scrounged -screening -scrawniness -scrawniness's -screening's -screenings -screenplay -screenplay's -screenplays -screenwriter -screenwriting -screenwriting's -screenwriter's -screenwriters -scariness -scariness's -screen's -screens -squareness -squareness's -screensaver -screensaver's -screensavers -scrawniest -screened -Scranton -Scranton's -scrunch -scrunchy -scrunching -scrunches -scrunchies -scrunch's -scrunchy's -screenshot -scrunched -screenshots -scrap -scrape -scraper -scrapie -scrapper -scrappier -scrappy -scrip -scrapbook -scrapbook's -scrapbooks -scruple -scrupling -scruple's -scruples -scrupulous -scrupulously -scrupulousness -scrupulousness's -scrupulosity -scrupulosity's -scrupled -scraping -scrapping -scrapings -scraper's -scrapers -scrape's -scrapes -scrapper's -scrappers -scrap's -scraps -scrip's -scrips -scrappiest -scraped -scrapped -script -scripting -Scripture -scripture -scriptural -Scripture's -Scriptures -scripture's -scriptures -scriptwriter -scriptwriter's -scriptwriters -script's -scripts -scripted -scrapyard -scrapyard's -scrapyards -saguaro's -saguaros -scare's -scares -scorer's -scorers -score's -scores -scourer's -scourers -scree's -screes -screw's -screws -scurries -scurry's -secrecy -secures -Segre's -Socorro's -square's -squares -squire's -squires -Sucre's -sucrose -surgeries -surgery's -sacrosanct -sacrosanctness -sacrosanctness's -secrecy's -sucrose's -sacristy -scariest -securest -squarest -sugariest -sacristan -sacristan's -sacristans -sacristies -sacristy's -cigarette -sacred -sauerkraut -scared -scarred -scored -scoured -screed -scrod -scrota -scurried -secret -secrete -secured -security -skywriter -squared -squired -suckered -sugared -secretive -secretively -secretiveness -secretiveness's -Socratic -Socratic's -sacredly -scrotal -secretly -scrotum -scrotum's -scrutineer -scrutiny -secreting -skywriting -sacredness -sacredness's -scrutineers -scrutiny's -skywriting's -Secretary -secretary -secretory -screwdriver -screwdriver's -screwdrivers -secretarial -secretaries -secretary's -Secretariat -secretariat -Secretariat's -secretariat's -secretariats -secretaryship -secretaryship's -cigarette's -cigarettes -sauerkraut's -screeds -scrod's -secretes -secret's -secrets -securities -security's -skywriter's -skywriters -Socrates -Socrates's -Sucrets -Sucrets's -secreted -screwier -screwworm -screwworm's -screwworms -screwing -screwiness -screwiness's -screwiest -screwed -scratch -scratchier -scratchy -screech -screechier -screechy -squarish -scratchcard -scratchcards -scratchily -scratching -screeching -secretion -scratchiness -scratchiness's -secretion's -secretions -scratchpad -scratchpads -scratches -scratch's -screeches -screech's -scratchiest -screechiest -scratched -screeched -scurrying -cigar's -cigars -circus -circus's -cirque's -cirques -Sacco's -sacker's -sackers -sack's -sacks -sac's -sacs -saga's -sagas -sage's -sages -sago's -sag's -sags -Sakai's -sake's -Saki's -Saks -Saks's -Sargasso -sarge's -sarges -sax -scarce -scarcer -scar's -scars -scherzo -schuss -schuss's -scours -scow's -scows -SC's -Sc's -SCSI -scuzzier -scuzzy -SEC's -sec's -secs -sedge's -Seeger's -seeker's -seekers -seeks -Sega's -segue's -segues -Seiko's -sequoia's -sequoias -Sergei's -serge's -Sergio's -sex -sexier -sexy -sickie's -sickies -sicko's -sickos -sicks -sics -siege's -sieges -six -ska's -skew's -skews -skier's -skiers -skies -ski's -skis -skuas -sky's -soak's -soaks -soccer -sock's -socks -souks -squaw's -squaws -squeeze -squeezer -sucker's -suckers -suck's -sucks -sugar's -sugars -surge's -surges -Sykes -Sykes's -xix -xxi -xxii -xxiii -XXL -xxv -xxx -Zeke's -Ziggy's -Zukor's -sixth -sixth's -sixths -squeezebox -squeezeboxes -squeezable -schussboomer -schussboomer's -schussboomers -xxiv -xxvi -xxvii -xxviii -sixfold -saxophone -saxophone's -saxophones -saxophonist -saxophonist's -saxophonists -saxifrage -saxifrage's -saxifrages -Sikorsky -xxix -xxxi -xxxv -zigzag -zigzagging -sexagenarian -sexagenarian's -sexagenarians -skyscraper -skyscraper's -skyscrapers -Sikorsky's -xxxii -xxxiii -xxxiv -xxxix -xxxvi -zigzag's -zigzags -xxxvii -xxxviii -zigzagged -scarcely -sexily -sexual -sexually -sexology -sexology's -sexologist -sexologist's -sexologists -sexless -sexuality -sexuality's -sarcasm -Sigismund -Sigismund's -sarcasm's -sarcasms -Saxon -Saxony -schussing -sexing -siccing -squeezing -succinct -succincter -succinctly -succinctness -succinctness's -succinctest -Saxon's -Saxons -Saxony's -scarceness -scarceness's -sexiness -sexiness's -sixpence -sixpence's -sixpences -sexpot -sexpot's -sexpots -circuses -sagacious -Sargasso's -saxes -sax's -scherzo's -scherzos -schusses -Scorsese -SCSI's -sexes -sex's -sixes -six's -soccer's -squeezer's -squeezers -squeeze's -squeezes -success -successor -success's -Xerxes -Xerxes's -successive -successful -successfully -successively -sagaciously -sexism -sexism's -Scorsese's -successes -successor's -successors -scarcest -scuzziest -sexiest -sexist -sexist's -sexists -sagacity -sagest -saggiest -scarcity -schussed -seacoast -sequester -sexed -sicced -sickest -sixty -soggiest -squeezed -succeed -suggest -suggester -sixtieth -sixtieth's -sixtieths -suggestible -suggestibility -suggestibility's -suggestive -suggestively -suggestiveness -suggestiveness's -sarcastic -sarcastically -sexting -Sexton -sexton -sixteen -succeeding -suggesting -sixteenth -sixteenth's -sixteenths -Sextans -Sextans's -Sexton's -sexton's -sextons -sixteen's -sixteens -sextant -sextant's -sextants -sextuplet -sextuplet's -sextuplets -sequestering -sequestered -sequestrate -sequestrating -sequestrates -sequestrated -sequestration -sequestration's -sequestrations -sagacity's -scarcities -scarcity's -seacoast's -seacoasts -sequesters -sixties -sixty's -succeeds -suggests -sextet -succeeded -suggested -sextet's -sextets -succession -suggestion -succession's -successions -suggestion's -suggestions -sixshooter -sixshooter's -cicada -circuit -circuity -sacked -sagged -scad -scat -scatter -scatty -Scheat -Schedar -scoot -scooter -Scot -Scott -Scottie -scout -scouter -Scud -scud -sect -sector -segued -sequitur -Sgt -sicked -sickout -sighed -Sigurd -skate -skater -skeet -skeeter -skid -skied -skirt -skit -skitter -soaked -socked -socket -soughed -squad -squat -squatter -squid -squirt -sucked -Sukkot -surged -zygote -scatterbrain -scatterbrain's -scatterbrains -scatterbrained -skateboard -skateboarder -skateboarding -skateboarding's -skateboarder's -skateboarders -skateboard's -skateboards -skateboarded -skydive -skydiver -skydiving -skydiving's -skydiver's -skydivers -skydives -skydived -zygotic -circuital -schedule -scheduler -scuttle -skittle -scuttlebutt -scuttlebutt's -scatology -scatological -scatology's -scheduling -scuttling -Scotland -Scotland's -schedulers -schedule's -schedules -scuttle's -scuttles -skittles -scheduled -scuttled -scoutmaster -scoutmaster's -scoutmasters -circadian -circuiting -scatting -scooting -scouting -scudding -skating -skidding -skirting -squatting -squirting -scouting's -skating's -squatness -squatness's -skidpan -skidpans -circuitry -sectary -scattering -sectarian -skittering -squadron -scattering's -scatterings -sectarian's -sectarians -squadron's -squadrons -sectarianism -sectarianism's -circuitry's -Sagittarius -Sagittarius's -sectaries -sectary's -cicatrices -Sagittariuses -scattered -skittered -cicada's -cicadas -circuitous -circuit's -circuits -circuity's -scad's -scads -scat's -scats -scatter's -scatters -Scheat's -Schedar's -scooter's -scooters -scoots -Scot's -Scots -Scottie's -Scotties -Scott's -scouters -scout's -scouts -Scud's -scud's -scuds -secateurs -sector's -sectors -sect's -sects -sickout's -sickouts -Sigurd's -skater's -skaters -skate's -skates -skeeters -skeet's -skid's -skids -skirt's -skirts -skit's -skits -skitters -socket's -sockets -squad's -squads -squat's -squats -squatter's -squatters -squid's -squids -squirt's -squirts -zygote's -zygotes -circuitously -Scotsman -Scotsmen -Scotsman's -Scotsmen's -circuitousness -circuitousness's -squattest -Scottsdale -Scottsdale's -Scotswoman -Scotswomen -Scotswoman's -Scotswomen's -circuited -scatted -scooted -scouted -scudded -skated -skidded -skirted -squatted -squirted -skedaddle -skedaddling -skedaddle's -skedaddles -skedaddled -Scottish -skittish -succotash -skittishly -skittishness -skittishness's -Scottish's -succotash's -scattershot -Segway -skewer -skewing -skewering -skewered -Segways -skewer's -skewers -skewed -skyward -skywards -scorch -scorcher -Scotch -scotch -Scotia -sickish -sketch -sketcher -sketchier -sketchy -squash -squashier -squashy -squish -squishier -squishy -sketchbook -sketchbooks -sketchily -Scotchman -Scotchmen -Scotchman's -Scotchmen's -scorching -scotching -scutcheon -section -sketching -squashing -squishing -suction -zucchini -sectional -sectional's -sectionals -sectionalism -sectionalism's -sectioning -suctioning -scutcheon's -scutcheons -section's -sections -sketchiness -sketchiness's -suction's -suctions -zucchini's -zucchinis -sectioned -suctioned -sketchpad -sketchpads -saccharin -saccharine -saccharin's -scorcher's -scorchers -scorches -scorch's -Scotches -scotches -Scotch's -scotch's -scotchs -Scotia's -sketcher's -sketchers -sketches -sketch's -squashes -squash's -squishes -squish's -sketchiest -squashiest -squishiest -scorched -scotched -sketched -squashed -squished -Scotchwoman -Scotchwomen -Scotchwoman's -Scotchwomen's -Sequoya -Skye -sockeye -sukiyaki -sukiyaki's -skying -Sequoya's -Skye's -sockeye's -sockeyes -Celia -cell -cellar -cello -cilia -sail -sailor -Sal -sale -Sallie -sallow -Sally -sally -Saul -Scylla -seal -sealer -sell -seller -Seoul -sill -sillier -silly -silo -slaw -slay -sleigh -slew -sloe -slough -slow -slue -slur -sly -soil -Sol -sol -solar -sole -solo -soul -sourly -Sulla -sully -surlier -surly -XL -zeal -Zola -Zulu -slather -sleuth -slither -sloth -slothful -slothfully -slothfulness -slothfulness's -sleuthing -slithery -slathering -slithering -slathered -slithered -slathers -sleuth's -sleuths -slither's -slithers -sloth's -sloths -celeb -slab -slob -slobber -syllabub -syllabubs -syllabify -syllabification -syllabification's -syllabifies -syllabified -syllabifying -syllabic -syllabicate -syllabicating -syllabicates -syllabicated -syllabication -syllabication's -soluble -syllable -soluble's -solubles -syllable's -syllables -solubility -solubility's -slabbing -slobbing -slobbery -slobbering -celebrant -celebrant's -celebrants -salubrious -celebrate -celebrator -celebrity -slobbered -celebrating -celebratory -celebrates -celebrator's -celebrators -celebrities -celebrity's -celebrated -celebration -celebration's -celebrations -celebs -celibacy -slab's -slabs -slobber's -slobbers -slob's -slobs -syllabus -syllabus's -celibacy's -syllabuses -celibate -sailboard -sailboarder -sailboat -slabbed -slobbed -sailboarding -sailboarding's -celibate's -celibates -sailboarder's -sailboarders -sailboard's -sailboards -sailboat's -sailboats -saliva -salve -salver -salvo -self -selfie -selloff -Silva -silver -Silvia -Slav -slave -slaver -sleeve -sliver -solve -solver -sulfa -sylph -Sylvia -Sylvie -solvable -silverfish -silverfishes -silverfish's -slaveholder -slaveholder's -slaveholders -salvage -selvage -Slavic -Slovak -Slovakia -sylphic -salvageable -salvaging -Slovakian -salvage's -salvages -selvage's -selvages -Slavic's -Slovakia's -Slovak's -Slovaks -salvaged -soulful -soulfully -sylphlike -soulfulness -soulfulness's -selfless -sleeveless -selflessly -selflessness -selflessness's -cellophane -cellphone -salving -slaving -sloven -Slovene -Slovenia -solving -Sullivan -sylvan -xylophone -Slavonic -Slavonic's -slovenlier -slovenly -slovenliness -slovenliness's -slovenliest -sulfonamides -Slovenian -Slovenian's -Slovenians -cellophane's -cellphone's -cellphones -Slovene's -Slovenes -Slovenia's -sloven's -slovens -solvency -Sullivan's -xylophone's -xylophones -solvency's -xylophonist -xylophonist's -xylophonists -solvent -solvent's -solvents -slaphappy -salivary -silvery -slavery -silvering -slavering -slivering -Zollverein -Zollverein's -slavery's -silvered -slavered -slivered -saliva's -salver's -salvers -salve's -salves -salvo's -salvos -selfie's -selfies -self's -selloff's -selloffs -selves -Silva's -silver's -silvers -Silvia's -slaver's -slavers -slave's -slaves -Slav's -Slavs -sleeve's -sleeves -sliver's -slivers -solver's -solvers -solves -sulfa's -sylph's -sylphs -Sylvia's -Sylvie's -selfsame -silversmith -silversmith's -silversmiths -Sylvester -Sylvester's -salivate -Salvador -salved -slaved -sleeved -solved -Zoloft -salivating -Salvatore -Salvadoran -Salvadorean -Salvadorian -Salvadoran's -Salvadorans -Salvadorean's -Salvadoreans -Salvadorian's -Salvadorians -Salvatore's -salivates -Salvador's -Zoloft's -salivated -silverware -silverware's -sailfish -selfish -slavish -selfishly -slavishly -salivation -salvation -salivation's -salvation's -selfishness -selfishness's -slavishness -slavishness's -sailfishes -sailfish's -silhouette -silhouetting -silhouette's -silhouettes -silhouetted -Salk -silage -silica -silk -silkier -silky -slack -slacker -slag -slake -sledge -sleek -sleeker -slick -slicker -slog -sludge -sludgier -sludgy -slug -slugger -sulk -sulkier -sulky -Zelig -zoology -Seljuk -Selkirk -zoological -zoologically -Seljuk's -Selkirk's -silkily -slackly -sleekly -slickly -sulkily -sailcloth -sailcloth's -Slocum -Slocum's -silicon -silicone -silken -slacken -slacking -slagging -slaking -sleeking -sleighing -slicking -slogan -slogging -sloughing -slugging -sulking -slackening -sloganeering -silicone's -silicon's -silicons -silkiness -silkiness's -slackens -slackness -slackness's -sleekness -sleekness's -slickness -slickness's -slogan's -slogans -sulkiness -sulkiness's -slackened -slagheap -slagheaps -Salk's -Seleucus -Seleucus's -silage's -silica's -silk's -silks -slacker's -slackers -slack's -slacks -slacks's -slag's -slags -slakes -sledge's -sledges -sleeks -slicker's -slickers -slick's -slicks -slog's -slogs -sludge's -slugger's -sluggers -slug's -slugs -sulkies -sulk's -sulks -sulky's -Zelig's -zoology's -silkscreen -silkscreen's -silkscreens -syllogism -syllogism's -syllogisms -silicosis -silicosis's -silkiest -slackest -sleekest -slickest -sludgiest -sulkiest -zoologist -syllogistic -zoologist's -zoologists -select -selector -silicate -slacked -slagged -slaked -sledged -sleeked -sleighed -slicked -slogged -sloughed -sluggard -slugged -sulked -selective -selectively -selectivity -selectivity's -selectman -selectmen -selectman's -selecting -selectness -selectness's -Selectric -Selectric's -selector's -selectors -selects -silicate's -silicates -sluggard's -sluggards -selected -silkworm -silkworm's -silkworms -Slackware -Slackware's -slowcoach -sluggish -sluggishly -selection -selection's -selections -sluggishness -sluggishness's -slowcoaches -cellular -slowly -slyly -solely -soliloquy -soliloquies -soliloquy's -slalom -slaloming -slalom's -slaloms -slalomed -Zululand -cellular's -cellulars -cellulose -cellulose's -cellulite -celluloid -cellulite's -cellulitis -celluloid's -cilium -salaam -salami -Salem -Salome -Selim -Selma -slam -slammer -slim -slime -slimier -slimmer -slimy -slum -slummer -slummier -slummy -xylem -Zelma -slumber -slumbering -slumberous -slumbered -slumber's -slumbers -slimline -slumlord -slumlord's -slumlords -salaaming -salmon -slamming -slimming -slumming -solemn -solemner -Solomon -Suleiman -solemnify -solemnifies -solemnified -solemnifying -salmonella -salmonellae -solemnly -salmonella's -salmon's -salmons -sliminess -sliminess's -slimming's -slimness -slimness's -solemness -solemness's -solemnness -solemnness's -Solomon's -Suleiman's -solemnest -salamander -solemnity -salamander's -salamanders -solemnities -solemnity's -slump -slumping -slump's -slumps -slumped -cilium's -salaam's -salaams -Salamis -salami's -salamis -Salamis's -Salem's -Salome's -Selim's -Selma's -slammer's -slammers -slam's -slams -slime's -slimmers -slims -slum's -slums -xylem's -Zelma's -slimiest -slimmest -slummiest -cellmate -salaamed -slammed -slimmed -slummed -soulmate -slumdog -slumdog's -slumdogs -cellmate's -cellmates -soulmate's -soulmates -ceiling -Celina -Cellini -Ceylon -sailing -Salerno -saline -Salinger -salon -saloon -sealing -Selena -selling -sirloin -slain -sling -Sloan -Sloane -sluing -soiling -soling -soloing -Solon -sullen -sullener -xylene -zillion -slingback -slingbacks -Salonika -slang -slangier -slangy -slink -slinkier -Slinky -slinky -slung -slunk -slinking -selenographer -selenography -selenographer's -selenographers -selenography's -Salonika's -slang's -slinks -Slinky's -slangiest -slinkiest -sullenly -selenium -selenium's -slinging -ceiling's -ceilings -Celina's -Cellini's -Ceylonese -Ceylon's -sailing's -sailings -Salerno's -salience -Salinas -Salinas's -saline's -salines -Salinger's -sallowness -sallowness's -salon's -salons -saloon's -saloons -Selena's -silence -silencer -silliness -silliness's -sirloin's -sirloins -sling's -slings -Sloane's -Sloan's -slowness -slowness's -slyness -slyness's -Solon's -sullenness -sullenness's -surliness -surliness's -zillion's -zillions -silencing -salience's -silencer's -silencers -silence's -silences -silenced -sullenest -cylinder -salient -salinity -sealant -silent -silenter -slander -slant -slender -solenoid -Zealand -saliently -silently -celandine -slanting -slantingly -celandine's -slenderness -slenderness's -cilantro -slanderer -slenderer -cylindrical -slandering -cilantro's -slanderer's -slanderers -slanderous -slenderest -slandered -cylinder's -cylinders -salient's -salients -salinity's -sealant's -sealants -silent's -silents -slander's -slanders -slant's -slants -solenoid's -solenoids -Zealand's -silentest -slanted -slantwise -slingshot -slingshot's -slingshots -slap -slapper -sleep -sleeper -sleepier -sleepy -slip -slipper -slippy -sloop -slop -slope -sloppier -sloppy -slurp -Slurpee -sleepover -sleepover's -sleepovers -sleepyhead -sleepyhead's -sleepyheads -slippage -slowpoke -slipcover -slipcover's -slipcovers -slipknot -slipknot's -slipknots -slipcase -slippage's -slippages -slowpoke's -slowpokes -slipcase's -slipcases -sleepily -sloppily -sailplane -sailplane's -sailplanes -sleepless -sleeplessly -sleeplessness -sleeplessness's -slapping -sleeping -slipping -sloping -slopping -slurping -sleepiness -sleepiness's -sloppiness -sloppiness's -slipperier -slippery -slipperiness -slipperiness's -slipperiest -slappers -slap's -slaps -sleeper's -sleepers -sleep's -sleeps -slipper's -slippers -slip's -slips -sloop's -sloops -slope's -slopes -slop's -slops -slops's -Slurpee's -slurp's -slurps -solipsism -solipsism's -solipsistic -sleepiest -sloppiest -slapstick -slapstick's -slipstream -slipstream's -slipstreams -slapped -slept -slipped -sloped -slopped -slurped -slapdash -sleepwear -slipway -sleepwalk -sleepwalker -sleepwalking -sleepwalking's -sleepwalker's -sleepwalkers -sleepwalks -sleepwalked -sleepwear's -slipway's -slipways -slipshod -celery -salary -SLR -slurry -solaria -celeriac -saleroom -solarium -salerooms -solarium's -Silurian -slurring -Silurian's -Silurians -celery's -salaries -salary's -slurry's -celerity -salaried -slurred -celerity's -Celia's -cellar's -cellars -cello's -cellos -cell's -cells -sailor's -sailors -sail's -sails -Salas -Salas's -Salazar -sale's -sales -Sallie's -sallies -Sally's -sally's -Sal's -salsa -Saul's -Scylla's -sealer's -sealers -seal's -seals -Selassie -Sellers -seller's -sellers -Sellers's -sell's -sells -Seoul's -Silas -Silas's -sillies -sill's -sills -silly's -silo's -silos -slaw's -slays -sleaze -sleazier -sleazy -sleigh's -sleighs -slew's -slews -slice -slicer -sloe's -sloes -slough's -sloughs -slows -slue's -slues -sluice -slur's -slurs -soil's -soils -solace -sole's -soles -Solis -Solis's -solo's -solos -Sol's -sol's -sols -soulless -soul's -souls -Sulla's -sullies -XL's -zealous -zeal's -Zola's -Zulu's -Zulus -sleazebag -sleazebags -sleazeball -sleazeballs -Salisbury -Salisbury's -Solzhenitsyn -Solzhenitsyn's -salesgirl -salesclerk -salesclerk's -salesclerks -salesgirl's -salesgirls -sealskin -sealskin's -sleazily -soullessly -zealously -saleslady -salesladies -saleslady's -salesman -salesmen -salesman's -salesmanship -salesmanship's -slicing -sluicing -solacing -Selznick -Selznick's -sleaziness -sleaziness's -soullessness -zealousness -zealousness's -salespeople -salespeople's -salesperson -salesperson's -salespersons -salesroom -salesrooms -Celsius -Celsius's -salacious -Salazar's -salsa's -salsas -Selassie's -siliceous -sleaze's -sleazes -slicer's -slicers -slice's -slices -sluice's -sluices -solace's -solaces -salaciously -solecism -solecism's -solecisms -salaciousness -salaciousness's -sleaziest -celesta -Celeste -cellist -salacity -Sallust -Seleucid -silliest -sliced -sluiced -solaced -solicit -solicitor -soloist -surliest -soliciting -celesta's -celestas -Celeste's -cellist's -cellists -salacity's -Sallust's -Seleucid's -solicitor's -solicitors -solicitous -solicits -soloist's -soloists -solstice -solicitously -solicitousness -solicitousness's -solstice's -solstices -solicited -solicitude -solicitude's -solicitation -solicitation's -solicitations -saleswoman -saleswomen -saleswoman's -celestial -celestially -celled -Celt -sailed -salad -Salado -sallied -SALT -salt -salter -saltier -salty -salute -sealed -sellout -silt -siltier -silty -slat -slate -Slater -slaughter -sled -sledder -sleet -sleety -sleight -slid -slide -slider -slight -slighter -slit -slitter -slot -slued -slut -sluttier -slutty -soiled -sold -solder -soldier -soled -solid -solider -solidi -soloed -solute -sullied -zealot -zeolite -zloty -saltbox -saltboxes -saltbox's -solidify -solidification -solidification's -solidifies -solidified -solidifying -ceilidh -ceilidhs -slaughterhouse -slaughterhouse's -slaughterhouses -Celtic -sledgehammer -sledgehammering -sledgehammered -sledgehammer's -sledgehammers -sledging -Celtic's -Celtics -slightly -soldierly -solidly -seldom -Saladin -saltine -salting -Salton -saluting -silting -slating -slattern -sledding -sleeting -sliding -slighting -slitting -slotting -slowdown -sultan -sultana -slatternly -Saladin's -saltine's -saltines -saltiness -saltiness's -Salton's -slattern's -slatterns -slightness -slightness's -slowdown's -slowdowns -solidness -solidness's -sultana's -sultanas -sultan's -sultans -sultanate -sultanate's -sultanates -sellotape -sellotaping -sellotapes -sellotaped -salutary -slaughterer -solderer -soldiery -solitaire -solitary -sultrier -sultry -zealotry -sultrily -slaughtering -soldering -soldiering -solitariness -solitariness's -sultriness -sultriness's -slaughterer's -slaughterers -solderer's -solderers -soldiery's -solitaire's -solitaires -solitaries -solitary's -zealotry's -sultriest -slaughtered -soldered -soldiered -solidarity -solidarity's -Celt's -Celts -Salado's -salad's -salads -SALT's -salt's -salts -salute's -salutes -sellout's -sellouts -seltzer -silt's -silts -Slater's -slate's -slates -slat's -slats -slaughter's -slaughters -sledder's -sledders -sled's -sleds -sleet's -sleets -sleight's -sleights -slider's -sliders -slide's -slides -slight's -slights -slit's -slits -slot's -slots -slut's -sluts -solder's -solders -soldier's -soldiers -solid's -solids -solidus -solidus's -solute's -solutes -zealot's -zealots -zeolites -zloties -zloty's -zlotys -saltcellar -saltcellar's -saltcellars -seltzer's -seltzers -saltest -saltiest -siltiest -slightest -sluttiest -solidest -salted -saluted -silted -slated -slatted -sledded -sleeted -slighted -slotted -solidity -solitude -salutatory -salutatorian -salutatorian's -salutatorians -solidity's -solitude's -saltwater -saltwater's -slideshow -sluttish -saltshaker -saltshaker's -saltshakers -salutation -salutation's -salutations -slideshow's -slideshows -sallower -slower -Salween -slewing -slowing -Salween's -Sulawesi -Sulawesi's -sallowest -slowest -slewed -slowed -Salish -Silesia -slash -slasher -slosh -slouch -sloucher -slouchier -slouchy -slush -slushier -slushy -zilch -slashing -sloshing -slouching -solution -slushiness -slushiness's -solution's -solutions -Salish's -Silesia's -slasher's -slashers -slashes -slash's -sloshes -sloucher's -slouchers -slouches -slouch's -slush's -zilch's -slouchiest -slushiest -slashed -sloshed -slouched -Slashdot -Slashdot's -slayer -sallying -slaying -sullying -slaying's -slayings -slayer's -slayers -Salyut -slayed -Salyut's -SAM -Sam -Samar -same -samey -Sammie -Sammy -Samoa -seam -seamier -seamy -seem -semi -Seymour -sim -simmer -Sm -smear -some -Somme -sum -Summer -summer -sumo -zoom -Smith -smith -smithy -smooth -smoother -smoothie -smother -smoothly -smoothing -something -smoothness -smoothness's -something's -somethings -smothering -smithereens -smithereens's -smothered -smithies -Smith's -smith's -smiths -smithy's -smoothie's -smoothies -smooths -smother's -smothers -Smithson -Smithsonian -Smithsonian's -Smithson's -smoothest -smoothed -Cimabue -samba -Zambia -Zomba -zombie -Zimbabwe -Zimbabwean -Zimbabwean's -Zimbabweans -Zimbabwe's -cymbal -symbol -symbolic -symbolical -symbolically -Cymbeline -Cymbeline's -semblance -semblance's -semblances -cymbal's -cymbals -symbol's -symbols -symbolism -symbolism's -cymbalist -cymbalist's -cymbalists -sambaing -Zambian -Zamboni -Zambian's -Zambians -Zamboni's -semibreve -semibreves -sombrero -sombrero's -sombreros -Cimabue's -samba's -sambas -Zambezi -Zambia's -Zomba's -zombie's -zombies -symbioses -symbiosis -symbiosis's -Zambezi's -sambaed -somebody -symbiotic -symbiotically -somebodies -somebody's -samovar -smurf -symphony -symphonic -semifinal -semifinal's -semifinals -semifinalist -semifinalist's -semifinalists -symphonies -symphony's -semaphore -semaphoring -semaphore's -semaphores -semaphored -samovar's -samovars -smurfs -semivowel -semivowel's -semivowels -semiofficial -somehow -somewhere -summerhouse -summerhouse's -summerhouses -somewhat -somewhats -smack -smacker -smirk -smock -smog -smoggier -smoggy -smoke -smoker -Smokey -smokey -smokier -smoky -smudge -smudgier -smudgy -smug -smugger -sumac -zymurgy -semiquaver -semiquavers -smokehouse -smokehouse's -smokehouses -smuggle -smuggler -smugly -semicolon -smuggling -semicolon's -semicolons -smuggling's -semigloss -smokeless -smuggler's -smugglers -smuggles -semiglosses -smuggled -smacking -smidgen -smirking -smocking -smoking -smidgen's -smidgens -smocking's -smokiness -smokiness's -smoking's -smugness -smugness's -semiconscious -Samarkand -semiconductor -semiconducting -semiconductor's -semiconductors -Samarkand's -smacker's -smackers -smack's -smacks -smirk's -smirks -smock's -smocks -smog's -smogs -smoker's -smokers -smoke's -smokes -Smokey's -smudge's -smudges -sumac's -XEmacs -XEmacs's -zymurgy's -smokescreen -smokescreen's -smokescreens -smoggiest -smokiest -smudgiest -smuggest -smokestack -smokestack's -smokestacks -smacked -smirked -smocked -smoked -smudged -Samuel -sawmill -seemlier -seemly -similar -simile -Small -small -smaller -smell -smellier -smelly -smile -smiley -Somali -Somalia -XML -smallholder -smallholding -smallholdings -smallholders -simulacra -simulacrum -simulacrums -smilax -smilax's -simulcast -simulcasting -simulcast's -simulcasts -simulcasted -similarly -semolina -smelling -smiling -Somalian -smilingly -seemliness -seemliness's -semolina's -smallness -smallness's -smelliness -smelliness's -Somalian's -Somalians -Smolensk -Smolensk's -smallpox -smallpox's -similarity -similarities -similarity's -Samuel's -sawmill's -sawmills -seamless -simile's -similes -Small's -small's -smalls -smell's -smells -smile's -smiles -smiley's -smileys -Somalia's -Somali's -Somalis -seamlessly -Samuelson -Samuelson's -seemliest -smallest -smelliest -simulate -simulator -smelled -smelt -smelter -smiled -Smollett -simulating -smelting -simultaneous -simultaneously -simultaneity -simultaneity's -simulates -simulator's -simulators -smelter's -smelters -smelt's -smelts -Smollett's -similitude -simulated -smelted -similitude's -smallish -simulation -simulation's -simulations -smarmier -smarmy -Zimmerman -semimonthly -semimonthlies -semimonthly's -Zimmerman's -smarmiest -Samoan -seaman -seamen -seaming -seeming -semen -seminar -sermon -simian -Simon -Simone -simony -someone -summing -summon -summoner -Sumner -zooming -Samantha -Samantha's -Smirnoff -Smirnoff's -Zamenhof -Zamenhof's -seemingly -semiannual -semiannually -seminal -Seminole -somnolence -somnolence's -somnolent -Seminole's -Seminoles -somnambulism -somnambulism's -somnambulist -somnambulist's -somnambulists -Simenon -summoning -Simenon's -seminary -seminarian -seminarian's -seminarians -seminaries -seminary's -sameness -sameness's -Samoan's -Samoans -seaman's -semen's -seminar's -seminars -sermon's -sermons -Siemens -Siemens's -simian's -simians -Simmons -Simmons's -Simone's -Simon's -simony's -someone's -someones -summoner's -summoners -summons -summons's -Sumner's -Ximenes -Ximenes's -simonizing -summonsing -simonizes -summonses -simonized -summonsed -cement -cementer -seamount -summoned -surmount -surmountable -semantic -semantically -semantics -semantics's -Simmental -Simmental's -cementum -cementum's -cementing -surmounting -cementer's -cementers -cement's -cements -seamount's -seamounts -surmounts -semanticist -semanticist's -semanticists -cemented -surmounted -seamanship -seamanship's -simper -sump -sympathy -sympathies -sympathies's -sympathy's -sympathetic -sympathetically -sample -sampler -simple -simpler -simply -simplify -simplification -simplification's -simplifications -simplifies -simplified -simplifying -simplex -simpleminded -sampling -sampling's -samplings -simpleness -simpleness's -sampler's -samplers -sample's -samples -someplace -simplest -simplicity -simplistic -simplistically -simplicity's -sampled -simpleton -simpleton's -simpletons -semipermeable -sampan -sampan's -sampans -semipro -semiprivate -semiprofessional -semiprofessional's -semiprofessionals -simpering -simperingly -semipros -semiprecious -simpered -simper's -simpers -sump's -sumps -symposium -symposium's -symposiums -Sampson -Simpson -Sampson's -Simpson's -Simpsons -Simpsons's -sempstress -sempstress's -sempstresses -simpatico -symptom -symptom's -symptoms -symptomatic -symptomatically -sumptuous -sumptuously -sumptuousness -sumptuousness's -Samara -samurai -smearier -smeary -Sumeria -summary -summery -Zamora -summarily -samarium -samarium's -Semiramis -Semiramis's -simmering -smearing -Smyrna -Sumerian -summering -Semarang -Semarang's -Sumerian's -Sumerians -Samara's -samurai's -samurais -Sumeria's -summaries -summary's -Zamora's -smeariest -semiarid -simmered -smeared -summered -Samaritan -Samaritan's -Samaritans -semiretired -Samar's -sames -Sammie's -Sammy's -Samoa's -samosa -SAM's -Sam's -seam's -seams -seems -semi's -semis -Seymour's -simmer's -simmers -Sims -sim's -sims -Sims's -smear's -smears -Sm's -Somme's -Somoza -Summer's -Summers -summer's -summers -Summers's -sumo's -sum's -sums -surmise -Xmas -Xmas's -zoom's -zooms -semicircle -semicircular -semicircle's -semicircles -semiskilled -semisolid -somersault -somersaulting -somersault's -somersaults -somersaulted -Samson -surmising -Samsung -Samsung's -Samson's -Samsonite -Samsonite's -samosas -Somoza's -surmise's -surmises -Xmases -Samoset -seamiest -semester -somerset -surmised -somersetting -seamstress -seamstress's -seamstresses -Samoset's -semester's -semesters -somerset's -somersets -samizdat -somersetted -samizdats -semisweet -cermet -scimitar -seamed -seemed -Semite -smart -smarter -smarty -smite -smote -smut -smuttier -smutty -someday -summat -summed -summit -Sumter -zoomed -smartphone -smartphone's -smartphones -semiotic -Semitic -somatic -smudging -semidarkness -semidarkness's -semiotics -semiotics's -Semitic's -Semitics -Semtex -Semtex's -smartly -sometime -summertime -sometimes -summertime's -semiautomatic -semiautomatic's -semiautomatics -semitone -smarten -smarting -Smetana -smiting -smitten -smartening -semitone's -semitones -smartens -smartness -smartness's -Smetana's -smuttiness -smuttiness's -smartened -smartypants -smartypants's -cemetery -Sumatra -summitry -symmetry -symmetric -symmetrical -symmetrically -semitrailer -semitrailer's -semitrailers -smattering -Sumatran -smattering's -smatterings -Sumatran's -Sumatrans -semitransparent -semitropical -cemeteries -cemetery's -Sumatra's -summitry's -symmetries -symmetry's -cermet's -scimitar's -scimitars -Semite's -Semites -smarties -smart's -smarts -smarts's -smarty's -smites -Smuts -smut's -smuts -Smuts's -summit's -summits -Sumter's -smartest -smuttiest -smarted -semidetached -smartwatch -smartwatches -smartwatch's -someway -semiweekly -semiweeklies -semiweekly's -someways -smash -smasher -smirch -smooch -smoochy -smashing -smirching -smooching -summation -summation's -summations -smashup -smashup's -smashups -smasher's -smashers -smashes -smash's -smirches -smirch's -smooches -smooch's -smashed -smirched -smooched -semiyearly -Samoyed -Samoyed's -cine -San -San'a -Sana -sane -saner -sarnie -sauna -scene -scion -Sean -seeing -seen -Seine -seine -seiner -Sen -sen -Senior -senior -senna -senor -sewn -sienna -sign -signed -sin -Sinai -sine -sinew -sinewy -sing -singe -Singer -singer -sinner -Sn -sneer -Snow -snow -snowy -Son -son -sonar -Sonia -Sonny -sonny -Sony -soon -sooner -sown -suing -Sun -sun -Sunni -sunnier -sunny -syn -Xenia -Xi'an -Xian -Xingu -Zane -zanier -zany -Zen -zen -Zeno -zine -zing -zinger -zingier -zingy -zinnia -Zion -Zn -zone -Zorn -Zuni -Cynthia -synth -zenith -Xanthippe -Xanthippe's -Cynthia's -synths -zenith's -zeniths -syntheses -synthesis -synthesis's -synthesizer -synthesizer's -synthesizers -sainthood -synthetic -synthetically -synthetic's -synthetics -sainthood's -cinnabar -snob -snobbier -snobby -snub -sunbath -sunbathe -sunbather -sunbathing -sunbathing's -sunbather's -sunbathers -sunbathes -sunbath's -sunbaths -sunbathed -singable -snowball -sunblock -sunblock's -sunblocks -snowballing -snowball's -snowballs -snowballed -Snowbelt -Sunbelt -sunbelt -Snowbelt's -Sunbelt's -sunbelt's -sunbelts -snowblower -snowblower's -snowblowers -Sunbeam -sunbeam -Sunbeam's -sunbeam's -sunbeams -snubbing -sunburn -snowbank -snowbank's -snowbanks -sunburning -sunburn's -sunburns -snowbound -sunbonnet -sunburned -sunbonnet's -sunbonnets -snobbery -snobbery's -cinnabar's -snob's -snobs -snub's -snubs -snobbiest -sunburst -sunburst's -sunbursts -Sinbad -snowbird -snowboard -snowboarder -snubbed -sunbed -snowboarding -snowboarding's -Sinbad's -snowbird's -snowbirds -snowboarder's -snowboarders -snowboard's -snowboards -sunbeds -snowboarded -snobbish -snobbishly -snobbishness -snobbishness's -Sarnoff -snafu -snarf -sniff -sniffer -sniffier -sniffy -snuff -snuffer -xenophobe -xenophobia -xenophobic -snuffbox -snuffboxes -snuffbox's -xenophobe's -xenophobes -xenophobia's -sinful -sinfully -snaffle -sniffle -snivel -snowfall -snuffle -snuffly -Sunnyvale -synfuel -synovial -snowflake -snowflake's -snowflakes -snaffling -sniffling -snuffling -sinfulness -sinfulness's -snaffle's -snaffles -sniffle's -sniffles -snivel's -snivels -snowfall's -snowfalls -snuffle's -snuffles -Sunnyvale's -synfuel's -synfuels -Seinfeld -snaffled -sniffled -snowfield -snuffled -Seinfeld's -snowfield's -snowfields -sunflower -sunflower's -sunflowers -snarfing -sniffing -snuffing -Xenophon -Xenophon's -Zinfandel -zinfandel -Zinfandel's -zinfandel's -Sanforized -Sanforized's -Sarnoff's -snafu's -snafus -snarfs -sniffer's -sniffers -sniff's -sniffs -snuffer's -snuffers -snuff's -snuffs -sniffiest -Sanford -snarfed -sniffed -snifter -snuffed -Sanford's -snifter's -snifters -sunfish -sunfishes -sunfish's -Singh -Sinhalese -Sinhalese's -Singh's -sunhat -Sanhedrin -Sanhedrin's -sunhats -cynic -Sang -sang -Sanger -sank -Sanka -scenic -Seneca -Senghor -sink -sinker -snack -snag -Snake -snake -snakier -snaky -snark -snarkier -snarky -sneak -sneaker -sneakier -sneaky -snick -snicker -snog -snooker -snug -snugger -song -Songhai -Songhua -sonic -Sonja -Sung -sung -sunk -sync -synergy -Synge -Zanuck -Zenger -zinc -songbook -songbook's -songbooks -sinkable -snakebite -songbird -snakebite's -snakebites -songbird's -songbirds -sangfroid -sangfroid's -songfest -songfest's -songfests -sinkhole -sinkhole's -sinkholes -synagogue -synagogal -synagogue's -synagogues -cynical -cynically -scenically -Senegal -Sinclair -sneakily -snorkel -snorkeler -snuggle -snugly -snakelike -snuggling -snorkeling's -Senegalese -Senegal's -Sinclair's -snorkeler's -snorkelers -snorkel's -snorkels -snuggle's -snuggles -Senegalese's -sunglasses -sunglasses's -snuggled -sanguine -sinking -snacking -snagging -snaking -sneaking -snicking -snogging -snugging -sunken -Xiongnu -zincking -Sinkiang -Sinkiang's -sanguinely -sneakingly -sanguinary -sneakiness -sneakiness's -snugness -snugness's -Xiongnu's -syncope -syncope's -syncopate -syncopating -syncopates -syncopated -syncopation -syncopation's -sangria -Sankara -sinecure -sonogram -sonogram's -sonograms -snickering -snookering -sangria's -Sankara's -sinecure's -sinecures -snickered -snookered -songwriter -songwriting -songwriter's -songwriters -cynic's -cynics -Sanger's -Sang's -sangs -Sanka's -Seneca's -Senecas -Senghor's -sinker's -sinkers -sink's -sinks -snack's -snacks -snag's -snags -Snake's -snake's -snakes -snarks -sneaker's -sneakers -sneak's -sneaks -Snickers -snicker's -snickers -Snickers's -snicks -snogs -snooker's -snookers -snug's -snugs -Songhai's -Songhua's -song's -songs -Sonja's -Sung's -sync's -syncs -synergies -synergy's -Synge's -Xenakis -Xenakis's -Zanuck's -Zenger's -zinc's -zincs -snakeskin -synergism -synergism's -snakiest -snarkiest -sneakiest -snuggest -songster -Sunkist -synergistic -songstress -songstress's -songstresses -songster's -songsters -Sunkist's -snacked -snagged -snaked -sneaked -snicked -snogged -snugged -zincked -zonked -sanctify -sanctification -sanctification's -sanctifies -sanctified -sanctifying -sanctum -sanctimony -sanctimonious -sanctimony's -sanctimoniously -sanctimoniousness -sanctimoniousness's -sanctum's -sanctums -cincture -sanctuary -cincture's -cinctures -sanctuaries -sanctuary's -sanctity -sanctity's -sanction -sanctioning -sanction's -sanctions -sanctioned -sanely -senile -single -singly -singular -snail -snarl -snarlier -snarly -Snell -zonal -zonally -sinology -singularly -sunlamp -sunlamp's -sunlamps -singling -snailing -snarling -snowline -singalong -singalongs -snarlingly -singleness -singleness's -singularity -singularities -singularity's -single's -singles -singles's -singular's -singulars -sinless -snail's -snails -snarl's -snarls -Snell's -sunless -snarliest -senility -singled -singlet -snailed -snarled -sunlight -sunlit -Singleton -singleton -Singleton's -singleton's -singletons -singletree -singletree's -singletrees -senility's -singlets -sunlight's -cinema -surname -snowmobile -snowmobiling -snowmobile's -snowmobiles -snowmobiled -cinnamon -snowman -snowmen -cinnamon's -snowman's -cinema's -cinemas -surname's -surnames -CinemaScope -CinemaScope's -cinematic -cinematographer -cinematography -cinematographic -cinematographer's -cinematographers -cinematography's -saunaing -seining -singeing -singing -sinning -sunning -xenon -zinging -zoning -synonym -synonymy -synonymous -synonym's -synonyms -synonymy's -saneness -saneness's -singing's -sunniness -sunniness's -xenon's -zaniness -zaniness's -zoning's -snap -snapper -snappier -snappy -snip -snipe -sniper -snippier -snippy -snoop -snooper -snoopier -Snoopy -snoopy -sunup -snappily -Snapple -Snapple's -snowplowing -snowplowed -snapping -sniping -snipping -snooping -snappiness -snappiness's -Singapore -Singaporean -Singaporean's -Singaporeans -Singapore's -snapper's -snappers -snap's -snaps -sniper's -snipers -snipe's -snipes -snip's -snips -snips's -snooper's -snoopers -snoop's -snoops -Snoopy's -sunup's -synapse -synapse's -synapses -synopses -synopsis -synopsis's -snappiest -snippiest -snoopiest -snapped -sniped -snipped -snippet -snooped -synaptic -synoptic -snapdragon -snapdragon's -snapdragons -snippet's -snippets -snappish -snappishly -snappishness -snappishness's -snapshot -snapshot's -snapshots -scenario -scenery -senora -snare -snore -snorer -Sonora -sunroof -sunroof's -sunroofs -Cinerama -Cinerama's -snaring -sneering -snoring -sneeringly -sneerings -scenario's -scenarios -scenery's -senora's -senoras -snare's -snares -snorer's -snorers -snore's -snores -Sonora's -sonorous -sunrise -sonorously -sonorousness -sonorousness's -sunrise's -sunrises -scenarist -scenarist's -scenarists -seniority -senorita -snared -sneered -snored -sonority -seniority's -senorita's -senoritas -sonority's -censer -censor -Sana's -San's -sans -sarnies -sauna's -saunas -scene's -scenes -science -scion's -scions -Sean's -seeings -seiner's -seiners -Seine's -seine's -seines -Senior's -senior's -seniors -senna's -senor's -senors -sens -sense -sensor -sienna's -sign's -signs -Sinai's -since -sine's -sines -sinew's -sinews -Singer's -singer's -singers -singe's -singes -sing's -sings -sinner's -sinners -sin's -sins -sinuous -sinus -sinus's -snazzier -snazzy -sneer's -sneers -sneeze -snooze -Snow's -snow's -snows -Sn's -sonar's -sonars -Sonia's -sonnies -Sonny's -sonny's -Son's -son's -sons -Sony's -sourness -sourness's -Sunni's -Sunnis -Sun's -Suns -sun's -suns -Xenia's -Xi'an's -Xian's -Xians -Xingu's -Zane's -zanies -zany's -Zeno's -Zen's -Zens -zens -zines -zinger's -zingers -zing's -zings -zinnia's -zinnias -Zion's -Zions -Zn's -zone's -zones -Zorn's -Zuni's -Zanzibar -sensible -sensibly -sensibleness -sensibleness's -sensibility -sensibilities -sensibility's -Zanzibar's -sonsofbitches -Cenozoic -sunscreen -sunscreen's -sunscreens -Sanskrit -Sanskrit's -Cenozoic's -sensual -sensually -sinuously -snazzily -senseless -senselessly -senselessness -senselessness's -sensualist -sensualist's -sensualists -sensuality -sensuality's -Zionism -Zionism's -Zionisms -sensing -sneezing -snoozing -syncing -singsong -singsonging -singsong's -singsongs -singsonged -senescence -senescence's -Cincinnati -senescent -Cincinnati's -sunspot -sunspot's -sunspots -censure -censurer -cynosure -sensory -sincere -sincerer -censurable -sanserif -censorial -sincerely -censoring -censuring -Sensurround -Sensurround's -censorious -censurer's -censurers -censure's -censures -cynosure's -cynosures -censoriously -censoriousness -censoriousness's -sincerest -censored -censured -sincerity -sincerity's -censer's -censers -censor's -censors -census -census's -science's -sciences -sense's -senses -sensor's -sensors -sensuous -sinuses -sneeze's -sneezes -snooze's -snoozes -sensuously -cynicism -cynicism's -censusing -sensuousness -sensuousness's -censuses -censused -snazziest -sanest -sensed -sinister -sinuosity -sneezed -snoozed -snowsuit -soonest -sunniest -sunset -synced -zaniest -zingiest -Zionist -sensitive -sensitively -sensitiveness -sensitiveness's -sensitive's -sensitives -sensitivity -sensitivities -sensitivity's -sinusoidal -snowstorm -snowstorm's -snowstorms -sunstroke -sunstroke's -sinuosity's -sinusitis -sinusitis's -snowsuit's -snowsuits -sunset's -sunsets -Zionist's -Zionists -sensation -sensational -sensationally -sensationalism -sensationalism's -sensationalist -sensationalist's -sensationalists -sensation's -sensations -censorship -censorship's -cent -centaur -cinder -Cindy -saint -Sand -sand -sander -sandier -Sandy -sandy -sanity -Santa -saunaed -saunter -scent -seined -Senate -senate -senator -send -Sendai -sender -Sennett -sent -singed -sinned -Snead -snide -Snider -snider -snit -snood -snoot -snootier -snooty -snort -snorter -snot -snottier -snotty -snout -Snyder -sonata -sonnet -sound -sounder -sundae -Sunday -sunder -sunned -Sunnite -synod -Xanadu -zenned -zinged -zoned -sandbar -soundbar -sandbag -sandbagger -Sandburg -sandbagging -sandbagger's -sandbaggers -sandbag's -sandbags -sandbox -Sandburg's -sandboxes -sandbox's -sandbagged -sandblast -sandblaster -sandblasting -sandblaster's -sandblasters -sandblast's -sandblasts -sandblasted -sandbank -sandbank's -sandbanks -sandbar's -sandbars -soundbars -Sindbad -soundbite -soundboard -Sindbad's -soundbites -soundboard's -soundboards -cenotaph -centavo -sendoff -scientific -scientifically -Sandoval -Sandoval's -cenotaph's -cenotaphs -centavo's -centavos -sendoff's -sendoffs -Sindhi -sandhog -sandhog's -sandhogs -Sondheim -Sondheim's -Sindhi's -Sontag -sundeck -syndicalism -syndicalist -syndicalists -centigram -centigram's -centigrams -Centigrade -centigrade -Sontag's -sundecks -syntax -syntax's -sandcastle -sandcastle's -sandcastles -syndicate -syntactic -syntactical -syntactically -syndicating -syndicate's -syndicates -syndicated -syndication -syndication's -saintlier -saintly -sandal -scintilla -snidely -snootily -snottily -soundly -sundial -saintlike -Scientology -soundalike -Scientology's -soundalikes -Scientologist -Scientologist's -Scientologists -saintliness -saintliness's -sandal's -sandals -scentless -scintilla's -scintillas -soundless -sundial's -sundials -soundlessly -saintliest -sandlot -sandlotter -scintillate -scintillating -sandlot's -sandlots -sandlotter's -sandlotters -scintillates -scintillated -sandalwood -sandalwood's -scintillation -scintillation's -centime -sandman -sandmen -sandman's -sentiment -sentimental -sentimentally -sentimentalism -sentimentalism's -sentimentalist -sentimentalist's -sentimentalists -sentimentality -sentimentality's -sentiment's -sentiments -centime's -centimes -sanding -Santana -scenting -sending -snorting -sonatina -sounding -sundown -suntan -centennial -centennially -sentinel -centennial's -centennials -sentinel's -sentinels -suntanning -centenary -centenarian -centenarian's -centenarians -centenaries -centenary's -sandiness -sandiness's -Santana's -sentence -sentience -snootiness -snootiness's -snottiness -snottiness's -sonatina's -sonatinas -sounding's -soundings -soundness -soundness's -Sundanese -sundown's -sundowns -suntan's -suntans -sentencing -sentence's -sentences -sentience's -Sundanese's -Sandinista -sentenced -Sandinista's -sentient -suntanned -sententious -sententiously -sandpaper -sandpiper -sandpapering -sandpapered -sandpaper's -sandpapers -sandpiper's -sandpipers -soundproof -soundproofing -soundproofing's -soundproofs -soundproofed -centipede -sandpit -centipede's -centipedes -sandpits -century -Sandra -sanitary -Santeria -Saundra -sentry -Sinatra -Sondra -sundry -centrifuge -centrifugal -centrifugally -centrifuging -centrifuge's -centrifuges -centrifuged -snowdrift -snowdrift's -snowdrifts -Central -central -centrally -Cinderella -senatorial -central's -centrals -Cinderella's -Cinderellas -centralism -centralist -centrality -centrality's -sanatorium -sanitarium -syndrome -sanatorium's -sanatoriums -sanitarium's -sanitariums -syndrome's -syndromes -centurion -cindering -sanitarian -sauntering -sundering -centurion's -centurions -sanitarian's -sanitarians -snowdrop -suntrap -snowdrop's -snowdrops -suntraps -centripetal -centripetally -Centaurus -Centaurus's -centuries -century's -Sandra's -Santeria's -Saundra's -sentries -sentry's -Sinatra's -Sondra's -sundress -sundries -sundries's -centrism -centrism's -sundresses -centrist -centrist's -centrists -cindered -sauntered -sundered -centaur's -centaurs -cent's -cents -cinder's -cinders -Cindy's -saint's -saints -Sanders -sander's -sanders -Sanders's -Sand's -sand's -sands -Sandy's -sanity's -Santa's -Santos -Santos's -Saunders -Saunders's -saunter's -saunters -scent's -scents -Senate's -Senates -senate's -senates -senator's -senators -Sendai's -sender's -senders -sends -Sennett's -Snead's -Snider's -snit's -snits -snood's -snoods -snoot's -snoots -snorter's -snorters -snort's -snorts -snot's -snots -snout's -snouts -Snyder's -sonata's -sonatas -sonnet's -sonnets -sounder's -sounders -sound's -sounds -sundae's -sundaes -Sundas -Sundas's -Sunday's -Sundays -sunders -Sunnite's -Sunnites -synod's -synods -Xanadu's -zounds -soundscape -soundscapes -sandiest -scientist -snidest -snootiest -snottiest -soundest -sandstorm -sandstorm's -sandstorms -sandstone -sandstone's -scientist's -scientists -sainted -sanded -scented -snorted -sounded -soundtrack -soundtrack's -soundtracks -sandwich -sandwiching -sandwiches -sandwich's -sandwiched -soundcheck -soundchecks -sanitation -sanitation's -Santayana -Santayana's -snowier -snowing -snowiness -snowiness's -snowiest -snowed -cinch -Sancho -snatch -snatcher -snitch -snowshoe -Santiago -Santiago's -cinching -cinchona -snatching -snitching -snowshoeing -sunshine -sunshiny -cinchona's -cinchonas -sunshine's -Sennacherib -Sennacherib's -synchronous -synchronously -synchronicity -cinches -cinch's -Sanchez -Sancho's -snatcher's -snatchers -snatches -snatch's -snitches -snitch's -snowshoe's -snowshoes -Sanchez's -cinched -snatched -snitched -sunshade -sunshade's -sunshades -Sonya -Sonya's -SAP -sap -sapper -sappier -sappy -Scipio -seep -Sep -sepia -Sepoy -sip -sipper -soap -soapier -soapy -SOP -sop -soppier -soppy -soup -soupier -soupy -Sp -spa -spar -spay -spear -Speer -spew -spoor -spur -spy -sup -super -supp -supper -zap -Zappa -zapper -zappy -zip -zipper -zippier -zippy -spathe -spathe's -spathes -superb -superber -soapbox -soapboxes -soapbox's -superbly -Superbowl -Superbowl's -superbest -SPF -spiff -spiffier -spiffy -spiv -spoof -superfluous -superfluously -superfluousness -superfluousness's -superfluity -superfluity's -spavin -spiffing -spoofing -superfine -supervene -supervening -spavin's -supervenes -spavined -Superfund -supervened -Superfund's -supervention -supervention's -spiffs -spivs -spoof's -spoofs -supervise -supervisor -supervising -supervisory -supervises -supervisor's -supervisors -spiffiest -supervised -spiffed -spoofed -spearfish -superficial -superficially -superficiality -superficiality's -spearfishing -supervision -supervision's -supervisions -spearfishes -spearfish's -spearfished -superhuman -superhero -superheroes -superhero's -superheros -spearhead -spearheading -spearhead's -spearheads -spearheaded -superhighway -superhighway's -superhighways -seepage -spake -spark -sparkier -sparky -SPCA -speak -speaker -spec -speck -spic -Spica -spike -spikier -spiky -Spock -spoke -spook -spookier -spooky -spurge -speakerphone -speakerphones -supercargo -supercargoes -supercargo's -Spackle -sparkle -sparkler -sparkly -speckle -spicule -Superglue -superglue -sparkling -speckling -Spackle's -sparkler's -sparklers -sparkle's -sparkles -speckle's -speckles -spicule's -spicules -spyglass -spyglass's -Superglue's -spyglasses -sparkled -speckled -speculate -speculator -speculative -speculatively -speculating -speculates -speculator's -speculators -speculated -speculation -speculation's -speculations -supercomputer -supercomputer's -supercomputers -sparking -speaking -speargun -specking -spiking -Spokane -spoken -spooking -speakings -spikiness -spikiness's -Spokane's -spookiness -spookiness's -superconductor -superconductive -superconductivity -superconductivity's -superconducting -superconductor's -superconductors -supergrass -supergrasses -supercritical -seepage's -Sparks -spark's -sparks -Sparks's -speakeasy -speaker's -speakers -speaks -speck's -specks -spec's -specs -specs's -Spica's -spics -spike's -spikes -Spock's -spoke's -spokes -spook's -spooks -spurge's -spokesman -spokesmen -spokesman's -spokespeople -spokesperson -spokesperson's -spokespersons -speakeasies -speakeasy's -sparkiest -spikiest -spookiest -spokeswoman -spokeswomen -spokeswoman's -spaghetti -sparked -specked -spigot -spiked -spooked -spectacle -spectacular -spectacularly -spectacle's -spectacles -spectacles's -spectacular's -spectaculars -spectra -spectral -spectrum -spectrum's -spectrometer -spectrometer's -spectrometers -spectroscope -spectroscopy -spectroscopic -spectroscope's -spectroscopes -spectroscopy's -spaghetti's -spigot's -spigots -spectate -spectator -spectating -spectates -spectator's -spectators -spectated -sepal -spell -speller -spiel -spill -splay -spoil -spoiler -spool -suppl -supple -suppler -supplier -supply -Spielberg -Spielberg's -spellbind -spellbinder -spellbound -spellbinding -spellbinder's -spellbinders -spellbinds -spillover -spliff -spillover's -spillovers -spliffs -splayfeet -splayfoot -splayfoot's -splayfooted -spillage -splodge -splurge -spoilage -Ziploc -splurging -supplicant -supplicant's -supplicants -spillage's -spillages -splodges -splurge's -splurges -spoilage's -Ziploc's -splurged -supplicate -supplicating -supplicates -supplicated -supplication -supplication's -supplications -speleology -speleological -speleology's -speleologist -speleologist's -speleologists -supplement -supplemental -supplementing -supplementary -supplement's -supplements -supplemented -supplementation -supplementation's -sapling -seaplane -spelling -spieling -Spillane -spilling -spleen -spline -spoiling -spooling -zeppelin -spelunker -spelunking -spelunking's -spelunker's -spelunkers -splenectomy -zooplankton -sapling's -saplings -seaplane's -seaplanes -spelling's -spellings -Spillane's -spleen's -spleens -splines -suppleness -suppleness's -zeppelin's -zeppelins -splint -splinter -supplant -suppliant -splenetic -splinting -supplanting -splintery -splintering -splendorous -splintered -splinter's -splinters -splint's -splints -supplants -suppliant's -suppliants -splendid -splendider -splinted -supplanted -splendidly -splendidest -sapless -sepal's -sepals -speller's -spellers -spell's -spells -spiel's -spiels -spill's -spills -splay's -splays -splice -splicer -spoiler's -spoilers -spoil's -spoils -spool's -spools -supplier's -suppliers -supplies -supply's -surplice -surplus -surplus's -splicing -surplussing -spoilsport -spoilsport's -spoilsports -splicer's -splicers -splice's -splices -surplice's -surplices -surpluses -spliced -supplest -surplussed -spelled -spieled -splat -splatter -split -splutter -spoiled -spooled -supplied -superlative -superlatively -superlative's -superlatives -spelldown -splatting -splitting -spelldown's -spelldowns -splitting's -splittings -splattering -spluttering -splattered -spluttered -splat's -splats -splatter's -splatters -split's -splits -splutter's -splutters -splatted -spillway -spillway's -spillways -splash -splashier -splashy -splosh -splotch -splotchier -splotchy -spellcheck -spellchecker -spellchecking -spellchecker's -spellcheckers -spellcheck's -spellchecks -spellchecked -splashily -splashing -sploshing -splotching -spoliation -splashiness -splashiness's -spoliation's -sepulchral -splashes -splash's -sploshes -splotches -splotch's -splashiest -splotchiest -splashed -sploshed -splotched -splashdown -splashdown's -splashdowns -splaying -supplying -splayed -Spam -spam -spammer -sperm -spume -spumy -supermarket -supermarket's -supermarkets -supermom -supermom's -supermoms -spamming -spuming -spumoni -Superman -superman -supermen -spumoni's -Superman's -superman's -spearmint -spearmint's -spammer's -spammers -Spam's -spam's -spams -sperm's -sperms -spume's -spumes -supermassive -spermicide -spymaster -spermicidal -spermicide's -spermicides -spymasters -spammed -spumed -supermodel -supermodel's -supermodels -spermatozoa -spermatozoon -spermatozoon's -sapping -seeping -sipping -soaping -sopping -souping -Spahn -Spain -Span -span -spanner -spawn -spin -spine -spinier -spinner -spinney -spiny -spoon -spun -spurn -supine -supping -Xiaoping -zapping -zipping -spoonbill -spoonbill's -spoonbills -supernova -supernovae -spoonful -spoonful's -spoonfuls -supernova's -supernovas -spank -spinnaker -sponge -sponger -spongier -spongy -spunk -spunkier -spunky -spongecake -spongecake's -spangle -spangly -Spengler -spangling -Spenglerian -Spenglerian's -spangle's -spangles -Spengler's -spangled -Spanglish -spanking -sponging -spanking's -spankings -sponginess -sponginess's -spank's -spanks -spinnaker's -spinnakers -Spinx -sponger's -spongers -sponge's -sponges -spunk's -spunks -Spinx's -spongiest -spunkiest -spanked -sponged -spaniel -spinal -spinally -supernal -supinely -spaniel's -spaniels -spinal's -spinals -spineless -spinelessly -spinelessness -supernumerary -supernumeraries -supernumerary's -spanning -spawning -spinning -spooning -spurning -spinning's -spoonerism -spoonerism's -spoonerisms -spinneret -spinneret's -spinnerets -sapience -sapiens -sappiness -sappiness's -Serpens -Serpens's -soapiness -soapiness's -Spahn's -Spain's -spanner's -spanners -span's -spans -spawn's -spawns -Spence -Spencer -Spenser -spine's -spines -spinner's -spinners -spinneys -Spinoza -spin's -spins -sponsor -spoon's -spoons -spurns -Xiaoping's -Sierpinski -Sierpinski's -Spencerian -Spenserian -sponsoring -Spencerian's -Spenserian's -sponsored -sapience's -Spencer's -Spence's -Spenser's -Spinoza's -sponsor's -sponsors -spiniest -spinster -spinsterhood -spinsterhood's -spinsterish -spinster's -spinsters -sponsorship -sponsorship's -sapient -serpent -Spaniard -spanned -spawned -spend -spender -spent -spinet -spooned -spurned -spendthrift -spendthrift's -spendthrifts -spendable -spandex -spandex's -spindle -spindlier -spindly -spindling -spindle's -spindles -spindliest -spindled -serpentine -spending -serpentine's -spending's -spontaneous -spontaneously -spontaneity -spontaneity's -supernatural -supernaturally -supernaturals -serpent's -serpents -Spaniard's -Spaniards -spender's -spenders -spends -spinet's -spinets -Spanish -spinach -Spanish's -spinach's -superpose -superposing -superposes -superposed -superposition -superposition's -superpower -superpower's -superpowers -Cipro -Sapporo -spare -sparer -sparrow -Sperry -spire -Spiro -spiry -spore -spray -spree -sprier -spry -Superior -superior -supra -separable -separably -separability -separability's -superabundance -superabundance's -superabundances -superabundant -soporific -soporifically -soporific's -soporifics -saprophyte -saprophytic -saprophyte's -saprophytes -sparrowhawk -sparrowhawks -sprig -sprog -superego -spiracle -spiracle's -spiracles -Spirograph -Spirograph's -sprig's -sprigs -sprogs -superego's -superegos -sprigged -sprocket -sprocket's -sprockets -sparely -spiral -spirally -sprawl -spryly -sprawling -spiral's -spirals -sprawl's -sprawls -sprawled -supreme -supremo -supremely -superimpose -superimposing -superimposes -superimposed -superimposition -superimposition's -supremacy -supremos -supremacy's -supremacist -supremacist's -supremacists -Cyprian -soprano -sparing -sparring -spearing -spooring -sporing -sporran -sprain -spreeing -spring -springier -springy -spurring -zippering -springbok -springbok's -springboks -springboard -springboard's -springboards -Springfield -Springfield's -sprang -sprung -sprinkle -sprinkler -sprinkling -sprinkling's -sprinklings -sprinkler's -sprinklers -sprinkle's -sprinkles -sprinkled -sparingly -springily -springlike -spraining -springing -springiness -springiness's -Cyprian's -soprano's -sopranos -spareness -spareness's -sporrans -sprain's -sprains -spring's -springs -spryness -spryness's -springiest -Springsteen -Springsteen's -sprained -Sprint -sprint -sprinter -superannuate -springtime -springtime's -sprinting -superannuating -superintend -superintending -superintendence -superintendency -superintendence's -superintendency's -superintendent -superintendent's -superintendents -superintends -superintended -sprinter's -sprinters -Sprint's -sprint's -sprints -superannuates -sprinted -superannuated -superannuation -supranational -superannuation's -spareribs -spareribs's -supererogatory -supererogation -supererogation's -superiority -superiority's -Cipro's -cypress -cypress's -Cyprus -Cyprus's -Sapporo's -spare's -spares -sparrow's -sparrows -Sperry's -spire's -spires -Spiro's -spore's -spores -spray's -sprays -spree's -sprees -spruce -sprucer -spurious -Superior's -superior's -superiors -superuser -suppress -suppressor -surprise -suppressible -suppressive -Zaporozhye -Zaporozhye's -sprucely -spuriously -sprucing -suppressing -surprising -surprisingly -spruceness -spruceness's -spuriousness -spuriousness's -surprisings -suppressant -suppressant's -suppressants -cypresses -spruce's -spruces -superusers -suppresses -suppressor's -suppressors -surprise's -surprises -sprucest -sparest -spriest -spruced -suppressed -surprised -Cypriot -separate -separator -spared -sparred -speared -spirit -spoored -spored -sprat -spread -spreader -spreed -Sprite -sprite -sprout -spurred -suppurate -zippered -spreadable -separative -sporadic -sporadically -spreadeagled -separately -spiritual -spiritually -sprightlier -sprightly -sprightliness -sprightliness's -spiritless -spiritual's -spirituals -spiritualism -spiritualism's -spiritualist -sprightliest -spiritualistic -spiritualist's -spiritualists -spirituality -spirituality's -separating -spiriting -spreading -sprouting -suppurating -separateness -separateness's -Cypriot's -Cypriots -separate's -separates -separator's -separators -spirit's -spirits -spirituous -sprat's -sprats -spreader's -spreaders -spread's -spreads -Sprite's -sprite's -sprites -spritz -spritzer -sprout's -sprouts -suppurates -separatism -separatism's -spritzing -spritzer's -spritzers -spritzes -spritz's -separatist -spritzed -separatist's -separatists -separated -spirited -sprouted -suppurated -spiritedly -spreadsheet -spreadsheet's -spreadsheets -separation -suppression -suppuration -separation's -separations -suppression's -suppuration's -sprayer -spraying -sprayer's -sprayers -sprayed -sappers -SAP's -sap's -saps -Scipio's -seeps -sepia's -Sepoy's -sipper's -sippers -sip's -sips -soap's -soaps -SOP's -sop's -sops -soup's -soups -sourpuss -sourpuss's -space -spacer -spacey -spacier -spar's -spars -sparse -sparser -spa's -spas -spays -Spears -spear's -spears -Spears's -specie -Speer's -spew's -spews -spice -spicier -spicy -spies -spoor's -spoors -spouse -spur's -spurs -spy's -super's -supers -supper's -suppers -suppose -sup's -sups -surpass -Zappa's -zapper's -zappers -zap's -zaps -zipper's -zippers -zip's -zips -specif -specifier -specify -specifiable -specific -specifically -specific's -specifics -specification -specification's -specifications -spaceflight -spaceflight's -spaceflights -specifiers -specifies -specificity -specificity's -specified -specifying -sapsucker -superscribe -superscribing -superscribes -superscribed -spacecraft -spacecraft's -spacecrafts -superscript -superscript's -superscripts -superscription -superscription's -sapsucker's -sapsuckers -sparsely -spicily -spousal -spousal's -spousals -supercilious -superciliously -superciliousness -superciliousness's -spasm -spaceman -spacemen -specimen -spaceman's -specimen's -specimens -spasm's -spasms -spasmodic -spasmodically -spacing -spicing -supposing -surpassing -supersonic -spaciness -spaciness's -spacing's -sparseness -sparseness's -spiciness -spiciness's -spaceport -spaceport's -spaceports -sepsis -sepsis's -sourpusses -spacer's -spacers -space's -spaces -spacious -specie's -species -species's -specious -spice's -spices -spouse's -spouses -supersize -supposes -surpasses -spaciously -speciously -supersizing -spaciousness -spaciousness's -speciousness -speciousness's -supersizes -spacesuit -spaciest -sparsest -spiciest -supersized -spacesuit's -spacesuits -sappiest -soapiest -soppiest -soupiest -spaced -sparsity -spiced -supercity -supersede -superstar -supposed -surpassed -zippiest -spastic -spastic's -spastics -supposedly -soapstone -superseding -soapstone's -superstore -suppository -superstructure -superstructure's -superstructures -superstore's -superstores -suppositories -suppository's -supersaturate -supersaturating -supersaturates -supersaturated -supersaturation -supersaturation's -soapsuds -soapsuds's -sparsity's -supercities -supercity's -supersedes -superstar's -superstars -superseded -superstate -superstates -superstition -superstition's -superstitions -superstitious -superstitiously -spacewalk -spacewalking -spacewalk's -spacewalks -spacewalked -spacewoman -spacewomen -spacewoman's -supposition -supposition's -suppositions -spaceship -spaceship's -spaceships -sapped -seaport -seeped -Sept -septa -sipped -soaped -sopped -souped -spade -Sparta -spat -spate -spatter -sped -speed -speeder -speedier -speedy -spider -spied -spit -spite -sport -sportier -sporty -spot -spotter -spottier -spotty -spout -spud -spurt -sputa -sputter -supped -support -supporter -Supt -supt -Zapata -zapped -zipped -spitball -supportable -spitball's -spitballs -speedboat -speedboat's -speedboats -sportive -supportive -spadeful -spiteful -spitefuller -spitefully -sportively -spitefulness -spitefulness's -spadeful's -spadefuls -spitefullest -spitfire -spitfire's -spitfires -septic -Zapotec -septuagenarian -septuagenarian's -septuagenarians -Septuagint -Septuagint's -Septuagints -spadix -Spartacus -Spartacus's -Zapotec's -spadix's -septal -spatula -speedily -spittle -spottily -spatula's -spatulas -spittle's -spotless -spotlessly -spotlessness -spotlessness's -spotlight -spotlit -spotlighting -spotlight's -spotlights -spotlighted -septum -sputum -suppertime -September -September's -Septembers -septum's -sputum's -speedometer -speedometer's -speedometers -spading -Spartan -spartan -spatting -speeding -spiting -spitting -spittoon -sporting -spotting -spouting -spurting -supporting -Sputnik -sputnik -supertanker -Sputnik's -sputnik's -sputniks -supertanker's -supertankers -sportingly -Spartan's -Spartans -speediness -speediness's -speeding's -spittoon's -spittoons -sportiness -sportiness's -spottiness -spottiness's -speedup -speedup's -speedups -spidery -spattering -sputtering -spattered -sputtered -seaport's -seaports -Sept's -Spaatz -spade's -spades -Sparta's -spate's -spates -spat's -spats -spatter's -spatters -speeder's -speeders -speed's -speeds -spider's -spiders -spite's -spites -spit's -spits -Spitz -sport's -sports -spot's -spots -spotter's -spotters -spout's -spouts -spud's -spuds -spurt's -spurts -sputter's -sputters -supporter's -supporters -support's -supports -Zapata's -Spitsbergen -Spitsbergen's -sportscast -sportscaster -sportscasting -sportscaster's -sportscasters -sportscast's -sportscasts -sportsman -sportsmen -sportsmanlike -sportsman's -sportsmanship -sportsmanship's -sportspeople -sportsperson -sportswriter -sportswriter's -sportswriters -Spaatz's -spadices -Spitz's -speediest -speedster -sportiest -spottiest -speedster's -speedsters -sportswear -sportswoman -sportswomen -sportswoman's -sportswear's -septet -spaded -spatted -spited -spitted -sported -spotted -spouted -spurted -supported -septet's -septets -speedway -spiderweb -spiderweb's -spiderwebs -spadework -spadework's -speedwell -speedwell's -speedway's -speedways -spewer -Sopwith -Sopwith's -superwoman -superwomen -superwoman's -spewing -spyware -spyware's -spewer's -spewers -sapwood -spewed -sapwood's -speech -speechify -speechifies -speechified -speechifying -supercharge -supercharger -supercharging -supercharger's -superchargers -supercharges -supercharged -spacial -spatial -spatially -special -specially -special's -specials -speechless -speechlessly -specialism -specialisms -speechlessness -speechlessness's -specialist -specialist's -specialists -speechwriter -speechwriters -speeches -speech's -spaying -spying -spayed -cirri -Sara -Sarah -sari -sere -serer -Serra -sierra -sire -sirrah -sirree -sore -sorer -sorrier -sorrow -sorry -sourer -Sr -SRO -sure -surer -surrey -Syria -Zaire -Zara -zero -Zorro -Zr -zeroth -Zarathustra -Zarathustra's -cerebellar -cerebellum -cerebellum's -cerebellums -cerebra -cerebrovascular -cerebral -cerebrum -cerebrum's -cerebrums -cerebrate -cerebrating -cerebrates -cerebrated -cerebration -cerebration's -Surabaya -Surabaya's -seraph -serif -xref -seraphic -Srivijaya -Srivijaya's -sorrowful -sorrowfully -sorrowfulness -sorrowfulness's -surefire -seraph's -seraphs -serif's -serifs -xrefs -surefooted -cirrhosis -cirrhosis's -sorehead -cirrhotic -cirrhotic's -cirrhotics -sorehead's -soreheads -sirocco -Syriac -Sarajevo -Sarajevo's -seraglio -seraglio's -seraglios -serigraph -xerography -xerographic -serigraph's -serigraphs -xerography's -Saragossa -sirocco's -siroccos -surrogacy -Syracuse -Syriac's -Xerox -xerox -xeroxing -Saragossa's -surrogacy's -Syracuse's -Xeroxes -xeroxes -Xerox's -xerox's -xeroxed -surrogate -surrogate's -surrogates -cereal -Cyril -serial -serially -sorely -sorrel -sorrily -surely -surreal -Cyrillic -serology -Cyrillic's -serology's -cerulean -cerulean's -cereal's -cereals -Cyril's -serial's -serials -sorrel's -sorrels -surrealism -surrealism's -surrealist -surrealistic -surrealistically -surrealist's -surrealists -cerium -serum -ceramic -ceramic's -ceramics -ceramics's -ceremony -ceremonial -ceremonially -ceremonial's -ceremonials -ceremonies -ceremonious -ceremony's -ceremoniously -ceremoniousness -ceremoniousness's -cerement -cerement's -cerements -cerium's -serum's -serums -ceramicist -ceramicist's -ceramicists -ceramist -ceramist's -ceramists -Cyrano -Saran -saran -saurian -searing -Serena -serene -serener -serine -Serrano -siren -siring -soaring -souring -Syrian -syringe -Zairian -zeroing -sarong -Srinagar -Cerenkov -Cerenkov's -sarong's -sarongs -Srinagar's -Serengeti -Serengeti's -searingly -serenely -Suriname -Suriname's -Surinamese -Saarinen -syringing -Saarinen's -sereneness -sereneness's -Cyrano's -Saran's -saran's -Serena's -Serrano's -siren's -sirens -soreness -soreness's -sorriness -sorriness's -sureness -sureness's -Syrian's -Syrians -syringe's -syringes -serenest -serenade -serenity -surrender -surround -syringed -serenading -surrounding -surrounding's -surroundings -surroundings's -serendipity -serendipitous -serendipity's -surrendering -surrendered -serenade's -serenades -serenity's -surrender's -surrenders -surrounds -serenaded -surrounded -serape -syrup -syrupy -serape's -serapes -syrup's -syrups -sauropod -sauropod's -sauropods -surreptitious -surreptitiously -surreptitiousness -surreptitiousness's -sorority -sororities -sorority's -sriracha -Ceres -Ceres's -cerise -cirrus -cirrus's -Cyrus -Cyrus's -Sarah's -Sara's -sari's -saris -series -series's -serious -serous -Serra's -Sierras -sierra's -sierras -sire's -sires -Sirius -Sirius's -sirree's -sore's -sores -sorrow's -sorrows -Sr's -Suarez -surrey's -surreys -Syria's -Zaire's -Zara's -zeroes -zero's -zeros -Zorro's -Zr's -seriously -Saracen -Saracen's -Saracens -seriousness -seriousness's -cerise's -Suarez's -Sarasota -serest -sorest -sorriest -sourest -surest -Zoroaster -Zoroastrian -Zoroastrian's -Zoroastrians -Zoroastrianism -Zoroastrianism's -Zoroastrianisms -Sarasota's -Zoroaster's -seared -serrate -serried -Seurat -sired -soared -soured -Surat -surety -zeroed -Saratov -Saratov's -Zyrtec -Zyrtec's -serotonin -Seurat's -Surat's -sureties -surety's -serrated -Sarawak -Sarawak's -sorrowing -sorrowed -sourish -serration -serration's -serrations -Surya -Saroyan -Saroyan's -Surya's -cease -CEO's -Ce's -Cesar -Circe -Ci's -Saar's -SARS -SARS's -SASE -sass -sassier -sass's -sassy -sauce -saucer -saucier -saucy -saw's -saws -say's -says -scissor -Sears -sear's -sears -Sears's -sea's -seas -sec'y -secy -seer's -seers -see's -sees -seesaw -seize -SE's -Se's -Seuss -Seuss's -sews -sigh's -sighs -Sir's -Sirs -sir's -sirs -Si's -sis -sis's -sissier -sissy -size -sizer -soar's -soars -SOS -SOs -Sosa -SOS's -sough's -soughs -source -sour's -sours -sou's -sous -Sousa -souse -sow's -sows -soy's -SSE's -SSW's -Sue's -sues -Suez -Sui's -SUSE -Susie -suss -Suzy -SW's -WSW's -xci -xcii -Xe's -Xes -xi's -xis -X's -XS -Zeus -Zeus's -Zoe's -zoo's -zoos -Z's -Zs -xciv -Sourceforge -Sourceforge's -Sisyphean -sousaphone -Sisyphean's -sousaphone's -sousaphones -ceasefire -ceasefire's -ceasefires -sassafras -sassafras's -sassafrases -Sisyphus -Sisyphus's -sissified -Suzhou -Xuzhou -Suzhou's -Xuzhou's -Cisco -Sask -sausage -seasick -seersucker -Suzuki -Susquehanna -Susquehanna's -Zsigmondy -Zsigmondy's -socioeconomic -socioeconomically -seasickness -seasickness's -seascape -seascape's -seascapes -Cisco's -sausage's -sausages -seersucker's -Sussex -Suzuki's -xcix -sesquicentennial -sesquicentennial's -sesquicentennials -Sussex's -Saskatoon -Saskatoon's -Sasquatch -Sasquatches -Sasquatch's -Saskatchewan -Saskatchewan's -Cecelia -Cecil -Cecile -Cecilia -Cecily -saucily -Sicily -sisal -sizzle -sizzler -sociology -sociological -sociologically -sociology's -sociologist -sociologist's -sociologists -Sicilian -sizzling -Sicilian's -Sicilians -ceaseless -Cecelia's -Cecile's -Cecilia's -Cecil's -Cecily's -Sicily's -sisal's -sizzlers -sizzle's -sizzles -ceaselessly -ceaselessness -ceaselessness's -sizzled -sozzled -Szilard -Szilard's -sesame -Zosma -Szymborska -Szymborska's -seismic -seismically -seismograph -seismographer -seismography -seismographic -seismographer's -seismographers -seismograph's -seismographs -seismography's -seismology -seismologic -seismological -seismology's -seismologist -seismologist's -seismologists -sesame's -sesames -Zosma's -ceasing -Cessna -Cezanne -sassing -Sassoon -saucing -season -seizing -sizing -sourcing -sousing -Susan -Susana -Susanna -Susanne -sussing -Suzanne -seasonable -seasonably -seasonal -seasonally -surcingle -surcingle's -surcingles -seasonality -Sassanian -seasoning -Sassanian's -seasoning's -seasonings -Cessna's -Cezanne's -Sassoon's -sauciness -sauciness's -season's -seasons -sizing's -Susana's -Susanna's -Susanne's -Susan's -Suzanne's -seasoned -sysop -sociopath -sociopath's -sociopaths -suspect -suspecting -suspect's -suspects -suspected -cesspool -cesspool's -cesspools -sociopolitical -saucepan -saucepan's -saucepans -suspense -suspenseful -suspense's -suspend -suspender -suspending -suspender's -suspenders -suspends -suspended -suspension -suspension's -suspensions -sarsaparilla -sarsaparilla's -sarsaparillas -sysops -suspicion -suspicion's -suspicions -suspicious -suspiciously -cesspit -susceptible -susceptibility -susceptibilities -susceptibility's -cesspits -Cicero -Saussure -seizure -sorcerer -sorcery -Cesarean -cesarean -cicerone -ciceroni -scissoring -suzerain -Cesarean's -cesarean's -cesareans -cicerone's -cicerones -suzerain's -suzerains -suzerainty -suzerainty's -Cicero's -Saussure's -seizure's -seizures -sorcerer's -sorcerers -sorceress -sorceress's -sorcery's -sorceresses -scissored -cease's -ceases -Cesar's -Circe's -sasses -saucer's -saucers -sauce's -sauces -scissors -seesaw's -seesaws -seizes -sises -sissies -sissy's -size's -sizes -Sosa's -SOSes -source's -sources -Sousa's -souse's -souses -Suez's -surcease -SUSE's -Susie's -susses -Suzy's -Ceausescu -Ceausescu's -surceasing -surcease's -surceases -sassiest -sauciest -sissiest -surceased -ceased -cyst -sassed -sauced -seaside -secede -seized -siesta -sister -sized -society -sourced -soused -suicide -sussed -Suzette -Zest -zest -zestier -zesty -zoster -zestful -zestfully -zestfulness -zestfulness's -sisterhood -sisterhood's -sisterhoods -cystic -sisterly -societal -suicidal -systole -systolic -sisterliness -sisterliness's -systole's -systoles -system -systemic -systemically -systemic's -systemics -sysadmin -sysadmins -system's -systems -systematic -systematical -systematically -cistern -seceding -Sistine -sustain -sustainable -sustainability -sustaining -sustenance -sustenance's -cistern's -cisterns -Sistine's -sustains -sustained -cyst's -cysts -seaside's -seasides -secedes -siesta's -siestas -sister's -sisters -societies -society's -suicide's -suicides -Suzette's -Zest's -zest's -zests -zestiest -seceded -sacerdotal -cystitis -seesawing -seesawed -cessation -secession -cessation's -cessations -secession's -secessionist -secessionist's -secessionists -cedar -cede -ceder -cert -CID -Cid -cider -cit -cite -city -sad -sadder -Sade -Sadie -said -Sarto -SAT -Sat -sat -satay -sate -Saudi -SD -SDI -seat -SEATO -Seder -seed -seeder -seedier -seedy -Set -set -sett -settee -setter -Sid -side -sight -sit -sitar -site -sitter -sod -soda -Soddy -soot -sootier -sooty -sort -sorta -sorter -sortie -sot -Soto -sought -sourdough -SST -ST -St -st -Sta -stair -star -stay -Ste -steer -stew -stir -stow -Stu -sty -sued -suede -suet -suety -suit -suite -suitor -suttee -zed -zeta -zit -stethoscope -stethoscope's -stethoscopes -stouthearted -sidebar -stab -stabber -stub -stubbier -stubby -setback -setback's -setbacks -Starbucks -Starbucks's -settable -stable -stabler -stably -stubble -stubbly -suitable -suitably -stableman -stablemen -stableman's -stablemate -stablemates -stabling -suitableness -suitableness's -stable's -stables -stubble's -stablest -stability -stabled -suitability -stability's -suitability's -stabbing -Steuben -stubbing -stubborn -stubborner -Citibank -Citibank's -stubbornly -sideburns -sideburns's -stabbing's -stabbings -Steuben's -stubbornness -stubbornness's -stubbornest -sidebar's -sidebars -stabber's -stabbers -stab's -stabs -stub's -stubs -starburst -stubbiest -starbursts -seedbed -sideboard -stabbed -starboard -stubbed -seedbed's -seedbeds -sideboard's -sideboards -starboard's -Staubach -Staubach's -certify -staff -staffer -staph -starve -stave -Steve -Stevie -stiff -stiffer -stove -stuff -stuffier -stuffy -certifiable -certifiably -certificate -certificating -certificate's -certificates -certificated -certification -certification's -certifications -stiffly -stifle -stuffily -staphylococcal -staphylococci -staphylococcus -staphylococcus's -starveling -stifling -stiflingly -starveling's -starvelings -stiflings -stifles -stifled -staffing -starving -staving -Stefan -Stefanie -Stephan -Stephanie -Stephen -Steven -stiffen -stiffener -stiffing -stuffing -stiffening -stiffening's -staffing's -starvings -Stefanie's -Stefan's -Stephanie's -Stephan's -Stephen's -Stephens -Stephens's -Steven's -Stevens -Stevens's -stiffener's -stiffeners -stiffens -stiffness -stiffness's -stuffiness -stuffiness's -stuffing's -stuffings -Stephenson -Stevenson -Stephenson's -Stevenson's -stiffened -stovepipe -stovepipe's -stovepipes -starfruit -certifies -staffer's -staffers -staff's -staffs -staph's -starves -stave's -staves -Steve's -Stevie's -stiff's -stiffs -stove's -stoves -stuff's -stuffs -Stuyvesant -Stuyvesant's -stiffest -stuffiest -certified -citified -staffed -Stafford -starved -staved -stiffed -stuffed -stevedore -stevedore's -stevedores -Stafford's -starfish -starvation -starvation's -starfishes -starfish's -certifying -sadhu -Siddhartha -Siddhartha's -sadhus -sciatic -sciatica -sidecar -stack -stag -stage -stagger -stagier -stagy -stake -Stark -stark -starker -Starkey -steak -stick -sticker -stickier -sticky -stock -stockier -stocky -stodge -stodgier -stodgy -stogie -Stoic -stoic -stoke -stoker -stooge -stork -stucco -stuck -Sudoku -Zedekiah -zodiac -zydeco -stockbroker -stockbroking -stockbroking's -stockbroker's -stockbrokers -stockbreeder -stockbreeder's -stockbreeders -stagflation -stagflation's -Stockholm -Stockholm's -stakeholder -stockholder -stakeholder's -stakeholders -stockholder's -stockholders -stagehand -stagehand's -stagehands -steakhouse -Stockhausen -Stockhausen's -steakhouse's -steakhouses -sidekick -stagecraft -stagecraft's -sidekick's -sidekicks -stagecoach -stagecoaches -stagecoach's -starkly -stickily -stickler -stockily -stodgily -stoical -stoically -zodiacal -stickleback -stickleback's -sticklebacks -stickler's -sticklers -Stieglitz -Stieglitz's -sitcom -stigma -sitcom's -sitcoms -stigma's -stigmas -stigmata -stigmatic -stacking -staging -staking -sticking -stocking -stoking -stuccoing -sturgeon -Stygian -stagnancy -stagnancy's -stagnant -stagnantly -cytokines -staging's -stagings -starkness -starkness's -stickiness -stickiness's -stockiness -stockiness's -stocking's -stockings -stodginess -stodginess's -sturgeon's -sturgeons -Stygian's -stagnate -stockinette -stagnating -stagnates -stockinette's -stagnated -stagnation -stagnation's -stickup -stockpile -stockpiling -stockpile's -stockpiles -stockpiled -stickpin -stickpin's -stickpins -stickup's -stickups -stockpot -stockpot's -stockpots -stockroom -stockroom's -stockrooms -staggering -staggeringly -Citigroup -Citigroup's -staggered -sciatica's -seedcase -sidecar's -sidecars -stack's -stacks -stage's -stages -stagger's -staggers -stag's -stags -staircase -stake's -stakes -stargaze -stargazer -starkers -Starkey's -Stark's -steak's -steaks -sticker's -stickers -stickies -stick's -sticks -sticky's -stock's -stocks -stogie's -stogies -Stoic's -Stoics -stoic's -stoics -stoker's -stokers -Stokes -stokes -Stokes's -stooge's -stooges -stork's -storks -stuccoes -stucco's -Styx -Sudoku's -suitcase -surtax -Zedekiah's -zodiac's -zodiacs -zydeco's -stargazing -surtaxing -stegosauri -stegosaurus -stegosaurus's -stegosauruses -seedcase's -seedcases -staircase's -staircases -stargazer's -stargazers -stargazes -Styx's -suitcase's -suitcases -surtaxes -surtax's -stagiest -stargazed -starkest -stickiest -stockiest -stockist -stodgiest -surtaxed -zeitgeist -stagestruck -stockists -zeitgeist's -zeitgeists -staccato -stacked -staged -staked -stakeout -stockade -stocked -stoked -stuccoed -seductive -seductively -seductiveness -seductiveness's -stocktaking -stocktaking's -stockading -Stockton -Stockton's -seductress -seductress's -seductresses -staccato's -staccatos -stakeout's -stakeouts -stockade's -stockades -stockaded -seduction -seduction's -seductions -stockyard -stockyard's -stockyards -cedilla -saddle -saddler -sadly -Seattle -settle -settler -sidle -sightlier -sightly -Stael -stale -staler -stall -steal -steel -Steele -steelier -steely -Stella -stellar -stile -still -stiller -STOL -stole -stool -style -styli -sutler -stealth -stealthier -stealthy -stealthily -stealthiness -stealthiness's -stealth's -stealthiest -stillbirth -stillbirth's -stillbirths -saddlebag -saddlebag's -saddlebags -stillborn -stallholder -stallholders -cytology -stalk -stalker -stalagmite -stalagmite's -stalagmites -stalking -stalking's -stalkings -cytology's -stalker's -stalkers -stalk's -stalks -cytologist -cytologist's -cytologists -stalked -stalactite -stalactite's -stalactites -steelmaker -steelmakers -settlement -settlement's -settlements -stalemate -stalemating -stalemate's -stalemates -stalemated -saddling -seedling -settling -sideline -sidling -Stalin -staling -stalling -stallion -Stallone -starling -stealing -steeling -Sterling -sterling -stilling -Stirling -stolen -stolon -styling -sidelong -sidelining -Stalingrad -Stalingrad's -seedling's -seedlings -sideline's -sidelines -staleness -staleness's -Stalin's -stallion's -stallions -Stallone's -starling's -starlings -steeliness -steeliness's -Sterling's -sterling's -stillness -stillness's -Stirling's -stolon's -stolons -Stalinist -Stalinist's -sidelined -Stolypin -Stolypin's -saddlery -cedilla's -cedillas -saddlers -saddle's -saddles -Seattle's -sedulous -seedless -settler's -settlers -settle's -settles -sidle's -sidles -sightless -Stael's -stales -stall's -stalls -starless -steal's -steals -Steele's -steel's -steels -Stella's -stile's -stiles -still's -stills -stole's -stoles -stool's -stools -style's -styles -stylus -stylus's -sutler's -sutlers -sedulously -styluses -sightliest -stalest -steeliest -stillest -stylist -stylistic -stylistically -stylistics -stylist's -stylists -saddled -satellite -settled -sidelight -sidled -staled -stalled -starlet -starlight -starlit -steeled -stiletto -stilled -stilt -stolid -stolider -styled -stultify -stultification -stultification's -stultifies -stultified -stultifying -stolidly -satelliting -Stilton -Stilton's -Stiltons -stolidness -stolidness's -satellite's -satellites -sidelight's -sidelights -starlet's -starlets -starlight's -stiletto's -stilettos -stilt's -stilts -stolidest -satellited -stilted -stolidity -stiltedly -stolidity's -steelworker -steelworker's -steelworkers -steelworks -steelworks's -stalwart -stalwartly -stalwart's -stalwarts -stylish -stylishly -stylishness -stylishness's -Stolichnaya -Stolichnaya's -steelyard -steelyard's -steelyards -Saddam -sidearm -sodium -Sodom -sodomy -stammer -steam -steamer -steamier -steamy -stem -storm -stormier -stormy -stymie -xterm -stumble -stumbler -stumbling -stumbler's -stumblers -stumble's -stumbles -stumbled -steamboat -steamboat's -steamboats -Stamford -steamfitter -steamfitting -steamfitting's -Stamford's -steamfitter's -steamfitters -stimuli -stormily -stimulant -stimulant's -stimulants -stemless -stimulus -stimulus's -stimulate -stimulative -stimulating -stimulates -stimulated -stimulation -stimulation's -sideman -sidemen -stamen -stamina -steaming -stemming -storming -stymieing -sideman's -stamen's -stamens -stamina's -steaminess -steaminess's -storminess -storminess's -sediment -sedimentary -sediment's -sediments -sedimentation -sedimentation's -sitemap -stamp -stamper -stomp -stump -stumpier -stumpy -stamping -stomping -stumping -steampunk -sitemap's -sitemaps -stamper's -stampers -stamp's -stamps -stomp's -stomps -stump's -stumps -stumpiest -stamped -stampede -stomped -stumped -stampeding -stampede's -stampedes -stampeded -stammerer -steamroll -steamroller -steamrolling -steamrollering -steamrollered -steamroller's -steamrollers -steamrolls -steamrolled -stammering -stammeringly -stammerer's -stammerers -stammered -Saddam's -sidearm's -sidearms -sodium's -Sodom's -sodomy's -stammer's -stammers -steamer's -steamers -steam's -steams -stem's -stems -storm's -storms -stymie's -stymies -xterm's -Stimson -Stimson's -StairMaster -steamiest -stormiest -StairMaster's -sadomasochism -sadomasochism's -sadomasochist -sadomasochistic -sadomasochist's -sadomasochists -seatmate -sodomite -steamed -stemmed -stormed -stymied -seatmate's -seatmates -sodomite's -sodomites -stemware -stemware's -stomach -stomacher -stomaching -steamship -steamship's -steamships -stomacher's -stomachers -stomach's -stomachs -stomached -stomachache -stomachache's -stomachaches -ceding -certain -citing -sadden -sardine -Sardinia -Satan -sateen -satin -sating -satiny -Saturn -seating -sedan -Sedna -seeding -Seton -setting -siding -Sidney -sighting -siting -sitting -sodden -sodding -sortieing -sorting -stain -Stan -Stein -stein -Steiner -steno -Stern -stern -Sterne -sterner -Sterno -Stine -sting -stinger -stingier -stingy -Stone -stone -stoner -stonier -stony -stun -stunner -Sudan -sudden -suiting -Sutton -Sydney -Steinbeck -Steinbeck's -Stanford -Stanford's -Stonehenge -Stonehenge's -sardonic -satanic -stank -stink -stinker -stinkier -stinky -stung -stunk -Zedong -stinkbug -stinkbug's -stinkbugs -sardonically -satanical -satanically -Stengel -Stengel's -stinking -stonking -stenographer -stenography -stenographic -stenographer's -stenographers -stenography's -stonkered -stinker's -stinkers -stink's -stinks -Zedong's -stinkiest -certainly -Saturnalia -soddenly -Stanley -sternly -stingily -stonily -suddenly -Saturnalia's -stainless -stainless's -Stanley's -Steinem -sternum -Steinem's -sternum's -sternums -stonemason -stonemason's -stonemasons -Steinmetz -Steinmetz's -saddening -saturnine -staining -stinging -stoning -stunning -stunningly -stinginess -stinginess's -stoniness -stoniness's -stingray -stingray's -stingrays -saddens -sadness -sadness's -sardine's -sardines -Sardinia's -Satan's -sateen's -satin's -Saturn's -Sauternes -seating's -sedan's -sedans -Sedna's -seediness -seediness's -Seton's -setting's -settings -siding's -sidings -Sidney's -sighting's -sightings -sitting's -sittings -stain's -stains -stance -Stan's -stanza -Steiner's -Stein's -stein's -steins -steno's -stenos -Sterne's -sternness -sternness's -Sterno's -Stern's -stern's -sterns -Stine's -stinger's -stingers -sting's -stings -stoner's -stoners -Stone's -stone's -stones -stunners -stuns -Sudanese -Sudan's -suddenness -suddenness's -Suetonius -Suetonius's -suiting's -Sutton's -Sydney's -stencil -Stanislavsky -Stanislavsky's -stencil's -stencils -Satanism -satanism -Satanism's -satanism's -stance's -stances -stanza's -stanzas -stenosis -Sudanese's -Satanist -satanist -sternest -stingiest -stoniest -Satanist's -satanist's -satanists -certainty -saddened -stained -stand -standee -stander -stent -stint -stoned -stunned -stunt -standby -standby's -standbys -standoff -standoff's -standoffs -standoffish -Stendhal -Stendhal's -standalone -stuntman -stuntmen -standing -Stanton -stinting -stunting -standing's -standings -Stanton's -standpoint -standpoint's -standpoints -standpipe -standpipe's -standpipes -sedentary -stentorian -certainties -certainty's -standee's -standees -stander's -standers -stand's -stands -stent's -stents -stint's -stints -stunt's -stunts -standstill -standstill's -standstills -standard -standout -stinted -stunted -standard's -standards -standout's -standouts -Standish -Standish's -Steinway -stonework -stonework's -stonewall -stonewalling -stonewalls -stonewalled -stoneware -stoneware's -Steinway's -satinwood -satinwood's -satinwoods -stonewashed -stanch -stancher -staunch -stauncher -stench -staunchly -stanching -stanchion -staunching -stanchion's -stanchions -staunchness -staunchness's -stanches -staunches -stenches -stench's -stanchest -staunchest -stanched -staunched -setup -steep -steeper -step -steppe -stepper -stoop -stop -stopper -stoup -stupor -stoppable -stepbrother -stepbrother's -stepbrothers -stopover -stupefy -stepfather -stepfather's -stepfathers -stupefaction -stupefaction's -stopover's -stopovers -stupefies -stupefied -stupefying -stoppage -stopcock -stopcock's -stopcocks -stopgap -stopgap's -stopgaps -stoppage's -stoppages -staple -stapler -steeple -steeply -stipple -stopple -steeplejack -steeplejack's -steeplejacks -stapling -stippling -stoppling -stippling's -stapler's -staplers -Staples -staple's -staples -Staples's -steeple's -steeples -stipple's -stipples -stopple's -stopples -cytoplasm -cytoplasmic -cytoplasm's -stapled -stepladder -stippled -stipulate -stoplight -stoppled -stipulating -stepladder's -stepladders -stipulates -stoplight's -stoplights -stipulated -stipulation -stipulation's -stipulations -steeplechase -steeplechase's -steeplechases -stepmother -stepmother's -stepmothers -stepmom -stepmom's -stepmoms -steepen -steeping -stepping -stooping -stopping -steepening -steepens -steepness -steepness's -steppingstone -steppingstone's -steppingstones -steepened -stipend -stipendiary -stipendiaries -stipend's -stipends -stupendous -stupendously -stoppering -stepparent -stepparent's -stepparents -stoppered -setup's -setups -sidepiece -steep's -steeps -stepper's -steppers -steppe's -steppes -step's -steps -stoop's -stoops -stopper's -stoppers -stop's -stops -stoup's -stoups -stupor's -stupors -stepson -stepson's -stepsons -sidepiece's -sidepieces -stepsister -stepsister's -stepsisters -steepest -seedpod -steeped -stepped -stooped -Stoppard -stopped -stupid -stupider -styptic -styptic's -styptics -stupidly -seedpod's -seedpods -Stoppard's -stupid's -stupids -stupidest -stepdad -stepdaughter -stupidity -stepdad's -stepdads -stepdaughter's -stepdaughters -stupidities -stupidity's -stopwatch -stopwatches -stopwatch's -stepchild -stepchildren -stepchildren's -stepchild's -Sadr -Sartre -satire -satori -satyr -stare -starer -Starr -starrier -starry -stereo -stirrer -store -story -straw -stray -strew -stria -striae -Sudra -suture -strewth -Strabo -strobe -storybook -storybook's -storybooks -steerable -strawberry -strawberries -strawberry's -Strabo's -strobe's -strobes -stroboscope -stroboscopic -stroboscope's -stroboscopes -storyboard -storyboard's -storyboards -strafe -strife -strive -strophe -strove -strophic -Styrofoam -Styrofoam's -Styrofoams -strafing -striven -striving -stereophonic -Stravinsky -Stravinsky's -storefront -storefront's -storefronts -strafe's -strafes -strife's -strives -strophe's -strophes -strafed -storehouse -storehouse's -storehouses -Cedric -citric -satiric -satyric -steerage -storage -streak -streaker -streakier -streaky -strike -striker -stroke -struck -strikebound -strikebreaker -strikebreaking -strikebreaker's -strikebreakers -satirical -satirically -straggle -straggler -stragglier -straggly -struggle -straggling -struggling -Strickland -Strickland's -straggler's -stragglers -straggles -struggle's -struggles -straggliest -straggled -struggled -streaking -stricken -striking -stroking -strikingly -strikings -storekeeper -storekeeper's -storekeepers -Cedric's -steerage's -storage's -streaker's -streakers -streak's -streaks -striker's -strikers -strike's -strikes -stroke's -strokes -streakiest -streaked -strict -stricter -strikeout -stroked -strictly -strictness -strictness's -stricture -structure -structural -structurally -structuralism -structuralist -structuralists -structuring -stricture's -strictures -structure's -structures -structured -strikeout's -strikeouts -strictest -sartorial -sartorially -sidereal -sterile -stroll -stroller -strolling -stroller's -strollers -stroll's -strolls -sterility -strolled -sterility's -stream -streamer -strum -Stromboli -Stromboli's -streamline -streamlining -streamlines -streamlined -streaming -strumming -strumpet -strumpet's -strumpets -streamer's -streamers -stream's -streams -strum's -strums -streamed -strummed -Citroen -citron -staring -starring -steering -stirring -storing -strain -strainer -strewn -string -stringer -stringier -stringy -Styron -suturing -strange -stranger -Strong -strong -stronger -strung -strength -strengthen -strengthener -strengthening -strengthener's -strengtheners -strengthens -strengthened -strength's -strengths -strongbox -strongboxes -strongbox's -strangely -strangle -strangler -strongly -stranglehold -stranglehold's -strangleholds -strangling -strangler's -stranglers -strangles -strangled -strangulate -stronghold -strangulating -strangulates -stronghold's -strongholds -strangulated -strangulation -strangulation's -strongman -strongmen -strongman's -strangeness -strangeness's -strongroom -strongrooms -stranger's -strangers -Strong's -strangest -strongest -citronella -stirringly -citronella's -straining -stringing -stringency -stringiness -stringiness's -stringency's -stringent -stringently -Citroen's -citron's -citrons -steering's -stirrings -strainer's -strainers -strain's -strains -strenuous -stringer's -stringers -string's -strings -Styron's -strenuously -strenuousness -strenuousness's -stringiest -strained -strand -stringed -Strindberg -Strindberg's -strontium -strontium's -stranding -strand's -strands -stranded -satrap -stirrup -strap -strep -strip -stripe -stripey -stripper -stripy -strop -stroppier -stroppy -stroppily -stripling -stripling's -striplings -strapless -strapless's -straplesses -strapping -striping -stripping -stropping -strapping's -stroppiness -satrap's -satraps -stirrup's -stirrups -strap's -straps -strep's -stripe's -stripes -stripper's -strippers -strip's -strips -strop's -strops -stroppiest -strapped -striped -stripped -stropped -streptococcal -streptococci -streptococcus -streptococcus's -streptomycin -streptomycin's -striptease -stripteaser -stripteasing -stripteaser's -stripteasers -striptease's -stripteases -stripteased -storeroom -storeroom's -storerooms -citrus -citrus's -Sadr's -Sartre's -satire's -satires -satori's -satyr's -satyrs -starer's -starers -stare's -stares -Starr's -stereo's -stereos -stirrer's -stirrers -store's -stores -stories -story's -Strauss -Strauss's -straw's -straws -stray's -strays -stress -stress's -strews -stria's -Sudra's -suture's -sutures -Strasbourg -Strasbourg's -stressful -stereoscope -stereoscopic -stereoscope's -stereoscopes -stressing -Streisand -Streisand's -citruses -satyriasis -satyriasis's -stresses -satirist -sitarist -starriest -stressed -satirist's -satirists -sitarist's -sitarists -saturate -sightread -stared -starred -steered -steroid -stirred -stored -storied -straight -straighter -strait -strata -strati -street -stride -strode -strut -sutured -stratify -stratification -stratification's -Stradivari -Stradivarius -Stradivarius's -stratifies -stratified -straightforward -straightforwardly -straightforwardness -straightforwardness's -straightforwards -stratifying -straightedge -strategy -streetcar -strategic -strategical -strategically -strategics -strategics's -straitjacket -straitjacketing -straitjacket's -straitjackets -straitjacketed -stratagem -stratagem's -stratagems -straightedge's -straightedges -strategies -strategy's -streetcar's -streetcars -strategist -strategist's -strategists -steroidal -storyteller -straddle -straddler -straightly -strudel -streetlamp -streetlamps -storytelling -straddling -storytelling's -storyteller's -storytellers -straddler's -straddlers -straddle's -straddles -strudel's -strudels -straitlaced -straddled -streetlight -streetlight's -streetlights -stratum -stratum's -saturating -straighten -straightener -straiten -stridden -striding -strutting -straightening -straitening -straightener's -straighteners -straightens -straightness -straightness's -straitens -stridency -stridency's -straightened -straitened -strident -stridently -stereotype -stereotypical -stereotyping -stereotype's -stereotypes -stereotyped -saturates -steroid's -steroids -straight's -straights -strait's -straits -stratus -stratus's -street's -streets -stride's -strides -strut's -struts -stratosphere -stratospheric -stratosphere's -stratospheres -straightest -saturated -striated -strutted -straightaway -straightway -streetwalker -streetwalker's -streetwalkers -straightaway's -straightaways -streetwise -strawing -strewing -strawed -strewed -stretch -stretcher -stretchier -stretchy -stretchable -stretchmarks -saturation -stretching -striation -strychnine -strychnine's -saturation's -striation's -striations -stretchering -stretchered -stretcher's -stretchers -stretches -stretch's -stretchiest -stretched -straying -strayed -cedar's -cedars -ceder's -ceders -cedes -certs -Cetus -Cetus's -cider's -ciders -Cid's -cite's -cites -cities -city's -Sadducee -Sade's -sades -Sadie's -Sarto's -sates -Sat's -Saudi's -Saudis -seat's -seats -Seder's -Seders -seduce -seducer -seeder's -seeders -seed's -seeds -Set's -set's -sets -settee's -settees -setter's -setters -setts -side's -sides -SIDS -Sid's -SIDS's -sight's -sights -sightseer -sitar's -sitars -site's -sites -sits -sitter's -sitters -soda's -sodas -Soddy's -sod's -sods -soot's -sorter's -sorters -sortie's -sorties -sort's -sorts -Soto's -sot's -sots -sourdough's -sourdoughs -Stacey -Staci -Stacie -Stacy -stair's -stairs -star's -stars -stay's -stays -steer's -steers -stew's -stews -sties -stir's -stirs -stows -Stu's -sty's -suds -sudsier -suds's -sudsy -suede's -suet's -suite's -suites -suitor's -suitors -suit's -suits -zed's -zeds -zeta's -zetas -zit's -zits -satisfy -satisfactory -satisfactorily -satisfaction -satisfaction's -satisfactions -satisfies -satisfied -satisfying -satisfyingly -setscrew -setsquare -setscrew's -setscrews -setsquares -sadism -satsuma -steersman -steersmen -steersman's -sadism's -satsumas -cetacean -citizen -cytosine -seducing -sightseeing -citizenry -citizenry's -cetacean's -cetaceans -citizen's -citizens -cytosine's -sightseeing's -citizenship -citizenship's -sidesplitting -Sadducee's -seducer's -seducers -seduces -sightseer's -sightseers -Stacey's -Stacie's -Staci's -Stacy's -stasis -Stoicism -stoicism -Stoicism's -Stoicisms -stoicism's -sudsiest -saddest -sadist -sawdust -seduced -seediest -sootiest -sadistic -sadistically -sidesaddle -sidesaddle's -sidesaddles -sidestep -sidestepping -sidestep's -sidesteps -sidestepped -sidestroke -starstruck -sidestroking -sidestroke's -sidestrokes -sidestroked -sadist's -sadists -sawdust's -sideswipe -sideswiping -sideswipe's -sideswipes -sideswiped -ceded -cited -Sadat -sated -satiety -Saturday -seated -sedate -sedater -seeded -sided -sighted -sited -situate -sodded -sordid -sorted -sortied -staid -staider -start -starter -stat -state -stater -statue -STD -std -stdio -stead -steadier -steady -steed -stet -stoat -stood -Stout -stout -stouter -Stuart -stud -studio -study -sturdier -sturdy -stutter -suited -studbook -Studebaker -studbook's -studbooks -Studebaker's -sedative -sedative's -sedatives -steadfast -steadfastly -steadfastness -steadfastness's -statehouse -statehouse's -statehouses -statehood -statehood's -static -statically -Steadicam -Steadicam's -statecraft -statecraft's -static's -statics -Stuttgart -Stuttgart's -citadel -sedately -sordidly -staidly -startle -statelier -stately -steadily -stoutly -studlier -studly -sturdily -surtitle -startling -startlingly -stateliness -stateliness's -citadel's -citadels -startles -stateless -surtitles -statelessness -statelessness's -stateliest -studliest -startled -stadium -stardom -statement -statementing -statement's -statements -statemented -stadium's -stadiums -stardom's -sedating -situating -starting -Staten -stating -stetting -studding -Sudetenland -Sudetenland's -sedateness -sedateness's -sordidness -sordidness's -staidness -staidness's -Staten's -steadiness -steadiness's -stoutness -stoutness's -studding's -sturdiness -sturdiness's -student -student's -students -studentship -studentships -startup -startup's -startups -statuary -stature -stutterer -sidetrack -sidetracking -sidetrack's -sidetracks -sidetracked -stateroom -stateroom's -staterooms -stuttering -statuary's -stature's -statures -stertorous -stutterer's -stutterers -stuttered -Sadat's -satiety's -Saturday's -Saturdays -sedates -situates -starter's -starters -start's -starts -States -state's -states -stat's -stats -statue's -statues -status -status's -steadies -stead's -steads -steady's -steed's -steeds -stets -stoat's -stoats -Stout's -stout's -stouts -Stuart's -Stuarts -studies -studio's -studios -studious -stud's -studs -study's -stutter's -stutters -statuesque -studiously -statesman -statesmen -statesmanlike -statesman's -statesmanship -statesmanship's -Stetson -stetson -Stetson's -stetson's -stetsons -studiousness -studiousness's -statuses -sedatest -staidest -stardust -stateside -steadiest -stoutest -sturdiest -statistic -statistical -statistically -statistic's -statistics -stardust's -statistician -statistician's -statisticians -stateswoman -stateswomen -stateswoman's -certitude -sedated -situated -started -stated -statuette -statute -steadied -stetted -studded -studied -studiedly -statutory -statutorily -certitude's -certitudes -statuette's -statuettes -statute's -statutes -statewide -steadying -studying -stairway -Stowe -stowage -stowage's -sidewall -stairwell -sidewalk -sidewalk's -sidewalks -sidewall's -sidewalls -stairwell's -stairwells -stewing -stowing -sidewinder -sidewinder's -sidewinders -sideways -stairway's -stairways -Stowe's -citywide -steward -Stewart -stewed -stowed -stewarding -stewardess -stewardess's -steward's -stewards -Stewart's -stewardesses -stewarded -stewardship -stewardship's -stowaway -stowaway's -stowaways -sideshow -sottish -starch -starchier -starchy -stash -stitch -starchily -citation -sedation -sedition -situation -starching -stashing -station -stationer -stitching -situational -stationmaster -stationmasters -stationing -stationary -stationery -stationery's -citation's -citations -sedation's -sedition's -situation's -situations -starchiness -starchiness's -stationer's -stationers -station's -stations -stitching's -stationed -stitchery -stitchery's -seditious -sideshow's -sideshows -starches -starch's -stashes -stash's -stitches -stitch's -starchiest -stochastic -starched -stashed -stitched -stayer -staying -stayers -stayed -seaway -sewer -sower -sway -swear -seaworthy -swarthier -swarthy -swath -swathe -swathing -seaworthiness -seaworthiness's -swathe's -swathes -swath's -swaths -swarthiest -swathed -sweetheart -sweetheart's -sweethearts -swab -swayback -zwieback -swayback's -zwieback's -swaybacked -swabbing -swab's -swabs -swabbed -swerve -swivel -swivel's -swivels -swerving -swerve's -swerves -swerved -Swift -swift -swifter -swiftly -swiftness -swiftness's -Swift's -swift's -swifts -swiftest -Swahili -Swahili's -Swahilis -sewage -swag -swagger -SWAK -swig -swagging -swigging -swaggerer -swaggering -swaggered -sewage's -swagger's -swaggers -swag's -swags -swig's -swigs -swagged -swigged -seawall -swallow -swell -sweller -swill -swirl -swirly -swellhead -swellhead's -swellheads -swellheaded -swelling -swilling -swirling -swollen -swelling's -swellings -seawall's -seawalls -swallow's -swallows -swell's -swells -swill's -swills -swirl's -swirls -swellest -swelled -swelter -swilled -swirled -swallowtail -swallowtail's -swallowtails -sweltering -sweltered -swelter's -swelters -swallowing -swallowed -swam -swami -swarm -swim -swimmer -swum -swarming -swimming -swimmingly -swimming's -swamp -swampier -swampy -swampland -swampland's -swamping -swamp's -swamps -swampiest -swamped -swami's -swamis -swarm's -swarms -swimmer's -swimmers -swim's -swims -swimsuit -swimsuit's -swimsuits -swarmed -Swammerdam -Swammerdam's -swimwear -sawing -sewing -sowing -Suwanee -swain -swan -Swanee -Sweeney -swine -swing -swinger -swoon -sworn -Swinburne -Swinburne's -swineherd -swineherd's -swineherds -swank -swanker -swankier -swanky -swung -swankily -swanking -swankiness -swankiness's -swank's -swanks -swankest -swankiest -swanked -Zwingli -Zwingli's -swanning -swingeing -swinging -swooning -sewing's -Suwanee's -swain's -swains -Swanee's -swan's -swans -Swansea -Sweeney's -swine's -swines -swinger's -swingers -swing's -swings -swoon's -swoons -Swanson -swansong -swansongs -Swanson's -Swansea's -swanned -swooned -swindle -swindler -swindling -swindler's -swindlers -swindle's -swindles -swindled -swinish -swap -sweep -sweeper -swipe -swoop -swapping -sweeping -swiping -swooping -sweepingly -sweeping's -sweepings -sweepings's -swap's -swaps -sweeper's -sweepers -sweep's -sweeps -swipe's -swipes -swoop's -swoops -swapped -swept -swiped -swooped -sweptback -swearer -swore -sewerage -Zworykin -Zworykin's -sewerage's -swearing -swearer's -swearers -seaway's -seaways -sewer's -sewers -sower's -sowers -sway's -sways -Swazi -swears -Swiss -Swissair -Swiss's -swiz -swizz -swizzle -swizzling -Swaziland -Swaziland's -swizzles -swizzled -Swazi's -Swazis -Swissair's -Swisses -sou'wester -swastika -swastika's -swastikas -sawed -seaward -seawater -seaweed -Seward -sewed -sowed -Soweto -sward -SWAT -swat -swatter -sweat -sweater -sweatier -sweaty -Swed -Swede -swede -Sweet -sweet -sweeter -sweetie -sword -swot -sweatband -sweatband's -sweatbands -sweetbrier -sweetbrier's -sweetbriers -sweetbread -sweetbread's -sweetbreads -swordfish -swordfishes -swordfish's -sweetcorn -swaddle -sweetly -swaddling -swaddles -swaddled -sweetmeat -sweetmeat's -sweetmeats -swatting -sweating -Sweden -sweeten -sweetener -swotting -Swedenborg -Swedenborg's -sweetening -sweetening's -Sweden's -sweetener's -sweeteners -sweetens -sweetness -sweetness's -sweetened -swordplay -swordplay's -sweatpants -sweatpants's -swattering -swattered -seaward's -seawards -seawater's -seaweed's -seaweeds -Seward's -Soweto's -sward's -swards -swat's -swats -swatter's -swatters -sweater's -sweaters -sweat's -sweats -sweats's -Swede's -Swedes -swede's -swedes -sweetie's -sweeties -Sweet's -sweet's -sweets -Switz -sword's -swords -swots -Switzerland -Switzerland's -swordsman -swordsmen -swordsman's -swordsmanship -swordsmanship's -sweatiest -sweatsuit -sweetest -sweatsuits -swatted -sweated -swotted -Swedish -sweetish -sweatshop -sweatshop's -sweatshops -Swedish's -sweatshirt -sweatshirt's -sweatshirts -swearword -swearword's -swearwords -swash -swatch -swish -swisher -switch -switcher -swoosh -switchback -swashbuckler -swashbuckling -swashbuckling's -swashbuckler's -swashbucklers -switchback's -switchbacks -switchable -switchblade -switchblade's -switchblades -switchboard -switchboard's -switchboards -swashing -swishing -switching -swooshing -swashes -swash's -swatches -swatch's -swishes -swish's -switcher's -switchers -switches -switch's -swooshes -swoosh's -swishest -swashed -swished -switched -swooshed -swaying -swayed -Saatchi -sash -Sasha -sashay -sch -search -searcher -such -sushi -zorch -satiable -searchable -sociable -sociably -sociable's -sociables -sociability -sociability's -Schick -surcharge -surcharging -Schick's -surcharge's -surcharges -surcharged -satchel -Schiller -seashell -social -socially -schlock -suchlike -schlock's -schlemiel -schlemiel's -schlemiels -Schliemann -Schliemann's -schilling -schilling's -schillings -schlep -schlepping -schlep's -schleps -schlepped -satchel's -satchels -Schiller's -seashell's -seashells -Seychelles -Seychelles's -social's -socials -socialism -socialism's -Schlesinger -Schlesinger's -socialist -socialistic -socialist's -socialists -searchlight -socialite -Schlitz -searchlight's -searchlights -socialite's -socialites -Schlitz's -sachem -schmo -schmuck -schmuck's -schmucks -schmaltz -schmaltzier -schmaltzy -schmaltz's -schmaltziest -sachem's -sachems -schmoes -schmooze -schmoozer -schmo's -schmoozing -schmoozers -schmoozes -schmoozed -Schmidt -Schmidt's -cession -searching -session -suasion -Schnabel -Schnabel's -schnook -schnook's -schnooks -searchingly -schnapps -schnapps's -cession's -cessions -Schnauzer -schnauzer -schnoz -session's -sessions -suasion's -schnozzle -schnozzle's -schnozzles -Schnauzer's -schnauzer's -schnauzers -schnozes -schnoz's -Schneider -Schindler -Schindler's -Schneider's -schnitzel -schnitzel's -schnitzels -Xochipilli -Xochipilli's -Schiaparelli -Schiaparelli's -seashore -Zachariah -Zachary -Zachery -Zechariah -Schrieffer -Schrieffer's -seashore's -seashores -Zachariah's -Zachary's -Zachery's -Zechariah's -Schroeder -Schroeder's -Saatchi's -Sachs -Sachs's -Sasha's -sashay's -sashays -sashes -sash's -schizo -searcher's -searchers -searches -search's -sushi's -schizophrenia -schizophrenic -schizophrenic's -schizophrenics -schizophrenia's -schism -schism's -schisms -schismatic -schismatic's -schismatics -schizo's -schizos -schist -schizoid -schist's -schizoid's -schizoids -sachet -satiate -searched -satiating -schadenfreude -sachet's -sachets -satiates -satiated -schwa -Schwinger -Schwinn -Schwinger's -Schwinn's -Schweppes -Schweppes's -schwa's -schwas -Schwarzkopf -Schwarzkopf's -Schwarzenegger -Schwarzenegger's -Schwartz -Schweitzer -Schwartz's -Schweitzer's -satiation -satiation's -sashaying -sashayed -Sawyer -sawyer -Zyuganov -Zyuganov's -cyan -saying -Soyinka -Soyinka's -cyan's -saying's -sayings -cyanide -cyanide's -Sawyer's -sawyer's -sawyers -Sayers -Sayers's -Soyuz -Soyuz's -D -d -DA -DAR -Day -day -DD -dd -DE -DEA -dear -Dee -deer -dew -dewy -DI -Di -die -Dior -Dir -do -DOA -DOE -Doe -doe -doer -door -Douay -dough -dour -Dow -Du -due -duh -DUI -duo -Dy -T -t -TA -Ta -ta -Tao -tar -tau -Te -tea -tear -tee -Ti -ti -tie -tier -to -toe -too -tor -tour -tow -toy -Tu -Tue -Ty -wt -WTO -yd -YT -Darth -dearth -Death -death -dither -Dorthy -doth -teeth -teethe -tether -tithe -tither -tooth -toothier -toothy -deathblow -deathblow's -deathblows -toothbrush -toothbrushes -toothbrush's -deathbed -deathbed's -deathbeds -deathly -toothily -deathlike -deathless -toothless -deathlessly -diathermy -diathermy's -teething -tithing -teething's -toothpick -toothpick's -toothpicks -toothpaste -toothpaste's -toothpastes -ditherer -dethrone -dithering -tethering -dethronement -dethronement's -dethroning -dethrones -dethroned -ditherer's -ditherers -dithered -tethered -Darth's -dearth's -dearths -Death's -death's -deaths -dither's -dithers -Dorthy's -teethes -tether's -tethers -Tethys -Tethys's -tither's -tithers -tithe's -tithes -tooth's -toothsome -toothiest -teethed -tithed -toothed -deathtrap -deathtrap's -deathtraps -deathwatch -deathwatches -deathwatch's -toothache -toothache's -toothaches -dab -dabber -Darby -daub -dauber -dB -db -deb -debar -Debbie -Debby -Derby -derby -DOB -dob -dub -Dubai -dubber -tab -tabby -taboo -tabor -TB -Tb -tb -TBA -Tiber -tibia -tibiae -Toby -toyboy -tub -tuba -tubbier -tubby -tube -tuber -turbo -Tabatha -Tabitha -Tabatha's -Tabitha's -tubful -tubful's -tubfuls -turbofan -turbofan's -turbofans -Dubhe -Dubhe's -debark -debug -debugger -dybbuk -teabag -tieback -tobacco -Tobago -debacle -tubercle -tubercular -tuberculin -tuberculin's -debacle's -debacles -tubercle's -tubercles -tuberculous -tuberculosis -tuberculosis's -dybbukim -debarking -debugging -toboggan -tobogganer -tobogganing -tobogganing's -tobogganer's -tobogganers -toboggan's -toboggans -tobacconist -tobacconist's -tobacconists -tobogganed -debarks -debuggers -debugs -dybbuk's -dybbuks -teabags -tieback's -tiebacks -tobacco's -tobaccos -Tobago's -debarked -debugged -turbojet -turbojet's -turbojets -debarkation -debarkation's -dabble -dabbler -dbl -dibble -doable -doorbell -double -doubly -tabbouleh -tabla -table -tableau -tabular -tarball -Tarbell -tibial -tubal -tubular -tubule -doubleheader -doubleheader's -doubleheaders -diabolic -diabolical -diabolically -tablecloth -tablecloth's -tablecloths -tableaux -tableland -tableland's -tablelands -dabbling -dibbling -doubling -doubloon -Dublin -tabling -doubloon's -doubloons -Dublin's -turbulence -turbulence's -turbulent -turbulently -dabbler's -dabblers -dabbles -dibble's -dibbles -doorbell's -doorbells -double's -doubles -tabbouleh's -tabla's -tablas -tableau's -table's -tables -tarballs -Tarbell's -Tbilisi -tubeless -tubeless's -tubule's -tubules -doublespeak -doublespeak's -tablespoon -tablespoonful -tablespoonful's -tablespoonfuls -tablespoon's -tablespoons -Tbilisi's -dabbled -debility -Debouillet -dibbled -doubled -Doubleday -doublet -tabled -tablet -tabloid -tabulate -tabulator -tabulating -tabletop -tabletop's -tabletops -debilities -debility's -Debouillet's -Doubleday's -doublet's -doublets -tablet's -tablets -tabloid's -tabloids -tabulates -tabulator's -tabulators -debilitate -tabulated -debilitating -debilitates -debilitated -debilitation -debilitation's -tableware -tableware's -tabulation -tabulation's -tabulations -terbium -ytterbium -Doberman -doberman -Tubman -Doberman's -doberman's -dobermans -Tubman's -debarment -debarment's -DBMS -DBMS's -terbium's -ytterbium's -dabbing -daubing -Debian -debonair -Dobbin -dobbin -dobbing -dubbin -dubbing -Durban -tabbing -tabooing -tubing -turban -turbine -debunk -Tabernacle -tabernacle -Tabernacle's -Tabernacles -tabernacle's -tabernacles -debunking -debunks -debunked -debonairly -debonairness -debonairness's -Debian's -Dobbin's -dobbin's -dobbins -dubbin's -Durban's -tubing's -turban's -turbans -turbine's -turbines -turbaned -debenture -debenture's -debentures -turboprop -turboprop's -turboprops -Debora -Deborah -Debra -dewberry -Dobro -dobro -debrief -debriefing -Dubrovnik -Dubrovnik's -debriefing's -debriefings -debriefs -debriefed -daybreak -tiebreak -tiebreaker -daybreak's -tiebreaker's -tiebreakers -tiebreaks -debarring -Deborah's -Debora's -Debra's -debris -debris's -dewberries -dewberry's -Dobro's -Tabriz -Tiberius -Tiberius's -tuberose -tuberous -Tabrizes -Tabriz's -tuberose's -debarred -dabber's -dabbers -dab's -dabs -Darby's -dauber's -daubers -daub's -daubs -debars -debase -Debbie's -Debby's -Debs -deb's -debs -Debs's -Debussy -derbies -Derby's -derby's -dibs -dibs's -dobs -Dubai's -dubber's -dubbers -dubious -dub's -dubs -tabbies -tabby's -taboo's -taboos -tabor's -tabors -tab's -tabs -TB's -Tb's -tbs -Tiber's -tibia's -Toby's -toyboys -tuba's -tubas -tuber's -tubers -tube's -tubes -tub's -tubs -turbo's -turbos -Dubcek -Tabasco -Dubcek's -Tabasco's -Tabascos -dubiously -debasement -debasement's -debasements -debasing -dubiousness -dubiousness's -tbsp -debases -Debussy's -debased -tubbiest -dabbed -daubed -daybed -debate -debater -debit -debt -debtor -debut -dobbed -doubt -doubter -dubbed -dubiety -tabbed -tabooed -Tibet -Tobit -towboat -tubed -turbid -turbot -debatable -doubtful -doubtfully -doubtfulness -doubtfulness's -diabetic -diabetic's -diabetics -doubtless -doubtlessly -debating -debiting -debuting -doubting -Tibetan -doubtingly -debating's -Tibetan's -Tibetans -daybed's -daybeds -debater's -debaters -debate's -debates -debit's -debits -debtor's -debtors -debt's -debts -debut's -debuts -diabetes -diabetes's -doubter's -doubters -doubt's -doubts -dubiety's -Tibet's -Tobit's -towboat's -towboats -turbot's -turbots -debated -debited -debuted -doubted -turbidity -turbidity's -debauch -debauchee -debouch -turbocharge -turbocharger -turbocharging -turbocharger's -turbochargers -turbocharges -turbocharged -debauching -debouching -debauchery -debaucheries -debauchery's -debauchee's -debauchees -debauches -debauch's -debouches -debauched -debouched -daffier -daffy -Darfur -Davao -Dave -Davy -deaf -deafer -def -defer -deffer -Defoe -defy -deify -derv -Devi -devour -diff -differ -div -diva -dive -diver -doff -dove -Dover -duff -duffer -Duffy -taffy -tiff -toff -toffee -tofu -tough -tougher -toughie -turf -turfy -TV -TVA -diphthong -diphthong's -diphthongs -diphtheria -diphtheria's -defibrillator -defibrillators -defibrillation -divvy -divvies -divvy's -divvied -divvying -defog -defogger -diverge -difficult -difficulty -difficultly -difficulties -difficulty's -defogging -diverging -divergence -divergence's -divergences -divergent -defogger's -defoggers -defogs -diverges -defecate -defect -defector -defogged -diverged -dovecot -dovecote -defective -defectively -defectiveness -defectiveness's -defective's -defectives -defecating -defecting -defecates -defector's -defectors -defect's -defects -dovecote's -dovecotes -dovecots -defecated -defected -defecation -defection -deification -defecation's -defection's -defections -deification's -defile -defiler -devalue -devil -Duvalier -tearful -tearfully -TEFL -TOEFL -toughly -Tuvalu -devolve -devolving -devolves -devolved -divulge -divulging -divulges -defalcate -deflect -deflector -divulged -deflective -defalcating -deflecting -defalcates -deflector's -deflectors -deflects -defalcated -deflected -defalcation -deflection -defalcation's -defalcations -deflection's -deflections -defilement -devilment -defilement's -devilment's -defiling -devaluing -Teflon -Tuvaluan -Teflon's -Teflons -defoliant -divalent -defoliant's -defoliants -develop -developer -development -developmental -developmentally -development's -developments -developing -developer's -developers -develops -developed -devilry -devilries -devilry's -defiler's -defilers -defile's -defiles -devalues -devil's -devils -Duvalier's -Tuvalu's -default -defaulter -defiled -deflate -defoliate -defoliator -devalued -defaulting -deflating -defoliating -deviltry -deviltries -deviltry's -defaulter's -defaulters -default's -defaults -deflates -defoliates -defoliator's -defoliators -Torvalds -Torvalds's -defaulted -deflated -defoliated -deflower -deflowering -deflowered -deflowers -devilish -devilishly -deflation -defoliation -devaluation -devolution -deflationary -deflation's -defoliation's -devaluation's -devaluations -devilishness -devilishness's -devolution's -defame -defamer -deform -defaming -deforming -deferment -deferment's -deferments -defamer's -defamers -defames -deforms -defamed -deformed -deformity -defamatory -deformities -deformity's -defamation -deformation -defamation's -deformation's -deformations -Daphne -Darvon -dauphin -deafen -define -definer -Devin -Devon -diffing -divan -Divine -divine -diviner -diving -doffing -duffing -Dvina -tavern -Tiffany -tiffing -toughen -toughener -toughing -turfing -typhoon -Diefenbaker -Diefenbaker's -definable -Devanagari -Devanagari's -defunct -divinely -deafening -defining -Devonian -divining -toughening -deafeningly -Devonian's -Davenport -davenport -Davenport's -davenport's -davenports -daffiness -daffiness's -Daphne's -Darvon's -dauphin's -dauphins -deafens -deafness -deafness's -defiance -definer's -definers -defines -deviance -deviancy -Devin's -Devon's -diaphanous -divan's -divans -diviner's -diviners -Divine's -divine's -divines -diving's -Dvina's -tavern's -taverns -Tiffany's -toughener's -tougheners -toughens -toughness -toughness's -typhoon's -typhoons -defensible -defensibly -defensive -defensively -defensiveness -defensiveness's -defensive's -defiance's -deviance's -deviancy's -divinest -defenestration -defenestrations -deafened -defend -defender -defiant -defined -definite -deviant -divined -divinity -toughened -definitive -definitively -defiantly -definitely -defending -Diophantine -definiteness -definiteness's -Diophantine's -defendant -defendant's -defendants -defender's -defenders -defends -deviant's -deviants -divinities -divinity's -defended -definition -divination -definition's -definitions -divination's -defray -DVR -defrock -diaphragm -diaphragm's -diaphragms -diaphragmatic -defrocking -defrocks -defrocked -diffract -diffracting -diffracts -diffracted -diffraction -diffraction's -deferral -taffrail -deferral's -deferrals -taffrail's -taffrails -deferring -devouring -differing -deference -difference -deference's -difference's -differences -different -differently -deferential -deferentially -differential -differential's -differentials -differentiate -differentiating -differentiates -differentiated -differentiation -differentiation's -defrays -DVR's -DVRs -deforest -defrost -defroster -deforesting -defrosting -deforests -defroster's -defrosters -defrosts -deforested -defrosted -deforestation -deforestation's -deferred -defraud -defrauder -devoured -differed -defrauding -defrauder's -defrauders -defrauds -defrauded -defrayal -defrayal's -defraying -defrayed -Darfur's -Davao's -Dave's -Davies -Davies's -Davis -Davis's -Davy's -deaves -deface -defacer -defers -defies -Defoe's -defuse -deifies -device -devious -Devi's -devise -devours -differs -diffs -diffuse -diva's -divas -diver's -divers -diverse -dive's -dives -divisor -divorce -doffs -Dover's -dove's -doves -duffer's -duffers -duff's -duffs -Duffy's -taffies -taffy's -tiff's -tiffs -toffee's -toffees -toffs -tofu's -toughie's -toughies -tough's -toughs -turf's -turfs -TV's -TVs -typhus -typhus's -divisible -divisibility -divisibility's -diffusive -diversify -divisive -diversification -diversification's -divisively -divisiveness -divisiveness's -diversifies -diffusivity -diversified -diversifying -deviously -diffusely -diversely -defacement -divorcement -defacement's -divorcement's -divorcements -defacing -defusing -devising -diffusing -divorcing -deficiency -deviousness -deviousness's -diffuseness -diffuseness's -diverseness -diverseness's -deficiencies -deficiency's -deficient -defacer's -defacers -defaces -defuses -device's -devices -devise's -devises -diffuses -divisor's -divisors -divorce's -divorces -daffiest -deafest -defaced -deffest -deficit -defused -devised -diffused -diversity -divest -divorced -toughest -divestment -divestment's -divesting -deficit's -deficits -diversities -diversity's -divests -devastate -devastator -divested -devastating -devastatingly -divestiture -divestiture's -divestitures -devastates -devastator's -devastators -devastated -devastation -devastation's -daft -dafter -David -davit -defeat -defeater -defied -deft -defter -deified -deviate -devoid -devote -devotee -devout -devouter -diffed -dived -divert -divide -divider -divot -doffed -duffed -duvet -DVD -taffeta -Taft -Tevet -tiffed -toughed -tuft -tufter -turfed -typhoid -dividable -diverticulitis -diverticulitis's -daffodil -daftly -deftly -devoutly -dovetail -dovetailing -daffodil's -daffodils -dovetail's -dovetails -dovetailed -defeating -deviating -devoting -diverting -dividing -tufting -daftness -daftness's -deftness -deftness's -devoutness -devoutness's -diffidence -diffidence's -diffident -dividend -diffidently -dividend's -dividends -David's -Davids -davit's -davits -defeater's -defeaters -defeat's -defeats -deviate's -deviates -devotee's -devotees -devotes -diverts -divider's -dividers -divide's -divides -divot's -divots -duvet's -duvets -DVDs -taffeta's -Taft's -Tevet's -tufter's -tufters -tuft's -tufts -typhoid's -defeatism -defeatism's -Davidson -Davidson's -daftest -defeatist -deftest -devoutest -defeatist's -defeatists -defeated -deviated -devoted -diverted -divided -tufted -devotedly -dervish -dovish -deviation -devotion -diffusion -diversion -division -devotional -divisional -devotional's -devotionals -diversionary -deviation's -deviations -devotion's -devotions -diffusion's -diversion's -diversions -division's -divisions -dervishes -dervish's -defying -deifying -DH -dhow -Doha -Tahoe -towhee -Dhaka -doohickey -Dhaka's -doohickey's -doohickeys -Dhaulagiri -Dhaulagiri's -toehold -toehold's -toeholds -Dahomey -dharma -Durham -Dahomey's -Durham's -Durhams -dehumidifier -dehumidify -dehumidifier's -dehumidifiers -dehumidifies -dehumidified -dehumidifying -dhow's -dhows -DHS -Doha's -Tahoe's -towhee's -towhees -dhoti -Tahiti -towhead -dehydrogenase -dehydrogenate -dehydrogenating -dehydrogenates -dehydrogenated -dehydrate -dehydrator -dehydrating -dehydrates -dehydrator's -dehydrators -dehydrated -dehydration -dehydration's -dhoti's -dhotis -Tahiti's -towhead's -towheads -towheaded -Tahitian -Tahitian's -Tahitians -dag -dagger -dago -Dakar -dark -darker -darkie -DC -dc -DEC -Dec -decay -Decca -deck -Decker -decor -decoy -deejay -deg -Dick -dick -dicker -dickey -Diego -dig -digger -dike -dirge -Dirk -dirk -DJ -doc -dock -docker -Dodge -dodge -dodgier -dodgy -dog -doge -doggier -doggy -dogie -dork -dorkier -dorky -Doug -doughier -doughy -duck -duckier -ducky -dug -Duke -duke -dyke -tack -tacker -tackier -tacky -taco -Taegu -tag -tagger -taiga -take -taker -Tc -teak -tic -tick -ticker -tiger -TKO -tog -toga -Togo -Tojo -Tokay -toke -took -toque -torque -tuck -Tucker -tucker -tug -tuque -Turk -Turkey -turkey -TX -tyke -together -decathlon -decathlon's -decathlons -decathlete -decathletes -togetherness -togetherness's -duckbill -duckbill's -duckbills -dickybird -Djibouti -tugboat -dickybirds -Djibouti's -duckboards -tugboat's -tugboats -decaf -decaff -takeoff -takeover -TGIF -Tocqueville -Tocqueville's -decaffeinate -decaffeinating -decaffeinates -decaffeinated -decaffs -decaf's -decafs -takeoff's -takeoffs -takeover's -takeovers -dogfight -dogfight's -dogfights -dogfish -dogfishes -dogfish's -Durkheim -Durkheim's -deckhand -deckhand's -deckhands -dickhead -dickheads -teacake -tearjerker -Turkic -digicam -digicams -decagon -decagon's -decagons -teacake's -teacakes -tearjerker's -tearjerkers -Turkic's -Turkics -Tajikistan -Tajikistan's -Dijkstra -Dijkstra's -deject -dogcart -dejecting -dejects -dogcart's -dogcarts -dejected -dejectedly -Tokugawa -Tokugawa's -dogcatcher -dejection -dejection's -dogcatcher's -dogcatchers -darkly -decal -deckle -declaw -dewclaw -ducal -tackle -tackler -tequila -Terkel -tickle -tickler -toggle -djellaba -djellaba's -djellabas -Diaghilev -Diaghilev's -declivity -declivities -declivity's -Decalogue -dogleg -doglike -Tagalog -doglegging -Decalogue's -dogleg's -doglegs -Tagalog's -Tagalogs -doglegged -declaim -declaimer -Taklamakan -Taklamakan's -declaiming -declaimer's -declaimers -declaims -declaimed -declamatory -declamation -declamation's -declamations -Darjeeling -decline -decliner -duckling -tackling -tagline -tickling -toggling -declining -Darjeeling's -decliner's -decliners -decline's -declines -duckling's -ducklings -tagline's -taglines -declined -dockland -docklands -declension -declination -declension's -declensions -declination's -declare -declarer -declarable -declaring -declarer's -declarers -declares -declared -declarative -declaratory -declaration -declaration's -declarations -decal's -decals -deckles -declaws -dewclaw's -dewclaws -Douglas -Douglas's -Douglass -Douglass's -tackler's -tacklers -tackle's -tackles -tequila's -tequilas -Terkel's -tickler's -ticklers -tickle's -tickles -toggle's -toggles -Togolese -declassify -declassification -declassification's -declassifies -declassified -declassifying -Togolese's -tackled -tickled -toggled -tagliatelle -declawing -declawed -ticklish -ticklishly -Diocletian -Diocletian's -ticklishness -ticklishness's -dodgem -dogma -doorjamb -Tacoma -TQM -doorjambs -Tucuman -Tucuman's -Turkmenistan -Turkmenistan's -document -documenting -documentary -documentaries -documentary's -document's -documents -documented -documentation -documentation's -documentations -decamp -decampment -decampment's -decamping -decompress -decompressing -decompresses -decompressed -decompression -decompression's -decamps -decompose -decomposing -decomposes -decomposed -decomposition -decomposition's -decamped -dodgems -dogma's -dogmas -Tacoma's -Tecumseh -Tecumseh's -Torquemada -dogmatic -dogmatically -Torquemada's -dogmatism -dogmatism's -dogmatist -dogmatist's -dogmatists -decommission -decommissioning -decommissions -decommissioned -darken -darkener -deacon -Deccan -decking -digging -Dijon -diking -docking -dogging -doggone -doggoner -ducking -dudgeon -tacking -Taejon -tagging -taken -taking -ticking -Tijuana -togging -token -toking -torquing -toucan -tucking -tugging -tycoon -doorknob -doorknob's -doorknobs -dignify -Turgenev -dignifies -Turgenev's -dignified -dignifying -doorknocker -doorknockers -decongestant -decongestant's -decongestants -diagonal -diagonally -diagonal's -diagonals -darkening -deigning -doggoning -dognapper -degeneracy -DeGeneres -DeGeneres's -degeneracy's -degenerate -degenerative -degenerating -degenerate's -degenerates -degenerated -degeneration -degeneration's -darkener's -darkeners -darkens -darkness -darkness's -Dawkins -deaconess -deaconess's -deacon's -deacons -Deccan's -diagnose -Dickens -dickens -Dickens's -diggings -diggings's -Dijon's -Diogenes -Diogenes's -doggones -dudgeon's -tackiness -tackiness's -Taejon's -taking's -takings -takings's -ticking's -Tijuana's -token's -tokens -toucan's -toucans -tycoon's -tycoons -tokenism -tokenism's -diagnosing -Dickinson -Dickinson's -deaconesses -diagnoses -diagnosis -diagnosis's -diagnosed -doggonest -diagnostic -diagnostically -diagnostics -diagnostics's -deconstruct -deconstructing -deconstructs -deconstructed -deconstruction -deconstruction's -deconstructions -deconstructionism -deconstructionist -deconstructionists -diagnostician -diagnostician's -diagnosticians -darkened -decant -decanter -dignity -decontaminate -decontaminating -decontaminates -decontaminated -decontamination -decontamination's -decanting -Tarkenton -Tarkington -Tarkenton's -Tarkington's -Tocantins -Tocantins's -dignitary -Ticonderoga -Ticonderoga's -decontrol -decontrolling -decontrols -decontrolled -dignitaries -dignitary's -decanter's -decanters -decants -dignities -dignity's -decanted -Dickensian -doorkeeper -teacup -toecap -teacupful -teacupful's -teacupfuls -decoupage -decoupaging -decoupage's -decoupages -decoupaged -decouple -decoupling -decouples -decoupled -duckpins -duckpins's -DiCaprio -DiCaprio's -doorkeeper's -doorkeepers -teacup's -teacups -toecap's -toecaps -decapitate -decapitator -decapitating -decapitates -decapitator's -decapitators -decapitated -decapitation -decapitation's -decapitations -Daguerre -daiquiri -daycare -decree -decry -degree -Tagore -digraph -digraph's -digraphs -doggerel -doggerel's -darkroom -decorum -diagram -diagramming -decrement -decrements -decremented -darkroom's -darkrooms -decorum's -diagram's -diagrams -diagrammed -diagrammatic -diagrammatically -Dacron -decreeing -dickering -tuckering -Dacron's -Dacrons -decrepit -decrepitude -decrepitude's -decryption -Daguerre's -daiquiri's -daiquiris -daycare's -decorous -decrease -decree's -decrees -decries -degree's -degrees -digress -Tagore's -tigress -tigress's -Tigris -Tigris's -digressive -decorously -decreasing -digressing -decreasingly -decorousness -decorousness's -decrescendo -decrescendo's -decrescendos -decrease's -decreases -digresses -tigresses -decreased -digressed -decorate -decorator -decreed -decried -degrade -dickered -digerati -dogeared -tuckered -degradable -decorative -decoratively -diacritic -diacritical -diacritic's -diacritics -decorating -degrading -decorating's -daguerreotype -daguerreotyping -daguerreotype's -daguerreotypes -daguerreotyped -decorates -decorator's -decorators -degrades -digerati's -decorated -degraded -degradation -degradation's -tigerish -decoration -digression -decoration's -decorations -digression's -digressions -decrying -dagger's -daggers -dagoes -dagos -dags -Dakar's -darkies -dark's -DC's -decay's -decays -Decca's -Decker's -deck's -decks -decor's -decors -decoy's -decoys -DECs -Dec's -deejay's -deejays -Degas -degas -Degas's -dickers -dickey's -dickeys -Dick's -dick's -dicks -Diego's -digger's -diggers -dig's -digs -dikes -dirge's -dirges -Dirk's -dirk's -dirks -Dix -Dixie -dockers -dock's -docks -doc's -docs -Dodge's -dodge's -dodges -doge's -doges -doggies -doggy's -doghouse -dogie's -dogies -dog's -dogs -Dorcas -Dorcas's -dork's -dorks -Doug's -duckies -duck's -ducks -ducky's -Duke's -duke's -dukes -dyke's -dykes -tacker's -tackers -tack's -tacks -taco's -tacos -Taegu's -tagger's -taggers -tag's -tags -Tagus -Tagus's -taiga's -taigas -taker's -takers -take's -takes -tax -taxa -taxer -taxi -Tc's -teak's -teaks -teargas -teargas's -TeX -Tex -ticker's -tickers -tick's -ticks -tic's -tics -tiger's -tigers -TKO's -toga's -togas -Togo's -tog's -togs -togs's -Tojo's -Tokay's -toke's -tokes -toque's -toques -torque's -torques -Tucker's -tucker's -tuckers -tuck's -tucks -tug's -tugs -tuque's -tuques -Turkey's -turkey's -turkeys -Turk's -Turks -turquoise -tux -TWX -tyke's -tykes -taxable -dogsbody -dogsbodies -Texaco -toxic -taxicab -taxicab's -taxicabs -toxicology -toxicological -toxicology's -toxicologist -toxicologist's -toxicologists -Tegucigalpa -Tegucigalpa's -Dixiecrat -Dixiecrat's -Texaco's -doxology -doxologies -doxology's -Dixieland -dixieland -Dixieland's -Dixielands -dixieland's -dogsled -dogsleds -taxman -taxmen -taximeter -taximeter's -taximeters -degassing -Dickerson -Dickson -dioxin -Dixon -taxiing -taxing -taxon -teargassing -Texan -tocsin -toxin -Tucson -taxonomy -taxonomic -taxonomies -taxonomy's -taxonomist -taxonomist's -taxonomists -Dickerson's -Dickson's -dioxin's -dioxins -Dixon's -Texan's -Texans -tocsin's -tocsins -toxin's -toxins -Tucson's -taxpayer -taxpaying -taxpayer's -taxpayers -degases -Dejesus -Dejesus's -Dixie's -Dix's -doghouse's -doghouses -taxer's -taxers -taxes -taxi's -taxis -tax's -teargases -Texas -Texas's -TeXes -Tex's -turquoise's -turquoises -tuxes -tux's -toxicity -toxicities -toxicity's -darkest -degassed -Dexter -digest -dioxide -dockside -dodgiest -doggiest -dorkiest -doughiest -duckiest -tackiest -taxed -taxied -teargassed -text -tuxedo -textbook -textbook's -textbooks -digestible -digestibility -digestibility's -digestive -digestives -textile -textual -textually -textile's -textiles -taxidermy -taxidermy's -taxidermist -taxidermist's -taxidermists -digesting -texting -Turkestan -Turkestan's -texture -textural -Dexedrine -texturing -Dexedrine's -dexterous -dextrose -texture's -textures -dexterously -dexterousness -dexterousness's -dextrose's -dexterity -textured -dexterity's -Dexter's -digest's -digests -dioxide's -dioxides -text's -texts -tuxedo's -tuxedos -digested -texted -taxiway -taxiways -digestion -taxation -digestion's -digestions -taxation's -Dakota -Daugherty -decade -Decatur -decked -decode -decoder -dict -dicta -digit -diked -docked -docket -Doctor -doctor -dodged -dogged -ducat -ducked -duct -dugout -tacked -tact -tagged -takeout -Target -target -ticked -ticket -toccata -togaed -togged -toked -torqued -tucked -tugged -turgid -tactful -tactfully -tactfulness -tactfulness's -Dictaphone -Dictaphone's -Dictaphones -deactivate -deactivating -deactivates -deactivated -deactivation -deactivation's -tactic -ticktock -tactical -tactically -tactic's -tactics -ticktock's -ticktocks -ticktacktoe -ticktacktoe's -dactyl -digital -digitally -doggedly -ductile -tactile -teakettle -turgidly -dactylic -dactylic's -dactylics -dactyl's -dactyls -digitalis -digitalis's -ductless -tactless -teakettle's -teakettles -tactlessly -tactlessness -tactlessness's -ductility -tactility -dicotyledon -dicotyledonous -dicotyledon's -dicotyledons -ductility's -tactility's -dictum -dukedom -dictum's -dukedom's -dukedoms -Ticketmaster -Ticketmaster's -Dakotan -decoding -docketing -ducting -targeting -ticketing -tectonic -tectonics -tectonics's -Dakotan's -decadence -decadency -doggedness -doggedness's -decadence's -decadency's -decadent -decadently -decadent's -decadents -Doctorow -doctoral -docudrama -docudrama's -docudramas -doctoring -doctrine -doctrinal -doctrinaire -doctrinaire's -doctrinaires -doctrine's -doctrines -Doctorow's -doctorate -doctored -dogtrot -dogtrotting -doctorate's -doctorates -dogtrot's -dogtrots -dogtrotted -Dakota's -Dakotas -Daugherty's -decade's -decades -Decatur's -decoder's -decoders -decodes -digit's -digits -docket's -dockets -doctor's -doctors -ducat's -ducats -duct's -ducts -dugout's -dugouts -tact's -takeout's -takeouts -Target's -target's -targets -ticket's -tickets -toccatas -decoded -dictate -dictator -diktat -docketed -targeted -tektite -ticketed -turgidity -dictating -dictatorial -dictatorially -dictate's -dictates -dictator's -dictators -diktats -tektite's -tektites -turgidity's -dictated -dictatorship -dictatorship's -dictatorships -dictation -tactician -dictation's -dictations -tactician's -tacticians -takeaway -dockworker -dockworker's -dockworkers -takeaways -Dagwood -dogwood -duckweed -Dagwood's -dogwood's -dogwoods -duckweed's -deckchair -Turkish -diction -dictionary -dictionaries -dictionary's -diction's -deckchairs -Turkish's -Tokyo -decaying -decoying -Tokyo's -decayed -decoyed -dockyard -Tokyoite -dockyard's -dockyards -dahlia -daily -Dalai -Dale -dale -Daley -Dali -dallier -dally -Darla -deal -dealer -dearly -Del -delay -deli -Delia -Dell -dell -Della -Dial -dial -dill -dilly -doily -Dole -dole -doll -dollar -Dollie -Dolly -dolly -Dooley -Douala -dourly -Doyle -dual -duel -dull -duller -dully -duly -tail -tailor -tale -tali -tall -taller -Talley -tallier -tallow -tallowy -tally -Taylor -teal -tel -Tell -tell -Teller -teller -telly -til -tile -tiler -till -tiller -Tl -toil -toiler -tole -toll -tool -Tull -tulle -Tyler -Duluth -telethon -telethon's -telethons -Duluth's -Dolby -tallboy -toolbar -tollbooth -tollbooth's -tollbooths -tailback -tailback's -tailbacks -toolbox -toolboxes -toolbox's -tillable -tailbone -Taliban -tailbones -Taliban's -talebearer -talebearer's -talebearers -deliberate -deliberative -deliberately -deliberating -deliberateness -deliberateness's -deliberates -deliberated -deliberation -deliberation's -deliberations -Delibes -Delibes's -Dolby's -tallboy's -tallboys -toolbar's -toolbars -Delbert -Dilbert -tailboard -Talbot -Delbert's -Dilbert's -Dilberts -tailboards -Talbot's -deliver -Delphi -delve -delver -Delphic -Delphic's -doleful -dolefully -dolefulness -dolefulness's -delving -dolphin -telephone -telephoner -telephony -telephonic -televangelism -televangelism's -televangelist -televangelist's -televangelists -delphinium -delphinium's -delphiniums -telephoning -Delphinus -Delphinus's -dolphin's -dolphins -telephoner's -telephoners -telephone's -telephones -telephony's -telephonist -telephonists -telephoned -deliverer -delivery -deliverable -deleverage -deleveraging -deleverages -deleveraged -deliveryman -deliverymen -deliveryman's -delivering -deliverance -deliverance's -deliverer's -deliverers -deliveries -delivery's -delivered -delivers -Delphi's -delver's -delvers -delves -televise -televising -televises -televised -delft -delved -telephoto -telephotography -telephotography's -delft's -telephoto's -telephotos -delftware -delftware's -television -television's -televisions -Delhi -tallyho -tallyhoing -Delhi's -dollhouse -Tallahassee -tallyho's -tallyhos -dollhouse's -dollhouses -Tallahassee's -tallyhoed -deluge -dialogue -talc -talk -talker -talkie -talkier -talky -Telugu -tillage -TLC -talcum -telecommunication -telecommunication's -telecommunications -telecommunications's -talcum's -telecommute -telecommuter -telecommuting -telecommuting's -telecommuter's -telecommuters -telecommutes -telecommuted -deluging -talking -Tolkien -teleconference -teleconferencing -teleconferencing's -teleconference's -teleconferences -teleconferenced -telegenic -diligence -Tolkien's -diligence's -telekinesis -telekinesis's -diligent -telekinetic -diligently -telegraph -telegrapher -telegraphy -telegraphic -telegraphically -telegraphing -telegrapher's -telegraphers -telegraphese -telegraph's -telegraphs -telegraphy's -telegraphist -telegraphist's -telegraphists -telegraphed -Delacroix -Delacroix's -telegram -telegram's -telegrams -Delacruz -Delacruz's -delicacy -deliquesce -deluge's -deluges -deluxe -dialogue's -dialogues -talc's -talker's -talkers -talkie's -talkies -talk's -talks -telex -Telugu's -tillage's -TLC's -deliquescing -telexing -deliquescent -delicacies -delicacy's -deliquesces -telexes -telex's -deliquesced -talkiest -telecast -telecaster -telexed -telecasting -telecaster's -telecasters -telecast's -telecasts -delegate -Delgado -delicate -deluged -dialect -tailcoat -tailgate -tailgater -talked -tollgate -toolkit -delectable -delectably -talkative -talkatively -talkativeness -talkativeness's -dialectic -dialectical -dialectic's -dialectics -dialectics's -delicately -dialectal -delegating -tailgating -delicateness -delicateness's -dielectric -dielectric's -dielectrics -delegate's -delegates -Delgado's -dialect's -dialects -tailcoat's -tailcoats -tailgater's -tailgaters -tailgate's -tailgates -tollgate's -tollgates -delicatessen -delicatessen's -delicatessens -delegated -tailgated -delectation -delectation's -delegation -delegation's -delegations -Delilah -doolally -teleology -Tlaloc -teleological -Tlaloc's -Delilah's -Delilahs -Delmar -Delmer -dilemma -Delmarva -Delmarva's -toolmaker -toolmaker's -toolmakers -telemarketer -telemarketing -telemarketing's -telemarketer's -telemarketers -dolmen -Telemann -Tillman -Delmonico -Delmonico's -dolmen's -dolmens -Telemann's -Tillman's -deliminator -Delmar's -Delmer's -dilemma's -dilemmas -delimit -delimiter -dolomite -Talmud -telemeter -Talmudic -delimiting -telemetry -telemetries -telemetry's -delimiters -delimits -dolomite's -Talmud's -Talmuds -telemeter's -telemeters -Talmudist -delimited -delimitation -delimitation's -Dalmatia -Dalmatian -dalmatian -Dalmatian's -Dalmatians -dalmatian's -dalmatians -Dalmatia's -Telemachus -Telemachus's -Dalian -Darlene -Darling -darling -dealing -Delaney -Delano -Deleon -Dillinger -Dillon -doling -dolling -dulling -Dylan -tailing -Tallinn -talon -telling -tiling -tilling -toiling -tolling -toluene -tooling -towline -Tulane -daylong -delinquency -delinquencies -delinquency's -delinquent -delinquently -delinquent's -delinquents -tellingly -Tylenol -Tylenol's -dailiness -dailiness's -Dalian's -dalliance -Darlene's -Darling's -darling's -darlings -dealing's -dealings -Delaney's -Delano's -Deleon's -Dillinger's -Dillon's -dullness -dullness's -Dylan's -Tallinn's -tallness -tallness's -talon's -talons -tiling's -toluene's -towline's -towlines -Tulane's -dalliance's -dalliances -delineate -delint -diluent -talent -TELNET -telnet -Tlingit -delineating -delinting -TELNETTing -delineates -talent's -talents -TELNETs -Tlingit's -delineated -delinted -talented -TELNETTed -delineation -delineation's -delineations -dewlap -dollop -tilapia -tulip -telepathy -telepathic -telepathically -telepathy's -teleplay -teleplay's -teleplays -dolloping -tailpipe -tailpipe's -tailpipes -TelePrompTer -TelePrompter -teleprompter -TelePrompter's -teleprompter's -teleprompters -teleprinter -teleprinter's -teleprinters -teleprocessing -teleprocessing's -dewlap's -dewlaps -dollop's -dollops -tailpiece -tulip's -tulips -tailpieces -dolloped -teleport -dilapidated -dilapidation -teleportation -dilapidation's -tolerable -tolerably -delirium -tellurium -delirium's -deliriums -tellurium's -tularemia's -tailoring -tailoring's -tolerance -tolerance's -tolerances -Talleyrand -tolerant -tolerantly -Talleyrand's -delirious -Delores -Delores's -Deloris -Deloris's -Dolores -Dolores's -dolorous -deliriously -dolorously -deliriousness -deliriousness's -tailored -tolerate -tolerating -tolerates -tolerated -toleration -toleration's -dahlia's -dahlias -dailies -daily's -Dale's -dale's -dales -Daley's -Dali's -Dallas -Dallas's -dallier's -dalliers -dallies -Darla's -dealer's -dealers -deal's -deals -delay's -delays -Delia's -deli's -delis -Delius -Delius's -Della's -Dell's -dell's -dells -delouse -Del's -Dial's -dial's -dials -dillies -dill's -dills -dilly's -doilies -doily's -Dole's -dole's -doles -dollar's -dollars -Dollie's -dollies -doll's -dolls -Dolly's -dolly's -Dooley's -Douala's -Doyle's -duel's -duels -Dulles -Dulles's -dulls -tailless -tailor's -tailors -tail's -tails -tale's -tales -Talley's -tallier's -talliers -tallies -tallow's -tally's -talus -talus's -Taylor's -teal's -teals -Teller's -teller's -tellers -tellies -Tell's -tells -telly's -tiler's -tilers -tile's -tiles -tiller's -tillers -till's -tills -Tl's -toiler's -toilers -toil's -toils -tole's -toll's -tolls -tool's -tools -Toulouse -tulle's -Tull's -Tulsa -Tyler's -delusive -delusively -telescope -telescopic -telescopically -telescoping -telescope's -telescopes -telescoped -telesales -dualism -dulcimer -toilsome -talisman -talisman's -talismans -dualism's -dulcimer's -dulcimers -delousing -Taliesin -Taliesin's -tailspin -tailspin's -tailspins -Delicious -delicious -Delicious's -delouses -dialyses -dialysis -dialysis's -taluses -Toulouse's -Tulsa's -deliciously -deliciousness -deliciousness's -deloused -dulcet -dullest -tallest -Tilsit -Tolstoy -Tilsit's -Tolstoy's -Tulsidas -Tulsidas's -dallied -daylight -dealt -delete -delight -Delta -delta -delude -dilate -dilator -dildo -Dillard -dilute -doled -dolled -dolt -duality -dullard -dulled -tailed -taillight -tallied -tealight -tilde -tiled -tilled -tilt -toiled -toilet -toilette -told -Toledo -tolled -tooled -delightful -delightfully -Toltec -Toltec's -teletext -teletext's -teletexts -dillydally -Doolittle -telltale -dillydallies -Doolittle's -telltale's -telltales -dillydallied -dillydallying -Dalton -deleting -delighting -deluding -dilating -diluting -tilting -toileting -Dalton's -dilettante -dilettante's -dilettantes -dilettantism -dilettantism's -dilettantish -Teletype -teletype -teletypewriter -teletypewriter's -teletypewriters -teletypes -dilatory -toiletry -doldrums -doldrums's -deleterious -toiletries -toiletry's -daylight's -daylights -daylights's -deletes -delight's -delights -Delta's -delta's -deltas -deludes -dilates -dilator's -dilators -dildos -Dillard's -dilutes -dolt's -dolts -duality's -dullard's -dullards -taillight's -taillights -tealight's -tealights -tilde's -tildes -tilt's -tilts -toilet's -toilets -toilette's -Toledo's -Toledos -deleted -delighted -deluded -dilated -diluted -tilted -toileted -delightedly -doltish -doltishly -dilatation -dilatation's -doltishness -doltishness's -tollway -teleworker -teleworking -teleworkers -tailwind -tailwind's -tailwinds -Delaware -Delawarean -Delawarean's -Delawareans -Delaware's -Delawares -tollway's -tollways -tallish -Tillich -Tallchief -Tallchief's -deletion -delusion -dilation -dilution -delusional -deletion's -deletions -delusion's -delusions -dilation's -dilution's -dilutions -dealership -dealership's -dealerships -Tillich's -delayer -dallying -delaying -tallying -delayer's -delayers -delayed -Tolyatti -Tolyatti's -dam -Dame -dame -Daumier -deem -Dem -demo -demur -diam -Diem -dim -dime -dimer -dimmer -dome -doom -dorm -dormer -dumb -dummy -tam -tame -tamer -Tami -Tammi -Tammie -Tammy -team -teem -term -Tim -time -timer -Timmy -Timur -TM -Tm -Tom -tom -tomb -tome -Tommie -Tommy -tum -tummy -Timothy -timothy -Timothy's -timothy's -demob -dumber -Dumbo -dumbo -timber -Tombaugh -tomboy -dumbfound -dumbfounding -dumbfounds -dumbfounded -Timbuktu -Timbuktu's -dumbbell -dumbly -tamable -temblor -tombola -tumble -tumbler -timberline -tumbling -timberline's -timberlines -tumbling's -timberland -timberland's -dumbbell's -dumbbells -temblor's -temblors -tombolas -tumbler's -tumblers -tumble's -tumbles -tumbled -tumbledown -Dumbledore -Dumbledore's -tumbleweed -tumbleweed's -tumbleweeds -demobbing -tombing -dumbness -dumbness's -timbre -timbrel -timbrel's -timbrels -tambourine -timbering -tambourine's -tambourines -timbre's -timbres -timbered -demobs -Dumbo's -dumbos -timber's -timbers -Tombaugh's -tomboy's -tomboys -tomb's -tombs -dumbest -tombstone -tombstone's -tombstones -dumbstruck -demobbed -tombed -dumbwaiter -dumbwaiter's -dumbwaiters -tomboyish -tomfoolery -tomfooleries -tomfoolery's -Demavend -Demavend's -tomahawk -tomahawking -tomahawk's -tomahawks -tomahawked -damage -DiMaggio -DMCA -Tameka -Tamika -tarmac -damageable -demagogue -demagogy -demagogic -demagogically -demagoguery -demagoguery's -demagogue's -demagogues -demagogy's -Damocles -Damocles's -damaging -demijohn -tarmacking -demijohn's -demijohns -termagant -termagant's -termagants -timekeeper -timekeeping -timekeeping's -timekeeper's -timekeepers -demographer -demography -tomography -demographic -tomographic -demographically -demographic's -demographics -demographics's -demographer's -demographers -demography's -tomography's -democracy -democracies -democracy's -Democrat -democrat -Democratic -democratic -democratically -Democrat's -Democrats -democrat's -democrats -Democritus -Democritus's -damage's -damages -damages's -DiMaggio's -Tameka's -Tamika's -tarmac's -tarmacs -Timex -tamoxifen -Timex's -damaged -demarcate -demigod -tarmacked -tomcat -tarmacadam -demarcating -demarcates -demigoddess -demigoddess's -demigod's -demigods -tomcat's -tomcats -demigoddesses -demarcated -demarcation -demarcation's -demarcations -Daimler -dermal -dimly -tamale -tamely -Tamil -termly -timelier -timely -turmoil -Tamerlane -timeline -Tomlin -tourmaline -Tamerlane's -timeline's -timelines -timeliness -timeliness's -Tomlin's -tourmaline's -Daimler's -tamale's -tamales -Tamil's -Tamils -timeless -turmoil's -turmoils -timelessly -timelessness -timelessness's -demulcent -demulcent's -demulcents -timeliest -tumult -tumult's -tumults -tumultuous -tumultuously -demolish -demolishing -demolition -demolition's -demolitions -demolishes -demolished -demimonde -demimondaine -demimondaine's -demimondaines -demimonde's -daemon -Damian -Damien -Damion -damming -damn -Damon -deeming -demean -Deming -demoing -demon -dimming -domain -domineer -doming -Domingo -domino -dooming -doorman -doormen -taming -Tammany -teaming -teeming -terming -termini -timing -Timon -damnable -damnably -terminable -daemonic -demoniac -demonic -Dominic -Dominica -Dominick -Dominique -demoniacal -demoniacally -demonically -Dominican -Dominican's -Dominicans -Dominica's -Dominick's -Dominic's -Dominique's -terminal -terminally -demonology -terminology -terminological -terminologically -demonologies -demonology's -terminologies -terminology's -terminal's -terminals -damning -demeaning -Dominion -dominion -dominance -dominion's -dominions -dominance's -diminuendo -dominant -dominantly -diminuendo's -diminuendos -dominant's -dominants -domineering -domineeringly -domineered -daemon's -daemons -Damian's -Damien's -Damion's -damn's -damns -Damon's -demeans -Deming's -demon's -demons -dimness -dimness's -domain's -domains -domineers -Domingo's -Dominguez -dominoes -domino's -doorman's -dormancy -tameness -tameness's -Tammany's -terminus -terminus's -timing's -timings -Timon's -Dominguez's -dormancy's -demonstrable -demonstrably -demonstrability -demonstrate -demonstrator -demonstrative -demonstratively -demonstrativeness -demonstrativeness's -demonstrative's -demonstratives -demonstrating -demonstrates -demonstrator's -demonstrators -demonstrated -demonstration -demonstration's -demonstrations -damned -demand -demeaned -demount -diamond -dominate -dormant -terminate -terminator -torment -tormentor -diamondback -diamondback's -diamondbacks -diminutive -diminutive's -diminutives -demanding -dominating -terminating -tormenting -tormentingly -dominatrix -dominatrix's -dominatrices -demand's -demands -diamond's -diamonds -dominates -terminates -terminators -tormentor's -tormentors -torment's -torments -damnedest -demanded -demented -dominated -terminated -tormented -dementedly -dementia -diminish -damnation -dimension -diminishing -diminution -domination -termination -dimensional -dimensionless -damnation's -dimension's -dimensions -diminution's -diminutions -domination's -termination's -terminations -dementia's -diminishes -diminished -damp -damper -dump -dumper -dumpier -dumpy -tamp -Tampa -tamper -temp -Tempe -temper -tempo -Tompkins -Tompkins's -Tampax -Tampax's -damply -dimple -dimply -Templar -temple -dimpling -dumpling -dumpling's -dumplings -dimple's -dimples -Templar's -temple's -temples -dimpled -template -template's -templates -dampen -dampener -damping -dumping -tamping -tampon -temping -timpani -tympani -tympanic -tympanum -tympanum's -tympanums -dampening -dampener's -dampeners -dampens -dampness -dampness's -dumpiness -dumpiness's -tampon's -tampons -timpani's -tympani's -timpanist -tympanist -timpanist's -timpanists -tympanist's -tympanists -dampened -tamperer -tempera -tempura -temporal -temporally -temperament -temperamental -temperamentally -temperament's -temperaments -tampering -tempering -temperance -temperance's -temporary -temporarily -temporariness -temporariness's -temporaries -temporary's -tamperer's -tamperers -tempera's -temperas -tempura's -tampered -temperate -tempered -temperately -temperateness -temperateness's -temperature -temperature's -temperatures -damper's -dampers -damp's -damps -Dempsey -dumpers -dump's -dumps -Tampa's -tampers -tamps -temper's -tempers -tempo's -tempos -temp's -temps -timepiece -Dempsey's -timepiece's -timepieces -dampest -dumpiest -dumpsite -Dumpster -dumpster -tempest -dumpsites -Dumpster's -dumpster's -dumpsters -tempest's -tempests -tempestuous -tempestuously -tempestuousness -tempestuousness's -damped -dumped -tamped -temped -tempt -tempter -tempting -temptingly -temptress -temptress's -temptresses -tempter's -tempters -tempts -tempted -temptation -temptation's -temptations -demure -demurer -demurrer -Tamara -Tamera -Tamra -tomorrow -tamarack -turmeric -tamarack's -tamaracks -turmeric's -turmerics -Demerol -demurely -demurral -Demerol's -demurral's -demurrals -demurring -demureness -demureness's -tamarind -tamarind's -tamarinds -demurrer's -demurrers -Tamara's -Tamera's -Tamra's -timorous -tomorrow's -tomorrows -tumorous -timorously -timorousness -timorousness's -demurest -demerit -demurred -temerity -Timurid -demerit's -demerits -temerity's -Timurid's -Dame's -dame's -dames -dam's -dams -Daumier's -deems -Deimos -Deimos's -demise -demo's -demos -demur's -demurs -dermis -dermis's -Diem's -dime's -dimes -dimmer's -dimmers -dims -DMZ -dome's -domes -doom's -dooms -dormer's -dormers -dormice -dormouse -dorm's -dorms -Dumas -Dumas's -dummies -dummy's -tamer's -tamers -tames -Tami's -Tammie's -Tammi's -Tammuz -Tammy's -tam's -tams -team's -teams -teems -term's -terms -timer's -timers -time's -times -Timmy's -Tim's -Timur's -Tm's -Tomas -Tomas's -tome's -tomes -Tommie's -Tommy's -Tom's -tom's -toms -tummies -tummy's -Tums -tums -Tums's -Demosthenes -Demosthenes's -timeserver -timeserving -timeserving's -timeserver's -timeservers -damask -Tomsk -timescale -timescales -damasking -Damascus -Damascus's -damask's -damasks -Tomsk's -damasked -damsel -domicile -damselfly -damselflies -damselfly's -domiciling -domiciliary -damsel's -damsels -domicile's -domiciles -domiciled -damson -demesne -demising -timezone -damson's -damsons -demesne's -demesnes -tumescence -tumescence's -tumescent -demise's -demises -dormouse's -Tammuz's -demised -demist -demister -dimmest -Domesday -doomsday -doomster -tamest -teamster -demystify -demystification -demystification's -demystifies -demystified -demystifying -domestic -domestically -domestic's -domestics -domesticate -domesticating -domesticates -domesticated -domestication -domestication's -timestamp -timestamp's -timestamps -timestamped -demisting -demisters -demists -Domesday's -doomsday's -doomsters -teamster's -teamsters -domesticity -domesticity's -demisted -doomsayer -doomsayer's -doomsayers -dammed -dammit -deemed -Demeter -demoed -demote -Dermot -diameter -dimity -dimmed -DMD -domed -doomed -doormat -tamed -teamed -teammate -teemed -termed -termite -timed -timeout -timid -timider -tomato -Tuamotu -tumid -timetable -timetabling -timetable's -timetables -timetabled -demotivate -demotivating -demotivates -demotivated -demotic -timidly -dermatology -dermatological -dermatology's -dermatologist -dermatologist's -dermatologists -demodulate -demodulating -demodulates -demodulated -demodulation -demodulation's -dumdum -dumdum's -dumdums -demoting -timidness -timidness's -Dmitri -dormitory -diametric -diametrical -diametrically -Demetrius -Demetrius's -Dmitri's -dormitories -dormitory's -Demeter's -demitasse -demotes -Dermot's -diameter's -diameters -dimity's -DMD's -doormat's -doormats -teammate's -teammates -termite's -termites -timeout's -timeouts -tomatoes -tomato's -Tuamotu's -demitasse's -demitasses -timidest -demoted -timidity -tomtit -tumidity -dermatitis -dermatitis's -timidity's -tomtit's -tomtits -tumidity's -Tamworth -Tamworth's -teamwork -teamwork's -timeworn -dimwit -dimwit's -dimwits -dimwitted -demotion -Domitian -demotion's -demotions -Domitian's -timeshare -timeshares -Dan -Dana -Dane -Dannie -Danny -darn -darner -Dawn -dawn -dding -Dean -dean -Deana -Deann -Deanna -Deanne -Deena -deign -deigned -den -Dena -denier -Denny -deny -Deon -Diana -Diane -Diann -Dianna -Dianne -din -Dina -Dinah -dinar -dine -diner -ding -dingier -dingo -dingy -dinner -Dino -Dion -Dionne -DNA -doing -Don -don -Dona -dona -done -Donn -Donna -Donne -Donner -Donnie -Donny -donor -down -downer -downier -Downy -downy -Duane -duenna -dun -dune -Dunn -Dunne -dunner -dunno -Taine -tan -Taney -Tania -Tanner -tanner -tarn -Tawney -tawnier -tawny -teeing -teen -teenier -teeny -ten -Tenn -tenner -tenor -tern -tin -Tina -tine -Ting -ting -tinge -tinier -tinnier -tinny -tiny -TN -tn -toeing -ton -tone -toner -Toni -Tonia -tonier -tonne -Tony -tony -torn -tourney -town -townee -townie -tun -tuna -tune -tuner -Tunney -tunny -turn -Turner -turner -tenth -tenthly -tenth's -tenths -Danube -Deneb -Dunbar -Toynbee -tanbark -turnbuckle -turnbuckle's -turnbuckles -tanbark's -Denebola -deniable -tenable -tenably -Denebola's -deniability -tenability -tenability's -Danubian -Danubian's -teenybopper -teenybopper's -teenyboppers -donnybrook -donnybrook's -donnybrooks -Danube's -Deneb's -Dunbar's -Toynbee's -dingbat -downbeat -turnabout -dingbat's -dingbats -downbeat's -downbeats -turnabout's -turnabouts -Denver -turnoff -turnover -downfall -tinfoil -tuneful -tunefully -downfallen -tunefulness -tunefulness's -downfall's -downfalls -tinfoil's -downfield -tenfold -Donovan -Donovan's -Denver's -turnoff's -turnoffs -turnover's -turnovers -dinghy -Donahue -downhill -downhill's -downhills -dinghies -dinghy's -Donahue's -townhouse -townhouse's -townhouses -downhearted -downheartedly -downheartedness -downheartedness's -dang -danger -dank -danker -Deng -dengue -dink -dinker -dinkier -dinky -dong -donkey -dung -dunk -tanager -T'ang -tang -Tangier -tangier -tango -tangy -tank -tanker -teenage -teenager -tinker -tong -Tonga -tongue -tonic -tonnage -tunic -turnkey -tangible -tangibly -Tinkerbell -tangibleness -tangibleness's -tangible's -tangibles -Tinkerbell's -tangibility -tangibility's -tankful -tankful's -tankfuls -Dangerfield -Dangerfield's -Dunkirk -Dunkirk's -dangle -dangler -dankly -dongle -dunghill -tangelo -tangle -tinkle -dangling -tangling -tinkling -dangler's -danglers -dangles -dongle's -dongles -dunghill's -dunghills -tangelo's -tangelos -tangle's -tangles -tinkle's -tinkles -tongueless -dangled -tangled -tinkled -danging -donging -Duncan -dungeon -dunging -dunking -tangoing -tanking -Tongan -tonging -tonguing -dankness -dankness's -Duncan's -dungeon's -dungeons -Tongan's -Tongans -tangent -tangent's -tangents -tangential -tangentially -Tanganyika -Tanganyika's -dungaree -tinkerer -tangerine -tinkering -tangerine's -tangerines -dangerous -dungaree's -dungarees -tinkerer's -tinkerers -dangerously -denigrate -downgrade -Tancred -tinkered -denigrating -downgrading -denigrates -downgrade's -downgrades -Tancred's -denigrated -downgraded -denigration -denigration's -danger's -dangers -dangs -Deng's -dengue's -dinkies -dinky's -dong's -dongs -donkey's -donkeys -dung's -dungs -dunk's -dunks -tanager's -tanagers -Tangier's -Tangiers -tango's -tangos -T'ang's -tang's -tangs -tanker's -tankers -tank's -tanks -teenager's -teenagers -tinker's -tinkers -Tonga's -tong's -tongs -tongue's -tongues -tonic's -tonics -tonnage's -tonnages -Tungus -Tungus's -tunic's -tunics -turnkey's -turnkeys -Tunguska -Tunguska's -dankest -dinkiest -downcast -tangiest -tungsten -tungsten's -danged -donged -dunged -dunked -tangoed -tankard -tanked -Tinkertoy -tonged -tongued -tourniquet -turncoat -tincture -tincturing -tincture's -tinctures -tinctured -tankard's -tankards -Tinkertoy's -tourniquet's -tourniquets -turncoat's -turncoats -Tangshan -Tangshan's -Danelaw -Danial -Daniel -Danielle -Darnell -Denali -denial -dingily -dingle -diurnal -diurnally -Donnell -tingle -tingly -toenail -tonal -tonally -tunnel -tingling -tingling's -tinglings -Dunlap -Dunlap's -Danelaw's -Danial's -Danielle's -Daniel's -Daniels -Daniels's -Darnell's -denial's -denials -dingle's -dingles -Donnell's -tingle's -tingles -toenail's -toenails -toneless -tuneless -tunnel's -tunnels -tonelessly -tunelessly -Donald -download -tingled -tonality -downloadable -downloading -Donald's -download's -downloads -tonalities -tonality's -Donaldson -Donaldson's -downloaded -denim -dynamo -tonearm -Denmark -dynamic -dynamical -dynamically -Denmark's -dynamic's -dynamics -dynamics's -downmarket -denominate -denominator -denouement -tenement -tournament -denominating -denominates -denominator's -denominators -denouement's -denouements -tenement's -tenements -tournament's -tournaments -denominated -denomination -denominational -denomination's -denominations -denim's -denims -dynamo's -dynamos -tonearm's -tonearms -dynamism -dynamism's -dynamite -dynamiter -dynamiting -dynamiter's -dynamiters -dynamite's -dynamites -dynamited -Danone -darning -dawning -dinging -dining -dinning -donning -downing -dunning -Tainan -tannin -tanning -tenon -tingeing -tinging -tinning -toning -tuning -turning -Tienanmen -Tienanmen's -tenoning -Danone's -denounce -dinginess -dinginess's -tanning's -tannin's -tenancy -tenon's -tenons -tininess -tininess's -tinniness -tinniness's -turning's -turnings -denouncement -denouncement's -denouncements -denouncing -denounces -tenancies -tenancy's -denounced -Dunant -tenant -tenoned -tenanting -tenantry -tenantry's -Dunant's -tenant's -tenants -tenanted -denunciation -denunciation's -denunciations -downpour -tuneup -turnip -tnpk -turnpike -turnpike's -turnpikes -downplay -downplays -tinplate -tinplate's -downplaying -downplayed -tenpin -tenpin's -tenpins -tenpins's -Dnepropetrovsk -Dnepropetrovsk's -downpour's -downpours -tuneup's -tuneups -turnip's -turnips -tinpot -deanery -tannery -tenure -ternary -downriver -dinnering -tenuring -downrange -turnaround -turnaround's -turnarounds -deaneries -deanery's -tanneries -tannery's -tenure's -tenures -ternaries -ternary's -dinnered -downright -tenured -Dana's -dance -dancer -Dane's -Danes -Dannie's -Danny's -Dan's -darner's -darners -darn's -darns -Dawn's -dawn's -dawns -Deana's -Deanna's -Deanne's -Deann's -Dean's -dean's -deans -dearness -dearness's -Deena's -deigns -Dena's -denier's -deniers -denies -Denis -Denise -Denis's -Dennis -Dennis's -Denny's -den's -dens -dense -denser -Deon's -Diana's -Diane's -Dianna's -Dianne's -Diann's -Dinah's -dinar's -dinars -Dina's -diner's -diners -dines -dingoes -dingo's -ding's -dings -dingus -dingus's -dinner's -dinners -Dino's -dinosaur -din's -dins -Dionne's -Dion's -DNA's -doing's -doings -Dona's -dona's -donas -Donna's -Donner's -Donne's -Donnie's -Donn's -Donny's -donor's -donors -Don's -Dons -don's -dons -dourness -dourness's -downer's -downers -Downs -down's -downs -Downs's -Downy's -Duane's -duenna's -duennas -dunce -dune's -dunes -Dunne's -Dunn's -dun's -duns -Taine's -Taney's -Tania's -Tanner's -tanner's -tanners -tan's -tans -tansy -tarn's -tarns -Tawney's -tawny's -teen's -teens -tenners -Tennessee -tennis -tennis's -Tenn's -tenor's -tenors -ten's -tens -tense -tenser -tensor -tenuous -tern's -terns -Tina's -tine's -tines -tinge's -tinges -Ting's -ting's -tings -tin's -tins -toner's -toners -tone's -tones -Tonia's -Toni's -tonne's -tonnes -ton's -tons -Tony's -tourney's -tourneys -townees -Townes -Townes's -townie's -townies -town's -towns -tuna's -tunas -tuner's -tuners -tune's -tunes -Tunis -Tunis's -Tunney's -tunnies -tunny's -tun's -tuns -Turner's -turner's -turners -turn's -turns -Doonesbury -Doonesbury's -townsfolk -townsfolk's -downscale -densely -tensely -tensile -tenuously -tinsel -tonsil -tonsillectomy -tonsillectomies -tonsillectomy's -tinsel's -tinsels -tonsil's -tonsils -Tinseltown -Tinseltown's -tonsillitis -tonsillitis's -tinsmith -tinsmith's -tinsmiths -townsman -townsmen -townsman's -dancing -denizen -Tanzania -Tennessean -Tennyson -tensing -Tanzanian -Tanzanian's -Tanzanians -dancing's -denizen's -denizens -denseness -denseness's -Tanzania's -Tennessean's -Tennesseans -Tennyson's -tenseness -tenseness's -tenuousness -tenuousness's -Townsend -Townsend's -townspeople -townspeople's -downspout -downspout's -downspouts -tonsure -tonsorial -tonsuring -tonsure's -tonsures -tonsured -dancer's -dancers -dance's -dances -danseuse -Denise's -dinguses -dinosaur's -dinosaurs -Dionysus -Dionysus's -downsize -dunce's -dunces -tansy's -tenacious -Tennessee's -tense's -tenses -tensors -tenaciously -downsizing -downsizing's -tenaciousness -tenaciousness's -danseuse's -danseuses -downsizes -densest -downsized -tensest -danced -density -dingiest -Dniester -Donizetti -downiest -downside -dunnest -dynasty -tannest -tawniest -teeniest -tenacity -tensed -tensity -tiniest -tinniest -toniest -downstage -dynastic -turnstile -turnstile's -turnstiles -downstream -densities -density's -Dniester's -Donizetti's -downside's -downsides -downstairs -downstairs's -dynasties -dynasty's -tenacity's -tensity's -downstate -downstate's -townswoman -townswomen -townswoman's -downswing -downswing's -downswings -daintier -dainty -dander -dandier -dandy -Dante -darned -darneder -daunt -dawned -denied -denote -dent -denude -dined -dinette -dinged -dinned -dint -donate -donned -don't -doughnut -downed -Dundee -dunned -taint -tanned -taunt -taunter -tend -tender -tenet -tent -tenuity -tinder -tinged -tinned -tint -TNT -toned -tonight -Tonto -tornado -tuned -turned -turnout -tinderbox -tinderboxes -tinderbox's -turntable -turntable's -turntables -dandify -dentifrice -dentifrice's -dentifrices -dandifies -dandified -tenderfoot -tenderfoot's -tenderfoots -dandifying -tenterhook -tenterhook's -tenterhooks -dunderhead -dunderhead's -dunderheads -tenderhearted -tenderheartedness -tenderheartedness's -tentacle -tentacle's -tentacles -tentacled -daintily -dandle -dental -dentally -dirndl -Donatello -tenderly -Tyndale -Tyndall -tantalum -tantalum's -dandelion -dandling -tenderloin -dandelion's -dandelions -tenderloin's -tenderloins -dandles -dauntless -dirndl's -dirndls -Donatello's -Tantalus -Tantalus's -Tyndale's -Tyndall's -dauntlessly -dauntlessness -dauntlessness's -dandled -dinnertime -downtime -tandem -tantamount -dinnertime's -downtime's -tandem's -tandems -Danton -daunting -denoting -denting -denuding -donating -downtown -downturn -Dunedin -tainting -taunting -tending -tendon -tenting -tinting -tintinnabulation -tintinnabulation's -tintinnabulations -dauntingly -tauntingly -daintiness -daintiness's -Danton's -downtown's -downturn's -downturns -Dunedin's -tendency -tenderness -tenderness's -tendon's -tendons -tendencies -tendency's -tendinitis -tendinitis's -tendentious -tendentiously -tendentiousness -tendentiousness's -tintype -tintype's -tintypes -Deandre -denature -denture -tandoori -tantra -tenderer -tundra -dandruff -denitrification -dandruff's -downdrafts -tendril -tendril's -tendrils -tantrum -tantrum's -tantrums -denaturing -tendering -downtrend -downtrend's -downtrends -Deandre's -denatures -denture's -dentures -tandoori's -tantra's -tundra's -tundras -tenderest -denatured -dendrite -tendered -Tintoretto -downtrodden -dendrite's -dendrites -Tintoretto's -denaturation -dainties -dainty's -dander's -dandies -dandy's -Dante's -daunts -denotes -dent's -dents -denudes -dinette's -dinettes -dint's -donates -donuts -doughnut's -doughnuts -taint's -taints -taunter's -taunters -taunt's -taunts -tender's -tenders -tends -tenet's -tenets -tent's -tents -tenuity's -tinder's -tinnitus -tinnitus's -tint's -tints -TNT's -tonight's -Tonto's -tornadoes -tornado's -turnout's -turnouts -Donetsk -Donetsk's -daintiest -dandiest -darnedest -dentist -dentistry -dentistry's -dentist's -dentists -daunted -denoted -dented -denuded -donated -tainted -taunted -tended -tented -tinted -denotative -tentative -tentatively -tentativeness -tentativeness's -denotation -dentition -denudation -denotation's -denotations -dentition's -denudation's -downwind -dinnerware -tinware -dinnerware's -tinware's -downward -downwards -Danish -danish -donnish -Tanisha -tarnish -tench -Tunisia -downshift -downshifting -downshifts -downshifted -Dionysian -donation -tarnishing -tension -Tunisian -Dionysian's -donation's -donations -tension's -tensions -Tunisian's -Tunisians -deanship -township -deanship's -township's -townships -danishes -Danish's -danish's -Tanisha's -tarnishes -tarnish's -Tunisia's -tarnished -Tenochtitlan -Tenochtitlan's -Tanya -Tonya -denying -Tanya's -Tonya's -dapper -deep -deeper -Depp -diaper -dip -Dipper -dipper -dippier -dippy -dopa -dope -doper -dopey -dopier -DP -dpi -dupe -duper -Taipei -tap -tape -taper -tapir -tapper -TARP -tarp -taupe -tepee -tip -tipper -top -topee -topi -topper -torpor -toupee -Tupi -Twp -twp -type -typo -depth -towpath -depth's -depths -towpath's -towpaths -typify -typification -typification's -topflight -typeface -typifies -typeface's -typefaces -typified -typifying -tapioca -Topeka -topic -topical -topically -typical -typically -topicality -typicality -topicality's -typicality's -Tippecanoe -Tippecanoe's -topknot -topknot's -topknots -topographer -topography -typographer -typography -topographic -typographic -topographical -topographically -typographical -typographically -topographer's -topographers -topographies -topography's -typographer's -typographers -typography's -tapioca's -tippex -Topeka's -topic's -topics -tippexing -tippexes -tippexed -typecast -typecasting -typecasts -depict -topcoat -depicting -depicts -topcoat's -topcoats -depicted -depiction -depiction's -depictions -dapple -deeply -deploy -dipole -Doppler -duopoly -duple -tipple -tippler -topple -tuple -topology -typology -topological -topologically -duplex -typologies -typology's -duplexes -duplex's -duplicate -duplicator -duplicating -duplicate's -duplicates -duplicator's -duplicators -duplicated -duplication -duplication's -diploma -deployment -deployment's -deployments -diplomacy -diploma's -diplomas -diplomacy's -diplomat -diplomata -diplomatic -diplomatically -diplomat's -diplomats -diplomatist -diplomatist's -diplomatists -dappling -deplane -tapeline -tarpaulin -tippling -toppling -deplaning -deplanes -tapeline's -tapelines -tarpaulin's -tarpaulins -deplaned -diplopia -deplore -deplorable -deplorably -deploring -deplores -deplored -dapple's -dapples -deploys -dipole's -dipoles -Doppler's -duopolies -tippler's -tipplers -tipple's -tipples -topless -topples -tuples -duplicity -duplicitous -duplicity's -dappled -deplete -diploid -doorplate -tippled -toppled -depleting -depilatory -depilatories -depilatory's -depletes -diploid's -diploids -doorplate's -doorplates -depleted -depletion -depletion's -deploying -deployed -dopamine -topmast -topmost -topmast's -topmasts -deepen -dipping -doping -duping -Taiping -taping -tapping -tarpon -tiepin -tipping -topping -tuppenny -Turpin -typing -Tupungato -Tupungato's -deepening -deponent -deponent's -deponents -deepens -deepness -deepness's -dopiness -dopiness's -doping's -Taiping's -tarpon's -tarpons -tiepins -topping's -toppings -tuppence -Turpin's -typing's -deepened -depend -DuPont -dependable -dependably -dependability -dependability's -depending -turpentine -dependence -dependency -turpentine's -dependence's -dependencies -dependency's -dependent -dependently -depends -DuPont's -depended -topnotch -depopulate -depopulating -depopulates -depopulated -depopulation -depopulation's -dapperer -topiary -deprave -deprive -depraving -depriving -depraves -deprives -depraved -depravity -deprived -depravities -depravity's -deprivation -deprivation's -deprivations -deprogram -deprogramming -deprograms -deprogrammed -deprecate -deprecating -deprecatingly -deprecatory -deprecates -deprecated -deprecation -deprecation's -taproom -taproom's -taprooms -diapering -tapering -Tipperary -Tipperary's -depress -depressor -topiary's -depressive -depressive's -depressives -depressing -depressingly -depressant -depressant's -depressants -depresses -depressor's -depressors -dapperest -depressed -diapered -tapered -taproot -typewrite -typewriter -typewrote -typewriting -typewritten -typewriting's -taproot's -taproots -typewriter's -typewriters -typewrites -depredation -depredation's -depredations -depression -depression's -depressions -depreciate -depreciating -depreciates -depreciated -depreciation -depreciation's -deep's -deeps -depose -Depp's -diaper's -diapers -Dipper's -dipper's -dippers -dip's -dips -dipso -dopa's -doper's -dopers -dope's -dopes -DP's -DPs -duper's -dupers -dupe's -dupes -Taipei's -tapas -taper's -tapers -tape's -tapes -tapir's -tapirs -tapper's -tappers -tap's -taps -tarp's -tarps -taupe's -tepee's -tepees -tipper's -tippers -tip's -tips -tipsier -tipsy -topaz -topees -topper's -toppers -top's -tops -Topsy -torpor's -toupee's -toupees -Tupi's -turps -type's -types -typo's -typos -typescript -typescript's -typescripts -tipsily -topsail -topsoil -topsail's -topsails -topsoil's -dipsomania -dipsomaniac -dipsomaniac's -dipsomaniacs -dipsomania's -deposing -diapason -diapason's -diapasons -tipsiness -tipsiness's -topspin -topspin's -deposes -dipsos -topazes -topaz's -Topsy's -tipsiest -deepest -deposed -deposit -depositor -dippiest -doorpost -dopiest -tipster -topside -typeset -typesetter -typist -dipstick -dipstick's -dipsticks -depositing -typesetting -typesetting's -depository -tapestry -depositories -depository's -tapestries -tapestry's -depositor's -depositors -deposit's -deposits -doorposts -tipster's -tipsters -topside's -topsides -typesets -typesetter's -typesetters -typist's -typists -deposited -deposition -deposition's -depositions -Terpsichore -Terpsichore's -depart -deport -deportee -depot -dept -depute -deputy -dipped -doped -DPT -dpt -duped -taped -tapped -tappet -teapot -tepid -tipped -tippet -tiptoe -topped -torpedo -torpid -typed -tepidly -torpidly -department -deportment -departmental -departmentally -department's -departments -deportment's -departing -deporting -deputing -tiptoeing -torpedoing -tepidness -tepidness's -tiptop -tiptop's -tiptops -departure -departure's -departures -dipterous -topdressing -topdressing's -topdressings -departs -deportee's -deportees -deports -depot's -depots -deputes -deputies -deputy's -tappet's -tappets -teapot's -teapots -tippet's -tippets -tiptoe's -tiptoes -torpedoes -torpedo's -departed -deported -deputed -tepidity -tiptoed -torpedoed -torpidity -turpitude -departed's -tepidity's -torpidity's -turpitude's -diptych -deportation -deputation -deportation's -deportations -deputation's -deputations -diptych's -diptychs -tapeworm -tapeworm's -tapeworms -Tupperware -Tupperware's -dairy -Dare -dare -darer -Dario -Darrow -dearer -deary -Deere -diary -dire -direr -Dora -dory -dourer -Douro -dowry -Dr -draw -dray -drear -Drew -drew -drier -dry -Tara -tare -taro -tarrier -tarry -tearier -teary -Teri -Terr -terr -Terra -Terri -Terrie -terrier -terror -Terry -terry -tire -Torah -tore -Tory -tr -tray -tree -Trey -trey -trier -trio -trough -trow -Troy -troy -true -truer -try -Tyre -Tyree -tyro -Dorothea -Dorothy -troth -Truth -truth -truther -truthful -truthfully -truthfulness -truthfulness's -triathlon -triathlon's -triathlons -triathlete -triathletes -truthiness -Dorothea's -Dorothy's -druthers -druthers's -troth's -truther's -truthers -Truth's -truth's -truths -drab -drabber -drub -drubber -tribe -drawback -trabecula -trabecular -drawback's -drawbacks -drably -dribble -dribbler -durable -durably -terrible -terribly -treble -tribal -trouble -troublemaker -troublemaker's -troublemakers -dribbling -trebling -troubling -Treblinka -Treblinka's -terribleness -terribleness's -dribbler's -dribblers -dribble's -dribbles -treble's -trebles -trouble's -troubles -tribalism -troublesome -troublesomely -tribalism's -dribbled -driblet -durability -trebled -troubled -driblet's -driblets -durability's -tribulation -tribulation's -tribulations -troubleshoot -troubleshooter -troubleshot -troubleshooting -troubleshooting's -troubleshooter's -troubleshooters -troubleshoots -troubleshooted -drubbing -tribune -tribunal -tribunal's -tribunals -drabness -drabness's -drubbing's -drubbings -tribune's -tribunes -drawbridge -drawbridge's -drawbridges -Trobriand -Trobriand's -drab's -drabs -drubber's -drubbers -drubs -tribe's -tribes -tribesman -tribesmen -tribesman's -drabbest -tribeswoman -tribeswomen -tribeswoman's -drubbed -terabit -terabyte -tribute -troubadour -tributary -tributaries -tributary's -terabit's -terabits -terabyte's -terabytes -tribute's -tributes -troubadour's -troubadours -derive -drive -driver -drove -drover -tariff -terrify -Trevor -trivia -trophy -trove -derivable -terrific -traffic -trafficker -terrifically -trifocals -trifocals's -trafficking -trafficking's -trafficker's -traffickers -traffic's -traffics -trafficked -trifecta -trifecta's -trifectas -direful -drivel -travail -travel -trefoil -trifle -trifler -trivial -trivially -truffle -Trafalgar -travelogue -Trafalgar's -travelogue's -travelogues -travailing -trifling -trivalent -drivel's -drivels -travail's -travails -travel's -travels -trefoil's -trefoils -trifler's -triflers -trifle's -trifles -truffle's -truffles -travailed -Travolta -trifled -triviality -Travolta's -trivialities -triviality's -Trevelyan -Trevelyan's -trivium -trivium's -deriving -driven -driving -Trevino -drivings -Trevino's -derives -Dreyfus -Dreyfus's -driver's -drivers -drive's -drives -drover's -drovers -drove's -droves -tariff's -tariffs -terrifies -traverse -Travis -Travis's -Trevor's -trivia's -trophies -trophy's -trove's -troves -traversal -traversal's -traversals -traversing -traverse's -traverses -traversed -travesty -travesties -travesty's -travestied -travestying -derived -draft -draftee -drafter -drift -drifter -terrified -trivet -Truffaut -derivative -derivative's -derivatives -drafting -Dravidian -drifting -drafting's -Dravidian's -driftnet -driftnets -draftee's -draftees -drafter's -drafters -draft's -drafts -drifter's -drifters -drift's -drifts -trivet's -trivets -Truffaut's -drafted -drifted -driftwood -driftwood's -driveway -driveway's -driveways -driveshaft -driveshaft's -driveshafts -derivation -derivation's -derivations -terrifying -terrifyingly -terahertz -terahertz's -Derek -Derick -Derrick -derrick -Dirac -Doric -Draco -drag -draggier -draggy -Drake -drake -dredge -drogue -Drudge -drudge -drug -druggie -druggy -Duroc -toerag -track -tracker -trek -trekker -Trekkie -triage -trick -trickier -tricky -trig -trigger -trike -troika -truck -Truckee -trucker -trudge -trug -Tuareg -dirigible -trackball -dirigible's -dirigibles -trackball's -trackballs -tragic -tragically -tragicomic -tragicomedy -tragicomedies -tragicomedy's -trajectory -trajectories -trajectory's -Dracula -treacle -treacly -trickily -trickle -truckle -Trujillo -terrycloth -terrycloth's -trickling -truckling -truculence -truculence's -truculent -truculently -Dracula's -trackless -treacle's -trickle's -trickles -truckle's -truckles -Trujillo's -triglyceride -triglyceride's -triglycerides -deregulate -trickled -truckled -truckload -deregulating -deregulates -truckload's -truckloads -deregulated -troglodyte -troglodyte's -troglodytes -deregulation -deregulation's -dragging -dragon -dragoon -drugging -tarragon -tracking -Trajan -trekking -tricking -Trojan -trucking -dragonfly -dragonflies -dragonfly's -trigonometry -trigonometric -trigonometrical -trigonometry's -Draconian -draconian -dragooning -Draconian's -dragon's -dragons -dragoon's -dragoons -tarragon's -tarragons -Trajan's -trickiness -trickiness's -Trojan's -Trojans -trucking's -dragnet -dragooned -dragnet's -dragnets -trickery -triggering -trickery's -triggered -Derek's -Derick's -Derrick's -derrick's -derricks -Dirac's -Doric's -Draco's -drag's -drags -Drake's -drake's -drakes -dredge's -dredges -dregs -dregs's -drogue's -drogues -Drudge's -drudge's -drudges -druggie's -druggies -drug's -drugs -Durex -Duroc's -toerags -tracker's -trackers -track's -tracks -trekker's -trekkers -Trekkie's -trek's -treks -triage's -trick's -tricks -trigger's -triggers -trig's -trike's -trikes -troika's -troikas -Truckee's -trucker's -truckers -truck's -trucks -trudge's -trudges -trugs -Tuareg's -Durex's -draggiest -dragster -druggist -tracksuit -trickiest -trickster -drugstore -drugstore's -drugstores -dragsters -druggist's -druggists -tracksuits -trickster's -tricksters -derogate -direct -directer -director -dragged -dredged -drudged -drugged -terracotta -tracked -tract -tractor -tragedy -trekked -tricked -trucked -trudged -tractable -tractably -tractability -tractability's -directive -directive's -directives -directly -derogating -directing -tragedian -tragedienne -directness -directness's -tragedian's -tragedians -tragedienne's -tragediennes -derogatory -directory -derogatorily -directorial -directories -directory's -directorate -directorate's -directorates -derogates -director's -directors -directs -terracotta's -tractor's -tractors -tract's -tracts -tragedies -tragedy's -directest -derogated -directed -directorship -directorship's -directorships -derogation -direction -traction -directional -directionless -derogation's -direction's -directions -traction's -Darrel -Darrell -Darryl -Daryl -derail -direly -drawl -drill -driller -droll -droller -drolly -drool -Terrell -Tirol -trail -trailer -trawl -trawler -trial -trill -troll -trolley -truly -trilby -trailblazer -trailblazing -trailblazing's -trailblazer's -trailblazers -trilbies -trilby's -trolleybus -trolleybus's -trolleybuses -trilobite -trilobite's -trilobites -truelove -truelove's -trueloves -treelike -trilogy -trilogies -trilogy's -derelict -derelict's -derelicts -dereliction -dereliction's -trillium -derailment -derailment's -derailments -trillium's -drillmaster -drillmaster's -drillmasters -derailing -drawling -drilling -drooling -Tirolean -trailing -trawling -treeline -trilling -trillion -trolling -Tyrolean -trillionth -trillionth's -trillionths -drollness -drollness's -trillion's -trillions -trollop -Trollope -Trollope's -trollop's -trollops -drollery -drolleries -drollery's -Darrell's -Darrel's -Darryl's -Daryl's -derails -drawl's -drawls -driller's -drillers -drill's -drills -drool's -drools -Terrell's -tireless -Tirol's -trailer's -trailers -trail's -trails -trawler's -trawlers -trawl's -trawls -treeless -trellis -trellis's -trial's -trials -trill's -trills -Troilus -Troilus's -trolley's -trolleys -troll's -trolls -tirelessly -trellising -tirelessness -tirelessness's -trellises -drollest -trellised -derailed -drawled -drilled -drooled -trailed -trawled -trilled -trolled -trilateral -trilaterals -Trailways -Trailways's -diorama -dram -drama -dream -dreamer -dreamier -dreamy -drum -drummer -durum -Tarim -tearoom -tram -trauma -tremor -trim -trimmer -yttrium -Drambuie -tremble -Trumbull -trembling -tremble's -trembles -Trumbull's -trembled -trombone -trombone's -trombones -trombonist -trombonist's -trombonists -Drambuie's -dreamboat -drumbeat -dreamboat's -dreamboats -drumbeat's -drumbeats -triumph -triumvir -triumphal -triumphalism -triumphalist -triumphing -triumphant -triumphantly -triumvirate -triumvirate's -triumvirates -triumph's -triumphs -triumvir's -triumvirs -triumphed -tramcar -tramcars -dreamily -trammel -tremolo -trimly -dreamlike -drumlin -drumlin's -drumlins -tramlines -dreamland -dreamland's -dreamless -trammel's -trammels -tremolo's -tremolos -tremulous -tremulously -tremulousness -tremulousness's -Dramamine -Dramamine's -Dramamines -dairyman -dairymen -dreaming -drumming -tramming -trimming -Truman -trimonthly -dairyman's -dreaminess -dreaminess's -trimming's -trimmings -trimmings's -trimness -trimness's -Truman's -tremendous -tremendously -tramp -tramper -tromp -Trump -trump -trample -trampler -trampling -trampoline -trampolining -trampoline's -trampolines -trampolined -trampler's -tramplers -trample's -tramples -trampled -tramping -tromping -trumping -trumpery -trumpery's -tramper's -trampers -tramp's -tramps -tromps -Trump's -trump's -trumps -tramped -tromped -trumped -trumpet -trumpeter -trumpeting -trumpeter's -trumpeters -trumpet's -trumpets -trumpeted -trimaran -trimaran's -trimarans -diorama's -dioramas -drama's -dramas -dram's -drams -dreamer's -dreamers -dream's -dreams -drummer's -drummers -drum's -drums -durum's -Tarim's -tearoom's -tearooms -tiramisu -tram's -trams -trauma's -traumas -tremor's -tremors -trimmer's -trimmers -trim's -trims -yttrium's -taramasalata -tiramisu's -tiramisus -dreamiest -trimester -trimmest -drumstick -drumstick's -drumsticks -trimester's -trimesters -dairymaid -dreamed -drummed -trammed -trimmed -Trimurti -dramatic -traumatic -dramatically -traumatically -dramatics -dramatics's -dromedary -dromedaries -dromedary's -dairymaid's -dairymaids -Trimurti's -dramatist -dramatist's -dramatists -trematode -trematode's -trematodes -tramway -dreamworld -dreamworld's -dreamworlds -tramways -Daren -Darin -daring -Darren -Darrin -derringer -Doreen -Dorian -drain -drainer -Drano -drawn -drone -drown -Duran -during -taring -tarring -tearing -Tehran -terrain -Terran -terrine -Tirane -tiring -touring -train -trainee -trainer -Tran -treeing -Trina -tron -truing -tureen -Turin -Turing -tyranny -Tyrone -trainable -drainboard -drainboard's -drainboards -derange -drainage -drank -drink -drinker -drunk -drunker -trunk -tyrannic -drinkable -tranquil -tranquiler -tranquilly -triangle -triangular -tyrannical -tyrannically -triangularly -Triangulum -Triangulum's -triangle's -triangles -tranquilest -triangulate -triangulating -triangulates -triangulated -triangulation -triangulation's -derangement -derangement's -deranging -drinking -drunken -trunking -drunkenly -drinkings -drunkenness -drunkenness's -deranges -drainage's -drinker's -drinkers -drink's -drinks -drunk's -drunks -trunk's -trunks -drunkest -deranged -drunkard -trinket -truncate -truncating -drunkard's -drunkards -trinket's -trinkets -truncates -truncated -truncation -truncation's -daringly -triennial -triennially -triennial's -triennials -trainload -trainload's -trainloads -trainman -trainmen -trainman's -draining -droning -drowning -training -drowning's -drownings -training's -drainpipe -drainpipe's -drainpipes -Daren's -daring's -Darin's -Darren's -Darrin's -derringer's -derringers -Doreen's -Dorian's -drainer's -drainers -drain's -drains -Drano's -drone's -drones -drowns -dryness -dryness's -durance -Duran's -Terence -terrain's -terrains -Terrance -Terran's -Terrence -terrines -Torrance -Torrens -Torrens's -trainee's -trainees -trainer's -trainers -train's -trains -trance -Tran's -trans -Trina's -trons -trounce -trouncer -truancy -tureen's -tureens -Turing's -Turin's -tyrannies -tyrannosaur -tyrannous -tyranny's -Tyrone's -transubstantiation -transubstantiation's -transceiver -transfer -transfigure -transfiguring -transfigures -transfigured -transfiguration -transfiguration's -transfix -transfixing -transfixes -transfixed -Transvaal -Transvaal's -transform -transformer -transformable -transforming -transformer's -transformers -transform's -transforms -transformed -transformation -transformation's -transformations -transfinite -transferable -transferal -transferal's -transferals -transferring -transference -transference's -transferred -transceiver's -transceivers -transfer's -transfers -transfuse -transverse -transversely -transfusing -transfuses -transverse's -transverses -transfused -transvestism -transvestism's -transvestite -transvestite's -transvestites -transfusion -transfusion's -transfusions -Transcaucasia -Transcaucasia's -transgenic -transgender -transcontinental -transgenders -transcribe -transcriber -transcribing -transcriber's -transcribers -transcribes -transcribed -transcript -transcript's -transcripts -transcription -transcription's -transcriptions -transgress -transgressor -transgressing -transgresses -transgressor's -transgressors -transgressed -transgression -transgression's -transgressions -transsexual -transsexual's -transsexuals -transsexualism -transsexualism's -transact -transactor -transect -transacting -transecting -transactor's -transactors -transacts -transects -transacted -transected -transaction -transaction's -transactions -transl -Transylvania -Transylvanian -Transylvanian's -Transylvania's -translocation -translucence -translucency -translucence's -translucency's -translucent -translucently -translate -translator -translatable -translating -transliterate -transliterating -transliterates -transliterated -transliteration -transliteration's -transliterations -translates -translator's -translators -translated -translation -translation's -translations -transom -transmogrify -transmogrification -transmogrification's -transmogrifies -transmogrified -transmogrifying -transmigrate -transmigrating -transmigrates -transmigrated -transmigration -transmigration's -transom's -transoms -transmissible -transmit -transmitter -transmute -transmittable -transmutable -transmittal -transmittal's -transmitting -transmuting -transmittance -transmittance's -transmits -transmitter's -transmitters -transmutes -transmitted -transmuted -transmutation -transmutation's -transmutations -transmission -transmission's -transmissions -trouncing -transience -transiency -transience's -transiency's -transcend -transient -transiently -transcending -transcendence -transcendence's -transcendent -transcendental -transcendentally -transcendentalism -transcendentalism's -transcendentalist -transcendentalist's -transcendentalists -transcends -transient's -transients -transcended -transnational -transnational's -transnationals -transpolar -transplant -transplanting -transplant's -transplants -transplanted -transplantation -transplantation's -transponder -transponder's -transponders -transpire -transpiring -transparency -transparencies -transparency's -transparent -transparently -transpires -transpired -transpiration -transpiration's -transpose -transpacific -transposing -transposes -transposed -transposition -transposition's -transpositions -trainspotter -transept -transport -transporter -transportable -trainspotting -transporting -trainspotters -transept's -transepts -transporter's -transporters -transport's -transports -transported -transportation -transportation's -tyrannosaurus -tyrannosaurus's -tyrannosauruses -durance's -Terence's -Terrance's -Terrence's -Torrance's -trance's -trances -trouncer's -trouncers -trounces -truancy's -tyrannosaur's -tyrannosaurs -transoceanic -transistor -transistor's -transistors -transit -trounced -transitive -transitively -transitiveness -transitiveness's -transitive's -transitives -transitivity -transitivity's -transatlantic -transiting -transitory -transducer -transit's -transits -transducer's -transducers -transited -transition -transitional -transitionally -transitioning -transition's -transitions -transitioned -drained -droned -drowned -Durant -Durante -Toronto -torrent -trained -trend -trendier -trendy -Trent -Trinity -trinity -truant -tyrant -Trondheim -Trondheim's -tarantella -tarantula -trendily -trundle -trundler -trundling -tarantella's -tarantellas -tarantula's -tarantulas -trundler's -trundlers -trundle's -trundles -trundled -Tarantino -trending -Trenton -truanting -Tarantino's -trendiness -trendiness's -Trenton's -trinitrotoluene -trinitrotoluene's -Durante's -Durant's -Toronto's -torrent's -torrents -trendies -trend's -trends -trendy's -Trent's -Trinities -trinities -Trinity's -trinity's -truant's -truants -tyrant's -tyrants -trendiest -trendsetter -trendsetting -trendsetters -trended -Trinidad -truanted -Trinidadian -Trinidadian's -Trinidadians -Trinidad's -drench -tranche -trench -trencher -torrential -trencherman -trenchermen -trencherman's -drenching -trenching -truncheon -trenchancy -truncheon's -truncheons -trenchancy's -trenchant -trenchantly -transship -transshipment -transshipment's -transshipping -transships -transshipped -drenches -tranches -trencher's -trenchers -trenches -trench's -drenched -trenched -drape -draper -drip -drippier -drippy -droop -droopier -droopy -drop -dropper -drupe -towrope -trap -trapper -trip -tripe -Trippe -tripper -troop -trooper -trope -troupe -trouper -Dropbox -Dropbox's -trappable -tropic -dropkick -dropkick's -dropkicks -tropical -tropically -Tropicana -Tropicana's -tropic's -tropics -tropics's -terapixel -terapixel's -terapixels -triple -triply -Tripoli -triplex -triplexes -triplex's -triplicate -triplicating -triplicate's -triplicates -triplicated -tripling -triple's -triples -Tripoli's -droplet -tripled -triplet -droplet's -droplets -triplet's -triplets -draping -dripping -drooping -dropping -terrapin -trapping -tripping -trooping -trouping -dripping's -drippings -droopiness -droopiness's -droppings -droppings's -terrapin's -terrapins -trappings -trappings's -drapery -draperies -drapery's -draper's -drapers -drape's -drapes -drip's -drips -droop's -droops -dropper's -droppers -drop's -drops -dropsy -drupe's -drupes -towrope's -towropes -traipse -trapeze -trapper's -trappers -trap's -traps -tripe's -tripos -tripper's -trippers -Trippe's -trip's -trips -trooper's -troopers -troop's -troops -trope's -tropes -trouper's -troupers -troupe's -troupes -troposphere -troposphere's -tropospheres -dropsical -trapezium -tropism -trapezium's -trapeziums -tropism's -tropisms -traipsing -dropsy's -traipse's -traipses -trapeze's -trapezes -drippiest -droopiest -traipsed -trapezoid -Trappist -trapezoidal -trapezoid's -trapezoids -Trappist's -Trappists -draped -dripped -drooped -dropout -dropped -trapdoor -trapped -tripod -tripped -trooped -trouped -tryptophan -Tripitaka -Tripitaka's -tripodal -dropout's -dropouts -trapdoor's -trapdoors -tripod's -tripods -tripartite -triptych -trepidation -trepidation's -triptych's -triptychs -tripwire -tripwires -troopship -troopship's -troopships -trapshooting -trapshooting's -drearier -dreary -drearily -terrarium -trireme -terrarium's -terrariums -trireme's -triremes -dreariness -dreariness's -terrorism -terrorism's -dreariest -terrorist -terrorist's -terrorists -dairies -dairy's -darer's -darers -Dare's -dare's -dares -daresay -d'Arezzo -Dario's -Darius -Darius's -Darrow's -dearies -deary's -Deere's -diaries -diary's -Dora's -dories -Doris -Doris's -dory's -Douro's -dowries -dowry's -draw's -draws -dray's -drays -Dreiser -dress -dresser -dressier -dress's -dressy -Drew's -drier's -driers -dries -dross -dross's -drowse -drowsier -drowsy -dry's -drys -duress -duress's -Tara's -tare's -tares -taro's -taros -tarries -Taurus -Taurus's -Teresa -Teri's -terrace -Terra's -terrazzo -terrier's -terriers -Terrie's -Terri's -terror's -terrors -Terr's -Terry's -terry's -tire's -tires -Torah's -Torahs -Tories -Torres -Torres's -torus -Tory's -trace -tracer -Tracey -Traci -Tracie -Tracy -tray's -trays -treas -tree's -trees -tress -tress's -trews -Trey's -trey's -treys -trice -trier's -triers -tries -trio's -trios -trough's -troughs -trouser -trousseau -trows -Troy's -troys -truce -true's -trues -truss -truss's -try's -Tyree's -Tyre's -tyro's -tyros -traceable -traceability -derisive -derisively -derisiveness -derisiveness's -dressage -Triassic -tricycle -tricycle's -tricycles -dressage's -Triassic's -trousseaux -trisect -trisecting -trisects -trisected -trisection -trisection's -drizzle -drizzly -drowsily -Duracell -Torricelli -drizzling -drizzle's -drizzles -Duracell's -Torricelli's -drizzled -tiresome -tourism -truism -dressmaker -dressmaking -dressmaking's -dressmaker's -dressmakers -tiresomely -tiresomeness -tiresomeness's -tourism's -truism's -truisms -dressing -drowsing -terracing -tracing -treason -trussing -treasonable -dressiness -dressiness's -dressing's -dressings -drowsiness -drowsiness's -tracing's -tracings -treasonous -treason's -tricentennial -tricentennial's -tricentennials -trespass -trespasser -trespass's -triceps -triceps's -trespassing -trespasser's -trespassers -trespasses -tricepses -trespassed -derisory -tracery -treasure -treasurer -Treasury -treasury -treasuring -traceries -tracery's -treasurer's -treasurers -treasure's -treasures -Treasuries -treasuries -Treasury's -treasury's -treasured -triceratops -triceratops's -d'Arezzo's -diaereses -diaeresis -diaeresis's -diereses -dieresis -dieresis's -Dreiser's -dresser's -dressers -dresses -drowse's -drowses -Tauruses -Teresa's -terrace's -terraces -terrazzo's -terrazzos -tracer's -tracers -trace's -traces -Tracey's -Tracie's -Traci's -Tracy's -tresses -trice's -trouser's -trousers -trousers's -trousseau's -truce's -truces -trusses -dressiest -drowsiest -dearest -diarist -direst -dourest -dressed -driest -drowsed -Tarazed -tarriest -teariest -terraced -tourist -touristy -traced -Trieste -truest -trussed -trust -trustee -trustier -trusty -tryst -trustful -trustfully -trustfulness -trustfulness's -drastic -touristic -drastically -trestle -trestle's -trestles -Dresden -Dristan -Tristan -trusting -trysting -trustingly -Dresden's -Dristan's -Tristan's -terrestrial -terrestrially -terrestrial's -terrestrials -drawstring -drawstring's -drawstrings -dearests -diarist's -diarists -Tarazed's -tourist's -tourists -Trieste's -trustee's -trustees -trusties -trust's -trusts -trusty's -tryst's -trysts -trustiest -trusted -trysted -trustworthier -trustworthy -trustworthiness -trustworthiness's -trustworthiest -trusteeship -trusteeship's -trusteeships -dared -deride -Derrida -drat -dread -dried -droid -drought -druid -tared -tarot -tarred -tarried -teared -tiered -tirade -tired -tireder -toreador -torrid -toured -trad -trade -trader -trait -traitor -tread -treat -treaty -treed -triad -tried -trite -triter -trod -trot -trotter -trout -Trudeau -Trudy -trued -turret -treatable -draughtboard -draughtboards -daredevil -dreadful -dreadfully -dreadfulness -dreadfulness's -daredevilry -daredevilry's -daredevil's -daredevils -diuretic -dredger -dredging -drudging -trudging -drudgery -drudgery's -diuretic's -diuretics -dredger's -dredgers -tiredly -torridly -treadle -tritely -dreadlocks -dreadlocks's -treadling -treadle's -treadles -treadled -tritium -trademark -trademarking -trademark's -trademarks -trademarked -treadmill -treadmill's -treadmills -treatment -treatment's -treatments -tritium's -deriding -dreading -Dryden -trading -treading -treating -Triton -trodden -trotting -Dryden's -tiredness -tiredness's -torridness -torridness's -trading's -tradings -triteness -triteness's -Triton's -dreadnought -Trident -trident -dreadnought's -dreadnoughts -Trident's -trident's -tridents -treetop -treetop's -treetops -territory -territorial -territorial's -territorials -territoriality -territories -territory's -traitorous -traitorously -derides -Derrida's -Doritos -Doritos's -dread's -dreads -droids -drought's -droughts -druid's -druids -tarot's -tarots -tirade's -tirades -toreador's -toreadors -trader's -traders -trade's -trades -traduce -traducer -traitor's -traitors -trait's -traits -tread's -treads -treaties -treatise -treat's -treats -treaty's -triad's -triads -trot's -trots -trotter's -trotters -trout's -trouts -Trudeau's -Trudy's -turret's -turrets -Trotsky -Trotsky's -druidism -tradesman -tradesmen -tradesman's -druidism's -traducing -tradespeople -tradespeople's -traducer's -traducers -traduces -treatise's -treatises -tiredest -traduced -tritest -tradeswoman -tradeswomen -tradeswoman's -derided -dratted -dreaded -torridity -traded -treated -trotted -turreted -torridity's -tradition -traditional -traditionally -traditionalism -traditionalism's -traditionalist -traditionalist's -traditionalists -tradition's -traditions -drawer -Tarawa -tearaway -drywall -trowel -drywall's -trowel's -trowels -dairywoman -dairywomen -dairywoman's -drawing -trowing -drawing's -drawings -drawer's -drawers -Tarawa's -tearaways -trowed -Durocher -trachea -tracheae -trash -trashier -trashy -Tricia -Trisha -trochee -trochaic -Tereshkova -Tereshkova's -trashcan -trashcan's -trashcans -tracheal -Dirichlet -Dirichlet's -drachma -drachma's -drachmas -derision -duration -trashing -trichina -trichinae -derision's -duration's -trashiness -trashiness's -trichina's -trichinosis -trichinosis's -treachery -treacheries -treacherous -treachery's -treacherously -treacherousness -treacherousness's -Durocher's -Tiresias -Tiresias's -trachea's -trashes -trash's -Tricia's -Trisha's -trochee's -trochees -trashiest -trashed -tracheotomy -tracheotomies -tracheotomy's -dryer -teriyaki -dairying -drying -tarrying -trying -tryingly -dairying's -dryer's -dryers -Troyes -dooryard -dryad -tryout -dooryard's -dooryards -dryad's -dryads -tryout's -tryouts -dace -dais -dais's -Daisy -daisy -Darcy -DA's -Day's -day's -days -daze -DD's -DDS -dds -DDS's -dear's -dears -deer's -Dee's -deice -deicer -deuce -dew's -Dias -dice -dicey -dicier -die's -dies -Dior's -Di's -Dis -dis -Dis's -dis's -dizzier -dizzy -doer's -doers -Doe's -doe's -does -door's -doors -Dorsey -DOS -do's -dos -dose -DOS's -doss -dosser -dossier -Douay's -dough's -douse -Dow's -dowse -dowser -doz -doze -dozier -dozy -D's -due's -dues -duo's -duos -Duse -Dy's -dz -Tao's -tar's -tars -tarsi -Ta's -taser -Tass -Tass's -tau's -taus -tear's -tears -tea's -teas -tease -teaser -tee's -tees -terse -terser -Te's -Tess -Tessa -Tessie -Tess's -tier's -tiers -tie's -ties -Ti's -ti's -tissue -tizz -tizzy -toe's -toes -tor's -tors -torso -toss -tosser -toss's -tour's -tours -tow's -tows -toy's -toys -T's -ts -ttys -Tues -Tues's -Tu's -Ty's -disbar -disobey -Duisburg -Duisburg's -decibel -disable -disbelief -disbelieve -disbeliever -disbelieving -disbelievingly -disbelief's -disbeliever's -disbelievers -disbelieves -disbelieved -disoblige -disobliging -disobliges -disobliged -disablement -disablement's -disabling -decibel's -decibels -disables -disability -disabled -disabilities -disability's -disbarment -disbarment's -disband -disbandment -disbandment's -disbanding -disbands -disbanded -disbarring -disbarred -disabuse -disbars -disburse -disobeys -disbursal -disbursal's -disbursement -disbursement's -disbursements -disabusing -disbursing -disabuses -disburses -disabused -disbursed -disobedience -disobedience's -disobedient -disobediently -disobeying -disobeyed -deceive -deceiver -decipher -deserve -disavow -dissever -dysphagia -disfigure -disfigurement -disfigurement's -disfigurements -disfiguring -disfigures -disfigured -disaffect -disaffecting -disaffects -disaffected -disaffection -disaffection's -disaffiliate -disaffiliating -disaffiliates -disaffiliated -disaffiliation -disaffiliation's -deceiving -deserving -dysfunction -dysfunctional -dysfunction's -dysfunctions -deceivingly -dysphoria -decipherable -dysphoric -deciphering -dissevering -disfranchise -disfranchisement -disfranchisement's -disfranchising -disfranchises -disfranchised -disafforest -disafforesting -disafforests -disafforested -deciphered -dissevered -deceiver's -deceivers -deceives -deciphers -deserves -disavows -disservice -dissevers -disservice's -disservices -deceived -deserved -deservedly -disavowal -disavowal's -disavowals -disavowing -disavowed -desk -disc -disco -disk -dosage -dusk -duskier -dusky -task -Tosca -tusk -tussock -tussocky -discotheque -discotheque's -discotheques -Dschubba -taskbar -Dschubba's -discover -discoverer -discovery -discovering -discoverer's -discoverers -discoveries -discovery's -discovered -discovers -disgorge -Tuskegee -disgorgement -disgorgement's -disgorging -discography -discographies -discography's -disgorges -Tuskegee's -disgorged -descale -deskill -disequilibrium -disequilibrium's -disqualify -disqualification -disqualification's -disqualifications -disqualifies -disqualified -disqualifying -disclaim -disclaimer -disclaiming -disclaimer's -disclaimers -disclaims -disclaimed -descaling -deskilling -discoloration -discoloration's -discolorations -descales -deskills -disclose -Tuscaloosa -disclosing -disclosure -disclosure's -disclosures -discloses -Tuscaloosa's -disclosed -deescalate -descaled -deskilled -deescalating -deescalates -deescalated -deescalation -deescalation's -discombobulate -discombobulating -discombobulates -discombobulated -discombobulation -discombobulation's -discomfit -discomfort -discomfiting -discomforting -discomfiture -discomfiture's -discomfits -discomfort's -discomforts -discomfited -discomforted -discompose -discomposing -discomposure -discomposure's -discomposes -discomposed -taskmaster -taskmistress -taskmistress's -taskmistresses -taskmaster's -taskmasters -discommode -discommoding -discommodes -discommoded -deerskin -designer -discoing -doeskin -tasking -Tuscan -Tuscany -Tuscon -disconnect -disjunctive -disconnecting -disjuncture -disconnects -disconnected -disconnectedly -disconnectedness -disconnectedness's -disconnection -disconnection's -disconnections -designing -Toscanini -designing's -Toscanini's -deerskin's -designer's -designers -doeskin's -doeskins -duskiness -duskiness's -Tuscan's -Tuscany's -Tuscon's -disconsolate -disconsolately -disconcert -disconcerting -disconcertingly -disconcerts -disconcerted -descant -desiccant -designate -discount -discounter -disjoint -descanting -designating -discontinue -discounting -disjointing -discontinuing -discontinuance -discountenance -discountenancing -discontinuance's -discontinuances -discountenances -discountenanced -discontinues -discontinuous -discontinuously -discontent -discontinued -discontinuity -discontentment -discontentment's -discontenting -discontent's -discontents -discontinuities -discontinuity's -discontented -discontentedly -discontinuation -discontinuation's -discontinuations -descant's -descants -desiccant's -desiccants -designates -discounter's -discounters -discount's -discounts -disjoints -descanted -designated -discounted -disjointed -disjointedly -disjointedness -disjointedness's -designation -designation's -designations -descry -disagree -describe -describer -describable -disagreeable -disagreeably -disagreeableness -disagreeableness's -describing -describer's -describers -describes -described -discourage -discouragement -discouragement's -discouragements -discouraging -discouragingly -discourages -desegregate -discouraged -desegregating -desegregates -desegregated -desegregation -desegregation's -discriminant -disagreement -discriminate -discriminator -discriminating -discriminatory -disagreement's -disagreements -discriminates -discriminator's -discriminators -discriminated -discrimination -discrimination's -disagreeing -disgruntle -disgruntlement -disgruntlement's -disgruntling -disgruntles -disgruntled -discrepancy -discrepancies -discrepancy's -discrepant -descriptor -descriptive -descriptively -descriptiveness -descriptiveness's -descriptors -description -description's -descriptions -Tuscarora -Tuscarora's -Tuscaroras -descries -disagrees -disgrace -disgraceful -disgracefully -disgracefulness -disgracefulness's -disgracing -disgrace's -disgraces -disgraced -descried -desecrate -disagreed -discreet -discreeter -discrete -discreetly -discretely -desecrating -discreetness -discreetness's -discreteness -discreteness's -desecrates -discreetest -desecrated -discredit -discreditable -discreditably -discrediting -discredit's -discredits -discredited -desecration -discretion -discretionary -desecration's -discretion's -descrying -desk's -desks -disco's -discos -discourse -disc's -discs -discus -discus's -discuss -disguise -disk's -disks -dosage's -dosages -dusk's -task's -tasks -Tosca's -tusk's -tusks -tussock's -tussocks -discursive -discursively -discursiveness -discursiveness's -discoursing -discussing -disguising -discussant -discussant's -discussants -discourse's -discourses -discuses -discusses -disguise's -disguises -discoursed -discussed -disguised -disgust -duskiest -disgusting -disgustingly -disgust's -disgusts -disgusted -disgustedly -disquisition -disquisition's -disquisitions -desiccate -desiccator -discard -discoed -discord -diskette -disquiet -dissect -dissector -tasked -tusked -desiccating -discarding -discording -disquieting -dissecting -discordance -discordance's -discordant -discordantly -desktop -desktop's -desktops -Descartes -Descartes's -desiccates -desiccator's -desiccators -discard's -discards -discord's -discords -discourteous -discourtesy -diskette's -diskettes -disquiet's -disquiets -dissector's -dissectors -dissects -discourteously -discourtesies -discourtesy's -desiccated -discarded -discorded -disquieted -disquietude -dissected -disquietude's -desiccation -discussion -dissection -desiccation's -discussion's -discussions -dissection's -dissections -dazzle -dazzler -diesel -disallow -dizzily -docile -dorsal -dorsally -dozily -tarsal -tassel -teasel -tersely -TESL -Tesla -TESOL -tousle -tussle -disyllabic -dissoluble -dissolve -dissolving -dissolves -dissolved -dislike -dislodge -disliking -dislike's -dislikes -dislodges -dyslexia -dyslexic -dyslexic's -dyslexics -dyslexia's -deselect -disliked -dislocate -dislodged -dyslectic -dyslectic's -dyslectics -deselecting -dislocating -deselects -dislocates -deselected -dislocated -deselection -dislocation -dislocation's -dislocations -docilely -dazzling -dieseling -tousling -tussling -dazzlingly -desalinate -desalinating -desalinates -desalinated -desalination -desalination's -decelerate -decelerator -decelerating -decelerates -decelerator's -decelerators -decelerated -deceleration -deceleration's -dazzler's -dazzlers -dazzle's -dazzles -diesel's -diesels -disallows -tarsal's -tarsals -tassel's -tassels -teasel's -teasels -Tesla's -tousles -tussle's -tussles -dazzled -desalt -desolate -dieseled -dissolute -docility -tessellate -tousled -tussled -dislodging -desolately -dissolutely -desalting -desolating -tessellating -desolateness -desolateness's -dissoluteness -dissoluteness's -desultory -desultorily -desalts -desolates -docility's -tessellates -desalted -desolated -tessellated -disallowing -disallowed -desolation -disillusion -dissolution -tessellation -disillusionment -disillusionment's -disillusioning -desolation's -disillusion's -disillusions -dissolution's -tessellation's -tessellations -disillusioned -disloyal -disloyally -disloyalty -disloyalty's -deism -disarm -dismay -Taoism -December -disembark -disembarking -disembarks -disambiguate -disembarked -disambiguation -disembarkation -disembarkation's -dissemble -dissembler -dissembling -dissemblance -dissemblance's -dissembler's -dissemblers -dissembles -dissembled -December's -Decembers -disembody -disembodiment -disembodiment's -disembodies -disembodied -disembodying -disembowel -disembowelment -disembowelment's -disembowels -decimal -dismal -dismally -dissimilar -dissimilarity -dissimilarities -dissimilarity's -decimal's -decimals -dissimulate -dissimulator -dissimulating -dissimulates -dissimulator's -dissimulators -dissimilitude -dissimulated -dissimilitude's -dissimilitudes -dissimulation -dissimulation's -dismember -dismemberment -dismemberment's -dismembering -dismembered -dismembers -disarmament -disarmament's -disarming -Tasman -Tasmania -disarmingly -Tasmanian -Tasmanian's -Tasmania's -Tasman's -Desmond -dismount -disseminate -dismantle -dismantlement -dismantlement's -dismantling -dismantles -dismantled -dismounting -disseminating -Desmond's -dismount's -dismounts -disseminates -dismounted -disseminated -dissemination -dissemination's -deism's -disarms -dismay's -dismays -dismiss -Taoism's -Taoisms -dismissive -dismissively -dismissal -dismissal's -dismissals -dismissing -dismisses -dismissed -decimate -disarmed -dosimeter -decimating -decimates -dosimeter's -dosimeters -decimated -decimation -Tsimshian -decimation's -Tsimshian's -dismaying -dismayed -Dawson -dazing -deicing -design -designed -dicing -discern -Disney -disown -dissing -dosing -dossing -dousing -dowsing -dozen -dozing -Dyson -Tarzan -teasing -tossing -Tyson -dozenth -discernible -discernibly -disinfect -disinfecting -disinfectant -disinfectant's -disinfectants -disinfects -disinfected -disinfection -disinfection's -disinflation -disinflation's -disinformation -disinformation's -disenfranchise -disenfranchisement -disenfranchisement's -disenfranchising -disenfranchises -disenfranchised -disinvestment -disinvestment's -disinherit -disinheriting -disinheritance -disinheritance's -disinherits -disinherited -disengage -Tsongkhapa -Tsongkhapa's -disengagement -disengagement's -disengagements -disengaging -disengages -disengaged -disincline -disinclining -disinclines -disinclined -disinclination -disinclination's -disencumber -disencumbering -disencumbered -disencumbers -Dzungaria -Dzungaria's -decennial -teasingly -Disneyland -Disneyland's -decennial's -decennials -tsunami -discernment -discernment's -tsunami's -tsunamis -discerning -disowning -disunion -discerningly -disingenuous -dissonance -disunion's -disingenuously -dissonance's -dissonances -dissonant -Dawson's -decency -design's -designs -discerns -Disney's -disowns -dizziness -dizziness's -dozen's -dozens -doziness -Dyson's -Tarzan's -terseness -terseness's -Tyson's -disincentive -disincentives -decencies -decency's -decent -descend -descender -descent -discerned -disinter -disowned -dissent -dissenter -disunite -disunity -docent -doesn't -disintegrate -disintegrating -disintegrates -disintegrated -disintegration -disintegration's -decently -disinterment -disinterment's -descending -dissenting -disuniting -disentangle -disentanglement -disentanglement's -disentangling -disentangles -disentangled -tercentennial -tercentennial's -tercentennials -tercentenary -tercentenaries -tercentenary's -descendant -descendant's -descendants -dysentery -disinterring -dysentery's -disinterest -disinterest's -disinterests -disinterested -disinterestedly -disinterestedness -disinterestedness's -disinterred -descends -descent's -descents -disinters -dissenter's -dissenters -dissent's -dissents -disunites -disunity's -docent's -docents -descended -dissented -disunited -dissension -dissension's -dissensions -disenchant -disenchantment -disenchantment's -disenchanting -disenchants -disenchanted -despair -disappear -tossup -tsp -despicable -despicably -despoil -despoiler -disciple -dispel -display -despoilment -despoilment's -despoiling -discipline -dispelling -disciplining -disciplinary -disciplinarian -disciplinarian's -disciplinarians -discipline's -disciplines -disciplined -despoiler's -despoilers -despoils -disciple's -disciples -dispels -displace -display's -displays -displease -displacement -displacement's -displacements -displacing -displeasing -displeasure -displeasure's -displaces -displeases -displaced -displeased -despoiled -dispelled -despoliation -despoliation's -discipleship -discipleship's -displayable -displaying -displayed -teaspoon -teaspoonful -teaspoonful's -teaspoonfuls -dispense -dispenser -teaspoon's -teaspoons -dispensable -dispensing -dispensary -dispensaries -dispensary's -dispenser's -dispensers -dispenses -dispensed -dispensation -dispensation's -dispensations -disappoint -disappointment -disappointment's -disappointments -disappointing -disappointingly -despondence -despondency -despondence's -despondency's -despondent -despondently -disappoints -disappointed -dyspeptic -dyspeptic's -dyspeptics -dyspepsia -dyspepsia's -Diaspora -diaspora -disapprobation -disapprobation's -disapprove -disproof -disprove -disprovable -disapproval -disapproval's -disapproving -disproving -disapprovingly -disapproves -disproof's -disproofs -disproves -disapproved -disproved -disparage -disparagement -disparagement's -disparaging -disparagingly -disparages -disparaged -despairing -disappearing -despairingly -disappearance -disappearance's -disappearances -disproportion -disproportional -disproportion's -disproportions -disproportionate -disproportionately -Diaspora's -Diasporas -diaspora's -diasporas -dispraise -dysprosium -dysprosium's -dispraising -dispraise's -dispraises -dispraised -despaired -desperado -desperate -disappeared -disparate -disparity -dispirit -desperately -disparately -dispiriting -desperateness -desperateness's -desperadoes -desperado's -disparities -disparity's -dispirits -dispirited -desperation -desperation's -despair's -despairs -despise -disappears -disperse -dispose -disposer -tossup's -tossups -disposable -disposable's -disposables -dispersal -disposal -dispersal's -disposal's -disposals -despising -dispersing -disposing -despises -disperses -disposer's -disposers -disposes -dispossess -dispossessing -dispossesses -dispossessed -despised -dispersed -disposed -disposition -dispossession -disposition's -dispositions -dispossession's -despite -despot -disport -dispute -disputer -dissipate -disputable -disputably -deceptive -deceptively -deceptiveness -deceptiveness's -despotic -despotically -disporting -disputing -dissipating -disputant -disputant's -disputants -despot's -despots -disports -disputer's -disputers -dispute's -disputes -dissipates -despotism -despotism's -disported -disputed -dissipated -disputation -disputation's -disputations -disputatious -disputatiously -dispatch -dispatcher -deception -dispassion -dispatching -dispersion -dissipation -deception's -deceptions -dispassion's -dispersion's -dissipation's -dispassionate -dispassionately -dispatcher's -dispatchers -dispatches -dispatch's -dispatched -desire -Desiree -disarray -disrobe -desirable -desirably -desirableness -desirableness's -desirability -desirability's -disrobing -disrobes -disrobed -disregard -disregardful -disregarding -disregard's -disregards -disregarded -Disraeli -Disraeli's -desiring -tasering -disarrange -disarrangement -disarrangement's -disarranging -disarranges -disarranged -disorient -disorienting -disorients -disorientate -disoriented -disorientating -disorientates -disorientated -disorientation -disorientation's -disrepair -disrepair's -disrepute -disrupt -disreputable -disreputably -disruptive -disruptively -disrupting -disrepute's -disrupts -disrupted -disruption -disruption's -disruptions -Desiree's -desire's -desires -desirous -disarray's -disarrays -disrespect -disrespectful -disrespectfully -disrespecting -disrespect's -disrespects -disrespected -tsarists -desired -tasered -disarraying -disarrayed -dace's -daces -daises -daisies -Daisy's -daisy's -Darcy's -daze's -dazes -decease -deicer's -deicers -deices -deuce's -deuces -dices -diocese -disease -disuse -dizzies -Dorsey's -dose's -doses -dossers -dosses -dossier's -dossiers -douses -dowser's -dowsers -dowses -doze's -dozes -Duse's -tarsus -tarsus's -taser's -tasers -teaser's -teasers -tease's -teases -Tessa's -Tessie's -tissue's -tissues -tizzies -tizzy's -torso's -torsos -tossers -tosses -decisive -dissuasive -decisively -decisiveness -decisiveness's -Dzerzhinsky -Dzerzhinsky's -disassemble -disassembly -disassembling -disassembles -disassembled -deceasing -diocesan -disusing -diocesan's -diocesans -decease's -deceases -diocese's -dioceses -disease's -diseases -disuse's -disuses -deceased -desist -diciest -disaster -diseased -disused -dizziest -doziest -tersest -disestablish -disestablishment -disestablishment's -disestablishing -disestablishes -disestablished -disesteem -disesteeming -disesteem's -disesteems -disesteemed -desisting -disastrous -disastrously -deceased's -desists -disaster's -disasters -desisted -disassociate -disassociating -disassociates -disassociated -disassociation -disassociation's -dazed -DECed -deceit -decide -decider -deiced -deist -desert -deserter -dessert -diced -disorder -dissed -dissuade -dist -dizzied -Dorset -dosed -dossed -dost -doused -dowsed -dozed -DST -durst -dust -duster -dustier -Dusty -dusty -tacit -Taoist -taste -taster -tastier -tasty -teased -test -tester -testier -testy -toast -toaster -toastier -toasty -tossed -Tuesday -Tussaud -disturb -disturber -decidable -testable -destabilization's -disturbing -dustbin -disturbingly -disturbance -dustbin's -dustbins -disturbance's -disturbances -disturber's -disturbers -disturbs -Dustbuster -Dustbuster's -disturbed -distaff -testifier -testify -desertification -deceitful -deceitfully -tasteful -tastefully -deceitfulness -deceitfulness's -tastefulness -tastefulness's -disadvantage -disadvantaging -disadvantageous -disadvantage's -disadvantages -disadvantageously -disadvantaged -distaff's -distaffs -testifier's -testifiers -testifies -Dostoevsky -Dostoevsky's -testified -testifying -deistic -testicle -testicular -testicle's -testicles -dustcart -dustcarts -dazedly -diastole -disorderly -distal -distally -distiller -tacitly -tastily -Teasdale -testily -deerstalker -diastolic -deerstalkers -distilling -disorderliness -disorderliness's -distillery -distilleries -distillery's -diastole's -distiller's -distillers -dustless -tasteless -Teasdale's -tastelessly -tastelessness -tastelessness's -distillate -distilled -distillate's -distillates -distillation -distillation's -distillations -Desdemona -dustman -dustmen -testimony -testimonial -testimonial's -testimonials -Desdemona's -testimonies -testimony's -testament -testamentary -testament's -testaments -distemper -distemper's -toastmaster -toastmistress -toastmistress's -toastmistresses -toastmaster's -toastmasters -deciding -deserting -d'Estaing -destine -destiny -disdain -dissuading -Dustin -dusting -dystonia -taciturn -tasting -testing -toasting -disdainful -disdainfully -distinct -distincter -distinctive -distinctively -distinctiveness -distinctiveness's -distinctly -distinctness -distinctness's -distinctest -distinction -distinction's -distinctions -taciturnly -destining -disdaining -d'Estaing's -destines -destinies -destiny's -disdain's -disdains -dissidence -distance -dustiness -dustiness's -Dustin's -tacitness -tacitness's -tastiness -tastiness's -tasting's -tastings -testiness -testiness's -testings -distancing -dissidence's -distance's -distances -distanced -decedent -destined -disdained -dissident -distant -distend -taciturnity -distantly -distending -decedent's -decedents -dissident's -dissidents -distends -taciturnity's -distended -distinguish -distinguishable -destination -distension -distention -distinguishing -destination's -destinations -distension's -distensions -distention's -distentions -distinguishes -distinguished -doorstep -doorstop -dystopia -doorstepping -dustpan -dustpan's -dustpans -doorstep's -doorsteps -doorstop's -doorstops -doorstepped -destroy -distribute -distributor -distributive -distributively -distributing -distributes -distributor's -distributors -distributed -distributorship -distributorships -distribution -distributional -distribution's -distributions -destruct -distract -district -destructible -destructibility -destructibility's -destructive -destructively -destructiveness -destructiveness's -destructing -distracting -destruct's -destructs -distracts -district's -districts -destructed -distracted -distractedly -destruction -distraction -destruction's -distraction's -distractions -disordering -destroys -distress -distress's -distressful -distressing -distressingly -distresses -distressed -distrust -distrustful -distrustfully -distrusting -distrust's -distrusts -distrusted -desiderata -disordered -distrait -distraught -desideratum -desideratum's -destroyer -destroying -destroyer's -destroyers -destroyed -deceit's -deceits -deciders -decides -deciduous -deist's -deists -deserter's -deserters -desert's -deserts -dessert's -desserts -diastase -disorder's -disorders -dissuades -Dorset's -duster's -dusters -dust's -dusts -Dusty's -Tacitus -Tacitus's -Taoist's -Taoists -taster's -tasters -taste's -tastes -tester's -testers -testes -testis -testis's -test's -tests -toaster's -toasters -toasties -toast's -toasts -tsetse -Tuesday's -Tuesdays -Tussaud's -dissatisfy -dissatisfaction -dissatisfaction's -dissatisfies -dissatisfied -dissatisfying -Tsitsihar -Tsitsihar's -dessertspoon -dessertspoonful -dessertspoonfuls -dessertspoons -diastase's -tsetse's -tsetses -distaste -dustiest -tastiest -testiest -toastiest -distasteful -distastefully -distastefulness -distastefulness's -testosterone -testosterone's -distaste's -distastes -dastard -decided -deserted -desuetude -dissuaded -distort -distorter -dusted -tasted -testate -testator -tested -toasted -dastardly -decidedly -dastardliness -dastardliness's -distorting -testatrix -testatrix's -testatrices -dastard's -dastards -desuetude's -distorts -testates -testator's -testators -destitute -distorted -destitution -destitution's -dissertation -distortion -dissertation's -dissertations -distortion's -distortions -dustsheet -dustsheets -Tswana -Tswana's -discharge -discharging -discharge's -discharges -discharged -decision -desertion -dissuasion -decision's -decisions -desertion's -desertions -dissuasion's -dissociate -dissociating -dissociates -dissociated -dissociation -dissociation's -dizzying -dad -Dada -daddy -dado -dart -darter -DAT -data -date -dater -daughter -dded -DDT -dead -deader -deed -Deity -deity -deter -detour -did -Dido -dido -died -diet -dieter -diode -dirt -dirtier -dirty -ditto -ditty -DOD -dodder -dodo -doodah -DOT -Dot -dot -dote -doter -dottier -dotty -doughtier -doughty -dowdier -dowdy -dud -dude -duet -duty -Tad -tad -tardier -tardy -tart -tartar -tarter -tarty -tat -Tatar -Tate -tater -tatter -tattie -tattier -tattoo -tattooer -tatty -taught -taut -tauter -TD -TDD -teat -Ted -ted -Teddy -teddy -teed -teeter -Tet -Tide -tide -tidier -tidy -tied -tight -tighter -tit -Tito -titter -titty -toad -toady -Tod -today -Todd -toddy -toed -toot -tooter -tort -torte -tot -tote -Toto -totter -tout -Tudor -turd -Tut -tut -tutor -tutti -Tutu -tutu -datebook -datebooks -dirtball -dirtballs -deadbolt -deadbolt's -deadbolts -database -database's -databases -dartboard -deadbeat -dartboard's -dartboards -deadbeat's -deadbeats -dative -Tartuffe -dutiful -dutifully -dutifulness -dutifulness's -dative's -datives -Tartuffe's -tightfisted -titivate -titivating -titivates -titivated -titivation -titivation's -Teotihuacan -Teotihuacan's -Deadhead -deadhead -deadheading -Deadhead's -deadheads -deadheaded -dodger -dotage -Tortuga -Titicaca -Titicaca's -dotcom -dotcom's -dotcoms -dodging -turducken -turducken's -turduckens -Dedekind -detergent -Dedekind's -detergent's -detergents -didgeridoo -didgeridoos -detox -dodger's -dodgers -dotage's -Tortuga's -detoxify -detoxification -detoxification's -detoxifies -detoxified -detoxifying -detoxing -Dodgson -Dodgson's -detoxes -detox's -detoxed -dedicate -dedicator -deduct -detect -detector -deductible -detectable -deductible's -deductibles -deductive -detective -deductively -detective's -detectives -didactic -didactically -dedicating -deducting -detecting -dedicatory -dedicates -dedicator's -dedicators -deducts -detector's -detectors -detects -dedicated -deducted -detected -dedication -deduction -detection -dedication's -dedications -deduction's -deductions -detection's -daughterly -dawdle -dawdler -deadlier -deadly -detail -diddle -diddler -diddly -dirtily -doddle -doodle -doodler -dowdily -Dudley -tardily -tartly -tattle -tattler -tautly -tidal -tidally -tiddler -tiddly -tidily -tightly -title -tittle -titular -toddle -toddler -tootle -tortilla -Tortola -total -totally -turtle -doodlebug -doodlebug's -doodlebugs -titleholder -titleholder's -titleholders -deadlock -tautology -tutelage -tautological -tautologically -deadlocking -deadlock's -deadlocks -tautologies -tautologous -tautology's -tutelage's -deadlocked -dateline -dawdling -deadline -detailing -diddling -doodling -tattling -titling -toddling -tootling -tortellini -turtleneck -turtleneck's -turtlenecks -turtlenecked -datelining -dateline's -datelines -deadline's -deadlines -deadliness -deadliness's -tortellini's -datelined -tideland -tideland's -tidelands -tutelary -Daedalus -Daedalus's -dateless -dawdler's -dawdlers -dawdles -detail's -details -diddler's -diddlers -diddles -doodler's -doodlers -doodle's -doodles -Dudley's -tattler's -tattlers -tattle's -tattles -tiddlers -title's -titles -tittle's -tittles -toddler's -toddlers -toddle's -toddles -tootles -tortilla's -tortillas -Tortola's -total's -totals -turtle's -turtles -diddlysquat -deadliest -titlist -titlist's -titlists -dawdled -detailed -diddled -doodled -tattled -titillate -titled -toddled -tootled -totality -turtledove -turtledove's -turtledoves -tattletale -tattletale's -tattletales -titillating -titillatingly -totalitarian -totalitarian's -totalitarians -totalitarianism -totalitarianism's -titillates -totalities -totality's -titillated -tiddlywink -tiddlywinks -tiddlywinks's -titillation -titillation's -Dartmoor -datum -daytime -diadem -diatom -Dodoma -tatami -Tatum -teatime -tedium -totem -Dartmouth -Dartmouth's -diatomic -tidemark -totemic -tidemarks -determine -determiner -determinable -determining -determinant -determinant's -determinants -determiner's -determiners -determines -determinism -determinism's -deterministic -determent -determinate -determined -Dortmund -determinedly -determent's -Dortmund's -determination -determination's -determinations -Dartmoor's -datum's -daytime's -diadem's -diadems -diatom's -diatoms -diddums -Dodoma's -tatami's -tatamis -Tatum's -teatimes -tedium's -titmice -titmouse -totem's -totems -titmouse's -Datamation -darting -dating -Dayton -deaden -deeding -detain -detainee -dieting -dittoing -doting -dotting -duding -duodena -tartan -tarting -tatting -tattooing -tauten -Teuton -tiding -tighten -tightener -Titan -titan -Titania -tooting -tortoni -toting -totting -touting -tutting -diatonic -Teutonic -Titanic -titanic -Tutankhamen -Tutankhamen's -Teutonic's -Titanic's -dotingly -duodenal -Dardanelles -Dardanelles's -duodenum -titanium -detainment -detainment's -duodenum's -titanium's -deadening -detaining -tautening -tightening -Dayton's -deadens -detainee's -detainees -detains -dirtiness -dirtiness's -dowdiness -dowdiness's -tardiness -tardiness's -tartan's -tartans -tartness -tartness's -tatting's -tautens -tautness -tautness's -tetanus -tetanus's -Tetons -Tetons's -Teuton's -Teutons -tidiness -tidiness's -tidings -tidings's -tightener's -tighteners -tightens -tightness -tightness's -Titania's -Titan's -Titans -titan's -titans -tortoni's -deadened -detained -detonate -detonator -didn't -tautened -tightened -detonating -detentes -detonates -detonator's -detonators -detonated -detention -detonation -detention's -detentions -detonation's -detonations -DTP -tadpole -tadpole's -tadpoles -deadpan -deadpanning -deadpan's -deadpans -deadpanned -Deidre -Deirdre -dietary -doddery -Tartary -tawdrier -tawdry -tetra -torture -torturer -totterer -diatribe -diatribe's -diatribes -tetrahedral -tetrahedron -tetrahedron's -tetrahedrons -tartaric -Didrikson -Didrikson's -detract -detractor -detracting -detractor's -detractors -detracts -detracted -detraction -detraction's -tawdrily -tutorial -tutorial's -tutorials -daydream -daydreamer -deuterium -daydreaming -detriment -detrimental -detrimentally -detriment's -detriments -daydreamer's -daydreamers -daydream's -daydreams -deuterium's -daydreamed -tetrameter -tetrameter's -tetrameters -deterring -detouring -doddering -tattering -teetering -tittering -torturing -tottering -tutoring -Deuteronomy -Deuteronomy's -deterrence -tawdriness -tawdriness's -deterrence's -ditransitive -deodorant -deterrent -deodorant's -deodorants -deterrent's -deterrents -dewdrop -teardrop -tightrope -dewdrop's -dewdrops -teardrop's -teardrops -tightrope's -tightropes -deteriorate -deteriorating -deteriorates -deteriorated -deterioration -deterioration's -Deidre's -Deirdre's -dietaries -dietary's -Tartary's -tetra's -tetras -torturer's -torturers -torture's -tortures -torturous -totterer's -totterers -tetracycline -tetracycline's -tawdriest -deterred -detoured -Detroit -Diderot -doddered -tattered -teetered -tittered -tortured -tottered -tutored -detritus -detritus's -Detroit's -Diderot's -Dietrich -Dietrich's -Dada's -daddies -daddy's -dadoes -dado's -dad's -dads -darter's -darters -dart's -darts -dater's -daters -date's -dates -DAT's -daughter's -daughters -DDTs -dead's -deduce -deed's -deeds -deities -deity's -deters -detour's -detours -didoes -Dido's -dido's -dieter's -dieters -diet's -diets -diode's -diodes -dirties -dirt's -ditsy -ditties -ditto's -dittos -ditty's -ditz -dodder's -dodders -dodo's -dodos -doodahs -doter's -doters -dotes -Dot's -dot's -dots -dowdies -dude's -dudes -dud's -duds -duet's -duets -duteous -duties -duty's -Tad's -tad's -tads -tartar's -tartars -tart's -tarts -Tatar's -Tatars -tater's -taters -Tate's -tats -tatter's -tatters -tatties -tattooer's -tattooers -tattoo's -tattoos -teat's -teats -teddies -Teddy's -tedious -Ted's -teds -teeter's -teeters -Tet's -Tide's -tide's -tides -tidies -tidy's -tights -tights's -Tito's -tit's -tits -titter's -titters -titties -Titus -Titus's -toadies -toad's -toads -toady's -today's -toddies -Todd's -toddy's -Tod's -tooter's -tooters -toot's -toots -tootsie -torte's -tortes -tortoise -tort's -torts -tortuous -tote's -totes -Toto's -tot's -tots -totter's -totters -tout's -touts -Tudor's -Tudors -turd's -turds -tutor's -tutors -Tut's -tut's -tuts -Tutsi -tutti's -tuttis -Tutu's -tutu's -tutus -deducible -Tadzhik -Tadzhik's -duteously -tediously -tortuously -Dadaism -dadaism -duodecimal -Dadaism's -dadaism's -deducing -Dodson -Dotson -Dodson's -Dotson's -tediousness -tediousness's -tortuousness -tortuousness's -deduces -ditzes -ditz's -tootsies -tortoise's -tortoises -Tutsi's -dadaist -deadest -deduced -detest -didst -dirtiest -dottiest -doughtiest -dowdiest -tardiest -tartest -tartiest -tattiest -tattooist -tautest -tidiest -tightest -detestable -detestably -toadstool -toadstool's -toadstools -detesting -dadaist's -dadaists -detests -tattooist's -tattooists -detested -detestation -detestation's -tortoiseshell -tortoiseshell's -tortoiseshells -darted -dated -deeded -dieted -dirtied -dittoed -doodad -dotard -doted -dotted -duded -tarted -tatted -tattooed -tided -tidied -toadied -tooted -toted -totted -touted -tutted -dietetic -dietetics -dietetics's -teetotal -teetotalism -teetotalism's -tatterdemalion -tatterdemalion's -tatterdemalions -datatype -doodad's -doodads -dotard's -dotards -tideway -tideway's -tideways -deadwood -tidewater -tightwad -deadwood's -tidewater's -tidewaters -tightwad's -tightwads -detach -detachable -detachment -detachment's -detachments -detaching -dietitian -dietitian's -dietitians -tutorship -tutorship's -detaches -detached -dirtying -tidying -toadying -toadyism -toadyism's -Dewar -Dewey -dewier -doorway -dower -DWI -tower -TWA -twee -two -dweeb -dweeb's -dweebs -dwarf -twofer -twofold -dwarfing -dwarf's -dwarfs -twofer's -twofers -dwarfism -dwarfism's -dwarfed -dwarfish -dowager -tweak -twerk -twig -twiggier -twiggy -tweaking -twerking -twigging -dowager's -dowagers -tweak's -tweaks -twerks -twig's -twigs -twiggiest -twixt -tweaked -twerked -twigged -Diwali -dowel -dwell -dweller -towel -Twila -twill -twirl -twirler -twirly -twelve -twelfth -twelfth's -twelfths -twelvemonth -twelvemonth's -twelvemonths -twelve's -twelves -dwelling -twirling -dwelling's -dwellings -Diwali's -dowel's -dowels -dweller's -dwellers -dwells -towel's -towels -Twila's -twill's -twirler's -twirlers -twirl's -twirls -dwelt -towelette -twilight -twilit -twilled -twirled -towelette's -towelettes -twilight's -Darwin -Dewayne -Dwayne -Taiwan -towing -Twain -twain -tween -twin -twine -twiner -twinge -twang -twangier -twangy -twink -twinkle -twinkly -twinkling -twinkling's -twinklings -twinkle's -twinkles -twinkled -twanging -twang's -twangs -Twinkies -Twinkies's -twinks -twangiest -twanged -Darwinian -twinging -twining -twinning -Darwinian's -Darwin's -Dewayne's -dewiness -dewiness's -Dwayne's -Taiwanese -Taiwan's -Twain's -twain's -twiner's -twiners -twine's -twines -twinge's -twinges -twin's -twins -Darwinism -Darwinism's -Darwinisms -Taiwanese's -Darwinist -twinset -twinsets -twenty -twined -twinged -twinned -twentieth -twentieth's -twentieths -dwindle -dwindling -dwindles -dwindled -twenties -twenty's -twerp -twopenny -twopence -twopence's -twopences -twerp's -twerps -dowering -towering -dowered -towered -Dawes -Dawes's -Dewar's -Dewey's -doorway's -doorways -dower's -dowers -tower's -towers -TWA's -twas -twice -two's -twos -Twizzlers -Twizzlers's -twosome -twosome's -twosomes -tweezers -tweezers's -dewiest -twist -twister -twistier -twisty -twisting -twister's -twisters -twist's -twists -twistiest -twisted -Dewitt -Dwight -toward -towed -twat -Tweed -tweed -tweedier -tweedy -tweet -tweeter -twit -Twitter -twitter -twaddle -twaddler -twiddle -twiddly -twaddling -twiddling -twaddler's -twaddlers -twaddle's -twaddles -twiddle's -twiddles -twaddled -Tweedledee -twiddled -Tweedledum -Tweedledum's -Tweedledee's -tweeting -twitting -twittery -twittering -twittered -Dewitt's -Dwight's -towards -twats -Tweed's -tweed's -tweeds -tweeds's -tweeter's -tweeters -tweet's -tweets -twit's -twits -Twitter's -twitter's -twitters -tweediest -tweeted -twitted -twitch -twitchier -twitchy -twitching -twitches -twitch's -twitchiest -twitched -dacha -Dachau -dash -dasher -dish -dishy -ditch -dosh -douche -duchy -Dutch -dutch -Tasha -teach -teacher -tech -techie -tetchier -tetchy -Tisha -titch -titchy -torch -tosh -touch -touchier -touchy -tush -Tycho -Toshiba -dishabille -dutiable -teachable -touchable -dishabille's -torchbearer -torchbearer's -torchbearers -Toshiba's -dashboard -dashboard's -dashboards -dishevel -dishevelment -dishevelment's -dishevels -dashiki -dishcloth -dishcloth's -dishcloths -Tashkent -Tashkent's -tachograph -tachographs -dashiki's -dashikis -tachycardia -tachycardia's -tetchily -touchily -Tsiolkovsky -Tsiolkovsky's -touchline -touchlines -torchlight -torchlight's -disharmony -Dutchman -Dutchmen -disharmonious -disharmony's -Dutchman's -Dutchmen's -Duchamp -Duchamp's -tachometer -tachometer's -tachometers -dashing -dishing -ditching -douching -teaching -techno -Titian -titian -torching -torsion -touching -tuition -Dushanbe -technobabble -Dushanbe's -technophobe -technophobes -Taichung -technique -technical -technically -Technicolor -technicolor -Technicolor's -technicality -technicalities -technicality's -technocracy -technocracies -technocracy's -technocrat -technocratic -technocrat's -technocrats -Taichung's -technique's -techniques -dashingly -torsional -touchingly -technology -technological -technologically -technologies -technology's -technologist -technologist's -technologists -teaching's -teachings -tetchiness -Titian's -titian's -torsion's -touchiness -touchiness's -touchings -tuition's -dishonest -dishonesty -dishonestly -dishonesty's -technetium -technetium's -technician -technician's -technicians -dishpan -dishpan's -dishpans -touchpaper -touchpapers -Tertiary -tertiary -Tishri -dishrag -dishrag's -dishrags -Tertiary's -Tishri's -dacha's -dachas -Dachau's -dasher's -dashers -dashes -dash's -dishes -dish's -ditches -ditch's -dosshouse -douche's -douches -duchess -duchess's -duchies -duchy's -Dutch's -Tasha's -teacher's -teachers -teaches -techies -tech's -techs -Tisha's -titches -torches -torch's -touches -touch's -tushes -tush's -Tycho's -touchscreen -touchscreen's -touchscreens -dosshouses -duchesses -tetchiest -touchiest -touchstone -touchstone's -touchstones -dashed -dished -ditched -douched -torched -touched -dichotomy -dichotomies -dichotomous -dichotomy's -dishearten -touchdown -disheartening -dishearteningly -disheartens -touchdown's -touchdowns -disheartened -dishtowel -dishtowel's -dishtowels -Dutchwoman -dishware -dishware's -dishwater -dishwater's -dishwasher -dishwasher's -dishwashers -dachshund -dachshund's -dachshunds -tachyon -dye -Dyer -dyer -Dayan -doyen -doyenne -dyeing -dying -Taiyuan -toying -tying -doyenne's -doyennes -doyen's -doyens -dying's -Taiyuan's -Dyer's -dyer's -dyers -dye's -dyes -dyestuff -dyestuff's -dyed -toyed -Toyoda -Toyota -dyadic -Toyoda's -Toyota's -V -v -VA -Va -var -veer -VI -vi -via -vie -view -vii -viii -VOA -vow -WA -war -Waugh -way -we -wear -wee -weer -Wei -weigh -weir -whee -whew -whey -WHO -who -whoa -why -WI -Wii -woe -woo -wooer -wow -Wu -WWI -WWII -weather -whether -whither -with -withe -wither -worth -worthier -worthy -weatherboard -weatherboarding -weatherboards -worthwhile -withheld -withhold -withholding -withholding's -withholds -warthog -weathercock -weathercock's -weathercocks -warthog's -warthogs -withal -worthily -worthless -worthlessly -worthlessness -worthlessness's -weatherman -weathermen -weatherman's -within -withing -within's -worthiness -worthiness's -weatherproof -weatherproofing -weatherproofs -weatherproofed -weatherperson -weatherperson's -weatherpersons -weathering -withering -witheringly -weathering's -witherings -weatherization -weatherization's -weathered -withered -weather's -weathers -withers -withers's -withe's -withes -worthies -worth's -worthy's -worthiest -withstand -withstanding -withstands -weatherstrip -weatherstripping -weatherstripping's -weatherstrips -weatherstripped -withstood -withed -without -withdraw -withdrew -withdrawn -withdraws -withdrawal -withdrawal's -withdrawals -withdrawing -vb -verb -vibe -Web -web -Webb -Weber -webfeet -webfoot -webfoot's -verbiage -webcam -webcam's -webcams -Wobegon -woebegone -Wobegon's -verbiage's -verbiages -webcast -webcasting -webcast's -webcasts -verbal -verbally -viable -viably -warble -warbler -waybill -wobble -wobblier -wobbly -weblog -weblog's -weblogs -Veblen -warbling -wobbling -Veblen's -wobbliness -wobbliness's -verbal's -verbals -warbler's -warblers -warble's -warbles -waybill's -waybills -wobble's -wobbles -wobbliest -viability -warbled -wobbled -viability's -webmaster -webmistress -webmistress's -webmistresses -webmaster's -webmasters -Vauban -verbena -webbing -Webern -webinar -viburnum -viburnum's -viburnums -Vauban's -verbena's -verbenas -webbing's -Webern's -webinar's -webinars -warbonnet -warbonnet's -warbonnets -vibraphone -vibraphone's -vibraphones -vibraphonist -vibraphonist's -vibraphonists -vibraharp -vibraharp's -vibraharps -weighbridge -weighbridges -vibrancy -vibrancy's -vibrant -vibrantly -vibrate -vibrato -vibrator -vibrating -vibratory -vibrates -vibrator's -vibrators -vibrato's -vibratos -vibrated -vibration -vibration's -vibrations -verbose -verb's -verbs -vibe's -vibes -vibes's -Webb's -Weber's -Web's -web's -webs -verbosely -verbosity -webisode -website -Webster -verbosity's -webisode's -webisodes -website's -websites -Webster's -Websters -wabbit -webbed -verbatim -verboten -wabbits -Wabash -Wabash's -verve -VF -VFW -viva -wafer -waif -waive -waiver -Wave -wave -waver -wavier -wavy -weave -Weaver -weaver -we've -wharf -whiff -whoever -who've -wife -WiFi -wive -woof -woofer -wove -waveband -wavebands -vivify -waveform -wavefront -vivifies -vivified -vivifying -Wovoka -Vivekananda -Vivekananda's -Wovoka's -waffle -waffler -weevil -wifely -woeful -woefuller -woefully -wavelike -waffling -wavelength -wavelength's -wavelengths -woefulness -woefulness's -waffler's -wafflers -waffle's -waffles -weevil's -weevils -wifeless -woefullest -Vivaldi -waffled -wavelet -whiffletree -whiffletree's -whiffletrees -Vivaldi's -wavelet's -wavelets -Vivian -Vivienne -waiving -waving -weaving -whiffing -wiving -woofing -woven -Vivian's -Vivienne's -waviness -waviness's -weaving's -viewfinder -viewfinder's -viewfinders -viviparous -vivaria -warfare -waverer -wayfarer -vivarium -vivarium's -vivariums -wavering -wayfaring -waveringly -wayfaring's -wayfarings -warfare's -waverer's -waverers -wayfarer's -wayfarers -wavered -verve's -VFW's -vivace -viva's -vivas -wafer's -wafers -waif's -waifs -waiver's -waivers -waives -waver's -wavers -wave's -waves -Weaver's -weaver's -weavers -weave's -weaves -wharf's -wharves -whiff's -whiffs -wife's -wives -woofer's -woofers -woof's -woofs -vivisect -vivisecting -vivisects -vivisected -vivisection -vivisectional -vivisection's -vivisectionist -vivisectionist's -vivisectionists -vuvuzela -vuvuzela's -vuvuzelas -vivacious -vivaciously -vivaciousness -vivaciousness's -vivacity -waviest -vivacity's -vivid -vivider -waft -waived -waved -weaved -weft -whiffed -wived -woofed -vividly -wafting -vividness -vividness's -waft's -wafts -weft's -wefts -vividest -wafted -Wahhabi -Wahhabi's -VHF -vhf -VHF's -vehicle -vehicular -vehicle's -vehicles -Warhol -Warhol's -vehemence -vehemency -vehemence's -vehemency's -vehement -vehemently -Wuhan -Wuhan's -VHS -warhorse -warhorse's -warhorses -warhead -warhead's -warheads -vac -vague -vaguer -veejay -veg -Vega -veggie -verge -verger -VG -VGA -Vic -vicar -Vicki -Vickie -Vicky -Virgie -Virgo -VJ -Vogue -vogue -WAC -Wac -wack -wacker -wackier -wacko -wacky -Waco -wadge -wag -wage -wager -Wake -wake -weak -weaker -wedge -wedgie -week -whack -whacker -Whig -Wicca -wick -wicker -wig -wiki -wodge -wog -wok -woke -work -worker -vocab -vegeburger -veggieburger -workbook -vegeburgers -veggieburgers -workbook's -workbooks -vocable -workable -vocabulary -vocabularies -vocabulary's -vocable's -vocables -vagabond -vagabondage -vagabondage's -vagabonding -vagabond's -vagabonds -vagabonded -workbench -workbenches -workbench's -workbasket -workbaskets -wakeful -wakefully -workflow -wakefulness -wakefulness's -workflow's -workflows -workfare -workfare's -workforce -workforce's -weakfish -weakfishes -weakfish's -workaholic -workaholic's -workaholics -workhorse -workhouse -workhorse's -workhorses -workhouse's -workhouses -Waikiki -Waikiki's -vacuole -vaguely -vigil -Virgil -virgule -vocal -vocally -waggle -weakly -weekly -wiggle -wiggler -wigglier -wiggly -vocalic -Wikileaks -waggling -weakling -wiggling -vigilance -weakling's -weaklings -vigilance's -vigilant -vigilante -vigilantly -vigilante's -vigilantes -vigilantism -vigilantism's -vigilantist -vigilantist's -vacuole's -vacuoles -vigil's -vigils -Virgil's -virgule's -virgules -vocal's -vocals -waggle's -waggles -weeklies -weekly's -wiggler's -wigglers -wiggle's -wiggles -vocalist -wiggliest -vocalist's -vocalists -waggled -wiggled -wiglet -workload -wiglet's -wiglets -workload's -workloads -vacuum -Viacom -vacuuming -Workman -workman -workmen -workmanlike -Workman's -workman's -workmanship -workmanship's -vacuum's -vacuums -Viacom's -vacuumed -Vegemite -workmate -Vegemite's -workmates -vagina -vaginae -Vaughan -vegan -vegging -verging -Viking -viking -virgin -Virginia -wagging -waging -Wagner -wagon -wagoner -waken -waking -weaken -weakener -weighing -whacking -wigeon -wigging -Wigner -woken -working -vaginal -vaginally -virginal -virginal's -virginals -workingman -workingmen -workingman's -Virginian -wakening -weakening -Virginian's -Virginians -Wagnerian -Wagnerian's -vacancy -vagina's -vaginas -vagueness -vagueness's -Vaughan's -vegan's -vegans -Viking's -Vikings -viking's -vikings -Virginia's -virgin's -virgins -wackiness -wackiness's -Wagner's -wagoner's -wagoners -wagon's -wagons -wakens -wakings -weakener's -weakeners -weakens -weakness -weakness's -whackings -wigeon's -Wiggins -Wiggins's -Wigner's -working's -workings -workings's -veganism -vacancies -vacancy's -weaknesses -vacant -vignette -virginity -wakened -weakened -weekend -weekender -weeknight -vacantly -vignetting -weekending -vignette's -vignettes -virginity's -weekenders -weekend's -weekends -weeknight's -weeknights -vignettist -vignettist's -vignettists -vignetted -weekended -workingwoman -workingwomen -workingwoman's -workup -workplace -workplace's -workplaces -workup's -workups -Wikipedia -Wikipedia's -vagary -vaquero -VCR -Viagra -wagerer -waggery -vicarage -vicarage's -vicarages -workroom -workroom's -workrooms -wagering -vagrancy -vagrancy's -vagrant -workaround -vagrant's -vagrants -workarounds -vagaries -vagarious -vagary's -vaquero's -vaqueros -VCR's -Viagra's -vicarious -vigorous -wagerer's -wagerers -waggeries -waggery's -vicariously -vigorously -vicariousness -vicariousness's -wagered -vacs -vacuous -vagus -Vargas -Vargas's -VAX -veejay's -veejays -Vega's -Vegas -Vegas's -veges -vegges -veggie's -veggies -veg's -verger's -vergers -verge's -verges -vex -vicar's -vicars -Vickie's -Vicki's -Vicky's -Vic's -Virgie's -Virgo's -Virgos -Vogue's -vogue's -vogues -wacko's -wackos -wack's -wacks -Waco's -wadges -wager's -wagers -wage's -wages -wag's -wags -Wake's -wake's -wakes -wax -waxier -waxy -wedge's -wedges -wedgie's -wedgies -Weeks -week's -weeks -Weeks's -whacker's -whackers -whack's -whacks -Whig's -Whigs -Wicca's -wicker's -wickers -wick's -wicks -wig's -wigs -wiki's -wikis -wodges -wogs -wok's -woks -worker's -workers -work's -works -works's -Vicksburg -Vicksburg's -vacuously -vigesimal -Waksman -Waksman's -vaccine -vexing -vixen -waxen -waxing -vaccine's -vaccines -vacuousness -vacuousness's -vixen's -vixens -waxiness -waxiness's -vaccinate -vaccinating -vaccinates -vaccinated -vixenish -vixenishly -vaccination -vaccination's -vaccinations -workspace -VAXes -vexes -waxes -wax's -waxiest -vaguest -vexed -wackest -wackiest -waxed -weakest -worksite -worksites -workstation -workstation's -workstations -waxwork -waxwork's -waxworks -waxwing -waxwing's -waxwings -vexation -vexation's -vexations -vexatious -vexatiously -vacate -vacuity -vector -vegged -verged -Victor -victor -waged -wagged -waked -wedged -weekday -weighed -whacked -wicked -wickeder -wicket -widget -wigged -workaday -workday -worked -workout -vegetable -worktable -vegetable's -vegetables -worktable's -worktables -vocative -vocative's -vocatives -victual -wagtail -wickedly -victual's -victuals -wagtail's -wagtails -victim -victimless -victim's -victims -vacating -wickedness -wickedness's -worktop -worktops -Victoria -victory -Victrola -Victrola's -vectoring -vegetarian -Victorian -vegetarian's -vegetarians -Victorian's -Victorians -vegetarianism -Victorianism -vegetarianism's -Victoria's -victories -victorious -victory's -victoriously -vectored -vacates -vacuity's -vector's -vectors -Victor's -victor's -victors -weekday's -weekdays -wicket's -wickets -widgets -workday's -workdays -workout's -workouts -wickedest -vacated -vegetate -vegetative -vegetating -vegetates -vegetated -vegetation -vegetation's -wickerwork -wigwag -workweek -wigwagging -wickerwork's -wigwag's -wigwags -workweek's -workweeks -wigwagged -wigwam -wigwam's -wigwams -voguish -waggish -weakish -workshy -waggishly -vacation -vacationer -vocation -vocational -vocationally -vacationing -vacationer's -vacationers -vacation's -vacations -vocation's -vocations -waggishness -waggishness's -vacationist -vacationist's -vacationists -vacationed -workshop -workshop's -workshops -worksheet -worksheet's -worksheets -Vijayanagar -Vijayanagar's -Vijayawada -Vijayawada's -Val -val -vale -valley -value -valuer -veal -veil -Vela -vela -velar -velour -vial -Vila -vile -viler -Villa -villa -villi -viol -Viola -viola -voile -vol -vole -volley -wail -wailer -wale -Wall -wall -wallah -Waller -wallow -wally -waylay -weal -Weill -we'll -well -Weller -wellie -welly -whale -whaler -wheal -wheel -Wheeler -wheeler -wheelie -while -whirl -whole -who'll -wholly -whorl -wile -Wiley -wilier -Will -will -Willa -Willie -willow -willowy -Willy -willy -wily -wool -woollier -woolly -wealth -wealthier -wealthy -wealthiness -wealthiness's -wealth's -wealthiest -wallaby -Wilbur -Wilberforce -Wilberforce's -valuable -violable -volleyball -voluble -volubly -valuable's -valuables -volleyball's -volleyballs -volubility -volubility's -whalebone -Wilburn -whalebone's -Wilburn's -wheelbarrow -wheelbarrow's -wheelbarrows -wallabies -wallaby's -wheelbase -Wilbur's -wheelbase's -wheelbases -wallboard -whaleboat -whirlybird -Wilbert -wallboard's -whaleboat's -whaleboats -whirlybird's -whirlybirds -Wilbert's -valve -vilify -VLF -vlf -Volvo -vulva -vulvae -Wolf -wolf -Wolfe -Wolff -Woolf -Wolverhampton -wolfhound -wolfhound's -wolfhounds -Wolfgang -Wolfgang's -vilification -vilification's -valvular -Valvoline -Valvoline's -valveless -wallflower -wallflower's -wallflowers -valving -wolfing -welfare -wolfram -wolfram's -wolverine -wolverine's -wolverines -welfare's -Wilfred -Wilfredo -Wilfredo's -Wilfred's -valve's -valves -vilifies -VLF's -Volvo's -vulva's -Wolfe's -Wolff's -Wolf's -wolf's -wolfs -wolves -Woolf's -valved -Velveeta -velvet -velvety -vilified -wholefood -Wilford -wolfed -velveteen -velveteen's -Velveeta's -velvet's -wholefoods -Wilford's -wolfish -vilifying -Valhalla -Wilhelm -Wilhelmina -Wilhelmina's -Wilhelm's -Valhalla's -wheelhouse -wheelhouse's -wheelhouses -wellhead -wholewheat -wellhead's -wellheads -wholehearted -wholeheartedly -wholeheartedness -wholeheartedness's -Vallejo -village -villager -Volcker -Volga -Vulg -vulgar -walk -Walker -walker -warlike -warlock -whelk -woolgathering -woolgathering's -walkabout -walkabouts -walkover -walkover's -walkovers -whirligig -Volgograd -Volgograd's -whirligig's -whirligigs -vulgarly -welcome -Walkman -welcoming -Walkman's -welcome's -welcomes -welcomed -volcano -Vulcan -walking -welkin -volcanic -volcanoes -volcano's -Vulcan's -walking's -welkin's -Wilkins -Wilkins's -Wilkinson -Wilkinson's -Valkyrie -Velcro -vulgarer -vulgarian -Walgreen -wholegrain -vulgarian's -vulgarians -Walgreen's -Valkyrie's -Valkyries -Velcro's -Velcros -vulgarism -vulgarism's -vulgarisms -vulgarest -vulgarity -vulgarities -vulgarity's -villager's -villagers -village's -villages -Volcker's -Volga's -Walker's -walker's -walkers -walkies -walk's -walks -warlock's -warlocks -whelk's -whelks -Wilcox -Wilkes -Wilkes's -Wilkerson -Wilkerson's -Wilcox's -Volkswagen -Volkswagen's -Vulgate -walked -walkout -whelked -Vulgate's -Vulgates -walkout's -walkouts -walkaway -walkway -walkaway's -walkaways -walkway's -walkways -vilely -valueless -Valium -vellum -Velma -velum -Vilma -volume -whelm -whilom -William -Wilma -Wilmer -wholemeal -whelming -Vlaminck -Vlaminck's -voluminous -voluminously -voluminousness -voluminousness's -Wilmington -Wilmington's -Valium's -Valiums -vellum's -Velma's -velum's -Vilma's -volume's -volumes -whelms -William's -Williams -Williams's -Wilma's -Wilmer's -Williamson -Williamson's -Willemstad -Willemstad's -Walmart -whelmed -Willamette -volumetric -Walmart's -Willamette's -valuing -veiling -Verlaine -villain -villainy -villein -Villon -violin -wailing -waling -walling -Walloon -welling -whaling -Wheeling -wheeling -whiling -whirling -wiling -willing -villeinage -Wollongong -Woolongong -Wollongong's -Woolongong's -villeinage's -willingly -willingness -willingness's -vulnerable -vulnerably -vulnerability -vulnerabilities -vulnerability's -valance -valence -valency -valiance -Verlaine's -vileness -vileness's -villainies -villainous -villain's -villains -villainy's -villein's -villeins -Villon's -Vilnius -Vilnius's -violence -violin's -violins -wailing's -Walloon's -wellness -wellness's -whaling's -Wheeling's -wholeness -wholeness's -wiliness -wiliness's -wooliness -woolliness -woolliness's -Valenzuela -violincello -violoncello -Valenzuela's -violincellos -violoncello's -violoncellos -violoncellist -violoncellist's -violoncellists -valance's -valances -valence's -valences -valencies -valency's -valiance's -violence's -violinist -Wallenstein -Wallenstein's -violinist's -violinists -Valenti -valiant -violent -volunteer -walnut -Welland -valiantly -violently -Valentin -Valentine -valentine -Valentino -Wellington -wellington -Valentine's -valentine's -valentines -Valentino's -Valentin's -Wellington's -Wellingtons -wellington's -wellingtons -voluntary -voluntarily -volunteering -voluntaries -voluntary's -voluntarism -volunteerism -voluntarism's -volunteerism's -volunteered -Valenti's -volunteer's -volunteers -walnut's -walnuts -Welland's -Valencia -Valencia's -Valencias -wallop -whelp -Walpurgisnacht -Walpurgisnacht's -Walpole -Whirlpool -whirlpool -Walpole's -Whirlpool's -whirlpool's -whirlpools -vulpine -walloping -whelping -walloping's -wallopings -wallpaper -wallpapering -wallpapered -wallpaper's -wallpapers -Valparaiso -Valparaiso's -wallop's -wallops -whelp's -whelps -walloped -whelped -voluptuary -voluptuaries -voluptuary's -voluptuous -voluptuously -voluptuousness -voluptuousness's -willpower -willpower's -Valarie -Valeria -Valerie -Villarreal -Villarreal's -Valerian -Valerian's -Valarie's -Valeria's -Valerie's -valorous -walrus -walrus's -valorously -walruses -wheelwright -wheelwright's -wheelwrights -vale's -vales -valise -valley's -valleys -Valois -Valois's -Val's -valuer's -valuers -value's -values -veal's -veil's -veils -velar's -velars -Vela's -Velez -velour's -velours -vial's -vials -Vila's -Villa's -villa's -villas -villus -villus's -Viola's -viola's -violas -viol's -viols -voile's -vole's -voles -volley's -volleys -vols -wailer's -wailers -wail's -wails -Wales -wale's -wales -Walesa -Wales's -Wallace -wallahs -Waller's -wallies -Wallis -Wallis's -wallow's -wallows -Wall's -Walls -wall's -walls -Walls's -waylays -weal's -weals -Weill's -Weller's -Welles -Welles's -wellies -Wells -well's -wells -Wells's -whaler's -whalers -whale's -whales -wheal's -wheals -Wheeler's -wheelie's -wheelies -wheel's -wheels -while's -whiles -whirl's -whirls -whole's -wholes -whorl's -whorls -Wiles -wile's -wiles -Wiles's -Wiley's -Willa's -Willie's -willies -willies's -Willis -Willis's -willow's -willows -Will's -will's -wills -Willy's -Wolsey -woollies -woolly's -wool's -Vlasic -Vlasic's -wholesale -wholesaler -wholesaling -wholesaler's -wholesalers -wholesale's -wholesales -wholesaled -wholesome -wholesomely -wholesomeness -wholesomeness's -Wilson -Wilsonian -Wilsonian's -Wilson's -wellspring -wellspring's -wellsprings -velocipede -velocipede's -velocipedes -valise's -valises -Velez's -Walesa's -Wallace's -Wolsey's -velocity -vilest -violist -whilst -wiliest -woolliest -Wollstonecraft -Wollstonecraft's -velocities -velocity's -violist's -violists -Volstead -Volstead's -valet -valid -Valletta -valuate -valued -varlet -vault -vaulter -veiled -veld -violate -violator -Violet -violet -Vlad -volt -Volta -volute -wailed -Wald -Waldo -waldo -waled -walled -wallet -Walt -Walter -warlord -waylaid -weld -welder -welled -welt -welter -whaled -wheeled -whiled -whirled -whorled -wield -wielder -wild -Wilda -Wilde -Wilder -wilder -wiled -Willard -willed -wilt -wold -Woolite -world -would -weldable -wildebeest -wildebeest's -wildebeests -Waldorf -worldview -would've -wildfowl -wildfowl's -wildflower -wildflower's -wildflowers -wildfire -wildfire's -wildfires -Waldorf's -worldview's -worldviews -Vladivostok -Vladivostok's -Waldheim -Waldheim's -voltage -voltaic -voltage's -voltages -wildcard -wildcat -wildcatter -wildcatting -valedictory -valedictorian -valedictorian's -valedictorians -valedictories -valedictory's -wildcard's -wildcards -wildcat's -wildcats -wildcatter's -wildcatters -wildcatted -valediction -valediction's -valedictions -validly -volatile -wildly -worldlier -worldly -wildlife -wildlife's -worldliness -worldliness's -worldliest -volatility -volatility's -Vladimir -Waldemar -Vladimir's -Waldemar's -Voldemort -voltmeter -Voldemort's -voltmeter's -voltmeters -valeting -valuating -vaulting -violating -Walden -Walton -welding -Weldon -welting -wielding -wilting -Wilton -validness -validness's -vaulting's -Walden's -Walton's -Weldon's -wilderness -wilderness's -wildness -wildness's -Wilton's -wildernesses -wouldn't -Waldensian -Waldensian's -Voltaire -vulture -velodrome -velodromes -weltering -Voltaire's -vulture's -vultures -vulturous -weltered -Valdez -valet's -valets -Valletta's -valuates -varlet's -varlets -vaulter's -vaulters -vault's -vaults -veld's -velds -violates -violator's -violators -Violet's -violet's -violets -Vlad's -Volta's -volt's -volts -volute's -volutes -waldoes -Waldo's -waldos -Wald's -wallet's -wallets -Walter's -Walters -Walters's -Walt's -waltz -waltzer -warlord's -warlords -welder's -welders -weld's -welds -welter's -welters -welt's -welts -wielder's -wielders -wields -Wilda's -Wilder's -Wilde's -wild's -wilds -wilds's -Willard's -wilt's -wilts -wold's -wolds -Woolite's -world's -worlds -woulds -Wurlitzer -waltzing -Valdez's -waltzer's -waltzers -waltzes -waltz's -Wurlitzer's -waltzed -wildest -wouldst -valeted -validate -validity -valuated -vaulted -violated -welded -welted -wielded -wilted -validating -valetudinarian -valetudinarian's -valetudinarians -valetudinarianism -valetudinarianism's -validates -validity's -validated -welterweight -worldwide -welterweight's -welterweights -validation -validation's -validations -williwaw -Woolworth -Woolworth's -wallowing -whirlwind -whirlwind's -whirlwinds -williwaw's -williwaws -wallowed -Walsh -Welsh -welsh -welsher -wheelchair -Welshman -Welshmen -Welshman's -Welshmen's -valuation -violation -volition -welshing -volitional -valuation's -valuations -violation's -violations -volition's -Walsh's -welsher's -welshers -welshes -Welsh's -wheelchair's -wheelchairs -welshed -Welshwoman -Vilyui -walleye -waylayer -volleying -waylaying -Vilyui's -walleye's -walleyes -waylayer's -waylayers -volleyed -walleyed -Vermeer -vim -warm -warmer -wham -whammy -whim -whom -Wiemar -womb -worm -wormier -wormy -vermouth -warmth -vermouth's -warmth's -womble -wombles -Wimbledon -Wimbledon's -warmblooded -womb's -wombs -wombat -wombat's -wombats -whomever -vermiform -wormhole -wormhole's -wormholes -warmhearted -warmheartedness -warmheartedness's -vermiculite -vermiculite's -warmly -vermilion -vermilion's -vermin -warming -whamming -woman -women -worming -womenfolk -womenfolk's -womenfolks -womenfolks's -womanhood -womanhood's -warmonger -womankind -womankind's -warmongering -warmongering's -warmonger's -warmongers -womanlier -womanly -womanlike -womanlike's -womanliness -womanliness's -womanliest -verminous -vermin's -warmness -warmness's -woman's -women's -varmint -Vermont -Vermonter -varmint's -varmints -Vermonter's -Vermonters -Vermont's -womanish -vamp -whimper -wimp -wimpier -wimpy -wimple -wimpling -wimple's -wimples -wimpled -wampum -wampum's -vamping -wimping -vampire -whimpering -vampire's -vampires -whimpered -vamp's -vamps -whimper's -whimpers -wimp's -wimps -wimpiest -vamped -wimped -wimpish -vamoose -Vermeer's -vim's -warmer's -warmers -warms -whammies -whammy's -wham's -whams -whim's -whims -whimsy -Wiemar's -Wimsey -Worms -worm's -worms -Worms's -whomsoever -whimsical -whimsically -whimsicality -whimsicality's -vermicelli -vermicelli's -vamoosing -vamooses -whimsies -whimsy's -Wimsey's -vamoosed -warmest -wormiest -vomit -warmed -whammed -wormed -vomiting -vomit's -vomits -vomited -wormwood -wormwood's -warmish -vain -vainer -Van -van -vane -Vaughn -vein -veneer -Venn -venue -Vern -Verna -Verne -vernier -Vienna -vine -vino -wain -wan -wane -wanna -wanner -warn -Warner -Wayne -wean -weeing -ween -weenie -weenier -weeny -wen -when -whine -whiner -whinge -whinger -whinier -whinny -whiny -wiener -wienie -win -wine -wing -winger -winier -winner -Winnie -winnow -wino -winy -won -wooing -worn -Winthrop -Winthrop's -wannabe -wannabee -Weinberg -Winnebago -Weinberg's -Winnebago's -winnable -wannabees -wannabe's -wannabes -whenever -Winfrey -Winfrey's -Winfred -Winifred -Winfred's -Winifred's -Vang -vinegar -Wang -wank -wanker -wink -winker -Wong -wonk -wonkier -wonky -Vancouver -vengeful -vengefully -Vancouver's -vernacular -wangle -wangler -Wankel -Winkle -winkle -wangling -winkling -vernacular's -vernaculars -wangler's -wanglers -wangle's -wangles -Wankel's -wineglass -wineglass's -Winkle's -winkle's -winkles -wineglasses -wangled -winkled -wanking -winking -vengeance -vengeance's -vinegary -vinaigrette -vinaigrette's -winegrower -winegrower's -winegrowers -Vang's -vinegar's -Wang's -wankers -wanks -winker's -winkers -wink's -winks -Wong's -wonk's -wonks -wonkiest -vanguard -Vonnegut -wanked -winked -vanguard's -vanguards -Vonnegut's -vanquish -vanquisher -vanquishing -vanquisher's -vanquishers -vanquishes -vanquished -vainly -vanilla -venal -venally -venial -vernal -vinyl -wanly -winglike -vainglory -vainglorious -vainglory's -vaingloriously -vanilla's -vanillas -vinyl's -vinyls -wingless -venality -venality's -venom -Wanamaker -winemaker -Wanamaker's -winemaker's -winemakers -venomous -venom's -venomously -vanning -veining -Vernon -waning -warning -weaning -weening -whingeing -whinging -whining -winging -wining -winning -winningly -Vernon's -warning's -warnings -winning's -winnings -wingnut -wingnut's -wingnuts -Winnipeg -Winnipeg's -winery -venerable -venerability -venerability's -venereal -venireman -veniremen -venireman's -veneering -wineries -winery's -veneered -venerate -wainwright -venerating -venerates -wainwright's -wainwrights -venerated -veneration -veneration's -Vance -vane's -vanes -Vanessa -Van's -van's -vans -Vaughn's -vein's -veins -veneer's -veneers -Venice -Venn's -venous -venue's -venues -Venus -Venus's -Verna's -Verne's -vernier's -verniers -Vern's -Vienna's -Viennese -Vince -vine's -vines -vino's -vinous -wain's -wains -wane's -wanes -wanness -wanness's -Warner's -warns -Wayne's -weans -weenie's -weenies -weens -weensier -weensy -wen's -wens -whence -when's -whens -whiner's -whiners -whine's -whines -whingers -whinges -whinnies -whinny's -wiener's -wieners -wienie's -wienies -wince -wine's -wines -wingers -wing's -wings -winner's -winners -Winnie's -winnows -wino's -winos -win's -wins -won's -vincible -whensoever -wainscot -wainscot's -wainscots -Venezuela -Venezuelan -Venezuelan's -Venezuelans -Venezuela's -winsome -winsomer -winsomely -winsomeness -winsomeness's -winsomest -venison -Vinson -wincing -venison's -Vinson's -Vincent -Vincent's -Winesap -wingspan -wingspan's -wingspans -wingspread -wingspread's -wingspreads -Winesap's -Vance's -Vanessa's -Venice's -Venuses -Viennese's -Vince's -wince's -winces -weensiest -vainest -Vanzetti -wannest -weeniest -whiniest -winced -winiest -Winston -Winston's -Vanzetti's -vanity -vanned -Vanuatu -vaunt -veined -vend -vendor -vent -viand -Vonda -wand -Wanda -wander -waned -want -warned -weaned -weened -wend -Wendi -Wendy -went -whined -whinged -whinnied -wind -winder -windier -window -windy -wined -winged -winter -Wonder -wonder -won't -wont -wound -wounder -windbag -windbag's -windbags -vendible -windblown -Vanderbilt -Vanderbilt's -windburn -windburn's -windburned -Wonderbra -windbreak -Windbreaker -windbreaker -Windbreaker's -windbreaker's -windbreakers -windbreak's -windbreaks -Wonderbra's -windfall -wonderful -wonderfully -wonderfulness -wonderfulness's -windfall's -windfalls -windflower -windflower's -windflowers -Windhoek -Windhoek's -Vandyke -vantage -vintage -windjammer -windjammer's -windjammers -wunderkind -wunderkinds -wintergreen -wintergreen's -Vandyke's -vantage's -vantages -vintage's -vintages -Windex -Windex's -vindicate -vindicator -vindictive -vindictively -vindictiveness -vindictiveness's -vindicating -vindicates -vindicator's -vindicators -vindicated -vindication -vindication's -vindications -Vandal -vandal -Wendell -windily -Ventolin -Ventolin's -wonderland -wonderland's -wonderlands -Vandal's -Vandals -vandal's -vandals -Wendell's -windlass -windlass's -windless -windowless -vandalism -vandalism's -windlasses -wanderlust -wanderlust's -wanderlusts -ventilate -ventilator -ventilating -ventilates -ventilator's -ventilators -ventilated -ventilation -ventilation's -vanadium -windmill -windmilling -windmill's -windmills -windmilled -wonderment -wonderment's -vanadium's -Vindemiatrix -Vindemiatrix's -vaunting -vending -venting -vintner -wanting -wanton -wending -winding -wingding -wounding -wantonly -wantoning -vintner's -vintners -wantonness -wantonness's -wanton's -wantons -windiness -windiness's -winding's -wingding's -wingdings -wantoned -windup -wingtip -windowpane -windowpane's -windowpanes -windpipe -windpipe's -windpipes -windproof -windup's -windups -wingtip's -wingtips -venture -wanderer -windrow -wintrier -wintry -ventricle -ventricular -ventricle's -ventricles -ventral -ventriloquy -ventriloquy's -ventriloquism -ventriloquism's -ventriloquist -ventriloquist's -ventriloquists -venturing -wandering -wintering -wondering -wonderingly -wanderings -wanderings's -venture's -ventures -venturous -wanderer's -wanderers -windrow's -windrows -wondrous -venturously -wondrously -venturesome -venturesomely -venturesomeness -venturesomeness's -venturousness -venturousness's -wintriest -ventured -wandered -wintered -wondered -vanities -vanity's -Vanuatu's -vaunt's -vaunts -vendor's -vendors -vends -vent's -vents -viand's -viands -Vonda's -Wanda's -wanders -wand's -wands -want's -wants -Wendi's -wends -Wendy's -winder's -winders -Windows -window's -windows -Windows's -wind's -winds -Windsor -Winters -winter's -winters -Winters's -Wonder's -wonder's -wonders -wont's -wound's -wounds -windsurf -windsurfer -windsurfing -windsurfing's -windsurfer's -windsurfers -windsurfs -windsurfed -windsock -windscreen -windscreen's -windscreens -windsock's -windsocks -windowsill -windowsill's -windowsills -Windsor's -Windsors -windiest -windstorm -windstorm's -windstorms -windswept -vaunted -vended -vendetta -vented -wanted -wended -winded -wonted -wounded -wintertime -wintertime's -vendetta's -vendettas -windowing -windowed -Windward -windward -Windward's -windward's -windchill -windchill's -windshield -windshield's -windshields -windcheater -windcheaters -winnower -winnowing -winnower's -winnowers -winnowed -vanish -varnish -wench -winch -Winchell -Winchell's -vanishing -varnishing -venation -Venetian -Venusian -Vientiane -winching -vanishings -venation's -Venetian's -Venetians -Venusian's -Vientiane's -vanishes -varnishes -varnish's -wenches -wench's -winches -winch's -Winchester -Winchester's -Winchesters -vanished -varnished -winched -whinnying -vineyard -vineyard's -vineyards -vape -veep -VIP -viper -VoIP -VP -warp -weep -weeper -weepie -weepier -weepy -whip -whipper -whoop -whoopee -whooper -whop -whopper -whup -wipe -wiper -wop -warpath -warpath's -warpaths -whipcord -whipcord's -Whipple -warplane -warplane's -warplanes -Whipple's -whippletree -whippletree's -whippletrees -whiplash -whiplashes -whiplash's -vaping -warping -weapon -weeping -whipping -whooping -whopping -whupping -wiping -weaponless -weaponry -weaponry's -weaponize -weapon's -weapons -weepings -whipping's -whippings -weaponizing -weaponizes -weaponized -viewpoint -warpaint -viewpoint's -viewpoints -vaporous -viperous -vapes -veep's -veeps -viper's -vipers -VIP's -VIPs -warp's -warps -weeper's -weepers -weepies -weep's -weeps -weepy's -whipper's -whippers -whip's -whips -whipsaw -whoopees -whooper's -whoopers -whoop's -whoops -whopper's -whoppers -whops -whups -wiper's -wipers -wipe's -wipes -wops -whippersnapper -whippersnapper's -whippersnappers -whipsaw's -whipsaws -weepiest -whipsawing -whipsawed -vaped -vapid -wapiti -warped -wept -whipped -whippet -whooped -whopped -whupped -wiped -vapidly -vapidness -vapidness's -wapiti's -wapitis -whippet's -whippets -vapidity -vapidity's -whippoorwill -whippoorwill's -whippoorwills -vaporware -vary -Vera -verier -very -vireo -Ware -ware -warier -warrior -wary -wearer -wearier -weary -we're -were -where -wherry -who're -whore -wire -wirier -wiry -wore -worrier -worry -whereby -variable -variably -wearable -variable's -variables -variability -variability's -whereabouts -whereabouts's -verify -whereof -wherever -verifiable -verification -verification's -wherefore -wherefore's -wherefores -verifies -verified -verifying -wirehair -warehouse -whorehouse -wirehair's -wirehairs -warehousing -warehouse's -warehouses -whorehouse's -whorehouses -warehoused -verruca -verrucae -virago -Veracruz -Veracruz's -varicose -verruca's -verrucas -viragoes -virago's -variegate -variegating -variegates -variegated -variegation -variegation's -verily -viral -virile -warily -wearily -virology -virology's -virologist -virologist's -virologists -virulence -virulence's -virulent -virulently -wireless -wireless's -wirelesses -virility -virility's -worriment -worriment's -Wehrmacht -Wehrmacht's -veering -Verona -Waring -Warren -warren -warring -wearing -wherein -whereon -whirring -whoring -wiring -Veronica -veronica -Veronica's -veronica's -Varanasi -variance -Verona's -Veronese -wariness -wariness's -Waring's -Warren's -warren's -warrens -weariness -weariness's -wearings -wiriness -wiriness's -wiring's -Voronezh -Voronezh's -Varanasi's -variance's -variances -Veronese's -variant -warrant -warranty -weren't -warranting -variant's -variants -warranties -warrant's -warrants -warranty's -warranted -warrantied -warrantying -whereupon -Varese -varies -various -Vera's -vireo's -vireos -virus -virus's -Ware's -ware's -wares -warez -warrior's -warriors -wearer's -wearers -wearies -whereas -where's -wheres -wherries -wherry's -whore's -whores -wire's -wires -worrier's -worriers -worries -worry's -wheresoever -variously -wearisome -worrisome -wearisomely -verisimilitude -verisimilitude's -Verizon -Verizon's -Varese's -veracious -viruses -voracious -veraciously -voraciously -voraciousness -voraciousness's -veracity -veriest -voracity -wariest -weariest -wiriest -veracity's -voracity's -variate -varied -variety -veered -verity -warred -wearied -whereat -whereto -whirred -wired -worried -veritable -veritably -varietal -worriedly -varietal's -varietals -wiretap -wiretapper -wiretapping -wiretapping's -wiretapper's -wiretappers -wiretap's -wiretaps -wiretapped -varieties -variety's -verities -verity's -wireds -wherewith -wherewithal -wherewithal's -werewolf -werewolf's -werewolves -worrywart -worrywart's -worrywarts -whoreish -whorish -variation -variation's -variations -varying -wearying -worrying -worryingly -worryings -vars -Va's -vase -Vassar -veer's -veers -versa -verse -verso -vice -vies -view's -views -VI's -Visa -visa -vise -visor -viz -vizier -voice -vow's -vows -V's -vs -war's -wars -Warsaw -was -Waugh's -way's -ways -wazoo -wear's -wears -wee's -wees -weigh's -weighs -weir's -weirs -Wei's -Weiss -Weiss's -wheeze -wheezier -wheezy -whey's -WHO's -who's -whose -whoso -why's -whys -Wii's -Wis -Wise -wise -wiser -wiz -woe's -woes -wooer's -wooers -woos -woozier -woozy -worse -wow's -wows -Wu's -wuss -wussier -wuss's -wussy -wasabi -visible -visibly -visibility -visibility's -whizzbang -whizzbang's -whizzbangs -versifier -versify -whosoever -versification -versification's -vociferous -vociferously -vociferousness -vociferousness's -vociferate -vociferating -vociferates -vociferated -vociferation -vociferation's -versifier's -versifiers -versifies -Vesuvius -Vesuvius's -versified -versifying -visage -Wesak -whisk -whisker -Wisc -wiseguy -Wozzeck -Visigoth -Visigoth's -Visigoths -vascular -vesicle -vesicular -vesicle's -vesicles -vesiculate -whisking -Wisconsin -Wisconsin's -Wisconsinite -Wisconsinite's -Wisconsinites -vasoconstriction -viscount -viscountcy -viscountess -viscountess's -viscount's -viscounts -viscountcies -viscountcy's -viscountesses -whiskery -wiseacre -wisecrack -wisecracking -wisecrack's -wisecracks -wisecracked -vicegerent -vicegerent's -vicegerents -wiseacre's -wiseacres -whiskered -Vasquez -Vazquez -visage's -visages -viscose -viscous -viscus -viscus's -Wesak's -Wessex -whisker's -whiskers -whisk's -whisks -whiskys -wiseguys -Wozzeck's -Vasquez's -Vazquez's -viscose's -Wessex's -viscosity -viscosity's -whisked -whizkid -vasectomy -vasectomies -vasectomy's -whizkid's -vassal -vessel -visual -visually -wassail -weasel -weaselly -Wesley -wheezily -Wiesel -wisely -woozily -vassalage -vassalage's -Vaseline -wassailing -Vaseline's -Vaselines -vassal's -vassals -Versailles -Versailles's -Vesalius -Vesalius's -vessel's -vessels -visual's -visuals -voiceless -wassail's -wassails -weasel's -weasels -Wesley's -Wiesel's -voicelessly -voicelessness -voicelessness's -vacillate -wassailed -vacillating -vacillates -vacillated -vacillation -vacillation's -vacillations -Wesleyan -Wesleyan's -voicemail -Weissmuller -voicemail's -voicemails -Weissmuller's -Wassermann -Weizmann -Wassermann's -Weizmann's -vasomotor -versing -vicing -visaing -vising -voicing -Wesson -Wezen -wheezing -whizzing -wising -worsen -Wiesenthal -Wiesenthal's -Wozniak -Wozniak's -vicennial -worsening -Wesson's -Wezen's -wheeziness -wheeziness's -wooziness -wooziness's -worsens -Vicente -vicinity -wasn't -wizened -worsened -Vicente's -vicinity's -vesper -WASP -wasp -whisper -wisp -wispier -wispy -Vespucci -Vespucci's -whisperer -whispering -whisperer's -whisperers -whispered -vesper's -vespers -WASP's -wasp's -wasps -whisper's -whispers -wisp's -wisps -wispiest -waspish -waspishly -Vespasian -Vespasian's -waspishness -waspishness's -viceroy -viscera -viceregal -visceral -viscerally -viceroy's -viceroys -vase's -vases -Vassar's -verse's -verses -verso's -versos -versus -vice's -vices -vicious -Visa's -visa's -visas -vise's -vises -visor's -visors -vizier's -viziers -voice's -voices -Warsaw's -wazoos -wheeze's -wheezes -whizzes -Wise's -wise's -wises -worse's -wusses -wussies -wussy's -viciously -viciousness -viciousness's -wheeziest -wisest -wooziest -Worcester -wussiest -Worcester's -Worcesters -vicissitude -vicissitude's -vicissitudes -Worcestershire -Worcestershire's -varsity -vast -vaster -versed -vest -Vesta -viced -visaed -viscid -vised -visit -visitor -VISTA -vista -voiced -Vorster -waist -wast -waste -waster -wayside -weest -West -west -wheezed -whist -whizzed -wised -wist -wizard -Wooster -worst -wurst -vestibule -vestibule's -vestibules -waistband -westbound -waistband's -waistbands -wastebasket -wastebasket's -wastebaskets -wasteful -wastefully -Westphalia -wistful -wistfully -wastefulness -wastefulness's -wistfulness -wistfulness's -Westphalia's -vestige -wastage -vestigial -vestigially -vestige's -vestiges -wastage's -waistcoat -waistcoat's -waistcoats -vastly -versatile -vestal -Vistula -westerly -whistle -Whistler -whistler -wizardly -waistline -whistling -waistline's -waistlines -wasteland -wasteland's -wastelands -vestal's -vestals -Vistula's -westerlies -westerly's -Whistler's -whistler's -whistlers -whistle's -whistles -versatility -whistled -versatility's -wisdom -Westminster -Westminster's -vestment -vestment's -vestments -wisdom's -vesting -visiting -wasting -Western -western -Westerner -westerner -Weston -worsting -Westinghouse -Westinghouse's -westernmost -vastness -vastness's -vesting's -westerner's -westerners -Western's -Westerns -western's -westerns -Weston's -visitant -visitant's -visitants -wastepaper -wastepaper's -vestry -wisteria -wizardry -wastrel -wastrel's -wastrels -vestryman -vestrymen -vestryman's -vestries -vestry's -Weierstrass -Weierstrass's -wisteria's -wisterias -wizardry's -varsities -varsity's -vast's -vasts -Vesta's -vest's -vests -visitor's -visitors -visit's -visits -vista's -vistas -Vorster's -waist's -waists -waster's -wasters -waste's -wastes -wayside's -waysides -West's -Wests -west's -whist's -wizard's -wizards -Wooster's -worst's -worsts -wurst's -wursts -vastest -vested -visited -wasted -worsted -worsted's -wastewater -westward -westwards -visitation -visitation's -visitations -Wasatch -Wasatch's -Visayans -Visayans's -Vader -VAT -vat -VD -VDU -Veda -Verde -Verdi -vert -vet -veto -video -vied -virtue -vita -vitae -Vito -void -voodoo -vote -voter -VT -Vt -wad -Wade -wade -wader -wadi -wait -Waite -waiter -Ward -ward -warder -wart -wartier -warty -water -Watt -watt -Watteau -Wed -we'd -wed -wedder -weed -weeder -weedier -weedy -weight -weightier -weighty -weird -weirder -weirdie -weirdo -wet -wetter -what -wheat -whet -whit -White -white -whiter -whitey -Whittier -who'd -why'd -wide -wider -widow -wight -wit -Witt -witter -wittier -witty -woad -Wood -wood -woodier -woody -wooed -word -wordier -wordy -wort -wot -width -width's -widths -wetback -wordbook -wetback's -wetbacks -wordbook's -wordbooks -voidable -woodblock -woodblock's -woodblocks -waterborne -woodbine -woodbine's -vertebra -vertebrae -Waterbury -vertebral -vertebra's -Waterbury's -vertebrate -vertebrate's -vertebrates -waterbed -waterbird -waterboard -whitebait -whiteboard -waterboarding -waterboarding's -waterboardings -waterbed's -waterbeds -waterbird's -waterbirds -waterboard's -waterboards -whiteboards -waterboarded -votive -whatever -vaudeville -waterfall -waterfowl -vaudevillian -vaudevillian's -vaudevillians -vaudeville's -waterfall's -waterfalls -waterfowl's -waterfowls -Whitefield -Whitfield -Whitefield's -Whitfield's -videophone -videophone's -videophones -waterfront -waterfront's -waterfronts -Waterford -Waterford's -whitefish -whitefishes -whitefish's -waterhole -waterwheel -Whitehall -Woodhull -waterhole's -waterholes -waterwheel's -waterwheels -Whitehall's -Woodhull's -Whitehorse -Wodehouse -Whitehorse's -Wodehouse's -Whitehead -whitehead -widowhood -Whitehead's -whitehead's -whiteheads -widowhood's -vertigo -vodka -wattage -Whitaker -wordage -woodcarver -woodcarving -woodcarving's -woodcarvings -woodcarver's -woodcarvers -woodcock -woodcock's -woodcocks -vertical -vertically -weedkiller -vertical's -verticals -weedkillers -viticulture -viticulture's -viticulturist -viticulturist's -viticulturists -wheatgerm -Vatican -wedging -videoconferencing -Vietcong -Vietcong's -Vatican's -vertiginous -Watkins -Watkins's -Wittgenstein -Wittgenstein's -whitecap -whitecap's -whitecaps -watercraft -woodcraft -watercraft's -woodcraft's -verdigris -verdigris's -watercress -watercress's -verdigrising -verdigrises -verdigrised -vertex -vertigo's -vodka's -vodkas -vortex -watercourse -wattage's -Whitaker's -wordage's -vertexes -vertex's -vortexes -vortex's -watercourse's -watercourses -videocassette -videocassette's -videocassettes -verdict -viaduct -Watergate -woodcut -woodcutter -woodcutting -woodcutting's -verdict's -verdicts -viaduct's -viaducts -Watergate's -woodcut's -woodcuts -woodcutter's -woodcutters -Wedgwood -Wedgwood's -Vidal -virtual -virtually -vital -vitally -VTOL -waddle -Waterloo -wattle -Weddell -weightily -weirdly -wetly -wheedle -wheedler -Whiteley -Whitley -whittle -whittler -widely -wittily -wordily -weightlifter -weightlifting -weightlifting's -weightlifter's -weightlifters -wedlock -wedlock's -waterlogged -waterlily -waterlilies -waterlily's -waddling -waterline -wattling -wheedling -whittling -waterline's -waterlines -wetland -woodland -wetland's -wetlands -woodland's -woodlands -Vidal's -vitals -vitals's -vittles -vittles's -waddle's -waddles -Waterloo's -Waterloos -wattle's -wattles -Weddell's -weedless -weightless -wheedler's -wheedlers -wheedles -Whiteley's -Whitley's -whittler's -whittlers -whittles -witless -woodlice -woodlouse -wordless -weightlessly -witlessly -wordlessly -weightlessness -weightlessness's -witlessness -witlessness's -videlicet -vitality -waddled -wattled -wheedled -whittled -woodlot -vitality's -woodlot's -woodlots -Vitim -wartime -widemouthed -watermark -watermarking -watermark's -watermarks -watermarked -watermill -wheatmeal -watermelon -watermelon's -watermelons -watermill's -watermills -vitamin -Whitman -woodman -woodmen -Vietminh -Vietminh's -vitamin's -vitamins -Whitman's -woodman's -Vitim's -wartime's -vatting -Verdun -vetoing -vetting -videoing -voiding -voodooing -voting -Vuitton -wadding -wading -waiting -warden -warding -wedding -weeding -weighting -wetting -Weyden -Wharton -wheaten -whetting -whiten -whitener -whiting -Whitney -widen -widener -witting -wooden -woodener -wooding -Wooten -wording -Wotan -wittingly -woodenly -Vietnam -Vietnamese -Vietnam's -Vietnamese's -whitening -widening -whitening's -whitenings -Verdun's -Vuitton's -wadding's -waiting's -warden's -wardens -wedding's -weddings -weightiness -weightiness's -weightings -weirdness -weirdness's -wetness -wetness's -Weyden's -Wharton's -whitener's -whiteners -whiteness -whiteness's -whitens -whiting's -whitings -Whitney's -widener's -wideners -wideness -wideness's -widens -witness -witness's -wittiness -wittiness's -woodenness -woodenness's -woodiness -woodiness's -Wooten's -wordiness -wordiness's -wording's -wordings -Wotan's -witnessing -witnesses -Wednesday -witnessed -woodenest -Wednesday's -Wednesdays -Vedanta -verdant -whatnot -whitened -whodunit -widened -verdantly -Vedanta's -whatnot's -whodunit's -whodunits -woodpecker -woodpecker's -woodpeckers -woodpile -wordplay -woodpile's -woodpiles -wordplay's -waterproof -waterproofing -waterproofing's -waterproof's -waterproofs -waterproofed -vituperate -vituperative -vituperating -vituperates -vituperated -vituperation -vituperation's -waitperson -waitperson's -waitpersons -verdure -votary -waterier -watery -Woodrow -wardrobe -wardrobe's -wardrobes -vitrify -vitrifaction -vitrification -vitrifaction's -vitrification's -vitrifies -vitrified -vitrifying -vitriol -vitriolic -vitriolically -vitriol's -wardroom -wardroom's -wardrooms -veteran -vitrine -watering -wittering -veterinary -veterinarian -veterinarian's -veterinarians -veterinaries -veterinary's -veteran's -veterans -vitrine's -vitrines -wateriness -wateriness's -verdure's -vitreous -votaries -votary's -waitress -waitress's -wardress -Woodrow's -waitresses -wardresses -wateriest -watered -wittered -Vader's -Vaduz -VAT's -vat's -vats -VD's -Veda's -Vedas -Verde's -Verdi's -vetoes -veto's -vet's -vets -video's -videos -virtue's -virtues -virtuoso -virtuous -vita's -Vito's -Vitus -Vitus's -void's -voids -voodoo's -voodoos -voter's -voters -vote's -votes -wader's -waders -waders's -Wade's -wade's -wades -wadi's -wadis -wad's -wads -waiter's -waiters -Waite's -wait's -waits -warder's -warders -Ward's -ward's -wards -wart's -warts -Waters -water's -waters -Waters's -waters's -WATS -WATS's -Watteau's -Watt's -Watts -watt's -watts -Watts's -Watusi -Wed's -weds -weeder's -weeders -weed's -weeds -weight's -weights -weirdie's -weirdies -weirdo's -weirdos -wet's -wets -wetter's -wetters -what's -whats -Wheaties -Wheaties's -wheat's -whets -White's -Whites -white's -whites -whitey's -whiteys -whit's -whits -Whittier's -widow's -widows -wight's -wights -wit's -wits -wits's -witters -Witt's -woad's -woodies -Wood's -Woods -wood's -woods -woodsier -Woods's -woods's -woodsy -woody's -word's -words -wort's -whatsoever -widescreen -widescreen's -widescreens -virtuously -voodooism -wordsmith -wordsmiths -woodsman -woodsmen -woodsman's -voodooism's -Watson -virtuousness -virtuousness's -Watson's -woodsiness -woodsiness's -Whitsunday -Whitsunday's -Whitsundays -widespread -waterspout -waterspout's -waterspouts -Vaduz's -vertices -virtuoso's -Watusi's -witticism -witticism's -witticisms -woodsiest -virtuosity -wartiest -waterside -weediest -weightiest -weirdest -wettest -whatsit -whitest -widest -wittiest -woodiest -wordiest -waitstaff -waitstaff's -Woodstock -Woodstock's -Wheatstone -whetstone -Wheatstone's -whetstone's -whetstones -virtuosity's -waterside's -watersides -whatsits -Wordsworth -Wordsworth's -vatted -VDT -vetoed -vetted -videoed -voided -voodooed -voted -wadded -waded -waited -warded -wedded -weeded -weighted -whetted -whited -whiteout -witted -Woodard -wooded -worded -videotex -whitetail -whitetail's -whitetails -videotape -videotaping -videotape's -videotapes -videotaped -whiteout's -whiteouts -Woodard's -videodisc -videodisc's -videodiscs -watertight -waterway -widower -woodwork -woodworker -woodworking -woodworking's -waterworks -waterworks's -woodworker's -woodworkers -woodwork's -whitewall -whitewall's -whitewalls -woodworm -woodworms -widowing -woodwind -woodwind's -woodwinds -wetware -wetwares -waterway's -waterways -widower's -widowers -whitewater -widowed -Woodward -whitewater's -Woodward's -Witwatersrand -Witwatersrand's -whitewash -whitewashing -whitewashes -whitewash's -whitewashed -whitish -woodchuck -woodchuck's -woodchucks -whatshername -whatshisname -watershed -woodshed -watershed's -watersheds -woodshed's -woodsheds -viewer -Warwick -Warwick's -vowel -vowel's -vowels -viewing -vowing -wowing -viewing's -viewings -viewer's -viewers -viewed -vowed -wayward -wowed -waywardly -waywardness -waywardness's -viewership -viewership's -vetch -Vichy -vouch -voucher -Wash -wash -washer -washier -washy -watch -watcher -which -whoosh -wish -wisher -witch -wotcha -washable -washbowl -watchable -washable's -washables -washbowl's -washbowls -wishbone -wishbone's -wishbones -watchband -watchband's -watchbands -washbasin -washbasin's -washbasins -washboard -washboard's -washboards -whichever -watchful -watchfully -wishful -wishfully -watchfulness -watchfulness's -washcloth -washcloth's -washcloths -witchcraft -witchcraft's -wishlist's -watchmaker -whatchamacallit -whatchamacallit's -whatchamacallits -watchmaking -watchmaking's -watchmaker's -watchmakers -watchman -watchmen -watchman's -version -Vishnu -vision -vouching -washing -watching -whooshing -wishing -witching -versioning -visioning -visionary -visionaries -visionary's -version's -versions -Vishnu's -vision's -visions -washing's -washings -versioned -visioned -Washington -Washingtonian -Washingtonian's -Washingtonians -Washington's -warship -worship -worshipful -warship's -warships -worship's -worships -witchery -washrag -washrag's -washrags -washroom -washroom's -washrooms -witchery's -vetches -vetch's -Vichy's -voucher's -vouchers -vouches -washer's -washers -washes -Wash's -wash's -watcher's -watchers -watches -watch's -whooshes -whoosh's -wisher's -wishers -wishes -wish's -witches -witch's -vouchsafe -vouchsafing -vouchsafes -vouchsafed -vichyssoise -vichyssoise's -washiest -washstand -washstand's -washstands -watchstrap -watchstraps -vitiate -vouched -washed -washout -watched -whooshed -Wichita -wished -witched -washtub -washtub's -washtubs -watchdog -watchdog's -watchdogs -vitiating -vitiates -washout's -washouts -Wichita's -vitiated -watchtower -watchtower's -watchtowers -washerwoman -washerwomen -washerwoman's -watchword -watchword's -watchwords -vitiation -vitiation's -voyeur -voyage -Voyager -voyager -voyageur -voyaging -Voyager's -voyager's -voyagers -voyage's -voyages -voyageur's -voyageurs -voyaged -vying -voyeurism -voyeurism's -voyeuristic -voyeur's -voyeurs -Ch -ch -chair -char -Che -Cheer -cheer -chew -chewy -Chi -chi -choir -Chou -chow -CIA -ciao -sh -Shah -shah -Shaw -shay -she -Shea -shear -sheer -shew -shier -shoe -shoo -show -showy -shy -ssh -Tia -sheath -sheathe -sheathing -Shorthorn -shorthorn -sheathing's -sheathings -Shorthorn's -shorthorn's -shorthorns -shorthand -shorthand's -shorthanded -sheathes -sheath's -sheaths -sheathed -shithead -shitheads -Chiba -choirboy -chub -chubbier -chubby -shabbier -shabby -Sheba -shabbily -Shebeli -shibboleth -shibboleth's -shibboleths -Chablis -Chablis's -Shebeli's -shebeen -shebang -shebang's -shebangs -chubbiness -chubbiness's -shabbiness -shabbiness's -shebeens -Charbray -charbroil -charbroiling -charbroils -charbroiled -Charbray's -Chiba's -choirboy's -choirboys -chub's -chubs -Sheba's -showbiz -showbiz's -chubbiest -shabbiest -ciabatta -sherbet -showboat -showboating -ciabatta's -ciabattas -sherbet's -sherbets -showboat's -showboats -showboated -Chibcha -Chibcha's -chafe -chaff -chauffeur -Cheever -chef -Chevy -chief -chiefer -chive -chivy -Shaffer -shave -shaver -sheaf -sheave -shiv -Shiva -shiver -shove -cheerful -cheerfuller -cheerfully -chervil -Chevalier -chevalier -chiefly -shovel -shuffle -shuffler -shuffleboard -shuffleboard's -shuffleboards -shovelful -shovelful's -shovelfuls -shuffling -cheerfulness -cheerfulness's -chivalry -chivalrous -chivalry's -chivalrously -chivalrousness -chivalrousness's -chervil's -Chevalier's -chevalier's -chevaliers -shovel's -shovels -shuffler's -shufflers -shuffle's -shuffles -cheerfullest -Sheffield -shuffled -Sheffield's -chaffing -chafing -chiffon -chiffonier -shaven -Shavian -shaving -sheaving -shoving -chiffonier's -chiffoniers -chiffon's -Shavian's -shaving's -shavings -chauvinism -chauvinism's -chauvinist -chauvinistic -chauvinistically -chauvinist's -chauvinists -chaffinch -chaffinches -chaffinch's -shivery -Chevrolet -Chevrolet's -chauffeuring -Chevron -chevron -shivering -Chevron's -chevron's -chevrons -chauffeured -shivered -chafes -chaff's -chaffs -chauffeur's -chauffeurs -Chavez -Cheever's -chef's -chefs -Chevy's -chief's -chiefs -Chivas -Chivas's -chive's -chives -chivies -chophouse -Shaffer's -shaver's -shavers -shave's -shaves -sheaf's -sheave's -sheaves -Shiva's -shiver's -shivers -shiv's -shivs -shove's -shoves -Chavez's -chophouse's -chophouses -chiefest -chafed -chaffed -Cheviot -cheviot -chivied -chuffed -shaft -shaved -Shavuot -sheaved -sheepherder -Shepherd -shepherd -Shevat -shift -shiftier -shifty -shoved -shiftily -shiftless -shiftlessly -shiftlessness -shiftlessness's -chiefdom -chiefdom's -chieftain -shafting -shepherding -shifting -chieftain's -chieftains -shiftiness -shiftiness's -Shevardnadze -Shevardnadze's -chieftainship -chieftainship's -chieftainships -Cheviot's -cheviot's -shaft's -shafts -Shavuot's -sheepherder's -sheepherders -shepherdess -shepherdess's -Shepherd's -shepherd's -shepherds -Shevat's -shift's -shifts -shepherdesses -shiftiest -shafted -shepherded -shifted -Chuvash -Chuvash's -chivying -shh -Chihuahua -chihuahua -Chihuahua's -Chihuahuas -chihuahua's -chihuahuas -shoehorn -shoehorning -shoehorn's -shoehorns -shoehorned -charge -charger -check -checker -cheek -cheekier -cheeky -chg -chge -chic -chick -chigger -choc -chock -choke -choker -Chuck -chuck -chug -chukka -shack -shag -shaggier -shaggy -Shaka -shake -Shaker -shaker -shakier -shaky -shark -shirk -shirker -shock -shocker -shook -shuck -checkbox -chargeable -chockablock -cheekbone -cheekbone's -cheekbones -checkoff -checkoff's -checkoffs -Tchaikovsky -Tchaikovsky's -Chekhov -Chekhovian -Chekhov's -chuckhole -chocoholic -chocoholic's -chocoholics -chuckhole's -chuckholes -Chicago -Shikoku -Chicagoan -Chicagoan's -Chicago's -Shikoku's -Chagall -charcoal -cheekily -chicle -chuckle -shackle -shakily -shekel -Shockley -showgirl -chuckling -shackling -Chagall's -charcoal's -charcoals -chicle's -chuckle's -chuckles -shackle's -shackles -shekel's -shekels -Shockley's -showgirl's -showgirls -checklist -checklist's -checklists -chocolate -chuckled -shackled -Shackleton -Shackleton's -Chiclets -Chiclets's -chocolate's -chocolates -showjumping -checkmate -checkmating -checkmate's -checkmates -checkmated -charging -checking -cheeking -Chicana -chicane -Chicano -chicken -chocking -choking -chucking -chugging -shacking -shagging -shaken -shaking -sharking -shirking -shocking -shogun -shucking -chickenfeed -chickenfeed's -chickenhearted -shockingly -chickening -chignon -chignon's -chignons -chickenpox -chickenpox's -chicanery -chicaneries -chicanery's -cheekiness -cheekiness's -Chicana's -chicane's -chicanes -Chicano's -chicken's -chickens -chicness -chicness's -shagginess -shagginess's -shakiness -shakiness's -shogun's -shoguns -chickened -shogunate -shogunate's -chickenshit -chickenshits -checkup -chickpea -shakeup -checkpoint -checkpoint's -checkpoints -shockproof -checkup's -checkups -chickpea's -chickpeas -shakeup's -shakeups -chicory -checkroom -checkroom's -checkrooms -chagrin -chagrining -chagrin's -chagrins -chagrined -showground -showgrounds -chicories -chicory's -charger's -chargers -charge's -charges -checker's -checkers -checkers's -check's -checks -cheek's -cheeks -Chickasaw -chick's -chicks -chic's -chigger's -chiggers -chock's -chocks -chocs -choker's -chokers -choke's -chokes -Chuck's -chuck's -chucks -chug's -chugs -chukka's -chukkas -shack's -shacks -shag's -shags -Shaka's -shaker's -shakers -shake's -shakes -shark's -sharks -shirker's -shirkers -shirks -shocker's -shockers -shock's -shocks -showcase -shuck's -shucks -Sioux -Shijiazhuang -Shijiazhuang's -sharkskin -sharkskin's -checksum -showcasing -Shakespeare -Shakespearean -Shakespearean's -Shakespeare's -Chickasaw's -Chickasaws -showcase's -showcases -shuckses -Sioux's -cheekiest -shaggiest -shakiest -showcased -charged -checked -checkout -cheeked -chickadee -Chiquita -chocked -Choctaw -choked -chucked -chugged -shacked -shagged -shakeout -sharked -shirked -shocked -shucked -sheikdom -sheikdom's -sheikdoms -shakedown -shakedown's -shakedowns -checkout's -checkouts -chickadee's -chickadees -Chiquita's -Choctaw's -Choctaws -shakeout's -shakeouts -chickweed -chickweed's -Chukchi -chokecherry -chokecherries -chokecherry's -Chukchi's -Charley -Charlie -charlie -Chile -chill -chiller -chillier -chilly -Chloe -choler -churl -shale -shall -shallow -Shaula -shawl -Sheila -sheila -Shelia -Shell -she'll -shell -sheller -Shelley -Shelly -Sheol -shill -Shiloh -Shirley -shoal -Shula -shyly -Wycherley -Shelby -chilblain -chilblain's -chilblains -Shelby's -shelf -shelve -shelving -shelving's -shellfire -shellfire's -shelf's -shelves -chairlift -shelved -chairlift's -chairlifts -shellfish -shellfishes -shellfish's -chalk -chalkier -chalky -shellac -Sherlock -Shylock -chalkboard -chalkboard's -chalkboards -chalking -shellacking -Shylockian -chalkiness -chalkiness's -shellacking's -shellackings -Shylockian's -chalk's -chalks -shellac's -shellacs -Sherlock's -Shylock's -chalkiest -chalked -shellacked -shallowly -shillelagh -shillelagh's -shillelaghs -shalom -Charlemagne -Charlemagne's -Chalmers -chlamydia -chlamydiae -chlamydia's -chlamydias -Charlene -Chilean -chilling -Sharlene -shelling -shilling -shoaling -challenge -Challenger -challenger -Shillong -challenging -Challenger's -challenger's -challengers -challenge's -challenges -Shillong's -challenged -chillingly -Charlene's -Chilean's -Chileans -chilliness -chilliness's -chillings -chillness -chillness's -shallowness -shallowness's -Sharlene's -shilling's -shillings -cholera -chlorophyll -chlorofluorocarbon -chlorofluorocarbon's -chlorofluorocarbons -chlorophyll's -chloroform -chloroforming -chloroform's -chloroforms -chloroformed -choleric -chloral -chloral's -chlorine -chlorine's -chlorinate -chlorinating -chlorinates -chlorinated -chlorination -chlorination's -chloroplast -chloroplast's -chloroplasts -cholera's -chloride -chloride's -chlorides -chalice -challis -challis's -Charles -Charles's -Charley's -Charlie's -charlies -cheerless -Chelsea -Chile's -chiller's -chillers -chill's -chills -Chloe's -choler's -churl's -churls -shale's -shallow's -shallows -Shaula's -shawl's -shawls -Sheila's -sheilas -Shelia's -Shelley's -Shell's -shell's -shells -Shelly's -Sheol's -shill's -shills -Shiloh's -Shirley's -shoal's -shoals -shoelace -Shula's -Wycherley's -cheerlessly -cheerlessness -cheerlessness's -chalice's -chalices -Chelsea's -shoelace's -shoelaces -cholecystectomy -cholecystitis -chillest -chilliest -chalcedony -Charleston -chalcedony's -Charleston's -Charlestons -cholesterol -cholesterol's -Chaldea -chalet -charlady -Charlotte -cheerleader -child -chilled -shallot -shalt -shelled -shelter -shield -shilled -shoaled -should -shoulder -childbirth -childbirth's -childbirths -childbearing -childbearing's -should've -childhood -childhood's -childhoods -childcare -childcare's -childlike -childless -childlessness -childlessness's -childminder -childminding -childminders -Chaldean -charlatan -chlordane -Sheldon -Shelton -shielding -charlatanry -charlatanry's -Chaldean's -charlatan's -charlatans -chlordane's -Sheldon's -Shelton's -charlatanism -charlatanism's -shouldn't -childproof -childproofing -childproofs -childproofed -children -sheltering -shouldering -children's -sheltered -shouldered -chalet's -chalets -charladies -Charlotte's -cheerleader's -cheerleaders -child's -shallot's -shallots -shelter's -shelters -Shields -shield's -shields -Shields's -shoulder's -shoulders -shielded -Charlottetown -Charlottetown's -childish -childishly -childishness -childishness's -shallower -shallowest -churlish -churlishly -churlishness -churlishness's -Chelyabinsk -Chelyabinsk's -charm -charmer -chem -chemo -chime -chimer -Chimu -chm -chum -chummier -chummy -chyme -sham -shame -shim -shimmer -shimmy -Siam -chemotherapy -chemotherapy's -chemotherapeutic -chamber -shamble -shambolic -Chamberlain -chamberlain -shambling -Chamberlain's -chamberlain's -chamberlains -shamble's -shambles -shambles's -shambled -chambermaid -chambermaid's -chambermaids -chambray -chambray's -Chimborazo -Chimborazo's -chambered -Chambers -chamber's -chambers -Chambers's -shameful -shamefully -shamefulness -shamefulness's -shamefaced -shamefacedly -chemurgy -shoemaker -chemical -chemically -chemical's -chemicals -chemurgy's -shoemaker's -shoemakers -chummily -chameleon -chameleon's -chameleons -charmless -shameless -shamelessly -shamelessness -shamelessness's -chamomile -chamomile's -chamomiles -chairman -chairmen -Charmaine -Charmin -charming -chiming -chimney -chumming -shaman -shaming -shamming -Sherman -shimming -showman -showmen -shamanic -charmingly -chairman's -Charmaine's -Charmin's -chimney's -chimneys -chumminess -chumminess's -shaman's -shamans -Sherman's -showman's -shamanism -shamanistic -chairmanship -showmanship -chairmanship's -chairmanships -showmanship's -champ -chimp -chomp -chomper -chump -shampoo -shampooer -champagne -champagne's -champagnes -Champlain -Champollion -Champlain's -Champollion's -champing -champion -chomping -shampooing -championing -champion's -champions -chimpanzee -chimpanzee's -chimpanzees -championed -championship -championship's -championships -champers -champ's -champs -chimp's -chimps -chompers -chomp's -chomps -chump's -chumps -shampooer's -shampooers -shampoo's -shampoos -champed -chomped -shampooed -Chimera -chimera -shimmery -chimeric -shamrock -chimerical -shamrock's -shamrocks -shimmering -Chimera's -Chimeras -chimera's -chimeras -shimmered -chamois -chamois's -charmer's -charmers -charm's -charms -chemise -chemo's -chimer's -chimers -chime's -chimes -Chimu's -chum's -chums -chyme's -shame's -shames -sham's -shams -shimmer's -shimmers -shimmies -shimmy's -shim's -shims -Siamese -Siam's -Chomsky -Chomsky's -chemise's -chemises -Siamese's -chemist -choirmaster -chummiest -chemistry -chemistry's -chemist's -chemists -choirmaster's -choirmasters -charmed -chimed -chummed -shamed -shammed -shimmed -shimmied -Chumash -Chumash's -shimmying -chain -Chan -Chaney -Chen -Cheney -Chennai -Ch'in -Chin -chin -China -china -chine -chino -churn -churner -Shana -Shane -Shanna -Shaun -Shauna -Shawn -Shawna -Shawnee -sheen -Sheena -sheenier -sheeny -shewn -shin -shine -shiner -shinier -shinny -shiny -shoeing -shone -shooing -shown -shun -Chernobyl -Chernobyl's -shinbone -shinbone's -shinbones -Chang -change -changer -chink -Chinook -Chung -chunk -chunkier -chunky -Shanghai -shanghai -shank -changeable -changeably -changeableness -changeableness's -changeability -changeability's -changeover -changeover's -changeovers -Chongqing -Chongqing's -changeling -changeling's -changelings -changeless -changelessly -changing -chinking -chunking -shanghaiing -Tianjin -chunkiness -chunkiness's -Tianjin's -chancre -Shankara -chancre's -chancres -Shankara's -changer's -changers -change's -changes -Chang's -chink's -chinks -Chinook's -Chinooks -Chung's -chunk's -chunks -Shanghai's -shanghais -shank's -shanks -chunkiest -changed -Chengdu -chinked -chunked -shanghaied -Chengdu's -Changsha -Changchun -Changchun's -Changsha's -Chanel -channel -chenille -shingle -shingling -Chanel's -channel's -channels -chenille's -chinless -shingle's -shingles -shingled -Chernomyrdin -Chernomyrdin's -chaining -chinning -churning -Shannon -shining -shinning -shunning -Chernenko -shenanigan -shenanigan's -shenanigans -Chernenko's -Shannon's -shininess -shininess's -Shenandoah -Shenandoah's -chain's -chains -chainsaw -Chance -chance -chancier -chancy -Chaney's -Chan's -Chauncey -Cheney's -Chennai's -Chen's -China's -china's -chine's -chines -Chinese -chino's -chinos -Ch'in's -Chin's -chin's -chins -churner's -churners -churn's -churns -Shana's -Shane's -Shanna's -Shauna's -Shaun's -Shawna's -Shawnee's -Shawnees -Shawn's -Sheena's -sheen's -sheerness -sheerness's -shiner's -shiners -shine's -shines -shinnies -shin's -shins -shuns -shyness -shyness's -chancel -chancellor -chancellery -chancelleries -chancellery's -chancellor's -chancellors -chancel's -chancels -Chancellorsville -Chancellorsville's -chancellorship -chancellorship's -chancing -chanson -chanciness -chanciness's -chanson's -chansons -shinsplints -shinsplints's -chancery -chanceries -chancery's -chainsaw's -chainsaws -Chance's -chance's -chances -Chauncey's -Chinese's -chanciest -chanced -sheeniest -shiniest -chinstrap -chinstrap's -chinstraps -chainsawing -chainsawed -chained -chant -chanter -chantey -Chianti -chinned -chunder -chunter -churned -shandy -shan't -shanty -shined -shinguard -shinned -shinnied -Shinto -shunned -shunt -shindig -Chandigarh -Chandigarh's -chanticleer -chanticleer's -chanticleers -shindig's -shindigs -chandelier -Chandler -chandler -Chantilly -chandelier's -chandeliers -Chandler's -chandler's -chandlers -Chantilly's -Chandon -chanting -Chinatown -shunting -Shantung -shantung -Shantung's -shantung's -Chandon's -Chinatown's -Chandra -Chandragupta -Chandragupta's -chundering -chuntering -Chandra's -Chandrasekhar -Chandrasekhar's -chundered -chuntered -chanter's -chanters -chanteuse -chantey's -chanteys -chant's -chants -Chianti's -Chiantis -chintz -chintzier -chintzy -chunders -chunters -shandies -shanties -shanty's -shinguard's -Shinto's -Shintos -shunt's -shunts -Shintoism -Shintoism's -Shintoisms -chanteuse's -chanteuses -chintz's -chintziest -Shintoist -Shintoist's -Shintoists -chanted -shunted -shantytown -shantytown's -shantytowns -chinwag -chinwags -chinaware -chinaware's -chinchilla -chinchilla's -chinchillas -shinnying -Shenyang -Shenyang's -chap -chapeau -chappy -cheap -cheaper -cheapo -cheep -chip -chipper -chippie -chippy -chirp -chirpier -chirpy -chop -chopper -choppier -choppy -shape -Sharp -sharp -Sharpe -sharper -sharpie -sheep -Sherpa -ship -shipper -shop -shoppe -shopper -chapbook -chapbook's -chapbooks -shipbuilder -shipbuilding -shipbuilding's -shipbuilder's -shipbuilders -chipboard -shipboard -shipboard's -shipboards -sheepfold -sheepfold's -sheepfolds -shopfront -shopfronts -shopfitter -shopfitting -shopfitters -shopaholic -shopaholic's -shopaholics -shopkeeper -shopkeeper's -shopkeepers -Chappaquiddick -Chappaquiddick's -chapel -cheaply -chirpily -choppily -shapelier -shapely -sharply -shoplift -shoplifter -shoplifting -shoplifting's -shoplifter's -shoplifters -shoplifts -shoplifted -chaplain -Chaplin -chaplaincy -chaplain's -chaplains -Chaplin's -shapeliness -shapeliness's -Chaplinesque -chaplaincies -chaplaincy's -chapel's -chapels -shapeless -showplace -shapelessly -shapelessness -shapelessness's -showplace's -showplaces -shapeliest -chaplet -chipolata -shipload -Chapultepec -Chapultepec's -chaplet's -chaplets -chipolatas -shipload's -shiploads -Chapman -chipmunk -chipmunk's -chipmunks -Chapman's -shipment -shipment's -shipments -shipmate -shipmate's -shipmates -chapping -cheapen -cheeping -chipping -chirping -Chopin -chopping -shaping -sharpen -sharpener -sharping -shipowner -shipping -shopping -cheapening -sharpening -cheapens -cheapness -cheapness's -chippings -chirpiness -Chopin's -choppiness -choppiness's -sharpener's -sharpeners -sharpens -sharpness -sharpness's -shipowner's -shipowners -shipping's -shopping's -cheapened -sharpened -Chippendale -Chippendale's -Chopra -Shapiro -shipwreck -shipwrecking -shipwreck's -shipwrecks -shipwrecked -chaparral -chaparral's -chaparrals -choppering -chaperonage -chaperonage's -chaperoning -chaperoned -Chopra's -Shapiro's -choppered -shipwright -shipwright's -shipwrights -chapeau's -chapeaus -chappies -chap's -chaps -cheep's -cheeps -Cheops -Cheops's -chipper's -chippers -chippies -chip's -chips -chirp's -chirps -chopper's -choppers -chop's -chops -shape's -shapes -sharper's -sharpers -Sharpe's -sharpie's -sharpies -Sharp's -sharp's -sharps -sheep's -Sherpa's -shipper's -shippers -ship's -ships -shopper's -shoppers -shoppe's -shoppes -shop's -shops -showpiece -sheepskin -sheepskin's -sheepskins -cheapskate -cheapskate's -cheapskates -chairperson -chairperson's -chairpersons -showpiece's -showpieces -cheapest -chirpiest -choppiest -sharpest -chopstick -chopstick's -chopsticks -chapati -chapatti -chapped -chapter -cheeped -chipped -chirped -chopped -shaped -sharped -Shepard -Sheppard -shipped -shopped -shpt -sheepdog -sheepdog's -sheepdogs -shoptalk -shoptalk's -chapatis -chapattis -chapter's -chapters -Shepard's -Sheppard's -Chippewa -shopworn -Chippewa's -Chippewas -sharpish -sheepish -sheepishly -sheepishness -sheepishness's -shipshape -sharpshooter -sharpshooting -sharpshooting's -sharpshooter's -sharpshooters -Chipewyan -Chipewyan's -shipyard -shipyard's -shipyards -charier -chary -cheerer -cheerier -cheerio -cheery -Cheri -Cherie -Cherry -cherry -chore -chorea -share -sharer -Shari -Shari'a -sharia -shariah -shearer -sheerer -Sheree -Sheri -Sherri -Sherrie -Sherry -sherry -shire -shirr -shore -shrew -tiara -cherub -shrub -shrubbier -shrubby -cherubic -shareable -cherubim -charabanc -charabanc's -charabancs -shrubbery -shrubberies -shrubbery's -cherub's -cherubs -shrub's -shrubs -shrubbiest -shorebird -Charybdis -Charybdis's -shorebird's -shorebirds -Sharif -sheriff -shrive -shrivel -shrivels -shriven -shriving -Shreveport -Shreveport's -Sharif's -sheriff's -sheriffs -shrives -shrift -shrived -shrift's -shareholder -shareholding -shareholdings -shareholder's -shareholders -Cherokee -Chirico -Shrek -shriek -shrike -shrug -shrieking -shrugging -Churriguera -chirography -choreograph -choreographer -choreography -choreographic -choreographically -choreographing -chirography's -choreographer's -choreographers -choreographs -choreography's -choreographed -sharecrop -sharecropper -sharecropping -sharecropper's -sharecroppers -sharecrops -sharecropped -Churriguera's -Cherokee's -Cherokees -Chirico's -Shrek's -shriek's -shrieks -shrike's -shrikes -shrug's -shrugs -character -shrieked -shrugged -characterful -characterless -characteristic -characteristically -characteristic's -characteristics -character's -characters -charily -cheerily -Cheryl -choral -chorale -chorally -Sheryl -shrill -shriller -shrilly -shoreline -shrilling -shoreline's -shorelines -shrillness -shrillness's -Charolais -Charolais's -Cheryl's -chorale's -chorales -choral's -chorals -Sheryl's -shrills -shrillest -shrilled -chrome -showroom -chromium -chromium's -chroming -shrimp -shrimper -shrimping -shrimpers -shrimp's -shrimps -shrimped -chrome's -chromes -showroom's -showrooms -chromosome -chromosomal -chromosome's -chromosomes -chromed -chromatic -chromatically -chromatography -chromatin -chromatin's -chairing -Charon -charring -cheering -sharing -Sharon -Sharron -shearing -sheering -shirring -shoring -shrine -Shriner -chronic -shrank -shrink -shrunk -shrinkable -shrinkage -shrinkage's -chronically -chronicle -chronicler -chronicling -chronicler's -chroniclers -Chronicles -chronicle's -chronicles -chronicled -shrinking -shrunken -chronograph -chronograph's -chronographs -shrink's -shrinks -chronology -chronological -chronologically -chronologies -chronology's -chronologist -chronologist's -chronologists -chronometer -chronometer's -chronometers -chariness -chariness's -Charon's -cheeriness -cheeriness's -Sharon's -Sharron's -shirring's -shirrings -shoring's -Shriner's -shrine's -shrines -chirrup -chirruping -shrapnel -shrapnel's -chiropractor -chiropractic -chiropractic's -chiropractics -chiropractor's -chiropractors -chirrup's -chirrups -chiropody -chirruped -chiropody's -chiropodist -chiropodist's -chiropodists -Shropshire -Shropshire's -cheerer's -cheerers -Cheerios -cheerio's -cheerios -Cheerios's -Cherie's -Cheri's -cherries -Cherry's -cherry's -chorea's -chore's -chores -chorus -chorus's -Chris -Chris's -sharer's -sharers -share's -shares -Shari'a's -sharia's -Shari's -shearer's -shearers -Sheree's -Sheri's -Sherrie's -sherries -Sherri's -Sherry's -sherry's -Shiraz -shire's -shires -shirr's -shirrs -shore's -shores -shrew's -shrews -tiara's -tiaras -chiaroscuro -chiaroscuro's -Chrysler -chrysalis -chrysalis's -Chrysler's -chrysalises -charisma -chrism -charisma's -chrism's -charismatic -charismatic's -charismatics -chorusing -chrysanthemum -chrysanthemum's -chrysanthemums -choruses -Shiraz's -Chrysostom -Chrysostom's -chariest -cheeriest -chorister -chorused -Christ -Christa -Christi -Christie -sheerest -Christopher -Christopher's -Chrystal -Christlike -christology -Chrystal's -Christmas -Christmas's -Christmases -Christmastime -Christmastime's -Christmastimes -Christmastide -Christmastide's -Christmastides -christen -Christina -Christine -christening -christening's -christenings -christens -Christina's -Christine's -Christensen -Christensen's -christened -Christendom -Christendom's -Christendoms -Christoper -Christoper's -chorister's -choristers -Christa's -Christie's -Christi's -Christ's -Christs -Christian -christian -Christian's -Christians -Christianity -Christianities -Christianity's -Christchurch -Christchurch's -chaired -charade -chariot -charioteer -Charity -charity -charred -cheered -cheroot -choroid -shared -sheared -sheered -shirred -shored -shred -shredder -shrewd -shrewder -shroud -charitable -charitably -charitableness -charitableness's -shrewdly -Chretien -Sheratan -Sheraton -Sheridan -shredding -shrouding -Chretien's -Sheratan's -Sheraton's -Sheridan's -shrewdness -shrewdness's -charade's -charades -charioteer's -charioteers -chariot's -chariots -charities -Charity's -charity's -cheroot's -cheroots -choroid's -choroids -shredder's -shredders -shred's -shreds -shroud's -shrouds -shrewdest -shredded -shrouded -shareware -shareware's -shrewish -cherish -cherishing -cherishes -cherished -chair's -chairs -chaise -chaos -chaos's -char's -chars -Chase -chase -chaser -Chaucer -Cheer's -cheer's -cheers -cheese -cheesier -cheesy -Che's -chess -chess's -chew's -chews -chicer -Chi's -chi's -chis -choice -choicer -choir's -choirs -choose -chooser -choosier -choosy -chose -Chou's -chow's -chows -ciaos -CIA's -Shah's -shah's -shahs -Shaw's -shay's -shays -shear's -shears -Shea's -sheer's -sheers -she's -shes -shews -shies -shoe's -shoes -shoos -show's -shows -shy's -Tia's -cheeseburger -cheeseburger's -cheeseburgers -chasuble -chasuble's -chasubles -cheeseboard -chessboard -cheeseboards -chessboard's -chessboards -cheesecake -cheesecake's -cheesecakes -cheesecloth -cheesecloth's -chisel -chisel's -chisels -chasm -chessman -chessmen -chessman's -chasm's -chasms -chasing -cheesing -Chisinau -choosing -chosen -cheesiness -cheesiness's -Chisinau's -choosiness -choosiness's -Chesapeake -Chesapeake's -cheeseparing -cheeseparing's -chaise's -chaises -chaser's -chasers -Chase's -chase's -chases -chassis -chassis's -Chaucer's -cheese's -cheeses -choice's -choices -chooser's -choosers -chooses -cheesiest -chicest -choicest -choosiest -chased -Chasity -chaste -chaster -cheesed -chest -Chester -chestier -chesty -Shasta -shiest -shyster -chestful -chestful's -chestfuls -Chesterfield -chesterfield -Chesterfield's -chesterfield's -chesterfields -Shostakovitch -Shostakovitch's -chastely -chasten -chastening -chasteness -chasteness's -chastens -chastened -chestnut -chestnut's -chestnuts -showstopper -showstopping -showstopper's -showstoppers -shoestring -shoestring's -shoestrings -Chasity's -chastise -chastiser -Chester's -chest's -chests -Shasta's -shyster's -shysters -chastisement -chastisement's -chastisements -chastising -chastiser's -chastisers -chastises -chastest -chastised -chestiest -chastity -chested -Chesterton -Chesterton's -chastity's -Chad -chad -chard -chart -charter -chat -chatter -chattier -chatty -cheat -cheater -Cheddar -cheddar -cheetah -chert -chide -chit -chord -chowder -chute -shad -shade -shadier -shadow -shadowy -shady -shard -shatter -she'd -shed -sheet -shied -Shi'ite -Shiite -shirt -shirty -shit -shittier -shitty -shoat -shod -shoddier -shoddy -shooed -shoot -shooter -Short -short -shorter -shorty -shot -shout -shouter -shudder -shut -shutter -shutterbug -chatterbox -shadowbox -shutterbug's -shutterbugs -shadowboxing -chatterboxes -chatterbox's -shadowboxes -shadowboxed -Chateaubriand -Chateaubriand's -shortbread -shortbread's -shutoff -shortfall -shortfall's -shortfalls -shirtfront -shirtfront's -shirtfronts -shutoff's -shutoffs -shitfaced -Chattahoochee -Chattahoochee's -chaotic -Chautauqua -shiitake -shortage -shtick -shortcake -shortcake's -shortcakes -chaotically -shortcoming -shortcoming's -shortcomings -shotgun -Chittagong -Chittagong's -shotgunning -shotgun's -shotguns -shotgunned -shortcrust -Chautauqua's -shiitake's -shiitakes -shortage's -shortages -shtick's -shticks -shortcut -shortcut's -shortcuts -chattel -Chatterley -chattily -chordal -chortle -chortler -shadily -shirttail -shoddily -shortly -shuttle -sheetlike -shuttlecock -shuttlecocking -shuttlecock's -shuttlecocks -shuttlecocked -chatline -chortling -shuttling -chatlines -chitterlings -chitterlings's -Shetland -Shetland's -Shetlands -Shetlands's -chattel's -chattels -Chatterley's -chortler's -chortlers -chortle's -chortles -shirtless -shirttail's -shirttails -shuttle's -shuttles -shortlist -shortlisting -shortlists -shortlisted -chortled -shitload -shuttled -Shuttleworth -Shuttleworth's -showtime -Chadian -Chaitin -Chardonnay -chardonnay -charting -chatting -cheating -chiding -chitin -chutney -shading -shedding -sheeting -shirting -shitting -shooting -shorten -shorting -shouting -showdown -shutting -Chattanooga -Chattanooga's -chidingly -shortening -shortening's -shortenings -Chadian's -Chadians -Chaitin's -Chardonnay's -chardonnay's -chardonnays -chattiness -chattiness's -chitinous -chitin's -chutney's -chutneys -shadiness -shadiness's -shading's -shadings -sheeting's -shirting's -shoddiness -shoddiness's -shooting's -shootings -shortens -shortness -shortness's -showdown's -showdowns -shortened -Chaitanya -Chaitanya's -shatterproof -charterer -chatterer -shoetree -Sheetrock -Sheetrock's -chatroom -chatroom's -chartering -chattering -shattering -shuddering -shuttering -charterer's -charterers -Chartres -Chartres's -chartreuse -chatterer's -chatterers -shoetree's -shoetrees -chartreuse's -chartered -chattered -shattered -shuddered -shuttered -Chad's -chads -chard's -charter's -charters -chart's -charts -chateaus -chat's -chats -chatter's -chatters -cheater's -cheaters -cheat's -cheats -Cheddar's -cheddar's -cheetah's -cheetahs -Cheetos -Cheetos's -chert's -chides -chit's -chits -chord's -chords -chowder's -chowders -chute's -chutes -shade's -shades -shadow's -shadows -shad's -shads -shard's -shards -shatter's -shatters -shed's -sheds -sheet's -sheets -shiatsu -Shi'ite's -Shiite's -Shiites -shirt's -shirts -shit's -shits -shoat's -shoats -shoddy's -shooter's -shooters -shoot's -shoots -shorties -Short's -short's -shorts -shorty's -shot's -shots -shouter's -shouters -shout's -shouts -shudder's -shudders -shuts -shutter's -shutters -shirtsleeve -shirtsleeve's -shirtsleeves -Chartism -Chartism's -chitosan -chutzpah -chutzpah's -shiatsu's -chattiest -shadiest -shittiest -shoddiest -shortest -shortstop -shortstop's -shortstops -shortsighted -shortsightedly -shortsightedness -shortsightedness's -charted -chatted -cheated -chided -chordate -shaded -shirted -shitted -shootout -shorted -shouted -shutout -Chatterton -shutdown -Chatterton's -shutdown's -shutdowns -chordate's -chordates -shootout's -shootouts -shutout's -shutouts -shadowier -shortwave -shortwave's -shortwaves -Chadwick -Chadwick's -shadowing -shadowiest -shirtwaist -shirtwaist's -shirtwaists -shadowed -shortish -shuteye -shuteye's -chewer -chewier -shower -showier -showoff -showoff's -showoffs -showily -chairwoman -chairwomen -charwoman -charwomen -chairwoman's -charwoman's -chewing -chowing -shewing -showing -chewiness -chewiness's -showiness -showiness's -showing's -showings -showerproof -showery -showering -showered -chewer's -chewers -shower's -showers -chewiest -showiest -chewed -chowed -Sherwood -shewed -showed -Sherwood's -chichi -Church -church -shush -churchgoer -churchgoing -churchgoing's -churchgoer's -churchgoers -Churchill -Chisholm -Chisholm's -Churchill's -churchman -churchmen -churchman's -Chechen -shoeshine -Shoshone -shushing -shortchange -shortchanging -shortchanges -shortchanged -Chechen's -shoeshine's -shoeshines -Shoshone's -Shoshones -Chechnya -Chechnya's -Cheshire -Shcharansky -Shcharansky's -Cheshire's -chichi's -chichis -churches -Church's -church's -shushes -chitchat -shushed -chitchatting -chitchat's -chitchats -chitchatted -churchwoman -churchwomen -churchwarden -churchwarden's -churchwardens -churchyard -churchyard's -churchyards -shyer -Chayefsky -Chayefsky's -Cheyenne -shying -Cheyenne's -Cheyennes -shyest -Wyo -ya -yaw -ye -yea -yeah -year -yer -yew -yo -you -your -yow -Wyeth -youth -youthful -youthfully -youthfulness -youthfulness's -Wyeth's -youth's -youths -yob -yobbo -yearbook -yearbook's -yearbooks -Yaobang -Yaobang's -yobbos -yobs -you've -Yevtushenko -Yevtushenko's -Yahoo -yahoo -Yahoo's -yahoo's -yahoos -Yacc -yak -Yaqui -Yeager -yegg -yoga -yogi -yoke -Yoko -York -Yorkie -yucca -yuck -yuckier -yucky -Yugo -yuk -yukky -Yokohama -Yokohama's -yogic -yokel -yokel's -yokels -Yakima -Yakima's -yakking -yoking -yukking -Yukon -Yoknapatawpha -Yoknapatawpha's -Yukon's -Yacc's -yak's -yaks -Yaqui's -Yeager's -yegg's -yeggs -Yerkes -Yerkes's -yikes -yoga's -yogi's -yogis -yoke's -yokes -Yoko's -Yorkie's -York's -yucca's -yuccas -Yugo's -yuk's -yuks -Yugoslav -Yugoslavia -Yugoslavian -Yugoslavian's -Yugoslavians -Yugoslavia's -Yugoslav's -Yugoslavs -yuckiest -yakked -Yakut -yoked -yukked -Yorktown -Yucatan -Yorktown's -Yucatan's -Yekaterinburg -Yekaterinburg's -Yakut's -Yakutsk -Yakutsk's -Yorkshire -Yorkshire's -Yorkshires -Yale -y'all -Yalow -Yalu -yawl -yearly -yell -yellow -yellowy -you'll -yowl -Yule -yule -yellowhammer -yellowhammers -yolk -Yellowknife -Yellowknife's -yolk's -yolks -yolked -yearling -yelling -yowling -yearlong -yearling's -yearlings -yellowness -yellowness's -Yolanda -Yolanda's -yelp -yelping -yelp's -yelps -yelped -Yale's -Yalow's -Yalu's -yawl's -yawls -yearlies -yearly's -yellow's -yellows -yell's -yells -yowl's -yowls -Yule's -Yules -yule's -Yellowstone -Yellowstone's -Yalta -yelled -yield -yowled -yielding -yieldings -Yalta's -yield's -yields -Yeltsin -Yeltsin's -yielded -Yuletide -yuletide -Yuletide's -Yuletides -yuletide's -yellower -yellowing -yellowest -yellowed -yellowish -yam -yammer -yum -Yuma -yummier -yummy -Yamaha -Yamaha's -Yamagata -Yamagata's -yarmulke -yarmulke's -yarmulkes -Wyoming -Yemen -Yemeni -yeoman -yeomen -yeomanry -yeomanry's -Wyoming's -Yemeni's -Yemenis -Yemen's -yeoman's -Wyomingite -Yemenite -Wyomingite's -Wyomingites -yammerer -yammering -yammerer's -yammerers -yammered -yammer's -yammers -yam's -yams -Yuma's -Yumas -Yamoussoukro -Yamoussoukro's -yummiest -yarn -yawn -yawner -yearn -yen -yin -yon -Yuan -yuan -Yang -yang -Yank -yank -Yankee -Yong -Young -young -younger -Yangon -yanking -Yangon's -Yang's -yang's -Yankee's -Yankees -Yank's -Yanks -yank's -yanks -Yong's -Yonkers -Yonkers's -yonks -Young's -young's -youngest -youngster -Youngstown -Youngstown's -youngster's -youngsters -yanked -Yangtze -Yangtze's -youngish -yawning -yearning -Yunnan -yearning's -yearnings -Yunnan's -yarn's -yarns -yawner's -yawners -yawn's -yawns -yearns -Yenisei -yen's -yens -yin's -Yuan's -yuan's -Yenisei's -Yaounde -yawned -yearned -yonder -Yaounde's -yap -yep -yip -yipe -yippee -yup -yuppie -yuppify -yuppifies -yuppified -yuppifying -yapping -yipping -yap's -yaps -yep's -yeps -yip's -yips -yuppie's -yuppies -yup's -yups -yapped -yipped -yarrow -yore -you're -Yuri -Yoruba -Yoruba's -Yerevan -Yerevan's -Yaren -yarrow's -yore's -Yuri's -Yaroslavl -Yaroslavl's -yaw's -yaws -yaws's -yeah's -yeahs -year's -years -yea's -yeas -yes -yes's -yew's -yews -yours -you's -yous -yourself -yourselves -Yosemite -Yosemite's -Yesenia -yessing -Yesenia's -Yossarian -Yossarian's -yeses -yeast -yeastier -yeasty -yessed -yest -yesteryear -yesteryear's -yeast's -yeasts -yeastiest -yesterday -yesterday's -yesterdays -Wyatt -yard -yet -yeti -yid -Yoda -you'd -yurt -YouTube -YouTube's -yardage -yardage's -yardages -yodel -yodel's -yodels -yardarm -yardman -yardmen -yardman's -yardarm's -yardarms -yardmaster -yardmaster's -yardmasters -Yataro -Yataro's -Wyatt's -Yahtzee -yard's -yards -Yates -Yates's -Yeats -Yeats's -yeti's -yetis -yids -Yoda's -yurt's -yurts -Yahtzee's -yardstick -yardstick's -yardsticks -Yiddish -Yiddish's -Yahweh -yawing -Yahweh's -yawed -yeshiva -yeshiva's -yeshivas -yashmak -yashmaks -yacht -yachting -yachting's -yacht's -yachts -yachtsman -yachtsmen -yachtsman's -yachtswoman -yachtswomen -yachtswoman's -yachted -orthopedic -orthopedics -orthopedics's -orthopedist -orthopedist's -orthopedists -authorize -authorizing -authorizes -authorized -authorization -authorization's -authorizations -abbe -arbor -urbanize -urbanizing -urbanizes -urbanized -urbanization -urbanization's -abridgment -abridgment's -abridgments -abbe's -abbes -arbor's -arbors -abettor -abettor's -abettors -overgeneralize -overgeneralizing -overgeneralizes -overgeneralized -overcapitalize -overcapitalizing -overcapitalizes -overcapitalized -airfoil -airfoil's -airfoils -evangelize -evangelizing -evangelizes -evangelized -offense -offense's -offenses -overemphasize -overemphasizing -overemphasizes -overemphasized -overspecialize -overspecializing -overspecializes -overspecialized -overspecialization -overspecialization's -oversize -afterward -ax -okay -eclair -acclimatize -acclimatizing -acclimatizes -acclimatized -acclimatization -acclimatization's -equaling -eclair's -eclairs -equalize -equalizer -equalizing -equalizer's -equalizers -equalizes -equalized -equalization -equalization's -eclat -equaled -eclat's -aging -acknowledgment -acknowledgment's -acknowledgments -economize -economizer -economizing -economizer's -economizers -economizes -economized -aging's -agings -agonize -organize -organizer -agonizing -organizing -agonizingly -agonizes -organizer's -organizers -organizes -agonized -organized -organization -organizational -organizationally -organization's -organizations -organdy -organdy's -aggrandize -aggrandizement -aggrandizement's -aggrandizing -aggrandizes -aggrandized -ecus -okay's -okays -ax's -accessorize -accessorizing -accessorizes -accessorized -exorcise -exorcising -exorcises -exorcised -extemporize -extemporizing -extemporizes -extemporized -extemporization -extemporization's -externalize -externalizing -externalizes -externalized -externalization -externalization's -externalizations -oxidize -oxidizer -oxidizing -oxidizer's -oxidizers -oxidizes -oxidized -oxidization -oxidization's -accouter -actualize -actualizing -actualizes -actualized -actualization -actualization's -accouterments -accoutering -accoutered -accouters -okaying -ole -alphabetize -alphabetizer -alphabetizing -alphabetizer's -alphabetizers -alphabetizes -alphabetized -alphabetization -alphabetization's -alphabetizations -alkalize -alkalizing -alkalizes -alkalized -eulogize -eulogizer -eulogizing -eulogizer's -eulogizers -eulogizes -eulogized -aluminum -aluminum's -elan -elan's -Elysee -ole's -Elysee's -elasticize -elasticizing -elasticizes -elasticized -armor -immobilize -immobilizer -immobilizing -immobilizers -immobilizes -immobilized -embolization -immobilization -immobilization's -ambiance -ambiance's -ambiances -amphitheater -amphitheater's -amphitheaters -emphasize -emphasizing -emphasizes -emphasized -emigre -emigre's -emigres -omelet -omelet's -omelets -immunize -immunizing -immunizes -immunized -immunization -immunization's -immunizations -empathize -empathizing -empathizes -empathized -impanel -impaneling -impanels -impaneled -imperiling -imperiled -impostor -impostor's -impostors -armorer -armory -Americanize -Americanizing -Americanizes -Americanized -Americanization -Americanization's -Americanizations -armoring -armorer's -armorers -armories -armory's -armored -armor's -armors -immortalize -immortalizing -immortalizes -immortalized -amortize -amortizable -amortizing -amortizes -amortized -amortization -amortization's -amortizations -emotionalize -emotionalizing -emotionalizes -emotionalized -eon -anthologize -anthologizing -anthologizes -anthologized -anathematize -anathematizing -anathematizes -anathematized -enthrall -enthrallment -enthrallment's -enthralls -anthropomorphize -unauthorized -unbeknownst -unbaptized -unfavorable -unfavorably -unflavored -universalize -universalizing -universalizes -universalized -unfertilized -uncolored -anglicize -anglicizing -anglicizes -anglicized -unequaled -ingenue -ingenue's -ingenues -unorganized -inquire -inquiry -inquiring -inquires -inquiries -inquiry's -inquired -energize -energizer -energizing -energizer's -energizers -energizes -energized -Angstrom -Angstrom's -unlabeled -analog -analogize -analog's -analogs -analogizing -analogizes -analogized -analyze -analyzer -analyzable -analyzing -analyzer's -analyzers -analyzes -analyzed -annualized -anemia -enamor -anemic -anemically -enameler -enameling -enamelings -enameler's -enamelers -enameled -enamoring -enamored -unarmored -anemia's -enamors -unionize -unionizing -unionizes -unionized -unionization -unionization's -uninitialized -unpracticed -unpasteurized -unappetizing -unraveling -unraveled -unrivaled -unrecognizable -unrecognized -enroll -enrollment -enrollment's -enrollments -enrolls -unrealized -eon's -eons -ionize -anesthetic -anesthetic's -anesthetics -anesthetize -anesthetizing -anesthetizes -anesthetist -anesthetized -anesthetist's -anesthetists -anesthetization -anesthetization's -anesthetizations -anesthesia -anesthesiology -anesthesiology's -anesthesiologist -anesthesiologist's -anesthesiologists -anesthesia's -uncivilized -unsavory -ionizing -ionizes -ionized -instill -installment -installment's -installments -instills -institutionalize -institutionalizing -institutionalizes -institutionalized -institutionalization -institutionalization's -ionization -ionization's -endeavor -endeavoring -endeavored -endeavor's -endeavors -individualize -individualizing -individualizes -individualized -individualization -individualization's -antagonize -antagonizing -antagonizes -antagonized -antilabor -intellectualize -intellectualizing -intellectualizes -intellectualized -anatomize -anatomizing -anatomizes -anatomized -internalize -internalizing -internalizes -internalized -internalization -internalization's -internationalize -internationalizing -internationalizes -internationalized -internationalization -entree -untrammeled -entree's -entrees -underutilized -anodize -unitize -anodizing -unitizing -anodizes -unitizes -anodized -unitized -industrialize -industrializing -industrializes -industrialized -industrialization -industrialization's -unshakable -initialing -initialize -initializing -initializes -initialized -initialization -initialed -epee -appall -applique -appliqueing -apologize -applique's -appliques -apologizing -apologizes -apologized -appliqued -airplane -airplane's -airplanes -appalls -epaulet -epaulet's -epaulets -appareling -appareled -epee's -epees -epicenter -epicenter's -epicenters -apostatize -apostatizing -apostatizes -apostatized -epitomize -optimize -optimizer -epitomizing -optimizing -epitomizes -optimizes -epitomized -optimized -optimization -optimization's -optimizations -updraft -updraft's -updrafts -appetizer -appetizing -appetizingly -appetizer's -appetizers -uremia -uremic -uremia's -esophagi -esophagus -ischemia -ischemic -Asuncion -Asuncion's -Esterhazy -Esterhazy's -estrogen -estrogen's -estrous -estrus -estrus's -estruses -ostracize -ostracizing -ostracizes -ostracized -ardor -odor -artifact -artifact's -artifacts -idealize -idolize -odorless -utilize -utilizable -idealizing -idolizing -utilizing -idealizes -idolizes -italicize -utilizes -italicizing -italicizes -italicized -italicization -italicization's -idealized -idolized -utilized -idealization -idolization -utilization -idealization's -idealizations -idolization's -utilization's -edema -outmaneuver -outmaneuvering -outmaneuvered -outmaneuvers -atomize -atomizer -edema's -edemas -itemize -atomizing -itemizing -atomizer's -atomizers -atomizes -itemizes -atomized -itemized -itemization -itemization's -automatize -automatizing -automatizes -automatized -adapter -adapter's -adapters -outre -odored -adios -ardor's -ardors -iodize -odor's -odors -iodizing -iodizes -iodized -etude -Ataturk -Ataturk's -editorialize -editorializing -editorializes -editorialized -etude's -etudes -attitudinize -attitudinizing -attitudinizes -attitudinized -attache -attache's -attaches -ocher -asshole -etiology -etiology's -asshole's -assholes -ocher's -thralldom -thralldom's -theorize -theorizing -theorizes -theorized -thruway -thruway's -thruways -Thessaloniki -Thessaloniki's -theater -theatergoer -theatergoer's -theatergoers -theater's -theaters -barbarize -barbarizing -barbarizes -barbarized -beveling -beveled -behavior -behoove -behooving -behavioral -behaviorally -behaviorism -behaviorism's -behaviorist -behaviorist's -behaviorists -behavior's -behaviors -behooves -behooved -burka -burglarize -burglarizing -burglarizes -burglarized -backpedaling -backpedaled -burka's -burkas -Bogota -Bogota's -bejeweling -bejeweled -belabor -belaboring -belabored -belabors -balk -balking -balk's -balks -balked -blamable -blase -blowzier -blowzy -blowziest -Bunuel -Bunuel's -bandanna -bandanna's -bandannas -baptize -baptizer -baptizing -baptizer's -baptizers -baptizes -baptized -Beria -brier -breathalyze -breathalyzer -breathalyzing -breathalyzers -breathalyzes -breathalyzed -bureaucratize -bureaucratizing -bureaucratizes -bureaucratized -bureaucratization -bureaucratization's -barreling -barreled -Beria's -brier's -briers -brutalize -brutalizing -brutalizes -brutalized -brutalization -brutalization's -busing -busing's -bused -bastardize -bastardizing -bastardizes -bastardized -bastardization -bastardization's -bastardizations -bedeviling -bedeviled -Bartok -Bartok's -bowdlerize -bowdlerizing -bowdlerizes -bowdlerized -bowdlerization -bowdlerization's -bowdlerizations -boutonniere -boutonniere's -boutonnieres -Bootes -Bootes's -busheling -busheled -Beyer -Beyer's -fiber -fiberboard -fiberboard's -fiberfill -fiberfill's -Faberge -fiberglass -fiberglass's -Faberge's -fiber's -fibers -favor -fervor -favorable -favorably -favoring -favored -favorite -favorite's -favorites -favoritism -favoritism's -favor's -favors -fervor's -fogy -forgather -forgathering -forgathered -forgathers -fecal -fogies -fogy's -fagot -fagoting -factorize -factorizing -factorizes -factorized -factorization -fagot's -fagots -fictionalize -fictionalizing -fictionalizes -fictionalized -fictionalization -fictionalization's -fictionalizations -flier -fulfill -fulfillment -fulfillment's -flavorless -fulfills -flavoring -flavoring's -flavorings -flavored -flavor's -flavorsome -flambe -flambe's -flambeed -fueling -flanneling -flanneled -flier's -fliers -philosophize -philosophizer -philosophizing -philosophizer's -philosophizers -philosophizes -philosophized -fueled -philter -philter's -philters -flutist -flutist's -flutists -familiarize -familiarizing -familiarizes -familiarized -familiarization -familiarization's -formalize -formalizing -formalizes -formalized -formalization -formalization's -feminize -feminizing -feminizes -feminized -phony -funneling -finalize -finalizing -finalizes -finalized -finalization -finalization's -funneled -faience -fiance -fiancee -phonies -phony's -faience's -fiancee's -fiancees -fiance's -fiances -fontanel -fontanel's -fontanels -fantasize -fantasizing -fantasizes -fantasized -furor -frappe -frappe's -furor's -furors -fraternize -fraternizer -fraternizing -fraternizer's -fraternizers -fraternizes -fraternized -fraternization -fraternization's -fossilize -fossilizing -fossilizes -fossilized -fossilization -fossilization's -feces -feces's -fete -fertilize -fertilizer -fertilizing -fertilizer's -fertilizers -fertilizes -fertilized -fertilization -fertilization's -federalize -federalizing -federalizes -federalized -federalization -federalization's -fete's -fetes -photosynthesize -photosynthesizing -photosynthesizes -photosynthesized -Furtwangler -Furtwangler's -fayer -harbor -harboring -harbored -hybridize -hybridizing -hybridizes -hybridized -hybridization -hybridization's -harbor's -harbors -habitue -habitue's -habitues -hectometer -hectometer's -hectometers -Hellenize -Hellenization -Hellenization's -Heloise -Heloise's -heme -humor -hemophilia -hemophiliac -hemophiliac's -hemophiliacs -hemophilia's -hemoglobin -hemoglobin's -homogenize -homogenizing -homogenizes -homogenized -homogenization -homogenization's -humorless -humorlessness -humorlessness's -harmonize -harmonizer -humanize -humanizer -harmonizing -humanizing -harmonizer's -harmonizers -harmonizes -humanizer's -humanizers -humanizes -harmonized -humanized -harmonization -humanization -harmonization's -humanization's -hemorrhage -hemorrhaging -hemorrhage's -hemorrhages -hemorrhaged -hemorrhoid -hemorrhoids -humoring -humored -humor's -humors -hematology -hematologic -hematological -hematology's -hematologist -hematologist's -hematologists -hematite -hematite's -honor -hankie -hankie's -honoree -honorer -honorable -honorably -honorableness -honorableness's -honoring -honoree's -honorees -honorer's -honorers -honored -honor's -honors -hippie -hypothesize -hypothesizing -hypothesizes -hypothesized -hypnotize -hypnotizing -hypnotizes -hypnotized -hippie's -hospitalize -hospitalizing -hospitalizes -hospitalized -hospitalization -hospitalization's -hospitalizations -hydrolyze -hydrolyzing -hydrolyzes -hydrolyzed -catheterize -catheterizing -catheterizes -catheterized -gibe -Quebecois -Quebecois's -gobbledygook -gobbledygook's -gibing -carbonize -carbonizing -carbonizes -carbonized -carburetor -carburetor's -carburetors -gibe's -gibes -gibed -cafe -caviler -caviling -cavilings -caviler's -cavilers -caviled -cafe's -cafes -caftan -caftan's -caftans -cudgeling -cudgelings -cudgeled -garcon -garcon's -garcons -cognizable -cognizance -cognizance's -cognizant -color -coulee -caliber -colorblind -colorblindness -colorblindness's -globalize -globalizing -globalizes -globalized -globalization -globalization's -caliber's -calibers -colorful -colorfully -colorfulness -colorfulness's -galvanize -galvanizing -galvanizes -galvanized -galvanization -galvanization's -colorfast -colorfastness -colorfastness's -calk -calking -calk's -calks -calked -collectible -collectible's -collectibles -collectivize -collectivizing -collectivizes -collectivized -collectivization -collectivization's -colorless -colorlessly -colorlessness -colorlessness's -kiloliter -kiloliter's -kiloliters -clamor -clamoring -glamorize -glamorizing -glamorizes -glamorized -glamorization -glamorization's -clamored -clamor's -clamors -kilometer -kilometer's -kilometers -clangor -clangor's -colonize -colonizer -colonizing -colonizer's -colonizers -colonizes -colonized -colonization -colonization's -clientele -clientele's -clienteles -jalapeno -jalapeno's -jalapenos -coloring -coloring's -colorant -colorant's -colorants -clarinetist -clarinetist's -clarinetists -colorize -colorizing -colorizes -colorist -colorized -colorists -colorization -colorization's -colored -colored's -coloreds -color's -colors -coulee's -coulees -glace -calisthenics -cloisonne -glaceing -cloisonne's -glycerin -glycerin's -glaces -glaceed -collateralize -colorway -colorways -cliche -cliche's -cliches -cliched -gamboling -gamboled -gemology -gemology's -gormandize -gormandizer -gormandizing -gormandizer's -gormandizers -gormandizes -gormandized -compere -compering -comperes -compered -compartmentalize -compartmentalizing -compartmentalizes -compartmentalized -compartmentalization -compartmentalization's -computerize -computerizing -computerizes -computerized -computerization -computerization's -commercialize -commercializing -commercializes -commercialized -commercialization -commercialization's -cannibalize -cannibalizing -cannibalizes -cannibalized -cannibalization -cannibalization's -conventionalize -conventionalizing -conventionalizes -conventionalized -confrere -confrere's -confreres -gynecology -gynecologic -gynecological -gynecology's -gynecologist -gynecologist's -gynecologists -kenneling -canalize -canalizing -canalizes -canalized -canalization -canalization's -kenneled -canonize -canonizing -canonizes -canonized -canonization -canonization's -canonizations -canape -canape's -canapes -gonorrhea -gonorrheal -gonorrhea's -generalize -generalizing -generalizes -generalized -generalization -generalization's -generalizations -canceler -councilor -counselor -canceling -counseling -canceler's -cancelers -councilor's -councilors -counselor's -counselors -canceled -counseled -consomme -consomme's -Concepcion -Concepcion's -conceptualize -conceptualizing -conceptualizes -conceptualized -conceptualization -conceptualization's -conceptualizations -concertize -concertizing -concertizes -concertized -candor -contextualize -contextualizing -contextualizes -contextualized -contextualization -kindergartner -kindergartner's -kindergartners -containerize -containerizing -containerizes -containerized -containerization -containerization's -candor's -capsulize -capsulizing -capsulizes -capsulized -capitalize -capitalizing -capitalizes -capitalized -capitalization -capitalization's -jeopardize -jeopardizing -jeopardizes -jeopardized -gray -groveler -graveling -groveler's -grovelers -graveled -curacao -caroler -crueler -guerrilla -quarreler -caroling -grueling -quarreling -gruelingly -gruelings -caroler's -carolers -guerrilla's -guerrillas -quarreler's -quarrelers -cruelest -caroled -quarreled -caramelize -caramelizing -caramelizes -caramelized -criminalize -criminalizing -criminalizes -criminalized -krona -kronur -crenelate -crenelating -crenelates -crenelated -crenelation -crenelation's -crenelations -grayness -grayness's -krona's -Grunewald -Grunewald's -crosier -gray's -grays -crosier's -crosiers -crystallize -crystallizing -crystallizes -crystallized -crystallization -crystallization's -crouton -crouton's -croutons -criticize -criticizer -criticizing -criticizer's -criticizers -criticizes -criticized -crudites -crudites's -creche -creche's -creches -grayer -graying -Gruyere -Gruyere's -grayest -grayed -grayish -cozier -cozy -czar -cozily -coziness -coziness's -cozies -cozy's -czar's -czars -coziest -costumier -customize -customizing -customizes -customized -customization -customization's -cardie -goiter -Goteborg -Goteborg's -cortege -judgment -judgmental -judgment's -judgments -categorize -categorizing -categorizes -categorized -categorization -categorization's -categorizations -cortege's -corteges -Godel -catalog -cataloger -cataloging -cataloger's -catalogers -catalog's -catalogs -cataloged -catalyze -Godel's -catalyzing -catalyzes -catalyzed -jardiniere -jardiniere's -jardinieres -cauterize -cauterizing -cauterizes -cauterized -cauterization -cauterization's -ghettoize -goiter's -goiters -ghettoizing -ghettoizes -ghettoized -catechize -catechizing -catechizes -catechized -jeweler -jeweling -jewelry -jewelry's -jeweler's -jewelers -jeweled -Gewurztraminer -Gewurztraminer's -labor -libeler -labeling -libeling -libeler's -libelers -libelous -labeled -libeled -laborer -liberalize -liberalizing -liberalizes -liberalized -liberalization -liberalization's -liberalizations -laboring -laborer's -laborers -labored -labor's -labors -laborsaving -lobotomize -lobotomizing -lobotomizes -lobotomized -louver -livable -leveler -leveling -leveler's -levelers -leveled -louvered -louver's -louvers -likable -likableness -likableness's -likability -likability's -legalize -localize -legalizing -localizing -legalizes -localizes -lackluster -legalized -localized -legalization -localization -legalization's -localization's -leukemia -leukemia's -licorice -licorice's -legitimize -legitimizing -legitimizes -legitimized -legitimization -legitimization's -legitimatize -legitimatizing -legitimatizes -legitimatized -liquidize -liquidizer -liquidizing -liquidizer's -liquidizers -liquidizes -liquidized -Lumiere -Lumiere's -lionize -lionizing -lionizes -lionized -lionization -lionization's -lupine's -lupines -leaped -lasagna -lasagna's -lasagnas -lissome -license's -luster -lusterless -luster's -liter -litterateur -litterateur's -litterateurs -liter's -liters -meow -math -mythologize -mythologizing -mythologizes -mythologized -marbleize -mobilize -mobilizer -marbleizing -mobilizing -marbleizes -mobilizer's -mobilizers -mobilizes -marbleized -mobilized -mobilization -mobilization's -mobilizations -marveling -marvelous -marvelously -marveled -meager -moggy -marginalize -marginalizing -marginalizes -marginalized -marginalization -magnetize -magnetizable -magnetizing -magnetizes -magnetized -magnetization -magnetization's -macrame -macrame's -maximize -maximizing -maximizes -maximized -maximization -maximization's -macadamize -macadamizing -macadamizes -macadamized -melee -milliliter -milliliter's -milliliters -Mallarme -Mallarme's -millimeter -millimeter's -millimeters -melee's -melees -mollusk -mollusk's -mollusks -mold -molder -moldier -moldy -molt -multicolored -molding -molting -molding's -moldings -moldering -militarize -militarizing -militarizes -militarized -militarization -militarization's -moldered -molder's -molders -mold's -molds -molt's -molts -moldiest -molded -molted -mom -memorialize -memorializing -memorializes -memorialized -memorize -memorizing -memorizes -memorized -memorization -memorization's -mom's -moms -myna -maneuver -maneuverable -maneuverability -maneuverability's -maneuvering -maneuverings -maneuvered -maneuver's -maneuvers -manege -manque -manege's -Manila -manila -Manila's -manila's -minimize -minimizing -minimizes -minimized -minimization -minimization's -manana -manana's -monopolize -monopolizer -monopolizing -monopolizer's -monopolizers -monopolizes -monopolized -monopolization -monopolization's -myna's -mynas -miniaturize -miniaturizing -miniaturizes -miniaturized -miniaturization -miniaturization's -mantes -monetize -monetizing -monetizes -monetized -Munchhausen -Munchhausen's -moralize -moralizer -moralizing -moralizer's -moralizers -moralizes -moralized -moralization -moralization's -meow's -meows -misbehavior -misbehavior's -misjudgment -misjudgment's -misjudgments -mislabeling -mislabeled -mesmerize -mesmerizer -mesmerizing -mesmerizer's -mesmerizers -mesmerizes -mesmerized -mercerize -mercerizing -mercerizes -mercerized -misdemeanor -misdemeanor's -misdemeanors -moisturize -moisturizer -moisturizing -moisturizer's -moisturizers -moisturizes -moisturized -mustache -mustache's -mustaches -mustached -metier -miter -metabolize -metabolizing -metabolizes -metabolized -modeler -modeling -modeling's -modelings -modeler's -modelers -medalist -medalist's -medalists -metaled -modeled -matinee -matinee's -matinees -modernize -modernizer -modernizing -modernizer's -modernizers -modernizes -modernized -modernization -modernization's -materiel -materialize -materiel's -materializing -materializes -materialized -materialization -materialization's -mitering -motorize -motorizing -metricize -motorizes -metricizing -metricizes -metricized -motorized -motorization -motorization's -mitered -maters -metier's -metiers -miter's -miters -metastasize -metastasizing -metastasizes -metastasized -meowing -meowed -marshaling -marshaled -mechanize -mechanizing -mechanizes -mechanized -mechanization -mechanization's -nee -neighbor -neighborhood -neighborhood's -neighborhoods -neighborly -neighborliness -neighborliness's -neighboring -neighbored -neighbor's -neighbors -novelize -novelizing -novelizes -novelized -novelization -novelization's -novelizations -novene -naivete -naivete's -narcotize -narcotizing -narcotizes -narcotized -narcotization -narcotization's -normalize -normalizing -normalizes -normalized -normalization -normalization's -numskull -numskull's -numskulls -nonsympathizer -nonsympathizer's -nasalize -nasalizing -nasalizes -nasalized -nasalization -nasalization's -naught -niter -nitroglycerin -nitroglycerin's -naturalize -neutralize -neutralizer -naturalizing -neutralizing -naturalizes -neutralizer's -neutralizers -neutralizes -naturalized -neutralized -naturalization -neutralization -naturalization's -neutralization's -notarize -notarizing -notarizes -notarized -notarization -naught's -naughts -niter's -nationalize -nationalizing -nationalizes -nationalized -nationalization -nationalization's -nationalizations -publicize -publicizing -publicizes -publicized -perv -performative -pajama -Pokemon -Pokemon's -pajamas -pajamas's -parlor -plow -pulverize -pulverizing -pulverizes -pulverized -pulverization -pulverization's -plagiarize -plagiarizer -plagiarizing -plagiarizer's -plagiarizers -plagiarizes -plagiarized -Paleolithic -paleolithic -plowman -plowmen -plowman's -polymerize -polymerizing -polymerizes -polymerized -polymerization -polymerization's -paleontology -paleontology's -paleontologist -paleontologist's -paleontologists -pluralize -pluralizing -pluralizes -pluralized -pluralization -pluralization's -polarize -polarizing -polarizes -polarized -polarization -polarization's -parlor's -parlors -plow's -plows -plasticize -plasticizing -plasticizes -plasticized -palatalize -palatalizing -palatalizes -palatalized -palatalization -palatalization's -politicize -politicizing -politicizes -politicized -politicization -politicization's -plowing -plowed -plowshare -plowshare's -plowshares -pommeling -pummeling -pommeled -pummeled -Poincare -Poincare's -paneling -paneling's -panelings -penalize -penalizing -penalizes -panelist -penalized -panelist's -panelists -penalization -penalization's -paneled -pinon -pinon's -pinons -penciling -pencilings -penciled -pinata -pinata's -pinatas -popularize -popularizing -popularizes -popularized -popularization -popularization's -pauperize -pauperizing -pauperizes -pauperized -Provencal -Provencal's -privatize -privatizing -privatizes -privatized -privatization -privatization's -privatizations -professionalize -professionalizing -professionalizes -professionalized -professionalization -prejudgment -prejudgment's -prejudgments -practicing -practiced -periling -paralyze -paralyzing -paralyzingly -paralyzes -paralyzed -periled -parameterize -parameterized -Parana -parenthesize -parenthesizing -parenthesizes -parenthesized -Parana's -propagandize -propagandizing -propagandizes -propagandized -prioritize -prioritizing -prioritizes -prioritized -prioritization -proselytize -proselytizer -proselytizing -proselytizer's -proselytizers -proselytizes -proselytized -prizing -pressurize -pressurizer -pressurizing -pressurizers -pressurizes -pressurized -pressurization -pressurization's -precis -precis's -precising -precised -prized -protege -protegee -protegees -protege's -proteges -pretense -pretense's -pretenses -preterit -preterit's -preterits -passe -passivization -parceling -parceled -personalize -personalizing -personalizes -personalized -piaster -pasteurize -pasteurizer -pasteurizing -pasteurizer's -pasteurizers -pasteurizes -pasteurized -pasteurization -pasteurization's -piaster's -piasters -psychoanalyze -psychoanalyzing -psychoanalyzes -psychoanalyzed -Porto -pedophile -pedophilia -pedophiles -particularize -particularizing -particularizes -particularized -particularization -particularization's -peddler -pedaling -peddler's -peddlers -pedaled -petaled -patine -Petain -Petain's -portiere -patronize -patronizer -patronizing -patronizingly -patronizer's -patronizers -patronizes -patronized -portiere's -portieres -Porto's -pedestrianize -pedestrianizing -pedestrianizes -pedestrianized -pedestrianization -pediatric -pediatrics -pediatrician -pediatrician's -pediatricians -pyorrhea -pyorrhea's -roue -reauthorize -reauthorizes -ruble -ruble's -rubles -rubberize -rubberizing -rubberizes -rubberized -robotize -robotizing -robotizes -robotized -reveler -raveling -refueling -reveling -rivaling -ravelings -revelings -reveler's -revelers -raveled -refueled -reveled -rivaled -revolutionize -revolutionizing -revolutionizes -revolutionized -revitalize -revitalizing -revitalizes -revitalized -revitalization -revitalization's -rigor -recognize -recognizer -recognizable -recognizably -recognizing -recognizance -recognizance's -recognizes -recognized -recolor -recolonize -recolonizing -recolonizes -recolonized -recolonization -recolonization's -recoloring -regularize -regularizing -regularizes -regularized -regularization -regularization's -recolored -recolors -Ragnarok -Ragnarok's -reorganize -reorganizing -reorganizes -reorganized -reorganization -reorganization's -reorganizations -reconnoiter -reconnoitering -reconnoitered -reconnoiters -recapitalize -recapitalizing -recapitalizes -recapitalized -recapitalization -recrystallize -recrystallizing -recrystallizes -recrystallized -rigor's -rigors -relabeling -relabeled -realize -realizable -realizing -realizes -realized -realization -realization's -realizations -rumor -reemphasize -reemphasizing -reemphasizes -reemphasized -remold -remolding -remolds -remolded -rumormonger -rumormonger's -rumormongers -Romania -Romania's -romanticize -romanticizing -romanticizes -romanticized -rumoring -rumored -rumor's -rumors -remodeling -remodeled -rancor -rancor's -reanalyze -reanalyzing -reanalyzes -reanalyzed -randomize -randomizing -randomizes -randomized -randomization -randomization's -reinitialize -reinitialized -reprized -rhapsodize -rhapsodizing -rhapsodizes -rhapsodized -roue's -roues -risque -radicalize -radicalizing -radicalizes -radicalized -radicalization -radicalization's -redialing -ritualized -redialed -routinize -routinizing -routinizes -routinized -roweling -roweled -rationalize -rationalizing -rationalizes -rationalized -rationalization -rationalization's -rationalizations -recherche -saber -cybercafe -cybercafes -seborrhea -seborrhea's -saber's -sabers -subsidize -subsidizer -subsidizing -subsidizer's -subsidizers -subsidizes -subsidized -subsidization -subsidization's -subtotaling -subtotaled -savior -savor -souffle -civilize -souffle's -souffles -civilizing -civilizes -civilized -civilization -civilization's -civilizations -savorier -savory -savoring -savoriness -savoriness's -savories -savory's -Sevres -Sevres's -savoriest -savored -savior's -saviors -savor's -savors -succor -skillful -skillfully -skillfulness -skillfulness's -circularize -secularize -circularizing -secularizing -circularizes -secularizes -circularized -secularized -secularization -secularization's -schematize -schematizing -schematizes -schematized -soigne -soignee -signaler -signaling -signaler's -signalers -signalize -signalizing -signalizes -signalized -signalization -signaled -scandalize -scandalizing -scandalizes -scandalized -skeptic -skeptical -skeptically -skeptic's -skeptics -skepticism -skepticism's -squirreling -squirreled -succoring -succored -scrutinize -scrutinizing -scrutinizes -scrutinized -succor's -succors -cicatrix -cicatrix's -slier -salable -sulfur -sulfuric -sulfuring -sulfurous -sulfured -sulfur's -sulfurs -sulfate -sulfide -sulfate's -sulfates -sulfide's -sulfides -soliloquize -soliloquizing -soliloquizes -soliloquized -solemnize -solemnizing -solemnizes -solemnized -solemnization -solemnization's -slenderize -slenderizing -slenderizes -slenderized -sliest -saltpeter -saltpeter's -somber -somberly -symbolize -symbolizing -symbolizes -symbolized -symbolization -symbolization's -somberness -somberness's -smorgasbord -smorgasbord's -smorgasbords -smolder -smoldering -smoldered -smolder's -smolders -sermonize -simonize -sermonizing -sermonizes -sermonized -sympathize -sympathizer -sympathizing -sympathizer's -sympathizers -sympathizes -sympathized -summarize -summarizing -summarizes -summarized -synthesize -synthesizing -synthesizes -synthesized -cenobite -cenobitic -cenobite's -cenobites -sniveler -sniveling -sniveler's -snivelers -sniveled -snorkeling -snorkeled -snowplow -snowplow's -snowplows -seance -seance's -seances -sensitize -sensitizing -sensitizes -sensitized -sensitization -sensitization's -sensationalize -sensationalizing -sensationalizes -sensationalized -center -centerboard -centerboard's -centerboards -centerfold -centerfold's -centerfolds -centiliter -centiliter's -centiliters -sentimentalize -sentimentalizing -sentimentalizes -sentimentalized -sentimentalization -sentimentalization's -centimeter -centimeter's -centimeters -centerpiece -centerpiece's -centerpieces -centralize -centralizer -centralizing -centralizer's -centralizers -centralizes -centralized -centralization -centralization's -centering -centered -center's -centers -sanitize -sanitizing -sanitizes -sanitized -synchronize -synchronizing -synchronizes -synchronized -synchronization -synchronization's -synchronizations -snowshed -soupcon -soupcon's -soupcons -specter -specter's -specters -splendor -splendor's -splendors -spilled -sepulcher -sepulchering -sepulchered -sepulcher's -sepulchers -spirea -spiraling -spiraled -spirea's -spireas -spirochete -spirochete's -spirochetes -scepter -scepter's -scepters -septicemia -septicemic -septicemia's -specialize -specializing -specializes -specialized -specialization -specialization's -specializations -specialty -specialties -specialty's -soiree -serialize -serializing -serializes -serialized -serialization -serialization's -serializations -soiree's -soirees -Zurich -Zurich's -sizable -cesium -cesium's -systematize -systematizing -systematizes -systematized -systematization -systematization's -saute -stabilize -stabilizer -stabilizing -stabilizer's -stabilizers -stabilizes -stabilized -stabilization -stabilization's -stigmatize -stigmatizing -stigmatizes -stigmatized -stigmatization -stigmatization's -stylize -stylizing -stylizes -stylized -sodomize -sodomizing -sodomizes -sodomized -sauteing -stenciling -stenciled -standardize -standardizing -standardizes -standardized -standardization -standardization's -sterilize -sterilizer -sterilizing -sterilizer's -sterilizers -sterilizes -sterilized -sterilization -sterilization's -sterilizations -satirize -satirizing -satirizes -satirized -saute's -sautes -sauteed -swiveling -swiveled -sweepstakes -sweepstakes's -socialize -socializing -socializes -socialized -socialization -socialization's -Schrodinger -Schrodinger's -debridement -debutante -debutante's -debutantes -deviling -deviled -defense -defenseless -defenselessly -defenselessness -defenselessness's -defensing -defense's -defenses -defensed -Dvorak -Dvorak's -divorcee -divorcee's -divorcees -devitalize -devitalizing -devitalizes -devitalized -dehumanize -dehumanizing -dehumanizes -dehumanized -dehumanization -dehumanization's -decolonize -decolonizing -decolonizes -decolonized -decolonization -decolonization's -decollete -decolletage -decolletage's -decolletages -decriminalize -decriminalizing -decriminalizes -decriminalized -decriminalization -decriminalization's -dike's -toxemia -toxemia's -digitize -digitizing -digitizes -digitized -digitization -dolor -dueler -dialog -dialing -dueling -dialings -duelings -tularemia -dolor's -dueler's -duelers -dialyzes -duelist -duelist's -duelists -dialed -dueled -Timor -tumor -demobilize -demobilizing -demobilizes -demobilized -demobilization -demobilization's -tumbrel -tumbrel's -tumbrels -demagnetize -demagnetizing -demagnetizes -demagnetized -demagnetization -demagnetization's -democratize -democratizing -democratizes -democratized -democratization -democratization's -demilitarize -demilitarizing -demilitarizes -demilitarized -demilitarization -demilitarization's -demeanor -demeanor's -demonize -demonizing -demonizes -demonized -diamante -demonetize -demonetizing -demonetizes -demonetized -demonetization -demonetization's -temporize -temporizer -temporizing -temporizer's -temporizers -temporizes -temporized -demoralize -demoralizing -demoralizes -demoralized -demoralization -demoralization's -Timor's -tumor's -tumors -demode -Danae -Tannhauser -Tannhauser's -denuclearize -denuclearizing -denuclearizes -denuclearized -tunneler -tunneling -tunnelings -tunneler's -tunnelers -tunneled -Danae's -tinseling -tinseled -tantalize -tantalizer -tantalizing -tantalizingly -tantalizer's -tantalizers -tantalizes -tantalized -tantalization -tantalization's -dentin -dentin's -downdraft -downdraft's -tenderize -tenderizer -tenderizing -tenderizer's -tenderizers -tenderizes -tenderized -denationalize -denationalizing -denationalizes -denationalized -denationalization -doppelganger -doppelgangers -depolarize -depolarizing -depolarizes -depolarized -depolarization -depolarization's -depoliticize -depoliticizing -depoliticizes -depoliticized -dependent's -dependents -depressurize -depressurizing -depressurizes -depressurized -depressurization -depersonalize -depersonalizing -depersonalizes -depersonalized -departmentalize -departmentalizing -departmentalizes -departmentalized -departmentalization -departmentalization's -deputize -deputizing -deputizes -deputized -Durer -trabecule -driveler -traveler -driveling -traveling -traveling's -travelings -driveler's -drivelers -traveler's -travelers -trivialize -trivializing -trivializes -trivialized -trivialization -trivialization's -driveled -traveled -draftier -drafty -draftily -draftiness -draftiness's -draftsman -draftsmen -draftsman's -draftsmanship -draftsmanship's -draftiest -draftswoman -draftswomen -draftswoman's -diarrhea -diarrhea's -tricolor -tricolor's -tricolors -derailleur -dryly -trialing -derailleur's -derailleurs -trialed -trammeling -trammeled -dramatize -traumatize -dramatizing -traumatizing -dramatizes -traumatizes -dramatized -traumatized -dramatization -dramatization's -dramatizations -tranquilize -tranquilizer -tranquilizing -tranquilizer's -tranquilizers -tranquilizes -tranquilized -tranquility -tranquility's -tyrannize -tyrannizing -tyrannizes -transistorize -transistorizing -transistorizes -transistorized -tyrannized -derriere -derriere's -derrieres -terrorize -terrorizing -terrorizes -terrorized -Durer's -troweling -troweled -disfavor -disfavoring -disfavored -disfavor's -disfavors -discolor -discoloring -discolored -discolors -disorganize -disorganizing -disorganizes -disorganized -disorganization -disorganization's -tasseling -desalinize -desalinizing -desalinizes -desalinized -desalinization -desalinization's -deciliter -tasseled -Dusseldorf -Dusseldorf's -deciliter's -deciliters -disemboweling -disemboweled -decimalization -decimeter -decimeter's -decimeters -desensitize -desensitizing -desensitizes -desensitized -desensitization -desensitization's -decentralize -decentralizing -decentralizes -decentralized -decentralization -decentralization's -destabilize -destabilizing -destabilizes -destabilized -destabilization -distill -distills -tidbit -tidbit's -tidbits -totaling -totalizator -totalizator's -totalizators -totaled -detente -detente's -deodorize -deodorizer -deodorizing -deodorizer's -deodorizers -deodorizes -deodorized -deodorization -deodorization's -teetotaler -teetotaler's -teetotalers -doweling -toweling -toweling's -towelings -doweled -toweled -touche -disheveling -disheveled -dishonor -dishonorable -dishonorably -dishonoring -dishonored -dishonor's -dishonors -whir -weatherize -weatherizing -weatherizes -weatherized -verbalize -verbalizing -verbalizes -verbalized -verbalization -verbalization's -vigor -vocalize -vocalizing -vocalizes -vocalized -vocalization -vocalization's -vocalizations -vicuna -vicuna's -vicunas -vigor's -victualing -victualed -victimize -victimizing -victimizes -victimized -victimization -victimization's -valor -voila -willful -willfully -willfulness -willfulness's -vulcanize -vulcanizing -vulcanizes -vulcanized -vulcanization -vulcanization's -vulgarize -vulgarizer -vulgarizing -vulgarizer's -vulgarizers -vulgarizes -vulgarized -vulgarization -vulgarization's -woolen -woolen's -woolens -Valery -Valery's -valor's -Velasquez -Velazquez -Velasquez's -Velazquez's -volatilize -volatilizing -volatilizes -volatilized -womanize -womanizer -womanizing -womanizer's -womanizers -womanizes -womanized -wainscoting -wainscoting's -wainscotings -wainscoted -vandalize -vandalizing -vandalizes -vandalized -winterize -winterizing -winterizes -winterized -vapor -vapory -vaporize -vaporizer -vaporizing -vaporizer's -vaporizers -vaporizes -vaporized -vaporization -vaporization's -vapor's -vapors -varicolored -veranda -veranda's -verandas -whir's -whirs -whiz -whiskey -whiskey's -whiskeys -weaseling -visualize -visualizer -visualizing -visualizer's -visualizers -visualizes -visualized -visualization -visualization's -visualizations -weaseled -whiz's -westernize -westernizing -westernizes -westernized -westernization -westernization's -watercolor -watercolor's -watercolors -vitalize -vitalizing -vitalizes -vitalized -virtualization -vitalization -vitalization's -worshiper -worshiping -worshiper's -worshipers -worshiped -shoveling -shoveled -checkbook -checkbook's -checkbooks -checkerboard -checkerboard's -checkerboards -sheikh -sheikh's -sheikhs -chocolaty -checkering -checkered -chili -chilies -chili's -channeling -channelize -channelizing -channelizes -channelized -channelization -channelization's -channeled -chaperon -chaperon's -chaperons -shriveling -shriveled -characterize -characterizing -characterizes -characterized -characterization -characterization's -characterizations -Christianize -chiseler -chiseling -chiseler's -chiselers -chiseled -chateau -chateaux -chatelaine -chatelaine's -chatelaines -chateau's -yogurt -yogurt's -yogurts -yodeler -yodeling -yodeler's -yodelers -yodeled diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/README.md b/tests/pipeline_tests/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93449ad0d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Unix bash pipelines + +The purpose of the test is to compare the times of different unix bash pipeline combinations in both lind and native to benchmark the performance of unix pipes and the bash coreutils like `cat`, `grep`, `wc`, etc. + +## Instructions to run test + +```sh +./benchmark.sh +``` + +To generate syscall ratios for I/O and pipe read-writes +```sh +# varying read and write buffer sizes +./gen_sysbar_.sh +``` + +To run cat pipelines benchmark, each benchmark is N number of cats in a pipe +```sh +python3 cat_bench.py -c +``` + +## Instructions to plot graphs + +```sh +python3 gen_pipelin_plots.py data/native_pipelines.json data/lind_pipelines.json data/pipelines.png +``` + +To generate plots for the cat pipelines benchmark +```sh +python3 cat_bench.py data/cat_native.json data/cat_lind.json data/cat_bench.png +``` diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/benchmark.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/benchmark.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..a8ad86cb06 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/benchmark.sh @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +/bin/bash prep.sh $2 + +echo -e "\nRunning pipeline tests on native" +python3 native_pipelines.py -c $1 + +echo -e "\nRunning pipeline tests on lind" +python3 lind_pipelines.py -c $1 + +echo -e "\nRemoving test output files" +rm test_content/*.out +rm test_content/content.txt +lindfs deltree /test_content/ diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/cat_bench.py b/tests/pipeline_tests/cat_bench.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9133f6b5be --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/cat_bench.py @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +import argparse +import json +import subprocess +import timeit + +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Script to benchmark coreutils pipelines") +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + + +def generate_script(num): + script = "/bin/cat ./test_content/content.txt " + cats = ["| /bin/cat" for _ in range(num - 1)] + script += " ".join(cats) + script += " > cat_cat.out" + print(script) + with open("scripts/cat_cat.sh", "w") as f: + f.write(script) + + +def execute_script(): + process = subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", f"scripts/cat_cat.sh"]) + + +run_times = {} +lind_run_times = {} + +for num in [1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 32]: + print(f"\n#cat: {num}") + generate_script(num) + + run_times[num] = [] + run_times[num] = timeit.timeit( + f"execute_script()", + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) + run_times[num] = round((run_times[num] / args.count) * 1000, 1) + print(f"Average native runtime: {run_times[num]}") + + lind_run_times[num] = [] + subprocess.call( + [ + "lindfs", + "cp", + "/home/lind/lind_project/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_cat.sh", + "/pipeline_tests/cat_cat.sh", + ] + ) + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen( + ["lind", "-t", "/bin/bash", "/pipeline_tests/cat_cat.sh"], + stdout=PIPE, + stderr=PIPE, + ) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + + try: + run_time = int(float(stderr.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + lind_run_times[num].append(run_time) + lind_run_times[num] = sum(lind_run_times[num]) / args.count + print(f"Average lind runtime: {lind_run_times[num]}") + +with open(f"cat_native.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(run_times, fp) + +with open(f"cat_lind.json", "w") as fp: + json.dump(lind_run_times, fp) diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/data/lind_pipelines.json b/tests/pipeline_tests/data/lind_pipelines.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a6b2c9123 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/data/lind_pipelines.json @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +{ + "cat": 2075.1, + "grep": 1439.9, + "uniq": 4821.3, + "tr": 4147.6, + "cat | tr": 4095.8, + "cat | grep": 4168.8, + "grep | uniq": 4296.1, + "cat | grep | uniq": 4251.7, + "cat | tr | grep | uniq": 2813.4 +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/data/native_pipelines.json b/tests/pipeline_tests/data/native_pipelines.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf2ab2710f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/data/native_pipelines.json @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +{ + "cat": 1677.6, + "grep": 1038.2, + "uniq": 3098.0, + "tr": 2934.1, + "cat | tr": 2698.2, + "cat | grep": 2196.9, + "grep | uniq": 2243.2, + "cat | grep | uniq": 2222.9, + "cat | tr | grep | uniq": 1104.4 +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_cat_plots.py b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_cat_plots.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d8ee198ab --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_cat_plots.py @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +import numpy as np +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import seaborn as sns +import json +import sys + + +dataset = dict() +dataset["relative_time"] = list() +dataset["platform"] = list() +dataset["time"] = list() +dataset["bufsize"] = list() + +nativeavgs = dict() + +with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as fp: + nativedata = json.load(fp) +with open(sys.argv[2], "r") as fp: + linddata = json.load(fp) + +for key in linddata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(linddata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(linddata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Lind") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + +for key in nativedata: + dataset["relative_time"].append(nativedata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(nativedata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Native") + dataset["bufsize"].append(int(key)) + + +# dataset["relative_time"] = [100 * (1 - t) for t in dataset["relative_time"]] +df = pd.DataFrame(data=dataset) +pd.set_option("display.max_rows", None, "display.max_columns", None) +plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5)) +sns.set(style="darkgrid") +sns.set_palette("bright") +fig = sns.barplot(x="bufsize", y="relative_time", hue="platform", data=df) +sns.move_legend( + fig, + "lower center", + bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, -0.2), + ncol=3, + title="Platform", + frameon=False, +) +fig.legend_.set_title(None) +# sns.lineplot(x="bufsize", y="time", hue="platform", data=df) +# plt.yscale("log") +plt.xlabel("# of cat stages", fontsize=10) +# plt.ylabel("Performance Improvement over Native Linux") +plt.ylabel("Relative runtime w.r.t Native runtime", fontsize=10) +plt.title("Pipeline Performance of N-Consecutive 'cat' Applications for a 2GB File") +plt.tight_layout(pad=0.25) + +plt.savefig(sys.argv[3], dpi=800) diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_pipeline_plots.py b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_pipeline_plots.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..33fe36d101 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_pipeline_plots.py @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +import numpy as np +import pandas as pd +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import seaborn as sns +import json +import sys + + +dataset = dict() +dataset["relative_time"] = list() +dataset["platform"] = list() +dataset["time"] = list() +dataset["pipeline"] = list() + +with open(sys.argv[1], "r") as fp: + nativedata = json.load(fp) +with open(sys.argv[2], "r") as fp: + linddata = json.load(fp) + +for key in nativedata: + if nativedata[key] == 0: + dataset["relative_time"].append(0) + else: + dataset["relative_time"].append(nativedata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(nativedata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Native") + dataset["pipeline"].append(key) + +for key in linddata: + if nativedata[key] == 0: + dataset["relative_time"].append(0) + else: + dataset["relative_time"].append(linddata[key] / nativedata[key]) + dataset["time"].append(linddata[key]) + dataset["platform"].append("Lind") + dataset["pipeline"].append(key) + + +df = pd.DataFrame(data=dataset) +pd.set_option("display.max_rows", None, "display.max_columns", None) +plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4)) +sns.set(style="darkgrid") +sns.set_palette("bright") +fig = sns.barplot(x="relative_time", y="pipeline", hue="platform", data=df) +sns.move_legend( + fig, + "lower center", + bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1), + ncol=3, + title="Platform", + frameon=False, +) + +plt.xlabel("Relative lind runtime w.r.t Native runtime") +plt.ylabel("Pipeline") +# plt.title("Piping 16GB Varying Buffersize: " + sys.argv[4], y = -0.125, fontsize=16) +plt.tight_layout(pad=1) + +plt.savefig(sys.argv[3], dpi=400) diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_lind.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_lind.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..f74dd917c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_lind.sh @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +#!/bin/bash +for test in $(cat $1) +do + echo "Test: $test" + for COUNT in $( seq 1 $2 ) + do + # generate perf report for the test + perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- lind /bin/bash /pipeline_tests/$test &> times.txt + perf report > report.txt + + # grep read calls + IOREAD=$(grep readat report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEREAD=$(grep read_from_pipe report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + # grep write calls + IOWRITE=$(grep writeat report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEWRITE=$(grep write_to_pipe report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + if [[ $IOREAD ]]; then + echo $IOREAD + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $PIPEWRITE ]]; then + echo $PIPEWRITE + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $PIPEREAD ]]; then + echo $PIPEREAD + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $IOWRITE ]]; then + echo $IOWRITE + else + echo "0" + fi + done +done diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_native.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_native.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4c7b5ad744 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_sysbar_native.sh @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +#!/bin/bash +for test in $(cat $1) +do + echo "Test: $test" + for COUNT in $( seq 1 $2 ) + do + # generate perf report for the test + perf record -F 999 -a --call-graph dwarf -- /bin/bash $test &> times.txt + perf report > report.txt + + # grep read calls + IOREAD=$(grep ext4_file_read_iter report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEREAD=$(grep pipe_read report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + # grep write calls + IOWRITE=$(grep ext4_file_write_iter report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + PIPEWRITE=$(grep pipe_write report.txt | sort -k2 -nr | head -1 | tr -dc '[. [:digit:]]' | awk '{ print $1 }') + if [[ $IOREAD ]]; then + echo $IOREAD + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $PIPEWRITE ]]; then + echo $PIPEWRITE + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $PIPEREAD ]]; then + echo $PIPEREAD + else + echo "0" + fi + if [[ $IOWRITE ]]; then + echo $IOWRITE + else + echo "0" + fi + done +done diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_test_content.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_test_content.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..17bb3ae98a --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/gen_test_content.sh @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +let count=$(($1/5)) + +cat /dev/null > test_content/$2 +for c in $( seq 1 $count ); +do + dd if=test_content/big.txt of=test_content/$2 bs=5M count=1 oflag=append conv=notrunc +done + +cat test_content/$2 | grep -Eo '[+-]?[0-9]+([.][0-9]+)?' > test_content/nums.txt diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/lind_pipelines.py b/tests/pipeline_tests/lind_pipelines.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bd68ff8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/lind_pipelines.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +import argparse +import json +from subprocess import Popen, PIPE + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark runtimes of coreutils pipelines in lind" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +test_files = [] +with open("tests.txt", "r") as f: + test_files = [tf.strip() for tf in f.readlines() if len(tf.strip()) > 0] + + +run_times = {} +for test_file in test_files: + with open("scripts/" + test_file, "r") as f: + print(f"Test: {f.read().strip()}") + + test = " | ".join(test_file.replace(".sh", "").split("_")) + run_times[test] = [] + for _ in range(args.count): + output = Popen(["lind", "-t", "/bin/bash", "/pipeline_tests/" + test_file], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) + stdout, stderr = output.communicate() + + try: + run_time = int(float(stderr.split()[-1]) * 1000) + except ValueError: + continue + run_times[test].append(run_time) + run_times[test] = round(sum(run_times[test]) / args.count, 1) + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[test]}\n") + +with open("data/lind_pipelines.json", "w") as f: + json.dump(run_times, f) diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/native_pipelines.py b/tests/pipeline_tests/native_pipelines.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20c2920711 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/native_pipelines.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +import argparse +import json +import subprocess +import timeit + +parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Script to benchmark runtimes of coreutils pipelines in native linux" +) +parser.add_argument( + "-c", "--count", dest="count", type=int, default=10, help="Number of runs" +) +args = parser.parse_args() + +test_files = [] +with open("tests.txt", "r") as f: + test_files = [tf.strip() for tf in f.readlines() if len(tf.strip()) > 0] + + +def execute_script(test_file): + _ = subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", test_file], cwd="./") + + +run_times = {} +for test_file in test_files: + with open("scripts/" + test_file, "r") as f: + print(f"Test: {f.read().strip()}") + + test = " | ".join(test_file.replace(".sh", "").split("_")) + run_times[test] = timeit.timeit( + f'execute_script("scripts/{test_file}")', + setup="from __main__ import execute_script", + number=args.count, + ) + run_times[test] = round((run_times[test] / args.count) * 1000, 1) + print(f"Average runtime: {run_times[test]}\n") + +with open("data/native_pipelines.json", "w") as f: + json.dump(run_times, f) diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/prep.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/prep.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4456efb68f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/prep.sh @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +# generate test content +echo "Generating test content..." +./gen_test_content.sh $1 content.txt +mkdir -p data/ + +# load test files +echo "Loading test files..." + +lindfs mkdir /pipeline_tests/ +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/ /pipeline_tests/ + +# load test data +echo "Loading test data..." +lindfs cp /home/lind/lind_project/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content /test_content/ diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..11cbe44f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt > test_content/cat_test.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cd671695d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/grep -i "the" > test_content/cat_grep.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_uniq.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_uniq.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..34ad17fc52 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_uniq.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/grep -i "the" | /bin/uniq > test_content/cat_grep_uniq.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_wc.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_wc.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..c06e6014bb --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_grep_wc.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/grep -Eo '[+-]?[0-9]+([.][0-9]+)?' | /bin/wc -l diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..6736cf30e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/tr -d [:digit:] > test_content/cat_tr.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..55aadde5e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/tr -d [:digit:] | /bin/grep -i "the" | /bin/uniq > test_content/cat_tr_grep_uniq.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_wc.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_wc.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..75c5e6eba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/cat_wc.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/cat test_content/content.txt | /bin/wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..6656b6a147 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/grep -i "the" test_content/content.txt > test_content/grep_test.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..ab901fb2ca --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/grep -Eo '[+-]?[0-9]+([.][0-9]+)?' test_content/content.txt | /bin/sort -n > test_content/grep_sort.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort_uniq.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort_uniq.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..7b43881bf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_sort_uniq.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/grep -Eo '[+-]?[0-9]+([.][0-9]+)?' test_content/content.txt | /bin/sort -n | /bin/uniq > test_content/grep_sort_uniq.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_uniq.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_uniq.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21a265bef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_uniq.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/grep -i "the" test_content/content.txt | /bin/uniq > test_content/grep_uniq.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_wc.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_wc.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..fb0801879b --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/grep_wc.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/grep -i "the" test_content/content.txt | /bin/wc diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/sort.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/sort.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ebac373d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/sort.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/sort -n test_content/nums.txt > test_content/sort_test.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/tr.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/tr.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..19a42a2b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/tr.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/tr -d [:digit:] < test_content/content.txt > test_content/tr_test.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/uniq.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/uniq.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..333f1acf16 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/uniq.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/uniq test_content/content.txt > test_content/uniq_test.out diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/wc.sh b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/wc.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4636b93a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/scripts/wc.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/bin/wc test_content/content.txt diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/big.txt b/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/big.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dcc6bd29be --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/big.txt @@ -0,0 +1,128457 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes +by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle +(#15 in our series by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes + +Author: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle + +Release Date: March, 1999 [EBook #1661] +[Most recently updated: November 29, 2002] + +Edition: 12 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES *** + + + + +(Additional editing by Jose Menendez) + + + +THE ADVENTURES OF +SHERLOCK HOLMES + +BY + +SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE + +CONTENTS + +I. A Scandal in Bohemia +II. The Red-Headed League +III. A Case of Identity +IV. The Boscombe Valley Mystery +V. The Five Orange Pips +VI. The Man with the Twisted Lip +VII. The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle +VIII. The Adventure of the Speckled Band +IX. The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb +X. The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor +XI. The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet +XII. The Adventure of the Copper Beeches + + +ADVENTURE I. A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA + +I. + + +To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. All emotions, and that one particularly, were abhorrent to his cold, precise but admirably balanced mind. He was, I take it, the most perfect reasoning and observing machine that the world has seen, but as a lover he would have placed himself in a false position. He never spoke of the softer passions, save with a gibe and a sneer. They were admirable things for the observer--excellent for drawing the veil from men's motives and actions. But for the trained reasoner to admit such intrusions into his own delicate and finely adjusted temperament was to introduce a distracting factor which might throw a doubt upon all his mental results. Grit in a sensitive instrument, or a crack in one of his own high-power lenses, would not be more disturbing than a strong emotion in a nature such as his. And yet there was but one woman to him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, of dubious and questionable memory. + +I had seen little of Holmes lately. My marriage had drifted us away from each other. My own complete happiness, and the home-centred interests which rise up around the man who first finds himself master of his own establishment, were sufficient to absorb all my attention, while Holmes, who loathed every form of society with his whole Bohemian soul, remained in our lodgings in Baker Street, buried among his old books, and alternating from week to week between cocaine and ambition, the drowsiness of the drug, and the fierce energy of his own keen nature. He was still, as ever, deeply attracted by the study of crime, and occupied his immense faculties and extraordinary powers of observation in following out those clues, and clearing up those mysteries which had been abandoned as hopeless by the official police. From time to time I heard some vague account of his doings: of his summons to Odessa in the case of the Trepoff murder, of his clearing up of the singular tragedy of the Atkinson brothers at Trincomalee, and finally of the mission which he had accomplished so delicately and successfully for the reigning family of Holland. Beyond these signs of his activity, however, which I merely shared with all the readers of the daily press, I knew little of my former friend and companion. + +One night--it was on the twentieth of March, 1888--I was returning from a journey to a patient (for I had now returned to civil practice), when my way led me through Baker Street. As I passed the well-remembered door, which must always be associated in my mind with my wooing, and with the dark incidents of the Study in Scarlet, I was seized with a keen desire to see Holmes again, and to know how he was employing his extraordinary powers. His rooms were brilliantly lit, and, even as I looked up, I saw his tall, spare figure pass twice in a dark silhouette against the blind. He was pacing the room swiftly, eagerly, with his head sunk upon his chest and his hands clasped behind him. To me, who knew his every mood and habit, his attitude and manner told their own story. He was at work again. He had risen out of his drug-created dreams and was hot upon the scent of some new problem. I rang the bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own. + +His manner was not effusive. It seldom was; but he was glad, I think, to see me. With hardly a word spoken, but with a kindly eye, he waved me to an armchair, threw across his case of cigars, and indicated a spirit case and a gasogene in the corner. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. + +"Wedlock suits you," he remarked. "I think, Watson, that you have put on seven and a half pounds since I saw you." + +"Seven!" I answered. + +"Indeed, I should have thought a little more. Just a trifle more, I fancy, Watson. And in practice again, I observe. You did not tell me that you intended to go into harness." + +"Then, how do you know?" + +"I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?" + +"My dear Holmes," said I, "this is too much. You would certainly have been burned, had you lived a few centuries ago. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes I can't imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, and my wife has given her notice, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out." + +He chuckled to himself and rubbed his long, nervous hands together. + +"It is simplicity itself," said he; "my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey. As to your practice, if a gentleman walks into my rooms smelling of iodoform, with a black mark of nitrate of silver upon his right forefinger, and a bulge on the right side of his top-hat to show where he has secreted his stethoscope, I must be dull, indeed, if I do not pronounce him to be an active member of the medical profession." + +I could not help laughing at the ease with which he explained his process of deduction. "When I hear you give your reasons," I remarked, "the thing always appears to me to be so ridiculously simple that I could easily do it myself, though at each successive instance of your reasoning I am baffled until you explain your process. And yet I believe that my eyes are as good as yours." + +"Quite so," he answered, lighting a cigarette, and throwing himself down into an armchair. "You see, but you do not observe. The distinction is clear. For example, you have frequently seen the steps which lead up from the hall to this room." + +"Frequently." + +"How often?" + +"Well, some hundreds of times." + +"Then how many are there?" + +"How many? I don't know." + +"Quite so! You have not observed. And yet you have seen. That is just my point. Now, I know that there are seventeen steps, because I have both seen and observed. By the way, since you are interested in these little problems, and since you are good enough to chronicle one or two of my trifling experiences, you may be interested in this." He threw over a sheet of thick, pink-tinted notepaper which had been lying open upon the table. "It came by the last post," said he. "Read it aloud." + +The note was undated, and without either signature or address. + +"There will call upon you to-night, at a quarter to eight o'clock," it said, "a gentleman who desires to consult you upon a matter of the very deepest moment. Your recent services to one of the royal houses of Europe have shown that you are one who may safely be trusted with matters which are of an importance which can hardly be exaggerated. This account of you we have from all quarters received. Be in your chamber then at that hour, and do not take it amiss if your visitor wear a mask." + +"This is indeed a mystery," I remarked. "What do you imagine that it means?" + +"I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. But the note itself. What do you deduce from it?" + +I carefully examined the writing, and the paper upon which it was written. + +"The man who wrote it was presumably well to do," I remarked, endeavouring to imitate my companion's processes. "Such paper could not be bought under half a crown a packet. It is peculiarly strong and stiff." + +"Peculiar--that is the very word," said Holmes. "It is not an English paper at all. Hold it up to the light." + +I did so, and saw a large "E" with a small "g," a "P," and a large "G" with a small "t" woven into the texture of the paper. + +"What do you make of that?" asked Holmes. + +"The name of the maker, no doubt; or his monogram, rather." + +"Not at all. The 'G' with the small 't' stands for 'Gesellschaft,' which is the German for 'Company.' It is a customary contraction like our 'Co.' 'P,' of course, stands for 'Papier.' Now for the 'Eg.' Let us glance at our Continental Gazetteer." He took down a heavy brown volume from his shelves. "Eglow, Eglonitz--here we are, Egria. It is in a German-speaking country--in Bohemia, not far from Carlsbad. 'Remarkable as being the scene of the death of Wallenstein, and for its numerous glass-factories and paper-mills.' Ha, ha, my boy, what do you make of that?" His eyes sparkled, and he sent up a great blue triumphant cloud from his cigarette. + +"The paper was made in Bohemia," I said. + +"Precisely. And the man who wrote the note is a German. Do you note the peculiar construction of the sentence--'This account of you we have from all quarters received.' A Frenchman or Russian could not have written that. It is the German who is so uncourteous to his verbs. It only remains, therefore, to discover what is wanted by this German who writes upon Bohemian paper and prefers wearing a mask to showing his face. And here he comes, if I am not mistaken, to resolve all our doubts." + +As he spoke there was the sharp sound of horses' hoofs and grating wheels against the curb, followed by a sharp pull at the bell. Holmes whistled. + +"A pair, by the sound," said he. "Yes," he continued, glancing out of the window. "A nice little brougham and a pair of beauties. A hundred and fifty guineas apiece. There's money in this case, Watson, if there is nothing else." + +"I think that I had better go, Holmes." + +"Not a bit, Doctor. Stay where you are. I am lost without my Boswell. And this promises to be interesting. It would be a pity to miss it." + +"But your client--" + +"Never mind him. I may want your help, and so may he. Here he comes. Sit down in that armchair, Doctor, and give us your best attention." + +A slow and heavy step, which had been heard upon the stairs and in the passage, paused immediately outside the door. Then there was a loud and authoritative tap. + +"Come in!" said Holmes. + +A man entered who could hardly have been less than six feet six inches in height, with the chest and limbs of a Hercules. His dress was rich with a richness which would, in England, be looked upon as akin to bad taste. Heavy bands of astrakhan were slashed across the sleeves and fronts of his double-breasted coat, while the deep blue cloak which was thrown over his shoulders was lined with flame-coloured silk and secured at the neck with a brooch which consisted of a single flaming beryl. Boots which extended halfway up his calves, and which were trimmed at the tops with rich brown fur, completed the impression of barbaric opulence which was suggested by his whole appearance. He carried a broad-brimmed hat in his hand, while he wore across the upper part of his face, extending down past the cheekbones, a black vizard mask, which he had apparently adjusted that very moment, for his hand was still raised to it as he entered. From the lower part of the face he appeared to be a man of strong character, with a thick, hanging lip, and a long, straight chin suggestive of resolution pushed to the length of obstinacy. + +"You had my note?" he asked with a deep harsh voice and a strongly marked German accent. "I told you that I would call." He looked from one to the other of us, as if uncertain which to address. + +"Pray take a seat," said Holmes. "This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson, who is occasionally good enough to help me in my cases. Whom have I the honour to address?" + +"You may address me as the Count Von Kramm, a Bohemian nobleman. I understand that this gentleman, your friend, is a man of honour and discretion, whom I may trust with a matter of the most extreme importance. If not, I should much prefer to communicate with you alone." + +I rose to go, but Holmes caught me by the wrist and pushed me back into my chair. "It is both, or none," said he. "You may say before this gentleman anything which you may say to me." + +The Count shrugged his broad shoulders. "Then I must begin," said he, "by binding you both to absolute secrecy for two years; at the end of that time the matter will be of no importance. At present it is not too much to say that it is of such weight it may have an influence upon European history." + +"I promise," said Holmes. + +"And I." + +"You will excuse this mask," continued our strange visitor. "The august person who employs me wishes his agent to be unknown to you, and I may confess at once that the title by which I have just called myself is not exactly my own." + +"I was aware of it," said Holmes dryly. + +"The circumstances are of great delicacy, and every precaution has to be taken to quench what might grow to be an immense scandal and seriously compromise one of the reigning families of Europe. To speak plainly, the matter implicates the great House of Ormstein, hereditary kings of Bohemia." + +"I was also aware of that," murmured Holmes, settling himself down in his armchair and closing his eyes. + +Our visitor glanced with some apparent surprise at the languid, lounging figure of the man who had been no doubt depicted to him as the most incisive reasoner and most energetic agent in Europe. Holmes slowly reopened his eyes and looked impatiently at his gigantic client. + +"If your Majesty would condescend to state your case," he remarked, "I should be better able to advise you." + +The man sprang from his chair and paced up and down the room in uncontrollable agitation. Then, with a gesture of desperation, he tore the mask from his face and hurled it upon the ground. "You are right," he cried; "I am the King. Why should I attempt to conceal it?" + +"Why, indeed?" murmured Holmes. "Your Majesty had not spoken before I was aware that I was addressing Wilhelm Gottsreich Sigismond von Ormstein, Grand Duke of Cassel-Felstein, and hereditary King of Bohemia." + +"But you can understand," said our strange visitor, sitting down once more and passing his hand over his high white forehead, "you can understand that I am not accustomed to doing such business in my own person. Yet the matter was so delicate that I could not confide it to an agent without putting myself in his power. I have come incognito from Prague for the purpose of consulting you." + +"Then, pray consult," said Holmes, shutting his eyes once more. + +"The facts are briefly these: Some five years ago, during a lengthy visit to Warsaw, I made the acquaintance of the well-known adventuress, Irene Adler. The name is no doubt familiar to you." + +"Kindly look her up in my index, Doctor," murmured Holmes without opening his eyes. For many years he had adopted a system of docketing all paragraphs concerning men and things, so that it was difficult to name a subject or a person on which he could not at once furnish information. In this case I found her biography sandwiched in between that of a Hebrew rabbi and that of a staff-commander who had written a monograph upon the deep-sea fishes. + +"Let me see!" said Holmes. "Hum! Born in New Jersey in the year 1858. Contralto--hum! La Scala, hum! Prima donna Imperial Opera of Warsaw--yes! Retired from operatic stage--ha! Living in London--quite so! Your Majesty, as I understand, became entangled with this young person, wrote her some compromising letters, and is now desirous of getting those letters back." + +"Precisely so. But how--" + +"Was there a secret marriage?" + +"None." + +"No legal papers or certificates?" + +"None." + +"Then I fail to follow your Majesty. If this young person should produce her letters for blackmailing or other purposes, how is she to prove their authenticity?" + +"There is the writing." + +"Pooh, pooh! Forgery." + +"My private note-paper." + +"Stolen." + +"My own seal." + +"Imitated." + +"My photograph." + +"Bought." + +"We were both in the photograph." + +"Oh, dear! That is very bad! Your Majesty has indeed committed an indiscretion." + +"I was mad--insane." + +"You have compromised yourself seriously." + +"I was only Crown Prince then. I was young. I am but thirty now." + +"It must be recovered." + +"We have tried and failed." + +"Your Majesty must pay. It must be bought." + +"She will not sell." + +"Stolen, then." + +"Five attempts have been made. Twice burglars in my pay ransacked her house. Once we diverted her luggage when she travelled. Twice she has been waylaid. There has been no result." + +"No sign of it?" + +"Absolutely none." + +Holmes laughed. "It is quite a pretty little problem," said he. + +"But a very serious one to me," returned the King reproachfully. + +"Very, indeed. And what does she propose to do with the photograph?" + +"To ruin me." + +"But how?" + +"I am about to be married." + +"So I have heard." + +"To Clotilde Lothman von Saxe-Meningen, second daughter of the King of Scandinavia. You may know the strict principles of her family. She is herself the very soul of delicacy. A shadow of a doubt as to my conduct would bring the matter to an end." + +"And Irene Adler?" + +"Threatens to send them the photograph. And she will do it. I know that she will do it. You do not know her, but she has a soul of steel. She has the face of the most beautiful of women, and the mind of the most resolute of men. Rather than I should marry another woman, there are no lengths to which she would not go--none." + +"You are sure that she has not sent it yet?" + +"I am sure." + +"And why?" + +"Because she has said that she would send it on the day when the betrothal was publicly proclaimed. That will be next Monday." + +"Oh, then we have three days yet," said Holmes with a yawn. "That is very fortunate, as I have one or two matters of importance to look into just at present. Your Majesty will, of course, stay in London for the present?" + +"Certainly. You will find me at the Langham under the name of the Count Von Kramm." + +"Then I shall drop you a line to let you know how we progress." + +"Pray do so. I shall be all anxiety." + +"Then, as to money?" + +"You have carte blanche." + +"Absolutely?" + +"I tell you that I would give one of the provinces of my kingdom to have that photograph." + +"And for present expenses?" + +The King took a heavy chamois leather bag from under his cloak and laid it on the table. + +"There are three hundred pounds in gold and seven hundred in notes," he said. + +Holmes scribbled a receipt upon a sheet of his note-book and handed it to him. + +"And Mademoiselle's address?" he asked. + +"Is Briony Lodge, Serpentine Avenue, St. John's Wood." + +Holmes took a note of it. "One other question," said he. "Was the photograph a cabinet?" + +"It was." + +"Then, good-night, your Majesty, and I trust that we shall soon have some good news for you. And good-night, Watson," he added, as the wheels of the royal brougham rolled down the street. "If you will be good enough to call to-morrow afternoon at three o'clock I should like to chat this little matter over with you." + +II. + + +At three o'clock precisely I was at Baker Street, but Holmes had not yet returned. The landlady informed me that he had left the house shortly after eight o'clock in the morning. I sat down beside the fire, however, with the intention of awaiting him, however long he might be. I was already deeply interested in his inquiry, for, though it was surrounded by none of the grim and strange features which were associated with the two crimes which I have already recorded, still, the nature of the case and the exalted station of his client gave it a character of its own. Indeed, apart from the nature of the investigation which my friend had on hand, there was something in his masterly grasp of a situation, and his keen, incisive reasoning, which made it a pleasure to me to study his system of work, and to follow the quick, subtle methods by which he disentangled the most inextricable mysteries. So accustomed was I to his invariable success that the very possibility of his failing had ceased to enter into my head. + +It was close upon four before the door opened, and a drunken-looking groom, ill-kempt and side-whiskered, with an inflamed face and disreputable clothes, walked into the room. Accustomed as I was to my friend's amazing powers in the use of disguises, I had to look three times before I was certain that it was indeed he. With a nod he vanished into the bedroom, whence he emerged in five minutes tweed-suited and respectable, as of old. Putting his hands into his pockets, he stretched out his legs in front of the fire and laughed heartily for some minutes. + +"Well, really!" he cried, and then he choked and laughed again until he was obliged to lie back, limp and helpless, in the chair. + +"What is it?" + +"It's quite too funny. I am sure you could never guess how I employed my morning, or what I ended by doing." + +"I can't imagine. I suppose that you have been watching the habits, and perhaps the house, of Miss Irene Adler." + +"Quite so; but the sequel was rather unusual. I will tell you, however. I left the house a little after eight o'clock this morning in the character of a groom out of work. There is a wonderful sympathy and freemasonry among horsey men. Be one of them, and you will know all that there is to know. I soon found Briony Lodge. It is a bijou villa, with a garden at the back, but built out in front right up to the road, two stories. Chubb lock to the door. Large sitting-room on the right side, well furnished, with long windows almost to the floor, and those preposterous English window fasteners which a child could open. Behind there was nothing remarkable, save that the passage window could be reached from the top of the coach-house. I walked round it and examined it closely from every point of view, but without noting anything else of interest. + +"I then lounged down the street and found, as I expected, that there was a mews in a lane which runs down by one wall of the garden. I lent the ostlers a hand in rubbing down their horses, and received in exchange twopence, a glass of half-and-half, two fills of shag tobacco, and as much information as I could desire about Miss Adler, to say nothing of half a dozen other people in the neighbourhood in whom I was not in the least interested, but whose biographies I was compelled to listen to." + +"And what of Irene Adler?" I asked. + +"Oh, she has turned all the men's heads down in that part. She is the daintiest thing under a bonnet on this planet. So say the Serpentine-mews, to a man. She lives quietly, sings at concerts, drives out at five every day, and returns at seven sharp for dinner. Seldom goes out at other times, except when she sings. Has only one male visitor, but a good deal of him. He is dark, handsome, and dashing, never calls less than once a day, and often twice. He is a Mr. Godfrey Norton, of the Inner Temple. See the advantages of a cabman as a confidant. They had driven him home a dozen times from Serpentine-mews, and knew all about him. When I had listened to all they had to tell, I began to walk up and down near Briony Lodge once more, and to think over my plan of campaign. + +"This Godfrey Norton was evidently an important factor in the matter. He was a lawyer. That sounded ominous. What was the relation between them, and what the object of his repeated visits? Was she his client, his friend, or his mistress? If the former, she had probably transferred the photograph to his keeping. If the latter, it was less likely. On the issue of this question depended whether I should continue my work at Briony Lodge, or turn my attention to the gentleman's chambers in the Temple. It was a delicate point, and it widened the field of my inquiry. I fear that I bore you with these details, but I have to let you see my little difficulties, if you are to understand the situation." + +"I am following you closely," I answered. + +"I was still balancing the matter in my mind when a hansom cab drove up to Briony Lodge, and a gentleman sprang out. He was a remarkably handsome man, dark, aquiline, and moustached--evidently the man of whom I had heard. He appeared to be in a great hurry, shouted to the cabman to wait, and brushed past the maid who opened the door with the air of a man who was thoroughly at home. + +"He was in the house about half an hour, and I could catch glimpses of him in the windows of the sitting-room, pacing up and down, talking excitedly, and waving his arms. Of her I could see nothing. Presently he emerged, looking even more flurried than before. As he stepped up to the cab, he pulled a gold watch from his pocket and looked at it earnestly, 'Drive like the devil,' he shouted, 'first to Gross & Hankey's in Regent Street, and then to the Church of St. Monica in the Edgeware Road. Half a guinea if you do it in twenty minutes!' + +"Away they went, and I was just wondering whether I should not do well to follow them when up the lane came a neat little landau, the coachman with his coat only half-buttoned, and his tie under his ear, while all the tags of his harness were sticking out of the buckles. It hadn't pulled up before she shot out of the hall door and into it. I only caught a glimpse of her at the moment, but she was a lovely woman, with a face that a man might die for. + +" 'The Church of St. Monica, John,' she cried, 'and half a sovereign if you reach it in twenty minutes.' + +"This was quite too good to lose, Watson. I was just balancing whether I should run for it, or whether I should perch behind her landau when a cab came through the street. The driver looked twice at such a shabby fare, but I jumped in before he could object. 'The Church of St. Monica,' said I, 'and half a sovereign if you reach it in twenty minutes.' It was twenty-five minutes to twelve, and of course it was clear enough what was in the wind. + +"My cabby drove fast. I don't think I ever drove faster, but the others were there before us. The cab and the landau with their steaming horses were in front of the door when I arrived. I paid the man and hurried into the church. There was not a soul there save the two whom I had followed and a surpliced clergyman, who seemed to be expostulating with them. They were all three standing in a knot in front of the altar. I lounged up the side aisle like any other idler who has dropped into a church. Suddenly, to my surprise, the three at the altar faced round to me, and Godfrey Norton came running as hard as he could towards me. + +" 'Thank God,' he cried. 'You'll do. Come! Come!' + +" 'What then?' I asked. + +" 'Come, man, come, only three minutes, or it won't be legal.' + +"I was half-dragged up to the altar, and before I knew where I was I found myself mumbling responses which were whispered in my ear, and vouching for things of which I knew nothing, and generally assisting in the secure tying up of Irene Adler, spinster, to Godfrey Norton, bachelor. It was all done in an instant, and there was the gentleman thanking me on the one side and the lady on the other, while the clergyman beamed on me in front. It was the most preposterous position in which I ever found myself in my life, and it was the thought of it that started me laughing just now. It seems that there had been some informality about their license, that the clergyman absolutely refused to marry them without a witness of some sort, and that my lucky appearance saved the bridegroom from having to sally out into the streets in search of a best man. The bride gave me a sovereign, and I mean to wear it on my watch chain in memory of the occasion." + +"This is a very unexpected turn of affairs," said I; "and what then?" + +"Well, I found my plans very seriously menaced. It looked as if the pair might take an immediate departure, and so necessitate very prompt and energetic measures on my part. At the church door, however, they separated, he driving back to the Temple, and she to her own house. 'I shall drive out in the park at five as usual,' she said as she left him. I heard no more. They drove away in different directions, and I went off to make my own arrangements." + +"Which are?" + +"Some cold beef and a glass of beer," he answered, ringing the bell. "I have been too busy to think of food, and I am likely to be busier still this evening. By the way, Doctor, I shall want your co-operation." + +"I shall be delighted." + +"You don't mind breaking the law?" + +"Not in the least." + +"Nor running a chance of arrest?" + +"Not in a good cause." + +"Oh, the cause is excellent!" + +"Then I am your man." + +"I was sure that I might rely on you." + +"But what is it you wish?" + +"When Mrs. Turner has brought in the tray I will make it clear to you. Now," he said as he turned hungrily on the simple fare that our landlady had provided, "I must discuss it while I eat, for I have not much time. It is nearly five now. In two hours we must be on the scene of action. Miss Irene, or Madame, rather, returns from her drive at seven. We must be at Briony Lodge to meet her." + +"And what then?" + +"You must leave that to me. I have already arranged what is to occur. There is only one point on which I must insist. You must not interfere, come what may. You understand?" + +"I am to be neutral?" + +"To do nothing whatever. There will probably be some small unpleasantness. Do not join in it. It will end in my being conveyed into the house. Four or five minutes afterwards the sitting-room window will open. You are to station yourself close to that open window." + +"Yes." + +"You are to watch me, for I will be visible to you." + +"Yes." + +"And when I raise my hand--so--you will throw into the room what I give you to throw, and will, at the same time, raise the cry of fire. You quite follow me?" + +"Entirely." + +"It is nothing very formidable," he said, taking a long cigar-shaped roll from his pocket. "It is an ordinary plumber's smoke-rocket, fitted with a cap at either end to make it self-lighting. Your task is confined to that. When you raise your cry of fire, it will be taken up by quite a number of people. You may then walk to the end of the street, and I will rejoin you in ten minutes. I hope that I have made myself clear?" + +"I am to remain neutral, to get near the window, to watch you, and at the signal to throw in this object, then to raise the cry of fire, and to wait you at the corner of the street." + +"Precisely." + +"Then you may entirely rely on me." + +"That is excellent. I think, perhaps, it is almost time that I prepare for the new role I have to play." + +He disappeared into his bedroom and returned in a few minutes in the character of an amiable and simple-minded Nonconformist clergyman. His broad black hat, his baggy trousers, his white tie, his sympathetic smile, and general look of peering and benevolent curiosity were such as Mr. John Hare alone could have equalled. It was not merely that Holmes changed his costume. His expression, his manner, his very soul seemed to vary with every fresh part that he assumed. The stage lost a fine actor, even as science lost an acute reasoner, when he became a specialist in crime. + +It was a quarter past six when we left Baker Street, and it still wanted ten minutes to the hour when we found ourselves in Serpentine Avenue. It was already dusk, and the lamps were just being lighted as we paced up and down in front of Briony Lodge, waiting for the coming of its occupant. The house was just such as I had pictured it from Sherlock Holmes' succinct description, but the locality appeared to be less private than I expected. On the contrary, for a small street in a quiet neighbourhood, it was remarkably animated. There was a group of shabbily dressed men smoking and laughing in a corner, a scissors-grinder with his wheel, two guardsmen who were flirting with a nurse-girl, and several well-dressed young men who were lounging up and down with cigars in their mouths. + +"You see," remarked Holmes, as we paced to and fro in front of the house, "this marriage rather simplifies matters. The photograph becomes a double-edged weapon now. The chances are that she would be as averse to its being seen by Mr. Godfrey Norton, as our client is to its coming to the eyes of his princess. Now the question is, Where are we to find the photograph?" + +"Where, indeed?" + +"It is most unlikely that she carries it about with her. It is cabinet size. Too large for easy concealment about a woman's dress. She knows that the King is capable of having her waylaid and searched. Two attempts of the sort have already been made. We may take it, then, that she does not carry it about with her." + +"Where, then?" + +"Her banker or her lawyer. There is that double possibility. But I am inclined to think neither. Women are naturally secretive, and they like to do their own secreting. Why should she hand it over to anyone else? She could trust her own guardianship, but she could not tell what indirect or political influence might be brought to bear upon a business man. Besides, remember that she had resolved to use it within a few days. It must be where she can lay her hands upon it. It must be in her own house." + +"But it has twice been burgled." + +"Pshaw! They did not know how to look." + +"But how will you look?" + +"I will not look." + +"What then?" + +"I will get her to show me." + +"But she will refuse." + +"She will not be able to. But I hear the rumble of wheels. It is her carriage. Now carry out my orders to the letter." + +As he spoke the gleam of the sidelights of a carriage came round the curve of the avenue. It was a smart little landau which rattled up to the door of Briony Lodge. As it pulled up, one of the loafing men at the corner dashed forward to open the door in the hope of earning a copper, but was elbowed away by another loafer, who had rushed up with the same intention. A fierce quarrel broke out, which was increased by the two guardsmen, who took sides with one of the loungers, and by the scissors-grinder, who was equally hot upon the other side. A blow was struck, and in an instant the lady, who had stepped from her carriage, was the centre of a little knot of flushed and struggling men, who struck savagely at each other with their fists and sticks. Holmes dashed into the crowd to protect the lady; but, just as he reached her, he gave a cry and dropped to the ground, with the blood running freely down his face. At his fall the guardsmen took to their heels in one direction and the loungers in the other, while a number of better dressed people, who had watched the scuffle without taking part in it, crowded in to help the lady and to attend to the injured man. Irene Adler, as I will still call her, had hurried up the steps; but she stood at the top with her superb figure outlined against the lights of the hall, looking back into the street. + +"Is the poor gentleman much hurt?" she asked. + +"He is dead," cried several voices. + +"No, no, there's life in him!" shouted another. "But he'll be gone before you can get him to hospital." + +"He's a brave fellow," said a woman. "They would have had the lady's purse and watch if it hadn't been for him. They were a gang, and a rough one, too. Ah, he's breathing now." + +"He can't lie in the street. May we bring him in, marm?" + +"Surely. Bring him into the sitting-room. There is a comfortable sofa. This way, please!" + +Slowly and solemnly he was borne into Briony Lodge and laid out in the principal room, while I still observed the proceedings from my post by the window. The lamps had been lit, but the blinds had not been drawn, so that I could see Holmes as he lay upon the couch. I do not know whether he was seized with compunction at that moment for the part he was playing, but I know that I never felt more heartily ashamed of myself in my life than when I saw the beautiful creature against whom I was conspiring, or the grace and kindliness with which she waited upon the injured man. And yet it would be the blackest treachery to Holmes to draw back now from the part which he had intrusted to me. I hardened my heart, and took the smoke-rocket from under my ulster. After all, I thought, we are not injuring her. We are but preventing her from injuring another. + +Holmes had sat up upon the couch, and I saw him motion like a man who is in need of air. A maid rushed across and threw open the window. At the same instant I saw him raise his hand and at the signal I tossed my rocket into the room with a cry of "Fire!" The word was no sooner out of my mouth than the whole crowd of spectators, well dressed and ill--gentlemen, ostlers, and servant maids--joined in a general shriek of "Fire!" Thick clouds of smoke curled through the room and out at the open window. I caught a glimpse of rushing figures, and a moment later the voice of Holmes from within assuring them that it was a false alarm. Slipping through the shouting crowd I made my way to the corner of the street, and in ten minutes was rejoiced to find my friend's arm in mine, and to get away from the scene of uproar. He walked swiftly and in silence for some few minutes until we had turned down one of the quiet streets which lead towards the Edgeware Road. + +"You did it very nicely, Doctor," he remarked. "Nothing could have been better. It is all right." + +"You have the photograph?" + +"I know where it is." + +"And how did you find out?" + +"She showed me, as I told you she would." + +"I am still in the dark." + +"I do not wish to make a mystery," said he, laughing. "The matter was perfectly simple. You, of course, saw that everyone in the street was an accomplice. They were all engaged for the evening." + +"I guessed as much." + +"Then, when the row broke out, I had a little moist red paint in the palm of my hand. I rushed forward, fell down, clapped my hand to my face, and became a piteous spectacle. It is an old trick." + +"That also I could fathom." + +"Then they carried me in. She was bound to have me in. What else could she do? And into her sitting-room, which was the very room which I suspected. It lay between that and her bedroom, and I was determined to see which. They laid me on a couch, I motioned for air, they were compelled to open the window, and you had your chance." + +"How did that help you?" + +"It was all-important. When a woman thinks that her house is on fire, her instinct is at once to rush to the thing which she values most. It is a perfectly overpowering impulse, and I have more than once taken advantage of it. In the case of the Darlington Substitution Scandal it was of use to me, and also in the Arnsworth Castle business. A married woman grabs at her baby; an unmarried one reaches for her jewel-box. Now it was clear to me that our lady of to-day had nothing in the house more precious to her than what we are in quest of. She would rush to secure it. The alarm of fire was admirably done. The smoke and shouting were enough to shake nerves of steel. She responded beautifully. The photograph is in a recess behind a sliding panel just above the right bell-pull. She was there in an instant, and I caught a glimpse of it as she half drew it out. When I cried out that it was a false alarm, she replaced it, glanced at the rocket, rushed from the room, and I have not seen her since. I rose, and, making my excuses, escaped from the house. I hesitated whether to attempt to secure the photograph at once; but the coachman had come in, and as he was watching me narrowly, it seemed safer to wait. A little over-precipitance may ruin all." + +"And now?" I asked. + +"Our quest is practically finished. I shall call with the King to-morrow, and with you, if you care to come with us. We will be shown into the sitting-room to wait for the lady, but it is probable that when she comes she may find neither us nor the photograph. It might be a satisfaction to his Majesty to regain it with his own hands." + +"And when will you call?" + +"At eight in the morning. She will not be up, so that we shall have a clear field. Besides, we must be prompt, for this marriage may mean a complete change in her life and habits. I must wire to the King without delay." + +We had reached Baker Street and had stopped at the door. He was searching his pockets for the key when someone passing said: + +"Good-night, Mister Sherlock Holmes." + +There were several people on the pavement at the time, but the greeting appeared to come from a slim youth in an ulster who had hurried by. + +"I've heard that voice before," said Holmes, staring down the dimly lit street. "Now, I wonder who the deuce that could have been." + +III. + + +I slept at Baker Street that night, and we were engaged upon our toast and coffee in the morning when the King of Bohemia rushed into the room. + +"You have really got it!" he cried, grasping Sherlock Holmes by either shoulder and looking eagerly into his face. + +"Not yet." + +"But you have hopes?" + +"I have hopes." + +"Then, come. I am all impatience to be gone." + +"We must have a cab." + +"No, my brougham is waiting." + +"Then that will simplify matters." We descended and started off once more for Briony Lodge. + +"Irene Adler is married," remarked Holmes. + +"Married! When?" + +"Yesterday." + +"But to whom?" + +"To an English lawyer named Norton." + +"But she could not love him." + +"I am in hopes that she does." + +"And why in hopes?" + +"Because it would spare your Majesty all fear of future annoyance. If the lady loves her husband, she does not love your Majesty. If she does not love your Majesty, there is no reason why she should interfere with your Majesty's plan." + +"It is true. And yet--! Well! I wish she had been of my own station! What a queen she would have made!" He relapsed into a moody silence, which was not broken until we drew up in Serpentine Avenue. + +The door of Briony Lodge was open, and an elderly woman stood upon the steps. She watched us with a sardonic eye as we stepped from the brougham. + +"Mr. Sherlock Holmes, I believe?" said she. + +"I am Mr. Holmes," answered my companion, looking at her with a questioning and rather startled gaze. + +"Indeed! My mistress told me that you were likely to call. She left this morning with her husband by the 5:15 train from Charing Cross for the Continent." + +"What!" Sherlock Holmes staggered back, white with chagrin and surprise. "Do you mean that she has left England?" + +"Never to return." + +"And the papers?" asked the King hoarsely. "All is lost." + +"We shall see." He pushed past the servant and rushed into the drawing-room, followed by the King and myself. The furniture was scattered about in every direction, with dismantled shelves and open drawers, as if the lady had hurriedly ransacked them before her flight. Holmes rushed at the bell-pull, tore back a small sliding shutter, and, plunging in his hand, pulled out a photograph and a letter. The photograph was of Irene Adler herself in evening dress, the letter was superscribed to "Sherlock Holmes, Esq. To be left till called for." My friend tore it open, and we all three read it together. It was dated at midnight of the preceding night and ran in this way: + +"MY DEAR MR. SHERLOCK HOLMES,--You really did it very well. You took me in completely. Until after the alarm of fire, I had not a suspicion. But then, when I found how I had betrayed myself, I began to think. I had been warned against you months ago. I had been told that, if the King employed an agent, it would certainly be you. And your address had been given me. Yet, with all this, you made me reveal what you wanted to know. Even after I became suspicious, I found it hard to think evil of such a dear, kind old clergyman. But, you know, I have been trained as an actress myself. Male costume is nothing new to me. I often take advantage of the freedom which it gives. I sent John, the coachman, to watch you, ran upstairs, got into my walking clothes, as I call them, and came down just as you departed. + +"Well, I followed you to your door, and so made sure that I was really an object of interest to the celebrated Mr. Sherlock Holmes. Then I, rather imprudently, wished you good-night, and started for the Temple to see my husband. + +"We both thought the best resource was flight, when pursued by so formidable an antagonist; so you will find the nest empty when you call to-morrow. As to the photograph, your client may rest in peace. I love and am loved by a better man than he. The King may do what he will without hindrance from one whom he has cruelly wronged. I keep it only to safeguard myself, and to preserve a weapon which will always secure me from any steps which he might take in the future. I leave a photograph which he might care to possess; and I remain, dear Mr. Sherlock Holmes, + + +"Very truly yours, +"IRENE NORTON, nee ADLER." + +"What a woman--oh, what a woman!" cried the King of Bohemia, when we had all three read this epistle. "Did I not tell you how quick and resolute she was? Would she not have made an admirable queen? Is it not a pity that she was not on my level?" + +"From what I have seen of the lady, she seems, indeed, to be on a very different level to your Majesty," said Holmes coldly. "I am sorry that I have not been able to bring your Majesty's business to a more successful conclusion." + +"On the contrary, my dear sir," cried the King; "nothing could be more successful. I know that her word is inviolate. The photograph is now as safe as if it were in the fire." + +"I am glad to hear your Majesty say so." + +"I am immensely indebted to you. Pray tell me in what way I can reward you. This ring--" He slipped an emerald snake ring from his finger and held it out upon the palm of his hand. + +"Your Majesty has something which I should value even more highly," said Holmes. + +"You have but to name it." + +"This photograph!" + +The King stared at him in amazement. + +"Irene's photograph!" he cried. "Certainly, if you wish it." + +"I thank your Majesty. Then there is no more to be done in the matter. I have the honour to wish you a very good morning." He bowed, and, turning away without observing the hand which the King had stretched out to him, he set off in my company for his chambers. + +And that was how a great scandal threatened to affect the kingdom of Bohemia, and how the best plans of Mr. Sherlock Holmes were beaten by a woman's wit. He used to make merry over the cleverness of women, but I have not heard him do it of late. And when he speaks of Irene Adler, or when he refers to her photograph, it is always under the honourable title of the woman. + +ADVENTURE II. THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE + + +I had called upon my friend, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, one day in the autumn of last year and found him in deep conversation with a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman with fiery red hair. With an apology for my intrusion, I was about to withdraw when Holmes pulled me abruptly into the room and closed the door behind me. + +"You could not possibly have come at a better time, my dear Watson," he said cordially. + +"I was afraid that you were engaged." + +"So I am. Very much so." + +"Then I can wait in the next room." + +"Not at all. This gentleman, Mr. Wilson, has been my partner and helper in many of my most successful cases, and I have no doubt that he will be of the utmost use to me in yours also." + +The stout gentleman half rose from his chair and gave a bob of greeting, with a quick little questioning glance from his small fat-encircled eyes. + +"Try the settee," said Holmes, relapsing into his armchair and putting his fingertips together, as was his custom when in judicial moods. "I know, my dear Watson, that you share my love of all that is bizarre and outside the conventions and humdrum routine of everyday life. You have shown your relish for it by the enthusiasm which has prompted you to chronicle, and, if you will excuse my saying so, somewhat to embellish so many of my own little adventures." + +"Your cases have indeed been of the greatest interest to me," I observed. + +"You will remember that I remarked the other day, just before we went into the very simple problem presented by Miss Mary Sutherland, that for strange effects and extraordinary combinations we must go to life itself, which is always far more daring than any effort of the imagination." + +"A proposition which I took the liberty of doubting." + +"You did, Doctor, but none the less you must come round to my view, for otherwise I shall keep on piling fact upon fact on you until your reason breaks down under them and acknowledges me to be right. Now, Mr. Jabez Wilson here has been good enough to call upon me this morning, and to begin a narrative which promises to be one of the most singular which I have listened to for some time. You have heard me remark that the strangest and most unique things are very often connected not with the larger but with the smaller crimes, and occasionally, indeed, where there is room for doubt whether any positive crime has been committed. As far as I have heard, it is impossible for me to say whether the present case is an instance of crime or not, but the course of events is certainly among the most singular that I have ever listened to. Perhaps, Mr. Wilson, you would have the great kindness to recommence your narrative. I ask you not merely because my friend Dr. Watson has not heard the opening part but also because the peculiar nature of the story makes me anxious to have every possible detail from your lips. As a rule, when I have heard some slight indication of the course of events, I am able to guide myself by the thousands of other similar cases which occur to my memory. In the present instance I am forced to admit that the facts are, to the best of my belief, unique." + +The portly client puffed out his chest with an appearance of some little pride and pulled a dirty and wrinkled newspaper from the inside pocket of his greatcoat. As he glanced down the advertisement column, with his head thrust forward and the paper flattened out upon his knee, I took a good look at the man and endeavoured, after the fashion of my companion, to read the indications which might be presented by his dress or appearance. + +I did not gain very much, however, by my inspection. Our visitor bore every mark of being an average commonplace British tradesman, obese, pompous, and slow. He wore rather baggy grey shepherd's check trousers, a not over-clean black frock-coat, unbuttoned in the front, and a drab waistcoat with a heavy brassy Albert chain, and a square pierced bit of metal dangling down as an ornament. A frayed top-hat and a faded brown overcoat with a wrinkled velvet collar lay upon a chair beside him. Altogether, look as I would, there was nothing remarkable about the man save his blazing red head, and the expression of extreme chagrin and discontent upon his features. + +Sherlock Holmes' quick eye took in my occupation, and he shook his head with a smile as he noticed my questioning glances. "Beyond the obvious facts that he has at some time done manual labour, that he takes snuff, that he is a Freemason, that he has been in China, and that he has done a considerable amount of writing lately, I can deduce nothing else." + +Mr. Jabez Wilson started up in his chair, with his forefinger upon the paper, but his eyes upon my companion. + +"How, in the name of good-fortune, did you know all that, Mr. Holmes?" he asked. "How did you know, for example, that I did manual labour. It's as true as gospel, for I began as a ship's carpenter." + +"Your hands, my dear sir. Your right hand is quite a size larger than your left. You have worked with it, and the muscles are more developed." + +"Well, the snuff, then, and the Freemasonry?" + +"I won't insult your intelligence by telling you how I read that, especially as, rather against the strict rules of your order, you use an arc-and-compass breastpin." + +"Ah, of course, I forgot that. But the writing?" + +"What else can be indicated by that right cuff so very shiny for five inches, and the left one with the smooth patch near the elbow where you rest it upon the desk?" + +"Well, but China?" + +"The fish that you have tattooed immediately above your right wrist could only have been done in China. I have made a small study of tattoo marks and have even contributed to the literature of the subject. That trick of staining the fishes' scales of a delicate pink is quite peculiar to China. When, in addition, I see a Chinese coin hanging from your watch-chain, the matter becomes even more simple." + +Mr. Jabez Wilson laughed heavily. "Well, I never!" said he. "I thought at first that you had done something clever, but I see that there was nothing in it after all." + +"I begin to think, Watson," said Holmes, "that I make a mistake in explaining. 'Omne ignotum pro magnifico,' you know, and my poor little reputation, such as it is, will suffer shipwreck if I am so candid. Can you not find the advertisement, Mr. Wilson?" + +"Yes, I have got it now," he answered with his thick red finger planted halfway down the column. "Here it is. This is what began it all. You just read it for yourself, sir." + +I took the paper from him and read as follows: + +"TO THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE: On account of the bequest of the late Ezekiah Hopkins, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, U. S. A., there is now another vacancy open which entitles a member of the League to a salary of $4 a week for purely nominal services. All red-headed men who are sound in body and mind and above the age of twenty-one years, are eligible. Apply in person on Monday, at eleven o'clock, to Duncan Ross, at the offices of the League, 7 Pope's Court, Fleet Street." + +"What on earth does this mean?" I ejaculated after I had twice read over the extraordinary announcement. + +Holmes chuckled and wriggled in his chair, as was his habit when in high spirits. "It is a little off the beaten track, isn't it?" said he. "And now, Mr. Wilson, off you go at scratch and tell us all about yourself, your household, and the effect which this advertisement had upon your fortunes. You will first make a note, Doctor, of the paper and the date." + +"It is The Morning Chronicle of April 27, 1890. Just two months ago." + +"Very good. Now, Mr. Wilson?" + +"Well, it is just as I have been telling you, Mr. Sherlock Holmes," said Jabez Wilson, mopping his forehead; "I have a small pawnbroker's business at Coburg Square, near the City. It's not a very large affair, and of late years it has not done more than just give me a living. I used to be able to keep two assistants, but now I only keep one; and I would have a job to pay him but that he is willing to come for half wages so as to learn the business." + +"What is the name of this obliging youth?" asked Sherlock Holmes. + +"His name is Vincent Spaulding, and he's not such a youth, either. It's hard to say his age. I should not wish a smarter assistant, Mr. Holmes; and I know very well that he could better himself and earn twice what I am able to give him. But, after all, if he is satisfied, why should I put ideas in his head?" + +"Why, indeed? You seem most fortunate in having an employe who comes under the full market price. It is not a common experience among employers in this age. I don't know that your assistant is not as remarkable as your advertisement." + +"Oh, he has his faults, too," said Mr. Wilson. "Never was such a fellow for photography. Snapping away with a camera when he ought to be improving his mind, and then diving down into the cellar like a rabbit into its hole to develop his pictures. That is his main fault, but on the whole he's a good worker. There's no vice in him." + +"He is still with you, I presume?" + +"Yes, sir. He and a girl of fourteen, who does a bit of simple cooking and keeps the place clean--that's all I have in the house, for I am a widower and never had any family. We live very quietly, sir, the three of us; and we keep a roof over our heads and pay our debts, if we do nothing more. + +"The first thing that put us out was that advertisement. Spaulding, he came down into the office just this day eight weeks, with this very paper in his hand, and he says: + +" 'I wish to the Lord, Mr. Wilson, that I was a red-headed man.' + +" 'Why that?' I asks. + +" 'Why,' says he, 'here's another vacancy on the League of the Red-headed Men. It's worth quite a little fortune to any man who gets it, and I understand that there are more vacancies than there are men, so that the trustees are at their wits' end what to do with the money. If my hair would only change colour, here's a nice little crib all ready for me to step into.' + +" 'Why, what is it, then?' I asked. You see, Mr. Holmes, I am a very stay-at-home man, and as my business came to me instead of my having to go to it, I was often weeks on end without putting my foot over the door-mat. In that way I didn't know much of what was going on outside, and I was always glad of a bit of news. + +" 'Have you never heard of the League of the Red-headed Men?' he asked with his eyes open. + +" 'Never.' + +" 'Why, I wonder at that, for you are eligible yourself for one of the vacancies.' + +" 'And what are they worth?' I asked. + +" 'Oh, merely a couple of hundred a year, but the work is slight, and it need not interfere very much with one's other occupations.' + +"Well, you can easily think that that made me prick up my ears, for the business has not been over good for some years, and an extra couple of hundred would have been very handy. + +" 'Tell me all about it,' said I. + +" 'Well,' said he, showing me the advertisement, 'you can see for yourself that the League has a vacancy, and there is the address where you should apply for particulars. As far as I can make out, the League was founded by an American millionaire, Ezekiah Hopkins, who was very peculiar in his ways. He was himself red-headed, and he had a great sympathy for all red-headed men; so, when he died, it was found that he had left his enormous fortune in the hands of trustees, with instructions to apply the interest to the providing of easy berths to men whose hair is of that colour. From all I hear it is splendid pay and very little to do.' + +" 'But,' said I, 'there would be millions of red-headed men who would apply.' + +" 'Not so many as you might think,' he answered. 'You see it is really confined to Londoners, and to grown men. This American had started from London when he was young, and he wanted to do the old town a good turn. Then, again, I have heard it is no use your applying if your hair is light red, or dark red, or anything but real bright, blazing, fiery red. Now, if you cared to apply, Mr. Wilson, you would just walk in; but perhaps it would hardly be worth your while to put yourself out of the way for the sake of a few hundred pounds.' + +"Now, it is a fact, gentlemen, as you may see for yourselves, that my hair is of a very full and rich tint, so that it seemed to me that if there was to be any competition in the matter I stood as good a chance as any man that I had ever met. Vincent Spaulding seemed to know so much about it that I thought he might prove useful, so I just ordered him to put up the shutters for the day and to come right away with me. He was very willing to have a holiday, so we shut the business up and started off for the address that was given us in the advertisement. + +"I never hope to see such a sight as that again, Mr. Holmes. From north, south, east, and west every man who had a shade of red in his hair had tramped into the city to answer the advertisement. Fleet Street was choked with red-headed folk, and Pope's Court looked like a coster's orange barrow. I should not have thought there were so many in the whole country as were brought together by that single advertisement. Every shade of colour they were--straw, lemon, orange, brick, Irish-setter, liver, clay; but, as Spaulding said, there were not many who had the real vivid flame-coloured tint. When I saw how many were waiting, I would have given it up in despair; but Spaulding would not hear of it. How he did it I could not imagine, but he pushed and pulled and butted until he got me through the crowd, and right up to the steps which led to the office. There was a double stream upon the stair, some going up in hope, and some coming back dejected; but we wedged in as well as we could and soon found ourselves in the office." + +"Your experience has been a most entertaining one," remarked Holmes as his client paused and refreshed his memory with a huge pinch of snuff. "Pray continue your very interesting statement." + +"There was nothing in the office but a couple of wooden chairs and a deal table, behind which sat a small man with a head that was even redder than mine. He said a few words to each candidate as he came up, and then he always managed to find some fault in them which would disqualify them. Getting a vacancy did not seem to be such a very easy matter, after all. However, when our turn came the little man was much more favourable to me than to any of the others, and he closed the door as we entered, so that he might have a private word with us. + +" 'This is Mr. Jabez Wilson,' said my assistant, 'and he is willing to fill a vacancy in the League.' + +" 'And he is admirably suited for it,' the other answered. 'He has every requirement. I cannot recall when I have seen anything so fine.' He took a step backward, cocked his head on one side, and gazed at my hair until I felt quite bashful. Then suddenly he plunged forward, wrung my hand, and congratulated me warmly on my success. + +" 'It would be injustice to hesitate,' said he. 'You will, however, I am sure, excuse me for taking an obvious precaution.' With that he seized my hair in both his hands, and tugged until I yelled with the pain. 'There is water in your eyes,' said he as he released me. 'I perceive that all is as it should be. But we have to be careful, for we have twice been deceived by wigs and once by paint. I could tell you tales of cobbler's wax which would disgust you with human nature.' He stepped over to the window and shouted through it at the top of his voice that the vacancy was filled. A groan of disappointment came up from below, and the folk all trooped away in different directions until there was not a red-head to be seen except my own and that of the manager. + +" 'My name,' said he, 'is Mr. Duncan Ross, and I am myself one of the pensioners upon the fund left by our noble benefactor. Are you a married man, Mr. Wilson? Have you a family?' + +"I answered that I had not. + +"His face fell immediately. + +" 'Dear me!' he said gravely, 'that is very serious indeed! I am sorry to hear you say that. The fund was, of course, for the propagation and spread of the red-heads as well as for their maintenance. It is exceedingly unfortunate that you should be a bachelor.' + +"My face lengthened at this, Mr. Holmes, for I thought that I was not to have the vacancy after all; but after thinking it over for a few minutes he said that it would be all right. + +" 'In the case of another,' said he, 'the objection might be fatal, but we must stretch a point in favour of a man with such a head of hair as yours. When shall you be able to enter upon your new duties?' + +" 'Well, it is a little awkward, for I have a business already,' said I. + +" 'Oh, never mind about that, Mr. Wilson!' said Vincent Spaulding. 'I should be able to look after that for you.' + +" 'What would be the hours?' I asked. + +" 'Ten to two.' + +"Now a pawnbroker's business is mostly done of an evening, Mr. Holmes, especially Thursday and Friday evening, which is just before pay-day; so it would suit me very well to earn a little in the mornings. Besides, I knew that my assistant was a good man, and that he would see to anything that turned up. + +" 'That would suit me very well,' said I. 'And the pay?' + +" 'Is $4 a week.' + +" 'And the work?' + +" 'Is purely nominal.' + +" 'What do you call purely nominal?' + +" 'Well, you have to be in the office, or at least in the building, the whole time. If you leave, you forfeit your whole position forever. The will is very clear upon that point. You don't comply with the conditions if you budge from the office during that time.' + +" 'It's only four hours a day, and I should not think of leaving,' said I. + +" 'No excuse will avail,' said Mr. Duncan Ross; 'neither sickness nor business nor anything else. There you must stay, or you lose your billet.' + +" 'And the work?' + +" 'Is to copy out the Encyclopaedia Britannica. There is the first volume of it in that press. You must find your own ink, pens, and blotting-paper, but we provide this table and chair. Will you be ready to-morrow?' + +" 'Certainly,' I answered. + +" 'Then, good-bye, Mr. Jabez Wilson, and let me congratulate you once more on the important position which you have been fortunate enough to gain.' He bowed me out of the room and I went home with my assistant, hardly knowing what to say or do, I was so pleased at my own good fortune. + +"Well, I thought over the matter all day, and by evening I was in low spirits again; for I had quite persuaded myself that the whole affair must be some great hoax or fraud, though what its object might be I could not imagine. It seemed altogether past belief that anyone could make such a will, or that they would pay such a sum for doing anything so simple as copying out the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vincent Spaulding did what he could to cheer me up, but by bedtime I had reasoned myself out of the whole thing. However, in the morning I determined to have a look at it anyhow, so I bought a penny bottle of ink, and with a quill-pen, and seven sheets of foolscap paper, I started off for Pope's Court. + +"Well, to my surprise and delight, everything was as right as possible. The table was set out ready for me, and Mr. Duncan Ross was there to see that I got fairly to work. He started me off upon the letter A, and then he left me; but he would drop in from time to time to see that all was right with me. At two o'clock he bade me good-day, complimented me upon the amount that I had written, and locked the door of the office after me. + +"This went on day after day, Mr. Holmes, and on Saturday the manager came in and planked down four golden sovereigns for my week's work. It was the same next week, and the same the week after. Every morning I was there at ten, and every afternoon I left at two. By degrees Mr. Duncan Ross took to coming in only once of a morning, and then, after a time, he did not come in at all. Still, of course, I never dared to leave the room for an instant, for I was not sure when he might come, and the billet was such a good one, and suited me so well, that I would not risk the loss of it. + +"Eight weeks passed away like this, and I had written about Abbots and Archery and Armour and Architecture and Attica, and hoped with diligence that I might get on to the B's before very long. It cost me something in foolscap, and I had pretty nearly filled a shelf with my writings. And then suddenly the whole business came to an end." + +"To an end?" + +"Yes, sir. And no later than this morning. I went to my work as usual at ten o'clock, but the door was shut and locked, with a little square of cardboard hammered on to the middle of the panel with a tack. Here it is, and you can read for yourself." + +He held up a piece of white cardboard about the size of a sheet of note-paper. It read in this fashion: + + +THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE + +IS + +DISSOLVED. + +October 9, 1890. + + +Sherlock Holmes and I surveyed this curt announcement and the rueful face behind it, until the comical side of the affair so completely overtopped every other consideration that we both burst out into a roar of laughter. + +"I cannot see that there is anything very funny," cried our client, flushing up to the roots of his flaming head. "If you can do nothing better than laugh at me, I can go elsewhere." + +"No, no," cried Holmes, shoving him back into the chair from which he had half risen. "I really wouldn't miss your case for the world. It is most refreshingly unusual. But there is, if you will excuse my saying so, something just a little funny about it. Pray what steps did you take when you found the card upon the door?" + +"I was staggered, sir. I did not know what to do. Then I called at the offices round, but none of them seemed to know anything about it. Finally, I went to the landlord, who is an accountant living on the ground floor, and I asked him if he could tell me what had become of the Red-headed League. He said that he had never heard of any such body. Then I asked him who Mr. Duncan Ross was. He answered that the name was new to him. + +" 'Well,' said I, 'the gentleman at No. 4.' + +" 'What, the red-headed man?' + +" 'Yes.' + +" 'Oh,' said he, 'his name was William Morris. He was a solicitor and was using my room as a temporary convenience until his new premises were ready. He moved out yesterday.' + +" 'Where could I find him?' + +" 'Oh, at his new offices. He did tell me the address. Yes, 17 King Edward Street, near St. Paul's.' + +"I started off, Mr. Holmes, but when I got to that address it was a manufactory of artificial knee-caps, and no one in it had ever heard of either Mr. William Morris or Mr. Duncan Ross." + +"And what did you do then?" asked Holmes. + +"I went home to Saxe-Coburg Square, and I took the advice of my assistant. But he could not help me in any way. He could only say that if I waited I should hear by post. But that was not quite good enough, Mr. Holmes. I did not wish to lose such a place without a struggle, so, as I had heard that you were good enough to give advice to poor folk who were in need of it, I came right away to you." + +"And you did very wisely," said Holmes. "Your case is an exceedingly remarkable one, and I shall be happy to look into it. From what you have told me I think that it is possible that graver issues hang from it than might at first sight appear." + +"Grave enough!" said Mr. Jabez Wilson. "Why, I have lost four pound a week." + +"As far as you are personally concerned," remarked Holmes, "I do not see that you have any grievance against this extraordinary league. On the contrary, you are, as I understand, richer by some $30, to say nothing of the minute knowledge which you have gained on every subject which comes under the letter A. You have lost nothing by them." + +"No, sir. But I want to find out about them, and who they are, and what their object was in playing this prank--if it was a prank--upon me. It was a pretty expensive joke for them, for it cost them two and thirty pounds." + +"We shall endeavour to clear up these points for you. And, first, one or two questions, Mr. Wilson. This assistant of yours who first called your attention to the advertisement--how long had he been with you?" + +"About a month then." + +"How did he come?" + +"In answer to an advertisement." + +"Was he the only applicant?" + +"No, I had a dozen." + +"Why did you pick him?" + +"Because he was handy and would come cheap." + +"At half wages, in fact." + +"Yes." + +"What is he like, this Vincent Spaulding?" + +"Small, stout-built, very quick in his ways, no hair on his face, though he's not short of thirty. Has a white splash of acid upon his forehead." + +Holmes sat up in his chair in considerable excitement. "I thought as much," said he. "Have you ever observed that his ears are pierced for earrings?" + +"Yes, sir. He told me that a gipsy had done it for him when he was a lad." + +"Hum!" said Holmes, sinking back in deep thought. "He is still with you?" + +"Oh, yes, sir; I have only just left him." + +"And has your business been attended to in your absence?" + +"Nothing to complain of, sir. There's never very much to do of a morning." + +"That will do, Mr. Wilson. I shall be happy to give you an opinion upon the subject in the course of a day or two. To-day is Saturday, and I hope that by Monday we may come to a conclusion." + +"Well, Watson," said Holmes when our visitor had left us, "what do you make of it all?" + +"I make nothing of it," I answered frankly. "It is a most mysterious business." + +"As a rule," said Holmes, "the more bizarre a thing is the less mysterious it proves to be. It is your commonplace, featureless crimes which are really puzzling, just as a commonplace face is the most difficult to identify. But I must be prompt over this matter." + +"What are you going to do, then?" I asked. + +"To smoke," he answered. "It is quite a three pipe problem, and I beg that you won't speak to me for fifty minutes." He curled himself up in his chair, with his thin knees drawn up to his hawk-like nose, and there he sat with his eyes closed and his black clay pipe thrusting out like the bill of some strange bird. I had come to the conclusion that he had dropped asleep, and indeed was nodding myself, when he suddenly sprang out of his chair with the gesture of a man who has made up his mind and put his pipe down upon the mantelpiece. + +"Sarasate plays at the St. James's Hall this afternoon," he remarked. "What do you think, Watson? Could your patients spare you for a few hours?" + +"I have nothing to do to-day. My practice is never very absorbing." + +"Then put on your hat and come. I am going through the City first, and we can have some lunch on the way. I observe that there is a good deal of German music on the programme, which is rather more to my taste than Italian or French. It is introspective, and I want to introspect. Come along!" + +We travelled by the Underground as far as Aldersgate; and a short walk took us to Saxe-Coburg Square, the scene of the singular story which we had listened to in the morning. It was a poky, little, shabby-genteel place, where four lines of dingy two-storied brick houses looked out into a small railed-in enclosure, where a lawn of weedy grass and a few clumps of faded laurel bushes made a hard fight against a smoke-laden and uncongenial atmosphere. Three gilt balls and a brown board with "JABEZ WILSON" in white letters, upon a corner house, announced the place where our red-headed client carried on his business. Sherlock Holmes stopped in front of it with his head on one side and looked it all over, with his eyes shining brightly between puckered lids. Then he walked slowly up the street, and then down again to the corner, still looking keenly at the houses. Finally he returned to the pawnbroker's, and, having thumped vigorously upon the pavement with his stick two or three times, he went up to the door and knocked. It was instantly opened by a bright-looking, clean-shaven young fellow, who asked him to step in. + +"Thank you," said Holmes, "I only wished to ask you how you would go from here to the Strand." + +"Third right, fourth left," answered the assistant promptly, closing the door. + +"Smart fellow, that," observed Holmes as we walked away. "He is, in my judgment, the fourth smartest man in London, and for daring I am not sure that he has not a claim to be third. I have known something of him before." + +"Evidently," said I, "Mr. Wilson's assistant counts for a good deal in this mystery of the Red-headed League. I am sure that you inquired your way merely in order that you might see him." + +"Not him." + +"What then?" + +"The knees of his trousers." + +"And what did you see?" + +"What I expected to see." + +"Why did you beat the pavement?" + +"My dear doctor, this is a time for observation, not for talk. We are spies in an enemy's country. We know something of Saxe-Coburg Square. Let us now explore the parts which lie behind it." + +The road in which we found ourselves as we turned round the corner from the retired Saxe-Coburg Square presented as great a contrast to it as the front of a picture does to the back. It was one of the main arteries which conveyed the traffic of the City to the north and west. The roadway was blocked with the immense stream of commerce flowing in a double tide inward and outward, while the footpaths were black with the hurrying swarm of pedestrians. It was difficult to realise as we looked at the line of fine shops and stately business premises that they really abutted on the other side upon the faded and stagnant square which we had just quitted. + +"Let me see," said Holmes, standing at the corner and glancing along the line, "I should like just to remember the order of the houses here. It is a hobby of mine to have an exact knowledge of London. There is Mortimer's, the tobacconist, the little newspaper shop, the Coburg branch of the City and Suburban Bank, the Vegetarian Restaurant, and McFarlane's carriage-building depot. That carries us right on to the other block. And now, Doctor, we've done our work, so it's time we had some play. A sandwich and a cup of coffee, and then off to violin-land, where all is sweetness and delicacy and harmony, and there are no red-headed clients to vex us with their conundrums." + +My friend was an enthusiastic musician, being himself not only a very capable performer but a composer of no ordinary merit. All the afternoon he sat in the stalls wrapped in the most perfect happiness, gently waving his long, thin fingers in time to the music, while his gently smiling face and his languid, dreamy eyes were as unlike those of Holmes the sleuth-hound, Holmes the relentless, keen-witted, ready-handed criminal agent, as it was possible to conceive. In his singular character the dual nature alternately asserted itself, and his extreme exactness and astuteness represented, as I have often thought, the reaction against the poetic and contemplative mood which occasionally predominated in him. The swing of his nature took him from extreme languor to devouring energy; and, as I knew well, he was never so truly formidable as when, for days on end, he had been lounging in his armchair amid his improvisations and his black-letter editions. Then it was that the lust of the chase would suddenly come upon him, and that his brilliant reasoning power would rise to the level of intuition, until those who were unacquainted with his methods would look askance at him as on a man whose knowledge was not that of other mortals. When I saw him that afternoon so enwrapped in the music at St. James's Hall I felt that an evil time might be coming upon those whom he had set himself to hunt down. + +"You want to go home, no doubt, Doctor," he remarked as we emerged. + +"Yes, it would be as well." + +"And I have some business to do which will take some hours. This business at Coburg Square is serious." + +"Why serious?" + +"A considerable crime is in contemplation. I have every reason to believe that we shall be in time to stop it. But to-day being Saturday rather complicates matters. I shall want your help to-night." + +"At what time?" + +"Ten will be early enough." + +"I shall be at Baker Street at ten." + +"Very well. And, I say, Doctor, there may be some little danger, so kindly put your army revolver in your pocket." He waved his hand, turned on his heel, and disappeared in an instant among the crowd. + +I trust that I am not more dense than my neighbours, but I was always oppressed with a sense of my own stupidity in my dealings with Sherlock Holmes. Here I had heard what he had heard, I had seen what he had seen, and yet from his words it was evident that he saw clearly not only what had happened but what was about to happen, while to me the whole business was still confused and grotesque. As I drove home to my house in Kensington I thought over it all, from the extraordinary story of the red-headed copier of the Encyclopaedia down to the visit to Saxe-Coburg Square, and the ominous words with which he had parted from me. What was this nocturnal expedition, and why should I go armed? Where were we going, and what were we to do? I had the hint from Holmes that this smooth-faced pawnbroker's assistant was a formidable man--a man who might play a deep game. I tried to puzzle it out, but gave it up in despair and set the matter aside until night should bring an explanation. + +It was a quarter-past nine when I started from home and made my way across the Park, and so through Oxford Street to Baker Street. Two hansoms were standing at the door, and as I entered the passage I heard the sound of voices from above. On entering his room, I found Holmes in animated conversation with two men, one of whom I recognised as Peter Jones, the official police agent, while the other was a long, thin, sad-faced man, with a very shiny hat and oppressively respectable frock-coat. + +"Ha! Our party is complete," said Holmes, buttoning up his pea-jacket and taking his heavy hunting crop from the rack. "Watson, I think you know Mr. Jones, of Scotland Yard? Let me introduce you to Mr. Merryweather, who is to be our companion in to-night's adventure." + +"We're hunting in couples again, Doctor, you see," said Jones in his consequential way. "Our friend here is a wonderful man for starting a chase. All he wants is an old dog to help him to do the running down." + +"I hope a wild goose may not prove to be the end of our chase," observed Mr. Merryweather gloomily. + +"You may place considerable confidence in Mr. Holmes, sir," said the police agent loftily. "He has his own little methods, which are, if he won't mind my saying so, just a little too theoretical and fantastic, but he has the makings of a detective in him. It is not too much to say that once or twice, as in that business of the Sholto murder and the Agra treasure, he has been more nearly correct than the official force." + +"Oh, if you say so, Mr. Jones, it is all right," said the stranger with deference. "Still, I confess that I miss my rubber. It is the first Saturday night for seven-and-twenty years that I have not had my rubber." + +"I think you will find," said Sherlock Holmes, "that you will play for a higher stake to-night than you have ever done yet, and that the play will be more exciting. For you, Mr. Merryweather, the stake will be some $30,000; and for you, Jones, it will be the man upon whom you wish to lay your hands." + +"John Clay, the murderer, thief, smasher, and forger. He's a young man, Mr. Merryweather, but he is at the head of his profession, and I would rather have my bracelets on him than on any criminal in London. He's a remarkable man, is young John Clay. His grandfather was a royal duke, and he himself has been to Eton and Oxford. His brain is as cunning as his fingers, and though we meet signs of him at every turn, we never know where to find the man himself. He'll crack a crib in Scotland one week, and be raising money to build an orphanage in Cornwall the next. I've been on his track for years and have never set eyes on him yet." + +"I hope that I may have the pleasure of introducing you to-night. I've had one or two little turns also with Mr. John Clay, and I agree with you that he is at the head of his profession. It is past ten, however, and quite time that we started. If you two will take the first hansom, Watson and I will follow in the second." + +Sherlock Holmes was not very communicative during the long drive and lay back in the cab humming the tunes which he had heard in the afternoon. We rattled through an endless labyrinth of gas-lit streets until we emerged into Farrington Street. + +"We are close there now," my friend remarked. "This fellow Merryweather is a bank director, and personally interested in the matter. I thought it as well to have Jones with us also. He is not a bad fellow, though an absolute imbecile in his profession. He has one positive virtue. He is as brave as a bulldog and as tenacious as a lobster if he gets his claws upon anyone. Here we are, and they are waiting for us." + +We had reached the same crowded thoroughfare in which we had found ourselves in the morning. Our cabs were dismissed, and, following the guidance of Mr. Merryweather, we passed down a narrow passage and through a side door, which he opened for us. Within there was a small corridor, which ended in a very massive iron gate. This also was opened, and led down a flight of winding stone steps, which terminated at another formidable gate. Mr. Merryweather stopped to light a lantern, and then conducted us down a dark, earth-smelling passage, and so, after opening a third door, into a huge vault or cellar, which was piled all round with crates and massive boxes. + +"You are not very vulnerable from above," Holmes remarked as he held up the lantern and gazed about him. + +"Nor from below," said Mr. Merryweather, striking his stick upon the flags which lined the floor. "Why, dear me, it sounds quite hollow!" he remarked, looking up in surprise. + +"I must really ask you to be a little more quiet!" said Holmes severely. "You have already imperilled the whole success of our expedition. Might I beg that you would have the goodness to sit down upon one of those boxes, and not to interfere?" + +The solemn Mr. Merryweather perched himself upon a crate, with a very injured expression upon his face, while Holmes fell upon his knees upon the floor and, with the lantern and a magnifying lens, began to examine minutely the cracks between the stones. A few seconds sufficed to satisfy him, for he sprang to his feet again and put his glass in his pocket. + +"We have at least an hour before us," he remarked, "for they can hardly take any steps until the good pawnbroker is safely in bed. Then they will not lose a minute, for the sooner they do their work the longer time they will have for their escape. We are at present, Doctor--as no doubt you have divined--in the cellar of the City branch of one of the principal London banks. Mr. Merryweather is the chairman of directors, and he will explain to you that there are reasons why the more daring criminals of London should take a considerable interest in this cellar at present." + +"It is our French gold," whispered the director. "We have had several warnings that an attempt might be made upon it." + +"Your French gold?" + +"Yes. We had occasion some months ago to strengthen our resources and borrowed for that purpose 30,000 napoleons from the Bank of France. It has become known that we have never had occasion to unpack the money, and that it is still lying in our cellar. The crate upon which I sit contains 2,000 napoleons packed between layers of lead foil. Our reserve of bullion is much larger at present than is usually kept in a single branch office, and the directors have had misgivings upon the subject." + +"Which were very well justified," observed Holmes. "And now it is time that we arranged our little plans. I expect that within an hour matters will come to a head. In the meantime Mr. Merryweather, we must put the screen over that dark lantern." + +"And sit in the dark?" + +"I am afraid so. I had brought a pack of cards in my pocket, and I thought that, as we were a partie carree, you might have your rubber after all. But I see that the enemy's preparations have gone so far that we cannot risk the presence of a light. And, first of all, we must choose our positions. These are daring men, and though we shall take them at a disadvantage, they may do us some harm unless we are careful. I shall stand behind this crate, and do you conceal yourselves behind those. Then, when I flash a light upon them, close in swiftly. If they fire, Watson, have no compunction about shooting them down." + +I placed my revolver, cocked, upon the top of the wooden case behind which I crouched. Holmes shot the slide across the front of his lantern and left us in pitch darkness--such an absolute darkness as I have never before experienced. The smell of hot metal remained to assure us that the light was still there, ready to flash out at a moment's notice. To me, with my nerves worked up to a pitch of expectancy, there was something depressing and subduing in the sudden gloom, and in the cold dank air of the vault. + +"They have but one retreat," whispered Holmes. "That is back through the house into Saxe-Coburg Square. I hope that you have done what I asked you, Jones?" + +"I have an inspector and two officers waiting at the front door." + +"Then we have stopped all the holes. And now we must be silent and wait." + +What a time it seemed! From comparing notes afterwards it was but an hour and a quarter, yet it appeared to me that the night must have almost gone, and the dawn be breaking above us. My limbs were weary and stiff, for I feared to change my position; yet my nerves were worked up to the highest pitch of tension, and my hearing was so acute that I could not only hear the gentle breathing of my companions, but I could distinguish the deeper, heavier in-breath of the bulky Jones from the thin, sighing note of the bank director. From my position I could look over the case in the direction of the floor. Suddenly my eyes caught the glint of a light. + +At first it was but a lurid spark upon the stone pavement. Then it lengthened out until it became a yellow line, and then, without any warning or sound, a gash seemed to open and a hand appeared, a white, almost womanly hand, which felt about in the centre of the little area of light. For a minute or more the hand, with its writhing fingers, protruded out of the floor. Then it was withdrawn as suddenly as it appeared, and all was dark again save the single lurid spark which marked a chink between the stones. + +Its disappearance, however, was but momentary. With a rending, tearing sound, one of the broad, white stones turned over upon its side and left a square, gaping hole, through which streamed the light of a lantern. Over the edge there peeped a clean-cut, boyish face, which looked keenly about it, and then, with a hand on either side of the aperture, drew itself shoulder-high and waist-high, until one knee rested upon the edge. In another instant he stood at the side of the hole and was hauling after him a companion, lithe and small like himself, with a pale face and a shock of very red hair. + +"It's all clear," he whispered. "Have you the chisel and the bags? Great Scott! Jump, Archie, jump, and I'll swing for it!" + +Sherlock Holmes had sprung out and seized the intruder by the collar. The other dived down the hole, and I heard the sound of rending cloth as Jones clutched at his skirts. The light flashed upon the barrel of a revolver, but Holmes' hunting crop came down on the man's wrist, and the pistol clinked upon the stone floor. + +"It's no use, John Clay," said Holmes blandly. "You have no chance at all." + +"So I see," the other answered with the utmost coolness. "I fancy that my pal is all right, though I see you have got his coat-tails." + +"There are three men waiting for him at the door," said Holmes. + +"Oh, indeed! You seem to have done the thing very completely. I must compliment you." + +"And I you," Holmes answered. "Your red-headed idea was very new and effective." + +"You'll see your pal again presently," said Jones. "He's quicker at climbing down holes than I am. Just hold out while I fix the derbies." + +"I beg that you will not touch me with your filthy hands," remarked our prisoner as the handcuffs clattered upon his wrists. "You may not be aware that I have royal blood in my veins. Have the goodness, also, when you address me always to say 'sir' and 'please.' " + +"All right," said Jones with a stare and a snigger. "Well, would you please, sir, march upstairs, where we can get a cab to carry your Highness to the police-station?" + +"That is better," said John Clay serenely. He made a sweeping bow to the three of us and walked quietly off in the custody of the detective. + +"Really, Mr. Holmes," said Mr. Merryweather as we followed them from the cellar, "I do not know how the bank can thank you or repay you. There is no doubt that you have detected and defeated in the most complete manner one of the most determined attempts at bank robbery that have ever come within my experience." + +"I have had one or two little scores of my own to settle with Mr. John Clay," said Holmes. "I have been at some small expense over this matter, which I shall expect the bank to refund, but beyond that I am amply repaid by having had an experience which is in many ways unique, and by hearing the very remarkable narrative of the Red-headed League." + +"You see, Watson," he explained in the early hours of the morning as we sat over a glass of whisky and soda in Baker Street, "it was perfectly obvious from the first that the only possible object of this rather fantastic business of the advertisement of the League, and the copying of the Encyclopaedia, must be to get this not over-bright pawnbroker out of the way for a number of hours every day. It was a curious way of managing it, but, really, it would be difficult to suggest a better. The method was no doubt suggested to Clay's ingenious mind by the colour of his accomplice's hair. The $4 a week was a lure which must draw him, and what was it to them, who were playing for thousands? They put in the advertisement, one rogue has the temporary office, the other rogue incites the man to apply for it, and together they manage to secure his absence every morning in the week. From the time that I heard of the assistant having come for half wages, it was obvious to me that he had some strong motive for securing the situation." + +"But how could you guess what the motive was?" + +"Had there been women in the house, I should have suspected a mere vulgar intrigue. That, however, was out of the question. The man's business was a small one, and there was nothing in his house which could account for such elaborate preparations, and such an expenditure as they were at. It must, then, be something out of the house. What could it be? I thought of the assistant's fondness for photography, and his trick of vanishing into the cellar. The cellar! There was the end of this tangled clue. Then I made inquiries as to this mysterious assistant and found that I had to deal with one of the coolest and most daring criminals in London. He was doing something in the cellar--something which took many hours a day for months on end. What could it be, once more? I could think of nothing save that he was running a tunnel to some other building. + +"So far I had got when we went to visit the scene of action. I surprised you by beating upon the pavement with my stick. I was ascertaining whether the cellar stretched out in front or behind. It was not in front. Then I rang the bell, and, as I hoped, the assistant answered it. We have had some skirmishes, but we had never set eyes upon each other before. I hardly looked at his face. His knees were what I wished to see. You must yourself have remarked how worn, wrinkled, and stained they were. They spoke of those hours of burrowing. The only remaining point was what they were burrowing for. I walked round the corner, saw the City and Suburban Bank abutted on our friend's premises, and felt that I had solved my problem. When you drove home after the concert I called upon Scotland Yard and upon the chairman of the bank directors, with the result that you have seen." + +"And how could you tell that they would make their attempt to-night?" I asked. + +"Well, when they closed their League offices that was a sign that they cared no longer about Mr. Jabez Wilson's presence--in other words, that they had completed their tunnel. But it was essential that they should use it soon, as it might be discovered, or the bullion might be removed. Saturday would suit them better than any other day, as it would give them two days for their escape. For all these reasons I expected them to come to-night." + +"You reasoned it out beautifully," I exclaimed in unfeigned admiration. "It is so long a chain, and yet every link rings true." + +"It saved me from ennui," he answered, yawning. "Alas! I already feel it closing in upon me. My life is spent in one long effort to escape from the commonplaces of existence. These little problems help me to do so." + +"And you are a benefactor of the race," said I. + +He shrugged his shoulders. "Well, perhaps, after all, it is of some little use," he remarked. " 'L'homme c'est rien--l'oeuvre c'est tout,' as Gustave Flaubert wrote to George Sand." + +ADVENTURE III. A CASE OF IDENTITY + + +"My dear fellow," said Sherlock Holmes as we sat on either side of the fire in his lodgings at Baker Street, "life is infinitely stranger than anything which the mind of man could invent. We would not dare to conceive the things which are really mere commonplaces of existence. If we could fly out of that window hand in hand, hover over this great city, gently remove the roofs, and peep in at the queer things which are going on, the strange coincidences, the plannings, the cross-purposes, the wonderful chains of events, working through generations, and leading to the most outre results, it would make all fiction with its conventionalities and foreseen conclusions most stale and unprofitable." + +"And yet I am not convinced of it," I answered. "The cases which come to light in the papers are, as a rule, bald enough, and vulgar enough. We have in our police reports realism pushed to its extreme limits, and yet the result is, it must be confessed, neither fascinating nor artistic." + +"A certain selection and discretion must be used in producing a realistic effect," remarked Holmes. "This is wanting in the police report, where more stress is laid, perhaps, upon the platitudes of the magistrate than upon the details, which to an observer contain the vital essence of the whole matter. Depend upon it, there is nothing so unnatural as the commonplace." + +I smiled and shook my head. "I can quite understand your thinking so." I said. "Of course, in your position of unofficial adviser and helper to everybody who is absolutely puzzled, throughout three continents, you are brought in contact with all that is strange and bizarre. But here"--I picked up the morning paper from the ground--"let us put it to a practical test. Here is the first heading upon which I come. 'A husband's cruelty to his wife.' There is half a column of print, but I know without reading it that it is all perfectly familiar to me. There is, of course, the other woman, the drink, the push, the blow, the bruise, the sympathetic sister or landlady. The crudest of writers could invent nothing more crude." + +"Indeed, your example is an unfortunate one for your argument," said Holmes, taking the paper and glancing his eye down it. "This is the Dundas separation case, and, as it happens, I was engaged in clearing up some small points in connection with it. The husband was a teetotaler, there was no other woman, and the conduct complained of was that he had drifted into the habit of winding up every meal by taking out his false teeth and hurling them at his wife, which, you will allow, is not an action likely to occur to the imagination of the average story-teller. Take a pinch of snuff, Doctor, and acknowledge that I have scored over you in your example." + +He held out his snuffbox of old gold, with a great amethyst in the centre of the lid. Its splendour was in such contrast to his homely ways and simple life that I could not help commenting upon it. + +"Ah," said he, "I forgot that I had not seen you for some weeks. It is a little souvenir from the King of Bohemia in return for my assistance in the case of the Irene Adler papers." + +"And the ring?" I asked, glancing at a remarkable brilliant which sparkled upon his finger. + +"It was from the reigning family of Holland, though the matter in which I served them was of such delicacy that I cannot confide it even to you, who have been good enough to chronicle one or two of my little problems." + +"And have you any on hand just now?" I asked with interest. + +"Some ten or twelve, but none which present any feature of interest. They are important, you understand, without being interesting. Indeed, I have found that it is usually in unimportant matters that there is a field for the observation, and for the quick analysis of cause and effect which gives the charm to an investigation. The larger crimes are apt to be the simpler, for the bigger the crime the more obvious, as a rule, is the motive. In these cases, save for one rather intricate matter which has been referred to me from Marseilles, there is nothing which presents any features of interest. It is possible, however, that I may have something better before very many minutes are over, for this is one of my clients, or I am much mistaken." + +He had risen from his chair and was standing between the parted blinds gazing down into the dull neutral-tinted London street. Looking over his shoulder, I saw that on the pavement opposite there stood a large woman with a heavy fur boa round her neck, and a large curling red feather in a broad-brimmed hat which was tilted in a coquettish Duchess of Devonshire fashion over her ear. From under this great panoply she peeped up in a nervous, hesitating fashion at our windows, while her body oscillated backward and forward, and her fingers fidgeted with her glove buttons. Suddenly, with a plunge, as of the swimmer who leaves the bank, she hurried across the road, and we heard the sharp clang of the bell. + +"I have seen those symptoms before," said Holmes, throwing his cigarette into the fire. "Oscillation upon the pavement always means an affaire de coeur. She would like advice, but is not sure that the matter is not too delicate for communication. And yet even here we may discriminate. When a woman has been seriously wronged by a man she no longer oscillates, and the usual symptom is a broken bell wire. Here we may take it that there is a love matter, but that the maiden is not so much angry as perplexed, or grieved. But here she comes in person to resolve our doubts." + +As he spoke there was a tap at the door, and the boy in buttons entered to announce Miss Mary Sutherland, while the lady herself loomed behind his small black figure like a full-sailed merchant-man behind a tiny pilot boat. Sherlock Holmes welcomed her with the easy courtesy for which he was remarkable, and, having closed the door and bowed her into an armchair, he looked her over in the minute and yet abstracted fashion which was peculiar to him. + +"Do you not find," he said, "that with your short sight it is a little trying to do so much typewriting?" + +"I did at first," she answered, "but now I know where the letters are without looking." Then, suddenly realising the full purport of his words, she gave a violent start and looked up, with fear and astonishment upon her broad, good-humoured face. "You've heard about me, Mr. Holmes," she cried, "else how could you know all that?" + +"Never mind," said Holmes, laughing; "it is my business to know things. Perhaps I have trained myself to see what others overlook. If not, why should you come to consult me?" + +"I came to you, sir, because I heard of you from Mrs. Etherege, whose husband you found so easy when the police and everyone had given him up for dead. Oh, Mr. Holmes, I wish you would do as much for me. I'm not rich, but still I have a hundred a year in my own right, besides the little that I make by the machine, and I would give it all to know what has become of Mr. Hosmer Angel." + +"Why did you come away to consult me in such a hurry?" asked Sherlock Holmes, with his finger-tips together and his eyes to the ceiling. + +Again a startled look came over the somewhat vacuous face of Miss Mary Sutherland. "Yes, I did bang out of the house," she said, "for it made me angry to see the easy way in which Mr. Windibank--that is, my father--took it all. He would not go to the police, and he would not go to you, and so at last, as he would do nothing and kept on saying that there was no harm done, it made me mad, and I just on with my things and came right away to you." + +"Your father," said Holmes, "your stepfather, surely, since the name is different." + +"Yes, my stepfather. I call him father, though it sounds funny, too, for he is only five years and two months older than myself." + +"And your mother is alive?" + +"Oh, yes, mother is alive and well. I wasn't best pleased, Mr. Holmes, when she married again so soon after father's death, and a man who was nearly fifteen years younger than herself. Father was a plumber in the Tottenham Court Road, and he left a tidy business behind him, which mother carried on with Mr. Hardy, the foreman; but when Mr. Windibank came he made her sell the business, for he was very superior, being a traveller in wines. They got $4700 for the goodwill and interest, which wasn't near as much as father could have got if he had been alive." + +I had expected to see Sherlock Holmes impatient under this rambling and inconsequential narrative, but, on the contrary, he had listened with the greatest concentration of attention. + +"Your own little income," he asked, "does it come out of the business?" + +"Oh, no, sir. It is quite separate and was left me by my uncle Ned in Auckland. It is in New Zealand stock, paying 4 1/4 per cent. Two thousand five hundred pounds was the amount, but I can only touch the interest." + +"You interest me extremely," said Holmes. "And since you draw so large a sum as a hundred a year, with what you earn into the bargain, you no doubt travel a little and indulge yourself in every way. I believe that a single lady can get on very nicely upon an income of about $60." + +"I could do with much less than that, Mr. Holmes, but you understand that as long as I live at home I don't wish to be a burden to them, and so they have the use of the money just while I am staying with them. Of course, that is only just for the time. Mr. Windibank draws my interest every quarter and pays it over to mother, and I find that I can do pretty well with what I earn at typewriting. It brings me twopence a sheet, and I can often do from fifteen to twenty sheets in a day." + +"You have made your position very clear to me," said Holmes. "This is my friend, Dr. Watson, before whom you can speak as freely as before myself. Kindly tell us now all about your connection with Mr. Hosmer Angel." + +A flush stole over Miss Sutherland's face, and she picked nervously at the fringe of her jacket. "I met him first at the gasfitters' ball," she said. "They used to send father tickets when he was alive, and then afterwards they remembered us, and sent them to mother. Mr. Windibank did not wish us to go. He never did wish us to go anywhere. He would get quite mad if I wanted so much as to join a Sunday-school treat. But this time I was set on going, and I would go; for what right had he to prevent? He said the folk were not fit for us to know, when all father's friends were to be there. And he said that I had nothing fit to wear, when I had my purple plush that I had never so much as taken out of the drawer. At last, when nothing else would do, he went off to France upon the business of the firm, but we went, mother and I, with Mr. Hardy, who used to be our foreman, and it was there I met Mr. Hosmer Angel." + +"I suppose," said Holmes, "that when Mr. Windibank came back from France he was very annoyed at your having gone to the ball." + +"Oh, well, he was very good about it. He laughed, I remember, and shrugged his shoulders, and said there was no use denying anything to a woman, for she would have her way." + +"I see. Then at the gasfitters' ball you met, as I understand, a gentleman called Mr. Hosmer Angel." + +"Yes, sir. I met him that night, and he called next day to ask if we had got home all safe, and after that we met him--that is to say, Mr. Holmes, I met him twice for walks, but after that father came back again, and Mr. Hosmer Angel could not come to the house any more." + +"No?" + +"Well, you know father didn't like anything of the sort. He wouldn't have any visitors if he could help it, and he used to say that a woman should be happy in her own family circle. But then, as I used to say to mother, a woman wants her own circle to begin with, and I had not got mine yet." + +"But how about Mr. Hosmer Angel? Did he make no attempt to see you?" + +"Well, father was going off to France again in a week, and Hosmer wrote and said that it would be safer and better not to see each other until he had gone. We could write in the meantime, and he used to write every day. I took the letters in in the morning, so there was no need for father to know." + +"Were you engaged to the gentleman at this time?" + +"Oh, yes, Mr. Holmes. We were engaged after the first walk that we took. Hosmer--Mr. Angel--was a cashier in an office in Leadenhall Street--and--" + +"What office?" + +"That's the worst of it, Mr. Holmes, I don't know." + +"Where did he live, then?" + +"He slept on the premises." + +"And you don't know his address?" + +"No--except that it was Leadenhall Street." + +"Where did you address your letters, then?" + +"To the Leadenhall Street Post Office, to be left till called for. He said that if they were sent to the office he would be chaffed by all the other clerks about having letters from a lady, so I offered to typewrite them, like he did his, but he wouldn't have that, for he said that when I wrote them they seemed to come from me, but when they were typewritten he always felt that the machine had come between us. That will just show you how fond he was of me, Mr. Holmes, and the little things that he would think of." + +"It was most suggestive," said Holmes. "It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important. Can you remember any other little things about Mr. Hosmer Angel?" + +"He was a very shy man, Mr. Holmes. He would rather walk with me in the evening than in the daylight, for he said that he hated to be conspicuous. Very retiring and gentlemanly he was. Even his voice was gentle. He'd had the quinsy and swollen glands when he was young, he told me, and it had left him with a weak throat, and a hesitating, whispering fashion of speech. He was always well dressed, very neat and plain, but his eyes were weak, just as mine are, and he wore tinted glasses against the glare." + +"Well, and what happened when Mr. Windibank, your stepfather, returned to France?" + +"Mr. Hosmer Angel came to the house again and proposed that we should marry before father came back. He was in dreadful earnest and made me swear, with my hands on the Testament, that whatever happened I would always be true to him. Mother said he was quite right to make me swear, and that it was a sign of his passion. Mother was all in his favour from the first and was even fonder of him than I was. Then, when they talked of marrying within the week, I began to ask about father; but they both said never to mind about father, but just to tell him afterwards, and mother said she would make it all right with him. I didn't quite like that, Mr. Holmes. It seemed funny that I should ask his leave, as he was only a few years older than me; but I didn't want to do anything on the sly, so I wrote to father at Bordeaux, where the company has its French offices, but the letter came back to me on the very morning of the wedding." + +"It missed him, then?" + +"Yes, sir; for he had started to England just before it arrived." + +"Ha! that was unfortunate. Your wedding was arranged, then, for the Friday. Was it to be in church?" + +"Yes, sir, but very quietly. It was to be at St. Saviour's, near King's Cross, and we were to have breakfast afterwards at the St. Pancras Hotel. Hosmer came for us in a hansom, but as there were two of us he put us both into it and stepped himself into a four-wheeler, which happened to be the only other cab in the street. We got to the church first, and when the four-wheeler drove up we waited for him to step out, but he never did, and when the cabman got down from the box and looked there was no one there! The cabman said that he could not imagine what had become of him, for he had seen him get in with his own eyes. That was last Friday, Mr. Holmes, and I have never seen or heard anything since then to throw any light upon what became of him." + +"It seems to me that you have been very shamefully treated," said Holmes. + +"Oh, no, sir! He was too good and kind to leave me so. Why, all the morning he was saying to me that, whatever happened, I was to be true; and that even if something quite unforeseen occurred to separate us, I was always to remember that I was pledged to him, and that he would claim his pledge sooner or later. It seemed strange talk for a wedding-morning, but what has happened since gives a meaning to it." + +"Most certainly it does. Your own opinion is, then, that some unforeseen catastrophe has occurred to him?" + +"Yes, sir. I believe that he foresaw some danger, or else he would not have talked so. And then I think that what he foresaw happened." + +"But you have no notion as to what it could have been?" + +"None." + +"One more question. How did your mother take the matter?" + +"She was angry, and said that I was never to speak of the matter again." + +"And your father? Did you tell him?" + +"Yes; and he seemed to think, with me, that something had happened, and that I should hear of Hosmer again. As he said, what interest could anyone have in bringing me to the doors of the church, and then leaving me? Now, if he had borrowed my money, or if he had married me and got my money settled on him, there might be some reason, but Hosmer was very independent about money and never would look at a shilling of mine. And yet, what could have happened? And why could he not write? Oh, it drives me half-mad to think of it, and I can't sleep a wink at night." She pulled a little handkerchief out of her muff and began to sob heavily into it. + +"I shall glance into the case for you," said Holmes, rising, "and I have no doubt that we shall reach some definite result. Let the weight of the matter rest upon me now, and do not let your mind dwell upon it further. Above all, try to let Mr. Hosmer Angel vanish from your memory, as he has done from your life." + +"Then you don't think I'll see him again?" + +"I fear not." + +"Then what has happened to him?" + +"You will leave that question in my hands. I should like an accurate description of him and any letters of his which you can spare." + +"I advertised for him in last Saturday's Chronicle," said she. "Here is the slip and here are four letters from him." + +"Thank you. And your address?" + +"No. 31 Lyon Place, Camberwell." + +"Mr. Angel's address you never had, I understand. Where is your father's place of business?" + +"He travels for Westhouse & Marbank, the great claret importers of Fenchurch Street." + +"Thank you. You have made your statement very clearly. You will leave the papers here, and remember the advice which I have given you. Let the whole incident be a sealed book, and do not allow it to affect your life." + +"You are very kind, Mr. Holmes, but I cannot do that. I shall be true to Hosmer. He shall find me ready when he comes back." + +For all the preposterous hat and the vacuous face, there was something noble in the simple faith of our visitor which compelled our respect. She laid her little bundle of papers upon the table and went her way, with a promise to come again whenever she might be summoned. + +Sherlock Holmes sat silent for a few minutes with his fingertips still pressed together, his legs stretched out in front of him, and his gaze directed upward to the ceiling. Then he took down from the rack the old and oily clay pipe, which was to him as a counsellor, and, having lit it, he leaned back in his chair, with the thick blue cloud-wreaths spinning up from him, and a look of infinite languor in his face. + +"Quite an interesting study, that maiden," he observed. "I found her more interesting than her little problem, which, by the way, is rather a trite one. You will find parallel cases, if you consult my index, in Andover in '77, and there was something of the sort at The Hague last year. Old as is the idea, however, there were one or two details which were new to me. But the maiden herself was most instructive." + +"You appeared to read a good deal upon her which was quite invisible to me," I remarked. + +"Not invisible but unnoticed, Watson. You did not know where to look, and so you missed all that was important. I can never bring you to realise the importance of sleeves, the suggestiveness of thumb-nails, or the great issues that may hang from a boot-lace. Now, what did you gather from that woman's appearance? Describe it." + +"Well, she had a slate-coloured, broad-brimmed straw hat, with a feather of a brickish red. Her jacket was black, with black beads sewn upon it, and a fringe of little black jet ornaments. Her dress was brown, rather darker than coffee colour, with a little purple plush at the neck and sleeves. Her gloves were greyish and were worn through at the right forefinger. Her boots I didn't observe. She had small round, hanging gold earrings, and a general air of being fairly well-to-do in a vulgar, comfortable, easy-going way." + +Sherlock Holmes clapped his hands softly together and chuckled. + +" 'Pon my word, Watson, you are coming along wonderfully. You have really done very well indeed. It is true that you have missed everything of importance, but you have hit upon the method, and you have a quick eye for colour. Never trust to general impressions, my boy, but concentrate yourself upon details. My first glance is always at a woman's sleeve. In a man it is perhaps better first to take the knee of the trouser. As you observe, this woman had plush upon her sleeves, which is a most useful material for showing traces. The double line a little above the wrist, where the typewritist presses against the table, was beautifully defined. The sewing-machine, of the hand type, leaves a similar mark, but only on the left arm, and on the side of it farthest from the thumb, instead of being right across the broadest part, as this was. I then glanced at her face, and, observing the dint of a pince-nez at either side of her nose, I ventured a remark upon short sight and typewriting, which seemed to surprise her." + +"It surprised me." + +"But, surely, it was obvious. I was then much surprised and interested on glancing down to observe that, though the boots which she was wearing were not unlike each other, they were really odd ones; the one having a slightly decorated toe-cap, and the other a plain one. One was buttoned only in the two lower buttons out of five, and the other at the first, third, and fifth. Now, when you see that a young lady, otherwise neatly dressed, has come away from home with odd boots, half-buttoned, it is no great deduction to say that she came away in a hurry." + +"And what else?" I asked, keenly interested, as I always was, by my friend's incisive reasoning. + +"I noted, in passing, that she had written a note before leaving home but after being fully dressed. You observed that her right glove was torn at the forefinger, but you did not apparently see that both glove and finger were stained with violet ink. She had written in a hurry and dipped her pen too deep. It must have been this morning, or the mark would not remain clear upon the finger. All this is amusing, though rather elementary, but I must go back to business, Watson. Would you mind reading me the advertised description of Mr. Hosmer Angel?" + +I held the little printed slip to the light. + +"Missing," it said, "on the morning of the fourteenth, a gentleman named Hosmer Angel. About five ft. seven in. in height; strongly built, sallow complexion, black hair, a little bald in the centre, bushy, black side-whiskers and moustache; tinted glasses, slight infirmity of speech. Was dressed, when last seen, in black frock-coat faced with silk, black waistcoat, gold Albert chain, and grey Harris tweed trousers, with brown gaiters over elastic-sided boots. Known to have been employed in an office in Leadenhall Street. Anybody bringing--" + +"That will do," said Holmes. "As to the letters," he continued, glancing over them, "they are very commonplace. Absolutely no clue in them to Mr. Angel, save that he quotes Balzac once. There is one remarkable point, however, which will no doubt strike you." + +"They are typewritten," I remarked. + +"Not only that, but the signature is typewritten. Look at the neat little 'Hosmer Angel' at the bottom. There is a date, you see, but no superscription except Leadenhall Street, which is rather vague. The point about the signature is very suggestive--in fact, we may call it conclusive." + +"Of what?" + +"My dear fellow, is it possible you do not see how strongly it bears upon the case?" + +"I cannot say that I do unless it were that he wished to be able to deny his signature if an action for breach of promise were instituted." + +"No, that was not the point. However, I shall write two letters, which should settle the matter. One is to a firm in the City, the other is to the young lady's stepfather, Mr. Windibank, asking him whether he could meet us here at six o'clock to-morrow evening. It is just as well that we should do business with the male relatives. And now, Doctor, we can do nothing until the answers to those letters come, so we may put our little problem upon the shelf for the interim." + +I had had so many reasons to believe in my friend's subtle powers of reasoning and extraordinary energy in action that I felt that he must have some solid grounds for the assured and easy demeanour with which he treated the singular mystery which he had been called upon to fathom. Once only had I known him to fail, in the case of the King of Bohemia and of the Irene Adler photograph; but when I looked back to the weird business of the Sign of Four, and the extraordinary circumstances connected with the Study in Scarlet, I felt that it would be a strange tangle indeed which he could not unravel. + +I left him then, still puffing at his black clay pipe, with the conviction that when I came again on the next evening I would find that he held in his hands all the clues which would lead up to the identity of the disappearing bridegroom of Miss Mary Sutherland. + +A professional case of great gravity was engaging my own attention at the time, and the whole of next day I was busy at the bedside of the sufferer. It was not until close upon six o'clock that I found myself free and was able to spring into a hansom and drive to Baker Street, half afraid that I might be too late to assist at the denouement of the little mystery. I found Sherlock Holmes alone, however, half asleep, with his long, thin form curled up in the recesses of his armchair. A formidable array of bottles and test-tubes, with the pungent cleanly smell of hydrochloric acid, told me that he had spent his day in the chemical work which was so dear to him. + +"Well, have you solved it?" I asked as I entered. + +"Yes. It was the bisulphate of baryta." + +"No, no, the mystery!" I cried. + +"Oh, that! I thought of the salt that I have been working upon. There was never any mystery in the matter, though, as I said yesterday, some of the details are of interest. The only drawback is that there is no law, I fear, that can touch the scoundrel." + +"Who was he, then, and what was his object in deserting Miss Sutherland?" + +The question was hardly out of my mouth, and Holmes had not yet opened his lips to reply, when we heard a heavy footfall in the passage and a tap at the door. + +"This is the girl's stepfather, Mr. James Windibank," said Holmes. "He has written to me to say that he would be here at six. Come in!" + +The man who entered was a sturdy, middle-sized fellow, some thirty years of age, clean-shaven, and sallow-skinned, with a bland, insinuating manner, and a pair of wonderfully sharp and penetrating grey eyes. He shot a questioning glance at each of us, placed his shiny top-hat upon the sideboard, and with a slight bow sidled down into the nearest chair. + +"Good-evening, Mr. James Windibank," said Holmes. "I think that this typewritten letter is from you, in which you made an appointment with me for six o'clock?" + +"Yes, sir. I am afraid that I am a little late, but I am not quite my own master, you know. I am sorry that Miss Sutherland has troubled you about this little matter, for I think it is far better not to wash linen of the sort in public. It was quite against my wishes that she came, but she is a very excitable, impulsive girl, as you may have noticed, and she is not easily controlled when she has made up her mind on a point. Of course, I did not mind you so much, as you are not connected with the official police, but it is not pleasant to have a family misfortune like this noised abroad. Besides, it is a useless expense, for how could you possibly find this Hosmer Angel?" + +"On the contrary," said Holmes quietly; "I have every reason to believe that I will succeed in discovering Mr. Hosmer Angel." + +Mr. Windibank gave a violent start and dropped his gloves. "I am delighted to hear it," he said. + +"It is a curious thing," remarked Holmes, "that a typewriter has really quite as much individuality as a man's handwriting. Unless they are quite new, no two of them write exactly alike. Some letters get more worn than others, and some wear only on one side. Now, you remark in this note of yours, Mr. Windibank, that in every case there is some little slurring over of the 'e,' and a slight defect in the tail of the 'r.' There are fourteen other characteristics, but those are the more obvious." + +"We do all our correspondence with this machine at the office, and no doubt it is a little worn," our visitor answered, glancing keenly at Holmes with his bright little eyes. + +"And now I will show you what is really a very interesting study, Mr. Windibank," Holmes continued. "I think of writing another little monograph some of these days on the typewriter and its relation to crime. It is a subject to which I have devoted some little attention. I have here four letters which purport to come from the missing man. They are all typewritten. In each case, not only are the 'e's' slurred and the 'r's' tailless, but you will observe, if you care to use my magnifying lens, that the fourteen other characteristics to which I have alluded are there as well." + +Mr. Windibank sprang out of his chair and picked up his hat. "I cannot waste time over this sort of fantastic talk, Mr. Holmes," he said. "If you can catch the man, catch him, and let me know when you have done it." + +"Certainly," said Holmes, stepping over and turning the key in the door. "I let you know, then, that I have caught him!" + +"What! where?" shouted Mr. Windibank, turning white to his lips and glancing about him like a rat in a trap. + +"Oh, it won't do--really it won't," said Holmes suavely. "There is no possible getting out of it, Mr. Windibank. It is quite too transparent, and it was a very bad compliment when you said that it was impossible for me to solve so simple a question. That's right! Sit down and let us talk it over." + +Our visitor collapsed into a chair, with a ghastly face and a glitter of moisture on his brow. "It--it's not actionable," he stammered. + +"I am very much afraid that it is not. But between ourselves, Windibank, it was as cruel and selfish and heartless a trick in a petty way as ever came before me. Now, let me just run over the course of events, and you will contradict me if I go wrong." + +The man sat huddled up in his chair, with his head sunk upon his breast, like one who is utterly crushed. Holmes stuck his feet up on the corner of the mantelpiece and, leaning back with his hands in his pockets, began talking, rather to himself, as it seemed, than to us. + +"The man married a woman very much older than himself for her money," said he, "and he enjoyed the use of the money of the daughter as long as she lived with them. It was a considerable sum, for people in their position, and the loss of it would have made a serious difference. It was worth an effort to preserve it. The daughter was of a good, amiable disposition, but affectionate and warm-hearted in her ways, so that it was evident that with her fair personal advantages, and her little income, she would not be allowed to remain single long. Now her marriage would mean, of course, the loss of a hundred a year, so what does her stepfather do to prevent it? He takes the obvious course of keeping her at home and forbidding her to seek the company of people of her own age. But soon he found that that would not answer forever. She became restive, insisted upon her rights, and finally announced her positive intention of going to a certain ball. What does her clever stepfather do then? He conceives an idea more creditable to his head than to his heart. With the connivance and assistance of his wife he disguised himself, covered those keen eyes with tinted glasses, masked the face with a moustache and a pair of bushy whiskers, sunk that clear voice into an insinuating whisper, and doubly secure on account of the girl's short sight, he appears as Mr. Hosmer Angel, and keeps off other lovers by making love himself." + +"It was only a joke at first," groaned our visitor. "We never thought that she would have been so carried away." + +"Very likely not. However that may be, the young lady was very decidedly carried away, and, having quite made up her mind that her stepfather was in France, the suspicion of treachery never for an instant entered her mind. She was flattered by the gentleman's attentions, and the effect was increased by the loudly expressed admiration of her mother. Then Mr. Angel began to call, for it was obvious that the matter should be pushed as far as it would go if a real effect were to be produced. There were meetings, and an engagement, which would finally secure the girl's affections from turning towards anyone else. But the deception could not be kept up forever. These pretended journeys to France were rather cumbrous. The thing to do was clearly to bring the business to an end in such a dramatic manner that it would leave a permanent impression upon the young lady's mind and prevent her from looking upon any other suitor for some time to come. Hence those vows of fidelity exacted upon a Testament, and hence also the allusions to a possibility of something happening on the very morning of the wedding. James Windibank wished Miss Sutherland to be so bound to Hosmer Angel, and so uncertain as to his fate, that for ten years to come, at any rate, she would not listen to another man. As far as the church door he brought her, and then, as he could go no farther, he conveniently vanished away by the old trick of stepping in at one door of a four-wheeler and out at the other. I think that was the chain of events, Mr. Windibank!" + +Our visitor had recovered something of his assurance while Holmes had been talking, and he rose from his chair now with a cold sneer upon his pale face. + +"It may be so, or it may not, Mr. Holmes," said he, "but if you are so very sharp you ought to be sharp enough to know that it is you who are breaking the law now, and not me. I have done nothing actionable from the first, but as long as you keep that door locked you lay yourself open to an action for assault and illegal constraint." + +"The law cannot, as you say, touch you," said Holmes, unlocking and throwing open the door, "yet there never was a man who deserved punishment more. If the young lady has a brother or a friend, he ought to lay a whip across your shoulders. By Jove!" he continued, flushing up at the sight of the bitter sneer upon the man's face, "it is not part of my duties to my client, but here's a hunting crop handy, and I think I shall just treat myself to--" He took two swift steps to the whip, but before he could grasp it there was a wild clatter of steps upon the stairs, the heavy hall door banged, and from the window we could see Mr. James Windibank running at the top of his speed down the road. + +"There's a cold-blooded scoundrel!" said Holmes, laughing, as he threw himself down into his chair once more. "That fellow will rise from crime to crime until he does something very bad, and ends on a gallows. The case has, in some respects, been not entirely devoid of interest." + +"I cannot now entirely see all the steps of your reasoning," I remarked. + +"Well, of course it was obvious from the first that this Mr. Hosmer Angel must have some strong object for his curious conduct, and it was equally clear that the only man who really profited by the incident, as far as we could see, was the stepfather. Then the fact that the two men were never together, but that the one always appeared when the other was away, was suggestive. So were the tinted spectacles and the curious voice, which both hinted at a disguise, as did the bushy whiskers. My suspicions were all confirmed by his peculiar action in typewriting his signature, which, of course, inferred that his handwriting was so familiar to her that she would recognise even the smallest sample of it. You see all these isolated facts, together with many minor ones, all pointed in the same direction." + +"And how did you verify them?" + +"Having once spotted my man, it was easy to get corroboration. I knew the firm for which this man worked. Having taken the printed description. I eliminated everything from it which could be the result of a disguise--the whiskers, the glasses, the voice, and I sent it to the firm, with a request that they would inform me whether it answered to the description of any of their travellers. I had already noticed the peculiarities of the typewriter, and I wrote to the man himself at his business address asking him if he would come here. As I expected, his reply was typewritten and revealed the same trivial but characteristic defects. The same post brought me a letter from Westhouse & Marbank, of Fenchurch Street, to say that the description tallied in every respect with that of their employe, James Windibank. Voila tout!" + +"And Miss Sutherland?" + +"If I tell her she will not believe me. You may remember the old Persian saying, 'There is danger for him who taketh the tiger cub, and danger also for whoso snatches a delusion from a woman.' There is as much sense in Hafiz as in Horace, and as much knowledge of the world." + +ADVENTURE IV. THE BOSCOMBE VALLEY MYSTERY + + +We were seated at breakfast one morning, my wife and I, when the maid brought in a telegram. It was from Sherlock Holmes and ran in this way: + +"Have you a couple of days to spare? Have just been wired for from the west of England in connection with Boscombe Valley tragedy. Shall be glad if you will come with me. Air and scenery perfect. Leave Paddington by the 11:15." + +"What do you say, dear?" said my wife, looking across at me. "Will you go?" + +"I really don't know what to say. I have a fairly long list at present." + +"Oh, Anstruther would do your work for you. You have been looking a little pale lately. I think that the change would do you good, and you are always so interested in Mr. Sherlock Holmes' cases." + +"I should be ungrateful if I were not, seeing what I gained through one of them," I answered. "But if I am to go, I must pack at once, for I have only half an hour." + +My experience of camp life in Afghanistan had at least had the effect of making me a prompt and ready traveller. My wants were few and simple, so that in less than the time stated I was in a cab with my valise, rattling away to Paddington Station. Sherlock Holmes was pacing up and down the platform, his tall, gaunt figure made even gaunter and taller by his long grey travelling-cloak and close-fitting cloth cap. + +"It is really very good of you to come, Watson," said he. "It makes a considerable difference to me, having someone with me on whom I can thoroughly rely. Local aid is always either worthless or else biassed. If you will keep the two corner seats I shall get the tickets." + +We had the carriage to ourselves save for an immense litter of papers which Holmes had brought with him. Among these he rummaged and read, with intervals of note-taking and of meditation, until we were past Reading. Then he suddenly rolled them all into a gigantic ball and tossed them up onto the rack. + +"Have you heard anything of the case?" he asked. + +"Not a word. I have not seen a paper for some days." + +"The London press has not had very full accounts. I have just been looking through all the recent papers in order to master the particulars. It seems, from what I gather, to be one of those simple cases which are so extremely difficult." + +"That sounds a little paradoxical." + +"But it is profoundly true. Singularity is almost invariably a clue. The more featureless and commonplace a crime is, the more difficult it is to bring it home. In this case, however, they have established a very serious case against the son of the murdered man." + +"It is a murder, then?" + +"Well, it is conjectured to be so. I shall take nothing for granted until I have the opportunity of looking personally into it. I will explain the state of things to you, as far as I have been able to understand it, in a very few words. + +"Boscombe Valley is a country district not very far from Ross, in Herefordshire. The largest landed proprietor in that part is a Mr. John Turner, who made his money in Australia and returned some years ago to the old country. One of the farms which he held, that of Hatherley, was let to Mr. Charles McCarthy, who was also an ex-Australian. The men had known each other in the colonies, so that it was not unnatural that when they came to settle down they should do so as near each other as possible. Turner was apparently the richer man, so McCarthy became his tenant but still remained, it seems, upon terms of perfect equality, as they were frequently together. McCarthy had one son, a lad of eighteen, and Turner had an only daughter of the same age, but neither of them had wives living. They appear to have avoided the society of the neighbouring English families and to have led retired lives, though both the McCarthys were fond of sport and were frequently seen at the race-meetings of the neighbourhood. McCarthy kept two servants--a man and a girl. Turner had a considerable household, some half-dozen at the least. That is as much as I have been able to gather about the families. Now for the facts. + +"On June 3rd, that is, on Monday last, McCarthy left his house at Hatherley about three in the afternoon and walked down to the Boscombe Pool, which is a small lake formed by the spreading out of the stream which runs down the Boscombe Valley. He had been out with his serving-man in the morning at Ross, and he had told the man that he must hurry, as he had an appointment of importance to keep at three. From that appointment he never came back alive. + +"From Hatherley Farmhouse to the Boscombe Pool is a quarter of a mile, and two people saw him as he passed over this ground. One was an old woman, whose name is not mentioned, and the other was William Crowder, a game-keeper in the employ of Mr. Turner. Both these witnesses depose that Mr. McCarthy was walking alone. The game-keeper adds that within a few minutes of his seeing Mr. McCarthy pass he had seen his son, Mr. James McCarthy, going the same way with a gun under his arm. To the best of his belief, the father was actually in sight at the time, and the son was following him. He thought no more of the matter until he heard in the evening of the tragedy that had occurred. + +"The two McCarthys were seen after the time when William Crowder, the game-keeper, lost sight of them. The Boscombe Pool is thickly wooded round, with just a fringe of grass and of reeds round the edge. A girl of fourteen, Patience Moran, who is the daughter of the lodge-keeper of the Boscombe Valley estate, was in one of the woods picking flowers. She states that while she was there she saw, at the border of the wood and close by the lake, Mr. McCarthy and his son, and that they appeared to be having a violent quarrel. She heard Mr. McCarthy the elder using very strong language to his son, and she saw the latter raise up his hand as if to strike his father. She was so frightened by their violence that she ran away and told her mother when she reached home that she had left the two McCarthys quarrelling near Boscombe Pool, and that she was afraid that they were going to fight. She had hardly said the words when young Mr. McCarthy came running up to the lodge to say that he had found his father dead in the wood, and to ask for the help of the lodge-keeper. He was much excited, without either his gun or his hat, and his right hand and sleeve were observed to be stained with fresh blood. On following him they found the dead body stretched out upon the grass beside the pool. The head had been beaten in by repeated blows of some heavy and blunt weapon. The injuries were such as might very well have been inflicted by the butt-end of his son's gun, which was found lying on the grass within a few paces of the body. Under these circumstances the young man was instantly arrested, and a verdict of 'wilful murder' having been returned at the inquest on Tuesday, he was on Wednesday brought before the magistrates at Ross, who have referred the case to the next Assizes. Those are the main facts of the case as they came out before the coroner and the police-court." + +"I could hardly imagine a more damning case," I remarked. "If ever circumstantial evidence pointed to a criminal it does so here." + +"Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing," answered Holmes thoughtfully. "It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different. It must be confessed, however, that the case looks exceedingly grave against the young man, and it is very possible that he is indeed the culprit. There are several people in the neighbourhood, however, and among them Miss Turner, the daughter of the neighbouring landowner, who believe in his innocence, and who have retained Lestrade, whom you may recollect in connection with the Study in Scarlet, to work out the case in his interest. Lestrade, being rather puzzled, has referred the case to me, and hence it is that two middle-aged gentlemen are flying westward at fifty miles an hour instead of quietly digesting their breakfasts at home." + +"I am afraid," said I, "that the facts are so obvious that you will find little credit to be gained out of this case." + +"There is nothing more deceptive than an obvious fact," he answered, laughing. "Besides, we may chance to hit upon some other obvious facts which may have been by no means obvious to Mr. Lestrade. You know me too well to think that I am boasting when I say that I shall either confirm or destroy his theory by means which he is quite incapable of employing, or even of understanding. To take the first example to hand, I very clearly perceive that in your bedroom the window is upon the right-hand side, and yet I question whether Mr. Lestrade would have noted even so self-evident a thing as that." + +"How on earth--" + +"My dear fellow, I know you well. I know the military neatness which characterises you. You shave every morning, and in this season you shave by the sunlight; but since your shaving is less and less complete as we get farther back on the left side, until it becomes positively slovenly as we get round the angle of the jaw, it is surely very clear that that side is less illuminated than the other. I could not imagine a man of your habits looking at himself in an equal light and being satisfied with such a result. I only quote this as a trivial example of observation and inference. Therein lies my metier, and it is just possible that it may be of some service in the investigation which lies before us. There are one or two minor points which were brought out in the inquest, and which are worth considering." + +"What are they?" + +"It appears that his arrest did not take place at once, but after the return to Hatherley Farm. On the inspector of constabulary informing him that he was a prisoner, he remarked that he was not surprised to hear it, and that it was no more than his deserts. This observation of his had the natural effect of removing any traces of doubt which might have remained in the minds of the coroner's jury." + +"It was a confession," I ejaculated. + +"No, for it was followed by a protestation of innocence." + +"Coming on the top of such a damning series of events, it was at least a most suspicious remark." + +"On the contrary," said Holmes, "it is the brightest rift which I can at present see in the clouds. However innocent he might be, he could not be such an absolute imbecile as not to see that the circumstances were very black against him. Had he appeared surprised at his own arrest, or feigned indignation at it, I should have looked upon it as highly suspicious, because such surprise or anger would not be natural under the circumstances, and yet might appear to be the best policy to a scheming man. His frank acceptance of the situation marks him as either an innocent man, or else as a man of considerable self-restraint and firmness. As to his remark about his deserts, it was also not unnatural if you consider that he stood beside the dead body of his father, and that there is no doubt that he had that very day so far forgotten his filial duty as to bandy words with him, and even, according to the little girl whose evidence is so important, to raise his hand as if to strike him. The self-reproach and contrition which are displayed in his remark appear to me to be the signs of a healthy mind rather than of a guilty one." + +I shook my head. "Many men have been hanged on far slighter evidence," I remarked. + +"So they have. And many men have been wrongfully hanged." + +"What is the young man's own account of the matter?" + +"It is, I am afraid, not very encouraging to his supporters, though there are one or two points in it which are suggestive. You will find it here, and may read it for yourself." + +He picked out from his bundle a copy of the local Herefordshire paper, and having turned down the sheet he pointed out the paragraph in which the unfortunate young man had given his own statement of what had occurred. I settled myself down in the corner of the carriage and read it very carefully. It ran in this way: + +"Mr. James McCarthy, the only son of the deceased, was then called and gave evidence as follows: 'I had been away from home for three days at Bristol, and had only just returned upon the morning of last Monday, the 3rd. My father was absent from home at the time of my arrival, and I was informed by the maid that he had driven over to Ross with John Cobb, the groom. Shortly after my return I heard the wheels of his trap in the yard, and, looking out of my window, I saw him get out and walk rapidly out of the yard, though I was not aware in which direction he was going. I then took my gun and strolled out in the direction of the Boscombe Pool, with the intention of visiting the rabbit warren which is upon the other side. On my way I saw William Crowder, the game-keeper, as he had stated in his evidence; but he is mistaken in thinking that I was following my father. I had no idea that he was in front of me. When about a hundred yards from the pool I heard a cry of "Cooee!" which was a usual signal between my father and myself. I then hurried forward, and found him standing by the pool. He appeared to be much surprised at seeing me and asked me rather roughly what I was doing there. A conversation ensued which led to high words and almost to blows, for my father was a man of a very violent temper. Seeing that his passion was becoming ungovernable, I left him and returned towards Hatherley Farm. I had not gone more than 150 yards, however, when I heard a hideous outcry behind me, which caused me to run back again. I found my father expiring upon the ground, with his head terribly injured. I dropped my gun and held him in my arms, but he almost instantly expired. I knelt beside him for some minutes, and then made my way to Mr. Turner's lodge-keeper, his house being the nearest, to ask for assistance. I saw no one near my father when I returned, and I have no idea how he came by his injuries. He was not a popular man, being somewhat cold and forbidding in his manners, but he had, as far as I know, no active enemies. I know nothing further of the matter.' + +"The Coroner: Did your father make any statement to you before he died? + +"Witness: He mumbled a few words, but I could only catch some allusion to a rat. + +"The Coroner: What did you understand by that? + +"Witness: It conveyed no meaning to me. I thought that he was delirious. + +"The Coroner: What was the point upon which you and your father had this final quarrel? + +"Witness: I should prefer not to answer. + +"The Coroner: I am afraid that I must press it. + +"Witness: It is really impossible for me to tell you. I can assure you that it has nothing to do with the sad tragedy which followed. + +"The Coroner: That is for the court to decide. I need not point out to you that your refusal to answer will prejudice your case considerably in any future proceedings which may arise. + +"Witness: I must still refuse. + +"The Coroner: I understand that the cry of 'Cooee' was a common signal between you and your father? + +"Witness: It was. + +"The Coroner: How was it, then, that he uttered it before he saw you, and before he even knew that you had returned from Bristol? + +"Witness (with considerable confusion): I do not know. + +"A Juryman: Did you see nothing which aroused your suspicions when you returned on hearing the cry and found your father fatally injured? + +"Witness: Nothing definite. + +"The Coroner: What do you mean? + +"Witness: I was so disturbed and excited as I rushed out into the open, that I could think of nothing except of my father. Yet I have a vague impression that as I ran forward something lay upon the ground to the left of me. It seemed to me to be something grey in colour, a coat of some sort, or a plaid perhaps. When I rose from my father I looked round for it, but it was gone. + +" 'Do you mean that it disappeared before you went for help?' + +" 'Yes, it was gone.' + +" 'You cannot say what it was?' + +" 'No, I had a feeling something was there.' + +" 'How far from the body?' + +" 'A dozen yards or so.' + +" 'And how far from the edge of the wood?' + +" 'About the same.' + +" 'Then if it was removed it was while you were within a dozen yards of it?' + +" 'Yes, but with my back towards it.' + +"This concluded the examination of the witness." + +"I see," said I as I glanced down the column, "that the coroner in his concluding remarks was rather severe upon young McCarthy. He calls attention, and with reason, to the discrepancy about his father having signalled to him before seeing him, also to his refusal to give details of his conversation with his father, and his singular account of his father's dying words. They are all, as he remarks, very much against the son." + +Holmes laughed softly to himself and stretched himself out upon the cushioned seat. "Both you and the coroner have been at some pains," said he, "to single out the very strongest points in the young man's favour. Don't you see that you alternately give him credit for having too much imagination and too little? Too little, if he could not invent a cause of quarrel which would give him the sympathy of the jury; too much, if he evolved from his own inner consciousness anything so outre as a dying reference to a rat, and the incident of the vanishing cloth. No, sir, I shall approach this case from the point of view that what this young man says is true, and we shall see whither that hypothesis will lead us. And now here is my pocket Petrarch, and not another word shall I say of this case until we are on the scene of action. We lunch at Swindon, and I see that we shall be there in twenty minutes." + +It was nearly four o'clock when we at last, after passing through the beautiful Stroud Valley, and over the broad gleaming Severn, found ourselves at the pretty little country-town of Ross. A lean, ferret-like man, furtive and sly-looking, was waiting for us upon the platform. In spite of the light brown dustcoat and leather-leggings which he wore in deference to his rustic surroundings, I had no difficulty in recognising Lestrade, of Scotland Yard. With him we drove to the Hereford Arms where a room had already been engaged for us. + +"I have ordered a carriage," said Lestrade as we sat over a cup of tea. "I knew your energetic nature, and that you would not be happy until you had been on the scene of the crime." + +"It was very nice and complimentary of you," Holmes answered. "It is entirely a question of barometric pressure." + +Lestrade looked startled. "I do not quite follow," he said. + +"How is the glass? Twenty-nine, I see. No wind, and not a cloud in the sky. I have a caseful of cigarettes here which need smoking, and the sofa is very much superior to the usual country hotel abomination. I do not think that it is probable that I shall use the carriage to-night." + +Lestrade laughed indulgently. "You have, no doubt, already formed your conclusions from the newspapers," he said. "The case is as plain as a pikestaff, and the more one goes into it the plainer it becomes. Still, of course, one can't refuse a lady, and such a very positive one, too. She has heard of you, and would have your opinion, though I repeatedly told her that there was nothing which you could do which I had not already done. Why, bless my soul! here is her carriage at the door." + +He had hardly spoken before there rushed into the room one of the most lovely young women that I have ever seen in my life. Her violet eyes shining, her lips parted, a pink flush upon her cheeks, all thought of her natural reserve lost in her overpowering excitement and concern. + +"Oh, Mr. Sherlock Holmes!" she cried, glancing from one to the other of us, and finally, with a woman's quick intuition, fastening upon my companion, "I am so glad that you have come. I have driven down to tell you so. I know that James didn't do it. I know it, and I want you to start upon your work knowing it, too. Never let yourself doubt upon that point. We have known each other since we were little children, and I know his faults as no one else does; but he is too tender-hearted to hurt a fly. Such a charge is absurd to anyone who really knows him." + +"I hope we may clear him, Miss Turner," said Sherlock Holmes. "You may rely upon my doing all that I can." + +"But you have read the evidence. You have formed some conclusion? Do you not see some loophole, some flaw? Do you not yourself think that he is innocent?" + +"I think that it is very probable." + +"There, now!" she cried, throwing back her head and looking defiantly at Lestrade. "You hear! He gives me hopes." + +Lestrade shrugged his shoulders. "I am afraid that my colleague has been a little quick in forming his conclusions," he said. + +"But he is right. Oh! I know that he is right. James never did it. And about his quarrel with his father, I am sure that the reason why he would not speak about it to the coroner was because I was concerned in it." + +"In what way?" asked Holmes. + +"It is no time for me to hide anything. James and his father had many disagreements about me. Mr. McCarthy was very anxious that there should be a marriage between us. James and I have always loved each other as brother and sister; but of course he is young and has seen very little of life yet, and--and--well, he naturally did not wish to do anything like that yet. So there were quarrels, and this, I am sure, was one of them." + +"And your father?" asked Holmes. "Was he in favour of such a union?" + +"No, he was averse to it also. No one but Mr. McCarthy was in favour of it." A quick blush passed over her fresh young face as Holmes shot one of his keen, questioning glances at her. + +"Thank you for this information," said he. "May I see your father if I call to-morrow?" + +"I am afraid the doctor won't allow it." + +"The doctor?" + +"Yes, have you not heard? Poor father has never been strong for years back, but this has broken him down completely. He has taken to his bed, and Dr. Willows says that he is a wreck and that his nervous system is shattered. Mr. McCarthy was the only man alive who had known dad in the old days in Victoria." + +"Ha! In Victoria! That is important." + +"Yes, at the mines." + +"Quite so; at the gold-mines, where, as I understand, Mr. Turner made his money." + +"Yes, certainly." + +"Thank you, Miss Turner. You have been of material assistance to me." + +"You will tell me if you have any news to-morrow. No doubt you will go to the prison to see James. Oh, if you do, Mr. Holmes, do tell him that I know him to be innocent." + +"I will, Miss Turner." + +"I must go home now, for dad is very ill, and he misses me so if I leave him. Good-bye, and God help you in your undertaking." She hurried from the room as impulsively as she had entered, and we heard the wheels of her carriage rattle off down the street. + +"I am ashamed of you, Holmes," said Lestrade with dignity after a few minutes' silence. "Why should you raise up hopes which you are bound to disappoint? I am not over-tender of heart, but I call it cruel." + +"I think that I see my way to clearing James McCarthy," said Holmes. "Have you an order to see him in prison?" + +"Yes, but only for you and me." + +"Then I shall reconsider my resolution about going out. We have still time to take a train to Hereford and see him to-night?" + +"Ample." + +"Then let us do so. Watson, I fear that you will find it very slow, but I shall only be away a couple of hours." + +I walked down to the station with them, and then wandered through the streets of the little town, finally returning to the hotel, where I lay upon the sofa and tried to interest myself in a yellow-backed novel. The puny plot of the story was so thin, however, when compared to the deep mystery through which we were groping, and I found my attention wander so continually from the action to the fact, that I at last flung it across the room and gave myself up entirely to a consideration of the events of the day. Supposing that this unhappy young man's story were absolutely true, then what hellish thing, what absolutely unforeseen and extraordinary calamity could have occurred between the time when he parted from his father, and the moment when, drawn back by his screams, he rushed into the glade? It was something terrible and deadly. What could it be? Might not the nature of the injuries reveal something to my medical instincts? I rang the bell and called for the weekly county paper, which contained a verbatim account of the inquest. In the surgeon's deposition it was stated that the posterior third of the left parietal bone and the left half of the occipital bone had been shattered by a heavy blow from a blunt weapon. I marked the spot upon my own head. Clearly such a blow must have been struck from behind. That was to some extent in favour of the accused, as when seen quarrelling he was face to face with his father. Still, it did not go for very much, for the older man might have turned his back before the blow fell. Still, it might be worth while to call Holmes' attention to it. Then there was the peculiar dying reference to a rat. What could that mean? It could not be delirium. A man dying from a sudden blow does not commonly become delirious. No, it was more likely to be an attempt to explain how he met his fate. But what could it indicate? I cudgelled my brains to find some possible explanation. And then the incident of the grey cloth seen by young McCarthy. If that were true the murderer must have dropped some part of his dress, presumably his overcoat, in his flight, and must have had the hardihood to return and to carry it away at the instant when the son was kneeling with his back turned not a dozen paces off. What a tissue of mysteries and improbabilities the whole thing was! I did not wonder at Lestrade's opinion, and yet I had so much faith in Sherlock Holmes' insight that I could not lose hope as long as every fresh fact seemed to strengthen his conviction of young McCarthy's innocence. + +It was late before Sherlock Holmes returned. He came back alone, for Lestrade was staying in lodgings in the town. + +"The glass still keeps very high," he remarked as he sat down. "It is of importance that it should not rain before we are able to go over the ground. On the other hand, a man should be at his very best and keenest for such nice work as that, and I did not wish to do it when fagged by a long journey. I have seen young McCarthy." + +"And what did you learn from him?" + +"Nothing." + +"Could he throw no light?" + +"None at all. I was inclined to think at one time that he knew who had done it and was screening him or her, but I am convinced now that he is as puzzled as everyone else. He is not a very quick-witted youth, though comely to look at and, I should think, sound at heart." + +"I cannot admire his taste," I remarked, "if it is indeed a fact that he was averse to a marriage with so charming a young lady as this Miss Turner." + +"Ah, thereby hangs a rather painful tale. This fellow is madly, insanely, in love with her, but some two years ago, when he was only a lad, and before he really knew her, for she had been away five years at a boarding-school, what does the idiot do but get into the clutches of a barmaid in Bristol and marry her at a registry office? No one knows a word of the matter, but you can imagine how maddening it must be to him to be upbraided for not doing what he would give his very eyes to do, but what he knows to be absolutely impossible. It was sheer frenzy of this sort which made him throw his hands up into the air when his father, at their last interview, was goading him on to propose to Miss Turner. On the other hand, he had no means of supporting himself, and his father, who was by all accounts a very hard man, would have thrown him over utterly had he known the truth. It was with his barmaid wife that he had spent the last three days in Bristol, and his father did not know where he was. Mark that point. It is of importance. Good has come out of evil, however, for the barmaid, finding from the papers that he is in serious trouble and likely to be hanged, has thrown him over utterly and has written to him to say that she has a husband already in the Bermuda Dockyard, so that there is really no tie between them. I think that that bit of news has consoled young McCarthy for all that he has suffered." + +"But if he is innocent, who has done it?" + +"Ah! who? I would call your attention very particularly to two points. One is that the murdered man had an appointment with someone at the pool, and that the someone could not have been his son, for his son was away, and he did not know when he would return. The second is that the murdered man was heard to cry 'Cooee!' before he knew that his son had returned. Those are the crucial points upon which the case depends. And now let us talk about George Meredith, if you please, and we shall leave all minor matters until to-morrow." + +There was no rain, as Holmes had foretold, and the morning broke bright and cloudless. At nine o'clock Lestrade called for us with the carriage, and we set off for Hatherley Farm and the Boscombe Pool. + +"There is serious news this morning," Lestrade observed. "It is said that Mr. Turner, of the Hall, is so ill that his life is despaired of." + +"An elderly man, I presume?" said Holmes. + +"About sixty; but his constitution has been shattered by his life abroad, and he has been in failing health for some time. This business has had a very bad effect upon him. He was an old friend of McCarthy's, and, I may add, a great benefactor to him, for I have learned that he gave him Hatherley Farm rent free." + +"Indeed! That is interesting," said Holmes. + +"Oh, yes! In a hundred other ways he has helped him. Everybody about here speaks of his kindness to him." + +"Really! Does it not strike you as a little singular that this McCarthy, who appears to have had little of his own, and to have been under such obligations to Turner, should still talk of marrying his son to Turner's daughter, who is, presumably, heiress to the estate, and that in such a very cocksure manner, as if it were merely a case of a proposal and all else would follow? It is the more strange, since we know that Turner himself was averse to the idea. The daughter told us as much. Do you not deduce something from that?" + +"We have got to the deductions and the inferences," said Lestrade, winking at me. "I find it hard enough to tackle facts, Holmes, without flying away after theories and fancies." + +"You are right," said Holmes demurely; "you do find it very hard to tackle the facts." + +"Anyhow, I have grasped one fact which you seem to find it difficult to get hold of," replied Lestrade with some warmth. + +"And that is--" + +"That McCarthy senior met his death from McCarthy junior and that all theories to the contrary are the merest moonshine." + +"Well, moonshine is a brighter thing than fog," said Holmes, laughing. "But I am very much mistaken if this is not Hatherley Farm upon the left." + +"Yes, that is it." It was a widespread, comfortable-looking building, two-storied, slate-roofed, with great yellow blotches of lichen upon the grey walls. The drawn blinds and the smokeless chimneys, however, gave it a stricken look, as though the weight of this horror still lay heavy upon it. We called at the door, when the maid, at Holmes' request, showed us the boots which her master wore at the time of his death, and also a pair of the son's, though not the pair which he had then had. Having measured these very carefully from seven or eight different points, Holmes desired to be led to the court-yard, from which we all followed the winding track which led to Boscombe Pool. + +Sherlock Holmes was transformed when he was hot upon such a scent as this. Men who had only known the quiet thinker and logician of Baker Street would have failed to recognise him. His face flushed and darkened. His brows were drawn into two hard black lines, while his eyes shone out from beneath them with a steely glitter. His face was bent downward, his shoulders bowed, his lips compressed, and the veins stood out like whipcord in his long, sinewy neck. His nostrils seemed to dilate with a purely animal lust for the chase, and his mind was so absolutely concentrated upon the matter before him that a question or remark fell unheeded upon his ears, or, at the most, only provoked a quick, impatient snarl in reply. Swiftly and silently he made his way along the track which ran through the meadows, and so by way of the woods to the Boscombe Pool. It was damp, marshy ground, as is all that district, and there were marks of many feet, both upon the path and amid the short grass which bounded it on either side. Sometimes Holmes would hurry on, sometimes stop dead, and once he made quite a little detour into the meadow. Lestrade and I walked behind him, the detective indifferent and contemptuous, while I watched my friend with the interest which sprang from the conviction that every one of his actions was directed towards a definite end. + +The Boscombe Pool, which is a little reed-girt sheet of water some fifty yards across, is situated at the boundary between the Hatherley Farm and the private park of the wealthy Mr. Turner. Above the woods which lined it upon the farther side we could see the red, jutting pinnacles which marked the site of the rich landowner's dwelling. On the Hatherley side of the pool the woods grew very thick, and there was a narrow belt of sodden grass twenty paces across between the edge of the trees and the reeds which lined the lake. Lestrade showed us the exact spot at which the body had been found, and, indeed, so moist was the ground, that I could plainly see the traces which had been left by the fall of the stricken man. To Holmes, as I could see by his eager face and peering eyes, very many other things were to be read upon the trampled grass. He ran round, like a dog who is picking up a scent, and then turned upon my companion. + +"What did you go into the pool for?" he asked. + +"I fished about with a rake. I thought there might be some weapon or other trace. But how on earth--" + +"Oh, tut, tut! I have no time! That left foot of yours with its inward twist is all over the place. A mole could trace it, and there it vanishes among the reeds. Oh, how simple it would all have been had I been here before they came like a herd of buffalo and wallowed all over it. Here is where the party with the lodge-keeper came, and they have covered all tracks for six or eight feet round the body. But here are three separate tracks of the same feet." He drew out a lens and lay down upon his waterproof to have a better view, talking all the time rather to himself than to us. "These are young McCarthy's feet. Twice he was walking, and once he ran swiftly, so that the soles are deeply marked and the heels hardly visible. That bears out his story. He ran when he saw his father on the ground. Then here are the father's feet as he paced up and down. What is this, then? It is the butt-end of the gun as the son stood listening. And this? Ha, ha! What have we here? Tiptoes! tiptoes! Square, too, quite unusual boots! They come, they go, they come again--of course that was for the cloak. Now where did they come from?" He ran up and down, sometimes losing, sometimes finding the track until we were well within the edge of the wood and under the shadow of a great beech, the largest tree in the neighbourhood. Holmes traced his way to the farther side of this and lay down once more upon his face with a little cry of satisfaction. For a long time he remained there, turning over the leaves and dried sticks, gathering up what seemed to me to be dust into an envelope and examining with his lens not only the ground but even the bark of the tree as far as he could reach. A jagged stone was lying among the moss, and this also he carefully examined and retained. Then he followed a pathway through the wood until he came to the highroad, where all traces were lost. + +"It has been a case of considerable interest," he remarked, returning to his natural manner. "I fancy that this grey house on the right must be the lodge. I think that I will go in and have a word with Moran, and perhaps write a little note. Having done that, we may drive back to our luncheon. You may walk to the cab, and I shall be with you presently." + +It was about ten minutes before we regained our cab and drove back into Ross, Holmes still carrying with him the stone which he had picked up in the wood. + +"This may interest you, Lestrade," he remarked, holding it out. "The murder was done with it." + +"I see no marks." + +"There are none." + +"How do you know, then?" + +"The grass was growing under it. It had only lain there a few days. There was no sign of a place whence it had been taken. It corresponds with the injuries. There is no sign of any other weapon." + +"And the murderer?" + +"Is a tall man, left-handed, limps with the right leg, wears thick-soled shooting-boots and a grey cloak, smokes Indian cigars, uses a cigar-holder, and carries a blunt pen-knife in his pocket. There are several other indications, but these may be enough to aid us in our search." + +Lestrade laughed. "I am afraid that I am still a sceptic," he said. "Theories are all very well, but we have to deal with a hard-headed British jury." + +"Nous verrons," answered Holmes calmly. "You work your own method, and I shall work mine. I shall be busy this afternoon, and shall probably return to London by the evening train." + +"And leave your case unfinished?" + +"No, finished." + +"But the mystery?" + +"It is solved." + +"Who was the criminal, then?" + +"The gentleman I describe." + +"But who is he?" + +"Surely it would not be difficult to find out. This is not such a populous neighbourhood." + +Lestrade shrugged his shoulders. "I am a practical man," he said, "and I really cannot undertake to go about the country looking for a left-handed gentleman with a game leg. I should become the laughing-stock of Scotland Yard." + +"All right," said Holmes quietly. "I have given you the chance. Here are your lodgings. Good-bye. I shall drop you a line before I leave." + +Having left Lestrade at his rooms, we drove to our hotel, where we found lunch upon the table. Holmes was silent and buried in thought with a pained expression upon his face, as one who finds himself in a perplexing position. + +"Look here, Watson," he said when the cloth was cleared "just sit down in this chair and let me preach to you for a little. I don't know quite what to do, and I should value your advice. Light a cigar and let me expound." + +"Pray do so." + +"Well, now, in considering this case there are two points about young McCarthy's narrative which struck us both instantly, although they impressed me in his favour and you against him. One was the fact that his father should, according to his account, cry 'Cooee!' before seeing him. The other was his singular dying reference to a rat. He mumbled several words, you understand, but that was all that caught the son's ear. Now from this double point our research must commence, and we will begin it by presuming that what the lad says is absolutely true." + +"What of this 'Cooee!' then?" + +"Well, obviously it could not have been meant for the son. The son, as far as he knew, was in Bristol. It was mere chance that he was within earshot. The 'Cooee!' was meant to attract the attention of whoever it was that he had the appointment with. But 'Cooee' is a distinctly Australian cry, and one which is used between Australians. There is a strong presumption that the person whom McCarthy expected to meet him at Boscombe Pool was someone who had been in Australia." + +"What of the rat, then?" + +Sherlock Holmes took a folded paper from his pocket and flattened it out on the table. "This is a map of the Colony of Victoria," he said. "I wired to Bristol for it last night." He put his hand over part of the map. "What do you read?" + +"ARAT," I read. + +"And now?" He raised his hand. + +"BALLARAT." + +"Quite so. That was the word the man uttered, and of which his son only caught the last two syllables. He was trying to utter the name of his murderer. So and so, of Ballarat." + +"It is wonderful!" I exclaimed. + +"It is obvious. And now, you see, I had narrowed the field down considerably. The possession of a grey garment was a third point which, granting the son's statement to be correct, was a certainty. We have come now out of mere vagueness to the definite conception of an Australian from Ballarat with a grey cloak." + +"Certainly." + +"And one who was at home in the district, for the pool can only be approached by the farm or by the estate, where strangers could hardly wander." + +"Quite so." + +"Then comes our expedition of to-day. By an examination of the ground I gained the trifling details which I gave to that imbecile Lestrade, as to the personality of the criminal." + +"But how did you gain them?" + +"You know my method. It is founded upon the observation of trifles." + +"His height I know that you might roughly judge from the length of his stride. His boots, too, might be told from their traces." + +"Yes, they were peculiar boots." + +"But his lameness?" + +"The impression of his right foot was always less distinct than his left. He put less weight upon it. Why? Because he limped--he was lame." + +"But his left-handedness." + +"You were yourself struck by the nature of the injury as recorded by the surgeon at the inquest. The blow was struck from immediately behind, and yet was upon the left side. Now, how can that be unless it were by a left-handed man? He had stood behind that tree during the interview between the father and son. He had even smoked there. I found the ash of a cigar, which my special knowledge of tobacco ashes enables me to pronounce as an Indian cigar. I have, as you know, devoted some attention to this, and written a little monograph on the ashes of 140 different varieties of pipe, cigar, and cigarette tobacco. Having found the ash, I then looked round and discovered the stump among the moss where he had tossed it. It was an Indian cigar, of the variety which are rolled in Rotterdam." + +"And the cigar-holder?" + +"I could see that the end had not been in his mouth. Therefore he used a holder. The tip had been cut off, not bitten off, but the cut was not a clean one, so I deduced a blunt pen-knife." + +"Holmes," I said, "you have drawn a net round this man from which he cannot escape, and you have saved an innocent human life as truly as if you had cut the cord which was hanging him. I see the direction in which all this points. The culprit is--" + +"Mr. John Turner," cried the hotel waiter, opening the door of our sitting-room, and ushering in a visitor. + +The man who entered was a strange and impressive figure. His slow, limping step and bowed shoulders gave the appearance of decrepitude, and yet his hard, deep-lined, craggy features, and his enormous limbs showed that he was possessed of unusual strength of body and of character. His tangled beard, grizzled hair, and outstanding, drooping eyebrows combined to give an air of dignity and power to his appearance, but his face was of an ashen white, while his lips and the corners of his nostrils were tinged with a shade of blue. It was clear to me at a glance that he was in the grip of some deadly and chronic disease. + +"Pray sit down on the sofa," said Holmes gently. "You had my note?" + +"Yes, the lodge-keeper brought it up. You said that you wished to see me here to avoid scandal." + +"I thought people would talk if I went to the Hall." + +"And why did you wish to see me?" He looked across at my companion with despair in his weary eyes, as though his question was already answered. + +"Yes," said Holmes, answering the look rather than the words. "It is so. I know all about McCarthy." + +The old man sank his face in his hands. "God help me!" he cried. "But I would not have let the young man come to harm. I give you my word that I would have spoken out if it went against him at the Assizes." + +"I am glad to hear you say so," said Holmes gravely. + +"I would have spoken now had it not been for my dear girl. It would break her heart--it will break her heart when she hears that I am arrested." + +"It may not come to that," said Holmes. + +"What?" + +"I am no official agent. I understand that it was your daughter who required my presence here, and I am acting in her interests. Young McCarthy must be got off, however." + +"I am a dying man," said old Turner. "I have had diabetes for years. My doctor says it is a question whether I shall live a month. Yet I would rather die under my own roof than in a gaol." + +Holmes rose and sat down at the table with his pen in his hand and a bundle of paper before him. "Just tell us the truth," he said. "I shall jot down the facts. You will sign it, and Watson here can witness it. Then I could produce your confession at the last extremity to save young McCarthy. I promise you that I shall not use it unless it is absolutely needed." + +"It's as well," said the old man; "it's a question whether I shall live to the Assizes, so it matters little to me, but I should wish to spare Alice the shock. And now I will make the thing clear to you; it has been a long time in the acting, but will not take me long to tell. + +"You didn't know this dead man, McCarthy. He was a devil incarnate. I tell you that. God keep you out of the clutches of such a man as he. His grip has been upon me these twenty years, and he has blasted my life. I'll tell you first how I came to be in his power. + +"It was in the early '60's at the diggings. I was a young chap then, hot-blooded and reckless, ready to turn my hand at anything; I got among bad companions, took to drink, had no luck with my claim, took to the bush, and in a word became what you would call over here a highway robber. There were six of us, and we had a wild, free life of it, sticking up a station from time to time, or stopping the wagons on the road to the diggings. Black Jack of Ballarat was the name I went under, and our party is still remembered in the colony as the Ballarat Gang. + +"One day a gold convoy came down from Ballarat to Melbourne, and we lay in wait for it and attacked it. There were six troopers and six of us, so it was a close thing, but we emptied four of their saddles at the first volley. Three of our boys were killed, however, before we got the swag. I put my pistol to the head of the wagon-driver, who was this very man McCarthy. I wish to the Lord that I had shot him then, but I spared him, though I saw his wicked little eyes fixed on my face, as though to remember every feature. We got away with the gold, became wealthy men, and made our way over to England without being suspected. There I parted from my old pals and determined to settle down to a quiet and respectable life. I bought this estate, which chanced to be in the market, and I set myself to do a little good with my money, to make up for the way in which I had earned it. I married, too, and though my wife died young she left me my dear little Alice. Even when she was just a baby her wee hand seemed to lead me down the right path as nothing else had ever done. In a word, I turned over a new leaf and did my best to make up for the past. All was going well when McCarthy laid his grip upon me. + +"I had gone up to town about an investment, and I met him in Regent Street with hardly a coat to his back or a boot to his foot. + +" 'Here we are, Jack,' says he, touching me on the arm; 'we'll be as good as a family to you. There's two of us, me and my son, and you can have the keeping of us. If you don't--it's a fine, law-abiding country is England, and there's always a policeman within hail.' + +"Well, down they came to the west country, there was no shaking them off, and there they have lived rent free on my best land ever since. There was no rest for me, no peace, no forgetfulness; turn where I would, there was his cunning, grinning face at my elbow. It grew worse as Alice grew up, for he soon saw I was more afraid of her knowing my past than of the police. Whatever he wanted he must have, and whatever it was I gave him without question, land, money, houses, until at last he asked a thing which I could not give. He asked for Alice. + +"His son, you see, had grown up, and so had my girl, and as I was known to be in weak health, it seemed a fine stroke to him that his lad should step into the whole property. But there I was firm. I would not have his cursed stock mixed with mine; not that I had any dislike to the lad, but his blood was in him, and that was enough. I stood firm. McCarthy threatened. I braved him to do his worst. We were to meet at the pool midway between our houses to talk it over. + +"When I went down there I found him talking with his son, so I smoked a cigar and waited behind a tree until he should be alone. But as I listened to his talk all that was black and bitter in me seemed to come uppermost. He was urging his son to marry my daughter with as little regard for what she might think as if she were a slut from off the streets. It drove me mad to think that I and all that I held most dear should be in the power of such a man as this. Could I not snap the bond? I was already a dying and a desperate man. Though clear of mind and fairly strong of limb, I knew that my own fate was sealed. But my memory and my girl! Both could be saved if I could but silence that foul tongue. I did it, Mr. Holmes. I would do it again. Deeply as I have sinned, I have led a life of martyrdom to atone for it. But that my girl should be entangled in the same meshes which held me was more than I could suffer. I struck him down with no more compunction than if he had been some foul and venomous beast. His cry brought back his son; but I had gained the cover of the wood, though I was forced to go back to fetch the cloak which I had dropped in my flight. That is the true story, gentlemen, of all that occurred." + +"Well, it is not for me to judge you," said Holmes as the old man signed the statement which had been drawn out. "I pray that we may never be exposed to such a temptation." + +"I pray not, sir. And what do you intend to do?" + +"In view of your health, nothing. You are yourself aware that you will soon have to answer for your deed at a higher court than the Assizes. I will keep your confession, and if McCarthy is condemned I shall be forced to use it. If not, it shall never be seen by mortal eye; and your secret, whether you be alive or dead, shall be safe with us." + +"Farewell, then," said the old man solemnly. "Your own deathbeds, when they come, will be the easier for the thought of the peace which you have given to mine." Tottering and shaking in all his giant frame, he stumbled slowly from the room. + +"God help us!" said Holmes after a long silence. "Why does fate play such tricks with poor, helpless worms? I never hear of such a case as this that I do not think of Baxter's words, and say, 'There, but for the grace of God, goes Sherlock Holmes.' " + +James McCarthy was acquitted at the Assizes on the strength of a number of objections which had been drawn out by Holmes and submitted to the defending counsel. Old Turner lived for seven months after our interview, but he is now dead; and there is every prospect that the son and daughter may come to live happily together in ignorance of the black cloud which rests upon their past. + +ADVENTURE V. THE FIVE ORANGE PIPS + + +When I glance over my notes and records of the Sherlock Holmes cases between the years '82 and '90, I am faced by so many which present strange and interesting features that it is no easy matter to know which to choose and which to leave. Some, however, have already gained publicity through the papers, and others have not offered a field for those peculiar qualities which my friend possessed in so high a degree, and which it is the object of these papers to illustrate. Some, too, have baffled his analytical skill, and would be, as narratives, beginnings without an ending, while others have been but partially cleared up, and have their explanations founded rather upon conjecture and surmise than on that absolute logical proof which was so dear to him. There is, however, one of these last which was so remarkable in its details and so startling in its results that I am tempted to give some account of it in spite of the fact that there are points in connection with it which never have been, and probably never will be, entirely cleared up. + +The year '87 furnished us with a long series of cases of greater or less interest, of which I retain the records. Among my headings under this one twelve months I find an account of the adventure of the Paradol Chamber, of the Amateur Mendicant Society, who held a luxurious club in the lower vault of a furniture warehouse, of the facts connected with the loss of the British barque Sophy Anderson, of the singular adventures of the Grice Patersons in the island of Uffa, and finally of the Camberwell poisoning case. In the latter, as may be remembered, Sherlock Holmes was able, by winding up the dead man's watch, to prove that it had been wound up two hours before, and that therefore the deceased had gone to bed within that time--a deduction which was of the greatest importance in clearing up the case. All these I may sketch out at some future date, but none of them present such singular features as the strange train of circumstances which I have now taken up my pen to describe. + +It was in the latter days of September, and the equinoctial gales had set in with exceptional violence. All day the wind had screamed and the rain had beaten against the windows, so that even here in the heart of great, hand-made London we were forced to raise our minds for the instant from the routine of life and to recognise the presence of those great elemental forces which shriek at mankind through the bars of his civilisation, like untamed beasts in a cage. As evening drew in, the storm grew higher and louder, and the wind cried and sobbed like a child in the chimney. Sherlock Holmes sat moodily at one side of the fireplace cross-indexing his records of crime, while I at the other was deep in one of Clark Russell's fine sea-stories until the howl of the gale from without seemed to blend with the text, and the splash of the rain to lengthen out into the long swash of the sea waves. My wife was on a visit to her mother's, and for a few days I was a dweller once more in my old quarters at Baker Street. + +"Why," said I, glancing up at my companion, "that was surely the bell. Who could come to-night? Some friend of yours, perhaps?" + +"Except yourself I have none," he answered. "I do not encourage visitors." + +"A client, then?" + +"If so, it is a serious case. Nothing less would bring a man out on such a day and at such an hour. But I take it that it is more likely to be some crony of the landlady's." + +Sherlock Holmes was wrong in his conjecture, however, for there came a step in the passage and a tapping at the door. He stretched out his long arm to turn the lamp away from himself and towards the vacant chair upon which a newcomer must sit. + +"Come in!" said he. + +The man who entered was young, some two-and-twenty at the outside, well-groomed and trimly clad, with something of refinement and delicacy in his bearing. The streaming umbrella which he held in his hand, and his long shining waterproof told of the fierce weather through which he had come. He looked about him anxiously in the glare of the lamp, and I could see that his face was pale and his eyes heavy, like those of a man who is weighed down with some great anxiety. + +"I owe you an apology," he said, raising his golden pince-nez to his eyes. "I trust that I am not intruding. I fear that I have brought some traces of the storm and rain into your snug chamber." + +"Give me your coat and umbrella," said Holmes. "They may rest here on the hook and will be dry presently. You have come up from the south-west, I see." + +"Yes, from Horsham." + +"That clay and chalk mixture which I see upon your toe caps is quite distinctive." + +"I have come for advice." + +"That is easily got." + +"And help." + +"That is not always so easy." + +"I have heard of you, Mr. Holmes. I heard from Major Prendergast how you saved him in the Tankerville Club scandal." + +"Ah, of course. He was wrongfully accused of cheating at cards." + +"He said that you could solve anything." + +"He said too much." + +"That you are never beaten." + +"I have been beaten four times--three times by men, and once by a woman." + +"But what is that compared with the number of your successes?" + +"It is true that I have been generally successful." + +"Then you may be so with me." + +"I beg that you will draw your chair up to the fire and favour me with some details as to your case." + +"It is no ordinary one." + +"None of those which come to me are. I am the last court of appeal." + +"And yet I question, sir, whether, in all your experience, you have ever listened to a more mysterious and inexplicable chain of events than those which have happened in my own family." + +"You fill me with interest," said Holmes. "Pray give us the essential facts from the commencement, and I can afterwards question you as to those details which seem to me to be most important." + +The young man pulled his chair up and pushed his wet feet out towards the blaze. + +"My name," said he, "is John Openshaw, but my own affairs have, as far as I can understand, little to do with this awful business. It is a hereditary matter; so in order to give you an idea of the facts, I must go back to the commencement of the affair. + +"You must know that my grandfather had two sons--my uncle Elias and my father Joseph. My father had a small factory at Coventry, which he enlarged at the time of the invention of bicycling. He was a patentee of the Openshaw unbreakable tire, and his business met with such success that he was able to sell it and to retire upon a handsome competence. + +"My uncle Elias emigrated to America when he was a young man and became a planter in Florida, where he was reported to have done very well. At the time of the war he fought in Jackson's army, and afterwards under Hood, where he rose to be a colonel. When Lee laid down his arms my uncle returned to his plantation, where he remained for three or four years. About 1869 or 1870 he came back to Europe and took a small estate in Sussex, near Horsham. He had made a very considerable fortune in the States, and his reason for leaving them was his aversion to the negroes, and his dislike of the Republican policy in extending the franchise to them. He was a singular man, fierce and quick-tempered, very foul-mouthed when he was angry, and of a most retiring disposition. During all the years that he lived at Horsham, I doubt if ever he set foot in the town. He had a garden and two or three fields round his house, and there he would take his exercise, though very often for weeks on end he would never leave his room. He drank a great deal of brandy and smoked very heavily, but he would see no society and did not want any friends, not even his own brother. + +"He didn't mind me; in fact, he took a fancy to me, for at the time when he saw me first I was a youngster of twelve or so. This would be in the year 1878, after he had been eight or nine years in England. He begged my father to let me live with him and he was very kind to me in his way. When he was sober he used to be fond of playing backgammon and draughts with me, and he would make me his representative both with the servants and with the tradespeople, so that by the time that I was sixteen I was quite master of the house. I kept all the keys and could go where I liked and do what I liked, so long as I did not disturb him in his privacy. There was one singular exception, however, for he had a single room, a lumber-room up among the attics, which was invariably locked, and which he would never permit either me or anyone else to enter. With a boy's curiosity I have peeped through the keyhole, but I was never able to see more than such a collection of old trunks and bundles as would be expected in such a room. + +"One day--it was in March, 1883--a letter with a foreign stamp lay upon the table in front of the colonel's plate. It was not a common thing for him to receive letters, for his bills were all paid in ready money, and he had no friends of any sort. 'From India!' said he as he took it up, 'Pondicherry postmark! What can this be?' Opening it hurriedly, out there jumped five little dried orange pips, which pattered down upon his plate. I began to laugh at this, but the laugh was struck from my lips at the sight of his face. His lip had fallen, his eyes were protruding, his skin the colour of putty, and he glared at the envelope which he still held in his trembling hand, 'K. K. K.!' he shrieked, and then, 'My God, my God, my sins have overtaken me!' + +" 'What is it, uncle?' I cried. + +" 'Death,' said he, and rising from the table he retired to his room, leaving me palpitating with horror. I took up the envelope and saw scrawled in red ink upon the inner flap, just above the gum, the letter K three times repeated. There was nothing else save the five dried pips. What could be the reason of his overpowering terror? I left the breakfast-table, and as I ascended the stair I met him coming down with an old rusty key, which must have belonged to the attic, in one hand, and a small brass box, like a cashbox, in the other. + +" 'They may do what they like, but I'll checkmate them still,' said he with an oath. 'Tell Mary that I shall want a fire in my room to-day, and send down to Fordham, the Horsham lawyer.' + +"I did as he ordered, and when the lawyer arrived I was asked to step up to the room. The fire was burning brightly, and in the grate there was a mass of black, fluffy ashes, as of burned paper, while the brass box stood open and empty beside it. As I glanced at the box I noticed, with a start, that upon the lid was printed the treble K which I had read in the morning upon the envelope. + +" 'I wish you, John,' said my uncle, 'to witness my will. I leave my estate, with all its advantages and all its disadvantages, to my brother, your father, whence it will, no doubt, descend to you. If you can enjoy it in peace, well and good! If you find you cannot, take my advice, my boy, and leave it to your deadliest enemy. I am sorry to give you such a two-edged thing, but I can't say what turn things are going to take. Kindly sign the paper where Mr. Fordham shows you.' + +"I signed the paper as directed, and the lawyer took it away with him. The singular incident made, as you may think, the deepest impression upon me, and I pondered over it and turned it every way in my mind without being able to make anything of it. Yet I could not shake off the vague feeling of dread which it left behind, though the sensation grew less keen as the weeks passed and nothing happened to disturb the usual routine of our lives. I could see a change in my uncle, however. He drank more than ever, and he was less inclined for any sort of society. Most of his time he would spend in his room, with the door locked upon the inside, but sometimes he would emerge in a sort of drunken frenzy and would burst out of the house and tear about the garden with a revolver in his hand, screaming out that he was afraid of no man, and that he was not to be cooped up, like a sheep in a pen, by man or devil. When these hot fits were over, however, he would rush tumultuously in at the door and lock and bar it behind him, like a man who can brazen it out no longer against the terror which lies at the roots of his soul. At such times I have seen his face, even on a cold day, glisten with moisture, as though it were new raised from a basin. + +"Well, to come to an end of the matter, Mr. Holmes, and not to abuse your patience, there came a night when he made one of those drunken sallies from which he never came back. We found him, when we went to search for him, face downward in a little green-scummed pool, which lay at the foot of the garden. There was no sign of any violence, and the water was but two feet deep, so that the jury, having regard to his known eccentricity, brought in a verdict of 'suicide.' But I, who knew how he winced from the very thought of death, had much ado to persuade myself that he had gone out of his way to meet it. The matter passed, however, and my father entered into possession of the estate, and of some $14,000, which lay to his credit at the bank." + +"One moment," Holmes interposed, "your statement is, I foresee, one of the most remarkable to which I have ever listened. Let me have the date of the reception by your uncle of the letter, and the date of his supposed suicide." + +"The letter arrived on March 10, 1883. His death was seven weeks later, upon the night of May 2nd." + +"Thank you. Pray proceed." + +"When my father took over the Horsham property, he, at my request, made a careful examination of the attic, which had been always locked up. We found the brass box there, although its contents had been destroyed. On the inside of the cover was a paper label, with the initials of K. K. K. repeated upon it, and 'Letters, memoranda, receipts, and a register' written beneath. These, we presume, indicated the nature of the papers which had been destroyed by Colonel Openshaw. For the rest, there was nothing of much importance in the attic save a great many scattered papers and note-books bearing upon my uncle's life in America. Some of them were of the war time and showed that he had done his duty well and had borne the repute of a brave soldier. Others were of a date during the reconstruction of the Southern states, and were mostly concerned with politics, for he had evidently taken a strong part in opposing the carpet-bag politicians who had been sent down from the North. + +"Well, it was the beginning of '84 when my father came to live at Horsham, and all went as well as possible with us until the January of '85. On the fourth day after the new year I heard my father give a sharp cry of surprise as we sat together at the breakfast-table. There he was, sitting with a newly opened envelope in one hand and five dried orange pips in the outstretched palm of the other one. He had always laughed at what he called my cock-and-bull story about the colonel, but he looked very scared and puzzled now that the same thing had come upon himself. + +" 'Why, what on earth does this mean, John?' he stammered. + +"My heart had turned to lead. 'It is K. K. K.,' said I. + +"He looked inside the envelope. 'So it is,' he cried. 'Here are the very letters. But what is this written above them?' + +" 'Put the papers on the sundial,' I read, peeping over his shoulder. + +" 'What papers? What sundial?' he asked. + +" 'The sundial in the garden. There is no other,' said I; 'but the papers must be those that are destroyed.' + +" 'Pooh!' said he, gripping hard at his courage. 'We are in a civilised land here, and we can't have tomfoolery of this kind. Where does the thing come from?' + +" 'From Dundee,' I answered, glancing at the postmark. + +" 'Some preposterous practical joke,' said he. 'What have I to do with sundials and papers? I shall take no notice of such nonsense.' + +" 'I should certainly speak to the police,' I said. + +" 'And be laughed at for my pains. Nothing of the sort.' + +" 'Then let me do so?' + +" 'No, I forbid you. I won't have a fuss made about such nonsense.' + +"It was in vain to argue with him, for he was a very obstinate man. I went about, however, with a heart which was full of forebodings. + +"On the third day after the coming of the letter my father went from home to visit an old friend of his, Major Freebody, who is in command of one of the forts upon Portsdown Hill. I was glad that he should go, for it seemed to me that he was farther from danger when he was away from home. In that, however, I was in error. Upon the second day of his absence I received a telegram from the major, imploring me to come at once. My father had fallen over one of the deep chalk-pits which abound in the neighbourhood, and was lying senseless, with a shattered skull. I hurried to him, but he passed away without having ever recovered his consciousness. He had, as it appears, been returning from Fareham in the twilight, and as the country was unknown to him, and the chalk-pit unfenced, the jury had no hesitation in bringing in a verdict of 'death from accidental causes.' Carefully as I examined every fact connected with his death, I was unable to find anything which could suggest the idea of murder. There were no signs of violence, no footmarks, no robbery, no record of strangers having been seen upon the roads. And yet I need not tell you that my mind was far from at ease, and that I was well-nigh certain that some foul plot had been woven round him. + +"In this sinister way I came into my inheritance. You will ask me why I did not dispose of it? I answer, because I was well convinced that our troubles were in some way dependent upon an incident in my uncle's life, and that the danger would be as pressing in one house as in another. + +"It was in January, '85, that my poor father met his end, and two years and eight months have elapsed since then. During that time I have lived happily at Horsham, and I had begun to hope that this curse had passed away from the family, and that it had ended with the last generation. I had begun to take comfort too soon, however; yesterday morning the blow fell in the very shape in which it had come upon my father." + +The young man took from his waistcoat a crumpled envelope, and turning to the table he shook out upon it five little dried orange pips. + +"This is the envelope," he continued. "The postmark is London--eastern division. Within are the very words which were upon my father's last message: 'K. K. K.'; and then 'Put the papers on the sundial.' " + +"What have you done?" asked Holmes. + +"Nothing." + +"Nothing?" + +"To tell the truth"--he sank his face into his thin, white hands--"I have felt helpless. I have felt like one of those poor rabbits when the snake is writhing towards it. I seem to be in the grasp of some resistless, inexorable evil, which no foresight and no precautions can guard against." + +"Tut! tut!" cried Sherlock Holmes. "You must act, man, or you are lost. Nothing but energy can save you. This is no time for despair." + +"I have seen the police." + +"Ah!" + +"But they listened to my story with a smile. I am convinced that the inspector has formed the opinion that the letters are all practical jokes, and that the deaths of my relations were really accidents, as the jury stated, and were not to be connected with the warnings." + +Holmes shook his clenched hands in the air. "Incredible imbecility!" he cried. + +"They have, however, allowed me a policeman, who may remain in the house with me." + +"Has he come with you to-night?" + +"No. His orders were to stay in the house." + +Again Holmes raved in the air. + +"Why did you come to me," he cried, "and, above all, why did you not come at once?" + +"I did not know. It was only to-day that I spoke to Major Prendergast about my troubles and was advised by him to come to you." + +"It is really two days since you had the letter. We should have acted before this. You have no further evidence, I suppose, than that which you have placed before us--no suggestive detail which might help us?" + +"There is one thing," said John Openshaw. He rummaged in his coat pocket, and, drawing out a piece of discoloured, blue-tinted paper, he laid it out upon the table. "I have some remembrance," said he, "that on the day when my uncle burned the papers I observed that the small, unburned margins which lay amid the ashes were of this particular colour. I found this single sheet upon the floor of his room, and I am inclined to think that it may be one of the papers which has, perhaps, fluttered out from among the others, and in that way has escaped destruction. Beyond the mention of pips, I do not see that it helps us much. I think myself that it is a page from some private diary. The writing is undoubtedly my uncle's." + +Holmes moved the lamp, and we both bent over the sheet of paper, which showed by its ragged edge that it had indeed been torn from a book. It was headed, "March, 1869," and beneath were the following enigmatical notices: + +"4th. Hudson came. Same old platform. + +"7th. Set the pips on McCauley, Paramore, and + + John Swain, of St. Augustine. + +"9th. McCauley cleared. + +"10th. John Swain cleared. + +"12th. Visited Paramore. All well." + +"Thank you!" said Holmes, folding up the paper and returning it to our visitor. "And now you must on no account lose another instant. We cannot spare time even to discuss what you have told me. You must get home instantly and act." + +"What shall I do?" + +"There is but one thing to do. It must be done at once. You must put this piece of paper which you have shown us into the brass box which you have described. You must also put in a note to say that all the other papers were burned by your uncle, and that this is the only one which remains. You must assert that in such words as will carry conviction with them. Having done this, you must at once put the box out upon the sundial, as directed. Do you understand?" + +"Entirely." + +"Do not think of revenge, or anything of the sort, at present. I think that we may gain that by means of the law; but we have our web to weave, while theirs is already woven. The first consideration is to remove the pressing danger which threatens you. The second is to clear up the mystery and to punish the guilty parties." + +"I thank you," said the young man, rising and pulling on his overcoat. "You have given me fresh life and hope. I shall certainly do as you advise." + +"Do not lose an instant. And, above all, take care of yourself in the meanwhile, for I do not think that there can be a doubt that you are threatened by a very real and imminent danger. How do you go back?" + +"By train from Waterloo." + +"It is not yet nine. The streets will be crowded, so I trust that you may be in safety. And yet you cannot guard yourself too closely." + +"I am armed." + +"That is well. To-morrow I shall set to work upon your case." + +"I shall see you at Horsham, then?" + +"No, your secret lies in London. It is there that I shall seek it." + +"Then I shall call upon you in a day, or in two days, with news as to the box and the papers. I shall take your advice in every particular." He shook hands with us and took his leave. Outside the wind still screamed and the rain splashed and pattered against the windows. This strange, wild story seemed to have come to us from amid the mad elements--blown in upon us like a sheet of sea-weed in a gale--and now to have been reabsorbed by them once more. + +Sherlock Holmes sat for some time in silence, with his head sunk forward and his eyes bent upon the red glow of the fire. Then he lit his pipe, and leaning back in his chair he watched the blue smoke-rings as they chased each other up to the ceiling. + +"I think, Watson," he remarked at last, "that of all our cases we have had none more fantastic than this." + +"Save, perhaps, the Sign of Four." + +"Well, yes. Save, perhaps, that. And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos." + +"But have you," I asked, "formed any definite conception as to what these perils are?" + +"There can be no question as to their nature," he answered. + +"Then what are they? Who is this K. K. K., and why does he pursue this unhappy family?" + +Sherlock Holmes closed his eyes and placed his elbows upon the arms of his chair, with his finger-tips together. "The ideal reasoner," he remarked, "would, when he had once been shown a single fact in all its bearings, deduce from it not only all the chain of events which led up to it but also all the results which would follow from it. As Cuvier could correctly describe a whole animal by the contemplation of a single bone, so the observer who has thoroughly understood one link in a series of incidents should be able to accurately state all the other ones, both before and after. We have not yet grasped the results which the reason alone can attain to. Problems may be solved in the study which have baffled all those who have sought a solution by the aid of their senses. To carry the art, however, to its highest pitch, it is necessary that the reasoner should be able to utilise all the facts which have come to his knowledge; and this in itself implies, as you will readily see, a possession of all knowledge, which, even in these days of free education and encyclopaedias, is a somewhat rare accomplishment. It is not so impossible, however, that a man should possess all knowledge which is likely to be useful to him in his work, and this I have endeavoured in my case to do. If I remember rightly, you on one occasion, in the early days of our friendship, defined my limits in a very precise fashion." + +"Yes," I answered, laughing. "It was a singular document. Philosophy, astronomy, and politics were marked at zero, I remember. Botany variable, geology profound as regards the mud-stains from any region within fifty miles of town, chemistry eccentric, anatomy unsystematic, sensational literature and crime records unique, violin-player, boxer, swordsman, lawyer, and self-poisoner by cocaine and tobacco. Those, I think, were the main points of my analysis." + +Holmes grinned at the last item. "Well," he said, "I say now, as I said then, that a man should keep his little brain-attic stocked with all the furniture that he is likely to use, and the rest he can put away in the lumber-room of his library, where he can get it if he wants it. Now, for such a case as the one which has been submitted to us to-night, we need certainly to muster all our resources. Kindly hand me down the letter K of the American Encyclopaedia which stands upon the shelf beside you. Thank you. Now let us consider the situation and see what may be deduced from it. In the first place, we may start with a strong presumption that Colonel Openshaw had some very strong reason for leaving America. Men at his time of life do not change all their habits and exchange willingly the charming climate of Florida for the lonely life of an English provincial town. His extreme love of solitude in England suggests the idea that he was in fear of someone or something, so we may assume as a working hypothesis that it was fear of someone or something which drove him from America. As to what it was he feared, we can only deduce that by considering the formidable letters which were received by himself and his successors. Did you remark the postmarks of those letters?" + +"The first was from Pondicherry, the second from Dundee, and the third from London." + +"From East London. What do you deduce from that?" + +"They are all seaports. That the writer was on board of a ship." + +"Excellent. We have already a clue. There can be no doubt that the probability--the strong probability--is that the writer was on board of a ship. And now let us consider another point. In the case of Pondicherry, seven weeks elapsed between the threat and its fulfilment, in Dundee it was only some three or four days. Does that suggest anything?" + +"A greater distance to travel." + +"But the letter had also a greater distance to come." + +"Then I do not see the point." + +"There is at least a presumption that the vessel in which the man or men are is a sailing-ship. It looks as if they always send their singular warning or token before them when starting upon their mission. You see how quickly the deed followed the sign when it came from Dundee. If they had come from Pondicherry in a steamer they would have arrived almost as soon as their letter. But, as a matter of fact, seven weeks elapsed. I think that those seven weeks represented the difference between the mail-boat which brought the letter and the sailing vessel which brought the writer." + +"It is possible." + +"More than that. It is probable. And now you see the deadly urgency of this new case, and why I urged young Openshaw to caution. The blow has always fallen at the end of the time which it would take the senders to travel the distance. But this one comes from London, and therefore we cannot count upon delay." + +"Good God!" I cried. "What can it mean, this relentless persecution?" + +"The papers which Openshaw carried are obviously of vital importance to the person or persons in the sailing-ship. I think that it is quite clear that there must be more than one of them. A single man could not have carried out two deaths in such a way as to deceive a coroner's jury. There must have been several in it, and they must have been men of resource and determination. Their papers they mean to have, be the holder of them who it may. In this way you see K. K. K. ceases to be the initials of an individual and becomes the badge of a society." + +"But of what society?" + +"Have you never--" said Sherlock Holmes, bending forward and sinking his voice--"have you never heard of the Ku Klux Klan?" + +"I never have." + +Holmes turned over the leaves of the book upon his knee. "Here it is," said he presently: + +" 'Ku Klux Klan. A name derived from the fanciful resemblance to the sound produced by cocking a rifle. This terrible secret society was formed by some ex-Confederate soldiers in the Southern states after the Civil War, and it rapidly formed local branches in different parts of the country, notably in Tennessee, Louisiana, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Its power was used for political purposes, principally for the terrorising of the negro voters and the murdering and driving from the country of those who were opposed to its views. Its outrages were usually preceded by a warning sent to the marked man in some fantastic but generally recognised shape--a sprig of oak-leaves in some parts, melon seeds or orange pips in others. On receiving this the victim might either openly abjure his former ways, or might fly from the country. If he braved the matter out, death would unfailingly come upon him, and usually in some strange and unforeseen manner. So perfect was the organisation of the society, and so systematic its methods, that there is hardly a case upon record where any man succeeded in braving it with impunity, or in which any of its outrages were traced home to the perpetrators. For some years the organisation flourished in spite of the efforts of the United States government and of the better classes of the community in the South. Eventually, in the year 1869, the movement rather suddenly collapsed, although there have been sporadic outbreaks of the same sort since that date.' + +"You will observe," said Holmes, laying down the volume, "that the sudden breaking up of the society was coincident with the disappearance of Openshaw from America with their papers. It may well have been cause and effect. It is no wonder that he and his family have some of the more implacable spirits upon their track. You can understand that this register and diary may implicate some of the first men in the South, and that there may be many who will not sleep easy at night until it is recovered." + +"Then the page we have seen--" + +"Is such as we might expect. It ran, if I remember right, 'sent the pips to A, B, and C'--that is, sent the society's warning to them. Then there are successive entries that A and B cleared, or left the country, and finally that C was visited, with, I fear, a sinister result for C. Well, I think, Doctor, that we may let some light into this dark place, and I believe that the only chance young Openshaw has in the meantime is to do what I have told him. There is nothing more to be said or to be done to-night, so hand me over my violin and let us try to forget for half an hour the miserable weather and the still more miserable ways of our fellow men." + +It had cleared in the morning, and the sun was shining with a subdued brightness through the dim veil which hangs over the great city. Sherlock Holmes was already at breakfast when I came down. + +"You will excuse me for not waiting for you," said he; "I have, I foresee, a very busy day before me in looking into this case of young Openshaw's." + +"What steps will you take?" I asked. + +"It will very much depend upon the results of my first inquiries. I may have to go down to Horsham, after all." + +"You will not go there first?" + +"No, I shall commence with the City. Just ring the bell and the maid will bring up your coffee." + +As I waited, I lifted the unopened newspaper from the table and glanced my eye over it. It rested upon a heading which sent a chill to my heart. + +"Holmes," I cried, "you are too late." + +"Ah!" said he, laying down his cup, "I feared as much. How was it done?" He spoke calmly, but I could see that he was deeply moved. + +"My eye caught the name of Openshaw, and the heading 'Tragedy Near Waterloo Bridge.' Here is the account: + +" 'Between nine and ten last night Police-Constable Cook, of the H Division, on duty near Waterloo Bridge, heard a cry for help and a splash in the water. The night, however, was extremely dark and stormy, so that, in spite of the help of several passers-by, it was quite impossible to effect a rescue. The alarm, however, was given, and, by the aid of the water-police, the body was eventually recovered. It proved to be that of a young gentleman whose name, as it appears from an envelope which was found in his pocket, was John Openshaw, and whose residence is near Horsham. It is conjectured that he may have been hurrying down to catch the last train from Waterloo Station, and that in his haste and the extreme darkness he missed his path and walked over the edge of one of the small landing-places for river steamboats. The body exhibited no traces of violence, and there can be no doubt that the deceased had been the victim of an unfortunate accident, which should have the effect of calling the attention of the authorities to the condition of the riverside landing-stages.' " + +We sat in silence for some minutes, Holmes more depressed and shaken than I had ever seen him. + +"That hurts my pride, Watson," he said at last. "It is a petty feeling, no doubt, but it hurts my pride. It becomes a personal matter with me now, and, if God sends me health, I shall set my hand upon this gang. That he should come to me for help, and that I should send him away to his death--!" He sprang from his chair and paced about the room in uncontrollable agitation, with a flush upon his sallow cheeks and a nervous clasping and unclasping of his long thin hands. + +"They must be cunning devils," he exclaimed at last. "How could they have decoyed him down there? The Embankment is not on the direct line to the station. The bridge, no doubt, was too crowded, even on such a night, for their purpose. Well, Watson, we shall see who will win in the long run. I am going out now!" + +"To the police?" + +"No; I shall be my own police. When I have spun the web they may take the flies, but not before." + +All day I was engaged in my professional work, and it was late in the evening before I returned to Baker Street. Sherlock Holmes had not come back yet. It was nearly ten o'clock before he entered, looking pale and worn. He walked up to the sideboard, and tearing a piece from the loaf he devoured it voraciously, washing it down with a long draught of water. + +"You are hungry," I remarked. + +"Starving. It had escaped my memory. I have had nothing since breakfast." + +"Nothing?" + +"Not a bite. I had no time to think of it." + +"And how have you succeeded?" + +"Well." + +"You have a clue?" + +"I have them in the hollow of my hand. Young Openshaw shall not long remain unavenged. Why, Watson, let us put their own devilish trade-mark upon them. It is well thought of!" + +"What do you mean?" + +He took an orange from the cupboard, and tearing it to pieces he squeezed out the pips upon the table. Of these he took five and thrust them into an envelope. On the inside of the flap he wrote "S. H. for J. O." Then he sealed it and addressed it to "Captain James Calhoun, Barque Lone Star, Savannah, Georgia." + +"That will await him when he enters port," said he, chuckling. "It may give him a sleepless night. He will find it as sure a precursor of his fate as Openshaw did before him." + +"And who is this Captain Calhoun?" + +"The leader of the gang. I shall have the others, but he first." + +"How did you trace it, then?" + +He took a large sheet of paper from his pocket, all covered with dates and names. + +"I have spent the whole day," said he, "over Lloyd's registers and files of the old papers, following the future career of every vessel which touched at Pondicherry in January and February in '83. There were thirty-six ships of fair tonnage which were reported there during those months. Of these, one, the Lone Star, instantly attracted my attention, since, although it was reported as having cleared from London, the name is that which is given to one of the states of the Union." + +"Texas, I think." + +"I was not and am not sure which; but I knew that the ship must have an American origin." + +"What then?" + +"I searched the Dundee records, and when I found that the barque Lone Star was there in January, '85, my suspicion became a certainty. I then inquired as to the vessels which lay at present in the port of London." + +"Yes?" + +"The Lone Star had arrived here last week. I went down to the Albert Dock and found that she had been taken down the river by the early tide this morning, homeward bound to Savannah. I wired to Gravesend and learned that she had passed some time ago, and as the wind is easterly I have no doubt that she is now past the Goodwins and not very far from the Isle of Wight." + +"What will you do, then?" + +"Oh, I have my hand upon him. He and the two mates, are as I learn, the only native-born Americans in the ship. The others are Finns and Germans. I know, also, that they were all three away from the ship last night. I had it from the stevedore who has been loading their cargo. By the time that their sailing-ship reaches Savannah the mail-boat will have carried this letter, and the cable will have informed the police of Savannah that these three gentlemen are badly wanted here upon a charge of murder." + +There is ever a flaw, however, in the best laid of human plans, and the murderers of John Openshaw were never to receive the orange pips which would show them that another, as cunning and as resolute as themselves, was upon their track. Very long and very severe were the equinoctial gales that year. We waited long for news of the Lone Star of Savannah, but none ever reached us. We did at last hear that somewhere far out in the Atlantic a shattered stern-post of a boat was seen swinging in the trough of a wave, with the letters "L. S." carved upon it, and that is all which we shall ever know of the fate of the Lone Star. + +ADVENTURE VI. THE MAN WITH THE TWISTED LIP + + +Isa Whitney, brother of the late Elias Whitney, D.D., Principal of the Theological College of St. George's, was much addicted to opium. The habit grew upon him, as I understand, from some foolish freak when he was at college; for having read De Quincey's description of his dreams and sensations, he had drenched his tobacco with laudanum in an attempt to produce the same effects. He found, as so many more have done, that the practice is easier to attain than to get rid of, and for many years he continued to be a slave to the drug, an object of mingled horror and pity to his friends and relatives. I can see him now, with yellow, pasty face, drooping lids, and pin-point pupils, all huddled in a chair, the wreck and ruin of a noble man. + +One night--it was in June, '89--there came a ring to my bell, about the hour when a man gives his first yawn and glances at the clock. I sat up in my chair, and my wife laid her needle-work down in her lap and made a little face of disappointment. + +"A patient!" said she. "You'll have to go out." + +I groaned, for I was newly come back from a weary day. + +We heard the door open, a few hurried words, and then quick steps upon the linoleum. Our own door flew open, and a lady, clad in some dark-coloured stuff, with a black veil, entered the room. + +"You will excuse my calling so late," she began, and then, suddenly losing her self-control, she ran forward, threw her arms about my wife's neck, and sobbed upon her shoulder. "Oh, I'm in such trouble!" she cried; "I do so want a little help." + +"Why," said my wife, pulling up her veil, "it is Kate Whitney. How you startled me, Kate! I had not an idea who you were when you came in." + +"I didn't know what to do, so I came straight to you." That was always the way. Folk who were in grief came to my wife like birds to a light-house. + +"It was very sweet of you to come. Now, you must have some wine and water, and sit here comfortably and tell us all about it. Or should you rather that I sent James off to bed?" + +"Oh, no, no! I want the doctor's advice and help, too. It's about Isa. He has not been home for two days. I am so frightened about him!" + +It was not the first time that she had spoken to us of her husband's trouble, to me as a doctor, to my wife as an old friend and school companion. We soothed and comforted her by such words as we could find. Did she know where her husband was? Was it possible that we could bring him back to her? + +It seems that it was. She had the surest information that of late he had, when the fit was on him, made use of an opium den in the farthest east of the City. Hitherto his orgies had always been confined to one day, and he had come back, twitching and shattered, in the evening. But now the spell had been upon him eight-and-forty hours, and he lay there, doubtless among the dregs of the docks, breathing in the poison or sleeping off the effects. There he was to be found, she was sure of it, at the Bar of Gold, in Upper Swandam Lane. But what was she to do? How could she, a young and timid woman, make her way into such a place and pluck her husband out from among the ruffians who surrounded him? + +There was the case, and of course there was but one way out of it. Might I not escort her to this place? And then, as a second thought, why should she come at all? I was Isa Whitney's medical adviser, and as such I had influence over him. I could manage it better if I were alone. I promised her on my word that I would send him home in a cab within two hours if he were indeed at the address which she had given me. And so in ten minutes I had left my armchair and cheery sitting-room behind me, and was speeding eastward in a hansom on a strange errand, as it seemed to me at the time, though the future only could show how strange it was to be. + +But there was no great difficulty in the first stage of my adventure. Upper Swandam Lane is a vile alley lurking behind the high wharves which line the north side of the river to the east of London Bridge. Between a slop-shop and a gin-shop, approached by a steep flight of steps leading down to a black gap like the mouth of a cave, I found the den of which I was in search. Ordering my cab to wait, I passed down the steps, worn hollow in the centre by the ceaseless tread of drunken feet; and by the light of a flickering oil-lamp above the door I found the latch and made my way into a long, low room, thick and heavy with the brown opium smoke, and terraced with wooden berths, like the forecastle of an emigrant ship. + +Through the gloom one could dimly catch a glimpse of bodies lying in strange fantastic poses, bowed shoulders, bent knees, heads thrown back, and chins pointing upward, with here and there a dark, lack-lustre eye turned upon the newcomer. Out of the black shadows there glimmered little red circles of light, now bright, now faint, as the burning poison waxed or waned in the bowls of the metal pipes. The most lay silent, but some muttered to themselves, and others talked together in a strange, low, monotonous voice, their conversation coming in gushes, and then suddenly tailing off into silence, each mumbling out his own thoughts and paying little heed to the words of his neighbour. At the farther end was a small brazier of burning charcoal, beside which on a three-legged wooden stool there sat a tall, thin old man, with his jaw resting upon his two fists, and his elbows upon his knees, staring into the fire. + +As I entered, a sallow Malay attendant had hurried up with a pipe for me and a supply of the drug, beckoning me to an empty berth. + +"Thank you. I have not come to stay," said I. "There is a friend of mine here, Mr. Isa Whitney, and I wish to speak with him." + +There was a movement and an exclamation from my right, and peering through the gloom, I saw Whitney, pale, haggard, and unkempt, staring out at me. + +"My God! It's Watson," said he. He was in a pitiable state of reaction, with every nerve in a twitter. "I say, Watson, what o'clock is it?" + +"Nearly eleven." + +"Of what day?" + +"Of Friday, June 19th." + +"Good heavens! I thought it was Wednesday. It is Wednesday. What d'you want to frighten a chap for?" He sank his face onto his arms and began to sob in a high treble key. + +"I tell you that it is Friday, man. Your wife has been waiting this two days for you. You should be ashamed of yourself!" + +"So I am. But you've got mixed, Watson, for I have only been here a few hours, three pipes, four pipes--I forget how many. But I'll go home with you. I wouldn't frighten Kate--poor little Kate. Give me your hand! Have you a cab?" + +"Yes, I have one waiting." + +"Then I shall go in it. But I must owe something. Find what I owe, Watson. I am all off colour. I can do nothing for myself." + +I walked down the narrow passage between the double row of sleepers, holding my breath to keep out the vile, stupefying fumes of the drug, and looking about for the manager. As I passed the tall man who sat by the brazier I felt a sudden pluck at my skirt, and a low voice whispered, "Walk past me, and then look back at me." The words fell quite distinctly upon my ear. I glanced down. They could only have come from the old man at my side, and yet he sat now as absorbed as ever, very thin, very wrinkled, bent with age, an opium pipe dangling down from between his knees, as though it had dropped in sheer lassitude from his fingers. I took two steps forward and looked back. It took all my self-control to prevent me from breaking out into a cry of astonishment. He had turned his back so that none could see him but I. His form had filled out, his wrinkles were gone, the dull eyes had regained their fire, and there, sitting by the fire and grinning at my surprise, was none other than Sherlock Holmes. He made a slight motion to me to approach him, and instantly, as he turned his face half round to the company once more, subsided into a doddering, loose-lipped senility. + +"Holmes!" I whispered, "what on earth are you doing in this den?" + +"As low as you can," he answered; "I have excellent ears. If you would have the great kindness to get rid of that sottish friend of yours I should be exceedingly glad to have a little talk with you." + +"I have a cab outside." + +"Then pray send him home in it. You may safely trust him, for he appears to be too limp to get into any mischief. I should recommend you also to send a note by the cabman to your wife to say that you have thrown in your lot with me. If you will wait outside, I shall be with you in five minutes." + +It was difficult to refuse any of Sherlock Holmes' requests, for they were always so exceedingly definite, and put forward with such a quiet air of mastery. I felt, however, that when Whitney was once confined in the cab my mission was practically accomplished; and for the rest, I could not wish anything better than to be associated with my friend in one of those singular adventures which were the normal condition of his existence. In a few minutes I had written my note, paid Whitney's bill, led him out to the cab, and seen him driven through the darkness. In a very short time a decrepit figure had emerged from the opium den, and I was walking down the street with Sherlock Holmes. For two streets he shuffled along with a bent back and an uncertain foot. Then, glancing quickly round, he straightened himself out and burst into a hearty fit of laughter. + +"I suppose, Watson," said he, "that you imagine that I have added opium-smoking to cocaine injections, and all the other little weaknesses on which you have favoured me with your medical views." + +"I was certainly surprised to find you there." + +"But not more so than I to find you." + +"I came to find a friend." + +"And I to find an enemy." + +"An enemy?" + +"Yes; one of my natural enemies, or, shall I say, my natural prey. Briefly, Watson, I am in the midst of a very remarkable inquiry, and I have hoped to find a clue in the incoherent ramblings of these sots, as I have done before now. Had I been recognised in that den my life would not have been worth an hour's purchase; for I have used it before now for my own purposes, and the rascally Lascar who runs it has sworn to have vengeance upon me. There is a trap-door at the back of that building, near the corner of Paul's Wharf, which could tell some strange tales of what has passed through it upon the moonless nights." + +"What! You do not mean bodies?" + +"Ay, bodies, Watson. We should be rich men if we had $1000 for every poor devil who has been done to death in that den. It is the vilest murder-trap on the whole riverside, and I fear that Neville St. Clair has entered it never to leave it more. But our trap should be here." He put his two forefingers between his teeth and whistled shrilly--a signal which was answered by a similar whistle from the distance, followed shortly by the rattle of wheels and the clink of horses' hoofs. + +"Now, Watson," said Holmes, as a tall dog-cart dashed up through the gloom, throwing out two golden tunnels of yellow light from its side lanterns. "You'll come with me, won't you?" + +"If I can be of use." + +"Oh, a trusty comrade is always of use; and a chronicler still more so. My room at The Cedars is a double-bedded one." + +"The Cedars?" + +"Yes; that is Mr. St. Clair's house. I am staying there while I conduct the inquiry." + +"Where is it, then?" + +"Near Lee, in Kent. We have a seven-mile drive before us." + +"But I am all in the dark." + +"Of course you are. You'll know all about it presently. Jump up here. All right, John; we shall not need you. Here's half a crown. Look out for me to-morrow, about eleven. Give her her head. So long, then!" + +He flicked the horse with his whip, and we dashed away through the endless succession of sombre and deserted streets, which widened gradually, until we were flying across a broad balustraded bridge, with the murky river flowing sluggishly beneath us. Beyond lay another dull wilderness of bricks and mortar, its silence broken only by the heavy, regular footfall of the policeman, or the songs and shouts of some belated party of revellers. A dull wrack was drifting slowly across the sky, and a star or two twinkled dimly here and there through the rifts of the clouds. Holmes drove in silence, with his head sunk upon his breast, and the air of a man who is lost in thought, while I sat beside him, curious to learn what this new quest might be which seemed to tax his powers so sorely, and yet afraid to break in upon the current of his thoughts. We had driven several miles, and were beginning to get to the fringe of the belt of suburban villas, when he shook himself, shrugged his shoulders, and lit up his pipe with the air of a man who has satisfied himself that he is acting for the best. + +"You have a grand gift of silence, Watson," said he. "It makes you quite invaluable as a companion. 'Pon my word, it is a great thing for me to have someone to talk to, for my own thoughts are not over-pleasant. I was wondering what I should say to this dear little woman to-night when she meets me at the door." + +"You forget that I know nothing about it." + +"I shall just have time to tell you the facts of the case before we get to Lee. It seems absurdly simple, and yet, somehow I can get nothing to go upon. There's plenty of thread, no doubt, but I can't get the end of it into my hand. Now, I'll state the case clearly and concisely to you, Watson, and maybe you can see a spark where all is dark to me." + +"Proceed, then." + +"Some years ago--to be definite, in May, 1884--there came to Lee a gentleman, Neville St. Clair by name, who appeared to have plenty of money. He took a large villa, laid out the grounds very nicely, and lived generally in good style. By degrees he made friends in the neighbourhood, and in 1887 he married the daughter of a local brewer, by whom he now has two children. He had no occupation, but was interested in several companies and went into town as a rule in the morning, returning by the 5:14 from Cannon Street every night. Mr. St. Clair is now thirty-seven years of age, is a man of temperate habits, a good husband, a very affectionate father, and a man who is popular with all who know him. I may add that his whole debts at the present moment, as far as we have been able to ascertain, amount to $88 10s., while he has $220 standing to his credit in the Capital and Counties Bank. There is no reason, therefore, to think that money troubles have been weighing upon his mind. + +"Last Monday Mr. Neville St. Clair went into town rather earlier than usual, remarking before he started that he had two important commissions to perform, and that he would bring his little boy home a box of bricks. Now, by the merest chance, his wife received a telegram upon this same Monday, very shortly after his departure, to the effect that a small parcel of considerable value which she had been expecting was waiting for her at the offices of the Aberdeen Shipping Company. Now, if you are well up in your London, you will know that the office of the company is in Fresno Street, which branches out of Upper Swandam Lane, where you found me to-night. Mrs. St. Clair had her lunch, started for the City, did some shopping, proceeded to the company's office, got her packet, and found herself at exactly 4:35 walking through Swandam Lane on her way back to the station. Have you followed me so far?" + +"It is very clear." + +"If you remember, Monday was an exceedingly hot day, and Mrs. St. Clair walked slowly, glancing about in the hope of seeing a cab, as she did not like the neighbourhood in which she found herself. While she was walking in this way down Swandam Lane, she suddenly heard an ejaculation or cry, and was struck cold to see her husband looking down at her and, as it seemed to her, beckoning to her from a second-floor window. The window was open, and she distinctly saw his face, which she describes as being terribly agitated. He waved his hands frantically to her, and then vanished from the window so suddenly that it seemed to her that he had been plucked back by some irresistible force from behind. One singular point which struck her quick feminine eye was that although he wore some dark coat, such as he had started to town in, he had on neither collar nor necktie. + +"Convinced that something was amiss with him, she rushed down the steps--for the house was none other than the opium den in which you found me to-night--and running through the front room she attempted to ascend the stairs which led to the first floor. At the foot of the stairs, however, she met this Lascar scoundrel of whom I have spoken, who thrust her back and, aided by a Dane, who acts as assistant there, pushed her out into the street. Filled with the most maddening doubts and fears, she rushed down the lane and, by rare good-fortune, met in Fresno Street a number of constables with an inspector, all on their way to their beat. The inspector and two men accompanied her back, and in spite of the continued resistance of the proprietor, they made their way to the room in which Mr. St. Clair had last been seen. There was no sign of him there. In fact, in the whole of that floor there was no one to be found save a crippled wretch of hideous aspect, who, it seems, made his home there. Both he and the Lascar stoutly swore that no one else had been in the front room during the afternoon. So determined was their denial that the inspector was staggered, and had almost come to believe that Mrs. St. Clair had been deluded when, with a cry, she sprang at a small deal box which lay upon the table and tore the lid from it. Out there fell a cascade of children's bricks. It was the toy which he had promised to bring home. + +"This discovery, and the evident confusion which the cripple showed, made the inspector realise that the matter was serious. The rooms were carefully examined, and results all pointed to an abominable crime. The front room was plainly furnished as a sitting-room and led into a small bedroom, which looked out upon the back of one of the wharves. Between the wharf and the bedroom window is a narrow strip, which is dry at low tide but is covered at high tide with at least four and a half feet of water. The bedroom window was a broad one and opened from below. On examination traces of blood were to be seen upon the windowsill, and several scattered drops were visible upon the wooden floor of the bedroom. Thrust away behind a curtain in the front room were all the clothes of Mr. Neville St. Clair, with the exception of his coat. His boots, his socks, his hat, and his watch--all were there. There were no signs of violence upon any of these garments, and there were no other traces of Mr. Neville St. Clair. Out of the window he must apparently have gone for no other exit could be discovered, and the ominous bloodstains upon the sill gave little promise that he could save himself by swimming, for the tide was at its very highest at the moment of the tragedy. + +"And now as to the villains who seemed to be immediately implicated in the matter. The Lascar was known to be a man of the vilest antecedents, but as, by Mrs. St. Clair's story, he was known to have been at the foot of the stair within a very few seconds of her husband's appearance at the window, he could hardly have been more than an accessory to the crime. His defence was one of absolute ignorance, and he protested that he had no knowledge as to the doings of Hugh Boone, his lodger, and that he could not account in any way for the presence of the missing gentleman's clothes. + +"So much for the Lascar manager. Now for the sinister cripple who lives upon the second floor of the opium den, and who was certainly the last human being whose eyes rested upon Neville St. Clair. His name is Hugh Boone, and his hideous face is one which is familiar to every man who goes much to the City. He is a professional beggar, though in order to avoid the police regulations he pretends to a small trade in wax vestas. Some little distance down Threadneedle Street, upon the left-hand side, there is, as you may have remarked, a small angle in the wall. Here it is that this creature takes his daily seat, cross-legged with his tiny stock of matches on his lap, and as he is a piteous spectacle a small rain of charity descends into the greasy leather cap which lies upon the pavement beside him. I have watched the fellow more than once before ever I thought of making his professional acquaintance, and I have been surprised at the harvest which he has reaped in a short time. His appearance, you see, is so remarkable that no one can pass him without observing him. A shock of orange hair, a pale face disfigured by a horrible scar, which, by its contraction, has turned up the outer edge of his upper lip, a bulldog chin, and a pair of very penetrating dark eyes, which present a singular contrast to the colour of his hair, all mark him out from amid the common crowd of mendicants and so, too, does his wit, for he is ever ready with a reply to any piece of chaff which may be thrown at him by the passers-by. This is the man whom we now learn to have been the lodger at the opium den, and to have been the last man to see the gentleman of whom we are in quest." + +"But a cripple!" said I. "What could he have done single-handed against a man in the prime of life?" + +"He is a cripple in the sense that he walks with a limp; but in other respects he appears to be a powerful and well-nurtured man. Surely your medical experience would tell you, Watson, that weakness in one limb is often compensated for by exceptional strength in the others." + +"Pray continue your narrative." + +"Mrs. St. Clair had fainted at the sight of the blood upon the window, and she was escorted home in a cab by the police, as her presence could be of no help to them in their investigations. Inspector Barton, who had charge of the case, made a very careful examination of the premises, but without finding anything which threw any light upon the matter. One mistake had been made in not arresting Boone instantly, as he was allowed some few minutes during which he might have communicated with his friend the Lascar, but this fault was soon remedied, and he was seized and searched, without anything being found which could incriminate him. There were, it is true, some blood-stains upon his right shirt-sleeve, but he pointed to his ring-finger, which had been cut near the nail, and explained that the bleeding came from there, adding that he had been to the window not long before, and that the stains which had been observed there came doubtless from the same source. He denied strenuously having ever seen Mr. Neville St. Clair and swore that the presence of the clothes in his room was as much a mystery to him as to the police. As to Mrs. St. Clair's assertion that she had actually seen her husband at the window, he declared that she must have been either mad or dreaming. He was removed, loudly protesting, to the police-station, while the inspector remained upon the premises in the hope that the ebbing tide might afford some fresh clue. + +"And it did, though they hardly found upon the mud-bank what they had feared to find. It was Neville St. Clair's coat, and not Neville St. Clair, which lay uncovered as the tide receded. And what do you think they found in the pockets?" + +"I cannot imagine." + +"No, I don't think you would guess. Every pocket stuffed with pennies and half-pennies--421 pennies and 270 half-pennies. It was no wonder that it had not been swept away by the tide. But a human body is a different matter. There is a fierce eddy between the wharf and the house. It seemed likely enough that the weighted coat had remained when the stripped body had been sucked away into the river." + +"But I understand that all the other clothes were found in the room. Would the body be dressed in a coat alone?" + +"No, sir, but the facts might be met speciously enough. Suppose that this man Boone had thrust Neville St. Clair through the window, there is no human eye which could have seen the deed. What would he do then? It would of course instantly strike him that he must get rid of the tell-tale garments. He would seize the coat, then, and be in the act of throwing it out, when it would occur to him that it would swim and not sink. He has little time, for he has heard the scuffle downstairs when the wife tried to force her way up, and perhaps he has already heard from his Lascar confederate that the police are hurrying up the street. There is not an instant to be lost. He rushes to some secret hoard, where he has accumulated the fruits of his beggary, and he stuffs all the coins upon which he can lay his hands into the pockets to make sure of the coat's sinking. He throws it out, and would have done the same with the other garments had not he heard the rush of steps below, and only just had time to close the window when the police appeared." + +"It certainly sounds feasible." + +"Well, we will take it as a working hypothesis for want of a better. Boone, as I have told you, was arrested and taken to the station, but it could not be shown that there had ever before been anything against him. He had for years been known as a professional beggar, but his life appeared to have been a very quiet and innocent one. There the matter stands at present, and the questions which have to be solved--what Neville St. Clair was doing in the opium den, what happened to him when there, where is he now, and what Hugh Boone had to do with his disappearance--are all as far from a solution as ever. I confess that I cannot recall any case within my experience which looked at the first glance so simple and yet which presented such difficulties." + +While Sherlock Holmes had been detailing this singular series of events, we had been whirling through the outskirts of the great town until the last straggling houses had been left behind, and we rattled along with a country hedge upon either side of us. Just as he finished, however, we drove through two scattered villages, where a few lights still glimmered in the windows. + +"We are on the outskirts of Lee," said my companion. "We have touched on three English counties in our short drive, starting in Middlesex, passing over an angle of Surrey, and ending in Kent. See that light among the trees? That is The Cedars, and beside that lamp sits a woman whose anxious ears have already, I have little doubt, caught the clink of our horse's feet." + +"But why are you not conducting the case from Baker Street?" I asked. + +"Because there are many inquiries which must be made out here. Mrs. St. Clair has most kindly put two rooms at my disposal, and you may rest assured that she will have nothing but a welcome for my friend and colleague. I hate to meet her, Watson, when I have no news of her husband. Here we are. Whoa, there, whoa!" + +We had pulled up in front of a large villa which stood within its own grounds. A stable-boy had run out to the horse's head, and springing down, I followed Holmes up the small, winding gravel-drive which led to the house. As we approached, the door flew open, and a little blonde woman stood in the opening, clad in some sort of light mousseline de soie, with a touch of fluffy pink chiffon at her neck and wrists. She stood with her figure outlined against the flood of light, one hand upon the door, one half-raised in her eagerness, her body slightly bent, her head and face protruded, with eager eyes and parted lips, a standing question. + +"Well?" she cried, "well?" And then, seeing that there were two of us, she gave a cry of hope which sank into a groan as she saw that my companion shook his head and shrugged his shoulders. + +"No good news?" + +"None." + +"No bad?" + +"No." + +"Thank God for that. But come in. You must be weary, for you have had a long day." + +"This is my friend, Dr. Watson. He has been of most vital use to me in several of my cases, and a lucky chance has made it possible for me to bring him out and associate him with this investigation." + +"I am delighted to see you," said she, pressing my hand warmly. "You will, I am sure, forgive anything that may be wanting in our arrangements, when you consider the blow which has come so suddenly upon us." + +"My dear madam," said I, "I am an old campaigner, and if I were not I can very well see that no apology is needed. If I can be of any assistance, either to you or to my friend here, I shall be indeed happy." + +"Now, Mr. Sherlock Holmes," said the lady as we entered a well-lit dining-room, upon the table of which a cold supper had been laid out, "I should very much like to ask you one or two plain questions, to which I beg that you will give a plain answer." + +"Certainly, madam." + +"Do not trouble about my feelings. I am not hysterical, nor given to fainting. I simply wish to hear your real, real opinion." + +"Upon what point?" + +"In your heart of hearts, do you think that Neville is alive?" + +Sherlock Holmes seemed to be embarrassed by the question. "Frankly, now!" she repeated, standing upon the rug and looking keenly down at him as he leaned back in a basket-chair. + +"Frankly, then, madam, I do not." + +"You think that he is dead?" + +"I do." + +"Murdered?" + +"I don't say that. Perhaps." + +"And on what day did he meet his death?" + +"On Monday." + +"Then perhaps, Mr. Holmes, you will be good enough to explain how it is that I have received a letter from him to-day." + +Sherlock Holmes sprang out of his chair as if he had been galvanised. + +"What!" he roared. + +"Yes, to-day." She stood smiling, holding up a little slip of paper in the air. + +"May I see it?" + +"Certainly." + +He snatched it from her in his eagerness, and smoothing it out upon the table he drew over the lamp and examined it intently. I had left my chair and was gazing at it over his shoulder. The envelope was a very coarse one and was stamped with the Gravesend postmark and with the date of that very day, or rather of the day before, for it was considerably after midnight. + +"Coarse writing," murmured Holmes. "Surely this is not your husband's writing, madam." + +"No, but the enclosure is." + +"I perceive also that whoever addressed the envelope had to go and inquire as to the address." + +"How can you tell that?" + +"The name, you see, is in perfectly black ink, which has dried itself. The rest is of the greyish colour, which shows that blotting-paper has been used. If it had been written straight off, and then blotted, none would be of a deep black shade. This man has written the name, and there has then been a pause before he wrote the address, which can only mean that he was not familiar with it. It is, of course, a trifle, but there is nothing so important as trifles. Let us now see the letter. Ha! there has been an enclosure here!" + +"Yes, there was a ring. His signet-ring." + +"And you are sure that this is your husband's hand?" + +"One of his hands." + +"One?" + +"His hand when he wrote hurriedly. It is very unlike his usual writing, and yet I know it well." + +" 'Dearest do not be frightened. All will come well. There is a huge error which it may take some little time to rectify. Wait in patience.--NEVILLE.' Written in pencil upon the fly-leaf of a book, octavo size, no water-mark. Hum! Posted to-day in Gravesend by a man with a dirty thumb. Ha! And the flap has been gummed, if I am not very much in error, by a person who had been chewing tobacco. And you have no doubt that it is your husband's hand, madam?" + +"None. Neville wrote those words." + +"And they were posted to-day at Gravesend. Well, Mrs. St. Clair, the clouds lighten, though I should not venture to say that the danger is over." + +"But he must be alive, Mr. Holmes." + +"Unless this is a clever forgery to put us on the wrong scent. The ring, after all, proves nothing. It may have been taken from him." + +"No, no; it is, it is his very own writing!" + +"Very well. It may, however, have been written on Monday and only posted to-day." + +"That is possible." + +"If so, much may have happened between." + +"Oh, you must not discourage me, Mr. Holmes. I know that all is well with him. There is so keen a sympathy between us that I should know if evil came upon him. On the very day that I saw him last he cut himself in the bedroom, and yet I in the dining-room rushed upstairs instantly with the utmost certainty that something had happened. Do you think that I would respond to such a trifle and yet be ignorant of his death?" + +"I have seen too much not to know that the impression of a woman may be more valuable than the conclusion of an analytical reasoner. And in this letter you certainly have a very strong piece of evidence to corroborate your view. But if your husband is alive and able to write letters, why should he remain away from you?" + +"I cannot imagine. It is unthinkable." + +"And on Monday he made no remarks before leaving you?" + +"No." + +"And you were surprised to see him in Swandam Lane?" + +"Very much so." + +"Was the window open?" + +"Yes." + +"Then he might have called to you?" + +"He might." + +"He only, as I understand, gave an inarticulate cry?" + +"Yes." + +"A call for help, you thought?" + +"Yes. He waved his hands." + +"But it might have been a cry of surprise. Astonishment at the unexpected sight of you might cause him to throw up his hands?" + +"It is possible." + +"And you thought he was pulled back?" + +"He disappeared so suddenly." + +"He might have leaped back. You did not see anyone else in the room?" + +"No, but this horrible man confessed to having been there, and the Lascar was at the foot of the stairs." + +"Quite so. Your husband, as far as you could see, had his ordinary clothes on?" + +"But without his collar or tie. I distinctly saw his bare throat." + +"Had he ever spoken of Swandam Lane?" + +"Never." + +"Had he ever showed any signs of having taken opium?" + +"Never." + +"Thank you, Mrs. St. Clair. Those are the principal points about which I wished to be absolutely clear. We shall now have a little supper and then retire, for we may have a very busy day to-morrow." + +A large and comfortable double-bedded room had been placed at our disposal, and I was quickly between the sheets, for I was weary after my night of adventure. Sherlock Holmes was a man, however, who, when he had an unsolved problem upon his mind, would go for days, and even for a week, without rest, turning it over, rearranging his facts, looking at it from every point of view until he had either fathomed it or convinced himself that his data were insufficient. It was soon evident to me that he was now preparing for an all-night sitting. He took off his coat and waistcoat, put on a large blue dressing-gown, and then wandered about the room collecting pillows from his bed and cushions from the sofa and armchairs. With these he constructed a sort of Eastern divan, upon which he perched himself cross-legged, with an ounce of shag tobacco and a box of matches laid out in front of him. In the dim light of the lamp I saw him sitting there, an old briar pipe between his lips, his eyes fixed vacantly upon the corner of the ceiling, the blue smoke curling up from him, silent, motionless, with the light shining upon his strong-set aquiline features. So he sat as I dropped off to sleep, and so he sat when a sudden ejaculation caused me to wake up, and I found the summer sun shining into the apartment. The pipe was still between his lips, the smoke still curled upward, and the room was full of a dense tobacco haze, but nothing remained of the heap of shag which I had seen upon the previous night. + +"Awake, Watson?" he asked. + +"Yes." + +"Game for a morning drive?" + +"Certainly." + +"Then dress. No one is stirring yet, but I know where the stable-boy sleeps, and we shall soon have the trap out." He chuckled to himself as he spoke, his eyes twinkled, and he seemed a different man to the sombre thinker of the previous night. + +As I dressed I glanced at my watch. It was no wonder that no one was stirring. It was twenty-five minutes past four. I had hardly finished when Holmes returned with the news that the boy was putting in the horse. + +"I want to test a little theory of mine," said he, pulling on his boots. "I think, Watson, that you are now standing in the presence of one of the most absolute fools in Europe. I deserve to be kicked from here to Charing Cross. But I think I have the key of the affair now." + +"And where is it?" I asked, smiling. + +"In the bathroom," he answered. "Oh, yes, I am not joking," he continued, seeing my look of incredulity. "I have just been there, and I have taken it out, and I have got it in this Gladstone bag. Come on, my boy, and we shall see whether it will not fit the lock." + +We made our way downstairs as quietly as possible, and out into the bright morning sunshine. In the road stood our horse and trap, with the half-clad stable-boy waiting at the head. We both sprang in, and away we dashed down the London Road. A few country carts were stirring, bearing in vegetables to the metropolis, but the lines of villas on either side were as silent and lifeless as some city in a dream. + +"It has been in some points a singular case," said Holmes, flicking the horse on into a gallop. "I confess that I have been as blind as a mole, but it is better to learn wisdom late than never to learn it at all." + +In town the earliest risers were just beginning to look sleepily from their windows as we drove through the streets of the Surrey side. Passing down the Waterloo Bridge Road we crossed over the river, and dashing up Wellington Street wheeled sharply to the right and found ourselves in Bow Street. Sherlock Holmes was well known to the force, and the two constables at the door saluted him. One of them held the horse's head while the other led us in. + +"Who is on duty?" asked Holmes. + +"Inspector Bradstreet, sir." + +"Ah, Bradstreet, how are you?" A tall, stout official had come down the stone-flagged passage, in a peaked cap and frogged jacket. "I wish to have a quiet word with you, Bradstreet." "Certainly, Mr. Holmes. Step into my room here." It was a small, office-like room, with a huge ledger upon the table, and a telephone projecting from the wall. The inspector sat down at his desk. + +"What can I do for you, Mr. Holmes?" + +"I called about that beggarman, Boone--the one who was charged with being concerned in the disappearance of Mr. Neville St. Clair, of Lee." + +"Yes. He was brought up and remanded for further inquiries." + +"So I heard. You have him here?" + +"In the cells." + +"Is he quiet?" + +"Oh, he gives no trouble. But he is a dirty scoundrel." + +"Dirty?" + +"Yes, it is all we can do to make him wash his hands, and his face is as black as a tinker's. Well, when once his case has been settled, he will have a regular prison bath; and I think, if you saw him, you would agree with me that he needed it." + +"I should like to see him very much." + +"Would you? That is easily done. Come this way. You can leave your bag." + +"No, I think that I'll take it." + +"Very good. Come this way, if you please." He led us down a passage, opened a barred door, passed down a winding stair, and brought us to a whitewashed corridor with a line of doors on each side. + +"The third on the right is his," said the inspector. "Here it is!" He quietly shot back a panel in the upper part of the door and glanced through. + +"He is asleep," said he. "You can see him very well." + +We both put our eyes to the grating. The prisoner lay with his face towards us, in a very deep sleep, breathing slowly and heavily. He was a middle-sized man, coarsely clad as became his calling, with a coloured shirt protruding through the rent in his tattered coat. He was, as the inspector had said, extremely dirty, but the grime which covered his face could not conceal its repulsive ugliness. A broad wheal from an old scar ran right across it from eye to chin, and by its contraction had turned up one side of the upper lip, so that three teeth were exposed in a perpetual snarl. A shock of very bright red hair grew low over his eyes and forehead. + +"He's a beauty, isn't he?" said the inspector. + +"He certainly needs a wash," remarked Holmes. "I had an idea that he might, and I took the liberty of bringing the tools with me." He opened the Gladstone bag as he spoke, and took out, to my astonishment, a very large bath-sponge. + +"He! he! You are a funny one," chuckled the inspector. + +"Now, if you will have the great goodness to open that door very quietly, we will soon make him cut a much more respectable figure." + +"Well, I don't know why not," said the inspector. "He doesn't look a credit to the Bow Street cells, does he?" He slipped his key into the lock, and we all very quietly entered the cell. The sleeper half turned, and then settled down once more into a deep slumber. Holmes stooped to the water-jug, moistened his sponge, and then rubbed it twice vigorously across and down the prisoner's face. + +"Let me introduce you," he shouted, "to Mr. Neville St. Clair, of Lee, in the county of Kent." + +Never in my life have I seen such a sight. The man's face peeled off under the sponge like the bark from a tree. Gone was the coarse brown tint! Gone, too, was the horrid scar which had seamed it across, and the twisted lip which had given the repulsive sneer to the face! A twitch brought away the tangled red hair, and there, sitting up in his bed, was a pale, sad-faced, refined-looking man, black-haired and smooth-skinned, rubbing his eyes and staring about him with sleepy bewilderment. Then suddenly realising the exposure, he broke into a scream and threw himself down with his face to the pillow. + +"Great heavens!" cried the inspector, "it is, indeed, the missing man. I know him from the photograph." + +The prisoner turned with the reckless air of a man who abandons himself to his destiny. "Be it so," said he. "And pray what am I charged with?" + +"With making away with Mr. Neville St.-- Oh, come, you can't be charged with that unless they make a case of attempted suicide of it," said the inspector with a grin. "Well, I have been twenty-seven years in the force, but this really takes the cake." + +"If I am Mr. Neville St. Clair, then it is obvious that no crime has been committed, and that, therefore, I am illegally detained." + +"No crime, but a very great error has been committed," said Holmes. "You would have done better to have trusted you wife." + +"It was not the wife; it was the children," groaned the prisoner. "God help me, I would not have them ashamed of their father. My God! What an exposure! What can I do?" + +Sherlock Holmes sat down beside him on the couch and patted him kindly on the shoulder. + +"If you leave it to a court of law to clear the matter up," said he, "of course you can hardly avoid publicity. On the other hand, if you convince the police authorities that there is no possible case against you, I do not know that there is any reason that the details should find their way into the papers. Inspector Bradstreet would, I am sure, make notes upon anything which you might tell us and submit it to the proper authorities. The case would then never go into court at all." + +"God bless you!" cried the prisoner passionately. "I would have endured imprisonment, ay, even execution, rather than have left my miserable secret as a family blot to my children. + +"You are the first who have ever heard my story. My father was a schoolmaster in Chesterfield, where I received an excellent education. I travelled in my youth, took to the stage, and finally became a reporter on an evening paper in London. One day my editor wished to have a series of articles upon begging in the metropolis, and I volunteered to supply them. There was the point from which all my adventures started. It was only by trying begging as an amateur that I could get the facts upon which to base my articles. When an actor I had, of course, learned all the secrets of making up, and had been famous in the green-room for my skill. I took advantage now of my attainments. I painted my face, and to make myself as pitiable as possible I made a good scar and fixed one side of my lip in a twist by the aid of a small slip of flesh-coloured plaster. Then with a red head of hair, and an appropriate dress, I took my station in the business part of the city, ostensibly as a match-seller but really as a beggar. For seven hours I plied my trade, and when I returned home in the evening I found to my surprise that I had received no less than 26s. 4d. + +"I wrote my articles and thought little more of the matter until, some time later, I backed a bill for a friend and had a writ served upon me for $25. I was at my wit's end where to get the money, but a sudden idea came to me. I begged a fortnight's grace from the creditor, asked for a holiday from my employers, and spent the time in begging in the City under my disguise. In ten days I had the money and had paid the debt. + +"Well, you can imagine how hard it was to settle down to arduous work at $2 a week when I knew that I could earn as much in a day by smearing my face with a little paint, laying my cap on the ground, and sitting still. It was a long fight between my pride and the money, but the dollars won at last, and I threw up reporting and sat day after day in the corner which I had first chosen, inspiring pity by my ghastly face and filling my pockets with coppers. Only one man knew my secret. He was the keeper of a low den in which I used to lodge in Swandam Lane, where I could every morning emerge as a squalid beggar and in the evenings transform myself into a well-dressed man about town. This fellow, a Lascar, was well paid by me for his rooms, so that I knew that my secret was safe in his possession. + +"Well, very soon I found that I was saving considerable sums of money. I do not mean that any beggar in the streets of London could earn $700 a year--which is less than my average takings--but I had exceptional advantages in my power of making up, and also in a facility of repartee, which improved by practice and made me quite a recognised character in the City. All day a stream of pennies, varied by silver, poured in upon me, and it was a very bad day in which I failed to take $2. + +"As I grew richer I grew more ambitious, took a house in the country, and eventually married, without anyone having a suspicion as to my real occupation. My dear wife knew that I had business in the City. She little knew what. + +"Last Monday I had finished for the day and was dressing in my room above the opium den when I looked out of my window and saw, to my horror and astonishment, that my wife was standing in the street, with her eyes fixed full upon me. I gave a cry of surprise, threw up my arms to cover my face, and, rushing to my confidant, the Lascar, entreated him to prevent anyone from coming up to me. I heard her voice downstairs, but I knew that she could not ascend. Swiftly I threw off my clothes, pulled on those of a beggar, and put on my pigments and wig. Even a wife's eyes could not pierce so complete a disguise. But then it occurred to me that there might be a search in the room, and that the clothes might betray me. I threw open the window, reopening by my violence a small cut which I had inflicted upon myself in the bedroom that morning. Then I seized my coat, which was weighted by the coppers which I had just transferred to it from the leather bag in which I carried my takings. I hurled it out of the window, and it disappeared into the Thames. The other clothes would have followed, but at that moment there was a rush of constables up the stair, and a few minutes after I found, rather, I confess, to my relief, that instead of being identified as Mr. Neville St. Clair, I was arrested as his murderer. + +"I do not know that there is anything else for me to explain. I was determined to preserve my disguise as long as possible, and hence my preference for a dirty face. Knowing that my wife would be terribly anxious, I slipped off my ring and confided it to the Lascar at a moment when no constable was watching me, together with a hurried scrawl, telling her that she had no cause to fear." + +"That note only reached her yesterday," said Holmes. + +"Good God! What a week she must have spent!" + +"The police have watched this Lascar," said Inspector Bradstreet, "and I can quite understand that he might find it difficult to post a letter unobserved. Probably he handed it to some sailor customer of his, who forgot all about it for some days." + +"That was it," said Holmes, nodding approvingly; "I have no doubt of it. But have you never been prosecuted for begging?" + +"Many times; but what was a fine to me?" + +"It must stop here, however," said Bradstreet. "If the police are to hush this thing up, there must be no more of Hugh Boone." + +"I have sworn it by the most solemn oaths which a man can take." + +"In that case I think that it is probable that no further steps may be taken. But if you are found again, then all must come out. I am sure, Mr. Holmes, that we are very much indebted to you for having cleared the matter up. I wish I knew how you reach your results." + +"I reached this one," said my friend, "by sitting upon five pillows and consuming an ounce of shag. I think, Watson, that if we drive to Baker Street we shall just be in time for breakfast." + +VII. THE ADVENTURE OF THE BLUE CARBUNCLE + + +I had called upon my friend Sherlock Holmes upon the second morning after Christmas, with the intention of wishing him the compliments of the season. He was lounging upon the sofa in a purple dressing-gown, a pipe-rack within his reach upon the right, and a pile of crumpled morning papers, evidently newly studied, near at hand. Beside the couch was a wooden chair, and on the angle of the back hung a very seedy and disreputable hard-felt hat, much the worse for wear, and cracked in several places. A lens and a forceps lying upon the seat of the chair suggested that the hat had been suspended in this manner for the purpose of examination. + +"You are engaged," said I; "perhaps I interrupt you." + +"Not at all. I am glad to have a friend with whom I can discuss my results. The matter is a perfectly trivial one"--he jerked his thumb in the direction of the old hat--"but there are points in connection with it which are not entirely devoid of interest and even of instruction." + +I seated myself in his armchair and warmed my hands before his crackling fire, for a sharp frost had set in, and the windows were thick with the ice crystals. "I suppose," I remarked, "that, homely as it looks, this thing has some deadly story linked on to it--that it is the clue which will guide you in the solution of some mystery and the punishment of some crime." + +"No, no. No crime," said Sherlock Holmes, laughing. "Only one of those whimsical little incidents which will happen when you have four million human beings all jostling each other within the space of a few square miles. Amid the action and reaction of so dense a swarm of humanity, every possible combination of events may be expected to take place, and many a little problem will be presented which may be striking and bizarre without being criminal. We have already had experience of such." + +"So much so," I remarked, "that of the last six cases which I have added to my notes, three have been entirely free of any legal crime." + +"Precisely. You allude to my attempt to recover the Irene Adler papers, to the singular case of Miss Mary Sutherland, and to the adventure of the man with the twisted lip. Well, I have no doubt that this small matter will fall into the same innocent category. You know Peterson, the commissionaire?" + +"Yes." + +"It is to him that this trophy belongs." + +"It is his hat." + +"No, no, he found it. Its owner is unknown. I beg that you will look upon it not as a battered billycock but as an intellectual problem. And, first, as to how it came here. It arrived upon Christmas morning, in company with a good fat goose, which is, I have no doubt, roasting at this moment in front of Peterson's fire. The facts are these: about four o'clock on Christmas morning, Peterson, who, as you know, is a very honest fellow, was returning from some small jollification and was making his way homeward down Tottenham Court Road. In front of him he saw, in the gaslight, a tallish man, walking with a slight stagger, and carrying a white goose slung over his shoulder. As he reached the corner of Goodge Street, a row broke out between this stranger and a little knot of roughs. One of the latter knocked off the man's hat, on which he raised his stick to defend himself and, swinging it over his head, smashed the shop window behind him. Peterson had rushed forward to protect the stranger from his assailants; but the man, shocked at having broken the window, and seeing an official-looking person in uniform rushing towards him, dropped his goose, took to his heels, and vanished amid the labyrinth of small streets which lie at the back of Tottenham Court Road. The roughs had also fled at the appearance of Peterson, so that he was left in possession of the field of battle, and also of the spoils of victory in the shape of this battered hat and a most unimpeachable Christmas goose." + +"Which surely he restored to their owner?" + +"My dear fellow, there lies the problem. It is true that 'For Mrs. Henry Baker' was printed upon a small card which was tied to the bird's left leg, and it is also true that the initials 'H. B.' are legible upon the lining of this hat, but as there are some thousands of Bakers, and some hundreds of Henry Bakers in this city of ours, it is not easy to restore lost property to any one of them." + +"What, then, did Peterson do?" + +"He brought round both hat and goose to me on Christmas morning, knowing that even the smallest problems are of interest to me. The goose we retained until this morning, when there were signs that, in spite of the slight frost, it would be well that it should be eaten without unnecessary delay. Its finder has carried it off, therefore, to fulfil the ultimate destiny of a goose, while I continue to retain the hat of the unknown gentleman who lost his Christmas dinner." + +"Did he not advertise?" + +"No." + +"Then, what clue could you have as to his identity?" + +"Only as much as we can deduce." + +"From his hat?" + +"Precisely." + +"But you are joking. What can you gather from this old battered felt?" + +"Here is my lens. You know my methods. What can you gather yourself as to the individuality of the man who has worn this article?" + +I took the tattered object in my hands and turned it over rather ruefully. It was a very ordinary black hat of the usual round shape, hard and much the worse for wear. The lining had been of red silk, but was a good deal discoloured. There was no maker's name; but, as Holmes had remarked, the initials "H. B." were scrawled upon one side. It was pierced in the brim for a hat-securer, but the elastic was missing. For the rest, it was cracked, exceedingly dusty, and spotted in several places, although there seemed to have been some attempt to hide the discoloured patches by smearing them with ink. + +"I can see nothing," said I, handing it back to my friend. + +"On the contrary, Watson, you can see everything. You fail, however, to reason from what you see. You are too timid in drawing your inferences." + +"Then, pray tell me what it is that you can infer from this hat?" + +He picked it up and gazed at it in the peculiar introspective fashion which was characteristic of him. "It is perhaps less suggestive than it might have been," he remarked, "and yet there are a few inferences which are very distinct, and a few others which represent at least a strong balance of probability. That the man was highly intellectual is of course obvious upon the face of it, and also that he was fairly well-to-do within the last three years, although he has now fallen upon evil days. He had foresight, but has less now than formerly, pointing to a moral retrogression, which, when taken with the decline of his fortunes, seems to indicate some evil influence, probably drink, at work upon him. This may account also for the obvious fact that his wife has ceased to love him." + +"My dear Holmes!" + +"He has, however, retained some degree of self-respect," he continued, disregarding my remonstrance. "He is a man who leads a sedentary life, goes out little, is out of training entirely, is middle-aged, has grizzled hair which he has had cut within the last few days, and which he anoints with lime-cream. These are the more patent facts which are to be deduced from his hat. Also, by the way, that it is extremely improbable that he has gas laid on in his house." + +"You are certainly joking, Holmes." + +"Not in the least. Is it possible that even now, when I give you these results, you are unable to see how they are attained?" + +"I have no doubt that I am very stupid, but I must confess that I am unable to follow you. For example, how did you deduce that this man was intellectual?" + +For answer Holmes clapped the hat upon his head. It came right over the forehead and settled upon the bridge of his nose. "It is a question of cubic capacity," said he; "a man with so large a brain must have something in it." + +"The decline of his fortunes, then?" + +"This hat is three years old. These flat brims curled at the edge came in then. It is a hat of the very best quality. Look at the band of ribbed silk and the excellent lining. If this man could afford to buy so expensive a hat three years ago, and has had no hat since, then he has assuredly gone down in the world." + +"Well, that is clear enough, certainly. But how about the foresight and the moral retrogression?" + +Sherlock Holmes laughed. "Here is the foresight," said he putting his finger upon the little disc and loop of the hat-securer. "They are never sold upon hats. If this man ordered one, it is a sign of a certain amount of foresight, since he went out of his way to take this precaution against the wind. But since we see that he has broken the elastic and has not troubled to replace it, it is obvious that he has less foresight now than formerly, which is a distinct proof of a weakening nature. On the other hand, he has endeavoured to conceal some of these stains upon the felt by daubing them with ink, which is a sign that he has not entirely lost his self-respect." + +"Your reasoning is certainly plausible." + +"The further points, that he is middle-aged, that his hair is grizzled, that it has been recently cut, and that he uses lime-cream, are all to be gathered from a close examination of the lower part of the lining. The lens discloses a large number of hair-ends, clean cut by the scissors of the barber. They all appear to be adhesive, and there is a distinct odour of lime-cream. This dust, you will observe, is not the gritty, grey dust of the street but the fluffy brown dust of the house, showing that it has been hung up indoors most of the time, while the marks of moisture upon the inside are proof positive that the wearer perspired very freely, and could therefore, hardly be in the best of training." + +"But his wife--you said that she had ceased to love him." + +"This hat has not been brushed for weeks. When I see you, my dear Watson, with a week's accumulation of dust upon your hat, and when your wife allows you to go out in such a state, I shall fear that you also have been unfortunate enough to lose your wife's affection." + +"But he might be a bachelor." + +"Nay, he was bringing home the goose as a peace-offering to his wife. Remember the card upon the bird's leg." + +"You have an answer to everything. But how on earth do you deduce that the gas is not laid on in his house?" + +"One tallow stain, or even two, might come by chance; but when I see no less than five, I think that there can be little doubt that the individual must be brought into frequent contact with burning tallow--walks upstairs at night probably with his hat in one hand and a guttering candle in the other. Anyhow, he never got tallow-stains from a gas-jet. Are you satisfied?" + +"Well, it is very ingenious," said I, laughing; "but since, as you said just now, there has been no crime committed, and no harm done save the loss of a goose, all this seems to be rather a waste of energy." + +Sherlock Holmes had opened his mouth to reply, when the door flew open, and Peterson, the commissionaire, rushed into the apartment with flushed cheeks and the face of a man who is dazed with astonishment. + +"The goose, Mr. Holmes! The goose, sir!" he gasped. + +"Eh? What of it, then? Has it returned to life and flapped off through the kitchen window?" Holmes twisted himself round upon the sofa to get a fairer view of the man's excited face. + +"See here, sir! See what my wife found in its crop!" He held out his hand and displayed upon the centre of the palm a brilliantly scintillating blue stone, rather smaller than a bean in size, but of such purity and radiance that it twinkled like an electric point in the dark hollow of his hand. + +Sherlock Holmes sat up with a whistle. "By Jove, Peterson!" said he, "this is treasure trove indeed. I suppose you know what you have got?" + +"A diamond, sir? A precious stone. It cuts into glass as though it were putty." + +"It's more than a precious stone. It is the precious stone." + +"Not the Countess of Morcar's blue carbuncle!" I ejaculated. + +"Precisely so. I ought to know its size and shape, seeing that I have read the advertisement about it in The Times every day lately. It is absolutely unique, and its value can only be conjectured, but the reward offered of $1000 is certainly not within a twentieth part of the market price." + +"A thousand pounds! Great Lord of mercy!" The commissionaire plumped down into a chair and stared from one to the other of us. + +"That is the reward, and I have reason to know that there are sentimental considerations in the background which would induce the Countess to part with half her fortune if she could but recover the gem." + +"It was lost, if I remember aright, at the Hotel Cosmopolitan," I remarked. + +"Precisely so, on December 22nd, just five days ago. John Horner, a plumber, was accused of having abstracted it from the lady's jewel-case. The evidence against him was so strong that the case has been referred to the Assizes. I have some account of the matter here, I believe." He rummaged amid his newspapers, glancing over the dates, until at last he smoothed one out, doubled it over, and read the following paragraph: + +"Hotel Cosmopolitan Jewel Robbery. John Horner, 26, plumber, was brought up upon the charge of having upon the 22nd inst., abstracted from the jewel-case of the Countess of Morcar the valuable gem known as the blue carbuncle. James Ryder, upper-attendant at the hotel, gave his evidence to the effect that he had shown Horner up to the dressing-room of the Countess of Morcar upon the day of the robbery in order that he might solder the second bar of the grate, which was loose. He had remained with Horner some little time, but had finally been called away. On returning, he found that Horner had disappeared, that the bureau had been forced open, and that the small morocco casket in which, as it afterwards transpired, the Countess was accustomed to keep her jewel, was lying empty upon the dressing-table. Ryder instantly gave the alarm, and Horner was arrested the same evening; but the stone could not be found either upon his person or in his rooms. Catherine Cusack, maid to the Countess, deposed to having heard Ryder's cry of dismay on discovering the robbery, and to having rushed into the room, where she found matters as described by the last witness. Inspector Bradstreet, B division, gave evidence as to the arrest of Horner, who struggled frantically, and protested his innocence in the strongest terms. Evidence of a previous conviction for robbery having been given against the prisoner, the magistrate refused to deal summarily with the offence, but referred it to the Assizes. Horner, who had shown signs of intense emotion during the proceedings, fainted away at the conclusion and was carried out of court." + +"Hum! So much for the police-court," said Holmes thoughtfully, tossing aside the paper. "The question for us now to solve is the sequence of events leading from a rifled jewel-case at one end to the crop of a goose in Tottenham Court Road at the other. You see, Watson, our little deductions have suddenly assumed a much more important and less innocent aspect. Here is the stone; the stone came from the goose, and the goose came from Mr. Henry Baker, the gentleman with the bad hat and all the other characteristics with which I have bored you. So now we must set ourselves very seriously to finding this gentleman and ascertaining what part he has played in this little mystery. To do this, we must try the simplest means first, and these lie undoubtedly in an advertisement in all the evening papers. If this fail, I shall have recourse to other methods." + +"What will you say?" + +"Give me a pencil and that slip of paper. Now, then: 'Found at the corner of Goodge Street, a goose and a black felt hat. Mr. Henry Baker can have the same by applying at 6:30 this evening at 221B, Baker Street.' That is clear and concise." + +"Very. But will he see it?" + +"Well, he is sure to keep an eye on the papers, since, to a poor man, the loss was a heavy one. He was clearly so scared by his mischance in breaking the window and by the approach of Peterson that he thought of nothing but flight, but since then he must have bitterly regretted the impulse which caused him to drop his bird. Then, again, the introduction of his name will cause him to see it, for everyone who knows him will direct his attention to it. Here you are, Peterson, run down to the advertising agency and have this put in the evening papers." + +"In which, sir?" + +"Oh, in the Globe, Star, Pall Mall, St. James's, Evening News, Standard, Echo, and any others that occur to you." + +"Very well, sir. And this stone?" + +"Ah, yes, I shall keep the stone. Thank you. And, I say, Peterson, just buy a goose on your way back and leave it here with me, for we must have one to give to this gentleman in place of the one which your family is now devouring." + +When the commissionaire had gone, Holmes took up the stone and held it against the light. "It's a bonny thing," said he. "Just see how it glints and sparkles. Of course it is a nucleus and focus of crime. Every good stone is. They are the devil's pet baits. In the larger and older jewels every facet may stand for a bloody deed. This stone is not yet twenty years old. It was found in the banks of the Amoy River in southern China and is remarkable in having every characteristic of the carbuncle, save that it is blue in shade instead of ruby red. In spite of its youth, it has already a sinister history. There have been two murders, a vitriol-throwing, a suicide, and several robberies brought about for the sake of this forty-grain weight of crystallised charcoal. Who would think that so pretty a toy would be a purveyor to the gallows and the prison? I'll lock it up in my strong box now and drop a line to the Countess to say that we have it." + +"Do you think that this man Horner is innocent?" + +"I cannot tell." + +"Well, then, do you imagine that this other one, Henry Baker, had anything to do with the matter?" + +"It is, I think, much more likely that Henry Baker is an absolutely innocent man, who had no idea that the bird which he was carrying was of considerably more value than if it were made of solid gold. That, however, I shall determine by a very simple test if we have an answer to our advertisement." + +"And you can do nothing until then?" + +"Nothing." + +"In that case I shall continue my professional round. But I shall come back in the evening at the hour you have mentioned, for I should like to see the solution of so tangled a business." + +"Very glad to see you. I dine at seven. There is a woodcock, I believe. By the way, in view of recent occurrences, perhaps I ought to ask Mrs. Hudson to examine its crop." + +I had been delayed at a case, and it was a little after half-past six when I found myself in Baker Street once more. As I approached the house I saw a tall man in a Scotch bonnet with a coat which was buttoned up to his chin waiting outside in the bright semicircle which was thrown from the fanlight. Just as I arrived the door was opened, and we were shown up together to Holmes' room. + +"Mr. Henry Baker, I believe," said he, rising from his armchair and greeting his visitor with the easy air of geniality which he could so readily assume. "Pray take this chair by the fire, Mr. Baker. It is a cold night, and I observe that your circulation is more adapted for summer than for winter. Ah, Watson, you have just come at the right time. Is that your hat, Mr. Baker?" + +"Yes, sir, that is undoubtedly my hat." + +He was a large man with rounded shoulders, a massive head, and a broad, intelligent face, sloping down to a pointed beard of grizzled brown. A touch of red in nose and cheeks, with a slight tremor of his extended hand, recalled Holmes' surmise as to his habits. His rusty black frock-coat was buttoned right up in front, with the collar turned up, and his lank wrists protruded from his sleeves without a sign of cuff or shirt. He spoke in a slow staccato fashion, choosing his words with care, and gave the impression generally of a man of learning and letters who had had ill-usage at the hands of fortune. + +"We have retained these things for some days," said Holmes, "because we expected to see an advertisement from you giving your address. I am at a loss to know now why you did not advertise." + +Our visitor gave a rather shamefaced laugh. "Shillings have not been so plentiful with me as they once were," he remarked. "I had no doubt that the gang of roughs who assaulted me had carried off both my hat and the bird. I did not care to spend more money in a hopeless attempt at recovering them." + +"Very naturally. By the way, about the bird, we were compelled to eat it." + +"To eat it!" Our visitor half rose from his chair in his excitement. + +"Yes, it would have been of no use to anyone had we not done so. But I presume that this other goose upon the sideboard, which is about the same weight and perfectly fresh, will answer your purpose equally well?" + +"Oh, certainly, certainly," answered Mr. Baker with a sigh of relief. + +"Of course, we still have the feathers, legs, crop, and so on of your own bird, so if you wish--" + +The man burst into a hearty laugh. "They might be useful to me as relics of my adventure," said he, "but beyond that I can hardly see what use the disjecta membra of my late acquaintance are going to be to me. No, sir, I think that, with your permission, I will confine my attentions to the excellent bird which I perceive upon the sideboard." + +Sherlock Holmes glanced sharply across at me with a slight shrug of his shoulders. + +"There is your hat, then, and there your bird," said he. "By the way, would it bore you to tell me where you got the other one from? I am somewhat of a fowl fancier, and I have seldom seen a better grown goose." + +"Certainly, sir," said Baker, who had risen and tucked his newly gained property under his arm. "There are a few of us who frequent the Alpha Inn, near the Museum--we are to be found in the Museum itself during the day, you understand. This year our good host, Windigate by name, instituted a goose club, by which, on consideration of some few pence every week, we were each to receive a bird at Christmas. My pence were duly paid, and the rest is familiar to you. I am much indebted to you, sir, for a Scotch bonnet is fitted neither to my years nor my gravity." With a comical pomposity of manner he bowed solemnly to both of us and strode off upon his way. + +"So much for Mr. Henry Baker," said Holmes when he had closed the door behind him. "It is quite certain that he knows nothing whatever about the matter. Are you hungry, Watson?" + +"Not particularly." + +"Then I suggest that we turn our dinner into a supper and follow up this clue while it is still hot." + +"By all means." + +It was a bitter night, so we drew on our ulsters and wrapped cravats about our throats. Outside, the stars were shining coldly in a cloudless sky, and the breath of the passers-by blew out into smoke like so many pistol shots. Our footfalls rang out crisply and loudly as we swung through the doctors' quarter, Wimpole Street, Harley Street, and so through Wigmore Street into Oxford Street. In a quarter of an hour we were in Bloomsbury at the Alpha Inn, which is a small public-house at the corner of one of the streets which runs down into Holborn. Holmes pushed open the door of the private bar and ordered two glasses of beer from the ruddy-faced, white-aproned landlord. + +"Your beer should be excellent if it is as good as your geese," said he. + +"My geese!" The man seemed surprised. + +"Yes. I was speaking only half an hour ago to Mr. Henry Baker, who was a member of your goose club." + +"Ah! yes, I see. But you see, sir, them's not our geese." + +"Indeed! Whose, then?" + +"Well, I got the two dozen from a salesman in Covent Garden." + +"Indeed? I know some of them. Which was it?" + +"Breckinridge is his name." + +"Ah! I don't know him. Well, here's your good health landlord, and prosperity to your house. Good-night." + +"Now for Mr. Breckinridge," he continued, buttoning up his coat as we came out into the frosty air. "Remember, Watson that though we have so homely a thing as a goose at one end of this chain, we have at the other a man who will certainly get seven years' penal servitude unless we can establish his innocence. It is possible that our inquiry may but confirm his guilt; but, in any case, we have a line of investigation which has been missed by the police, and which a singular chance has placed in our hands. Let us follow it out to the bitter end. Faces to the south, then, and quick march!" + +We passed across Holborn, down Endell Street, and so through a zigzag of slums to Covent Garden Market. One of the largest stalls bore the name of Breckinridge upon it, and the proprietor a horsey-looking man, with a sharp face and trim side-whiskers was helping a boy to put up the shutters. + +"Good-evening. It's a cold night," said Holmes. + +The salesman nodded and shot a questioning glance at my companion. + +"Sold out of geese, I see," continued Holmes, pointing at the bare slabs of marble. + +"Let you have five hundred to-morrow morning." + +"That's no good." + +"Well, there are some on the stall with the gas-flare." + +"Ah, but I was recommended to you." + +"Who by?" + +"The landlord of the Alpha." + +"Oh, yes; I sent him a couple of dozen." + +"Fine birds they were, too. Now where did you get them from?" + +To my surprise the question provoked a burst of anger from the salesman. + +"Now, then, mister," said he, with his head cocked and his arms akimbo, "what are you driving at? Let's have it straight, now." + +"It is straight enough. I should like to know who sold you the geese which you supplied to the Alpha." + +"Well then, I shan't tell you. So now!" + +"Oh, it is a matter of no importance; but I don't know why you should be so warm over such a trifle." + +"Warm! You'd be as warm, maybe, if you were as pestered as I am. When I pay good money for a good article there should be an end of the business; but it's 'Where are the geese?' and 'Who did you sell the geese to?' and 'What will you take for the geese?' One would think they were the only geese in the world, to hear the fuss that is made over them." + +"Well, I have no connection with any other people who have been making inquiries," said Holmes carelessly. "If you won't tell us the bet is off, that is all. But I'm always ready to back my opinion on a matter of fowls, and I have a fiver on it that the bird I ate is country bred." + +"Well, then, you've lost your fiver, for it's town bred," snapped the salesman. + +"It's nothing of the kind." + +"I say it is." + +"I don't believe it." + +"D'you think you know more about fowls than I, who have handled them ever since I was a nipper? I tell you, all those birds that went to the Alpha were town bred." + +"You'll never persuade me to believe that." + +"Will you bet, then?" + +"It's merely taking your money, for I know that I am right. But I'll have a sovereign on with you, just to teach you not to be obstinate." + +The salesman chuckled grimly. "Bring me the books, Bill," said he. + +The small boy brought round a small thin volume and a great greasy-backed one, laying them out together beneath the hanging lamp. + +"Now then, Mr. Cocksure," said the salesman, "I thought that I was out of geese, but before I finish you'll find that there is still one left in my shop. You see this little book?" + +"Well?" + +"That's the list of the folk from whom I buy. D'you see? Well, then, here on this page are the country folk, and the numbers after their names are where their accounts are in the big ledger. Now, then! You see this other page in red ink? Well, that is a list of my town suppliers. Now, look at that third name. Just read it out to me." + +"Mrs. Oakshott, 117, Brixton Road--249," read Holmes. + +"Quite so. Now turn that up in the ledger." + +Holmes turned to the page indicated. "Here you are, 'Mrs. Oakshott, 117, Brixton Road, egg and poultry supplier.' " + +"Now, then, what's the last entry?" + +" 'December 22nd. Twenty-four geese at 7s. 6d.' " + +"Quite so. There you are. And underneath?" + +" 'Sold to Mr. Windigate of the Alpha, at 12s.' " + +"What have you to say now?" + +Sherlock Holmes looked deeply chagrined. He drew a sovereign from his pocket and threw it down upon the slab, turning away with the air of a man whose disgust is too deep for words. A few yards off he stopped under a lamp-post and laughed in the hearty, noiseless fashion which was peculiar to him. + +"When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out of his pocket, you can always draw him by a bet," said he. "I daresay that if I had put $100 down in front of him, that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager. Well, Watson, we are, I fancy, nearing the end of our quest, and the only point which remains to be determined is whether we should go on to this Mrs. Oakshott to-night, or whether we should reserve it for to-morrow. It is clear from what that surly fellow said that there are others besides ourselves who are anxious about the matter, and I should--" + +His remarks were suddenly cut short by a loud hubbub which broke out from the stall which we had just left. Turning round we saw a little rat-faced fellow standing in the centre of the circle of yellow light which was thrown by the swinging lamp, while Breckinridge, the salesman, framed in the door of his stall, was shaking his fists fiercely at the cringing figure. + +"I've had enough of you and your geese," he shouted. "I wish you were all at the devil together. If you come pestering me any more with your silly talk I'll set the dog at you. You bring Mrs. Oakshott here and I'll answer her, but what have you to do with it? Did I buy the geese off you?" + +"No; but one of them was mine all the same," whined the little man. + +"Well, then, ask Mrs. Oakshott for it." + +"She told me to ask you." + +"Well, you can ask the King of Proosia, for all I care. I've had enough of it. Get out of this!" He rushed fiercely forward, and the inquirer flitted away into the darkness. + +"Ha! this may save us a visit to Brixton Road," whispered Holmes. "Come with me, and we will see what is to be made of this fellow." Striding through the scattered knots of people who lounged round the flaring stalls, my companion speedily overtook the little man and touched him upon the shoulder. He sprang round, and I could see in the gas-light that every vestige of colour had been driven from his face. + +"Who are you, then? What do you want?" he asked in a quavering voice. + +"You will excuse me," said Holmes blandly, "but I could not help overhearing the questions which you put to the salesman just now. I think that I could be of assistance to you." + +"You? Who are you? How could you know anything of the matter?" + +"My name is Sherlock Holmes. It is my business to know what other people don't know." + +"But you can know nothing of this?" + +"Excuse me, I know everything of it. You are endeavouring to trace some geese which were sold by Mrs. Oakshott, of Brixton Road, to a salesman named Breckinridge, by him in turn to Mr. Windigate, of the Alpha, and by him to his club, of which Mr. Henry Baker is a member." + +"Oh, sir, you are the very man whom I have longed to meet," cried the little fellow with outstretched hands and quivering fingers. "I can hardly explain to you how interested I am in this matter." + +Sherlock Holmes hailed a four-wheeler which was passing. "In that case we had better discuss it in a cosy room rather than in this wind-swept market-place," said he. "But pray tell me, before we go farther, who it is that I have the pleasure of assisting." + +The man hesitated for an instant. "My name is John Robinson," he answered with a sidelong glance. + +"No, no; the real name," said Holmes sweetly. "It is always awkward doing business with an alias." + +A flush sprang to the white cheeks of the stranger. "Well then," said he, "my real name is James Ryder." + +"Precisely so. Head attendant at the Hotel Cosmopolitan. Pray step into the cab, and I shall soon be able to tell you everything which you would wish to know." + +The little man stood glancing from one to the other of us with half-frightened, half-hopeful eyes, as one who is not sure whether he is on the verge of a windfall or of a catastrophe. Then he stepped into the cab, and in half an hour we were back in the sitting-room at Baker Street. Nothing had been said during our drive, but the high, thin breathing of our new companion, and the claspings and unclaspings of his hands, spoke of the nervous tension within him. + +"Here we are!" said Holmes cheerily as we filed into the room. "The fire looks very seasonable in this weather. You look cold, Mr. Ryder. Pray take the basket-chair. I will just put on my slippers before we settle this little matter of yours. Now, then! You want to know what became of those geese?" + +"Yes, sir." + +"Or rather, I fancy, of that goose. It was one bird, I imagine in which you were interested--white, with a black bar across the tail." + +Ryder quivered with emotion. "Oh, sir," he cried, "can you tell me where it went to?" + +"It came here." + +"Here?" + +"Yes, and a most remarkable bird it proved. I don't wonder that you should take an interest in it. It laid an egg after it was dead--the bonniest, brightest little blue egg that ever was seen. I have it here in my museum." + +Our visitor staggered to his feet and clutched the mantelpiece with his right hand. Holmes unlocked his strong-box and held up the blue carbuncle, which shone out like a star, with a cold, brilliant, many-pointed radiance. Ryder stood glaring with a drawn face, uncertain whether to claim or to disown it. + +"The game's up, Ryder," said Holmes quietly. "Hold up, man, or you'll be into the fire! Give him an arm back into his chair, Watson. He's not got blood enough to go in for felony with impunity. Give him a dash of brandy. So! Now he looks a little more human. What a shrimp it is, to be sure!" + +For a moment he had staggered and nearly fallen, but the brandy brought a tinge of colour into his cheeks, and he sat staring with frightened eyes at his accuser. + +"I have almost every link in my hands, and all the proofs which I could possibly need, so there is little which you need tell me. Still, that little may as well be cleared up to make the case complete. You had heard, Ryder, of this blue stone of the Countess of Morcar's?" + +"It was Catherine Cusack who told me of it," said he in a crackling voice. + +"I see--her ladyship's waiting-maid. Well, the temptation of sudden wealth so easily acquired was too much for you, as it has been for better men before you; but you were not very scrupulous in the means you used. It seems to me, Ryder, that there is the making of a very pretty villain in you. You knew that this man Horner, the plumber, had been concerned in some such matter before, and that suspicion would rest the more readily upon him. What did you do, then? You made some small job in my lady's room--you and your confederate Cusack--and you managed that he should be the man sent for. Then, when he had left, you rifled the jewel-case, raised the alarm, and had this unfortunate man arrested. You then--" + +Ryder threw himself down suddenly upon the rug and clutched at my companion's knees. "For God's sake, have mercy!" he shrieked. "Think of my father! Of my mother! It would break their hearts. I never went wrong before! I never will again. I swear it. I'll swear it on a Bible. Oh, don't bring it into court! For Christ's sake, don't!" + +"Get back into your chair!" said Holmes sternly. "It is very well to cringe and crawl now, but you thought little enough of this poor Horner in the dock for a crime of which he knew nothing." + +"I will fly, Mr. Holmes. I will leave the country, sir. Then the charge against him will break down." + +"Hum! We will talk about that. And now let us hear a true account of the next act. How came the stone into the goose, and how came the goose into the open market? Tell us the truth, for there lies your only hope of safety." + +Ryder passed his tongue over his parched lips. "I will tell you it just as it happened, sir," said he. "When Horner had been arrested, it seemed to me that it would be best for me to get away with the stone at once, for I did not know at what moment the police might not take it into their heads to search me and my room. There was no place about the hotel where it would be safe. I went out, as if on some commission, and I made for my sister's house. She had married a man named Oakshott, and lived in Brixton Road, where she fattened fowls for the market. All the way there every man I met seemed to me to be a policeman or a detective; and, for all that it was a cold night, the sweat was pouring down my face before I came to the Brixton Road. My sister asked me what was the matter, and why I was so pale; but I told her that I had been upset by the jewel robbery at the hotel. Then I went into the back yard and smoked a pipe and wondered what it would be best to do. + +"I had a friend once called Maudsley, who went to the bad, and has just been serving his time in Pentonville. One day he had met me, and fell into talk about the ways of thieves, and how they could get rid of what they stole. I knew that he would be true to me, for I knew one or two things about him; so I made up my mind to go right on to Kilburn, where he lived, and take him into my confidence. He would show me how to turn the stone into money. But how to get to him in safety? I thought of the agonies I had gone through in coming from the hotel. I might at any moment be seized and searched, and there would be the stone in my waistcoat pocket. I was leaning against the wall at the time and looking at the geese which were waddling about round my feet, and suddenly an idea came into my head which showed me how I could beat the best detective that ever lived. + +"My sister had told me some weeks before that I might have the pick of her geese for a Christmas present, and I knew that she was always as good as her word. I would take my goose now, and in it I would carry my stone to Kilburn. There was a little shed in the yard, and behind this I drove one of the birds--a fine big one, white, with a barred tail. I caught it, and prying its bill open, I thrust the stone down its throat as far as my finger could reach. The bird gave a gulp, and I felt the stone pass along its gullet and down into its crop. But the creature flapped and struggled, and out came my sister to know what was the matter. As I turned to speak to her the brute broke loose and fluttered off among the others. + +" 'Whatever were you doing with that bird, Jem?' says she. + +" 'Well,' said I, 'you said you'd give me one for Christmas, and I was feeling which was the fattest.' + +" 'Oh,' says she, 'we've set yours aside for you--Jem's bird, we call it. It's the big white one over yonder. There's twenty-six of them, which makes one for you, and one for us, and two dozen for the market.' + +" 'Thank you, Maggie,' says I; 'but if it is all the same to you, I'd rather have that one I was handling just now.' + +" 'The other is a good three pound heavier,' said she, 'and we fattened it expressly for you.' + +" 'Never mind. I'll have the other, and I'll take it now,' said I. + +" 'Oh, just as you like,' said she, a little huffed. 'Which is it you want, then?' + +" 'That white one with the barred tail, right in the middle of the flock.' + +" 'Oh, very well. Kill it and take it with you.' + +"Well, I did what she said, Mr. Holmes, and I carried the bird all the way to Kilburn. I told my pal what I had done, for he was a man that it was easy to tell a thing like that to. He laughed until he choked, and we got a knife and opened the goose. My heart turned to water, for there was no sign of the stone, and I knew that some terrible mistake had occurred. I left the bird, rushed back to my sister's, and hurried into the back yard. There was not a bird to be seen there. + +" 'Where are they all, Maggie?' I cried. + +" 'Gone to the dealer's, Jem.' + +" 'Which dealer's?' + +" 'Breckinridge, of Covent Garden.' + +" 'But was there another with a barred tail?' I asked, 'the same as the one I chose?' + +" 'Yes, Jem; there were two barred-tailed ones, and I could never tell them apart.' + +"Well, then, of course I saw it all, and I ran off as hard as my feet would carry me to this man Breckinridge; but he had sold the lot at once, and not one word would he tell me as to where they had gone. You heard him yourselves to-night. Well, he has always answered me like that. My sister thinks that I am going mad. Sometimes I think that I am myself. And now--and now I am myself a branded thief, without ever having touched the wealth for which I sold my character. God help me! God help me!" He burst into convulsive sobbing, with his face buried in his hands. + +There was a long silence, broken only by his heavy breathing and by the measured tapping of Sherlock Holmes' finger-tips upon the edge of the table. Then my friend rose and threw open the door. + +"Get out!" said he. + +"What, sir! Oh, Heaven bless you!" + +"No more words. Get out!" + +And no more words were needed. There was a rush, a clatter upon the stairs, the bang of a door, and the crisp rattle of running footfalls from the street. + +"After all, Watson," said Holmes, reaching up his hand for his clay pipe, "I am not retained by the police to supply their deficiencies. If Horner were in danger it would be another thing; but this fellow will not appear against him, and the case must collapse. I suppose that I am commuting a felony, but it is just possible that I am saving a soul. This fellow will not go wrong again; he is too terribly frightened. Send him to gaol now, and you make him a gaol-bird for life. Besides, it is the season of forgiveness. Chance has put in our way a most singular and whimsical problem, and its solution is its own reward. If you will have the goodness to touch the bell, Doctor, we will begin another investigation, in which, also a bird will be the chief feature." + +VIII. THE ADVENTURE OF THE SPECKLED BAND + + +On glancing over my notes of the seventy odd cases in which I have during the last eight years studied the methods of my friend Sherlock Holmes, I find many tragic, some comic, a large number merely strange, but none commonplace; for, working as he did rather for the love of his art than for the acquirement of wealth, he refused to associate himself with any investigation which did not tend towards the unusual, and even the fantastic. Of all these varied cases, however, I cannot recall any which presented more singular features than that which was associated with the well-known Surrey family of the Roylotts of Stoke Moran. The events in question occurred in the early days of my association with Holmes, when we were sharing rooms as bachelors in Baker Street. It is possible that I might have placed them upon record before, but a promise of secrecy was made at the time, from which I have only been freed during the last month by the untimely death of the lady to whom the pledge was given. It is perhaps as well that the facts should now come to light, for I have reasons to know that there are widespread rumours as to the death of Dr. Grimesby Roylott which tend to make the matter even more terrible than the truth. + +It was early in April in the year '83 that I woke one morning to find Sherlock Holmes standing, fully dressed, by the side of my bed. He was a late riser, as a rule, and as the clock on the mantelpiece showed me that it was only a quarter-past seven, I blinked up at him in some surprise, and perhaps just a little resentment, for I was myself regular in my habits. + +"Very sorry to knock you up, Watson," said he, "but it's the common lot this morning. Mrs. Hudson has been knocked up, she retorted upon me, and I on you." + +"What is it, then--a fire?" + +"No; a client. It seems that a young lady has arrived in a considerable state of excitement, who insists upon seeing me. She is waiting now in the sitting-room. Now, when young ladies wander about the metropolis at this hour of the morning, and knock sleepy people up out of their beds, I presume that it is something very pressing which they have to communicate. Should it prove to be an interesting case, you would, I am sure, wish to follow it from the outset. I thought, at any rate, that I should call you and give you the chance." + +"My dear fellow, I would not miss it for anything." + +I had no keener pleasure than in following Holmes in his professional investigations, and in admiring the rapid deductions, as swift as intuitions, and yet always founded on a logical basis with which he unravelled the problems which were submitted to him. I rapidly threw on my clothes and was ready in a few minutes to accompany my friend down to the sitting-room. A lady dressed in black and heavily veiled, who had been sitting in the window, rose as we entered. + +"Good-morning, madam," said Holmes cheerily. "My name is Sherlock Holmes. This is my intimate friend and associate, Dr. Watson, before whom you can speak as freely as before myself. Ha! I am glad to see that Mrs. Hudson has had the good sense to light the fire. Pray draw up to it, and I shall order you a cup of hot coffee, for I observe that you are shivering." + +"It is not cold which makes me shiver," said the woman in a low voice, changing her seat as requested. + +"What, then?" + +"It is fear, Mr. Holmes. It is terror." She raised her veil as she spoke, and we could see that she was indeed in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and grey, with restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal. Her features and figure were those of a woman of thirty, but her hair was shot with premature grey, and her expression was weary and haggard. Sherlock Holmes ran her over with one of his quick, all-comprehensive glances. + +"You must not fear," said he soothingly, bending forward and patting her forearm. "We shall soon set matters right, I have no doubt. You have come in by train this morning, I see." + +"You know me, then?" + +"No, but I observe the second half of a return ticket in the palm of your left glove. You must have started early, and yet you had a good drive in a dog-cart, along heavy roads, before you reached the station." + +The lady gave a violent start and stared in bewilderment at my companion. + +"There is no mystery, my dear madam," said he, smiling. "The left arm of your jacket is spattered with mud in no less than seven places. The marks are perfectly fresh. There is no vehicle save a dog-cart which throws up mud in that way, and then only when you sit on the left-hand side of the driver." + +"Whatever your reasons may be, you are perfectly correct," said she. "I started from home before six, reached Leatherhead at twenty past, and came in by the first train to Waterloo. Sir, I can stand this strain no longer; I shall go mad if it continues. I have no one to turn to--none, save only one, who cares for me, and he, poor fellow, can be of little aid. I have heard of you, Mr. Holmes; I have heard of you from Mrs. Farintosh, whom you helped in the hour of her sore need. It was from her that I had your address. Oh, sir, do you not think that you could help me, too, and at least throw a little light through the dense darkness which surrounds me? At present it is out of my power to reward you for your services, but in a month or six weeks I shall be married, with the control of my own income, and then at least you shall not find me ungrateful." + +Holmes turned to his desk and, unlocking it, drew out a small case-book, which he consulted. + +"Farintosh," said he. "Ah yes, I recall the case; it was concerned with an opal tiara. I think it was before your time, Watson. I can only say, madam, that I shall be happy to devote the same care to your case as I did to that of your friend. As to reward, my profession is its own reward; but you are at liberty to defray whatever expenses I may be put to, at the time which suits you best. And now I beg that you will lay before us everything that may help us in forming an opinion upon the matter." + +"Alas!" replied our visitor, "the very horror of my situation lies in the fact that my fears are so vague, and my suspicions depend so entirely upon small points, which might seem trivial to another, that even he to whom of all others I have a right to look for help and advice looks upon all that I tell him about it as the fancies of a nervous woman. He does not say so, but I can read it from his soothing answers and averted eyes. But I have heard, Mr. Holmes, that you can see deeply into the manifold wickedness of the human heart. You may advise me how to walk amid the dangers which encompass me." + +"I am all attention, madam." + +"My name is Helen Stoner, and I am living with my stepfather, who is the last survivor of one of the oldest Saxon families in England, the Roylotts of Stoke Moran, on the western border of Surrey." + +Holmes nodded his head. "The name is familiar to me," said he. + +"The family was at one time among the richest in England, and the estates extended over the borders into Berkshire in the north, and Hampshire in the west. In the last century, however, four successive heirs were of a dissolute and wasteful disposition, and the family ruin was eventually completed by a gambler in the days of the Regency. Nothing was left save a few acres of ground, and the two-hundred-year-old house, which is itself crushed under a heavy mortgage. The last squire dragged out his existence there, living the horrible life of an aristocratic pauper; but his only son, my stepfather, seeing that he must adapt himself to the new conditions, obtained an advance from a relative, which enabled him to take a medical degree and went out to Calcutta, where, by his professional skill and his force of character, he established a large practice. In a fit of anger, however, caused by some robberies which had been perpetrated in the house, he beat his native butler to death and narrowly escaped a capital sentence. As it was, he suffered a long term of imprisonment and afterwards returned to England a morose and disappointed man. + +"When Dr. Roylott was in India he married my mother, Mrs. Stoner, the young widow of Major-General Stoner, of the Bengal Artillery. My sister Julia and I were twins, and we were only two years old at the time of my mother's re-marriage. She had a considerable sum of money--not less than $1000 a year--and this she bequeathed to Dr. Roylott entirely while we resided with him, with a provision that a certain annual sum should be allowed to each of us in the event of our marriage. Shortly after our return to England my mother died--she was killed eight years ago in a railway accident near Crewe. Dr. Roylott then abandoned his attempts to establish himself in practice in London and took us to live with him in the old ancestral house at Stoke Moran. The money which my mother had left was enough for all our wants, and there seemed to be no obstacle to our happiness. + +"But a terrible change came over our stepfather about this time. Instead of making friends and exchanging visits with our neighbours, who had at first been overjoyed to see a Roylott of Stoke Moran back in the old family seat, he shut himself up in his house and seldom came out save to indulge in ferocious quarrels with whoever might cross his path. Violence of temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in the men of the family, and in my stepfather's case it had, I believe, been intensified by his long residence in the tropics. A series of disgraceful brawls took place, two of which ended in the police-court, until at last he became the terror of the village, and the folks would fly at his approach, for he is a man of immense strength, and absolutely uncontrollable in his anger. + +"Last week he hurled the local blacksmith over a parapet into a stream, and it was only by paying over all the money which I could gather together that I was able to avert another public exposure. He had no friends at all save the wandering gipsies, and he would give these vagabonds leave to encamp upon the few acres of bramble-covered land which represent the family estate, and would accept in return the hospitality of their tents, wandering away with them sometimes for weeks on end. He has a passion also for Indian animals, which are sent over to him by a correspondent, and he has at this moment a cheetah and a baboon, which wander freely over his grounds and are feared by the villagers almost as much as their master. + +"You can imagine from what I say that my poor sister Julia and I had no great pleasure in our lives. No servant would stay with us, and for a long time we did all the work of the house. She was but thirty at the time of her death, and yet her hair had already begun to whiten, even as mine has." + +"Your sister is dead, then?" + +"She died just two years ago, and it is of her death that I wish to speak to you. You can understand that, living the life which I have described, we were little likely to see anyone of our own age and position. We had, however, an aunt, my mother's maiden sister, Miss Honoria Westphail, who lives near Harrow, and we were occasionally allowed to pay short visits at this lady's house. Julia went there at Christmas two years ago, and met there a half-pay major of marines, to whom she became engaged. My stepfather learned of the engagement when my sister returned and offered no objection to the marriage; but within a fortnight of the day which had been fixed for the wedding, the terrible event occurred which has deprived me of my only companion." + +Sherlock Holmes had been leaning back in his chair with his eyes closed and his head sunk in a cushion, but he half opened his lids now and glanced across at his visitor. + +"Pray be precise as to details," said he. + +"It is easy for me to be so, for every event of that dreadful time is seared into my memory. The manor-house is, as I have already said, very old, and only one wing is now inhabited. The bedrooms in this wing are on the ground floor, the sitting-rooms being in the central block of the buildings. Of these bedrooms the first is Dr. Roylott's, the second my sister's, and the third my own. There is no communication between them, but they all open out into the same corridor. Do I make myself plain?" + +"Perfectly so." + +"The windows of the three rooms open out upon the lawn. That fatal night Dr. Roylott had gone to his room early, though we knew that he had not retired to rest, for my sister was troubled by the smell of the strong Indian cigars which it was his custom to smoke. She left her room, therefore, and came into mine, where she sat for some time, chatting about her approaching wedding. At eleven o'clock she rose to leave me, but she paused at the door and looked back. + +" 'Tell me, Helen,' said she, 'have you ever heard anyone whistle in the dead of the night?' + +" 'Never,' said I. + +" 'I suppose that you could not possibly whistle, yourself, in your sleep?' + +" 'Certainly not. But why?' + +" 'Because during the last few nights I have always, about three in the morning, heard a low, clear whistle. I am a light sleeper, and it has awakened me. I cannot tell where it came from--perhaps from the next room, perhaps from the lawn. I thought that I would just ask you whether you had heard it.' + +" 'No, I have not. It must be those wretched gipsies in the plantation.' + +" 'Very likely. And yet if it were on the lawn, I wonder that you did not hear it also.' + +" 'Ah, but I sleep more heavily than you.' + +" 'Well, it is of no great consequence, at any rate.' She smiled back at me, closed my door, and a few moments later I heard her key turn in the lock." + +"Indeed," said Holmes. "Was it your custom always to lock yourselves in at night?" + +"Always." + +"And why?" + +"I think that I mentioned to you that the doctor kept a cheetah and a baboon. We had no feeling of security unless our doors were locked." + +"Quite so. Pray proceed with your statement." + +"I could not sleep that night. A vague feeling of impending misfortune impressed me. My sister and I, you will recollect, were twins, and you know how subtle are the links which bind two souls which are so closely allied. It was a wild night. The wind was howling outside, and the rain was beating and splashing against the windows. Suddenly, amid all the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. I knew that it was my sister's voice. I sprang from my bed, wrapped a shawl round me, and rushed into the corridor. As I opened my door I seemed to hear a low whistle, such as my sister described, and a few moments later a clanging sound, as if a mass of metal had fallen. As I ran down the passage, my sister's door was unlocked, and revolved slowly upon its hinges. I stared at it horror-stricken, not knowing what was about to issue from it. By the light of the corridor-lamp I saw my sister appear at the opening, her face blanched with terror, her hands groping for help, her whole figure swaying to and fro like that of a drunkard. I ran to her and threw my arms round her, but at that moment her knees seemed to give way and she fell to the ground. She writhed as one who is in terrible pain, and her limbs were dreadfully convulsed. At first I thought that she had not recognised me, but as I bent over her she suddenly shrieked out in a voice which I shall never forget, 'Oh, my God! Helen! It was the band! The speckled band!' There was something else which she would fain have said, and she stabbed with her finger into the air in the direction of the doctor's room, but a fresh convulsion seized her and choked her words. I rushed out, calling loudly for my stepfather, and I met him hastening from his room in his dressing-gown. When he reached my sister's side she was unconscious, and though he poured brandy down her throat and sent for medical aid from the village, all efforts were in vain, for she slowly sank and died without having recovered her consciousness. Such was the dreadful end of my beloved sister." + +"One moment," said Holmes, "are you sure about this whistle and metallic sound? Could you swear to it?" + +"That was what the county coroner asked me at the inquiry. It is my strong impression that I heard it, and yet, among the crash of the gale and the creaking of an old house, I may possibly have been deceived." + +"Was your sister dressed?" + +"No, she was in her night-dress. In her right hand was found the charred stump of a match, and in her left a match-box." + +"Showing that she had struck a light and looked about her when the alarm took place. That is important. And what conclusions did the coroner come to?" + +"He investigated the case with great care, for Dr. Roylott's conduct had long been notorious in the county, but he was unable to find any satisfactory cause of death. My evidence showed that the door had been fastened upon the inner side, and the windows were blocked by old-fashioned shutters with broad iron bars, which were secured every night. The walls were carefully sounded, and were shown to be quite solid all round, and the flooring was also thoroughly examined, with the same result. The chimney is wide, but is barred up by four large staples. It is certain, therefore, that my sister was quite alone when she met her end. Besides, there were no marks of any violence upon her." + +"How about poison?" + +"The doctors examined her for it, but without success." + +"What do you think that this unfortunate lady died of, then?" + +"It is my belief that she died of pure fear and nervous shock, though what it was that frightened her I cannot imagine." + +"Were there gipsies in the plantation at the time?" + +"Yes, there are nearly always some there." + +"Ah, and what did you gather from this allusion to a band--a speckled band?" + +"Sometimes I have thought that it was merely the wild talk of delirium, sometimes that it may have referred to some band of people, perhaps to these very gipsies in the plantation. I do not know whether the spotted handkerchiefs which so many of them wear over their heads might have suggested the strange adjective which she used." + +Holmes shook his head like a man who is far from being satisfied. + +"These are very deep waters," said he; "pray go on with your narrative." + +"Two years have passed since then, and my life has been until lately lonelier than ever. A month ago, however, a dear friend, whom I have known for many years, has done me the honour to ask my hand in marriage. His name is Armitage--Percy Armitage--the second son of Mr. Armitage, of Crane Water, near Reading. My stepfather has offered no opposition to the match, and we are to be married in the course of the spring. Two days ago some repairs were started in the west wing of the building, and my bedroom wall has been pierced, so that I have had to move into the chamber in which my sister died, and to sleep in the very bed in which she slept. Imagine, then, my thrill of terror when last night, as I lay awake, thinking over her terrible fate, I suddenly heard in the silence of the night the low whistle which had been the herald of her own death. I sprang up and lit the lamp, but nothing was to be seen in the room. I was too shaken to go to bed again, however, so I dressed, and as soon as it was daylight I slipped down, got a dog-cart at the Crown Inn, which is opposite, and drove to Leatherhead, from whence I have come on this morning with the one object of seeing you and asking your advice." + +"You have done wisely," said my friend. "But have you told me all?" + +"Yes, all." + +"Miss Roylott, you have not. You are screening your stepfather." + +"Why, what do you mean?" + +For answer Holmes pushed back the frill of black lace which fringed the hand that lay upon our visitor's knee. Five little livid spots, the marks of four fingers and a thumb, were printed upon the white wrist. + +"You have been cruelly used," said Holmes. + +The lady coloured deeply and covered over her injured wrist. "He is a hard man," she said, "and perhaps he hardly knows his own strength." + +There was a long silence, during which Holmes leaned his chin upon his hands and stared into the crackling fire. + +"This is a very deep business," he said at last. "There are a thousand details which I should desire to know before I decide upon our course of action. Yet we have not a moment to lose. If we were to come to Stoke Moran to-day, would it be possible for us to see over these rooms without the knowledge of your stepfather?" + +"As it happens, he spoke of coming into town to-day upon some most important business. It is probable that he will be away all day, and that there would be nothing to disturb you. We have a housekeeper now, but she is old and foolish, and I could easily get her out of the way." + +"Excellent. You are not averse to this trip, Watson?" + +"By no means." + +"Then we shall both come. What are you going to do yourself?" + +"I have one or two things which I would wish to do now that I am in town. But I shall return by the twelve o'clock train, so as to be there in time for your coming." + +"And you may expect us early in the afternoon. I have myself some small business matters to attend to. Will you not wait and breakfast?" + +"No, I must go. My heart is lightened already since I have confided my trouble to you. I shall look forward to seeing you again this afternoon." She dropped her thick black veil over her face and glided from the room. + +"And what do you think of it all, Watson?" asked Sherlock Holmes, leaning back in his chair. + +"It seems to me to be a most dark and sinister business." + +"Dark enough and sinister enough." + +"Yet if the lady is correct in saying that the flooring and walls are sound, and that the door, window, and chimney are impassable, then her sister must have been undoubtedly alone when she met her mysterious end." + +"What becomes, then, of these nocturnal whistles, and what of the very peculiar words of the dying woman?" + +"I cannot think." + +"When you combine the ideas of whistles at night, the presence of a band of gipsies who are on intimate terms with this old doctor, the fact that we have every reason to believe that the doctor has an interest in preventing his stepdaughter's marriage, the dying allusion to a band, and, finally, the fact that Miss Helen Stoner heard a metallic clang, which might have been caused by one of those metal bars that secured the shutters falling back into its place, I think that there is good ground to think that the mystery may be cleared along those lines." + +"But what, then, did the gipsies do?" + +"I cannot imagine." + +"I see many objections to any such theory." + +"And so do I. It is precisely for that reason that we are going to Stoke Moran this day. I want to see whether the objections are fatal, or if they may be explained away. But what in the name of the devil!" + +The ejaculation had been drawn from my companion by the fact that our door had been suddenly dashed open, and that a huge man had framed himself in the aperture. His costume was a peculiar mixture of the professional and of the agricultural, having a black top-hat, a long frock-coat, and a pair of high gaiters, with a hunting-crop swinging in his hand. So tall was he that his hat actually brushed the cross bar of the doorway, and his breadth seemed to span it across from side to side. A large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun, and marked with every evil passion, was turned from one to the other of us, while his deep-set, bile-shot eyes, and his high, thin, fleshless nose, gave him somewhat the resemblance to a fierce old bird of prey. + +"Which of you is Holmes?" asked this apparition. + +"My name, sir; but you have the advantage of me," said my companion quietly. + +"I am Dr. Grimesby Roylott, of Stoke Moran." + +"Indeed, Doctor," said Holmes blandly. "Pray take a seat." + +"I will do nothing of the kind. My stepdaughter has been here. I have traced her. What has she been saying to you?" + +"It is a little cold for the time of the year," said Holmes. + +"What has she been saying to you?" screamed the old man furiously. + +"But I have heard that the crocuses promise well," continued my companion imperturbably. + +"Ha! You put me off, do you?" said our new visitor, taking a step forward and shaking his hunting-crop. "I know you, you scoundrel! I have heard of you before. You are Holmes, the meddler." + +My friend smiled. + +"Holmes, the busybody!" + +His smile broadened. + +"Holmes, the Scotland Yard Jack-in-office!" + +Holmes chuckled heartily. "Your conversation is most entertaining," said he. "When you go out close the door, for there is a decided draught." + +"I will go when I have said my say. Don't you dare to meddle with my affairs. I know that Miss Stoner has been here. I traced her! I am a dangerous man to fall foul of! See here." He stepped swiftly forward, seized the poker, and bent it into a curve with his huge brown hands. + +"See that you keep yourself out of my grip," he snarled, and hurling the twisted poker into the fireplace he strode out of the room. + +"He seems a very amiable person," said Holmes, laughing. "I am not quite so bulky, but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own." As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort, straightened it out again. + +"Fancy his having the insolence to confound me with the official detective force! This incident gives zest to our investigation, however, and I only trust that our little friend will not suffer from her imprudence in allowing this brute to trace her. And now, Watson, we shall order breakfast, and afterwards I shall walk down to Doctors' Commons, where I hope to get some data which may help us in this matter." + +It was nearly one o'clock when Sherlock Holmes returned from his excursion. He held in his hand a sheet of blue paper, scrawled over with notes and figures. + +"I have seen the will of the deceased wife," said he. "To determine its exact meaning I have been obliged to work out the present prices of the investments with which it is concerned. The total income, which at the time of the wife's death was little short of $1100, is now, through the fall in agricultural prices, not more than $750. Each daughter can claim an income of $250, in case of marriage. It is evident, therefore, that if both girls had married, this beauty would have had a mere pittance, while even one of them would cripple him to a very serious extent. My morning's work has not been wasted, since it has proved that he has the very strongest motives for standing in the way of anything of the sort. And now, Watson, this is too serious for dawdling, especially as the old man is aware that we are interesting ourselves in his affairs; so if you are ready, we shall call a cab and drive to Waterloo. I should be very much obliged if you would slip your revolver into your pocket. An Eley's No. 2 is an excellent argument with gentlemen who can twist steel pokers into knots. That and a tooth-brush are, I think, all that we need." + +At Waterloo we were fortunate in catching a train for Leatherhead, where we hired a trap at the station inn and drove for four or five miles through the lovely Surrey lanes. It was a perfect day, with a bright sun and a few fleecy clouds in the heavens. The trees and wayside hedges were just throwing out their first green shoots, and the air was full of the pleasant smell of the moist earth. To me at least there was a strange contrast between the sweet promise of the spring and this sinister quest upon which we were engaged. My companion sat in the front of the trap, his arms folded, his hat pulled down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the deepest thought. Suddenly, however, he started, tapped me on the shoulder, and pointed over the meadows. + +"Look there!" said he. + +A heavily timbered park stretched up in a gentle slope, thickening into a grove at the highest point. From amid the branches there jutted out the grey gables and high roof-tree of a very old mansion. + +"Stoke Moran?" said he. + +"Yes, sir, that be the house of Dr. Grimesby Roylott," remarked the driver. + +"There is some building going on there," said Holmes; "that is where we are going." + +"There's the village," said the driver, pointing to a cluster of roofs some distance to the left; "but if you want to get to the house, you'll find it shorter to get over this stile, and so by the foot-path over the fields. There it is, where the lady is walking." + +"And the lady, I fancy, is Miss Stoner," observed Holmes, shading his eyes. "Yes, I think we had better do as you suggest." + +We got off, paid our fare, and the trap rattled back on its way to Leatherhead. + +"I thought it as well," said Holmes as we climbed the stile, "that this fellow should think we had come here as architects, or on some definite business. It may stop his gossip. Good-afternoon, Miss Stoner. You see that we have been as good as our word." + +Our client of the morning had hurried forward to meet us with a face which spoke her joy. "I have been waiting so eagerly for you," she cried, shaking hands with us warmly. "All has turned out splendidly. Dr. Roylott has gone to town, and it is unlikely that he will be back before evening." + +"We have had the pleasure of making the doctor's acquaintance," said Holmes, and in a few words he sketched out what had occurred. Miss Stoner turned white to the lips as she listened. + +"Good heavens!" she cried, "he has followed me, then." + +"So it appears." + +"He is so cunning that I never know when I am safe from him. What will he say when he returns?" + +"He must guard himself, for he may find that there is someone more cunning than himself upon his track. You must lock yourself up from him to-night. If he is violent, we shall take you away to your aunt's at Harrow. Now, we must make the best use of our time, so kindly take us at once to the rooms which we are to examine." + +The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone, with a high central portion and two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side. In one of these wings the windows were broken and blocked with wooden boards, while the roof was partly caved in, a picture of ruin. The central portion was in little better repair, but the right-hand block was comparatively modern, and the blinds in the windows, with the blue smoke curling up from the chimneys, showed that this was where the family resided. Some scaffolding had been erected against the end wall, and the stone-work had been broken into, but there were no signs of any workmen at the moment of our visit. Holmes walked slowly up and down the ill-trimmed lawn and examined with deep attention the outsides of the windows. + +"This, I take it, belongs to the room in which you used to sleep, the centre one to your sister's, and the one next to the main building to Dr. Roylott's chamber?" + +"Exactly so. But I am now sleeping in the middle one." + +"Pending the alterations, as I understand. By the way, there does not seem to be any very pressing need for repairs at that end wall." + +"There were none. I believe that it was an excuse to move me from my room." + +"Ah! that is suggestive. Now, on the other side of this narrow wing runs the corridor from which these three rooms open. There are windows in it, of course?" + +"Yes, but very small ones. Too narrow for anyone to pass through." + +"As you both locked your doors at night, your rooms were unapproachable from that side. Now, would you have the kindness to go into your room and bar your shutters?" + +Miss Stoner did so, and Holmes, after a careful examination through the open window, endeavoured in every way to force the shutter open, but without success. There was no slit through which a knife could be passed to raise the bar. Then with his lens he tested the hinges, but they were of solid iron, built firmly into the massive masonry. "Hum!" said he, scratching his chin in some perplexity, "my theory certainly presents some difficulties. No one could pass these shutters if they were bolted. Well, we shall see if the inside throws any light upon the matter." + +A small side door led into the whitewashed corridor from which the three bedrooms opened. Holmes refused to examine the third chamber, so we passed at once to the second, that in which Miss Stoner was now sleeping, and in which her sister had met with her fate. It was a homely little room, with a low ceiling and a gaping fireplace, after the fashion of old country-houses. A brown chest of drawers stood in one corner, a narrow white-counterpaned bed in another, and a dressing-table on the left-hand side of the window. These articles, with two small wicker-work chairs, made up all the furniture in the room save for a square of Wilton carpet in the centre. The boards round and the panelling of the walls were of brown, worm-eaten oak, so old and discoloured that it may have dated from the original building of the house. Holmes drew one of the chairs into a corner and sat silent, while his eyes travelled round and round and up and down, taking in every detail of the apartment. + +"Where does that bell communicate with?" he asked at last pointing to a thick bell-rope which hung down beside the bed, the tassel actually lying upon the pillow. + +"It goes to the housekeeper's room." + +"It looks newer than the other things?" + +"Yes, it was only put there a couple of years ago." + +"Your sister asked for it, I suppose?" + +"No, I never heard of her using it. We used always to get what we wanted for ourselves." + +"Indeed, it seemed unnecessary to put so nice a bell-pull there. You will excuse me for a few minutes while I satisfy myself as to this floor." He threw himself down upon his face with his lens in his hand and crawled swiftly backward and forward, examining minutely the cracks between the boards. Then he did the same with the wood-work with which the chamber was panelled. Finally he walked over to the bed and spent some time in staring at it and in running his eye up and down the wall. Finally he took the bell-rope in his hand and gave it a brisk tug. + +"Why, it's a dummy," said he. + +"Won't it ring?" + +"No, it is not even attached to a wire. This is very interesting. You can see now that it is fastened to a hook just above where the little opening for the ventilator is." + +"How very absurd! I never noticed that before." + +"Very strange!" muttered Holmes, pulling at the rope. "There are one or two very singular points about this room. For example, what a fool a builder must be to open a ventilator into another room, when, with the same trouble, he might have communicated with the outside air!" + +"That is also quite modern," said the lady. + +"Done about the same time as the bell-rope?" remarked Holmes. + +"Yes, there were several little changes carried out about that time." + +"They seem to have been of a most interesting character--dummy bell-ropes, and ventilators which do not ventilate. With your permission, Miss Stoner, we shall now carry our researches into the inner apartment." + +Dr. Grimesby Roylott's chamber was larger than that of his step-daughter, but was as plainly furnished. A camp-bed, a small wooden shelf full of books, mostly of a technical character, an armchair beside the bed, a plain wooden chair against the wall, a round table, and a large iron safe were the principal things which met the eye. Holmes walked slowly round and examined each and all of them with the keenest interest. + +"What's in here?" he asked, tapping the safe. + +"My stepfather's business papers." + +"Oh! you have seen inside, then?" + +"Only once, some years ago. I remember that it was full of papers." + +"There isn't a cat in it, for example?" + +"No. What a strange idea!" + +"Well, look at this!" He took up a small saucer of milk which stood on the top of it. + +"No; we don't keep a cat. But there is a cheetah and a baboon." + +"Ah, yes, of course! Well, a cheetah is just a big cat, and yet a saucer of milk does not go very far in satisfying its wants, I daresay. There is one point which I should wish to determine." He squatted down in front of the wooden chair and examined the seat of it with the greatest attention. + +"Thank you. That is quite settled," said he, rising and putting his lens in his pocket. "Hullo! Here is something interesting!" + +The object which had caught his eye was a small dog lash hung on one corner of the bed. The lash, however, was curled upon itself and tied so as to make a loop of whipcord. + +"What do you make of that, Watson?" + +"It's a common enough lash. But I don't know why it should be tied." + +"That is not quite so common, is it? Ah, me! it's a wicked world, and when a clever man turns his brains to crime it is the worst of all. I think that I have seen enough now, Miss Stoner, and with your permission we shall walk out upon the lawn." + +I had never seen my friend's face so grim or his brow so dark as it was when we turned from the scene of this investigation. We had walked several times up and down the lawn, neither Miss Stoner nor myself liking to break in upon his thoughts before he roused himself from his reverie. + +"It is very essential, Miss Stoner," said he, "that you should absolutely follow my advice in every respect." + +"I shall most certainly do so." + +"The matter is too serious for any hesitation. Your life may depend upon your compliance." + +"I assure you that I am in your hands." + +"In the first place, both my friend and I must spend the night in your room." + +Both Miss Stoner and I gazed at him in astonishment. + +"Yes, it must be so. Let me explain. I believe that that is the village inn over there?" + +"Yes, that is the Crown." + +"Very good. Your windows would be visible from there?" + +"Certainly." + +"You must confine yourself to your room, on pretence of a headache, when your stepfather comes back. Then when you hear him retire for the night, you must open the shutters of your window, undo the hasp, put your lamp there as a signal to us, and then withdraw quietly with everything which you are likely to want into the room which you used to occupy. I have no doubt that, in spite of the repairs, you could manage there for one night." + +"Oh, yes, easily." + +"The rest you will leave in our hands." + +"But what will you do?" + +"We shall spend the night in your room, and we shall investigate the cause of this noise which has disturbed you." + +"I believe, Mr. Holmes, that you have already made up your mind," said Miss Stoner, laying her hand upon my companion's sleeve. + +"Perhaps I have." + +"Then, for pity's sake, tell me what was the cause of my sister's death." + +"I should prefer to have clearer proofs before I speak." + +"You can at least tell me whether my own thought is correct, and if she died from some sudden fright." + +"No, I do not think so. I think that there was probably some more tangible cause. And now, Miss Stoner, we must leave you for if Dr. Roylott returned and saw us our journey would be in vain. Good-bye, and be brave, for if you will do what I have told you, you may rest assured that we shall soon drive away the dangers that threaten you." + +Sherlock Holmes and I had no difficulty in engaging a bedroom and sitting-room at the Crown Inn. They were on the upper floor, and from our window we could command a view of the avenue gate, and of the inhabited wing of Stoke Moran Manor House. At dusk we saw Dr. Grimesby Roylott drive past, his huge form looming up beside the little figure of the lad who drove him. The boy had some slight difficulty in undoing the heavy iron gates, and we heard the hoarse roar of the doctor's voice and saw the fury with which he shook his clinched fists at him. The trap drove on, and a few minutes later we saw a sudden light spring up among the trees as the lamp was lit in one of the sitting-rooms. + +"Do you know, Watson," said Holmes as we sat together in the gathering darkness, "I have really some scruples as to taking you to-night. There is a distinct element of danger." + +"Can I be of assistance?" + +"Your presence might be invaluable." + +"Then I shall certainly come." + +"It is very kind of you." + +"You speak of danger. You have evidently seen more in these rooms than was visible to me." + +"No, but I fancy that I may have deduced a little more. I imagine that you saw all that I did." + +"I saw nothing remarkable save the bell-rope, and what purpose that could answer I confess is more than I can imagine." + +"You saw the ventilator, too?" + +"Yes, but I do not think that it is such a very unusual thing to have a small opening between two rooms. It was so small that a rat could hardly pass through." + +"I knew that we should find a ventilator before ever we came to Stoke Moran." + +"My dear Holmes!" + +"Oh, yes, I did. You remember in her statement she said that her sister could smell Dr. Roylott's cigar. Now, of course that suggested at once that there must be a communication between the two rooms. It could only be a small one, or it would have been remarked upon at the coroner's inquiry. I deduced a ventilator." + +"But what harm can there be in that?" + +"Well, there is at least a curious coincidence of dates. A ventilator is made, a cord is hung, and a lady who sleeps in the bed dies. Does not that strike you?" + +"I cannot as yet see any connection." + +"Did you observe anything very peculiar about that bed?" + +"No." + +"It was clamped to the floor. Did you ever see a bed fastened like that before?" + +"I cannot say that I have." + +"The lady could not move her bed. It must always be in the same relative position to the ventilator and to the rope--or so we may call it, since it was clearly never meant for a bell-pull." + +"Holmes," I cried, "I seem to see dimly what you are hinting at. We are only just in time to prevent some subtle and horrible crime." + +"Subtle enough and horrible enough. When a doctor does go wrong he is the first of criminals. He has nerve and he has knowledge. Palmer and Pritchard were among the heads of their profession. This man strikes even deeper, but I think, Watson, that we shall be able to strike deeper still. But we shall have horrors enough before the night is over; for goodness' sake let us have a quiet pipe and turn our minds for a few hours to something more cheerful." + +About nine o'clock the light among the trees was extinguished, and all was dark in the direction of the Manor House. Two hours passed slowly away, and then, suddenly, just at the stroke of eleven, a single bright light shone out right in front of us. + +"That is our signal," said Holmes, springing to his feet; "it comes from the middle window." + +As we passed out he exchanged a few words with the landlord, explaining that we were going on a late visit to an acquaintance, and that it was possible that we might spend the night there. A moment later we were out on the dark road, a chill wind blowing in our faces, and one yellow light twinkling in front of us through the gloom to guide us on our sombre errand. + +There was little difficulty in entering the grounds, for unrepaired breaches gaped in the old park wall. Making our way among the trees, we reached the lawn, crossed it, and were about to enter through the window when out from a clump of laurel bushes there darted what seemed to be a hideous and distorted child, who threw itself upon the grass with writhing limbs and then ran swiftly across the lawn into the darkness. + +"My God!" I whispered; "did you see it?" + +Holmes was for the moment as startled as I. His hand closed like a vice upon my wrist in his agitation. Then he broke into a low laugh and put his lips to my ear. + +"It is a nice household," he murmured. "That is the baboon." + +I had forgotten the strange pets which the doctor affected. There was a cheetah, too; perhaps we might find it upon our shoulders at any moment. I confess that I felt easier in my mind when, after following Holmes' example and slipping off my shoes, I found myself inside the bedroom. My companion noiselessly closed the shutters, moved the lamp onto the table, and cast his eyes round the room. All was as we had seen it in the daytime. Then creeping up to me and making a trumpet of his hand, he whispered into my ear again so gently that it was all that I could do to distinguish the words: + +"The least sound would be fatal to our plans." + +I nodded to show that I had heard. + +"We must sit without light. He would see it through the ventilator." + +I nodded again. + +"Do not go asleep; your very life may depend upon it. Have your pistol ready in case we should need it. I will sit on the side of the bed, and you in that chair." + +I took out my revolver and laid it on the corner of the table. + +Holmes had brought up a long thin cane, and this he placed upon the bed beside him. By it he laid the box of matches and the stump of a candle. Then he turned down the lamp, and we were left in darkness. + +How shall I ever forget that dreadful vigil? I could not hear a sound, not even the drawing of a breath, and yet I knew that my companion sat open-eyed, within a few feet of me, in the same state of nervous tension in which I was myself. The shutters cut off the least ray of light, and we waited in absolute darkness. + +From outside came the occasional cry of a night-bird, and once at our very window a long drawn catlike whine, which told us that the cheetah was indeed at liberty. Far away we could hear the deep tones of the parish clock, which boomed out every quarter of an hour. How long they seemed, those quarters! Twelve struck, and one and two and three, and still we sat waiting silently for whatever might befall. + +Suddenly there was the momentary gleam of a light up in the direction of the ventilator, which vanished immediately, but was succeeded by a strong smell of burning oil and heated metal. Someone in the next room had lit a dark-lantern. I heard a gentle sound of movement, and then all was silent once more, though the smell grew stronger. For half an hour I sat with straining ears. Then suddenly another sound became audible--a very gentle, soothing sound, like that of a small jet of steam escaping continually from a kettle. The instant that we heard it, Holmes sprang from the bed, struck a match, and lashed furiously with his cane at the bell-pull. + +"You see it, Watson?" he yelled. "You see it?" + +But I saw nothing. At the moment when Holmes struck the light I heard a low, clear whistle, but the sudden glare flashing into my weary eyes made it impossible for me to tell what it was at which my friend lashed so savagely. I could, however, see that his face was deadly pale and filled with horror and loathing. He had ceased to strike and was gazing up at the ventilator when suddenly there broke from the silence of the night the most horrible cry to which I have ever listened. It swelled up louder and louder, a hoarse yell of pain and fear and anger all mingled in the one dreadful shriek. They say that away down in the village, and even in the distant parsonage, that cry raised the sleepers from their beds. It struck cold to our hearts, and I stood gazing at Holmes, and he at me, until the last echoes of it had died away into the silence from which it rose. + +"What can it mean?" I gasped. + +"It means that it is all over," Holmes answered. "And perhaps, after all, it is for the best. Take your pistol, and we will enter Dr. Roylott's room." + +With a grave face he lit the lamp and led the way down the corridor. Twice he struck at the chamber door without any reply from within. Then he turned the handle and entered, I at his heels, with the cocked pistol in my hand. + +It was a singular sight which met our eyes. On the table stood a dark-lantern with the shutter half open, throwing a brilliant beam of light upon the iron safe, the door of which was ajar. Beside this table, on the wooden chair, sat Dr. Grimesby Roylott clad in a long grey dressing-gown, his bare ankles protruding beneath, and his feet thrust into red heelless Turkish slippers. Across his lap lay the short stock with the long lash which we had noticed during the day. His chin was cocked upward and his eyes were fixed in a dreadful, rigid stare at the corner of the ceiling. Round his brow he had a peculiar yellow band, with brownish speckles, which seemed to be bound tightly round his head. As we entered he made neither sound nor motion. + +"The band! the speckled band!" whispered Holmes. + +I took a step forward. In an instant his strange headgear began to move, and there reared itself from among his hair the squat diamond-shaped head and puffed neck of a loathsome serpent. + +"It is a swamp adder!" cried Holmes; "the deadliest snake in India. He has died within ten seconds of being bitten. Violence does, in truth, recoil upon the violent, and the schemer falls into the pit which he digs for another. Let us thrust this creature back into its den, and we can then remove Miss Stoner to some place of shelter and let the county police know what has happened." + +As he spoke he drew the dog-whip swiftly from the dead man's lap, and throwing the noose round the reptile's neck he drew it from its horrid perch and, carrying it at arm's length, threw it into the iron safe, which he closed upon it. + +Such are the true facts of the death of Dr. Grimesby Roylott, of Stoke Moran. It is not necessary that I should prolong a narrative which has already run to too great a length by telling how we broke the sad news to the terrified girl, how we conveyed her by the morning train to the care of her good aunt at Harrow, of how the slow process of official inquiry came to the conclusion that the doctor met his fate while indiscreetly playing with a dangerous pet. The little which I had yet to learn of the case was told me by Sherlock Holmes as we travelled back next day. + +"I had," said he, "come to an entirely erroneous conclusion which shows, my dear Watson, how dangerous it always is to reason from insufficient data. The presence of the gipsies, and the use of the word 'band,' which was used by the poor girl, no doubt, to explain the appearance which she had caught a hurried glimpse of by the light of her match, were sufficient to put me upon an entirely wrong scent. I can only claim the merit that I instantly reconsidered my position when, however, it became clear to me that whatever danger threatened an occupant of the room could not come either from the window or the door. My attention was speedily drawn, as I have already remarked to you, to this ventilator, and to the bell-rope which hung down to the bed. The discovery that this was a dummy, and that the bed was clamped to the floor, instantly gave rise to the suspicion that the rope was there as a bridge for something passing through the hole and coming to the bed. The idea of a snake instantly occurred to me, and when I coupled it with my knowledge that the doctor was furnished with a supply of creatures from India, I felt that I was probably on the right track. The idea of using a form of poison which could not possibly be discovered by any chemical test was just such a one as would occur to a clever and ruthless man who had had an Eastern training. The rapidity with which such a poison would take effect would also, from his point of view, be an advantage. It would be a sharp-eyed coroner, indeed, who could distinguish the two little dark punctures which would show where the poison fangs had done their work. Then I thought of the whistle. Of course he must recall the snake before the morning light revealed it to the victim. He had trained it, probably by the use of the milk which we saw, to return to him when summoned. He would put it through this ventilator at the hour that he thought best, with the certainty that it would crawl down the rope and land on the bed. It might or might not bite the occupant, perhaps she might escape every night for a week, but sooner or later she must fall a victim. + +"I had come to these conclusions before ever I had entered his room. An inspection of his chair showed me that he had been in the habit of standing on it, which of course would be necessary in order that he should reach the ventilator. The sight of the safe, the saucer of milk, and the loop of whipcord were enough to finally dispel any doubts which may have remained. The metallic clang heard by Miss Stoner was obviously caused by her stepfather hastily closing the door of his safe upon its terrible occupant. Having once made up my mind, you know the steps which I took in order to put the matter to the proof. I heard the creature hiss as I have no doubt that you did also, and I instantly lit the light and attacked it." + +"With the result of driving it through the ventilator." + +"And also with the result of causing it to turn upon its master at the other side. Some of the blows of my cane came home and roused its snakish temper, so that it flew upon the first person it saw. In this way I am no doubt indirectly responsible for Dr. Grimesby Roylott's death, and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience." + +IX. THE ADVENTURE OF THE ENGINEER'S THUMB + + +Of all the problems which have been submitted to my friend, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, for solution during the years of our intimacy, there were only two which I was the means of introducing to his notice--that of Mr. Hatherley's thumb, and that of Colonel Warburton's madness. Of these the latter may have afforded a finer field for an acute and original observer, but the other was so strange in its inception and so dramatic in its details that it may be the more worthy of being placed upon record, even if it gave my friend fewer openings for those deductive methods of reasoning by which he achieved such remarkable results. The story has, I believe, been told more than once in the newspapers, but, like all such narratives, its effect is much less striking when set forth en bloc in a single half-column of print than when the facts slowly evolve before your own eyes, and the mystery clears gradually away as each new discovery furnishes a step which leads on to the complete truth. At the time the circumstances made a deep impression upon me, and the lapse of two years has hardly served to weaken the effect. + +It was in the summer of '89, not long after my marriage, that the events occurred which I am now about to summarise. I had returned to civil practice and had finally abandoned Holmes in his Baker Street rooms, although I continually visited him and occasionally even persuaded him to forgo his Bohemian habits so far as to come and visit us. My practice had steadily increased, and as I happened to live at no very great distance from Paddington Station, I got a few patients from among the officials. One of these, whom I had cured of a painful and lingering disease, was never weary of advertising my virtues and of endeavouring to send me on every sufferer over whom he might have any influence. + +One morning, at a little before seven o'clock, I was awakened by the maid tapping at the door to announce that two men had come from Paddington and were waiting in the consulting-room. I dressed hurriedly, for I knew by experience that railway cases were seldom trivial, and hastened downstairs. As I descended, my old ally, the guard, came out of the room and closed the door tightly behind him. + +"I've got him here," he whispered, jerking his thumb over his shoulder; "he's all right." + +"What is it, then?" I asked, for his manner suggested that it was some strange creature which he had caged up in my room. + +"It's a new patient," he whispered. "I thought I'd bring him round myself; then he couldn't slip away. There he is, all safe and sound. I must go now, Doctor; I have my dooties, just the same as you." And off he went, this trusty tout, without even giving me time to thank him. + +I entered my consulting-room and found a gentleman seated by the table. He was quietly dressed in a suit of heather tweed with a soft cloth cap which he had laid down upon my books. Round one of his hands he had a handkerchief wrapped, which was mottled all over with bloodstains. He was young, not more than five-and-twenty, I should say, with a strong, masculine face; but he was exceedingly pale and gave me the impression of a man who was suffering from some strong agitation, which it took all his strength of mind to control. + +"I am sorry to knock you up so early, Doctor," said he, "but I have had a very serious accident during the night. I came in by train this morning, and on inquiring at Paddington as to where I might find a doctor, a worthy fellow very kindly escorted me here. I gave the maid a card, but I see that she has left it upon the side-table." + +I took it up and glanced at it. "Mr. Victor Hatherley, hydraulic engineer, 16A, Victoria Street (3rd floor)." That was the name, style, and abode of my morning visitor. "I regret that I have kept you waiting," said I, sitting down in my library-chair. "You are fresh from a night journey, I understand, which is in itself a monotonous occupation." + +"Oh, my night could not be called monotonous," said he, and laughed. He laughed very heartily, with a high, ringing note, leaning back in his chair and shaking his sides. All my medical instincts rose up against that laugh. + +"Stop it!" I cried; "pull yourself together!" and I poured out some water from a caraffe. + +It was useless, however. He was off in one of those hysterical outbursts which come upon a strong nature when some great crisis is over and gone. Presently he came to himself once more, very weary and pale-looking. + +"I have been making a fool of myself," he gasped. + +"Not at all. Drink this." I dashed some brandy into the water, and the colour began to come back to his bloodless cheeks. + +"That's better!" said he. "And now, Doctor, perhaps you would kindly attend to my thumb, or rather to the place where my thumb used to be." + +He unwound the handkerchief and held out his hand. It gave even my hardened nerves a shudder to look at it. There were four protruding fingers and a horrid red, spongy surface where the thumb should have been. It had been hacked or torn right out from the roots. + +"Good heavens!" I cried, "this is a terrible injury. It must have bled considerably." + +"Yes, it did. I fainted when it was done, and I think that I must have been senseless for a long time. When I came to I found that it was still bleeding, so I tied one end of my handkerchief very tightly round the wrist and braced it up with a twig." + +"Excellent! You should have been a surgeon." + +"It is a question of hydraulics, you see, and came within my own province." + +"This has been done," said I, examining the wound, "by a very heavy and sharp instrument." + +"A thing like a cleaver," said he. + +"An accident, I presume?" + +"By no means." + +"What! a murderous attack?" + +"Very murderous indeed." + +"You horrify me." + +I sponged the wound, cleaned it, dressed it, and finally covered it over with cotton wadding and carbolised bandages. He lay back without wincing, though he bit his lip from time to time. + +"How is that?" I asked when I had finished. + +"Capital! Between your brandy and your bandage, I feel a new man. I was very weak, but I have had a good deal to go through." + +"Perhaps you had better not speak of the matter. It is evidently trying to your nerves." + +"Oh, no, not now. I shall have to tell my tale to the police; but, between ourselves, if it were not for the convincing evidence of this wound of mine, I should be surprised if they believed my statement, for it is a very extraordinary one, and I have not much in the way of proof with which to back it up; and, even if they believe me, the clues which I can give them are so vague that it is a question whether justice will be done." + +"Ha!" cried I, "if it is anything in the nature of a problem which you desire to see solved, I should strongly recommend you to come to my friend, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, before you go to the official police." + +"Oh, I have heard of that fellow," answered my visitor, "and I should be very glad if he would take the matter up, though of course I must use the official police as well. Would you give me an introduction to him?" + +"I'll do better. I'll take you round to him myself." + +"I should be immensely obliged to you." + +"We'll call a cab and go together. We shall just be in time to have a little breakfast with him. Do you feel equal to it?" + +"Yes; I shall not feel easy until I have told my story." + +"Then my servant will call a cab, and I shall be with you in an instant." I rushed upstairs, explained the matter shortly to my wife, and in five minutes was inside a hansom, driving with my new acquaintance to Baker Street. + +Sherlock Holmes was, as I expected, lounging about his sitting-room in his dressing-gown, reading the agony column of The Times and smoking his before-breakfast pipe, which was composed of all the plugs and dottles left from his smokes of the day before, all carefully dried and collected on the corner of the mantelpiece. He received us in his quietly genial fashion, ordered fresh rashers and eggs, and joined us in a hearty meal. When it was concluded he settled our new acquaintance upon the sofa, placed a pillow beneath his head, and laid a glass of brandy and water within his reach. + +"It is easy to see that your experience has been no common one, Mr. Hatherley," said he. "Pray, lie down there and make yourself absolutely at home. Tell us what you can, but stop when you are tired and keep up your strength with a little stimulant." + +"Thank you," said my patient. "but I have felt another man since the doctor bandaged me, and I think that your breakfast has completed the cure. I shall take up as little of your valuable time as possible, so I shall start at once upon my peculiar experiences." + +Holmes sat in his big armchair with the weary, heavy-lidded expression which veiled his keen and eager nature, while I sat opposite to him, and we listened in silence to the strange story which our visitor detailed to us. + +"You must know," said he, "that I am an orphan and a bachelor, residing alone in lodgings in London. By profession I am a hydraulic engineer, and I have had considerable experience of my work during the seven years that I was apprenticed to Venner & Matheson, the well-known firm, of Greenwich. Two years ago, having served my time, and having also come into a fair sum of money through my poor father's death, I determined to start in business for myself and took professional chambers in Victoria Street. + +"I suppose that everyone finds his first independent start in business a dreary experience. To me it has been exceptionally so. During two years I have had three consultations and one small job, and that is absolutely all that my profession has brought me. My gross takings amount to $27 10s. Every day, from nine in the morning until four in the afternoon, I waited in my little den, until at last my heart began to sink, and I came to believe that I should never have any practice at all. + +"Yesterday, however, just as I was thinking of leaving the office, my clerk entered to say there was a gentleman waiting who wished to see me upon business. He brought up a card, too, with the name of 'Colonel Lysander Stark' engraved upon it. Close at his heels came the colonel himself, a man rather over the middle size, but of an exceeding thinness. I do not think that I have ever seen so thin a man. His whole face sharpened away into nose and chin, and the skin of his cheeks was drawn quite tense over his outstanding bones. Yet this emaciation seemed to be his natural habit, and due to no disease, for his eye was bright, his step brisk, and his bearing assured. He was plainly but neatly dressed, and his age, I should judge, would be nearer forty than thirty. + +" 'Mr. Hatherley?' said he, with something of a German accent. 'You have been recommended to me, Mr. Hatherley, as being a man who is not only proficient in his profession but is also discreet and capable of preserving a secret.' + +"I bowed, feeling as flattered as any young man would at such an address. 'May I ask who it was who gave me so good a character?' + +" 'Well, perhaps it is better that I should not tell you that just at this moment. I have it from the same source that you are both an orphan and a bachelor and are residing alone in London.' + +" 'That is quite correct,' I answered; 'but you will excuse me if I say that I cannot see how all this bears upon my professional qualifications. I understand that it was on a professional matter that you wished to speak to me?' + +" 'Undoubtedly so. But you will find that all I say is really to the point. I have a professional commission for you, but absolute secrecy is quite essential--absolute secrecy, you understand, and of course we may expect that more from a man who is alone than from one who lives in the bosom of his family.' + +" 'If I promise to keep a secret,' said I, 'you may absolutely depend upon my doing so.' + +"He looked very hard at me as I spoke, and it seemed to me that I had never seen so suspicious and questioning an eye. + +" 'Do you promise, then?' said he at last. + +" 'Yes, I promise.' + +" 'Absolute and complete silence before, during, and after? No reference to the matter at all, either in word or writing?' + +" 'I have already given you my word.' + +" 'Very good.' He suddenly sprang up, and darting like lightning across the room he flung open the door. The passage outside was empty. + +" 'That's all right,' said he, coming back. 'I know that clerks are sometimes curious as to their master's affairs. Now we can talk in safety.' He drew up his chair very close to mine and began to stare at me again with the same questioning and thoughtful look. + +"A feeling of repulsion, and of something akin to fear had begun to rise within me at the strange antics of this fleshless man. Even my dread of losing a client could not restrain me from showing my impatience. + +" 'I beg that you will state your business, sir,' said I; 'my time is of value.' Heaven forgive me for that last sentence, but the words came to my lips. + +" 'How would fifty guineas for a night's work suit you?' he asked. + +" 'Most admirably.' + +" 'I say a night's work, but an hour's would be nearer the mark. I simply want your opinion about a hydraulic stamping machine which has got out of gear. If you show us what is wrong we shall soon set it right ourselves. What do you think of such a commission as that?' + +" 'The work appears to be light and the pay munificent.' + +" 'Precisely so. We shall want you to come to-night by the last train.' + +" 'Where to?' + +" 'To Eyford, in Berkshire. It is a little place near the borders of Oxfordshire, and within seven miles of Reading. There is a train from Paddington which would bring you there at about 11:15.' + +" 'Very good.' + +" 'I shall come down in a carriage to meet you.' + +" 'There is a drive, then?' + +" 'Yes, our little place is quite out in the country. It is a good seven miles from Eyford Station.' + +" 'Then we can hardly get there before midnight. I suppose there would be no chance of a train back. I should be compelled to stop the night.' + +" 'Yes, we could easily give you a shake-down.' + +" 'That is very awkward. Could I not come at some more convenient hour?' + +" 'We have judged it best that you should come late. It is to recompense you for any inconvenience that we are paying to you, a young and unknown man, a fee which would buy an opinion from the very heads of your profession. Still, of course, if you would like to draw out of the business, there is plenty of time to do so.' + +"I thought of the fifty guineas, and of how very useful they would be to me. 'Not at all,' said I, 'I shall be very happy to accommodate myself to your wishes. I should like, however, to understand a little more clearly what it is that you wish me to do.' + +" 'Quite so. It is very natural that the pledge of secrecy which we have exacted from you should have aroused your curiosity. I have no wish to commit you to anything without your having it all laid before you. I suppose that we are absolutely safe from eavesdroppers?' + +" 'Entirely.' + +" 'Then the matter stands thus. You are probably aware that fuller's-earth is a valuable product, and that it is only found in one or two places in England?' + +" 'I have heard so.' + +" 'Some little time ago I bought a small place--a very small place--within ten miles of Reading. I was fortunate enough to discover that there was a deposit of fuller's-earth in one of my fields. On examining it, however, I found that this deposit was a comparatively small one, and that it formed a link between two very much larger ones upon the right and left--both of them, however, in the grounds of my neighbours. These good people were absolutely ignorant that their land contained that which was quite as valuable as a gold-mine. Naturally, it was to my interest to buy their land before they discovered its true value, but unfortunately I had no capital by which I could do this. I took a few of my friends into the secret, however, and they suggested that we should quietly and secretly work our own little deposit and that in this way we should earn the money which would enable us to buy the neighbouring fields. This we have now been doing for some time, and in order to help us in our operations we erected a hydraulic press. This press, as I have already explained, has got out of order, and we wish your advice upon the subject. We guard our secret very jealously, however, and if it once became known that we had hydraulic engineers coming to our little house, it would soon rouse inquiry, and then, if the facts came out, it would be good-bye to any chance of getting these fields and carrying out our plans. That is why I have made you promise me that you will not tell a human being that you are going to Eyford to-night. I hope that I make it all plain?' + +" 'I quite follow you,' said I. 'The only point which I could not quite understand was what use you could make of a hydraulic press in excavating fuller's-earth, which, as I understand, is dug out like gravel from a pit.' + +" 'Ah!' said he carelessly, 'we have our own process. We compress the earth into bricks, so as to remove them without revealing what they are. But that is a mere detail. I have taken you fully into my confidence now, Mr. Hatherley, and I have shown you how I trust you.' He rose as he spoke. 'I shall expect you, then, at Eyford at 11:15.' + +" 'I shall certainly be there.' + +" 'And not a word to a soul.' He looked at me with a last long, questioning gaze, and then, pressing my hand in a cold, dank grasp, he hurried from the room. + +"Well, when I came to think it all over in cool blood I was very much astonished, as you may both think, at this sudden commission which had been intrusted to me. On the one hand, of course, I was glad, for the fee was at least tenfold what I should have asked had I set a price upon my own services, and it was possible that this order might lead to other ones. On the other hand, the face and manner of my patron had made an unpleasant impression upon me, and I could not think that his explanation of the fuller's-earth was sufficient to explain the necessity for my coming at midnight, and his extreme anxiety lest I should tell anyone of my errand. However, I threw all fears to the winds, ate a hearty supper, drove to Paddington, and started off, having obeyed to the letter the injunction as to holding my tongue. + +"At Reading I had to change not only my carriage but my station. However, I was in time for the last train to Eyford, and I reached the little dim-lit station after eleven o'clock. I was the only passenger who got out there, and there was no one upon the platform save a single sleepy porter with a lantern. As I passed out through the wicket gate, however, I found my acquaintance of the morning waiting in the shadow upon the other side. Without a word he grasped my arm and hurried me into a carriage, the door of which was standing open. He drew up the windows on either side, tapped on the wood-work, and away we went as fast as the horse could go." + +"One horse?" interjected Holmes. + +"Yes, only one." + +"Did you observe the colour?" + +"Yes, I saw it by the side-lights when I was stepping into the carriage. It was a chestnut." + +"Tired-looking or fresh?" + +"Oh, fresh and glossy." + +"Thank you. I am sorry to have interrupted you. Pray continue your most interesting statement." + +"Away we went then, and we drove for at least an hour. Colonel Lysander Stark had said that it was only seven miles, but I should think, from the rate that we seemed to go, and from the time that we took, that it must have been nearer twelve. He sat at my side in silence all the time, and I was aware, more than once when I glanced in his direction, that he was looking at me with great intensity. The country roads seem to be not very good in that part of the world, for we lurched and jolted terribly. I tried to look out of the windows to see something of where we were, but they were made of frosted glass, and I could make out nothing save the occasional bright blur of a passing light. Now and then I hazarded some remark to break the monotony of the journey, but the colonel answered only in monosyllables, and the conversation soon flagged. At last, however, the bumping of the road was exchanged for the crisp smoothness of a gravel-drive, and the carriage came to a stand. Colonel Lysander Stark sprang out, and, as I followed after him, pulled me swiftly into a porch which gaped in front of us. We stepped, as it were, right out of the carriage and into the hall, so that I failed to catch the most fleeting glance of the front of the house. The instant that I had crossed the threshold the door slammed heavily behind us, and I heard faintly the rattle of the wheels as the carriage drove away. + +"It was pitch dark inside the house, and the colonel fumbled about looking for matches and muttering under his breath. Suddenly a door opened at the other end of the passage, and a long, golden bar of light shot out in our direction. It grew broader, and a woman appeared with a lamp in her hand, which she held above her head, pushing her face forward and peering at us. I could see that she was pretty, and from the gloss with which the light shone upon her dark dress I knew that it was a rich material. She spoke a few words in a foreign tongue in a tone as though asking a question, and when my companion answered in a gruff monosyllable she gave such a start that the lamp nearly fell from her hand. Colonel Stark went up to her, whispered something in her ear, and then, pushing her back into the room from whence she had come, he walked towards me again with the lamp in his hand. + +" 'Perhaps you will have the kindness to wait in this room for a few minutes,' said he, throwing open another door. It was a quiet, little, plainly furnished room, with a round table in the centre, on which several German books were scattered. Colonel Stark laid down the lamp on the top of a harmonium beside the door. 'I shall not keep you waiting an instant,' said he, and vanished into the darkness. + +"I glanced at the books upon the table, and in spite of my ignorance of German I could see that two of them were treatises on science, the others being volumes of poetry. Then I walked across to the window, hoping that I might catch some glimpse of the country-side, but an oak shutter, heavily barred, was folded across it. It was a wonderfully silent house. There was an old clock ticking loudly somewhere in the passage, but otherwise everything was deadly still. A vague feeling of uneasiness began to steal over me. Who were these German people, and what were they doing living in this strange, out-of-the-way place? And where was the place? I was ten miles or so from Eyford, that was all I knew, but whether north, south, east, or west I had no idea. For that matter, Reading, and possibly other large towns, were within that radius, so the place might not be so secluded, after all. Yet it was quite certain, from the absolute stillness, that we were in the country. I paced up and down the room, humming a tune under my breath to keep up my spirits and feeling that I was thoroughly earning my fifty-guinea fee. + +"Suddenly, without any preliminary sound in the midst of the utter stillness, the door of my room swung slowly open. The woman was standing in the aperture, the darkness of the hall behind her, the yellow light from my lamp beating upon her eager and beautiful face. I could see at a glance that she was sick with fear, and the sight sent a chill to my own heart. She held up one shaking finger to warn me to be silent, and she shot a few whispered words of broken English at me, her eyes glancing back, like those of a frightened horse, into the gloom behind her. + +" 'I would go,' said she, trying hard, as it seemed to me, to speak calmly; 'I would go. I should not stay here. There is no good for you to do.' + +" 'But, madam,' said I, 'I have not yet done what I came for. I cannot possibly leave until I have seen the machine.' + +" 'It is not worth your while to wait,' she went on. 'You can pass through the door; no one hinders.' And then, seeing that I smiled and shook my head, she suddenly threw aside her constraint and made a step forward, with her hands wrung together. 'For the love of Heaven!' she whispered, 'get away from here before it is too late!' + +"But I am somewhat headstrong by nature, and the more ready to engage in an affair when there is some obstacle in the way. I thought of my fifty-guinea fee, of my wearisome journey, and of the unpleasant night which seemed to be before me. Was it all to go for nothing? Why should I slink away without having carried out my commission, and without the payment which was my due? This woman might, for all I knew, be a monomaniac. With a stout bearing, therefore, though her manner had shaken me more than I cared to confess, I still shook my head and declared my intention of remaining where I was. She was about to renew her entreaties when a door slammed overhead, and the sound of several footsteps was heard upon the stairs. She listened for an instant, threw up her hands with a despairing gesture, and vanished as suddenly and as noiselessly as she had come. + +"The newcomers were Colonel Lysander Stark and a short thick man with a chinchilla beard growing out of the creases of his double chin, who was introduced to me as Mr. Ferguson. + +" 'This is my secretary and manager,' said the colonel. 'By the way, I was under the impression that I left this door shut just now. I fear that you have felt the draught.' + +" 'On the contrary,' said I, 'I opened the door myself because I felt the room to be a little close.' + +"He shot one of his suspicious looks at me. 'Perhaps we had better proceed to business, then,' said he. 'Mr. Ferguson and I will take you up to see the machine.' + +" 'I had better put my hat on, I suppose.' + +" 'Oh, no, it is in the house.' + +" 'What, you dig fuller's-earth in the house?' + +" 'No, no. This is only where we compress it. But never mind that. All we wish you to do is to examine the machine and to let us know what is wrong with it.' + +"We went upstairs together, the colonel first with the lamp, the fat manager and I behind him. It was a labyrinth of an old house, with corridors, passages, narrow winding staircases, and little low doors, the thresholds of which were hollowed out by the generations who had crossed them. There were no carpets and no signs of any furniture above the ground floor, while the plaster was peeling off the walls, and the damp was breaking through in green, unhealthy blotches. I tried to put on as unconcerned an air as possible, but I had not forgotten the warnings of the lady, even though I disregarded them, and I kept a keen eye upon my two companions. Ferguson appeared to be a morose and silent man, but I could see from the little that he said that he was at least a fellow-countryman. + +"Colonel Lysander Stark stopped at last before a low door, which he unlocked. Within was a small, square room, in which the three of us could hardly get at one time. Ferguson remained outside, and the colonel ushered me in. + +" 'We are now,' said he, 'actually within the hydraulic press, and it would be a particularly unpleasant thing for us if anyone were to turn it on. The ceiling of this small chamber is really the end of the descending piston, and it comes down with the force of many tons upon this metal floor. There are small lateral columns of water outside which receive the force, and which transmit and multiply it in the manner which is familiar to you. The machine goes readily enough, but there is some stiffness in the working of it, and it has lost a little of its force. Perhaps you will have the goodness to look it over and to show us how we can set it right.' + +"I took the lamp from him, and I examined the machine very thoroughly. It was indeed a gigantic one, and capable of exercising enormous pressure. When I passed outside, however, and pressed down the levers which controlled it, I knew at once by the whishing sound that there was a slight leakage, which allowed a regurgitation of water through one of the side cylinders. An examination showed that one of the india-rubber bands which was round the head of a driving-rod had shrunk so as not quite to fill the socket along which it worked. This was clearly the cause of the loss of power, and I pointed it out to my companions, who followed my remarks very carefully and asked several practical questions as to how they should proceed to set it right. When I had made it clear to them, I returned to the main chamber of the machine and took a good look at it to satisfy my own curiosity. It was obvious at a glance that the story of the fuller's-earth was the merest fabrication, for it would be absurd to suppose that so powerful an engine could be designed for so inadequate a purpose. The walls were of wood, but the floor consisted of a large iron trough, and when I came to examine it I could see a crust of metallic deposit all over it. I had stooped and was scraping at this to see exactly what it was when I heard a muttered exclamation in German and saw the cadaverous face of the colonel looking down at me. + +" 'What are you doing there?' he asked. + +"I felt angry at having been tricked by so elaborate a story as that which he had told me. 'I was admiring your fuller's-earth,' said I; 'I think that I should be better able to advise you as to your machine if I knew what the exact purpose was for which it was used.' + +"The instant that I uttered the words I regretted the rashness of my speech. His face set hard, and a baleful light sprang up in his grey eyes. + +" 'Very well,' said he, 'you shall know all about the machine.' He took a step backward, slammed the little door, and turned the key in the lock. I rushed towards it and pulled at the handle, but it was quite secure, and did not give in the least to my kicks and shoves. 'Hullo!' I yelled. 'Hullo! Colonel! Let me out!' + +"And then suddenly in the silence I heard a sound which sent my heart into my mouth. It was the clank of the levers and the swish of the leaking cylinder. He had set the engine at work. The lamp still stood upon the floor where I had placed it when examining the trough. By its light I saw that the black ceiling was coming down upon me, slowly, jerkily, but, as none knew better than myself, with a force which must within a minute grind me to a shapeless pulp. I threw myself, screaming, against the door, and dragged with my nails at the lock. I implored the colonel to let me out, but the remorseless clanking of the levers drowned my cries. The ceiling was only a foot or two above my head, and with my hand upraised I could feel its hard, rough surface. Then it flashed through my mind that the pain of my death would depend very much upon the position in which I met it. If I lay on my face the weight would come upon my spine, and I shuddered to think of that dreadful snap. Easier the other way, perhaps; and yet, had I the nerve to lie and look up at that deadly black shadow wavering down upon me? Already I was unable to stand erect, when my eye caught something which brought a gush of hope back to my heart. + +"I have said that though the floor and ceiling were of iron, the walls were of wood. As I gave a last hurried glance around, I saw a thin line of yellow light between two of the boards, which broadened and broadened as a small panel was pushed backward. For an instant I could hardly believe that here was indeed a door which led away from death. The next instant I threw myself through, and lay half-fainting upon the other side. The panel had closed again behind me, but the crash of the lamp, and a few moments afterwards the clang of the two slabs of metal, told me how narrow had been my escape. + +"I was recalled to myself by a frantic plucking at my wrist, and I found myself lying upon the stone floor of a narrow corridor, while a woman bent over me and tugged at me with her left hand, while she held a candle in her right. It was the same good friend whose warning I had so foolishly rejected. + +" 'Come! come!' she cried breathlessly. 'They will be here in a moment. They will see that you are not there. Oh, do not waste the so-precious time, but come!' + +"This time, at least, I did not scorn her advice. I staggered to my feet and ran with her along the corridor and down a winding stair. The latter led to another broad passage, and just as we reached it we heard the sound of running feet and the shouting of two voices, one answering the other from the floor on which we were and from the one beneath. My guide stopped and looked about her like one who is at her wit's end. Then she threw open a door which led into a bedroom, through the window of which the moon was shining brightly. + +" 'It is your only chance,' said she. 'It is high, but it may be that you can jump it.' + +"As she spoke a light sprang into view at the further end of the passage, and I saw the lean figure of Colonel Lysander Stark rushing forward with a lantern in one hand and a weapon like a butcher's cleaver in the other. I rushed across the bedroom, flung open the window, and looked out. How quiet and sweet and wholesome the garden looked in the moonlight, and it could not be more than thirty feet down. I clambered out upon the sill, but I hesitated to jump until I should have heard what passed between my saviour and the ruffian who pursued me. If she were ill-used, then at any risks I was determined to go back to her assistance. The thought had hardly flashed through my mind before he was at the door, pushing his way past her; but she threw her arms round him and tried to hold him back. + +" 'Fritz! Fritz!' she cried in English, 'remember your promise after the last time. You said it should not be again. He will be silent! Oh, he will be silent!' + +" 'You are mad, Elise!' he shouted, struggling to break away from her. 'You will be the ruin of us. He has seen too much. Let me pass, I say!' He dashed her to one side, and, rushing to the window, cut at me with his heavy weapon. I had let myself go, and was hanging by the hands to the sill, when his blow fell. I was conscious of a dull pain, my grip loosened, and I fell into the garden below. + +"I was shaken but not hurt by the fall; so I picked myself up and rushed off among the bushes as hard as I could run, for I understood that I was far from being out of danger yet. Suddenly, however, as I ran, a deadly dizziness and sickness came over me. I glanced down at my hand, which was throbbing painfully, and then, for the first time, saw that my thumb had been cut off and that the blood was pouring from my wound. I endeavoured to tie my handkerchief round it, but there came a sudden buzzing in my ears, and next moment I fell in a dead faint among the rose-bushes. + +"How long I remained unconscious I cannot tell. It must have been a very long time, for the moon had sunk, and a bright morning was breaking when I came to myself. My clothes were all sodden with dew, and my coat-sleeve was drenched with blood from my wounded thumb. The smarting of it recalled in an instant all the particulars of my night's adventure, and I sprang to my feet with the feeling that I might hardly yet be safe from my pursuers. But to my astonishment, when I came to look round me, neither house nor garden were to be seen. I had been lying in an angle of the hedge close by the highroad, and just a little lower down was a long building, which proved, upon my approaching it, to be the very station at which I had arrived upon the previous night. Were it not for the ugly wound upon my hand, all that had passed during those dreadful hours might have been an evil dream. + +"Half dazed, I went into the station and asked about the morning train. There would be one to Reading in less than an hour. The same porter was on duty, I found, as had been there when I arrived. I inquired of him whether he had ever heard of Colonel Lysander Stark. The name was strange to him. Had he observed a carriage the night before waiting for me? No, he had not. Was there a police-station anywhere near? There was one about three miles off. + +"It was too far for me to go, weak and ill as I was. I determined to wait until I got back to town before telling my story to the police. It was a little past six when I arrived, so I went first to have my wound dressed, and then the doctor was kind enough to bring me along here. I put the case into your hands and shall do exactly what you advise." + +We both sat in silence for some little time after listening to this extraordinary narrative. Then Sherlock Holmes pulled down from the shelf one of the ponderous commonplace books in which he placed his cuttings. + +"Here is an advertisement which will interest you," said he. "It appeared in all the papers about a year ago. Listen to this: 'Lost, on the 9th inst., Mr. Jeremiah Hayling, aged twenty-six, a hydraulic engineer. Left his lodgings at ten o'clock at night, and has not been heard of since. Was dressed in,' etc., etc. Ha! That represents the last time that the colonel needed to have his machine overhauled, I fancy." + +"Good heavens!" cried my patient. "Then that explains what the girl said." + +"Undoubtedly. It is quite clear that the colonel was a cool and desperate man, who was absolutely determined that nothing should stand in the way of his little game, like those out-and-out pirates who will leave no survivor from a captured ship. Well, every moment now is precious, so if you feel equal to it we shall go down to Scotland Yard at once as a preliminary to starting for Eyford." + +Some three hours or so afterwards we were all in the train together, bound from Reading to the little Berkshire village. There were Sherlock Holmes, the hydraulic engineer, Inspector Bradstreet, of Scotland Yard, a plain-clothes man, and myself. Bradstreet had spread an ordnance map of the county out upon the seat and was busy with his compasses drawing a circle with Eyford for its centre. + +"There you are," said he. "That circle is drawn at a radius of ten miles from the village. The place we want must be somewhere near that line. You said ten miles, I think, sir." + +"It was an hour's good drive." + +"And you think that they brought you back all that way when you were unconscious?" + +"They must have done so. I have a confused memory, too, of having been lifted and conveyed somewhere." + +"What I cannot understand," said I, "is why they should have spared you when they found you lying fainting in the garden. Perhaps the villain was softened by the woman's entreaties." + +"I hardly think that likely. I never saw a more inexorable face in my life." + +"Oh, we shall soon clear up all that," said Bradstreet. "Well, I have drawn my circle, and I only wish I knew at what point upon it the folk that we are in search of are to be found." + +"I think I could lay my finger on it," said Holmes quietly. + +"Really, now!" cried the inspector, "you have formed your opinion! Come, now, we shall see who agrees with you. I say it is south, for the country is more deserted there." + +"And I say east," said my patient. + +"I am for west," remarked the plain-clothes man. "There are several quiet little villages up there." + +"And I am for north," said I, "because there are no hills there, and our friend says that he did not notice the carriage go up any." + +"Come," cried the inspector, laughing; "it's a very pretty diversity of opinion. We have boxed the compass among us. Who do you give your casting vote to?" + +"You are all wrong." + +"But we can't all be." + +"Oh, yes, you can. This is my point." He placed his finger in the centre of the circle. "This is where we shall find them." + +"But the twelve-mile drive?" gasped Hatherley. + +"Six out and six back. Nothing simpler. You say yourself that the horse was fresh and glossy when you got in. How could it be that if it had gone twelve miles over heavy roads?" + +"Indeed, it is a likely ruse enough," observed Bradstreet thoughtfully. "Of course there can be no doubt as to the nature of this gang." + +"None at all," said Holmes. "They are coiners on a large scale, and have used the machine to form the amalgam which has taken the place of silver." + +"We have known for some time that a clever gang was at work," said the inspector. "They have been turning out half-crowns by the thousand. We even traced them as far as Reading, but could get no farther, for they had covered their traces in a way that showed that they were very old hands. But now, thanks to this lucky chance, I think that we have got them right enough." + +But the inspector was mistaken, for those criminals were not destined to fall into the hands of justice. As we rolled into Eyford Station we saw a gigantic column of smoke which streamed up from behind a small clump of trees in the neighbourhood and hung like an immense ostrich feather over the landscape. + +"A house on fire?" asked Bradstreet as the train steamed off again on its way. + +"Yes, sir!" said the station-master. + +"When did it break out?" + +"I hear that it was during the night, sir, but it has got worse, and the whole place is in a blaze." + +"Whose house is it?" + +"Dr. Becher's." + +"Tell me," broke in the engineer, "is Dr. Becher a German, very thin, with a long, sharp nose?" + +The station-master laughed heartily. "No, sir, Dr. Becher is an Englishman, and there isn't a man in the parish who has a better-lined waistcoat. But he has a gentleman staying with him, a patient, as I understand, who is a foreigner, and he looks as if a little good Berkshire beef would do him no harm." + +The station-master had not finished his speech before we were all hastening in the direction of the fire. The road topped a low hill, and there was a great widespread whitewashed building in front of us, spouting fire at every chink and window, while in the garden in front three fire-engines were vainly striving to keep the flames under. + +"That's it!" cried Hatherley, in intense excitement. "There is the gravel-drive, and there are the rose-bushes where I lay. That second window is the one that I jumped from." + +"Well, at least," said Holmes, "you have had your revenge upon them. There can be no question that it was your oil-lamp which, when it was crushed in the press, set fire to the wooden walls, though no doubt they were too excited in the chase after you to observe it at the time. Now keep your eyes open in this crowd for your friends of last night, though I very much fear that they are a good hundred miles off by now." + +And Holmes' fears came to be realised, for from that day to this no word has ever been heard either of the beautiful woman, the sinister German, or the morose Englishman. Early that morning a peasant had met a cart containing several people and some very bulky boxes driving rapidly in the direction of Reading, but there all traces of the fugitives disappeared, and even Holmes' ingenuity failed ever to discover the least clue as to their whereabouts. + +The firemen had been much perturbed at the strange arrangements which they had found within, and still more so by discovering a newly severed human thumb upon a window-sill of the second floor. About sunset, however, their efforts were at last successful, and they subdued the flames, but not before the roof had fallen in, and the whole place been reduced to such absolute ruin that, save some twisted cylinders and iron piping, not a trace remained of the machinery which had cost our unfortunate acquaintance so dearly. Large masses of nickel and of tin were discovered stored in an out-house, but no coins were to be found, which may have explained the presence of those bulky boxes which have been already referred to. + +How our hydraulic engineer had been conveyed from the garden to the spot where he recovered his senses might have remained forever a mystery were it not for the soft mould, which told us a very plain tale. He had evidently been carried down by two persons, one of whom had remarkably small feet and the other unusually large ones. On the whole, it was most probable that the silent Englishman, being less bold or less murderous than his companion, had assisted the woman to bear the unconscious man out of the way of danger. + +"Well," said our engineer ruefully as we took our seats to return once more to London, "it has been a pretty business for me! I have lost my thumb and I have lost a fifty-guinea fee, and what have I gained?" + +"Experience," said Holmes, laughing. "Indirectly it may be of value, you know; you have only to put it into words to gain the reputation of being excellent company for the remainder of your existence." + +X. THE ADVENTURE OF THE NOBLE BACHELOR + + +The Lord St. Simon marriage, and its curious termination, have long ceased to be a subject of interest in those exalted circles in which the unfortunate bridegroom moves. Fresh scandals have eclipsed it, and their more piquant details have drawn the gossips away from this four-year-old drama. As I have reason to believe, however, that the full facts have never been revealed to the general public, and as my friend Sherlock Holmes had a considerable share in clearing the matter up, I feel that no memoir of him would be complete without some little sketch of this remarkable episode. + +It was a few weeks before my own marriage, during the days when I was still sharing rooms with Holmes in Baker Street, that he came home from an afternoon stroll to find a letter on the table waiting for him. I had remained indoors all day, for the weather had taken a sudden turn to rain, with high autumnal winds, and the Jezail bullet which I had brought back in one of my limbs as a relic of my Afghan campaign throbbed with dull persistence. With my body in one easy-chair and my legs upon another, I had surrounded myself with a cloud of newspapers until at last, saturated with the news of the day, I tossed them all aside and lay listless, watching the huge crest and monogram upon the envelope upon the table and wondering lazily who my friend's noble correspondent could be. + +"Here is a very fashionable epistle," I remarked as he entered. "Your morning letters, if I remember right, were from a fish-monger and a tide-waiter." + +"Yes, my correspondence has certainly the charm of variety," he answered, smiling, "and the humbler are usually the more interesting. This looks like one of those unwelcome social summonses which call upon a man either to be bored or to lie." + +He broke the seal and glanced over the contents. + +"Oh, come, it may prove to be something of interest, after all." + +"Not social, then?" + +"No, distinctly professional." + +"And from a noble client?" + +"One of the highest in England." + +"My dear fellow, I congratulate you." + +"I assure you, Watson, without affectation, that the status of my client is a matter of less moment to me than the interest of his case. It is just possible, however, that that also may not be wanting in this new investigation. You have been reading the papers diligently of late, have you not?" + +"It looks like it," said I ruefully, pointing to a huge bundle in the corner. "I have had nothing else to do." + +"It is fortunate, for you will perhaps be able to post me up. I read nothing except the criminal news and the agony column. The latter is always instructive. But if you have followed recent events so closely you must have read about Lord St. Simon and his wedding?" + +"Oh, yes, with the deepest interest." + +"That is well. The letter which I hold in my hand is from Lord St. Simon. I will read it to you, and in return you must turn over these papers and let me have whatever bears upon the matter. This is what he says: + +" 'MY DEAR MR. SHERLOCK HOLMES:--Lord Backwater tells me that I may place implicit reliance upon your judgment and discretion. I have determined, therefore, to call upon you and to consult you in reference to the very painful event which has occurred in connection with my wedding. Mr. Lestrade, of Scotland Yard, is acting already in the matter, but he assures me that he sees no objection to your co-operation, and that he even thinks that it might be of some assistance. I will call at four o'clock in the afternoon, and, should you have any other engagement at that time, I hope that you will postpone it, as this matter is of paramount importance. Yours faithfully, + + +" 'ST. SIMON.' + +"It is dated from Grosvenor Mansions, written with a quill pen, and the noble lord has had the misfortune to get a smear of ink upon the outer side of his right little finger," remarked Holmes as he folded up the epistle. + +"He says four o'clock. It is three now. He will be here in an hour." + +"Then I have just time, with your assistance, to get clear upon the subject. Turn over those papers and arrange the extracts in their order of time, while I take a glance as to who our client is." He picked a red-covered volume from a line of books of reference beside the mantelpiece. "Here he is," said he, sitting down and flattening it out upon his knee. " 'Lord Robert Walsingham de Vere St. Simon, second son of the Duke of Balmoral.' Hum! 'Arms: Azure, three caltrops in chief over a fess sable. Born in 1846.' He's forty-one years of age, which is mature for marriage. Was Under-Secretary for the colonies in a late administration. The Duke, his father, was at one time Secretary for Foreign Affairs. They inherit Plantagenet blood by direct descent, and Tudor on the distaff side. Ha! Well, there is nothing very instructive in all this. I think that I must turn to you Watson, for something more solid." + +"I have very little difficulty in finding what I want," said I, "for the facts are quite recent, and the matter struck me as remarkable. I feared to refer them to you, however, as I knew that you had an inquiry on hand and that you disliked the intrusion of other matters." + +"Oh, you mean the little problem of the Grosvenor Square furniture van. That is quite cleared up now--though, indeed, it was obvious from the first. Pray give me the results of your newspaper selections." + +"Here is the first notice which I can find. It is in the personal column of the Morning Post, and dates, as you see, some weeks back: 'A marriage has been arranged,' it says, 'and will, if rumour is correct, very shortly take place, between Lord Robert St. Simon, second son of the Duke of Balmoral, and Miss Hatty Doran, the only daughter of Aloysius Doran. Esq., of San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A.' That is all." + +"Terse and to the point," remarked Holmes, stretching his long, thin legs towards the fire. + +"There was a paragraph amplifying this in one of the society papers of the same week. Ah, here it is: 'There will soon be a call for protection in the marriage market, for the present free-trade principle appears to tell heavily against our home product. One by one the management of the noble houses of Great Britain is passing into the hands of our fair cousins from across the Atlantic. An important addition has been made during the last week to the list of the prizes which have been borne away by these charming invaders. Lord St. Simon, who has shown himself for over twenty years proof against the little god's arrows, has now definitely announced his approaching marriage with Miss Hatty Doran, the fascinating daughter of a California millionaire. Miss Doran, whose graceful figure and striking face attracted much attention at the Westbury House festivities, is an only child, and it is currently reported that her dowry will run to considerably over the six figures, with expectancies for the future. As it is an open secret that the Duke of Balmoral has been compelled to sell his pictures within the last few years, and as Lord St. Simon has no property of his own save the small estate of Birchmoor, it is obvious that the Californian heiress is not the only gainer by an alliance which will enable her to make the easy and common transition from a Republican lady to a British peeress.' " + +"Anything else?" asked Holmes, yawning. + +"Oh, yes; plenty. Then there is another note in the Morning Post to say that the marriage would be an absolutely quiet one, that it would be at St. George's, Hanover Square, that only half a dozen intimate friends would be invited, and that the party would return to the furnished house at Lancaster Gate which has been taken by Mr. Aloysius Doran. Two days later--that is, on Wednesday last--there is a curt announcement that the wedding had taken place, and that the honeymoon would be passed at Lord Backwater's place, near Petersfield. Those are all the notices which appeared before the disappearance of the bride." + +"Before the what?" asked Holmes with a start. + +"The vanishing of the lady." + +"When did she vanish, then?" + +"At the wedding breakfast." + +"Indeed. This is more interesting than it promised to be; quite dramatic, in fact." + +"Yes; it struck me as being a little out of the common." + +"They often vanish before the ceremony, and occasionally during the honeymoon; but I cannot call to mind anything quite so prompt as this. Pray let me have the details." + +"I warn you that they are very incomplete." + +"Perhaps we may make them less so." + +"Such as they are, they are set forth in a single article of a morning paper of yesterday, which I will read to you. It is headed, 'Singular Occurrence at a Fashionable Wedding': + +" 'The family of Lord Robert St. Simon has been thrown into the greatest consternation by the strange and painful episodes which have taken place in connection with his wedding. The ceremony, as shortly announced in the papers of yesterday, occurred on the previous morning; but it is only now that it has been possible to confirm the strange rumours which have been so persistently floating about. In spite of the attempts of the friends to hush the matter up, so much public attention has now been drawn to it that no good purpose can be served by affecting to disregard what is a common subject for conversation. + +" 'The ceremony, which was performed at St. George's, Hanover Square, was a very quiet one, no one being present save the father of the bride, Mr. Aloysius Doran, the Duchess of Balmoral, Lord Backwater, Lord Eustace and Lady Clara St. Simon (the younger brother and sister of the bridegroom), and Lady Alicia Whittington. The whole party proceeded afterwards to the house of Mr. Aloysius Doran, at Lancaster Gate, where breakfast had been prepared. It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained, who endeavoured to force her way into the house after the bridal party, alleging that she had some claim upon Lord St. Simon. It was only after a painful and prolonged scene that she was ejected by the butler and the footman. The bride, who had fortunately entered the house before this unpleasant interruption, had sat down to breakfast with the rest, when she complained of a sudden indisposition and retired to her room. Her prolonged absence having caused some comment, her father followed her, but learned from her maid that she had only come up to her chamber for an instant, caught up an ulster and bonnet, and hurried down to the passage. One of the footmen declared that he had seen a lady leave the house thus apparelled, but had refused to credit that it was his mistress, believing her to be with the company. On ascertaining that his daughter had disappeared, Mr. Aloysius Doran, in conjunction with the bridegroom, instantly put themselves in communication with the police, and very energetic inquiries are being made, which will probably result in a speedy clearing up of this very singular business. Up to a late hour last night, however, nothing had transpired as to the whereabouts of the missing lady. There are rumours of foul play in the matter, and it is said that the police have caused the arrest of the woman who had caused the original disturbance, in the belief that, from jealousy or some other motive, she may have been concerned in the strange disappearance of the bride.' " + +"And is that all?" + +"Only one little item in another of the morning papers, but it is a suggestive one." + +"And it is--" + +"That Miss Flora Millar, the lady who had caused the disturbance, has actually been arrested. It appears that she was formerly a danseuse at the Allegro, and that she has known the bridegroom for some years. There are no further particulars, and the whole case is in your hands now--so far as it has been set forth in the public press." + +"And an exceedingly interesting case it appears to be. I would not have missed it for worlds. But there is a ring at the bell, Watson, and as the clock makes it a few minutes after four, I have no doubt that this will prove to be our noble client. Do not dream of going, Watson, for I very much prefer having a witness, if only as a check to my own memory." + +"Lord Robert St. Simon," announced our page-boy, throwing open the door. A gentleman entered, with a pleasant, cultured face, high-nosed and pale, with something perhaps of petulance about the mouth, and with the steady, well-opened eye of a man whose pleasant lot it had ever been to command and to be obeyed. His manner was brisk, and yet his general appearance gave an undue impression of age, for he had a slight forward stoop and a little bend of the knees as he walked. His hair, too, as he swept off his very curly-brimmed hat, was grizzled round the edges and thin upon the top. As to his dress, it was careful to the verge of foppishness, with high collar, black frock-coat, white waistcoat, yellow gloves, patent-leather shoes, and light-coloured gaiters. He advanced slowly into the room, turning his head from left to right, and swinging in his right hand the cord which held his golden eyeglasses. + +"Good-day, Lord St. Simon," said Holmes, rising and bowing. "Pray take the basket-chair. This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Watson. Draw up a little to the fire, and we will talk this matter over." + +"A most painful matter to me, as you can most readily imagine, Mr. Holmes. I have been cut to the quick. I understand that you have already managed several delicate cases of this sort, sir, though I presume that they were hardly from the same class of society." + +"No, I am descending." + +"I beg pardon." + +"My last client of the sort was a king." + +"Oh, really! I had no idea. And which king?" + +"The King of Scandinavia." + +"What! Had he lost his wife?" + +"You can understand," said Holmes suavely, "that I extend to the affairs of my other clients the same secrecy which I promise to you in yours." + +"Of course! Very right! very right! I'm sure I beg pardon. As to my own case, I am ready to give you any information which may assist you in forming an opinion." + +"Thank you. I have already learned all that is in the public prints, nothing more. I presume that I may take it as correct--this article, for example, as to the disappearance of the bride." + +Lord St. Simon glanced over it. "Yes, it is correct, as far as it goes." + +"But it needs a great deal of supplementing before anyone could offer an opinion. I think that I may arrive at my facts most directly by questioning you." + +"Pray do so." + +"When did you first meet Miss Hatty Doran?" + +"In San Francisco, a year ago." + +"You were travelling in the States?" + +"Yes." + +"Did you become engaged then?" + +"No." + +"But you were on a friendly footing?" + +"I was amused by her society, and she could see that I was amused." + +"Her father is very rich?" + +"He is said to be the richest man on the Pacific slope." + +"And how did he make his money?" + +"In mining. He had nothing a few years ago. Then he struck gold, invested it, and came up by leaps and bounds." + +"Now, what is your own impression as to the young lady's--your wife's character?" + +The nobleman swung his glasses a little faster and stared down into the fire. "You see, Mr. Holmes," said he, "my wife was twenty before her father became a rich man. During that time she ran free in a mining camp and wandered through woods or mountains, so that her education has come from Nature rather than from the schoolmaster. She is what we call in England a tomboy, with a strong nature, wild and free, unfettered by any sort of traditions. She is impetuous--volcanic, I was about to say. She is swift in making up her mind and fearless in carrying out her resolutions. On the other hand, I would not have given her the name which I have the honour to bear"--he gave a little stately cough--"had I not thought her to be at bottom a noble woman. I believe that she is capable of heroic self-sacrifice and that anything dishonourable would be repugnant to her." + +"Have you her photograph?" + +"I brought this with me." He opened a locket and showed us the full face of a very lovely woman. It was not a photograph but an ivory miniature, and the artist had brought out the full effect of the lustrous black hair, the large dark eyes, and the exquisite mouth. Holmes gazed long and earnestly at it. Then he closed the locket and handed it back to Lord St. Simon. + +"The young lady came to London, then, and you renewed your acquaintance?" + +"Yes, her father brought her over for this last London season. I met her several times, became engaged to her, and have now married her." + +"She brought, I understand, a considerable dowry?" + +"A fair dowry. Not more than is usual in my family." + +"And this, of course, remains to you, since the marriage is a fait accompli?" + +"I really have made no inquiries on the subject." + +"Very naturally not. Did you see Miss Doran on the day before the wedding?" + +"Yes." + +"Was she in good spirits?" + +"Never better. She kept talking of what we should do in our future lives." + +"Indeed! That is very interesting. And on the morning of the wedding?" + +"She was as bright as possible--at least until after the ceremony." + +"And did you observe any change in her then?" + +"Well, to tell the truth, I saw then the first signs that I had ever seen that her temper was just a little sharp. The incident however, was too trivial to relate and can have no possible bearing upon the case." + +"Pray let us have it, for all that." + +"Oh, it is childish. She dropped her bouquet as we went towards the vestry. She was passing the front pew at the time, and it fell over into the pew. There was a moment's delay, but the gentleman in the pew handed it up to her again, and it did not appear to be the worse for the fall. Yet when I spoke to her of the matter, she answered me abruptly; and in the carriage, on our way home, she seemed absurdly agitated over this trifling cause." + +"Indeed! You say that there was a gentleman in the pew. Some of the general public were present, then?" + +"Oh, yes. It is impossible to exclude them when the church is open." + +"This gentleman was not one of your wife's friends?" + +"No, no; I call him a gentleman by courtesy, but he was quite a common-looking person. I hardly noticed his appearance. But really I think that we are wandering rather far from the point." + +"Lady St. Simon, then, returned from the wedding in a less cheerful frame of mind than she had gone to it. What did she do on re-entering her father's house?" + +"I saw her in conversation with her maid." + +"And who is her maid?" + +"Alice is her name. She is an American and came from California with her." + +"A confidential servant?" + +"A little too much so. It seemed to me that her mistress allowed her to take great liberties. Still, of course, in America they look upon these things in a different way." + +"How long did she speak to this Alice?" + +"Oh, a few minutes. I had something else to think of." + +"You did not overhear what they said?" + +"Lady St. Simon said something about 'jumping a claim.' She was accustomed to use slang of the kind. I have no idea what she meant." + +"American slang is very expressive sometimes. And what did your wife do when she finished speaking to her maid?" + +"She walked into the breakfast-room." + +"On your arm?" + +"No, alone. She was very independent in little matters like that. Then, after we had sat down for ten minutes or so, she rose hurriedly, muttered some words of apology, and left the room. She never came back." + +"But this maid, Alice, as I understand, deposes that she went to her room, covered her bride's dress with a long ulster, put on a bonnet, and went out." + +"Quite so. And she was afterwards seen walking into Hyde Park in company with Flora Millar, a woman who is now in custody, and who had already made a disturbance at Mr. Doran's house that morning." + +"Ah, yes. I should like a few particulars as to this young lady, and your relations to her." + +Lord St. Simon shrugged his shoulders and raised his eyebrows. "We have been on a friendly footing for some years--I may say on a very friendly footing. She used to be at the Allegro. I have not treated her ungenerously, and she had no just cause of complaint against me, but you know what women are, Mr. Holmes. Flora was a dear little thing, but exceedingly hot-headed and devotedly attached to me. She wrote me dreadful letters when she heard that I was about to be married, and, to tell the truth, the reason why I had the marriage celebrated so quietly was that I feared lest there might be a scandal in the church. She came to Mr. Doran's door just after we returned, and she endeavoured to push her way in, uttering very abusive expressions towards my wife, and even threatening her, but I had foreseen the possibility of something of the sort, and I had two police fellows there in private clothes, who soon pushed her out again. She was quiet when she saw that there was no good in making a row." + +"Did your wife hear all this?" + +"No, thank goodness, she did not." + +"And she was seen walking with this very woman afterwards?" + +"Yes. That is what Mr. Lestrade, of Scotland Yard, looks upon as so serious. It is thought that Flora decoyed my wife out and laid some terrible trap for her." + +"Well, it is a possible supposition." + +"You think so, too?" + +"I did not say a probable one. But you do not yourself look upon this as likely?" + +"I do not think Flora would hurt a fly." + +"Still, jealousy is a strange transformer of characters. Pray what is your own theory as to what took place?" + +"Well, really, I came to seek a theory, not to propound one. I have given you all the facts. Since you ask me, however, I may say that it has occurred to me as possible that the excitement of this affair, the consciousness that she had made so immense a social stride, had the effect of causing some little nervous disturbance in my wife." + +"In short, that she had become suddenly deranged?" + +"Well, really, when I consider that she has turned her back--I will not say upon me, but upon so much that many have aspired to without success--I can hardly explain it in any other fashion." + +"Well, certainly that is also a conceivable hypothesis," said Holmes, smiling. "And now, Lord St. Simon, I think that I have nearly all my data. May I ask whether you were seated at the breakfast-table so that you could see out of the window?" + +"We could see the other side of the road and the Park." + +"Quite so. Then I do not think that I need to detain you longer. I shall communicate with you." + +"Should you be fortunate enough to solve this problem," said our client, rising. + +"I have solved it." + +"Eh? What was that?" + +"I say that I have solved it." + +"Where, then, is my wife?" + +"That is a detail which I shall speedily supply." + +Lord St. Simon shook his head. "I am afraid that it will take wiser heads than yours or mine," he remarked, and bowing in a stately, old-fashioned manner he departed. + +"It is very good of Lord St. Simon to honour my head by putting it on a level with his own," said Sherlock Holmes, laughing. "I think that I shall have a whisky and soda and a cigar after all this cross-questioning. I had formed my conclusions as to the case before our client came into the room." + +"My dear Holmes!" + +"I have notes of several similar cases, though none, as I remarked before, which were quite as prompt. My whole examination served to turn my conjecture into a certainty. Circumstantial evidence is occasionally very convincing, as when you find a trout in the milk, to quote Thoreau's example." + +"But I have heard all that you have heard." + +"Without, however, the knowledge of pre-existing cases which serves me so well. There was a parallel instance in Aberdeen some years back, and something on very much the same lines at Munich the year after the Franco-Prussian War. It is one of these cases--but, hullo, here is Lestrade! Good-afternoon, Lestrade! You will find an extra tumbler upon the sideboard, and there are cigars in the box." + +The official detective was attired in a pea-jacket and cravat, which gave him a decidedly nautical appearance, and he carried a black canvas bag in his hand. With a short greeting he seated himself and lit the cigar which had been offered to him. + +"What's up, then?" asked Holmes with a twinkle in his eye. "You look dissatisfied." + +"And I feel dissatisfied. It is this infernal St. Simon marriage case. I can make neither head nor tail of the business." + +"Really! You surprise me." + +"Who ever heard of such a mixed affair? Every clue seems to slip through my fingers. I have been at work upon it all day." + +"And very wet it seems to have made you," said Holmes laying his hand upon the arm of the pea-jacket. + +"Yes, I have been dragging the Serpentine." + +"In heaven's name, what for?" + +"In search of the body of Lady St. Simon." + +Sherlock Holmes leaned back in his chair and laughed heartily. + +"Have you dragged the basin of Trafalgar Square fountain?" he asked. + +"Why? What do you mean?" + +"Because you have just as good a chance of finding this lady in the one as in the other." + +Lestrade shot an angry glance at my companion. "I suppose you know all about it," he snarled. + +"Well, I have only just heard the facts, but my mind is made up." + +"Oh, indeed! Then you think that the Serpentine plays no part in the matter?" + +"I think it very unlikely." + +"Then perhaps you will kindly explain how it is that we found this in it?" He opened his bag as he spoke, and tumbled onto the floor a wedding-dress of watered silk, a pair of white satin shoes and a bride's wreath and veil, all discoloured and soaked in water. "There," said he, putting a new wedding-ring upon the top of the pile. "There is a little nut for you to crack, Master Holmes." + +"Oh, indeed!" said my friend, blowing blue rings into the air. "You dragged them from the Serpentine?" + +"No. They were found floating near the margin by a park-keeper. They have been identified as her clothes, and it seemed to me that if the clothes were there the body would not be far off." + +"By the same brilliant reasoning, every man's body is to be found in the neighbourhood of his wardrobe. And pray what did you hope to arrive at through this?" + +"At some evidence implicating Flora Millar in the disappearance." + +"I am afraid that you will find it difficult." + +"Are you, indeed, now?" cried Lestrade with some bitterness. "I am afraid, Holmes, that you are not very practical with your deductions and your inferences. You have made two blunders in as many minutes. This dress does implicate Miss Flora Millar." + +"And how?" + +"In the dress is a pocket. In the pocket is a card-case. In the card-case is a note. And here is the very note." He slapped it down upon the table in front of him. "Listen to this: 'You will see me when all is ready. Come at once. F. H. M.' Now my theory all along has been that Lady St. Simon was decoyed away by Flora Millar, and that she, with confederates, no doubt, was responsible for her disappearance. Here, signed with her initials, is the very note which was no doubt quietly slipped into her hand at the door and which lured her within their reach." + +"Very good, Lestrade," said Holmes, laughing. "You really are very fine indeed. Let me see it." He took up the paper in a listless way, but his attention instantly became riveted, and he gave a little cry of satisfaction. "This is indeed important," said he. + +"Ha! you find it so?" + +"Extremely so. I congratulate you warmly." + +Lestrade rose in his triumph and bent his head to look. "Why," he shrieked, "you're looking at the wrong side!" + +"On the contrary, this is the right side." + +"The right side? You're mad! Here is the note written in pencil over here." + +"And over here is what appears to be the fragment of a hotel bill, which interests me deeply." + +"There's nothing in it. I looked at it before," said Lestrade. " 'Oct. 4th, rooms 8s., breakfast 2s. 6d., cocktail 1s., lunch 2s. 6d., glass sherry, 8d.' I see nothing in that." + +"Very likely not. It is most important, all the same. As to the note, it is important also, or at least the initials are, so I congratulate you again." + +"I've wasted time enough," said Lestrade, rising. "I believe in hard work and not in sitting by the fire spinning fine theories. Good-day, Mr. Holmes, and we shall see which gets to the bottom of the matter first." He gathered up the garments, thrust them into the bag, and made for the door. + +"Just one hint to you, Lestrade," drawled Holmes before his rival vanished; "I will tell you the true solution of the matter. Lady St. Simon is a myth. There is not, and there never has been, any such person." + +Lestrade looked sadly at my companion. Then he turned to me, tapped his forehead three times, shook his head solemnly, and hurried away. + +He had hardly shut the door behind him when Holmes rose to put on his overcoat. "There is something in what the fellow says about outdoor work," he remarked, "so I think, Watson, that I must leave you to your papers for a little." + +It was after five o'clock when Sherlock Holmes left me, but I had no time to be lonely, for within an hour there arrived a confectioner's man with a very large flat box. This he unpacked with the help of a youth whom he had brought with him, and presently, to my very great astonishment, a quite epicurean little cold supper began to be laid out upon our humble lodging-house mahogany. There were a couple of brace of cold woodcock, a pheasant, a pate de foie gras pie with a group of ancient and cobwebby bottles. Having laid out all these luxuries, my two visitors vanished away, like the genii of the Arabian Nights, with no explanation save that the things had been paid for and were ordered to this address. + +Just before nine o'clock Sherlock Holmes stepped briskly into the room. His features were gravely set, but there was a light in his eye which made me think that he had not been disappointed in his conclusions. + +"They have laid the supper, then," he said, rubbing his hands. + +"You seem to expect company. They have laid for five." + +"Yes, I fancy we may have some company dropping in," said he. "I am surprised that Lord St. Simon has not already arrived. Ha! I fancy that I hear his step now upon the stairs." + +It was indeed our visitor of the afternoon who came bustling in, dangling his glasses more vigorously than ever, and with a very perturbed expression upon his aristocratic features. + +"My messenger reached you, then?" asked Holmes. + +"Yes, and I confess that the contents startled me beyond measure. Have you good authority for what you say?" + +"The best possible." + +Lord St. Simon sank into a chair and passed his hand over his forehead. + +"What will the Duke say," he murmured, "when he hears that one of the family has been subjected to such humiliation?" + +"It is the purest accident. I cannot allow that there is any humiliation." + +"Ah, you look on these things from another standpoint." + +"I fail to see that anyone is to blame. I can hardly see how the lady could have acted otherwise, though her abrupt method of doing it was undoubtedly to be regretted. Having no mother, she had no one to advise her at such a crisis." + +"It was a slight, sir, a public slight," said Lord St. Simon, tapping his fingers upon the table. + +"You must make allowance for this poor girl, placed in so unprecedented a position." + +"I will make no allowance. I am very angry indeed, and I have been shamefully used." + +"I think that I heard a ring," said Holmes. "Yes, there are steps on the landing. If I cannot persuade you to take a lenient view of the matter, Lord St. Simon, I have brought an advocate here who may be more successful." He opened the door and ushered in a lady and gentleman. "Lord St. Simon," said he "allow me to introduce you to Mr. and Mrs. Francis Hay Moulton. The lady, I think, you have already met." + +At the sight of these newcomers our client had sprung from his seat and stood very erect, with his eyes cast down and his hand thrust into the breast of his frock-coat, a picture of offended dignity. The lady had taken a quick step forward and had held out her hand to him, but he still refused to raise his eyes. It was as well for his resolution, perhaps, for her pleading face was one which it was hard to resist. + +"You're angry, Robert," said she. "Well, I guess you have every cause to be." + +"Pray make no apology to me," said Lord St. Simon bitterly. + +"Oh, yes, I know that I have treated you real bad and that I should have spoken to you before I went; but I was kind of rattled, and from the time when I saw Frank here again I just didn't know what I was doing or saying. I only wonder I didn't fall down and do a faint right there before the altar." + +"Perhaps, Mrs. Moulton, you would like my friend and me to leave the room while you explain this matter?" + +"If I may give an opinion," remarked the strange gentleman, "we've had just a little too much secrecy over this business already. For my part, I should like all Europe and America to hear the rights of it." He was a small, wiry, sunburnt man, clean-shaven, with a sharp face and alert manner. + +"Then I'll tell our story right away," said the lady. "Frank here and I met in '84, in McQuire's camp, near the Rockies, where Pa was working a claim. We were engaged to each other, Frank and I; but then one day father struck a rich pocket and made a pile, while poor Frank here had a claim that petered out and came to nothing. The richer Pa grew the poorer was Frank; so at last Pa wouldn't hear of our engagement lasting any longer, and he took me away to 'Frisco. Frank wouldn't throw up his hand, though; so he followed me there, and he saw me without Pa knowing anything about it. It would only have made him mad to know, so we just fixed it all up for ourselves. Frank said that he would go and make his pile, too, and never come back to claim me until he had as much as Pa. So then I promised to wait for him to the end of time and pledged myself not to marry anyone else while he lived. 'Why shouldn't we be married right away, then,' said he, 'and then I will feel sure of you; and I won't claim to be your husband until I come back?' Well, we talked it over, and he had fixed it all up so nicely, with a clergyman all ready in waiting, that we just did it right there; and then Frank went off to seek his fortune, and I went back to Pa. + +"The next I heard of Frank was that he was in Montana, and then he went prospecting in Arizona, and then I heard of him from New Mexico. After that came a long newspaper story about how a miners' camp had been attacked by Apache Indians, and there was my Frank's name among the killed. I fainted dead away, and I was very sick for months after. Pa thought I had a decline and took me to half the doctors in 'Frisco. Not a word of news came for a year and more, so that I never doubted that Frank was really dead. Then Lord St. Simon came to 'Frisco, and we came to London, and a marriage was arranged, and Pa was very pleased, but I felt all the time that no man on this earth would ever take the place in my heart that had been given to my poor Frank. + +"Still, if I had married Lord St. Simon, of course I'd have done my duty by him. We can't command our love, but we can our actions. I went to the altar with him with the intention to make him just as good a wife as it was in me to be. But you may imagine what I felt when, just as I came to the altar rails, I glanced back and saw Frank standing and looking at me out of the first pew. I thought it was his ghost at first; but when I looked again there he was still, with a kind of question in his eyes, as if to ask me whether I were glad or sorry to see him. I wonder I didn't drop. I know that everything was turning round, and the words of the clergyman were just like the buzz of a bee in my ear. I didn't know what to do. Should I stop the service and make a scene in the church? I glanced at him again, and he seemed to know what I was thinking, for he raised his finger to his lips to tell me to be still. Then I saw him scribble on a piece of paper, and I knew that he was writing me a note. As I passed his pew on the way out I dropped my bouquet over to him, and he slipped the note into my hand when he returned me the flowers. It was only a line asking me to join him when he made the sign to me to do so. Of course I never doubted for a moment that my first duty was now to him, and I determined to do just whatever he might direct. + +"When I got back I told my maid, who had known him in California, and had always been his friend. I ordered her to say nothing, but to get a few things packed and my ulster ready. I know I ought to have spoken to Lord St. Simon, but it was dreadful hard before his mother and all those great people. I just made up my mind to run away and explain afterwards. I hadn't been at the table ten minutes before I saw Frank out of the window at the other side of the road. He beckoned to me and then began walking into the Park. I slipped out, put on my things, and followed him. Some woman came talking something or other about Lord St. Simon to me--seemed to me from the little I heard as if he had a little secret of his own before marriage also--but I managed to get away from her and soon overtook Frank. We got into a cab together, and away we drove to some lodgings he had taken in Gordon Square, and that was my true wedding after all those years of waiting. Frank had been a prisoner among the Apaches, had escaped, came on to 'Frisco, found that I had given him up for dead and had gone to England, followed me there, and had come upon me at last on the very morning of my second wedding." + +"I saw it in a paper," explained the American. "It gave the name and the church but not where the lady lived." + +"Then we had a talk as to what we should do, and Frank was all for openness, but I was so ashamed of it all that I felt as if I should like to vanish away and never see any of them again--just sending a line to Pa, perhaps, to show him that I was alive. It was awful to me to think of all those lords and ladies sitting round that breakfast-table and waiting for me to come back. So Frank took my wedding-clothes and things and made a bundle of them, so that I should not be traced, and dropped them away somewhere where no one could find them. It is likely that we should have gone on to Paris to-morrow, only that this good gentleman, Mr. Holmes, came round to us this evening, though how he found us is more than I can think, and he showed us very clearly and kindly that I was wrong and that Frank was right, and that we should be putting ourselves in the wrong if we were so secret. Then he offered to give us a chance of talking to Lord St. Simon alone, and so we came right away round to his rooms at once. Now, Robert, you have heard it all, and I am very sorry if I have given you pain, and I hope that you do not think very meanly of me." + +Lord St. Simon had by no means relaxed his rigid attitude, but had listened with a frowning brow and a compressed lip to this long narrative. + +"Excuse me," he said, "but it is not my custom to discuss my most intimate personal affairs in this public manner." + +"Then you won't forgive me? You won't shake hands before I go?" + +"Oh, certainly, if it would give you any pleasure." He put out his hand and coldly grasped that which she extended to him. + +"I had hoped," suggested Holmes, "that you would have joined us in a friendly supper." + +"I think that there you ask a little too much," responded his Lordship. "I may be forced to acquiesce in these recent developments, but I can hardly be expected to make merry over them. I think that with your permission I will now wish you all a very good-night." He included us all in a sweeping bow and stalked out of the room. + +"Then I trust that you at least will honour me with your company," said Sherlock Holmes. "It is always a joy to meet an American, Mr. Moulton, for I am one of those who believe that the folly of a monarch and the blundering of a minister in far-gone years will not prevent our children from being some day citizens of the same world-wide country under a flag which shall be a quartering of the Union Jack with the Stars and Stripes." + +"The case has been an interesting one," remarked Holmes when our visitors had left us, "because it serves to show very clearly how simple the explanation may be of an affair which at first sight seems to be almost inexplicable. Nothing could be more natural than the sequence of events as narrated by this lady, and nothing stranger than the result when viewed, for instance, by Mr. Lestrade of Scotland Yard." + +"You were not yourself at fault at all, then?" + +"From the first, two facts were very obvious to me, the one that the lady had been quite willing to undergo the wedding ceremony, the other that she had repented of it within a few minutes of returning home. Obviously something had occurred during the morning, then, to cause her to change her mind. What could that something be? She could not have spoken to anyone when she was out, for she had been in the company of the bridegroom. Had she seen someone, then? If she had, it must be someone from America because she had spent so short a time in this country that she could hardly have allowed anyone to acquire so deep an influence over her that the mere sight of him would induce her to change her plans so completely. You see we have already arrived, by a process of exclusion, at the idea that she might have seen an American. Then who could this American be, and why should he possess so much influence over her? It might be a lover; it might be a husband. Her young womanhood had, I knew, been spent in rough scenes and under strange conditions. So far I had got before I ever heard Lord St. Simon's narrative. When he told us of a man in a pew, of the change in the bride's manner, of so transparent a device for obtaining a note as the dropping of a bouquet, of her resort to her confidential maid, and of her very significant allusion to claim-jumping--which in miners' parlance means taking possession of that which another person has a prior claim to--the whole situation became absolutely clear. She had gone off with a man, and the man was either a lover or was a previous husband--the chances being in favour of the latter." + +"And how in the world did you find them?" + +"It might have been difficult, but friend Lestrade held information in his hands the value of which he did not himself know. The initials were, of course, of the highest importance, but more valuable still was it to know that within a week he had settled his bill at one of the most select London hotels." + +"How did you deduce the select?" + +"By the select prices. Eight shillings for a bed and eightpence for a glass of sherry pointed to one of the most expensive hotels. There are not many in London which charge at that rate. In the second one which I visited in Northumberland Avenue, I learned by an inspection of the book that Francis H. Moulton, an American gentleman, had left only the day before, and on looking over the entries against him, I came upon the very items which I had seen in the duplicate bill. His letters were to be forwarded to 226 Gordon Square; so thither I travelled, and being fortunate enough to find the loving couple at home, I ventured to give them some paternal advice and to point out to them that it would be better in every way that they should make their position a little clearer both to the general public and to Lord St. Simon in particular. I invited them to meet him here, and, as you see, I made him keep the appointment." + +"But with no very good result," I remarked. "His conduct was certainly not very gracious." + +"Ah, Watson," said Holmes, smiling, "perhaps you would not be very gracious either, if, after all the trouble of wooing and wedding, you found yourself deprived in an instant of wife and of fortune. I think that we may judge Lord St. Simon very mercifully and thank our stars that we are never likely to find ourselves in the same position. Draw your chair up and hand me my violin, for the only problem we have still to solve is how to while away these bleak autumnal evenings." + +XI. THE ADVENTURE OF THE BERYL CORONET + + +"Holmes," said I as I stood one morning in our bow-window looking down the street, "here is a madman coming along. It seems rather sad that his relatives should allow him to come out alone." + +My friend rose lazily from his armchair and stood with his hands in the pockets of his dressing-gown, looking over my shoulder. It was a bright, crisp February morning, and the snow of the day before still lay deep upon the ground, shimmering brightly in the wintry sun. Down the centre of Baker Street it had been ploughed into a brown crumbly band by the traffic, but at either side and on the heaped-up edges of the foot-paths it still lay as white as when it fell. The grey pavement had been cleaned and scraped, but was still dangerously slippery, so that there were fewer passengers than usual. Indeed, from the direction of the Metropolitan Station no one was coming save the single gentleman whose eccentric conduct had drawn my attention. + +He was a man of about fifty, tall, portly, and imposing, with a massive, strongly marked face and a commanding figure. He was dressed in a sombre yet rich style, in black frock-coat, shining hat, neat brown gaiters, and well-cut pearl-grey trousers. Yet his actions were in absurd contrast to the dignity of his dress and features, for he was running hard, with occasional little springs, such as a weary man gives who is little accustomed to set any tax upon his legs. As he ran he jerked his hands up and down, waggled his head, and writhed his face into the most extraordinary contortions. + +"What on earth can be the matter with him?" I asked. "He is looking up at the numbers of the houses." + +"I believe that he is coming here," said Holmes, rubbing his hands. + +"Here?" + +"Yes; I rather think he is coming to consult me professionally. I think that I recognise the symptoms. Ha! did I not tell you?" As he spoke, the man, puffing and blowing, rushed at our door and pulled at our bell until the whole house resounded with the clanging. + +A few moments later he was in our room, still puffing, still gesticulating, but with so fixed a look of grief and despair in his eyes that our smiles were turned in an instant to horror and pity. For a while he could not get his words out, but swayed his body and plucked at his hair like one who has been driven to the extreme limits of his reason. Then, suddenly springing to his feet, he beat his head against the wall with such force that we both rushed upon him and tore him away to the centre of the room. Sherlock Holmes pushed him down into the easy-chair and, sitting beside him, patted his hand and chatted with him in the easy, soothing tones which he knew so well how to employ. + +"You have come to me to tell your story, have you not?" said he. "You are fatigued with your haste. Pray wait until you have recovered yourself, and then I shall be most happy to look into any little problem which you may submit to me." + +The man sat for a minute or more with a heaving chest, fighting against his emotion. Then he passed his handkerchief over his brow, set his lips tight, and turned his face towards us. + +"No doubt you think me mad?" said he. + +"I see that you have had some great trouble," responded Holmes. + +"God knows I have!--a trouble which is enough to unseat my reason, so sudden and so terrible is it. Public disgrace I might have faced, although I am a man whose character has never yet borne a stain. Private affliction also is the lot of every man; but the two coming together, and in so frightful a form, have been enough to shake my very soul. Besides, it is not I alone. The very noblest in the land may suffer unless some way be found out of this horrible affair." + +"Pray compose yourself, sir," said Holmes, "and let me have a clear account of who you are and what it is that has befallen you." + +"My name," answered our visitor, "is probably familiar to your ears. I am Alexander Holder, of the banking firm of Holder & Stevenson, of Threadneedle Street." + +The name was indeed well known to us as belonging to the senior partner in the second largest private banking concern in the City of London. What could have happened, then, to bring one of the foremost citizens of London to this most pitiable pass? We waited, all curiosity, until with another effort he braced himself to tell his story. + +"I feel that time is of value," said he; "that is why I hastened here when the police inspector suggested that I should secure your co-operation. I came to Baker Street by the Underground and hurried from there on foot, for the cabs go slowly through this snow. That is why I was so out of breath, for I am a man who takes very little exercise. I feel better now, and I will put the facts before you as shortly and yet as clearly as I can. + +"It is, of course, well known to you that in a successful banking business as much depends upon our being able to find remunerative investments for our funds as upon our increasing our connection and the number of our depositors. One of our most lucrative means of laying out money is in the shape of loans, where the security is unimpeachable. We have done a good deal in this direction during the last few years, and there are many noble families to whom we have advanced large sums upon the security of their pictures, libraries, or plate. + +"Yesterday morning I was seated in my office at the bank when a card was brought in to me by one of the clerks. I started when I saw the name, for it was that of none other than--well, perhaps even to you I had better say no more than that it was a name which is a household word all over the earth--one of the highest, noblest, most exalted names in England. I was overwhelmed by the honour and attempted, when he entered, to say so, but he plunged at once into business with the air of a man who wishes to hurry quickly through a disagreeable task. + +" 'Mr. Holder,' said he, 'I have been informed that you are in the habit of advancing money.' + +" 'The firm does so when the security is good.' I answered. + +" 'It is absolutely essential to me,' said he, 'that I should have $50,000 at once. I could, of course, borrow so trifling a sum ten times over from my friends, but I much prefer to make it a matter of business and to carry out that business myself. In my position you can readily understand that it is unwise to place one's self under obligations.' + +" 'For how long, may I ask, do you want this sum?' I asked. + +" 'Next Monday I have a large sum due to me, and I shall then most certainly repay what you advance, with whatever interest you think it right to charge. But it is very essential to me that the money should be paid at once.' + +" 'I should be happy to advance it without further parley from my own private purse,' said I, 'were it not that the strain would be rather more than it could bear. If, on the other hand, I am to do it in the name of the firm, then in justice to my partner I must insist that, even in your case, every businesslike precaution should be taken.' + +" 'I should much prefer to have it so,' said he, raising up a square, black morocco case which he had laid beside his chair. 'You have doubtless heard of the Beryl Coronet?' + +" 'One of the most precious public possessions of the empire,' said I. + +" 'Precisely.' He opened the case, and there, imbedded in soft, flesh-coloured velvet, lay the magnificent piece of jewellery which he had named. 'There are thirty-nine enormous beryls,' said he, 'and the price of the gold chasing is incalculable. The lowest estimate would put the worth of the coronet at double the sum which I have asked. I am prepared to leave it with you as my security.' + +"I took the precious case into my hands and looked in some perplexity from it to my illustrious client. + +" 'You doubt its value?' he asked. + +" 'Not at all. I only doubt--' + +" 'The propriety of my leaving it. You may set your mind at rest about that. I should not dream of doing so were it not absolutely certain that I should be able in four days to reclaim it. It is a pure matter of form. Is the security sufficient?' + +" 'Ample.' + +" 'You understand, Mr. Holder, that I am giving you a strong proof of the confidence which I have in you, founded upon all that I have heard of you. I rely upon you not only to be discreet and to refrain from all gossip upon the matter but, above all, to preserve this coronet with every possible precaution because I need not say that a great public scandal would be caused if any harm were to befall it. Any injury to it would be almost as serious as its complete loss, for there are no beryls in the world to match these, and it would be impossible to replace them. I leave it with you, however, with every confidence, and I shall call for it in person on Monday morning.' + +"Seeing that my client was anxious to leave, I said no more but, calling for my cashier, I ordered him to pay over fifty $1000 notes. When I was alone once more, however, with the precious case lying upon the table in front of me, I could not but think with some misgivings of the immense responsibility which it entailed upon me. There could be no doubt that, as it was a national possession, a horrible scandal would ensue if any misfortune should occur to it. I already regretted having ever consented to take charge of it. However, it was too late to alter the matter now, so I locked it up in my private safe and turned once more to my work. + +"When evening came I felt that it would be an imprudence to leave so precious a thing in the office behind me. Bankers' safes had been forced before now, and why should not mine be? If so, how terrible would be the position in which I should find myself! I determined, therefore, that for the next few days I would always carry the case backward and forward with me, so that it might never be really out of my reach. With this intention, I called a cab and drove out to my house at Streatham, carrying the jewel with me. I did not breathe freely until I had taken it upstairs and locked it in the bureau of my dressing-room. + +"And now a word as to my household, Mr. Holmes, for I wish you to thoroughly understand the situation. My groom and my page sleep out of the house, and may be set aside altogether. I have three maid-servants who have been with me a number of years and whose absolute reliability is quite above suspicion. Another, Lucy Parr, the second waiting-maid, has only been in my service a few months. She came with an excellent character, however, and has always given me satisfaction. She is a very pretty girl and has attracted admirers who have occasionally hung about the place. That is the only drawback which we have found to her, but we believe her to be a thoroughly good girl in every way. + +"So much for the servants. My family itself is so small that it will not take me long to describe it. I am a widower and have an only son, Arthur. He has been a disappointment to me, Mr. Holmes--a grievous disappointment. I have no doubt that I am myself to blame. People tell me that I have spoiled him. Very likely I have. When my dear wife died I felt that he was all I had to love. I could not bear to see the smile fade even for a moment from his face. I have never denied him a wish. Perhaps it would have been better for both of us had I been sterner, but I meant it for the best. + +"It was naturally my intention that he should succeed me in my business, but he was not of a business turn. He was wild, wayward, and, to speak the truth, I could not trust him in the handling of large sums of money. When he was young he became a member of an aristocratic club, and there, having charming manners, he was soon the intimate of a number of men with long purses and expensive habits. He learned to play heavily at cards and to squander money on the turf, until he had again and again to come to me and implore me to give him an advance upon his allowance, that he might settle his debts of honour. He tried more than once to break away from the dangerous company which he was keeping, but each time the influence of his friend, Sir George Burnwell, was enough to draw him back again. + +"And, indeed, I could not wonder that such a man as Sir George Burnwell should gain an influence over him, for he has frequently brought him to my house, and I have found myself that I could hardly resist the fascination of his manner. He is older than Arthur, a man of the world to his finger-tips, one who had been everywhere, seen everything, a brilliant talker, and a man of great personal beauty. Yet when I think of him in cold blood, far away from the glamour of his presence, I am convinced from his cynical speech and the look which I have caught in his eyes that he is one who should be deeply distrusted. So I think, and so, too, thinks my little Mary, who has a woman's quick insight into character. + +"And now there is only she to be described. She is my niece; but when my brother died five years ago and left her alone in the world I adopted her, and have looked upon her ever since as my daughter. She is a sunbeam in my house--sweet, loving, beautiful, a wonderful manager and housekeeper, yet as tender and quiet and gentle as a woman could be. She is my right hand. I do not know what I could do without her. In only one matter has she ever gone against my wishes. Twice my boy has asked her to marry him, for he loves her devotedly, but each time she has refused him. I think that if anyone could have drawn him into the right path it would have been she, and that his marriage might have changed his whole life; but now, alas! it is too late--forever too late! + +"Now, Mr. Holmes, you know the people who live under my roof, and I shall continue with my miserable story. + +"When we were taking coffee in the drawing-room that night after dinner, I told Arthur and Mary my experience, and of the precious treasure which we had under our roof, suppressing only the name of my client. Lucy Parr, who had brought in the coffee, had, I am sure, left the room; but I cannot swear that the door was closed. Mary and Arthur were much interested and wished to see the famous coronet, but I thought it better not to disturb it. + +" 'Where have you put it?' asked Arthur. + +" 'In my own bureau.' + +" 'Well, I hope to goodness the house won't be burgled during the night.' said he. + +" 'It is locked up,' I answered. + +" 'Oh, any old key will fit that bureau. When I was a youngster I have opened it myself with the key of the box-room cupboard.' + +"He often had a wild way of talking, so that I thought little of what he said. He followed me to my room, however, that night with a very grave face. + +" 'Look here, dad,' said he with his eyes cast down, 'can you let me have $200?' + +" 'No, I cannot!' I answered sharply. 'I have been far too generous with you in money matters.' + +" 'You have been very kind,' said he, 'but I must have this money, or else I can never show my face inside the club again.' + +" 'And a very good thing, too!' I cried. + +" 'Yes, but you would not have me leave it a dishonoured man,' said he. 'I could not bear the disgrace. I must raise the money in some way, and if you will not let me have it, then I must try other means.' + +"I was very angry, for this was the third demand during the month. 'You shall not have a farthing from me,' I cried, on which he bowed and left the room without another word. + +"When he was gone I unlocked my bureau, made sure that my treasure was safe, and locked it again. Then I started to go round the house to see that all was secure--a duty which I usually leave to Mary but which I thought it well to perform myself that night. As I came down the stairs I saw Mary herself at the side window of the hall, which she closed and fastened as I approached. + +" 'Tell me, dad,' said she, looking, I thought, a little disturbed, 'did you give Lucy, the maid, leave to go out to-night?' + +" 'Certainly not.' + +" 'She came in just now by the back door. I have no doubt that she has only been to the side gate to see someone, but I think that it is hardly safe and should be stopped.' + +" 'You must speak to her in the morning, or I will if you prefer it. Are you sure that everything is fastened?' + +" 'Quite sure, dad.' + +" 'Then, good-night.' I kissed her and went up to my bedroom again, where I was soon asleep. + +"I am endeavouring to tell you everything, Mr. Holmes, which may have any bearing upon the case, but I beg that you will question me upon any point which I do not make clear." + +"On the contrary, your statement is singularly lucid." + +"I come to a part of my story now in which I should wish to be particularly so. I am not a very heavy sleeper, and the anxiety in my mind tended, no doubt, to make me even less so than usual. About two in the morning, then, I was awakened by some sound in the house. It had ceased ere I was wide awake, but it had left an impression behind it as though a window had gently closed somewhere. I lay listening with all my ears. Suddenly, to my horror, there was a distinct sound of footsteps moving softly in the next room. I slipped out of bed, all palpitating with fear, and peeped round the corner of my dressing-room door. + +" 'Arthur!' I screamed, 'you villain! you thief! How dare you touch that coronet?' + +"The gas was half up, as I had left it, and my unhappy boy, dressed only in his shirt and trousers, was standing beside the light, holding the coronet in his hands. He appeared to be wrenching at it, or bending it with all his strength. At my cry he dropped it from his grasp and turned as pale as death. I snatched it up and examined it. One of the gold corners, with three of the beryls in it, was missing. + +" 'You blackguard!' I shouted, beside myself with rage. 'You have destroyed it! You have dishonoured me forever! Where are the jewels which you have stolen?' + +" 'Stolen!' he cried. + +" 'Yes, thief!' I roared, shaking him by the shoulder. + +" 'There are none missing. There cannot be any missing,' said he. + +" 'There are three missing. And you know where they are. Must I call you a liar as well as a thief? Did I not see you trying to tear off another piece?' + +" 'You have called me names enough,' said he, 'I will not stand it any longer. I shall not say another word about this business, since you have chosen to insult me. I will leave your house in the morning and make my own way in the world.' + +" 'You shall leave it in the hands of the police!' I cried half-mad with grief and rage. 'I shall have this matter probed to the bottom.' + +" 'You shall learn nothing from me,' said he with a passion such as I should not have thought was in his nature. 'If you choose to call the police, let the police find what they can.' + +"By this time the whole house was astir, for I had raised my voice in my anger. Mary was the first to rush into my room, and, at the sight of the coronet and of Arthur's face, she read the whole story and, with a scream, fell down senseless on the ground. I sent the house-maid for the police and put the investigation into their hands at once. When the inspector and a constable entered the house, Arthur, who had stood sullenly with his arms folded, asked me whether it was my intention to charge him with theft. I answered that it had ceased to be a private matter, but had become a public one, since the ruined coronet was national property. I was determined that the law should have its way in everything. + +" 'At least,' said he, 'you will not have me arrested at once. It would be to your advantage as well as mine if I might leave the house for five minutes.' + +" 'That you may get away, or perhaps that you may conceal what you have stolen,' said I. And then, realising the dreadful position in which I was placed, I implored him to remember that not only my honour but that of one who was far greater than I was at stake; and that he threatened to raise a scandal which would convulse the nation. He might avert it all if he would but tell me what he had done with the three missing stones. + +" 'You may as well face the matter,' said I; 'you have been caught in the act, and no confession could make your guilt more heinous. If you but make such reparation as is in your power, by telling us where the beryls are, all shall be forgiven and forgotten.' + +" 'Keep your forgiveness for those who ask for it,' he answered, turning away from me with a sneer. I saw that he was too hardened for any words of mine to influence him. There was but one way for it. I called in the inspector and gave him into custody. A search was made at once not only of his person but of his room and of every portion of the house where he could possibly have concealed the gems; but no trace of them could be found, nor would the wretched boy open his mouth for all our persuasions and our threats. This morning he was removed to a cell, and I, after going through all the police formalities, have hurried round to you to implore you to use your skill in unravelling the matter. The police have openly confessed that they can at present make nothing of it. You may go to any expense which you think necessary. I have already offered a reward of $1000. My God, what shall I do! I have lost my honour, my gems, and my son in one night. Oh, what shall I do!" + +He put a hand on either side of his head and rocked himself to and fro, droning to himself like a child whose grief has got beyond words. + +Sherlock Holmes sat silent for some few minutes, with his brows knitted and his eyes fixed upon the fire. + +"Do you receive much company?" he asked. + +"None save my partner with his family and an occasional friend of Arthur's. Sir George Burnwell has been several times lately. No one else, I think." + +"Do you go out much in society?" + +"Arthur does. Mary and I stay at home. We neither of us care for it." + +"That is unusual in a young girl." + +"She is of a quiet nature. Besides, she is not so very young. She is four-and-twenty." + +"This matter, from what you say, seems to have been a shock to her also." + +"Terrible! She is even more affected than I." + +"You have neither of you any doubt as to your son's guilt?" + +"How can we have when I saw him with my own eyes with the coronet in his hands." + +"I hardly consider that a conclusive proof. Was the remainder of the coronet at all injured?" + +"Yes, it was twisted." + +"Do you not think, then, that he might have been trying to straighten it?" + +"God bless you! You are doing what you can for him and for me. But it is too heavy a task. What was he doing there at all? If his purpose were innocent, why did he not say so?" + +"Precisely. And if it were guilty, why did he not invent a lie? His silence appears to me to cut both ways. There are several singular points about the case. What did the police think of the noise which awoke you from your sleep?" + +"They considered that it might be caused by Arthur's closing his bedroom door." + +"A likely story! As if a man bent on felony would slam his door so as to wake a household. What did they say, then, of the disappearance of these gems?" + +"They are still sounding the planking and probing the furniture in the hope of finding them." + +"Have they thought of looking outside the house?" + +"Yes, they have shown extraordinary energy. The whole garden has already been minutely examined." + +"Now, my dear sir," said Holmes. "is it not obvious to you now that this matter really strikes very much deeper than either you or the police were at first inclined to think? It appeared to you to be a simple case; to me it seems exceedingly complex. Consider what is involved by your theory. You suppose that your son came down from his bed, went, at great risk, to your dressing-room, opened your bureau, took out your coronet, broke off by main force a small portion of it, went off to some other place, concealed three gems out of the thirty-nine, with such skill that nobody can find them, and then returned with the other thirty-six into the room in which he exposed himself to the greatest danger of being discovered. I ask you now, is such a theory tenable?" + +"But what other is there?" cried the banker with a gesture of despair. "If his motives were innocent, why does he not explain them?" + +"It is our task to find that out," replied Holmes; "so now, if you please, Mr. Holder, we will set off for Streatham together, and devote an hour to glancing a little more closely into details." + +My friend insisted upon my accompanying them in their expedition, which I was eager enough to do, for my curiosity and sympathy were deeply stirred by the story to which we had listened. I confess that the guilt of the banker's son appeared to me to be as obvious as it did to his unhappy father, but still I had such faith in Holmes' judgment that I felt that there must be some grounds for hope as long as he was dissatisfied with the accepted explanation. He hardly spoke a word the whole way out to the southern suburb, but sat with his chin upon his breast and his hat drawn over his eyes, sunk in the deepest thought. Our client appeared to have taken fresh heart at the little glimpse of hope which had been presented to him, and he even broke into a desultory chat with me over his business affairs. A short railway journey and a shorter walk brought us to Fairbank, the modest residence of the great financier. + +Fairbank was a good-sized square house of white stone, standing back a little from the road. A double carriage-sweep, with a snow-clad lawn, stretched down in front to two large iron gates which closed the entrance. On the right side was a small wooden thicket, which led into a narrow path between two neat hedges stretching from the road to the kitchen door, and forming the tradesmen's entrance. On the left ran a lane which led to the stables, and was not itself within the grounds at all, being a public, though little used, thoroughfare. Holmes left us standing at the door and walked slowly all round the house, across the front, down the tradesmen's path, and so round by the garden behind into the stable lane. So long was he that Mr. Holder and I went into the dining-room and waited by the fire until he should return. We were sitting there in silence when the door opened and a young lady came in. She was rather above the middle height, slim, with dark hair and eyes, which seemed the darker against the absolute pallor of her skin. I do not think that I have ever seen such deadly paleness in a woman's face. Her lips, too, were bloodless, but her eyes were flushed with crying. As she swept silently into the room she impressed me with a greater sense of grief than the banker had done in the morning, and it was the more striking in her as she was evidently a woman of strong character, with immense capacity for self-restraint. Disregarding my presence, she went straight to her uncle and passed her hand over his head with a sweet womanly caress. + +"You have given orders that Arthur should be liberated, have you not, dad?" she asked. + +"No, no, my girl, the matter must be probed to the bottom." + +"But I am so sure that he is innocent. You know what woman's instincts are. I know that he has done no harm and that you will be sorry for having acted so harshly." + +"Why is he silent, then, if he is innocent?" + +"Who knows? Perhaps because he was so angry that you should suspect him." + +"How could I help suspecting him, when I actually saw him with the coronet in his hand?" + +"Oh, but he had only picked it up to look at it. Oh, do, do take my word for it that he is innocent. Let the matter drop and say no more. It is so dreadful to think of our dear Arthur in prison!" + +"I shall never let it drop until the gems are found--never, Mary! Your affection for Arthur blinds you as to the awful consequences to me. Far from hushing the thing up, I have brought a gentleman down from London to inquire more deeply into it." + +"This gentleman?" she asked, facing round to me. + +"No, his friend. He wished us to leave him alone. He is round in the stable lane now." + +"The stable lane?" She raised her dark eyebrows. "What can he hope to find there? Ah! this, I suppose, is he. I trust, sir, that you will succeed in proving, what I feel sure is the truth, that my cousin Arthur is innocent of this crime." + +"I fully share your opinion, and I trust, with you, that we may prove it," returned Holmes, going back to the mat to knock the snow from his shoes. "I believe I have the honour of addressing Miss Mary Holder. Might I ask you a question or two?" + +"Pray do, sir, if it may help to clear this horrible affair up." + +"You heard nothing yourself last night?" + +"Nothing, until my uncle here began to speak loudly. I heard that, and I came down." + +"You shut up the windows and doors the night before. Did you fasten all the windows?" + +"Yes." + +"Were they all fastened this morning?" + +"Yes." + +"You have a maid who has a sweetheart? I think that you remarked to your uncle last night that she had been out to see him?" + +"Yes, and she was the girl who waited in the drawing-room, and who may have heard uncle's remarks about the coronet." + +"I see. You infer that she may have gone out to tell her sweetheart, and that the two may have planned the robbery." + +"But what is the good of all these vague theories," cried the banker impatiently, "when I have told you that I saw Arthur with the coronet in his hands?" + +"Wait a little, Mr. Holder. We must come back to that. About this girl, Miss Holder. You saw her return by the kitchen door, I presume?" + +"Yes; when I went to see if the door was fastened for the night I met her slipping in. I saw the man, too, in the gloom." + +"Do you know him?" + +"Oh, yes! he is the green-grocer who brings our vegetables round. His name is Francis Prosper." + +"He stood," said Holmes, "to the left of the door--that is to say, farther up the path than is necessary to reach the door?" + +"Yes, he did." + +"And he is a man with a wooden leg?" + +Something like fear sprang up in the young lady's expressive black eyes. "Why, you are like a magician," said she. "How do you know that?" She smiled, but there was no answering smile in Holmes' thin, eager face. + +"I should be very glad now to go upstairs," said he. "I shall probably wish to go over the outside of the house again. Perhaps I had better take a look at the lower windows before I go up." + +He walked swiftly round from one to the other, pausing only at the large one which looked from the hall onto the stable lane. This he opened and made a very careful examination of the sill with his powerful magnifying lens. "Now we shall go upstairs," said he at last. + +The banker's dressing-room was a plainly furnished little chamber, with a grey carpet, a large bureau, and a long mirror. Holmes went to the bureau first and looked hard at the lock. + +"Which key was used to open it?" he asked. + +"That which my son himself indicated--that of the cupboard of the lumber-room." + +"Have you it here?" + +"That is it on the dressing-table." + +Sherlock Holmes took it up and opened the bureau. + +"It is a noiseless lock," said he. "It is no wonder that it did not wake you. This case, I presume, contains the coronet. We must have a look at it." He opened the case, and taking out the diadem he laid it upon the table. It was a magnificent specimen of the jeweller's art, and the thirty-six stones were the finest that I have ever seen. At one side of the coronet was a cracked edge, where a corner holding three gems had been torn away. + +"Now, Mr. Holder," said Holmes, "here is the corner which corresponds to that which has been so unfortunately lost. Might I beg that you will break it off." + +The banker recoiled in horror. "I should not dream of trying," said he. + +"Then I will." Holmes suddenly bent his strength upon it, but without result. "I feel it give a little," said he; "but, though I am exceptionally strong in the fingers, it would take me all my time to break it. An ordinary man could not do it. Now, what do you think would happen if I did break it, Mr. Holder? There would be a noise like a pistol shot. Do you tell me that all this happened within a few yards of your bed and that you heard nothing of it?" + +"I do not know what to think. It is all dark to me." + +"But perhaps it may grow lighter as we go. What do you think, Miss Holder?" + +"I confess that I still share my uncle's perplexity." + +"Your son had no shoes or slippers on when you saw him?" + +"He had nothing on save only his trousers and shirt." + +"Thank you. We have certainly been favoured with extraordinary luck during this inquiry, and it will be entirely our own fault if we do not succeed in clearing the matter up. With your permission, Mr. Holder, I shall now continue my investigations outside." + +He went alone, at his own request, for he explained that any unnecessary footmarks might make his task more difficult. For an hour or more he was at work, returning at last with his feet heavy with snow and his features as inscrutable as ever. + +"I think that I have seen now all that there is to see, Mr. Holder," said he; "I can serve you best by returning to my rooms." + +"But the gems, Mr. Holmes. Where are they?" + +"I cannot tell." + +The banker wrung his hands. "I shall never see them again!" he cried. "And my son? You give me hopes?" + +"My opinion is in no way altered." + +"Then, for God's sake, what was this dark business which was acted in my house last night?" + +"If you can call upon me at my Baker Street rooms to-morrow morning between nine and ten I shall be happy to do what I can to make it clearer. I understand that you give me carte blanche to act for you, provided only that I get back the gems, and that you place no limit on the sum I may draw." + +"I would give my fortune to have them back." + +"Very good. I shall look into the matter between this and then. Good-bye; it is just possible that I may have to come over here again before evening." + +It was obvious to me that my companion's mind was now made up about the case, although what his conclusions were was more than I could even dimly imagine. Several times during our homeward journey I endeavoured to sound him upon the point, but he always glided away to some other topic, until at last I gave it over in despair. It was not yet three when we found ourselves in our rooms once more. He hurried to his chamber and was down again in a few minutes dressed as a common loafer. With his collar turned up, his shiny, seedy coat, his red cravat, and his worn boots, he was a perfect sample of the class. + +"I think that this should do," said he, glancing into the glass above the fireplace. "I only wish that you could come with me, Watson, but I fear that it won't do. I may be on the trail in this matter, or I may be following a will-o'-the-wisp, but I shall soon know which it is. I hope that I may be back in a few hours." He cut a slice of beef from the joint upon the sideboard, sandwiched it between two rounds of bread, and thrusting this rude meal into his pocket he started off upon his expedition. + +I had just finished my tea when he returned, evidently in excellent spirits, swinging an old elastic-sided boot in his hand. He chucked it down into a corner and helped himself to a cup of tea. + +"I only looked in as I passed," said he. "I am going right on." + +"Where to?" + +"Oh, to the other side of the West End. It may be some time before I get back. Don't wait up for me in case I should be late." + +"How are you getting on?" + +"Oh, so so. Nothing to complain of. I have been out to Streatham since I saw you last, but I did not call at the house. It is a very sweet little problem, and I would not have missed it for a good deal. However, I must not sit gossiping here, but must get these disreputable clothes off and return to my highly respectable self." + +I could see by his manner that he had stronger reasons for satisfaction than his words alone would imply. His eyes twinkled, and there was even a touch of colour upon his sallow cheeks. He hastened upstairs, and a few minutes later I heard the slam of the hall door, which told me that he was off once more upon his congenial hunt. + +I waited until midnight, but there was no sign of his return, so I retired to my room. It was no uncommon thing for him to be away for days and nights on end when he was hot upon a scent, so that his lateness caused me no surprise. I do not know at what hour he came in, but when I came down to breakfast in the morning there he was with a cup of coffee in one hand and the paper in the other, as fresh and trim as possible. + +"You will excuse my beginning without you, Watson," said he, "but you remember that our client has rather an early appointment this morning." + +"Why, it is after nine now," I answered. "I should not be surprised if that were he. I thought I heard a ring." + +It was, indeed, our friend the financier. I was shocked by the change which had come over him, for his face which was naturally of a broad and massive mould, was now pinched and fallen in, while his hair seemed to me at least a shade whiter. He entered with a weariness and lethargy which was even more painful than his violence of the morning before, and he dropped heavily into the armchair which I pushed forward for him. + +"I do not know what I have done to be so severely tried," said he. "Only two days ago I was a happy and prosperous man, without a care in the world. Now I am left to a lonely and dishonoured age. One sorrow comes close upon the heels of another. My niece, Mary, has deserted me." + +"Deserted you?" + +"Yes. Her bed this morning had not been slept in, her room was empty, and a note for me lay upon the hall table. I had said to her last night, in sorrow and not in anger, that if she had married my boy all might have been well with him. Perhaps it was thoughtless of me to say so. It is to that remark that she refers in this note: + +" 'MY DEAREST UNCLE:--I feel that I have brought trouble upon you, and that if I had acted differently this terrible misfortune might never have occurred. I cannot, with this thought in my mind, ever again be happy under your roof, and I feel that I must leave you forever. Do not worry about my future, for that is provided for; and, above all, do not search for me, for it will be fruitless labour and an ill-service to me. In life or in death, I am ever your loving + + +" 'MARY.' + +"What could she mean by that note, Mr. Holmes? Do you think it points to suicide?" + +"No, no, nothing of the kind. It is perhaps the best possible solution. I trust, Mr. Holder, that you are nearing the end of your troubles." + +"Ha! You say so! You have heard something, Mr. Holmes; you have learned something! Where are the gems?" + +"You would not think $1000 apiece an excessive sum for them?" + +"I would pay ten." + +"That would be unnecessary. Three thousand will cover the matter. And there is a little reward, I fancy. Have you your check-book? Here is a pen. Better make it out for $4000." + +With a dazed face the banker made out the required check. Holmes walked over to his desk, took out a little triangular piece of gold with three gems in it, and threw it down upon the table. + +With a shriek of joy our client clutched it up. + +"You have it!" he gasped. "I am saved! I am saved!" + +The reaction of joy was as passionate as his grief had been, and he hugged his recovered gems to his bosom. + +"There is one other thing you owe, Mr. Holder," said Sherlock Holmes rather sternly. + +"Owe!" He caught up a pen. "Name the sum, and I will pay it." + +"No, the debt is not to me. You owe a very humble apology to that noble lad, your son, who has carried himself in this matter as I should be proud to see my own son do, should I ever chance to have one." + +"Then it was not Arthur who took them?" + +"I told you yesterday, and I repeat to-day, that it was not." + +"You are sure of it! Then let us hurry to him at once to let him know that the truth is known." + +"He knows it already. When I had cleared it all up I had an interview with him, and finding that he would not tell me the story, I told it to him, on which he had to confess that I was right and to add the very few details which were not yet quite clear to me. Your news of this morning, however, may open his lips." + +"For heaven's sake, tell me, then, what is this extraordinary mystery!" + +"I will do so, and I will show you the steps by which I reached it. And let me say to you, first, that which it is hardest for me to say and for you to hear: there has been an understanding between Sir George Burnwell and your niece Mary. They have now fled together." + +"My Mary? Impossible!" + +"It is unfortunately more than possible; it is certain. Neither you nor your son knew the true character of this man when you admitted him into your family circle. He is one of the most dangerous men in England--a ruined gambler, an absolutely desperate villain, a man without heart or conscience. Your niece knew nothing of such men. When he breathed his vows to her, as he had done to a hundred before her, she flattered herself that she alone had touched his heart. The devil knows best what he said, but at least she became his tool and was in the habit of seeing him nearly every evening." + +"I cannot, and I will not, believe it!" cried the banker with an ashen face. + +"I will tell you, then, what occurred in your house last night. Your niece, when you had, as she thought, gone to your room, slipped down and talked to her lover through the window which leads into the stable lane. His footmarks had pressed right through the snow, so long had he stood there. She told him of the coronet. His wicked lust for gold kindled at the news, and he bent her to his will. I have no doubt that she loved you, but there are women in whom the love of a lover extinguishes all other loves, and I think that she must have been one. She had hardly listened to his instructions when she saw you coming downstairs, on which she closed the window rapidly and told you about one of the servants' escapade with her wooden-legged lover, which was all perfectly true. + +"Your boy, Arthur, went to bed after his interview with you but he slept badly on account of his uneasiness about his club debts. In the middle of the night he heard a soft tread pass his door, so he rose and, looking out, was surprised to see his cousin walking very stealthily along the passage until she disappeared into your dressing-room. Petrified with astonishment, the lad slipped on some clothes and waited there in the dark to see what would come of this strange affair. Presently she emerged from the room again, and in the light of the passage-lamp your son saw that she carried the precious coronet in her hands. She passed down the stairs, and he, thrilling with horror, ran along and slipped behind the curtain near your door, whence he could see what passed in the hall beneath. He saw her stealthily open the window, hand out the coronet to someone in the gloom, and then closing it once more hurry back to her room, passing quite close to where he stood hid behind the curtain. + +"As long as she was on the scene he could not take any action without a horrible exposure of the woman whom he loved. But the instant that she was gone he realised how crushing a misfortune this would be for you, and how all-important it was to set it right. He rushed down, just as he was, in his bare feet, opened the window, sprang out into the snow, and ran down the lane, where he could see a dark figure in the moonlight. Sir George Burnwell tried to get away, but Arthur caught him, and there was a struggle between them, your lad tugging at one side of the coronet, and his opponent at the other. In the scuffle, your son struck Sir George and cut him over the eye. Then something suddenly snapped, and your son, finding that he had the coronet in his hands, rushed back, closed the window, ascended to your room, and had just observed that the coronet had been twisted in the struggle and was endeavouring to straighten it when you appeared upon the scene." + +"Is it possible?" gasped the banker. + +"You then roused his anger by calling him names at a moment when he felt that he had deserved your warmest thanks. He could not explain the true state of affairs without betraying one who certainly deserved little enough consideration at his hands. He took the more chivalrous view, however, and preserved her secret." + +"And that was why she shrieked and fainted when she saw the coronet," cried Mr. Holder. "Oh, my God! what a blind fool I have been! And his asking to be allowed to go out for five minutes! The dear fellow wanted to see if the missing piece were at the scene of the struggle. How cruelly I have misjudged him!" + +"When I arrived at the house," continued Holmes, "I at once went very carefully round it to observe if there were any traces in the snow which might help me. I knew that none had fallen since the evening before, and also that there had been a strong frost to preserve impressions. I passed along the tradesmen's path, but found it all trampled down and indistinguishable. Just beyond it, however, at the far side of the kitchen door, a woman had stood and talked with a man, whose round impressions on one side showed that he had a wooden leg. I could even tell that they had been disturbed, for the woman had run back swiftly to the door, as was shown by the deep toe and light heel marks, while Wooden-leg had waited a little, and then had gone away. I thought at the time that this might be the maid and her sweetheart, of whom you had already spoken to me, and inquiry showed it was so. I passed round the garden without seeing anything more than random tracks, which I took to be the police; but when I got into the stable lane a very long and complex story was written in the snow in front of me. + +"There was a double line of tracks of a booted man, and a second double line which I saw with delight belonged to a man with naked feet. I was at once convinced from what you had told me that the latter was your son. The first had walked both ways, but the other had run swiftly, and as his tread was marked in places over the depression of the boot, it was obvious that he had passed after the other. I followed them up and found they led to the hall window, where Boots had worn all the snow away while waiting. Then I walked to the other end, which was a hundred yards or more down the lane. I saw where Boots had faced round, where the snow was cut up as though there had been a struggle, and, finally, where a few drops of blood had fallen, to show me that I was not mistaken. Boots had then run down the lane, and another little smudge of blood showed that it was he who had been hurt. When he came to the highroad at the other end, I found that the pavement had been cleared, so there was an end to that clue. + +"On entering the house, however, I examined, as you remember, the sill and framework of the hall window with my lens, and I could at once see that someone had passed out. I could distinguish the outline of an instep where the wet foot had been placed in coming in. I was then beginning to be able to form an opinion as to what had occurred. A man had waited outside the window; someone had brought the gems; the deed had been overseen by your son; he had pursued the thief; had struggled with him; they had each tugged at the coronet, their united strength causing injuries which neither alone could have effected. He had returned with the prize, but had left a fragment in the grasp of his opponent. So far I was clear. The question now was, who was the man and who was it brought him the coronet? + +"It is an old maxim of mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. Now, I knew that it was not you who had brought it down, so there only remained your niece and the maids. But if it were the maids, why should your son allow himself to be accused in their place? There could be no possible reason. As he loved his cousin, however, there was an excellent explanation why he should retain her secret--the more so as the secret was a disgraceful one. When I remembered that you had seen her at that window, and how she had fainted on seeing the coronet again, my conjecture became a certainty. + +"And who could it be who was her confederate? A lover evidently, for who else could outweigh the love and gratitude which she must feel to you? I knew that you went out little, and that your circle of friends was a very limited one. But among them was Sir George Burnwell. I had heard of him before as being a man of evil reputation among women. It must have been he who wore those boots and retained the missing gems. Even though he knew that Arthur had discovered him, he might still flatter himself that he was safe, for the lad could not say a word without compromising his own family. + +"Well, your own good sense will suggest what measures I took next. I went in the shape of a loafer to Sir George's house, managed to pick up an acquaintance with his valet, learned that his master had cut his head the night before, and, finally, at the expense of six shillings, made all sure by buying a pair of his cast-off shoes. With these I journeyed down to Streatham and saw that they exactly fitted the tracks." + +"I saw an ill-dressed vagabond in the lane yesterday evening," said Mr. Holder. + +"Precisely. It was I. I found that I had my man, so I came home and changed my clothes. It was a delicate part which I had to play then, for I saw that a prosecution must be avoided to avert scandal, and I knew that so astute a villain would see that our hands were tied in the matter. I went and saw him. At first, of course, he denied everything. But when I gave him every particular that had occurred, he tried to bluster and took down a life-preserver from the wall. I knew my man, however, and I clapped a pistol to his head before he could strike. Then he became a little more reasonable. I told him that we would give him a price for the stones he held--$1000 apiece. That brought out the first signs of grief that he had shown. 'Why, dash it all!' said he, 'I've let them go at six hundred for the three!' I soon managed to get the address of the receiver who had them, on promising him that there would be no prosecution. Off I set to him, and after much chaffering I got our stones at $1000 apiece. Then I looked in upon your son, told him that all was right, and eventually got to my bed about two o'clock, after what I may call a really hard day's work." + +"A day which has saved England from a great public scandal," said the banker, rising. "Sir, I cannot find words to thank you, but you shall not find me ungrateful for what you have done. Your skill has indeed exceeded all that I have heard of it. And now I must fly to my dear boy to apologise to him for the wrong which I have done him. As to what you tell me of poor Mary, it goes to my very heart. Not even your skill can inform me where she is now." + +"I think that we may safely say," returned Holmes, "that she is wherever Sir George Burnwell is. It is equally certain, too, that whatever her sins are, they will soon receive a more than sufficient punishment." + +XII. THE ADVENTURE OF THE COPPER BEECHES + + +"To the man who loves art for its own sake," remarked Sherlock Holmes, tossing aside the advertisement sheet of the Daily Telegraph, "it is frequently in its least important and lowliest manifestations that the keenest pleasure is to be derived. It is pleasant to me to observe, Watson, that you have so far grasped this truth that in these little records of our cases which you have been good enough to draw up, and, I am bound to say, occasionally to embellish, you have given prominence not so much to the many causes celebres and sensational trials in which I have figured but rather to those incidents which may have been trivial in themselves, but which have given room for those faculties of deduction and of logical synthesis which I have made my special province." + +"And yet," said I, smiling, "I cannot quite hold myself absolved from the charge of sensationalism which has been urged against my records." + +"You have erred, perhaps," he observed, taking up a glowing cinder with the tongs and lighting with it the long cherry-wood pipe which was wont to replace his clay when he was in a disputatious rather than a meditative mood--"you have erred perhaps in attempting to put colour and life into each of your statements instead of confining yourself to the task of placing upon record that severe reasoning from cause to effect which is really the only notable feature about the thing." + +"It seems to me that I have done you full justice in the matter," I remarked with some coldness, for I was repelled by the egotism which I had more than once observed to be a strong factor in my friend's singular character. + +"No, it is not selfishness or conceit," said he, answering, as was his wont, my thoughts rather than my words. "If I claim full justice for my art, it is because it is an impersonal thing--a thing beyond myself. Crime is common. Logic is rare. Therefore it is upon the logic rather than upon the crime that you should dwell. You have degraded what should have been a course of lectures into a series of tales." + +It was a cold morning of the early spring, and we sat after breakfast on either side of a cheery fire in the old room at Baker Street. A thick fog rolled down between the lines of dun-coloured houses, and the opposing windows loomed like dark, shapeless blurs through the heavy yellow wreaths. Our gas was lit and shone on the white cloth and glimmer of china and metal, for the table had not been cleared yet. Sherlock Holmes had been silent all the morning, dipping continuously into the advertisement columns of a succession of papers until at last, having apparently given up his search, he had emerged in no very sweet temper to lecture me upon my literary shortcomings. + +"At the same time," he remarked after a pause, during which he had sat puffing at his long pipe and gazing down into the fire, "you can hardly be open to a charge of sensationalism, for out of these cases which you have been so kind as to interest yourself in, a fair proportion do not treat of crime, in its legal sense, at all. The small matter in which I endeavoured to help the King of Bohemia, the singular experience of Miss Mary Sutherland, the problem connected with the man with the twisted lip, and the incident of the noble bachelor, were all matters which are outside the pale of the law. But in avoiding the sensational, I fear that you may have bordered on the trivial." + +"The end may have been so," I answered, "but the methods I hold to have been novel and of interest." + +"Pshaw, my dear fellow, what do the public, the great unobservant public, who could hardly tell a weaver by his tooth or a compositor by his left thumb, care about the finer shades of analysis and deduction! But, indeed, if you are trivial. I cannot blame you, for the days of the great cases are past. Man, or at least criminal man, has lost all enterprise and originality. As to my own little practice, it seems to be degenerating into an agency for recovering lost lead pencils and giving advice to young ladies from boarding-schools. I think that I have touched bottom at last, however. This note I had this morning marks my zero-point, I fancy. Read it!" He tossed a crumpled letter across to me. + +It was dated from Montague Place upon the preceding evening, and ran thus: + +"DEAR MR. HOLMES:--I am very anxious to consult you as to whether I should or should not accept a situation which has been offered to me as governess. I shall call at half-past ten to-morrow if I do not inconvenience you. Yours faithfully, + + +"VIOLET HUNTER." + +"Do you know the young lady?" I asked. + +"Not I." + +"It is half-past ten now." + +"Yes, and I have no doubt that is her ring." + +"It may turn out to be of more interest than you think. You remember that the affair of the blue carbuncle, which appeared to be a mere whim at first, developed into a serious investigation. It may be so in this case, also." + +"Well, let us hope so. But our doubts will very soon be solved, for here, unless I am much mistaken, is the person in question." + +As he spoke the door opened and a young lady entered the room. She was plainly but neatly dressed, with a bright, quick face, freckled like a plover's egg, and with the brisk manner of a woman who has had her own way to make in the world. + +"You will excuse my troubling you, I am sure," said she, as my companion rose to greet her, "but I have had a very strange experience, and as I have no parents or relations of any sort from whom I could ask advice, I thought that perhaps you would be kind enough to tell me what I should do." + +"Pray take a seat, Miss Hunter. I shall be happy to do anything that I can to serve you." + +I could see that Holmes was favourably impressed by the manner and speech of his new client. He looked her over in his searching fashion, and then composed himself, with his lids drooping and his finger-tips together, to listen to her story. + +"I have been a governess for five years," said she, "in the family of Colonel Spence Munro, but two months ago the colonel received an appointment at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and took his children over to America with him, so that I found myself without a situation. I advertised, and I answered advertisements, but without success. At last the little money which I had saved began to run short, and I was at my wit's end as to what I should do. + +"There is a well-known agency for governesses in the West End called Westaway's, and there I used to call about once a week in order to see whether anything had turned up which might suit me. Westaway was the name of the founder of the business, but it is really managed by Miss Stoper. She sits in her own little office, and the ladies who are seeking employment wait in an anteroom, and are then shown in one by one, when she consults her ledgers and sees whether she has anything which would suit them. + +"Well, when I called last week I was shown into the little office as usual, but I found that Miss Stoper was not alone. A prodigiously stout man with a very smiling face and a great heavy chin which rolled down in fold upon fold over his throat sat at her elbow with a pair of glasses on his nose, looking very earnestly at the ladies who entered. As I came in he gave quite a jump in his chair and turned quickly to Miss Stoper. + +" 'That will do,' said he; 'I could not ask for anything better. Capital! capital!' He seemed quite enthusiastic and rubbed his hands together in the most genial fashion. He was such a comfortable-looking man that it was quite a pleasure to look at him. + +" 'You are looking for a situation, miss?' he asked. + +" 'Yes, sir.' + +" 'As governess?' + +" 'Yes, sir.' + +" 'And what salary do you ask?' + +" 'I had $4 a month in my last place with Colonel Spence Munro.' + +" 'Oh, tut, tut! sweating--rank sweating!' he cried, throwing his fat hands out into the air like a man who is in a boiling passion. 'How could anyone offer so pitiful a sum to a lady with such attractions and accomplishments?' + +" 'My accomplishments, sir, may be less than you imagine,' said I. 'A little French, a little German, music, and drawing--' + +" 'Tut, tut!' he cried. 'This is all quite beside the question. The point is, have you or have you not the bearing and deportment of a lady? There it is in a nutshell. If you have not, you are not fitted for the rearing of a child who may some day play a considerable part in the history of the country. But if you have why, then, how could any gentleman ask you to condescend to accept anything under the three figures? Your salary with me, madam, would commence at $100 a year.' + +"You may imagine, Mr. Holmes, that to me, destitute as I was, such an offer seemed almost too good to be true. The gentleman, however, seeing perhaps the look of incredulity upon my face, opened a pocket-book and took out a note. + +" 'It is also my custom,' said he, smiling in the most pleasant fashion until his eyes were just two little shining slits amid the white creases of his face, 'to advance to my young ladies half their salary beforehand, so that they may meet any little expenses of their journey and their wardrobe.' + +"It seemed to me that I had never met so fascinating and so thoughtful a man. As I was already in debt to my tradesmen, the advance was a great convenience, and yet there was something unnatural about the whole transaction which made me wish to know a little more before I quite committed myself. + +" 'May I ask where you live, sir?' said I. + +" 'Hampshire. Charming rural place. The Copper Beeches, five miles on the far side of Winchester. It is the most lovely country, my dear young lady, and the dearest old country-house.' + +" 'And my duties, sir? I should be glad to know what they would be.' + +" 'One child--one dear little romper just six years old. Oh, if you could see him killing cockroaches with a slipper! Smack! smack! smack! Three gone before you could wink!' He leaned back in his chair and laughed his eyes into his head again. + +"I was a little startled at the nature of the child's amusement, but the father's laughter made me think that perhaps he was joking. + +" 'My sole duties, then,' I asked, 'are to take charge of a single child?' + +" 'No, no, not the sole, not the sole, my dear young lady,' he cried. 'Your duty would be, as I am sure your good sense would suggest, to obey any little commands my wife might give, provided always that they were such commands as a lady might with propriety obey. You see no difficulty, heh?' + +" 'I should be happy to make myself useful.' + +" 'Quite so. In dress now, for example. We are faddy people, you know--faddy but kind-hearted. If you were asked to wear any dress which we might give you, you would not object to our little whim. Heh?' + +" 'No,' said I, considerably astonished at his words. + +" 'Or to sit here, or sit there, that would not be offensive to you?' + +" 'Oh, no.' + +" 'Or to cut your hair quite short before you come to us?' + +"I could hardly believe my ears. As you may observe, Mr. Holmes, my hair is somewhat luxuriant, and of a rather peculiar tint of chestnut. It has been considered artistic. I could not dream of sacrificing it in this offhand fashion. + +" 'I am afraid that that is quite impossible,' said I. He had been watching me eagerly out of his small eyes, and I could see a shadow pass over his face as I spoke. + +" 'I am afraid that it is quite essential,' said he. 'It is a little fancy of my wife's, and ladies' fancies, you know, madam, ladies' fancies must be consulted. And so you won't cut your hair?' + +" 'No, sir, I really could not,' I answered firmly. + +" 'Ah, very well; then that quite settles the matter. It is a pity, because in other respects you would really have done very nicely. In that case, Miss Stoper, I had best inspect a few more of your young ladies.' + +"The manageress had sat all this while busy with her papers without a word to either of us, but she glanced at me now with so much annoyance upon her face that I could not help suspecting that she had lost a handsome commission through my refusal. + +" 'Do you desire your name to be kept upon the books?' she asked. + +" 'If you please, Miss Stoper.' + +" 'Well, really, it seems rather useless, since you refuse the most excellent offers in this fashion,' said she sharply. 'You can hardly expect us to exert ourselves to find another such opening for you. Good-day to you, Miss Hunter.' She struck a gong upon the table, and I was shown out by the page. + +"Well, Mr. Holmes, when I got back to my lodgings and found little enough in the cupboard, and two or three bills upon the table. I began to ask myself whether I had not done a very foolish thing. After all, if these people had strange fads and expected obedience on the most extraordinary matters, they were at least ready to pay for their eccentricity. Very few governesses in England are getting $100 a year. Besides, what use was my hair to me? Many people are improved by wearing it short and perhaps I should be among the number. Next day I was inclined to think that I had made a mistake, and by the day after I was sure of it. I had almost overcome my pride so far as to go back to the agency and inquire whether the place was still open when I received this letter from the gentleman himself. I have it here and I will read it to you: + + +" 'The Copper Beeches, near Winchester. + +" 'DEAR MISS HUNTER:--Miss Stoper has very kindly given me your address, and I write from here to ask you whether you have reconsidered your decision. My wife is very anxious that you should come, for she has been much attracted by my description of you. We are willing to give $30 a quarter, or $120 a year, so as to recompense you for any little inconvenience which our fads may cause you. They are not very exacting, after all. My wife is fond of a particular shade of electric blue and would like you to wear such a dress indoors in the morning. You need not, however, go to the expense of purchasing one, as we have one belonging to my dear daughter Alice (now in Philadelphia), which would, I should think, fit you very well. Then, as to sitting here or there, or amusing yourself in any manner indicated, that need cause you no inconvenience. As regards your hair, it is no doubt a pity, especially as I could not help remarking its beauty during our short interview, but I am afraid that I must remain firm upon this point, and I only hope that the increased salary may recompense you for the loss. Your duties, as far as the child is concerned, are very light. Now do try to come, and I shall meet you with the dog-cart at Winchester. Let me know your train. Yours faithfully, + + +" 'JEPHRO RUCASTLE.' + +"That is the letter which I have just received, Mr. Holmes, and my mind is made up that I will accept it. I thought, however, that before taking the final step I should like to submit the whole matter to your consideration." + +"Well, Miss Hunter, if your mind is made up, that settles the question," said Holmes, smiling. + +"But you would not advise me to refuse?" + +"I confess that it is not the situation which I should like to see a sister of mine apply for." + +"What is the meaning of it all, Mr. Holmes?" + +"Ah, I have no data. I cannot tell. Perhaps you have yourself formed some opinion?" + +"Well, there seems to me to be only one possible solution. Mr. Rucastle seemed to be a very kind, good-natured man. Is it not possible that his wife is a lunatic, that he desires to keep the matter quiet for fear she should be taken to an asylum, and that he humours her fancies in every way in order to prevent an outbreak?" + +"That is a possible solution--in fact, as matters stand, it is the most probable one. But in any case it does not seem to be a nice household for a young lady." + +"But the money, Mr. Holmes, the money!" + +"Well, yes, of course the pay is good--too good. That is what makes me uneasy. Why should they give you $120 a year, when they could have their pick for $40? There must be some strong reason behind." + +"I thought that if I told you the circumstances you would understand afterwards if I wanted your help. I should feel so much stronger if I felt that you were at the back of me." + +"Oh, you may carry that feeling away with you. I assure you that your little problem promises to be the most interesting which has come my way for some months. There is something distinctly novel about some of the features. If you should find yourself in doubt or in danger--" + +"Danger! What danger do you foresee?" + +Holmes shook his head gravely. "It would cease to be a danger if we could define it," said he. "But at any time, day or night, a telegram would bring me down to your help." + +"That is enough." She rose briskly from her chair with the anxiety all swept from her face. "I shall go down to Hampshire quite easy in my mind now. I shall write to Mr. Rucastle at once, sacrifice my poor hair to-night, and start for Winchester to-morrow." With a few grateful words to Holmes she bade us both good-night and bustled off upon her way. + +"At least," said I as we heard her quick, firm steps descending the stairs, "she seems to be a young lady who is very well able to take care of herself." + +"And she would need to be," said Holmes gravely. "I am much mistaken if we do not hear from her before many days are past." + +It was not very long before my friend's prediction was fulfilled. A fortnight went by, during which I frequently found my thoughts turning in her direction and wondering what strange side-alley of human experience this lonely woman had strayed into. The unusual salary, the curious conditions, the light duties, all pointed to something abnormal, though whether a fad or a plot, or whether the man were a philanthropist or a villain, it was quite beyond my powers to determine. As to Holmes, I observed that he sat frequently for half an hour on end, with knitted brows and an abstracted air, but he swept the matter away with a wave of his hand when I mentioned it. "Data! data! data!" he cried impatiently. "I can't make bricks without clay." And yet he would always wind up by muttering that no sister of his should ever have accepted such a situation. + +The telegram which we eventually received came late one night just as I was thinking of turning in and Holmes was settling down to one of those all-night chemical researches which he frequently indulged in, when I would leave him stooping over a retort and a test-tube at night and find him in the same position when I came down to breakfast in the morning. He opened the yellow envelope, and then, glancing at the message, threw it across to me. + +"Just look up the trains in Bradshaw," said he, and turned back to his chemical studies. + +The summons was a brief and urgent one. + +"Please be at the Black Swan Hotel at Winchester at midday to-morrow," it said. "Do come! I am at my wit's end. + + +"HUNTER." + +"Will you come with me?" asked Holmes, glancing up. + +"I should wish to." + +"Just look it up, then." + +"There is a train at half-past nine," said I, glancing over my Bradshaw. "It is due at Winchester at 11:30." + +"That will do very nicely. Then perhaps I had better postpone my analysis of the acetones, as we may need to be at our best in the morning." + +By eleven o'clock the next day we were well upon our way to the old English capital. Holmes had been buried in the morning papers all the way down, but after we had passed the Hampshire border he threw them down and began to admire the scenery. It was an ideal spring day, a light blue sky, flecked with little fleecy white clouds drifting across from west to east. The sun was shining very brightly, and yet there was an exhilarating nip in the air, which set an edge to a man's energy. All over the countryside, away to the rolling hills around Aldershot, the little red and grey roofs of the farm-steadings peeped out from amid the light green of the new foliage. + +"Are they not fresh and beautiful?" I cried with all the enthusiasm of a man fresh from the fogs of Baker Street. + +But Holmes shook his head gravely. + +"Do you know, Watson," said he, "that it is one of the curses of a mind with a turn like mine that I must look at everything with reference to my own special subject. You look at these scattered houses, and you are impressed by their beauty. I look at them, and the only thought which comes to me is a feeling of their isolation and of the impunity with which crime may be committed there." + +"Good heavens!" I cried. "Who would associate crime with these dear old homesteads?" + +"They always fill me with a certain horror. It is my belief, Watson, founded upon my experience, that the lowest and vilest alleys in London do not present a more dreadful record of sin than does the smiling and beautiful countryside." + +"You horrify me!" + +"But the reason is very obvious. The pressure of public opinion can do in the town what the law cannot accomplish. There is no lane so vile that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard's blow, does not beget sympathy and indignation among the neighbours, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a word of complaint can set it going, and there is but a step between the crime and the dock. But look at these lonely houses, each in its own fields, filled for the most part with poor ignorant folk who know little of the law. Think of the deeds of hellish cruelty, the hidden wickedness which may go on, year in, year out, in such places, and none the wiser. Had this lady who appeals to us for help gone to live in Winchester, I should never have had a fear for her. It is the five miles of country which makes the danger. Still, it is clear that she is not personally threatened." + +"No. If she can come to Winchester to meet us she can get away." + +"Quite so. She has her freedom." + +"What can be the matter, then? Can you suggest no explanation?" + +"I have devised seven separate explanations, each of which would cover the facts as far as we know them. But which of these is correct can only be determined by the fresh information which we shall no doubt find waiting for us. Well, there is the tower of the cathedral, and we shall soon learn all that Miss Hunter has to tell." + +The Black Swan is an inn of repute in the High Street, at no distance from the station, and there we found the young lady waiting for us. She had engaged a sitting-room, and our lunch awaited us upon the table. + +"I am so delighted that you have come," she said earnestly. "It is so very kind of you both; but indeed I do not know what I should do. Your advice will be altogether invaluable to me." + +"Pray tell us what has happened to you." + +"I will do so, and I must be quick, for I have promised Mr. Rucastle to be back before three. I got his leave to come into town this morning, though he little knew for what purpose." + +"Let us have everything in its due order." Holmes thrust his long thin legs out towards the fire and composed himself to listen. + +"In the first place, I may say that I have met, on the whole, with no actual ill-treatment from Mr. and Mrs. Rucastle. It is only fair to them to say that. But I cannot understand them, and I am not easy in my mind about them." + +"What can you not understand?" + +"Their reasons for their conduct. But you shall have it all just as it occurred. When I came down, Mr. Rucastle met me here and drove me in his dog-cart to the Copper Beeches. It is, as he said, beautifully situated, but it is not beautiful in itself, for it is a large square block of a house, whitewashed, but all stained and streaked with damp and bad weather. There are grounds round it, woods on three sides, and on the fourth a field which slopes down to the Southampton highroad, which curves past about a hundred yards from the front door. This ground in front belongs to the house, but the woods all round are part of Lord Southerton's preserves. A clump of copper beeches immediately in front of the hall door has given its name to the place. + +"I was driven over by my employer, who was as amiable as ever, and was introduced by him that evening to his wife and the child. There was no truth, Mr. Holmes, in the conjecture which seemed to us to be probable in your rooms at Baker Street. Mrs. Rucastle is not mad. I found her to be a silent, pale-faced woman, much younger than her husband, not more than thirty, I should think, while he can hardly be less than forty-five. From their conversation I have gathered that they have been married about seven years, that he was a widower, and that his only child by the first wife was the daughter who has gone to Philadelphia. Mr. Rucastle told me in private that the reason why she had left them was that she had an unreasoning aversion to her stepmother. As the daughter could not have been less than twenty, I can quite imagine that her position must have been uncomfortable with her father's young wife. + +"Mrs. Rucastle seemed to me to be colourless in mind as well as in feature. She impressed me neither favourably nor the reverse. She was a nonentity. It was easy to see that she was passionately devoted both to her husband and to her little son. Her light grey eyes wandered continually from one to the other, noting every little want and forestalling it if possible. He was kind to her also in his bluff, boisterous fashion, and on the whole they seemed to be a happy couple. And yet she had some secret sorrow, this woman. She would often be lost in deep thought, with the saddest look upon her face. More than once I have surprised her in tears. I have thought sometimes that it was the disposition of her child which weighed upon her mind, for I have never met so utterly spoiled and so ill-natured a little creature. He is small for his age, with a head which is quite disproportionately large. His whole life appears to be spent in an alternation between savage fits of passion and gloomy intervals of sulking. Giving pain to any creature weaker than himself seems to be his one idea of amusement, and he shows quite remarkable talent in planning the capture of mice, little birds, and insects. But I would rather not talk about the creature, Mr. Holmes, and, indeed, he has little to do with my story." + +"I am glad of all details," remarked my friend, "whether they seem to you to be relevant or not." + +"I shall try not to miss anything of importance. The one unpleasant thing about the house, which struck me at once, was the appearance and conduct of the servants. There are only two, a man and his wife. Toller, for that is his name, is a rough, uncouth man, with grizzled hair and whiskers, and a perpetual smell of drink. Twice since I have been with them he has been quite drunk, and yet Mr. Rucastle seemed to take no notice of it. His wife is a very tall and strong woman with a sour face, as silent as Mrs. Rucastle and much less amiable. They are a most unpleasant couple, but fortunately I spend most of my time in the nursery and my own room, which are next to each other in one corner of the building. + +"For two days after my arrival at the Copper Beeches my life was very quiet; on the third, Mrs. Rucastle came down just after breakfast and whispered something to her husband. + +" 'Oh, yes,' said he, turning to me, 'we are very much obliged to you, Miss Hunter, for falling in with our whims so far as to cut your hair. I assure you that it has not detracted in the tiniest iota from your appearance. We shall now see how the electric-blue dress will become you. You will find it laid out upon the bed in your room, and if you would be so good as to put it on we should both be extremely obliged.' + +"The dress which I found waiting for me was of a peculiar shade of blue. It was of excellent material, a sort of beige, but it bore unmistakable signs of having been worn before. It could not have been a better fit if I had been measured for it. Both Mr. and Mrs. Rucastle expressed a delight at the look of it, which seemed quite exaggerated in its vehemence. They were waiting for me in the drawing-room, which is a very large room, stretching along the entire front of the house, with three long windows reaching down to the floor. A chair had been placed close to the central window, with its back turned towards it. In this I was asked to sit, and then Mr. Rucastle, walking up and down on the other side of the room, began to tell me a series of the funniest stories that I have ever listened to. You cannot imagine how comical he was, and I laughed until I was quite weary. Mrs. Rucastle, however, who has evidently no sense of humour, never so much as smiled, but sat with her hands in her lap, and a sad, anxious look upon her face. After an hour or so, Mr. Rucastle suddenly remarked that it was time to commence the duties of the day, and that I might change my dress and go to little Edward in the nursery. + +"Two days later this same performance was gone through under exactly similar circumstances. Again I changed my dress, again I sat in the window, and again I laughed very heartily at the funny stories of which my employer had an immense repertoire, and which he told inimitably. Then he handed me a yellow-backed novel, and moving my chair a little sideways, that my own shadow might not fall upon the page, he begged me to read aloud to him. I read for about ten minutes, beginning in the heart of a chapter, and then suddenly, in the middle of a sentence, he ordered me to cease and to change my dress. + +"You can easily imagine, Mr. Holmes, how curious I became as to what the meaning of this extraordinary performance could possibly be. They were always very careful, I observed, to turn my face away from the window, so that I became consumed with the desire to see what was going on behind my back. At first it seemed to be impossible, but I soon devised a means. My hand-mirror had been broken, so a happy thought seized me, and I concealed a piece of the glass in my handkerchief. On the next occasion, in the midst of my laughter, I put my handkerchief up to my eyes, and was able with a little management to see all that there was behind me. I confess that I was disappointed. There was nothing. At least that was my first impression. At the second glance, however, I perceived that there was a man standing in the Southampton Road, a small bearded man in a grey suit, who seemed to be looking in my direction. The road is an important highway, and there are usually people there. This man, however, was leaning against the railings which bordered our field and was looking earnestly up. I lowered my handkerchief and glanced at Mrs. Rucastle to find her eyes fixed upon me with a most searching gaze. She said nothing, but I am convinced that she had divined that I had a mirror in my hand and had seen what was behind me. She rose at once. + +" 'Jephro,' said she, 'there is an impertinent fellow upon the road there who stares up at Miss Hunter.' + +" 'No friend of yours, Miss Hunter?' he asked. + +" 'No, I know no one in these parts.' + +" 'Dear me! How very impertinent! Kindly turn round and motion to him to go away.' + +" 'Surely it would be better to take no notice.' + +" 'No, no, we should have him loitering here always. Kindly turn round and wave him away like that.' + +"I did as I was told, and at the same instant Mrs. Rucastle drew down the blind. That was a week ago, and from that time I have not sat again in the window, nor have I worn the blue dress, nor seen the man in the road." + +"Pray continue," said Holmes. "Your narrative promises to be a most interesting one." + +"You will find it rather disconnected, I fear, and there may prove to be little relation between the different incidents of which I speak. On the very first day that I was at the Copper Beeches, Mr. Rucastle took me to a small outhouse which stands near the kitchen door. As we approached it I heard the sharp rattling of a chain, and the sound as of a large animal moving about. + +" 'Look in here!' said Mr. Rucastle, showing me a slit between two planks. 'Is he not a beauty?' + +"I looked through and was conscious of two glowing eyes, and of a vague figure huddled up in the darkness. + +" 'Don't be frightened,' said my employer, laughing at the start which I had given. 'It's only Carlo, my mastiff. I call him mine, but really old Toller, my groom, is the only man who can do anything with him. We feed him once a day, and not too much then, so that he is always as keen as mustard. Toller lets him loose every night, and God help the trespasser whom he lays his fangs upon. For goodness' sake don't you ever on any pretext set your foot over the threshold at night, for it's as much as your life is worth.' + +"The warning was no idle one, for two nights later I happened to look out of my bedroom window about two o'clock in the morning. It was a beautiful moonlight night, and the lawn in front of the house was silvered over and almost as bright as day. I was standing, rapt in the peaceful beauty of the scene, when I was aware that something was moving under the shadow of the copper beeches. As it emerged into the moonshine I saw what it was. It was a giant dog, as large as a calf, tawny tinted, with hanging jowl, black muzzle, and huge projecting bones. It walked slowly across the lawn and vanished into the shadow upon the other side. That dreadful sentinel sent a chill to my heart which I do not think that any burglar could have done. + +"And now I have a very strange experience to tell you. I had, as you know, cut off my hair in London, and I had placed it in a great coil at the bottom of my trunk. One evening, after the child was in bed, I began to amuse myself by examining the furniture of my room and by rearranging my own little things. There was an old chest of drawers in the room, the two upper ones empty and open, the lower one locked. I had filled the first two with my linen, and as I had still much to pack away I was naturally annoyed at not having the use of the third drawer. It struck me that it might have been fastened by a mere oversight, so I took out my bunch of keys and tried to open it. The very first key fitted to perfection, and I drew the drawer open. There was only one thing in it, but I am sure that you would never guess what it was. It was my coil of hair. + +"I took it up and examined it. It was of the same peculiar tint, and the same thickness. But then the impossibility of the thing obtruded itself upon me. How could my hair have been locked in the drawer? With trembling hands I undid my trunk, turned out the contents, and drew from the bottom my own hair. I laid the two tresses together, and I assure you that they were identical. Was it not extraordinary? Puzzle as I would, I could make nothing at all of what it meant. I returned the strange hair to the drawer, and I said nothing of the matter to the Rucastles as I felt that I had put myself in the wrong by opening a drawer which they had locked. + +"I am naturally observant, as you may have remarked, Mr. Holmes, and I soon had a pretty good plan of the whole house in my head. There was one wing, however, which appeared not to be inhabited at all. A door which faced that which led into the quarters of the Tollers opened into this suite, but it was invariably locked. One day, however, as I ascended the stair, I met Mr. Rucastle coming out through this door, his keys in his hand, and a look on his face which made him a very different person to the round, jovial man to whom I was accustomed. His cheeks were red, his brow was all crinkled with anger, and the veins stood out at his temples with passion. He locked the door and hurried past me without a word or a look. + +"This aroused my curiosity, so when I went out for a walk in the grounds with my charge, I strolled round to the side from which I could see the windows of this part of the house. There were four of them in a row, three of which were simply dirty, while the fourth was shuttered up. They were evidently all deserted. As I strolled up and down, glancing at them occasionally, Mr. Rucastle came out to me, looking as merry and jovial as ever. + +" 'Ah!' said he, 'you must not think me rude if I passed you without a word, my dear young lady. I was preoccupied with business matters.' + +"I assured him that I was not offended. 'By the way,' said I, 'you seem to have quite a suite of spare rooms up there, and one of them has the shutters up.' + +"He looked surprised and, as it seemed to me, a little startled at my remark. + +" 'Photography is one of my hobbies,' said he. 'I have made my dark room up there. But, dear me! what an observant young lady we have come upon. Who would have believed it? Who would have ever believed it?' He spoke in a jesting tone, but there was no jest in his eyes as he looked at me. I read suspicion there and annoyance, but no jest. + +"Well, Mr. Holmes, from the moment that I understood that there was something about that suite of rooms which I was not to know, I was all on fire to go over them. It was not mere curiosity, though I have my share of that. It was more a feeling of duty--a feeling that some good might come from my penetrating to this place. They talk of woman's instinct; perhaps it was woman's instinct which gave me that feeling. At any rate, it was there, and I was keenly on the lookout for any chance to pass the forbidden door. + +"It was only yesterday that the chance came. I may tell you that, besides Mr. Rucastle, both Toller and his wife find something to do in these deserted rooms, and I once saw him carrying a large black linen bag with him through the door. Recently he has been drinking hard, and yesterday evening he was very drunk; and when I came upstairs there was the key in the door. I have no doubt at all that he had left it there. Mr. and Mrs. Rucastle were both downstairs, and the child was with them, so that I had an admirable opportunity. I turned the key gently in the lock, opened the door, and slipped through. + +"There was a little passage in front of me, unpapered and uncarpeted, which turned at a right angle at the farther end. Round this corner were three doors in a line, the first and third of which were open. They each led into an empty room, dusty and cheerless, with two windows in the one and one in the other, so thick with dirt that the evening light glimmered dimly through them. The centre door was closed, and across the outside of it had been fastened one of the broad bars of an iron bed, padlocked at one end to a ring in the wall, and fastened at the other with stout cord. The door itself was locked as well, and the key was not there. This barricaded door corresponded clearly with the shuttered window outside, and yet I could see by the glimmer from beneath it that the room was not in darkness. Evidently there was a skylight which let in light from above. As I stood in the passage gazing at the sinister door and wondering what secret it might veil, I suddenly heard the sound of steps within the room and saw a shadow pass backward and forward against the little slit of dim light which shone out from under the door. A mad, unreasoning terror rose up in me at the sight, Mr. Holmes. My overstrung nerves failed me suddenly, and I turned and ran--ran as though some dreadful hand were behind me clutching at the skirt of my dress. I rushed down the passage, through the door, and straight into the arms of Mr. Rucastle, who was waiting outside. + +" 'So,' said he, smiling, 'it was you, then. I thought that it must be when I saw the door open.' + +" 'Oh, I am so frightened!' I panted. + +" 'My dear young lady! my dear young lady!'--you cannot think how caressing and soothing his manner was--'and what has frightened you, my dear young lady?' + +"But his voice was just a little too coaxing. He overdid it. I was keenly on my guard against him. + +" 'I was foolish enough to go into the empty wing,' I answered. 'But it is so lonely and eerie in this dim light that I was frightened and ran out again. Oh, it is so dreadfully still in there!' + +" 'Only that?' said he, looking at me keenly. + +" 'Why, what did you think?' I asked. + +" 'Why do you think that I lock this door?' + +" 'I am sure that I do not know.' + +" 'It is to keep people out who have no business there. Do you see?' He was still smiling in the most amiable manner. + +" 'I am sure if I had known--' + +" 'Well, then, you know now. And if you ever put your foot over that threshold again'--here in an instant the smile hardened into a grin of rage, and he glared down at me with the face of a demon--'I'll throw you to the mastiff.' + +"I was so terrified that I do not know what I did. I suppose that I must have rushed past him into my room. I remember nothing until I found myself lying on my bed trembling all over. Then I thought of you, Mr. Holmes. I could not live there longer without some advice. I was frightened of the house, of the man, of the woman, of the servants, even of the child. They were all horrible to me. If I could only bring you down all would be well. Of course I might have fled from the house, but my curiosity was almost as strong as my fears. My mind was soon made up. I would send you a wire. I put on my hat and cloak, went down to the office, which is about half a mile from the house, and then returned, feeling very much easier. A horrible doubt came into my mind as I approached the door lest the dog might be loose, but I remembered that Toller had drunk himself into a state of insensibility that evening, and I knew that he was the only one in the household who had any influence with the savage creature, or who would venture to set him free. I slipped in in safety and lay awake half the night in my joy at the thought of seeing you. I had no difficulty in getting leave to come into Winchester this morning, but I must be back before three o'clock, for Mr. and Mrs. Rucastle are going on a visit, and will be away all the evening, so that I must look after the child. Now I have told you all my adventures, Mr. Holmes, and I should be very glad if you could tell me what it all means, and, above all, what I should do." + +Holmes and I had listened spellbound to this extraordinary story. My friend rose now and paced up and down the room, his hands in his pockets, and an expression of the most profound gravity upon his face. + +"Is Toller still drunk?" he asked. + +"Yes. I heard his wife tell Mrs. Rucastle that she could do nothing with him." + +"That is well. And the Rucastles go out to-night?" + +"Yes." + +"Is there a cellar with a good strong lock?" + +"Yes, the wine-cellar." + +"You seem to me to have acted all through this matter like a very brave and sensible girl, Miss Hunter. Do you think that you could perform one more feat? I should not ask it of you if I did not think you a quite exceptional woman." + +"I will try. What is it?" + +"We shall be at the Copper Beeches by seven o'clock, my friend and I. The Rucastles will be gone by that time, and Toller will, we hope, be incapable. There only remains Mrs. Toller, who might give the alarm. If you could send her into the cellar on some errand, and then turn the key upon her, you would facilitate matters immensely." + +"I will do it." + +"Excellent! We shall then look thoroughly into the affair. Of course there is only one feasible explanation. You have been brought there to personate someone, and the real person is imprisoned in this chamber. That is obvious. As to who this prisoner is, I have no doubt that it is the daughter, Miss Alice Rucastle, if I remember right, who was said to have gone to America. You were chosen, doubtless, as resembling her in height, figure, and the colour of your hair. Hers had been cut off, very possibly in some illness through which she has passed, and so, of course, yours had to be sacrificed also. By a curious chance you came upon her tresses. The man in the road was undoubtedly some friend of hers--possibly her fiance--and no doubt, as you wore the girl's dress and were so like her, he was convinced from your laughter, whenever he saw you, and afterwards from your gesture, that Miss Rucastle was perfectly happy, and that she no longer desired his attentions. The dog is let loose at night to prevent him from endeavouring to communicate with her. So much is fairly clear. The most serious point in the case is the disposition of the child." + +"What on earth has that to do with it?" I ejaculated. + +"My dear Watson, you as a medical man are continually gaining light as to the tendencies of a child by the study of the parents. Don't you see that the converse is equally valid. I have frequently gained my first real insight into the character of parents by studying their children. This child's disposition is abnormally cruel, merely for cruelty's sake, and whether he derives this from his smiling father, as I should suspect, or from his mother, it bodes evil for the poor girl who is in their power." + +"I am sure that you are right, Mr. Holmes," cried our client. "A thousand things come back to me which make me certain that you have hit it. Oh, let us lose not an instant in bringing help to this poor creature." + +"We must be circumspect, for we are dealing with a very cunning man. We can do nothing until seven o'clock. At that hour we shall be with you, and it will not be long before we solve the mystery." + +We were as good as our word, for it was just seven when we reached the Copper Beeches, having put up our trap at a wayside public-house. The group of trees, with their dark leaves shining like burnished metal in the light of the setting sun, were sufficient to mark the house even had Miss Hunter not been standing smiling on the door-step. + +"Have you managed it?" asked Holmes. + +A loud thudding noise came from somewhere downstairs. "That is Mrs. Toller in the cellar," said she. "Her husband lies snoring on the kitchen rug. Here are his keys, which are the duplicates of Mr. Rucastle's." + +"You have done well indeed!" cried Holmes with enthusiasm. "Now lead the way, and we shall soon see the end of this black business." + +We passed up the stair, unlocked the door, followed on down a passage, and found ourselves in front of the barricade which Miss Hunter had described. Holmes cut the cord and removed the transverse bar. Then he tried the various keys in the lock, but without success. No sound came from within, and at the silence Holmes' face clouded over. + +"I trust that we are not too late," said he. "I think, Miss Hunter, that we had better go in without you. Now, Watson, put your shoulder to it, and we shall see whether we cannot make our way in." + +It was an old rickety door and gave at once before our united strength. Together we rushed into the room. It was empty. There was no furniture save a little pallet bed, a small table, and a basketful of linen. The skylight above was open, and the prisoner gone. + +"There has been some villainy here," said Holmes; "this beauty has guessed Miss Hunter's intentions and has carried his victim off." + +"But how?" + +"Through the skylight. We shall soon see how he managed it." He swung himself up onto the roof. "Ah, yes," he cried, "here's the end of a long light ladder against the eaves. That is how he did it." + +"But it is impossible," said Miss Hunter; "the ladder was not there when the Rucastles went away." + +"He has come back and done it. I tell you that he is a clever and dangerous man. I should not be very much surprised if this were he whose step I hear now upon the stair. I think, Watson, that it would be as well for you to have your pistol ready." + +The words were hardly out of his mouth before a man appeared at the door of the room, a very fat and burly man, with a heavy stick in his hand. Miss Hunter screamed and shrunk against the wall at the sight of him, but Sherlock Holmes sprang forward and confronted him. + +"You villain!" said he, "where's your daughter?" + +The fat man cast his eyes round, and then up at the open skylight. + +"It is for me to ask you that," he shrieked, "you thieves! Spies and thieves! I have caught you, have I? You are in my power. I'll serve you!" He turned and clattered down the stairs as hard as he could go. + +"He's gone for the dog!" cried Miss Hunter. + +"I have my revolver," said I. + +"Better close the front door," cried Holmes, and we all rushed down the stairs together. We had hardly reached the hall when we heard the baying of a hound, and then a scream of agony, with a horrible worrying sound which it was dreadful to listen to. An elderly man with a red face and shaking limbs came staggering out at a side door. + +"My God!" he cried. "Someone has loosed the dog. It's not been fed for two days. Quick, quick, or it'll be too late!" + +Holmes and I rushed out and round the angle of the house, with Toller hurrying behind us. There was the huge famished brute, its black muzzle buried in Rucastle's throat, while he writhed and screamed upon the ground. Running up, I blew its brains out, and it fell over with its keen white teeth still meeting in the great creases of his neck. With much labour we separated them and carried him, living but horribly mangled, into the house. We laid him upon the drawing-room sofa, and having dispatched the sobered Toller to bear the news to his wife, I did what I could to relieve his pain. We were all assembled round him when the door opened, and a tall, gaunt woman entered the room. + +"Mrs. Toller!" cried Miss Hunter. + +"Yes, miss. Mr. Rucastle let me out when he came back before he went up to you. Ah, miss, it is a pity you didn't let me know what you were planning, for I would have told you that your pains were wasted." + +"Ha!" said Holmes, looking keenly at her. "It is clear that Mrs. Toller knows more about this matter than anyone else." + +"Yes, sir, I do, and I am ready enough to tell what I know." + +"Then, pray, sit down, and let us hear it for there are several points on which I must confess that I am still in the dark." + +"I will soon make it clear to you," said she; "and I'd have done so before now if I could ha' got out from the cellar. If there's police-court business over this, you'll remember that I was the one that stood your friend, and that I was Miss Alice's friend too. + +"She was never happy at home, Miss Alice wasn't, from the time that her father married again. She was slighted like and had no say in anything, but it never really became bad for her until after she met Mr. Fowler at a friend's house. As well as I could learn, Miss Alice had rights of her own by will, but she was so quiet and patient, she was, that she never said a word about them but just left everything in Mr. Rucastle's hands. He knew he was safe with her; but when there was a chance of a husband coming forward, who would ask for all that the law would give him, then her father thought it time to put a stop on it. He wanted her to sign a paper, so that whether she married or not, he could use her money. When she wouldn't do it, he kept on worrying her until she got brain-fever, and for six weeks was at death's door. Then she got better at last, all worn to a shadow, and with her beautiful hair cut off; but that didn't make no change in her young man, and he stuck to her as true as man could be." + +"Ah," said Holmes, "I think that what you have been good enough to tell us makes the matter fairly clear, and that I can deduce all that remains. Mr. Rucastle then, I presume, took to this system of imprisonment?" + +"Yes, sir." + +"And brought Miss Hunter down from London in order to get rid of the disagreeable persistence of Mr. Fowler." + +"That was it, sir." + +"But Mr. Fowler being a persevering man, as a good seaman should be, blockaded the house, and having met you succeeded by certain arguments, metallic or otherwise, in convincing you that your interests were the same as his." + +"Mr. Fowler was a very kind-spoken, free-handed gentleman," said Mrs. Toller serenely. + +"And in this way he managed that your good man should have no want of drink, and that a ladder should be ready at the moment when your master had gone out." + +"You have it, sir, just as it happened." + +"I am sure we owe you an apology, Mrs. Toller," said Holmes, "for you have certainly cleared up everything which puzzled us. And here comes the country surgeon and Mrs. Rucastle, so I think, Watson, that we had best escort Miss Hunter back to Winchester, as it seems to me that our locus standi now is rather a questionable one." + +And thus was solved the mystery of the sinister house with the copper beeches in front of the door. Mr. Rucastle survived, but was always a broken man, kept alive solely through the care of his devoted wife. They still live with their old servants, who probably know so much of Rucastle's past life that he finds it difficult to part from them. Mr. Fowler and Miss Rucastle were married, by special license, in Southampton the day after their flight, and he is now the holder of a government appointment in the island of Mauritius. As to Miss Violet Hunter, my friend Holmes, rather to my disappointment, manifested no further interest in her when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems, and she is now the head of a private school at Walsall, where I believe that she has met with considerable success. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES *** + +This file should be named advsh12h.htm or advsh12h.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, advsh13h.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, advsh12ah.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we usually do not +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance +of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing. +Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections, +even years after the official publication date. + +Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til +midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. +The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at +Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A +preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment +and editing by those who wish to do so. + +Most people start at our Web sites at: +http://gutenberg.net or +http://promo.net/pg + +These Web sites include award-winning information about Project +Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new +eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!). + + +Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement +can get to them as follows, and just download by date. This is +also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the +indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an +announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext04 or +ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03 + +Or /etext03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90 + +Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want, +as it appears in our Newsletters. + + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The +time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours +to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. Our +projected audience is one hundred million readers. If the value +per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2 +million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text +files per month: 1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+ +We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002 +If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total +will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end. + +The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks! +This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers, +which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users. + +Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated): + +eBooks Year Month + + 1 1971 July + 10 1991 January + 100 1994 January + 1000 1997 August + 1500 1998 October + 2000 1999 December + 2500 2000 December + 3000 2001 November + 4000 2001 October/November + 6000 2002 December* + 9000 2003 November* +10000 2004 January* + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created +to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people +and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, +Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, +Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, +Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New +Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, +Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South +Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West +Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. + +We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones +that have responded. + +As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list +will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states. +Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state. + +In answer to various questions we have received on this: + +We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally +request donations in all 50 states. If your state is not listed and +you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have, +just ask. + +While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are +not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting +donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to +donate. + +International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about +how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made +deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are +ways. + +Donations by check or money order may be sent to: + +Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +PMB 113 +1739 University Ave. +Oxford, MS 38655-4109 + +Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment +method other than by check or money order. + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by +the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN +[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154. Donations are +tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law. As fund-raising +requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be +made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +You can get up to date donation information online at: + +http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html + + +*** + +If you can't reach Project Gutenberg, +you can always email directly to: + +Michael S. Hart + +Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message. + +We would prefer to send you information by email. + + +**The Legal Small Print** + + +(Three Pages) + +***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START*** +Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. +They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with +your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from +someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our +fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement +disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how +you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to. + +*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK +By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept +this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive +a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by +sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person +you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical +medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request. + +ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS +This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks, +is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart +through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project"). +Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright +on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and +distribute it in the United States without permission and +without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth +below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook +under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. + +Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market +any commercial products without permission. + +To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable +efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain +works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any +medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other +things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged +disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer +codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. + +LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES +But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, +[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may +receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims +all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including +legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR +UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, +INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE +OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. + +If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of +receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) +you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that +time to the person you received it from. If you received it +on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and +such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement +copy. If you received it electronically, such person may +choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to +receive it electronically. + +THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS +TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or +the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the +above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you +may have other legal rights. + +INDEMNITY +You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation, +and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated +with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including +legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the +following that you do or cause: [1] distribution of this eBook, +[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook, +or [3] any Defect. + +DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" +You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by +disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this +"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, +or: + +[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this + requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the + eBook or this "small print!" statement. You may however, + if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable + binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, + including any form resulting from conversion by word + processing or hypertext software, but only so long as + *EITHER*: + + [*] The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although tilde + (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may + be used to convey punctuation intended by the + author, and additional characters may be used to + indicate hypertext links; OR + + [*] The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at + no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent + form by the program that displays the eBook (as is + the case, for instance, with most word processors); + OR + + [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at + no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the + eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC + or other equivalent proprietary form). + +[2] Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this + "Small Print!" statement. + +[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the + gross profits you derive calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. If you + don't derive profits, no royalty is due. Royalties are + payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation" + the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were + legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent + periodic) tax return. Please contact us beforehand to + let us know your plans and to work out the details. + +WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? +Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of +public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form. + +The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time, +public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses. +Money should be paid to the: +"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or +software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at: +hart@pobox.com + +[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only +when distributed free of all fees. Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by +Michael S. Hart. Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be +used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be +they hardware or software or any other related product without +express permission.] + +*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + + + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States +by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net + + +Title: History of the United States + +Author: Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard + +Release Date: October 28, 2005 [EBook #16960] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** + + + + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, M and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +HISTORY + +OF THE + +UNITED STATES + + +BY + + +CHARLES A. BEARD + +AND + +MARY R. BEARD + + + +New York + +THE MACMILLAN COMPANY + +1921 + +_All rights reserved_ + +COPYRIGHT, 1921, + +BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. + + +Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1921. + + + + +Norwood Press + +J.S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. + +NORWOOD, MASS., U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE + + +As things now stand, the course of instruction in American history in +our public schools embraces three distinct treatments of the subject. +Three separate books are used. First, there is the primary book, which +is usually a very condensed narrative with emphasis on biographies and +anecdotes. Second, there is the advanced text for the seventh or eighth +grade, generally speaking, an expansion of the elementary book by the +addition of forty or fifty thousand words. Finally, there is the high +school manual. This, too, ordinarily follows the beaten path, giving +fuller accounts of the same events and characters. To put it bluntly, we +do not assume that our children obtain permanent possessions from their +study of history in the lower grades. If mathematicians followed the +same method, high school texts on algebra and geometry would include the +multiplication table and fractions. + +There is, of course, a ready answer to the criticism advanced above. It +is that teachers have learned from bitter experience how little history +their pupils retain as they pass along the regular route. No teacher of +history will deny this. Still it is a standing challenge to existing +methods of historical instruction. If the study of history cannot be +made truly progressive like the study of mathematics, science, and +languages, then the historians assume a grave responsibility in adding +their subject to the already overloaded curriculum. If the successive +historical texts are only enlarged editions of the first text--more +facts, more dates, more words--then history deserves most of the sharp +criticism which it is receiving from teachers of science, civics, and +economics. + +In this condition of affairs we find our justification for offering a +new high school text in American history. Our first contribution is one +of omission. The time-honored stories of exploration and the +biographies of heroes are left out. We frankly hold that, if pupils know +little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John +Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the +same stories for perhaps the fourth time. It is worse than useless. It +is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are +demonstrated to be progressive in character. + +In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles. Our +reasons for this are simple. The strategy of a campaign or of a single +battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter +about which experts differ widely. In the field of military and naval +operations most writers and teachers of history are mere novices. To +dispose of Gettysburg or the Wilderness in ten lines or ten pages is +equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs. Any one who +compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign +with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further +comment. No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think +of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of +warfare. The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the +interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that +deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's +serious responsibilities. + +It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is +rather upon constructive features. + +_First._ We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have +tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of +each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration. + +_Second._ We have emphasized those historical topics which help to +explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day. + +_Third._ We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our +history, especially in relation to the politics of each period. + +_Fourth._ We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems +of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. +These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians. These +are matters which civilians can understand--matters which they must +understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace. + +_Fifth._ By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to +enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention +to the history of those current questions which must form the subject +matter of sound instruction in citizenship. + +_Sixth._ We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique +characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we +have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the +reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place. + +_Seventh._ We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity. The +study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We +have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, +reflection, and generalization--habits calculated to enlarge as well as +inform the mind. We have been at great pains to make our text clear, +simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the +intellects of our readers--to put them upon their mettle. Most of them +will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. +The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will +depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The +effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by +the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their +information. + + C.A.B. + M.R.B. + + NEW YORK CITY, + February 8, 1921. + + + + +=A SMALL LIBRARY IN AMERICAN HISTORY= + + +_=SINGLE VOLUMES:=_ + +BASSETT, J.S. _A Short History of the United States_ +ELSON, H.W. _History of the United States of America_ + + +_=SERIES:=_ + +"EPOCHS OF AMERICAN HISTORY," EDITED BY A.B. HART + +HART, A.B. _Formation of the Union_ +THWAITES, R.G. _The Colonies_ +WILSON, WOODROW. _Division and Reunion_ + +"RIVERSIDE SERIES," EDITED BY W.E. DODD + +BECKER, C.L. _Beginnings of the American People_ +DODD, W.E. _Expansion and Conflict_ +JOHNSON, A. _Union and Democracy_ +PAXSON, F.L. _The New Nation_ + + + + +CONTENTS + + +PART I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD + +CHAPTER PAGE + I. THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA 1 + The Agencies of American Colonization 2 + The Colonial Peoples 6 + The Process of Colonization 12 + + II. COLONIAL AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE 20 + The Land and the Westward Movement 20 + Industrial and Commercial Development 28 + + III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS 38 + The Leadership of the Churches 39 + Schools and Colleges 43 + The Colonial Press 46 + The Evolution in Political Institutions 48 + + IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL NATIONALISM 56 + Relations with the Indians and the French 57 + The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies 61 + Colonial Relations with the British Government 64 + Summary of Colonial Period 73 + + +PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE + + V. THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY 77 + George III and His System 77 + George III's Ministers and Their Colonial Policies 79 + Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal 83 + Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies 87 + Renewed Resistance in America 90 + Retaliation by the British Government 93 + From Reform to Revolution in America 95 + + VI. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 99 + Resistance and Retaliation 99 + American Independence 101 + The Establishment of Government and the New Allegiance 108 + Military Affairs 116 + The Finances of the Revolution 125 + The Diplomacy of the Revolution 127 + Peace at Last 132 + Summary of the Revolutionary Period 135 + + +PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS + + VII. THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 139 + The Promise and the Difficulties of America 139 + The Calling of a Constitutional Convention 143 + The Framing of the Constitution 146 + The Struggle over Ratification 157 + + VIII. THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES 162 + The Men and Measures of the New Government 162 + The Rise of Political Parties 168 + Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics 171 + + IX. THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER 186 + Republican Principles and Policies 186 + The Republicans and the Great West 188 + The Republican War for Commercial Independence 193 + The Republicans Nationalized 201 + The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall 208 + Summary of Union and National Politics 212 + + +PART IV. THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY + + X. THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS 217 + Preparation for Western Settlement 217 + The Western Migration and New States 221 + The Spirit of the Frontier 228 + The West and the East Meet 230 + + XI. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 238 + The Democratic Movement in the East 238 + The New Democracy Enters the Arena 244 + The New Democracy at Washington 250 + The Rise of the Whigs 260 + The Interaction of American and European Opinion 265 + + XII. THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST 271 + The Advance of the Middle Border 271 + On to the Pacific--Texas and the Mexican War 276 + The Pacific Coast and Utah 284 + Summary of Western Development and National Politics 292 + + +PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION + + XIII. THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM 295 + The Industrial Revolution 296 + The Industrial Revolution and National Politics 307 + + XIV. THE PLANTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL POLITICS 316 + Slavery--North and South 316 + Slavery in National Politics 324 + The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict 332 + + XV. THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION 344 + The Southern Confederacy 344 + The War Measures of the Federal Government 350 + The Results of the Civil War 365 + Reconstruction in the South 370 + Summary of the Sectional Conflict 375 + + +PART VI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS + + XVI. THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH 379 + The South at the Close of the War 379 + The Restoration of White Supremacy 382 + The Economic Advance of the South 389 + + XVII. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 401 + Railways and Industry 401 + The Supremacy of the Republican Party (1861-1885) 412 + The Growth of Opposition to Republican Rule 417 + +XVIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT WEST 425 + The Railways as Trail Blazers 425 + The Evolution of Grazing and Agriculture 431 + Mining and Manufacturing in the West 436 + The Admission of New States 440 + The Influence of the Far West on National Life 443 + + XIX. DOMESTIC ISSUES BEFORE THE COUNTRY (1865-1897) 451 + The Currency Question 452 + The Protective Tariff and Taxation 459 + The Railways and Trusts 460 + The Minor Parties and Unrest 462 + The Sound Money Battle of 1896 466 + Republican Measures and Results 472 + + XX. AMERICA A WORLD POWER (1865-1900) 477 + American Foreign Relations (1865-1898) 478 + Cuba and the Spanish War 485 + American Policies in the Philippines and the Orient 497 + Summary of National Growth and World Politics 504 + + +PART VII. PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR + + XXI. THE EVOLUTION OF REPUBLICAN POLICIES (1901-1913) 507 + Foreign Affairs 508 + Colonial Administration 515 + The Roosevelt Domestic Policies 519 + Legislative and Executive Activities 523 + The Administration of President Taft 527 + Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912 530 + + XXII. THE SPIRIT OF REFORM IN AMERICA 536 + An Age of Criticism 536 + Political Reforms 538 + Measures of Economic Reform 546 + +XXIII. THE NEW POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 554 + The Rise of the Woman Movement 555 + The National Struggle for Woman Suffrage 562 + + XXIV. INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 570 + Cooperation between Employers and Employees 571 + The Rise and Growth of Organized Labor 575 + The Wider Relations of Organized Labor 577 + Immigration and Americanization 582 + + XXV. PRESIDENT WILSON AND THE WORLD WAR 588 + Domestic Legislation 588 + Colonial and Foreign Policies 592 + The United States and the European War 596 + The United States at War 604 + The Settlement at Paris 612 + Summary of Democracy and the World War 620 + +APPENDIX 627 + +A TOPICAL SYLLABUS 645 + +INDEX 655 + + + + +MAPS + + + PAGE +The Original Grants (color map) _Facing_ 4 + +German and Scotch-Irish Settlements 8 + +Distribution of Population in 1790 27 + +English, French, and Spanish Possessions in America, 1750 + (color map) _Facing_ 59 + +The Colonies at the Time of the Declaration of Independence + (color map) _Facing_ 108 + +North America according to the Treaty of 1783 + (color map) _Facing_ 134 + +The United States in 1805 (color map) _Facing_ 193 + +Roads and Trails into Western Territory (color map) _Facing_ 224 + +The Cumberland Road 233 + +Distribution of Population in 1830 235 + +Texas and the Territory in Dispute 282 + +The Oregon Country and the Disputed Boundary 285 + +The Overland Trails 287 + +Distribution of Slaves in Southern States 323 + +The Missouri Compromise 326 + +Slave and Free Soil on the Eve of the Civil War 335 + +The United States in 1861 (color map) _Facing_ 345 + +Railroads of the United States in 1918 405 + +The United States in 1870 (color map) _Facing_ 427 + +The United States in 1912 (color map) _Facing_ 443 + +American Dominions in the Pacific (color map) _Facing_ 500 + +The Caribbean Region (color map) _Facing_ 592 + +Battle Lines of the Various Years of the World War 613 + +Europe in 1919 (color map) _Between_ 618-619 + + "THE NATIONS OF THE WEST" (popularly called "The + Pioneers"), designed by A. Stirling Calder and modeled by + Mr. Calder, F.G.R. Roth, and Leo Lentelli, topped the Arch + of the Setting Sun at the Panama-Pacific Exposition held at + San Francisco in 1915. Facing the Court of the Universe + moves a group of men and women typical of those who have + made our civilization. From left to right appear the + French-Canadian, the Alaskan, the Latin-American, the + German, the Italian, the Anglo-American, and the American + Indian, squaw and warrior. In the place of honor in the + center of the group, standing between the oxen on the tongue + of the prairie schooner, is a figure, beautiful and almost + girlish, but strong, dignified, and womanly, the Mother of + To-morrow. Above the group rides the Spirit of Enterprise, + flanked right and left by the Hopes of the Future in the + person of two boys. The group as a whole is beautifully + symbolic of the westward march of American civilization. + +[Illustration: _Photograph by Cardinell-Vincent Co., San Francisco_ + +"THE NATIONS OF THE WEST"] + + + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES + + + + +PART I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA + + +The tide of migration that set in toward the shores of North America +during the early years of the seventeenth century was but one phase in +the restless and eternal movement of mankind upon the surface of the +earth. The ancient Greeks flung out their colonies in every direction, +westward as far as Gaul, across the Mediterranean, and eastward into +Asia Minor, perhaps to the very confines of India. The Romans, supported +by their armies and their government, spread their dominion beyond the +narrow lands of Italy until it stretched from the heather of Scotland to +the sands of Arabia. The Teutonic tribes, from their home beyond the +Danube and the Rhine, poured into the empire of the Caesars and made the +beginnings of modern Europe. Of this great sweep of races and empires +the settlement of America was merely a part. And it was, moreover, only +one aspect of the expansion which finally carried the peoples, the +institutions, and the trade of Europe to the very ends of the earth. + +In one vital point, it must be noted, American colonization differed +from that of the ancients. The Greeks usually carried with them +affection for the government they left behind and sacred fire from the +altar of the parent city; but thousands of the immigrants who came to +America disliked the state and disowned the church of the mother +country. They established compacts of government for themselves and set +up altars of their own. They sought not only new soil to till but also +political and religious liberty for themselves and their children. + + +THE AGENCIES OF AMERICAN COLONIZATION + +It was no light matter for the English to cross three thousand miles of +water and found homes in the American wilderness at the opening of the +seventeenth century. Ships, tools, and supplies called for huge outlays +of money. Stores had to be furnished in quantities sufficient to sustain +the life of the settlers until they could gather harvests of their own. +Artisans and laborers of skill and industry had to be induced to risk +the hazards of the new world. Soldiers were required for defense and +mariners for the exploration of inland waters. Leaders of good judgment, +adept in managing men, had to be discovered. Altogether such an +enterprise demanded capital larger than the ordinary merchant or +gentleman could amass and involved risks more imminent than he dared to +assume. Though in later days, after initial tests had been made, wealthy +proprietors were able to establish colonies on their own account, it was +the corporation that furnished the capital and leadership in the +beginning. + +=The Trading Company.=--English pioneers in exploration found an +instrument for colonization in companies of merchant adventurers, which +had long been employed in carrying on commerce with foreign countries. +Such a corporation was composed of many persons of different ranks of +society--noblemen, merchants, and gentlemen--who banded together for a +particular undertaking, each contributing a sum of money and sharing in +the profits of the venture. It was organized under royal authority; it +received its charter, its grant of land, and its trading privileges from +the king and carried on its operations under his supervision and +control. The charter named all the persons originally included in the +corporation and gave them certain powers in the management of its +affairs, including the right to admit new members. The company was in +fact a little government set up by the king. When the members of the +corporation remained in England, as in the case of the Virginia Company, +they operated through agents sent to the colony. When they came over the +seas themselves and settled in America, as in the case of Massachusetts, +they became the direct government of the country they possessed. The +stockholders in that instance became the voters and the governor, the +chief magistrate. + +[Illustration: JOHN WINTHROP, GOVERNOR OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY +COMPANY] + +Four of the thirteen colonies in America owed their origins to the +trading corporation. It was the London Company, created by King James I, +in 1606, that laid during the following year the foundations of Virginia +at Jamestown. It was under the auspices of their West India Company, +chartered in 1621, that the Dutch planted the settlements of the New +Netherland in the valley of the Hudson. The founders of Massachusetts +were Puritan leaders and men of affairs whom King Charles I incorporated +in 1629 under the title: "The governor and company of the Massachusetts +Bay in New England." In this case the law did but incorporate a group +drawn together by religious ties. "We must be knit together as one man," +wrote John Winthrop, the first Puritan governor in America. Far to the +south, on the banks of the Delaware River, a Swedish commercial company +in 1638 made the beginnings of a settlement, christened New Sweden; it +was destined to pass under the rule of the Dutch, and finally under the +rule of William Penn as the proprietary colony of Delaware. + +In a certain sense, Georgia may be included among the "company +colonies." It was, however, originally conceived by the moving spirit, +James Oglethorpe, as an asylum for poor men, especially those imprisoned +for debt. To realize this humane purpose, he secured from King George +II, in 1732, a royal charter uniting several gentlemen, including +himself, into "one body politic and corporate," known as the "Trustees +for establishing the colony of Georgia in America." In the structure of +their organization and their methods of government, the trustees did not +differ materially from the regular companies created for trade and +colonization. Though their purposes were benevolent, their transactions +had to be under the forms of law and according to the rules of business. + +=The Religious Congregation.=--A second agency which figured largely in +the settlement of America was the religious brotherhood, or +congregation, of men and women brought together in the bonds of a common +religious faith. By one of the strange fortunes of history, this +institution, founded in the early days of Christianity, proved to be a +potent force in the origin and growth of self-government in a land far +away from Galilee. "And the multitude of them that believed were of one +heart and of one soul," we are told in the Acts describing the Church at +Jerusalem. "We are knit together as a body in a most sacred covenant of +the Lord ... by virtue of which we hold ourselves strictly tied to all +care of each other's good and of the whole," wrote John Robinson, a +leader among the Pilgrims who founded their tiny colony of Plymouth in +1620. The Mayflower Compact, so famous in American history, was but a +written and signed agreement, incorporating the spirit of obedience to +the common good, which served as a guide to self-government until +Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts in 1691. + +[Illustration: THE ORIGINAL GRANTS] + +Three other colonies, all of which retained their identity until the eve +of the American Revolution, likewise sprang directly from the +congregations of the faithful: Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New +Hampshire, mainly offshoots from Massachusetts. They were founded by +small bodies of men and women, "united in solemn covenants with the +Lord," who planted their settlements in the wilderness. Not until many a +year after Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson conducted their followers +to the Narragansett country was Rhode Island granted a charter of +incorporation (1663) by the crown. Not until long after the congregation +of Thomas Hooker from Newtown blazed the way into the Connecticut River +Valley did the king of England give Connecticut a charter of its own +(1662) and a place among the colonies. Half a century elapsed before the +towns laid out beyond the Merrimac River by emigrants from Massachusetts +were formed into the royal province of New Hampshire in 1679. + +Even when Connecticut was chartered, the parchment and sealing wax of +the royal lawyers did but confirm rights and habits of self-government +and obedience to law previously established by the congregations. The +towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield had long lived happily +under their "Fundamental Orders" drawn up by themselves in 1639; so had +the settlers dwelt peacefully at New Haven under their "Fundamental +Articles" drafted in the same year. The pioneers on the Connecticut +shore had no difficulty in agreeing that "the Scriptures do hold forth a +perfect rule for the direction and government of all men." + +=The Proprietor.=--A third and very important colonial agency was the +proprietor, or proprietary. As the name, associated with the word +"property," implies, the proprietor was a person to whom the king +granted property in lands in North America to have, hold, use, and enjoy +for his own benefit and profit, with the right to hand the estate down +to his heirs in perpetual succession. The proprietor was a rich and +powerful person, prepared to furnish or secure the capital, collect the +ships, supply the stores, and assemble the settlers necessary to found +and sustain a plantation beyond the seas. Sometimes the proprietor +worked alone. Sometimes two or more were associated like partners in the +common undertaking. + +Five colonies, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Carolinas, +owe their formal origins, though not always their first settlements, nor +in most cases their prosperity, to the proprietary system. Maryland, +established in 1634 under a Catholic nobleman, Lord Baltimore, and +blessed with religious toleration by the act of 1649, flourished under +the mild rule of proprietors until it became a state in the American +union. New Jersey, beginning its career under two proprietors, Berkeley +and Carteret, in 1664, passed under the direct government of the crown +in 1702. Pennsylvania was, in a very large measure, the product of the +generous spirit and tireless labors of its first proprietor, the leader +of the Friends, William Penn, to whom it was granted in 1681 and in +whose family it remained until 1776. The two Carolinas were first +organized as one colony in 1663 under the government and patronage of +eight proprietors, including Lord Clarendon; but after more than half a +century both became royal provinces governed by the king. + +[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN, PROPRIETOR OF PENNSYLVANIA] + + +THE COLONIAL PEOPLES + +=The English.=--In leadership and origin the thirteen colonies, except +New York and Delaware, were English. During the early days of all, save +these two, the main, if not the sole, current of immigration was from +England. The colonists came from every walk of life. They were men, +women, and children of "all sorts and conditions." The major portion +were yeomen, or small land owners, farm laborers, and artisans. With +them were merchants and gentlemen who brought their stocks of goods or +their fortunes to the New World. Scholars came from Oxford and +Cambridge to preach the gospel or to teach. Now and then the son of an +English nobleman left his baronial hall behind and cast his lot with +America. The people represented every religious faith--members of the +Established Church of England; Puritans who had labored to reform that +church; Separatists, Baptists, and Friends, who had left it altogether; +and Catholics, who clung to the religion of their fathers. + +New England was almost purely English. During the years between 1629 and +1640, the period of arbitrary Stuart government, about twenty thousand +Puritans emigrated to America, settling in the colonies of the far +North. Although minor additions were made from time to time, the greater +portion of the New England people sprang from this original stock. +Virginia, too, for a long time drew nearly all her immigrants from +England alone. Not until the eve of the Revolution did other +nationalities, mainly the Scotch-Irish and Germans, rival the English in +numbers. + +The populations of later English colonies--the Carolinas, New York, +Pennsylvania, and Georgia--while receiving a steady stream of +immigration from England, were constantly augmented by wanderers from +the older settlements. New York was invaded by Puritans from New England +in such numbers as to cause the Anglican clergymen there to lament that +"free thinking spreads almost as fast as the Church." North Carolina was +first settled toward the northern border by immigrants from Virginia. +Some of the North Carolinians, particularly the Quakers, came all the +way from New England, tarrying in Virginia only long enough to learn how +little they were wanted in that Anglican colony. + +=The Scotch-Irish.=--Next to the English in numbers and influence were +the Scotch-Irish, Presbyterians in belief, English in tongue. Both +religious and economic reasons sent them across the sea. Their Scotch +ancestors, in the days of Cromwell, had settled in the north of Ireland +whence the native Irish had been driven by the conqueror's sword. There +the Scotch nourished for many years enjoying in peace their own form of +religion and growing prosperous in the manufacture of fine linen and +woolen cloth. Then the blow fell. Toward the end of the seventeenth +century their religious worship was put under the ban and the export of +their cloth was forbidden by the English Parliament. Within two decades +twenty thousand Scotch-Irish left Ulster alone, for America; and all +during the eighteenth century the migration continued to be heavy. +Although no exact record was kept, it is reckoned that the Scotch-Irish +and the Scotch who came directly from Scotland, composed one-sixth of +the entire American population on the eve of the Revolution. + +[Illustration: SETTLEMENTS OF GERMAN AND SCOTCH-IRISH +IMMIGRANTS] + +These newcomers in America made their homes chiefly in New Jersey, +Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Coming late upon +the scene, they found much of the land immediately upon the seaboard +already taken up. For this reason most of them became frontier people +settling the interior and upland regions. There they cleared the land, +laid out their small farms, and worked as "sturdy yeomen on the soil," +hardy, industrious, and independent in spirit, sharing neither the +luxuries of the rich planters nor the easy life of the leisurely +merchants. To their agriculture they added woolen and linen +manufactures, which, flourishing in the supple fingers of their tireless +women, made heavy inroads upon the trade of the English merchants in +the colonies. Of their labors a poet has sung: + + "O, willing hands to toil; + Strong natures tuned to the harvest-song and bound to the kindly soil; + Bold pioneers for the wilderness, defenders in the field." + +=The Germans.=--Third among the colonists in order of numerical +importance were the Germans. From the very beginning, they appeared in +colonial records. A number of the artisans and carpenters in the first +Jamestown colony were of German descent. Peter Minuit, the famous +governor of New Motherland, was a German from Wesel on the Rhine, and +Jacob Leisler, leader of a popular uprising against the provincial +administration of New York, was a German from Frankfort-on-Main. The +wholesale migration of Germans began with the founding of Pennsylvania. +Penn was diligent in searching for thrifty farmers to cultivate his +lands and he made a special effort to attract peasants from the Rhine +country. A great association, known as the Frankfort Company, bought +more than twenty thousand acres from him and in 1684 established a +center at Germantown for the distribution of German immigrants. In old +New York, Rhinebeck-on-the-Hudson became a similar center for +distribution. All the way from Maine to Georgia inducements were offered +to the German farmers and in nearly every colony were to be found, in +time, German settlements. In fact the migration became so large that +German princes were frightened at the loss of so many subjects and +England was alarmed by the influx of foreigners into her overseas +dominions. Yet nothing could stop the movement. By the end of the +colonial period, the number of Germans had risen to more than two +hundred thousand. + +The majority of them were Protestants from the Rhine region, and South +Germany. Wars, religious controversies, oppression, and poverty drove +them forth to America. Though most of them were farmers, there were also +among them skilled artisans who contributed to the rapid growth of +industries in Pennsylvania. Their iron, glass, paper, and woolen mills, +dotted here and there among the thickly settled regions, added to the +wealth and independence of the province. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +A GLIMPSE OF OLD GERMANTOWN] + +Unlike the Scotch-Irish, the Germans did not speak the language of the +original colonists or mingle freely with them. They kept to themselves, +built their own schools, founded their own newspapers, and published +their own books. Their clannish habits often irritated their neighbors +and led to occasional agitations against "foreigners." However, no +serious collisions seem to have occurred; and in the days of the +Revolution, German soldiers from Pennsylvania fought in the patriot +armies side by side with soldiers from the English and Scotch-Irish +sections. + +=Other Nationalities.=--Though the English, the Scotch-Irish, and the +Germans made up the bulk of the colonial population, there were other +racial strains as well, varying in numerical importance but contributing +their share to colonial life. + +From France came the Huguenots fleeing from the decree of the king which +inflicted terrible penalties upon Protestants. + +From "Old Ireland" came thousands of native Irish, Celtic in race and +Catholic in religion. Like their Scotch-Irish neighbors to the north, +they revered neither the government nor the church of England imposed +upon them by the sword. How many came we do not know, but shipping +records of the colonial period show that boatload after boatload left +the southern and eastern shores of Ireland for the New World. +Undoubtedly thousands of their passengers were Irish of the native +stock. This surmise is well sustained by the constant appearance of +Celtic names in the records of various colonies. + +[Illustration:_From an old print_ + +OLD DUTCH FORT AND ENGLISH CHURCH NEAR ALBANY] + +The Jews, then as ever engaged in their age-long battle for religious +and economic toleration, found in the American colonies, not complete +liberty, but certainly more freedom than they enjoyed in England, +France, Spain, or Portugal. The English law did not actually recognize +their right to live in any of the dominions, but owing to the easy-going +habits of the Americans they were allowed to filter into the seaboard +towns. The treatment they received there varied. On one occasion the +mayor and council of New York forbade them to sell by retail and on +another prohibited the exercise of their religious worship. Newport, +Philadelphia, and Charleston were more hospitable, and there large +Jewish colonies, consisting principally of merchants and their families, +flourished in spite of nominal prohibitions of the law. + +Though the small Swedish colony in Delaware was quickly submerged +beneath the tide of English migration, the Dutch in New York continued +to hold their own for more than a hundred years after the English +conquest in 1664. At the end of the colonial period over one-half of the +170,000 inhabitants of the province were descendants of the original +Dutch--still distinct enough to give a decided cast to the life and +manners of New York. Many of them clung as tenaciously to their mother +tongue as they did to their capacious farmhouses or their Dutch ovens; +but they were slowly losing their identity as the English pressed in +beside them to farm and trade. + +The melting pot had begun its historic mission. + + +THE PROCESS OF COLONIZATION + +Considered from one side, colonization, whatever the motives of the +emigrants, was an economic matter. It involved the use of capital to pay +for their passage, to sustain them on the voyage, and to start them on +the way of production. Under this stern economic necessity, Puritans, +Scotch-Irish, Germans, and all were alike laid. + +=Immigrants Who Paid Their Own Way.=--Many of the immigrants to America +in colonial days were capitalists themselves, in a small or a large way, +and paid their own passage. What proportion of the colonists were able +to finance their voyage across the sea is a matter of pure conjecture. +Undoubtedly a very considerable number could do so, for we can trace the +family fortunes of many early settlers. Henry Cabot Lodge is authority +for the statement that "the settlers of New England were drawn from the +country gentlemen, small farmers, and yeomanry of the mother +country.... Many of the emigrants were men of wealth, as the old lists +show, and all of them, with few exceptions, were men of property and +good standing. They did not belong to the classes from which emigration +is usually supplied, for they all had a stake in the country they left +behind." Though it would be interesting to know how accurate this +statement is or how applicable to the other colonies, no study has as +yet been made to gratify that interest. For the present it is an +unsolved problem just how many of the colonists were able to bear the +cost of their own transfer to the New World. + +=Indentured Servants.=--That at least tens of thousands of immigrants +were unable to pay for their passage is established beyond the shadow of +a doubt by the shipping records that have come down to us. The great +barrier in the way of the poor who wanted to go to America was the cost +of the sea voyage. To overcome this difficulty a plan was worked out +whereby shipowners and other persons of means furnished the passage +money to immigrants in return for their promise, or bond, to work for a +term of years to repay the sum advanced. This system was called +indentured servitude. + +It is probable that the number of bond servants exceeded the original +twenty thousand Puritans, the yeomen, the Virginia gentlemen, and the +Huguenots combined. All the way down the coast from Massachusetts to +Georgia were to be found in the fields, kitchens, and workshops, men, +women, and children serving out terms of bondage generally ranging from +five to seven years. In the proprietary colonies the proportion of bond +servants was very high. The Baltimores, Penns, Carterets, and other +promoters anxiously sought for workers of every nationality to till +their fields, for land without labor was worth no more than land in the +moon. Hence the gates of the proprietary colonies were flung wide open. +Every inducement was offered to immigrants in the form of cheap land, +and special efforts were made to increase the population by importing +servants. In Pennsylvania, it was not uncommon to find a master with +fifty bond servants on his estate. It has been estimated that two-thirds +of all the immigrants into Pennsylvania between the opening of the +eighteenth century and the outbreak of the Revolution were in bondage. +In the other Middle colonies the number was doubtless not so large; but +it formed a considerable part of the population. + +The story of this traffic in white servants is one of the most striking +things in the history of labor. Bondmen differed from the serfs of the +feudal age in that they were not bound to the soil but to the master. +They likewise differed from the negro slaves in that their servitude had +a time limit. Still they were subject to many special disabilities. It +was, for instance, a common practice to impose on them penalties far +heavier than were imposed upon freemen for the same offense. A free +citizen of Pennsylvania who indulged in horse racing and gambling was +let off with a fine; a white servant guilty of the same unlawful conduct +was whipped at the post and fined as well. + +The ordinary life of the white servant was also severely restricted. A +bondman could not marry without his master's consent; nor engage in +trade; nor refuse work assigned to him. For an attempt to escape or +indeed for any infraction of the law, the term of service was extended. +The condition of white bondmen in Virginia, according to Lodge, "was +little better than that of slaves. Loose indentures and harsh laws put +them at the mercy of their masters." It would not be unfair to add that +such was their lot in all other colonies. Their fate depended upon the +temper of their masters. + +Cruel as was the system in many ways, it gave thousands of people in the +Old World a chance to reach the New--an opportunity to wrestle with fate +for freedom and a home of their own. When their weary years of servitude +were over, if they survived, they might obtain land of their own or +settle as free mechanics in the towns. For many a bondman the gamble +proved to be a losing venture because he found himself unable to rise +out of the state of poverty and dependence into which his servitude +carried him. For thousands, on the contrary, bondage proved to be a real +avenue to freedom and prosperity. Some of the best citizens of America +have the blood of indentured servants in their veins. + +=The Transported--Involuntary Servitude.=--In their anxiety to secure +settlers, the companies and proprietors having colonies in America +either resorted to or connived at the practice of kidnapping men, women, +and children from the streets of English cities. In 1680 it was +officially estimated that "ten thousand persons were spirited away" to +America. Many of the victims of the practice were young children, for +the traffic in them was highly profitable. Orphans and dependents were +sometimes disposed of in America by relatives unwilling to support them. +In a single year, 1627, about fifteen hundred children were shipped to +Virginia. + +In this gruesome business there lurked many tragedies, and very few +romances. Parents were separated from their children and husbands from +their wives. Hundreds of skilled artisans--carpenters, smiths, and +weavers--utterly disappeared as if swallowed up by death. A few thus +dragged off to the New World to be sold into servitude for a term of +five or seven years later became prosperous and returned home with +fortunes. In one case a young man who was forcibly carried over the sea +lived to make his way back to England and establish his claim to a +peerage. + +Akin to the kidnapped, at least in economic position, were convicts +deported to the colonies for life in lieu of fines and imprisonment. The +Americans protested vigorously but ineffectually against this practice. +Indeed, they exaggerated its evils, for many of the "criminals" were +only mild offenders against unduly harsh and cruel laws. A peasant +caught shooting a rabbit on a lord's estate or a luckless servant girl +who purloined a pocket handkerchief was branded as a criminal along with +sturdy thieves and incorrigible rascals. Other transported offenders +were "political criminals"; that is, persons who criticized or opposed +the government. This class included now Irish who revolted against +British rule in Ireland; now Cavaliers who championed the king against +the Puritan revolutionists; Puritans, in turn, dispatched after the +monarchy was restored; and Scotch and English subjects in general who +joined in political uprisings against the king. + +=The African Slaves.=--Rivaling in numbers, in the course of time, the +indentured servants and whites carried to America against their will +were the African negroes brought to America and sold into slavery. When +this form of bondage was first introduced into Virginia in 1619, it was +looked upon as a temporary necessity to be discarded with the increase +of the white population. Moreover it does not appear that those planters +who first bought negroes at the auction block intended to establish a +system of permanent bondage. Only by a slow process did chattel slavery +take firm root and become recognized as the leading source of the labor +supply. In 1650, thirty years after the introduction of slavery, there +were only three hundred Africans in Virginia. + +The great increase in later years was due in no small measure to the +inordinate zeal for profits that seized slave traders both in Old and in +New England. Finding it relatively easy to secure negroes in Africa, +they crowded the Southern ports with their vessels. The English Royal +African Company sent to America annually between 1713 and 1743 from five +to ten thousand slaves. The ship owners of New England were not far +behind their English brethren in pushing this extraordinary traffic. + +As the proportion of the negroes to the free white population steadily +rose, and as whole sections were overrun with slaves and slave traders, +the Southern colonies grew alarmed. In 1710, Virginia sought to curtail +the importation by placing a duty of $5 on each slave. This effort was +futile, for the royal governor promptly vetoed it. From time to time +similar bills were passed, only to meet with royal disapproval. South +Carolina, in 1760, absolutely prohibited importation; but the measure +was killed by the British crown. As late as 1772, Virginia, not daunted +by a century of rebuffs, sent to George III a petition in this vein: +"The importation of slaves into the colonies from the coast of Africa +hath long been considered as a trade of great inhumanity and under its +present encouragement, we have too much reason to fear, will endanger +the very existence of Your Majesty's American dominions.... Deeply +impressed with these sentiments, we most humbly beseech Your Majesty to +remove all those restraints on Your Majesty's governors of this colony +which inhibit their assenting to such laws as might check so very +pernicious a commerce." + +All such protests were without avail. The negro population grew by leaps +and bounds, until on the eve of the Revolution it amounted to more than +half a million. In five states--Maryland, Virginia, the two Carolinas, +and Georgia--the slaves nearly equalled or actually exceeded the whites +in number. In South Carolina they formed almost two-thirds of the +population. Even in the Middle colonies of Delaware and Pennsylvania +about one-fifth of the inhabitants were from Africa. To the North, the +proportion of slaves steadily diminished although chattel servitude was +on the same legal footing as in the South. In New York approximately one +in six and in New England one in fifty were negroes, including a few +freedmen. + +The climate, the soil, the commerce, and the industry of the North were +all unfavorable to the growth of a servile population. Still, slavery, +though sectional, was a part of the national system of economy. Northern +ships carried slaves to the Southern colonies and the produce of the +plantations to Europe. "If the Northern states will consult their +interest, they will not oppose the increase in slaves which will +increase the commodities of which they will become the carriers," said +John Rutledge, of South Carolina, in the convention which framed the +Constitution of the United States. "What enriches a part enriches the +whole and the states are the best judges of their particular interest," +responded Oliver Ellsworth, the distinguished spokesman of Connecticut. + +=References= + +E. Charming, _History of the United States_, Vols. I and II. + +J.A. Doyle, _The English Colonies in America_ (5 vols.). + +J. Fiske, _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors_ (2 vols.). + +A.B. Faust, _The German Element in the United States_ (2 vols.). + +H.J. Ford, _The Scotch-Irish in America_. + +L. Tyler, _England in America_ (American Nation Series). + +R. Usher, _The Pilgrims and Their History_. + + +=Questions= + +1. America has been called a nation of immigrants. Explain why. + +2. Why were individuals unable to go alone to America in the beginning? +What agencies made colonization possible? Discuss each of them. + +3. Make a table of the colonies, showing the methods employed in their +settlement. + +4. Why were capital and leadership so very important in early +colonization? + +5. What is meant by the "melting pot"? What nationalities were +represented among the early colonists? + +6. Compare the way immigrants come to-day with the way they came in +colonial times. + +7. Contrast indentured servitude with slavery and serfdom. + +8. Account for the anxiety of companies and proprietors to secure +colonists. + +9. What forces favored the heavy importation of slaves? + +10. In what way did the North derive advantages from slavery? + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Chartered Company.=--Compare the first and third charters of +Virginia in Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book of American History_, +1606-1898, pp. 1-14. Analyze the first and second Massachusetts charters +in Macdonald, pp. 22-84. Special reference: W.A.S. Hewins, _English +Trading Companies_. + +=Congregations and Compacts for Self-government.=--A study of the +Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the +Fundamental Articles of New Haven in Macdonald, pp. 19, 36, 39. +Reference: Charles Borgeaud, _Rise of Modern Democracy_, and C.S. +Lobingier, _The People's Law_, Chaps. I-VII. + +=The Proprietary System.=--Analysis of Penn's charter of 1681, in +Macdonald, p. 80. Reference: Lodge, _Short History of the English +Colonies in America_, p. 211. + +=Studies of Individual Colonies.=--Review of outstanding events in +history of each colony, using Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. +55-159, as the basis. + +=Biographical Studies.=--John Smith, John Winthrop, William Penn, Lord +Baltimore, William Bradford, Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Thomas +Hooker, and Peter Stuyvesant, using any good encyclopedia. + +=Indentured Servitude.=--In Virginia, Lodge, _Short History_, pp. 69-72; +in Pennsylvania, pp. 242-244. Contemporary account in Callender, +_Economic History of the United States_, pp. 44-51. Special reference: +Karl Geiser, _Redemptioners and Indentured Servants_ (Yale Review, X, +No. 2 Supplement). + +=Slavery.=--In Virginia, Lodge, _Short History_, pp. 67-69; in the +Northern colonies, pp. 241, 275, 322, 408, 442. + +=The People of the Colonies.=--Virginia, Lodge, _Short History_, pp. +67-73; New England, pp. 406-409, 441-450; Pennsylvania, pp. 227-229, +240-250; New York, pp. 312-313, 322-335. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +COLONIAL AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE + +THE LAND AND THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT + + +=The Significance of Land Tenure.=--The way in which land may be +acquired, held, divided among heirs, and bought and sold exercises a +deep influence on the life and culture of a people. The feudal and +aristocratic societies of Europe were founded on a system of landlordism +which was characterized by two distinct features. In the first place, +the land was nearly all held in great estates, each owned by a single +proprietor. In the second place, every estate was kept intact under the +law of primogeniture, which at the death of a lord transferred all his +landed property to his eldest son. This prevented the subdivision of +estates and the growth of a large body of small farmers or freeholders +owning their own land. It made a form of tenantry or servitude +inevitable for the mass of those who labored on the land. It also +enabled the landlords to maintain themselves in power as a governing +class and kept the tenants and laborers subject to their economic and +political control. If land tenure was so significant in Europe, it was +equally important in the development of America, where practically all +the first immigrants were forced by circumstances to derive their +livelihood from the soil. + +=Experiments in Common Tillage.=--In the New World, with its broad +extent of land awaiting the white man's plow, it was impossible to +introduce in its entirety and over the whole area the system of lords +and tenants that existed across the sea. So it happened that almost +every kind of experiment in land tenure, from communism to feudalism, +was tried. In the early days of the Jamestown colony, the land, though +owned by the London Company, was tilled in common by the settlers. No +man had a separate plot of his own. The motto of the community was: +"Labor and share alike." All were supposed to work in the fields and +receive an equal share of the produce. At Plymouth, the Pilgrims +attempted a similar experiment, laying out the fields in common and +distributing the joint produce of their labor with rough equality among +the workers. + +In both colonies the communistic experiments were failures. Angry at the +lazy men in Jamestown who idled their time away and yet expected regular +meals, Captain John Smith issued a manifesto: "Everyone that gathereth +not every day as much as I do, the next day shall be set beyond the +river and forever banished from the fort and live there or starve." Even +this terrible threat did not bring a change in production. Not until +each man was given a plot of his own to till, not until each gathered +the fruits of his own labor, did the colony prosper. In Plymouth, where +the communal experiment lasted for five years, the results were similar +to those in Virginia, and the system was given up for one of separate +fields in which every person could "set corn for his own particular." +Some other New England towns, refusing to profit by the experience of +their Plymouth neighbor, also made excursions into common ownership and +labor, only to abandon the idea and go in for individual ownership of +the land. "By degrees it was seen that even the Lord's people could not +carry the complicated communist legislation into perfect and wholesome +practice." + +=Feudal Elements in the Colonies--Quit Rents, Manors, and +Plantations.=--At the other end of the scale were the feudal elements of +land tenure found in the proprietary colonies, in the seaboard regions +of the South, and to some extent in New York. The proprietor was in fact +a powerful feudal lord, owning land granted to him by royal charter. He +could retain any part of it for his personal use or dispose of it all in +large or small lots. While he generally kept for himself an estate of +baronial proportions, it was impossible for him to manage directly any +considerable part of the land in his dominion. Consequently he either +sold it in parcels for lump sums or granted it to individuals on +condition that they make to him an annual payment in money, known as +"quit rent." In Maryland, the proprietor sometimes collected as high as +$9000 (equal to about $500,000 to-day) in a single year from this +source. In Pennsylvania, the quit rents brought a handsome annual +tribute into the exchequer of the Penn family. In the royal provinces, +the king of England claimed all revenues collected in this form from the +land, a sum amounting to $19,000 at the time of the Revolution. The quit +rent,--"really a feudal payment from freeholders,"--was thus a material +source of income for the crown as well as for the proprietors. Wherever +it was laid, however, it proved to be a burden, a source of constant +irritation; and it became a formidable item in the long list of +grievances which led to the American Revolution. + +Something still more like the feudal system of the Old World appeared in +the numerous manors or the huge landed estates granted by the crown, the +companies, or the proprietors. In the colony of Maryland alone there +were sixty manors of three thousand acres each, owned by wealthy men and +tilled by tenants holding small plots under certain restrictions of +tenure. In New York also there were many manors of wide extent, most of +which originated in the days of the Dutch West India Company, when +extensive concessions were made to patroons to induce them to bring over +settlers. The Van Rensselaer, the Van Cortlandt, and the Livingston +manors were so large and populous that each was entitled to send a +representative to the provincial legislature. The tenants on the New +York manors were in somewhat the same position as serfs on old European +estates. They were bound to pay the owner a rent in money and kind; they +ground their grain at his mill; and they were subject to his judicial +power because he held court and meted out justice, in some instances +extending to capital punishment. + +The manors of New York or Maryland were, however, of slight consequence +as compared with the vast plantations of the Southern seaboard--huge +estates, far wider in expanse than many a European barony and tilled by +slaves more servile than any feudal tenants. It must not be forgotten +that this system of land tenure became the dominant feature of a large +section and gave a decided bent to the economic and political life of +America. + +[Illustration: SOUTHERN PLANTATION MANSION] + +=The Small Freehold.=--In the upland regions of the South, however, and +throughout most of the North, the drift was against all forms of +servitude and tenantry and in the direction of the freehold; that is, +the small farm owned outright and tilled by the possessor and his +family. This was favored by natural circumstances and the spirit of the +immigrants. For one thing, the abundance of land and the scarcity of +labor made it impossible for the companies, the proprietors, or the +crown to develop over the whole continent a network of vast estates. In +many sections, particularly in New England, the climate, the stony soil, +the hills, and the narrow valleys conspired to keep the farms within a +moderate compass. For another thing, the English, Scotch-Irish, and +German peasants, even if they had been tenants in the Old World, did not +propose to accept permanent dependency of any kind in the New. If they +could not get freeholds, they would not settle at all; thus they forced +proprietors and companies to bid for their enterprise by selling land in +small lots. So it happened that the freehold of modest proportions +became the cherished unit of American farmers. The people who tilled the +farms were drawn from every quarter of western Europe; but the freehold +system gave a uniform cast to their economic and social life in America. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +A NEW ENGLAND FARMHOUSE] + +=Social Effects of Land Tenure.=--Land tenure and the process of western +settlement thus developed two distinct types of people engaged in the +same pursuit--agriculture. They had a common tie in that they both +cultivated the soil and possessed the local interest and independence +which arise from that occupation. Their methods and their culture, +however, differed widely. + +The Southern planter, on his broad acres tilled by slaves, resembled the +English landlord on his estates more than he did the colonial farmer who +labored with his own hands in the fields and forests. He sold his rice +and tobacco in large amounts directly to English factors, who took his +entire crop in exchange for goods and cash. His fine clothes, +silverware, china, and cutlery he bought in English markets. Loving the +ripe old culture of the mother country, he often sent his sons to Oxford +or Cambridge for their education. In short, he depended very largely for +his prosperity and his enjoyment of life upon close relations with the +Old World. He did not even need market towns in which to buy native +goods, for they were made on his own plantation by his own artisans who +were usually gifted slaves. + +The economic condition of the small farmer was totally different. His +crops were not big enough to warrant direct connection with English +factors or the personal maintenance of a corps of artisans. He needed +local markets, and they sprang up to meet the need. Smiths, hatters, +weavers, wagon-makers, and potters at neighboring towns supplied him +with the rough products of their native skill. The finer goods, bought +by the rich planter in England, the small farmer ordinarily could not +buy. His wants were restricted to staples like tea and sugar, and +between him and the European market stood the merchant. His community +was therefore more self-sufficient than the seaboard line of great +plantations. It was more isolated, more provincial, more independent, +more American. The planter faced the Old East. The farmer faced the New +West. + +=The Westward Movement.=--Yeoman and planter nevertheless were alike in +one respect. Their land hunger was never appeased. Each had the eye of +an expert for new and fertile soil; and so, north and south, as soon as +a foothold was secured on the Atlantic coast, the current of migration +set in westward, creeping through forests, across rivers, and over +mountains. Many of the later immigrants, in their search for cheap +lands, were compelled to go to the border; but in a large part the path +breakers to the West were native Americans of the second and third +generations. Explorers, fired by curiosity and the lure of the +mysterious unknown, and hunters, fur traders, and squatters, following +their own sweet wills, blazed the trail, opening paths and sending back +stories of the new regions they traversed. Then came the regular +settlers with lawful titles to the lands they had purchased, sometimes +singly and sometimes in companies. + +In Massachusetts, the westward movement is recorded in the founding of +Springfield in 1636 and Great Barrington in 1725. By the opening of the +eighteenth century the pioneers of Connecticut had pushed north and west +until their outpost towns adjoined the Hudson Valley settlements. In New +York, the inland movement was directed by the Hudson River to Albany, +and from that old Dutch center it radiated in every direction, +particularly westward through the Mohawk Valley. New Jersey was early +filled to its borders, the beginnings of the present city of New +Brunswick being made in 1681 and those of Trenton in 1685. In +Pennsylvania, as in New York, the waterways determined the main lines of +advance. Pioneers, pushing up through the valley of the Schuylkill, +spread over the fertile lands of Berks and Lancaster counties, laying +out Reading in 1748. Another current of migration was directed by the +Susquehanna, and, in 1726, the first farmhouse was built on the bank +where Harrisburg was later founded. Along the southern tier of counties +a thin line of settlements stretched westward to Pittsburgh, reaching +the upper waters of the Ohio while the colony was still under the Penn +family. + +In the South the westward march was equally swift. The seaboard was +quickly occupied by large planters and their slaves engaged in the +cultivation of tobacco and rice. The Piedmont Plateau, lying back from +the coast all the way from Maryland to Georgia, was fed by two streams +of migration, one westward from the sea and the other southward from the +other colonies--Germans from Pennsylvania and Scotch-Irish furnishing +the main supply. "By 1770, tide-water Virginia was full to overflowing +and the 'back country' of the Blue Ridge and the Shenandoah was fully +occupied. Even the mountain valleys ... were claimed by sturdy pioneers. +Before the Declaration of Independence, the oncoming tide of +home-seekers had reached the crest of the Alleghanies." + +[Illustration: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, 1790] + +Beyond the mountains pioneers had already ventured, harbingers of an +invasion that was about to break in upon Kentucky and Tennessee. As +early as 1769 that mighty Nimrod, Daniel Boone, curious to hunt +buffaloes, of which he had heard weird reports, passed through the +Cumberland Gap and brought back news of a wonderful country awaiting the +plow. A hint was sufficient. Singly, in pairs, and in groups, settlers +followed the trail he had blazed. A great land corporation, the +Transylvania Company, emulating the merchant adventurers of earlier +times, secured a huge grant of territory and sought profits in quit +rents from lands sold to farmers. By the outbreak of the Revolution +there were several hundred people in the Kentucky region. Like the older +colonists, they did not relish quit rents, and their opposition wrecked +the Transylvania Company. They even carried their protests into the +Continental Congress in 1776, for by that time they were our "embryo +fourteenth colony." + + +INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT + +Though the labor of the colonists was mainly spent in farming, there was +a steady growth in industrial and commercial pursuits. Most of the +staple industries of to-day, not omitting iron and textiles, have their +beginnings in colonial times. Manufacturing and trade soon gave rise to +towns which enjoyed an importance all out of proportion to their +numbers. The great centers of commerce and finance on the seaboard +originated in the days when the king of England was "lord of these +dominions." + +[Illustration: DOMESTIC INDUSTRY: DIPPING TALLOW CANDLES] + +=Textile Manufacture as a Domestic Industry.=--Colonial women, in +addition to sharing every hardship of pioneering, often the heavy labor +of the open field, developed in the course of time a national industry +which was almost exclusively their own. Wool and flax were raised in +abundance in the North and South. "Every farm house," says Coman, the +economic historian, "was a workshop where the women spun and wove the +serges, kerseys, and linsey-woolseys which served for the common wear." +By the close of the seventeenth century, New England manufactured cloth +in sufficient quantities to export it to the Southern colonies and to +the West Indies. As the industry developed, mills were erected for the +more difficult process of dyeing, weaving, and fulling, but carding and +spinning continued to be done in the home. The Dutch of New Netherland, +the Swedes of Delaware, and the Scotch-Irish of the interior "were not +one whit behind their Yankee neighbors." + +The importance of this enterprise to British economic life can hardly be +overestimated. For many a century the English had employed their fine +woolen cloth as the chief staple in a lucrative foreign trade, and the +government had come to look upon it as an object of special interest and +protection. When the colonies were established, both merchants and +statesmen naturally expected to maintain a monopoly of increasing value; +but before long the Americans, instead of buying cloth, especially of +the coarser varieties, were making it to sell. In the place of +customers, here were rivals. In the place of helpless reliance upon +English markets, here was the germ of economic independence. + +If British merchants had not discovered it in the ordinary course of +trade, observant officers in the provinces would have conveyed the news +to them. Even in the early years of the eighteenth century the royal +governor of New York wrote of the industrious Americans to his home +government: "The consequence will be that if they can clothe themselves +once, not only comfortably, but handsomely too, without the help of +England, they who already are not very fond of submitting to government +will soon think of putting in execution designs they have long harboured +in their breasts. This will not seem strange when you consider what sort +of people this country is inhabited by." + +=The Iron Industry.=--Almost equally widespread was the art of iron +working--one of the earliest and most picturesque of colonial +industries. Lynn, Massachusetts, had a forge and skilled artisans within +fifteen years after the founding of Boston. The smelting of iron began +at New London and New Haven about 1658; in Litchfield county, +Connecticut, a few years later; at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in +1731; and near by at Lenox some thirty years after that. New Jersey had +iron works at Shrewsbury within ten years after the founding of the +colony in 1665. Iron forges appeared in the valleys of the Delaware and +the Susquehanna early in the following century, and iron masters then +laid the foundations of fortunes in a region destined to become one of +the great iron centers of the world. Virginia began iron working in the +year that saw the introduction of slavery. Although the industry soon +lapsed, it was renewed and flourished in the eighteenth century. +Governor Spotswood was called the "Tubal Cain" of the Old Dominion +because he placed the industry on a firm foundation. Indeed it seems +that every colony, except Georgia, had its iron foundry. Nails, wire, +metallic ware, chains, anchors, bar and pig iron were made in large +quantities; and Great Britain, by an act in 1750, encouraged the +colonists to export rough iron to the British Islands. + +=Shipbuilding.=--Of all the specialized industries in the colonies, +shipbuilding was the most important. The abundance of fir for masts, oak +for timbers and boards, pitch for tar and turpentine, and hemp for rope +made the way of the shipbuilder easy. Early in the seventeenth century a +ship was built at New Amsterdam, and by the middle of that century +shipyards were scattered along the New England coast at Newburyport, +Salem, New Bedford, Newport, Providence, New London, and New Haven. +Yards at Albany and Poughkeepsie in New York built ships for the trade +of that colony with England and the Indies. Wilmington and Philadelphia +soon entered the race and outdistanced New York, though unable to equal +the pace set by New England. While Maryland, Virginia, and South +Carolina also built ships, Southern interest was mainly confined to the +lucrative business of producing ship materials: fir, cedar, hemp, and +tar. + +=Fishing.=--The greatest single economic resource of New England outside +of agriculture was the fisheries. This industry, started by hardy +sailors from Europe, long before the landing of the Pilgrims, flourished +under the indomitable seamanship of the Puritans, who labored with the +net and the harpoon in almost every quarter of the Atlantic. "Look," +exclaimed Edmund Burke, in the House of Commons, "at the manner in +which the people of New England have of late carried on the whale +fishery. Whilst we follow them among the tumbling mountains of ice and +behold them penetrating into the deepest frozen recesses of Hudson's Bay +and Davis's Straits, while we are looking for them beneath the arctic +circle, we hear that they have pierced into the opposite region of polar +cold, that they are at the antipodes and engaged under the frozen +serpent of the south.... Nor is the equinoctial heat more discouraging +to them than the accumulated winter of both poles. We know that, whilst +some of them draw the line and strike the harpoon on the coast of +Africa, others run the longitude and pursue their gigantic game along +the coast of Brazil. No sea but what is vexed by their fisheries. No +climate that is not witness to their toils. Neither the perseverance of +Holland nor the activity of France nor the dexterous and firm sagacity +of English enterprise ever carried this most perilous mode of hard +industry to the extent to which it has been pushed by this recent +people." + +The influence of the business was widespread. A large and lucrative +European trade was built upon it. The better quality of the fish caught +for food was sold in the markets of Spain, Portugal, and Italy, or +exchanged for salt, lemons, and raisins for the American market. The +lower grades of fish were carried to the West Indies for slave +consumption, and in part traded for sugar and molasses, which furnished +the raw materials for the thriving rum industry of New England. These +activities, in turn, stimulated shipbuilding, steadily enlarging the +demand for fishing and merchant craft of every kind and thus keeping the +shipwrights, calkers, rope makers, and other artisans of the seaport +towns rushed with work. They also increased trade with the mother +country for, out of the cash collected in the fish markets of Europe and +the West Indies, the colonists paid for English manufactures. So an +ever-widening circle of American enterprise centered around this single +industry, the nursery of seamanship and the maritime spirit. + +=Oceanic Commerce and American Merchants.=--All through the eighteenth +century, the commerce of the American colonies spread in every direction +until it rivaled in the number of people employed, the capital engaged, +and the profits gleaned, the commerce of European nations. A modern +historian has said: "The enterprising merchants of New England developed +a network of trade routes that covered well-nigh half the world." This +commerce, destined to be of such significance in the conflict with the +mother country, presented, broadly speaking, two aspects. + +On the one side, it involved the export of raw materials and +agricultural produce. The Southern colonies produced for shipping, +tobacco, rice, tar, pitch, and pine; the Middle colonies, grain, flour, +furs, lumber, and salt pork; New England, fish, flour, rum, furs, shoes, +and small articles of manufacture. The variety of products was in fact +astounding. A sarcastic writer, while sneering at the idea of an +American union, once remarked of colonial trade: "What sort of dish will +you make? New England will throw in fish and onions. The middle states, +flax-seed and flour. Maryland and Virginia will add tobacco. North +Carolina, pitch, tar, and turpentine. South Carolina, rice and indigo, +and Georgia will sprinkle the whole composition with sawdust. Such an +absurd jumble will you make if you attempt to form a union among such +discordant materials as the thirteen British provinces." + +On the other side, American commerce involved the import trade, +consisting principally of English and continental manufactures, tea, and +"India goods." Sugar and molasses, brought from the West Indies, +supplied the flourishing distilleries of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, +and Connecticut. The carriage of slaves from Africa to the Southern +colonies engaged hundreds of New England's sailors and thousands of +pounds of her capital. + +The disposition of imported goods in the colonies, though in part +controlled by English factors located in America, employed also a large +and important body of American merchants like the Willings and Morrises +of Philadelphia; the Amorys, Hancocks, and Faneuils of Boston; and the +Livingstons and Lows of New York. In their zeal and enterprise, they +were worthy rivals of their English competitors, so celebrated for +world-wide commercial operations. Though fully aware of the advantages +they enjoyed in British markets and under the protection of the British +navy, the American merchants were high-spirited and mettlesome, ready to +contend with royal officers in order to shield American interests +against outside interference. + +[Illustration: THE DUTCH WEST INDIA WAREHOUSE IN NEW AMSTERDAM +(NEW YORK CITY)] + +Measured against the immense business of modern times, colonial commerce +seems perhaps trivial. That, however, is not the test of its +significance. It must be considered in relation to the growth of English +colonial trade in its entirety--a relation which can be shown by a few +startling figures. The whole export trade of England, including that to +the colonies, was, in 1704, $6,509,000. On the eve of the American +Revolution, namely, in 1772, English exports to the American colonies +alone amounted to $6,024,000; in other words, almost as much as the +whole foreign business of England two generations before. At the first +date, colonial trade was but one-twelfth of the English export business; +at the second date, it was considerably more than one-third. In 1704, +Pennsylvania bought in English markets goods to the value of $11,459; in +1772 the purchases of the same colony amounted to $507,909. In short, +Pennsylvania imports increased fifty times within sixty-eight years, +amounting in 1772 to almost the entire export trade of England to the +colonies at the opening of the century. The American colonies were +indeed a great source of wealth to English merchants. + +=Intercolonial Commerce.=--Although the bad roads of colonial times made +overland transportation difficult and costly, the many rivers and +harbors along the coast favored a lively water-borne trade among the +colonies. The Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna rivers in +the North and the many smaller rivers in the South made it possible for +goods to be brought from, and carried to, the interior regions in little +sailing vessels with comparative ease. Sloops laden with manufactures, +domestic and foreign, collected at some city like Providence, New York, +or Philadelphia, skirted the coasts, visited small ports, and sailed up +the navigable rivers to trade with local merchants who had for exchange +the raw materials which they had gathered in from neighboring farms. +Larger ships carried the grain, live stock, cloth, and hardware of New +England to the Southern colonies, where they were traded for tobacco, +leather, tar, and ship timber. From the harbors along the Connecticut +shores there were frequent sailings down through Long Island Sound to +Maryland, Virginia, and the distant Carolinas. + +=Growth of Towns.=--In connection with this thriving trade and industry +there grew up along the coast a number of prosperous commercial centers +which were soon reckoned among the first commercial towns of the whole +British empire, comparing favorably in numbers and wealth with such +ports as Liverpool and Bristol. The statistical records of that time are +mainly guesses; but we know that Philadelphia stood first in size among +these towns. Serving as the port of entry for Pennsylvania, Delaware, +and western Jersey, it had drawn within its borders, just before the +Revolution, about 25,000 inhabitants. Boston was second in rank, with +somewhat more than 20,000 people. New York, the "commercial capital of +Connecticut and old East Jersey," was slightly smaller than Boston, but +growing at a steady rate. The fourth town in size was Charleston, South +Carolina, with about 10,000 inhabitants. Newport in Rhode Island, a +center of rum manufacture and shipping, stood fifth, with a population +of about 7000. Baltimore and Norfolk were counted as "considerable +towns." In the interior, Hartford in Connecticut, Lancaster and York in +Pennsylvania, and Albany in New York, with growing populations and +increasing trade, gave prophecy of an urban America away from the +seaboard. The other towns were straggling villages. Williamsburg, +Virginia, for example, had about two hundred houses, in which dwelt a +dozen families of the gentry and a few score of tradesmen. Inland county +seats often consisted of nothing more than a log courthouse, a prison, +and one wretched inn to house judges, lawyers, and litigants during the +sessions of the court. + +The leading towns exercised an influence on colonial opinion all out of +proportion to their population. They were the centers of wealth, for one +thing; of the press and political activity, for another. Merchants and +artisans could readily take concerted action on public questions arising +from their commercial operations. The towns were also centers for news, +gossip, religious controversy, and political discussion. In the market +places the farmers from the countryside learned of British policies and +laws, and so, mingling with the townsmen, were drawn into the main +currents of opinion which set in toward colonial nationalism and +independence. + + +=References= + +J. Bishop, _History of American Manufactures_ (2 vols.). + +E.L. Bogart, _Economic History of the United States_. + +P.A. Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_ (2 vols.). + +E. Semple, _American History and Its Geographical Conditions_. + +W. Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_. (2 vols.). + + +=Questions= + +1. Is land in your community parceled out into small farms? Contrast the +system in your community with the feudal system of land tenure. + +2. Are any things owned and used in common in your community? Why did +common tillage fail in colonial times? + +3. Describe the elements akin to feudalism which were introduced in the +colonies. + +4. Explain the success of freehold tillage. + +5. Compare the life of the planter with that of the farmer. + +6. How far had the western frontier advanced by 1776? + +7. What colonial industry was mainly developed by women? Why was it very +important both to the Americans and to the English? + +8. What were the centers for iron working? Ship building? + +9. Explain how the fisheries affected many branches of trade and +industry. + +10. Show how American trade formed a vital part of English business. + +11. How was interstate commerce mainly carried on? + +12. What were the leading towns? Did they compare in importance with +British towns of the same period? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Land Tenure.=--Coman, _Industrial History_ (rev. ed.), pp. 32-38. +Special reference: Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, Vol. I, Chap. +VIII. + +=Tobacco Planting in Virginia.=--Callender, _Economic History of the +United States_, pp. 22-28. + +=Colonial Agriculture.=--Coman, pp. 48-63. Callender, pp. 69-74. +Reference: J.R.H. Moore, _Industrial History of the American People_, +pp. 131-162. + +=Colonial Manufactures.=--Coman, pp. 63-73. Callender, pp. 29-44. +Special reference: Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_. + +=Colonial Commerce.=--Coman, pp. 73-85. Callender, pp. 51-63, 78-84. +Moore, pp. 163-208. Lodge, _Short History of the English Colonies_, pp. +409-412, 229-231, 312-314. + + + + +Chapter III + +SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS + + +Colonial life, crowded as it was with hard and unremitting toil, left +scant leisure for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. There was +little money in private purses or public treasuries to be dedicated to +schools, libraries, and museums. Few there were with time to read long +and widely, and fewer still who could devote their lives to things that +delight the eye and the mind. And yet, poor and meager as the +intellectual life of the colonists may seem by way of comparison, heroic +efforts were made in every community to lift the people above the plane +of mere existence. After the first clearings were opened in the forests +those efforts were redoubled, and with lengthening years told upon the +thought and spirit of the land. The appearance, during the struggle with +England, of an extraordinary group of leaders familiar with history, +political philosophy, and the arts of war, government, and diplomacy +itself bore eloquent testimony to the high quality of the American +intellect. No one, not even the most critical, can run through the +writings of distinguished Americans scattered from Massachusetts to +Georgia--the Adamses, Ellsworth, the Morrises, the Livingstons, +Hamilton, Franklin, Washington, Madison, Marshall, Henry, the Randolphs, +and the Pinckneys--without coming to the conclusion that there was +something in American colonial life which fostered minds of depth and +power. Women surmounted even greater difficulties than the men in the +process of self-education, and their keen interest in public issues is +evident in many a record like the _Letters_ of Mrs. John Adams to her +husband during the Revolution; the writings of Mrs. Mercy Otis Warren, +the sister of James Otis, who measured her pen with the British +propagandists; and the patriot newspapers founded and managed by women. + + +THE LEADERSHIP OF THE CHURCHES + +In the intellectual life of America, the churches assumed a role of high +importance. There were abundant reasons for this. In many of the +colonies--Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New England--the religious impulse +had been one of the impelling motives in stimulating immigration. In all +the colonies, the clergy, at least in the beginning, formed the only +class with any leisure to devote to matters of the spirit. They preached +on Sundays and taught school on week days. They led in the discussion of +local problems and in the formation of political opinion, so much of +which was concerned with the relation between church and state. They +wrote books and pamphlets. They filled most of the chairs in the +colleges; under clerical guidance, intellectual and spiritual, the +Americans received their formal education. In several of the provinces +the Anglican Church was established by law. In New England the Puritans +were supreme, notwithstanding the efforts of the crown to overbear their +authority. In the Middle colonies, particularly, the multiplication of +sects made the dominance of any single denomination impossible; and in +all of them there was a growing diversity of faith, which promised in +time a separation of church and state and freedom of opinion. + +=The Church of England.=--Virginia was the stronghold of the English +system of church and state. The Anglican faith and worship were +prescribed by law, sustained by taxes imposed on all, and favored by the +governor, the provincial councilors, and the richest planters. "The +Established Church," says Lodge, "was one of the appendages of the +Virginia aristocracy. They controlled the vestries and the ministers, +and the parish church stood not infrequently on the estate of the +planter who built and managed it." As in England, Catholics and +Protestant Dissenters were at first laid under heavy disabilities. Only +slowly and on sufferance were they admitted to the province; but when +once they were even covertly tolerated, they pressed steadily in, until, +by the Revolution, they outnumbered the adherents of the established +order. + +The Church was also sanctioned by law and supported by taxes in the +Carolinas after 1704, and in Georgia after that colony passed directly +under the crown in 1754--this in spite of the fact that the majority of +the inhabitants were Dissenters. Against the protests of the Catholics +it was likewise established in Maryland. In New York, too, +notwithstanding the resistance of the Dutch, the Established Church was +fostered by the provincial officials, and the Anglicans, embracing about +one-fifteenth of the population, exerted an influence all out of +proportion to their numbers. + +Many factors helped to enhance the power of the English Church in the +colonies. It was supported by the British government and the official +class sent out to the provinces. Its bishops and archbishops in England +were appointed by the king, and its faith and service were set forth by +acts of Parliament. Having its seat of power in the English monarchy, it +could hold its clergy and missionaries loyal to the crown and so +counteract to some extent the independent spirit that was growing up in +America. The Church, always a strong bulwark of the state, therefore had +a political role to play here as in England. Able bishops and far-seeing +leaders firmly grasped this fact about the middle of the eighteenth +century and redoubled their efforts to augment the influence of the +Church in provincial affairs. Unhappily for their plans they failed to +calculate in advance the effect of their methods upon dissenting +Protestants, who still cherished memories of bitter religious conflicts +in the mother country. + +=Puritanism in New England.=--If the established faith made for imperial +unity, the same could not be said of Puritanism. The Plymouth Pilgrims +had cast off all allegiance to the Anglican Church and established a +separate and independent congregation before they came to America. The +Puritans, essaying at first the task of reformers within the Church, +soon after their arrival in Massachusetts, likewise flung off their yoke +of union with the Anglicans. In each town a separate congregation was +organized, the male members choosing the pastor, the teachers, and the +other officers. They also composed the voters in the town meeting, where +secular matters were determined. The union of church and government was +thus complete, and uniformity of faith and life prescribed by law and +enforced by civil authorities; but this worked for local autonomy +instead of imperial unity. + +The clergy became a powerful class, dominant through their learning and +their fearful denunciations of the faithless. They wrote the books for +the people to read--the famous Cotton Mather having three hundred and +eighty-three books and pamphlets to his credit. In cooperation with the +civil officers they enforced a strict observance of the Puritan +Sabbath--a day of rest that began at six o'clock on Saturday evening and +lasted until sunset on Sunday. All work, all trading, all amusement, and +all worldly conversation were absolutely prohibited during those hours. +A thoughtless maid servant who for some earthly reason smiled in church +was in danger of being banished as a vagabond. Robert Pike, a devout +Puritan, thinking the sun had gone to rest, ventured forth on horseback +one Sunday evening and was luckless enough to have a ray of light strike +him through a rift in the clouds. The next day he was brought into court +and fined for "his ungodly conduct." With persons accused of witchcraft +the Puritans were still more ruthless. When a mania of persecution swept +over Massachusetts in 1692, eighteen people were hanged, one was pressed +to death, many suffered imprisonment, and two died in jail. + +Just about this time, however, there came a break in the uniformity of +Puritan rule. The crown and church in England had long looked upon it +with disfavor, and in 1684 King Charles II annulled the old charter of +the Massachusetts Bay Company. A new document issued seven years later +wrested from the Puritans of the colony the right to elect their own +governor and reserved the power of appointment to the king. It also +abolished the rule limiting the suffrage to church members, substituting +for it a simple property qualification. Thus a royal governor and an +official family, certain to be Episcopalian in faith and monarchist in +sympathies, were forced upon Massachusetts; and members of all religious +denominations, if they had the required amount of property, were +permitted to take part in elections. By this act in the name of the +crown, the Puritan monopoly was broken down in Massachusetts, and that +province was brought into line with Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New +Hampshire, where property, not religious faith, was the test for the +suffrage. + +=Growth of Religious Toleration.=--Though neither the Anglicans of +Virginia nor the Puritans of Massachusetts believed in toleration for +other denominations, that principle was strictly applied in Rhode +Island. There, under the leadership of Roger Williams, liberty in +matters of conscience was established in the beginning. Maryland, by +granting in 1649 freedom to those who professed to believe in Jesus +Christ, opened its gates to all Christians; and Pennsylvania, true to +the tenets of the Friends, gave freedom of conscience to those "who +confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God to be the +creator, upholder, and ruler of the World." By one circumstance or +another, the Middle colonies were thus early characterized by diversity +rather than uniformity of opinion. Dutch Protestants, Huguenots, +Quakers, Baptists, Presbyterians, New Lights, Moravians, Lutherans, +Catholics, and other denominations became too strongly intrenched and +too widely scattered to permit any one of them to rule, if it had +desired to do so. There were communities and indeed whole sections where +one or another church prevailed, but in no colony was a legislature +steadily controlled by a single group. Toleration encouraged diversity, +and diversity, in turn, worked for greater toleration. + +The government and faith of the dissenting denominations conspired with +economic and political tendencies to draw America away from the English +state. Presbyterians, Quakers, Baptists, and Puritans had no hierarchy +of bishops and archbishops to bind them to the seat of power in London. +Neither did they look to that metropolis for guidance in interpreting +articles of faith. Local self-government in matters ecclesiastical +helped to train them for local self-government in matters political. The +spirit of independence which led Dissenters to revolt in the Old World, +nourished as it was amid favorable circumstances in the New World, made +them all the more zealous in the defense of every right against +authority imposed from without. + + +SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES + +=Religion and Local Schools.=--One of the first cares of each Protestant +denomination was the education of the children in the faith. In this +work the Bible became the center of interest. The English version was +indeed the one book of the people. Farmers, shopkeepers, and artisans, +whose life had once been bounded by the daily routine of labor, found in +the Scriptures not only an inspiration to religious conduct, but also a +book of romance, travel, and history. "Legend and annal," says John +Richard Green, "war-song and psalm, state-roll and biography, the mighty +voices of prophets, the parables of Evangelists, stories of mission +journeys, of perils by sea and among the heathen, philosophic arguments, +apocalyptic visions, all were flung broadcast over minds unoccupied for +the most part by any rival learning.... As a mere literary monument, the +English version of the Bible remains the noblest example of the English +tongue." It was the King James version just from the press that the +Pilgrims brought across the sea with them. + +For the authority of the Established Church was substituted the +authority of the Scriptures. The Puritans devised a catechism based upon +their interpretation of the Bible, and, very soon after their arrival in +America, they ordered all parents and masters of servants to be diligent +in seeing that their children and wards were taught to read religious +works and give answers to the religious questions. Massachusetts was +scarcely twenty years old before education of this character was +declared to be compulsory, and provision was made for public schools +where those not taught at home could receive instruction in reading and +writing. + +[Illustration: A PAGE FROM A FAMOUS SCHOOLBOOK + + + A In ADAM'S Fall + We sinned all. + + B Heaven to find, + The Bible Mind. + + C Christ crucify'd + For sinners dy'd. + + D The Deluge drown'd + The Earth around. + + E ELIJAH hid + by Ravens fed. + + F The judgment made + FELIX afraid.] + + + +Outside of New England the idea of compulsory education was not regarded +with the same favor; but the whole land was nevertheless dotted with +little schools kept by "dames, itinerant teachers, or local parsons." +Whether we turn to the life of Franklin in the North or Washington in +the South, we read of tiny schoolhouses, where boys, and sometimes +girls, were taught to read and write. Where there were no schools, +fathers and mothers of the better kind gave their children the rudiments +of learning. Though illiteracy was widespread, there is evidence to show +that the diffusion of knowledge among the masses was making steady +progress all through the eighteenth century. + +=Religion and Higher Learning.=--Religious motives entered into the +establishment of colleges as well as local schools. Harvard, founded in +1636, and Yale, opened in 1718, were intended primarily to train +"learned and godly ministers" for the Puritan churches of New England. +To the far North, Dartmouth, chartered in 1769, was designed first as a +mission to the Indians and then as a college for the sons of New England +farmers preparing to preach, teach, or practice law. The College of New +Jersey, organized in 1746 and removed to Princeton eleven years later, +was sustained by the Presbyterians. Two colleges looked to the +Established Church as their source of inspiration and support: William +and Mary, founded in Virginia in 1693, and King's College, now Columbia +University, chartered by King George II in 1754, on an appeal from the +New York Anglicans, alarmed at the growth of religious dissent and the +"republican tendencies" of the age. Two colleges revealed a drift away +from sectarianism. Brown, established in Rhode Island in 1764, and the +Philadelphia Academy, forerunner of the University of Pennsylvania, +organized by Benjamin Franklin, reflected the spirit of toleration by +giving representation on the board of trustees to several religious +sects. It was Franklin's idea that his college should prepare young men +to serve in public office as leaders of the people and ornaments to +their country. + +=Self-education in America.=--Important as were these institutions of +learning, higher education was by no means confined within their walls. +Many well-to-do families sent their sons to Oxford or Cambridge in +England. Private tutoring in the home was common. In still more families +there were intelligent children who grew up in the great colonial school +of adversity and who trained themselves until, in every contest of mind +and wit, they could vie with the sons of Harvard or William and Mary or +any other college. Such, for example, was Benjamin Franklin, whose +charming autobiography, in addition to being an American classic, is a +fine record of self-education. His formal training in the classroom was +limited to a few years at a local school in Boston; but his +self-education continued throughout his life. He early manifested a zeal +for reading, and devoured, he tells us, his father's dry library on +theology, Bunyan's works, Defoe's writings, Plutarch's _Lives_, Locke's +_On the Human Understanding_, and innumerable volumes dealing with +secular subjects. His literary style, perhaps the best of his time, +Franklin acquired by the diligent and repeated analysis of the +_Spectator_. In a life crowded with labors, he found time to read widely +in natural science and to win single-handed recognition at the hands of +European savants for his discoveries in electricity. By his own efforts +he "attained an acquaintance" with Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish, +thus unconsciously preparing himself for the day when he was to speak +for all America at the court of the king of France. + +Lesser lights than Franklin, educated by the same process, were found +all over colonial America. From this fruitful source of native ability, +self-educated, the American cause drew great strength in the trials of +the Revolution. + + +THE COLONIAL PRESS + +=The Rise of the Newspaper.=--The evolution of American democracy into a +government by public opinion, enlightened by the open discussion of +political questions, was in no small measure aided by a free press. That +too, like education, was a matter of slow growth. A printing press was +brought to Massachusetts in 1639, but it was put in charge of an +official censor and limited to the publication of religious works. Forty +years elapsed before the first newspaper appeared, bearing the curious +title, _Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic_, and it had not +been running very long before the government of Massachusetts suppressed +it for discussing a political question. + +Publishing, indeed, seemed to be a precarious business; but in 1704 +there came a second venture in journalism, _The Boston News-Letter_, +which proved to be a more lasting enterprise because it refrained from +criticizing the authorities. Still the public interest languished. When +Franklin's brother, James, began to issue his _New England Courant_ +about 1720, his friends sought to dissuade him, saying that one +newspaper was enough for America. Nevertheless he continued it; and his +confidence in the future was rewarded. In nearly every colony a gazette +or chronicle appeared within the next thirty years or more. Benjamin +Franklin was able to record in 1771 that America had twenty-five +newspapers. Boston led with five. Philadelphia had three: two in English +and one in German. + +=Censorship and Restraints on the Press.=--The idea of printing, +unlicensed by the government and uncontrolled by the church, was, +however, slow in taking form. The founders of the American colonies had +never known what it was to have the free and open publication of books, +pamphlets, broadsides, and newspapers. When the art of printing was +first discovered, the control of publishing was vested in clerical +authorities. After the establishment of the State Church in England in +the reign of Elizabeth, censorship of the press became a part of royal +prerogative. Printing was restricted to Oxford, Cambridge, and London; +and no one could publish anything without previous approval of the +official censor. When the Puritans were in power, the popular party, +with a zeal which rivaled that of the crown, sought, in turn, to silence +royalist and clerical writers by a vigorous censorship. After the +restoration of the monarchy, control of the press was once more placed +in royal hands, where it remained until 1695, when Parliament, by +failing to renew the licensing act, did away entirely with the official + +censorship. By that time political parties were so powerful and so +active and printing presses were so numerous that official review of all +published matter became a sheer impossibility. + +In America, likewise, some troublesome questions arose in connection +with freedom of the press. The Puritans of Massachusetts were no less +anxious than King Charles or the Archbishop of London to shut out from +the prying eyes of the people all literature "not mete for them to +read"; and so they established a system of official licensing for +presses, which lasted until 1755. In the other colonies where there was +more diversity of opinion and publishers could set up in business with +impunity, they were nevertheless constantly liable to arrest for +printing anything displeasing to the colonial governments. In 1721 the +editor of the _Mercury_ in Philadelphia was called before the +proprietary council and ordered to apologize for a political article, +and for a later offense of a similar character he was thrown into jail. +A still more famous case was that of Peter Zenger, a New York publisher, +who was arrested in 1735 for criticising the administration. Lawyers who +ventured to defend the unlucky editor were deprived of their licenses to +practice, and it became necessary to bring an attorney all the way from +Philadelphia. By this time the tension of feeling was high, and the +approbation of the public was forthcoming when the lawyer for the +defense exclaimed to the jury that the very cause of liberty itself, not +that of the poor printer, was on trial! The verdict for Zenger, when it +finally came, was the signal for an outburst of popular rejoicing. +Already the people of King George's province knew how precious a thing +is the freedom of the press. + +Thanks to the schools, few and scattered as they were, and to the +vigilance of parents, a very large portion, perhaps nearly one-half, of +the colonists could read. Through the newspapers, pamphlets, and +almanacs that streamed from the types, the people could follow the +course of public events and grasp the significance of political +arguments. An American opinion was in the process of making--an +independent opinion nourished by the press and enriched by discussions +around the fireside and at the taverns. When the day of resistance to +British rule came, government by opinion was at hand. For every person +who could hear the voice of Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, there were a +thousand who could see their appeals on the printed page. Men who had +spelled out their letters while poring over Franklin's _Poor Richard's +Almanac_ lived to read Thomas Paine's thrilling call to arms. + + +THE EVOLUTION IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS + +Two very distinct lines of development appeared in colonial politics. +The one, exalting royal rights and aristocratic privileges, was the +drift toward provincial government through royal officers appointed in +England. The other, leading toward democracy and self-government, was +the growth in the power of the popular legislative assembly. Each +movement gave impetus to the other, with increasing force during the +passing years, until at last the final collision between the two ideals +of government came in the war of independence. + +=The Royal Provinces.=--Of the thirteen English colonies eight were +royal provinces in 1776, with governors appointed by the king. Virginia +passed under the direct rule of the crown in 1624, when the charter of +the London Company was annulled. The Massachusetts Bay corporation lost +its charter in 1684, and the new instrument granted seven years later +stripped the colonists of the right to choose their chief executive. In +the early decades of the eighteenth century both the Carolinas were +given the provincial instead of the proprietary form. New Hampshire, +severed from Massachusetts in 1679, and Georgia, surrendered by the +trustees in 1752, went into the hands of the crown. New York, +transferred to the Duke of York on its capture from the Dutch in 1664, +became a province when he took the title of James II in 1685. New +Jersey, after remaining for nearly forty years under proprietors, was +brought directly under the king in 1702. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and +Delaware, although they retained their proprietary character until the +Revolution, were in some respects like the royal colonies, for their +governors were as independent of popular choice as were the appointees +of King George. Only two colonies, Rhode Island and Connecticut, +retained full self-government on the eve of the Revolution. They alone +had governors and legislatures entirely of their own choosing. + +The chief officer of the royal province was the governor, who enjoyed +high and important powers which he naturally sought to augment at every +turn. He enforced the laws and, usually with the consent of a council, +appointed the civil and military officers. He granted pardons and +reprieves; he was head of the highest court; he was commander-in-chief +of the militia; he levied troops for defense and enforced martial law in +time of invasion, war, and rebellion. In all the provinces, except +Massachusetts, he named the councilors who composed the upper house of +the legislature and was likely to choose those who favored his claims. +He summoned, adjourned, and dissolved the popular assembly, or the lower +house; he laid before it the projects of law desired by the crown; and +he vetoed measures which he thought objectionable. Here were in America +all the elements of royal prerogative against which Hampden had +protested and Cromwell had battled in England. + +[Illustration: THE ROYAL GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT NEW BERNE] + +The colonial governors were generally surrounded by a body of +office-seekers and hunters for land grants. Some of them were noblemen +of broken estates who had come to America to improve their fortunes. The +pretensions of this circle grated on colonial nerves, and privileges +granted to them, often at the expense of colonists, did much to deepen +popular antipathy to the British government. Favors extended to +adherents of the Established Church displeased Dissenters. The +reappearance of this formidable union of church and state, from which +they had fled, stirred anew the ancient wrath against that combination. + +=The Colonial Assembly.=--Coincident with the drift toward +administration through royal governors was the second and opposite +tendency, namely, a steady growth in the practice of self-government. +The voters of England had long been accustomed to share in taxation and +law-making through representatives in Parliament, and the idea was early +introduced in America. Virginia was only twelve years old (1619) when +its first representative assembly appeared. As the towns of +Massachusetts multiplied and it became impossible for all the members of +the corporation to meet at one place, the representative idea was +adopted, in 1633. The river towns of Connecticut formed a representative +system under their "Fundamental Orders" of 1639, and the entire colony +was given a royal charter in 1662. Generosity, as well as practical +considerations, induced such proprietors as Lord Baltimore and William +Penn to invite their colonists to share in the government as soon as any +considerable settlements were made. Thus by one process or another every +one of the colonies secured a popular assembly. + +It is true that in the provision for popular elections, the suffrage was +finally restricted to property owners or taxpayers, with a leaning +toward the freehold qualification. In Virginia, the rural voter had to +be a freeholder owning at least fifty acres of land, if there was no +house on it, or twenty-five acres with a house twenty-five feet square. +In Massachusetts, the voter for member of the assembly under the charter +of 1691 had to be a freeholder of an estate worth forty shillings a year +at least or of other property to the value of forty pounds sterling. In +Pennsylvania, the suffrage was granted to freeholders owning fifty acres +or more of land well seated, twelve acres cleared, and to other persons +worth at least fifty pounds in lawful money. + +Restrictions like these undoubtedly excluded from the suffrage a very +considerable number of men, particularly the mechanics and artisans of +the towns, who were by no means content with their position. +Nevertheless, it was relatively easy for any man to acquire a small +freehold, so cheap and abundant was land; and in fact a large proportion +of the colonists were land owners. Thus the assemblies, in spite of the +limited suffrage, acquired a democratic tone. + +The popular character of the assemblies increased as they became engaged +in battles with the royal and proprietary governors. When called upon by +the executive to make provision for the support of the administration, +the legislature took advantage of the opportunity to make terms in the +interest of the taxpayers. It made annual, not permanent, grants of +money to pay official salaries and then insisted upon electing a +treasurer to dole it out. Thus the colonists learned some of the +mysteries of public finance, as well as the management of rapacious +officials. The legislature also used its power over money grants to +force the governor to sign bills which he would otherwise have vetoed. + +=Contests between Legislatures and Governors.=--As may be imagined, many +and bitter were the contests between the royal and proprietary governors +and the colonial assemblies. Franklin relates an amusing story of how +the Pennsylvania assembly held in one hand a bill for the executive to +sign and, in the other hand, the money to pay his salary. Then, with sly +humor, Franklin adds: "Do not, my courteous reader, take pet at our +proprietary constitution for these our bargain and sale proceedings in +legislation. It is a happy country where justice and what was your own +before can be had for ready money. It is another addition to the value +of money and of course another spur to industry. Every land is not so +blessed." + +It must not be thought, however, that every governor got off as easily +as Franklin's tale implies. On the contrary, the legislatures, like +Caesar, fed upon meat that made them great and steadily encroached upon +executive prerogatives as they tried out and found their strength. If +we may believe contemporary laments, the power of the crown in America +was diminishing when it was struck down altogether. In New York, the +friends of the governor complained in 1747 that "the inhabitants of +plantations are generally educated in republican principles; upon +republican principles all is conducted. Little more than a shadow of +royal authority remains in the Northern colonies." "Here," echoed the +governor of South Carolina, the following year, "levelling principles +prevail; the frame of the civil government is unhinged; a governor, if +he would be idolized, must betray his trust; the people have got their +whole administration in their hands; the election of the members of the +assembly is by ballot; not civil posts only, but all ecclesiastical +preferments, are in the disposal or election of the people." + +Though baffled by the "levelling principles" of the colonial assemblies, +the governors did not give up the case as hopeless. Instead they evolved +a system of policy and action which they thought could bring the +obstinate provincials to terms. That system, traceable in their letters +to the government in London, consisted of three parts: (1) the royal +officers in the colonies were to be made independent of the legislatures +by taxes imposed by acts of Parliament; (2) a British standing army was +to be maintained in America; (3) the remaining colonial charters were to +be revoked and government by direct royal authority was to be enlarged. + +Such a system seemed plausible enough to King George III and to many +ministers of the crown in London. With governors, courts, and an army +independent of the colonists, they imagined it would be easy to carry +out both royal orders and acts of Parliament. This reasoning seemed both +practical and logical. Nor was it founded on theory, for it came fresh +from the governors themselves. It was wanting in one respect only. It +failed to take account of the fact that the American people were growing +strong in the practice of self-government and could dispense with the +tutelage of the British ministry, no matter how excellent it might be or +how benevolent its intentions. + + +=References= + +A.M. Earle, _Home Life in Colonial Days_. + +A.L. Cross, _The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies_ (Harvard +Studies). + +E.G. Dexter, _History of Education in the United States_. + +C.A. Duniway, _Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts_. + +Benjamin Franklin, _Autobiography_. + +E.B. Greene, _The Provincial Governor_ (Harvard Studies). + +A.E. McKinley, _The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies_ +(Pennsylvania University Studies). + +M.C. Tyler, _History of American Literature during the Colonial Times_ +(2 vols.). + + +=Questions= + +1. Why is leisure necessary for the production of art and literature? +How may leisure be secured? + +2. Explain the position of the church in colonial life. + +3. Contrast the political roles of Puritanism and the Established +Church. + +4. How did diversity of opinion work for toleration? + +5. Show the connection between religion and learning in colonial times. + +6. Why is a "free press" such an important thing to American democracy? + +7. Relate some of the troubles of early American publishers. + +8. Give the undemocratic features of provincial government. + +9. How did the colonial assemblies help to create an independent +American spirit, in spite of a restricted suffrage? + +10. Explain the nature of the contests between the governors and the +legislatures. + + +=Research Topics= + +=Religious and Intellectual Life.=--Lodge, _Short History of the English +Colonies_: (1) in New England, pp. 418-438, 465-475; (2) in Virginia, +pp. 54-61, 87-89; (3) in Pennsylvania, pp. 232-237, 253-257; (4) in New +York, pp. 316-321. Interesting source materials in Hart, _American +History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. II, pp. 255-275, 276-290. + +=The Government of a Royal Province, Virginia.=--Lodge, pp. 43-50. +Special Reference: E.B. Greene, _The Provincial Governor_ (Harvard +Studies). + +=The Government of a Proprietary Colony, Pennsylvania.=--Lodge, pp. +230-232. + +=Government in New England.=--Lodge, pp. 412-417. + +=The Colonial Press.=--Special Reference: G.H. Payne, _History of +Journalism in the United States_ (1920). + +=Colonial Life in General.=--John Fiske, _Old Virginia and Her +Neighbors_, Vol. II, pp. 174-269; Elson, _History of the United States_, +pp. 197-210. + +=Colonial Government in General.=--Elson, pp. 210-216. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL NATIONALISM + + +It is one of the well-known facts of history that a people loosely +united by domestic ties of a political and economic nature, even a +people torn by domestic strife, may be welded into a solid and compact +body by an attack from a foreign power. The imperative call to common +defense, the habit of sharing common burdens, the fusing force of common +service--these things, induced by the necessity of resisting outside +interference, act as an amalgam drawing together all elements, except, +perhaps, the most discordant. The presence of the enemy allays the most +virulent of quarrels, temporarily at least. "Politics," runs an old +saying, "stops at the water's edge." + +This ancient political principle, so well understood in diplomatic +circles, applied nearly as well to the original thirteen American +colonies as to the countries of Europe. The necessity for common +defense, if not equally great, was certainly always pressing. Though it +has long been the practice to speak of the early settlements as founded +in "a wilderness," this was not actually the case. From the earliest +days of Jamestown on through the years, the American people were +confronted by dangers from without. All about their tiny settlements +were Indians, growing more and more hostile as the frontier advanced and +as sharp conflicts over land aroused angry passions. To the south and +west was the power of Spain, humiliated, it is true, by the disaster to +the Armada, but still presenting an imposing front to the British +empire. To the north and west were the French, ambitious, energetic, +imperial in temper, and prepared to contest on land and water the +advance of British dominion in America. + + +RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS AND THE FRENCH + +=Indian Affairs.=--It is difficult to make general statements about the +relations of the colonists to the Indians. The problem was presented in +different shape in different sections of America. It was not handled +according to any coherent or uniform plan by the British government, +which alone could speak for all the provinces at the same time. Neither +did the proprietors and the governors who succeeded one another, in an +irregular train, have the consistent policy or the matured experience +necessary for dealing wisely with Indian matters. As the difficulties +arose mainly on the frontiers, where the restless and pushing pioneers +were making their way with gun and ax, nearly everything that happened +was the result of chance rather than of calculation. A personal quarrel +between traders and an Indian, a jug of whisky, a keg of gunpowder, the +exchange of guns for furs, personal treachery, or a flash of bad temper +often set in motion destructive forces of the most terrible character. + +On one side of the ledger may be set innumerable generous records--of +Squanto and Samoset teaching the Pilgrims the ways of the wilds; of +Roger Williams buying his lands from the friendly natives; or of William +Penn treating with them on his arrival in America. On the other side of +the ledger must be recorded many a cruel and bloody conflict as the +frontier rolled westward with deadly precision. The Pequots on the +Connecticut border, sensing their doom, fell upon the tiny settlements +with awful fury in 1637 only to meet with equally terrible punishment. A +generation later, King Philip, son of Massasoit, the friend of the +Pilgrims, called his tribesmen to a war of extermination which brought +the strength of all New England to the field and ended in his own +destruction. In New York, the relations with the Indians, especially +with the Algonquins and the Mohawks, were marked by periodic and +desperate wars. Virginia and her Southern neighbors suffered as did New +England. In 1622 Opecacano, a brother of Powhatan, the friend of the +Jamestown settlers, launched a general massacre; and in 1644 he +attempted a war of extermination. In 1675 the whole frontier was ablaze. +Nathaniel Bacon vainly attempted to stir the colonial governor to put up +an adequate defense and, failing in that plea, himself headed a revolt +and a successful expedition against the Indians. As the Virginia +outposts advanced into the Kentucky country, the strife with the natives +was transferred to that "dark and bloody ground"; while to the +southeast, a desperate struggle with the Tuscaroras called forth the +combined forces of the two Carolinas and Virginia. + +[Illustration: _From an old print._ + +VIRGINIANS DEFENDING THEMSELVES AGAINST THE INDIANS] + +From such horrors New Jersey and Delaware were saved on account of their +geographical location. Pennsylvania, consistently following a policy of +conciliation, was likewise spared until her western vanguard came into +full conflict with the allied French and Indians. Georgia, by clever +negotiations and treaties of alliance, managed to keep on fair terms +with her belligerent Cherokees and Creeks. But neither diplomacy nor +generosity could stay the inevitable conflict as the frontier advanced, +especially after the French soldiers enlisted the Indians in their +imperial enterprises. It was then that desultory fighting became general +warfare. + +[Illustration: ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND SPANISH POSSESSIONS IN AMERICA, +1750] + +=Early Relations with the French.=--During the first decades of French +exploration and settlement in the St. Lawrence country, the English +colonies, engrossed with their own problems, gave little or no thought +to their distant neighbors. Quebec, founded in 1608, and Montreal, in +1642, were too far away, too small in population, and too slight in +strength to be much of a menace to Boston, Hartford, or New York. It was +the statesmen in France and England, rather than the colonists in +America, who first grasped the significance of the slowly converging +empires in North America. It was the ambition of Louis XIV of France, +rather than the labors of Jesuit missionaries and French rangers, that +sounded the first note of colonial alarm. + +Evidence of this lies in the fact that three conflicts between the +English and the French occurred before their advancing frontiers met on +the Pennsylvania border. King William's War (1689-1697), Queen Anne's +War (1701-1713), and King George's War (1744-1748) owed their origins +and their endings mainly to the intrigues and rivalries of European +powers, although they all involved the American colonies in struggles +with the French and their savage allies. + +=The Clash in the Ohio Valley.=--The second of these wars had hardly +closed, however, before the English colonists themselves began to be +seriously alarmed about the rapidly expanding French dominion in the +West. Marquette and Joliet, who opened the Lake region, and La Salle, +who in 1682 had gone down the Mississippi to the Gulf, had been followed +by the builders of forts. In 1718, the French founded New Orleans, thus +taking possession of the gateway to the Mississippi as well as the St. +Lawrence. A few years later they built Fort Niagara; in 1731 they +occupied Crown Point; in 1749 they formally announced their dominion +over all the territory drained by the Ohio River. Having asserted this +lofty claim, they set out to make it good by constructing in the years +1752-1754 Fort Le Boeuf near Lake Erie, Fort Venango on the upper +waters of the Allegheny, and Fort Duquesne at the junction of the +streams forming the Ohio. Though they were warned by George Washington, +in the name of the governor of Virginia, to keep out of territory "so +notoriously known to be property of the crown of Great Britain," the +French showed no signs of relinquishing their pretensions. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +BRADDOCK'S RETREAT] + +=The Final Phase--the French and Indian War.=--Thus it happened that the +shot which opened the Seven Years' War, known in America as the French +and Indian War, was fired in the wilds of Pennsylvania. There began the +conflict that spread to Europe and even Asia and finally involved +England and Prussia, on the one side, and France, Austria, Spain, and +minor powers on the other. On American soil, the defeat of Braddock in +1755 and Wolfe's exploit in capturing Quebec four years later were the +dramatic features. On the continent of Europe, England subsidized +Prussian arms to hold France at bay. In India, on the banks of the +Ganges, as on the banks of the St. Lawrence, British arms were +triumphant. Well could the historian write: "Conquests equaling in +rapidity and far surpassing in magnitude those of Cortes and Pizarro had +been achieved in the East." Well could the merchants of London declare +that under the administration of William Pitt, the imperial genius of +this world-wide conflict, commerce had been "united with and made to +flourish by war." + +From the point of view of the British empire, the results of the war +were momentous. By the peace of 1763, Canada and the territory east of +the Mississippi, except New Orleans, passed under the British flag. The +remainder of the Louisiana territory was transferred to Spain and French +imperial ambitions on the American continent were laid to rest. In +exchange for Havana, which the British had seized during the war, Spain +ceded to King George the colony of Florida. Not without warrant did +Macaulay write in after years that Pitt "was the first Englishman of his +time; and he had made England the first country in the world." + + +THE EFFECTS OF WARFARE ON THE COLONIES + +The various wars with the French and the Indians, trivial in detail as +they seem to-day, had a profound influence on colonial life and on the +destiny of America. Circumstances beyond the control of popular +assemblies, jealous of their individual powers, compelled cooperation +among them, grudging and stingy no doubt, but still cooperation. The +American people, more eager to be busy in their fields or at their +trades, were simply forced to raise and support armies, to learn the +arts of warfare, and to practice, if in a small theater, the science of +statecraft. These forces, all cumulative, drove the colonists, so +tenaciously provincial in their habits, in the direction of nationalism. + +=The New England Confederation.=--It was in their efforts to deal with +the problems presented by the Indian and French menace that the +Americans took the first steps toward union. Though there were many +common ties among the settlers of New England, it required a deadly +fear of the Indians to produce in 1643 the New England Confederation, +composed of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. The +colonies so united were bound together in "a firm and perpetual league +of friendship and amity for offense and defense, mutual service and +succor, upon all just occasions." They made provision for distributing +the burdens of wars among the members and provided for a congress of +commissioners from each colony to determine upon common policies. For +some twenty years the Confederation was active and it continued to hold +meetings until after the extinction of the Indian peril on the immediate +border. + +Virginia, no less than Massachusetts, was aware of the importance of +intercolonial cooperation. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the +Old Dominion began treaties of commerce and amity with New York and the +colonies of New England. In 1684 delegates from Virginia met at Albany +with the agents of New York and Massachusetts to discuss problems of +mutual defense. A few years later the Old Dominion cooperated loyally +with the Carolinas in defending their borders against Indian forays. + +=The Albany Plan of Union.=--An attempt at a general colonial union was +made in 1754. On the suggestion of the Lords of Trade in England, a +conference was held at Albany to consider Indian relations, to devise +measures of defense against the French, and to enter into "articles of +union and confederation for the general defense of his Majesty's +subjects and interests in North America as well in time of peace as of +war." New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, +Pennsylvania, and Maryland were represented. After a long discussion, a +plan of union, drafted mainly, it seems, by Benjamin Franklin, was +adopted and sent to the colonies and the crown for approval. The +colonies, jealous of their individual rights, refused to accept the +scheme and the king disapproved it for the reason, Franklin said, that +it had "too much weight in the democratic part of the constitution." +Though the Albany union failed, the document is still worthy of study +because it forecast many of the perplexing problems that were not solved +until thirty-three years afterward, when another convention of which +also Franklin was a member drafted the Constitution of the United +States. + +[Illustration: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN] + +=The Military Education of the Colonists.=--The same wars that showed +the provincials the meaning of union likewise instructed them in the art +of defending their institutions. Particularly was this true of the last +French and Indian conflict, which stretched all the way from Maine to +the Carolinas and made heavy calls upon them all for troops. The answer, +it is admitted, was far from satisfactory to the British government and +the conduct of the militiamen was far from professional; but thousands +of Americans got a taste, a strong taste, of actual fighting in the +field. Men like George Washington and Daniel Morgan learned lessons that +were not forgotten in after years. They saw what American militiamen +could do under favorable circumstances and they watched British regulars +operating on American soil. "This whole transaction," shrewdly remarked +Franklin of Braddock's campaign, "gave us Americans the first suspicion +that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regular troops had not +been well founded." It was no mere accident that the Virginia colonel +who drew his sword under the elm at Cambridge and took command of the +army of the Revolution was the brave officer who had "spurned the +whistle of bullets" at the memorable battle in western Pennsylvania. + +=Financial Burdens and Commercial Disorder.=--While the provincials were +learning lessons in warfare they were also paying the bills. All the +conflicts were costly in treasure as in blood. King Philip's war left +New England weak and almost bankrupt. The French and Indian struggle was +especially expensive. The twenty-five thousand men put in the field by +the colonies were sustained only by huge outlays of money. Paper +currency streamed from the press and debts were accumulated. Commerce +was driven from its usual channels and prices were enhanced. When the +end came, both England and America were staggering under heavy +liabilities, and to make matters worse there was a fall of prices +accompanied by a commercial depression which extended over a period of +ten years. It was in the midst of this crisis that measures of taxation +had to be devised to pay the cost of the war, precipitating the quarrel +which led to American independence. + +=The Expulsion of French Power from North America.=--The effects of the +defeat administered to France, as time proved, were difficult to +estimate. Some British statesmen regarded it as a happy circumstance +that the colonists, already restive under their administration, had no +foreign power at hand to aid them in case they struck for independence. +American leaders, on the other hand, now that the soldiers of King Louis +were driven from the continent, thought that they had no other country +to fear if they cast off British sovereignty. At all events, France, +though defeated, was not out of the sphere of American influence; for, +as events proved, it was the fortunate French alliance negotiated by +Franklin that assured the triumph of American arms in the War of the +Revolution. + + +COLONIAL RELATIONS WITH THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT + +It was neither the Indian wars nor the French wars that finally brought +forth American nationality. That was the product of the long strife +with the mother country which culminated in union for the war of +independence. The forces that created this nation did not operate in the +colonies alone. The character of the English sovereigns, the course of +events in English domestic politics, and English measures of control +over the colonies--executive, legislative, and judicial--must all be +taken into account. + +=The Last of the Stuarts.=--The struggles between Charles I (1625-49) +and the parliamentary party and the turmoil of the Puritan regime +(1649-60) so engrossed the attention of Englishmen at home that they had +little time to think of colonial policies or to interfere with colonial +affairs. The restoration of the monarchy in 1660, accompanied by +internal peace and the increasing power of the mercantile classes in the +House of Commons, changed all that. In the reign of Charles II +(1660-85), himself an easy-going person, the policy of regulating trade +by act of Parliament was developed into a closely knit system and +powerful agencies to supervise the colonies were created. At the same +time a system of stricter control over the dominions was ushered in by +the annulment of the old charter of Massachusetts which conferred so +much self-government on the Puritans. + +Charles' successor, James II, a man of sterner stuff and jealous of his +authority in the colonies as well as at home, continued the policy thus +inaugurated and enlarged upon it. If he could have kept his throne, he +would have bent the Americans under a harsh rule or brought on in his +dominions a revolution like that which he precipitated at home in 1688. +He determined to unite the Northern colonies and introduce a more +efficient administration based on the pattern of the royal provinces. He +made a martinet, Sir Edmund Andros, governor of all New England, New +York, and New Jersey. The charter of Massachusetts, annulled in the last +days of his brother's reign, he continued to ignore, and that of +Connecticut would have been seized if it had not been spirited away and +hidden, according to tradition, in a hollow oak. + +For several months, Andros gave the Northern colonies a taste of +ill-tempered despotism. He wrung quit rents from land owners not +accustomed to feudal dues; he abrogated titles to land where, in his +opinion, they were unlawful; he forced the Episcopal service upon the +Old South Church in Boston; and he denied the writ of _habeas corpus_ to +a preacher who denounced taxation without representation. In the middle +of his arbitrary course, however, his hand was stayed. The news came +that King James had been dethroned by his angry subjects, and the people +of Boston, kindling a fire on Beacon Hill, summoned the countryside to +dispose of Andros. The response was prompt and hearty. The hated +governor was arrested, imprisoned, and sent back across the sea under +guard. + +The overthrow of James, followed by the accession of William and Mary +and by assured parliamentary supremacy, had an immediate effect in the +colonies. The new order was greeted with thanksgiving. Massachusetts was +given another charter which, though not so liberal as the first, +restored the spirit if not the entire letter of self-government. In the +other colonies where Andros had been operating, the old course of +affairs was resumed. + +=The Indifference of the First Two Georges.=--On the death in 1714 of +Queen Anne, the successor of King William, the throne passed to a +Hanoverian prince who, though grateful for English honors and revenues, +was more interested in Hanover than in England. George I and George II, +whose combined reigns extended from 1714 to 1760, never even learned to +speak the English language, at least without an accent. The necessity of +taking thought about colonial affairs bored both of them so that the +stoutest defender of popular privileges in Boston or Charleston had no +ground to complain of the exercise of personal prerogatives by the king. +Moreover, during a large part of this period, the direction of affairs +was in the hands of an astute leader, Sir Robert Walpole, who betrayed +his somewhat cynical view of politics by adopting as his motto: "Let +sleeping dogs lie." He revealed his appreciation of popular sentiment +by exclaiming: "I will not be the minister to enforce taxes at the +expense of blood." Such kings and such ministers were not likely to +arouse the slumbering resistance of the thirteen colonies across the +sea. + +=Control of the Crown over the Colonies.=--While no English ruler from +James II to George III ventured to interfere with colonial matters +personally, constant control over the colonies was exercised by royal +officers acting under the authority of the crown. Systematic supervision +began in 1660, when there was created by royal order a committee of the +king's council to meet on Mondays and Thursdays of each week to consider +petitions, memorials, and addresses respecting the plantations. In 1696 +a regular board was established, known as the "Lords of Trade and +Plantations," which continued, until the American Revolution, to +scrutinize closely colonial business. The chief duties of the board were +to examine acts of colonial legislatures, to recommend measures to those +assemblies for adoption, and to hear memorials and petitions from the +colonies relative to their affairs. + +The methods employed by this board were varied. All laws passed by +American legislatures came before it for review as a matter of routine. +If it found an act unsatisfactory, it recommended to the king the +exercise of his veto power, known as the royal disallowance. Any person +who believed his personal or property rights injured by a colonial law +could be heard by the board in person or by attorney; in such cases it +was the practice to hear at the same time the agent of the colony so +involved. The royal veto power over colonial legislation was not, +therefore, a formal affair, but was constantly employed on the +suggestion of a highly efficient agency of the crown. All this was in +addition to the powers exercised by the governors in the royal +provinces. + +=Judicial Control.=--Supplementing this administrative control over the +colonies was a constant supervision by the English courts of law. The +king, by virtue of his inherent authority, claimed and exercised high +appellate powers over all judicial tribunals in the empire. The right +of appeal from local courts, expressly set forth in some charters, was, +on the eve of the Revolution, maintained in every colony. Any subject in +England or America, who, in the regular legal course, was aggrieved by +any act of a colonial legislature or any decision of a colonial court, +had the right, subject to certain regulations, to carry his case to the +king in council, forcing his opponent to follow him across the sea. In +the exercise of appellate power, the king in council acting as a court +could, and frequently did, declare acts of colonial legislatures duly +enacted and approved, null and void, on the ground that they were +contrary to English law. + +=Imperial Control in Operation.=--Day after day, week after week, year +after year, the machinery for political and judicial control over +colonial affairs was in operation. At one time the British governors in +the colonies were ordered not to approve any colonial law imposing a +duty on European goods imported in English vessels. Again, when North +Carolina laid a tax on peddlers, the council objected to it as +"restrictive upon the trade and dispersion of English manufactures +throughout the continent." At other times, Indian trade was regulated in +the interests of the whole empire or grants of lands by a colonial +legislature were set aside. Virginia was forbidden to close her ports to +North Carolina lest there should be retaliation. + +In short, foreign and intercolonial trade were subjected to a control +higher than that of the colony, foreshadowing a day when the +Constitution of the United States was to commit to Congress the power to +regulate interstate and foreign commerce and commerce with the Indians. +A superior judicial power, towering above that of the colonies, as the +Supreme Court at Washington now towers above the states, kept the +colonial legislatures within the metes and bounds of established law. In +the thousands of appeals, memorials, petitions, and complaints, and the +rulings and decisions upon them, were written the real history of +British imperial control over the American colonies. + +So great was the business before the Lords of Trade that the colonies +had to keep skilled agents in London to protect their interests. As +common grievances against the operation of this machinery of control +arose, there appeared in each colony a considerable body of men, with +the merchants in the lead, who chafed at the restraints imposed on their +enterprise. Only a powerful blow was needed to weld these bodies into a +common mass nourishing the spirit of colonial nationalism. When to the +repeated minor irritations were added general and sweeping measures of +Parliament applying to every colony, the rebound came in the Revolution. + +=Parliamentary Control over Colonial Affairs.=--As soon as Parliament +gained in power at the expense of the king, it reached out to bring the +American colonies under its sway as well. Between the execution of +Charles I and the accession of George III, there was enacted an immense +body of legislation regulating the shipping, trade, and manufactures of +America. All of it, based on the "mercantile" theory then prevalent in +all countries of Europe, was designed to control the overseas +plantations in such a way as to foster the commercial and business +interests of the mother country, where merchants and men of finance had +got the upper hand. According to this theory, the colonies of the +British empire should be confined to agriculture and the production of +raw materials, and forced to buy their manufactured goods of England. + +_The Navigation Acts._--In the first rank among these measures of +British colonial policy must be placed the navigation laws framed for +the purpose of building up the British merchant marine and navy--arms so +essential in defending the colonies against the Spanish, Dutch, and +French. The beginning of this type of legislation was made in 1651 and +it was worked out into a system early in the reign of Charles II +(1660-85). + +The Navigation Acts, in effect, gave a monopoly of colonial commerce to +British ships. No trade could be carried on between Great Britain and +her dominions save in vessels built and manned by British subjects. No +European goods could be brought to America save in the ships of the +country that produced them or in English ships. These laws, which were +almost fatal to Dutch shipping in America, fell with severity upon the +colonists, compelling them to pay higher freight rates. The adverse +effect, however, was short-lived, for the measures stimulated +shipbuilding in the colonies, where the abundance of raw materials gave +the master builders of America an advantage over those of the mother +country. Thus the colonists in the end profited from the restrictive +policy written into the Navigation Acts. + +_The Acts against Manufactures._--The second group of laws was +deliberately aimed to prevent colonial industries from competing too +sharply with those of England. Among the earliest of these measures may +be counted the Woolen Act of 1699, forbidding the exportation of woolen +goods from the colonies and even the woolen trade between towns and +colonies. When Parliament learned, as the result of an inquiry, that New +England and New York were making thousands of hats a year and sending +large numbers annually to the Southern colonies and to Ireland, Spain, +and Portugal, it enacted in 1732 a law declaring that "no hats or felts, +dyed or undyed, finished or unfinished" should be "put upon any vessel +or laden upon any horse or cart with intent to export to any place +whatever." The effect of this measure upon the hat industry was almost +ruinous. A few years later a similar blow was given to the iron +industry. By an act of 1750, pig and bar iron from the colonies were +given free entry to England to encourage the production of the raw +material; but at the same time the law provided that "no mill or other +engine for slitting or rolling of iron, no plating forge to work with a +tilt hammer, and no furnace for making steel" should be built in the +colonies. As for those already built, they were declared public +nuisances and ordered closed. Thus three important economic interests of +the colonists, the woolen, hat, and iron industries, were laid under the +ban. + +_The Trade Laws._--The third group of restrictive measures passed by the +British Parliament related to the sale of colonial produce. An act of +1663 required the colonies to export certain articles to Great Britain +or to her dominions alone; while sugar, tobacco, and ginger consigned to +the continent of Europe had to pass through a British port paying custom +duties and through a British merchant's hands paying the usual +commission. At first tobacco was the only one of the "enumerated +articles" which seriously concerned the American colonies, the rest +coming mainly from the British West Indies. In the course of time, +however, other commodities were added to the list of enumerated +articles, until by 1764 it embraced rice, naval stores, copper, furs, +hides, iron, lumber, and pearl ashes. This was not all. The colonies +were compelled to bring their European purchases back through English +ports, paying duties to the government and commissions to merchants +again. + +_The Molasses Act._--Not content with laws enacted in the interest of +English merchants and manufacturers, Parliament sought to protect the +British West Indies against competition from their French and Dutch +neighbors. New England merchants had long carried on a lucrative trade +with the French islands in the West Indies and Dutch Guiana, where sugar +and molasses could be obtained in large quantities at low prices. Acting +on the protests of English planters in the Barbadoes and Jamaica, +Parliament, in 1733, passed the famous Molasses Act imposing duties on +sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from foreign +countries--rates which would have destroyed the American trade with the +French and Dutch if the law had been enforced. The duties, however, were +not collected. The molasses and sugar trade with the foreigners went on +merrily, smuggling taking the place of lawful traffic. + +=Effect of the Laws in America.=--As compared with the strict monopoly +of her colonial trade which Spain consistently sought to maintain, the +policy of England was both moderate and liberal. Furthermore, the +restrictive laws were supplemented by many measures intended to be +favorable to colonial prosperity. The Navigation Acts, for example, +redounded to the advantage of American shipbuilders and the producers +of hemp, tar, lumber, and ship stores in general. Favors in British +ports were granted to colonial producers as against foreign competitors +and in some instances bounties were paid by England to encourage +colonial enterprise. Taken all in all, there is much justification in +the argument advanced by some modern scholars to the effect that the +colonists gained more than they lost by British trade and industrial +legislation. Certainly after the establishment of independence, when +free from these old restrictions, the Americans found themselves +handicapped by being treated as foreigners rather than favored traders +and the recipients of bounties in English markets. + +Be that as it may, it appears that the colonists felt little irritation +against the mother country on account of the trade and navigation laws +enacted previous to the close of the French and Indian war. Relatively +few were engaged in the hat and iron industries as compared with those +in farming and planting, so that England's policy of restricting America +to agriculture did not conflict with the interests of the majority of +the inhabitants. The woolen industry was largely in the hands of women +and carried on in connection with their domestic duties, so that it was +not the sole support of any considerable number of people. + +As a matter of fact, moreover, the restrictive laws, especially those +relating to trade, were not rigidly enforced. Cargoes of tobacco were +boldly sent to continental ports without even so much as a bow to the +English government, to which duties should have been paid. Sugar and +molasses from the French and Dutch colonies were shipped into New +England in spite of the law. Royal officers sometimes protested against +smuggling and sometimes connived at it; but at no time did they succeed +in stopping it. Taken all in all, very little was heard of "the galling +restraints of trade" until after the French war, when the British +government suddenly entered upon a new course. + + +SUMMARY OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD + +In the period between the landing of the English at Jamestown, Virginia, +in 1607, and the close of the French and Indian war in 1763--a period of +a century and a half--a new nation was being prepared on this continent +to take its place among the powers of the earth. It was an epoch of +migration. Western Europe contributed emigrants of many races and +nationalities. The English led the way. Next to them in numerical +importance were the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. Into the melting pot +were also cast Dutch, Swedes, French, Jews, Welsh, and Irish. Thousands +of negroes were brought from Africa to till Southern fields or labor as +domestic servants in the North. + +Why did they come? The reasons are various. Some of them, the Pilgrims +and Puritans of New England, the French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish and +Irish, and the Catholics of Maryland, fled from intolerant governments +that denied them the right to worship God according to the dictates of +their consciences. Thousands came to escape the bondage of poverty in +the Old World and to find free homes in America. Thousands, like the +negroes from Africa, were dragged here against their will. The lure of +adventure appealed to the restless and the lure of profits to the +enterprising merchants. + +How did they come? In some cases religious brotherhoods banded together +and borrowed or furnished the funds necessary to pay the way. In other +cases great trading companies were organized to found colonies. Again it +was the wealthy proprietor, like Lord Baltimore or William Penn, who +undertook to plant settlements. Many immigrants were able to pay their +own way across the sea. Others bound themselves out for a term of years +in exchange for the cost of the passage. Negroes were brought on account +of the profits derived from their sale as slaves. + +Whatever the motive for their coming, however, they managed to get +across the sea. The immigrants set to work with a will. They cut down +forests, built houses, and laid out fields. They founded churches, +schools, and colleges. They set up forges and workshops. They spun and +wove. They fashioned ships and sailed the seas. They bartered and +traded. Here and there on favorable harbors they established centers of +commerce--Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and +Charleston. As soon as a firm foothold was secured on the shore line +they pressed westward until, by the close of the colonial period, they +were already on the crest of the Alleghanies. + +Though they were widely scattered along a thousand miles of seacoast, +the colonists were united in spirit by many common ties. The major +portion of them were Protestants. The language, the law, and the +literature of England furnished the basis of national unity. Most of the +colonists were engaged in the same hard task; that of conquering a +wilderness. To ties of kinship and language were added ties created by +necessity. They had to unite in defense; first, against the Indians and +later against the French. They were all subjects of the same +sovereign--the king of England. The English Parliament made laws for +them and the English government supervised their local affairs, their +trade, and their manufactures. Common forces assailed them. Common +grievances vexed them. Common hopes inspired them. + +Many of the things which tended to unite them likewise tended to throw +them into opposition to the British Crown and Parliament. Most of them +were freeholders; that is, farmers who owned their own land and tilled +it with their own hands. A free soil nourished the spirit of freedom. +The majority of them were Dissenters, critics, not friends, of the +Church of England, that stanch defender of the British monarchy. Each +colony in time developed its own legislature elected by the voters; it +grew accustomed to making laws and laying taxes for itself. Here was a +people learning self-reliance and self-government. The attempts to +strengthen the Church of England in America and the transformation of +colonies into royal provinces only fanned the spirit of independence +which they were designed to quench. + +Nevertheless, the Americans owed much of their prosperity to the +assistance of the government that irritated them. It was the protection +of the British navy that prevented Holland, Spain, and France from +wiping out their settlements. Though their manufacture and trade were +controlled in the interests of the mother country, they also enjoyed +great advantages in her markets. Free trade existed nowhere upon the +earth; but the broad empire of Britain was open to American ships and +merchandise. It could be said, with good reason, that the disadvantages +which the colonists suffered through British regulation of their +industry and trade were more than offset by the privileges they enjoyed. +Still that is somewhat beside the point, for mere economic advantage is +not necessarily the determining factor in the fate of peoples. A +thousand circumstances had helped to develop on this continent a nation, +to inspire it with a passion for independence, and to prepare it for a +destiny greater than that of a prosperous dominion of the British +empire. The economists, who tried to prove by logic unassailable that +America would be richer under the British flag, could not change the +spirit of Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, or George +Washington. + + +=References= + +G.L. Beer, _Origin of the British Colonial System_ and _The Old Colonial +System_. + +A. Bradley, _The Fight for Canada in North America_. + +C.M. Andrews, _Colonial Self-Government_ (American Nation Series). + +H. Egerton, _Short History of British Colonial Policy_. + +F. Parkman, _France and England in North America_ (12 vols.). + +R. Thwaites, _France in America_ (American Nation Series). + +J. Winsor, _The Mississippi Valley_ and _Cartier to Frontenac_. + + +=Questions= + +1. How would you define "nationalism"? + +2. Can you give any illustrations of the way that war promotes +nationalism? + +3. Why was it impossible to establish and maintain a uniform policy in +dealing with the Indians? + +4. What was the outcome of the final clash with the French? + +5. Enumerate the five chief results of the wars with the French and the +Indians. Discuss each in detail. + +6. Explain why it was that the character of the English king mattered to +the colonists. + +7. Contrast England under the Stuarts with England under the +Hanoverians. + +8. Explain how the English Crown, Courts, and Parliament controlled the +colonies. + +9. Name the three important classes of English legislation affecting the +colonies. Explain each. + +10. Do you think the English legislation was beneficial or injurious to +the colonies? Why? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Rise of French Power in North America.=--Special reference: Francis +Parkman, _Struggle for a Continent_. + +=The French and Indian Wars.=--Special reference: W.M. Sloane, _French +War and the Revolution_, Chaps. VI-IX. Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, +Vol. II, pp. 195-299. Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. +171-196. + +=English Navigation Acts.=--Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. +55, 72, 78, 90, 103. Coman, _Industrial History_, pp. 79-85. + +=British Colonial Policy.=--Callender, _Economic History of the United +States_, pp. 102-108. + +=The New England Confederation.=--Analyze the document in Macdonald, +_Source Book_, p. 45. Special reference: Fiske, _Beginnings of New +England_, pp. 140-198. + +=The Administration of Andros.=--Fiske, _Beginnings_, pp. 242-278. + +=Biographical Studies.=--William Pitt and Sir Robert Walpole. Consult +Green, _Short History of England_, on their policies, using the index. + + + + +PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY + + +On October 25, 1760, King George II died and the British crown passed to +his young grandson. The first George, the son of the Elector of Hanover +and Sophia the granddaughter of James I, was a thorough German who never +even learned to speak the language of the land over which he reigned. +The second George never saw England until he was a man. He spoke English +with an accent and until his death preferred his German home. During +their reign, the principle had become well established that the king did +not govern but acted only through ministers representing the majority in +Parliament. + + +GEORGE III AND HIS SYSTEM + +=The Character of the New King.=--The third George rudely broke the +German tradition of his family. He resented the imputation that he was a +foreigner and on all occasions made a display of his British sympathies. +To the draft of his first speech to Parliament, he added the popular +phrase: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of +Briton." Macaulay, the English historian, certainly of no liking for +high royal prerogative, said of George: "The young king was a born +Englishman. All his tastes and habits, good and bad, were English. No +portion of his subjects had anything to reproach him with.... His age, +his appearance, and all that was known of his character conciliated +public favor. He was in the bloom of youth; his person and address were +pleasing; scandal imputed to him no vice; and flattery might without +glaring absurdity ascribe to him many princely virtues." + +Nevertheless George III had been spoiled by his mother, his tutors, and +his courtiers. Under their influence he developed high and mighty +notions about the sacredness of royal authority and his duty to check +the pretensions of Parliament and the ministers dependent upon it. His +mother had dinned into his ears the slogan: "George, be king!" Lord +Bute, his teacher and adviser, had told him that his honor required him +to take an active part in the shaping of public policy and the making of +laws. Thus educated, he surrounded himself with courtiers who encouraged +him in the determination to rule as well as reign, to subdue all +parties, and to place himself at the head of the nation and empire. + +[Illustration: _From an old print._ + +GEORGE III] + +=Political Parties and George III.=--The state of the political parties +favored the plans of the king to restore some of the ancient luster of +the crown. The Whigs, who were composed mainly of the smaller +freeholders, merchants, inhabitants of towns, and Protestant +non-conformists, had grown haughty and overbearing through long +continuance in power and had as a consequence raised up many enemies in +their own ranks. Their opponents, the Tories, had by this time given up +all hope of restoring to the throne the direct Stuart line; but they +still cherished their old notions about divine right. With the +accession of George III the coveted opportunity came to them to rally +around the throne again. George received his Tory friends with open +arms, gave them offices, and bought them seats in the House of Commons. + +=The British Parliamentary System.=--The peculiarities of the British +Parliament at the time made smooth the way for the king and his allies +with their designs for controlling the entire government. In the first +place, the House of Lords was composed mainly of hereditary nobles whose +number the king could increase by the appointment of his favorites, as +of old. Though the members of the House of Commons were elected by +popular vote, they did not speak for the mass of English people. Great +towns like Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham, for example, had no +representatives at all. While there were about eight million inhabitants +in Great Britain, there were in 1768 only about 160,000 voters; that is +to say, only about one in every ten adult males had a voice in the +government. Many boroughs returned one or more members to the Commons +although they had merely a handful of voters or in some instances no +voters at all. Furthermore, these tiny boroughs were often controlled by +lords who openly sold the right of representation to the highest bidder. +The "rotten-boroughs," as they were called by reformers, were a public +scandal, but George III readily made use of them to get his friends into +the House of Commons. + + +GEORGE III'S MINISTERS AND THEIR COLONIAL POLICIES + +=Grenville and the War Debt.=--Within a year after the accession of +George III, William Pitt was turned out of office, the king treating him +with "gross incivility" and the crowds shouting "Pitt forever!" The +direction of affairs was entrusted to men enjoying the king's +confidence. Leadership in the House of Commons fell to George Grenville, +a grave and laborious man who for years had groaned over the increasing +cost of government. + +The first task after the conclusion of peace in 1763 was the adjustment +of the disordered finances of the kingdom. The debt stood at the highest +point in the history of the country. More revenue was absolutely +necessary and Grenville began to search for it, turning his attention +finally to the American colonies. In this quest he had the aid of a +zealous colleague, Charles Townshend, who had long been in public +service and was familiar with the difficulties encountered by royal +governors in America. These two men, with the support of the entire +ministry, inaugurated in February, 1763, "a new system of colonial +government. It was announced by authority that there were to be no more +requisitions from the king to the colonial assemblies for supplies, but +that the colonies were to be taxed instead by act of Parliament. +Colonial governors and judges were to be paid by the Crown; they were to +be supported by a standing army of twenty regiments; and all the +expenses of this force were to be met by parliamentary taxation." + +=Restriction of Paper Money (1763).=--Among the many complaints filed +before the board of trade were vigorous protests against the issuance of +paper money by the colonial legislatures. The new ministry provided a +remedy in the act of 1763, which declared void all colonial laws +authorizing paper money or extending the life of outstanding bills. This +law was aimed at the "cheap money" which the Americans were fond of +making when specie was scarce--money which they tried to force on their +English creditors in return for goods and in payment of the interest and +principal of debts. Thus the first chapter was written in the long +battle over sound money on this continent. + +=Limitation on Western Land Sales.=--Later in the same year (1763) +George III issued a royal proclamation providing, among other things, +for the government of the territory recently acquired by the treaty of +Paris from the French. One of the provisions in this royal decree +touched frontiersmen to the quick. The contests between the king's +officers and the colonists over the disposition of western lands had +been long and sharp. The Americans chafed at restrictions on +settlement. The more adventurous were continually moving west and +"squatting" on land purchased from the Indians or simply seized without +authority. To put an end to this, the king forbade all further purchases +from the Indians, reserving to the crown the right to acquire such lands +and dispose of them for settlement. A second provision in the same +proclamation vested the power of licensing trade with the Indians, +including the lucrative fur business, in the hands of royal officers in +the colonies. These two limitations on American freedom and enterprise +were declared to be in the interest of the crown and for the +preservation of the rights of the Indians against fraud and abuses. + +=The Sugar Act of 1764.=--King George's ministers next turned their +attention to measures of taxation and trade. Since the heavy debt under +which England was laboring had been largely incurred in the defense of +America, nothing seemed more reasonable to them than the proposition +that the colonies should help to bear the burden which fell so heavily +upon the English taxpayer. The Sugar Act of 1764 was the result of this +reasoning. There was no doubt about the purpose of this law, for it was +set forth clearly in the title: "An act for granting certain duties in +the British colonies and plantations in America ... for applying the +produce of such duties ... towards defraying the expenses of defending, +protecting and securing the said colonies and plantations ... and for +more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and +from the said colonies and plantations and improving and securing the +trade between the same and Great Britain." The old Molasses Act had been +prohibitive; the Sugar Act of 1764 was clearly intended as a revenue +measure. Specified duties were laid upon sugar, indigo, calico, silks, +and many other commodities imported into the colonies. The enforcement +of the Molasses Act had been utterly neglected; but this Sugar Act had +"teeth in it." Special precautions as to bonds, security, and +registration of ship masters, accompanied by heavy penalties, promised +a vigorous execution of the new revenue law. + +The strict terms of the Sugar Act were strengthened by administrative +measures. Under a law of the previous year the commanders of armed +vessels stationed along the American coast were authorized to stop, +search, and, on suspicion, seize merchant ships approaching colonial +ports. By supplementary orders, the entire British official force in +America was instructed to be diligent in the execution of all trade and +navigation laws. Revenue collectors, officers of the army and navy, and +royal governors were curtly ordered to the front to do their full duty +in the matter of law enforcement. The ordinary motives for the discharge +of official obligations were sharpened by an appeal to avarice, for +naval officers who seized offenders against the law were rewarded by +large prizes out of the forfeitures and penalties. + +=The Stamp Act (1765).=--The Grenville-Townshend combination moved +steadily towards its goal. While the Sugar Act was under consideration +in Parliament, Grenville announced a plan for a stamp bill. The next +year it went through both Houses with a speed that must have astounded +its authors. The vote in the Commons stood 205 in favor to 49 against; +while in the Lords it was not even necessary to go through the formality +of a count. As George III was temporarily insane, the measure received +royal assent by a commission acting as a board of regency. Protests of +colonial agents in London were futile. "We might as well have hindered +the sun's progress!" exclaimed Franklin. Protests of a few opponents in +the Commons were equally vain. The ministry was firm in its course and +from all appearances the Stamp Act hardly roused as much as a languid +interest in the city of London. In fact, it is recorded that the fateful +measure attracted less notice than a bill providing for a commission to +act for the king when he was incapacitated. + +The Stamp Act, like the Sugar Act, declared the purpose of the British +government to raise revenue in America "towards defraying the expenses +of defending, protecting, and securing the British colonies and +plantations in America." It was a long measure of more than fifty +sections, carefully planned and skillfully drawn. By its provisions +duties were imposed on practically all papers used in legal +transactions,--deeds, mortgages, inventories, writs, bail bonds,--on +licenses to practice law and sell liquor, on college diplomas, playing +cards, dice, pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, calendars, and +advertisements. The drag net was closely knit, for scarcely anything +escaped. + +=The Quartering Act (1765).=--The ministers were aware that the Stamp +Act would rouse opposition in America--how great they could not +conjecture. While the measure was being debated, a friend of General +Wolfe, Colonel Barre, who knew America well, gave them an ominous +warning in the Commons. "Believe me--remember I this day told you so--" +he exclaimed, "the same spirit of freedom which actuated that people at +first will accompany them still ... a people jealous of their liberties +and who will vindicate them, if ever they should be violated." The +answer of the ministry to a prophecy of force was a threat of force. +Preparations were accordingly made to dispatch a larger number of +soldiers than usual to the colonies, and the ink was hardly dry on the +Stamp Act when Parliament passed the Quartering Act ordering the +colonists to provide accommodations for the soldiers who were to enforce +the new laws. "We have the power to tax them," said one of the ministry, +"and we will tax them." + + +COLONIAL RESISTANCE FORCES REPEAL + +=Popular Opposition.=--The Stamp Act was greeted in America by an +outburst of denunciation. The merchants of the seaboard cities took the +lead in making a dignified but unmistakable protest, agreeing not to +import British goods while the hated law stood upon the books. Lawyers, +some of them incensed at the heavy taxes on their operations and others +intimidated by patriots who refused to permit them to use stamped +papers, joined with the merchants. Aristocratic colonial Whigs, who had +long grumbled at the administration of royal governors, protested +against taxation without their consent, as the Whigs had done in old +England. There were Tories, however, in the colonies as in England--many +of them of the official class--who denounced the merchants, lawyers, and +Whig aristocrats as "seditious, factious and republican." Yet the +opposition to the Stamp Act and its accompanying measure, the Quartering +Act, grew steadily all through the summer of 1765. + +In a little while it was taken up in the streets and along the +countryside. All through the North and in some of the Southern colonies, +there sprang up, as if by magic, committees and societies pledged to +resist the Stamp Act to the bitter end. These popular societies were +known as Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty: the former including +artisans, mechanics, and laborers; and the latter, patriotic women. Both +groups were alike in that they had as yet taken little part in public +affairs. Many artisans, as well as all the women, were excluded from the +right to vote for colonial assemblymen. + +While the merchants and Whig gentlemen confined their efforts chiefly to +drafting well-phrased protests against British measures, the Sons of +Liberty operated in the streets and chose rougher measures. They stirred +up riots in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston when attempts +were made to sell the stamps. They sacked and burned the residences of +high royal officers. They organized committees of inquisition who by +threats and intimidation curtailed the sale of British goods and the use +of stamped papers. In fact, the Sons of Liberty carried their operations +to such excesses that many mild opponents of the stamp tax were +frightened and drew back in astonishment at the forces they had +unloosed. The Daughters of Liberty in a quieter way were making a very +effective resistance to the sale of the hated goods by spurring on +domestic industries, their own particular province being the manufacture +of clothing, and devising substitutes for taxed foods. They helped to +feed and clothe their families without buying British goods. + +=Legislative Action against the Stamp Act.=--Leaders in the colonial +assemblies, accustomed to battle against British policies, supported the +popular protest. The Stamp Act was signed on March 22, 1765. On May 30, +the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a set of resolutions declaring +that the General Assembly of the colony alone had the right to lay taxes +upon the inhabitants and that attempts to impose them otherwise were +"illegal, unconstitutional, and unjust." It was in support of these +resolutions that Patrick Henry uttered the immortal challenge: "Caesar +had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III...." Cries of +"Treason" were calmly met by the orator who finished: "George III may +profit by their example. If that be treason, make the most of it." + +[Illustration: PATRICK HENRY] + +=The Stamp Act Congress.=--The Massachusetts Assembly answered the call +of Virginia by inviting the colonies to elect delegates to a Congress to +be held in New York to discuss the situation. Nine colonies responded +and sent representatives. The delegates, while professing the warmest +affection for the king's person and government, firmly spread on record +a series of resolutions that admitted of no double meaning. They +declared that taxes could not be imposed without their consent, given +through their respective colonial assemblies; that the Stamp Act showed +a tendency to subvert their rights and liberties; that the recent trade +acts were burdensome and grievous; and that the right to petition the +king and Parliament was their heritage. They thereupon made "humble +supplication" for the repeal of the Stamp Act. + +The Stamp Act Congress was more than an assembly of protest. It marked +the rise of a new agency of government to express the will of America. +It was the germ of a government which in time was to supersede the +government of George III in the colonies. It foreshadowed the Congress +of the United States under the Constitution. It was a successful attempt +at union. "There ought to be no New England men," declared Christopher +Gadsden, in the Stamp Act Congress, "no New Yorkers known on the +Continent, but all of us Americans." + +=The Repeal of the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act.=--The effect of American +resistance on opinion in England was telling. Commerce with the colonies +had been effectively boycotted by the Americans; ships lay idly swinging +at the wharves; bankruptcy threatened hundreds of merchants in London, +Bristol, and Liverpool. Workingmen in the manufacturing towns of England +were thrown out of employment. The government had sown folly and was +reaping, in place of the coveted revenue, rebellion. + +Perplexed by the storm they had raised, the ministers summoned to the +bar of the House of Commons, Benjamin Franklin, the agent for +Pennsylvania, who was in London. "Do you think it right," asked +Grenville, "that America should be protected by this country and pay no +part of the expenses?" The answer was brief: "That is not the case; the +colonies raised, clothed, and paid during the last war twenty-five +thousand men and spent many millions." Then came an inquiry whether the +colonists would accept a modified stamp act. "No, never," replied +Franklin, "never! They will never submit to it!" It was next suggested +that military force might compel obedience to law. Franklin had a ready +answer. "They cannot force a man to take stamps.... They may not find a +rebellion; they may, indeed, make one." + +The repeal of the Stamp Act was moved in the House of Commons a few days +later. The sponsor for the repeal spoke of commerce interrupted, debts +due British merchants placed in jeopardy, Manchester industries closed, +workingmen unemployed, oppression instituted, and the loss of the +colonies threatened. Pitt and Edmund Burke, the former near the close +of his career, the latter just beginning his, argued cogently in favor +of retracing the steps taken the year before. Grenville refused. +"America must learn," he wailed, "that prayers are not to be brought to +Caesar through riot and sedition." His protests were idle. The Commons +agreed to the repeal on February 22, 1766, amid the cheers of the +victorious majority. It was carried through the Lords in the face of +strong opposition and, on March 18, reluctantly signed by the king, now +restored to his right mind. + +In rescinding the Stamp Act, Parliament did not admit the contention of +the Americans that it was without power to tax them. On the contrary, it +accompanied the repeal with a Declaratory Act. It announced that the +colonies were subordinate to the crown and Parliament of Great Britain; +that the king and Parliament therefore had undoubted authority to make +laws binding the colonies in all cases whatsoever; and that the +resolutions and proceedings of the colonists denying such authority were +null and void. + +The repeal was greeted by the colonists with great popular +demonstrations. Bells were rung; toasts to the king were drunk; and +trade resumed its normal course. The Declaratory Act, as a mere paper +resolution, did not disturb the good humor of those who again cheered +the name of King George. Their confidence was soon strengthened by the +news that even the Sugar Act had been repealed, thus practically +restoring the condition of affairs before Grenville and Townshend +inaugurated their policy of "thoroughness." + + +RESUMPTION OF BRITISH REVENUE AND COMMERCIAL POLICIES + +=The Townshend Acts (1767).=--The triumph of the colonists was brief. +Though Pitt, the friend of America, was once more prime minister, and +seated in the House of Lords as the Earl of Chatham, his severe illness +gave to Townshend and the Tory party practical control over Parliament. +Unconvinced by the experience with the Stamp Act, Townshend brought +forward and pushed through both Houses of Parliament three measures, +which to this day are associated with his name. First among his +restrictive laws was that of June 29, 1767, which placed the enforcement +of the collection of duties and customs on colonial imports and exports +in the hands of British commissioners appointed by the king, resident in +the colonies, paid from the British treasury, and independent of all +control by the colonists. The second measure of the same date imposed a +tax on lead, glass, paint, tea, and a few other articles imported into +the colonies, the revenue derived from the duties to be applied toward +the payment of the salaries and other expenses of royal colonial +officials. A third measure was the Tea Act of July 2, 1767, aimed at the +tea trade which the Americans carried on illegally with foreigners. This +law abolished the duty which the East India Company had to pay in +England on tea exported to America, for it was thought that English tea +merchants might thus find it possible to undersell American tea +smugglers. + +=Writs of Assistance Legalized by Parliament.=--Had Parliament been +content with laying duties, just as a manifestation of power and right, +and neglected their collection, perhaps little would have been heard of +the Townshend Acts. It provided, however, for the strict, even the +harsh, enforcement of the law. It ordered customs officers to remain at +their posts and put an end to smuggling. In the revenue act of June 29, +1767, it expressly authorized the superior courts of the colonies to +issue "writs of assistance," empowering customs officers to enter "any +house, warehouse, shop, cellar, or other place in the British colonies +or plantations in America to search for and seize" prohibited or +smuggled goods. + +The writ of assistance, which was a general search warrant issued to +revenue officers, was an ancient device hateful to a people who +cherished the spirit of personal independence and who had made actual +gains in the practice of civil liberty. To allow a "minion of the law" +to enter a man's house and search his papers and premises, was too much +for the emotions of people who had fled to America in a quest for +self-government and free homes, who had braved such hardships to +establish them, and who wanted to trade without official interference. + +The writ of assistance had been used in Massachusetts in 1755 to prevent +illicit trade with Canada and had aroused a violent hostility at that +time. In 1761 it was again the subject of a bitter controversy which +arose in connection with the application of a customs officer to a +Massachusetts court for writs of assistance "as usual." This application +was vainly opposed by James Otis in a speech of five hours' duration--a +speech of such fire and eloquence that it sent every man who heard it +away "ready to take up arms against writs of assistance." Otis denounced +the practice as an exercise of arbitrary power which had cost one king +his head and another his throne, a tyrant's device which placed the +liberty of every man in jeopardy, enabling any petty officer to work +possible malice on any innocent citizen on the merest suspicion, and to +spread terror and desolation through the land. "What a scene," he +exclaimed, "does this open! Every man, prompted by revenge, ill-humor, +or wantonness to inspect the inside of his neighbor's house, may get a +writ of assistance. Others will ask it from self-defense; one arbitrary +exertion will provoke another until society is involved in tumult and +blood." He did more than attack the writ itself. He said that Parliament +could not establish it because it was against the British constitution. +This was an assertion resting on slender foundation, but it was quickly +echoed by the people. Then and there James Otis sounded the call to +America to resist the exercise of arbitrary power by royal officers. +"Then and there," wrote John Adams, "the child Independence was born." +Such was the hated writ that Townshend proposed to put into the hands of +customs officers in his grim determination to enforce the law. + +=The New York Assembly Suspended.=--In the very month that Townshend's +Acts were signed by the king, Parliament took a still more drastic step. +The assembly of New York, protesting against the "ruinous and +insupportable" expense involved, had failed to make provision for the +care of British troops in accordance with the terms of the Quartering +Act. Parliament therefore suspended the assembly until it promised to +obey the law. It was not until a third election was held that compliance +with the Quartering Act was wrung from the reluctant province. In the +meantime, all the colonies had learned on how frail a foundation their +representative bodies rested. + + +RENEWED RESISTANCE IN AMERICA + +=The Massachusetts Circular (1768).=--Massachusetts, under the +leadership of Samuel Adams, resolved to resist the policy of renewed +intervention in America. At his suggestion the assembly adopted a +Circular Letter addressed to the assemblies of the other colonies +informing them of the state of affairs in Massachusetts and roundly +condemning the whole British program. The Circular Letter declared that +Parliament had no right to lay taxes on Americans without their consent +and that the colonists could not, from the nature of the case, be +represented in Parliament. It went on shrewdly to submit to +consideration the question as to whether any people could be called free +who were subjected to governors and judges appointed by the crown and +paid out of funds raised independently. It invited the other colonies, +in the most temperate tones, to take thought about the common +predicament in which they were all placed. + +[Illustration: _From an old print._ + +SAMUEL ADAMS] + +=The Dissolution of Assemblies.=--The governor of Massachusetts, hearing +of the Circular Letter, ordered the assembly to rescind its appeal. On +meeting refusal, he promptly dissolved it. The Maryland, Georgia, and +South Carolina assemblies indorsed the Circular Letter and were also +dissolved at once. The Virginia House of Burgesses, thoroughly aroused, +passed resolutions on May 16, 1769, declaring that the sole right of +imposing taxes in Virginia was vested in its legislature, asserting anew +the right of petition to the crown, condemning the transportation of +persons accused of crimes or trial beyond the seas, and beseeching the +king for a redress of the general grievances. The immediate dissolution +of the Virginia assembly, in its turn, was the answer of the royal +governor. + +=The Boston Massacre.=--American opposition to the British authorities +kept steadily rising as assemblies were dissolved, the houses of +citizens searched, and troops distributed in increasing numbers among +the centers of discontent. Merchants again agreed not to import British +goods, the Sons of Liberty renewed their agitation, and women set about +the patronage of home products still more loyally. + +On the night of March 5, 1770, a crowd on the streets of Boston began to +jostle and tease some British regulars stationed in the town. Things +went from bad to worse until some "boys and young fellows" began to +throw snowballs and stones. Then the exasperated soldiers fired into the +crowd, killing five and wounding half a dozen more. The day after the +"massacre," a mass meeting was held in the town and Samuel Adams was +sent to demand the withdrawal of the soldiers. The governor hesitated +and tried to compromise. Finding Adams relentless, the governor yielded +and ordered the regulars away. + +The Boston Massacre stirred the country from New Hampshire to Georgia. +Popular passions ran high. The guilty soldiers were charged with murder. +Their defense was undertaken, in spite of the wrath of the populace, by +John Adams and Josiah Quincy, who as lawyers thought even the worst + +offenders entitled to their full rights in law. In his speech to the +jury, however, Adams warned the British government against its course, +saying, that "from the nature of things soldiers quartered in a populous +town will always occasion two mobs where they will prevent one." Two of +the soldiers were convicted and lightly punished. + +=Resistance in the South.=--The year following the Boston Massacre some +citizens of North Carolina, goaded by the conduct of the royal governor, +openly resisted his authority. Many were killed as a result and seven +who were taken prisoners were hanged as traitors. A little later royal +troops and local militia met in a pitched battle near Alamance River, +called the "Lexington of the South." + +=The _Gaspee_ Affair and the Virginia Resolutions of 1773.=--On sea as +well as on land, friction between the royal officers and the colonists +broke out into overt acts. While patrolling Narragansett Bay looking for +smugglers one day in 1772, the armed ship, _Gaspee_, ran ashore and was +caught fast. During the night several men from Providence boarded the +vessel and, after seizing the crew, set it on fire. A royal commission, +sent to Rhode Island to discover the offenders and bring them to +account, failed because it could not find a single informer. The very +appointment of such a commission aroused the patriots of Virginia to +action; and in March, 1773, the House of Burgesses passed a resolution +creating a standing committee of correspondence to develop cooperation +among the colonies in resistance to British measures. + +=The Boston Tea Party.=--Although the British government, finding the +Townshend revenue act a failure, repealed in 1770 all the duties except +that on tea, it in no way relaxed its resolve to enforce the other +commercial regulations it had imposed on the colonies. Moreover, +Parliament decided to relieve the British East India Company of the +financial difficulties into which it had fallen partly by reason of the +Tea Act and the colonial boycott that followed. In 1773 it agreed to +return to the Company the regular import duties, levied in England, on +all tea transshipped to America. A small impost of three pence, to be +collected in America, was left as a reminder of the principle laid down +in the Declaratory Act that Parliament had the right to tax the +colonists. + +This arrangement with the East India Company was obnoxious to the +colonists for several reasons. It was an act of favoritism for one +thing, in the interest of a great monopoly. For another thing, it +promised to dump on the American market, suddenly, an immense amount of +cheap tea and so cause heavy losses to American merchants who had large +stocks on hand. It threatened with ruin the business of all those who +were engaged in clandestine trade with the Dutch. It carried with it an +irritating tax of three pence on imports. In Charleston, Annapolis, New +York, and Boston, captains of ships who brought tea under this act were +roughly handled. One night in December, 1773, a band of Boston citizens, +disguised as Indians, boarded the hated tea ships and dumped the cargo +into the harbor. This was serious business, for it was open, flagrant, +determined violation of the law. As such the British government viewed +it. + + +RETALIATION BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT + +=Reception of the News of the Tea Riot.=--The news of the tea riot in +Boston confirmed King George in his conviction that there should be no +soft policy in dealing with his American subjects. "The die is cast," he +stated with evident satisfaction. "The colonies must either triumph or +submit.... If we take the resolute part, they will undoubtedly be very +meek." Lord George Germain characterized the tea party as "the +proceedings of a tumultuous and riotous rabble who ought, if they had +the least prudence, to follow their mercantile employments and not +trouble themselves with politics and government, which they do not +understand." This expressed, in concise form, exactly the sentiments of +Lord North, who had then for three years been the king's chief minister. +Even Pitt, Lord Chatham, was prepared to support the government in +upholding its authority. + +=The Five Intolerable Acts.=--Parliament, beginning on March 31, 1774, +passed five stringent measures, known in American history as the five +"intolerable acts." They were aimed at curing the unrest in America. The +_first_ of them was a bill absolutely shutting the port of Boston to +commerce with the outside world. The _second_, following closely, +revoked the Massachusetts charter of 1691 and provided furthermore that +the councilors should be appointed by the king, that all judges should +be named by the royal governor, and that town meetings (except to elect +certain officers) could not be held without the governor's consent. A +_third_ measure, after denouncing the "utter subversion of all lawful +government" in the provinces, authorized royal agents to transfer to +Great Britain or to other colonies the trials of officers or other +persons accused of murder in connection with the enforcement of the law. +The _fourth_ act legalized the quartering of troops in Massachusetts +towns. The _fifth_ of the measures was the Quebec Act, which granted +religious toleration to the Catholics in Canada, extended the boundaries +of Quebec southward to the Ohio River, and established, in this western +region, government by a viceroy. + +The intolerable acts went through Parliament with extraordinary +celerity. There was an opposition, alert and informed; but it was +ineffective. Burke spoke eloquently against the Boston port bill, +condemning it roundly for punishing the innocent with the guilty, and +showing how likely it was to bring grave consequences in its train. He +was heard with respect and his pleas were rejected. The bill passed both +houses without a division, the entry "unanimous" being made upon their +journals although it did not accurately represent the state of opinion. +The law destroying the charter of Massachusetts passed the Commons by a +vote of three to one; and the third intolerable act by a vote of four to +one. The triumph of the ministry was complete. "What passed in Boston," +exclaimed the great jurist, Lord Mansfield, "is the overt act of High +Treason proceeding from our over lenity and want of foresight." The +crown and Parliament were united in resorting to punitive measures. + +In the colonies the laws were received with consternation. To the +American Protestants, the Quebec Act was the most offensive. That +project they viewed not as an act of grace or of mercy but as a direct +attempt to enlist French Canadians on the side of Great Britain. The +British government did not grant religious toleration to Catholics +either at home or in Ireland and the Americans could see no good motive +in granting it in North America. The act was also offensive because +Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia had, under their charters, +large claims in the territory thus annexed to Quebec. + +To enforce these intolerable acts the military arm of the British +government was brought into play. The commander-in-chief of the armed +forces in America, General Gage, was appointed governor of +Massachusetts. Reinforcements were brought to the colonies, for now King +George was to give "the rebels," as he called them, a taste of strong +medicine. The majesty of his law was to be vindicated by force. + + +FROM REFORM TO REVOLUTION IN AMERICA + +=The Doctrine of Natural Rights.=--The dissolution of assemblies, the +destruction of charters, and the use of troops produced in the colonies +a new phase in the struggle. In the early days of the contest with the +British ministry, the Americans spoke of their "rights as Englishmen" +and condemned the acts of Parliament as unlawful, as violating the +principles of the English constitution under which they all lived. When +they saw that such arguments had no effect on Parliament, they turned +for support to their "natural rights." The latter doctrine, in the form +in which it was employed by the colonists, was as English as the +constitutional argument. John Locke had used it with good effect in +defense of the English revolution in the seventeenth century. American +leaders, familiar with the writings of Locke, also took up his thesis in +the hour of their distress. They openly declared that their rights did +not rest after all upon the English constitution or a charter from the +crown. "Old Magna Carta was not the beginning of all things," retorted +Otis when the constitutional argument failed. "A time may come when +Parliament shall declare every American charter void, but the natural, +inherent, and inseparable rights of the colonists as men and as citizens +would remain and whatever became of charters can never be abolished +until the general conflagration." Of the same opinion was the young and +impetuous Alexander Hamilton. "The sacred rights of mankind," he +exclaimed, "are not to be rummaged for among old parchments or musty +records. They are written as with a sunbeam in the whole volume of human +destiny by the hand of divinity itself, and can never be erased or +obscured by mortal power." + +Firm as the American leaders were in the statement and defense of their +rights, there is every reason for believing that in the beginning they +hoped to confine the conflict to the realm of opinion. They constantly +avowed that they were loyal to the king when protesting in the strongest +language against his policies. Even Otis, regarded by the loyalists as a +firebrand, was in fact attempting to avert revolution by winning +concessions from England. "I argue this cause with the greater +pleasure," he solemnly urged in his speech against the writs of +assistance, "as it is in favor of British liberty ... and as it is in +opposition to a kind of power, the exercise of which in former periods +cost one king of England his head and another his throne." + +=Burke Offers the Doctrine of Conciliation.=--The flooding tide of +American sentiment was correctly measured by one Englishman at least, +Edmund Burke, who quickly saw that attempts to restrain the rise of +American democracy were efforts to reverse the processes of nature. He +saw how fixed and rooted in the nature of things was the American +spirit--how inevitable, how irresistible. He warned his countrymen that +there were three ways of handling the delicate situation--and only +three. One was to remove the cause of friction by changing the spirit of +the colonists--an utter impossibility because that spirit was grounded +in the essential circumstances of American life. The second was to +prosecute American leaders as criminals; of this he begged his +countrymen to beware lest the colonists declare that "a government +against which a claim of liberty is tantamount to high treason is a +government to which submission is equivalent to slavery." The third and +right way to meet the problem, Burke concluded, was to accept the +American spirit, repeal the obnoxious measures, and receive the colonies +into equal partnership. + +=Events Produce the Great Decision.=--The right way, indicated by Burke, +was equally impossible to George III and the majority in Parliament. To +their narrow minds, American opinion was contemptible and American +resistance unlawful, riotous, and treasonable. The correct way, in their +view, was to dispatch more troops to crush the "rebels"; and that very +act took the contest from the realm of opinion. As John Adams said: +"Facts are stubborn things." Opinions were unseen, but marching soldiers +were visible to the veriest street urchin. "Now," said Gouverneur +Morris, "the sheep, simple as they are, cannot be gulled as heretofore." +It was too late to talk about the excellence of the British +constitution. If any one is bewildered by the controversies of modern +historians as to why the crisis came at last, he can clarify his +understanding by reading again Edmund Burke's stately oration, _On +Conciliation with America_. + + +=References= + +G.L. Beer, _British Colonial Policy_ (1754-63). + +E. Channing, _History of the United States_, Vol. III. + +R. Frothingham, _Rise of the Republic_. + +G.E. Howard, _Preliminaries of the Revolution_ (American Nation Series). + +J.K. Hosmer, _Samuel Adams_. + +J.T. Morse, _Benjamin Franklin_. + +M.C. Tyler, _Patrick Henry_. + +J.A. Woodburn (editor), _The American Revolution_ (Selections from the +English work by Lecky). + + +=Questions= + +1. Show how the character of George III made for trouble with the +colonies. + +2. Explain why the party and parliamentary systems of England favored +the plans of George III. + +3. How did the state of English finances affect English policy? + +4. Enumerate five important measures of the English government affecting +the colonies between 1763 and 1765. Explain each in detail. + +5. Describe American resistance to the Stamp Act. What was the outcome? + +6. Show how England renewed her policy of regulation in 1767. + +7. Summarize the events connected with American resistance. + +8. With what measures did Great Britain retaliate? + +9. Contrast "constitutional" with "natural" rights. + +10. What solution did Burke offer? Why was it rejected? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Powers Conferred on Revenue Officers by Writs of Assistance.=--See a +writ in Macdonald, _Source Book_, p. 109. + +=The Acts of Parliament Respecting America.=--Macdonald, pp. 117-146. +Assign one to each student for report and comment. + +=Source Studies on the Stamp Act.=--Hart, _American History Told by +Contemporaries_, Vol. II, pp. 394-412. + +=Source Studies of the Townshend Acts.=--Hart, Vol. II, pp. 413-433. + +=American Principles.=--Prepare a table of them from the Resolutions of +the Stamp Act Congress and the Massachusetts Circular. Macdonald, pp. +136-146. + +=An English Historian's View of the Period.=--Green, _Short History of +England_, Chap. X. + +=English Policy Not Injurious to America.=--Callender, _Economic +History_, pp. 85-121. + +=A Review of English Policy.=--Woodrow Wilson, _History of the American +People_, Vol. II, pp. 129-170. + +=The Opening of the Revolution.=--Elson, _History of the United States_, +pp. 220-235. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION + + +RESISTANCE AND RETALIATION + +=The Continental Congress.=--When the news of the "intolerable acts" +reached America, every one knew what strong medicine Parliament was +prepared to administer to all those who resisted its authority. The +cause of Massachusetts became the cause of all the colonies. Opposition +to British policy, hitherto local and spasmodic, now took on a national +character. To local committees and provincial conventions was added a +Continental Congress, appropriately called by Massachusetts on June 17, +1774, at the instigation of Samuel Adams. The response to the summons +was electric. By hurried and irregular methods delegates were elected +during the summer, and on September 5 the Congress duly assembled in +Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia. Many of the greatest men in America +were there--George Washington and Patrick Henry from Virginia and John +and Samuel Adams from Massachusetts. Every shade of opinion was +represented. Some were impatient with mild devices; the majority favored +moderation. + +The Congress drew up a declaration of American rights and stated in +clear and dignified language the grievances of the colonists. It +approved the resistance to British measures offered by Massachusetts and +promised the united support of all sections. It prepared an address to +King George and another to the people of England, disavowing the idea of +independence but firmly attacking the policies pursued by the British +government. + +=The Non-Importation Agreement.=--The Congress was not content, however, +with professions of faith and with petitions. It took one revolutionary +step. It agreed to stop the importation of British goods into America, +and the enforcement of this agreement it placed in the hands of local +"committees of safety and inspection," to be elected by the qualified +voters. The significance of this action is obvious. Congress threw +itself athwart British law. It made a rule to bind American citizens and +to be carried into effect by American officers. It set up a state within +the British state and laid down a test of allegiance to the new order. +The colonists, who up to this moment had been wavering, had to choose +one authority or the other. They were for the enforcement of the +non-importation agreement or they were against it. They either bought +English goods or they did not. In the spirit of the toast--"May Britain +be wise and America be free"--the first Continental Congress adjourned +in October, having appointed the tenth of May following for the meeting +of a second Congress, should necessity require. + +=Lord North's "Olive Branch."=--When the news of the action of the +American Congress reached England, Pitt and Burke warmly urged a repeal +of the obnoxious laws, but in vain. All they could wring from the prime +minister, Lord North, was a set of "conciliatory resolutions" proposing +to relieve from taxation any colony that would assume its share of +imperial defense and make provision for supporting the local officers of +the crown. This "olive branch" was accompanied by a resolution assuring +the king of support at all hazards in suppressing the rebellion and by +the restraining act of March 30, 1775, which in effect destroyed the +commerce of New England. + +=Bloodshed at Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775).=--Meanwhile the +British authorities in Massachusetts relaxed none of their efforts in +upholding British sovereignty. General Gage, hearing that military +stores had been collected at Concord, dispatched a small force to seize +them. By this act he precipitated the conflict he had sought to avoid. +At Lexington, on the road to Concord, occurred "the little thing" that +produced "the great event." An unexpected collision beyond the thought +or purpose of any man had transferred the contest from the forum to the +battle field. + +=The Second Continental Congress.=--Though blood had been shed and war +was actually at hand, the second Continental Congress, which met at +Philadelphia in May, 1775, was not yet convinced that conciliation was +beyond human power. It petitioned the king to interpose on behalf of the +colonists in order that the empire might avoid the calamities of civil +war. On the last day of July, it made a temperate but firm answer to +Lord North's offer of conciliation, stating that the proposal was +unsatisfactory because it did not renounce the right to tax or repeal +the offensive acts of Parliament. + +=Force, the British Answer.=--Just as the representatives of America +were about to present the last petition of Congress to the king on +August 23, 1775, George III issued a proclamation of rebellion. This +announcement declared that the colonists, "misled by dangerous and +ill-designing men," were in a state of insurrection; it called on the +civil and military powers to bring "the traitors to justice"; and it +threatened with "condign punishment the authors, perpetrators, and +abettors of such traitorous designs." It closed with the usual prayer: +"God, save the king." Later in the year, Parliament passed a sweeping +act destroying all trade and intercourse with America. Congress was +silent at last. Force was also America's answer. + + +AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE + +=Drifting into War.=--Although the Congress had not given up all hope of +reconciliation in the spring and summer of 1775, it had firmly resolved +to defend American rights by arms if necessary. It transformed the +militiamen who had assembled near Boston, after the battle of Lexington, +into a Continental army and selected Washington as commander-in-chief. +It assumed the powers of a government and prepared to raise money, wage +war, and carry on diplomatic relations with foreign countries. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +SPIRIT OF 1776] + +Events followed thick and fast. On June 17, the American militia, by +the stubborn defense of Bunker Hill, showed that it could make British +regulars pay dearly for all they got. On July 3, Washington took command +of the army at Cambridge. In January, 1776, after bitter disappointments +in drumming up recruits for its army in England, Scotland, and Ireland, +the British government concluded a treaty with the Landgrave of +Hesse-Cassel in Germany contracting, at a handsome figure, for thousands +of soldiers and many pieces of cannon. This was the crowning insult to +America. Such was the view of all friends of the colonies on both sides +of the water. Such was, long afterward, the judgment of the conservative +historian Lecky: "The conduct of England in hiring German mercenaries to +subdue the essentially English population beyond the Atlantic made +reconciliation hopeless and independence inevitable." The news of this +wretched transaction in German soldiers had hardly reached America +before there ran all down the coast the thrilling story that Washington +had taken Boston, on March 17, 1776, compelling Lord Howe to sail with +his entire army for Halifax. + +=The Growth of Public Sentiment in Favor of Independence.=--Events were +bearing the Americans away from their old position under the British +constitution toward a final separation. Slowly and against their +desires, prudent and honorable men, who cherished the ties that united +them to the old order and dreaded with genuine horror all thought of +revolution, were drawn into the path that led to the great decision. In +all parts of the country and among all classes, the question of the hour +was being debated. "American independence," as the historian Bancroft +says, "was not an act of sudden passion nor the work of one man or one +assembly. It had been discussed in every part of the country by farmers +and merchants, by mechanics and planters, by the fishermen along the +coast and the backwoodsmen of the West; in town meetings and from the +pulpit; at social gatherings and around the camp fires; in county +conventions and conferences or committees; in colonial congresses and +assemblies." + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +THOMAS PAINE] + +=Paine's "Commonsense."=--In the midst of this ferment of American +opinion, a bold and eloquent pamphleteer broke in upon the hesitating +public with a program for absolute independence, without fears and +without apologies. In the early days of 1776, Thomas Paine issued the +first of his famous tracts, "Commonsense," a passionate attack upon the +British monarchy and an equally passionate plea for American liberty. +Casting aside the language of petition with which Americans had hitherto +addressed George III, Paine went to the other extreme and assailed him +with many a violent epithet. He condemned monarchy itself as a system +which had laid the world "in blood and ashes." Instead of praising the +British constitution under which colonists had been claiming their +rights, he brushed it aside as ridiculous, protesting that it was "owing +to the constitution of the people, not to the constitution of the +government, that the Crown is not as oppressive in England as in +Turkey." + +Having thus summarily swept away the grounds of allegiance to the old +order, Paine proceeded relentlessly to an argument for immediate +separation from Great Britain. There was nothing in the sphere of +practical interest, he insisted, which should bind the colonies to the +mother country. Allegiance to her had been responsible for the many wars +in which they had been involved. Reasons of trade were not less weighty +in behalf of independence. "Our corn will fetch its price in any market +in Europe and our imported goods must be paid for, buy them where we +will." As to matters of government, "it is not in the power of Britain +to do this continent justice; the business of it will soon be too +weighty and intricate to be managed with any tolerable degree of +convenience by a power so distant from us and so very ignorant of us." + +There is accordingly no alternative to independence for America. +"Everything that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of +the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries ''tis time to part.' ... +Arms, the last resort, must decide the contest; the appeal was the +choice of the king and the continent hath accepted the challenge.... The +sun never shone on a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a +city, a county, a province or a kingdom, but of a continent.... 'Tis not +the concern of a day, a year or an age; posterity is involved in the +contest and will be more or less affected to the end of time by the +proceedings now. Now is the seed-time of Continental union, faith, and +honor.... O! ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose not only the +tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth.... Let names of Whig and Tory be +extinct. Let none other be heard among us than those of a good citizen, +an open and resolute friend, and a virtuous supporter of the rights of +mankind and of the free and independent states of America." As more than +100,000 copies were scattered broadcast over the country, patriots +exclaimed with Washington: "Sound doctrine and unanswerable reason!" + +=The Drift of Events toward Independence.=--Official support for the +idea of independence began to come from many quarters. On the tenth of +February, 1776, Gadsden, in the provincial convention of South Carolina, +advocated a new constitution for the colony and absolute independence +for all America. The convention balked at the latter but went half way +by abolishing the system of royal administration and establishing a +complete plan of self-government. A month later, on April 12, the +neighboring state of North Carolina uttered the daring phrase from which +others shrank. It empowered its representatives in the Congress to +concur with the delegates of the other colonies in declaring +independence. Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Virginia quickly +responded to the challenge. The convention of the Old Dominion, on May +15, instructed its delegates at Philadelphia to propose the independence +of the United Colonies and to give the assent of Virginia to the act of +separation. When the resolution was carried the British flag on the +state house was lowered for all time. + +Meanwhile the Continental Congress was alive to the course of events +outside. The subject of independence was constantly being raised. "Are +we rebels?" exclaimed Wyeth of Virginia during a debate in February. +"No: we must declare ourselves a free people." Others hesitated and +spoke of waiting for the arrival of commissioners of conciliation. "Is +not America already independent?" asked Samuel Adams a few weeks later. +"Why not then declare it?" Still there was uncertainty and delegates +avoided the direct word. A few more weeks elapsed. At last, on May 10, +Congress declared that the authority of the British crown in America +must be suppressed and advised the colonies to set up governments of +their own. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +THOMAS JEFFERSON READING HIS DRAFT OF THE DECLARATION OF +INDEPENDENCE TO THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS] + +=Independence Declared.=--The way was fully prepared, therefore, when, +on June 7, the Virginia delegation in the Congress moved that "these +united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent +states." A committee was immediately appointed to draft a formal +document setting forth the reasons for the act, and on July 2 all the +states save New York went on record in favor of severing their political +connection with Great Britain. Two days later, July 4, Jefferson's draft +of the Declaration of Independence, changed in some slight particulars, +was adopted. The old bell in Independence Hall, as it is now known, rang +out the glad tidings; couriers swiftly carried the news to the uttermost +hamlet and farm. A new nation announced its will to have a place among +the powers of the world. + +To some documents is given immortality. The Declaration of Independence +is one of them. American patriotism is forever associated with it; but +patriotism alone does not make it immortal. Neither does the vigor of +its language or the severity of its indictment give it a secure place in +the records of time. The secret of its greatness lies in the simple fact +that it is one of the memorable landmarks in the history of a political +ideal which for three centuries has been taking form and spreading +throughout the earth, challenging kings and potentates, shaking down +thrones and aristocracies, breaking the armies of irresponsible power on +battle fields as far apart as Marston Moor and Chateau-Thierry. That +ideal, now so familiar, then so novel, is summed up in the simple +sentence: "Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the +governed." + +Written in a "decent respect for the opinions of mankind," to set forth +the causes which impelled the American colonists to separate from +Britain, the Declaration contained a long list of "abuses and +usurpations" which had induced them to throw off the government of King +George. That section of the Declaration has passed into "ancient" +history and is seldom read. It is the part laying down a new basis for +government and giving a new dignity to the common man that has become a +household phrase in the Old World as in the New. + +In the more enduring passages there are four fundamental ideas which, +from the standpoint of the old system of government, were the essence of +revolution: (1) all men are created equal and are endowed by their +Creator with certain unalienable rights including life, liberty, and the +pursuit of happiness; (2) the purpose of government is to secure these +rights; (3) governments derive their just powers from the consent of the +governed; (4) whenever any form of government becomes destructive of +these ends it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and +institute new government, laying its foundations on such principles and +organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to +effect their safety and happiness. Here was the prelude to the historic +drama of democracy--a challenge to every form of government and every +privilege not founded on popular assent. + + +THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GOVERNMENT AND THE NEW ALLEGIANCE + +=The Committees of Correspondence.=--As soon as debate had passed into +armed resistance, the patriots found it necessary to consolidate their +forces by organizing civil government. This was readily effected, for +the means were at hand in town meetings, provincial legislatures, and +committees of correspondence. The working tools of the Revolution were +in fact the committees of correspondence--small, local, unofficial +groups of patriots formed to exchange views and create public sentiment. +As early as November, 1772, such a committee had been created in Boston +under the leadership of Samuel Adams. It held regular meetings, sent +emissaries to neighboring towns, and carried on a campaign of education +in the doctrines of liberty. + +[Illustration: THE COLONIES OF NORTH AMERICA AT THE TIME OF THE +DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE] + +Upon local organizations similar in character to the Boston committee +were built county committees and then the larger colonial committees, +congresses, and conventions, all unofficial and representing the +revolutionary elements. Ordinarily the provincial convention was merely +the old legislative assembly freed from all royalist sympathizers and +controlled by patriots. Finally, upon these colonial assemblies was +built the Continental Congress, the precursor of union under the +Articles of Confederation and ultimately under the Constitution of the +United States. This was the revolutionary government set up within the +British empire in America. + +=State Constitutions Framed.=--With the rise of these new assemblies of +the people, the old colonial governments broke down. From the royal +provinces the governor, the judges, and the high officers fled in haste, +and it became necessary to substitute patriot authorities. The appeal to +the colonies advising them to adopt a new form of government for +themselves, issued by the Congress in May, 1776, was quickly acted upon. +Before the expiration of a year, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, +Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, and New York had drafted new constitutions +as states, not as colonies uncertain of their destinies. Connecticut and +Rhode Island, holding that their ancient charters were equal to their +needs, merely renounced their allegiance to the king and went on as +before so far as the form of government was concerned. South Carolina, +which had drafted a temporary plan early in 1776, drew up a new and more +complete constitution in 1778. Two years later Massachusetts with much +deliberation put into force its fundamental law, which in most of its +essential features remains unchanged to-day. + +The new state constitutions in their broad outlines followed colonial +models. For the royal governor was substituted a governor or president +chosen usually by the legislature; but in two instances, New York and +Massachusetts, by popular vote. For the provincial council there was +substituted, except in Georgia, a senate; while the lower house, or +assembly, was continued virtually without change. The old property +restriction on the suffrage, though lowered slightly in some states, was +continued in full force to the great discontent of the mechanics thus +deprived of the ballot. The special qualifications, laid down in several +constitutions, for governors, senators, and representatives, indicated +that the revolutionary leaders were not prepared for any radical +experiments in democracy. The protests of a few women, like Mrs. John +Adams of Massachusetts and Mrs. Henry Corbin of Virginia, against a +government which excluded them from political rights were treated as +mild curiosities of no significance, although in New Jersey women were +allowed to vote for many years on the same terms as men. + +By the new state constitutions the signs and symbols of royal power, of +authority derived from any source save "the people," were swept aside +and republican governments on an imposing scale presented for the first +time to the modern world. Copies of these remarkable documents prepared +by plain citizens were translated into French and widely circulated in +Europe. There they were destined to serve as a guide and inspiration to +a generation of constitution-makers whose mission it was to begin the +democratic revolution in the Old World. + +=The Articles of Confederation.=--The formation of state constitutions +was an easy task for the revolutionary leaders. They had only to build +on foundations already laid. The establishment of a national system of +government was another matter. There had always been, it must be +remembered, a system of central control over the colonies, but Americans +had had little experience in its operation. When the supervision of the +crown of Great Britain was suddenly broken, the patriot leaders, +accustomed merely to provincial statesmanship, were poorly trained for +action on a national stage. + +Many forces worked against those who, like Franklin, had a vision of +national destiny. There were differences in economic interest--commerce +and industry in the North and the planting system of the South. There +were contests over the apportionment of taxes and the quotas of troops +for common defense. To these practical difficulties were added local +pride, the vested rights of state and village politicians in their +provincial dignity, and the scarcity of men with a large outlook upon +the common enterprise. + +Nevertheless, necessity compelled them to consider some sort of +federation. The second Continental Congress had hardly opened its work +before the most sagacious leaders began to urge the desirability of a +permanent connection. As early as July, 1775, Congress resolved to go +into a committee of the whole on the state of the union, and Franklin, +undaunted by the fate of his Albany plan of twenty years before, again +presented a draft of a constitution. Long and desultory debates followed +and it was not until late in 1777 that Congress presented to the states +the Articles of Confederation. Provincial jealousies delayed +ratification, and it was the spring of 1781, a few months before the +surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, when Maryland, the last of the +states, approved the Articles. This plan of union, though it was all +that could be wrung from the reluctant states, provided for neither a +chief executive nor a system of federal courts. It created simply a +Congress of delegates in which each state had an equal voice and gave it +the right to call upon the state legislatures for the sinews of +government--money and soldiers. + +=The Application of Tests of Allegiance.=--As the successive steps were +taken in the direction of independent government, the patriots devised +and applied tests designed to discover who were for and who were against +the new nation in the process of making. When the first Continental +Congress agreed not to allow the importation of British goods, it +provided for the creation of local committees to enforce the rules. Such +agencies were duly formed by the choice of men favoring the scheme, all +opponents being excluded from the elections. Before these bodies those +who persisted in buying British goods were summoned and warned or +punished according to circumstances. As soon as the new state +constitutions were put into effect, local committees set to work in the +same way to ferret out all who were not outspoken in their support of +the new order of things. + +[Illustration: MOBBING THE TORIES] + +These patriot agencies, bearing different names in different sections, +were sometimes ruthless in their methods. They called upon all men to +sign the test of loyalty, frequently known as the "association test." +Those who refused were promptly branded as outlaws, while some of the +more dangerous were thrown into jail. The prison camp in Connecticut at +one time held the former governor of New Jersey and the mayor of New +York. Thousands were black-listed and subjected to espionage. The +black-list of Pennsylvania contained the names of nearly five hundred +persons of prominence who were under suspicion. Loyalists or Tories who +were bold enough to speak and write against the Revolution were +suppressed and their pamphlets burned. In many places, particularly in +the North, the property of the loyalists was confiscated and the +proceeds applied to the cause of the Revolution. + +The work of the official agencies for suppression of opposition was +sometimes supplemented by mob violence. A few Tories were hanged without +trial, and others were tarred and feathered. One was placed upon a cake +of ice and held there "until his loyalty to King George might cool." +Whole families were driven out of their homes to find their way as best +they could within the British lines or into Canada, where the British +government gave them lands. Such excesses were deplored by Washington, +but they were defended on the ground that in effect a civil war, as well +as a war for independence, was being waged. + +=The Patriots and Tories.=--Thus, by one process or another, those who +were to be citizens of the new republic were separated from those who +preferred to be subjects of King George. Just what proportion of the +Americans favored independence and what share remained loyal to the +British monarchy there is no way of knowing. The question of revolution +was not submitted to popular vote, and on the point of numbers we have +conflicting evidence. On the patriot side, there is the testimony of a +careful and informed observer, John Adams, who asserted that two-thirds +of the people were for the American cause and not more than one-third +opposed the Revolution at all stages. + +On behalf of the loyalists, or Tories as they were popularly known, +extravagant claims were made. Joseph Galloway, who had been a member of +the first Continental Congress and had fled to England when he saw its +temper, testified before a committee of Parliament in 1779 that not +one-fifth of the American people supported the insurrection and that +"many more than four-fifths of the people prefer a union with Great +Britain upon constitutional principles to independence." At the same +time General Robertson, who had lived in America twenty-four years, +declared that "more than two-thirds of the people would prefer the +king's government to the Congress' tyranny." In an address to the king +in that year a committee of American loyalists asserted that "the number +of Americans in his Majesty's army exceeded the number of troops +enlisted by Congress to oppose them." + +=The Character of the Loyalists.=--When General Howe evacuated Boston, +more than a thousand people fled with him. This great company, according +to a careful historian, "formed the aristocracy of the province by +virtue of their official rank; of their dignified callings and +professions; of their hereditary wealth and of their culture." The act +of banishment passed by Massachusetts in 1778, listing over 300 Tories, +"reads like the social register of the oldest and noblest families of +New England," more than one out of five being graduates of Harvard +College. The same was true of New York and Philadelphia; namely, that +the leading loyalists were prominent officials of the old order, +clergymen and wealthy merchants. With passion the loyalists fought +against the inevitable or with anguish of heart they left as refugees +for a life of uncertainty in Canada or the mother country. + +=Tories Assail the Patriots.=--The Tories who remained in America joined +the British army by the thousands or in other ways aided the royal +cause. Those who were skillful with the pen assailed the patriots in +editorials, rhymes, satires, and political catechisms. They declared +that the members of Congress were "obscure, pettifogging attorneys, +bankrupt shopkeepers, outlawed smugglers, etc." The people and their +leaders they characterized as "wretched banditti ... the refuse and +dregs of mankind." The generals in the army they sneered at as "men of +rank and honor nearly on a par with those of the Congress." + +=Patriot Writers Arouse the National Spirit.=--Stung by Tory taunts, +patriot writers devoted themselves to creating and sustaining a public +opinion favorable to the American cause. Moreover, they had to combat +the depression that grew out of the misfortunes in the early days of the +war. A terrible disaster befell Generals Arnold and Montgomery in the +winter of 1775 as they attempted to bring Canada into the revolution--a +disaster that cost 5000 men; repeated calamities harassed Washington in +1776 as he was defeated on Long Island, driven out of New York City, and +beaten at Harlem Heights and White Plains. These reverses were almost +too great for the stoutest patriots. + +Pamphleteers, preachers, and publicists rose, however, to meet the needs +of the hour. John Witherspoon, provost of the College of New Jersey, +forsook the classroom for the field of political controversy. The poet, +Philip Freneau, flung taunts of cowardice at the Tories and celebrated +the spirit of liberty in many a stirring poem. Songs, ballads, plays, +and satires flowed from the press in an unending stream. Fast days, +battle anniversaries, celebrations of important steps taken by Congress +afforded to patriotic clergymen abundant opportunities for sermons. +"Does Mr. Wiberd preach against oppression?" anxiously inquired John +Adams in a letter to his wife. The answer was decisive. "The clergy of +every denomination, not excepting the Episcopalian, thunder and lighten +every Sabbath. They pray for Boston and Massachusetts. They thank God +most explicitly and fervently for our remarkable successes. They pray +for the American army." + +Thomas Paine never let his pen rest. He had been with the forces of +Washington when they retreated from Fort Lee and were harried from New +Jersey into Pennsylvania. He knew the effect of such reverses on the +army as well as on the public. In December, 1776, he made a second great +appeal to his countrymen in his pamphlet, "The Crisis," the first part +of which he had written while defeat and gloom were all about him. This +tract was a cry for continued support of the Revolution. "These are the +times that try men's souls," he opened. "The summer soldier and the +sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his +country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of men +and women." Paine laid his lash fiercely on the Tories, branding every +one as a coward grounded in "servile, slavish, self-interested fear." He +deplored the inadequacy of the militia and called for a real army. He +refuted the charge that the retreat through New Jersey was a disaster +and he promised victory soon. "By perseverance and fortitude," he +concluded, "we have the prospect of a glorious issue; by cowardice and +submission the sad choice of a variety of evils--a ravaged country, a +depopulated city, habitations without safety and slavery without +hope.... Look on this picture and weep over it." His ringing call to +arms was followed by another and another until the long contest was +over. + + +MILITARY AFFAIRS + +=The Two Phases of the War.=--The war which opened with the battle of +Lexington, on April 19, 1775, and closed with the surrender of +Cornwallis at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, passed through two distinct +phases--the first lasting until the treaty of alliance with France, in +1778, and the second until the end of the struggle. During the first +phase, the war was confined mainly to the North. The outstanding +features of the contest were the evacuation of Boston by the British, +the expulsion of American forces from New York and their retreat through +New Jersey, the battle of Trenton, the seizure of Philadelphia by the +British (September, 1777), the invasion of New York by Burgoyne and his +capture at Saratoga in October, 1777, and the encampment of American +forces at Valley Forge for the terrible winter of 1777-78. + +The final phase of the war, opening with the treaty of alliance with +France on February 6, 1778, was confined mainly to the Middle states, +the West, and the South. In the first sphere of action the chief events +were the withdrawal of the British from Philadelphia, the battle of +Monmouth, and the inclosure of the British in New York by deploying +American forces from Morristown, New Jersey, up to West Point. In the +West, George Rogers Clark, by his famous march into the Illinois +country, secured Kaskaskia and Vincennes and laid a firm grip on the +country between the Ohio and the Great Lakes. In the South, the second +period opened with successes for the British. They captured Savannah, +conquered Georgia, and restored the royal governor. In 1780 they seized +Charleston, administered a crushing defeat to the American forces under +Gates at Camden, and overran South Carolina, though meeting reverses at +Cowpens and King's Mountain. Then came the closing scenes. Cornwallis +began the last of his operations. He pursued General Greene far into +North Carolina, clashed with him at Guilford Court House, retired to the +coast, took charge of British forces engaged in plundering Virginia, and +fortified Yorktown, where he was penned up by the French fleet from the +sea and the combined French and American forces on land. + +=The Geographical Aspects of the War.=--For the British the theater of +the war offered many problems. From first to last it extended from +Massachusetts to Georgia, a distance of almost a thousand miles. It was +nearly three thousand miles from the main base of supplies and, though +the British navy kept the channel open, transports were constantly +falling prey to daring privateers and fleet American war vessels. The +sea, on the other hand, offered an easy means of transportation between +points along the coast and gave ready access to the American centers of +wealth and population. Of this the British made good use. Though early +forced to give up Boston, they seized New York and kept it until the end +of the war; they took Philadelphia and retained it until threatened by +the approach of the French fleet; and they captured and held both +Savannah and Charleston. Wars, however, are seldom won by the conquest +of cities. + +Particularly was this true in the case of the Revolution. Only a small +portion of the American people lived in towns. Countrymen back from the +coast were in no way dependent upon them for a livelihood. They lived on +the produce of the soil, not upon the profits of trade. This very fact +gave strength to them in the contest. Whenever the British ventured far +from the ports of entry, they encountered reverses. Burgoyne was forced +to surrender at Saratoga because he was surrounded and cut off from his +base of supplies. As soon as the British got away from Charleston, they +were harassed and worried by the guerrilla warriors of Marion, Sumter, +and Pickens. Cornwallis could technically defeat Greene at Guilford far +in the interior; but he could not hold the inland region he had invaded. +Sustained by their own labor, possessing the interior to which their +armies could readily retreat, supplied mainly from native resources, the +Americans could not be hemmed in, penned up, and destroyed at one fell +blow. + +=The Sea Power.=--The British made good use of their fleet in cutting +off American trade, but control of the sea did not seriously affect the +United States. As an agricultural country, the ruin of its commerce was +not such a vital matter. All the materials for a comfortable though +somewhat rude life were right at hand. It made little difference to a +nation fighting for existence, if silks, fine linens, and chinaware were +cut off. This was an evil to which submission was necessary. + +Nor did the brilliant exploits of John Paul Jones and Captain John Barry +materially change the situation. They demonstrated the skill of American +seamen and their courage as fighting men. They raised the rates of +British marine insurance, but they did not dethrone the mistress of the +seas. Less spectacular, and more distinctive, were the deeds of the +hundreds of privateers and minor captains who overhauled British supply +ships and kept British merchantmen in constant anxiety. Not until the +French fleet was thrown into the scale, were the British compelled to +reckon seriously with the enemy on the sea and make plans based upon the +possibilities of a maritime disaster. + +=Commanding Officers.=--On the score of military leadership it is +difficult to compare the contending forces in the revolutionary contest. +There is no doubt that all the British commanders were men of experience +in the art of warfare. Sir William Howe had served in America during the +French War and was accounted an excellent officer, a strict +disciplinarian, and a gallant gentleman. Nevertheless he loved ease, +society, and good living, and his expulsion from Boston, his failure to +overwhelm Washington by sallies from his comfortable bases at New York +and Philadelphia, destroyed every shred of his military reputation. John +Burgoyne, to whom was given the task of penetrating New York from +Canada, had likewise seen service in the French War both in America and +Europe. He had, however, a touch of the theatrical in his nature and +after the collapse of his plans and the surrender of his army in 1777, +he devoted his time mainly to light literature. Sir Henry Clinton, who +directed the movement which ended in the capture of Charleston in 1780, +had "learned his trade on the continent," and was regarded as a man of +discretion and understanding in military matters. Lord Cornwallis, whose +achievements at Camden and Guilford were blotted out by his surrender at +Yorktown, had seen service in the Seven Years' War and had undoubted +talents which he afterward displayed with great credit to himself in +India. Though none of them, perhaps, were men of first-rate ability, +they all had training and experience to guide them. + +[Illustration: GEORGE WASHINGTON] + +The Americans had a host in Washington himself. He had long been +interested in military strategy and had tested his coolness under fire +during the first clashes with the French nearly twenty years before. He +had no doubts about the justice of his cause, such as plagued some of +the British generals. He was a stern but reasonable disciplinarian. He +was reserved and patient, little given to exaltation at success or +depression at reverses. In the dark hour of the Revolution, "what held +the patriot forces together?" asks Beveridge in his _Life of John +Marshall_. Then he answers: "George Washington and he alone. Had he +died or been seriously disabled, the Revolution would have ended.... +Washington was the soul of the American cause. Washington was the +government. Washington was the Revolution." The weakness of Congress in +furnishing men and supplies, the indolence of civilians, who lived at +ease while the army starved, the intrigues of army officers against him +such as the "Conway cabal," the cowardice of Lee at Monmouth, even the +treason of Benedict Arnold, while they stirred deep emotions in his +breast and aroused him to make passionate pleas to his countrymen, did +not shake his iron will or his firm determination to see the war through +to the bitter end. The weight of Washington's moral force was +immeasurable. + +Of the generals who served under him, none can really be said to have +been experienced military men when the war opened. Benedict Arnold, the +unhappy traitor but brave and daring soldier, was a druggist, book +seller, and ship owner at New Haven when the news of Lexington called +him to battle. Horatio Gates was looked upon as a "seasoned soldier" +because he had entered the British army as a youth, had been wounded at +Braddock's memorable defeat, and had served with credit during the Seven +Years' War; but he was the most conspicuous failure of the Revolution. +The triumph over Burgoyne was the work of other men; and his crushing +defeat at Camden put an end to his military pretensions. Nathanael +Greene was a Rhode Island farmer and smith without military experience +who, when convinced that war was coming, read Caesar's _Commentaries_ and +took up the sword. Francis Marion was a shy and modest planter of South +Carolina whose sole passage at arms had been a brief but desperate brush +with the Indians ten or twelve years earlier. Daniel Morgan, one of the +heroes of Cowpens, had been a teamster with Braddock's army and had seen +some fighting during the French and Indian War, but his military +knowledge, from the point of view of a trained British officer, was +negligible. John Sullivan was a successful lawyer at Durham, New +Hampshire, and a major in the local militia when duty summoned him to +lay down his briefs and take up the sword. Anthony Wayne was a +Pennsylvania farmer and land surveyor who, on hearing the clash of arms, +read a few books on war, raised a regiment, and offered himself for +service. Such is the story of the chief American military leaders, and +it is typical of them all. Some had seen fighting with the French and +Indians, but none of them had seen warfare on a large scale with regular +troops commanded according to the strategy evolved in European +experience. Courage, native ability, quickness of mind, and knowledge of +the country they had in abundance, and in battles such as were fought +during the Revolution all those qualities counted heavily in the +balance. + +=Foreign Officers in American Service.=--To native genius was added +military talent from beyond the seas. Baron Steuben, well schooled in +the iron regime of Frederick the Great, came over from Prussia, joined +Washington at Valley Forge, and day after day drilled and manoeuvered the +men, laughing and cursing as he turned raw countrymen into regular +soldiers. From France came young Lafayette and the stern De Kalb, from +Poland came Pulaski and Kosciusko;--all acquainted with the arts of war +as waged in Europe and fitted for leadership as well as teaching. +Lafayette came early, in 1776, in a ship of his own, accompanied by +several officers of wide experience, and remained loyally throughout the +war sharing the hardships of American army life. Pulaski fell at the +siege of Savannah and De Kalb at Camden. Kosciusko survived the American +war to defend in vain the independence of his native land. To these +distinguished foreigners, who freely threw in their lot with American +revolutionary fortunes, was due much of that spirit and discipline which +fitted raw recruits and temperamental militiamen to cope with a military +power of the first rank. + +=The Soldiers.=--As far as the British soldiers were concerned their +annals are short and simple. The regulars from the standing army who +were sent over at the opening of the contest, the recruits drummed up +by special efforts at home, and the thousands of Hessians bought +outright by King George presented few problems of management to the +British officers. These common soldiers were far away from home and +enlisted for the war. Nearly all of them were well disciplined and many +of them experienced in actual campaigns. The armies of King George +fought bravely, as the records of Bunker Hill, Brandywine, and Monmouth +demonstrate. Many a man and subordinate officer and, for that matter, +some of the high officers expressed a reluctance at fighting against +their own kin; but they obeyed orders. + +The Americans, on the other hand, while they fought with grim +determination, as men fighting for their homes, were lacking in +discipline and in the experience of regular troops. When the war broke +in upon them, there were no common preparations for it. There was no +continental army; there were only local bands of militiamen, many of +them experienced in fighting but few of them "regulars" in the military +sense. Moreover they were volunteers serving for a short time, +unaccustomed to severe discipline, and impatient at the restraints +imposed on them by long and arduous campaigns. They were continually +leaving the service just at the most critical moments. "The militia," +lamented Washington, "come in, you cannot tell how; go, you cannot tell +where; consume your provisions; exhaust your stores; and leave you at +last at a critical moment." + +Again and again Washington begged Congress to provide for an army of +regulars enlisted for the war, thoroughly trained and paid according to +some definite plan. At last he was able to overcome, in part at least, +the chronic fear of civilians in Congress and to wring from that +reluctant body an agreement to grant half pay to all officers and a +bonus to all privates who served until the end of the war. Even this +scheme, which Washington regarded as far short of justice to the +soldiers, did not produce quick results. It was near the close of the +conflict before he had an army of well-disciplined veterans capable of +meeting British regulars on equal terms. + +Though there were times when militiamen and frontiersmen did valiant and +effective work, it is due to historical accuracy to deny the +time-honored tradition that a few minutemen overwhelmed more numerous +forces of regulars in a seven years' war for independence. They did +nothing of the sort. For the victories of Bennington, Trenton, Saratoga, +and Yorktown there were the defeats of Bunker Hill, Long Island, White +Plains, Germantown, and Camden. Not once did an army of militiamen +overcome an equal number of British regulars in an open trial by battle. +"To bring men to be well acquainted with the duties of a soldier," wrote +Washington, "requires time.... To expect the same service from raw and +undisciplined recruits as from veteran soldiers is to expect what never +did and perhaps never will happen." + +=How the War Was Won.=--Then how did the American army win the war? For +one thing there were delays and blunders on the part of the British +generals who, in 1775 and 1776, dallied in Boston and New York with +large bodies of regular troops when they might have been dealing +paralyzing blows at the scattered bands that constituted the American +army. "Nothing but the supineness or folly of the enemy could have saved +us," solemnly averred Washington in 1780. Still it is fair to say that +this apparent supineness was not all due to the British generals. The +ministers behind them believed that a large part of the colonists were +loyal and that compromise would be promoted by inaction rather than by a +war vigorously prosecuted. Victory by masterly inactivity was obviously +better than conquest, and the slighter the wounds the quicker the +healing. Later in the conflict when the seasoned forces of France were +thrown into the scale, the Americans themselves had learned many things +about the practical conduct of campaigns. All along, the British were +embarrassed by the problem of supplies. Their troops could not forage +with the skill of militiamen, as they were in unfamiliar territory. The +long oversea voyages were uncertain at best and doubly so when the +warships of France joined the American privateers in preying on supply +boats. + +The British were in fact battered and worn down by a guerrilla war and +outdone on two important occasions by superior forces--at Saratoga and +Yorktown. Stern facts convinced them finally that an immense army, which +could be raised only by a supreme effort, would be necessary to subdue +the colonies if that hazardous enterprise could be accomplished at all. +They learned also that America would then be alienated, fretful, and the +scene of endless uprisings calling for an army of occupation. That was a +price which staggered even Lord North and George III. Moreover, there +were forces of opposition at home with which they had to reckon. + +=Women and the War.=--At no time were the women of America indifferent +to the struggle for independence. When it was confined to the realm of +opinion they did their part in creating public sentiment. Mrs. Elizabeth +Timothee, for example, founded in Charleston, in 1773, a newspaper to +espouse the cause of the province. Far to the north the sister of James +Otis, Mrs. Mercy Warren, early begged her countrymen to rest their case +upon their natural rights, and in influential circles she urged the +leaders to stand fast by their principles. While John Adams was tossing +about with uncertainty at the Continental Congress, his wife was writing +letters to him declaring her faith in "independency." + +When the war came down upon the country, women helped in every field. In +sustaining public sentiment they were active. Mrs. Warren with a +tireless pen combatted loyalist propaganda in many a drama and satire. +Almost every revolutionary leader had a wife or daughter who rendered +service in the "second line of defense." Mrs. Washington managed the +plantation while the General was at the front and went north to face the +rigors of the awful winter at Valley Forge--an inspiration to her +husband and his men. The daughter of Benjamin Franklin, Mrs. Sarah +Bache, while her father was pleading the American cause in France, set +the women of Pennsylvania to work sewing and collecting supplies. Even +near the firing line women were to be found, aiding the wounded, hauling +powder to the front, and carrying dispatches at the peril of their +lives. + +In the economic sphere, the work of women was invaluable. They harvested +crops without enjoying the picturesque title of "farmerettes" and they +canned and preserved for the wounded and the prisoners of war. Of their +labor in spinning and weaving it is recorded: "Immediately on being cut +off from the use of English manufactures, the women engaged within their +own families in manufacturing various kinds of cloth for domestic use. +They thus kept their households decently clad and the surplus of their +labors they sold to such as chose to buy rather than make for +themselves. In this way the female part of families by their industry +and strict economy frequently supported the whole domestic circle, +evincing the strength of their attachment and the value of their +service." + +For their war work, women were commended by high authorities on more +than one occasion. They were given medals and public testimonials even +as in our own day. Washington thanked them for their labors and paid +tribute to them for the inspiration and material aid which they had +given to the cause of independence. + + +THE FINANCES OF THE REVOLUTION + +When the Revolution opened, there were thirteen little treasuries in +America but no common treasury, and from first to last the Congress was +in the position of a beggar rather than a sovereign. Having no authority +to lay and collect taxes directly and knowing the hatred of the +provincials for taxation, it resorted mainly to loans and paper money to +finance the war. "Do you think," boldly inquired one of the delegates, +"that I will consent to load my constituents with taxes when we can send +to the printer and get a wagon load of money, one quire of which will +pay for the whole?" + +=Paper Money and Loans.=--Acting on this curious but appealing political +economy, Congress issued in June, 1776, two million dollars in bills of +credit to be redeemed by the states on the basis of their respective +populations. Other issues followed in quick succession. In all about +$241,000,000 of continental paper was printed, to which the several +states added nearly $210,000,000 of their own notes. Then came +interest-bearing bonds in ever increasing quantities. Several millions +were also borrowed from France and small sums from Holland and Spain. In +desperation a national lottery was held, producing meager results. The +property of Tories was confiscated and sold, bringing in about +$16,000,000. Begging letters were sent to the states asking them to +raise revenues for the continental treasury, but the states, burdened +with their own affairs, gave little heed. + +=Inflation and Depreciation.=--As paper money flowed from the press, it +rapidly declined in purchasing power until in 1779 a dollar was worth +only two or three cents in gold or silver. Attempts were made by +Congress and the states to compel people to accept the notes at face +value; but these were like attempts to make water flow uphill. +Speculators collected at once to fatten on the calamities of the +republic. Fortunes were made and lost gambling on the prices of public +securities while the patriot army, half clothed, was freezing at Valley +Forge. "Speculation, peculation, engrossing, forestalling," exclaimed +Washington, "afford too many melancholy proofs of the decay of public +virtue. Nothing, I am convinced, but the depreciation of our currency +... aided by stock jobbing and party dissensions has fed the hopes of +the enemy." + +=The Patriot Financiers.=--To the efforts of Congress in financing the +war were added the labors of private citizens. Hayn Solomon, a merchant +of Philadelphia, supplied members of Congress, including Madison, +Jefferson, and Monroe, and army officers, like Lee and Steuben, with +money for their daily needs. All together he contributed the huge sum of +half a million dollars to the American cause and died broken in purse, +if not in spirit, a British prisoner of war. Another Philadelphia +merchant, Robert Morris, won for himself the name of the "patriot +financier" because he labored night and day to find the money to meet +the bills which poured in upon the bankrupt government. When his own +funds were exhausted, he borrowed from his friends. Experienced in the +handling of merchandise, he created agencies at important points to +distribute supplies to the troops, thus displaying administrative as +well as financial talents. + +[Illustration: ROBERT MORRIS] + +Women organized "drives" for money, contributed their plate and their +jewels, and collected from door to door. Farmers took worthless paper in +return for their produce, and soldiers saw many a pay day pass without +yielding them a penny. Thus by the labors and sacrifices of citizens, +the issuance of paper money, lotteries, the floating of loans, +borrowings in Europe, and the impressment of supplies, the Congress +staggered through the Revolution like a pauper who knows not how his +next meal is to be secured but is continuously relieved at a crisis by a +kindly fate. + + +THE DIPLOMACY OF THE REVOLUTION + +When the full measure of honor is given to the soldiers and sailors and +their commanding officers, the civilians who managed finances and +supplies, the writers who sustained the American spirit, and the women +who did well their part, there yet remains the duty of recognizing the +achievements of diplomacy. The importance of this field of activity was +keenly appreciated by the leaders in the Continental Congress. They were +fairly well versed in European history. They knew of the balance of +power and the sympathies, interests, and prejudices of nations and their +rulers. All this information they turned to good account, in opening +relations with continental countries and seeking money, supplies, and +even military assistance. For the transaction of this delicate business, +they created a secret committee on foreign correspondence as early as +1775 and prepared to send agents abroad. + +=American Agents Sent Abroad.=--Having heard that France was inclining a +friendly ear to the American cause, the Congress, in March, 1776, sent a +commissioner to Paris, Silas Deane of Connecticut, often styled the +"first American diplomat." Later in the year a form of treaty to be +presented to foreign powers was drawn up, and Franklin, Arthur Lee, and +Deane were selected as American representatives at the court of "His +Most Christian Majesty the King of France." John Jay of New York was +chosen minister to Spain in 1779; John Adams was sent to Holland the +same year; and other agents were dispatched to Florence, Vienna, and +Berlin. The representative selected for St. Petersburg spent two +fruitless years there, "ignored by the court, living in obscurity and +experiencing nothing but humiliation and failure." Frederick the Great, +king of Prussia, expressed a desire to find in America a market for +Silesian linens and woolens, but, fearing England's command of the sea, +he refused to give direct aid to the Revolutionary cause. + +=Early French Interest.=--The great diplomatic triumph of the Revolution +was won at Paris, and Benjamin Franklin was the hero of the occasion, +although many circumstances prepared the way for his success. Louis +XVI's foreign minister, Count de Vergennes, before the arrival of any +American representative, had brought to the attention of the king the +opportunity offered by the outbreak of the war between England and her +colonies. He showed him how France could redress her grievances and +"reduce the power and greatness of England"--the empire that in 1763 had +forced upon her a humiliating peace "at the price of our possessions, +of our commerce, and our credit in the Indies, at the price of Canada, +Louisiana, Isle Royale, Acadia, and Senegal." Equally successful in +gaining the king's interest was a curious French adventurer, +Beaumarchais, a man of wealth, a lover of music, and the author of two +popular plays, "Figaro" and "The Barber of Seville." These two men had +already urged upon the king secret aid for America before Deane appeared +on the scene. Shortly after his arrival they made confidential +arrangements to furnish money, clothing, powder, and other supplies to +the struggling colonies, although official requests for them were +officially refused by the French government. + +=Franklin at Paris.=--When Franklin reached Paris, he was received only +in private by the king's minister, Vergennes. The French people, +however, made manifest their affection for the "plain republican" in +"his full dress suit of spotted Manchester velvet." He was known among +men of letters as an author, a scientist, and a philosopher of +extraordinary ability. His "Poor Richard" had thrice been translated +into French and was scattered in numerous editions throughout the +kingdom. People of all ranks--ministers, ladies at court, philosophers, +peasants, and stable boys--knew of Franklin and wished him success in +his mission. The queen, Marie Antoinette, fated to lose her head in a +revolution soon to follow, played with fire by encouraging "our dear +republican." + +For the king of France, however, this was more serious business. England +resented the presence of this "traitor" in Paris, and Louis had to be +cautious about plunging into another war that might also end +disastrously. Moreover, the early period of Franklin's sojourn in Paris +was a dark hour for the American Revolution. Washington's brilliant +exploit at Trenton on Christmas night, 1776, and the battle with +Cornwallis at Princeton had been followed by the disaster at Brandywine, +the loss of Philadelphia, the defeat at Germantown, and the retirement +to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777-78. New York City and +Philadelphia--two strategic ports--were in British hands; the Hudson +and Delaware rivers were blocked; and General Burgoyne with his British +troops was on his way down through the heart of northern New York, +cutting New England off from the rest of the colonies. No wonder the +king was cautious. Then the unexpected happened. Burgoyne, hemmed in +from all sides by the American forces, his flanks harried, his foraging +parties beaten back, his supplies cut off, surrendered on October 17, +1777, to General Gates, who had superseded General Schuyler in time to +receive the honor. + +=Treaties of Alliance and Commerce (1778).=--News of this victory, +placed by historians among the fifteen decisive battles of the world, +reached Franklin one night early in December while he and some friends +sat gloomily at dinner. Beaumarchais, who was with him, grasped at once +the meaning of the situation and set off to the court at Versailles with +such haste that he upset his coach and dislocated his arm. The king and +his ministers were at last convinced that the hour had come to aid the +Revolution. Treaties of commerce and alliance were drawn up and signed +in February, 1778. The independence of the United States was recognized +by France and an alliance was formed to guarantee that independence. +Combined military action was agreed upon and Louis then formally +declared war on England. Men who had, a few short years before, fought +one another in the wilderness of Pennsylvania or on the Plains of +Abraham, were now ranged side by side in a war on the Empire that Pitt +had erected and that George III was pulling down. + +=Spain and Holland Involved.=--Within a few months, Spain, remembering +the steady decline of her sea power since the days of the Armada and +hoping to drive the British out of Gibraltar, once more joined the +concert of nations against England. Holland, a member of a league of +armed neutrals formed in protest against British searches on the high +seas, sent her fleet to unite with the forces of Spain, France, and +America to prey upon British commerce. To all this trouble for England +was added the danger of a possible revolt in Ireland, where the spirit +of independence was flaming up. + +=The British Offer Terms to America.=--Seeing the colonists about to be +joined by France in a common war on the English empire, Lord North +proposed, in February, 1778, a renewal of negotiations. By solemn +enactment, Parliament declared its intention not to exercise the right +of imposing taxes within the colonies; at the same time it authorized +the opening of negotiations through commissioners to be sent to America. +A truce was to be established, pardons granted, objectionable laws +suspended, and the old imperial constitution, as it stood before the +opening of hostilities, restored to full vigor. It was too late. Events +had taken the affairs of America out of the hands of British +commissioners and diplomats. + +=Effects of French Aid.=--The French alliance brought ships of war, +large sums of gold and silver, loads of supplies, and a considerable +body of trained soldiers to the aid of the Americans. Timely as was this +help, it meant no sudden change in the fortunes of war. The British +evacuated Philadelphia in the summer following the alliance, and +Washington's troops were encouraged to come out of Valley Forge. They +inflicted a heavy blow on the British at Monmouth, but the treasonable +conduct of General Charles Lee prevented a triumph. The recovery of +Philadelphia was offset by the treason of Benedict Arnold, the loss of +Savannah and Charleston (1780), and the defeat of Gates at Camden. + +The full effect of the French alliance was not felt until 1781, when +Cornwallis went into Virginia and settled at Yorktown. Accompanied by +French troops Washington swept rapidly southward and penned the British +to the shore while a powerful French fleet shut off their escape by sea. +It was this movement, which certainly could not have been executed +without French aid, that put an end to all chance of restoring British +dominion in America. It was the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown that +caused Lord North to pace the floor and cry out: "It is all over! It is +all over!" What might have been done without the French alliance lies +hidden from mankind. What was accomplished with the help of French +soldiers, sailors, officers, money, and supplies, is known to all the +earth. "All the world agree," exultantly wrote Franklin from Paris to +General Washington, "that no expedition was ever better planned or +better executed. It brightens the glory that must accompany your name to +the latest posterity." Diplomacy as well as martial valor had its +reward. + + +PEACE AT LAST + +=British Opposition to the War.=--In measuring the forces that led to +the final discomfiture of King George and Lord North, it is necessary to +remember that from the beginning to the end the British ministry at home +faced a powerful, informed, and relentless opposition. There were +vigorous protests, first against the obnoxious acts which precipitated +the unhappy quarrel, then against the way in which the war was waged, +and finally against the futile struggle to retain a hold upon the +American dominions. Among the members of Parliament who thundered +against the government were the first statesmen and orators of the land. +William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, though he deplored the idea of American +independence, denounced the government as the aggressor and rejoiced in +American resistance. Edmund Burke leveled his heavy batteries against +every measure of coercion and at last strove for a peace which, while +giving independence to America, would work for reconciliation rather +than estrangement. Charles James Fox gave the colonies his generous +sympathy and warmly championed their rights. Outside of the circle of +statesmen there were stout friends of the American cause like David +Hume, the philosopher and historian, and Catherine Macaulay, an author +of wide fame and a republican bold enough to encourage Washington in +seeing it through. + +Against this powerful opposition, the government enlisted a whole army +of scribes and journalists to pour out criticism on the Americans and +their friends. Dr. Samuel Johnson, whom it employed in this business, +was so savage that even the ministers had to tone down his pamphlets +before printing them. Far more weighty was Edward Gibbon, who was in +time to win fame as the historian of the _Decline and Fall of the Roman +Empire_. He had at first opposed the government; but, on being given a +lucrative post, he used his sharp pen in its support, causing his +friends to ridicule him in these lines: + + "King George, in a fright + Lest Gibbon should write + The story of England's disgrace, + Thought no way so sure + His pen to secure + As to give the historian a place." + +=Lord North Yields.=--As time wore on, events bore heavily on the side +of the opponents of the government's measures. They had predicted that +conquest was impossible, and they had urged the advantages of a peace +which would in some measure restore the affections of the Americans. +Every day's news confirmed their predictions and lent support to their +arguments. Moreover, the war, which sprang out of an effort to relieve +English burdens, made those burdens heavier than ever. Military expenses +were daily increasing. Trade with the colonies, the greatest single +outlet for British goods and capital, was paralyzed. The heavy debts due +British merchants in America were not only unpaid but postponed into an +indefinite future. Ireland was on the verge of revolution. The French +had a dangerous fleet on the high seas. In vain did the king assert in +December, 1781, that no difficulties would ever make him consent to a +peace that meant American independence. Parliament knew better, and on +February 27, 1782, in the House of Commons was carried an address to the +throne against continuing the war. Burke, Fox, the younger Pitt, Barre, +and other friends of the colonies voted in the affirmative. Lord North +gave notice then that his ministry was at an end. The king moaned: +"Necessity made me yield." + +In April, 1782, Franklin received word from the English government that +it was prepared to enter into negotiations leading to a settlement. This +was embarrassing. In the treaty of alliance with France, the United +States had promised that peace should be a joint affair agreed to by +both nations in open conference. Finding France, however, opposed to +some of their claims respecting boundaries and fisheries, the American +commissioners conferred with the British agents at Paris without +consulting the French minister. They actually signed a preliminary peace +draft before they informed him of their operations. When Vergennes +reproached him, Franklin replied that they "had been guilty of +neglecting _bienseance_ [good manners] but hoped that the great work +would not be ruined by a single indiscretion." + +=The Terms of Peace (1783).=--The general settlement at Paris in 1783 +was a triumph for America. England recognized the independence of the +United States, naming each state specifically, and agreed to boundaries +extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from the Great Lakes +to the Floridas. England held Canada, Newfoundland, and the West Indies +intact, made gains in India, and maintained her supremacy on the seas. +Spain won Florida and Minorca but not the coveted Gibraltar. France +gained nothing important save the satisfaction of seeing England humbled +and the colonies independent. + +The generous terms secured by the American commission at Paris called +forth surprise and gratitude in the United States and smoothed the way +for a renewal of commercial relations with the mother country. At the +same time they gave genuine anxiety to European diplomats. "This federal +republic is born a pigmy," wrote the Spanish ambassador to his royal +master. "A day will come when it will be a giant; even a colossus +formidable to these countries. Liberty of conscience and the facility +for establishing a new population on immense lands, as well as the +advantages of the new government, will draw thither farmers and artisans +from all the nations. In a few years we shall watch with grief the +tyrannical existence of the same colossus." + +[Illustration: NORTH AMERICA ACCORDING TO THE TREATY OF 1783] + + +SUMMARY OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD + +The independence of the American colonies was foreseen by many European +statesmen as they watched the growth of their population, wealth, and +power; but no one could fix the hour of the great event. Until 1763 the +American colonists lived fairly happily under British dominion. There +were collisions from time to time, of course. Royal governors clashed +with stiff-necked colonial legislatures. There were protests against the +exercise of the king's veto power in specific cases. Nevertheless, on +the whole, the relations between America and the mother country were +more amicable in 1763 than at any period under the Stuart regime which +closed in 1688. + +The crash, when it came, was not deliberately willed by any one. It was +the product of a number of forces that happened to converge about 1763. +Three years before, there had come to the throne George III, a young, +proud, inexperienced, and stubborn king. For nearly fifty years his +predecessors, Germans as they were in language and interest, had allowed +things to drift in England and America. George III decided that he would +be king in fact as well as in name. About the same time England brought +to a close the long and costly French and Indian War and was staggering +under a heavy burden of debt and taxes. The war had been fought partly +in defense of the American colonies and nothing seemed more reasonable +to English statesmen than the idea that the colonies should bear part of +the cost of their own defense. At this juncture there came into +prominence, in royal councils, two men bent on taxing America and +controlling her trade, Grenville and Townshend. The king was willing, +the English taxpayers were thankful for any promise of relief, and +statesmen were found to undertake the experiment. England therefore set +out upon a new course. She imposed taxes upon the colonists, regulated +their trade and set royal officers upon them to enforce the law. This +action evoked protests from the colonists. They held a Stamp Act +Congress to declare their rights and petition for a redress of +grievances. Some of the more restless spirits rioted in the streets, +sacked the houses of the king's officers, and tore up the stamped paper. + +Frightened by uprising, the English government drew back and repealed +the Stamp Act. Then it veered again and renewed its policy of +interference. Interference again called forth American protests. +Protests aroused sharper retaliation. More British regulars were sent +over to keep order. More irritating laws were passed by Parliament. +Rioting again appeared: tea was dumped in the harbor of Boston and +seized in the harbor of Charleston. The British answer was more force. +The response of the colonists was a Continental Congress for defense. An +unexpected and unintended clash of arms at Lexington and Concord in the +spring of 1775 brought forth from the king of England a proclamation: +"The Americans are rebels!" + +The die was cast. The American Revolution had begun. Washington was made +commander-in-chief. Armies were raised, money was borrowed, a huge +volume of paper currency was issued, and foreign aid was summoned. +Franklin plied his diplomatic arts at Paris until in 1778 he induced +France to throw her sword into the balance. Three years later, +Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. In 1783, by the formal treaty of +peace, George III acknowledged the independence of the United States. +The new nation, endowed with an imperial domain stretching from the +Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, began its career among the +sovereign powers of the earth. + +In the sphere of civil government, the results of the Revolution were +equally remarkable. Royal officers and royal authorities were driven +from the former dominions. All power was declared to be in the people. +All the colonies became states, each with its own constitution or plan +of government. The thirteen states were united in common bonds under the +Articles of Confederation. A republic on a large scale was instituted. +Thus there was begun an adventure in popular government such as the +world had never seen. Could it succeed or was it destined to break down +and be supplanted by a monarchy? The fate of whole continents hung upon +the answer. + + +=References= + +J. Fiske, _The American Revolution_ (2 vols.). + +H. Lodge, _Life of Washington_ (2 vols.). + +W. Sumner, _The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution_. + +O. Trevelyan, _The American Revolution_ (4 vols.). A sympathetic account +by an English historian. + +M.C. Tyler, _Literary History of the American Revolution_ (2 vols.). + +C.H. Van Tyne, _The American Revolution_ (American Nation Series) and +_The Loyalists in the American Revolution_. + + +=Questions= + +1. What was the non-importation agreement? By what body was it adopted? +Why was it revolutionary in character? + +2. Contrast the work of the first and second Continental Congresses. + +3. Why did efforts at conciliation fail? + +4. Trace the growth of American independence from opinion to the sphere +of action. + +5. Why is the Declaration of Independence an "immortal" document? + +6. What was the effect of the Revolution on colonial governments? On +national union? + +7. Describe the contest between "Patriots" and "Tories." + +8. What topics are considered under "military affairs"? Discuss each in +detail. + +9. Contrast the American forces with the British forces and show how the +war was won. + +10. Compare the work of women in the Revolutionary War with their labors +in the World War (1917-18). + +11. How was the Revolution financed? + +12. Why is diplomacy important in war? Describe the diplomatic triumph +of the Revolution. + +13. What was the nature of the opposition in England to the war? + +14. Give the events connected with the peace settlement; the terms of +peace. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Spirit of America.=--Woodrow Wilson, _History of the American +People_, Vol. II, pp. 98-126. + +=American Rights.=--Draw up a table showing all the principles laid down +by American leaders in (1) the Resolves of the First Continental +Congress, Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 162-166; (2) the +Declaration of the Causes and the Necessity of Taking Up Arms, +Macdonald, pp. 176-183; and (3) the Declaration of Independence. + +=The Declaration of Independence.=--Fiske, _The American Revolution_, +Vol. I, pp. 147-197. Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. 250-254. + +=Diplomacy and the French Alliance.=--Hart, _American History Told by +Contemporaries_, Vol. II, pp. 574-590. Fiske, Vol. II, pp. 1-24. +Callender, _Economic History of the United States_, pp. 159-168; Elson, +pp. 275-280. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Washington, Franklin, Samuel Adams, Patrick +Henry, Thomas Jefferson--emphasizing the peculiar services of each. + +=The Tories.=--Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. II, pp. 470-480. + +=Valley Forge.=--Fiske, Vol. II, pp. 25-49. + +=The Battles of the Revolution.=--Elson, pp. 235-317. + +=An English View of the Revolution.=--Green, _Short History of England_, +Chap. X, Sect. 2. + +=English Opinion and the Revolution.=--Trevelyan, _The American +Revolution_, Vol. III (or Part 2, Vol. II), Chaps. XXIV-XXVII. + + + + +PART III. THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION + + +THE PROMISE AND THE DIFFICULTIES OF AMERICA + +The rise of a young republic composed of thirteen states, each governed +by officials popularly elected under constitutions drafted by "the plain +people," was the most significant feature of the eighteenth century. The +majority of the patriots whose labors and sacrifices had made this +possible naturally looked upon their work and pronounced it good. Those +Americans, however, who peered beneath the surface of things, saw that +the Declaration of Independence, even if splendidly phrased, and paper +constitutions, drawn by finest enthusiasm "uninstructed by experience," +could not alone make the republic great and prosperous or even free. All +around them they saw chaos in finance and in industry and perils for the +immediate future. + +=The Weakness of the Articles of Confederation.=--The government under +the Articles of Confederation had neither the strength nor the resources +necessary to cope with the problems of reconstruction left by the war. +The sole organ of government was a Congress composed of from two to +seven members from each state chosen as the legislature might direct and +paid by the state. In determining all questions, each state had one +vote--Delaware thus enjoying the same weight as Virginia. There was no +president to enforce the laws. Congress was given power to select a +committee of thirteen--one from each state--to act as an executive body +when it was not in session; but this device, on being tried out, proved +a failure. There was no system of national courts to which citizens and +states could appeal for the protection of their rights or through which +they could compel obedience to law. The two great powers of government, +military and financial, were withheld. Congress, it is true, could +authorize expenditures but had to rely upon the states for the payment +of contributions to meet its bills. It could also order the +establishment of an army, but it could only request the states to supply +their respective quotas of soldiers. It could not lay taxes nor bring +any pressure to bear upon a single citizen in the whole country. It +could act only through the medium of the state governments. + +=Financial and Commercial Disorders.=--In the field of public finance, +the disorders were pronounced. The huge debt incurred during the war was +still outstanding. Congress was unable to pay either the interest or the +principal. Public creditors were in despair, as the market value of +their bonds sank to twenty-five or even ten cents on the dollar. The +current bills of Congress were unpaid. As some one complained, there was +not enough money in the treasury to buy pen and ink with which to record +the transactions of the shadow legislature. The currency was in utter +chaos. Millions of dollars in notes issued by Congress had become mere +trash worth a cent or two on the dollar. There was no other expression +of contempt so forceful as the popular saying: "not worth a +Continental." To make matters worse, several of the states were pouring +new streams of paper money from the press. Almost the only good money in +circulation consisted of English, French, and Spanish coins, and the +public was even defrauded by them because money changers were busy +clipping and filing away the metal. Foreign commerce was unsettled. The +entire British system of trade discrimination was turned against the +Americans, and Congress, having no power to regulate foreign commerce, +was unable to retaliate or to negotiate treaties which it could enforce. +Domestic commerce was impeded by the jealousies of the states, which +erected tariff barriers against their neighbors. The condition of the +currency made the exchange of money and goods extremely difficult, and, +as if to increase the confusion, backward states enacted laws hindering +the prompt collection of debts within their borders--an evil which +nothing but a national system of courts could cure. + +=Congress in Disrepute.=--With treaties set at naught by the states, the +laws unenforced, the treasury empty, and the public credit gone, the +Congress of the United States fell into utter disrepute. It called upon +the states to pay their quotas of money into the treasury, only to be +treated with contempt. Even its own members looked upon it as a solemn +futility. Some of the ablest men refused to accept election to it, and +many who did take the doubtful honor failed to attend the sessions. +Again and again it was impossible to secure a quorum for the transaction +of business. + +=Troubles of the State Governments.=--The state governments, free to +pursue their own course with no interference from without, had almost as +many difficulties as the Congress. They too were loaded with +revolutionary debts calling for heavy taxes upon an already restive +population. Oppressed by their financial burdens and discouraged by the +fall in prices which followed the return of peace, the farmers of +several states joined in a concerted effort and compelled their +legislatures to issue large sums of paper money. The currency fell in +value, but nevertheless it was forced on unwilling creditors to square +old accounts. + +In every part of the country legislative action fluctuated violently. +Laws were made one year only to be repealed the next and reenacted the +third year. Lands were sold by one legislature and the sales were +canceled by its successor. Uncertainty and distrust were the natural +consequences. Men of substance longed for some power that would forbid +states to issue bills of credit, to make paper money legal tender in +payment of debts, or to impair the obligation of contracts. Men heavily +in debt, on the other hand, urged even more drastic action against +creditors. + +So great did the discontent of the farmers in New Hampshire become in +1786 that a mob surrounded the legislature, demanding a repeal of the +taxes and the issuance of paper money. It was with difficulty that an +armed rebellion was avoided. In Massachusetts the malcontents, under the +leadership of Daniel Shays, a captain in the Revolutionary army, +organized that same year open resistance to the government of the state. +Shays and his followers protested against the conduct of creditors in +foreclosing mortgages upon the debt-burdened farmers, against the +lawyers for increasing the costs of legal proceedings, against the +senate of the state the members of which were apportioned among the +towns on the basis of the amount of taxes paid, against heavy taxes, and +against the refusal of the legislature to issue paper money. They seized +the towns of Worcester and Springfield and broke up the courts of +justice. All through the western part of the state the revolt spread, +sending a shock of alarm to every center and section of the young +republic. Only by the most vigorous action was Governor Bowdoin able to +quell the uprising; and when that task was accomplished, the state +government did not dare to execute any of the prisoners because they had +so many sympathizers. Moreover, Bowdoin and several members of the +legislature who had been most zealous in their attacks on the insurgents +were defeated at the ensuing election. The need of national assistance +for state governments in times of domestic violence was everywhere +emphasized by men who were opposed to revolutionary acts. + +=Alarm over Dangers to the Republic.=--Leading American citizens, +watching the drift of affairs, were slowly driven to the conclusion that +the new ship of state so proudly launched a few years before was +careening into anarchy. "The facts of our peace and independence," wrote +a friend of Washington, "do not at present wear so promising an +appearance as I had fondly painted in my mind. The prejudices, +jealousies, and turbulence of the people at times almost stagger my +confidence in our political establishments; and almost occasion me to +think that they will show themselves unworthy of the noble prize for +which we have contended." + +Washington himself was profoundly discouraged. On hearing of Shays's +rebellion, he exclaimed: "What, gracious God, is man that there should +be such inconsistency and perfidiousness in his conduct! It is but the +other day that we were shedding our blood to obtain the constitutions +under which we now live--constitutions of our own choice and making--and +now we are unsheathing our sword to overturn them." The same year he +burst out in a lament over rumors of restoring royal government. "I am +told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical government +without horror. From thinking proceeds speaking. Hence to acting is +often but a single step. But how irresistible and tremendous! What a +triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions! What a triumph for +the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing +ourselves!" + +=Congress Attempts Some Reforms.=--The Congress was not indifferent to +the events that disturbed Washington. On the contrary it put forth many +efforts to check tendencies so dangerous to finance, commerce, +industries, and the Confederation itself. In 1781, even before the +treaty of peace was signed, the Congress, having found out how futile +were its taxing powers, carried a resolution of amendment to the +Articles of Confederation, authorizing the levy of a moderate duty on +imports. Yet this mild measure was rejected by the states. Two years +later the Congress prepared another amendment sanctioning the levy of +duties on imports, to be collected this time by state officers and +applied to the payment of the public debt. This more limited proposal, +designed to save public credit, likewise failed. In 1786, the Congress +made a third appeal to the states for help, declaring that they had been +so irregular and so negligent in paying their quotas that further +reliance upon that mode of raising revenues was dishonorable and +dangerous. + + +THE CALLING OF A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION + +=Hamilton and Washington Urge Reform.=--The attempts at reform by the +Congress were accompanied by demand for, both within and without that +body, a convention to frame a new plan of government. In 1780, the +youthful Alexander Hamilton, realizing the weakness of the Articles, so +widely discussed, proposed a general convention for the purpose of +drafting a new constitution on entirely different principles. With +tireless energy he strove to bring his countrymen to his view. +Washington, agreeing with him on every point, declared, in a circular +letter to the governors, that the duration of the union would be short +unless there was lodged somewhere a supreme power "to regulate and +govern the general concerns of the confederated republic." The governor +of Massachusetts, disturbed by the growth of discontent all about him, +suggested to the state legislature in 1785 the advisability of a +national convention to enlarge the powers of the Congress. The +legislature approved the plan, but did not press it to a conclusion. + +[Illustration: ALEXANDER HAMILTON] + +=The Annapolis Convention.=--Action finally came from the South. The +Virginia legislature, taking things into its own hands, called a +conference of delegates at Annapolis to consider matters of taxation and +commerce. When the convention assembled in 1786, it was found that only +five states had taken the trouble to send representatives. The leaders +were deeply discouraged, but the resourceful Hamilton, a delegate from +New York, turned the affair to good account. He secured the adoption of +a resolution, calling upon the Congress itself to summon another +convention, to meet at Philadelphia. + +=A National Convention Called (1787).=--The Congress, as tardy as ever, +at last decided in February, 1787, to issue the call. Fearing drastic +changes, however, it restricted the convention to "the sole and express +purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." Jealous of its own +powers, it added that any alterations proposed should be referred to the +Congress and the states for their approval. + +Every state in the union, except Rhode Island, responded to this call. +Indeed some of the states, having the Annapolis resolution before them, +had already anticipated the Congress by selecting delegates before the +formal summons came. Thus, by the persistence of governors, +legislatures, and private citizens, there was brought about the +long-desired national convention. In May, 1787, it assembled in +Philadelphia. + +=The Eminent Men of the Convention.=--On the roll of that memorable +convention were fifty-five men, at least half of whom were acknowledged +to be among the foremost statesmen and thinkers in America. Every field +of statecraft was represented by them: war and practical management in +Washington, who was chosen president of the convention; diplomacy in +Franklin, now old and full of honor in his own land as well as abroad; +finance in Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris; law in James Wilson of +Pennsylvania; the philosophy of government in James Madison, called the +"father of the Constitution." They were not theorists but practical men, +rich in political experience and endowed with deep insight into the +springs of human action. Three of them had served in the Stamp Act +Congress: Dickinson of Delaware, William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, +and John Rutledge of South Carolina. Eight had been signers of the +Declaration of Independence: Read of Delaware, Sherman of Connecticut, +Wythe of Virginia, Gerry of Massachusetts, Franklin, Robert Morris, +George Clymer, and James Wilson of Pennsylvania. All but twelve had at +some time served in the Continental Congress and eighteen were members +of that body in the spring of 1787. Washington, Hamilton, Mifflin, and +Charles Pinckney had been officers in the Revolutionary army. Seven of +the delegates had gained political experience as governors of states. +"The convention as a whole," according to the historian Hildreth, +"represented in a marked manner the talent, intelligence, and +especially the conservative sentiment of the country." + + +THE FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION + +=Problems Involved.=--The great problems before the convention were nine +in number: (1) Shall the Articles of Confederation be revised or a new +system of government constructed? (2) Shall the government be founded on +states equal in power as under the Articles or on the broader and deeper +foundation of population? (3) What direct share shall the people have in +the election of national officers? (4) What shall be the qualifications +for the suffrage? (5) How shall the conflicting interests of the +commercial and the planting states be balanced so as to safeguard the +essential rights of each? (6) What shall be the form of the new +government? (7) What powers shall be conferred on it? (8) How shall the +state legislatures be restrained from their attacks on property rights +such as the issuance of paper money? (9) Shall the approval of all the +states be necessary, as under the Articles, for the adoption and +amendment of the Constitution? + +=Revision of the Articles or a New Government?=--The moment the first +problem was raised, representatives of the small states, led by William +Paterson of New Jersey, were on their feet. They feared that, if the +Articles were overthrown, the equality and rights of the states would be +put in jeopardy. Their protest was therefore vigorous. They cited the +call issued by the Congress in summoning the convention which +specifically stated that they were assembled for "the sole and express +purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." They cited also +their instructions from their state legislatures, which authorized them +to "revise and amend" the existing scheme of government, not to make a +revolution in it. To depart from the authorization laid down by the +Congress and the legislatures would be to exceed their powers, they +argued, and to betray the trust reposed in them by their countrymen. + +To their contentions, Randolph of Virginia replied: "When the salvation +of the republic is at stake, it would be treason to our trust not to +propose what we find necessary." Hamilton, reminding the delegates that +their work was still subject to the approval of the states, frankly said +that on the point of their powers he had no scruples. With the issue +clear, the convention cast aside the Articles as if they did not exist +and proceeded to the work of drawing up a new constitution, "laying its +foundations on such principles and organizing its powers in such form" +as to the delegates seemed "most likely to affect their safety and +happiness." + +=A Government Founded on States or on People?--The +Compromise.=--Defeated in their attempt to limit the convention to a +mere revision of the Articles, the spokesmen of the smaller states +redoubled their efforts to preserve the equality of the states. The +signal for a radical departure from the Articles on this point was given +early in the sessions when Randolph presented "the Virginia plan." He +proposed that the new national legislature consist of two houses, the +members of which were to be apportioned among the states according to +their wealth or free white population, as the convention might decide. +This plan was vehemently challenged. Paterson of New Jersey flatly +avowed that neither he nor his state would ever bow to such tyranny. As +an alternative, he presented "the New Jersey plan" calling for a +national legislature of one house representing states as such, not +wealth or people--a legislature in which all states, large or small, +would have equal voice. Wilson of Pennsylvania, on behalf of the more +populous states, took up the gauntlet which Paterson had thrown down. It +was absurd, he urged, for 180,000 men in one state to have the same +weight in national counsels as 750,000 men in another state. "The +gentleman from New Jersey," he said, "is candid. He declares his opinion +boldly.... I will be equally candid.... I will never confederate on his +principles." So the bitter controversy ran on through many exciting +sessions. + +Greek had met Greek. The convention was hopelessly deadlocked and on the +verge of dissolution, "scarce held together by the strength of a hair," +as one of the delegates remarked. A crash was averted only by a +compromise. Instead of a Congress of one house as provided by the +Articles, the convention agreed upon a legislature of two houses. In the +Senate, the aspirations of the small states were to be satisfied, for +each state was given two members in that body. In the formation of the +House of Representatives, the larger states were placated, for it was +agreed that the members of that chamber were to be apportioned among the +states on the basis of population, counting three-fifths of the slaves. + +=The Question of Popular Election.=--The method of selecting federal +officers and members of Congress also produced an acrimonious debate +which revealed how deep-seated was the distrust of the capacity of the +people to govern themselves. Few there were who believed that no branch +of the government should be elected directly by the voters; still fewer +were there, however, who desired to see all branches so chosen. One or +two even expressed a desire for a monarchy. The dangers of democracy +were stressed by Gerry of Massachusetts: "All the evils we experience +flow from an excess of democracy. The people do not want virtue but are +the dupes of pretended patriots.... I have been too republican +heretofore but have been taught by experience the danger of a leveling +spirit." To the "democratic licentiousness of the state legislatures," +Randolph sought to oppose a "firm senate." To check the excesses of +popular government Charles Pinckney of South Carolina declared that no +one should be elected President who was not worth $100,000 and that high +property qualifications should be placed on members of Congress and +judges. Other members of the convention were stoutly opposed to such +"high-toned notions of government." Franklin and Wilson, both from +Pennsylvania, vigorously championed popular election; while men like +Madison insisted that at least one part of the government should rest on +the broad foundation of the people. + +Out of this clash of opinion also came compromise. One branch, the House +of Representatives, it was agreed, was to be elected directly by the +voters, while the Senators were to be elected indirectly by the state +legislatures. The President was to be chosen by electors selected as the +legislatures of the states might determine, and the judges of the +federal courts, supreme and inferior, by the President and the Senate. + +=The Question of the Suffrage.=--The battle over the suffrage was sharp +but brief. Gouverneur Morris proposed that only land owners should be +permitted to vote. Madison replied that the state legislatures, which +had made so much trouble with radical laws, were elected by freeholders. +After the debate, the delegates, unable to agree on any property +limitations on the suffrage, decided that the House of Representatives +should be elected by voters having the "qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature." Thus +they accepted the suffrage provisions of the states. + +=The Balance between the Planting and the Commercial States.=--After the +debates had gone on for a few weeks, Madison came to the conclusion that +the real division in the convention was not between the large and the +small states but between the planting section founded on slave labor and +the commercial North. Thus he anticipated by nearly three-quarters of a +century "the irrepressible conflict." The planting states had neither +the free white population nor the wealth of the North. There were, +counting Delaware, six of them as against seven commercial states. +Dependent for their prosperity mainly upon the sale of tobacco, rice, +and other staples abroad, they feared that Congress might impose +restraints upon their enterprise. Being weaker in numbers, they were +afraid that the majority might lay an unfair burden of taxes upon them. + +_Representation and Taxation._--The Southern members of the convention +were therefore very anxious to secure for their section the largest +possible representation in Congress, and at the same time to restrain +the taxing power of that body. Two devices were thought adapted to these +ends. One was to count the slaves as people when apportioning +representatives among the states according to their respective +populations; the other was to provide that direct taxes should be +apportioned among the states, in proportion not to their wealth but to +the number of their free white inhabitants. For obvious reasons the +Northern delegates objected to these proposals. Once more a compromise +proved to be the solution. It was agreed that not all the slaves but +three-fifths of them should be counted for both purposes--representation +and direct taxation. + +_Commerce and the Slave Trade._--Southern interests were also involved +in the project to confer upon Congress the power to regulate interstate +and foreign commerce. To the manufacturing and trading states this was +essential. It would prevent interstate tariffs and trade jealousies; it +would enable Congress to protect American manufactures and to break +down, by appropriate retaliations, foreign discriminations against +American commerce. To the South the proposal was menacing because +tariffs might interfere with the free exchange of the produce of +plantations in European markets, and navigation acts might confine the +carrying trade to American, that is Northern, ships. The importation of +slaves, moreover, it was feared might be heavily taxed or immediately +prohibited altogether. + +The result of this and related controversies was a debate on the merits +of slavery. Gouverneur Morris delivered his mind and heart on that +subject, denouncing slavery as a nefarious institution and the curse of +heaven on the states in which it prevailed. Mason of Virginia, a +slaveholder himself, was hardly less outspoken, saying: "Slavery +discourages arts and manufactures. The poor despise labor when performed +by slaves. They prevent the migration of whites who really strengthen +and enrich a country." + +The system, however, had its defenders. Representatives from South +Carolina argued that their entire economic life rested on slave labor +and that the high death rate in the rice swamps made continuous +importation necessary. Ellsworth of Connecticut took the ground that +the convention should not meddle with slavery. "The morality or wisdom +of slavery," he said, "are considerations belonging to the states. What +enriches a part enriches the whole." To the future he turned an +untroubled face: "As population increases, poor laborers will be so +plenty as to render slaves useless. Slavery in time will not be a speck +in our country." Virginia and North Carolina, already overstocked with +slaves, favored prohibiting the traffic in them; but South Carolina was +adamant. She must have fresh supplies of slaves or she would not +federate. + +So it was agreed that, while Congress might regulate foreign trade by +majority vote, the importation of slaves should not be forbidden before +the lapse of twenty years, and that any import tax should not exceed $10 +a head. At the same time, in connection with the regulation of foreign +trade, it was stipulated that a two-thirds vote in the Senate should be +necessary in the ratification of treaties. A further concession to the +South was made in the provision for the return of runaway slaves--a +provision also useful in the North, where indentured servants were about +as troublesome as slaves in escaping from their masters. + +=The Form of the Government.=--As to the details of the frame of +government and the grand principles involved, the opinion of the +convention ebbed and flowed, decisions being taken in the heat of +debate, only to be revoked and taken again. + +_The Executive._--There was general agreement that there should be an +executive branch; for reliance upon Congress to enforce its own laws and +treaties had been a broken reed. On the character and functions of the +executive, however, there were many views. The New Jersey plan called +for a council selected by the Congress; the Virginia plan provided that +the executive branch should be chosen by the Congress but did not state +whether it should be composed of one or several persons. On this matter +the convention voted first one way and then another; finally it agreed +on a single executive chosen indirectly by electors selected as the +state legislatures might decide, serving for four years, subject to +impeachment, and endowed with regal powers in the command of the army +and the navy and in the enforcement of the laws. + +_The Legislative Branch--Congress._--After the convention had made the +great compromise between the large and small commonwealths by giving +representation to states in the Senate and to population in the House, +the question of methods of election had to be decided. As to the House +of Representatives it was readily agreed that the members should be +elected by direct popular vote. There was also easy agreement on the +proposition that a strong Senate was needed to check the "turbulence" of +the lower house. Four devices were finally selected to accomplish this +purpose. In the first place, the Senators were not to be chosen directly +by the voters but by the legislatures of the states, thus removing their +election one degree from the populace. In the second place, their term +was fixed at six years instead of two, as in the case of the House. In +the third place, provision was made for continuity by having only +one-third of the members go out at a time while two-thirds remained in +service. Finally, it was provided that Senators must be at least thirty +years old while Representatives need be only twenty-five. + +_The Judiciary._--The need for federal courts to carry out the law was +hardly open to debate. The feebleness of the Articles of Confederation +was, in a large measure, attributed to the want of a judiciary to hold +states and individuals in obedience to the laws and treaties of the +union. Nevertheless on this point the advocates of states' rights were +extremely sensitive. They looked with distrust upon judges appointed at +the national capital and emancipated from local interests and +traditions; they remembered with what insistence they had claimed +against Britain the right of local trial by jury and with what +consternation they had viewed the proposal to make colonial judges +independent of the assemblies in the matter of their salaries. +Reluctantly they yielded to the demand for federal courts, consenting at +first only to a supreme court to review cases heard in lower state +courts and finally to such additional inferior courts as Congress might +deem necessary. + +_The System of Checks and Balances._--It is thus apparent that the +framers of the Constitution, in shaping the form of government, arranged +for a distribution of power among three branches, executive, +legislative, and judicial. Strictly speaking we might say four branches, +for the legislature, or Congress, was composed of two houses, elected in +different ways, and one of them, the Senate, was made a check on the +President through its power of ratifying treaties and appointments. "The +accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judicial, in the +same hands," wrote Madison, "whether of one, a few, or many, and whether +hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the +very definition of tyranny." The devices which the convention adopted to +prevent such a centralization of authority were exceedingly ingenious +and well calculated to accomplish the purposes of the authors. + +The legislature consisted of two houses, the members of which were to be +apportioned on a different basis, elected in different ways, and to +serve for different terms. A veto on all its acts was vested in a +President elected in a manner not employed in the choice of either +branch of the legislature, serving for four years, and subject to +removal only by the difficult process of impeachment. After a law had +run the gantlet of both houses and the executive, it was subject to +interpretation and annulment by the judiciary, appointed by the +President with the consent of the Senate and serving for life. Thus it +was made almost impossible for any political party to get possession of +all branches of the government at a single popular election. As Hamilton +remarked, the friends of good government considered "every institution +calculated to restrain the excess of law making and to keep things in +the same state in which they happen to be at any given period as more +likely to do good than harm." + +=The Powers of the Federal Government.=--On the question of the powers +to be conferred upon the new government there was less occasion for a +serious dispute. Even the delegates from the small states agreed with +those from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia that new powers +should be added to those intrusted to Congress by the Articles of +Confederation. The New Jersey plan as well as the Virginia plan +recognized this fact. Some of the delegates, like Hamilton and Madison, +even proposed to give Congress a general legislative authority covering +all national matters; but others, frightened by the specter of +nationalism, insisted on specifying each power to be conferred and +finally carried the day. + +_Taxation and Commerce._--There were none bold enough to dissent from +the proposition that revenue must be provided to pay current expenses +and discharge the public debt. When once the dispute over the +apportionment of direct taxes among the slave states was settled, it was +an easy matter to decide that Congress should have power to lay and +collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. In this way the national +government was freed from dependence upon stubborn and tardy +legislatures and enabled to collect funds directly from citizens. There +were likewise none bold enough to contend that the anarchy of state +tariffs and trade discriminations should be longer endured. When the +fears of the planting states were allayed and the "bargain" over the +importation of slaves was reached, the convention vested in Congress the +power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. + +_National Defense._--The necessity for national defense was realized, +though the fear of huge military establishments was equally present. The +old practice of relying on quotas furnished by the state legislatures +was completely discredited. As in the case of taxes a direct authority +over citizens was demanded. Congress was therefore given full power to +raise and support armies and a navy. It could employ the state militia +when desirable; but it could at the same time maintain a regular army +and call directly upon all able-bodied males if the nature of a crisis +was thought to require it. + +_The "Necessary and Proper" Clause._--To the specified power vested in +Congress by the Constitution, the advocates of a strong national +government added a general clause authorizing it to make all laws +"necessary and proper" for carrying into effect any and all of the +enumerated powers. This clause, interpreted by that master mind, Chief +Justice Marshall, was later construed to confer powers as wide as the +requirements of a vast country spanning a continent and taking its place +among the mighty nations of the earth. + +=Restraints on the States.=--Framing a government and endowing it with +large powers were by no means the sole concern of the convention. Its +very existence had been due quite as much to the conduct of the state +legislatures as to the futilities of a paralyzed Continental Congress. +In every state, explains Marshall in his _Life of Washington_, there was +a party of men who had "marked out for themselves a more indulgent +course. Viewing with extreme tenderness the case of the debtor, their +efforts were unceasingly directed to his relief. To exact a faithful +compliance with contracts was, in their opinion, a harsh measure which +the people could not bear. They were uniformly in favor of relaxing the +administration of justice, of affording facilities for the payment of +debts, or of suspending their collection, and remitting taxes." + +The legislatures under the dominance of these men had enacted paper +money laws enabling debtors to discharge their obligations more easily. +The convention put an end to such practices by providing that no state +should emit bills of credit or make anything but gold or silver legal +tender in the payment of debts. The state legislatures had enacted laws +allowing men to pay their debts by turning over to creditors land or +personal property; they had repealed the charter of an endowed college +and taken the management from the hands of the lawful trustees; and they +had otherwise interfered with the enforcement of private agreements. The +convention, taking notice of such matters, inserted a clause forbidding +states "to impair the obligation of contracts." The more venturous of +the radicals had in Massachusetts raised the standard of revolt against +the authorities of the state. The convention answered by a brief +sentence to the effect that the President of the United States, to be +equipped with a regular army, would send troops to suppress domestic +insurrections whenever called upon by the legislature or, if it was not +in session, by the governor of the state. To make sure that the +restrictions on the states would not be dead letters, the federal +Constitution, laws, and treaties were made the supreme law of the land, +to be enforced whenever necessary by a national judiciary and executive +against violations on the part of any state authorities. + +=Provisions for Ratification and Amendment.=--When the frame of +government had been determined, the powers to be vested in it had been +enumerated, and the restrictions upon the states had been written into +the bond, there remained three final questions. How shall the +Constitution be ratified? What number of states shall be necessary to +put it into effect? How shall it be amended in the future? + +On the first point, the mandate under which the convention was sitting +seemed positive. The Articles of Confederation were still in effect. +They provided that amendments could be made only by unanimous adoption +in Congress and the approval of all the states. As if to give force to +this provision of law, the call for the convention had expressly stated +that all alterations and revisions should be reported to Congress for +adoption or rejection, Congress itself to transmit the document +thereafter to the states for their review. + +To have observed the strict letter of the law would have defeated the +purposes of the delegates, because Congress and the state legislatures +were openly hostile to such drastic changes as had been made. Unanimous +ratification, as events proved, would have been impossible. Therefore +the delegates decided that the Constitution should be sent to Congress +with the recommendation that it, in turn, transmit the document, not to +the state legislatures, but to conventions held in the states for the +special object of deciding upon ratification. This process was followed. +It was their belief that special conventions would be more friendly than +the state legislatures. + +The convention was equally positive in dealing with the problem of the +number of states necessary to establish the new Constitution. Attempts +to change the Articles had failed because amendment required the +approval of every state and there was always at least one recalcitrant +member of the union. The opposition to a new Constitution was +undoubtedly formidable. Rhode Island had even refused to take part in +framing it, and her hostility was deep and open. So the convention cast +aside the provision of the Articles of Confederation which required +unanimous approval for any change in the plan of government; it decreed +that the new Constitution should go into effect when ratified by nine +states. + +In providing for future changes in the Constitution itself the +convention also thrust aside the old rule of unanimous approval, and +decided that an amendment could be made on a two-thirds vote in both +houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states. This +change was of profound significance. Every state agreed to be bound in +the future by amendments duly adopted even in case it did not approve +them itself. America in this way set out upon the high road that led +from a league of states to a nation. + + +THE STRUGGLE OVER RATIFICATION + +On September 17, 1787, the Constitution, having been finally drafted in +clear and simple language, a model to all makers of fundamental law, was +adopted. The convention, after nearly four months of debate in secret +session, flung open the doors and presented to the Americans the +finished plan for the new government. Then the great debate passed to +the people. + +=The Opposition.=--Storms of criticism at once descended upon the +Constitution. "Fraudulent usurpation!" exclaimed Gerry, who had refused +to sign it. "A monster" out of the "thick veil of secrecy," declaimed a +Pennsylvania newspaper. "An iron-handed despotism will be the result," +protested a third. "We, 'the low-born,'" sarcastically wrote a fourth, +"will now admit the 'six hundred well-born' immediately to establish +this most noble, most excellent, and truly divine constitution." The +President will become a king; Congress will be as tyrannical as +Parliament in the old days; the states will be swallowed up; the rights +of the people will be trampled upon; the poor man's justice will be lost +in the endless delays of the federal courts--such was the strain of the +protests against ratification. + +[Illustration: AN ADVERTISEMENT OF _The Federalist_] + +=Defense of the Constitution.=--Moved by the tempest of opposition, +Hamilton, Madison, and Jay took up their pens in defense of the +Constitution. In a series of newspaper articles they discussed and +expounded with eloquence, learning, and dignity every important clause +and provision of the proposed plan. These papers, afterwards collected +and published in a volume known as _The Federalist_, form the finest +textbook on the Constitution that has ever been printed. It takes its +place, moreover, among the wisest and weightiest treatises on government +ever written in any language in any time. Other men, not so gifted, were +no less earnest in their support of ratification. In private +correspondence, editorials, pamphlets, and letters to the newspapers, +they urged their countrymen to forget their partisanship and accept a +Constitution which, in spite of any defects great or small, was the +only guarantee against dissolution and warfare at home and dishonor and +weakness abroad. + +[Illustration: CELEBRATING THE RATIFICATION] + +=The Action of the State Conventions.=--Before the end of the year, +1787, three states had ratified the Constitution: Delaware and New +Jersey unanimously and Pennsylvania after a short, though savage, +contest. Connecticut and Georgia followed early the next year. Then came +the battle royal in Massachusetts, ending in ratification in February by +the narrow margin of 187 votes to 168. In the spring came the news that +Maryland and South Carolina were "under the new roof." On June 21, New +Hampshire, where the sentiment was at first strong enough to defeat the +Constitution, joined the new republic, influenced by the favorable +decision in Massachusetts. Swift couriers were sent to carry the news to +New York and Virginia, where the question of ratification was still +undecided. Nine states had accepted it and were united, whether more saw +fit to join or not. + +Meanwhile, however, Virginia, after a long and searching debate, had +given her approval by a narrow margin, leaving New York as the next seat +of anxiety. In that state the popular vote for the delegates to the +convention had been clearly and heavily against ratification. Events +finally demonstrated the futility of resistance, and Hamilton by good +judgment and masterly arguments was at last able to marshal a majority +of thirty to twenty-seven votes in favor of ratification. + +The great contest was over. All the states, except North Carolina and +Rhode Island, had ratified. "The sloop Anarchy," wrote an ebullient +journalist, "when last heard from was ashore on Union rocks." + +=The First Election.=--In the autumn of 1788, elections were held to +fill the places in the new government. Public opinion was overwhelmingly +in favor of Washington as the first President. Yielding to the +importunities of friends, he accepted the post in the spirit of public +service. On April 30, 1789, he took the oath of office at Federal Hall +in New York City. "Long live George Washington, President of the United +States!" cried Chancellor Livingston as soon as the General had kissed +the Bible. The cry was caught by the assembled multitude and given back. +A new experiment in popular government was launched. + + +=References= + +M. Farrand, _The Framing of the Constitution of the United States_. + +P.L. Ford, _Essays on the Constitution of the United States_. + +_The Federalist_ (in many editions). + +G. Hunt, _Life of James Madison_. + +A.C. McLaughlin, _The Confederation and the Constitution_ (American +Nation Series). + + +=Questions= + +1. Account for the failure of the Articles of Confederation. + +2. Explain the domestic difficulties of the individual states. + +3. Why did efforts at reform by the Congress come to naught? + +4. Narrate the events leading up to the constitutional convention. + +5. Who were some of the leading men in the convention? What had been +their previous training? + +6. State the great problems before the convention. + +7. In what respects were the planting and commercial states opposed? +What compromises were reached? + +8. Show how the "check and balance" system is embodied in our form of +government. + +9. How did the powers conferred upon the federal government help cure +the defects of the Articles of Confederation? + +10. In what way did the provisions for ratifying and amending the +Constitution depart from the old system? + +11. What was the nature of the conflict over ratification? + + +=Research Topics= + +=English Treatment of American Commerce.=--Callender, _Economic History +of the United States_, pp. 210-220. + +=Financial Condition of the United States.=--Fiske, _Critical Period of +American History_, pp. 163-186. + +=Disordered Commerce.=--Fiske, pp. 134-162. + +=Selfish Conduct of the States.=--Callender, pp. 185-191. + +=The Failure of the Confederation.=--Elson, _History of the United +States_, pp. 318-326. + +=Formation of the Constitution.=--(1) The plans before the convention, +Fiske, pp. 236-249; (2) the great compromise, Fiske, pp. 250-255; (3) +slavery and the convention, Fiske, pp. 256-266; and (4) the frame of +government, Fiske, pp. 275-301; Elson, pp. 328-334. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Look up the history and services of the leaders +in the convention in any good encyclopedia. + +=Ratification of the Constitution.=--Hart, _History Told by +Contemporaries_, Vol. III, pp. 233-254; Elson, pp. 334-340. + +=Source Study.=--Compare the Constitution and Articles of Confederation +under the following heads: (1) frame of government; (2) powers of +Congress; (3) limits on states; and (4) methods of amendment. Every line +of the Constitution should be read and re-read in the light of the +historical circumstances set forth in this chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES + + +THE MEN AND MEASURES OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT + +=Friends of the Constitution in Power.=--In the first Congress that +assembled after the adoption of the Constitution, there were eleven +Senators, led by Robert Morris, the financier, who had been delegates to +the national convention. Several members of the House of +Representatives, headed by James Madison, had also been at Philadelphia +in 1787. In making his appointments, Washington strengthened the new +system of government still further by a judicious selection of +officials. He chose as Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, +who had been the most zealous for its success; General Knox, head of the +War Department, and Edmund Randolph, the Attorney-General, were likewise +conspicuous friends of the experiment. Every member of the federal +judiciary whom Washington appointed, from the Chief Justice, John Jay, +down to the justices of the district courts, had favored the +ratification of the Constitution; and a majority of them had served as +members of the national convention that framed the document or of the +state ratifying conventions. Only one man of influence in the new +government, Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State, was reckoned as a +doubter in the house of the faithful. He had expressed opinions both for +and against the Constitution; but he had been out of the country acting +as the minister at Paris when the Constitution was drafted and ratified. + +=An Opposition to Conciliate.=--The inauguration of Washington amid the +plaudits of his countrymen did not set at rest all the political turmoil +which had been aroused by the angry contest over ratification. "The +interesting nature of the question," wrote John Marshall, "the equality +of the parties, the animation produced inevitably by ardent debate had a +necessary tendency to embitter the dispositions of the vanquished and to +fix more deeply in many bosoms their prejudices against a plan of +government in opposition to which all their passions were enlisted." The +leaders gathered around Washington were well aware of the excited state +of the country. They saw Rhode Island and North Carolina still outside +of the union.[1] They knew by what small margins the Constitution had +been approved in the great states of Massachusetts, Virginia, and New +York. They were equally aware that a majority of the state conventions, +in yielding reluctant approval to the Constitution, had drawn a number +of amendments for immediate submission to the states. + +=The First Amendments--a Bill of Rights.=--To meet the opposition, +Madison proposed, and the first Congress adopted, a series of amendments +to the Constitution. Ten of them were soon ratified and became in 1791 a +part of the law of the land. These amendments provided, among other +things, that Congress could make no law respecting the establishment of +religion, abridging the freedom of speech or of the press or the right +of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for a +redress of grievances. They also guaranteed indictment by grand jury and +trial by jury for all persons charged by federal officers with serious +crimes. To reassure those who still feared that local rights might be +invaded by the federal government, the tenth amendment expressly +provided that the powers not delegated to the United States by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the +states respectively or to the people. Seven years later, the eleventh +amendment was written in the same spirit as the first ten, after a +heated debate over the action of the Supreme Court in permitting a +citizen to bring a suit against "the sovereign state" of Georgia. The +new amendment was designed to protect states against the federal +judiciary by forbidding it to hear any case in which a state was sued by +a citizen. + +=Funding the National Debt.=--Paper declarations of rights, however, +paid no bills. To this task Hamilton turned all his splendid genius. At +the very outset he addressed himself to the problem of the huge public +debt, daily mounting as the unpaid interest accumulated. In a _Report on +Public Credit_ under date of January 9, 1790, one of the first and +greatest of American state papers, he laid before Congress the outlines +of his plan. He proposed that the federal government should call in all +the old bonds, certificates of indebtedness, and other promises to pay +which had been issued by the Congress since the beginning of the +Revolution. These national obligations, he urged, should be put into one +consolidated debt resting on the credit of the United States; to the +holders of the old paper should be issued new bonds drawing interest at +fixed rates. This process was called "funding the debt." Such a +provision for the support of public credit, Hamilton insisted, would +satisfy creditors, restore landed property to its former value, and +furnish new resources to agriculture and commerce in the form of credit +and capital. + +=Assumption and Funding of State Debts.=--Hamilton then turned to the +obligations incurred by the several states in support of the Revolution. +These debts he proposed to add to the national debt. They were to be +"assumed" by the United States government and placed on the same secure +foundation as the continental debt. This measure he defended not merely +on grounds of national honor. It would, as he foresaw, give strength to +the new national government by making all public creditors, men of +substance in their several communities, look to the federal, rather than +the state government, for the satisfaction of their claims. + +=Funding at Face Value.=--On the question of the terms of consolidation, +assumption, and funding, Hamilton had a firm conviction. That millions +of dollars' worth of the continental and state bonds had passed out of +the hands of those who had originally subscribed their funds to the +support of the government or had sold supplies for the Revolutionary +army was well known. It was also a matter of common knowledge that a +very large part of these bonds had been bought by speculators at ruinous +figures--ten, twenty, and thirty cents on the dollar. Accordingly, it +had been suggested, even in very respectable quarters, that a +discrimination should be made between original holders and speculative +purchasers. Some who held this opinion urged that the speculators who +had paid nominal sums for their bonds should be reimbursed for their +outlays and the original holders paid the difference; others said that +the government should "scale the debt" by redeeming, not at full value +but at a figure reasonably above the market price. Against the +proposition Hamilton set his face like flint. He maintained that the +government was honestly bound to redeem every bond at its face value, +although the difficulty of securing revenue made necessary a lower rate +of interest on a part of the bonds and the deferring of interest on +another part. + +=Funding and Assumption Carried.=--There was little difficulty in +securing the approval of both houses of Congress for the funding of the +national debt at full value. The bill for the assumption of state debts, +however, brought the sharpest division of opinions. To the Southern +members of Congress assumption was a gross violation of states' rights, +without any warrant in the Constitution and devised in the interest of +Northern speculators who, anticipating assumption and funding, had +bought up at low prices the Southern bonds and other promises to pay. +New England, on the other hand, was strongly in favor of assumption; +several representatives from that section were rash enough to threaten a +dissolution of the union if the bill was defeated. To this dispute was +added an equally bitter quarrel over the location of the national +capital, then temporarily at New York City. + +[Illustration: FIRST UNITED STATES BANK AT PHILADELPHIA] + +A deadlock, accompanied by the most surly feelings on both sides, +threatened the very existence of the young government. Washington and +Hamilton were thoroughly alarmed. Hearing of the extremity to which the +contest had been carried and acting on the appeal from the Secretary of +the Treasury, Jefferson intervened at this point. By skillful management +at a good dinner he brought the opposing leaders together; and thus once +more, as on many other occasions, peace was purchased and the union +saved by compromise. The bargain this time consisted of an exchange of +votes for assumption in return for votes for the capital. Enough +Southern members voted for assumption to pass the bill, and a majority +was mustered in favor of building the capital on the banks of the +Potomac, after locating it for a ten-year period at Philadelphia to +satisfy Pennsylvania members. + +=The United States Bank.=--Encouraged by the success of his funding and +assumption measures, Hamilton laid before Congress a project for a great +United States Bank. He proposed that a private corporation be chartered +by Congress, authorized to raise a capital stock of $10,000,000 +(three-fourths in new six per cent federal bonds and one-fourth in +specie) and empowered to issue paper currency under proper safeguards. +Many advantages, Hamilton contended, would accrue to the government from +this institution. The price of the government bonds would be increased, +thus enhancing public credit. A national currency would be created of +uniform value from one end of the land to the other. The branches of the +bank in various cities would make easy the exchange of funds so vital to +commercial transactions on a national scale. Finally, through the issue +of bank notes, the money capital available for agriculture and industry +would be increased, thus stimulating business enterprise. Jefferson +hotly attacked the bank on the ground that Congress had no power +whatever under the Constitution to charter such a private corporation. +Hamilton defended it with great cogency. Washington, after weighing all +opinions, decided in favor of the proposal. In 1791 the bill +establishing the first United States Bank for a period of twenty years +became a law. + +=The Protective Tariff.=--A third part of Hamilton's program was the +protection of American industries. The first revenue act of 1789, though +designed primarily to bring money into the empty treasury, declared in +favor of the principle. The following year Washington referred to the +subject in his address to Congress. Thereupon Hamilton was instructed to +prepare recommendations for legislative action. The result, after a +delay of more than a year, was his _Report on Manufactures_, another +state paper worthy, in closeness of reasoning and keenness of +understanding, of a place beside his report on public credit. Hamilton +based his argument on the broadest national grounds: the protective +tariff would, by encouraging the building of factories, create a home +market for the produce of farms and plantations; by making the United +States independent of other countries in times of peace, it would double +its security in time of war; by making use of the labor of women and +children, it would turn to the production of goods persons otherwise +idle or only partly employed; by increasing the trade between the North +and South it would strengthen the links of union and add to political +ties those of commerce and intercourse. The revenue measure of 1792 bore +the impress of these arguments. + + +THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES + +=Dissensions over Hamilton's Measures.=--Hamilton's plans, touching +deeply as they did the resources of individuals and the interests of the +states, awakened alarm and opposition. Funding at face value, said his +critics, was a government favor to speculators; the assumption of state +debts was a deep design to undermine the state governments; Congress had +no constitutional power to create a bank; the law creating the bank +merely allowed a private corporation to make paper money and lend it at +a high rate of interest; and the tariff was a tax on land and labor for +the benefit of manufacturers. + +Hamilton's reply to this bill of indictment was simple and +straightforward. Some rascally speculators had profited from the funding +of the debt at face value, but that was only an incident in the +restoration of public credit. In view of the jealousies of the states it +was a good thing to reduce their powers and pretensions. The +Constitution was not to be interpreted narrowly but in the full light of +national needs. The bank would enlarge the amount of capital so sorely +needed to start up American industries, giving markets to farmers and +planters. The tariff by creating a home market and increasing +opportunities for employment would benefit both land and labor. Out of +such wise policies firmly pursued by the government, he concluded, were +bound to come strength and prosperity for the new government at home, +credit and power abroad. This view Washington fully indorsed, adding +the weight of his great name to the inherent merits of the measures +adopted under his administration. + +=The Sharpness of the Partisan Conflict.=--As a result of the clash of +opinion, the people of the country gradually divided into two parties: +Federalists and Anti-Federalists, the former led by Hamilton, the latter +by Jefferson. The strength of the Federalists lay in the cities--Boston, +Providence, Hartford, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston--among the +manufacturing, financial, and commercial groups of the population who +were eager to extend their business operations. The strength of the +Anti-Federalists lay mainly among the debt-burdened farmers who feared +the growth of what they called "a money power" and planters in all +sections who feared the dominance of commercial and manufacturing +interests. The farming and planting South, outside of the few towns, +finally presented an almost solid front against assumption, the bank, +and the tariff. The conflict between the parties grew steadily in +bitterness, despite the conciliatory and engaging manner in which +Hamilton presented his cause in his state papers and despite the +constant efforts of Washington to soften the asperity of the +contestants. + +=The Leadership and Doctrines of Jefferson.=--The party dispute had not +gone far before the opponents of the administration began to look to +Jefferson as their leader. Some of Hamilton's measures he had approved, +declaring afterward that he did not at the time understand their +significance. Others, particularly the bank, he fiercely assailed. More +than once, he and Hamilton, shaking violently with anger, attacked each +other at cabinet meetings, and nothing short of the grave and dignified +pleas of Washington prevented an early and open break between them. In +1794 it finally came. Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State and +retired to his home in Virginia to assume, through correspondence and +negotiation, the leadership of the steadily growing party of opposition. + +Shy and modest in manner, halting in speech, disliking the turmoil of +public debate, and deeply interested in science and philosophy, +Jefferson was not very well fitted for the strenuous life of political +contest. Nevertheless, he was an ambitious and shrewd negotiator. He was +also by honest opinion and matured conviction the exact opposite of +Hamilton. The latter believed in a strong, active, "high-toned" +government, vigorously compelling in all its branches. Jefferson looked +upon such government as dangerous to the liberties of citizens and +openly avowed his faith in the desirability of occasional popular +uprisings. Hamilton distrusted the people. "Your people is a great +beast," he is reported to have said. Jefferson professed his faith in +the people with an abandon that was considered reckless in his time. + +On economic matters, the opinions of the two leaders were also +hopelessly at variance. Hamilton, while cherishing agriculture, desired +to see America a great commercial and industrial nation. Jefferson was +equally set against this course for his country. He feared the +accumulation of riches and the growth of a large urban working class. +The mobs of great cities, he said, are sores on the body politic; +artisans are usually the dangerous element that make revolutions; +workshops should be kept in Europe and with them the artisans with their +insidious morals and manners. The only substantial foundation for a +republic, Jefferson believed to be agriculture. The spirit of +independence could be kept alive only by free farmers, owning the land +they tilled and looking to the sun in heaven and the labor of their +hands for their sustenance. Trusting as he did in the innate goodness of +human nature when nourished on a free soil, Jefferson advocated those +measures calculated to favor agriculture and to enlarge the rights of +persons rather than the powers of government. Thus he became the +champion of the individual against the interference of the government, +and an ardent advocate of freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and +freedom of scientific inquiry. It was, accordingly, no mere factious +spirit that drove him into opposition to Hamilton. + +=The Whisky Rebellion.=--The political agitation of the Anti-Federalists +was accompanied by an armed revolt against the government in 1794. The +occasion for this uprising was another of Hamilton's measures, a law +laying an excise tax on distilled spirits, for the purpose of increasing +the revenue needed to pay the interest on the funded debt. It so +happened that a very considerable part of the whisky manufactured in the +country was made by the farmers, especially on the frontier, in their +own stills. The new revenue law meant that federal officers would now +come into the homes of the people, measure their liquor, and take the +tax out of their pockets. All the bitterness which farmers felt against +the fiscal measures of the government was redoubled. In the western +districts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina, they refused to +pay the tax. In Pennsylvania, some of them sacked and burned the houses +of the tax collectors, as the Revolutionists thirty years before had +mobbed the agents of King George sent over to sell stamps. They were in +a fair way to nullify the law in whole districts when Washington called +out the troops to suppress "the Whisky Rebellion." Then the movement +collapsed; but it left behind a deep-seated resentment which flared up +in the election of several obdurate Anti-Federalist Congressmen from the +disaffected regions. + + +FOREIGN INFLUENCES AND DOMESTIC POLITICS + +=The French Revolution.=--In this exciting period, when all America was +distracted by partisan disputes, a storm broke in Europe--the +epoch-making French Revolution--which not only shook the thrones of the +Old World but stirred to its depths the young republic of the New World. +The first scene in this dramatic affair occurred in the spring of 1789, +a few days after Washington was inaugurated. The king of France, Louis +XVI, driven into bankruptcy by extravagance and costly wars, was forced +to resort to his people for financial help. Accordingly he called, for +the first time in more than one hundred fifty years, a meeting of the +national parliament, the "Estates General," composed of representatives +of the "three estates"--the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Acting +under powerful leaders, the commoners, or "third estate," swept aside +the clergy and nobility and resolved themselves into a national +assembly. This stirred the country to its depths. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +LOUIS XVI IN THE HANDS OF THE MOB] + +Great events followed in swift succession. On July 14, 1789, the +Bastille, an old royal prison, symbol of the king's absolutism, was +stormed by a Paris crowd and destroyed. On the night of August 4, the +feudal privileges of the nobility were abolished by the national +assembly amid great excitement. A few days later came the famous +Declaration of the Rights of Man, proclaiming the sovereignty of the +people and the privileges of citizens. In the autumn of 1791, Louis XVI +was forced to accept a new constitution for France vesting the +legislative power in a popular assembly. Little disorder accompanied +these startling changes. To all appearances a peaceful revolution had +stripped the French king of his royal prerogatives and based the +government of his country on the consent of the governed. + +=American Influence in France.=--In undertaking their great political +revolt the French had been encouraged by the outcome of the American +Revolution. Officers and soldiers, who had served in the American war, +reported to their French countrymen marvelous tales. At the frugal table +of General Washington, in council with the unpretentious Franklin, or at +conferences over the strategy of war, French noblemen of ancient lineage +learned to respect both the talents and the simple character of the +leaders in the great republican commonwealth beyond the seas. Travelers, +who had gone to see the experiment in republicanism with their own eyes, +carried home to the king and ruling class stories of an astounding +system of popular government. + +On the other hand the dalliance with American democracy was regarded by +French conservatives as playing with fire. "When we think of the false +ideas of government and philanthropy," wrote one of Lafayette's aides, +"which these youths acquired in America and propagated in France with so +much enthusiasm and such deplorable success--for this mania of imitation +powerfully aided the Revolution, though it was not the sole cause of +it--we are bound to confess that it would have been better, both for +themselves and for us, if these young philosophers in red-heeled shoes +had stayed at home in attendance on the court." + +=Early American Opinion of the French Revolution.=--So close were the +ties between the two nations that it is not surprising to find every +step in the first stages of the French Revolution greeted with applause +in the United States. "Liberty will have another feather in her cap," +exultantly wrote a Boston editor. "In no part of the globe," soberly +wrote John Marshall, "was this revolution hailed with more joy than in +America.... But one sentiment existed." The main key to the Bastille, +sent to Washington as a memento, was accepted as "a token of the +victory gained by liberty." Thomas Paine saw in the great event "the +first ripe fruits of American principles transplanted into Europe." +Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarded the new constitution of France +as another vindication of American ideals. + +=The Reign of Terror.=--While profuse congratulations were being +exchanged, rumors began to come that all was not well in France. Many +noblemen, enraged at the loss of their special privileges, fled into +Germany and plotted an invasion of France to overthrow the new system of +government. Louis XVI entered into negotiations with his brother +monarchs on the continent to secure their help in the same enterprise, +and he finally betrayed to the French people his true sentiments by +attempting to escape from his kingdom, only to be captured and taken +back to Paris in disgrace. + +A new phase of the revolution now opened. The working people, excluded +from all share in the government by the first French constitution, +became restless, especially in Paris. Assembling on the Champs de Mars, +a great open field, they signed a petition calling for another +constitution giving them the suffrage. When told to disperse, they +refused and were fired upon by the national guard. This "massacre," as +it was called, enraged the populace. A radical party, known as +"Jacobins," then sprang up, taking its name from a Jacobin monastery in +which it held its sessions. In a little while it became the master of +the popular convention convoked in September, 1792. The monarchy was +immediately abolished and a republic established. On January 21, 1793, +Louis was sent to the scaffold. To the war on Austria, already raging, +was added a war on England. Then came the Reign of Terror, during which +radicals in possession of the convention executed in large numbers +counter-revolutionists and those suspected of sympathy with the +monarchy. They shot down peasants who rose in insurrection against their +rule and established a relentless dictatorship. Civil war followed. +Terrible atrocities were committed on both sides in the name of liberty, +and in the name of monarchy. To Americans of conservative temper it now +seemed that the Revolution, so auspiciously begun, had degenerated into +anarchy and mere bloodthirsty strife. + +=Burke Summons the World to War on France.=--In England, Edmund Burke +led the fight against the new French principles which he feared might +spread to all Europe. In his _Reflections on the French Revolution_, +written in 1790, he attacked with terrible wrath the whole program of +popular government; he called for war, relentless war, upon the French +as monsters and outlaws; he demanded that they be reduced to order by +the restoration of the king to full power under the protection of the +arms of European nations. + +=Paine's Defense of the French Revolution.=--To counteract the campaign +of hate against the French, Thomas Paine replied to Burke in another of +his famous tracts, _The Rights of Man_, which was given to the American +public in an edition containing a letter of approval from Jefferson. +Burke, said Paine, had been mourning about the glories of the French +monarchy and aristocracy but had forgotten the starving peasants and the +oppressed people; had wept over the plumage and neglected the dying +bird. Burke had denied the right of the French people to choose their +own governors, blandly forgetting that the English government in which +he saw final perfection itself rested on two revolutions. He had boasted +that the king of England held his crown in contempt of the democratic +societies. Paine answered: "If I ask a man in America if he wants a +king, he retorts and asks me if I take him for an idiot." To the charge +that the doctrines of the rights of man were "new fangled," Paine +replied that the question was not whether they were new or old but +whether they were right or wrong. As to the French disorders and +difficulties, he bade the world wait to see what would be brought forth +in due time. + +=The Effect of the French Revolution on American Politics.=--The course +of the French Revolution and the controversies accompanying it, +exercised a profound influence on the formation of the first political +parties in America. The followers of Hamilton, now proud of the name +"Federalists," drew back in fright as they heard of the cruel deeds +committed during the Reign of Terror. They turned savagely upon the +revolutionists and their friends in America, denouncing as "Jacobin" +everybody who did not condemn loudly enough the proceedings of the +French Republic. A Massachusetts preacher roundly assailed "the +atheistical, anarchical, and in other respects immoral principles of the +French Republicans"; he then proceeded with equal passion to attack +Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists, whom he charged with spreading false +French propaganda and betraying America. "The editors, patrons, and +abettors of these vehicles of slander," he exclaimed, "ought to be +considered and treated as enemies to their country.... Of all traitors +they are the most aggravatedly criminal; of all villains, they are the +most infamous and detestable." + +The Anti-Federalists, as a matter of fact, were generally favorable to +the Revolution although they deplored many of the events associated with +it. Paine's pamphlet, indorsed by Jefferson, was widely read. Democratic +societies, after the fashion of French political clubs, arose in the +cities; the coalition of European monarchs against France was denounced +as a coalition against the very principles of republicanism; and the +execution of Louis XVI was openly celebrated at a banquet in +Philadelphia. Harmless titles, such as "Sir," "the Honorable," and "His +Excellency," were decried as aristocratic and some of the more excited +insisted on adopting the French title, "Citizen," speaking, for example, +of "Citizen Judge" and "Citizen Toastmaster." Pamphlets in defense of +the French streamed from the press, while subsidized newspapers kept the +propaganda in full swing. + +=The European War Disturbs American Commerce.=--This battle of wits, or +rather contest in calumny, might have gone on indefinitely in America +without producing any serious results, had it not been for the war +between England and France, then raging. The English, having command of +the seas, claimed the right to seize American produce bound for French +ports and to confiscate American ships engaged in carrying French goods. +Adding fuel to a fire already hot enough, they began to search American +ships and to carry off British-born sailors found on board American +vessels. + +=The French Appeal for Help.=--At the same time the French Republic +turned to the United States for aid in its war on England and sent over +as its diplomatic representative "Citizen" Genet, an ardent supporter of +the new order. On his arrival at Charleston, he was greeted with fervor +by the Anti-Federalists. As he made his way North, he was wined and +dined and given popular ovations that turned his head. He thought the +whole country was ready to join the French Republic in its contest with +England. Genet therefore attempted to use the American ports as the base +of operations for French privateers preying on British merchant ships; +and he insisted that the United States was in honor bound to help France +under the treaty of 1778. + +=The Proclamation of Neutrality and the Jay Treaty.=--Unmoved by the + +rising tide of popular sympathy for France, Washington took a firm +course. He received Genet coldly. The demand that the United States aid +France under the old treaty of alliance he answered by proclaiming the +neutrality of America and warning American citizens against hostile acts +toward either France or England. When Genet continued to hold meetings, +issue manifestoes, and stir up the people against England, Washington +asked the French government to recall him. This act he followed up by +sending the Chief Justice, John Jay, on a pacific mission to England. + +The result was the celebrated Jay treaty of 1794. By its terms Great +Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from the western forts where they +had been since the war for independence and to grant certain slight +trade concessions. The chief sources of bitterness--the failure of the +British to return slaves carried off during the Revolution, the seizure +of American ships, and the impressment of sailors--were not touched, +much to the distress of everybody in America, including loyal +Federalists. Nevertheless, Washington, dreading an armed conflict with +England, urged the Senate to ratify the treaty. The weight of his +influence carried the day. + +At this, the hostility of the Anti-Federalists knew no bounds. Jefferson +declared the Jay treaty "an infamous act which is really nothing more +than an alliance between England and the Anglo-men of this country, +against the legislature and the people of the United States." Hamilton, +defending it with his usual courage, was stoned by a mob in New York and +driven from the platform with blood streaming from his face. Jay was +burned in effigy. Even Washington was not spared. The House of +Representatives was openly hostile. To display its feelings, it called +upon the President for the papers relative to the treaty negotiations, +only to be more highly incensed by his flat refusal to present them, on +the ground that the House did not share in the treaty-making power. + +=Washington Retires from Politics.=--Such angry contests confirmed the +President in his slowly maturing determination to retire at the end of +his second term in office. He did not believe that a third term was +unconstitutional or improper; but, worn out by his long and arduous +labors in war and in peace and wounded by harsh attacks from former +friends, he longed for the quiet of his beautiful estate at Mount +Vernon. + +In September, 1796, on the eve of the presidential election, Washington +issued his Farewell Address, another state paper to be treasured and +read by generations of Americans to come. In this address he directed +the attention of the people to three subjects of lasting interest. He +warned them against sectional jealousies. He remonstrated against the +spirit of partisanship, saying that in government "of the popular +character, in government purely elective, it is a spirit not to be +encouraged." He likewise cautioned the people against "the insidious +wiles of foreign influence," saying: "Europe has a set of primary +interests which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence she +must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are +essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it would be +unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary +vicissitudes of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions +of her friendships or enmities.... Why forego the advantages of so +peculiar a situation?... It is our true policy to steer clear of +permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.... Taking +care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a +respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary +alliances for extraordinary emergencies." + +=The Campaign of 1796--Adams Elected.=--On hearing of the retirement of +Washington, the Anti-Federalists cast off all restraints. In honor of +France and in opposition to what they were pleased to call the +monarchical tendencies of the Federalists, they boldly assumed the name +"Republican"; the term "Democrat," then applied only to obscure and +despised radicals, had not come into general use. They selected +Jefferson as their candidate for President against John Adams, the +Federalist nominee, and carried on such a spirited campaign that they +came within four votes of electing him. + +The successful candidate, Adams, was not fitted by training or opinion +for conciliating a determined opposition. He was a reserved and studious +man. He was neither a good speaker nor a skillful negotiator. In one of +his books he had declared himself in favor of "government by an +aristocracy of talents and wealth"--an offense which the Republicans +never forgave. While John Marshall found him "a sensible, plain, candid, +good-tempered man," Jefferson could see in him nothing but a "monocrat" +and "Anglo-man." Had it not been for the conduct of the French +government, Adams would hardly have enjoyed a moment's genuine +popularity during his administration. + +=The Quarrel with France.=--The French Directory, the executive +department established under the constitution of 1795, managed, however, +to stir the anger of Republicans and Federalists alike. It regarded the +Jay treaty as a rebuke to France and a flagrant violation of obligations +solemnly registered in the treaty of 1778. Accordingly it refused to +receive the American minister, treated him in a humiliating way, and +finally told him to leave the country. Overlooking this affront in his +anxiety to maintain peace, Adams dispatched to France a commission of +eminent men with instructions to reach an understanding with the French +Republic. On their arrival, they were chagrined to find, instead of a +decent reception, an indirect demand for an apology respecting the past +conduct of the American government, a payment in cash, and an annual +tribute as the price of continued friendship. When the news of this +affair reached President Adams, he promptly laid it before Congress, +referring to the Frenchmen who had made the demands as "Mr. X, Mr. Y, +and Mr. Z." + +This insult, coupled with the fact that French privateers, like the +British, were preying upon American commerce, enraged even the +Republicans who had been loudest in the profession of their French +sympathies. They forgot their wrath over the Jay treaty and joined with +the Federalists in shouting: "Millions for defense, not a cent for +tribute!" Preparations for war were made on every hand. Washington was +once more called from Mount Vernon to take his old position at the head +of the army. Indeed, fighting actually began upon the high seas and went +on without a formal declaration of war until the year 1800. By that time +the Directory had been overthrown. A treaty was readily made with +Napoleon, the First Consul, who was beginning his remarkable career as +chief of the French Republic, soon to be turned into an empire. + +=Alien and Sedition Laws.=--Flushed with success, the Federalists +determined, if possible, to put an end to radical French influence in +America and to silence Republican opposition. They therefore passed two +drastic laws in the summer of 1798: the Alien and Sedition Acts. + +The first of these measures empowered the President to expel from the +country or to imprison any alien whom he regarded as "dangerous" or "had +reasonable grounds to suspect" of "any treasonable or secret +machinations against the government." + +The second of the measures, the Sedition Act, penalized not only those +who attempted to stir up unlawful combinations against the government +but also every one who wrote, uttered, or published "any false, +scandalous, and malicious writing ... against the government of the +United States or either House of Congress, or the President of the +United States, with intent to defame said government ... or to bring +them or either of them into contempt or disrepute." This measure was +hurried through Congress in spite of the opposition and the clear +provision in the Constitution that Congress shall make no law abridging +the freedom of speech or of the press. Even many Federalists feared the +consequences of the action. Hamilton was alarmed when he read the bill, +exclaiming: "Let us not establish a tyranny. Energy is a very different +thing from violence." John Marshall told his friends in Virginia that, +had he been in Congress, he would have opposed the two bills because he +thought them "useless" and "calculated to create unnecessary discontents +and jealousies." + +The Alien law was not enforced; but it gave great offense to the Irish +and French whose activities against the American government's policy +respecting Great Britain put them in danger of prison. The Sedition law, +on the other hand, was vigorously applied. Several editors of Republican +newspapers soon found themselves in jail or broken by ruinous fines for +their caustic criticisms of the Federalist President and his policies. +Bystanders at political meetings, who uttered sentiments which, though +ungenerous and severe, seem harmless enough now, were hurried before +Federalist judges and promptly fined and imprisoned. Although the +prosecutions were not numerous, they aroused a keen resentment. The +Republicans were convinced that their political opponents, having +saddled upon the country Hamilton's fiscal system and the British +treaty, were bent on silencing all censure. The measures therefore had +exactly the opposite effect from that which their authors intended. +Instead of helping the Federalist party, they made criticism of it more +bitter than ever. + +=The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.=--Jefferson was quick to take +advantage of the discontent. He drafted a set of resolutions declaring +the Sedition law null and void, as violating the federal Constitution. +His resolutions were passed by the Kentucky legislature late in 1798, +signed by the governor, and transmitted to the other states for their +consideration. Though receiving unfavorable replies from a number of +Northern states, Kentucky the following year reaffirmed its position and +declared that the nullification of all unconstitutional acts of Congress +was the rightful remedy to be used by the states in the redress of +grievances. It thus defied the federal government and announced a +doctrine hostile to nationality and fraught with terrible meaning for +the future. In the neighboring state of Virginia, Madison led a movement +against the Alien and Sedition laws. He induced the legislature to pass +resolutions condemning the acts as unconstitutional and calling upon the +other states to take proper means to preserve their rights and the +rights of the people. + +=The Republican Triumph in 1800.=--Thus the way was prepared for the +election of 1800. The Republicans left no stone unturned in their +efforts to place on the Federalist candidate, President Adams, all the +odium of the Alien and Sedition laws, in addition to responsibility for +approving Hamilton's measures and policies. The Federalists, divided in +councils and cold in their affection for Adams, made a poor campaign. +They tried to discredit their opponents with epithets of "Jacobins" and +"Anarchists"--terms which had been weakened by excessive use. When the +vote was counted, it was found that Adams had been defeated; while the +Republicans had carried the entire South and New York also and secured +eight of the fifteen electoral votes cast by Pennsylvania. "Our beloved +Adams will now close his bright career," lamented a Federalist +newspaper. "Sons of faction, demagogues and high priests of anarchy, now +you have cause to triumph!" + +[Illustration: _An old cartoon_ + +A QUARREL BETWEEN A FEDERALIST AND A REPUBLICAN IN THE HOUSE OF +REPRESENTATIVES] + +Jefferson's election, however, was still uncertain. By a curious +provision in the Constitution, presidential electors were required to +vote for two persons without indicating which office each was to fill, +the one receiving the highest number of votes to be President and the +candidate standing next to be Vice President. It so happened that Aaron +Burr, the Republican candidate for Vice President, had received the same +number of votes as Jefferson; as neither had a majority the election was +thrown into the House of Representatives, where the Federalists held the +balance of power. Although it was well known that Burr was not even a +candidate for President, his friends and many Federalists began +intriguing for his election to that high office. Had it not been for the +vigorous action of Hamilton the prize might have been snatched out of +Jefferson's hands. Not until the thirty-sixth ballot on February 17, +1801, was the great issue decided in his favor.[2] + + +=References= + +J.S. Bassett, _The Federalist System_ (American Nation Series). + +C.A. Beard, _Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy_. + +H. Lodge, _Alexander Hamilton_. + +J.T. Morse, _Thomas Jefferson_. + + +=Questions= + +1. Who were the leaders in the first administration under the +Constitution? + +2. What step was taken to appease the opposition? + +3. Enumerate Hamilton's great measures and explain each in detail. + +4. Show the connection between the parts of Hamilton's system. + +5. Contrast the general political views of Hamilton and Jefferson. + +6. What were the important results of the "peaceful" French Revolution +(1789-92)? + +7. Explain the interaction of opinion between France and the United +States. + +8. How did the "Reign of Terror" change American opinion? + +9. What was the Burke-Paine controversy? + +10. Show how the war in Europe affected American commerce and involved +America with England and France. + +11. What were American policies with regard to each of those countries? + +12. What was the outcome of the Alien and Sedition Acts? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Early Federal Legislation.=--Coman, _Industrial History of the United +States_, pp. 133-156; Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. +341-348. + +=Hamilton's Report on Public Credit.=--Macdonald, _Documentary Source +Book_, pp. 233-243. + +=The French Revolution.=--Robinson and Beard, _Development of Modern +Europe_, Vol. I, pp. 224-282; Elson, pp. 351-354. + +=The Burke-Paine Controversy.=--Make an analysis of Burke's _Reflections +on the French Revolution_ and Paine's _Rights of Man_. + +=The Alien and Sedition Acts.=--Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, +pp. 259-267; Elson, pp. 367-375. + +=Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.=--Macdonald, pp. 267-278. + +=Source Studies.=--Materials in Hart, _American History Told by +Contemporaries_, Vol. III, pp. 255-343. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas +Jefferson, and Albert Gallatin. + +=The Twelfth Amendment.=--Contrast the provision in the original +Constitution with the terms of the Amendment. _See_ Appendix. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] North Carolina ratified in November, 1789, and Rhode Island in May, +1790. + +[2] To prevent a repetition of such an unfortunate affair, the twelfth +amendment of the Constitution was adopted in 1804, changing slightly the +method of electing the President. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER + + +REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES + +=Opposition to Strong Central Government.=--Cherishing especially the +agricultural interest, as Jefferson said, the Republicans were in the +beginning provincial in their concern and outlook. Their attachment to +America was, certainly, as strong as that of Hamilton; but they regarded +the state, rather than the national government, as the proper center of +power and affection. Indeed, a large part of the rank and file had been +among the opponents of the Constitution in the days of its adoption. +Jefferson had entertained doubts about it and Monroe, destined to be the +fifth President, had been one of the bitter foes of ratification. The +former went so far in the direction of local autonomy that he exalted +the state above the nation in the Kentucky resolutions of 1798, +declaring the Constitution to be a mere compact and the states competent +to interpret and nullify federal law. This was provincialism with a +vengeance. "It is jealousy, not confidence, which prescribes limited +constitutions," wrote Jefferson for the Kentucky legislature. Jealousy +of the national government, not confidence in it--this is the ideal that +reflected the provincial and agricultural interest. + +=Republican Simplicity.=--Every act of the Jeffersonian party during its +early days of power was in accord with the ideals of government which it +professed. It had opposed all pomp and ceremony, calculated to give +weight and dignity to the chief executive of the nation, as symbols of +monarchy and high prerogative. Appropriately, therefore, Jefferson's +inauguration on March 4, 1801, the first at the new capital at +Washington, was marked by extreme simplicity. In keeping with this +procedure he quit the practice, followed by Washington and Adams, of +reading presidential addresses to Congress in joint assembly and adopted +in its stead the plan of sending his messages in writing--a custom that +was continued unbroken until 1913 when President Wilson returned to the +example set by the first chief magistrate. + +=Republican Measures.=--The Republicans had complained of a great +national debt as the source of a dangerous "money power," giving +strength to the federal government; accordingly they began to pay it off +as rapidly as possible. They had held commerce in low esteem and looked +upon a large navy as a mere device to protect it; consequently they +reduced the number of warships. They had objected to excise taxes, +particularly on whisky; these they quickly abolished, to the intense +satisfaction of the farmers. They had protested against the heavy cost +of the federal government; they reduced expenses by discharging hundreds +of men from the army and abolishing many offices. + +They had savagely criticized the Sedition law and Jefferson refused to +enforce it. They had been deeply offended by the assault on freedom of +speech and press and they promptly impeached Samuel Chase, a justice of +the Supreme Court, who had been especially severe in his attacks upon +offenders under the Sedition Act. Their failure to convict Justice Chase +by a narrow margin was due to no lack of zeal on their part but to the +Federalist strength in the Senate where the trial was held. They had +regarded the appointment of a large number of federal judges during the +last hours of Adams' administration as an attempt to intrench +Federalists in the judiciary and to enlarge the sphere of the national +government. Accordingly, they at once repealed the act creating the new +judgeships, thus depriving the "midnight appointees" of their posts. +They had considered the federal offices, civil and military, as sources +of great strength to the Federalists and Jefferson, though committed to +the principle that offices should be open to all and distributed +according to merit, was careful to fill most of the vacancies as they +occurred with trusted Republicans. To his credit, however, it must be +said that he did not make wholesale removals to find room for party +workers. + +The Republicans thus hewed to the line of their general policy of +restricting the weight, dignity, and activity of the national +government. Yet there were no Republicans, as the Federalists asserted, +prepared to urge serious modifications in the Constitution. "If there be +any among us who wish to dissolve this union or to change its republican +form," wrote Jefferson in his first inaugural, "let them stand +undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may +be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." After reciting the +fortunate circumstances of climate, soil, and isolation which made the +future of America so full of promise, Jefferson concluded: "A wise and +frugal government which shall restrain men from injuring one another, +shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of +industry and improvement and shall not take from the mouth of labour the +bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government; and this is +necessary to close the circle of our felicities." + +In all this the Republicans had not reckoned with destiny. In a few +short years that lay ahead it was their fate to double the territory of +the country, making inevitable a continental nation; to give the +Constitution a generous interpretation that shocked many a Federalist; +to wage war on behalf of American commerce; to reestablish the hated +United States Bank; to enact a high protective tariff; to see their +Federalist opponents in their turn discredited as nullifiers and +provincials; to announce high national doctrines in foreign affairs; and +to behold the Constitution exalted and defended against the pretensions +of states by a son of old Virginia, John Marshall, Chief Justice of the +Supreme Court of the United States. + + +THE REPUBLICANS AND THE GREAT WEST + +=Expansion and Land Hunger.=--The first of the great measures which +drove the Republicans out upon this new national course--the purchase +of the Louisiana territory--was the product of circumstances rather than +of their deliberate choosing. It was not the lack of land for his +cherished farmers that led Jefferson to add such an immense domain to +the original possessions of the United States. In the Northwest +territory, now embracing Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, +and a portion of Minnesota, settlements were mainly confined to the +north bank of the Ohio River. To the south, in Kentucky and Tennessee, +where there were more than one hundred thousand white people who had +pushed over the mountains from Virginia and the Carolinas, there were +still wide reaches of untilled soil. The Alabama and Mississippi regions +were vast Indian frontiers of the state of Georgia, unsettled and almost +unexplored. Even to the wildest imagination there seemed to be territory +enough to satisfy the land hunger of the American people for a century +to come. + +=The Significance of the Mississippi River.=--At all events the East, +then the center of power, saw no good reason for expansion. The planters +of the Carolinas, the manufacturers of Pennsylvania, the importers of +New York, the shipbuilders of New England, looking to the seaboard and +to Europe for trade, refinements, and sometimes their ideas of +government, were slow to appreciate the place of the West in national +economy. The better educated the Easterners were, the less, it seems, +they comprehended the destiny of the nation. Sons of Federalist fathers +at Williams College, after a long debate decided by a vote of fifteen to +one that the purchase of Louisiana was undesirable. + +On the other hand, the pioneers of Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee, +unlearned in books, saw with their own eyes the resources of the +wilderness. Many of them had been across the Mississippi and had beheld +the rich lands awaiting the plow of the white man. Down the great river +they floated their wheat, corn, and bacon to ocean-going ships bound for +the ports of the seaboard or for Europe. The land journeys over the +mountain barriers with bulky farm produce, they knew from experience, +were almost impossible, and costly at best. Nails, bolts of cloth, tea, +and coffee could go or come that way, but not corn and bacon. A free +outlet to the sea by the Mississippi was as essential to the pioneers of +the Kentucky region as the harbor of Boston to the merchant princes of +that metropolis. + +=Louisiana under Spanish Rule.=--For this reason they watched with deep +solicitude the fortunes of the Spanish king to whom, at the close of the +Seven Years' War, had fallen the Louisiana territory stretching from New +Orleans to the Rocky Mountains. While he controlled the mouth of the +Mississippi there was little to fear, for he had neither the army nor +the navy necessary to resist any invasion of American trade. Moreover, +Washington had been able, by the exercise of great tact, to secure from +Spain in 1795 a trading privilege through New Orleans which satisfied +the present requirements of the frontiersmen even if it did not allay +their fears for the future. So things stood when a swift succession of +events altered the whole situation. + +=Louisiana Transferred to France.=--In July, 1802, a royal order from +Spain instructed the officials at New Orleans to close the port to +American produce. About the same time a disturbing rumor, long current, +was confirmed--Napoleon had coerced Spain into returning Louisiana to +France by a secret treaty signed in 1800. "The scalers of the Alps and +conquerors of Venice" now looked across the sea for new scenes of +adventure. The West was ablaze with excitement. A call for war ran +through the frontier; expeditions were organized to prevent the landing +of the French; and petitions for instant action flooded in upon +Jefferson. + +=Jefferson Sees the Danger.=--Jefferson, the friend of France and sworn +enemy of England, compelled to choose in the interest of America, never +winced. "The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France," +he wrote to Livingston, the American minister in Paris, "works sorely on +the United States. It completely reverses all the political relations of +the United States and will form a new epoch in our political course.... +There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our +natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans through which the produce +of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market.... France, +placing herself in that door, assumes to us an attitude of defiance. +Spain might have retained it quietly for years. Her pacific +dispositions, her feeble state would induce her to increase our +facilities there.... Not so can it ever be in the hands of France.... +The day that France takes possession of New Orleans fixes the sentence +which is to restrain her forever within her low water mark.... It seals +the union of the two nations who in conjunction can maintain exclusive +possession of the ocean. From that moment we must marry ourselves to the +British fleet and nation.... This is not a state of things we seek or +desire. It is one which this measure, if adopted by France, forces on us +as necessarily as any other cause by the laws of nature brings on its +necessary effect." + +=Louisiana Purchased.=--Acting on this belief, but apparently seeing +only the Mississippi outlet at stake, Jefferson sent his friend, James +Monroe, to France with the power to buy New Orleans and West Florida. +Before Monroe arrived, the regular minister, Livingston, had already +convinced Napoleon that it would be well to sell territory which might +be wrested from him at any moment by the British sea power, especially +as the war, temporarily stopped by the peace of Amiens, was once more +raging in Europe. Wise as he was in his day, Livingston had at first no +thought of buying the whole Louisiana country. He was simply dazed when +Napoleon offered to sell the entire domain and get rid of the business +altogether. Though staggered by the proposal, he and Monroe decided to +accept. On April 30, they signed the treaty of cession, agreeing to pay +$11,250,000 in six per cent bonds and to discharge certain debts due +French citizens, making in all approximately fifteen millions. Spain +protested, Napoleon's brother fumed, French newspapers objected; but the +deed was done. + +=Jefferson and His Constitutional Scruples.=--When the news of this +extraordinary event reached the United States, the people were filled +with astonishment, and no one was more surprised than Jefferson himself. +He had thought of buying New Orleans and West Florida for a small sum, +and now a vast domain had been dumped into the lap of the nation. He was +puzzled. On looking into the Constitution he found not a line +authorizing the purchase of more territory and so he drafted an +amendment declaring "Louisiana, as ceded by France,--a part of the +United States." He had belabored the Federalists for piling up a big +national debt and he could hardly endure the thought of issuing more +bonds himself. + +In the midst of his doubts came the news that Napoleon might withdraw +from the bargain. Thoroughly alarmed by that, Jefferson pressed the +Senate for a ratification of the treaty. He still clung to his original +idea that the Constitution did not warrant the purchase; but he lamely +concluded: "If our friends shall think differently, I shall certainly +acquiesce with satisfaction; confident that the good sense of our +country will correct the evil of construction when it shall produce ill +effects." Thus the stanch advocate of "strict interpretation" cut loose +from his own doctrine and intrusted the construction of the Constitution +to "the good sense" of his countrymen. + +=The Treaty Ratified.=--This unusual transaction, so favorable to the +West, aroused the ire of the seaboard Federalists. Some denounced it as +unconstitutional, easily forgetting Hamilton's masterly defense of the +bank, also not mentioned in the Constitution. Others urged that, if "the +howling wilderness" ever should be settled, it would turn against the +East, form new commercial connections, and escape from federal control. +Still others protested that the purchase would lead inevitably to the +dominance of a "hotch potch of wild men from the Far West." Federalists, +who thought "the broad back of America" could readily bear Hamilton's +consolidated debt, now went into agonies over a bond issue of less than +one-sixth of that amount. But in vain. Jefferson's party with a high +hand carried the day. The Senate, after hearing the Federalist protest, +ratified the treaty. In December, 1803, the French flag was hauled down +from the old government buildings in New Orleans and the Stars and +Stripes were hoisted as a sign that the land of Coronado, De Soto, +Marquette, and La Salle had passed forever to the United States. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES IN 1805] + +By a single stroke, the original territory of the United States was more +than doubled. While the boundaries of the purchase were uncertain, it is +safe to say that the Louisiana territory included what is now Arkansas, +Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and large +portions of Louisiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Colorado, Montana, and +Wyoming. The farm lands that the friends of "a little America" on the +seacoast declared a hopeless wilderness were, within a hundred years, +fully occupied and valued at nearly seven billion dollars--almost five +hundred times the price paid to Napoleon. + +=Western Explorations.=--Having taken the fateful step, Jefferson wisely +began to make the most of it. He prepared for the opening of the new +country by sending the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore it, +discover its resources, and lay out an overland route through the +Missouri Valley and across the Great Divide to the Pacific. The story of +this mighty exploit, which began in the spring of 1804 and ended in the +autumn of 1806, was set down with skill and pains in the journal of +Lewis and Clark; when published even in a short form, it invited the +forward-looking men of the East to take thought about the western +empire. At the same time Zebulon Pike, in a series of journeys, explored +the sources of the Mississippi River and penetrated the Spanish +territories of the far Southwest. Thus scouts and pioneers continued the +work of diplomats. + + +THE REPUBLICAN WAR FOR COMMERCIAL INDEPENDENCE + +=The English and French Blockades.=--In addition to bringing Louisiana +to the United States, the reopening of the European War in 1803, after a +short lull, renewed in an acute form the commercial difficulties that +had plagued the country all during the administrations of Washington and +Adams. The Republicans were now plunged into the hornets' nest. The +party whose ardent spirits had burned Jay in effigy, stoned Hamilton for +defending his treaty, jeered Washington's proclamation of neutrality, +and spoken bitterly of "timid traders," could no longer take refuge in +criticism. It had to act. + +Its troubles took a serious turn in 1806. England, in a determined +effort to bring France to her knees by starvation, declared the coast of +Europe blockaded from Brest to the mouth of the Elbe River. Napoleon +retaliated by his Berlin Decree of November, 1806, blockading the +British Isles--a measure terrifying to American ship owners whose +vessels were liable to seizure by any French rover, though Napoleon had +no navy to make good his proclamation. Great Britain countered with a +still more irritating decree--the Orders in Council of 1807. It modified +its blockade, but in so doing merely authorized American ships not +carrying munitions of war to complete their voyage to the Continent, on +condition of their stopping at a British port, securing a license, and +paying a tax. This, responded Napoleon, was the height of insolence, and +he denounced it as a gross violation of international law. He then +closed the circle of American troubles by issuing his Milan Decree of +December, 1807. This order declared that any ship which complied with +the British rules would be subject to seizure and confiscation by French +authorities. + +=The Impressment of Seamen.=--That was not all. Great Britain, in dire +need of men for her navy, adopted the practice of stopping American +ships, searching them, and carrying away British-born sailors found on +board. British sailors were so badly treated, so cruelly flogged for +trivial causes, and so meanly fed that they fled in crowds to the +American marine. In many cases it was difficult to tell whether seamen +were English or American. They spoke the same language, so that language +was no test. Rovers on the deep and stragglers in the ports of both +countries, they frequently had no papers to show their nativity. +Moreover, Great Britain held to the old rule--"Once an Englishman, +always an Englishman"--a doctrine rejected by the United States in +favor of the principle that a man could choose the nation to which he +would give allegiance. British sea captains, sometimes by mistake, and +often enough with reckless indifference, carried away into servitude in +their own navy genuine American citizens. The process itself, even when +executed with all the civilities of law, was painful enough, for it +meant that American ships were forced to "come to," and compelled to +rest submissively under British guns until the searching party had pried +into records, questioned seamen, seized and handcuffed victims. Saints +could not have done this work without raising angry passions, and only +saints could have endured it with patience and fortitude. + +Had the enactment of the scenes been confined to the high seas and +knowledge of them to rumors and newspaper stories, American resentment +might not have been so intense; but many a search and seizure was made +in sight of land. British and French vessels patrolled the coasts, +firing on one another and chasing one another in American waters within +the three-mile limit. When, in the summer of 1807, the American frigate +_Chesapeake_ refused to surrender men alleged to be deserters from King +George's navy, the British warship _Leopard_ opened fire, killing three +men and wounding eighteen more--an act which even the British ministry +could hardly excuse. If the French were less frequently the offenders, +it was not because of their tenderness about American rights but because +so few of their ships escaped the hawk-eyed British navy to operate in +American waters. + +=The Losses in American Commerce.=--This high-handed conduct on the part +of European belligerents was very injurious to American trade. By their +enterprise, American shippers had become the foremost carriers on the +Atlantic Ocean. In a decade they had doubled the tonnage of American +merchant ships under the American flag, taking the place of the French +marine when Britain swept that from the seas, and supplying Britain with +the sinews of war for the contest with the Napoleonic empire. The +American shipping engaged in foreign trade embraced 363,110 tons in +1791; 669,921 tons in 1800; and almost 1,000,000 tons in 1810. Such was +the enterprise attacked by the British and French decrees. American +ships bound for Great Britain were liable to be captured by French +privateers which, in spite of the disasters of the Nile and Trafalgar, +ranged the seas. American ships destined for the Continent, if they +failed to stop at British ports and pay tribute, were in great danger of +capture by the sleepless British navy and its swarm of auxiliaries. +American sea captains who, in fear of British vengeance, heeded the +Orders in Council and paid the tax were almost certain to fall a prey to +French vengeance, for the French were vigorous in executing the Milan +Decree. + +=Jefferson's Policy.=--The President's dilemma was distressing. Both the +belligerents in Europe were guilty of depredations on American commerce. +War on both of them was out of the question. War on France was +impossible because she had no territory on this side of the water which +could be reached by American troops and her naval forces had been +shattered at the battles of the Nile and Trafalgar. War on Great +Britain, a power which Jefferson's followers feared and distrusted, was +possible but not inviting. Jefferson shrank from it. A man of peace, he +disliked war's brazen clamor; a man of kindly spirit, he was startled at +the death and destruction which it brought in its train. So for the +eight years Jefferson steered an even course, suggesting measure after +measure with a view to avoiding bloodshed. He sent, it is true, +Commodore Preble in 1803 to punish Mediterranean pirates preying upon +American commerce; but a great war he evaded with passionate +earnestness, trying in its place every other expedient to protect +American rights. + +=The Embargo and Non-intercourse Acts.=--In 1806, Congress passed and +Jefferson approved a non-importation act closing American ports to +certain products from British dominions--a measure intended as a club +over the British government's head. This law, failing in its purpose, +Jefferson proposed and Congress adopted in December, 1807, the Embargo +Act forbidding all vessels to leave American harbors for foreign ports. +France and England were to be brought to terms by cutting off their +supplies. + +The result of the embargo was pathetic. England and France refused to +give up search and seizure. American ship owners who, lured by huge +profits, had formerly been willing to take the risk were now restrained +by law to their home ports. Every section suffered. The South and West +found their markets for cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, and bacon +curtailed. Thus they learned by bitter experience the national +significance of commerce. Ship masters, ship builders, longshoremen, and +sailors were thrown out of employment while the prices of foreign goods +doubled. Those who obeyed the law were ruined; violators of the law +smuggled goods into Canada and Florida for shipment abroad. + +Jefferson's friends accepted the medicine with a wry face as the only +alternative to supine submission or open war. His opponents, without +offering any solution of their own, denounced it as a contemptible plan +that brought neither relief nor honor. Beset by the clamor that arose on +all sides, Congress, in the closing days of Jefferson's administration, +repealed the Embargo law and substituted a Non-intercourse act +forbidding trade with England and France while permitting it with other +countries--a measure equally futile in staying the depredations on +American shipping. + +=Jefferson Retires in Favor of Madison.=--Jefferson, exhausted by +endless wrangling and wounded, as Washington had been, by savage +criticism, welcomed March 4, 1809. His friends urged him to "stay by the +ship" and accept a third term. He declined, saying that election for +life might result from repeated reelection. In following Washington's +course and defending it on principle, he set an example to all his +successors, making the "third term doctrine" a part of American +unwritten law. + +His intimate friend, James Madison, to whom he turned over the burdens +of his high office was, like himself, a man of peace. Madison had been a +leader since the days of the Revolution, but in legislative halls and +council chambers, not on the field of battle. Small in stature, +sensitive in feelings, studious in habits, he was no man for the rough +and tumble of practical politics. He had taken a prominent and +distinguished part in the framing and the adoption of the Constitution. +He had served in the first Congress as a friend of Hamilton's measures. +Later he attached himself to Jefferson's fortunes and served for eight +years as his first counselor, the Secretary of State. The principles of +the Constitution, which he had helped to make and interpret, he was now +as President called upon to apply in one of the most perplexing moments +in all American history. In keeping with his own traditions and +following in the footsteps of Jefferson, he vainly tried to solve the +foreign problem by negotiation. + +=The Trend of Events.=--Whatever difficulties Madison had in making up +his mind on war and peace were settled by events beyond his own control. +In the spring of 1811, a British frigate held up an American ship near +the harbor of New York and impressed a seaman alleged to be an American +citizen. Burning with resentment, the captain of the _President_, an +American warship, acting under orders, poured several broadsides into +the _Little Belt_, a British sloop, suspected of being the guilty party. +The British also encouraged the Indian chief Tecumseh, who welded +together the Indians of the Northwest under British protection and gave +signs of restlessness presaging a revolt. This sent a note of alarm +along the frontier that was not checked even when, in November, +Tecumseh's men were badly beaten at Tippecanoe by William Henry +Harrison. The Indians stood in the way of the advancing frontier, and it +seemed to the pioneers that, without support from the British in Canada, +the Red Men would soon be subdued. + +=Clay and Calhoun.=--While events were moving swiftly and rumors were +flying thick and fast, the mastery of the government passed from the +uncertain hands of Madison to a party of ardent young men in Congress, +dubbed "Young Republicans," under the leadership of two members destined +to be mighty figures in American history: Henry Clay of Kentucky and +John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The former contended, in a flair of +folly, that "the militia of Kentucky alone are competent to place +Montreal and Upper Canada at your feet." The latter with a light heart +spoke of conquering Canada in a four weeks' campaign. "It must not be +inferred," says Channing, "that in advocating conquest, the Westerners +were actuated merely by desire for land; they welcomed war because they + +thought it would be the easiest way to abate Indian troubles. The +savages were supported by the fur-trading interests that centred at +Quebec and London.... The Southerners on their part wished for Florida +and they thought that the conquest of Canada would obviate some Northern +opposition to this acquisition of slave territory." While Clay and +Calhoun, spokesmen of the West and South, were not unmindful of what +Napoleon had done to American commerce, they knew that their followers +still remembered with deep gratitude the aid of the French in the war +for independence and that the embers of the old hatred for George III, +still on the throne, could be readily blown into flame. + +=Madison Accepts War as Inevitable.=--The conduct of the British +ministers with whom Madison had to deal did little to encourage him in +adhering to the policy of "watchful waiting." One of them, a high Tory, +believed that all Americans were alike "except that a few are less +knaves than others" and his methods were colored by his belief. On the +recall of this minister the British government selected another no less +high and mighty in his principles and opinions. So Madison became +thoroughly discouraged about the outcome of pacific measures. When the +pressure from Congress upon him became too heavy, he gave way, signing +on June 18, 1812, the declaration of war on Great Britain. In +proclaiming hostilities, the administration set forth the causes which +justified the declaration; namely, the British had been encouraging the +Indians to attack American citizens on the frontier; they had ruined +American trade by blockades; they had insulted the American flag by +stopping and searching our ships; they had illegally seized American +sailors and driven them into the British navy. + +=The Course of the War.=--The war lasted for nearly three years without +bringing victory to either side. The surrender of Detroit by General +Hull to the British and the failure of the American invasion of Canada +were offset by Perry's victory on Lake Erie and a decisive blow +administered to British designs for an invasion of New York by way of +Plattsburgh. The triumph of Jackson at New Orleans helped to atone for +the humiliation suffered in the burning of the Capitol by the British. +The stirring deeds of the _Constitution_, the _United States_, and the +_Argus_ on the seas, the heroic death of Lawrence and the victories of a +hundred privateers furnished consolation for those who suffered from the +iron blockade finally established by the British government when it came +to appreciate the gravity of the situation. While men love the annals of +the sea, they will turn to the running battles, the narrow escapes, and +the reckless daring of American sailors in that naval contest with Great +Britain. + +All this was exciting but it was inconclusive. In fact, never was a +government less prepared than was that of the United States in 1812. It +had neither the disciplined troops, the ships of war, nor the supplies +required by the magnitude of the military task. It was fortune that +favored the American cause. Great Britain, harassed, worn, and +financially embarrassed by nearly twenty years of fighting in Europe, +was in no mood to gather her forces for a titanic effort in America even +after Napoleon was overthrown and sent into exile at Elba in the spring +of 1814. War clouds still hung on the European horizon and the conflict +temporarily halted did again break out. To be rid of American anxieties +and free for European eventualities, England was ready to settle with +the United States, especially as that could be done without conceding +anything or surrendering any claims. + +=The Treaty of Peace.=--Both countries were in truth sick of a war that +offered neither glory nor profit. Having indulged in the usual +diplomatic skirmishing, they sent representatives to Ghent to discuss +terms of peace. After long negotiations an agreement was reached on +Christmas eve, 1814, a few days before Jackson's victory at New Orleans. +When the treaty reached America the people were surprised to find that +it said nothing about the seizure of American sailors, the destruction +of American trade, the searching of American ships, or the support of +Indians on the frontier. Nevertheless, we are told, the people "passed +from gloom to glory" when the news of peace arrived. The bells were +rung; schools were closed; flags were displayed; and many a rousing +toast was drunk in tavern and private home. The rejoicing could +continue. With Napoleon definitely beaten at Waterloo in June, 1815, +Great Britain had no need to impress sailors, search ships, and +confiscate American goods bound to the Continent. Once more the terrible +sea power sank into the background and the ocean was again white with +the sails of merchantmen. + + +THE REPUBLICANS NATIONALIZED + +=The Federalists Discredited.=--By a strange turn of fortune's wheel, +the party of Hamilton, Washington, Adams, the party of the grand nation, +became the party of provincialism and nullification. New England, +finding its shipping interests crippled in the European conflict and +then penalized by embargoes, opposed the declaration of war on Great +Britain, which meant the completion of the ruin already begun. In the +course of the struggle, the Federalist leaders came perilously near to +treason in their efforts to hamper the government of the United States; +and in their desperation they fell back upon the doctrine of +nullification so recently condemned by them when it came from Kentucky. +The Senate of Massachusetts, while the war was in progress, resolved +that it was waged "without justifiable cause," and refused to approve +military and naval projects not connected with "the defense of our +seacoast and soil." A Boston newspaper declared that the union was +nothing but a treaty among sovereign states, that states could decide +for themselves the question of obeying federal law, and that armed +resistance under the banner of a state would not be rebellion or +treason. The general assembly of Connecticut reminded the administration +at Washington that "the state of Connecticut is a free, sovereign, and +independent state." Gouverneur Morris, a member of the convention which +had drafted the Constitution, suggested the holding of another +conference to consider whether the Northern states should remain in the +union. + +[Illustration: _From an old cartoon_ + +NEW ENGLAND JUMPING INTO THE HANDS OF GEORGE III] + +In October, 1814, a convention of delegates from Connecticut, +Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and certain counties of New Hampshire and +Vermont was held at Hartford, on the call of Massachusetts. The counsels +of the extremists were rejected but the convention solemnly went on +record to the effect that acts of Congress in violation of the +Constitution are void; that in cases of deliberate, dangerous, and +palpable infractions the state is duty bound to interpose its authority +for the protection of its citizens; and that when emergencies occur the +states must be their own judges and execute their own decisions. Thus +New England answered the challenge of Calhoun and Clay. Fortunately its +actions were not as rash as its words. The Hartford convention merely +proposed certain amendments to the Constitution and adjourned. At the +close of the war, its proposals vanished harmlessly; but the men who +made them were hopelessly discredited. + +=The Second United States Bank.=--In driving the Federalists towards +nullification and waging a national war themselves, the Republicans lost +all their old taint of provincialism. Moreover, in turning to measures +of reconstruction called forth by the war, they resorted to the national +devices of the Federalists. In 1816, they chartered for a period of +twenty years a second United States Bank--the institution which +Jefferson and Madison once had condemned as unsound and +unconstitutional. The Constitution remained unchanged; times and +circumstances had changed. Calhoun dismissed the vexed question of +constitutionality with a scant reference to an ancient dispute, while +Madison set aside his scruples and signed the bill. + +=The Protective Tariff of 1816.=--The Republicans supplemented the Bank +by another Federalist measure--a high protective tariff. Clay viewed it +as the beginning of his "American system" of protection. Calhoun +defended it on national principles. For this sudden reversal of policy +the young Republicans were taunted by some of their older party +colleagues with betraying the "agricultural interest" that Jefferson had +fostered; but Calhoun refused to listen to their criticisms. "When the +seas are open," he said, "the produce of the South may pour anywhere +into the markets of the Old World.... What are the effects of a war with +a maritime power--with England? Our commerce annihilated ... our +agriculture cut off from its accustomed markets, the surplus of the +farmer perishes on his hands.... The recent war fell with peculiar +pressure on the growers of cotton and tobacco and the other great +staples of the country; and the same state of things will recur in the +event of another war unless prevented by the foresight of this body.... +When our manufactures are grown to a certain perfection, as they soon +will be under the fostering care of the government, we shall no longer +experience these evils." With the Republicans nationalized, the +Federalist party, as an organization, disappeared after a crushing +defeat in the presidential campaign of 1816. + +=Monroe and the Florida Purchase.=--To the victor in that political +contest, James Monroe of Virginia, fell two tasks of national +importance, adding to the prestige of the whole country and deepening +the sense of patriotism that weaned men away from mere allegiance to +states. The first of these was the purchase of Florida from Spain. The +acquisition of Louisiana let the Mississippi flow "unvexed to the sea"; +but it left all the states east of the river cut off from the Gulf, +affording them ground for discontent akin to that which had moved the +pioneers of Kentucky to action a generation earlier. The uncertainty as +to the boundaries of Louisiana gave the United States a claim to West +Florida, setting on foot a movement for occupation. The Florida swamps +were a basis for Indian marauders who periodically swept into the +frontier settlements, and hiding places for runaway slaves. Thus the +sanction of international law was given to punitive expeditions into +alien territory. + +The pioneer leaders stood waiting for the signal. It came. President +Monroe, on the occasion of an Indian outbreak, ordered General Jackson +to seize the offenders, in the Floridas, if necessary. The high-spirited +warrior, taking this as a hint that he was to occupy the coveted region, +replied that, if possession was the object of the invasion, he could +occupy the Floridas within sixty days. Without waiting for an answer to +this letter, he launched his expedition, and in the spring of 1818 was +master of the Spanish king's domain to the south. + +There was nothing for the king to do but to make the best of the +inevitable by ceding the Floridas to the United States in return for +five million dollars to be paid to American citizens having claims +against Spain. On Washington's birthday, 1819, the treaty was signed. It +ceded the Floridas to the United States and defined the boundary between +Mexico and the United States by drawing a line from the mouth of the +Sabine River in a northwesterly direction to the Pacific. On this +occasion even Monroe, former opponent of the Constitution, forgot to +inquire whether new territory could be constitutionally acquired and +incorporated into the American union. The Republicans seemed far away +from the days of "strict construction." And Jefferson still lived! + +=The Monroe Doctrine.=--Even more effective in fashioning the national +idea was Monroe's enunciation of the famous doctrine that bears his +name. The occasion was another European crisis. During the Napoleonic +upheaval and the years of dissolution that ensued, the Spanish colonies +in America, following the example set by their English neighbors in +1776, declared their independence. Unable to conquer them alone, the +king of Spain turned for help to the friendly powers of Europe that +looked upon revolution and republics with undisguised horror. + +_The Holy Alliance._--He found them prepared to view his case with +sympathy. Three of them, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, under the +leadership of the Czar, Alexander I, in the autumn of 1815, had entered +into a Holy Alliance to sustain by reciprocal service the autocratic +principle in government. Although the effusive, almost maudlin, language +of the treaty did not express their purpose explicitly, the Alliance was +later regarded as a mere union of monarchs to prevent the rise and +growth of popular government. + +The American people thought their worst fears confirmed when, in 1822, a +conference of delegates from Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France met at +Verona to consider, among other things, revolutions that had just broken +out in Spain and Italy. The spirit of the conference is reflected in the +first article of the agreement reached by the delegates: "The high +contracting powers, being convinced that the system of representative +government is equally incompatible with the monarchical principle and +the maxim of the sovereignty of the people with the divine right, +mutually engage in the most solemn manner to use all their efforts to +put an end to the system of representative government in whatever +country it may exist in Europe and to prevent its being introduced in +those countries where it is not yet known." The Czar, who incidentally +coveted the west coast of North America, proposed to send an army to aid +the king of Spain in his troubles at home, thus preparing the way for +intervention in Spanish America. It was material weakness not want of +spirit, that prevented the grand union of monarchs from making open war +on popular government. + +_The Position of England._--Unfortunately, too, for the Holy Alliance, +England refused to cooperate. English merchants had built up a large +trade with the independent Latin-American colonies and they protested +against the restoration of Spanish sovereignty, which meant a renewal of +Spain's former trade monopoly. Moreover, divine right doctrines had been +laid to rest in England and the representative principle thoroughly +established. Already there were signs of the coming democratic flood +which was soon to carry the first reform bill of 1832, extending the +suffrage, and sweep on to even greater achievements. British statesmen, +therefore, had to be cautious. In such circumstances, instead of +cooperating with the autocrats of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, they +turned to the minister of the United States in London. The British prime +minister, Canning, proposed that the two countries join in declaring +their unwillingness to see the Spanish colonies transferred to any other +power. + +_Jefferson's Advice._--The proposal was rejected; but President Monroe +took up the suggestion with Madison and Jefferson as well as with his +Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams. They favored the plan. Jefferson +said: "One nation, most of all, could disturb us in this pursuit [of +freedom]; she now offers to lead, aid, and accompany us in it. By +acceding to her proposition we detach her from the bands, bring her +mighty weight into the scale of free government and emancipate a +continent at one stroke.... With her on our side we need not fear the +whole world. With her then we should most sedulously cherish a cordial +friendship." + +_Monroe's Statement of the Doctrine._--Acting on the advice of trusted +friends, President Monroe embodied in his message to Congress, on +December 2, 1823, a statement of principles now famous throughout the +world as the Monroe Doctrine. To the autocrats of Europe he announced +that he would regard "any attempt on their part to extend their system +to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." +While he did not propose to interfere with existing colonies dependent +on European powers, he ranged himself squarely on the side of those that +had declared their independence. Any attempt by a European power to +oppress them or control their destiny in any manner he characterized as +"a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." +Referring in another part of his message to a recent claim which the +Czar had made to the Pacific coast, President Monroe warned the Old +World that "the American continents, by the free and independent +condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to +be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European +powers." The effect of this declaration was immediate and profound. Men +whose political horizon had been limited to a community or state were +led to consider their nation as a great power among the sovereignties of +the earth, taking its part in shaping their international relations. + +=The Missouri Compromise.=--Respecting one other important measure of +this period, the Republicans also took a broad view of their obligations +under the Constitution; namely, the Missouri Compromise. It is true, +they insisted on the admission of Missouri as a slave state, balanced +against the free state of Maine; but at the same time they assented to +the prohibition of slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the line +36 o 30'. During the debate on the subject an extreme view had been +presented, to the effect that Congress had no constitutional warrant for +abolishing slavery in the territories. The precedent of the Northwest +Ordinance, ratified by Congress in 1789, seemed a conclusive answer from +practice to this contention; but Monroe submitted the issue to his +cabinet, which included Calhoun of South Carolina, Crawford of Georgia, +and Wirt of Virginia, all presumably adherents to the Jeffersonian +principle of strict construction. He received in reply a unanimous +verdict to the effect that Congress did have the power to prohibit +slavery in the territories governed by it. Acting on this advice he +approved, on March 6, 1820, the bill establishing freedom north of the +compromise line. This generous interpretation of the powers of Congress +stood for nearly forty years, until repudiated by the Supreme Court in +the Dred Scott case. + + +THE NATIONAL DECISIONS OF CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL + +=John Marshall, the Nationalist.=--The Republicans in the lower ranges +of state politics, who did not catch the grand national style of their +leaders charged with responsibilities in the national field, were +assisted in their education by a Federalist from the Old Dominion, John +Marshall, who, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United +States from 1801 to 1835, lost no occasion to exalt the Constitution +above the claims of the provinces. No differences of opinion as to his +political views have ever led even his warmest opponents to deny his +superb abilities or his sincere devotion to the national idea. All will +likewise agree that for talents, native and acquired, he was an ornament +to the humble democracy that brought him forth. His whole career was +American. Born on the frontier of Virginia, reared in a log cabin, +granted only the barest rudiments of education, inured to hardship and +rough life, he rose by masterly efforts to the highest judicial honor +America can bestow. + +On him the bitter experience of the Revolution and of later days made a +lasting impression. He was no "summer patriot." He had been a soldier in +the Revolutionary army. He had suffered with Washington at Valley Forge. +He had seen his comrades in arms starving and freezing because the +Continental Congress had neither the power nor the inclination to force +the states to do their full duty. To him the Articles of Confederation +were the symbol of futility. Into the struggle for the formation of the +Constitution and its ratification in Virginia he had thrown himself with +the ardor of a soldier. Later, as a member of Congress, a representative +to France, and Secretary of State, he had aided the Federalists in +establishing the new government. When at length they were driven from +power in the executive and legislative branches of the government, he +was chosen for their last stronghold, the Supreme Court. By historic +irony he administered the oath of office to his bitterest enemy, Thomas +Jefferson; and, long after the author of the Declaration of Independence +had retired to private life, the stern Chief Justice continued to +announce the old Federalist principles from the Supreme Bench. + +[Illustration: JOHN MARSHALL] + +=Marbury _vs._ Madison--An Act of Congress Annulled.=--He had been in +his high office only two years when he laid down for the first time in +the name of the entire Court the doctrine that the judges have the power +to declare an act of Congress null and void when in their opinion it +violates the Constitution. This power was not expressly conferred on the +Court. Though many able men held that the judicial branch of the +government enjoyed it, the principle was not positively established +until 1803 when the case of Marbury _vs._ Madison was decided. In +rendering the opinion of the Court, Marshall cited no precedents. He +sought no foundations for his argument in ancient history. He rested it +on the general nature of the American system. The Constitution, ran his +reasoning, is the supreme law of the land; it limits and binds all who +act in the name of the United States; it limits the powers of Congress +and defines the rights of citizens. If Congress can ignore its +limitations and trespass upon the rights of citizens, Marshall argued, +then the Constitution disappears and Congress is supreme. Since, +however, the Constitution is supreme and superior to Congress, it is the +duty of judges, under their oath of office, to sustain it against +measures which violate it. Therefore, from the nature of the American +constitutional system the courts must declare null and void all acts +which are not authorized. "A law repugnant to the Constitution," he +closed, "is void and the courts as well as other departments are bound +by that instrument." From that day to this the practice of federal and +state courts in passing upon the constitutionality of laws has remained +unshaken. + +This doctrine was received by Jefferson and many of his followers with +consternation. If the idea was sound, he exclaimed, "then indeed is our +Constitution a complete _felo de se_ [legally, a suicide]. For, +intending to establish three departments, coordinate and independent +that they might check and balance one another, it has given, according +to this opinion, to one of them alone the right to prescribe rules for +the government of the others, and to that one, too, which is unelected +by and independent of the nation.... The Constitution, on this +hypothesis, is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary which +they may twist and shape into any form they please. It should be +remembered, as an axiom of eternal truth in politics, that whatever +power in any government is independent, is absolute also.... A judiciary +independent of a king or executive alone is a good thing; but +independence of the will of the nation is a solecism, at least in a +republican government." But Marshall was mighty and his view prevailed, +though from time to time other men, clinging to Jefferson's opinion, +likewise opposed the exercise by the Courts of the high power of passing +upon the constitutionality of acts of Congress. + +=Acts of State Legislatures Declared Unconstitutional.=--Had Marshall +stopped with annulling an act of Congress, he would have heard less +criticism from Republican quarters; but, with the same firmness, he set +aside acts of state legislatures as well, whenever, in his opinion, they +violated the federal Constitution. In 1810, in the case of Fletcher +_vs._ Peck, he annulled an act of the Georgia legislature, informing the +state that it was not sovereign, but "a part of a large empire, ... a +member of the American union; and that union has a constitution ... +which imposes limits to the legislatures of the several states." In the +case of McCulloch _vs._ Maryland, decided in 1819, he declared void an +act of the Maryland legislature designed to paralyze the branches of the +United States Bank established in that state. In the same year, in the +still more memorable Dartmouth College case, he annulled an act of the +New Hampshire legislature which infringed upon the charter received by +the college from King George long before. That charter, he declared, was +a contract between the state and the college, which the legislature +under the federal Constitution could not impair. Two years later he +stirred the wrath of Virginia by summoning her to the bar of the Supreme +Court to answer in a case in which the validity of one of her laws was +involved and then justified his action in a powerful opinion rendered in +the case of Cohens _vs._ Virginia. + +All these decisions aroused the legislatures of the states. They passed +sheaves of resolutions protesting and condemning; but Marshall never +turned and never stayed. The Constitution of the United States, he +fairly thundered at them, is the supreme law of the land; the Supreme +Court is the proper tribunal to pass finally upon the validity of the +laws of the states; and "those sovereignties," far from possessing the +right of review and nullification, are irrevocably bound by the +decisions of that Court. This was strong medicine for the authors of the +Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and for the members of the Hartford +convention; but they had to take it. + +=The Doctrine of Implied Powers.=--While restraining Congress in the +Marbury case and the state legislatures in a score of cases, Marshall +also laid the judicial foundation for a broad and liberal view of the +Constitution as opposed to narrow and strict construction. In McCulloch +_vs._ Maryland, he construed generously the words "necessary and proper" +in such a way as to confer upon Congress a wide range of "implied +powers" in addition to their express powers. That case involved, among +other things, the question whether the act establishing the second +United States Bank was authorized by the Constitution. Marshall answered +in the affirmative. Congress, ran his reasoning, has large powers over +taxation and the currency; a bank is of appropriate use in the exercise +of these enumerated powers; and therefore, though not absolutely +necessary, a bank is entirely proper and constitutional. "With respect +to the means by which the powers that the Constitution confers are to be +carried into execution," he said, Congress must be allowed the +discretion which "will enable that body to perform the high duties +assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people." In short, +the Constitution of the United States is not a strait jacket but a +flexible instrument vesting in Congress the powers necessary to meet +national problems as they arise. In delivering this opinion Marshall +used language almost identical with that employed by Lincoln when, +standing on the battle field of a war waged to preserve the nation, he +said that "a government of the people, by the people, for the people +shall not perish from the earth." + + +SUMMARY OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS + +During the strenuous period between the establishment of American +independence and the advent of Jacksonian democracy the great American +experiment was under the direction of the men who had launched it. All +the Presidents in that period, except John Quincy Adams, had taken part +in the Revolution. James Madison, the chief author of the Constitution, +lived until 1836. This age, therefore, was the "age of the fathers." It +saw the threatened ruin of the country under the Articles of +Confederation, the formation of the Constitution, the rise of political +parties, the growth of the West, the second war with England, and the +apparent triumph of the national spirit over sectionalism. + +The new republic had hardly been started in 1783 before its troubles +began. The government could not raise money to pay its debts or running +expenses; it could not protect American commerce and manufactures +against European competition; it could not stop the continual issues of +paper money by the states; it could not intervene to put down domestic +uprisings that threatened the existence of the state governments. +Without money, without an army, without courts of law, the union under +the Articles of Confederation was drifting into dissolution. Patriots, +who had risked their lives for independence, began to talk of monarchy +again. Washington, Hamilton, and Madison insisted that a new +constitution alone could save America from disaster. + +By dint of much labor the friends of a new form of government induced +the Congress to call a national convention to take into account the +state of America. In May, 1787, it assembled at Philadelphia and for +months it debated and wrangled over plans for a constitution. The small +states clamored for equal rights in the union. The large states vowed +that they would never grant it. A spirit of conciliation, fair play, and +compromise saved the convention from breaking up. In addition, there +were jealousies between the planting states and the commercial states. +Here, too, compromises had to be worked out. Some of the delegates +feared the growth of democracy and others cherished it. These factions +also had to be placated. At last a plan of government was drafted--the +Constitution of the United States--and submitted to the states for +approval. Only after a long and acrimonious debate did enough states +ratify the instrument to put it into effect. On April 30, 1789, George +Washington was inaugurated first President. + +The new government proceeded to fund the old debt of the nation, assume +the debts of the states, found a national bank, lay heavy taxes to pay +the bills, and enact laws protecting American industry and commerce. +Hamilton led the way, but he had not gone far before he encountered +opposition. He found a formidable antagonist in Jefferson. In time two +political parties appeared full armed upon the scene: the Federalists +and the Republicans. For ten years they filled the country with +political debate. In 1800 the Federalists were utterly vanquished by the +Republicans with Jefferson in the lead. + +By their proclamations of faith the Republicans favored the states +rather than the new national government, but in practice they added +immensely to the prestige and power of the nation. They purchased +Louisiana from France, they waged a war for commercial independence +against England, they created a second United States Bank, they enacted +the protective tariff of 1816, they declared that Congress had power to +abolish slavery north of the Missouri Compromise line, and they spread +the shield of the Monroe Doctrine between the Western Hemisphere and +Europe. + +Still America was a part of European civilization. Currents of opinion +flowed to and fro across the Atlantic. Friends of popular government in +Europe looked to America as the great exemplar of their ideals. Events +in Europe reacted upon thought in the United States. The French +Revolution exerted a profound influence on the course of political +debate. While it was in the stage of mere reform all Americans favored +it. When the king was executed and a radical democracy set up, American +opinion was divided. When France fell under the military dominion of +Napoleon and preyed upon American commerce, the United States made ready +for war. + +The conduct of England likewise affected American affairs. In 1793 war +broke out between England and France and raged with only a slight +intermission until 1815. England and France both ravaged American +commerce, but England was the more serious offender because she had +command of the seas. Though Jefferson and Madison strove for peace, the +country was swept into war by the vehemence of the "Young Republicans," +headed by Clay and Calhoun. + +When the armed conflict was closed, one in diplomacy opened. The +autocratic powers of Europe threatened to intervene on behalf of Spain +in her attempt to recover possession of her Latin-American colonies. +Their challenge to America brought forth the Monroe Doctrine. The powers +of Europe were warned not to interfere with the independence or the +republican policies of this hemisphere or to attempt any new +colonization in it. It seemed that nationalism was to have a peaceful +triumph over sectionalism. + + +=References= + +H. Adams, _History of the United States, 1800-1817_ (9 vols.). + +K.C. Babcock, _Rise of American Nationality_ (American Nation Series). + +E. Channing, _The Jeffersonian System_ (Same Series). + +D.C. Gilman, _James Monroe_. + +W. Reddaway, _The Monroe Doctrine_. + +T. Roosevelt, _Naval War of 1812_. + + +=Questions= + +1. What was the leading feature of Jefferson's political theory? + +2. Enumerate the chief measures of his administration. + +3. Were the Jeffersonians able to apply their theories? Give the +reasons. + + +4. Explain the importance of the Mississippi River to Western farmers. + +5. Show how events in Europe forced the Louisiana Purchase. + +6. State the constitutional question involved in the Louisiana Purchase. + +7. Show how American trade was affected by the European war. + +8. Compare the policies of Jefferson and Madison. + +9. Why did the United States become involved with England rather than +with France? + +10. Contrast the causes of the War of 1812 with the results. + +11. Give the economic reasons for the attitude of New England. + +12. Give five "nationalist" measures of the Republicans. Discuss each in +detail. + +13. Sketch the career of John Marshall. + +14. Discuss the case of Marbury _vs._ Madison. + +15. Summarize Marshall's views on: (_a_) states' rights; and (_b_) a +liberal interpretation of the Constitution. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Louisiana Purchase.=--Text of Treaty in Macdonald, _Documentary +Source Book_, pp. 279-282. Source materials in Hart, _American History +Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. III, pp. 363-384. Narrative, Henry Adams, +_History of the United States_, Vol. II, pp. 25-115; Elson, _History of +the United States_, pp. 383-388. + +=The Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts.=--Macdonald, pp. 282-288; Adams, +Vol. IV, pp. 152-177; Elson, pp. 394-405. + +=Congress and the War of 1812.=--Adams, Vol. VI, pp. 113-198; Elson, pp. +408-450. + +=Proposals of the Hartford Convention.=--Macdonald, pp. 293-302. + +=Manufactures and the Tariff of 1816.=--Coman, _Industrial History of +the United States_, pp. 184-194. + +=The Second United States Bank.=--Macdonald, pp. 302-306. + +=Effect of European War on American Trade.=--Callender, _Economic +History of the United States_, pp. 240-250. + +=The Monroe Message.=--Macdonald, pp. 318-320. + +=Lewis and Clark Expedition.=--R.G. Thwaites, _Rocky Mountain +Explorations_, pp. 92-187. Schafer, _A History of the Pacific Northwest_ +(rev. ed.), pp. 29-61. + + + + +PART IV. THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY + + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS + + +The nationalism of Hamilton was undemocratic. The democracy of Jefferson +was, in the beginning, provincial. The historic mission of uniting +nationalism and democracy was in the course of time given to new leaders +from a region beyond the mountains, peopled by men and women from all +sections and free from those state traditions which ran back to the +early days of colonization. The voice of the democratic nationalism +nourished in the West was heard when Clay of Kentucky advocated his +American system of protection for industries; when Jackson of Tennessee +condemned nullification in a ringing proclamation that has taken its +place among the great American state papers; and when Lincoln of +Illinois, in a fateful hour, called upon a bewildered people to meet the +supreme test whether this was a nation destined to survive or to perish. +And it will be remembered that Lincoln's party chose for its banner that +earlier device--Republican--which Jefferson had made a sign of power. +The "rail splitter" from Illinois united the nationalism of Hamilton +with the democracy of Jefferson, and his appeal was clothed in the +simple language of the people, not in the sonorous rhetoric which +Webster learned in the schools. + + +PREPARATION FOR WESTERN SETTLEMENT + +=The West and the American Revolution.=--The excessive attention devoted +by historians to the military operations along the coast has obscured +the role played by the frontier in the American Revolution. The action +of Great Britain in closing western land to easy settlement in 1763 was +more than an incident in precipitating the war for independence. +Americans on the frontier did not forget it; when Indians were employed +by England to defend that land, zeal for the patriot cause set the +interior aflame. It was the members of the western vanguard, like Daniel +Boone, John Sevier, and George Rogers Clark, who first understood the +value of the far-away country under the guns of the English forts, where +the Red Men still wielded the tomahawk and the scalping knife. It was +they who gave the East no rest until their vision was seen by the +leaders on the seaboard who directed the course of national policy. It +was one of their number, a seasoned Indian fighter, George Rogers Clark, +who with aid from Virginia seized Kaskaskia and Vincennes and secured +the whole Northwest to the union while the fate of Washington's army was +still hanging in the balance. + +=Western Problems at the End of the Revolution.=--The treaty of peace, +signed with Great Britain in 1783, brought the definite cession of the +coveted territory west to the Mississippi River, but it left unsolved +many problems. In the first place, tribes of resentful Indians in the +Ohio region, even though British support was withdrawn at last, had to +be reckoned with; and it was not until after the establishment of the +federal Constitution that a well-equipped army could be provided to +guarantee peace on the border. In the second place, British garrisons +still occupied forts on Lake Erie pending the execution of the terms of +the treaty of 1783--terms which were not fulfilled until after the +ratification of the Jay treaty twelve years later. In the third place, +Virginia, Connecticut, and Massachusetts had conflicting claims to the +land in the Northwest based on old English charters and Indian treaties. +It was only after a bitter contest that the states reached an agreement +to transfer their rights to the government of the United States, +Virginia executing her deed of cession on March 1, 1784. In the fourth +place, titles to lands bought by individuals remained uncertain in the +absence of official maps and records. To meet this last situation, +Congress instituted a systematic survey of the Ohio country, laying it +out into townships, sections of 640 acres each, and quarter sections. In +every township one section of land was set aside for the support of +public schools. + +=The Northwest Ordinance.=--The final problem which had to be solved +before settlement on a large scale could be begun was that of governing +the territory. Pioneers who looked with hungry eyes on the fertile +valley of the Ohio could hardly restrain their impatience. Soldiers of +the Revolution, who had been paid for their services in land warrants +entitling them to make entries in the West, called for action. + +Congress answered by passing in 1787 the famous Northwest Ordinance +providing for temporary territorial government to be followed by the +creation of a popular assembly as soon as there were five thousand free +males in any district. Eventual admission to the union on an equal +footing with the original states was promised to the new territories. +Religious freedom was guaranteed. The safeguards of trial by jury, +regular judicial procedure, and _habeas corpus_ were established, in order +that the methods of civilized life might take the place of the +rough-and-ready justice of lynch law. During the course of the debate on +the Ordinance, Congress added the sixth article forbidding slavery and +involuntary servitude. + +This Charter of the Northwest, so well planned by the Congress under the +Articles of Confederation, was continued in force by the first Congress +under the Constitution in 1789. The following year its essential +provisions, except the ban on slavery, were applied to the territory +south of the Ohio, ceded by North Carolina to the national government, +and in 1798 to the Mississippi territory, once held by Georgia. Thus it +was settled for all time that "the new colonies were not to be exploited +for the benefit of the parent states (any more than for the benefit of +England) but were to be autonomous and coordinate commonwealths." This +outcome, bitterly opposed by some Eastern leaders who feared the triumph +of Western states over the seaboard, completed the legal steps necessary +by way of preparation for the flood of settlers. + +=The Land Companies, Speculators, and Western Land Tenure.=--As in the +original settlement of America, so in the opening of the West, great +companies and single proprietors of large grants early figured. In 1787 +the Ohio Land Company, a New England concern, acquired a million and a +half acres on the Ohio and began operations by planting the town of +Marietta. A professional land speculator, J.C. Symmes, secured a million +acres lower down where the city of Cincinnati was founded. Other +individuals bought up soldiers' claims and so acquired enormous holdings +for speculative purposes. Indeed, there was such a rush to make fortunes +quickly through the rise in land values that Washington was moved to cry +out against the "rage for speculating in and forestalling of land on the +North West of the Ohio," protesting that "scarce a valuable spot within +any tolerable distance of it is left without a claimant." He therefore +urged Congress to fix a reasonable price for the land, not "too +exorbitant and burdensome for real occupiers, but high enough to +discourage monopolizers." + +Congress, however, was not prepared to use the public domain for the +sole purpose of developing a body of small freeholders in the West. It +still looked upon the sale of public lands as an important source of +revenue with which to pay off the public debt; consequently it thought +more of instant income than of ultimate results. It placed no limit on +the amount which could be bought when it fixed the price at $2 an acre +in 1796, and it encouraged the professional land operator by making the +first installment only twenty cents an acre in addition to the small +registration and survey fee. On such terms a speculator with a few +thousand dollars could get possession of an enormous plot of land. If he +was fortunate in disposing of it, he could meet the installments, which +were spread over a period of four years, and make a handsome profit for +himself. Even when the credit or installment feature was abolished in +1821 and the price of the land lowered to a cash price of $1.75 an acre, +the opportunity for large speculative purchases continued to attract +capital to land ventures. + +=The Development of the Small Freehold.=--The cheapness of land and the +scarcity of labor, nevertheless, made impossible the triumph of the huge +estate with its semi-servile tenantry. For about $45 a man could get a +farm of 160 acres on the installment plan; another payment of $80 was +due in forty days; but a four-year term was allowed for the discharge of +the balance. With a capital of from two to three hundred dollars a +family could embark on a land venture. If it had good crops, it could +meet the deferred payments. It was, however, a hard battle at best. Many +a man forfeited his land through failure to pay the final installment; +yet in the end, in spite of all the handicaps, the small freehold of a +few hundred acres at most became the typical unit of Western +agriculture, except in the planting states of the Gulf. Even the lands +of the great companies were generally broken up and sold in small lots. + +The tendency toward moderate holdings, so favored by Western conditions, +was also promoted by a clause in the Northwest Ordinance declaring that +the land of any person dying intestate--that is, without any will +disposing of it--should be divided equally among his descendants. +Hildreth says of this provision: "It established the important +republican principle, not then introduced into all the states, of the +equal distribution of landed as well as personal property." All these +forces combined made the wide dispersion of wealth, in the early days of +the nineteenth century, an American characteristic, in marked contrast +with the European system of family prestige and vast estates based on +the law of primogeniture. + + +THE WESTERN MIGRATION AND NEW STATES + +=The People.=--With government established, federal arms victorious over +the Indians, and the lands surveyed for sale, the way was prepared for +the immigrants. They came with a rush. Young New Englanders, weary of +tilling the stony soil of their native states, poured through New York +and Pennsylvania, some settling on the northern bank of the Ohio but +most of them in the Lake region. Sons and daughters of German farmers in +Pennsylvania and many a redemptioner who had discharged his bond of +servitude pressed out into Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, or beyond. From +the exhausted fields and the clay hills of the Southern states came +pioneers of English and Scotch-Irish descent, the latter in great +numbers. Indeed one historian of high authority has ventured to say that +"the rapid expansion of the United States from a coast strip to a +continental area is largely a Scotch-Irish achievement." While native +Americans of mixed stocks led the way into the West, it was not long +before immigrants direct from Europe, under the stimulus of company +enterprise, began to filter into the new settlements in increasing +numbers. + +The types of people were as various as the nations they represented. +Timothy Flint, who published his entertaining _Recollections_ in 1826, +found the West a strange mixture of all sorts and conditions of people. +Some of them, he relates, had been hunters in the upper world of the +Mississippi, above the falls of St. Anthony. Some had been still farther +north, in Canada. Still others had wandered from the South--the Gulf of +Mexico, the Red River, and the Spanish country. French boatmen and +trappers, Spanish traders from the Southwest, Virginia planters with +their droves of slaves mingled with English, German, and Scotch-Irish +farmers. Hunters, forest rangers, restless bordermen, and squatters, +like the foaming combers of an advancing tide, went first. Then followed +the farmers, masters of the ax and plow, with their wives who shared +every burden and hardship and introduced some of the features of +civilized life. The hunters and rangers passed on to new scenes; the +home makers built for all time. + +=The Number of Immigrants.=--There were no official stations on the +frontier to record the number of immigrants who entered the West during +the decades following the American Revolution. But travelers of the time +record that every road was "crowded" with pioneers and their families, +their wagons and cattle; and that they were seldom out of the sound of +the snapping whip of the teamster urging forward his horses or the crack +of the hunter's rifle as he brought down his evening meal. "During the +latter half of 1787," says Coman, "more than nine hundred boats floated +down the Ohio carrying eighteen thousand men, women, and children, and +twelve thousand horses, sheep, and cattle, and six hundred and fifty +wagons." Other lines of travel were also crowded and with the passing +years the flooding tide of home seekers rose higher and higher. + +=The Western Routes.=--Four main routes led into the country beyond the +Appalachians. The Genesee road, beginning at Albany, ran almost due west +to the present site of Buffalo on Lake Erie, through a level country. In +the dry season, wagons laden with goods could easily pass along it into +northern Ohio. A second route, through Pittsburgh, was fed by three +eastern branches, one starting at Philadelphia, one at Baltimore, and +another at Alexandria. A third main route wound through the mountains +from Alexandria to Boonesboro in Kentucky and then westward across the +Ohio to St. Louis. A fourth, the most famous of them all, passed through +the Cumberland Gap and by branches extended into the Cumberland valley +and the Kentucky country. + +Of these four lines of travel, the Pittsburgh route offered the most +advantages. Pioneers, no matter from what section they came, when once +they were on the headwaters of the Ohio and in possession of a flatboat, +could find a quick and easy passage into all parts of the West and +Southwest. Whether they wanted to settle in Ohio, Kentucky, or western +Tennessee they could find their way down the drifting flood to their +destination or at least to some spot near it. Many people from the South +as well as the Northern and Middle states chose this route; so it came +about that the sons and daughters of Virginia and the Carolinas mingled +with those of New York, Pennsylvania, and New England in the settlement +of the Northwest territory. + +=The Methods of Travel into the West.=--Many stories giving exact +descriptions of methods of travel into the West in the early days have +been preserved. The country was hardly opened before visitors from the +Old World and from the Eastern states, impelled by curiosity, made their +way to the very frontier of civilization and wrote books to inform or +amuse the public. One of them, Gilbert Imlay, an English traveler, has +given us an account of the Pittsburgh route as he found it in 1791. "If +a man ... " he writes, "has a family or goods of any sort to remove, his +best way, then, would be to purchase a waggon and team of horses to +carry his property to Redstone Old Fort or to Pittsburgh, according as +he may come from the Northern or Southern states. A good waggon will +cost, at Philadelphia, about $10 ... and the horses about $12 each; they +would cost something more both at Baltimore and Alexandria. The waggon +may be covered with canvass, and if it is the choice of the people, they +may sleep in it of nights with the greatest safety. But if they dislike +that, there are inns of accommodation the whole distance on the +different roads.... The provisions I would purchase in the same manner +[that is, from the farmers along the road]; and by having two or three +camp kettles and stopping every evening when the weather is fine upon +the brink of some rivulet and by kindling a fire they may soon dress +their own food.... This manner of journeying is so far from being +disagreeable that in a fine season it is extremely pleasant." The +immigrant once at Pittsburgh or Wheeling could then buy a flatboat of a +size required for his goods and stock, and drift down the current to his +journey's end. + +[Illustration: ROADS AND TRAILS INTO THE WESTERN TERRITORY] + +=The Admission of Kentucky and Tennessee.=--When the eighteenth century +drew to a close, Kentucky had a population larger than Delaware, Rhode +Island, or New Hampshire. Tennessee claimed 60,000 inhabitants. In 1792 +Kentucky took her place as a state beside her none too kindly parent, +Virginia. The Eastern Federalists resented her intrusion; but they took +some consolation in the admission of Vermont because the balance of +Eastern power was still retained. + +As if to assert their independence of old homes and conservative ideas +the makers of Kentucky's first constitution swept aside the landed +qualification on the suffrage and gave the vote to all free white males. +Four years later, Kentucky's neighbor to the south, Tennessee, followed +this step toward a wider democracy. After encountering fierce opposition +from the Federalists, Tennessee was accepted as the sixteenth state. + +=Ohio.=--The door of the union had hardly opened for Tennessee when +another appeal was made to Congress, this time from the pioneers in +Ohio. The little posts founded at Marietta and Cincinnati had grown into +flourishing centers of trade. The stream of immigrants, flowing down the +river, added daily to their numbers and the growing settlements all +around poured produce into their markets to be exchanged for "store +goods." After the Indians were disposed of in 1794 and the last British +soldier left the frontier forts under the terms of the Jay treaty of +1795, tiny settlements of families appeared on Lake Erie in the "Western +Reserve," a region that had been retained by Connecticut when she +surrendered her other rights in the Northwest. + +At the close of the century, Ohio, claiming a population of more than +50,000, grew discontented with its territorial status. Indeed, two years +before the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance, squatters in that +region had been invited by one John Emerson to hold a convention after +the fashion of the men of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield in old +Connecticut and draft a frame of government for themselves. This true +son of New England declared that men "have an undoubted right to pass +into every vacant country and there to form their constitution and that +from the confederation of the whole United States Congress is not +empowered to forbid them." This grand convention was never held because +the heavy hand of the government fell upon the leaders; but the spirit +of John Emerson did not perish. In November, 1802, a convention chosen +by voters, assembled under the authority of Congress at Chillicothe, +drew up a constitution. It went into force after a popular ratification. +The roll of the convention bore such names as Abbot, Baldwin, Cutler, +Huntington, Putnam, and Sargent, and the list of counties from which +they came included Adams, Fairfield, Hamilton, Jefferson, Trumbull, and +Washington, showing that the new America in the West was peopled and led +by the old stock. In 1803 Ohio was admitted to the union. + +=Indiana and Illinois.=--As in the neighboring state, the frontier in +Indiana advanced northward from the Ohio, mainly under the leadership, +however, of settlers from the South--restless Kentuckians hoping for +better luck in a newer country and pioneers from the far frontiers of +Virginia and North Carolina. As soon as a tier of counties swinging +upward like the horns of the moon against Ohio on the east and in the +Wabash Valley on the west was fairly settled, a clamor went up for +statehood. Under the authority of an act of Congress in 1816 the +Indianians drafted a constitution and inaugurated their government at +Corydon. "The majority of the members of the convention," we are told by +a local historian, "were frontier farmers who had a general idea of what +they wanted and had sense enough to let their more erudite colleagues +put it into shape." + +Two years later, the pioneers of Illinois, also settled upward from the +Ohio, like Indiana, elected their delegates to draft a constitution. +Leadership in the convention, quite properly, was taken by a man born in +New York and reared in Tennessee; and the constitution as finally +drafted "was in its principal provisions a copy of the then existing +constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana.... Many of the articles +are exact copies in wording although differently arranged and +numbered." + +=Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.=--Across the Mississippi to the +far south, clearing and planting had gone on with much bustle and +enterprise. The cotton and sugar lands of Louisiana, opened by French +and Spanish settlers, were widened in every direction by planters with +their armies of slaves from the older states. New Orleans, a good market +and a center of culture not despised even by the pioneer, grew apace. In +1810 the population of lower Louisiana was over 75,000. The time had +come, said the leaders of the people, to fulfill the promise made to +France in the treaty of cession; namely, to grant to the inhabitants of +the territory statehood and the rights of American citizens. Federalists +from New England still having a voice in Congress, if somewhat weaker, +still protested in tones of horror. "I am compelled to declare it as my +deliberate opinion," pronounced Josiah Quincy in the House of +Representatives, "that if this bill [to admit Louisiana] passes, the +bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved ... that as it will be the +right of all, so it will be the duty of some [states] to prepare +definitely for a separation; amicably if they can, violently if they +must.... It is a death blow to the Constitution. It may afterwards +linger; but lingering, its fate will, at no very distant period, be +consummated." Federalists from New York like those from New England had +their doubts about the wisdom of admitting Western states; but the party +of Jefferson and Madison, having the necessary majority, granted the +coveted statehood to Louisiana in 1812. + +When, a few years later, Mississippi and Alabama knocked at the doors of +the union, the Federalists had so little influence, on account of their +conduct during the second war with England, that spokesmen from the +Southwest met a kindlier reception at Washington. Mississippi, in 1817, +and Alabama, in 1819, took their places among the United States of +America. Both of them, while granting white manhood suffrage, gave their +constitutions the tone of the old East by providing landed +qualifications for the governor and members of the legislature. + +=Missouri.=--Far to the north in the Louisiana purchase, a new +commonwealth was rising to power. It was peopled by immigrants who came +down the Ohio in fleets of boats or crossed the Mississippi from +Kentucky and Tennessee. Thrifty Germans from Pennsylvania, hardy farmers +from Virginia ready to work with their own hands, freemen seeking +freemen's homes, planters with their slaves moving on from worn-out +fields on the seaboard, came together in the widening settlements of the +Missouri country. Peoples from the North and South flowed together, +small farmers and big planters mingling in one community. When their +numbers had reached sixty thousand or more, they precipitated a contest +over their admission to the union, "ringing an alarm bell in the night," +as Jefferson phrased it. The favorite expedient of compromise with +slavery was brought forth in Congress once more. Maine consequently was +brought into the union without slavery and Missouri with slavery. At the +same time there was drawn westward through the rest of the Louisiana +territory a line separating servitude from slavery. + + +THE SPIRIT OF THE FRONTIER + +=Land Tenure and Liberty.=--Over an immense western area there developed +an unbroken system of freehold farms. In the Gulf states and the lower +Mississippi Valley, it is true, the planter with his many slaves even +led in the pioneer movement; but through large sections of Tennessee and +Kentucky, as well as upper Georgia and Alabama, and all throughout the +Northwest territory the small farmer reigned supreme. In this immense +dominion there sprang up a civilization without caste or class--a body +of people all having about the same amount of this world's goods and +deriving their livelihood from one source: the labor of their own hands +on the soil. The Northwest territory alone almost equaled in area all +the original thirteen states combined, except Georgia, and its system of +agricultural economy was unbroken by plantations and feudal estates. "In +the subdivision of the soil and the great equality of condition," as +Webster said on more than one occasion, "lay the true basis, most +certainly, of popular government." There was the undoubted source of +Jacksonian democracy. + +[Illustration: A LOG CABIN--LINCOLN'S BIRTHPLACE] + +=The Characteristics of the Western People.=--Travelers into the +Northwest during the early years of the nineteenth century were agreed +that the people of that region were almost uniformly marked by the +characteristics common to an independent yeomanry. A close observer thus +recorded his impressions: "A spirit of adventurous enterprise, a +willingness to go through any hardship to accomplish an object.... +Independence of thought and action. They have felt the influence of +these principles from their childhood. Men who can endure anything; that +have lived almost without restraint, free as the mountain air or as the +deer and the buffalo of their forests, and who know they are Americans +all.... An apparent roughness which some would deem rudeness of +manner.... Where there is perfect equality in a neighborhood of people +who know little about each other's previous history or ancestry but +where each is lord of the soil he cultivates. Where a log cabin is all +that the best of families can expect to have for years and of course can +possess few of the external decorations which have so much influence in +creating a diversity of rank in society. These circumstances have laid +the foundation for that equality of intercourse, simplicity of manners, +want of deference, want of reserve, great readiness to make +acquaintances, freedom of speech, indisposition to brook real or +imaginary insults which one witnesses among people of the West." + +This equality, this independence, this rudeness so often described by +the traveler as marking a new country, were all accentuated by the +character of the settlers themselves. Traces of the fierce, unsociable, +eagle-eyed, hard-drinking hunter remained. The settlers who followed the +hunter were, with some exceptions, soldiers of the Revolutionary army, +farmers of the "middling order," and mechanics from the towns,--English, +Scotch-Irish, Germans,--poor in possessions and thrown upon the labor of +their own hands for support. Sons and daughters from well-to-do Eastern +homes sometimes brought softer manners; but the equality of life and the +leveling force of labor in forest and field soon made them one in spirit +with their struggling neighbors. Even the preachers and teachers, who +came when the cabins were raised in the clearings and rude churches and +schoolhouses were built, preached sermons and taught lessons that +savored of the frontier, as any one may know who reads Peter +Cartwright's _A Muscular Christian_ or Eggleston's _The Hoosier +Schoolmaster_. + + +THE WEST AND THE EAST MEET + +=The East Alarmed.=--A people so independent as the Westerners and so +attached to local self-government gave the conservative East many a rude +shock, setting gentlemen in powdered wigs and knee breeches agog with +the idea that terrible things might happen in the Mississippi Valley. +Not without good grounds did Washington fear that "a touch of a feather +would turn" the Western settlers away from the seaboard to the +Spaniards; and seriously did he urge the East not to neglect them, lest +they be "drawn into the arms of, or be dependent upon foreigners." +Taking advantage of the restless spirit in the Southwest, Aaron Burr, +having disgraced himself by killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, laid +wild plans, if not to bring about a secession in that region, at least +to build a state of some kind out of the Spanish dominions adjoining +Louisiana. Frightened at such enterprises and fearing the dominance of +the West, the Federalists, with a few conspicuous exceptions, opposed +equality between the sections. Had their narrow views prevailed, the +West, with its new democracy, would have been held in perpetual tutelage +to the seaboard or perhaps been driven into independence as the thirteen +colonies had been not long before. + +=Eastern Friends of the West.=--Fortunately for the nation, there were +many Eastern leaders, particularly from the South, who understood the +West, approved its spirit, and sought to bring the two sections together +by common bonds. Washington kept alive and keen the zeal for Western +advancement which he acquired in his youth as a surveyor. He never grew +tired of urging upon his Eastern friends the importance of the lands +beyond the mountains. He pressed upon the governor of Virginia a project +for a wagon road connecting the seaboard with the Ohio country and was +active in a movement to improve the navigation of the Potomac. He +advocated strengthening the ties of commerce. "Smooth the roads," he +said, "and make easy the way for them, and then see what an influx of +articles will be poured upon us; how amazingly our exports will be +increased by them; and how amply we shall be compensated for any trouble +and expense we may encounter to effect it." Jefferson, too, was +interested in every phase of Western development--the survey of lands, +the exploration of waterways, the opening of trade, and even the +discovery of the bones of prehistoric animals. Robert Fulton, the +inventor of the steamboat, was another man of vision who for many years +pressed upon his countrymen the necessity of uniting East and West by a +canal which would cement the union, raise the value of the public lands, +and extend the principles of confederate and republican government. + +=The Difficulties of Early Transportation.=--Means of communication +played an important part in the strategy of all those who sought to +bring together the seaboard and the frontier. The produce of the +West--wheat, corn, bacon, hemp, cattle, and tobacco--was bulky and the +cost of overland transportation was prohibitive. In the Eastern market, +"a cow and her calf were given for a bushel of salt, while a suit of +'store clothes' cost as much as a farm." In such circumstances, the +inhabitants of the Mississippi Valley were forced to ship their produce +over a long route by way of New Orleans and to pay high freight rates +for everything that was brought across the mountains. Scows of from five +to fifty tons were built at the towns along the rivers and piloted down +the stream to the Crescent City. In a few cases small ocean-going +vessels were built to transport goods to the West Indies or to the +Eastern coast towns. Salt, iron, guns, powder, and the absolute +essentials which the pioneers had to buy mainly in Eastern markets were +carried over narrow wagon trails that were almost impassable in the +rainy season. + +=The National Road.=--To far-sighted men, like Albert Gallatin, "the +father of internal improvements," the solution of this problem was the +construction of roads and canals. Early in Jefferson's administration, +Congress dedicated a part of the proceeds from the sale of lands to +building highways from the headwaters of the navigable waters emptying +into the Atlantic to the Ohio River and beyond into the Northwest +territory. In 1806, after many misgivings, it authorized a great +national highway binding the East and the West. The Cumberland Road, as +it was called, began in northwestern Maryland, wound through southern +Pennsylvania, crossed the narrow neck of Virginia at Wheeling, and then +shot almost straight across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, into Missouri. +By 1817, stagecoaches were running between Washington and Wheeling; by +1833 contractors had carried their work to Columbus, Ohio, and by 1852, +to Vandalia, Illinois. Over this ballasted road mail and passenger +coaches could go at high speed, and heavy freight wagons proceed in +safety at a steady pace. + +[Illustration: THE CUMBERLAND ROAD] + +=Canals and Steamboats.=--A second epoch in the economic union of the +East and West was reached with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, +offering an all-water route from New York City to the Great Lakes and +the Mississippi Valley. Pennsylvania, alarmed by the advantages +conferred on New York by this enterprise, began her system of canals and +portages from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, completing the last link in +1834. In the South, the Chesapeake and Ohio Company, chartered in 1825, +was busy with a project to connect Georgetown and Cumberland when +railways broke in upon the undertaking before it was half finished. +About the same time, Ohio built a canal across the state, affording +water communication between Lake Erie and the Ohio River through a rich +wheat belt. Passengers could now travel by canal boat into the West with +comparative ease and comfort, if not at a rapid speed, and the bulkiest +of freight could be easily handled. Moreover, the rate charged for +carrying goods was cut by the Erie Canal from $32 a ton per hundred +miles to $1. New Orleans was destined to lose her primacy in the +Mississippi Valley. + +The diversion of traffic to Eastern markets was also stimulated by +steamboats which appeared on the Ohio about 1810, three years after +Fulton had made his famous trip on the Hudson. It took twenty men to +sail and row a five-ton scow up the river at a speed of from ten to +twenty miles a day. In 1825, Timothy Flint traveled a hundred miles a +day on the new steamer _Grecian_ "against the whole weight of the +Mississippi current." Three years later the round trip from Louisville +to New Orleans was cut to eight days. Heavy produce that once had to +float down to New Orleans could be carried upstream and sent to the East +by way of the canal systems. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +AN EARLY MISSISSIPPI STEAMBOAT] + +Thus the far country was brought near. The timid no longer hesitated at +the thought of the perilous journey. All routes were crowded with +Western immigrants. The forests fell before the ax like grain before the +sickle. Clearings scattered through the woods spread out into a great +mosaic of farms stretching from the Southern Appalachians to Lake +Michigan. The national census of 1830 gave 937,000 inhabitants to Ohio; +343,000 to Indiana; 157,000 to Illinois; 687,000 to Kentucky; and +681,000 to Tennessee. + +[Illustration: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, 1830] + +With the increase in population and the growth of agriculture came +political influence. People who had once petitioned Congress now sent +their own representatives. Men who had hitherto accepted without +protests Presidents from the seaboard expressed a new spirit of dissent +in 1824 by giving only three electoral votes for John Quincy Adams; and +four years later they sent a son of the soil from Tennessee, Andrew +Jackson, to take Washington's chair as chief executive of the +nation--the first of a long line of Presidents from the Mississippi +basin. + + +=References= + +W.G. Brown, _The Lower South in American History_. + +B.A. Hinsdale, _The Old North West_ (2 vols.). + +A.B. Hulbert, _Great American Canals_ and _The Cumberland Road_. + +T. Roosevelt, _Thomas H. Benton_. + +P.J. Treat, _The National Land System_ (1785-1820). + +F.J. Turner, _Rise of the New West_ (American Nation Series). + +J. Winsor, _The Westward Movement_. + + +=Questions= + +1. How did the West come to play a role in the Revolution? + +2. What preparations were necessary to settlement? + +3. Give the principal provisions of the Northwest Ordinance. + +4. Explain how freehold land tenure happened to predominate in the West. + +5. Who were the early settlers in the West? What routes did they take? +How did they travel? + +6. Explain the Eastern opposition to the admission of new Western +states. Show how it was overcome. + +7. Trace a connection between the economic system of the West and the +spirit of the people. + +8. Who were among the early friends of Western development? + +9. Describe the difficulties of trade between the East and the West. + +10. Show how trade was promoted. + + +=Research Topics= + +=Northwest Ordinance.=--Analysis of text in Macdonald, _Documentary +Source Book_. Roosevelt, _Winning of the West_, Vol. V, pp. 5-57. + +=The West before the Revolution.=--Roosevelt, Vol. I. + +=The West during the Revolution.=--Roosevelt, Vols. II and III. + +=Tennessee.=--Roosevelt, Vol. V, pp. 95-119 and Vol. VI, pp. 9-87. + +=The Cumberland Road.=--A.B. Hulbert, _The Cumberland Road_. + +=Early Life in the Middle West.=--Callender, _Economic History of the +United States_, pp. 617-633; 636-641. + +=Slavery in the Southwest.=--Callender, pp. 641-652. + +=Early Land Policy.=--Callender, pp. 668-680. + +=Westward Movement of Peoples.=--Roosevelt, Vol. IV, pp. 7-39. + +Lists of books dealing with the early history of Western states are +given in Hart, Channing, and Turner, _Guide to the Study and Reading of +American History_ (rev. ed.), pp. 62-89. + +=Kentucky.=--Roosevelt, Vol. IV, pp. 176-263. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY + + +The New England Federalists, at the Hartford convention, prophesied that +in time the West would dominate the East. "At the adoption of the +Constitution," they said, "a certain balance of power among the original +states was considered to exist, and there was at that time and yet is +among those parties a strong affinity between their great and general +interests. By the admission of these [new] states that balance has been +materially affected and unless the practice be modified must ultimately +be destroyed. The Southern states will first avail themselves of their +new confederates to govern the East, and finally the Western states, +multiplied in number, and augmented in population, will control the +interests of the whole." Strangely enough the fulfillment of this +prophecy was being prepared even in Federalist strongholds by the rise +of a new urban democracy that was to make common cause with the farmers +beyond the mountains. + + +THE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT IN THE EAST + +=The Aristocratic Features of the Old Order.=--The Revolutionary +fathers, in setting up their first state constitutions, although they +often spoke of government as founded on the consent of the governed, did +not think that consistency required giving the vote to all adult males. +On the contrary they looked upon property owners as the only safe +"depositary" of political power. They went back to the colonial +tradition that related taxation and representation. This, they argued, +was not only just but a safeguard against the "excesses of democracy." + +In carrying their theory into execution they placed taxpaying or +property qualifications on the right to vote. Broadly speaking, these +limitations fell into three classes. Three states, Pennsylvania (1776), +New Hampshire (1784), and Georgia (1798), gave the ballot to all who +paid taxes, without reference to the value of their property. Three, +Virginia, Delaware, and Rhode Island, clung firmly to the ancient +principles that only freeholders could be intrusted with electoral +rights. Still other states, while closely restricting the suffrage, +accepted the ownership of other things as well as land in fulfillment of +the requirements. In Massachusetts, for instance, the vote was granted +to all men who held land yielding an annual income of three pounds or +possessed other property worth sixty pounds. + +The electors thus enfranchised, numerous as they were, owing to the wide +distribution of land, often suffered from a very onerous disability. In +many states they were able to vote only for persons of wealth because +heavy property qualifications were imposed on public officers. In New +Hampshire, the governor had to be worth five hundred pounds, one-half in +land; in Massachusetts, one thousand pounds, all freehold; in Maryland, +five thousand pounds, one thousand of which was freehold; in North +Carolina, one thousand pounds freehold; and in South Carolina, ten +thousand pounds freehold. A state senator in Massachusetts had to be the +owner of a freehold worth three hundred pounds or personal property +worth six hundred pounds; in New Jersey, one thousand pounds' worth of +property; in North Carolina, three hundred acres of land; in South +Carolina, two thousand pounds freehold. For members of the lower house +of the legislature lower qualifications were required. + +In most of the states the suffrage or office holding or both were +further restricted by religious provisions. No single sect was powerful +enough to dominate after the Revolution, but, for the most part, +Catholics and Jews were either disfranchised or excluded from office. +North Carolina and Georgia denied the ballot to any one who was not a +Protestant. Delaware withheld it from all who did not believe in the +Trinity and the inspiration of the Scriptures. Massachusetts and +Maryland limited it to Christians. Virginia and New York, advanced for +their day, made no discrimination in government on account of religious +opinion. + +=The Defense of the Old Order.=--It must not be supposed that property +qualifications were thoughtlessly imposed at the outset or considered of +little consequence in practice. In the beginning they were viewed as +fundamental. As towns grew in size and the number of landless citizens +increased, the restrictions were defended with even more vigor. In +Massachusetts, the great Webster upheld the rights of property in +government, saying: "It is entirely just that property should have its +due weight and consideration in political arrangements.... The +disastrous revolutions which the world has witnessed, those political +thunderstorms and earthquakes which have shaken the pillars of society +to their deepest foundations, have been revolutions against property." +In Pennsylvania, a leader in local affairs cried out against a plan to +remove the taxpaying limitation on the suffrage: "What does the delegate +propose? To place the vicious vagrant, the wandering Arabs, the Tartar +hordes of our large cities on the level with the virtuous and good man?" +In Virginia, Jefferson himself had first believed in property +qualifications and had feared with genuine alarm the "mobs of the great +cities." It was near the end of the eighteenth century before he +accepted the idea of manhood suffrage. Even then he was unable to +convince the constitution-makers of his own state. "It is not an idle +chimera of the brain," urged one of them, "that the possession of land +furnishes the strongest evidence of permanent, common interest with, and +attachment to, the community.... It is upon this foundation I wish to +place the right of suffrage. This is the best general standard which can +be resorted to for the purpose of determining whether the persons to be +invested with the right of suffrage are such persons as could be, +consistently with the safety and well-being of the community, intrusted +with the exercise of that right." + +=Attacks on the Restricted Suffrage.=--The changing circumstances of +American life, however, soon challenged the rule of those with property. +Prominent among the new forces were the rising mercantile and business +interests. Where the freehold qualification was applied, business men +who did not own land were deprived of the vote and excluded from office. +In New York, for example, the most illiterate farmer who had one hundred +pounds' worth of land could vote for state senator and governor, while +the landless banker or merchant could not. It is not surprising, +therefore, to find business men taking the lead in breaking down +freehold limitations on the suffrage. The professional classes also were +interested in removing the barriers which excluded many of them from +public affairs. It was a schoolmaster, Thomas Dorr, who led the popular +uprising in Rhode Island which brought the exclusive rule by freeholders +to an end. + +In addition to the business and professional classes, the mechanics of +the towns showed a growing hostility to a system of government that +generally barred them from voting or holding office. Though not +numerous, they had early begun to exercise an influence on the course of +public affairs. They had led the riots against the Stamp Act, overturned +King George's statue, and "crammed stamps down the throats of +collectors." When the state constitutions were framed they took a lively +interest, particularly in New York City and Philadelphia. In June, 1776, +the "mechanicks in union" in New York protested against putting the new +state constitution into effect without their approval, declaring that +the right to vote on the acceptance or rejection of a fundamental law +"is the birthright of every man to whatever state he may belong." Though +their petition was rejected, their spirit remained. When, a few years +later, the federal Constitution was being framed, the mechanics watched +the process with deep concern; they knew that one of its main objects +was to promote trade and commerce, affecting directly their daily bread. +During the struggle over ratification, they passed resolutions approving +its provisions and they often joined in parades organized to stir up +sentiment for the Constitution, even though they could not vote for +members of the state conventions and so express their will directly. +After the organization of trade unions they collided with the courts of +law and thus became interested in the election of judges and lawmakers. + +Those who attacked the old system of class rule found a strong moral +support in the Declaration of Independence. Was it not said that all men +are created equal? Whoever runs may read. Was it not declared that +governments derive their just power from the consent of the governed? +That doctrine was applied with effect to George III and seemed +appropriate for use against the privileged classes of Massachusetts or +Virginia. "How do the principles thus proclaimed," asked the +non-freeholders of Richmond, in petitioning for the ballot, "accord with +the existing regulation of the suffrage? A regulation which, instead of +the equality nature ordains, creates an odious distinction between +members of the same community ... and vests in a favored class, not in +consideration of their public services but of their private possessions, +the highest of all privileges." + +=Abolition of Property Qualifications.=--By many minor victories rather +than by any spectacular triumphs did the advocates of manhood suffrage +carry the day. Slight gains were made even during the Revolution or +shortly afterward. In Pennsylvania, the mechanics, by taking an active +part in the contest over the Constitution of 1776, were able to force +the qualification down to the payment of a small tax. Vermont came into +the union in 1792 without any property restrictions. In the same year +Delaware gave the vote to all men who paid taxes. Maryland, reckoned one +of the most conservative of states, embarked on the experiment of +manhood suffrage in 1809; and nine years later, Connecticut, equally +conservative, decided that all taxpayers were worthy of the ballot. + +Five states, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, Rhode Island, and North +Carolina, remained obdurate while these changes were going on around +them; finally they had to yield themselves. The last struggle in +Massachusetts took place in the constitutional convention of 1820. There +Webster, in the prime of his manhood, and John Adams, in the closing +years of his old age, alike protested against such radical innovations +as manhood suffrage. Their protests were futile. The property test was +abolished and a small tax-paying qualification was substituted. New York +surrendered the next year and, after trying some minor restrictions for +five years, went completely over to white manhood suffrage in 1826. +Rhode Island clung to her freehold qualification through thirty years of +agitation. Then Dorr's Rebellion, almost culminating in bloodshed, +brought about a reform in 1843 which introduced a slight tax-paying +qualification as an alternative to the freehold. Virginia and North +Carolina were still unconvinced. The former refused to abandon ownership +of land as the test for political rights until 1850 and the latter until +1856. Although religious discriminations and property qualifications for +office holders were sometimes retained after the establishment of +manhood suffrage, they were usually abolished along with the monopoly of +government enjoyed by property owners and taxpayers. + +[Illustration: THOMAS DORR AROUSING HIS FOLLOWERS] + +At the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the white +male industrial workers and the mechanics of the Northern cities, at +least, could lay aside the petition for the ballot and enjoy with the +free farmer a voice in the government of their common country. +"Universal democracy," sighed Carlyle, who was widely read in the United +States, "whatever we may think of it has declared itself the inevitable +fact of the days in which we live; and he who has any chance to instruct +or lead in these days must begin by admitting that ... Where no +government is wanted, save that of the parish constable, as in America +with its boundless soil, every man being able to find work and +recompense for himself, democracy may subsist; not elsewhere." Amid the +grave misgivings of the first generation of statesmen, America was +committed to the great adventure, in the populous towns of the East as +well as in the forests and fields of the West. + + +THE NEW DEMOCRACY ENTERS THE ARENA + +The spirit of the new order soon had a pronounced effect on the +machinery of government and the practice of politics. The enfranchised +electors were not long in demanding for themselves a larger share in +administration. + +=The Spoils System and Rotation in Office.=--First of all they wanted +office for themselves, regardless of their fitness. They therefore +extended the system of rewarding party workers with government +positions--a system early established in several states, notably New +York and Pennsylvania. Closely connected with it was the practice of +fixing short terms for officers and making frequent changes in +personnel. "Long continuance in office," explained a champion of this +idea in Pennsylvania in 1837, "unfits a man for the discharge of its +duties, by rendering him arbitrary and aristocratic, and tends to beget, +first life office, and then hereditary office, which leads to the +destruction of free government." The solution offered was the historic +doctrine of "rotation in office." At the same time the principle of +popular election was extended to an increasing number of officials who +had once been appointed either by the governor or the legislature. Even +geologists, veterinarians, surveyors, and other technical officers were +declared elective on the theory that their appointment "smacked of +monarchy." + +=Popular Election of Presidential Electors.=--In a short time the spirit +of democracy, while playing havoc with the old order in state +government, made its way upward into the federal system. The framers of +the Constitution, bewildered by many proposals and unable to agree on +any single plan, had committed the choice of presidential electors to +the discretion of the state legislatures. The legislatures, in turn, +greedy of power, early adopted the practice of choosing the electors +themselves; but they did not enjoy it long undisturbed. Democracy, +thundering at their doors, demanded that they surrender the privilege to +the people. Reluctantly they yielded, sometimes granting popular +election and then withdrawing it. The drift was inevitable, and the +climax came with the advent of Jacksonian democracy. In 1824, Vermont, +New York, Delaware, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana, though some +had experimented with popular election, still left the choice of +electors with the legislature. Eight years later South Carolina alone +held to the old practice. Popular election had become the final word. +The fanciful idea of an electoral college of "good and wise men," +selected without passion or partisanship by state legislatures acting as +deliberative bodies, was exploded for all time; the election of the +nation's chief magistrate was committed to the tempestuous methods of +democracy. + +=The Nominating Convention.=--As the suffrage was widened and the +popular choice of presidential electors extended, there arose a violent +protest against the methods used by the political parties in nominating +candidates. After the retirement of Washington, both the Republicans and +the Federalists found it necessary to agree upon their favorites before +the election, and they adopted a colonial device--the pre-election +caucus. The Federalist members of Congress held a conference and +selected their candidate, and the Republicans followed the example. In +a short time the practice of nominating by a "congressional caucus" +became a recognized institution. The election still remained with the +people; but the power of picking candidates for their approval passed +into the hands of a small body of Senators and Representatives. + + +A reaction against this was unavoidable. To friends of "the plain +people," like Andrew Jackson, it was intolerable, all the more so +because the caucus never favored him with the nomination. More +conservative men also found grave objections to it. They pointed out +that, whereas the Constitution intended the President to be an +independent officer, he had now fallen under the control of a caucus of +congressmen. The supremacy of the legislative branch had been obtained +by an extra-legal political device. To such objections were added +practical considerations. In 1824, when personal rivalry had taken the +place of party conflicts, the congressional caucus selected as the +candidate, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, a man of distinction but no +great popularity, passing by such an obvious hero as General Jackson. +The followers of the General were enraged and demanded nothing short of +the death of "King Caucus." Their clamor was effective. Under their +attacks, the caucus came to an ignominious end. + +In place of it there arose in 1831 a new device, the national nominating +convention, composed of delegates elected by party voters for the sole +purpose of nominating candidates. Senators and Representatives were +still prominent in the party councils, but they were swamped by hundreds +of delegates "fresh from the people," as Jackson was wont to say. In +fact, each convention was made up mainly of office holders and office +seekers, and the new institution was soon denounced as vigorously as +King Caucus had been, particularly by statesmen who failed to obtain a +nomination. Still it grew in strength and by 1840 was firmly +established. + +=The End of the Old Generation.=--In the election of 1824, the +representatives of the "aristocracy" made their last successful stand. +Until then the leadership by men of "wealth and talents" had been +undisputed. There had been five Presidents--Washington, John Adams, +Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe--all Eastern men brought up in prosperous +families with the advantages of culture which come from leisure and the +possession of life's refinements. None of them had ever been compelled +to work with his hands for a livelihood. Four of them had been +slaveholders. Jefferson was a philosopher, learned in natural science, a +master of foreign languages, a gentleman of dignity and grace of manner, +notwithstanding his studied simplicity. Madison, it was said, was armed +"with all the culture of his century." Monroe was a graduate of William +and Mary, a gentleman of the old school. Jefferson and his three +successors called themselves Republicans and professed a genuine faith +in the people but they were not "of the people" themselves; they were +not sons of the soil or the workshop. They were all men of "the grand + +old order of society" who gave finish and style even to popular +government. + +Monroe was the last of the Presidents belonging to the heroic epoch of +the Revolution. He had served in the war for independence, in the +Congress under the Articles of Confederation, and in official capacity +after the adoption of the Constitution. In short, he was of the age that +had wrought American independence and set the government afloat. With +his passing, leadership went to a new generation; but his successor, +John Quincy Adams, formed a bridge between the old and the new in that +he combined a high degree of culture with democratic sympathies. +Washington had died in 1799, preceded but a few months by Patrick Henry +and followed in four years by Samuel Adams. Hamilton had been killed in +a duel with Burr in 1804. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were yet alive +in 1824 but they were soon to pass from the scene, reconciled at last, +full of years and honors. Madison was in dignified retirement, destined +to live long enough to protest against the doctrine of nullification +proclaimed by South Carolina before death carried him away at the ripe +old age of eighty-five. + +=The Election of John Quincy Adams (1824).=--The campaign of 1824 marked +the end of the "era of good feeling" inaugurated by the collapse of the +Federalist party after the election of 1816. There were four leading +candidates, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and W.H. +Crawford. The result of the election was a division of the electoral +votes into four parts and no one received a majority. Under the +Constitution, therefore, the selection of President passed to the House +of Representatives. Clay, who stood at the bottom of the poll, threw his +weight to Adams and assured his triumph, much to the chagrin of +Jackson's friends. They thought, with a certain justification, that +inasmuch as the hero of New Orleans had received the largest electoral +vote, the House was morally bound to accept the popular judgment and +make him President. Jackson shook hands cordially with Adams on the day +of the inauguration, but never forgave him for being elected. + +While Adams called himself a Republican in politics and often spoke of +"the rule of the people," he was regarded by Jackson's followers as "an +aristocrat." He was not a son of the soil. Neither was he acquainted at +first hand with the labor of farmers and mechanics. He had been educated +at Harvard and in Europe. Like his illustrious father, John Adams, he +was a stern and reserved man, little given to seeking popularity. +Moreover, he was from the East and the frontiersmen of the West regarded +him as a man "born with a silver spoon in his mouth." Jackson's +supporters especially disliked him because they thought their hero +entitled to the presidency. Their anger was deepened when Adams +appointed Clay to the office of Secretary of State; and they set up a +cry that there had been a "deal" by which Clay had helped to elect Adams +to get office for himself. + +Though Adams conducted his administration with great dignity and in a +fine spirit of public service, he was unable to overcome the opposition +which he encountered on his election to office or to win popularity in +the West and South. On the contrary, by advocating government assistance +in building roads and canals and public grants in aid of education, +arts, and sciences, he ran counter to the current which had set in +against appropriations of federal funds for internal improvements. By +signing the Tariff Bill of 1828, soon known as the "Tariff of +Abominations," he made new enemies without adding to his friends in New +York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio where he sorely needed them. Handicapped by +the false charge that he had been a party to a "corrupt bargain" with +Clay to secure his first election; attacked for his advocacy of a high +protective tariff; charged with favoring an "aristocracy of +office-holders" in Washington on account of his refusal to discharge +government clerks by the wholesale, Adams was retired from the White +House after he had served four years. + +=The Triumph of Jackson in 1828.=--Probably no candidate for the +presidency ever had such passionate popular support as Andrew Jackson +had in 1828. He was truly a man of the people. Born of poor parents in +the upland region of South Carolina, schooled in poverty and adversity, +without the advantages of education or the refinements of cultivated +leisure, he seemed the embodiment of the spirit of the new American +democracy. Early in his youth he had gone into the frontier of Tennessee +where he soon won a name as a fearless and intrepid Indian fighter. On +the march and in camp, he endeared himself to his men by sharing their +hardships, sleeping on the ground with them, and eating parched corn +when nothing better could be found for the privates. From local +prominence he sprang into national fame by his exploit at the battle of +New Orleans. His reputation as a military hero was enhanced by the +feeling that he had been a martyr to political treachery in 1824. The +farmers of the West and South claimed him as their own. The mechanics of +the Eastern cities, newly enfranchised, also looked upon him as their +friend. Though his views on the tariff, internal improvements, and other +issues before the country were either vague or unknown, he was readily +elected President. + +The returns of the electoral vote in 1828 revealed the sources of +Jackson's power. In New England, he received but one ballot, from +Maine; he had a majority of the electors in New York and all of them in +Pennsylvania; and he carried every state south of Maryland and beyond +the Appalachians. Adams did not get a single electoral vote in the South +and West. The prophecy of the Hartford convention had been fulfilled. + +[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON] + +When Jackson took the oath of office on March 4, 1829, the government of +the United States entered into a new era. Until this time the +inauguration of a President--even that of Jefferson, the apostle of +simplicity--had brought no rude shock to the course of affairs at the +capital. Hitherto the installation of a President meant that an +old-fashioned gentleman, accompanied by a few servants, had driven to +the White House in his own coach, taken the oath with quiet dignity, +appointed a few new men to the higher posts, continued in office the +long list of regular civil employees, and begun his administration with +respectable decorum. Jackson changed all this. When he was inaugurated, +men and women journeyed hundreds of miles to witness the ceremony. Great +throngs pressed into the White House, "upset the bowls of punch, broke +the glasses, and stood with their muddy boots on the satin-covered +chairs to see the people's President." If Jefferson's inauguration was, +as he called it, the "great revolution," Jackson's inauguration was a +cataclysm. + + +THE NEW DEMOCRACY AT WASHINGTON + +=The Spoils System.=--The staid and respectable society of Washington +was disturbed by this influx of farmers and frontiersmen. To speak of +politics became "bad form" among fashionable women. The clerks and +civil servants of the government who had enjoyed long and secure tenure +of office became alarmed at the clamor of new men for their positions. +Doubtless the major portion of them had opposed the election of Jackson +and looked with feelings akin to contempt upon him and his followers. +With a hunter's instinct, Jackson scented his prey. Determined to have +none but his friends in office, he made a clean sweep, expelling old +employees to make room for men "fresh from the people." This was a new +custom. Other Presidents had discharged a few officers for engaging in +opposition politics. They had been careful in making appointments not to +choose inveterate enemies; but they discharged relatively few men on +account of their political views and partisan activities. + +By wholesale removals and the frank selection of officers on party +grounds--a practice already well intrenched in New York--Jackson +established the "spoils system" at Washington. The famous slogan, "to +the victor belong the spoils of victory," became the avowed principle of +the national government. Statesmen like Calhoun denounced it; poets like +James Russell Lowell ridiculed it; faithful servants of the government +suffered under it; but it held undisturbed sway for half a century +thereafter, each succeeding generation outdoing, if possible, its +predecessor in the use of public office for political purposes. If any +one remarked that training and experience were necessary qualifications +for important public positions, he met Jackson's own profession of +faith: "The duties of any public office are so simple or admit of being +made so simple that any man can in a short time become master of them." + +=The Tariff and Nullification.=--Jackson had not been installed in power +very long before he was compelled to choose between states' rights and +nationalism. The immediate occasion of the trouble was the tariff--a +matter on which Jackson did not have any very decided views. His mind +did not run naturally to abstruse economic questions; and owing to the +divided opinion of the country it was "good politics" to be vague and +ambiguous in the controversy. Especially was this true, because the +tariff issue was threatening to split the country into parties again. + +_The Development of the Policy of "Protection."_--The war of 1812 and +the commercial policies of England which followed it had accentuated the +need for American economic independence. During that conflict, the +United States, cut off from English manufactures as during the +Revolution, built up home industries to meet the unusual call for iron, +steel, cloth, and other military and naval supplies as well as the +demands from ordinary markets. Iron foundries and textile mills sprang +up as in the night; hundreds of business men invested fortunes in +industrial enterprises so essential to the military needs of the +government; and the people at large fell into the habit of buying +American-made goods again. As the London _Times_ tersely observed of the +Americans, "their first war with England made them independent; their +second war made them formidable." + +In recognition of this state of affairs, the tariff of 1816 was +designed: _first_, to prevent England from ruining these "infant +industries" by dumping the accumulated stores of years suddenly upon +American markets; and, _secondly_, to enlarge in the manufacturing +centers the demand for American agricultural produce. It accomplished +the purposes of its framers. It kept in operation the mills and furnaces +so recently built. It multiplied the number of industrial workers and +enhanced the demand for the produce of the soil. It brought about +another very important result. It turned the capital and enterprise of +New England from shipping to manufacturing, and converted her statesmen, +once friends of low tariffs, into ardent advocates of protection. + +In the early years of the nineteenth century, the Yankees had bent their +energies toward building and operating ships to carry produce from +America to Europe and manufactures from Europe to America. For this +reason, they had opposed the tariff of 1816 calculated to increase +domestic production and cut down the carrying trade. Defeated in their +efforts, they accepted the inevitable and turned to manufacturing. Soon +they were powerful friends of protection for American enterprise. As the +money invested and the labor employed in the favored industries +increased, the demand for continued and heavier protection grew apace. +Even the farmers who furnished raw materials, like wool, flax, and hemp, +began to see eye to eye with the manufacturers. So the textile interests +of New England, the iron masters of Connecticut, New Jersey, and +Pennsylvania, the wool, hemp, and flax growers of Ohio, Kentucky, and +Tennessee, and the sugar planters of Louisiana developed into a +formidable combination in support of a high protective tariff. + +_The Planting States Oppose the Tariff._--In the meantime, the cotton +states on the seaboard had forgotten about the havoc wrought during the +Napoleonic wars when their produce rotted because there were no ships to +carry it to Europe. The seas were now open. The area devoted to cotton +had swiftly expanded as Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana were opened +up. Cotton had in fact become "king" and the planters depended for their +prosperity, as they thought, upon the sale of their staple to English +manufacturers whose spinning and weaving mills were the wonder of the +world. Manufacturing nothing and having to buy nearly everything except +farm produce and even much of that for slaves, the planters naturally +wanted to purchase manufactures in the cheapest market, England, where +they sold most of their cotton. The tariff, they contended, raised the +price of the goods they had to buy and was thus in fact a tribute laid +on them for the benefit of the Northern mill owners. + +_The Tariff of Abominations._--They were overborne, however, in 1824 and +again in 1828 when Northern manufacturers and Western farmers forced +Congress to make an upward revision of the tariff. The Act of 1828 known +as "the Tariff of Abominations," though slightly modified in 1832, was +"the straw which broke the camel's back." Southern leaders turned in +rage against the whole system. The legislatures of Virginia, North +Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama denounced it; a general +convention of delegates held at Augusta issued a protest of defiance +against it; and South Carolina, weary of verbal battles, decided to +prevent its enforcement. + +_South Carolina Nullifies the Tariff._--The legislature of that state, +on October 26, 1832, passed a bill calling for a state convention which +duly assembled in the following month. In no mood for compromise, it +adopted the famous Ordinance of Nullification after a few days' debate. +Every line of this document was clear and firm. The tariff, it opened, +gives "bounties to classes and individuals ... at the expense and to the +injury and oppression of other classes and individuals"; it is a +violation of the Constitution of the United States and therefore null +and void; its enforcement in South Carolina is unlawful; if the federal +government attempts to coerce the state into obeying the law, "the +people of this state will thenceforth hold themselves absolved from all +further obligations to maintain or preserve their political connection +with the people of the other states and will forthwith proceed to +organize a separate government and do all other acts and things which +sovereign and independent states may of right do." + +_Southern States Condemn Nullification._--The answer of the country to +this note of defiance, couched in the language used in the Kentucky +resolutions and by the New England Federalists during the war of 1812, +was quick and positive. The legislatures of the Southern states, while +condemning the tariff, repudiated the step which South Carolina had +taken. Georgia responded: "We abhor the doctrine of nullification as +neither a peaceful nor a constitutional remedy." Alabama found it +"unsound in theory and dangerous in practice." North Carolina replied +that it was "revolutionary in character, subversive of the Constitution +of the United States." Mississippi answered: "It is disunion by +force--it is civil war." Virginia spoke more softly, condemning the +tariff and sustaining the principle of the Virginia resolutions but +denying that South Carolina could find in them any sanction for her +proceedings. + +_Jackson Firmly Upholds the Union._--The eyes of the country were turned +upon Andrew Jackson. It was known that he looked with no friendly +feelings upon nullification, for, at a Jefferson dinner in the spring of +1830 while the subject was in the air, he had with laconic firmness +announced a toast: "Our federal union; it must be preserved." When two +years later the open challenge came from South Carolina, he replied that +he would enforce the law, saying with his frontier directness: "If a +single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of +the United States, I will hang the first man I can lay my hands on +engaged in such conduct upon the first tree that I can reach." He made +ready to keep his word by preparing for the use of military and naval +forces in sustaining the authority of the federal government. Then in a +long and impassioned proclamation to the people of South Carolina he +pointed out the national character of the union, and announced his +solemn resolve to preserve it by all constitutional means. Nullification +he branded as "incompatible with the existence of the union, +contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized +by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was +founded, and destructive of the great objects for which it was formed." + +_A Compromise._--In his messages to Congress, however, Jackson spoke the +language of conciliation. A few days before issuing his proclamation he +suggested that protection should be limited to the articles of domestic +manufacture indispensable to safety in war time, and shortly afterward +he asked for new legislation to aid him in enforcing the laws. With two +propositions before it, one to remove the chief grounds for South +Carolina's resistance and the other to apply force if it was continued, +Congress bent its efforts to avoid a crisis. On February 12, 1833, +Henry Clay laid before the Senate a compromise tariff bill providing for +the gradual reduction of the duties until by 1842 they would reach the +level of the law which Calhoun had supported in 1816. About the same +time the "force bill," designed to give the President ample authority in +executing the law in South Carolina, was taken up. After a short but +acrimonious debate, both measures were passed and signed by President +Jackson on the same day, March 2. Looking upon the reduction of the +tariff as a complete vindication of her policy and an undoubted victory, +South Carolina rescinded her ordinance and enacted another nullifying +the force bill. + +[Illustration: _From an old print._ + +DANIEL WEBSTER] + +_The Webster-Hayne Debate._--Where the actual victory lay in this +quarrel, long the subject of high dispute, need not concern us to-day. +Perhaps the chief result of the whole affair was a clarification of the +issue between the North and the South--a definite statement of the +principles for which men on both sides were years afterward to lay down +their lives. On behalf of nationalism and a perpetual union, the stanch +old Democrat from Tennessee had, in his proclamation on nullification, +spoken a language that admitted of only one meaning. On behalf of +nullification, Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, a skilled lawyer and +courtly orator, had in a great speech delivered in the Senate in +January, 1830, set forth clearly and cogently the doctrine that the +union is a compact among sovereign states from which the parties may +lawfully withdraw. It was this address that called into the arena +Daniel Webster, Senator from Massachusetts, who, spreading the mantle +of oblivion over the Hartford convention, delivered a reply to Hayne +that has been reckoned among the powerful orations of all time--a plea +for the supremacy of the Constitution and the national character of the +union. + +=The War on the United States Bank.=--If events forced the issue of +nationalism and nullification upon Jackson, the same could not be said +of his attack on the bank. That institution, once denounced by every +true Jeffersonian, had been reestablished in 1816 under the +administration of Jefferson's disciple, James Madison. It had not been +in operation very long, however, before it aroused bitter opposition, +especially in the South and the West. Its notes drove out of circulation +the paper currency of unsound banks chartered by the states, to the +great anger of local financiers. It was accused of favoritism in making +loans, of conferring special privileges upon politicians in return for +their support at Washington. To all Jackson's followers it was "an +insidious money power." One of them openly denounced it as an +institution designed "to strengthen the arm of wealth and counterpoise +the influence of extended suffrage in the disposition of public +affairs." + +This sentiment President Jackson fully shared. In his first message to +Congress he assailed the bank in vigorous language. He declared that its +constitutionality was in doubt and alleged that it had failed to +establish a sound and uniform currency. If such an institution was +necessary, he continued, it should be a public bank, owned and managed +by the government, not a private concern endowed with special privileges +by it. In his second and third messages, Jackson came back to the +subject, leaving the decision, however, to "an enlightened people and +their representatives." + +Moved by this frank hostility and anxious for the future, the bank +applied to Congress for a renewal of its charter in 1832, four years +before the expiration of its life. Clay, with his eye upon the +presidency and an issue for the campaign, warmly supported the +application. Congress, deeply impressed by his leadership, passed the +bill granting the new charter, and sent the open defiance to Jackson. +His response was an instant veto. The battle was on and it raged with +fury until the close of his second administration, ending in the +destruction of the bank, a disordered currency, and a national panic. + +In his veto message, Jackson attacked the bank as unconstitutional and +even hinted at corruption. He refused to assent to the proposition that +the Supreme Court had settled the question of constitutionality by the +decision in the McCulloch case. "Each public officer," he argued, "who +takes an oath to support the Constitution, swears that he will support +it as he understands it, not as it is understood by others." + +Not satisfied with his veto and his declaration against the bank, +Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw the government +deposits which formed a large part of the institution's funds. This +action he followed up by an open charge that the bank had used money +shamefully to secure the return of its supporters to Congress. The +Senate, stung by this charge, solemnly resolved that Jackson had +"assumed upon himself authority and power not conferred by the +Constitution and laws, but in derogation of both." + +The effects of the destruction of the bank were widespread. When its +charter expired in 1836, banking was once more committed to the control +of the states. The state legislatures, under a decision rendered by the +Supreme Court after the death of Marshall, began to charter banks under +state ownership and control, with full power to issue paper money--this +in spite of the provision in the Constitution that states shall not +issue bills of credit or make anything but gold and silver coin legal +tender in the payment of debts. Once more the country was flooded by +paper currency of uncertain value. To make matters worse, Jackson +adopted the practice of depositing huge amounts of government funds in +these banks, not forgetting to render favors to those institutions which +supported him in politics--"pet banks," as they were styled at the +time. In 1837, partially, though by no means entirely, as a result of +the abolition of the bank, the country was plunged into one of the most +disastrous panics which it ever experienced. + +=Internal Improvements Checked.=--The bank had presented to Jackson a +very clear problem--one of destruction. Other questions were not so +simple, particularly the subject of federal appropriations in aid of +roads and other internal improvements. Jefferson had strongly favored +government assistance in such matters, but his administration was +followed by a reaction. Both Madison and Monroe vetoed acts of Congress +appropriating public funds for public roads, advancing as their reason +the argument that the Constitution authorized no such laws. Jackson, +puzzled by the clamor on both sides, followed their example without +making the constitutional bar absolute. Congress, he thought, might +lawfully build highways of a national and military value, but he +strongly deprecated attacks by local interests on the federal treasury. + +=The Triumph of the Executive Branch.=--Jackson's reelection in 1832 +served to confirm his opinion that he was the chosen leader of the +people, freed and instructed to ride rough shod over Congress and even +the courts. No President before or since ever entertained in times of +peace such lofty notions of executive prerogative. The entire body of +federal employees he transformed into obedient servants of his wishes, a +sign or a nod from him making and undoing the fortunes of the humble and +the mighty. His lawful cabinet of advisers, filling all of the high +posts in the government, he treated with scant courtesy, preferring +rather to secure his counsel and advice from an unofficial body of +friends and dependents who, owing to their secret methods and back +stairs arrangements, became known as "the kitchen cabinet." Under the +leadership of a silent, astute, and resourceful politician, Amos +Kendall, this informal gathering of the faithful both gave and carried +out decrees and orders, communicating the President's lightest wish or +strictest command to the uttermost part of the country. Resolutely and +in the face of bitter opposition Jackson had removed the deposits from +the United States Bank. When the Senate protested against this arbitrary +conduct, he did not rest until it was forced to expunge the resolution +of condemnation; in time one of his lieutenants with his own hands was +able to tear the censure from the records. When Chief Justice Marshall +issued a decree against Georgia which did not suit him, Jackson, +according to tradition, blurted out that Marshall could go ahead and +enforce his own orders. To the end he pursued his willful way, finally +even choosing his own successor. + + +THE RISE OF THE WHIGS + +=Jackson's Measures Arouse Opposition.=--Measures so decided, policies +so radical, and conduct so high-handed could not fail to arouse against +Jackson a deep and exasperated opposition. The truth is the conduct of +his entire administration profoundly disturbed the business and finances +of the country. It was accompanied by conditions similar to those which +existed under the Articles of Confederation. A paper currency, almost as +unstable and irritating as the worthless notes of revolutionary days, +flooded the country, hindering the easy transaction of business. The use +of federal funds for internal improvements, so vital to the exchange of +commodities which is the very life of industry, was blocked by executive +vetoes. The Supreme Court, which, under Marshall, had held refractory +states to their obligations under the Constitution, was flouted; states' +rights judges, deliberately selected by Jackson for the bench, began to +sap and undermine the rulings of Marshall. The protective tariff, under +which the textile industry of New England, the iron mills of +Pennsylvania, and the wool, flax, and hemp farms of the West had +flourished, had received a severe blow in the compromise of 1833 which +promised a steady reduction of duties. To cap the climax, Jackson's +party, casting aside the old and reputable name of Republican, boldly +chose for its title the term "Democrat," throwing down the gauntlet to +every conservative who doubted the omniscience of the people. All these +things worked together to evoke an opposition that was sharp and +determined. + +[Illustration: AN OLD CARTOON RIDICULING CLAY'S TARIFF AND INTERNAL +IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM] + +=Clay and the National Republicans.=--In this opposition movement, +leadership fell to Henry Clay, a son of Kentucky, rather than to Daniel +Webster of Massachusetts. Like Jackson, Clay was born in a home haunted +by poverty. Left fatherless early and thrown upon his own resources, he +went from Virginia into Kentucky where by sheer force of intellect he +rose to eminence in the profession of law. Without the martial gifts or +the martial spirit of Jackson, he slipped more easily into the social +habits of the East at the same time that he retained his hold on the +affections of the boisterous West. Farmers of Ohio, Indiana, and +Kentucky loved him; financiers of New York and Philadelphia trusted him. +He was thus a leader well fitted to gather the forces of opposition +into union against Jackson. + +Around Clay's standard assembled a motley collection, representing every +species of political opinion, united by one tie only--hatred for "Old +Hickory." Nullifiers and less strenuous advocates of states' rights were +yoked with nationalists of Webster's school; ardent protectionists were +bound together with equally ardent free traders, all fraternizing in one +grand confusion of ideas under the title of "National Republicans." Thus +the ancient and honorable term selected by Jefferson and his party, now +abandoned by Jacksonian Democracy, was adroitly adopted to cover the +supporters of Clay. The platform of the party, however, embraced all the +old Federalist principles: protection for American industry; internal +improvements; respect for the Supreme Court; resistance to executive +tyranny; and denunciation of the spoils system. Though Jackson was +easily victorious in 1832, the popular vote cast for Clay should have +given him some doubts about the faith of "the whole people" in the +wisdom of his "reign." + +=Van Buren and the Panic of 1837.=--Nothing could shake the General's +superb confidence. At the end of his second term he insisted on +selecting his own successor; at a national convention, chosen by party +voters, but packed with his office holders and friends, he nominated +Martin Van Buren of New York. Once more he proved his strength by +carrying the country for the Democrats. With a fine flourish, he +attended the inauguration of Van Buren and then retired, amid the +applause and tears of his devotees, to the Hermitage, his home in +Tennessee. + +Fortunately for him, Jackson escaped the odium of a disastrous panic +which struck the country with terrible force in the following summer. +Among the contributory causes of this crisis, no doubt, were the +destruction of the bank and the issuance of the "specie circular" of + +1836 which required the purchasers of public lands to pay for them in +coin, instead of the paper notes of state banks. Whatever the dominating +cause, the ruin was widespread. Bank after bank went under; boom towns +in the West collapsed; Eastern mills shut down; and working people in +the industrial centers, starving from unemployment, begged for relief. +Van Buren braved the storm, offering no measure of reform or assistance +to the distracted people. He did seek security for government funds by +suggesting the removal of deposits from private banks and the +establishment of an independent treasury system, with government +depositaries for public funds, in several leading cities. This plan was +finally accepted by Congress in 1840. + +Had Van Buren been a captivating figure he might have lived down the +discredit of the panic unjustly laid at his door; but he was far from +being a favorite with the populace. Though a man of many talents, he +owed his position to the quiet and adept management of Jackson rather +than to his own personal qualities. The men of the frontier did not care +for him. They suspected that he ate from "gold plate" and they could not +forgive him for being an astute politician from New York. Still the +Democratic party, remembering Jackson's wishes, renominated him +unanimously in 1840 and saw him go down to utter defeat. + +=The Whigs and General Harrison.=--By this time, the National +Republicans, now known as Whigs--a title taken from the party of +opposition to the Crown in England, had learned many lessons. Taking a +leaf out of the Democratic book, they nominated, not Clay of Kentucky, +well known for his views on the bank, the tariff, and internal +improvements, but a military hero, General William Henry Harrison, a man +of uncertain political opinions. Harrison, a son of a Virginia signer of +the Declaration of Independence, sprang into public view by winning a +battle more famous than important, "Tippecanoe"--a brush with the +Indians in Indiana. He added to his laurels by rendering praiseworthy +services during the war of 1812. When days of peace returned he was +rewarded by a grateful people with a seat in Congress. Then he retired +to quiet life in a little village near Cincinnati. Like Jackson he was +held to be a son of the South and the West. Like Jackson he was a +military hero, a lesser light, but still a light. Like Old Hickory he +rode into office on a tide of popular feeling against an Eastern man +accused of being something of an aristocrat. His personal popularity was +sufficient. The Whigs who nominated him shrewdly refused to adopt a +platform or declare their belief in anything. When some Democrat +asserted that Harrison was a backwoodsman whose sole wants were a jug of +hard cider and a log cabin, the Whigs treated the remark not as an +insult but as proof positive that Harrison deserved the votes of Jackson +men. The jug and the cabin they proudly transformed into symbols of the +campaign, and won for their chieftain 234 electoral votes, while Van +Buren got only sixty. + +=Harrison and Tyler.=--The Hero of Tippecanoe was not long to enjoy the +fruits of his victory. The hungry horde of Whig office seekers descended +upon him like wolves upon the fold. If he went out they waylaid him; if +he stayed indoors, he was besieged; not even his bed chamber was spared. +He was none too strong at best and he took a deep cold on the day of his +inauguration. Between driving out Democrats and appeasing Whigs, he fell +mortally ill. Before the end of a month he lay dead at the capitol. + +Harrison's successor, John Tyler, the Vice President, whom the Whigs had +nominated to catch votes in Virginia, was more of a Democrat than +anything else, though he was not partisan enough to please anybody. The +Whigs railed at him because he would not approve the founding of another +United States Bank. The Democrats stormed at him for refusing, until +near the end of his term, to sanction the annexation of Texas, which had +declared its independence of Mexico in 1836. His entire administration, +marked by unseemly wrangling, produced only two measures of importance. +The Whigs, flushed by victory, with the aid of a few protectionist +Democrats, enacted, in 1842, a new tariff law destroying the compromise +which had brought about the truce between the North and the South, in +the days of nullification. The distinguished leader of the Whigs, Daniel +Webster, as Secretary of State, in negotiation with Lord Ashburton +representing Great Britain, settled the long-standing dispute between +the two countries over the Maine boundary. A year after closing this +chapter in American diplomacy, Webster withdrew to private life, leaving +the President to endure alone the buffets of political fortune. + +To the end, the Whigs regarded Tyler as a traitor to their cause; but +the judgment of history is that it was a case of the biter bitten. They +had nominated him for the vice presidency as a man of views acceptable +to Southern Democrats in order to catch their votes, little reckoning +with the chances of his becoming President. Tyler had not deceived them +and, thoroughly soured, he left the White House in 1845 not to appear in +public life again until the days of secession, when he espoused the +Southern confederacy. Jacksonian Democracy, with new leadership, serving +a new cause--slavery--was returned to power under James K. Polk, a +friend of the General from Tennessee. A few grains of sand were to run +through the hour glass before the Whig party was to be broken and +scattered as the Federalists had been more than a generation before. + + +THE INTERACTION OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN OPINION + +=Democracy in England and France.=--During the period of Jacksonian +Democracy, as in all epochs of ferment, there was a close relation +between the thought of the New World and the Old. In England, the +successes of the American experiment were used as arguments in favor of +overthrowing the aristocracy which George III had manipulated with such +effect against America half a century before. In the United States, on +the other hand, conservatives like Chancellor Kent, the stout opponent +of manhood suffrage in New York, cited the riots of the British working +classes as a warning against admitting the same classes to a share in +the government of the United States. Along with the agitation of opinion +went epoch-making events. In 1832, the year of Jackson's second +triumph, the British Parliament passed its first reform bill, which +conferred the ballot--not on workingmen as yet--but on mill owners and +shopkeepers whom the landlords regarded with genuine horror. The initial +step was thus taken in breaking down the privileges of the landed +aristocracy and the rich merchants of England. + +About the same time a popular revolution occurred in France. The Bourbon +family, restored to the throne of France by the allied powers after +their victory over Napoleon in 1815, had embarked upon a policy of +arbitrary government. To use the familiar phrase, they had learned +nothing and forgotten nothing. Charles X, who came to the throne in +1824, set to work with zeal to undo the results of the French +Revolution, to stifle the press, restrict the suffrage, and restore the +clergy and the nobility to their ancient rights. His policy encountered +equally zealous opposition and in 1830 he was overthrown. The popular +party, under the leadership of Lafayette, established, not a republic as +some of the radicals had hoped, but a "liberal" middle-class monarchy +under Louis Philippe. This second French Revolution made a profound +impression on Americans, convincing them that the whole world was moving +toward democracy. The mayor, aldermen, and citizens of New York City +joined in a great parade to celebrate the fall of the Bourbons. Mingled +with cheers for the new order in France were hurrahs for "the people's +own, Andrew Jackson, the Hero of New Orleans and President of the United +States!" + +=European Interest in America.=--To the older and more settled +Europeans, the democratic experiment in America was either a menace or +an inspiration. Conservatives viewed it with anxiety; liberals with +optimism. Far-sighted leaders could see that the tide of democracy was +rising all over the world and could not be stayed. Naturally the country +that had advanced furthest along the new course was the place in which +to find arguments for and against proposals that Europe should make +experiments of the same character. + +=De Tocqueville's _Democracy in America_.=--In addition to the casual +traveler there began to visit the United States the thoughtful observer +bent on finding out what manner of nation this was springing up in the +wilderness. Those who looked with sympathy upon the growing popular +forces of England and France found in the United States, in spite of +many blemishes and defects, a guarantee for the future of the people's +rule in the Old World. One of these, Alexis de Tocqueville, a French +liberal of mildly democratic sympathies, made a journey to this country +in 1831; he described in a very remarkable volume, _Democracy in +America_, the grand experiment as he saw it. On the whole he was +convinced. After examining with a critical eye the life and labor of the +American people, as well as the constitutions of the states and the +nation, he came to the conclusion that democracy with all its faults was +both inevitable and successful. Slavery he thought was a painful +contrast to the other features of American life, and he foresaw what +proved to be the irrepressible conflict over it. He believed that +through blundering the people were destined to learn the highest of all +arts, self-government on a grand scale. The absence of a leisure class, +devoted to no calling or profession, merely enjoying the refinements of +life and adding to its graces--the flaw in American culture that gave +deep distress to many a European leader--de Tocqueville thought a +necessary virtue in the republic. "Amongst a democratic people where +there is no hereditary wealth, every man works to earn a living, or has +worked, or is born of parents who have worked. A notion of labor is +therefore presented to the mind on every side as the necessary, natural, +and honest condition of human existence." It was this notion of a +government in the hands of people who labored that struck the French +publicist as the most significant fact in the modern world. + +=Harriet Martineau's Visit to America.=--This phase of American life +also profoundly impressed the brilliant English writer, Harriet +Martineau. She saw all parts of the country, the homes of the rich and +the log cabins of the frontier; she traveled in stagecoaches, canal +boats, and on horseback; and visited sessions of Congress and auctions +at slave markets. She tried to view the country impartially and the +thing that left the deepest mark on her mind was the solidarity of the +people in one great political body. "However various may be the tribes +of inhabitants in those states, whatever part of the world may have been +their birthplace, or that of their fathers, however broken may be their +language, however servile or noble their employments, however exalted or +despised their state, all are declared to be bound together by equal +political obligations.... In that self-governing country all are held to +have an equal interest in the principles of its institutions and to be +bound in equal duty to watch their workings." Miss Martineau was also +impressed with the passion of Americans for land ownership and +contrasted the United States favorably with England where the tillers of +the soil were either tenants or laborers for wages. + +=Adverse Criticism.=--By no means all observers and writers were +convinced that America was a success. The fastidious traveler, Mrs. +Trollope, who thought the English system of church and state was ideal, +saw in the United States only roughness and ignorance. She lamented the +"total and universal want of manners both in males and females," adding +that while "they appear to have clear heads and active intellects," +there was "no charm, no grace in their conversation." She found +everywhere a lack of reverence for kings, learning, and rank. Other +critics were even more savage. The editor of the _Foreign Quarterly_ +petulantly exclaimed that the United States was "a brigand +confederation." Charles Dickens declared the country to be "so maimed +and lame, so full of sores and ulcers that her best friends turn from +the loathsome creature in disgust." Sydney Smith, editor of the +_Edinburgh Review_, was never tired of trying his caustic wit at the +expense of America. "Their Franklins and Washingtons and all the other +sages and heroes of their revolution were born and bred subjects of the +king of England," he observed in 1820. "During the thirty or forty +years of their independence they have done absolutely nothing for the +sciences, for the arts, for literature, or even for the statesmanlike +studies of politics or political economy.... In the four quarters of the +globe who reads an American book? Or goes to an American play? Or looks +at an American picture or statue?" To put a sharp sting into his taunt +he added, forgetting by whose authority slavery was introduced and +fostered: "Under which of the old tyrannical governments of Europe is +every sixth man a slave whom his fellow creatures may buy and sell?" + +Some Americans, while resenting the hasty and often superficial +judgments of European writers, winced under their satire and took +thought about certain particulars in the indictments brought against +them. The mass of the people, however, bent on the great experiment, +gave little heed to carping critics who saw the flaws and not the +achievements of our country--critics who were in fact less interested in +America than in preventing the rise and growth of democracy in Europe. + + +=References= + +J.S. Bassett, _Life of Andrew Jackson_. + +J.W. Burgess, _The Middle Period_. + +H. Lodge, _Daniel Webster_. + +W. Macdonald, _Jacksonian Democracy_ (American Nation Series). + +Ostrogorski, _Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties_, Vol. +II. + +C.H. Peck, _The Jacksonian Epoch_. + +C. Schurz, _Henry Clay_. + + +=Questions= + +1. By what devices was democracy limited in the first days of our +Republic? + +2. On what grounds were the limitations defended? Attacked? + +3. Outline the rise of political democracy in the United States. + +4. Describe three important changes in our political system. + +5. Contrast the Presidents of the old and the new generations. + +6. Account for the unpopularity of John Adams' administration. + +7. What had been the career of Andrew Jackson before 1829? + +8. Sketch the history of the protective tariff and explain the theory +underlying it. + +9. Explain the growth of Southern opposition to the tariff. + +10. Relate the leading events connected with nullification in South +Carolina. + +11. State Jackson's views and tell the outcome of the controversy. + +12. Why was Jackson opposed to the bank? How did he finally destroy it? + +13. The Whigs complained of Jackson's "executive tyranny." What did they +mean? + +14. Give some of the leading events in Clay's career. + +15. How do you account for the triumph of Harrison in 1840? + +16. Why was Europe especially interested in America at this period? Who +were some of the European writers on American affairs? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Jackson's Criticisms of the Bank.=--Macdonald, _Documentary Source +Book_, pp. 320-329. + +=Financial Aspects of the Bank Controversy.=--Dewey, _Financial History +of the United States_, Sections 86-87; Elson, _History of the United +States_, pp. 492-496. + +=Jackson's View of the Union.=--See his proclamation on nullification in +Macdonald, pp. 333-340. + +=Nullification.=--McMaster, _History of the People of the United +States_, Vol. VI, pp. 153-182; Elson, pp. 487-492. + +=The Webster-Hayne Debate.=--Analyze the arguments. Extensive extracts +are given in Macdonald's larger three-volume work, _Select Documents of +United States History, 1776-1761_, pp. 239-260. + +=The Character of Jackson's Administration.=--Woodrow Wilson, _History +of the American People_, Vol. IV, pp. 1-87; Elson, pp. 498-501. + +=The People in 1830.=--From contemporary writings in Hart, _American +History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. III, pp. 509-530. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Andrew Jackson, J.Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Daniel +Webster, J.C. Calhoun, and W.H. Harrison. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST + + +"We shall not send an emigrant beyond the Mississippi in a hundred +years," exclaimed Livingston, the principal author of the Louisiana +purchase. When he made this astounding declaration, he doubtless had +before his mind's eye the great stretches of unoccupied lands between +the Appalachians and the Mississippi. He also had before him the history +of the English colonies, which told him of the two centuries required to +settle the seaboard region. To practical men, his prophecy did not seem +far wrong; but before the lapse of half that time there appeared beyond +the Mississippi a tier of new states, reaching from the Gulf of Mexico +to the southern boundary of Minnesota, and a new commonwealth on the +Pacific Ocean where American emigrants had raised the Bear flag of +California. + + +THE ADVANCE OF THE MIDDLE BORDER + +=Missouri.=--When the middle of the nineteenth century had been reached, +the Mississippi River, which Daniel Boone, the intrepid hunter, had +crossed during Washington's administration "to escape from civilization" +in Kentucky, had become the waterway for a vast empire. The center of +population of the United States had passed to the Ohio Valley. Missouri, +with its wide reaches of rich lands, low-lying, level, and fertile, well +adapted to hemp raising, had drawn to its borders thousands of planters +from the old Southern states--from Virginia and the Carolinas as well as +from Kentucky and Tennessee. When the great compromise of 1820-21 +admitted her to the union, wearing "every jewel of sovereignty," as a +florid orator announced, migratory slave owners were assured that their +property would be safe in Missouri. Along the western shore of the +Mississippi and on both banks of the Missouri to the uttermost limits of +the state, plantations tilled by bondmen spread out in broad expanses. +In the neighborhood of Jefferson City the slaves numbered more than a +fourth of the population. + +Into this stream of migration from the planting South flowed another +current of land-tilling farmers; some from Kentucky, Tennessee, and +Mississippi, driven out by the onrush of the planters buying and +consolidating small farms into vast estates; and still more from the +East and the Old World. To the northwest over against Iowa and to the +southwest against Arkansas, these yeomen laid out farms to be tilled by +their own labor. In those regions the number of slaves seldom rose above +five or six per cent of the population. The old French post, St. Louis, +enriched by the fur trade of the Far West and the steamboat traffic of +the river, grew into a thriving commercial city, including among its +seventy-five thousand inhabitants in 1850 nearly forty thousand +foreigners, German immigrants from Pennsylvania and Europe being the +largest single element. + +=Arkansas.=--Below Missouri lay the territory of Arkansas, which had +long been the paradise of the swarthy hunter and the restless +frontiersman fleeing from the advancing borders of farm and town. In +search of the life, wild and free, where the rifle supplied the game and +a few acres of ground the corn and potatoes, they had filtered into the +territory in an unending drift, "squatting" on the land. Without so much +as asking the leave of any government, territorial or national, they +claimed as their own the soil on which they first planted their feet. +Like the Cherokee Indians, whom they had as neighbors, whose very +customs and dress they sometimes adopted, the squatters spent their days +in the midst of rough plenty, beset by chills, fevers, and the ills of +the flesh, but for many years unvexed by political troubles or the +restrictions of civilized life. + +Unfortunately for them, however, the fertile valleys of the Mississippi +and Arkansas were well adapted to the cultivation of cotton and tobacco +and their sylvan peace was soon broken by an invasion of planters. The +newcomers, with their servile workers, spread upward in the valley +toward Missouri and along the southern border westward to the Red River. +In time the slaves in the tier of counties against Louisiana ranged from +thirty to seventy per cent of the population. This marked the doom of +the small farmer, swept Arkansas into the main current of planting +politics, and led to a powerful lobby at Washington in favor of +admission to the union, a boon granted in 1836. + +=Michigan.=--In accordance with a well-established custom, a free state +was admitted to the union to balance a slave state. In 1833, the people +of Michigan, a territory ten times the size of Connecticut, announced +that the time had come for them to enjoy the privileges of a +commonwealth. All along the southern border the land had been occupied +largely by pioneers from New England, who built prim farmhouses and +adopted the town-meeting plan of self-government after the fashion of +the old home. The famous post of Detroit was growing into a flourishing +city as the boats plying on the Great Lakes carried travelers, settlers, +and freight through the narrows. In all, according to the census, there +were more than ninety thousand inhabitants in the territory; so it was +not without warrant that they clamored for statehood. Congress, busy as +ever with politics, delayed; and the inhabitants of Michigan, unable to +restrain their impatience, called a convention, drew up a constitution, +and started a lively quarrel with Ohio over the southern boundary. The +hand of Congress was now forced. Objections were made to the new +constitution on the ground that it gave the ballot to all free white +males, including aliens not yet naturalized; but the protests were +overborne in a long debate. The boundary was fixed, and Michigan, though +shorn of some of the land she claimed, came into the union in 1837. + +=Wisconsin.=--Across Lake Michigan to the west lay the territory of +Wisconsin, which shared with Michigan the interesting history of the +Northwest, running back into the heroic days when French hunters and +missionaries were planning a French empire for the great monarch, Louis +XIV. It will not be forgotten that the French rangers of the woods, the +black-robed priests, prepared for sacrifice, even to death, the trappers +of the French agencies, and the French explorers--Marquette, Joliet, and +Menard--were the first white men to paddle their frail barks through the +northern waters. They first blazed their trails into the black forests +and left traces of their work in the names of portages and little +villages. It was from these forests that Red Men in full war paint +journeyed far to fight under the _fleur-de-lis_ of France when the +soldiers of King Louis made their last stand at Quebec and Montreal +against the imperial arms of Britain. It was here that the British flag +was planted in 1761 and that the great Pontiac conspiracy was formed two +years later to overthrow British dominion. + +When, a generation afterward, the Stars and Stripes supplanted the Union +Jack, the French were still almost the only white men in the region. +They were soon joined by hustling Yankee fur traders who did battle +royal against British interlopers. The traders cut their way through +forest trails and laid out the routes through lake and stream and over +portages for the settlers and their families from the states "back +East." It was the forest ranger who discovered the water power later +used to turn the busy mills grinding the grain from the spreading farm +lands. In the wake of the fur hunters, forest men, and farmers came +miners from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri crowding in to exploit the +lead ores of the northwest, some of them bringing slaves to work their +claims. Had it not been for the gold fever of 1849 that drew the +wielders of pick and shovel to the Far West, Wisconsin would early have +taken high rank among the mining regions of the country. + +From a favorable point of vantage on Lake Michigan, the village of +Milwaukee, a center for lumber and grain transport and a place of entry +for Eastern goods, grew into a thriving city. It claimed twenty thousand +inhabitants, when in 1848 Congress admitted Wisconsin to the union. +Already the Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians had found their way into +the territory. They joined Americans from the older states in clearing +forests, building roads, transforming trails into highways, erecting +mills, and connecting streams with canals to make a network of routes +for the traffic that poured to and from the Great Lakes. + +=Iowa and Minnesota.=--To the southwest of Wisconsin beyond the +Mississippi, where the tall grass of the prairies waved like the sea, +farmers from New England, New York, and Ohio had prepared Iowa for +statehood. A tide of immigration that might have flowed into Missouri +went northward; for freemen, unaccustomed to slavery and slave markets, +preferred the open country above the compromise line. With incredible +swiftness, they spread farms westward from the Mississippi. With Yankee +ingenuity they turned to trading on the river, building before 1836 +three prosperous centers of traffic: Dubuque, Davenport, and Burlington. +True to their old traditions, they founded colleges and academies that +religion and learning might be cherished on the frontier as in the +states from which they came. Prepared for self-government, the Iowans +laid siege to the door of Congress and were admitted to the union in +1846. + +Above Iowa, on the Mississippi, lay the territory of Minnesota--the home +of the Dakotas, the Ojibways, and the Sioux. Like Michigan and +Wisconsin, it had been explored early by the French scouts, and the +first white settlement was the little French village of Mendota. To the +people of the United States, the resources of the country were first +revealed by the historic journey of Zebulon Pike in 1805 and by American +fur traders who were quick to take advantage of the opportunity to ply +their arts of hunting and bartering in fresh fields. In 1839 an +American settlement was planted at Marina on the St. Croix, the outpost +of advancing civilization. Within twenty years, the territory, boasting +a population of 150,000, asked for admission to the union. In 1858 the +plea was granted and Minnesota showed her gratitude three years later by +being first among the states to offer troops to Lincoln in the hour of +peril. + + +ON TO THE PACIFIC--TEXAS AND THE MEXICAN WAR + +=The Uniformity of the Middle West.=--There was a certain monotony about +pioneering in the Northwest and on the middle border. As the long +stretches of land were cleared or prepared for the plow, they were laid +out like checkerboards into squares of forty, eighty, one hundred sixty, +or more acres, each the seat of a homestead. There was a striking +uniformity also about the endless succession of fertile fields spreading +far and wide under the hot summer sun. No majestic mountains relieved +the sweep of the prairie. Few monuments of other races and antiquity +were there to awaken curiosity about the region. No sonorous bells in +old missions rang out the time of day. The chaffering Red Man bartering +blankets and furs for powder and whisky had passed farther on. The +population was made up of plain farmers and their families engaged in +severe and unbroken labor, chopping down trees, draining fever-breeding +swamps, breaking new ground, and planting from year to year the same +rotation of crops. Nearly all the settlers were of native American stock +into whose frugal and industrious lives the later Irish and German +immigrants fitted, on the whole, with little friction. Even the Dutch +oven fell before the cast-iron cooking stove. Happiness and sorrow, +despair and hope were there, but all encompassed by the heavy tedium of +prosaic sameness. + +[Illustration: SANTA BARBARA MISSION] + +=A Contrast in the Far West and Southwest.=--As George Rogers Clark and +Daniel Boone had stirred the snug Americans of the seaboard to seek +their fortunes beyond the Appalachians, so now Kit Carson, James Bowie, +Sam Houston, Davy Crockett, and John C. Fremont were to lead the way +into a new land, only a part of which was under the American flag. The +setting for this new scene in the westward movement was thrown out in a +wide sweep from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the banks of the +Rio Grande; from the valleys of the Sabine and Red rivers to Montana and +the Pacific slope. In comparison with the middle border, this region +presented such startling diversities that only the eye of faith could +foresee the unifying power of nationalism binding its communities with +the older sections of the country. What contrasts indeed! The blue grass +region of Kentucky or the rich, black soil of Illinois--the painted +desert, the home of the sage brush and the coyote! The level prairies of +Iowa--the mighty Rockies shouldering themselves high against the +horizon! The long bleak winters of Wisconsin--California of endless +summer! The log churches of Indiana or Illinois--the quaint missions of +San Antonio, Tucson, and Santa Barbara! The little state of +Delaware--the empire of Texas, one hundred and twenty times its area! +And scattered about through the Southwest were signs of an ancient +civilization--fragments of four-and five-story dwellings, ruined dams, +aqueducts, and broken canals, which told of once prosperous peoples +who, by art and science, had conquered the aridity of the desert and +lifted themselves in the scale of culture above the savages of the +plain. + +The settlers of this vast empire were to be as diverse in their origins +and habits as those of the colonies on the coast had been. Americans of +English, Irish, and Scotch-Irish descent came as usual from the Eastern +states. To them were added the migratory Germans as well. Now for the +first time came throngs of Scandinavians. Some were to make their homes +on quiet farms as the border advanced against the setting sun. Others +were to be Indian scouts, trappers, fur hunters, miners, cowboys, Texas +planters, keepers of lonely posts on the plain and the desert, stage +drivers, pilots of wagon trains, pony riders, fruit growers, "lumber +jacks," and smelter workers. One common bond united them--a passion for +the self-government accorded to states. As soon as a few thousand +settlers came together in a single territory, there arose a mighty shout +for a position beside the staid commonwealths of the East and the South. +Statehood meant to the pioneers self-government, dignity, and the right +to dispose of land, minerals, and timber in their own way. In the quest +for this local autonomy there arose many a wordy contest in Congress, +each of the political parties lending a helping hand in the admission of +a state when it gave promise of adding new congressmen of the "right +political persuasion," to use the current phrase. + +=Southern Planters and Texas.=--While the farmers of the North found the +broad acres of the Western prairies stretching on before them apparently +in endless expanse, it was far different with the Southern planters. +Ever active in their search for new fields as they exhausted the virgin +soil of the older states, the restless subjects of King Cotton quickly +reached the frontier of Louisiana. There they paused; but only for a +moment. The fertile land of Texas just across the boundary lured them on +and the Mexican republic to which it belonged extended to them a more +than generous welcome. Little realizing the perils lurking in a +"peaceful penetration," the authorities at Mexico City opened wide the +doors and made large grants of land to American contractors, who agreed +to bring a number of families into Texas. The omnipresent Yankee, in the +person of Moses Austin of Connecticut, hearing of this good news in the +Southwest, obtained a grant in 1820 to settle three hundred Americans +near Bexar--a commission finally carried out to the letter by his son +and celebrated in the name given to the present capital of the state of +Texas. Within a decade some twenty thousand Americans had crossed the +border. + +=Mexico Closes the Door.=--The government of Mexico, unaccustomed to +such enterprise and thoroughly frightened by its extent, drew back in +dismay. Its fears were increased as quarrels broke out between the +Americans and the natives in Texas. Fear grew into consternation when +efforts were made by President Jackson to buy the territory for the +United States. Mexico then sought to close the flood gates. It stopped +all American colonization schemes, canceled many of the land grants, put +a tariff on farming implements, and abolished slavery. These barriers +were raised too late. A call for help ran through the western border of +the United States. The sentinels of the frontier answered. Davy +Crockett, the noted frontiersman, bear hunter, and backwoods politician; +James Bowie, the dexterous wielder of the knife that to this day bears +his name; and Sam Houston, warrior and pioneer, rushed to the aid of +their countrymen in Texas. Unacquainted with the niceties of diplomacy, +impatient at the formalities of international law, they soon made it +known that in spite of Mexican sovereignty they would be their own +masters. + +=The Independence of Texas Declared.=--Numbering only about one-fourth +of the population in Texas, they raised the standard of revolt in 1836 +and summoned a convention. Following in the footsteps of their +ancestors, they issued a declaration of independence signed mainly by +Americans from the slave states. Anticipating that the government of +Mexico would not quietly accept their word of defiance as final, they +dispatched a force to repel "the invading army," as General Houston +called the troops advancing under the command of Santa Ana, the Mexican +president. A portion of the Texan soldiers took their stand in the +Alamo, an old Spanish mission in the cottonwood trees in the town of San +Antonio. Instead of obeying the order to blow up the mission and retire, +they held their ground until they were completely surrounded and cut off +from all help. Refusing to surrender, they fought to the bitter end, the +last man falling a victim to the sword. Vengeance was swift. Within +three months General Houston overwhelmed Santa Ana at the San Jacinto, +taking him prisoner of war and putting an end to all hopes for the +restoration of Mexican sovereignty over Texas. + +The Lone Star Republic, with Houston at the head, then sought admission +to the United States. This seemed at first an easy matter. All that was +required to bring it about appeared to be a treaty annexing Texas to the +union. Moreover, President Jackson, at the height of his popularity, had +a warm regard for General Houston and, with his usual sympathy for rough +and ready ways of doing things, approved the transaction. Through an +American representative in Mexico, Jackson had long and anxiously +labored, by means none too nice, to wring from the Mexican republic the +cession of the coveted territory. When the Texans took matters into +their own hands, he was more than pleased; but he could not marshal the +approval of two-thirds of the Senators required for a treaty of +annexation. Cautious as well as impetuous, Jackson did not press the +issue; he went out of office in 1837 with Texas uncertain as to her +future. + +=Northern Opposition to Annexation.=--All through the North the +opposition to annexation was clear and strong. Anti-slavery agitators +could hardly find words savage enough to express their feelings. +"Texas," exclaimed Channing in a letter to Clay, "is but the first step +of aggression. I trust indeed that Providence will beat back and humble +our cupidity and ambition. I now ask whether as a people we are +prepared to seize on a neighboring territory for the end of extending +slavery? I ask whether as a people we can stand forth in the sight of +God, in the sight of nations, and adopt this atrocious policy? Sooner +perish! Sooner be our name blotted out from the record of nations!" +William Lloyd Garrison called for the secession of the Northern states +if Texas was brought into the union with slavery. John Quincy Adams +warned his countrymen that they were treading in the path of the +imperialism that had brought the nations of antiquity to judgment and +destruction. Henry Clay, the Whig candidate for President, taking into +account changing public sentiment, blew hot and cold, losing the state +of New York and the election of 1844 by giving a qualified approval of +annexation. In the same campaign, the Democrats boldly demanded the +"Reannexation of Texas," based on claims which the United States once +had to Spanish territory beyond the Sabine River. + +=Annexation.=--The politicians were disposed to walk very warily. Van +Buren, at heart opposed to slavery extension, refused to press the issue +of annexation. Tyler, a pro-slavery Democrat from Virginia, by a strange +fling of fortune carried into office as a nominal Whig, kept his mind +firmly fixed on the idea of reelection and let the troublesome matter +rest until the end of his administration was in sight. He then listened +with favor to the voice of the South. Calhoun stated what seemed to be a +convincing argument: All good Americans have their hearts set on the +Constitution; the admission of Texas is absolutely essential to the +preservation of the union; it will give a balance of power to the South +as against the North growing with incredible swiftness in wealth and +population. Tyler, impressed by the plea, appointed Calhoun to the +office of Secretary of State in 1844, authorizing him to negotiate the +treaty of annexation--a commission at once executed. This scheme was +blocked in the Senate where the necessary two-thirds vote could not be +secured. Balked but not defeated, the advocates of annexation drew up a +joint resolution which required only a majority vote in both houses, +and in February of the next year, just before Tyler gave way to Polk, +they pushed it through Congress. So Texas, amid the groans of Boston and +the hurrahs of Charleston, folded up her flag and came into the union. + +[Illustration: TEXAS AND THE TERRITORY IN DISPUTE] + +=The Mexican War.=--The inevitable war with Mexico, foretold by the +abolitionists and feared by Henry Clay, ensued, the ostensible cause +being a dispute over the boundaries of the new state. The Texans claimed +all the lands down to the Rio Grande. The Mexicans placed the border of +Texas at the Nueces River and a line drawn thence in a northerly +direction. President Polk, accepting the Texan view of the controversy, +ordered General Zachary Taylor to move beyond the Nueces in defense of +American sovereignty. This act of power, deemed by the Mexicans an +invasion of their territory, was followed by an attack on our troops. + +President Polk, not displeased with the turn of events, announced that +American blood had been "spilled on American soil" and that war existed +"by the act of Mexico." Congress, in a burst of patriotic fervor, +brushed aside the protests of those who deplored the conduct of the +government as wanton aggression on a weaker nation and granted money and +supplies to prosecute the war. The few Whigs in the House of +Representatives, who refused to vote in favor of taking up arms, +accepted the inevitable with such good grace as they could command. All +through the South and the West the war was popular. New England +grumbled, but gave loyal, if not enthusiastic, support to a conflict +precipitated by policies not of its own choosing. Only a handful of firm +objectors held out. James Russell Lowell, in his _Biglow Papers_, flung +scorn and sarcasm to the bitter end. + +=The Outcome of the War.=--The foregone conclusion was soon reached. +General Taylor might have delivered the fatal thrust from northern +Mexico if politics had not intervened. Polk, anxious to avoid raising up +another military hero for the Whigs to nominate for President, decided +to divide the honors by sending General Scott to strike a blow at the +capital, Mexico City. The deed was done with speed and pomp and two +heroes were lifted into presidential possibilities. In the Far West a +third candidate was made, John C. Fremont, who, in cooperation with +Commodores Sloat and Stockton and General Kearney, planted the Stars and +Stripes on the Pacific slope. + +In February, 1848, the Mexicans came to terms, ceding to the victor +California, Arizona, New Mexico, and more--a domain greater in extent +than the combined areas of France and Germany. As a salve to the wound, +the vanquished received fifteen million dollars in cash and the +cancellation of many claims held by American citizens. Five years later, +through the negotiations of James Gadsden, a further cession of lands +along the southern border of Arizona and New Mexico was secured on +payment of ten million dollars. + +=General Taylor Elected President.=--The ink was hardly dry upon the +treaty that closed the war before "rough and ready" General Taylor, a +slave owner from Louisiana, "a Whig," as he said, "but not an ultra +Whig," was put forward as the Whig candidate for President. He himself +had not voted for years and he was fairly innocent in matters political. +The tariff, the currency, and internal improvements, with a magnificent +gesture he referred to the people's representatives in Congress, +offering to enforce the laws as made, if elected. Clay's followers +mourned. Polk stormed but could not win even a renomination at the hands +of the Democrats. So it came about that the hero of Buena Vista, +celebrated for his laconic order, "Give 'em a little more grape, Captain +Bragg," became President of the United States. + + +THE PACIFIC COAST AND UTAH + +=Oregon.=--Closely associated in the popular mind with the contest about +the affairs of Texas was a dispute with Great Britain over the +possession of territory in Oregon. In their presidential campaign of +1844, the Democrats had coupled with the slogan, "The Reannexation of +Texas," two other cries, "The Reoccupation of Oregon," and "Fifty-four +Forty or Fight." The last two slogans were founded on American +discoveries and explorations in the Far Northwest. Their appearance in +politics showed that the distant Oregon country, larger in area than New +England, New York, and Pennsylvania combined, was at last receiving from +the nation the attention which its importance warranted. + +_Joint Occupation and Settlement._--Both England and the United States +had long laid claim to Oregon and in 1818 they had agreed to occupy the +territory jointly--a contract which was renewed ten years later for an +indefinite period. Under this plan, citizens of both countries were free +to hunt and settle anywhere in the region. The vanguard of British fur +traders and Canadian priests was enlarged by many new recruits, with +Americans not far behind them. John Jacob Astor, the resourceful New +York merchant, sent out trappers and hunters who established a trading +post at Astoria in 1811. Some twenty years later, American +missionaries--among them two very remarkable men, Jason Lee and Marcus +Whitman--were preaching the gospel to the Indians. + +Through news from the fur traders and missionaries, Eastern farmers +heard of the fertile lands awaiting their plows on the Pacific slope; +those with the pioneering spirit made ready to take possession of the +new country. In 1839 a band went around by Cape Horn. Four years later a +great expedition went overland. The way once broken, others followed +rapidly. As soon as a few settlements were well established, the +pioneers held a mass meeting and agreed upon a plan of government. "We, +the people of Oregon territory," runs the preamble to their compact, +"for the purposes of mutual protection and to secure peace and +prosperity among ourselves, agree to adopt the following laws and +regulations until such time as the United States of America extend their +jurisdiction over us." Thus self-government made its way across the +Rocky Mountains. + +[Illustration: THE OREGON COUNTRY AND THE DISPUTED BOUNDARY] + +_The Boundary Dispute with England Adjusted._--By this time it was +evident that the boundaries of Oregon must be fixed. Having made the +question an issue in his campaign, Polk, after his election in 1844, +pressed it upon the attention of the country. In his inaugural address +and his first message to Congress he reiterated the claim of the +Democratic platform that "our title to the whole territory of Oregon is +clear and unquestionable." This pretension Great Britain firmly +rejected, leaving the President a choice between war and compromise. + +Polk, already having the contest with Mexico on his hands, sought and +obtained a compromise. The British government, moved by a hint from the +American minister, offered a settlement which would fix the boundary at +the forty-ninth parallel instead of "fifty-four forty," and give it +Vancouver Island. Polk speedily chose this way out of the dilemma. +Instead of making the decision himself, however, and drawing up a +treaty, he turned to the Senate for "counsel." As prearranged with party +leaders, the advice was favorable to the plan. The treaty, duly drawn in +1846, was ratified by the Senate after an acrimonious debate. "Oh! +mountain that was delivered of a mouse," exclaimed Senator Benton, "thy +name shall be fifty-four forty!" Thirteen years later, the southern part +of the territory was admitted to the union as the state of Oregon, +leaving the northern and eastern sections in the status of a territory. + +=California.=--With the growth of the northwestern empire, dedicated by +nature to freedom, the planting interests might have been content, had +fortune not wrested from them the fair country of California. Upon this +huge territory they had set their hearts. The mild climate and fertile +soil seemed well suited to slavery and the planters expected to extend +their sway to the entire domain. California was a state of more than +155,000 square miles--about seventy times the size of the state of +Delaware. It could readily be divided into five or six large states, if +that became necessary to preserve the Southern balance of power. + +_Early American Relations with California._--Time and tide, it seems, +were not on the side of the planters. Already Americans of a far +different type were invading the Pacific slope. Long before Polk ever +dreamed of California, the Yankee with his cargo of notions had been +around the Horn. Daring skippers had sailed out of New England harbors +with a variety of goods, bent their course around South America to +California, on to China and around the world, trading as they went and +leaving pots, pans, woolen cloth, guns, boots, shoes, salt fish, naval +stores, and rum in their wake. "Home from Californy!" rang the cry in +many a New England port as a good captain let go his anchor on his +return from the long trading voyage in the Pacific. + +[Illustration: THE OVERLAND TRAILS] + +_The Overland Trails._--Not to be outdone by the mariners of the deep, +western scouts searched for overland routes to the Pacific. Zebulon +Pike, explorer and pathfinder, by his expedition into the Southwest +during Jefferson's administration, had discovered the resources of New +Spain and had shown his countrymen how easy it was to reach Santa Fe +from the upper waters of the Arkansas River. Not long afterward, traders +laid open the route, making Franklin, Missouri, and later Fort +Leavenworth the starting point. Along the trail, once surveyed, poured +caravans heavily guarded by armed men against marauding Indians. Sand +storms often wiped out all signs of the route; hunger and thirst did +many a band of wagoners to death; but the lure of the game and the +profits at the end kept the business thriving. Huge stocks of cottons, +glass, hardware, and ammunition were drawn almost across the continent +to be exchanged at Santa Fe for furs, Indian blankets, silver, and +mules; and many a fortune was made out of the traffic. + +_Americans in California._--Why stop at Santa Fe? The question did not +long remain unanswered. In 1829, Ewing Young broke the path to Los +Angeles. Thirteen years later Fremont made the first of his celebrated +expeditions across plain, desert, and mountain, arousing the interest of +the entire country in the Far West. In the wake of the pathfinders went +adventurers, settlers, and artisans. By 1847, more than one-fifth of the +inhabitants in the little post of two thousand on San Francisco Bay were +from the United States. The Mexican War, therefore, was not the +beginning but the end of the American conquest of California--a conquest +initiated by Americans who went to till the soil, to trade, or to follow +some mechanical pursuit. + +_The Discovery of Gold._--As if to clinch the hold on California already +secured by the friends of free soil, there came in 1848 the sudden +discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in the Sacramento Valley. When this +exciting news reached the East, a mighty rush began to California, over +the trails, across the Isthmus of Panama, and around Cape Horn. Before +two years had passed, it is estimated that a hundred thousand people, in +search of fortunes, had arrived in California--mechanics, teachers, +doctors, lawyers, farmers, miners, and laborers from the four corners of +the earth. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +SAN FRANCISCO IN 1849] + +_California a Free State._--With this increase in population there +naturally resulted the usual demand for admission to the union. Instead +of waiting for authority from Washington, the Californians held a +convention in 1849 and framed their constitution. With impatience, the +delegates brushed aside the plea that "the balance of power between the +North and South" required the admission of their state as a slave +commonwealth. Without a dissenting voice, they voted in favor of freedom +and boldly made their request for inclusion among the United States. +President Taylor, though a Southern man, advised Congress to admit the +applicant. Robert Toombs of Georgia vowed to God that he preferred +secession. Henry Clay, the great compromiser, came to the rescue and in +1850 California was admitted as a free state. + +=Utah.=--On the long road to California, in the midst of forbidding and +barren wastes, a religious sect, the Mormons, had planted a colony +destined to a stormy career. Founded in 1830 under the leadership of +Joseph Smith of New York, the sect had suffered from many cruel buffets +of fortune. From Ohio they had migrated into Missouri where they were +set upon and beaten. Some of them were murdered by indignant neighbors. +Harried out of Missouri, they went into Illinois only to see their +director and prophet, Smith, first imprisoned by the authorities and +then shot by a mob. Having raised up a cloud of enemies on account of +both their religious faith and their practice of allowing a man to have +more than one wife, they fell in heartily with the suggestion of a new +leader, Brigham Young, that they go into the Far West beyond the plains +of Kansas--into the forlorn desert where the wicked would cease from +troubling and the weary could be at rest, as they read in the Bible. In +1847, Young, with a company of picked men, searched far and wide until +he found a suitable spot overlooking the Salt Lake Valley. Returning to +Illinois, he gathered up his followers, now numbering several thousand, +and in one mighty wagon caravan they all went to their distant haven. + +_Brigham Young and His Economic System._--In Brigham Young the Mormons +had a leader of remarkable power who gave direction to the redemption of +the arid soil, the management of property, and the upbuilding of +industry. He promised them to make the desert blossom as the rose, and +verily he did it. He firmly shaped the enterprise of the colony along +co-operative lines, holding down the speculator and profiteer with one +hand and giving encouragement to the industrious poor with the other. +With the shrewdness befitting a good business man, he knew how to draw +the line between public and private interest. Land was given outright to +each family, but great care was exercised in the distribution so that +none should have great advantage over another. The purchase of supplies +and the sale of produce were carried on through a cooperative store, the +profits of which went to the common good. Encountering for the first +time in the history of the Anglo-Saxon race the problem of aridity, the +Mormons surmounted the most perplexing obstacles with astounding skill. +They built irrigation works by cooperative labor and granted water +rights to all families on equitable terms. + +_The Growth of Industries._--Though farming long remained the major +interest of the colony, the Mormons, eager to be self-supporting in +every possible way, bent their efforts also to manufacturing and later +to mining. Their missionaries, who hunted in the highways and byways of +Europe for converts, never failed to stress the economic advantages of +the sect. "We want," proclaimed President Young to all the earth, "a +company of woolen manufacturers to come with machinery and take the wool +from the sheep and convert it into the best clothes. We want a company +of potters; we need them; the clay is ready and the dishes wanted.... We +want some men to start a furnace forthwith; the iron, coal, and molders +are waiting.... We have a printing press and any one who can take good +printing and writing paper to the Valley will be a blessing to +themselves and the church." Roads and bridges were built; millions were +spent in experiments in agriculture and manufacturing; missionaries at a +huge cost were maintained in the East and in Europe; an army was kept +for defense against the Indians; and colonies were planted in the +outlying regions. A historian of Deseret, as the colony was called by +the Mormons, estimated in 1895 that by the labor of their hands the +people had produced nearly half a billion dollars in wealth since the +coming of the vanguard. + +_Polygamy Forbidden._--The hope of the Mormons that they might forever +remain undisturbed by outsiders was soon dashed to earth, for hundreds +of farmers and artisans belonging to other religious sects came to +settle among them. In 1850 the colony was so populous and prosperous +that it was organized into a territory of the United States and brought +under the supervision of the federal government. Protests against +polygamy were raised in the colony and at the seat of authority three +thousand miles away at Washington. The new Republican party in 1856 +proclaimed it "the right and duty of Congress to prohibit in the +Territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery." In +due time the Mormons had to give up their marriage practices which were +condemned by the common opinion of all western civilization; but they +kept their religious faith. Monuments to their early enterprise are seen +in the Temple and the Tabernacle, the irrigation works, and the great +wealth of the Church. + + +SUMMARY OF WESTERN DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL POLITICS + +While the statesmen of the old generation were solving the problems of +their age, hunters, pioneers, and home seekers were preparing new +problems beyond the Alleghanies. The West was rising in population and +wealth. Between 1783 and 1829, eleven states were added to the original +thirteen. All but two were in the West. Two of them were in the +Louisiana territory beyond the Mississippi. Here the process of +colonization was repeated. Hardy frontier people cut down the forests, +built log cabins, laid out farms, and cut roads through the wilderness. +They began a new civilization just as the immigrants to Virginia or +Massachusetts had done two centuries earlier. + +Like the seaboard colonists before them, they too cherished the spirit +of independence and power. They had not gone far upon their course +before they resented the monopoly of the presidency by the East. In 1829 +they actually sent one of their own cherished leaders, Andrew Jackson, +to the White House. Again in 1840, in 1844, in 1848, and in 1860, the +Mississippi Valley could boast that one of its sons had been chosen for +the seat of power at Washington. Its democratic temper evoked a cordial +response in the towns of the East where the old aristocracy had been put +aside and artisans had been given the ballot. + +For three decades the West occupied the interest of the nation. Under +Jackson's leadership, it destroyed the second United States Bank. When +he smote nullification in South Carolina, it gave him cordial support. +It approved his policy of parceling out government offices among party +workers--"the spoils system" in all its fullness. On only one point did +it really dissent. The West heartily favored internal improvements, the +appropriation of federal funds for highways, canals, and railways. +Jackson had misgivings on this question and awakened sharp criticism by +vetoing a road improvement bill. + +From their point of vantage on the frontier, the pioneers pressed on +westward. They pushed into Texas, created a state, declared their +independence, demanded a place in the union, and precipitated a war with +Mexico. They crossed the trackless plain and desert, laying out trails +to Santa Fe, to Oregon, and to California. They were upon the scene when +the Mexican War brought California under the Stars and Stripes. They had +laid out their farms in the Willamette Valley when the slogan +"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" forced a settlement of the Oregon boundary. +California and Oregon were already in the union when there arose the +Great Civil War testing whether this nation or any nation so conceived +and so dedicated could long endure. + + +=References= + +G.P. Brown, _Westward Expansion_ (American Nation Series). + + +K. Coman, _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_ (2 vols.). + +F. Parkman, _California and the Oregon Trail_. + +R.S. Ripley, _The War with Mexico_. + +W.C. Rives, _The United States and Mexico, 1821-48_ (2 vols.). + + +=Questions= + +1. Give some of the special features in the history of Missouri, +Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. + +2. Contrast the climate and soil of the Middle West and the Far West. + +3. How did Mexico at first encourage American immigration? + +4. What produced the revolution in Texas? Who led in it? + +5. Narrate some of the leading events in the struggle over annexation to +the United States. + +6. What action by President Polk precipitated war? + +7. Give the details of the peace settlement with Mexico. + +8. What is meant by the "joint occupation" of Oregon? + +9. How was the Oregon boundary dispute finally settled? + +10. Compare the American "invasion" of California with the migration +into Texas. + +11. Explain how California became a free state. + +12. Describe the early economic policy of the Mormons. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Independence of Texas.=--McMaster, _History of the People of the +United States_, Vol. VI, pp. 251-270. Woodrow Wilson, _History of the +American People_, Vol. IV, pp. 102-126. + +=The Annexation of Texas.=--McMaster, Vol. VII. The passages on +annexation are scattered through this volume and it is an exercise in +ingenuity to make a connected story of them. Source materials in Hart, +_American History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. III, pp. 637-655; Elson, +_History of the United States_, pp. 516-521, 526-527. + +=The War with Mexico.=--Elson, pp. 526-538. + +=The Oregon Boundary Dispute.=--Schafer, _History of the Pacific +Northwest_ (rev. ed.), pp. 88-104; 173-185. + +=The Migration to Oregon.=--Schafer, pp. 105-172. Coman, _Economic +Beginnings of the Far West_, Vol. II, pp. 113-166. + +=The Santa Fe Trail.=--Coman, _Economic Beginnings_, Vol. II, pp. 75-93. + +=The Conquest of California.=--Coman, Vol. II, pp. 297-319. + +=Gold in California.=--McMaster, Vol. VII, pp. 585-614. + +=The Mormon Migration.=--Coman, Vol. II, pp. 167-206. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Fremont, Generals Scott and Taylor, Sam +Houston, and David Crockett. + +=The Romance of Western Exploration.=--J.G. Neihardt, _The Splendid +Wayfaring_. J.G. Neihardt, _The Song of Hugh Glass_. + + + + +PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM + + +If Jefferson could have lived to see the Stars and Stripes planted on +the Pacific Coast, the broad empire of Texas added to the planting +states, and the valley of the Willamette waving with wheat sown by +farmers from New England, he would have been more than fortified in his +faith that the future of America lay in agriculture. Even a stanch old +Federalist like Gouverneur Morris or Josiah Quincy would have mournfully +conceded both the prophecy and the claim. Manifest destiny never seemed +more clearly written in the stars. + +As the farmers from the Northwest and planters from the Southwest poured +in upon the floor of Congress, the party of Jefferson, christened anew +by Jackson, grew stronger year by year. Opponents there were, no doubt, +disgruntled critics and Whigs by conviction; but in 1852 Franklin +Pierce, the Democratic candidate for President, carried every state in +the union except Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. This +victory, a triumph under ordinary circumstances, was all the more +significant in that Pierce was pitted against a hero of the Mexican War, +General Scott, whom the Whigs, hoping to win by rousing the martial +ardor of the voters, had nominated. On looking at the election returns, +the new President calmly assured the planters that "the general +principle of reduction of duties with a view to revenue may now be +regarded as the settled policy of the country." With equal confidence, +he waved aside those agitators who devoted themselves "to the supposed +interests of the relatively few Africans in the United States." Like a +watchman in the night he called to the country: "All's well." + +The party of Hamilton and Clay lay in the dust. + + +THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION + +As pride often goeth before a fall, so sanguine expectation is sometimes +the symbol of defeat. Jackson destroyed the bank. Polk signed the tariff +bill of 1846 striking an effective blow at the principle of protection +for manufactures. Pierce promised to silence the abolitionists. His +successor was to approve a drastic step in the direction of free trade. +Nevertheless all these things left untouched the springs of power that +were in due time to make America the greatest industrial nation on the +earth; namely, vast national resources, business enterprise, inventive +genius, and the free labor supply of Europe. Unseen by the thoughtless, +unrecorded in the diaries of wiseacres, rarely mentioned in the speeches +of statesmen, there was swiftly rising such a tide in the affairs of +America as Jefferson and Hamilton never dreamed of in their little +philosophies. + +=The Inventors.=--Watt and Boulton experimenting with steam in England, +Whitney combining wood and steel into a cotton gin, Fulton and Fitch +applying the steam engine to navigation, Stevens and Peter Cooper trying +out the "iron horse" on "iron highways," Slater building spinning mills +in Pawtucket, Howe attaching the needle to the flying wheel, Morse +spanning a continent with the telegraph, Cyrus Field linking the markets +of the new world with the old along the bed of the Atlantic, McCormick +breaking the sickle under the reaper--these men and a thousand more were +destroying in a mighty revolution of industry the world of the +stagecoach and the tallow candle which Washington and Franklin had +inherited little changed from the age of Caesar. Whitney was to make +cotton king. Watt and Fulton were to make steel and steam masters of the +world. Agriculture was to fall behind in the race for supremacy. + +=Industry Outstrips Planting.=--The story of invention, that tribute to +the triumph of mind over matter, fascinating as a romance, need not be +treated in detail here. The effects of invention on social and political +life, multitudinous and never-ending, form the very warp and woof of +American progress from the days of Andrew Jackson to the latest hour. +Neither the great civil conflict--the clash of two systems--nor the +problems of the modern age can be approached without an understanding of +the striking phases of industrialism. + +[Illustration: A NEW ENGLAND MILL BUILT IN 1793] + +First and foremost among them was the uprush of mills managed by +captains of industry and manned by labor drawn from farms, cities, and +foreign lands. For every planter who cleared a domain in the Southwest +and gathered his army of bondmen about him, there rose in the North a +magician of steam and steel who collected under his roof an army of free +workers. + +In seven league boots this new giant strode ahead of the Southern giant. +Between 1850 and 1859, to use dollars and cents as the measure of +progress, the value of domestic manufactures including mines and +fisheries rose from $1,019,106,616 to $1,900,000,000, an increase of +eighty-six per cent in ten years. In this same period the total +production of naval stores, rice, sugar, tobacco, and cotton, the +staples of the South, went only from $165,000,000, in round figures, to +$204,000,000. At the halfway point of the century, the capital invested +in industry, commerce, and cities far exceeded the value of all the farm +land between the Atlantic and the Pacific; thus the course of economy +had been reversed in fifty years. Tested by figures of production, King +Cotton had shriveled by 1860 to a petty prince in comparison, for each +year the captains of industry turned out goods worth nearly twenty times +all the bales of cotton picked on Southern plantations. Iron, boots and +shoes, and leather goods pouring from Northern mills surpassed in value +the entire cotton output. + +=The Agrarian West Turns to Industry.=--Nor was this vast enterprise +confined to the old Northeast where, as Madison had sagely remarked, +commerce was early dominant. "Cincinnati," runs an official report in +1854, "appears to be a great central depot for ready-made clothing and +its manufacture for the Western markets may be said to be one of the +great trades of that city." There, wrote another traveler, "I heard the +crack of the cattle driver's whip and the hum of the factory: the West +and the East meeting." Louisville and St. Louis were already famous for +their clothing trades and the manufacture of cotton bagging. Five +hundred of the two thousand woolen mills in the country in 1860 were in +the Western states. Of the output of flour and grist mills, which almost +reached in value the cotton crop of 1850, the Ohio Valley furnished a +rapidly growing share. The old home of Jacksonian democracy, where +Federalists had been almost as scarce as monarchists, turned slowly +backward, as the needle to the pole, toward the principle of protection +for domestic industry, espoused by Hamilton and defended by Clay. + +=The Extension of Canals and Railways.=--As necessary to mechanical +industry as steel and steam power was the great market, spread over a +wide and diversified area and knit together by efficient means of +transportation. This service was supplied to industry by the steamship, +which began its career on the Hudson in 1807; by the canals, of which +the Erie opened in 1825 was the most noteworthy; and by the railways, +which came into practical operation about 1830. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +AN EARLY RAILWAY] + +With sure instinct the Eastern manufacturer reached out for the markets +of the Northwest territory where free farmers were producing annually +staggering crops of corn, wheat, bacon, and wool. The two great canal +systems--the Erie connecting New York City with the waterways of the +Great Lakes and the Pennsylvania chain linking Philadelphia with the +headwaters of the Ohio--gradually turned the tide of trade from New +Orleans to the Eastern seaboard. The railways followed the same paths. +By 1860, New York had rail connections with Chicago and St. Louis, one +of the routes running through the Hudson and Mohawk valleys and along +the Great Lakes, the other through Philadelphia and Pennsylvania and +across the rich wheat fields of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Baltimore, +not to be outdone by her two rivals, reached out over the mountains for +the Western trade and in 1857 had trains running into St. Louis. + +In railway enterprise the South took more interest than in canals, and +the friends of that section came to its aid. To offset the magnet +drawing trade away from the Mississippi Valley, lines were built from +the Gulf to Chicago, the Illinois Central part of the project being a +monument to the zeal and industry of a Democrat, better known in +politics than in business, Stephen A. Douglas. The swift movement of +cotton and tobacco to the North or to seaports was of common concern to +planters and manufacturers. Accordingly lines were flung down along the +Southern coast, linking Richmond, Charleston, and Savannah with the +Northern markets. Other lines struck inland from the coast, giving a +rail outlet to the sea for Raleigh, Columbia, Atlanta, Chattanooga, +Nashville, and Montgomery. Nevertheless, in spite of this enterprise, +the mileage of all the Southern states in 1860 did not equal that of +Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois combined. + +=Banking and Finance.=--Out of commerce and manufactures and the +construction and operation of railways came such an accumulation of +capital in the Northern states as merchants of old never imagined. The +banks of the four industrial states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New +York, and Pennsylvania in 1860 had funds greater than the banks in all +the other states combined. New York City had become the money market of +America, the center to which industrial companies, railway promoters, +farmers, and planters turned for capital to initiate and carry on their +operations. The banks of Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, and +Virginia, it is true, had capital far in excess of the banks of the +Northwest; but still they were relatively small compared with the +financial institutions of the East. + +=The Growth of the Industrial Population.=--A revolution of such +magnitude in industry, transport, and finance, overturning as it did the +agrarian civilization of the old Northwest and reaching out to the very +borders of the country, could not fail to bring in its train +consequences of a striking character. Some were immediate and obvious. +Others require a fullness of time not yet reached to reveal their +complete significance. Outstanding among them was the growth of an +industrial population, detached from the land, concentrated in cities, +and, to use Jefferson's phrase, dependent upon "the caprices and +casualties of trade" for a livelihood. This was a result, as the great +Virginian had foreseen, which flowed inevitably from public and private +efforts to stimulate industry as against agriculture. + +[Illustration: LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1838, AN EARLY INDUSTRIAL +TOWN] + +It was estimated in 1860, on the basis of the census figures, that +mechanical production gave employment to 1,100,000 men and 285,000 +women, making, if the average number of dependents upon them be +reckoned, nearly six million people or about one-sixth of the population +of the country sustained from manufactures. "This," runs the official +record, "was exclusive of the number engaged in the production of many +of the raw materials and of the food for manufacturers; in the +distribution of their products, such as merchants, clerks, draymen, +mariners, the employees of railroads, expresses, and steamboats; of +capitalists, various artistic and professional classes, as well as +carpenters, bricklayers, painters, and the members of other mechanical +trades not classed as manufactures. It is safe to assume, then, that +one-third of the whole population is supported, directly, or indirectly, +by manufacturing industry." Taking, however, the number of persons +directly supported by manufactures, namely about six millions, reveals +the astounding fact that the white laboring population, divorced from +the soil, already exceeded the number of slaves on Southern farms and +plantations. + +_Immigration._--The more carefully the rapid growth of the industrial +population is examined, the more surprising is the fact that such an +immense body of free laborers could be found, particularly when it is +recalled to what desperate straits the colonial leaders were put in +securing immigrants,--slavery, indentured servitude, and kidnapping +being the fruits of their necessities. The answer to the enigma is to be +found partly in European conditions and partly in the cheapness of +transportation after the opening of the era of steam navigation. Shrewd +observers of the course of events had long foreseen that a flood of +cheap labor was bound to come when the way was made easy. Some, among +them Chief Justice Ellsworth, went so far as to prophesy that white +labor would in time be so abundant that slavery would disappear as the +more costly of the two labor systems. The processes of nature were aided +by the policies of government in England and Germany. + +_The Coming of the Irish._--The opposition of the Irish people to the +English government, ever furious and irrepressible, was increased in the +mid forties by an almost total failure of the potato crop, the main +support of the peasants. Catholic in religion, they had been compelled +to support a Protestant church. Tillers of the soil by necessity, they +were forced to pay enormous tributes to absentee landlords in England +whose claim to their estates rested upon the title of conquest and +confiscation. Intensely loyal to their race, the Irish were subjected in +all things to the Parliament at London, in which their small minority of +representatives had little influence save in holding a balance of power +between the two contending English parties. To the constant political +irritation, the potato famine added physical distress beyond +description. In cottages and fields and along the highways the victims +of starvation lay dead by the hundreds, the relief which charity +afforded only bringing misery more sharply to the foreground. Those who +were fortunate enough to secure passage money sought escape to America. +In 1844 the total immigration into the United States was less than +eighty thousand; in 1850 it had risen by leaps and bounds to more than +three hundred thousand. Between 1820 and 1860 the immigrants from the +United Kingdom numbered 2,750,000, of whom more than one-half were +Irish. It has been said with a touch of exaggeration that the American +canals and railways of those days were built by the labor of Irishmen. + +_The German Migration._--To political discontent and economic distress, +such as was responsible for the coming of the Irish, may likewise be +traced the source of the Germanic migration. The potato blight that fell +upon Ireland visited the Rhine Valley and Southern Germany at the same +time with results as pitiful, if less extensive. The calamity inflicted +by nature was followed shortly by another inflicted by the despotic +conduct of German kings and princes. In 1848 there had occurred +throughout Europe a popular uprising in behalf of republics and +democratic government. For a time it rode on a full tide of success. +Kings were overthrown, or compelled to promise constitutional +government, and tyrannical ministers fled from their palaces. Then came +reaction. Those who had championed the popular cause were imprisoned, +shot, or driven out of the land. Men of attainments and distinction, +whose sole offense was opposition to the government of kings and +princes, sought an asylum in America, carrying with them to the land of +their adoption the spirit of liberty and democracy. In 1847 over fifty +thousand Germans came to America, the forerunners of a migration that +increased, almost steadily, for many years. The record of 1860 showed +that in the previous twenty years nearly a million and a half had found +homes in the United States. Far and wide they scattered, from the mills +and shops of the seacoast towns to the uttermost frontiers of Wisconsin +and Minnesota. + +_The Labor of Women and Children._--If the industries, canals, and +railways of the country were largely manned by foreign labor, still +important native sources must not be overlooked; above all, the women +and children of the New England textile districts. Spinning and weaving, +by a tradition that runs far beyond the written records of mankind, +belonged to women. Indeed it was the dexterous housewives, spinsters, +and boys and girls that laid the foundations of the textile industry in +America, foundations upon which the mechanical revolution was built. As +the wheel and loom were taken out of the homes to the factories operated +by water power or the steam engine, the women and, to use Hamilton's +phrase, "the children of tender years," followed as a matter of course. +"The cotton manufacture alone employs six thousand persons in Lowell," +wrote a French observer in 1836; "of this number nearly five thousand +are young women from seventeen to twenty-four years of age, the +daughters of farmers from the different New England states." It was not +until after the middle of the century that foreign lands proved to be +the chief source from which workers were recruited for the factories of +New England. It was then that the daughters of the Puritans, outdone by +the competition of foreign labor, both of men and women, left the +spinning jenny and the loom to other hands. + +=The Rise of Organized Labor.=--The changing conditions of American +life, marked by the spreading mill towns of New England, New York, and +Pennsylvania and the growth of cities like Buffalo, Cincinnati, +Louisville, St. Louis, Detroit, and Chicago in the West, naturally +brought changes, as Jefferson had prophesied, in "manners and morals." A +few mechanics, smiths, carpenters, and masons, widely scattered through +farming regions and rural villages, raise no such problems as tens of +thousands of workers collected in one center in daily intercourse, +learning the power of cooperation and union. + +Even before the coming of steam and machinery, in the "good old days" of +handicrafts, laborers in many trades--printers, shoemakers, carpenters, +for example--had begun to draw together in the towns for the advancement +of their interests in the form of higher wages, shorter days, and +milder laws. The shoemakers of Philadelphia, organized in 1794, +conducted a strike in 1799 and held together until indicted seven years +later for conspiracy. During the twenties and thirties, local labor +unions sprang up in all industrial centers and they led almost +immediately to city federations of the several crafts. + +As the thousands who were dependent upon their daily labor for their +livelihood mounted into the millions and industries spread across the +continent, the local unions of craftsmen grew into national craft +organizations bound together by the newspapers, the telegraph, and the +railways. Before 1860 there were several such national trade unions, +including the plumbers, printers, mule spinners, iron molders, and stone +cutters. All over the North labor leaders arose--men unknown to general +history but forceful and resourceful characters who forged links binding +scattered and individual workers into a common brotherhood. An attempt +was even made in 1834 to federate all the crafts into a permanent +national organization; but it perished within three years through lack +of support. Half a century had to elapse before the American Federation +of Labor was to accomplish this task. + +All the manifestations of the modern labor movement had appeared, in +germ at least, by the time the mid-century was reached: unions, labor +leaders, strikes, a labor press, a labor political program, and a labor +political party. In every great city industrial disputes were a common +occurrence. The papers recorded about four hundred in two years, +1853-54, local affairs but forecasting economic struggles in a larger +field. The labor press seems to have begun with the founding of the +_Mechanics' Free Press_ in Philadelphia in 1828 and the establishment of +the New York _Workingman's Advocate_ shortly afterward. These +semi-political papers were in later years followed by regular trade +papers designed to weld together and advance the interests of particular +crafts. Edited by able leaders, these little sheets with limited +circulation wielded an enormous influence in the ranks of the workers. + +=Labor and Politics.=--As for the political program of labor, the main +planks were clear and specific: the abolition of imprisonment for debt, +manhood suffrage in states where property qualifications still +prevailed, free and universal education, laws protecting the safety and +health of workers in mills and factories, abolition of lotteries, repeal +of laws requiring militia service, and free land in the West. + +Into the labor papers and platforms there sometimes crept a note of +hostility to the masters of industry, a sign of bitterness that excited +little alarm while cheap land in the West was open to the discontented. +The Philadelphia workmen, in issuing a call for a local convention, +invited "all those of our fellow citizens who live by their own labor +and none other." In Newcastle county, Delaware, the association of +working people complained in 1830: "The poor have no laws; the laws are +made by the rich and of course for the rich." Here and there an +extremist went to the length of advocating an equal division of wealth +among all the people--the crudest kind of communism. + +Agitation of this character produced in labor circles profound distrust +of both Whigs and Democrats who talked principally about tariffs and +banks; it resulted in attempts to found independent labor parties. In +Philadelphia, Albany, New York City, and New England, labor candidates +were put up for elections in the early thirties and in a few cases were +victorious at the polls. "The balance of power has at length got into +the hands of the working people, where it properly belongs," +triumphantly exclaimed the _Mechanics' Free Press_ of Philadelphia in +1829. But the triumph was illusory. Dissensions appeared in the labor +ranks. The old party leaders, particularly of Tammany Hall, the +Democratic party organization in New York City, offered concessions to +labor in return for votes. Newspapers unsparingly denounced "trade union +politicians" as "demagogues," "levellers," and "rag, tag, and bobtail"; +and some of them, deeming labor unrest the sour fruit of manhood +suffrage, suggested disfranchisement as a remedy. Under the influence +of concessions and attacks the political fever quickly died away, and +the end of the decade left no remnant of the labor political parties. +Labor leaders turned to a task which seemed more substantial and +practical, that of organizing workingmen into craft unions for the +definite purpose of raising wages and reducing hours. + + +THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND NATIONAL POLITICS + +=Southern Plans for Union with the West.=--It was long the design of +Southern statesmen like Calhoun to hold the West and the South together +in one political party. The theory on which they based their hope was +simple. Both sections were agricultural--the producers of raw materials +and the buyers of manufactured goods. The planters were heavy purchasers +of Western bacon, pork, mules, and grain. The Mississippi River and its +tributaries formed the natural channel for the transportation of heavy +produce southward to the plantations and outward to Europe. Therefore, +ran their political reasoning, the interests of the two sections were +one. By standing together in favor of low tariffs, they could buy their +manufactures cheaply in Europe and pay for them in cotton, tobacco, and +grain. The union of the two sections under Jackson's management seemed +perfect. + +=The East Forms Ties with the West.=--Eastern leaders were not blind to +the ambitions of Southern statesmen. On the contrary, they also +recognized the importance of forming strong ties with the agrarian West +and drawing the produce of the Ohio Valley to Philadelphia and New York. +The canals and railways were the physical signs of this economic union, +and the results, commercial and political, were soon evident. By the +middle of the century, Southern economists noted the change, one of +them, De Bow, lamenting that "the great cities of the North have +severally penetrated the interior with artificial lines until they have +taken from the open and untaxed current of the Mississippi the commerce +produced on its borders." To this writer it was an astounding thing to +behold "the number of steamers that now descend the upper Mississippi +River, loaded to the guards with produce, as far as the mouth of the +Illinois River and then turn up that stream with their cargoes to be +shipped to New York _via_ Chicago. The Illinois canal has not only swept +the whole produce along the line of the Illinois River to the East, but +it is drawing the products of the upper Mississippi through the same +channel; thus depriving New Orleans and St. Louis of a rich portion of +their former trade." + +If to any shippers the broad current of the great river sweeping down to +New Orleans offered easier means of physical communication to the sea +than the canals and railways, the difference could be overcome by the +credit which Eastern bankers were able to extend to the grain and +produce buyers, in the first instance, and through them to the farmers +on the soil. The acute Southern observer just quoted, De Bow, admitted +with evident regret, in 1852, that "last autumn, the rich regions of +Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were flooded with the local bank notes of +the Eastern States, advanced by the New York houses on produce to be +shipped by way of the canals in the spring.... These moneyed facilities +enable the packer, miller, and speculator to hold on to their produce +until the opening of navigation in the spring and they are no longer +obliged, as formerly, to hurry off their shipments during the winter by +the way of New Orleans in order to realize funds by drafts on their +shipments. The banking facilities at the East are doing as much to draw +trade from us as the canals and railways which Eastern capital is +constructing." Thus canals, railways, and financial credit were swiftly +forging bonds of union between the old home of Jacksonian Democracy in +the West and the older home of Federalism in the East. The nationalism +to which Webster paid eloquent tribute became more and more real with +the passing of time. The self-sufficiency of the pioneer was broken down +as he began to watch the produce markets of New York and Philadelphia +where the prices of corn and hogs fixed his earnings for the year. + +=The West and Manufactures.=--In addition to the commercial bonds +between the East and the West there was growing up a common interest in +manufactures. As skilled white labor increased in the Ohio Valley, the +industries springing up in the new cities made Western life more like +that of the industrial East than like that of the planting South. +Moreover, the Western states produced some important raw materials for +American factories, which called for protection against foreign +competition, notably, wool, hemp, and flax. As the South had little or +no foreign competition in cotton and tobacco, the East could not offer +protection for her raw materials in exchange for protection for +industries. With the West, however, it became possible to establish +reciprocity in tariffs; that is, for example, to trade a high rate on +wool for a high rate on textiles or iron. + +=The South Dependent on the North.=--While East and West were drawing +together, the distinctions between North and South were becoming more +marked; the latter, having few industries and producing little save raw +materials, was being forced into the position of a dependent section. As +a result of the protective tariff, Southern planters were compelled to +turn more and more to Northern mills for their cloth, shoes, hats, hoes, +plows, and machinery. Nearly all the goods which they bought in Europe +in exchange for their produce came overseas to Northern ports, whence +transshipments were made by rail and water to Southern points of +distribution. Their rice, cotton, and tobacco, in as far as they were +not carried to Europe in British bottoms, were transported by Northern +masters. In these ways, a large part of the financial operations +connected with the sale of Southern produce and the purchase of goods in +exchange passed into the hands of Northern merchants and bankers who, +naturally, made profits from their transactions. Finally, Southern +planters who wanted to buy more land and more slaves on credit borrowed +heavily in the North where huge accumulations made the rates of interest +lower than the smaller banks of the South could afford. + +=The South Reckons the Cost of Economic Dependence.=--As Southern +dependence upon Northern capital became more and more marked, Southern +leaders began to chafe at what they regarded as restraints laid upon +their enterprise. In a word, they came to look upon the planter as a +tribute-bearer to the manufacturer and financier. "The South," +expostulated De Bow, "stands in the attitude of feeding ... a vast +population of [Northern] merchants, shipowners, capitalists, and others +who, without claims on her progeny, drink up the life blood of her +trade.... Where goes the value of our labor but to those who, taking +advantage of our folly, ship for us, buy for us, sell to us, and, after +turning our own capital to their profitable account, return laden with +our money to enjoy their easily earned opulence at home." + +Southern statisticians, not satisfied with generalities, attempted to +figure out how great was this tribute in dollars and cents. They +estimated that the planters annually lent to Northern merchants the full +value of their exports, a hundred millions or more, "to be used in the +manipulation of foreign imports." They calculated that no less than +forty millions all told had been paid to shipowners in profits. They +reckoned that, if the South were to work up her own cotton, she would +realize from seventy to one hundred millions a year that otherwise went +North. Finally, to cap the climax, they regretted that planters spent +some fifteen millions a year pleasure-seeking in the alluring cities and +summer resorts of the North. + +=Southern Opposition to Northern Policies.=--Proceeding from these +premises, Southern leaders drew the logical conclusion that the entire +program of economic measures demanded in the North was without exception +adverse to Southern interests and, by a similar chain of reasoning, +injurious to the corn and wheat producers of the West. Cheap labor +afforded by free immigration, a protective tariff raising prices of +manufactures for the tiller of the soil, ship subsidies increasing the +tonnage of carrying trade in Northern hands, internal improvements +forging new economic bonds between the East and the West, a national +banking system giving strict national control over the currency as a +safeguard against paper inflation--all these devices were regarded in +the South as contrary to the planting interest. They were constantly +compared with the restrictive measures by which Great Britain more than +half a century before had sought to bind American interests. + +As oppression justified a war for independence once, statesmen argued, +so it can justify it again. "It is curious as it is melancholy and +distressing," came a broad hint from South Carolina, "to see how +striking is the analogy between the colonial vassalage to which the +manufacturing states have reduced the planting states and that which +formerly bound the Anglo-American colonies to the British empire.... +England said to her American colonies: 'You shall not trade with the +rest of the world for such manufactures as are produced in the mother +country.' The manufacturing states say to their Southern colonies: 'You +shall not trade with the rest of the world for such manufactures as we +produce.'" The conclusion was inexorable: either the South must control +the national government and its economic measures, or it must declare, +as America had done four score years before, its political and economic +independence. As Northern mills multiplied, as railways spun their +mighty web over the face of the North, and as accumulated capital rose +into the hundreds of millions, the conviction of the planters and their +statesmen deepened into desperation. + +=Efforts to Start Southern Industries Fail.=--A few of them, seeing the +predominance of the North, made determined efforts to introduce +manufactures into the South. To the leaders who were averse to secession +and nullification this seemed the only remedy for the growing disparity +in the power of the two sections. Societies for the encouragement of +mechanical industries were formed, the investment of capital was sought, +and indeed a few mills were built on Southern soil. The results were +meager. The natural resources, coal and water power, were abundant; but +the enterprise for direction and the skilled labor were wanting. The +stream of European immigration flowed North and West, not South. The +Irish or German laborer, even if he finally made his home in a city, had +before him, while in the North, the alternative of a homestead on +Western land. To him slavery was a strange, if not a repelling, +institution. He did not take to it kindly nor care to fix his home where +it flourished. While slavery lasted, the economy of the South was +inevitably agricultural. While agriculture predominated, leadership with +equal necessity fell to the planting interest. While the planting +interest ruled, political opposition to Northern economy was destined to +grow in strength. + +=The Southern Theory of Sectionalism.=--In the opinion of the statesmen +who frankly represented the planting interest, the industrial system was +its deadly enemy. Their entire philosophy of American politics was +summed up in a single paragraph by McDuffie, a spokesman for South +Carolina: "Owing to the federative character of our government, the +great geographical extent of our territory, and the diversity of the +pursuits of our citizens in different parts of the union, it has so +happened that two great interests have sprung up, standing directly +opposed to each other. One of these consists of those manufactures which +the Northern and Middle states are capable of producing but which, owing +to the high price of labor and the high profits of capital in those +states, cannot hold competition with foreign manufactures without the +aid of bounties, directly or indirectly given, either by the general +government or by the state governments. The other of these interests +consists of the great agricultural staples of the Southern states which +can find a market only in foreign countries and which can be +advantageously sold only in exchange for foreign manufactures which come +in competition with those of the Northern and Middle states.... These +interests then stand diametrically and irreconcilably opposed to each +other. The interest, the pecuniary interest of the Northern +manufacturer, is directly promoted by every increase of the taxes +imposed upon Southern commerce; and it is unnecessary to add that the +interest of the Southern planter is promoted by every diminution of +taxes imposed upon the productions of their industry. If, under these +circumstances, the manufacturers were clothed with the power of imposing +taxes, at their pleasure, upon the foreign imports of the planter, no +doubt would exist in the mind of any man that it would have all the +characteristics of an absolute and unqualified despotism." The economic +soundness of this reasoning, a subject of interesting speculation for +the economist, is of little concern to the historian. The historical +point is that this opinion was widely held in the South and with the +progress of time became the prevailing doctrine of the planting +statesmen. + +Their antagonism was deepened because they also became convinced, on +what grounds it is not necessary to inquire, that the leaders of the +industrial interest thus opposed to planting formed a consolidated +"aristocracy of wealth," bent upon the pursuit and attainment of +political power at Washington. "By the aid of various associated +interests," continued McDuffie, "the manufacturing capitalists have +obtained a complete and permanent control over the legislation of +Congress on this subject [the tariff].... Men confederated together upon +selfish and interested principles, whether in pursuit of the offices or +the bounties of the government, are ever more active and vigilant than +the great majority who act from disinterested and patriotic impulses. +Have we not witnessed it on this floor, sir? Who ever knew the tariff +men to divide on any question affecting their confederated interests?... +The watchword is, stick together, right or wrong upon every question +affecting the common cause. Such, sir, is the concert and vigilance and +such the combinations by which the manufacturing party, acting upon the +interests of some and the prejudices of others, have obtained a decided +and permanent control over public opinion in all the tariff states." +Thus, as the Southern statesman would have it, the North, in matters +affecting national policies, was ruled by a "confederated interest" +which menaced the planting interest. As the former grew in magnitude and +attached to itself the free farmers of the West through channels of +trade and credit, it followed as night the day that in time the planters +would be overshadowed and at length overborne in the struggle of giants. +Whether the theory was sound or not, Southern statesmen believed it and +acted upon it. + + +=References= + +M. Beard, _Short History of the American Labor Movement_. + +E.L. Bogart, _Economic History of the United States_. + +J.R. Commons, _History of Labour in the United States_ (2 vols.). + +E.R. Johnson, _American Railway Transportation_. + +C.D. Wright, _Industrial Evolution of the United States_. + + +=Questions= + +1. What signs pointed to a complete Democratic triumph in 1852? + +2. What is the explanation of the extraordinary industrial progress of +America? + +3. Compare the planting system with the factory system. + +4. In what sections did industry flourish before the Civil War? Why? + +5. Show why transportation is so vital to modern industry and +agriculture. + +6. Explain how it was possible to secure so many people to labor in +American industries. + +7. Trace the steps in the rise of organized labor before 1860. + +8. What political and economic reforms did labor demand? + +9. Why did the East and the South seek closer ties with the West? + +10. Describe the economic forces which were drawing the East and the +West together. + +11. In what way was the South economically dependent upon the North? + +12 State the national policies generally favored in the North and +condemned in the South. + +13. Show how economic conditions in the South were unfavorable to +industry. + +14. Give the Southern explanation of the antagonism between the North +and the South. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Inventions.=--Assign one to each student. Satisfactory accounts are +to be found in any good encyclopedia, especially the Britannica. + +=River and Lake Commerce.=--Callender, _Economic History of the United +States_, pp. 313-326. + +=Railways and Canals.=--Callender, pp. 326-344; 359-387. Coman, +_Industrial History of the United States_, pp. 216-225. + +=The Growth of Industry, 1815-1840.=--Callender, pp. 459-471. From 1850 +to 1860, Callender, pp. 471-486. + +=Early Labor Conditions.=--Callender, pp. 701-718. + +=Early Immigration.=--Callender, pp. 719-732. + +=Clay's Home Market Theory of the Tariff.=--Callender, pp. 498-503. + +=The New England View of the Tariff.=--Callender, pp. 503-514. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +THE PLANTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL POLITICS + + +James Madison, the father of the federal Constitution, after he had +watched for many days the battle royal in the national convention of +1787, exclaimed that the contest was not between the large and the small +states, but between the commercial North and the planting South. From +the inauguration of Washington to the election of Lincoln the sectional +conflict, discerned by this penetrating thinker, exercised a profound +influence on the course of American politics. It was latent during the +"era of good feeling" when the Jeffersonian Republicans adopted +Federalist policies; it flamed up in the contest between the Democrats +and Whigs. Finally it raged in the angry political quarrel which +culminated in the Civil War. + + +SLAVERY--NORTH AND SOUTH + +=The Decline of Slavery in the North.=--At the time of the adoption of +the Constitution, slavery was lawful in all the Northern states except +Massachusetts. There were almost as many bondmen in New York as in +Georgia. New Jersey had more than Delaware or Tennessee, indeed nearly +as many as both combined. All told, however, there were only about forty +thousand in the North as against nearly seven hundred thousand in the +South. Moreover, most of the Northern slaves were domestic servants, not +laborers necessary to keep mills going or fields under cultivation. + +There was, in the North, a steadily growing moral sentiment against the +system. Massachusetts abandoned it in 1780. In the same year, +Pennsylvania provided for gradual emancipation. New Hampshire, where +there had been only a handful, Connecticut with a few thousand +domestics, and New Jersey early followed these examples. New York, in +1799, declared that all children born of slaves after July 4 of that +year should be free, though held for a term as apprentices; and in 1827 +it swept away the last vestiges of slavery. So with the passing of the +generation that had framed the Constitution, chattel servitude +disappeared in the commercial states, leaving behind only such +discriminations as disfranchisement or high property qualifications on +colored voters. + +=The Growth of Northern Sentiment against Slavery.=--In both sections of +the country there early existed, among those more or less +philosophically inclined, a strong opposition to slavery on moral as +well as economic grounds. In the constitutional convention of 1787, +Gouverneur Morris had vigorously condemned it and proposed that the +whole country should bear the cost of abolishing it. About the same time +a society for promoting the abolition of slavery, under the presidency +of Benjamin Franklin, laid before Congress a petition that serious +attention be given to the emancipation of "those unhappy men who alone +in this land of freedom are degraded into perpetual bondage." When +Congress, acting on the recommendations of President Jefferson, provided +for the abolition of the foreign slave trade on January 1, 1808, several +Northern members joined with Southern members in condemning the system +as well as the trade. Later, colonization societies were formed to +encourage the emancipation of slaves and their return to Africa. James +Madison was president and Henry Clay vice president of such an +organization. + +The anti-slavery sentiment of which these were the signs was +nevertheless confined to narrow circles and bore no trace of bitterness. + +"We consider slavery your calamity, not your crime," wrote a +distinguished Boston clergyman to his Southern brethren, "and we will +share with you the burden of putting an end to it. We will consent that +the public lands shall be appropriated to this object.... I deprecate +everything which sows discord and exasperating sectional animosities." + +=Uncompromising Abolition.=--In a little while the spirit of generosity +was gone. Just as Jacksonian Democracy rose to power there appeared a +new kind of anti-slavery doctrine--the dogmatism of the abolition +agitator. For mild speculation on the evils of the system was +substituted an imperious and belligerent demand for instant +emancipation. If a date must be fixed for its appearance, the year 1831 +may be taken when William Lloyd Garrison founded in Boston his +anti-slavery paper, _The Liberator_. With singleness of purpose and +utter contempt for all opposing opinions and arguments, he pursued his +course of passionate denunciation. He apologized for having ever +"assented to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition." +He chose for his motto: "Immediate and unconditional emancipation!" He +promised his readers that he would be "harsh as truth and uncompromising +as justice"; that he would not "think or speak or write with +moderation." Then he flung out his defiant call: "I am in earnest--I +will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single +inch--and I will be heard.... + + 'Such is the vow I take, so help me God.'" + +Though Garrison complained that "the apathy of the people is enough to +make every statue leap from its pedestal," he soon learned how alive the +masses were to the meaning of his propaganda. Abolition orators were +stoned in the street and hissed from the platform. Their meeting places +were often attacked and sometimes burned to the ground. Garrison himself +was assaulted in the streets of Boston, finding refuge from the angry +mob behind prison bars. Lovejoy, a publisher in Alton, Illinois, for his +willingness to give abolition a fair hearing, was brutally murdered; his +printing press was broken to pieces as a warning to all those who +disturbed the nation's peace of mind. The South, doubly frightened by a +slave revolt in 1831 which ended in the murder of a number of men, +women, and children, closed all discussion of slavery in that section. +"Now," exclaimed Calhoun, "it is a question which admits of neither +concession nor compromise." + +As the opposition hardened, the anti-slavery agitation gathered in force +and intensity. Whittier blew his blast from the New England hills: + + "No slave-hunt in our borders--no pirate on our strand; + No fetters in the Bay State--no slave upon our land." + +Lowell, looking upon the espousal of a great cause as the noblest aim of +his art, ridiculed and excoriated bondage in the South. Those +abolitionists, not gifted as speakers or writers, signed petitions +against slavery and poured them in upon Congress. The flood of them was +so continuous that the House of Representatives, forgetting its +traditions, adopted in 1836 a "gag rule" which prevented the reading of +appeals and consigned them to the waste basket. Not until the Whigs were +in power nearly ten years later was John Quincy Adams able, after a +relentless campaign, to carry a motion rescinding the rule. + +How deep was the impression made upon the country by this agitation for +immediate and unconditional emancipation cannot be measured. If the +popular vote for those candidates who opposed not slavery, but its +extension to the territories, be taken as a standard, it was slight +indeed. In 1844, the Free Soil candidate, Birney, polled 62,000 votes +out of over a million and a half; the Free Soil vote of the next +campaign went beyond a quarter of a million, but the increase was due to +the strength of the leader, Martin Van Buren; four years afterward it +receded to 156,000, affording all the outward signs for the belief that +the pleas of the abolitionist found no widespread response among the +people. Yet the agitation undoubtedly ran deeper than the ballot box. +Young statesmen of the North, in whose hands the destiny of frightful +years was to lie, found their indifference to slavery broken and their +consciences stirred by the unending appeal and the tireless reiteration. +Charles Sumner afterward boasted that he read the _Liberator_ two years +before Wendell Phillips, the young Boston lawyer who cast aside his +profession to take up the dangerous cause. + +=Early Southern Opposition to Slavery.=--In the South, the sentiment +against slavery was strong; it led some to believe that it would also +come to an end there in due time. Washington disliked it and directed in +his will that his own slaves should be set free after the death of his +wife. Jefferson, looking into the future, condemned the system by which +he also lived, saying: "Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure +when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of +the people that their liberties are the gift of God? Are they not to be +violated but with His wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I +reflect that God is just; that His justice cannot sleep forever." Nor +did Southern men confine their sentiments to expressions of academic +opinion. They accepted in 1787 the Ordinance which excluded slavery from +the Northwest territory forever and also the Missouri Compromise, which +shut it out of a vast section of the Louisiana territory. + +=The Revolution in the Slave System.=--Among the representatives of +South Carolina and Georgia, however, the anti-slavery views of +Washington and Jefferson were by no means approved; and the drift of +Southern economy was decidedly in favor of extending and perpetuating, +rather than abolishing, the system of chattel servitude. The invention +of the cotton gin and textile machinery created a market for cotton +which the planters, with all their skill and energy, could hardly +supply. Almost every available acre was brought under cotton culture as +the small farmers were driven steadily from the seaboard into the +uplands or to the Northwest. + +The demand for slaves to till the swiftly expanding fields was enormous. +The number of bondmen rose from 700,000 in Washington's day to more than +three millions in 1850. At the same time slavery itself was transformed. +Instead of the homestead where the same family of masters kept the same +families of slaves from generation to generation, came the plantation +system of the Far South and Southwest where masters were ever moving and +ever extending their holdings of lands and slaves. This in turn reacted +on the older South where the raising of slaves for the market became a +regular and highly profitable business. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +JOHN C. CALHOUN] + +=Slavery Defended as a Positive Good.=--As the abolition agitation +increased and the planting system expanded, apologies for slavery became +fainter and fainter in the South. Then apologies were superseded by +claims that slavery was a beneficial scheme of labor control. Calhoun, +in a famous speech in the Senate in 1837, sounded the new note by +declaring slavery "instead of an evil, a good--a positive good." His +reasoning was as follows: in every civilized society one portion of the +community must live on the labor of another; learning, science, and the +arts are built upon leisure; the African slave, kindly treated by his +master and mistress and looked after in his old age, is better off than +the free laborers of Europe; and under the slave system conflicts +between capital and labor are avoided. The advantages of slavery in this +respect, he concluded, "will become more and more manifest, if left +undisturbed by interference from without, as the country advances in +wealth and numbers." + +=Slave Owners Dominate Politics.=--The new doctrine of Calhoun was +eagerly seized by the planters as they came more and more to overshadow +the small farmers of the South and as they beheld the menace of +abolition growing upon the horizon. It formed, as they viewed matters, a +moral defense for their labor system--sound, logical, invincible. It +warranted them in drawing together for the protection of an institution +so necessary, so inevitable, so beneficent. + +Though in 1850 the slave owners were only about three hundred and fifty +thousand in a national population of nearly twenty million whites, they +had an influence all out of proportion to their numbers. They were knit +together by the bonds of a common interest. They had leisure and wealth. +They could travel and attend conferences and conventions. Throughout the +South and largely in the North, they had the press, the schools, and the +pulpits on their side. They formed, as it were, a mighty union for the +protection and advancement of their common cause. Aided by those +mechanics and farmers of the North who stuck by Jacksonian Democracy +through thick and thin, the planters became a power in the federal +government. "We nominate Presidents," exultantly boasted a Richmond +newspaper; "the North elects them." + +This jubilant Southern claim was conceded by William H. Seward, a +Republican Senator from New York, in a speech describing the power of +slavery in the national government. "A party," he said, "is in one sense +a joint stock association, in which those who contribute most direct the +action and management of the concern.... The slaveholders, contributing +in an overwhelming proportion to the strength of the Democratic party, +necessarily dictate and prescribe its policy." He went on: "The +slaveholding class has become the governing power in each of the +slaveholding states and it practically chooses thirty of the sixty-two +members of the Senate, ninety of the two hundred and thirty-three +members of the House of Representatives, and one hundred and five of the +two hundred and ninety-five electors of President and Vice-President of +the United States." Then he considered the slave power in the Supreme +Court. "That tribunal," he exclaimed, "consists of a chief justice and +eight associate justices. Of these, five were called from slave states +and four from free states. The opinions and bias of each of them were +carefully considered by the President and Senate when he was appointed. +Not one of them was found wanting in soundness of politics, according to +the slaveholder's exposition of the Constitution." Such was the Northern +view of the planting interest that, from the arena of national politics, +challenged the whole country in 1860. + +[Illustration: DISTRIBUTION OF SLAVES IN THE SOUTHERN STATES] + + +SLAVERY IN NATIONAL POLITICS + +=National Aspects of Slavery.=--It may be asked why it was that slavery, +founded originally on state law and subject to state government, was +drawn into the current of national affairs. The answer is simple. There +were, in the first place, constitutional reasons. The Congress of the +United States had to make all needful rules for the government of the +territories, the District of Columbia, the forts and other property +under national authority; so it was compelled to determine whether +slavery should exist in the places subject to its jurisdiction. Upon +Congress was also conferred the power of admitting new states; whenever +a territory asked for admission, the issue could be raised as to whether +slavery should be sanctioned or excluded. Under the Constitution, +provision was made for the return of runaway slaves; Congress had the +power to enforce this clause by appropriate legislation. Since the +control of the post office was vested in the federal government, it had +to face the problem raised by the transmission of abolition literature +through the mails. Finally citizens had the right of petition; it +inheres in all free government and it is expressly guaranteed by the +first amendment to the Constitution. It was therefore legal for +abolitionists to present to Congress their petitions, even if they asked +for something which it had no right to grant. It was thus impossible, +constitutionally, to draw a cordon around the slavery issue and confine +the discussion of it to state politics. + +There were, in the second place, economic reasons why slavery was +inevitably drawn into the national sphere. It was the basis of the +planting system which had direct commercial relations with the North and +European countries; it was affected by federal laws respecting tariffs, +bounties, ship subsidies, banking, and kindred matters. The planters of +the South, almost without exception, looked upon the protective tariff +as a tribute laid upon them for the benefit of Northern industries. As +heavy borrowers of money in the North, they were generally in favor of +"easy money," if not paper currency, as an aid in the repayment of their +debts. This threw most of them into opposition to the Whig program for a +United States Bank. All financial aids to American shipping they stoutly +resisted, preferring to rely upon the cheaper service rendered by +English shippers. Internal improvements, those substantial ties that +were binding the West to the East and turning the traffic from New +Orleans to Philadelphia and New York, they viewed with alarm. Free +homesteads from the public lands, which tended to overbalance the South +by building free states, became to them a measure dangerous to their +interests. Thus national economic policies, which could not by any twist +or turn be confined to state control, drew the slave system and its +defenders into the political conflict that centered at Washington. + +=Slavery and the Territories--the Missouri Compromise (1820).=--Though +men continually talked about "taking slavery out of politics," it could +not be done. By 1818 slavery had become so entrenched and the +anti-slavery sentiment so strong, that Missouri's quest for admission +brought both houses of Congress into a deadlock that was broken only by +compromise. The South, having half the Senators, could prevent the +admission of Missouri stripped of slavery; and the North, powerful in +the House of Representatives, could keep Missouri with slavery out of +the union indefinitely. An adjustment of pretensions was the last +resort. Maine, separated from the parent state of Massachusetts, was +brought into the union with freedom and Missouri with bondage. At the +same time it was agreed that the remainder of the vast Louisiana +territory north of the parallel of 36 o 30' should be, like the old +Northwest, forever free; while the southern portion was left to slavery. +In reality this was an immense gain for liberty. The area dedicated to +free farmers was many times greater than that left to the planters. The +principle was once more asserted that Congress had full power to prevent +slavery in the territories. + +[Illustration: THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE] + +=The Territorial Question Reopened by the Wilmot Proviso.=--To the +Southern leaders, the annexation of Texas and the conquest of Mexico +meant renewed security to the planting interest against the increasing +wealth and population of the North. Texas, it was said, could be divided +into four slave states. The new territories secured by the treaty of +peace with Mexico contained the promise of at least three more. Thus, as +each new free soil state knocked for admission into the union, the +South could demand as the price of its consent a new slave state. No +wonder Southern statesmen saw, in the annexation of Texas and the +conquest of Mexico, slavery and King Cotton triumphant--secure for all +time against adverse legislation. Northern leaders were equally +convinced that the Southern prophecy was true. Abolitionists and +moderate opponents of slavery alike were in despair. Texas, they +lamented, would fasten slavery upon the country forevermore. "No living +man," cried one, "will see the end of slavery in the United States!" + +It so happened, however, that the events which, it was thought, would +secure slavery let loose a storm against it. A sign appeared first on +August 6, 1846, only a few months after war was declared on Mexico. On +that day, David Wilmot, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, introduced into +the House of Representatives a resolution to the effect that, as an +express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory +from the republic of Mexico, slavery should be forever excluded from +every part of it. "The Wilmot Proviso," as the resolution was popularly +called, though defeated on that occasion, was a challenge to the South. + +The South answered the challenge. Speaking in the House of +Representatives, Robert Toombs of Georgia boldly declared: "In the +presence of the living God, if by your legislation you seek to drive us +from the territories of California and New Mexico ... I am for +disunion." South Carolina announced that the day for talk had passed and +the time had come to join her sister states "in resisting the +application of the Wilmot Proviso at any and all hazards." A conference, +assembled at Jackson, Mississippi, in the autumn of 1849, called a +general convention of Southern states to meet at Nashville the following +summer. The avowed purpose was to arrest "the course of aggression" and, +if that was not possible, to provide "in the last resort for their +separate welfare by the formation of a compact and union that will +afford protection to their liberties and rights." States that had +spurned South Carolina's plea for nullification in 1832 responded to +this new appeal with alacrity--an augury of the secession to come. + +[Illustration: _From an old print._ + +HENRY CLAY] + +=The Great Debate of 1850.=--The temper of the country was white hot +when Congress convened in December, 1849. It was a memorable session, +memorable for the great men who took part in the debates and memorable +for the grand Compromise of 1850 which it produced. In the Senate sat +for the last time three heroic figures: Webster from the North, Calhoun +from the South, and Clay from a border state. For nearly forty years +these three had been leaders of men. All had grown old and gray in +service. Calhoun was already broken in health and in a few months was to +be borne from the political arena forever. Clay and Webster had but two +more years in their allotted span. + +Experience, learning, statecraft--all these things they now marshaled in +a mighty effort to solve the slavery problem. On January 29, 1850, Clay +offered to the Senate a compromise granting concessions to both sides; +and a few days later, in a powerful oration, he made a passionate appeal +for a union of hearts through mutual sacrifices. Calhoun relentlessly +demanded the full measure of justice for the South: equal rights in the +territories bought by common blood; the return of runaway slaves as +required by the Constitution; the suppression of the abolitionists; and +the restoration of the balance of power between the North and the South. +Webster, in his notable "Seventh of March speech," condemned the Wilmot +Proviso, advocated a strict enforcement of the fugitive slave law, +denounced the abolitionists, and made a final plea for the Constitution, +union, and liberty. This was the address which called forth from +Whittier the poem, "Ichabod," deploring the fall of the mighty one whom +he thought lost to all sense of faith and honor. + +=The Terms of the Compromise of 1850.=--When the debates were closed, +the results were totaled in a series of compromise measures, all of +which were signed in September, 1850, by the new President, Millard +Fillmore, who had taken office two months before on the death of Zachary +Taylor. By these acts the boundaries of Texas were adjusted and the +territory of New Mexico created, subject to the provision that all or +any part of it might be admitted to the union "with or without slavery +as their constitution may provide at the time of their admission." The +Territory of Utah was similarly organized with the same conditions as to +slavery, thus repudiating the Wilmot Proviso without guaranteeing +slavery to the planters. California was admitted as a free state under a +constitution in which the people of the territory had themselves +prohibited slavery. + +The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, but slavery +itself existed as before at the capital of the nation. This concession +to anti-slavery sentiment was more than offset by a fugitive slave law, +drastic in spirit and in letter. It placed the enforcement of its terms +in the hands of federal officers appointed from Washington and so +removed it from the control of authorities locally elected. It provided +that masters or their agents, on filing claims in due form, might +summarily remove their escaped slaves without affording their "alleged +fugitives" the right of trial by jury, the right to witness, the right +to offer any testimony in evidence. Finally, to "put teeth" into the +act, heavy penalties were prescribed for all who obstructed or assisted +in obstructing the enforcement of the law. Such was the Great Compromise +of 1850. + +[Illustration: AN OLD CARTOON REPRESENTING WEBSTER "STEALING CLAY'S +THUNDER"] + +=The Pro-slavery Triumph in the Election of 1852.=--The results of the +election of 1852 seemed to show conclusively that the nation was weary +of slavery agitation and wanted peace. Both parties, Whigs and +Democrats, endorsed the fugitive slave law and approved the Great +Compromise. The Democrats, with Franklin Pierce as their leader, swept +the country against the war hero, General Winfield Scott, on whom the +Whigs had staked their hopes. Even Webster, broken with grief at his +failure to receive the nomination, advised his friends to vote for +Pierce and turned away from politics to meditate upon approaching death. +The verdict of the voters would seem to indicate that for the time +everybody, save a handful of disgruntled agitators, looked upon Clay's +settlement as the last word. "The people, especially the business men of +the country," says Elson, "were utterly weary of the agitation and they +gave their suffrages to the party that promised them rest." The Free +Soil party, condemning slavery as "a sin against God and a crime against +man," and advocating freedom for the territories, failed to carry a +single state. In fact it polled fewer votes than it had four years +earlier--156,000 as against nearly 3,000,000, the combined vote of the +Whigs and Democrats. It is not surprising, therefore, that President +Pierce, surrounded in his cabinet by strong Southern sympathizers, could +promise to put an end to slavery agitation and to crush the abolition +movement in the bud. + +=Anti-slavery Agitation Continued.=--The promise was more difficult to +fulfill than to utter. In fact, the vigorous execution of one measure +included in the Compromise--the fugitive slave law--only made matters +worse. Designed as security for the planters, it proved a powerful +instrument in their undoing. Slavery five hundred miles away on a +Louisiana plantation was so remote from the North that only the +strongest imagination could maintain a constant rage against it. "Slave +catching," "man hunting" by federal officers on the streets of +Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Chicago, or Milwaukee and in the hamlets +and villages of the wide-stretching farm lands of the North was another +matter. It brought the most odious aspects of slavery home to thousands +of men and women who would otherwise have been indifferent to the +system. Law-abiding business men, mechanics, farmers, and women, when +they saw peaceful negroes, who had resided in their neighborhoods +perhaps for years, torn away by federal officers and carried back to +bondage, were transformed into enemies of the law. They helped slaves to +escape; they snatched them away from officers who had captured them; +they broke open jails and carried fugitives off to Canada. + +Assistance to runaway slaves, always more or less common in the North, +was by this time organized into a system. Regular routes, known as +"underground railways," were laid out across the free states into +Canada, and trusted friends of freedom maintained "underground stations" +where fugitives were concealed in the daytime between their long night +journeys. Funds were raised and secret agents sent into the South to +help negroes to flee. One negro woman, Harriet Tubman, "the Moses of her +people," with headquarters at Philadelphia, is accredited with nineteen +invasions into slave territory and the emancipation of three hundred +negroes. Those who worked at this business were in constant peril. One +underground operator, Calvin Fairbank, spent nearly twenty years in +prison for aiding fugitives from justice. Yet perils and prisons did not +stay those determined men and women who, in obedience to their +consciences, set themselves to this lawless work. + +[Illustration: HARRIET BEECHER STOWE] + +From thrilling stories of adventure along the underground railways came +some of the scenes and themes of the novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, +"Uncle Tom's Cabin," published two years after the Compromise of 1850. +Her stirring tale set forth the worst features of slavery in vivid word +pictures that caught and held the attention of millions of readers. +Though the book was unfair to the South and was denounced as a hideous +distortion of the truth, it was quickly dramatized and played in every +city and town throughout the North. Topsy, Little Eva, Uncle Tom, the +fleeing slave, Eliza Harris, and the cruel slave driver, Simon Legree, +with his baying blood hounds, became living specters in many a home that +sought to bar the door to the "unpleasant and irritating business of +slavery agitation." + + +THE DRIFT OF EVENTS TOWARD THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT + +=Repeal of the Missouri Compromise.=--To practical men, after all, the +"rub-a-dub" agitation of a few abolitionists, an occasional riot over +fugitive slaves, and the vogue of a popular novel seemed of slight or +transient importance. They could point with satisfaction to the election +returns of 1852; but their very security was founded upon shifting +sands. The magnificent triumph of the pro-slavery Democrats in 1852 +brought a turn in affairs that destroyed the foundations under their +feet. Emboldened by their own strength and the weakness of their +opponents, they now dared to repeal the Missouri Compromise. The leader +in this fateful enterprise was Stephen A. Douglas, Senator from +Illinois, and the occasion for the deed was the demand for the +organization of territorial government in the regions west of Iowa and +Missouri. + +Douglas, like Clay and Webster before him, was consumed by a strong +passion for the presidency, and, to reach his goal, it was necessary to +win the support of the South. This he undoubtedly sought to do when he +introduced on January 4, 1854, a bill organizing the Nebraska territory +on the principle of the Compromise of 1850; namely, that the people in +the territory might themselves decide whether they would have slavery or +not. Unwittingly the avalanche was started. + +After a stormy debate, in which important amendments were forced on +Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill became a law on May 30, 1854. The +measure created two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and provided that +they, or territories organized out of them, could come into the union as +states "with or without slavery as their constitutions may prescribe at +the time of their admission." Not content with this, the law went on to +declare the Missouri Compromise null and void as being inconsistent with +the principle of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the states +and territories. Thus by a single blow the very heart of the continent, +dedicated to freedom by solemn agreement, was thrown open to slavery. A +desperate struggle between slave owners and the advocates of freedom was +the outcome in Kansas. + +If Douglas fancied that the North would receive the overthrow of the +Missouri Compromise in the same temper that it greeted Clay's +settlement, he was rapidly disillusioned. A blast of rage, terrific in +its fury, swept from Maine to Iowa. Staid old Boston hanged him in +effigy with an inscription--"Stephen A. Douglas, author of the infamous +Nebraska bill: the Benedict Arnold of 1854." City after city burned him +in effigy until, as he himself said, he could travel from the Atlantic +coast to Chicago in the light of the fires. Thousands of Whigs and +Free-soil Democrats deserted their parties which had sanctioned or at +least tolerated the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, declaring that the startling +measure showed an evident resolve on the part of the planters to rule +the whole country. A gage of defiance was thrown down to the +abolitionists. An issue was set even for the moderate and timid who had +been unmoved by the agitation over slavery in the Far South. That issue +was whether slavery was to be confined within its existing boundaries or +be allowed to spread without interference, thereby placing the free +states in the minority and surrendering the federal government wholly to +the slave power. + +=The Rise of the Republican Party.=--Events of terrible significance, +swiftly following, drove the country like a ship before a gale straight +into civil war. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill rent the old parties asunder +and called into being the Republican party. While that bill was pending +in Congress, many Northern Whigs and Democrats had come to the +conclusion that a new party dedicated to freedom in the territories must +follow the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Several places claim to be +the original home of the Republican party; but historians generally +yield it to Wisconsin. At Ripon in that state, a mass meeting of Whigs +and Democrats assembled in February, 1854, and resolved to form a new +party if the Kansas-Nebraska Bill should pass. At a second meeting a +fusion committee representing Whigs, Free Soilers, and Democrats was +formed and the name Republican--the name of Jefferson's old party--was +selected. All over the country similar meetings were held and political +committees were organized. + +When the presidential campaign of 1856 began the Republicans entered the +contest. After a preliminary conference in Pittsburgh in February, they +held a convention in Philadelphia at which was drawn up a platform +opposing the extension of slavery to the territories. John C. Fremont, +the distinguished explorer, was named for the presidency. The results +of the election were astounding as compared with the Free-soil failure +of the preceding election. Prominent men like Longfellow, Washington +Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and George William +Curtis went over to the new party and 1,341,264 votes were rolled up for +"free labor, free speech, free men, free Kansas, and Fremont." +Nevertheless the victory of the Democrats was decisive. Their candidate, +James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, was elected by a majority of 174 to 114 +electoral votes. + +[Illustration: SLAVE AND FREE SOIL ON EVE OF CIVIL WAR] + +=The Dred Scott Decision (1857).=--In his inaugural, Buchanan vaguely +hinted that in a forthcoming decision the Supreme Court would settle one +of the vital questions of the day. This was a reference to the Dred +Scott case then pending. Scott was a slave who had been taken by his +master into the upper Louisiana territory, where freedom had been +established by the Missouri Compromise, and then carried back into his +old state of Missouri. He brought suit for his liberty on the ground +that his residence in the free territory made him free. This raised the +question whether the law of Congress prohibiting slavery north of 36 o +30' was authorized by the federal Constitution or not. The Court might +have avoided answering it by saying that even though Scott was free in +the territory, he became a slave again in Missouri by virtue of the law +of that state. The Court, however, faced the issue squarely. It held +that Scott had not been free anywhere and that, besides, the Missouri +Compromise violated the Constitution and was null and void. + +The decision was a triumph for the South. It meant that Congress after +all had no power to abolish slavery in the territories. Under the decree +of the highest court in the land, that could be done only by an +amendment to the Constitution which required a two-thirds vote in +Congress and the approval of three-fourths of the states. Such an +amendment was obviously impossible--the Southern states were too +numerous; but the Republicans were not daunted. "We know," said Lincoln, +"the Court that made it has often overruled its own decisions and we +shall do what we can to have it overrule this." Legislatures of Northern +states passed resolutions condemning the decision and the Republican +platform of 1860 characterized the dogma that the Constitution carried +slavery into the territories as "a dangerous political heresy at +variance with the explicit provisions of that instrument itself ... with +legislative and judicial precedent ... revolutionary in tendency and +subversive of the peace and harmony of the country." + +=The Panic of 1857.=--In the midst of the acrimonious dispute over the +Dred Scott decision, came one of the worst business panics which ever +afflicted the country. In the spring and summer of 1857, fourteen +railroad corporations, including the Erie, Michigan Central, and the +Illinois Central, failed to meet their obligations; banks and insurance +companies, some of them the largest and strongest institutions in the +North, closed their doors; stocks and bonds came down in a crash on the +markets; manufacturing was paralyzed; tens of thousands of working +people were thrown out of employment; "hunger meetings" of idle men were +held in the cities and banners bearing the inscription, "We want +bread," were flung out. In New York, working men threatened to invade +the Council Chamber to demand "work or bread," and the frightened mayor +called for the police and soldiers. For this distressing state of +affairs many remedies were offered; none with more zeal and persistence +than the proposal for a higher tariff to take the place of the law of +March, 1857, a Democratic measure making drastic reductions in the rates +of duty. In the manufacturing districts of the North, the panic was +ascribed to the "Democratic assault on business." So an old issue was +again vigorously advanced, preparatory to the next presidential +campaign. + +=The Lincoln-Douglas Debates.=--The following year the interest of the +whole country was drawn to a series of debates held in Illinois by +Lincoln and Douglas, both candidates for the United States Senate. In +the course of his campaign Lincoln had uttered his trenchant saying that +"a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government +cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." At the same time he +had accused Douglas, Buchanan, and the Supreme Court of acting in +concert to make slavery national. This daring statement arrested the +attention of Douglas, who was making his campaign on the doctrine of +"squatter sovereignty;" that is, the right of the people of each +territory "to vote slavery up or down." After a few long-distance shots +at each other, the candidates agreed to meet face to face and discuss +the issues of the day. Never had such crowds been seen at political +meetings in Illinois. Farmers deserted their plows, smiths their forges, +and housewives their baking to hear "Honest Abe" and "the Little Giant." + +The results of the series of debates were momentous. Lincoln clearly +defined his position. The South, he admitted, was entitled under the +Constitution to a fair, fugitive slave law. He hoped that there might be +no new slave states; but he did not see how Congress could exclude the +people of a territory from admission as a state if they saw fit to adopt +a constitution legalizing the ownership of slaves. He favored the +gradual abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia and the total +exclusion of it from the territories of the United States by act of +Congress. + +Moreover, he drove Douglas into a hole by asking how he squared +"squatter sovereignty" with the Dred Scott decision; how, in other +words, the people of a territory could abolish slavery when the Court +had declared that Congress, the superior power, could not do it under +the Constitution? To this baffling question Douglas lamely replied that +the inhabitants of a territory, by "unfriendly legislation," might make +property in slaves insecure and thus destroy the institution. This +answer to Lincoln's query alienated many Southern Democrats who believed +that the Dred Scott decision settled the question of slavery in the +territories for all time. Douglas won the election to the Senate; but +Lincoln, lifted into national fame by the debates, beat him in the +campaign for President two years later. + +=John Brown's Raid.=--To the abolitionists the line of argument pursued +by Lincoln, including his proposal to leave slavery untouched in the +states where it existed, was wholly unsatisfactory. One of them, a grim +and resolute man, inflamed by a hatred for slavery in itself, turned +from agitation to violence. "These men are all talk; what is needed is +action--action!" So spoke John Brown of New York. During the sanguinary +struggle in Kansas he hurried to the frontier, gun and dagger in hand, +to help drive slave owners from the free soil of the West. There he +committed deeds of such daring and cruelty that he was outlawed and a +price put upon his head. Still he kept on the path of "action." Aided by +funds from Northern friends, he gathered a small band of his followers +around him, saying to them: "If God be for us, who can be against us?" +He went into Virginia in the autumn of 1859, hoping, as he explained, +"to effect a mighty conquest even though it be like the last victory of +Samson." He seized the government armory at Harper's Ferry, declared +free the slaves whom he found, and called upon them to take up arms in +defense of their liberty. His was a hope as forlorn as it was desperate. +Armed forces came down upon him and, after a hard battle, captured him. +Tried for treason, Brown was condemned to death. The governor of +Virginia turned a deaf ear to pleas for clemency based on the ground +that the prisoner was simply a lunatic. "This is a beautiful country," +said the stern old Brown glancing upward to the eternal hills on his way +to the gallows, as calmly as if he were returning home from a long +journey. "So perish all such enemies of Virginia. All such enemies of +the Union. All such foes of the human race," solemnly announced the +executioner as he fulfilled the judgment of the law. + +The raid and its grim ending deeply moved the country. Abolitionists +looked upon Brown as a martyr and tolled funeral bells on the day of his +execution. Longfellow wrote in his diary: "This will be a great day in +our history; the date of a new revolution as much needed as the old +one." Jefferson Davis saw in the affair "the invasion of a state by a +murderous gang of abolitionists bent on inciting slaves to murder +helpless women and children"--a crime for which the leader had met a +felon's death. Lincoln spoke of the raid as absurd, the deed of an +enthusiast who had brooded over the oppression of a people until he +fancied himself commissioned by heaven to liberate them--an attempt +which ended in "little else than his own execution." To Republican +leaders as a whole, the event was very embarrassing. They were taunted +by the Democrats with responsibility for the deed. Douglas declared his +"firm and deliberate conviction that the Harper's Ferry crime was the +natural, logical, inevitable result of the doctrines and teachings of +the Republican party." So persistent were such attacks that the +Republicans felt called upon in 1860 to denounce Brown's raid "as among +the gravest of crimes." + +=The Democrats Divided.=--When the Democratic convention met at +Charleston in the spring of 1860, a few months after Brown's execution, +it soon became clear that there was danger ahead. Between the extreme +slavery advocates of the Far South and the so-called pro-slavery +Democrats of the Douglas type, there was a chasm which no appeals to +party loyalty could bridge. As the spokesman of the West, Douglas knew +that, while the North was not abolitionist, it was passionately set +against an extension of slavery into the territories by act of Congress; +that squatter sovereignty was the mildest kind of compromise acceptable +to the farmers whose votes would determine the fate of the election. +Southern leaders would not accept his opinion. Yancey, speaking for +Alabama, refused to palter with any plan not built on the proposition +that slavery was in itself right. He taunted the Northern Democrats with +taking the view that slavery was wrong, but that they could not do +anything about it. That, he said, was the fatal error--the cause of all +discord, the source of "Black Republicanism," as well as squatter +sovereignty. The gauntlet was thus thrown down at the feet of the +Northern delegates: "You must not apologize for slavery; you must +declare it right; you must advocate its extension." The challenge, so +bluntly put, was as bluntly answered. "Gentlemen of the South," +responded a delegate from Ohio, "you mistake us. You mistake us. We will +not do it." + +For ten days the Charleston convention wrangled over the platform and +balloted for the nomination of a candidate. Douglas, though in the lead, +could not get the two-thirds vote required for victory. For more than +fifty times the roll of the convention was called without a decision. +Then in sheer desperation the convention adjourned to meet later at +Baltimore. When the delegates again assembled, their passions ran as +high as ever. The division into two irreconcilable factions was +unchanged. Uncompromising delegates from the South withdrew to Richmond, +nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky for President, and put forth +a platform asserting the rights of slave owners in the territories and +the duty of the federal government to protect them. The delegates who +remained at Baltimore nominated Douglas and endorsed his doctrine of +squatter sovereignty. + +=The Constitutional Union Party.=--While the Democratic party was being +disrupted, a fragment of the former Whig party, known as the +Constitutional Unionists, held a convention at Baltimore and selected +national candidates: John Bell from Tennessee and Edward Everett from +Massachusetts. A melancholy interest attached to this assembly. It was +mainly composed of old men whose political views were those of Clay and +Webster, cherished leaders now dead and gone. In their platform they +sought to exorcise the evil spirit of partisanship by inviting their +fellow citizens to "support the Constitution of the country, the union +of the states, and the enforcement of the laws." The party that +campaigned on this grand sentiment only drew laughter from the Democrats +and derision from the Republicans and polled less than one-fourth the +votes. + +=The Republican Convention.=--With the Whigs definitely forced into a +separate group, the Republican convention at Chicago was fated to be +sectional in character, although five slave states did send delegates. +As the Democrats were split, the party that had led a forlorn hope four +years before was on the high road to success at last. New and powerful +recruits were found. The advocates of a high protective tariff and the +friends of free homesteads for farmers and workingmen mingled with +enthusiastic foes of slavery. While still firm in their opposition to +slavery in the territories, the Republicans went on record in favor of a +homestead law granting free lands to settlers and approved customs +duties designed "to encourage the development of the industrial +interests of the whole country." The platform was greeted with cheers +which, according to the stenographic report of the convention, became +loud and prolonged as the protective tariff and homestead planks were +read. + +Having skillfully drawn a platform to unite the North in opposition to +slavery and the planting system, the Republicans were also adroit in +their selection of a candidate. The tariff plank might carry +Pennsylvania, a Democratic state; but Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were +equally essential to success at the polls. The southern counties of +these states were filled with settlers from Virginia, North Carolina, +and Kentucky who, even if they had no love for slavery, were no friends +of abolition. Moreover, remembering the old fight on the United States +Bank in Andrew Jackson's day, they were suspicious of men from the East. +Accordingly, they did not favor the candidacy of Seward, the leading +Republican statesman and "favorite son" of New York. + +After much trading and discussing, the convention came to the conclusion +that Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the most "available" candidate. He +was of Southern origin, born in Kentucky in 1809, a fact that told +heavily in the campaign in the Ohio Valley. He was a man of the soil, +the son of poor frontier parents, a pioneer who in his youth had labored +in the fields and forests, celebrated far and wide as "honest Abe, the +rail-splitter." It was well-known that he disliked slavery, but was no +abolitionist. He had come dangerously near to Seward's radicalism in his +"house-divided-against-itself" speech but he had never committed himself +to the reckless doctrine that there was a "higher law" than the +Constitution. Slavery in the South he tolerated as a bitter fact; +slavery in the territories he opposed with all his strength. Of his +sincerity there could be no doubt. He was a speaker and writer of +singular power, commanding, by the use of simple and homely language, +the hearts and minds of those who heard him speak or read his printed +words. He had gone far enough in his opposition to slavery; but not too +far. He was the man of the hour! Amid lusty cheers from ten thousand +throats, Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by the Republicans. In +the ensuing election, he carried all the free states except New Jersey. + + +=References= + +P.E. Chadwick, _Causes of the Civil War_ (American Nation Series). + +W.E. Dodd, _Statesmen of the Old South_. + +E. Engle, _Southern Sidelights_ (Sympathetic account of the Old South). + +A.B. Hart, _Slavery and Abolition_ (American Nation Series). + +J.F. Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vols. I and II. + +T.C. Smith, _Parties and Slavery_ (American Nation Series). + + +=Questions= + +1. Trace the decline of slavery in the North and explain it. + +2. Describe the character of early opposition to slavery. + +3. What was the effect of abolition agitation? + +4. Why did anti-slavery sentiment practically disappear in the South? + +5. On what grounds did Calhoun defend slavery? + +6. Explain how slave owners became powerful in politics. + +7. Why was it impossible to keep the slavery issue out of national +politics? + +8. Give the leading steps in the long controversy over slavery in the +territories. + +9. State the terms of the Compromise of 1850 and explain its failure. + +10. What were the startling events between 1850 and 1860? + +11. Account for the rise of the Republican party. What party had used +the title before? + +12. How did the Dred Scott decision become a political issue? + +13. What were some of the points brought out in the Lincoln-Douglas +debates? + +14. Describe the party division in 1860. + +15. What were the main planks in the Republican platform? + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Extension of Cotton Planting.=--Callender, _Economic History of the +United States_, pp. 760-768. + +=Abolition Agitation.=--McMaster, _History of the People of the United +States_, Vol. VI, pp. 271-298. + +=Calhoun's Defense of Slavery.=--Harding, _Select Orations Illustrating +American History_, pp. 247-257. + +=The Compromise of 1850.=--Clay's speech in Harding, _Select Orations_, +pp. 267-289. The compromise laws in Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book +of American History_, pp. 383-394. Narrative account in McMaster, Vol. +VIII, pp. 1-55; Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. 540-548. + +=The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise.=--McMaster, Vol. VIII, pp. +192-231; Elson, pp. 571-582. + +=The Dred Scott Case.=--McMaster, Vol. VIII, pp. 278-282. Compare the +opinion of Taney and the dissent of Curtis in Macdonald, _Documentary +Source Book_, pp. 405-420; Elson, pp. 595-598. + +=The Lincoln-Douglas Debates.=--Analysis of original speeches in +Harding, _Select Orations_ pp. 309-341; Elson, pp. 598-604. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Calhoun, Clay, Webster, A.H. Stephens, Douglas, +W.H. Seward, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Harriet +Beecher Stowe. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION + + +"The irrepressible conflict is about to be visited upon us through the +Black Republican nominee and his fanatical, diabolical Republican +party," ran an appeal to the voters of South Carolina during the +campaign of 1860. If that calamity comes to pass, responded the governor +of the state, the answer should be a declaration of independence. In a +few days the suspense was over. The news of Lincoln's election came +speeding along the wires. Prepared for the event, the editor of the +Charleston _Mercury_ unfurled the flag of his state amid wild cheers +from an excited throng in the streets. Then he seized his pen and wrote: +"The tea has been thrown overboard; the revolution of 1860 has been +initiated." The issue was submitted to the voters in the choice of +delegates to a state convention called to cast off the yoke of the +Constitution. + + +THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY + +=Secession.=--As arranged, the convention of South Carolina assembled in +December and without a dissenting voice passed the ordinance of +secession withdrawing from the union. Bells were rung exultantly, the +roar of cannon carried the news to outlying counties, fireworks lighted +up the heavens, and champagne flowed. The crisis so long expected had +come at last; even the conservatives who had prayed that they might +escape the dreadful crash greeted it with a sigh of relief. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES IN 1861 + +The border states (in purple) remained loyal.] + +South Carolina now sent forth an appeal to her sister states--states +that had in Jackson's day repudiated nullification as leading to "the +dissolution of the union." The answer that came this time was in a +different vein. A month had hardly elapsed before five other +states--Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana--had +withdrawn from the union. In February, Texas followed. Virginia, +hesitating until the bombardment of Fort Sumter forced a conclusion, +seceded in April; but fifty-five of the one hundred and forty-three +delegates dissented, foreshadowing the creation of the new state of West +Virginia which Congress admitted to the union in 1863. In May, North +Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee announced their independence. + +=Secession and the Theories of the Union.=--In severing their relations +with the union, the seceding states denied every point in the Northern +theory of the Constitution. That theory, as every one knows, was +carefully formulated by Webster and elaborated by Lincoln. According to +it, the union was older than the states; it was created before the +Declaration of Independence for the purpose of common defense. The +Articles of Confederation did but strengthen this national bond and the +Constitution sealed it forever. The federal government was not a +creature of state governments. It was erected by the people and derived +its powers directly from them. "It is," said Webster, "the people's +Constitution, the people's government; made for the people; made by the +people; and answerable to the people. The people of the United States +have declared that this Constitution shall be the supreme law." When a +state questions the lawfulness of any act of the federal government, it +cannot nullify that act or withdraw from the union; it must abide by the +decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. The union of these +states is perpetual, ran Lincoln's simple argument in the first +inaugural; the federal Constitution has no provision for its own +termination; it can be destroyed only by some action not provided for in +the instrument itself; even if it is a compact among all the states the +consent of all must be necessary to its dissolution; therefore no state +can lawfully get out of the union and acts of violence against the +United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary. This was the system +which he believed himself bound to defend by his oath of office +"registered in heaven." + +All this reasoning Southern statesmen utterly rejected. In their opinion +the thirteen original states won their independence as separate and +sovereign powers. The treaty of peace with Great Britain named them all +and acknowledged them "to be free, sovereign, and independent states." +The Articles of Confederation very explicitly declared that "each state +retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The Constitution +was a "league of nations" formed by an alliance of thirteen separate +powers, each one of which ratified the instrument before it was put into +effect. They voluntarily entered the union under the Constitution and +voluntarily they could leave it. Such was the constitutional doctrine of +Hayne, Calhoun, and Jefferson Davis. In seceding, the Southern states +had only to follow legal methods, and the transaction would be correct +in every particular. So conventions were summoned, elections were held, +and "sovereign assemblies of the people" set aside the Constitution in +the same manner as it had been ratified nearly four score years before. +Thus, said the Southern people, the moral judgment was fulfilled and the +letter of the law carried into effect. + +[Illustration: JEFFERSON DAVIS] + +=The Formation of the Confederacy.=--Acting on the call of Mississippi, +a congress of delegates from the seceded states met at Montgomery, +Alabama, and on February 8, 1861, adopted a temporary plan of union. It +selected, as provisional president, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, a +man well fitted by experience and moderation for leadership, a graduate +of West Point, who had rendered distinguished service on the field of +battle in the Mexican War, in public office, and as a member of +Congress. + +In March, a permanent constitution of the Confederate states was +drafted. It was quickly ratified by the states; elections were held in +November; and the government under it went into effect the next year. +This new constitution, in form, was very much like the famous instrument +drafted at Philadelphia in 1787. It provided for a President, a Senate, +and a House of Representatives along almost identical lines. In the +powers conferred upon them, however, there were striking differences. +The right to appropriate money for internal improvements was expressly +withheld; bounties were not to be granted from the treasury nor import +duties so laid as to promote or foster any branch of industry. The +dignity of the state, if any might be bold enough to question it, was +safeguarded in the opening line by the declaration that each acted "in +its sovereign and independent character" in forming the Southern union. + +=Financing the Confederacy.=--No government ever set out upon its career +with more perplexing tasks in front of it. The North had a monetary +system; the South had to create one. The North had a scheme of taxation +that produced large revenues from numerous sources; the South had to +formulate and carry out a financial plan. Like the North, the +Confederacy expected to secure a large revenue from customs duties, +easily collected and little felt among the masses. To this expectation +the blockade of Southern ports inaugurated by Lincoln in April, 1861, +soon put an end. Following the precedent set by Congress under the +Articles of Confederation, the Southern Congress resorted to a direct +property tax apportioned among the states, only to meet the failure that +might have been foretold. + +The Confederacy also sold bonds, the first issue bringing into the +treasury nearly all the specie available in the Southern banks. This +specie by unhappy management was early sent abroad to pay for supplies, +sapping the foundations of a sound currency system. Large amounts of +bonds were sold overseas, commanding at first better terms than those +of the North in the markets of London, Paris, and Amsterdam, many an +English lord and statesman buying with enthusiasm and confidence to +lament within a few years the proofs of his folly. The difficulties of +bringing through the blockade any supplies purchased by foreign bond +issues, however, nullified the effect of foreign credit and forced the +Confederacy back upon the device of paper money. In all approximately +one billion dollars streamed from the printing presses, to fall in value +at an alarming rate, reaching in January, 1863, the astounding figure of +fifty dollars in paper money for one in gold. Every known device was +used to prevent its depreciation, without result. To the issues of the +Confederate Congress were added untold millions poured out by the states +and by private banks. + +=Human and Material Resources.=--When we measure strength for strength +in those signs of power--men, money, and supplies--it is difficult to +see how the South was able to embark on secession and war with such +confidence in the outcome. In the Confederacy at the final reckoning +there were eleven states in all, to be pitted against twenty-two; a +population of nine millions, nearly one-half servile, to be pitted +against twenty-two millions; a land without great industries to produce +war supplies and without vast capital to furnish war finances, joined in +battle with a nation already industrial and fortified by property worth +eleven billion dollars. Even after the Confederate Congress authorized +conscription in 1862, Southern man power, measured in numbers, was +wholly inadequate to uphold the independence which had been declared. +How, therefore, could the Confederacy hope to sustain itself against + +such a combination of men, money, and materials as the North could +marshal? + +=Southern Expectations.=--The answer to this question is to be found in +the ideas that prevailed among Southern leaders. First of all, they +hoped, in vain, to carry the Confederacy up to the Ohio River; and, with +the aid of Missouri, to gain possession of the Mississippi Valley, the +granary of the nation. In the second place, they reckoned upon a large +and continuous trade with Great Britain--the exchange of cotton for war +materials. They likewise expected to receive recognition and open aid +from European powers that looked with satisfaction upon the breakup of +the great American republic. In the third place, they believed that +their control over several staples so essential to Northern industry +would enable them to bring on an industrial crisis in the manufacturing +states. "I firmly believe," wrote Senator Hammond, of South Carolina, in +1860, "that the slave-holding South is now the controlling power of the +world; that no other power would face us in hostility. Cotton, rice, +tobacco, and naval stores command the world; and we have the sense to +know it and are sufficiently Teutonic to carry it out successfully. The +North without us would be a motherless calf, bleating about, and die of +mange and starvation." + +There were other grounds for confidence. Having seized all of the +federal military and naval supplies in the South, and having left the +national government weak in armed power during their possession of the +presidency, Southern leaders looked to a swift war, if it came at all, +to put the finishing stroke to independence. "The greasy mechanics of +the North," it was repeatedly said, "will not fight." As to disparity in +numbers they drew historic parallels. "Our fathers, a mere handful, +overcame the enormous power of Great Britain," a saying of ex-President +Tyler, ran current to reassure the doubtful. Finally, and this point +cannot be too strongly emphasized, the South expected to see a weakened +and divided North. It knew that the abolitionists and the Southern +sympathizers were ready to let the Confederate states go in peace; that +Lincoln represented only a little more than one-third the voters of the +country; and that the vote for Douglas, Bell, and Breckinridge meant a +decided opposition to the Republicans and their policies. + +=Efforts at Compromise.=--Republican leaders, on reviewing the same +facts, were themselves uncertain as to the outcome of a civil war and +made many efforts to avoid a crisis. Thurlow Weed, an Albany journalist +and politician who had done much to carry New York for Lincoln, proposed +a plan for extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. +Jefferson Davis, warning his followers that a war if it came would be +terrible, was prepared to accept the offer; but Lincoln, remembering his +campaign pledges, stood firm as a rock against it. His followers in +Congress took the same position with regard to a similar settlement +suggested by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky. + +Though unwilling to surrender his solemn promises respecting slavery in +the territories, Lincoln was prepared to give to Southern leaders a +strong guarantee that his administration would not interfere directly or +indirectly with slavery in the states. Anxious to reassure the South on +this point, the Republicans in Congress proposed to write into the +Constitution a declaration that no amendment should ever be made +authorizing the abolition of or interference with slavery in any state. +The resolution, duly passed, was sent forth on March 4, 1861, with the +approval of Lincoln; it was actually ratified by three states before the +storm of war destroyed it. By the irony of fate the thirteenth amendment +was to abolish, not guarantee, slavery. + + +THE WAR MEASURES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT + +=Raising the Armies.=--The crisis at Fort Sumter, on April 12-14, 1861, +forced the President and Congress to turn from negotiations to problems +of warfare. Little did they realize the magnitude of the task before +them. Lincoln's first call for volunteers, issued on April 15, 1861, +limited the number to 75,000, put their term of service at three months, +and prescribed their duty as the enforcement of the law against +combinations too powerful to be overcome by ordinary judicial process. +Disillusionment swiftly followed. The terrible defeat of the Federals at +Bull Run on July 21 revealed the serious character of the task before +them; and by a series of measures Congress put the entire man power of +the country at the President's command. Under these acts, he issued new +calls for volunteers. Early in August, 1862, he ordered a draft of +militiamen numbering 300,000 for nine months' service. The results were +disappointing--ominous--for only about 87,000 soldiers were added to the +army. Something more drastic was clearly necessary. + +In March, 1863, Lincoln signed the inevitable draft law; it enrolled in +the national forces liable to military duty all able-bodied male +citizens and persons of foreign birth who had declared their intention +to become citizens, between the ages of twenty and forty-five +years--with exemptions on grounds of physical weakness and dependency. +From the men enrolled were drawn by lot those destined to active +service. Unhappily the measure struck a mortal blow at the principle of +universal liability by excusing any person who found a substitute for +himself or paid into the war office a sum, not exceeding three hundred +dollars, to be fixed by general order. This provision, so crass and so +obviously favoring the well-to-do, sowed seeds of bitterness which +sprang up a hundredfold in the North. + +[Illustration: THE DRAFT RIOTS IN NEW YORK CITY] + +The beginning of the drawings under the draft act in New York City, on +Monday, July 13, 1863, was the signal for four days of rioting. In the +course of this uprising, draft headquarters were destroyed; the office +of the _Tribune_ was gutted; negroes were seized, hanged, and shot; the +homes of obnoxious Unionists were burned down; the residence of the +mayor of the city was attacked; and regular battles were fought in the +streets between the rioters and the police. Business stopped and a large +part of the city passed absolutely into the control of the mob. Not +until late the following Wednesday did enough troops arrive to restore +order and enable the residents of the city to resume their daily +activities. At least a thousand people had been killed or wounded and +more than a million dollars' worth of damage done to property. The draft +temporarily interrupted by this outbreak was then resumed and carried +out without further trouble. + +The results of the draft were in the end distinctly disappointing to the +government. The exemptions were numerous and the number who preferred +and were able to pay $300 rather than serve exceeded all expectations. +Volunteering, it is true, was stimulated, but even that resource could +hardly keep the thinning ranks of the army filled. With reluctance +Congress struck out the $300 exemption clause, but still favored the +well-to-do by allowing them to hire substitutes if they could find them. +With all this power in its hands the administration was able by January, +1865, to construct a union army that outnumbered the Confederates two to +one. + +=War Finance.=--In the financial sphere the North faced immense +difficulties. The surplus in the treasury had been dissipated by 1861 +and the tariff of 1857 had failed to produce an income sufficient to +meet the ordinary expenses of the government. Confronted by military and +naval expenditures of appalling magnitude, rising from $35,000,000 in +the first year of the war to $1,153,000,000 in the last year, the +administration had to tap every available source of income. The duties +on imports were increased, not once but many times, producing huge +revenues and also meeting the most extravagant demands of the +manufacturers for protection. Direct taxes were imposed on the states +according to their respective populations, but the returns were +meager--all out of proportion to the irritation involved. Stamp taxes +and taxes on luxuries, occupations, and the earnings of corporations +were laid with a weight that, in ordinary times, would have drawn forth +opposition of ominous strength. The whole gamut of taxation was run. +Even a tax on incomes and gains by the year, the first in the history of +the federal government, was included in the long list. + +Revenues were supplemented by bond issues, mounting in size and interest +rate, until in October, at the end of the war, the debt stood at +$2,208,000,000. The total cost of the war was many times the money value +of all the slaves in the Southern states. To the debt must be added +nearly half a billion dollars in "greenbacks"--paper money issued by +Congress in desperation as bond sales and revenues from taxes failed to +meet the rising expenditures. This currency issued at par on +questionable warrant from the Constitution, like all such paper, quickly +began to decline until in the worst fortunes of 1864 one dollar in gold +was worth nearly three in greenbacks. + +=The Blockade of Southern Ports.=--Four days after his call for +volunteers, April 19, 1861, President Lincoln issued a proclamation +blockading the ports of the Southern Confederacy. Later the blockade was +extended to Virginia and North Carolina, as they withdrew from the +union. Vessels attempting to enter or leave these ports, if they +disregarded the warnings of a blockading ship, were to be captured and +brought as prizes to the nearest convenient port. To make the order +effective, immediate steps were taken to increase the naval forces, +depleted by neglect, until the entire coast line was patrolled with such +a number of ships that it was a rare captain who ventured to run the +gantlet. The collision between the _Merrimac_ and the _Monitor_ in +March, 1862, sealed the fate of the Confederacy. The exploits of the +union navy are recorded in the falling export of cotton: $202,000,000 in +1860; $42,000,000 in 1861; and $4,000,000 in 1862. + +The deadly effect of this paralysis of trade upon Southern war power may +be readily imagined. Foreign loans, payable in cotton, could be +negotiated but not paid off. Supplies could be purchased on credit but +not brought through the drag net. With extreme difficulty could the +Confederate government secure even paper for the issue of money and +bonds. Publishers, in despair at the loss of supplies, were finally +driven to the use of brown wrapping paper and wall paper. As the +railways and rolling stock wore out, it became impossible to renew them +from England or France. Unable to export their cotton, planters on the +seaboard burned it in what were called "fires of patriotism." In their +lurid light the fatal weakness of Southern economy stood revealed. + +[Illustration: A BLOCKADE RUNNER] + +=Diplomacy.=--The war had not advanced far before the federal government +became involved in many perplexing problems of diplomacy in Europe. The +Confederacy early turned to England and France for financial aid and for +recognition as an independent power. Davis believed that the industrial +crisis created by the cotton blockade would in time literally compel +Europe to intervene in order to get this essential staple. The crisis +came as he expected but not the result. Thousands of English textile +workers were thrown out of employment; and yet, while on the point of +starvation, they adopted resolutions favoring the North instead of +petitioning their government to aid the South by breaking the blockade. + +With the ruling classes it was far otherwise. Napoleon III, the Emperor +of the French, was eager to help in disrupting the American republic; if +he could have won England's support, he would have carried out his +designs. As it turned out he found plenty of sympathy across the Channel +but not open and official cooperation. According to the eminent +historian, Rhodes, "four-fifths of the British House of Lords and most +members of the House of Commons were favorable to the Confederacy and +anxious for its triumph." Late in 1862 the British ministers, thus +sustained, were on the point of recognizing the independence of the +Confederacy. Had it not been for their extreme caution, for the constant +and harassing criticism by English friends of the United States--like +John Bright--and for the victories of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, both + +England and France would have doubtless declared the Confederacy to be +one of the independent powers of the earth. + +[Illustration: JOHN BRIGHT] + +While stopping short of recognizing its independence, England and France +took several steps that were in favor of the South. In proclaiming +neutrality, they early accepted the Confederates as "belligerents" and +accorded them the rights of people at war--a measure which aroused anger +in the North at first but was later admitted to be sound. Otherwise +Confederates taken in battle would have been regarded as "rebels" or +"traitors" to be hanged or shot. Napoleon III proposed to Russia in 1861 +a coalition of powers against the North, only to meet a firm refusal. +The next year he suggested intervention to Great Britain, encountering +this time a conditional rejection of his plans. In 1863, not daunted by +rebuffs, he offered his services to Lincoln as a mediator, receiving in +reply a polite letter declining his proposal and a sharp resolution from +Congress suggesting that he attend to his own affairs. + +In both England and France the governments pursued a policy of +friendliness to the Confederate agents. The British ministry, with +indifference if not connivance, permitted rams and ships to be built in +British docks and allowed them to escape to play havoc under the +Confederate flag with American commerce. One of them, the _Alabama_, +built in Liverpool by a British firm and paid for by bonds sold in +England, ran an extraordinary career and threatened to break the +blockade. The course followed by the British government, against the +protests of the American minister in London, was later regretted. By an +award of a tribunal of arbitration at Geneva in 1872, Great Britain was +required to pay the huge sum of $15,500,000 to cover the damages wrought +by Confederate cruisers fitted out in England. + +[Illustration: WILLIAM H. SEWARD] + +In all fairness it should be said that the conduct of the North +contributed to the irritation between the two countries. Seward, the +Secretary of State, was vindictive in dealing with Great Britain; had it +not been for the moderation of Lincoln, he would have pursued a course +verging in the direction of open war. The New York and Boston papers +were severe in their attacks on England. Words were, on one occasion at +least, accompanied by an act savoring of open hostility. In November, +1861, Captain Wilkes, commanding a union vessel, overhauled the British +steamer _Trent_, and carried off by force two Confederate agents, Mason +and Slidell, sent by President Davis to represent the Confederacy at +London and Paris respectively. This was a clear violation of the right +of merchant vessels to be immune from search and impressment; and, in +answer to the demand of Great Britain for the release of the two men, +the United States conceded that it was in the wrong. It surrendered the +two Confederate agents to a British vessel for safe conduct abroad, and +made appropriate apologies. + +=Emancipation.=--Among the extreme war measures adopted by the Northern +government must be counted the emancipation of the slaves in the states +in arms against the union. This step was early and repeatedly suggested +to Lincoln by the abolitionists; but was steadily put aside. He knew +that the abolitionists were a mere handful, that emancipation might +drive the border states into secession, and that the Northern soldiers +had enlisted to save the union. Moreover, he had before him a solemn +resolution passed by Congress on July 22, 1861, declaring the sole +purpose of the war to be the salvation of the union and disavowing any +intention of interfering with slavery. + +The federal government, though pledged to the preservation of slavery, +soon found itself beaten back upon its course and out upon a new tack. +Before a year had elapsed, namely on April 10, 1862, Congress resolved +that financial aid should be given to any state that might adopt gradual +emancipation. Six days later it abolished slavery in the District of +Columbia. Two short months elapsed. On June 19, 1862, it swept slavery +forever from the territories of the United States. Chief Justice Taney +still lived, the Dred Scott decision stood as written in the book, but +the Constitution had been re-read in the light of the Civil War. The +drift of public sentiment in the North was being revealed. + +While these measures were pending in Congress, Lincoln was slowly making +up his mind. By July of that year he had come to his great decision. +Near the end of that month he read to his cabinet the draft of a +proclamation of emancipation; but he laid it aside until a military +achievement would make it something more than an idle gesture. In +September, the severe check administered to Lee at Antietam seemed to +offer the golden opportunity. On the 22d, the immortal document was +given to the world announcing that, unless the states in arms returned +to the union by January 1, 1863, the fatal blow at their "peculiar +institution" would be delivered. Southern leaders treated it with slight +regard, and so on the date set the promise was fulfilled. The +proclamation was issued as a war measure, adopted by the President as +commander-in-chief of the armed forces, on grounds of military +necessity. It did not abolish slavery. It simply emancipated slaves in +places then in arms against federal authority. Everywhere else slavery, +as far as the Proclamation was concerned, remained lawful. + +[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN] + +To seal forever the proclamation of emancipation, and to extend freedom +to the whole country, Congress, in January, 1865, on the urgent +recommendation of Lincoln, transmitted to the states the thirteenth +amendment, abolishing slavery throughout the United States. By the end +of 1865 the amendment was ratified. The house was not divided against +itself; it did not fall; it was all free. + +=The Restraint of Civil Liberty.=--As in all great wars, particularly +those in the nature of a civil strife, it was found necessary to use +strong measures to sustain opinion favorable to the administration's +military policies and to frustrate the designs of those who sought to +hamper its action. Within two weeks of his first call for volunteers, +Lincoln empowered General Scott to suspend the writ of _habeas corpus_ +along the line of march between Philadelphia and Washington and thus to +arrest and hold without interference from civil courts any one whom he +deemed a menace to the union. At a later date the area thus ruled by +military officers was extended by executive proclamation. By an act of +March 3, 1863, Congress, desiring to lay all doubts about the +President's power, authorized him to suspend the writ throughout the +United States or in any part thereof. It also freed military officers +from the necessity of surrendering to civil courts persons arrested +under their orders, or even making answers to writs issued from such +courts. In the autumn of that year the President, acting under the terms +of this law, declared this ancient and honorable instrument for the +protection of civil liberties, the _habeas corpus_, suspended throughout +the length and breadth of the land. The power of the government was also +strengthened by an act defining and punishing certain conspiracies, +passed on July 31, 1861--a measure which imposed heavy penalties on +those who by force, intimidation, or threat interfered with the +execution of the law. + +Thus doubly armed, the military authorities spared no one suspected of +active sympathy with the Southern cause. Editors were arrested and +imprisoned, their papers suspended, and their newsboys locked up. Those +who organized "peace meetings" soon found themselves in the toils of the +law. Members of the Maryland legislature, the mayor of Baltimore, and +local editors suspected of entertaining secessionist opinions, were +imprisoned on military orders although charged with no offense, and were +denied the privilege of examination before a civil magistrate. A Vermont +farmer, too outspoken in his criticism of the government, found himself +behind the bars until the government, in its good pleasure, saw fit to +release him. These measures were not confined to the theater of war nor +to the border states where the spirit of secession was strong enough to +endanger the cause of union. They were applied all through the Northern +states up to the very boundaries of Canada. Zeal for the national cause, +too often supplemented by a zeal for persecution, spread terror among +those who wavered in the singleness of their devotion to the union. + +These drastic operations on the part of military authorities, so foreign +to the normal course of civilized life, naturally aroused intense and +bitter hostility. Meetings of protest were held throughout the country. +Thirty-six members of the House of Representatives sought to put on +record their condemnation of the suspension of the _habeas corpus_ act, +only to meet a firm denial by the supporters of the act. Chief Justice +Taney, before whom the case of a man arrested under the President's +military authority was brought, emphatically declared, in a long and +learned opinion bristling with historical examples, that the President +had no power to suspend the writ of _habeas corpus_. In Congress and +out, Democrats, abolitionists, and champions of civil liberty denounced +Lincoln and his Cabinet in unsparing terms. Vallandigham, a Democratic +leader of Ohio, afterward banished to the South for his opposition to +the war, constantly applied to Lincoln the epithet of "Caesar." Wendell +Phillips saw in him "a more unlimited despot than the world knows this +side of China." + +Sensitive to such stinging thrusts and no friend of wanton persecution, +Lincoln attempted to mitigate the rigors of the law by paroling many +political prisoners. The general policy, however, he defended in homely +language, very different in tone and meaning from the involved reasoning +of the lawyers. "Must I shoot a simple-minded soldier boy who deserts, +while I must not touch a hair of the wily agitator who induces him to +desert?" he asked in a quiet way of some spokesmen for those who +protested against arresting people for "talking against the war." This +summed up his philosophy. He was engaged in a war to save the union, and +all measures necessary and proper to accomplish that purpose were +warranted by the Constitution which he had sworn to uphold. + +=Military Strategy--North and South.=--The broad outlines of military +strategy followed by the commanders of the opposing forces are clear +even to the layman who cannot be expected to master the details of a +campaign or, for that matter, the maneuvers of a single great battle. +The problem for the South was one of defense mainly, though even for +defense swift and paralyzing strokes at the North were later deemed +imperative measures. The problem of the North was, to put it baldly, one +of invasion and conquest. Southern territory had to be invaded and +Southern armies beaten on their own ground or worn down to exhaustion +there. + +In the execution of this undertaking, geography, as usual, played a +significant part in the disposition of forces. The Appalachian ranges, +stretching through the Confederacy to Northern Alabama, divided the +campaigns into Eastern and Western enterprises. Both were of signal +importance. Victory in the East promised the capture of the Confederate +capital of Richmond, a stroke of moral worth, hardly to be +overestimated. Victory in the West meant severing the Confederacy and +opening the Mississippi Valley down to the Gulf. + +As it turned out, the Western forces accomplished their task first, +vindicating the military powers of union soldiers and shaking the +confidence of opposing commanders. In February, 1862, Grant captured +Fort Donelson on the Tennessee River, rallied wavering unionists in +Kentucky, forced the evacuation of Nashville, and opened the way for two +hundred miles into the Confederacy. At Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Vicksburg, +Chickamauga, Chattanooga, desperate fighting followed and, in spite of +varying fortunes, it resulted in the discomfiture and retirement of +Confederate forces to the Southeast into Georgia. By the middle of 1863, +the Mississippi Valley was open to the Gulf, the initiative taken out of +the hands of Southern commanders in the West, and the way prepared for +Sherman's final stroke--the march from Atlanta to the sea--a maneuver +executed with needless severity in the autumn of 1864. + +[Illustration: GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT] + +[Illustration: GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE] + +For the almost unbroken succession of achievements in the West by +Generals Grant, Sherman, Thomas, and Hooker against Albert Sidney +Johnston, Bragg, Pemberton, and Hood, the union forces in the East +offered at first an almost equally unbroken series of misfortunes and +disasters. Far from capturing Richmond, they had been thrown on the +defensive. General after general--McClellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker, and +Meade--was tried and found wanting. None of them could administer a +crushing defeat to the Confederate troops and more than once the union +soldiers were beaten in a fair battle. They did succeed, however, in +delivering a severe check to advancing Confederates under General Robert +E. Lee, first at Antietam in September, 1862, and then at Gettysburg in +July, 1863--checks reckoned as victories though in each instance the +Confederates escaped without demoralization. Not until the beginning of +the next year, when General Grant, supplied with almost unlimited men +and munitions, began his irresistible hammering at Lee's army, did the +final phase of the war commence. The pitiless drive told at last. +General Lee, on April 9, 1865, seeing the futility of further conflict, +surrendered an army still capable of hard fighting, at Appomattox, not +far from the capital of the Confederacy. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +THE FEDERAL MILITARY HOSPITAL AT GETTYSBURG] + +=Abraham Lincoln.=--The services of Lincoln to the cause of union defy +description. A judicial scrutiny of the war reveals his thought and +planning in every part of the varied activity that finally crowned +Northern arms with victory. Is it in the field of diplomacy? Does +Seward, the Secretary of State, propose harsh and caustic measures +likely to draw England's sword into the scale? Lincoln counsels +moderation. He takes the irritating message and with his own hand +strikes out, erases, tones down, and interlines, exchanging for words +that sting and burn the language of prudence and caution. Is it a matter +of compromise with the South, so often proposed by men on both sides +sick of carnage? Lincoln is always ready to listen and turns away only +when he is invited to surrender principles essential to the safety of +the union. Is it high strategy of war, a question of the general best +fitted to win Gettysburg--Hooker, Sedgwick, or Meade? Lincoln goes in +person to the War Department in the dead of night to take counsel with +his Secretary and to make the fateful choice. + +Is it a complaint from a citizen, deprived, as he believes, of his civil +liberties unjustly or in violation of the Constitution? Lincoln is ready +to hear it and anxious to afford relief, if warrant can be found for it. +Is a mother begging for the life of a son sentenced to be shot as a +deserter? Lincoln hears her petition, and grants it even against the +protests made by his generals in the name of military discipline. Do +politicians sow dissensions in the army and among civilians? Lincoln +grandly waves aside their petty personalities and invites them to think +of the greater cause. Is it a question of securing votes to ratify the +thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery? Lincoln thinks it not beneath +his dignity to traffic and huckster with politicians over the trifling +jobs asked in return by the members who hold out against him. Does a New +York newspaper call him an ignorant Western boor? Lincoln's reply is a +letter to a mother who has given her all--her sons on the field of +battle--and an address at Gettysburg, both of which will live as long as +the tongue in which they were written. These are tributes not only to +his mastery of the English language but also to his mastery of all those +sentiments of sweetness and strength which are the finest flowers of +culture. + +Throughout the entire span of service, however, Lincoln was beset by +merciless critics. The fiery apostles of abolition accused him of +cowardice when he delayed the bold stroke at slavery. Anti-war Democrats +lashed out at every step he took. Even in his own party he found no +peace. Charles Sumner complained: "Our President is now dictator, +_imperator_--whichever you like; but how vain to have the power of a +god and not to use it godlike." Leaders among the Republicans sought to +put him aside in 1864 and place Chase in his chair. "I hope we may never +have a worse man," was Lincoln's quiet answer. + +Wide were the dissensions in the North during that year and the +Republicans, while selecting Lincoln as their candidate again, cast off +their old name and chose the simple title of the "Union party." +Moreover, they selected a Southern man, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, to +be associated with him as candidate for Vice President. This combination +the Northern Democrats boldly confronted with a platform declaring that +"after four years of failure to restore the union by the experiment of +war, during which, under the pretence of military necessity or war power +higher than the Constitution, the Constitution itself has been +disregarded in every part and public liberty and private right alike +trodden down ... justice, humanity, liberty, and public welfare demand +that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, to the +end that peace may be restored on the basis of the federal union of the +states." It is true that the Democratic candidate, General McClellan, +sought to break the yoke imposed upon him by the platform, saying that +he could not look his old comrades in the face and pronounce their +efforts vain; but the party call to the nation to repudiate Lincoln and +his works had gone forth. The response came, giving Lincoln 2,200,000 +votes against 1,800,000 for his opponent. The bitter things said about +him during the campaign, he forgot and forgave. When in April, 1865, he +was struck down by the assassin's hand, he above all others in +Washington was planning measures of moderation and healing. + + +THE RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR + +There is a strong and natural tendency on the part of writers to stress +the dramatic and heroic aspects of war; but the long judgment of history +requires us to include all other significant phases as well. Like every +great armed conflict, the Civil War outran the purposes of those who +took part in it. Waged over the nature of the union, it made a +revolution in the union, changing public policies and constitutional +principles and giving a new direction to agriculture and industry. + +=The Supremacy of the Union.=--First and foremost, the war settled for +all time the long dispute as to the nature of the federal system. The +doctrine of state sovereignty was laid to rest. Men might still speak of +the rights of states and think of their commonwealths with affection, +but nullification and secession were destroyed. The nation was supreme. + +=The Destruction of the Slave Power.=--Next to the vindication of +national supremacy was the destruction of the planting aristocracy of +the South--that great power which had furnished leadership of undoubted +ability and had so long contested with the industrial and commercial +interests of the North. The first paralyzing blow at the planters was +struck by the abolition of slavery. The second and third came with the +fourteenth (1868) and fifteenth (1870) amendments, giving the ballot to +freedmen and excluding from public office the Confederate +leaders--driving from the work of reconstruction the finest talents of +the South. As if to add bitterness to gall and wormwood, the fourteenth +amendment forbade the United States or any state to pay any debts +incurred in aid of the Confederacy or in the emancipation of the +slaves--plunging into utter bankruptcy the Southern financiers who had +stripped their section of capital to support their cause. So the +Southern planters found themselves excluded from public office and ruled +over by their former bondmen under the tutelage of Republican leaders. +Their labor system was wrecked and their money and bonds were as +worthless as waste paper. The South was subject to the North. That which +neither the Federalists nor the Whigs had been able to accomplish in the +realm of statecraft was accomplished on the field of battle. + + +=The Triumph of Industry.=--The wreck of the planting system was +accompanied by a mighty upswing of Northern industry which made the old +Whigs of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania stare in wonderment. The demands +of the federal government for manufactured goods at unrestricted prices +gave a stimulus to business which more than replaced the lost markets of +the South. Between 1860 and 1870 the number of manufacturing +establishments increased 79.6 per cent as against 14.2 for the previous +decade; while the number of persons employed almost doubled. There was +no doubt about the future of American industry. + +=The Victory for the Protective Tariff.=--Moreover, it was henceforth to +be well protected. For many years before the war the friends of +protection had been on the defensive. The tariff act of 1857 imposed +duties so low as to presage a tariff for revenue only. The war changed +all that. The extraordinary military expenditures, requiring heavy taxes +on all sources, justified tariffs so high that a follower of Clay or +Webster might well have gasped with astonishment. After the war was over +the debt remained and both interest and principal had to be paid. +Protective arguments based on economic reasoning were supported by a +plain necessity for revenue which admitted no dispute. + +=A Liberal Immigration Policy.=--Linked with industry was the labor +supply. The problem of manning industries became a pressing matter, and +Republican leaders grappled with it. In the platform of the Union party +adopted in 1864 it was declared "that foreign immigration, which in the +past has added so much to the wealth, the development of resources, and +the increase of power to this nation--the asylum of the oppressed of all +nations--should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just +policy." In that very year Congress, recognizing the importance of the +problem, passed a measure of high significance, creating a bureau of +immigration, and authorizing a modified form of indentured labor, by +making it legal for immigrants to pledge their wages in advance to pay +their passage over. Though the bill was soon repealed, the practice +authorized by it was long continued. The cheapness of the passage +shortened the term of service; but the principle was older than the +days of William Penn. + +=The Homestead Act of 1862.=--In the immigration measure guaranteeing a +continuous and adequate labor supply, the manufacturers saw an offset to +the Homestead Act of 1862 granting free lands to settlers. The Homestead +law they had resisted in a long and bitter congressional battle. +Naturally, they had not taken kindly to a scheme which lured men away +from the factories or enabled them to make unlimited demands for higher +wages as the price of remaining. Southern planters likewise had feared +free homesteads for the very good reason that they only promised to add +to the overbalancing power of the North. + +In spite of the opposition, supporters of a liberal land policy made +steady gains. Free-soil Democrats,--Jacksonian farmers and +mechanics,--labor reformers, and political leaders, like Stephen A. +Douglas of Illinois and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, kept up the +agitation in season and out. More than once were they able to force a +homestead bill through the House of Representatives only to have it +blocked in the Senate where Southern interests were intrenched. Then, +after the Senate was won over, a Democratic President, James Buchanan, +vetoed the bill. Still the issue lived. The Republicans, strong among +the farmers of the Northwest, favored it from the beginning and pressed +it upon the attention of the country. Finally the manufacturers yielded; +they received their compensation in the contract labor law. In 1862 +Congress provided for the free distribution of land in 160-acre lots +among men and women of strong arms and willing hearts ready to build +their serried lines of homesteads to the Rockies and beyond. + +=Internal Improvements.=--If farmers and manufacturers were early +divided on the matter of free homesteads, the same could hardly be said +of internal improvements. The Western tiller of the soil was as eager +for some easy way of sending his produce to market as the manufacturer +was for the same means to transport his goods to the consumer on the +farm. While the Confederate leaders were writing into their +constitution a clause forbidding all appropriations for internal +improvements, the Republican leaders at Washington were planning such +expenditures from the treasury in the form of public land grants to +railways as would have dazed the authors of the national road bill half +a century earlier. + +=Sound Finance--National Banking.=--From Hamilton's day to Lincoln's, +business men in the East had contended for a sound system of national +currency. The experience of the states with paper money, painfully +impressive in the years before the framing of the Constitution, had been +convincing to those who understood the economy of business. The +Constitution, as we have seen, bore the signs of this experience. States +were forbidden to emit bills of credit: paper money, in short. This +provision stood clear in the document; but judicial ingenuity had +circumvented it in the age of Jacksonian Democracy. The states had +enacted and the Supreme Court, after the death of John Marshall, had +sustained laws chartering banking companies and authorizing them to +issue paper money. So the country was beset by the old curse, the banks +of Western and Southern states issuing reams of paper notes to help +borrowers pay their debts. + +In dealing with war finances, the Republicans attacked this ancient +evil. By act of Congress in 1864, they authorized a series of national +banks founded on the credit of government bonds and empowered to issue +notes. The next year they stopped all bank paper sent forth under the +authority of the states by means of a prohibitive tax. In this way, by +two measures Congress restored federal control over the monetary system +although it did not reestablish the United States Bank so hated by +Jacksonian Democracy. + +=Destruction of States' Rights by Fourteenth Amendment.=--These acts and +others not cited here were measures of centralization and consolidation +at the expense of the powers and dignity of the states. They were all of +high import, but the crowning act of nationalism was the fourteenth +amendment which, among other things, forbade states to "deprive any +person of life, liberty or property without due process of law." The +immediate occasion, though not the actual cause of this provision, was +the need for protecting the rights of freedmen against hostile +legislatures in the South. The result of the amendment, as was +prophesied in protests loud and long from every quarter of the +Democratic party, was the subjection of every act of state, municipal, +and county authorities to possible annulment by the Supreme Court at +Washington. The expected happened. + +Few negroes ever brought cases under the fourteenth amendment to the +attention of the courts; but thousands of state laws, municipal +ordinances, and acts of local authorities were set aside as null and +void under it. Laws of states regulating railway rates, fixing hours of +labor in bakeshops, and taxing corporations were in due time to be +annulled as conflicting with an amendment erroneously supposed to be +designed solely for the protection of negroes. As centralized power over +tariffs, railways, public lands, and other national concerns went to +Congress, so centralized power over the acts of state and local +authorities involving an infringement of personal and property rights +was conferred on the federal judiciary, the apex of which was the +Supreme Court at Washington. Thus the old federation of "independent +states," all equal in rights and dignity, each wearing the "jewel of +sovereignty" so celebrated in Southern oratory, had gone the way of all +flesh under the withering blasts of Civil War. + + +RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH + +=Theories about the Position of the Seceded States.=--On the morning of +April 9, 1865, when General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant, +eleven states stood in a peculiar relation to the union now declared +perpetual. Lawyers and political philosophers were much perturbed and +had been for some time as to what should be done with the members of the +former Confederacy. Radical Republicans held that they were "conquered +provinces" at the mercy of Congress, to be governed under such laws as +it saw fit to enact and until in its wisdom it decided to readmit any or +all of them to the union. Men of more conservative views held that, as +the war had been waged by the North on the theory that no state could +secede from the union, the Confederate states had merely attempted to +withdraw and had failed. The corollary of this latter line of argument +was simple: "The Southern states are still in the union and it is the +duty of the President, as commander-in-chief, to remove the federal +troops as soon as order is restored and the state governments ready to +function once more as usual." + +=Lincoln's Proposal.=--Some such simple and conservative form of +reconstruction had been suggested by Lincoln in a proclamation of +December 8, 1863. He proposed pardon and a restoration of property, +except in slaves, to nearly all who had "directly or by implication +participated in the existing rebellion," on condition that they take an +oath of loyalty to the union. He then announced that when, in any of the +states named, a body of voters, qualified under the law as it stood +before secession and equal in number to one-tenth the votes cast in +1860, took the oath of allegiance, they should be permitted to +reestablish a state government. Such a government, he added, should be +recognized as a lawful authority and entitled to protection under the +federal Constitution. With reference to the status of the former slaves +Lincoln made it clear that, while their freedom must be recognized, he +would not object to any legislation "which may yet be consistent as a +temporary arrangement with their present condition as a laboring, +landless, and homeless class." + +=Andrew Johnson's Plan--His Impeachment.=--Lincoln's successor, Andrew +Johnson, the Vice President, soon after taking office, proposed to +pursue a somewhat similar course. In a number of states he appointed +military governors, instructing them at the earliest possible moment to +assemble conventions, chosen "by that portion of the people of the said +states who are loyal to the United States," and proceed to the +organization of regular civil government. Johnson, a Southern man and a +Democrat, was immediately charged by the Republicans with being too +ready to restore the Southern states. As the months went by, the +opposition to his measures and policies in Congress grew in size and +bitterness. The contest resulted in the impeachment of Johnson by the +House of Representatives in March, 1868, and his acquittal by the Senate +merely because his opponents lacked one vote of the two-thirds required +for conviction. + +=Congress Enacts "Reconstruction Laws."=--In fact, Congress was in a +strategic position. It was the law-making body, and it could, moreover, +determine the conditions under which Senators and Representatives from +the South were to be readmitted. It therefore proceeded to pass a series +of reconstruction acts--carrying all of them over Johnson's veto. These +measures, the first of which became a law on March 2, 1867, betrayed an +animus not found anywhere in Lincoln's plans or Johnson's proclamations. + +They laid off the ten states--the whole Confederacy with the exception +of Tennessee--still outside the pale, into five military districts, each +commanded by a military officer appointed by the President. They ordered +the commanding general to prepare a register of voters for the election +of delegates to conventions chosen for the purpose of drafting new +constitutions. Such voters, however, were not to be, as Lincoln had +suggested, loyal persons duly qualified under the law existing before +secession but "the male citizens of said state, twenty-one years old and +upward, of whatever race, color, or previous condition, ... except such +as may be disfranchised for participation in the rebellion or for felony +at common law." This was the death knell to the idea that the leaders of +the Confederacy and their white supporters might be permitted to share +in the establishment of the new order. Power was thus arbitrarily thrust +into the hands of the newly emancipated male negroes and the handful of +whites who could show a record of loyalty. That was not all. Each state +was, under the reconstruction acts, compelled to ratify the fourteenth +amendment to the federal Constitution as a price of restoration to the +union. + +The composition of the conventions thus authorized may be imagined. +Bondmen without the asking and without preparation found themselves the +governing power. An army of adventurers from the North, "carpet baggers" +as they were called, poured in upon the scene to aid in +"reconstruction." Undoubtedly many men of honor and fine intentions gave +unstinted service, but the results of their deliberations only +aggravated the open wound left by the war. Any number of political +doctors offered their prescriptions; but no effective remedy could be +found. Under measures admittedly open to grave objections, the Southern +states were one after another restored to the union by the grace of +Congress, the last one in 1870. Even this grudging concession of the +formalities of statehood did not mean a full restoration of honors and +privileges. The last soldier was not withdrawn from the last Southern +capital until 1877, and federal control over elections long remained as +a sign of congressional supremacy. + +=The Status of the Freedmen.=--Even more intricate than the issues +involved in restoring the seceded states to the union was the question +of what to do with the newly emancipated slaves. That problem, often put +to abolitionists before the war, had become at last a real concern. The +thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery had not touched it at all. It +declared bondmen free, but did nothing to provide them with work or +homes and did not mention the subject of political rights. All these +matters were left to the states, and the legislatures of some of them, +by their famous "black codes," restored a form of servitude under the +guise of vagrancy and apprentice laws. Such methods were in fact partly +responsible for the reaction that led Congress to abandon Lincoln's +policies and undertake its own program of reconstruction. + +Still no extensive effort was made to solve by law the economic problems +of the bondmen. Radical abolitionists had advocated that the slaves when +emancipated should be given outright the fields of their former +masters; but Congress steadily rejected the very idea of confiscation. +The necessity of immediate assistance it recognized by creating in 1865 +the Freedmen's Bureau to take care of refugees. It authorized the issue +of food and clothing to the destitute and the renting of abandoned and +certain other lands under federal control to former slaves at reasonable +rates. But the larger problem of the relation of the freedmen to the +land, it left to the slow working of time. + +Against sharp protests from conservative men, particularly among the +Democrats, Congress did insist, however, on conferring upon the freedmen +certain rights by national law. These rights fell into broad divisions, +civil and political. By an act passed in 1866, Congress gave to former +slaves the rights of white citizens in the matter of making contracts, +giving testimony in courts, and purchasing, selling, and leasing +property. As it was doubtful whether Congress had the power to enact +this law, there was passed and submitted to the states the fourteenth +amendment which gave citizenship to the freedmen, assured them of the +privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and declared +that no state should deprive any person of his life, liberty, or +property without due process of law. Not yet satisfied, Congress +attempted to give social equality to negroes by the second civil rights +bill of 1875 which promised to them, among other things, the full and +equal enjoyment of inns, theaters, public conveyances, and places of +amusement--a law later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. + +The matter of political rights was even more hotly contested; but the +radical Republicans, like Charles Sumner, asserted that civil rights +were not secure unless supported by the suffrage. In this same +fourteenth amendment they attempted to guarantee the ballot to all negro +men, leaving the women to take care of themselves. The amendment +declared in effect that when any state deprived adult male citizens of +the right to vote, its representation in Congress should be reduced in +the proportion such persons bore to the voting population. + +This provision having failed to accomplish its purpose, the fifteenth +amendment was passed and ratified, expressly declaring that no citizen +should be deprived of the right to vote "on account of race, color, or +previous condition of servitude." To make assurance doubly secure, +Congress enacted in 1870, 1872, and 1873 three drastic laws, sometimes +known as "force bills," providing for the use of federal authorities, +civil and military, in supervising elections in all parts of the Union. +So the federal government, having destroyed chattel slavery, sought by +legal decree to sweep away all its signs and badges, civil, social, and +political. Never, save perhaps in some of the civil conflicts of Greece +or Rome, had there occurred in the affairs of a nation a social +revolution so complete, so drastic, and far-reaching in its results. + + +SUMMARY OF THE SECTIONAL CONFLICT + +Just as the United States, under the impetus of Western enterprise, +rounded out the continental domain, its very existence as a nation was +challenged by a fratricidal conflict between two sections. This storm +had been long gathering upon the horizon. From the very beginning in +colonial times there had been a marked difference between the South and +the North. The former by climate and soil was dedicated to a planting +system--the cultivation of tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar cane--and in +the course of time slave labor became the foundation of the system. The +North, on the other hand, supplemented agriculture by commerce, trade, +and manufacturing. Slavery, though lawful, did not flourish there. An +abundant supply of free labor kept the Northern wheels turning. + +This difference between the two sections, early noted by close +observers, was increased with the advent of the steam engine and the +factory system. Between 1815 and 1860 an industrial revolution took +place in the North. Its signs were gigantic factories, huge aggregations +of industrial workers, immense cities, a flourishing commerce, and +prosperous banks. Finding an unfavorable reception in the South, the new +industrial system was confined mainly to the North. By canals and +railways New York, Boston, and Philadelphia were linked with the +wheatfields of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. A steel net wove North and +Northwest together. A commercial net supplemented it. Western trade was +diverted from New Orleans to the East and Eastern credit sustained +Western enterprise. + +In time, the industrial North and the planting South evolved different +ideas of political policy. The former looked with favor on protective +tariffs, ship subsidies, a sound national banking system, and internal +improvements. The farmers of the West demanded that the public domain be +divided up into free homesteads for farmers. The South steadily swung +around to the opposite view. Its spokesmen came to regard most of these +policies as injurious to the planting interests. + +The economic questions were all involved in a moral issue. The Northern +states, in which slavery was of slight consequence, had early abolished +the institution. In the course of a few years there appeared +uncompromising advocates of universal emancipation. Far and wide the +agitation spread. The South was thoroughly frightened. It demanded +protection against the agitators, the enforcement of its rights in the +case of runaway slaves, and equal privileges for slavery in the new +territories. + +With the passing years the conflict between the two sections increased +in bitterness. It flamed up in 1820 and was allayed by the Missouri +compromise. It took on the form of a tariff controversy and +nullification in 1832. It appeared again after the Mexican war when the +question of slavery in the new territories was raised. Again +compromise--the great settlement of 1850--seemed to restore peace, only +to prove an illusion. A series of startling events swept the country +into war: the repeal of the Missouri compromise in 1854, the rise of the +Republican party pledged to the prohibition of slavery in the +territories, the Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Lincoln-Douglas +debates, John Brown's raid, the election of Lincoln, and secession. + +The Civil War, lasting for four years, tested the strength of both North +and South, in leadership, in finance, in diplomatic skill, in material +resources, in industry, and in armed forces. By the blockade of Southern +ports, by an overwhelming weight of men and materials, and by relentless +hammering on the field of battle, the North was victorious. + +The results of the war were revolutionary in character. Slavery was +abolished and the freedmen given the ballot. The Southern planters who +had been the leaders of their section were ruined financially and almost +to a man excluded from taking part in political affairs. The union was +declared to be perpetual and the right of a state to secede settled by +the judgment of battle. Federal control over the affairs of states, +counties, and cities was established by the fourteenth amendment. The +power and prestige of the federal government were enhanced beyond +imagination. The North was now free to pursue its economic policies: a +protective tariff, a national banking system, land grants for railways, +free lands for farmers. Planting had dominated the country for nearly a +generation. Business enterprise was to take its place. + + +=References= + +NORTHERN ACCOUNTS + +J.K. Hosmer, _The Appeal to Arms_ and _The Outcome of the Civil War_ +(American Nation Series). + +J. Ropes, _History of the Civil War_ (best account of military +campaigns). + +J.F. Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vols. III, IV, and V. + +J.T. Morse, _Abraham Lincoln_ (2 vols.). + + +SOUTHERN ACCOUNTS + +W.E. Dodd, _Jefferson Davis_. + +Jefferson Davis, _Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government_. + +E. Pollard, _The Lost Cause_. + +A.H. Stephens, _The War between the States_. + + +=Questions= + +1. Contrast the reception of secession in 1860 with that given to +nullification in 1832. + +2. Compare the Northern and Southern views of the union. + +3. What were the peculiar features of the Confederate constitution? + +4. How was the Confederacy financed? + +5. Compare the resources of the two sections. + +6. On what foundations did Southern hopes rest? + +7. Describe the attempts at a peaceful settlement. + +8. Compare the raising of armies for the Civil War with the methods +employed in the World War. (See below, chapter XXV.) + +9. Compare the financial methods of the government in the two wars. + +10. Explain why the blockade was such a deadly weapon. + +11. Give the leading diplomatic events of the war. + +12. Trace the growth of anti-slavery sentiment. + +13. What measures were taken to restrain criticism of the government? + +14. What part did Lincoln play in all phases of the war? + +15. State the principal results of the war. + +16. Compare Lincoln's plan of reconstruction with that adopted by +Congress. + +17. What rights did Congress attempt to confer upon the former slaves? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Was Secession Lawful?=--The Southern view by Jefferson Davis in +Harding, _Select Orations Illustrating American History_, pp. 364-369. +Lincoln's view, Harding, pp. 371-381. + +=The Confederate Constitution.=--Compare with the federal Constitution +in Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 424-433 and pp. 271-279. + +=Federal Legislative Measures.=--Prepare a table and brief digest of the +important laws relating to the war. Macdonald, pp. 433-482. + +=Economic Aspects of the War.=--Coman, _Industrial History of the United +States_, pp. 279-301. Dewey, _Financial History of the United States_, +Chaps. XII and XIII. Tabulate the economic measures of Congress in +Macdonald. + +=Military Campaigns.=--The great battles are fully treated in Rhodes, +_History of the Civil War_, and teachers desiring to emphasize military +affairs may assign campaigns to members of the class for study and +report. A briefer treatment in Elson, _History of the United States_, +pp. 641-785. + +=Biographical Studies.=--Lincoln, Davis, Lee, Grant, Sherman, and other +leaders in civil and military affairs, with reference to local "war +governors." + +=English and French Opinion of the War.=--Rhodes, _History of the United +States_, Vol. IV, pp. 337-394. + +=The South during the War.=--Rhodes, Vol. V, pp. 343-382. + +=The North during the War.=--Rhodes, Vol. V, pp. 189-342. + +=Reconstruction Measures.=--Macdonald, _Source Book_, pp. 500-511; +514-518; 529-530; Elson, pp. 786-799. + +=The Force Bills.=--Macdonald, pp. 547-551; 554-564. + + + + +PART VI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH + + +The outcome of the Civil War in the South was nothing short of a +revolution. The ruling class, the law, and the government of the old +order had been subverted. To political chaos was added the havoc wrought +in agriculture, business, and transportation by military operations. And +as if to fill the cup to the brim, the task of reconstruction was +committed to political leaders from another section of the country, +strangers to the life and traditions of the South. + + +THE SOUTH AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR + +=A Ruling Class Disfranchised.=--As the sovereignty of the planters had +been the striking feature of the old regime, so their ruin was the +outstanding fact of the new. The situation was extraordinary. The +American Revolution was carried out by people experienced in the arts of +self-government, and at its close they were free to follow the general +course to which they had long been accustomed. The French Revolution +witnessed the overthrow of the clergy and the nobility; but middle +classes who took their places had been steadily rising in intelligence +and wealth. + +The Southern Revolution was unlike either of these cataclysms. It was +not brought about by a social upheaval, but by an external crisis. It +did not enfranchise a class that sought and understood power, but +bondmen who had played no part in the struggle. Moreover it struck down +a class equipped to rule. The leading planters were almost to a man +excluded from state and federal offices, and the fourteenth amendment +was a bar to their return. All civil and military places under the +authority of the United States and of the states were closed to every +man who had taken an oath to support the Constitution as a member of +Congress, as a state legislator, or as a state or federal officer, and +afterward engaged in "insurrection or rebellion," or "given aid and +comfort to the enemies" of the United States. This sweeping provision, +supplemented by the reconstruction acts, laid under the ban most of the +talent, energy, and spirit of the South. + +=The Condition of the State Governments.=--The legislative, executive, +and judicial branches of the state governments thus passed into the +control of former slaves, led principally by Northern adventurers or +Southern novices, known as "Scalawags." The result was a carnival of +waste, folly, and corruption. The "reconstruction" assembly of South +Carolina bought clocks at $480 apiece and chandeliers at $650. To +purchase land for former bondmen the sum of $800,000 was appropriated; +and swamps bought at seventy-five cents an acre were sold to the state +at five times the cost. In the years between 1868 and 1873, the debt of +the state rose from about $5,800,000 to $24,000,000, and millions of the +increase could not be accounted for by the authorities responsible for +it. + +=Economic Ruin--Urban and Rural.=--No matter where Southern men turned +in 1865 they found devastation--in the towns, in the country, and along +the highways. Atlanta, the city to which Sherman applied the torch, lay +in ashes; Nashville and Chattanooga had been partially wrecked; Richmond +and Augusta had suffered severely from fires. Charleston was described +by a visitor as "a city of ruins, of desolation, of vacant houses, of +rotten wharves, of deserted warehouses, of weed gardens, of miles of +grass-grown streets.... How few young men there are, how generally the +young women are dressed in black! The flower of their proud aristocracy +is buried on scores of battle fields." + +Those who journeyed through the country about the same time reported +desolation equally widespread and equally pathetic. An English traveler +who made his way along the course of the Tennessee River in 1870 wrote: +"The trail of war is visible throughout the valley in burnt-up gin +houses, ruined bridges, mills, and factories ... and large tracts of +once cultivated land are stripped of every vestige of fencing. The +roads, long neglected, are in disorder and, having in many places become +impassable, new tracks have been made through the woods and fields +without much respect to boundaries." Many a great plantation had been +confiscated by the federal authorities while the owner was in +Confederate service. Many more lay in waste. In the wake of the armies +the homes of rich and poor alike, if spared the torch, had been +despoiled of the stock and seeds necessary to renew agriculture. + +=Railways Dilapidated.=--Transportation was still more demoralized. This +is revealed in the pages of congressional reports based upon first-hand +investigations. One eloquent passage illustrates all the rest. From +Pocahontas to Decatur, Alabama, a distance of 114 miles, we are told, +the railroad was "almost entirely destroyed, except the road bed and +iron rails, and they were in a very bad condition--every bridge and +trestle destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water tanks +gone, tracks grown up in weeds and bushes, not a saw mill near the line +and the labor system of the country gone. About forty miles of the track +were burned, the cross-ties entirely destroyed, and the rails bent and +twisted in such a manner as to require great labor to straighten and a +large portion of them requiring renewal." + +=Capital and Credit Destroyed.=--The fluid capital of the South, money +and credit, was in the same prostrate condition as the material capital. +The Confederate currency, inflated to the bursting point, had utterly +collapsed and was as worthless as waste paper. The bonds of the +Confederate government were equally valueless. Specie had nearly +disappeared from circulation. The fourteenth amendment to the federal +Constitution had made all "debts, obligations, and claims" incurred in +aid of the Confederate cause "illegal and void." Millions of dollars +owed to Northern creditors before the war were overdue and payment was +pressed upon the debtors. Where such debts were secured by mortgages on +land, executions against the property could be obtained in federal +courts. + + +THE RESTORATION OF WHITE SUPREMACY + +=Intimidation.=--In both politics and economics, the process of +reconstruction in the South was slow and arduous. The first battle in +the political contest for white supremacy was won outside the halls of +legislatures and the courts of law. It was waged, in the main, by secret +organizations, among which the Ku Klux Klan and the White Camelia were +the most prominent. The first of these societies appeared in Tennessee +in 1866 and held its first national convention the following year. It +was in origin a social club. According to its announcement, its objects +were "to protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenceless from the +indignities, wrongs, and outrages of the lawless, the violent, and the +brutal; and to succor the suffering, especially the widows and orphans +of the Confederate soldiers." The whole South was called "the Empire" +and was ruled by a "Grand Wizard." Each state was a realm and each +county a province. In the secret orders there were enrolled over half a +million men. + +The methods of the Ku Klux and the White Camelia were similar. Solemn +parades of masked men on horses decked in long robes were held, +sometimes in the daytime and sometimes at the dead of night. Notices +were sent to obnoxious persons warning them to stop certain practices. +If warning failed, something more convincing was tried. Fright was the +emotion most commonly stirred. A horseman, at the witching hour of +midnight, would ride up to the house of some offender, lift his head +gear, take off a skull, and hand it to the trembling victim with the +request that he hold it for a few minutes. Frequently violence was +employed either officially or unofficially by members of the Klan. Tar +and feathers were freely applied; the whip was sometimes laid on +unmercifully, and occasionally a brutal murder was committed. Often the +members were fired upon from bushes or behind trees, and swift +retaliation followed. So alarming did the clashes become that in 1870 +Congress forbade interference with electors or going in disguise for the +purpose of obstructing the exercise of the rights enjoyed under federal +law. + +In anticipation of such a step on the part of the federal government, +the Ku Klux was officially dissolved by the "Grand Wizard" in 1869. +Nevertheless, the local societies continued their organization and +methods. The spirit survived the national association. "On the whole," +says a Southern writer, "it is not easy to see what other course was +open to the South.... Armed resistance was out of the question. And yet +there must be some control had of the situation.... If force was denied, +craft was inevitable." + +=The Struggle for the Ballot Box.=--The effects of intimidation were +soon seen at elections. The freedman, into whose inexperienced hand the +ballot had been thrust, was ordinarily loath to risk his head by the +exercise of his new rights. He had not attained them by a long and +laborious contest of his own and he saw no urgent reason why he should +battle for the privilege of using them. The mere show of force, the mere +existence of a threat, deterred thousands of ex-slaves from appearing at +the polls. Thus the whites steadily recovered their dominance. Nothing +could prevent it. Congress enacted force bills establishing federal +supervision of elections and the Northern politicians protested against +the return of former Confederates to practical, if not official, power; +but all such opposition was like resistance to the course of nature. + +=Amnesty for Southerners.=--The recovery of white supremacy in this way +was quickly felt in national councils. The Democratic party in the North +welcomed it as a sign of its return to power. The more moderate +Republicans, anxious to heal the breach in American unity, sought to +encourage rather than to repress it. So it came about that amnesty for +Confederates was widely advocated. Yet it must be said that the struggle +for the removal of disabilities was stubborn and bitter. Lincoln, with +characteristic generosity, in the midst of the war had issued a general +proclamation of amnesty to nearly all who had been in arms against the +Union, on condition that they take an oath of loyalty; but Johnson, +vindictive toward Southern leaders and determined to make "treason +infamous," had extended the list of exceptions. Congress, even more +relentless in its pursuit of Confederates, pushed through the fourteenth +amendment which worked the sweeping disabilities we have just described. + +To appeals for comprehensive clemency, Congress was at first adamant. In +vain did men like Carl Schurz exhort their colleagues to crown their +victory in battle with a noble act of universal pardon and oblivion. +Congress would not yield. It would grant amnesty in individual cases; +for the principle of proscription it stood fast. When finally in 1872, +seven years after the surrender at Appomattox, it did pass the general +amnesty bill, it insisted on certain exceptions. Confederates who had +been members of Congress just before the war, or had served in other +high posts, civil or military, under the federal government, were still +excluded from important offices. Not until the summer of 1898, when the +war with Spain produced once more a union of hearts, did Congress relent +and abolish the last of the disabilities imposed on the Confederates. + +=The Force Bills Attacked and Nullified.=--The granting of amnesty +encouraged the Democrats to redouble their efforts all along the line. +In 1874 they captured the House of Representatives and declared war on +the "force bills." As a Republican Senate blocked immediate repeal, they +resorted to an ingenious parliamentary trick. To the appropriation bill +for the support of the army they attached a "rider," or condition, to +the effect that no troops should be used to sustain the Republican +government in Louisiana. The Senate rejected the proposal. A deadlock +ensued and Congress adjourned without making provision for the army. +Satisfied with the technical victory, the Democrats let the army bill +pass the next session, but kept up their fight on the force laws until +they wrung from President Hayes a measure forbidding the use of United +States troops in supervising elections. The following year they again +had recourse to a rider on the army bill and carried it through, putting +an end to the use of money for military control of elections. The +reconstruction program was clearly going to pieces, and the Supreme +Court helped along the process of dissolution by declaring parts of the +laws invalid. In 1878 the Democrats even won a majority in the Senate +and returned to power a large number of men once prominent in the +Confederate cause. + +The passions of the war by this time were evidently cooling. A new +generation of men was coming on the scene. The supremacy of the whites +in the South, if not yet complete, was at least assured. Federal +marshals, their deputies, and supervisors of elections still possessed +authority over the polls, but their strength had been shorn by the +withdrawal of United States troops. The war on the remaining remnants of +the "force bills" lapsed into desultory skirmishing. When in 1894 the +last fragment was swept away, the country took little note of the fact. +The only task that lay before the Southern leaders was to write in the +constitutions of their respective states the provisions of law which +would clinch the gains so far secured and establish white supremacy +beyond the reach of outside intervention. + +=White Supremacy Sealed by New State Constitutions.=--The impetus to +this final step was given by the rise of the Populist movement in the +South, which sharply divided the whites and in many communities threw +the balance of power into the hands of the few colored voters who +survived the process of intimidation. Southern leaders now devised new +constitutions so constructed as to deprive negroes of the ballot by law. +Mississippi took the lead in 1890; South Carolina followed five years +later; Louisiana, in 1898; North Carolina, in 1900; Alabama and +Maryland, in 1901; and Virginia, in 1902. + +The authors of these measures made no attempt to conceal their purposes. +"The intelligent white men of the South," said Governor Tillman, "intend +to govern here." The fifteenth amendment to the federal Constitution, +however, forbade them to deprive any citizen of the right to vote on +account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This made +necessary the devices of indirection. They were few, simple, and +effective. The first and most easily administered was the ingenious +provision requiring each prospective voter to read a section of the +state constitution or "understand and explain it" when read to him by +the election officers. As an alternative, the payment of taxes or the +ownership of a small amount of property was accepted as a qualification +for voting. Southern leaders, unwilling to disfranchise any of the poor +white men who had stood side by side with them "in the dark days of +reconstruction," also resorted to a famous provision known as "the +grandfather clause." This plan admitted to the suffrage any man who did +not have either property or educational qualifications, provided he had +voted on or before 1867 or was the son or grandson of any such person. + +The devices worked effectively. Of the 147,000 negroes in Mississippi +above the age of twenty-one, only about 8600 registered under the +constitution of 1890. Louisiana had 127,000 colored voters enrolled in +1896; under the constitution drafted two years later the registration +fell to 5300. An analysis of the figures for South Carolina in 1900 +indicates that only about one negro out of every hundred adult males of +that race took part in elections. Thus was closed this chapter of +reconstruction. + +=The Supreme Court Refuses to Intervene.=--Numerous efforts were made to +prevail upon the Supreme Court of the United States to declare such laws +unconstitutional; but the Court, usually on technical grounds, avoided +coming to a direct decision on the merits of the matter. In one case +the Court remarked that it could not take charge of and operate the +election machinery of Alabama; it concluded that "relief from a great +political wrong, if done as alleged, by the people of a state and by the +state itself, must be given by them, or by the legislative and executive +departments of the government of the United States." Only one of the +several schemes employed, namely, the "grandfather clause," was held to +be a violation of the federal Constitution. This blow, effected in 1915 +by the decision in the Oklahoma and Maryland cases, left, however, the +main structure of disfranchisement unimpaired. + +=Proposals to Reduce Southern Representation in Congress.=--These +provisions excluding thousands of male citizens from the ballot did not, +in express terms, deprive any one of the vote on account of race or +color. They did not, therefore, run counter to the letter of the +fifteenth amendment; but they did unquestionably make the states which +adopted them liable to the operations of the fourteenth amendment. The +latter very explicitly provides that whenever any state deprives adult +male citizens of the right to vote (except in certain minor cases) the +representation of the state in Congress shall be reduced in the +proportion which such number of disfranchised citizens bears to the +whole number of male citizens over twenty-one years of age. + +Mindful of this provision, those who protested against disfranchisement +in the South turned to the Republican party for relief, asking for +action by the political branches of the federal government as the +Supreme Court had suggested. The Republicans responded in their platform +of 1908 by condemning all devices designed to deprive any one of the +ballot for reasons of color alone; they demanded the enforcement in +letter and spirit of the fourteenth as well as all other amendments. +Though victorious in the election, the Republicans refrained from +reopening the ancient contest; they made no attempt to reduce Southern +representation in the House. Southern leaders, while protesting against +the declarations of their opponents, were able to view them as idle +threats in no way endangering the security of the measures by which +political reconstruction had been undone. + +=The Solid South.=--Out of the thirty-year conflict against "carpet-bag +rule" there emerged what was long known as the "solid South"--a South +that, except occasionally in the border states, never gave an electoral +vote to a Republican candidate for President. Before the Civil War, the +Southern people had been divided on political questions. Take, for +example, the election of 1860. In all the fifteen slave states the +variety of opinion was marked. In nine of them--Delaware, Virginia, +Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland, Louisiana, Kentucky, Georgia, and +Arkansas--the combined vote against the representative of the extreme +Southern point of view, Breckinridge, constituted a safe majority. In +each of the six states which were carried by Breckinridge, there was a +large and powerful minority. In North Carolina Breckinridge's majority +over Bell and Douglas was only 849 votes. Equally astounding to those +who imagine the South united in defense of extreme views in 1860 was the +vote for Bell, the Unionist candidate, who stood firmly for the +Constitution and silence on slavery. In every Southern state Bell's vote +was large. In Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee it was greater +than that received by Breckinridge; in Georgia, it was 42,000 against +51,000; in Louisiana, 20,000 against 22,000; in Mississippi, 25,000 +against 40,000. + +The effect of the Civil War upon these divisions was immediate and +decisive, save in the border states where thousands of men continued to +adhere to the cause of Union. In the Confederacy itself nearly all +dissent was silenced by war. Men who had been bitter opponents joined +hands in defense of their homes; when the armed conflict was over they +remained side by side working against "Republican misrule and negro +domination." By 1890, after Northern supremacy was definitely broken, +they boasted that there were at least twelve Southern states in which no +Republican candidate for President could win a single electoral vote. + +=Dissent in the Solid South.=--Though every one grew accustomed to speak +of the South as "solid," it did not escape close observers that in a +number of Southern states there appeared from time to time a fairly +large body of dissenters. In 1892 the Populists made heavy inroads upon +the Democratic ranks. On other occasions, the contests between factions +within the Democratic party over the nomination of candidates revealed +sharp differences of opinion. In some places, moreover, there grew up a +Republican minority of respectable size. For example, in Georgia, Mr. +Taft in 1908 polled 41,000 votes against 72,000 for Mr. Bryan; in North +Carolina, 114,000 against 136,000; in Tennessee, 118,000 against +135,000; in Kentucky, 235,000 against 244,000. In 1920, Senator Harding, +the Republican candidate, broke the record by carrying Tennessee as well +as Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Maryland. + + +THE ECONOMIC ADVANCE OF THE SOUTH + +=The Break-up of the Great Estates.=--In the dissolution of chattel +slavery it was inevitable that the great estate should give way before +the small farm. The plantation was in fact founded on slavery. It was +continued and expanded by slavery. Before the war the prosperous +planter, either by inclination or necessity, invested his surplus in +more land to add to his original domain. As his slaves increased in +number, he was forced to increase his acreage or sell them, and he +usually preferred the former, especially in the Far South. Still another +element favored the large estate. Slave labor quickly exhausted the soil +and of its own force compelled the cutting of the forests and the +extension of the area under cultivation. Finally, the planter took a +natural pride in his great estate; it was a sign of his prowess and his +social prestige. + +In 1865 the foundations of the planting system were gone. It was +difficult to get efficient labor to till the vast plantations. The +planters themselves were burdened with debts and handicapped by lack of +capital. Negroes commonly preferred tilling plots of their own, rented +or bought under mortgage, to the more irksome wage labor under white +supervision. The land hunger of the white farmer, once checked by the +planting system, reasserted itself. Before these forces the plantation +broke up. The small farm became the unit of cultivation in the South as +in the North. Between 1870 and 1900 the number of farms doubled in every +state south of the line of the Potomac and Ohio rivers, except in +Arkansas and Louisiana. From year to year the process of breaking up +continued, with all that it implied in the creation of land-owning +farmers. + +=The Diversification of Crops.=--No less significant was the concurrent +diversification of crops. Under slavery, tobacco, rice, and sugar were +staples and "cotton was king." These were standard crops. The methods of +cultivation were simple and easily learned. They tested neither the +skill nor the ingenuity of the slaves. As the returns were quick, they +did not call for long-time investments of capital. After slavery was +abolished, they still remained the staples, but far-sighted +agriculturists saw the dangers of depending upon a few crops. The mild +climate all the way around the coast from Virginia to Texas and the +character of the alluvial soil invited the exercise of more imagination. +Peaches, oranges, peanuts, and other fruits and vegetables were found to +grow luxuriantly. Refrigeration for steamships and freight cars put the +markets of great cities at the doors of Southern fruit and vegetable +gardeners. The South, which in planting days had relied so heavily upon +the Northwest for its foodstuffs, began to battle for independence. +Between 1880 and the close of the century the value of its farm crops +increased from $660,000,000 to $1,270,000,000. + +=The Industrial and Commercial Revolution.=--On top of the radical +changes in agriculture came an industrial and commercial revolution. The +South had long been rich in natural resources, but the slave system had +been unfavorable to their development. Rivers that would have turned +millions of spindles tumbled unheeded to the seas. Coal and iron beds +lay unopened. Timber was largely sacrificed in clearing lands for +planting, or fell to earth in decay. Southern enterprise was consumed in +planting. Slavery kept out the white immigrants who might have supplied +the skilled labor for industry. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +STEEL MILLS--BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA] + +After 1865, achievement and fortune no longer lay on the land alone. As +soon as the paralysis of the war was over, the South caught the +industrial spirit that had conquered feudal Europe and the agricultural +North. In the development of mineral wealth, enormous strides were +taken. Iron ore of every quality was found, the chief beds being in +Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Georgia, +Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas. Five important coal basins were uncovered: +in Virginia, North Carolina, the Appalachian chain from Maryland to +Northern Alabama, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Texas. Oil pools were found +in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas. Within two decades, 1880 to 1900, the +output of mineral wealth multiplied tenfold: from ten millions a year to +one hundred millions. The iron industries of West Virginia and Alabama +began to rival those of Pennsylvania. Birmingham became the Pittsburgh +and Atlanta the Chicago of the South. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A SOUTHERN COTTON MILL IN A COTTON FIELD] + +In other lines of industry, lumbering and cotton manufacturing took a +high rank. The development of Southern timber resources was in every +respect remarkable, particularly in Louisiana, Arkansas, and +Mississippi. At the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, +primacy in lumber had passed from the Great Lakes region to the South. +In 1913 eight Southern states produced nearly four times as much lumber +as the Lake states and twice as much as the vast forests of Washington +and Oregon. + +The development of the cotton industry, in the meantime, was similarly +astounding. In 1865 cotton spinning was a negligible matter in the +Southern states. In 1880 they had one-fourth of the mills of the +country. At the end of the century they had one-half the mills, the two +Carolinas taking the lead by consuming more than one-third of their +entire cotton crop. Having both the raw materials and the power at hand, +they enjoyed many advantages over the New England rivals, and at the +opening of the new century were outstripping the latter in the +proportion of spindles annually put into operation. Moreover, the cotton +planters, finding a market at the neighboring mills, began to look +forward to a day when they would be somewhat emancipated from absolute +dependence upon the cotton exchanges of New York, New Orleans, and +Liverpool. + +Transportation kept pace with industry. In 1860, the South had about ten +thousand miles of railway. By 1880 the figure had doubled. During the +next twenty years over thirty thousand miles were added, most of the +increase being in Texas. About 1898 there opened a period of +consolidation in which scores of short lines were united, mainly under +the leadership of Northern capitalists, and new through service opened +to the North and West. Thus Southern industries were given easy outlets +to the markets of the nation and brought within the main currents of +national business enterprise. + +=The Social Effects of the Economic Changes.=--As long as the slave +system lasted and planting was the major interest, the South was bound +to be sectional in character. With slavery gone, crops diversified, +natural resources developed, and industries promoted, the social order +of the ante-bellum days inevitably dissolved; the South became more and +more assimilated to the system of the North. In this process several +lines of development are evident. + +In the first place we see the steady rise of the small farmer. Even in +the old days there had been a large class of white yeomen who owned no +slaves and tilled the soil with their own hands, but they labored under +severe handicaps. They found the fertile lands of the coast and river +valleys nearly all monopolized by planters, and they were by the force +of circumstances driven into the uplands where the soil was thin and the +crops were light. Still they increased in numbers and zealously worked +their freeholds. + +The war proved to be their opportunity. With the break-up of the +plantations, they managed to buy land more worthy of their plows. By +intelligent labor and intensive cultivation they were able to restore +much of the worn-out soil to its original fertility. In the meantime +they rose with their prosperity in the social and political scale. It +became common for the sons of white farmers to enter the professions, +while their daughters went away to college and prepared for teaching. +Thus a more democratic tone was given to the white society of the South. +Moreover the migration to the North and West, which had formerly carried +thousands of energetic sons and daughters to search for new homesteads, +was materially reduced. The energy of the agricultural population went +into rehabilitation. + +The increase in the number of independent farmers was accompanied by the +rise of small towns and villages which gave diversity to the life of the +South. Before 1860 it was possible to travel through endless stretches +of cotton and tobacco. The social affairs of the planter's family +centered in the homestead even if they were occasionally interrupted by +trips to distant cities or abroad. Carpentry, bricklaying, and +blacksmithing were usually done by slaves skilled in simple handicrafts. +Supplies were bought wholesale. In this way there was little place in +plantation economy for villages and towns with their stores and +mechanics. + +The abolition of slavery altered this. Small farms spread out where +plantations had once stood. The skilled freedmen turned to agriculture +rather than to handicrafts; white men of a business or mechanical bent +found an opportunity to serve the needs of their communities. So local +merchants and mechanics became an important element in the social +system. In the county seats, once dominated by the planters, business +and professional men assumed the leadership. + +Another vital outcome of this revolution was the transference of a large +part of planting enterprise to business. Mr. Bruce, a Southern historian +of fine scholarship, has summed up this process in a single telling +paragraph: "The higher planting class that under the old system gave so +much distinction to rural life has, so far as it has survived at all, +been concentrated in the cities. The families that in the time of +slavery would have been found only in the country are now found, with a +few exceptions, in the towns. The transplantation has been practically +universal. The talent, the energy, the ambition that formerly sought +expression in the management of great estates and the control of hosts +of slaves, now seek a field of action in trade, in manufacturing +enterprises, or in the general enterprises of development. This was for +the ruling class of the South the natural outcome of the great economic +revolution that followed the war." + +As in all other parts of the world, the mechanical revolution was +attended by the growth of a population of industrial workers dependent +not upon the soil but upon wages for their livelihood. When Jefferson +Davis was inaugurated President of the Southern Confederacy, there were +approximately only one hundred thousand persons employed in Southern +manufactures as against more than a million in Northern mills. Fifty +years later, Georgia and Alabama alone had more than one hundred and +fifty thousand wage-earners. Necessarily this meant also a material +increase in urban population, although the wide dispersion of cotton +spinning among small centers prevented the congestion that had +accompanied the rise of the textile industry in New England. In 1910, +New Orleans, Atlanta, Memphis, Nashville, and Houston stood in the same +relation to the New South that Cincinnati, Chicago, Cleveland, and +Detroit had stood to the New West fifty years before. The problems of +labor and capital and municipal administration, which the earlier +writers boasted would never perplex the planting South, had come in full +force. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A GLIMPSE OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE] + +=The Revolution in the Status of the Slaves.=--No part of Southern +society was so profoundly affected by the Civil War and economic +reconstruction as the former slaves. On the day of emancipation, they +stood free, but empty-handed, the owners of no tools or property, the +masters of no trade and wholly inexperienced in the arts of self-help +that characterized the whites in general. They had never been accustomed +to looking out for themselves. The plantation bell had called them to +labor and released them. Doles of food and clothing had been regularly +made in given quantities. They did not understand wages, ownership, +renting, contracts, mortgages, leases, bills, or accounts. + +When they were emancipated, four courses were open to them. They could +flee from the plantation to the nearest town or city, or to the distant +North, to seek a livelihood. Thousands of them chose this way, +overcrowding cities where disease mowed them down. They could remain +where they, were in their cabins and work for daily wages instead of +food, clothing, and shelter. This second course the major portion of +them chose; but, as few masters had cash to dispense, the new relation +was much like the old, in fact. It was still one of barter. The planter +offered food, clothing, and shelter; the former slaves gave their labor +in return. That was the best that many of them could do. + +A third course open to freedmen was that of renting from the former +master, paying him usually with a share of the produce of the land. This +way a large number of them chose. It offered them a chance to become +land owners in time and it afforded an easier life, the renter being, to +a certain extent at least, master of his own hours of labor. The final +and most difficult path was that to ownership of land. Many a master +helped his former slaves to acquire small holdings by offering easy +terms. The more enterprising and the more fortunate who started life as +renters or wage-earners made their way upward to ownership in so many +cases that by the end of the century, one-fourth of the colored laborers +on the land owned the soil they tilled. + +In the meantime, the South, though relatively poor, made relatively +large expenditures for the education of the colored population. By the +opening of the twentieth century, facilities were provided for more than +one-half of the colored children of school age. While in many respects +this progress was disappointing, its significance, to be appreciated, +must be derived from a comparison with the total illiteracy which +prevailed under slavery. + +In spite of all that happened, however, the status of the negroes in the +South continued to give a peculiar character to that section of the +country. They were almost entirely excluded from the exercise of the +suffrage, especially in the Far South. Special rooms were set aside for +them at the railway stations and special cars on the railway lines. In +the field of industry calling for technical skill, it appears, from the +census figures, that they lost ground between 1890 and 1900--a condition +which their friends ascribed to discriminations against them in law and +in labor organizations and their critics ascribed to their lack of +aptitude. Whatever may be the truth, the fact remained that at the +opening of the twentieth century neither the hopes of the emancipators +nor the fears of their opponents were realized. The marks of the +"peculiar institution" were still largely impressed upon Southern +society. + +The situation, however, was by no means unchanging. On the contrary +there was a decided drift in affairs. For one thing, the proportion of +negroes in the South had slowly declined. By 1900 they were in a +majority in only two states, South Carolina and Mississippi. In +Arkansas, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina the proportion of +the white population was steadily growing. The colored migration +northward increased while the westward movement of white farmers which +characterized pioneer days declined. At the same time a part of the +foreign immigration into the United States was diverted southward. As +the years passed these tendencies gained momentum. The already huge +colored quarters in some Northern cities were widely expanded, as whole +counties in the South were stripped of their colored laborers. The race +question, in its political and economic aspects, became less and less +sectional, more and more national. The South was drawn into the main +stream of national life. The separatist forces which produced the +cataclysm of 1861 sank irresistibly into the background. + + +=References= + +H.W. Grady, _The New South_ (1890). + +H.A. Herbert, _Why the Solid South_. + +W.G. Brown, _The Lower South_. + +E.G. Murphy, _Problems of the Present South_. + +B.T. Washington, _The Negro Problem_; _The Story of the Negro_; _The +Future of the Negro_. + +A.B. Hart, _The Southern South_ and R.S. Baker, _Following the Color +Line_ (two works by Northern writers). + +T.N. Page, _The Negro, the Southerner's Problem_. + + +=Questions= + +1. Give the three main subdivisions of the chapter. + +2. Compare the condition of the South in 1865 with that of the North. +Compare with the condition of the United States at the close of the +Revolutionary War. At the close of the World War in 1918. + +3. Contrast the enfranchisement of the slaves with the enfranchisement +of white men fifty years earlier. + +4. What was the condition of the planters as compared with that of the +Northern manufacturers? + +5. How does money capital contribute to prosperity? Describe the plight +of Southern finance. + +6. Give the chief steps in the restoration of white supremacy. + +7. Do you know of any other societies to compare with the Ku Klux Klan? + +8. Give Lincoln's plan for amnesty. What principles do you think should +govern the granting of amnesty? + +9. How were the "Force bills" overcome? + +10. Compare the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments with regard to the +suffrage provisions. + +11. Explain how they may be circumvented. + +12. Account for the Solid South. What was the situation before 1860? + +13. In what ways did Southern agriculture tend to become like that of +the North? What were the social results? + +14. Name the chief results of an "industrial revolution" in general. In +the South, in particular. + +15. What courses were open to freedmen in 1865? + +16. Give the main features in the economic and social status of the +colored population in the South. + +17. Explain why the race question is national now, rather than +sectional. + + + +=Research Topics= + +=Amnesty for Confederates.=--Study carefully the provisions of the +fourteenth amendment in the Appendix. Macdonald, _Documentary Source +Book of American History_, pp. 470 and 564. A plea for amnesty in +Harding, _Select Orations Illustrating American History_, pp. 467-488. + +=Political Conditions in the South in 1868.=--Dunning, _Reconstruction, +Political and Economic_ (American Nation Series), pp. 109-123; Hart, +_American History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 445-458, +497-500; Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. 799-805. + +=Movement for White Supremacy.=--Dunning, _Reconstruction_, pp. 266-280; +Paxson, _The New Nation_ (Riverside Series), pp. 39-58; Beard, _American +Government and Politics_, pp. 454-457. + +=The Withdrawal of Federal Troops from the South.=--Sparks, _National +Development_ (American Nation Series), pp. 84-102; Rhodes, _History of +the United States_, Vol. VIII, pp. 1-12. + +=Southern Industry.=--Paxson, _The New Nation_, pp. 192-207; T.M. Young, +_The American Cotton Industry_, pp. 54-99. + +=The Race Question.=--B.T. Washington, _Up From Slavery_ (sympathetic +presentation); A.H. Stone, _Studies in the American Race Problem_ +(coldly analytical); Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 647-649, +652-654, 663-669. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +BUSINESS ENTERPRISE AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY + + +If a single phrase be chosen to characterize American life during the +generation that followed the age of Douglas and Lincoln, it must be +"business enterprise"--the tremendous, irresistible energy of a virile +people, mounting in numbers toward a hundred million and applied without +let or hindrance to the developing of natural resources of unparalleled +richness. The chief goal of this effort was high profits for the +captains of industry, on the one hand; and high wages for the workers, +on the other. Its signs, to use the language of a Republican orator in +1876, were golden harvest fields, whirling spindles, turning wheels, +open furnace doors, flaming forges, and chimneys filled with eager fire. +The device blazoned on its shield and written over its factory doors was +"prosperity." A Republican President was its "advance agent." Released +from the hampering interference of the Southern planters and the +confusing issues of the slavery controversy, business enterprise sprang +forward to the task of winning the entire country. Then it flung its +outposts to the uttermost parts of the earth--Europe, Africa, and the +Orient--where were to be found markets for American goods and natural +resources for American capital to develop. + + +RAILWAYS AND INDUSTRY + +=The Outward Signs of Enterprise.=--It is difficult to comprehend all +the multitudinous activities of American business energy or to appraise +its effects upon the life and destiny of the American people; for beyond +the horizon of the twentieth century lie consequences as yet undreamed +of in our poor philosophy. Statisticians attempt to record its +achievements in terms of miles of railways built, factories opened, men +and women employed, fortunes made, wages paid, cities founded, rivers +spanned, boxes, bales, and tons produced. Historians apply standards of +comparison with the past. Against the slow and leisurely stagecoach, +they set the swift express, rushing from New York to San Francisco in +less time than Washington consumed in his triumphal tour from Mt. Vernon +to New York for his first inaugural. Against the lazy sailing vessel +drifting before a genial breeze, they place the turbine steamer crossing +the Atlantic in five days or the still swifter airplane, in fifteen +hours. For the old workshop where a master and a dozen workmen and +apprentices wrought by hand, they offer the giant factory where ten +thousand persons attend the whirling wheels driven by steam. They write +of the "romance of invention" and the "captains of industry." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A CORNER IN THE BETHLEHEM STEEL WORKS] + +=The Service of the Railway.=--All this is fitting in its way. Figures +and contrasts cannot, however, tell the whole story. Take, for example, +the extension of railways. It is easy to relate that there were 30,000 +miles in 1860; 166,000 in 1890; and 242,000 in 1910. It is easy to show +upon the map how a few straggling lines became a perfect mesh of closely +knitted railways; or how, like the tentacles of a great monster, the few +roads ending in the Mississippi Valley in 1860 were extended and +multiplied until they tapped every wheat field, mine, and forest beyond +the valley. All this, eloquent of enterprise as it truly is, does not +reveal the significance of railways for American life. It does not +indicate how railways made a continental market for American goods; nor +how they standardized the whole country, giving to cities on the +advancing frontier the leading features of cities in the old East; nor +how they carried to the pioneer the comforts of civilization; nor yet +how in the West they were the forerunners of civilization, the makers of +homesteads, the builders of states. + +=Government Aid for Railways.=--Still the story is not ended. The +significant relation between railways and politics must not be +overlooked. The bounty of a lavish government, for example, made +possible the work of railway promoters. By the year 1872 the Federal +government had granted in aid of railways 155,000,000 acres of land--an +area estimated as almost equal to Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, +Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The +Union Pacific Company alone secured from the federal government a free +right of way through the public domain, twenty sections of land with +each mile of railway, and a loan up to fifty millions of dollars secured +by a second mortgage on the company's property. More than half of the +northern tier of states lying against Canada from Lake Michigan to the +Pacific was granted to private companies in aid of railways and wagon +roads. About half of New Mexico, Arizona, and California was also given +outright to railway companies. These vast grants from the federal +government were supplemented by gifts from the states in land and by +subscriptions amounting to more than two hundred million dollars. The +history of these gifts and their relation to the political leaders that +engineered them would alone fill a large and interesting volume. + +=Railway Fortunes and Capital.=--Out of this gigantic railway promotion, +the first really immense American fortunes were made. Henry Adams, the +grandson of John Quincy Adams, related that his grandfather on his +mother's side, Peter Brooks, on his death in 1849, left a fortune of two +million dollars, "supposed to be the largest estate in Boston," then one +of the few centers of great riches. Compared with the opulence that +sprang out of the Union Pacific, the Northern Pacific, the Southern +Pacific, with their subsidiary and component lines, the estate of Peter +Brooks was a poor man's heritage. + +The capital invested in these railways was enormous beyond the +imagination of the men of the stagecoach generation. The total debt of +the United States incurred in the Revolutionary War--a debt which those +of little faith thought the country could never pay--was reckoned at a +figure well under $75,000,000. When the Union Pacific Railroad was +completed, there were outstanding against it $27,000,000 in first +mortgage bonds, $27,000,000 in second mortgage bonds held by the +government, $10,000,000 in income bonds, $10,000,000 in land grant +bonds, and, on top of that huge bonded indebtedness, $36,000,000 in +stock--making $110,000,000 in all. If the amount due the United States +government be subtracted, still there remained, in private hands, stocks +and bonds exceeding in value the whole national debt of Hamilton's +day--a debt that strained all the resources of the Federal government in +1790. Such was the financial significance of the railways. + +[Illustration: RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1918] + +=Growth and Extension of Industry.=--In the field of manufacturing, +mining, and metal working, the results of business enterprise far +outstripped, if measured in mere dollars, the results of railway +construction. By the end of the century there were about ten billion +dollars invested in factories alone and five million wage-earners +employed in them; while the total value of the output, fourteen billion +dollars, was fifteen times the figure for 1860. In the Eastern states +industries multiplied. In the Northwest territory, the old home of +Jacksonian Democracy, they overtopped agriculture. By the end of the +century, Ohio had almost reached and Illinois had surpassed +Massachusetts in the annual value of manufacturing output. + +That was not all. Untold wealth in the form of natural resources was +discovered in the South and West. Coal deposits were found in the +Appalachians stretching from Pennsylvania down to Alabama, in Michigan, +in the Mississippi Valley, and in the Western mountains from North +Dakota to New Mexico. In nearly every coal-bearing region, iron was also +discovered and the great fields of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota +soon rivaled those of the Appalachian area. Copper, lead, gold, and +silver in fabulous quantities were unearthed by the restless prospectors +who left no plain or mountain fastness unexplored. Petroleum, first +pumped from the wells of Pennsylvania in the summer of 1859, made new +fortunes equaling those of trade, railways, and land speculation. It +scattered its riches with an especially lavish hand through Oklahoma, +Texas, and California. + +=The Trust--an Instrument of Industrial Progress.=--Business enterprise, +under the direction of powerful men working single-handed, or of small +groups of men pooling their capital for one or more undertakings, had +not advanced far before there appeared upon the scene still mightier +leaders of even greater imagination. New constructive genius now brought +together and combined under one management hundreds of concerns or +thousands of miles of railways, revealing the magic strength of +cooperation on a national scale. Price-cutting in oil, threatening ruin +to those engaged in the industry, as early as 1879, led a number of +companies in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia to unite in +price-fixing. Three years later a group of oil interests formed a close +organization, placing all their stocks in the hands of trustees, among +whom was John D. Rockefeller. The trustees, in turn, issued +certificates representing the share to which each participant was +entitled; and took over the management of the entire business. Such was +the nature of the "trust," which was to play such an unique role in the +progress of America. + +The idea of combination was applied in time to iron and steel, copper, +lead, sugar, cordage, coal, and other commodities, until in each field +there loomed a giant trust or corporation, controlling, if not most of +the output, at least enough to determine in a large measure the prices +charged to consumers. With the passing years, the railways, mills, +mines, and other business concerns were transferred from individual +owners to corporations. At the end of the nineteenth century, the whole +face of American business was changed. Three-fourths of the output from +industries came from factories under corporate management and only +one-fourth from individual and partnership undertakings. + +[Illustration: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER] + +=The Banking Corporation.=--Very closely related to the growth of +business enterprise on a large scale was the system of banking. In the +old days before banks, a person with savings either employed them in his +own undertakings, lent them to a neighbor, or hid them away where they +set no industry in motion. Even in the early stages of modern business, +it was common for a manufacturer to rise from small beginnings by +financing extensions out of his own earnings and profits. This state of +affairs was profoundly altered by the growth of the huge corporations +requiring millions and even billions of capital. The banks, once an +adjunct to business, became the leaders in business. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY] + +It was the banks that undertook to sell the stocks and bonds issued by +new corporations and trusts and to supply them with credit to carry on +their operations. Indeed, many of the great mergers or combinations in +business were initiated by magnates in the banking world with millions +and billions under their control. Through their connections with one +another, the banks formed a perfect network of agencies gathering up the +pennies and dollars of the masses as well as the thousands of the rich +and pouring them all into the channels of business and manufacturing. +In this growth of banking on a national scale, it was inevitable that a +few great centers, like Wall Street in New York or State Street in +Boston, should rise to a position of dominance both in concentrating the +savings and profits of the nation and in financing new as well as old +corporations. + +=The Significance of the Corporation.=--The corporation, in fact, became +the striking feature of American business life, one of the most +marvelous institutions of all time, comparable in wealth and power and +the number of its servants with kingdoms and states of old. The effect +of its rise and growth cannot be summarily estimated; but some special +facts are obvious. It made possible gigantic enterprises once entirely +beyond the reach of any individual, no matter how rich. It eliminated +many of the futile and costly wastes of competition in connection with +manufacture, advertising, and selling. It studied the cheapest methods +of production and shut down mills that were poorly equipped or +disadvantageously located. It established laboratories for research in +industry, chemistry, and mechanical inventions. Through the sale of +stocks and bonds, it enabled tens of thousands of people to become +capitalists, if only in a small way. The corporation made it possible +for one person to own, for instance, a $50 share in a million dollar +business concern--a thing entirely impossible under a regime of +individual owners and partnerships. + +There was, of course, another side to the picture. Many of the +corporations sought to become monopolies and to make profits, not by +economies and good management, but by extortion from purchasers. +Sometimes they mercilessly crushed small business men, their +competitors, bribed members of legislatures to secure favorable laws, +and contributed to the campaign funds of both leading parties. Wherever +a trust approached the position of a monopoly, it acquired a dominion +over the labor market which enabled it to break even the strongest trade +unions. In short, the power of the trust in finance, in manufacturing, +in politics, and in the field of labor control can hardly be measured. + +=The Corporation and Labor.=--In the development of the corporation +there was to be observed a distinct severing of the old ties between +master and workmen, which existed in the days of small industries. For +the personal bond between the owner and the employees was substituted a +new relation. "In most parts of our country," as President Wilson once +said, "men work, not for themselves, not as partners in the old way in +which they used to work, but generally as employees--in a higher or +lower grade--of great corporations." The owner disappeared from the +factory and in his place came the manager, representing the usually +invisible stockholders and dependent for his success upon his ability to +make profits for the owners. Hence the term "soulless corporation," +which was to exert such a deep influence on American thinking about +industrial relations. + +=Cities and Immigration.=--Expressed in terms of human life, this era of +unprecedented enterprise meant huge industrial cities and an immense +labor supply, derived mainly from European immigration. Here, too, +figures tell only a part of the story. In Washington's day nine-tenths +of the American people were engaged in agriculture and lived in the +country; in 1890 more than one-third of the population dwelt in towns of +2500 and over; in 1920 more than half of the population lived in towns +of over 2500. In forty years, between 1860 and 1900, Greater New York +had grown from 1,174,000 to 3,437,000; San Francisco from 56,000 to +342,000; Chicago from 109,000 to 1,698,000. The miles of city tenements +began to rival, in the number of their residents, the farm homesteads of +the West. The time so dreaded by Jefferson had arrived. People were +"piled upon one another in great cities" and the republic of small +farmers had passed away. + +To these industrial centers flowed annually an ever-increasing tide of +immigration, reaching the half million point in 1880; rising to +three-quarters of a million three years later; and passing the million +mark in a single year at the opening of the new century. Immigration was +as old as America but new elements now entered the situation. In the +first place, there were radical changes in the nationality of the +newcomers. The migration from Northern Europe--England, Ireland, +Germany, and Scandinavia--diminished; that from Italy, Russia, and +Austria-Hungary increased, more than three-fourths of the entire number +coming from these three lands between the years 1900 and 1910. These +later immigrants were Italians, Poles, Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks, +Russians, and Jews, who came from countries far removed from the +language and the traditions of England whence came the founders of +America. + +In the second place, the reception accorded the newcomers differed from +that given to the immigrants in the early days. By 1890 all the free +land was gone. They could not, therefore, be dispersed widely among the +native Americans to assimilate quickly and unconsciously the habits and +ideas of American life. On the contrary, they were diverted mainly to +the industrial centers. There they crowded--nay, overcrowded--into +colonies of their own where they preserved their languages, their +newspapers, and their old-world customs and views. + +So eager were American business men to get an enormous labor supply that +they asked few questions about the effect of this "alien invasion" upon +the old America inherited from the fathers. They even stimulated the +invasion artificially by importing huge armies of foreigners under +contract to work in specified mines and mills. There seemed to be no +limit to the factories, forges, refineries, and railways that could be +built, to the multitudes that could be employed in conquering a +continent. As for the future, that was in the hands of Providence! + +=Business Theories of Politics.=--As the statesmen of Hamilton's school +and the planters of Calhoun's had their theories of government and +politics, so the leaders in business enterprise had theirs. It was +simple and easily stated. "It is the duty of the government," they +urged, "to protect American industry against foreign competition by +means of high tariffs on imported goods, to aid railways by generous +grants of land, to sell mineral and timber lands at low prices to +energetic men ready to develop them, and then to leave the rest to the +initiative and drive of individuals and companies." All government +interference with the management, prices, rates, charges, and conduct of +private business they held to be either wholly pernicious or intolerably +impertinent. Judging from their speeches and writings, they conceived +the nation as a great collection of individuals, companies, and labor +unions all struggling for profits or high wages and held together by a +government whose principal duty was to keep the peace among them and +protect industry against the foreign manufacturer. Such was the +political theory of business during the generation that followed the +Civil War. + + +THE SUPREMACY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY (1861-85) + +=Business Men and Republican Policies.=--Most of the leaders in industry +gravitated to the Republican ranks. They worked in the North and the +Republican party was essentially Northern. It was moreover--at least so +far as the majority of its members were concerned--committed to +protective tariffs, a sound monetary and banking system, the promotion +of railways and industry by land grants, and the development of internal +improvements. It was furthermore generous in its immigration policy. It +proclaimed America to be an asylum for the oppressed of all countries +and flung wide the doors for immigrants eager to fill the factories, man +the mines, and settle upon Western lands. In a word the Republicans +stood for all those specific measures which favored the enlargement and +prosperity of business. At the same time they resisted government +interference with private enterprise. They did not regulate railway +rates, prosecute trusts for forming combinations, or prevent railway +companies from giving lower rates to some shippers than to others. To +sum it up, the political theories of the Republican party for three +decades after the Civil War were the theories of American +business--prosperous and profitable industries for the owners and "the +full dinner pail" for the workmen. Naturally a large portion of those +who flourished under its policies gave their support to it, voted for +its candidates, and subscribed to its campaign funds. + +=Sources of Republican Strength in the North.=--The Republican party was +in fact a political organization of singular power. It originated in a +wave of moral enthusiasm, having attracted to itself, if not the +abolitionists, certainly all those idealists, like James Russell Lowell +and George William Curtis, who had opposed slavery when opposition was +neither safe nor popular. To moral principles it added practical +considerations. Business men had confidence in it. Workingmen, who +longed for the independence of the farmer, owed to its indulgent land +policy the opportunity of securing free homesteads in the West. The +immigrant, landing penniless on these shores, as a result of the same +beneficent system, often found himself in a little while with an estate +as large as many a baronial domain in the Old World. Under a Republican +administration, the union had been saved. To it the veterans of the war +could turn with confidence for those rewards of service which the +government could bestow: pensions surpassing in liberality anything that +the world had ever seen. Under a Republican administration also the +great debt had been created in the defense of the union, and to the +Republican party every investor in government bonds could look for the +full and honorable discharge of the interest and principal. The spoils +system, inaugurated by Jacksonian Democracy, in turn placed all the +federal offices in Republican hands, furnishing an army of party workers +to be counted on for loyal service in every campaign. + +Of all these things Republican leaders made full and vigorous use, +sometimes ascribing to the party, in accordance with ancient political +usage, merits and achievements not wholly its own. Particularly was this +true in the case of saving the union. "When in the economy of +Providence, this land was to be purged of human slavery ... the +Republican party came into power," ran a declaration in one platform. +"The Republican party suppressed a gigantic rebellion, emancipated four +million slaves, decreed the equal citizenship of all, and established +universal suffrage," ran another. As for the aid rendered by the +millions of Northern Democrats who stood by the union and the tens of +thousands of them who actually fought in the union army, the Republicans +in their zeal were inclined to be oblivious. They repeatedly charged the +Democratic party "with being the same in character and spirit as when it +sympathized with treason." + +=Republican Control of the South.=--To the strength enjoyed in the +North, the Republicans for a long time added the advantages that came +from control over the former Confederate states where the newly +enfranchised negroes, under white leadership, gave a grateful support to +the party responsible for their freedom. In this branch of politics, +motives were so mixed that no historian can hope to appraise them all at +their proper values. On the one side of the ledger must be set the +vigorous efforts of the honest and sincere friends of the freedmen to +win for them complete civil and political equality, wiping out not only +slavery but all its badges of misery and servitude. On the same side +must be placed the labor of those who had valiantly fought in forum and +field to save the union and who regarded continued Republican supremacy +after the war as absolutely necessary to prevent the former leaders in +secession from coming back to power. At the same time there were +undoubtedly some men of the baser sort who looked on politics as a game +and who made use of "carpet-bagging" in the South to win the spoils that +might result from it. At all events, both by laws and presidential acts, +the Republicans for many years kept a keen eye upon the maintenance of +their dominion in the South. Their declaration that neither the law nor +its administration should admit any discrimination in respect of +citizens by reason of race, color, or previous condition of servitude +appealed to idealists and brought results in elections. Even South +Carolina, where reposed the ashes of John C. Calhoun, went Republican in +1872 by a vote of three to one! + +Republican control was made easy by the force bills described in a +previous chapter--measures which vested the supervision of elections in +federal officers appointed by Republican Presidents. These drastic +measures, departing from American tradition, the Republican authors +urged, were necessary to safeguard the purity of the ballot, not merely +in the South where the timid freedman might readily be frightened from +using it; but also in the North, particularly in New York City, where it +was claimed that fraud was regularly practiced by Democratic leaders. + +The Democrats, on their side, indignantly denied the charges, replying +that the force bills were nothing but devices created by the Republicans +for the purpose of securing their continued rule through systematic +interference with elections. Even the measures of reconstruction were +deemed by Democratic leaders as thinly veiled schemes to establish +Republican power throughout the country. "Nor is there the slightest +doubt," exclaimed Samuel J. Tilden, spokesman of the Democrats in New +York and candidate for President in 1876, "that the paramount object and +motive of the Republican party is by these means to secure itself +against a reaction of opinion adverse to it in our great populous +Northern commonwealths.... When the Republican party resolved to +establish negro supremacy in the ten states in order to gain to itself +the representation of those states in Congress, it had to begin by +governing the people of those states by the sword.... The next was the +creation of new electoral bodies for those ten states, in which, by +exclusions, by disfranchisements and proscriptions, by control over +registration, by applying test oaths ... by intimidation and by every +form of influence, three million negroes are made to predominate over +four and a half million whites." + +=The War as a Campaign Issue.=--Even the repeal of force bills could not +allay the sectional feelings engendered by the war. The Republicans +could not forgive the men who had so recently been in arms against the +union and insisted on calling them "traitors" and "rebels." The +Southerners, smarting under the reconstruction acts, could regard the +Republicans only as political oppressors. The passions of the war had +been too strong; the distress too deep to be soon forgotten. The +generation that went through it all remembered it all. For twenty +years, the Republicans, in their speeches and platforms, made "a +straight appeal to the patriotism of the Northern voters." They +maintained that their party, which had saved the union and emancipated +the slaves, was alone worthy of protecting the union and uplifting the +freedmen. + +Though the Democrats, especially in the North, resented this policy and +dubbed it with the expressive but inelegant phrase, "waving the bloody +shirt," the Republicans refused to surrender a slogan which made such a +ready popular appeal. As late as 1884, a leader expressed the hope that +they might "wring one more President from the bloody shirt." They +refused to let the country forget that the Democratic candidate, Grover +Cleveland, had escaped military service by hiring a substitute; and they +made political capital out of the fact that he had "insulted the +veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic" by going fishing on +Decoration Day. + +=Three Republican Presidents.=--Fortified by all these elements of +strength, the Republicans held the presidency from 1869 to 1885. The +three Presidents elected in this period, Grant, Hayes, and Garfield, had +certain striking characteristics in common. They were all of origin +humble enough to please the most exacting Jacksonian Democrat. They had +been generals in the union army. Grant, next to Lincoln, was regarded as +the savior of the Constitution. Hayes and Garfield, though lesser lights +in the military firmament, had honorable records duly appreciated by +veterans of the war, now thoroughly organized into the Grand Army of the +Republic. It is true that Grant was not a politician and had never voted +the Republican ticket; but this was readily overlooked. Hayes and +Garfield on the other hand were loyal party men. The former had served +in Congress and for three terms as governor of his state. The latter had +long been a member of the House of Representatives and was Senator-elect +when he received the nomination for President. + +All of them possessed, moreover, another important asset, which was not +forgotten by the astute managers who led in selecting candidates. All +of them were from Ohio--though Grant had been in Illinois when the +summons to military duties came--and Ohio was a strategic state. It lay +between the manufacturing East and the agrarian country to the West. +Having growing industries and wool to sell it benefited from the +protective tariff. Yet being mainly agricultural still, it was not + +without sympathy for the farmers who showed low tariff or free trade +tendencies. Whatever share the East had in shaping laws and framing +policies, it was clear that the West was to have the candidates. This +division in privileges--not uncommon in political management--was always +accompanied by a judicious selection of the candidate for Vice +President. With Garfield, for example, was associated a prominent New +York politician, Chester A. Arthur, who, as fate decreed, was destined +to more than three years' service as chief magistrate, on the +assassination of his superior in office. + +=The Disputed Election of 1876.=--While taking note of the long years of +Republican supremacy, it must be recorded that grave doubts exist in the +minds of many historians as to whether one of the three Presidents, +Hayes, was actually the victor in 1876 or not. His Democratic opponent, +Samuel J. Tilden, received a popular plurality of a quarter of a million +and had a plausible claim to a majority of the electoral vote. At all +events, four states sent in double returns, one set for Tilden and +another for Hayes; and a deadlock ensued. Both parties vehemently +claimed the election and the passions ran so high that sober men did not +shrink from speaking of civil war again. Fortunately, in the end, the +counsels of peace prevailed. Congress provided for an electoral +commission of fifteen men to review the contested returns. The +Democrats, inspired by Tilden's moderation, accepted the judgment in +favor of Hayes even though they were not convinced that he was really +entitled to the office. + + +THE GROWTH OF OPPOSITION TO REPUBLICAN RULE + +=Abuses in American Political Life.=--During their long tenure of +office, the Republicans could not escape the inevitable consequences of +power; that is, evil practices and corrupt conduct on the part of some +who found shelter within the party. For that matter neither did the +Democrats manage to avoid such difficulties in those states and cities +where they had the majority. In New York City, for instance, the local +Democratic organization, known as Tammany Hall, passed under the sway of +a group of politicians headed by "Boss" Tweed. He plundered the city +treasury until public-spirited citizens, supported by Samuel J. Tilden, +the Democratic leader of the state, rose in revolt, drove the ringleader +from power, and sent him to jail. In Philadelphia, the local Republican +bosses were guilty of offenses as odious as those committed by New York +politicians. Indeed, the decade that followed the Civil War was marred +by so many scandals in public life that one acute editor was moved to +inquire: "Are not all the great communities of the Western World growing +more corrupt as they grow in wealth?" + +In the sphere of national politics, where the opportunities were +greater, betrayals of public trust were even more flagrant. One +revelation after another showed officers, high and low, possessed with +the spirit of peculation. Members of Congress, it was found, accepted +railway stock in exchange for votes in favor of land grants and other +concessions to the companies. In the administration as well as the +legislature the disease was rife. Revenue officers permitted whisky +distillers to evade their taxes and received heavy bribes in return. A +probe into the post-office department revealed the malodorous "star +route frauds"--the deliberate overpayment of certain mail carriers whose +lines were indicated in the official record by asterisks or stars. Even +cabinet officers did not escape suspicion, for the trail of the serpent +led straight to the door of one of them. + +In the lower ranges of official life, the spoils system became more +virulent as the number of federal employees increased. The holders of +offices and the seekers after them constituted a veritable political +army. They crowded into Republican councils, for the Republicans, being +in power, could alone dispense federal favors. They filled positions in +the party ranging from the lowest township committee to the national +convention. They helped to nominate candidates and draft platforms and +elbowed to one side the busy citizen, not conversant with party +intrigues, who could only give an occasional day to political matters. +Even the Civil Service Act of 1883, wrung from a reluctant Congress two +years after the assassination of Garfield, made little change for a long +time. It took away from the spoilsmen a few thousand government +positions, but it formed no check on the practice of rewarding party +workers from the public treasury. + +On viewing this state of affairs, many a distinguished citizen became +profoundly discouraged. James Russell Lowell, for example, thought he +saw a steady decline in public morals. In 1865, hearing of Lee's +surrender, he had exclaimed: "There is something magnificent in having a +country to love!" Ten years later, when asked to write an ode for the +centennial at Philadelphia in 1876, he could think only of a biting +satire on the nation: + + "Show your state legislatures; show your Rings; + And challenge Europe to produce such things + As high officials sitting half in sight + To share the plunder and fix things right. + If that don't fetch her, why, you need only + To show your latest style in martyrs,--Tweed: + She'll find it hard to hide her spiteful tears + At such advance in one poor hundred years." + +When his critics condemned him for this "attack upon his native land," +Lowell replied in sadness: "These fellows have no notion of what love of +country means. It was in my very blood and bones. If I am not an +American who ever was?... What fills me with doubt and dismay is the +degradation of the moral tone. Is it or is it not a result of democracy? +Is ours a 'government of the people, by the people, for the people,' or +a Kakistocracy [a government of the worst], rather for the benefit of +knaves at the cost of fools?" + +=The Reform Movement in Republican Ranks.=--The sentiments expressed by +Lowell, himself a Republican and for a time American ambassador to +England, were shared by many men in his party. Very soon after the close +of the Civil War some of them began to protest vigorously against the +policies and conduct of their leaders. In 1872, the dissenters, calling +themselves Liberal Republicans, broke away altogether, nominated a +candidate of their own, Horace Greeley, and put forward a platform +indicting the Republican President fiercely enough to please the most +uncompromising Democrat. They accused Grant of using "the powers and +opportunities of his high office for the promotion of personal ends." +They charged him with retaining "notoriously corrupt and unworthy men in +places of power and responsibility." They alleged that the Republican +party kept "alive the passions and resentments of the late civil war to +use them for their own advantages," and employed the "public service of +the government as a machinery of corruption and personal influence." + +It was not apparent, however, from the ensuing election that any +considerable number of Republicans accepted the views of the Liberals. +Greeley, though indorsed by the Democrats, was utterly routed and died +of a broken heart. The lesson of his discomfiture seemed to be that +independent action was futile. So, at least, it was regarded by most men +of the rising generation like Henry Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts, and +Theodore Roosevelt, of New York. Profiting by the experience of Greeley +they insisted in season and out that reformers who desired to rid the +party of abuses should remain loyal to it and do their work "on the +inside." + +=The Mugwumps and Cleveland Democracy in 1884.=--Though aided by +Republican dissensions, the Democrats were slow in making headway +against the political current. They were deprived of the energetic and +capable leadership once afforded by the planters, like Calhoun, Davis, +and Toombs; they were saddled by their opponents with responsibility for +secession; and they were stripped of the support of the prostrate +South. Not until the last Southern state was restored to the union, not +until a general amnesty was wrung from Congress, not until white +supremacy was established at the polls, and the last federal soldier +withdrawn from Southern capitals did they succeed in capturing the +presidency. + +The opportune moment for them came in 1884 when a number of +circumstances favored their aspirations. The Republicans, leaving the +Ohio Valley in their search for a candidate, nominated James G. Blaine +of Maine, a vigorous and popular leader but a man under fire from the +reformers in his own party. The Democrats on their side were able to +find at this juncture an able candidate who had no political enemies in +the sphere of national politics, Grover Cleveland, then governor of New +York and widely celebrated as a man of "sterling honesty." At the same +time a number of dissatisfied Republicans openly espoused the Democratic +cause,--among them Carl Schurz, George William Curtis, Henry Ward +Beecher, and William Everett, men of fine ideals and undoubted +integrity. Though the "regular" Republicans called them "Mugwumps" and +laughed at them as the "men milliners, the dilettanti, and carpet +knights of politics," they had a following that was not to be despised. + +The campaign which took place that year was one of the most savage in +American history. Issues were thrust into the background. The tariff, +though mentioned, was not taken seriously. Abuse of the opposition was +the favorite resource of party orators. The Democrats insisted that "the +Republican party so far as principle is concerned is a reminiscence. In +practice it is an organization for enriching those who control its +machinery." For the Republican candidate, Blaine, they could hardly find +words to express their contempt. The Republicans retaliated in kind. +They praised their own good works, as of old, in saving the union, and +denounced the "fraud and violence practiced by the Democracy in the +Southern states." Seeing little objectionable in the public record of +Cleveland as mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York, they attacked +his personal character. Perhaps never in the history of political +campaigns did the discussions on the platform and in the press sink to +so low a level. Decent people were sickened. Even hot partisans shrank +from their own words when, after the election, they had time to reflect +on their heedless passions. Moreover, nothing was decided by the +balloting. Cleveland was elected, but his victory was a narrow one. A +change of a few hundred votes in New York would have sent his opponent +to the White House instead. + +=Changing Political Fortunes (1888-96).=--After the Democrats had +settled down to the enjoyment of their hard-earned victory, President +Cleveland in his message of 1887 attacked the tariff as "vicious, +inequitable, and illogical"; as a system of taxation that laid a burden +upon "every consumer in the land for the benefit of our manufacturers." +Business enterprise was thoroughly alarmed. The Republicans +characterized the tariff message as a free-trade assault upon the +industries of the country. Mainly on that issue they elected in 1888 +Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, a shrewd lawyer, a reticent politician, a +descendant of the hero of Tippecanoe, and a son of the old Northwest. +Accepting the outcome of the election as a vindication of their +principles, the Republicans, under the leadership of William McKinley in +the House of Representatives, enacted in 1890 a tariff law imposing the +highest duties yet laid in our history. To their utter surprise, +however, they were instantly informed by the country that their program +was not approved. That very autumn they lost in the congressional +elections, and two years later they were decisively beaten in the +presidential campaign, Cleveland once more leading his party to victory. + + +=References= + +L.H. Haney, _Congressional History of Railways_ (2 vols.). + +J.P. Davis, _Union Pacific Railway_. + +J.M. Swank, _History of the Manufacture of Iron_. + +M.T. Copeland, _The Cotton Manufacturing Industry in the United States_ +(Harvard Studies). + +E.W. Bryce, _Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century_. + +Ida Tarbell, _History of the Standard Oil Company_ (Critical). + +G.H. Montague, _Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company_ +(Friendly). + +H.P. Fairchild, _Immigration_, and F.J. Warne, _The Immigrant Invasion_ +(Both works favor exclusion). + +I.A. Hourwich, _Immigration_ (Against exclusionist policies). + +J.F. Rhodes, _History of the United States, 1877-1896_, Vol. VIII. + +Edward Stanwood, _A History of the Presidency_, Vol. I, for the +presidential elections of the period. + + +=Questions= + +1. Contrast the state of industry and commerce at the close of the Civil +War with its condition at the close of the Revolutionary War. + +2. Enumerate the services rendered to the nation by the railways. + +3. Explain the peculiar relation of railways to government. + +4. What sections of the country have been industrialized? + +5. How do you account for the rise and growth of the trusts? Explain +some of the economic advantages of the trust. + +6. Are the people in cities more or less independent than the farmers? +What was Jefferson's view? + +7. State some of the problems raised by unrestricted immigration. + +8. What was the theory of the relation of government to business in this +period? Has it changed in recent times? + +9. State the leading economic policies sponsored by the Republican +party. + +10. Why were the Republicans especially strong immediately after the +Civil War? + +11. What illustrations can you give showing the influence of war in +American political campaigns? + +12. Account for the strength of middle-western candidates. + +13. Enumerate some of the abuses that appeared in American political +life after 1865. + +14. Sketch the rise and growth of the reform movement. + +15. How is the fluctuating state of public opinion reflected in the +elections from 1880 to 1896? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Invention, Discovery, and Transportation.=--Sparks, _National +Development_ (American Nation Series), pp. 37-67; Bogart, _Economic +History of the United States_, Chaps. XXI, XXII, and XXIII. + +=Business and Politics.=--Paxson, _The New Nation_ (Riverside Series), +pp. 92-107; Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vol. VII, pp. 1-29, +64-73, 175-206; Wilson, _History of the American People_, Vol. IV, pp. +78-96. + +=Immigration.=--Coman, _Industrial History of the United States_ (2d +ed.), pp. 369-374; E.L. Bogart, _Economic History of the United States_, +pp. 420-422, 434-437; Jenks and Lauck, _Immigration Problems_, Commons, +_Races and Immigrants_. + +=The Disputed Election of 1876.=--Haworth, _The United States in Our Own +Time_, pp. 82-94; Dunning, _Reconstruction, Political and Economic_ +(American Nation Series), pp. 294-341; Elson, _History of the United +States_, pp. 835-841. + +=Abuses in Political Life.=--Dunning, _Reconstruction_, pp. 281-293; see +criticisms in party platforms in Stanwood, _History of the Presidency_, +Vol. I; Bryce, _American Commonwealth_ (1910 ed.), Vol. II, pp. 379-448; +136-167. + +=Studies of Presidential Administrations.=--(_a_) Grant, (_b_) Hayes, +(_c_) Garfield-Arthur, (_d_) Cleveland, and (_e_) Harrison, in Haworth, +_The United States in Our Own Time_, or in Paxson, _The New Nation_ +(Riverside Series), or still more briefly in Elson. + +=Cleveland Democracy.=--Haworth, _The United States_, pp. 164-183; +Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vol. VIII, pp. 240-327; Elson, +pp. 857-887. + +=Analysis of Modern Immigration Problems.=--_Syllabus in History_ (New +York State, 1919), pp. 110-112. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT WEST + + +At the close of the Civil War, Kansas and Texas were sentinel states on +the middle border. Beyond the Rockies, California, Oregon, and Nevada +stood guard, the last of them having been just admitted to furnish +another vote for the fifteenth amendment abolishing slavery. Between the +near and far frontiers lay a vast reach of plain, desert, plateau, and +mountain, almost wholly undeveloped. A broad domain, extending from +Canada to Mexico, and embracing the regions now included in Washington, +Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, the Dakotas, and +Oklahoma, had fewer than half a million inhabitants. It was laid out +into territories, each administered under a governor appointed by the +President and Senate and, as soon as there was the requisite number of +inhabitants, a legislature elected by the voters. No railway line +stretched across the desert. St. Joseph on the Missouri was the terminus +of the Eastern lines. It required twenty-five days for a passenger to +make the overland journey to California by the stagecoach system, +established in 1858, and more than ten days for the swift pony express, +organized in 1860, to carry a letter to San Francisco. Indians still +roamed the plain and desert and more than one powerful tribe disputed +the white man's title to the soil. + + +THE RAILWAYS AS TRAIL BLAZERS + +=Opening Railways to the Pacific.=--A decade before the Civil War the +importance of rail connection between the East and the Pacific Coast had +been recognized. Pressure had already been brought to bear on Congress +to authorize the construction of a line and to grant land and money in +its aid. Both the Democrats and Republicans approved the idea, but it +was involved in the slavery controversy. Indeed it was submerged in it. +Southern statesmen wanted connections between the Gulf and the Pacific +through Texas, while Northerners stood out for a central route. + +The North had its way during the war. Congress, by legislation initiated +in 1862, provided for the immediate organization of companies to build a +line from the Missouri River to California and made grants of land and +loans of money to aid in the enterprise. The Western end, the Central +Pacific, was laid out under the supervision of Leland Stanford. It was +heavily financed by the Mormons of Utah and also by the state +government, the ranchmen, miners, and business men of California; and it +was built principally by Chinese labor. The Eastern end, the Union +Pacific, starting at Omaha, was constructed mainly by veterans of the +Civil War and immigrants from Ireland and Germany. In 1869 the two +companies met near Ogden in Utah and the driving of the last spike, +uniting the Atlantic and the Pacific, was the occasion of a great +demonstration. + +Other lines to the Pacific were projected at the same time; but the +panic of 1873 checked railway enterprise for a while. With the revival +of prosperity at the end of that decade, construction was renewed with +vigor and the year 1883 marked a series of railway triumphs. In February +trains were running from New Orleans through Houston, San Antonio, and +Yuma to San Francisco, as a result of a union of the Texas Pacific with +the Southern Pacific and its subsidiary corporations. In September the +last spike was driven in the Northern Pacific at Helena, Montana. Lake +Superior was connected with Puget Sound. The waters explored by Joliet +and Marquette were joined to the waters plowed by Sir Francis Drake +while he was searching for a route around the world. That same year also +a third line was opened to the Pacific by way of the Atchison, Topeka +and Santa Fe, making connections through Albuquerque and Needles with +San Francisco. The fondest hopes of railway promoters seemed to be +realized. + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES IN 1870] + +=Western Railways Precede Settlement.=--In the Old World and on our +Atlantic seaboard, railways followed population and markets. In the Far +West, railways usually preceded the people. Railway builders planned +cities on paper before they laid tracks connecting them. They sent +missionaries to spread the gospel of "Western opportunity" to people in +the Middle West, in the Eastern cities, and in Southern states. Then +they carried their enthusiastic converts bag and baggage in long trains +to the distant Dakotas and still farther afield. So the development of +the Far West was not left to the tedious processes of time. It was +pushed by men of imagination--adventurers who made a romance of +money-making and who had dreams of empire unequaled by many kings of the +past. + +These empire builders bought railway lands in huge tracts; they got more +from the government; they overcame every obstacle of canon, mountain, +and stream with the aid of science; they built cities according to the +plans made by the engineers. Having the towns ready and railway and +steamboat connections formed with the rest of the world, they carried +out the people to use the railways, the steamships, the houses, and the +land. It was in this way that "the frontier speculator paved the way for +the frontier agriculturalist who had to be near a market before he could +farm." The spirit of this imaginative enterprise, which laid out +railways and towns in advance of the people, is seen in an advertisement +of that day: "This extension will run 42 miles from York, northeast +through the Island Lake country, and will have five good North Dakota +towns. The stations on the line will be well equipped with elevators and +will be constructed and ready for operation at the commencement of the +grain season. Prospective merchants have been active in securing +desirable locations at the different towns on the line. There are still +opportunities for hotels, general merchandise, hardware, furniture, and +drug stores, etc." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A TOWN ON THE PRAIRIE] + +Among the railway promoters and builders in the West, James J. Hill, +of the Great Northern and allied lines, was one of the most forceful +figures. He knew that tracks and trains were useless without passengers +and freight; without a population of farmers and town dwellers. He +therefore organized publicity in the Virginias, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, +Illinois, Wisconsin, and Nebraska especially. He sent out agents to tell +the story of Western opportunity in this vein: "You see your children +come out of school with no chance to get farms of their own because the +cost of land in your older part of the country is so high that you can't +afford to buy land to start your sons out in life around you. They have +to go to the cities to make a living or become laborers in the mills or +hire out as farm hands. There is no future for them there. If you are +doing well where you are and can safeguard the future of your children +and see them prosper around you, don't leave here. But if you want +independence, if you are renting your land, if the money-lender is +carrying you along and you are running behind year after year, you can +do no worse by moving.... You farmers talk of free trade and protection +and what this or that political party will do for you. Why don't you +vote a homestead for yourself? That is the only thing Uncle Sam will +ever give you. Jim Hill hasn't an acre of land to sell you. We are not +in the real estate business. We don't want you to go out West and make a +failure of it because the rates at which we haul you and your goods make +the first transaction a loss.... We must have landless men for a manless +land." + +Unlike steamship companies stimulating immigration to get the fares, +Hill was seeking permanent settlers who would produce, manufacture, and +use the railways as the means of exchange. Consequently he fixed low +rates and let his passengers take a good deal of live stock and +household furniture free. By doing this he made an appeal that was +answered by eager families. In 1894 the vanguard of home seekers left +Indiana in fourteen passenger coaches, filled with men, women, and +children, and forty-eight freight cars carrying their household goods +and live stock. In the ten years that followed, 100,000 people from the +Middle West and the South, responding to his call, went to the Western +country where they brought eight million acres of prairie land under +cultivation. + +When Hill got his people on the land, he took an interest in everything +that increased the productivity of their labor. Was the output of food +for his freight cars limited by bad drainage on the farms? Hill then +interested himself in practical ways of ditching and tiling. Were +farmers hampered in hauling their goods to his trains by bad roads? In +that case, he urged upon the states the improvement of highways. Did the +traffic slacken because the food shipped was not of the best quality? +Then live stock must be improved and scientific farming promoted. Did +the farmers need credit? Banks must be established close at hand to +advance it. In all conferences on scientific farm management, +conservation of natural resources, banking and credit in relation to +agriculture and industry, Hill was an active participant. His was the +long vision, seeing in conservation and permanent improvements the +foundation of prosperity for the railways and the people. + +Indeed, he neglected no opportunity to increase the traffic on the +lines. He wanted no empty cars running in either direction and no wheat +stored in warehouses for the lack of markets. So he looked to the Orient +as well as to Europe as an outlet for the surplus of the farms. He sent +agents to China and Japan to discover what American goods and produce +those countries would consume and what manufactures they had to offer to +Americans in exchange. To open the Pacific trade he bought two ocean +monsters, the _Minnesota_ and the _Dakota_, thus preparing for +emergencies West as well as East. When some Japanese came to the United +States on their way to Europe to buy steel rails, Hill showed them how +easy it was for them to make their purchase in this country and ship by +way of American railways and American vessels. So the railway builder +and promoter, who helped to break the virgin soil of the prairies, lived +through the pioneer epoch and into the age of great finance. Before he +died he saw the wheat fields of North Dakota linked with the spinning +jennies of Manchester and the docks of Yokohama. + + +THE EVOLUTION OF GRAZING AND AGRICULTURE + +=The Removal of the Indians.=--Unlike the frontier of New England in +colonial days or that of Kentucky later, the advancing lines of home +builders in the Far West had little difficulty with warlike natives. +Indian attacks were made on the railway construction gangs; General +Custer had his fatal battle with the Sioux in 1876 and there were minor +brushes; but they were all of relatively slight consequence. The former +practice of treating with the Indians as independent nations was +abandoned in 1871 and most of them were concentrated in reservations +where they were mainly supported by the government. The supervision of +their affairs was vested in a board of commissioners created in 1869 and +instructed to treat them as wards of the nation--a trust which +unfortunately was often betrayed. A further step in Indian policy was +taken in 1887 when provision was made for issuing lands to individual +Indians, thus permitting them to become citizens and settle down among +their white neighbors as farmers or cattle raisers. The disappearance of +the buffalo, the main food supply of the wild Indians, had made them +more tractable and more willing to surrender the freedom of the hunter +for the routine of the reservation, ranch, or wheat field. + +=The Cowboy and Cattle Ranger.=--Between the frontier of farms and the +mountains were plains and semi-arid regions in vast reaches suitable for +grazing. As soon as the railways were open into the Missouri Valley, +affording an outlet for stock, there sprang up to the westward cattle +and sheep raising on an immense scale. The far-famed American cowboy was +the hero in this scene. Great herds of cattle were bred in Texas; with +the advancing spring and summer seasons, they were driven northward +across the plains and over the buffalo trails. In a single year, 1884, +it is estimated that nearly one million head of cattle were moved out of +Texas to the North by four thousand cowboys, supplied with 30,000 +horses and ponies. + +During the two decades from 1870 to 1890 both the cattle men and the +sheep raisers had an almost free run of the plains, using public lands +without paying for the privilege and waging war on one another over the +possession of ranges. At length, however, both had to go, as the +homesteaders and land companies came and fenced in the plain and desert +with endless lines of barbed wire. Already in 1893 a writer familiar +with the frontier lamented the passing of the picturesque days: "The +unique position of the cowboys among the Americans is jeopardized in a +thousand ways. Towns are growing up on their pasture lands; irrigation +schemes of a dozen sorts threaten to turn bunch-grass scenery into +farm-land views; farmers are pre-empting valleys and the sides of +waterways; and the day is not far distant when stock-raising must be +done mainly in small herds, with winter corrals, and then the cowboy's +days will end. Even now his condition disappoints those who knew him +only half a dozen years ago. His breed seems to have deteriorated and +his ranks are filling with men who work for wages rather than for the +love of the free life and bold companionship that once tempted men into +that calling. Splendid Cheyenne saddles are less and less numerous in +the outfits; the distinctive hat that made its way up from Mexico may or +may not be worn; all the civil authorities in nearly all towns in the +grazing country forbid the wearing of side arms; nobody shoots up these +towns any more. The fact is the old simon-pure cowboy days are gone +already." + +=Settlement under the Homestead Act of 1862.=--Two factors gave a +special stimulus to the rapid settlement of Western lands which swept +away the Indians and the cattle rangers. The first was the policy of the +railway companies in selling large blocks of land received from the +government at low prices to induce immigration. The second was the +operation of the Homestead law passed in 1862. This measure practically +closed the long controversy over the disposition of the public domain +that was suitable for agriculture. It provided for granting, without any +cost save a small registration fee, public lands in lots of 160 acres +each to citizens and aliens who declared their intention of becoming +citizens. The one important condition attached was that the settler +should occupy the farm for five years before his title was finally +confirmed. Even this stipulation was waived in the case of the Civil War +veterans who were allowed to count their term of military service as a +part of the five years' occupancy required. As the soldiers of the +Revolutionary and Mexican wars had advanced in great numbers to the +frontier in earlier days, so now veterans led in the settlement of the +middle border. Along with them went thousands of German, Irish, and +Scandinavian immigrants, fresh from the Old World. Between 1867 and +1874, 27,000,000 acres were staked out in quarter-section farms. In +twenty years (1860-80), the population of Nebraska leaped from 28,000 to +almost half a million; Kansas from 100,000 to a million; Iowa from +600,000 to 1,600,000; and the Dakotas from 5000 to 140,000. + +=The Diversity of Western Agriculture.=--In soil, produce, and +management, Western agriculture presented many contrasts to that of the +East and South. In the region of arable and watered lands the typical +American unit--the small farm tilled by the owner--appeared as usual; +but by the side of it many a huge domain owned by foreign or Eastern +companies and tilled by hired labor. Sometimes the great estate took the +shape of the "bonanza farm" devoted mainly to wheat and corn and +cultivated on a large scale by machinery. Again it assumed the form of +the cattle ranch embracing tens of thousands of acres. Again it was a +vast holding of diversified interest, such as the Santa Anita ranch near +Los Angeles, a domain of 60,000 acres "cultivated in a glorious sweep of +vineyards and orange and olive orchards, rich sheep and cattle pastures +and horse ranches, their life and customs handed down from the Spanish +owners of the various ranches which were swept into one estate." + +=Irrigation.=--In one respect agriculture in the Far West was unique. In +a large area spreading through eight states, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, +Utah, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of adjoining +states, the rainfall was so slight that the ordinary crops to which the +American farmer was accustomed could not be grown at all. The Mormons +were the first Anglo-Saxons to encounter aridity, and they were baffled +at first; but they studied it and mastered it by magnificent irrigation +systems. As other settlers poured into the West the problem of the +desert was attacked with a will, some of them replying to the +commiseration of Eastern farmers by saying that it was easier to scoop +out an irrigation ditch than to cut forests and wrestle with stumps and +stones. Private companies bought immense areas at low prices, built +irrigation works, and disposed of their lands in small plots. Some +ranchers with an instinct for water, like that of the miner for metal, +sank wells into the dry sand and were rewarded with gushers that "soused +the thirsty desert and turned its good-for-nothing sand into +good-for-anything loam." The federal government came to the aid of the +arid regions in 1894 by granting lands to the states to be used for +irrigation purposes. In this work Wyoming took the lead with a law which +induced capitalists to invest in irrigation and at the same time +provided for the sale of the redeemed lands to actual settlers. Finally +in 1902 the federal government by its liberal Reclamation Act added its +strength to that of individuals, companies, and states in conquering +"arid America." + +"Nowhere," writes Powell, a historian of the West, in his picturesque +_End of the Trail_, "has the white man fought a more courageous fight or +won a more brilliant victory than in Arizona. His weapons have been the +transit and the level, the drill and the dredge, the pick and the spade; +and the enemy which he has conquered has been the most stubborn of all +foes--the hostile forces of Nature.... The story of how the white man +within the space of less than thirty years penetrated, explored, and +mapped this almost unknown region; of how he carried law, order, and +justice into a section which had never had so much as a speaking +acquaintance with any one of the three before; of how, realizing the +necessity for means of communication, he built highways of steel across +this territory from east to west and from north to south; of how, +undismayed by the savageness of the countenance which the desert turned +upon him, he laughed and rolled up his sleeves, and spat upon his hands, +and slashed the face of the desert with canals and irrigating ditches, +and filled those ditches with water brought from deep in the earth or +high in the mountains; and of how, in the conquered and submissive soil, +he replaced the aloe with alfalfa, the mesquite with maize, the cactus +with cotton, forms one of the most inspiring chapters in our history. It +is one of the epics of civilization, this reclamation of the Southwest, +and its heroes, thank God, are Americans. + +"Other desert regions have been redeemed by irrigation--Egypt, for +example, and Mesopotamia and parts of the Sudan--but the people of all +those regions lay stretched out in the shade of a convenient palm, +metaphorically speaking, and waited for some one with more energy than +themselves to come along and do the work. But the Arizonians, mindful of +the fact that God, the government, and Carnegie help those who help +themselves, spent their days wielding the pick and shovel, and their +evenings in writing letters to Washington with toil-hardened hands. +After a time the government was prodded into action and the great dams +at Laguna and Roosevelt are the result. Then the people, organizing +themselves into cooperative leagues and water-users' associations, took +up the work of reclamation where the government left off; it is to these +energetic, persevering men who have drilled wells, plowed fields, and +dug ditches through the length and breadth of that great region which +stretches from Yuma to Tucson, that the metamorphosis of Arizona is +due." + +The effect of irrigation wherever introduced was amazing. Stretches of +sand and sagebrush gave way to fertile fields bearing crops of wheat, +corn, fruits, vegetables, and grass. Huge ranches grazed by browsing +sheep were broken up into small plots. The cowboy and ranchman vanished. +In their place rose the prosperous community--a community unlike the +township of Iowa or the industrial center of the East. Its intensive +tillage left little room for hired labor. Its small holdings drew +families together in village life rather than dispersing them on the +lonely plain. Often the development of water power in connection with +irrigation afforded electricity for labor-saving devices and lifted many +a burden that in other days fell heavily upon the shoulders of the +farmer and his family. + + +MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN THE WEST + +=Mineral Resources.=--In another important particular the Far West +differed from the Mississippi Valley states. That was in the +predominance of mining over agriculture throughout a vast section. +Indeed it was the minerals rather than the land that attracted the +pioneers who first opened the country. The discovery of gold in +California in 1848 was the signal for the great rush of prospectors, +miners, and promoters who explored the valleys, climbed the hills, +washed the sands, and dug up the soil in their feverish search for gold, +silver, copper, coal, and other minerals. In Nevada and Montana the +development of mineral resources went on all during the Civil War. Alder +Gulch became Virginia City in 1863; Last Chance Gulch was named Helena +in 1864; and Confederate Gulch was christened Diamond City in 1865. At +Butte the miners began operations in 1864 and within five years had +washed out eight million dollars' worth of gold. Under the gold they +found silver; under silver they found copper. + +Even at the end of the nineteenth century, after agriculture was well +advanced and stock and sheep raising introduced on a large scale, +minerals continued to be the chief source of wealth in a number of +states. This was revealed by the figures for 1910. The gold, silver, +iron, and copper of Colorado were worth more than the wheat, corn, and +oats combined; the copper of Montana sold for more than all the cereals +and four times the price of the wheat. The interest of Nevada was also +mainly mining, the receipts from the mineral output being $43,000,000 or +more than one-half the national debt of Hamilton's day. The yield of the +mines of Utah was worth four or five times the wheat crop; the coal of +Wyoming brought twice as much as the great wool clip; the minerals of +Arizona were totaled at $43,000,000 as against a wool clip reckoned at +$1,200,000; while in Idaho alone of this group of states did the wheat +crop exceed in value the output of the mines. + +[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +LOGGING] + +=Timber Resources.=--The forests of the great West, unlike those of the +Ohio Valley, proved a boon to the pioneers rather than a foe to be +attacked. In Ohio and Indiana, for example, the frontier line of +homemakers had to cut, roll, and burn thousands of trees before they +could put out a crop of any size. Beyond the Mississippi, however, +there were all ready for the breaking plow great reaches of almost +treeless prairie, where every stick of timber was precious. In the other +parts, often rough and mountainous, where stood primeval forests of the +finest woods, the railroads made good use of the timber. They consumed +acres of forests themselves in making ties, bridge timbers, and +telegraph poles, and they laid a heavy tribute upon the forests for +their annual upkeep. The surplus trees, such as had burdened the +pioneers of the Northwest Territory a hundred years before, they carried +off to markets on the east and west coasts. + +=Western Industries.=--The peculiar conditions of the Far West +stimulated a rise of industries more rapid than is usual in new country. +The mining activities which in many sections preceded agriculture called +for sawmills to furnish timber for the mines and smelters to reduce and +refine ores. The ranches supplied sheep and cattle for the packing +houses of Kansas City as well as Chicago. The waters of the Northwest +afforded salmon for 4000 cases in 1866 and for 1,400,000 cases in 1916. +The fruits and vegetables of California brought into existence +innumerable canneries. The lumber industry, starting with crude sawmills +to furnish rough timbers for railways and mines, ended in specialized +factories for paper, boxes, and furniture. As the railways preceded +settlement and furnished a ready outlet for local manufactures, so they +encouraged the early establishment of varied industries, thus creating a +state of affairs quite unlike that which obtained in the Ohio Valley in +the early days before the opening of the Erie Canal. + +=Social Effects of Economic Activities.=--In many respects the social +life of the Far West also differed from that of the Ohio Valley. The +treeless prairies, though open to homesteads, favored the great estate +tilled in part by tenant labor and in part by migratory seasonal labor, +summoned from all sections of the country for the harvests. The mineral +resources created hundreds of huge fortunes which made the accumulations +of eastern mercantile families look trivial by comparison. Other +millionaires won their fortunes in the railway business and still more +from the cattle and sheep ranges. In many sections the "cattle king," as +he was called, was as dominant as the planter had been in the old South. +Everywhere in the grazing country he was a conspicuous and important +person. He "sometimes invested money in banks, in railroad stocks, or in +city property.... He had his rating in the commercial reviews and could +hobnob with bankers, railroad presidents, and metropolitan merchants.... +He attended party caucuses and conventions, ran for the state +legislature, and sometimes defeated a lawyer or metropolitan 'business +man' in the race for a seat in Congress. In proportion to their numbers, +the ranchers ... have constituted a highly impressive class." + +Although many of the early capitalists of the great West, especially +from Nevada, spent their money principally in the East, others took +leadership in promoting the sections in which they had made their +fortunes. A railroad pioneer, General Palmer, built his home at Colorado +Springs, founded the town, and encouraged local improvements. Denver +owed its first impressive buildings to the civic patriotism of Horace +Tabor, a wealthy mine owner. Leland Stanford paid his tribute to +California in the endowment of a large university. Colonel W.F. Cody, +better known as "Buffalo Bill," started his career by building a "boom +town" which collapsed, and made a large sum of money supplying buffalo +meat to construction hands (hence his popular name). By his famous Wild +West Show, he increased it to a fortune which he devoted mainly to the +promotion of a western reclamation scheme. + +While the Far West was developing this vigorous, aggressive leadership +in business, a considerable industrial population was springing up. Even +the cattle ranges and hundreds of farms were conducted like factories in +that they were managed through overseers who hired plowmen, harvesters, +and cattlemen at regular wages. At the same time there appeared other +peculiar features which made a lasting impression on western economic +life. Mining, lumbering, and fruit growing, for instance, employed +thousands of workers during the rush months and turned them out at other +times. The inevitable result was an army of migratory laborers wandering +from camp to camp, from town to town, and from ranch to ranch, without +fixed homes or established habits of life. From this extraordinary +condition there issued many a long and lawless conflict between capital +and labor, giving a distinct color to the labor movement in whole +sections of the mountain and coast states. + + +THE ADMISSION OF NEW STATES + +=The Spirit of Self-Government.=--The instinct of self-government was +strong in the western communities. In the very beginning, it led to the +organization of volunteer committees, known as "vigilantes," to suppress +crime and punish criminals. As soon as enough people were settled +permanently in a region, they took care to form a more stable kind of +government. An illustration of this process is found in the Oregon +compact made by the pioneers in 1843, the spirit of which is reflected +in an editorial in an old copy of the _Rocky Mountain News_: "We claim +that any body or community of American citizens which from any cause or +under any circumstances is cut off from or from isolation is so situated +as not to be under any active and protecting branch of the central +government, have a right, if on American soil, to frame a government and +enact such laws and regulations as may be necessary for their own +safety, protection, and happiness, always with the condition precedent, +that they shall, at the earliest moment when the central government +shall extend an effective organization and laws over them, give it their +unqualified support and obedience." + +People who turned so naturally to the organization of local +administration were equally eager for admission to the union as soon as +any shadow of a claim to statehood could be advanced. As long as a +region was merely one of the territories of the United States, the +appointment of the governor and other officers was controlled by +politics at Washington. Moreover the disposition of land, mineral +rights, forests, and water power was also in the hands of national +leaders. Thus practical considerations were united with the spirit of +independence in the quest for local autonomy. + +=Nebraska and Colorado.=--Two states, Nebraska and Colorado, had little +difficulty in securing admission to the union. The first, Nebraska, had +been organized as a territory by the famous Kansas-Nebraska bill which +did so much to precipitate the Civil War. Lying to the north of Kansas, +which had been admitted in 1861, it escaped the invasion of slave owners +from Missouri and was settled mainly by farmers from the North. Though +it claimed a population of only 67,000, it was regarded with kindly +interest by the Republican Congress at Washington and, reduced to its +present boundaries, it received the coveted statehood in 1867. + +This was hardly accomplished before the people of Colorado to the +southwest began to make known their demands. They had been organized +under territorial government in 1861 when they numbered only a handful; +but within ten years the aspect of their affairs had completely changed. +The silver and gold deposits of the Leadville and Cripple Creek regions +had attracted an army of miners and prospectors. The city of Denver, +founded in 1858 and named after the governor of Kansas whence came many +of the early settlers, had grown from a straggling camp of log huts into +a prosperous center of trade. By 1875 it was reckoned that the +population of the territory was not less than one hundred thousand; the +following year Congress, yielding to the popular appeal, made Colorado a +member of the American union. + +=Six New States (1889-1890).=--For many years there was a deadlock in +Congress over the admission of new states. The spell was broken in 1889 +under the leadership of the Dakotas. For a long time the Dakota +territory, organized in 1861, had been looked upon as the home of the +powerful Sioux Indians whose enormous reservation blocked the advance of +the frontier. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills, however, marked +their doom. Even before Congress could open their lands to prospectors, +pioneers were swarming over the country. Farmers from the adjoining +Minnesota and the Eastern states, Scandinavians, Germans, and Canadians, +came in swelling waves to occupy the fertile Dakota lands, now famous +even as far away as the fjords of Norway. Seldom had the plow of man cut +through richer soil than was found in the bottoms of the Red River +Valley, and it became all the more precious when the opening of the +Northern Pacific in 1883 afforded a means of transportation east and +west. The population, which had numbered 135,000 in 1880, passed the +half million mark before ten years had elapsed. + +Remembering that Nebraska had been admitted with only 67,000 +inhabitants, the Dakotans could not see why they should be kept under +federal tutelage. At the same time Washington, far away on the Pacific +Coast, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, boasting of their populations and +their riches, put in their own eloquent pleas. But the members of +Congress were busy with politics. The Democrats saw no good reason for +admitting new Republican states until after their defeat in 1888. Near +the end of their term the next year they opened the door for North and +South Dakota, Washington, and Montana. In 1890, a Republican Congress +brought Idaho and Wyoming into the union, the latter with woman +suffrage, which had been granted twenty-one years before. + +=Utah.=--Although Utah had long presented all the elements of a +well-settled and industrious community, its admission to the union was +delayed on account of popular hostility to the practice of polygamy. The +custom, it is true, had been prohibited by act of Congress in 1862; but +the law had been systematically evaded. In 1882 Congress made another +and more effective effort to stamp out polygamy. Five years later it +even went so far as to authorize the confiscation of the property of the +Mormon Church in case the practice of plural marriages was not stopped. +Meanwhile the Gentile or non-Mormon population was steadily increasing +and the leaders in the Church became convinced that the battle +against the sentiment of the country was futile. At last in 1896 Utah +was admitted as a state under a constitution which forbade plural +marriages absolutely and forever. Horace Greeley, who visited Utah in +1859, had prophesied that the Pacific Railroad would work a revolution +in the land of Brigham Young. His prophecy had come true. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES IN 1912] + +=Rounding out the Continent.=--Three more territories now remained out +of the Union. Oklahoma, long an Indian reservation, had been opened for +settlement to white men in 1889. The rush upon the fertile lands of this +region, the last in the history of America, was marked by all the frenzy +of the final, desperate chance. At a signal from a bugle an army of men +with families in wagons, men and women on horseback and on foot, burst +into the territory. During the first night a city of tents was raised at +Guthrie and Oklahoma City. In ten days wooden houses rose on the plains. +In a single year there were schools, churches, business blocks, and +newspapers. Within fifteen years there was a population of more than +half a million. To the west, Arizona with a population of about 125,000 +and New Mexico with 200,000 inhabitants joined Oklahoma in asking for +statehood. Congress, then Republican, looked with reluctance upon the +addition of more Democratic states; but in 1907 it was literally +compelled by public sentiment and a sense of justice to admit Oklahoma. +In 1910 the House of Representatives went to the Democrats and within +two years Arizona and New Mexico were "under the roof." So the +continental domain was rounded out. + + +THE INFLUENCE OF THE FAR WEST ON NATIONAL LIFE + +=The Last of the Frontier.=--When Horace Greeley made his trip west in +1859 he thus recorded the progress of civilization in his journal: + + "May 12th, Chicago.--Chocolate and morning journals last + seen on the hotel breakfast table. + + 23rd, Leavenworth (Kansas).--Room bells and bath tubs make + their final appearance. + + 26th, Manhattan.--Potatoes and eggs last recognized among + the blessings that 'brighten as they take their flight.' + + 27th, Junction City.--Last visitation of a boot-black, with + dissolving views of a board bedroom. Beds bid us good-by." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Panama-California Exposition_ + +THE CANADIAN BUILDING AT THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA INTERNATIONAL +EXPOSITION, SAN DIEGO, 1915] + +Within thirty years travelers were riding across that country in Pullman +cars and enjoying at the hotels all the comforts of a standardized +civilization. The "wild west" was gone, and with it that frontier of +pioneers and settlers who had long given such a bent and tone to +American life and had "poured in upon the floor of Congress" such a long +line of "backwoods politicians," as they were scornfully styled. + +=Free Land and Eastern Labor.=--It was not only the picturesque features +of the frontier that were gone. Of far more consequence was the +disappearance of free lands with all that meant for American labor. For +more than a hundred years, any man of even moderate means had been able +to secure a homestead of his own and an independent livelihood. For a +hundred years America had been able to supply farms to as many +immigrants as cared to till the soil. Every new pair of strong arms +meant more farms and more wealth. Workmen in Eastern factories, mines, +or mills who did not like their hours, wages, or conditions of labor, +could readily find an outlet to the land. Now all that was over. By +about 1890 most of the desirable land available under the Homestead act +had disappeared. American industrial workers confronted a new situation. + +=Grain Supplants King Cotton.=--In the meantime a revolution was taking +place in agriculture. Until 1860 the chief staples sold by America were +cotton and tobacco. With the advance of the frontier, corn and wheat +supplanted them both in agrarian economy. The West became the granary of +the East and of Western Europe. The scoop shovel once used to handle +grain was superseded by the towering elevator, loading and unloading +thousands of bushels every hour. The refrigerator car and ship made the +packing industry as stable as the production of cotton or corn, and gave +an immense impetus to cattle raising and sheep farming. So the meat of +the West took its place on the English dinner table by the side of bread +baked from Dakotan wheat. + +=Aid in American Economic Independence.=--The effects of this economic +movement were manifold and striking. Billions of dollars' worth of +American grain, dairy produce, and meat were poured into European +markets where they paid off debts due money lenders and acquired +capital to develop American resources. Thus they accelerated the +progress of American financiers toward national independence. The +country, which had timidly turned to the Old World for capital in +Hamilton's day and had borrowed at high rates of interest in London in +Lincoln's day, moved swiftly toward the time when it would be among the +world's first bankers and money lenders itself. Every grain of wheat and +corn pulled the balance down on the American side of the scale. + +=Eastern Agriculture Affected.=--In the East as well as abroad the +opening of the western granary produced momentous results. The +agricultural economy of that part of the country was changed in many +respects. Whole sections of the poorest land went almost out of +cultivation, the abandoned farms of the New England hills bearing solemn +witness to the competing power of western wheat fields. Sheep and cattle +raising, as well as wheat and corn production, suffered at least a +relative decline. Thousands of farmers cultivating land of the lower +grade were forced to go West or were driven to the margin of +subsistence. Even the herds that supplied Eastern cities with milk were +fed upon grain brought halfway across the continent. + +=The Expansion of the American Market.=--Upon industry as well as +agriculture, the opening of vast food-producing regions told in a +thousand ways. The demand for farm machinery, clothing, boots, shoes, +and other manufactures gave to American industries such a market as even +Hamilton had never foreseen. Moreover it helped to expand far into the +Mississippi Valley the industrial area once confined to the Northern +seaboard states and to transform the region of the Great Lakes into an +industrial empire. Herein lies the explanation of the growth of +mid-western cities after 1865. Chicago, with its thirty-five railways, +tapped every locality of the West and South. To the railways were added +the water routes of the Lakes, thus creating a strategic center for +industries. Long foresight carried the McCormick reaper works to +Chicago before 1860. From Troy, New York, went a large stove plant. That +was followed by a shoe factory from Massachusetts. The packing industry +rose as a matter of course at a point so advantageous for cattle raisers +and shippers and so well connected with Eastern markets. + +To the opening of the Far West also the Lake region was indebted for a +large part of that water-borne traffic which made it "the Mediterranean +basin of North America." The produce of the West and the manufactures of +the East poured through it in an endless stream. The swift growth of +shipbuilding on the Great Lakes helped to compensate for the decline of +the American marine on the high seas. In response to this stimulus +Detroit could boast that her shipwrights were able to turn out a ten +thousand ton Leviathan for ore or grain about "as quickly as carpenters +could put up an eight-room house." Thus in relation to the Far West the +old Northwest territory--the wilderness of Jefferson's time--had taken +the position formerly occupied by New England alone. It was supplying +capital and manufactures for a vast agricultural empire West and South. + +=America on the Pacific.=--It has been said that the Mediterranean Sea +was the center of ancient civilization; that modern civilization has +developed on the shores of the Atlantic; and that the future belongs to +the Pacific. At any rate, the sweep of the United States to the shores +of the Pacific quickly exercised a powerful influence on world affairs +and it undoubtedly has a still greater significance for the future. + +Very early regular traffic sprang up between the Pacific ports and the +Hawaiian Islands, China, and Japan. Two years before the adjustment of +the Oregon controversy with England, namely in 1844, the United States +had established official and trading relations with China. Ten years +later, four years after the admission of California to the union, the +barred door of Japan was forced open by Commodore Perry. The commerce +which had long before developed between the Pacific ports and Hawaii, +China, and Japan now flourished under official care. In 1865 a ship +from Honolulu carried sugar, molasses, and fruits from Hawaii to the +Oregon port of Astoria. The next year a vessel from Hongkong brought +rice, mats, and tea from China. An era of lucrative trade was opened. +The annexation of Hawaii in 1898, the addition of the Philippines at the +same time, and the participation of American troops in the suppression +of the Boxer rebellion in Peking in 1900, were but signs and symbols of +American power on the Pacific. + +[Illustration: _From an old print_ + +COMMODORE PERRY'S MEN MAKING PRESENTS TO THE JAPANESE] + +=Conservation and the Land Problem.=--The disappearance of the frontier +also brought new and serious problems to the governments of the states +and the nation. The people of the whole United States suddenly were +forced to realize that there was a limit to the rich, new land to +exploit and to the forests and minerals awaiting the ax and the pick. +Then arose in America the questions which had long perplexed the +countries of the Old World--the scientific use of the soils and +conservation of natural resources. Hitherto the government had followed +the easy path of giving away arable land and selling forest and mineral +lands at low prices. Now it had to face far more difficult and complex +problems. It also had to consider questions of land tenure again, +especially if the ideal of a nation of home-owning farmers was to be +maintained. While there was plenty of land for every man or woman who +wanted a home on the soil, it made little difference if single landlords +or companies got possession of millions of acres, if a hundred men in +one western river valley owned 17,000,000 acres; but when the good land +for small homesteads was all gone, then was raised the real issue. At +the opening of the twentieth century the nation, which a hundred years +before had land and natural resources apparently without limit, was +compelled to enact law after law conserving its forests and minerals. +Then it was that the great state of California, on the very border of +the continent, felt constrained to enact a land settlement measure +providing government assistance in an effort to break up large holdings +into small lots and to make it easy for actual settlers to acquire small +farms. America was passing into a new epoch. + + +=References= + +Henry Inman, _The Old Santa Fe Trail_. + +R.I. Dodge, _The Plains of the Great West_ (1877). + +C.H. Shinn, _The Story of the Mine_. + +Cy Warman, _The Story of the Railroad_. + +Emerson Hough, _The Story of the Cowboy_. + +H.H. Bancroft is the author of many works on the West but his writings +will be found only in the larger libraries. + +Joseph Schafer, _History of the Pacific Northwest_ (ed. 1918). + +T.H. Hittel, _History of California_ (4 vols.). + +W.H. Olin, _American Irrigation Farming_. + +W.E. Smythe, _The Conquest of Arid America_. + +H.A. Millis, _The American-Japanese Problem_. + +E.S. Meany, _History of the State of Washington_. + +H.K. Norton, _The Story of California_. + + +=Questions= + +1. Name the states west of the Mississippi in 1865. + +2. In what manner was the rest of the western region governed? + +3. How far had settlement been carried? + +4. What were the striking physical features of the West? + +5. How was settlement promoted after 1865? + +6. Why was admission to the union so eagerly sought? + +7. Explain how politics became involved in the creation of new states. + +8. Did the West rapidly become like the older sections of the country? + +9. What economic peculiarities did it retain or develop? + +10. How did the federal government aid in western agriculture? + +11. How did the development of the West affect the East? The South? + +12. What relation did the opening of the great grain areas of the West +bear to the growth of America's commercial and financial power? + +13. State some of the new problems of the West. + +14. Discuss the significance of American expansion to the Pacific Ocean. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Passing of the Wild West.=--Haworth, _The United States in Our Own +Times_, pp. 100-124. + +=The Indian Question.=--Sparks, _National Development_ (American Nation +Series), pp. 265-281. + +=The Chinese Question.=--Sparks, _National Development_, pp. 229-250; +Rhodes, _History of the United States_, Vol. VIII, pp. 180-196. + +=The Railway Age.=--Schafer, _History of the Pacific Northwest_, pp. +230-245; E.V. Smalley, _The Northern Pacific Railroad_; Paxson, _The New +Nation_ (Riverside Series), pp. 20-26, especially the map on p. 23, and +pp. 142-148. + +=Agriculture and Business.=--Schafer, _Pacific Northwest_, pp. 246-289. + +=Ranching in the Northwest.=--Theodore Roosevelt, _Ranch Life_, and +_Autobiography_, pp. 103-143. + +=The Conquest of the Desert.=--W.E. Smythe, _The Conquest of Arid +America_. + +=Studies of Individual Western States.=--Consult any good encyclopedia. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +DOMESTIC ISSUES BEFORE THE COUNTRY (1865-1897) + + +For thirty years after the Civil War the leading political parties, +although they engaged in heated presidential campaigns, were not sharply +and clearly opposed on many matters of vital significance. During none +of that time was there a clash of opinion over specific issues such as +rent the country in 1800 when Jefferson rode a popular wave to victory, +or again in 1828 when Jackson's western hordes came sweeping into power. +The Democrats, who before 1860 definitely opposed protective tariffs, +federal banking, internal improvements, and heavy taxes, now spoke +cautiously on all these points. The Republicans, conscious of the fact +that they had been a minority of the voters in 1860 and warned by the +early loss of the House of Representatives in 1874, also moved with +considerable prudence among the perplexing problems of the day. Again +and again the votes in Congress showed that no clear line separated all +the Democrats from all the Republicans. There were Republicans who +favored tariff reductions and "cheap money." There were Democrats who +looked with partiality upon high protection or with indulgence upon the +contraction of the currency. Only on matters relating to the coercion of +the South was the division between the parties fairly definite; this +could be readily accounted for on practical as well as sentimental +grounds. + +After all, the vague criticisms and proposals that found their way into +the political platforms did but reflect the confusion of mind prevailing +in the country. The fact that, out of the eighteen years between 1875 +and 1893, the Democrats held the House of Representatives for fourteen +years while the Republicans had every President but one showed that the +voters, like the politicians, were in a state of indecision. Hayes had a +Democratic House during his entire term and a Democratic Senate for two +years of the four. Cleveland was confronted by a belligerent Republican +majority in the Senate during his first administration; and at the same +time was supported by a Democratic majority in the House. Harrison was +sustained by continuous Republican successes in Senatorial elections; +but in the House he had the barest majority from 1889 to 1891 and lost +that altogether at the election held in the middle of his term. The +opinion of the country was evidently unsettled and fluctuating. It was +still distracted by memories of the dead past and uncertain as to the +trend of the future. + + +THE CURRENCY QUESTION + +Nevertheless these years of muddled politics and nebulous issues proved +to be a period in which social forces were gathering for the great +campaign of 1896. Except for three new features--the railways, the +trusts, and the trade unions--the subjects of debate among the people +were the same as those that had engaged their attention since the +foundation of the republic: the currency, the national debt, banking, +the tariff, and taxation. + +=Debtors and the Fall in Prices.=--For many reasons the currency +question occupied the center of interest. As of old, the farmers and +planters of the West and South were heavily in debt to the East for +borrowed money secured by farm mortgages; and they counted upon the sale +of cotton, corn, wheat, and hogs to meet interest and principal when +due. During the war, the Western farmers had been able to dispose of +their produce at high prices and thus discharge their debts with +comparative ease; but after the war prices declined. Wheat that sold at +two dollars a bushel in 1865 brought sixty-four cents twenty years +later. The meaning of this for the farmers in debt--and nearly +three-fourths of them were in that class--can be shown by a single +illustration. A thousand-dollar mortgage on a Western farm could be paid +off by five hundred bushels of wheat when prices were high; whereas it +took about fifteen hundred bushels to pay the same debt when wheat was +at the bottom of the scale. For the farmer, it must be remembered, wheat +was the measure of his labor, the product of his toil under the summer +sun; and in its price he found the test of his prosperity. + +=Creditors and Falling Prices.=--To the bondholders or creditors, on the +other hand, falling prices were clear gain. If a fifty-dollar coupon on +a bond bought seventy or eighty bushels of wheat instead of twenty or +thirty, the advantage to the owner of the coupon was obvious. Moreover +the advantage seemed to him entirely just. Creditors had suffered heavy +losses when the Civil War carried prices skyward while the interest +rates on their old bonds remained stationary. For example, if a man had +a $1000 bond issued before 1860 and paying interest at five per cent, he +received fifty dollars a year from it. Before the war each dollar would +buy a bushel of wheat; in 1865 it would only buy half a bushel. When +prices--that is, the cost of living--began to go down, creditors +therefore generally regarded the change with satisfaction as a return to +normal conditions. + +=The Cause of Falling Prices.=--The fall in prices was due, no doubt, to +many factors. Among them must be reckoned the discontinuance of +government buying for war purposes, labor-saving farm machinery, +immigration, and the opening of new wheat-growing regions. The currency, +too, was an element in the situation. Whatever the cause, the +discontented farmers believed that the way to raise prices was to issue +more money. They viewed it as a case of supply and demand. If there was +a small volume of currency in circulation, prices would be low; if there +was a large volume, prices would be high. Hence they looked with favor +upon all plans to increase the amount of money in circulation. First +they advocated more paper notes--greenbacks--and then they turned to +silver as the remedy. The creditors, on the other hand, naturally +approved the reduction of the volume of currency. They wished to see the +greenbacks withdrawn from circulation and gold--a metal more limited in +volume than silver--made the sole basis of the national monetary system. + +=The Battle over the Greenbacks.=--The contest between these factions +began as early as 1866. In that year, Congress enacted a law authorizing +the Treasury to withdraw the greenbacks from circulation. The paper +money party set up a shrill cry of protest, and kept up the fight until, +in 1878, it forced Congress to provide for the continuous re-issue of +the legal tender notes as they came into the Treasury in payment of +taxes and other dues. Then could the friends of easy money rejoice: + + "Thou, Greenback, 'tis of thee + Fair money of the free, + Of thee we sing." + +=Resumption of Specie Payment.=--There was, however, another side to +this victory. The opponents of the greenbacks, unable to stop the +circulation of paper, induced Congress to pass a law in 1875 providing +that on and after January 1, 1879, "the Secretary of the Treasury shall +redeem in coin the United States legal tender notes then outstanding on +their presentation at the office of the Assistant Treasurer of the +United States in the City of New York in sums of not less than fifty +dollars." "The way to resume," John Sherman had said, "is to resume." +When the hour for redemption arrived, the Treasury was prepared with a +large hoard of gold. "On the appointed day," wrote the assistant +secretary, "anxiety reigned in the office of the Treasury. Hour after +hour passed; no news from New York. Inquiry by wire showed that all was +quiet. At the close of the day this message came: '$135,000 of notes +presented for coin--$400,000 of gold for notes.' That was all. +Resumption was accomplished with no disturbance. By five o'clock the +news was all over the land, and the New York bankers were sipping their +tea in absolute safety." + +=The Specie Problem--the Parity of Gold and Silver.=--Defeated in their +efforts to stop "the present suicidal and destructive policy of +contraction," the advocates of an abundant currency demanded an increase +in the volume of silver in circulation. This precipitated one of the +sharpest political battles in American history. The issue turned on +legal as well as economic points. The Constitution gave Congress the +power to coin money and it forbade the states to make anything but gold +and silver legal tender in the payment of debts. It evidently +contemplated the use of both metals in the currency system. Such, at +least, was the view of many eminent statesmen, including no less a +personage than James G. Blaine. The difficulty, however, lay in +maintaining gold and silver coins on a level which would permit them to +circulate with equal facility. Obviously, if the gold in a gold dollar +exceeds the value of the silver in a silver dollar on the open market, +men will hoard gold money and leave silver money in circulation. When, +for example, Congress in 1792 fixed the ratio of the two metals at one +to fifteen--one ounce of gold declared worth fifteen of silver--it was +soon found that gold had been undervalued. When again in 1834 the ratio +was put at one to sixteen, it was found that silver was undervalued. +Consequently the latter metal was not brought in for coinage and silver +almost dropped out of circulation. Many a silver dollar was melted down +by silverware factories. + +=Silver Demonetized in 1873.=--So things stood in 1873. At that time, +Congress, in enacting a mintage law, discontinued the coinage of the +standard silver dollar, then practically out of circulation. This act +was denounced later by the friends of silver as "the crime of '73," a +conspiracy devised by the money power and secretly carried out. This +contention the debates in Congress do not seem to sustain. In the course +of the argument on the mint law it was distinctly said by one speaker at +least: "This bill provides for the making of changes in the legal tender +coin of the country and for substituting as legal tender, coin of only +one metal instead of two as heretofore." + +=The Decline in the Value of Silver.=--Absorbed in the greenback +controversy, the people apparently did not appreciate, at the time, the +significance of the "demonetization" of silver; but within a few years +several events united in making it the center of a political storm. +Germany, having abandoned silver in 1871, steadily increased her demand +for gold. Three years later, the countries of the Latin Union followed +this example, thus helping to enhance the price of the yellow metal. All +the while, new silver lodes, discovered in the Far West, were pouring +into the market great streams of the white metal, bearing down the +price. Then came the resumption of specie payment, which, in effect, +placed the paper money on a gold basis. Within twenty years silver was +worth in gold only about half the price of 1870. + +That there had been a real decline in silver was denied by the friends +of that metal. They alleged that gold had gone up because it had been +given a monopoly in the coinage markets of civilized governments. This +monopoly, they continued, was the fruit of a conspiracy against the +people conceived by the bankers of the world. Moreover, they went on, +the placing of the greenbacks on a gold basis had itself worked a +contraction of the currency; it lowered the prices of labor and produce +to the advantage of the holders of long-term investments bearing a fixed +rate of interest. When wheat sold at sixty-four cents a bushel, their +search for relief became desperate, and they at last concentrated their +efforts on opening the mints of the government for the free coinage of +silver at the ratio of sixteen to one. + +=Republicans and Democrats Divided.=--On this question both Republicans +and Democrats were divided, the line being drawn between the East on the +one hand and the South and West on the other, rather than between the +two leading parties. So trusted a leader as James G. Blaine avowed, in a +speech delivered in the Senate in 1878, that, as the Constitution +required Congress to make both gold and silver the money of the land, +the only question left was that of fixing the ratio between them. He +affirmed, moreover, the main contention of the silver faction that a +reopening of the government mints of the world to silver would bring it +up to its old relation with gold. He admitted also that their most +ominous warnings were well founded, saying: "I believe the struggle now +going on in this country and in other countries for a single gold +standard would, if successful, produce widespread disaster throughout +the commercial world. The destruction of silver as money and the +establishment of gold as the sole unit of value must have a ruinous +effect on all forms of property, except those investments which yield a +fixed return." + +This was exactly the concession that the silver party wanted. +"Three-fourths of the business enterprises of this country are conducted +on borrowed capital," said Senator Jones, of Nevada. "Three-fourths of +the homes and farms that stand in the names of the actual occupants have +been bought on time and a very large proportion of them are mortgaged +for the payment of some part of the purchase money. Under the operation +of a shrinkage in the volume of money, this enormous mass of borrowers, +at the maturity of their respective debts, though nominally paying no +more than the amount borrowed, with interest, are in reality, in the +amount of the principal alone, returning a percentage of value greater +than they received--more in equity than they contracted to pay.... In +all discussions of the subject the creditors attempt to brush aside the +equities involved by sneering at the debtors." + +=The Silver Purchase Act (1878).=--Even before the actual resumption of +specie payment, the advocates of free silver were a power to be reckoned +with, particularly in the Democratic party. They had a majority in the +House of Representatives in 1878 and they carried a silver bill through +that chamber. Blocked by the Republican Senate they accepted a +compromise in the Bland-Allison bill, which provided for huge monthly +purchases of silver by the government for coinage into dollars. So +strong was the sentiment that a two-thirds majority was mustered after +President Hayes vetoed the measure. + +The effect of this act, as some had anticipated, was disappointing. It +did not stay silver on its downward course. Thereupon the silver faction +pressed through Congress in 1886 a bill providing for the issue of paper +certificates based on the silver accumulated in the Treasury. Still +silver continued to fall. Then the advocates of inflation declared that +they would be content with nothing short of free coinage at the ratio of +sixteen to one. If the issue had been squarely presented in 1890, there +is good reason for believing that free silver would have received a +majority in both houses of Congress; but it was not presented. + +=The Sherman Silver Purchase Act and the Bond Sales.=--Republican +leaders, particularly from the East, stemmed the silver tide by a +diversion of forces. They passed the Sherman Act of 1890 providing for +large monthly purchases of silver and for the issue of notes redeemable +in gold or silver at the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury. In +a clause of superb ambiguity they announced that it was "the established +policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with +each other upon the present legal ratio or such other ratio as may be +provided by law." For a while silver was buoyed up. Then it turned once +more on its downward course. In the meantime the Treasury was in a sad +plight. To maintain the gold reserve, President Cleveland felt compelled +to sell government bonds; and to his dismay he found that as soon as the +gold was brought in at the front door of the Treasury, notes were +presented for redemption and the gold was quickly carried out at the +back door. Alarmed at the vicious circle thus created, he urged upon +Congress the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. For this he was +roundly condemned by many of his own followers who branded his conduct +as "treason to the party"; but the Republicans, especially from the +East, came to his rescue and in 1893 swept the troublesome sections of +the law from the statute book. The anger of the silver faction knew no +bounds, and the leaders made ready for the approaching presidential +campaign. + + +THE PROTECTIVE TARIFF AND TAXATION + +=Fluctuation in Tariff Policy.=--As each of the old parties was divided +on the currency question, it is not surprising that there was some +confusion in their ranks over the tariff. Like the silver issue, the +tariff tended to align the manufacturing East against the agricultural +West and South rather than to cut directly between the two parties. +Still the Republicans on the whole stood firmly by the rates imposed +during the Civil War. If we except the reductions of 1872 which were +soon offset by increases, we may say that those rates were substantially +unchanged for nearly twenty years. When a revision was brought about, +however, it was initiated by Republican leaders. Seeing a huge surplus +of revenue in the Treasury in 1883, they anticipated popular clamor by +revising the tariff on the theory that it ought to be reformed by its +friends rather than by its enemies. On the other hand, it was the +Republicans also who enacted the McKinley tariff bill of 1890, which +carried protection to its highest point up to that time. + +The Democrats on their part were not all confirmed free traders or even +advocates of tariff for revenue only. In Cleveland's first +administration they did attack the protective system in the House, where +they had a majority, and in this they were vigorously supported by the +President. The assault, however, proved to be a futile gesture for it +was blocked by the Republicans in the Senate. When, after the sweeping +victory of 1892, the Democrats in the House again attempted to bring +down the tariff by the Wilson bill of 1894, they were checkmated by +their own party colleagues in the upper chamber. In the end they were +driven into a compromise that looked more like a McKinley than a Calhoun +tariff. The Republicans taunted them with being "babes in the woods." +President Cleveland was so dissatisfied with the bill that he refused to +sign it, allowing it to become a law, on the lapse of ten days, without +his approval. + +=The Income Tax of 1894.=--The advocates of tariff reduction usually +associated with their proposal a tax on incomes. The argument which +they advanced in support of their program was simple. Most of the +industries, they said, are in the East and the protective tariff which +taxes consumers for the benefit of manufacturers is, in effect, a +tribute laid upon the rest of the country. As an offset they offered a +tax on large incomes; this owing to the heavy concentration of rich +people in the East, would fall mainly upon the beneficiaries of +protection. "We propose," said one of them, "to place a part of the +burden upon the accumulated wealth of the country instead of placing it +all upon the consumption of the people." In this spirit the sponsors of +the Wilson tariff bill laid a tax upon all incomes of $4000 a year or +more. + +In taking this step, the Democrats encountered opposition in their own +party. Senator Hill, of New York, turned fiercely upon them, exclaiming: +"The professors with their books, the socialists with their schemes, the +anarchists with their bombs are all instructing the people in the ... +principles of taxation." Even the Eastern Republicans were hardly as +savage in their denunciation of the tax. But all this labor was wasted. +The next year the Supreme Court of the United States declared the income +tax to be a direct tax, and therefore null and void because it was laid +on incomes wherever found and not apportioned among the states according +to population. The fact that four of the nine judges dissented from this +decision was also an index to the diversity of opinion that divided both +parties. + + +THE RAILWAYS AND TRUSTS + +=The Grangers and State Regulation.=--The same uncertainty about the +railways and trusts pervaded the ranks of the Republicans and Democrats. +As to the railways, the first firm and consistent demand for their +regulation came from the West. There the farmers, in the early +seventies, having got control in state legislatures, particularly in +Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, enacted drastic laws prescribing the +maximum charges which companies could make for carrying freight and +passengers. The application of these measures, however, was limited +because the state could not fix the rates for transporting goods and +passengers beyond its own borders. The power of regulating interstate +commerce, under the Constitution, belonged to Congress. + +=The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.=--Within a few years, the movement +which had been so effective in western legislatures appeared at +Washington in the form of demands for the federal regulation of +interstate rates. In 1887, the pressure became so strong that Congress +created the interstate commerce commission and forbade many abuses on +the part of railways; such as discriminating in charges between one +shipper and another and granting secret rebates to favored persons. This +law was a significant beginning; but it left the main question of +rate-fixing untouched, much to the discontent of farmers and shippers. + +=The Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890.=--As in the case of the railways, +attacks upon the trusts were first made in state legislatures, where it +became the fashion to provide severe penalties for those who formed +monopolies and "conspired to enhance prices." Republicans and Democrats +united in the promotion of measures of this kind. As in the case of the +railways also, the movement to curb the trusts soon had spokesmen at +Washington. Though Blaine had declared that "trusts were largely a +private affair with which neither the President nor any private citizen +had any particular right to interfere," it was a Republican Congress +that enacted in 1890 the first measure--the Sherman Anti-Trust +Law--directed against great combinations in business. This act declared +illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, +or conspiracy in restraint of trade and commerce among the several +states or with foreign nations." + +=The Futility of the Anti-Trust Law.=--Whether the Sherman law was +directed against all combinations or merely those which placed an +"unreasonable restraint" on trade and competition was not apparent. +Senator Platt of Connecticut, a careful statesman of the old school, +averred: "The questions of whether the bill would be operative, of how +it would operate, or whether it was within the power of Congress to +enact it, have been whistled down the wind in this Senate as idle talk +and the whole effort has been to get some bill headed: 'A bill to punish +trusts,' with which to go to the country." Whatever its purpose, its +effect upon existing trusts and upon the formation of new combinations +was negligible. It was practically unenforced by President Harrison and +President Cleveland, in spite of the constant demand for harsh action +against "monopolies." It was patent that neither the Republicans nor the +Democrats were prepared for a war on the trusts to the bitter end. + + +THE MINOR PARTIES AND UNREST + +=The Demands of Dissenting Parties.=--From the election of 1872, when +Horace Greeley made his ill-fated excursion into politics, onward, there +appeared in each presidential campaign one, and sometimes two or more +parties, stressing issues that appealed mainly to wage-earners and +farmers. Whether they chose to call themselves Labor Reformers, +Greenbackers, or Anti-monopolists, their slogans and their platforms all +pointed in one direction. Even the Prohibitionists, who in 1872 started +on their career with a single issue, the abolition of the liquor +traffic, found themselves making declarations of faith on other matters +and hopelessly split over the money question in 1896. + +A composite view of the platforms put forth by the dissenting parties +from the administration of Grant to the close of Cleveland's second term +reveals certain notions common to them all. These included among many +others: the earliest possible payment of the national debt; regulation +of the rates of railways and telegraph companies; repeal of the specie +resumption act of 1875; the issue of legal tender notes by the +government convertible into interest-bearing obligations on demand; +unlimited coinage of silver as well as gold; a graduated inheritance +tax; legislation to take from "land, railroad, money, and other gigantic +corporate monopolies ... the powers they have so corruptly and unjustly +usurped"; popular or direct election of United States Senators; woman +suffrage; and a graduated income tax, "placing the burden of government +on those who can best afford to pay instead of laying it on the farmers +and producers." + +=Criticism of the Old Parties.=--To this long program of measures the +reformers added harsh and acrid criticism of the old parties and +sometimes, it must be said, of established institutions of government. +"We denounce," exclaimed the Labor party in 1888, "the Democratic and +Republican parties as hopelessly and shamelessly corrupt and by reason +of their affiliation with monopolies equally unworthy of the suffrages +of those who do not live upon public plunder." "The United States +Senate," insisted the Greenbackers, "is a body composed largely of +aristocratic millionaires who according to their own party papers +generally purchased their elections in order to protect the great +monopolies which they represent." Indeed, if their platforms are to be +accepted at face value, the Greenbackers believed that the entire +government had passed out of the hands of the people. + +=The Grangers.=--This unsparing, not to say revolutionary, criticism of +American political life, appealed, it seems, mainly to farmers in the +Middle West. Always active in politics, they had, before the Civil War, +cast their lot as a rule with one or the other of the leading parties. +In 1867, however, there grew up among them an association known as the +"Patrons of Husbandry," which was destined to play a large role in the +partisan contests of the succeeding decades. This society, which +organized local lodges or "granges" on principles of secrecy and +fraternity, was originally designed to promote in a general way the +interests of the farmers. Its political bearings were apparently not +grasped at first by its promoters. Yet, appealing as it did to the most +active and independent spirits among the farmers and gathering to itself +the strength that always comes from organization, it soon found itself +in the hands of leaders more or less involved in politics. Where a few +votes are marshaled together in a democracy, there is power. + +=The Greenback Party.=--The first extensive activity of the Grangers was +connected with the attack on the railways in the Middle West which +forced several state legislatures to reduce freight and passenger rates +by law. At the same time, some leaders in the movement, no doubt +emboldened by this success, launched in 1876 a new political party, +popularly known as the Greenbackers, favoring a continued re-issue of +the legal tenders. The beginnings were disappointing; but two years +later, in the congressional elections, the Greenbackers swept whole +sections of the country. Their candidates polled more than a million +votes and fourteen of them were returned to the House of +Representatives. To all outward signs a new and formidable party had +entered the lists. + +The sanguine hopes of the leaders proved to be illusory. The quiet +operations of the resumption act the following year, a revival of +industry from a severe panic which had set in during 1873, the Silver +Purchase Act, and the re-issue of Greenbacks cut away some of the +grounds of agitation. There was also a diversion of forces to the silver +faction which had a substantial support in the silver mine owners of the +West. At all events the Greenback vote fell to about 300,000 in the +election of 1880. A still greater drop came four years later and the +party gave up the ghost, its sponsors returning to their former +allegiance or sulking in their tents. + +=The Rise of the Populist Party.=--Those leaders of the old parties who +now looked for a happy future unvexed by new factions were doomed to +disappointment. The funeral of the Greenback party was hardly over +before there arose two other political specters in the agrarian +sections: the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, +particularly strong in the South and West; and the Farmers' Alliance, +operating in the North. By 1890 the two orders claimed over three +million members. As in the case of the Grangers many years before, the +leaders among them found an easy way into politics. In 1892 they held a +convention, nominated a candidate for President, and adopted the name of +"People's Party," from which they were known as Populists. Their +platform, in every line, breathed a spirit of radicalism. They declared +that "the newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled; public opinion +silenced; business prostrate; our homes covered with mortgages; and the +land concentrating in the hands of capitalists.... The fruits of the +toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a +few." Having delivered this sweeping indictment, the Populists put +forward their remedies: the free coinage of silver, a graduated income +tax, postal savings banks, and government ownership of railways and +telegraphs. At the same time they approved the initiative, referendum, +and popular election of Senators, and condemned the use of federal +troops in labor disputes. On this platform, the Populists polled over a +million votes, captured twenty-two presidential electors, and sent a +powerful delegation to Congress. + +=Industrial Distress Augments Unrest.=--The four years intervening +between the campaign of 1892 and the next presidential election brought +forth many events which aggravated the ill-feeling expressed in the +portentous platform of Populism. Cleveland, a consistent enemy of free +silver, gave his powerful support to the gold standard and insisted on +the repeal of the Silver Purchase Act, thus alienating an increasing +number of his own party. In 1893 a grave industrial crisis fell upon the +land: banks and business houses went into bankruptcy with startling +rapidity; factories were closed; idle men thronged the streets hunting +for work; and the prices of wheat and corn dropped to a ruinous level. +Labor disputes also filled the crowded record. A strike at the Pullman +car works in Chicago spread to the railways. Disorders ensued. President +Cleveland, against the protests of the governor of Illinois, John P. +Altgeld, dispatched troops to the scene of action. The United States +district court at Chicago issued an injunction forbidding the president +of the Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs, or his assistants to interfere +with the transmission of the mails or interstate commerce in any form. +For refusing to obey the order, Debs was arrested and imprisoned. With +federal troops in possession of the field, with their leader in jail, +the strikers gave up the battle, defeated but not subdued. To cap the +climax the Supreme Court of the United States, the following year (1895) +declared null and void the income tax law just enacted by Congress, thus +fanning the flames of Populist discontent all over the West and South. + + +THE SOUND MONEY BATTLE OF 1896 + +=Conservative Men Alarmed.=--Men of conservative thought and leaning in +both parties were by this time thoroughly disturbed. They looked upon +the rise of Populism and the growth of labor disputes as the signs of a +revolutionary spirit, indeed nothing short of a menace to American +institutions and ideals. The income tax law of 1894, exclaimed the +distinguished New York advocate, Joseph H. Choate, in an impassioned +speech before the Supreme Court, "is communistic in its purposes and +tendencies and is defended here upon principles as communistic, +socialistic--what shall I call them--populistic as ever have been +addressed to any political assembly in the world." Mr. Justice Field in +the name of the Court replied: "The present assault upon capital is but +the beginning. It will be but the stepping stone to others larger and +more sweeping till our political conditions will become a war of the +poor against the rich." In declaring the income tax unconstitutional, he +believed that he was but averting greater evils lurking under its guise. +As for free silver, nearly all conservative men were united in calling +it a measure of confiscation and repudiation; an effort of the debtors +to pay their obligations with money worth fifty cents on the dollar; the +climax of villainies openly defended; a challenge to law, order, and +honor. + +=The Republicans Come Out for the Gold Standard.=--It was among the +Republicans that this opinion was most widely shared and firmly held. It +was they who picked up the gauge thrown down by the Populists, though a +host of Democrats, like Cleveland and Hill of New York, also battled +against the growing Populist defection in Democratic ranks. When the +Republican national convention assembled in 1896, the die was soon +cast; a declaration of opposition to free silver save by international +agreement was carried by a vote of eight to one. The Republican party, +to use the vigorous language of Mr. Lodge, arrayed itself against "not +only that organized failure, the Democratic party, but all the wandering +forces of political chaos and social disorder ... in these bitter times +when the forces of disorder are loose and the wreckers with their false +lights gather at the shore to lure the ship of state upon the rocks." +Yet it is due to historic truth to state that McKinley, whom the +Republicans nominated, had voted in Congress for the free coinage of +silver, was widely known as a bimetallist, and was only with difficulty +persuaded to accept the unequivocal indorsement of the gold standard +which was pressed upon him by his counselors. Having accepted it, +however, he proved to be a valiant champion, though his major interest +was undoubtedly in the protective tariff. To him nothing was more +reprehensible than attempts "to array class against class, 'the classes +against the masses,' section against section, labor against capital, +'the poor against the rich,' or interest against interest." Such was the +language of his acceptance speech. The whole program of Populism he now +viewed as a "sudden, dangerous, and revolutionary assault upon law and +order." + +=The Democratic Convention at Chicago.=--Never, save at the great +disruption on the eve of the Civil War, did a Democratic national +convention display more feeling than at Chicago in 1896. From the +opening prayer to the last motion before the house, every act, every +speech, every scene, every resolution evoked passions and sowed +dissensions. Departing from long party custom, it voted down in anger a +proposal to praise the administration of the Democratic President, +Cleveland. When the platform with its radical planks, including free +silver, was reported, a veritable storm broke. Senator Hill, trembling +with emotion, protested against the departure from old tests of +Democratic allegiance; against principles that must drive out of the +party men who had grown gray in its service; against revolutionary, +unwise, and unprecedented steps in the history of the party. Senator +Vilas of Wisconsin, in great fervor, avowed that there was no difference +in principle between the free coinage of silver--"the confiscation of +one-half of the credits of the nation for the benefit of debtors"--and +communism itself--"a universal distribution of property." In the triumph +of that cause he saw the beginning of "the overthrow of all law, all +justice, all security and repose in the social order." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +WILLIAM J. BRYAN IN 1898] + +=The Crown of Thorns Speech.=--The champions of free silver replied in +strident tones. They accused the gold advocates of being the aggressors +who had assailed the labor and the homes of the people. William Jennings +Bryan, of Nebraska, voiced their sentiments in a memorable oration. He +declared that their cause "was as holy as the cause of liberty--the +cause of humanity." He exclaimed that the contest was between the idle +holders of idle capital and the toiling millions. Then he named those +for whom he spoke--the wage-earner, the country lawyer, the small +merchant, the farmer, and the miner. "The man who is employed for wages +is as much a business man as his employer. The attorney in a country +town is as much a business man as the corporation counsel in a great +metropolis. The merchant at the cross roads store is as much a business +man as the merchant of New York. The farmer ... is as much a business +man as the man who goes upon the board of trade and bets upon the price +of grain. The miners who go a thousand feet into the earth or climb two +thousand feet upon the cliffs ... are as much business men as the few +financial magnates who in a back room corner the money of the world.... +It is for these that we speak. We do not come as aggressors. Ours is not +a war of conquest. We are fighting in defense of our homes, our +families, and our posterity. We have petitioned and our petitions have +been scorned. We have entreated and our entreaties have been +disregarded. We have begged and they have mocked when our calamity came. +We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. We defy +them.... We shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to +them, 'You shall not press upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. +You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.'" + +=Bryan Nominated.=--In all the history of national conventions never had +an orator so completely swayed a multitude; not even Yancey in his +memorable plea in the Charleston convention of 1860 when, with grave and +moving eloquence, he espoused the Southern cause against the impending +fates. The delegates, after cheering Mr. Bryan until they could cheer no +more, tore the standards from the floor and gathered around the Nebraska +delegation to renew the deafening applause. The platform as reported was +carried by a vote of two to one and the young orator from the West, +hailed as America's Tiberius Gracchus, was nominated as the Democratic +candidate for President. The South and West had triumphed over the East. +The division was sectional, admittedly sectional--the old combination of +power which Calhoun had so anxiously labored to build up a century +earlier. The Gold Democrats were repudiated in terms which were clear to +all. A few, unable to endure the thought of voting the Republican +ticket, held a convention at Indianapolis where, with the sanction of +Cleveland, they nominated candidates of their own and endorsed the gold +standard in a forlorn hope. + +=The Democratic Platform.=--It was to the call from Chicago that the +Democrats gave heed and the Republicans made answer. The platform on +which Mr. Bryan stood, unlike most party manifestoes, was explicit in +its language and its appeal. It denounced the practice of allowing +national banks to issue notes intended to circulate as money on the +ground that it was "in derogation of the Constitution," recalling +Jackson's famous attack on the Bank in 1832. It declared that tariff +duties should be laid "for the purpose of revenue"--Calhoun's doctrine. +In demanding the free coinage of silver, it recurred to the practice +abandoned in 1873. The income tax came next on the program. The platform +alleged that the law of 1894, passed by a Democratic Congress, was "in +strict pursuance of the uniform decisions of the Supreme Court for +nearly a hundred years," and then hinted that the decision annulling the +law might be reversed by the same body "as it may hereafter be +constituted." + +The appeal to labor voiced by Mr. Bryan in his "crown of thorns" speech +was reinforced in the platform. "As labor creates the wealth of the +country," ran one plank, "we demand the passage of such laws as may be +necessary to protect it in all its rights." Referring to the recent +Pullman strike, the passions of which had not yet died away, the +platform denounced "arbitrary interference by federal authorities in +local affairs as a violation of the Constitution of the United States +and a crime against free institutions." A special objection was lodged +against "government by injunction as a new and highly dangerous form of +oppression by which federal judges, in contempt of the laws of states +and rights of citizens, become at once legislators, judges, and +executioners." The remedy advanced was a federal law assuring trial by +jury in all cases of contempt in labor disputes. Having made this +declaration of faith, the Democrats, with Mr. Bryan at the head, raised +their standard of battle. + +=The Heated Campaign.=--The campaign which ensued outrivaled in the +range of its educational activities and the bitterness of its tone all +other political conflicts in American history, not excepting the fateful +struggle of 1860. Immense sums of money were contributed to the funds of +both parties. Railway, banking, and other corporations gave generously +to the Republicans; the silver miners, less lavishly but with the same +anxiety, supported the Democrats. The country was flooded with +pamphlets, posters, and handbills. Every public forum, from the great +auditoriums of the cities to the "red schoolhouses" on the countryside, +was occupied by the opposing forces. + +Mr. Bryan took the stump himself, visiting all parts of the country in +special trains and addressing literally millions of people in the open +air. Mr. McKinley chose the older and more formal plan. He received +delegations at his home in Canton and discussed the issues of the +campaign from his front porch, leaving to an army of well-organized +orators the task of reaching the people in their home towns. Parades, +processions, and monster demonstrations filled the land with politics. +Whole states were polled in advance by the Republicans and the doubtful +voters personally visited by men equipped with arguments and literature. +Manufacturers, frightened at the possibility of disordered public +credit, announced that they would close their doors if the Democrats won +the election. Men were dismissed from public and private places on +account of their political views, one eminent college president being +forced out for advocating free silver. The language employed by +impassioned and embittered speakers on both sides roused the public to a +state of frenzy, once more showing the lengths to which men could go in +personal and political abuse. + +=The Republican Victory.=--The verdict of the nation was decisive. +McKinley received 271 of the 447 electoral votes, and 7,111,000 popular +votes as against Bryan's 6,509,000. The congressional elections were +equally positive although, on account of the composition of the Senate, +the "hold-over" Democrats and Populists still enjoyed a power out of +proportion to their strength as measured at the polls. Even as it was, +the Republicans got full control of both houses--a dominion of the +entire government which they were to hold for fourteen years--until the +second half of Mr. Taft's administration, when they lost possession of +the House of Representatives. The yoke of indecision was broken. The +party of sound finance and protective tariffs set out upon its lease of +power with untroubled assurance. + + +REPUBLICAN MEASURES AND RESULTS + +=The Gold Standard and the Tariff.=--Yet strange as it may seem, the +Republicans did not at once enact legislation making the gold dollar the +standard for the national currency. Not until 1900 did they take that +positive step. In his first inaugural President McKinley, as if still +uncertain in his own mind or fearing a revival of the contest just +closed, placed the tariff, not the money question, in the forefront. +"The people have decided," he said, "that such legislation should be had +as will give ample protection and encouragement to the industries and +development of our country." Protection for American industries, +therefore, he urged, is the task before Congress. "With adequate revenue +secured, but not until then, we can enter upon changes in our fiscal +laws." As the Republicans had only forty-six of the ninety Senators, and +at least four of them were known advocates of free silver, the +discretion exercised by the President in selecting the tariff for +congressional debate was the better part of valor. + +Congress gave heed to the warning. Under the direction of Nelson P. +Dingley, whose name was given to the bill, a tariff measure levying the +highest rates yet laid in the history of American imposts was prepared +and driven through the House of Representatives. The opposition +encountered in the Senate, especially from the West, was overcome by +concessions in favor of that section; but the duties on sugar, tin, +steel, lumber, hemp, and in fact all of the essential commodities +handled by combinations and trusts, were materially raised. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AND HIS CABINET] + +=Growth of Combinations.=--The years that followed the enactment of the +Dingley law were, whatever the cause, the most prosperous the country +had witnessed for many a decade. Industries of every kind were soon +running full blast; labor was employed; commerce spread more swiftly +than ever to the markets of the world. Coincident with this progress was +the organization of the greatest combinations and trusts the world had +yet seen. In 1899 the smelters formed a trust with a capital of +$65,000,000; in the same year the Standard Oil Company with a capital of +over one hundred millions took the place of the old trust; and the +Copper Trust was incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, its par +value capital being fixed shortly afterward at $175,000,000. A year +later the National Sugar Refining Company, of New Jersey, started with a +capital of $90,000,000, adopting the policy of issuing to the +stockholders no public statement of its earnings or financial condition. +Before another twelvemonth had elapsed all previous corporate financing +was reduced to small proportions by the flotation of the United States +Steel Corporation with a capital of more than a billion dollars, an +enterprise set in motion by the famous Morgan banking house of New York. + +In nearly all these gigantic undertakings, the same great leaders in +finance were more or less intimately associated. To use the language of +an eminent authority: "They are all allied and intertwined by their +various mutual interests. For instance, the Pennsylvania Railroad +interests are on the one hand allied with the Vanderbilts and on the +other with the Rockefellers. The Vanderbilts are closely allied with the +Morgan group.... Viewed as a whole we find the dominating influences in +the trusts to be made up of a network of large and small capitalists, +many allied to one another by ties of more or less importance, but all +being appendages to or parts of the greater groups which are themselves +dependent on and allied with the two mammoth or Rockefeller and Morgan +groups. These two mammoth groups jointly ... constitute the heart of the +business and commercial life of the nation." Such was the picture of +triumphant business enterprise drawn by a financier within a few years +after the memorable campaign of 1896. + +America had become one of the first workshops of the world. It was, by +virtue of the closely knit organization of its business and finance, one +of the most powerful and energetic leaders in the struggle of the giants +for the business of the earth. The capital of the Steel Corporation +alone was more than ten times the total national debt which the apostles +of calamity in the days of Washington and Hamilton declared the nation +could never pay. American industry, filling domestic markets to +overflowing, was ready for new worlds to conquer. + + +=References= + +F.W. Taussig, _Tariff History of the United States_. + +J.L. Laughlin, _Bimetallism in the United States_. + +A.B. Hepburn, _History of Coinage and Currency in the United States_. + +E.R.A. Seligman, _The Income Tax_. + +S.J. Buck, _The Granger Movement_ (Harvard Studies). + +F.H. Dixon, _State Railroad Control_. + +H.R. Meyer, _Government Regulation of Railway Rates_. + +W.Z. Ripley (editor), _Trusts, Pools, and Corporations_. + +R.T. Ely, _Monopolies and Trusts_. + +J.B. Clark, _The Control of Trusts_. + + +=Questions= + +1. What proof have we that the political parties were not clearly +divided over issues between 1865 and 1896? + +2. Why is a fall in prices a loss to farmers and a gain to holders of +fixed investments? + +3. Explain the theory that the quantity of money determines the prices +of commodities. + +4. Why was it difficult, if not impossible, to keep gold and silver at a +parity? + +5. What special conditions favored a fall in silver between 1870 and +1896? + +6. Describe some of the measures taken to raise the value of silver. + +7. Explain the relation between the tariff and the income tax in 1894. + +8. How did it happen that the farmers led in regulating railway rates? + +9. Give the terms of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. What was its immediate +effect? + +10. Name some of the minor parties. Enumerate the reforms they +advocated. + +11. Describe briefly the experiments of the farmers in politics. + +12. How did industrial conditions increase unrest? + +13. Why were conservative men disturbed in the early nineties? + +14. Explain the Republican position in 1896. + +15. Give Mr. Bryan's doctrines in 1896. Enumerate the chief features of +the Democratic platform. + +16. What were the leading measures adopted by the Republicans after +their victory in 1896? + + +=Research Topics= + +=Greenbacks and Resumption.=--Dewey, _Financial History of the United +States_ (6th ed.), Sections 122-125, 154, and 378; MacDonald, +_Documentary Source Book of American History_, pp. 446, 566; Hart, +_American History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 531-533; Rhodes, +_History of the United States_, Vol. VIII, pp. 97-101. + +=Demonetization and Coinage of Silver.=--Dewey, _Financial History_, +Sections 170-173, 186, 189, 194; MacDonald, _Documentary Source Book_, +pp. 174, 573, 593, 595; Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 529-531; +Rhodes, _History_, Vol. VIII, pp. 93-97. + +=Free Silver and the Campaign of 1896.=--Dewey, _National Problems_ +(American Nation Series), pp. 220-237, 314-328; Hart, _Contemporaries_, +Vol. IV, pp. 533-538. + +=Tariff Revision.=--Dewey, _Financial History_, Sections 167, 180, 181, +187, 192, 196; Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 518-525; Rhodes, +_History_, Vol. VIII, pp. 168-179, 346-351, 418-422. + +=Federal Regulation of Railways.=--Dewey, _National Problems_, pp. +91-111; MacDonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 581-590; Hart, +_Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 521-523; Rhodes, _History_, Vol. VIII, +pp. 288-292. + +=The Rise and Regulation of Trusts.=--Dewey, _National Problems_, pp. +188-202; MacDonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 591-593. + +=The Grangers and Populism.=--Paxson, _The New Nation_ (Riverside +Series), pp. 20-37, 177-191, 208-223. + +=General Analysis of Domestic Problems.=--_Syllabus in History_ (New +York State, 1920), pp. 137-142. + + + + +CHAPTER XX + +AMERICA A WORLD POWER (1865-1900) + + +It has now become a fashion, sanctioned by wide usage and by eminent +historians, to speak of America, triumphant over Spain and possessed of +new colonies, as entering the twentieth century in the role of "a world +power," for the first time. Perhaps at this late day, it is useless to +protest against the currency of the idea. Nevertheless, the truth is +that from the fateful moment in March, 1775, when Edmund Burke unfolded +to his colleagues in the British Parliament the resources of an +invincible America, down to the settlement at Versailles in 1919 closing +the drama of the World War, this nation has been a world power, +influencing by its example, by its institutions, by its wealth, trade, +and arms the course of international affairs. And it should be said also +that neither in the field of commercial enterprise nor in that of +diplomacy has it been wanting in spirit or ingenuity. + +When John Hay, Secretary of State, heard that an American citizen, +Perdicaris, had been seized by Raisuli, a Moroccan bandit, in 1904, he +wired his brusque message: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." +This was but an echo of Commodore Decatur's equally characteristic +answer, "Not a minute," given nearly a hundred years before to the +pirates of Algiers begging for time to consider whether they would cease +preying upon American merchantmen. Was it not as early as 1844 that the +American commissioner, Caleb Cushing, taking advantage of the British +Opium War on China, negotiated with the Celestial Empire a successful +commercial treaty? Did he not then exultantly exclaim: "The laws of the +Union follow its citizens and its banner protects them even within the +domain of the Chinese Empire"? Was it not almost half a century before +the battle of Manila Bay in 1898, that Commodore Perry with an adequate +naval force "gently coerced Japan into friendship with us," leading all +the nations of the earth in the opening of that empire to the trade of +the Occident? Nor is it inappropriate in this connection to recall the +fact that the Monroe Doctrine celebrates in 1923 its hundredth +anniversary. + + +AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS (1865-98) + +=French Intrigues in Mexico Blocked.=--Between the war for the union and +the war with Spain, the Department of State had many an occasion to +present the rights of America among the powers of the world. Only a +little while after the civil conflict came to a close, it was called +upon to deal with a dangerous situation created in Mexico by the +ambitions of Napoleon III. During the administration of Buchanan, Mexico +had fallen into disorder through the strife of the Liberal and the +Clerical parties; the President asked for authority to use American +troops to bring to a peaceful haven "a wreck upon the ocean, drifting +about as she is impelled by different factions." Our own domestic crisis +then intervened. + +Observing the United States heavily involved in its own problems, the +great powers, England, France, and Spain, decided in the autumn of 1861 +to take a hand themselves in restoring order in Mexico. They entered +into an agreement to enforce the claims of their citizens against Mexico +and to protect their subjects residing in that republic. They invited +the United States to join them, and, on meeting a polite refusal, they +prepared for a combined military and naval demonstration on their own +account. In the midst of this action England and Spain, discovering the +sinister purposes of Napoleon, withdrew their troops and left the field +to him. + +The French Emperor, it was well known, looked with jealousy upon the +growth of the United States and dreamed of establishing in the Western +hemisphere an imperial power to offset the American republic. +Intervention to collect debts was only a cloak for his deeper designs. +Throwing off that guise in due time, he made the Archduke Maximilian, a +brother of the ruler of Austria, emperor in Mexico, and surrounded his +throne by French soldiers, in spite of all protests. + +This insolent attack upon the Mexican republic, deeply resented in the +United States, was allowed to drift in its course until 1865. At that +juncture General Sheridan was dispatched to the Mexican border with a +large armed force; General Grant urged the use of the American army to +expel the French from this continent. The Secretary of State, Seward, +counseled negotiation first, and, applying the Monroe Doctrine, was able +to prevail upon Napoleon III to withdraw his troops. Without the support +of French arms, the sham empire in Mexico collapsed like a house of +cards and the unhappy Maximilian, the victim of French ambition and +intrigue, met his death at the hands of a Mexican firing squad. + +=Alaska Purchased.=--The Mexican affair had not been brought to a close +before the Department of State was busy with negotiations which resulted +in the purchase of Alaska from Russia. The treaty of cession, signed on +March 30, 1867, added to the United States a domain of nearly six +hundred thousand square miles, a territory larger than Texas and nearly +three-fourths the size of the Louisiana purchase. Though it was a +distant colony separated from our continental domain by a thousand miles +of water, no question of "imperialism" or "colonization foreign to +American doctrines" seems to have been raised at the time. The treaty +was ratified promptly by the Senate. The purchase price, $7,200,000, was +voted by the House of Representatives after the display of some +resentment against a system that compelled it to appropriate money to +fulfill an obligation which it had no part in making. Seward, who +formulated the treaty, rejoiced, as he afterwards said, that he had kept +Alaska out of the hands of England. + +=American Interest in the Caribbean.=--Having achieved this diplomatic +triumph, Seward turned to the increase of American power in another +direction. He negotiated, with Denmark, a treaty providing for the +purchase of the islands of St. John and St. Thomas in the West Indies, +strategic points in the Caribbean for sea power. This project, long +afterward brought to fruition by other men, was defeated on this +occasion by the refusal of the Senate to ratify the treaty. Evidently it +was not yet prepared to exercise colonial dominion over other races. + +Undaunted by the misadventure in Caribbean policies, President Grant +warmly advocated the acquisition of Santo Domingo. This little republic +had long been in a state of general disorder. In 1869 a treaty of +annexation was concluded with its president. The document Grant +transmitted to the Senate with his cordial approval, only to have it +rejected. Not at all changed in his opinion by the outcome of his +effort, he continued to urge the subject of annexation. Even in his last +message to Congress he referred to it, saying that time had only proved +the wisdom of his early course. The addition of Santo Domingo to the +American sphere of protection was the work of a later generation. The +State Department, temporarily checked, had to bide its time. + +=The _Alabama_ Claims Arbitrated.=--Indeed, it had in hand a far more +serious matter, a vexing issue that grew out of Civil War diplomacy. The +British government, as already pointed out in other connections, had +permitted Confederate cruisers, including the famous _Alabama_, built in +British ports, to escape and prey upon the commerce of the Northern +states. This action, denounced at the time by our government as a grave +breach of neutrality as well as a grievous injury to American citizens, +led first to remonstrances and finally to repeated claims for damages +done to American ships and goods. For a long time Great Britain was +firm. Her foreign secretary denied all obligations in the premises, +adding somewhat curtly that "he wished to say once for all that Her +Majesty's government disclaimed any responsibility for the losses and +hoped that they had made their position perfectly clear." Still +President Grant was not persuaded that the door of diplomacy, though +closed, was barred. Hamilton Fish, his Secretary of State, renewed the +demand. Finally he secured from the British government in 1871 the +treaty of Washington providing for the arbitration not merely of the +_Alabama_ and other claims but also all points of serious controversy +between the two countries. + +The tribunal of arbitration thus authorized sat at Geneva in +Switzerland, and after a long and careful review of the arguments on +both sides awarded to the United States the lump sum of $15,500,000 to +be distributed among the American claimants. The damages thus allowed +were large, unquestionably larger than strict justice required and it is +not surprising that the decision excited much adverse comment in +England. Nevertheless, the prompt payment by the British government +swept away at once a great cloud of ill-feeling in America. Moreover, +the spectacle of two powerful nations choosing the way of peaceful +arbitration to settle an angry dispute seemed a happy, if illusory, omen +of a modern method for avoiding the arbitrament of war. + +=Samoa.=--If the Senate had its doubts at first about the wisdom of +acquiring strategic points for naval power in distant seas, the same +could not be said of the State Department or naval officers. In 1872 +Commander Meade, of the United States navy, alive to the importance of +coaling stations even in mid-ocean, made a commercial agreement with the +chief of Tutuila, one of the Samoan Islands, far below the equator, in +the southern Pacific, nearer to Australia than to California. This +agreement, providing among other things for our use of the harbor of +Pago Pago as a naval base, was six years later changed into a formal +treaty ratified by the Senate. + +Such enterprise could not escape the vigilant eyes of England and +Germany, both mindful of the course of the sea power in history. The +German emperor, seizing as a pretext a quarrel between his consul in the +islands and a native king, laid claim to an interest in the Samoan +group. England, aware of the dangers arising from German outposts in the +southern seas so near to Australia, was not content to stand aside. So +it happened that all three countries sent battleships to the Samoan +waters, threatening a crisis that was fortunately averted by friendly +settlement. If, as is alleged, Germany entertained a notion of +challenging American sea power then and there, the presence of British +ships must have dispelled that dream. + +The result of the affair was a tripartite agreement by which the three +powers in 1889 undertook a protectorate over the islands. But joint +control proved unsatisfactory. There was constant friction between the +Germans and the English. The spheres of authority being vague and open +to dispute, the plan had to be abandoned at the end of ten years. +England withdrew altogether, leaving to Germany all the islands except +Tutuila, which was ceded outright to the United States. Thus one of the +finest harbors in the Pacific, to the intense delight of the American +navy, passed permanently under American dominion. Another triumph in +diplomacy was set down to the credit of the State Department. + +=Cleveland and the Venezuela Affair.=--In the relations with South +America, as well as in those with the distant Pacific, the diplomacy of +the government at Washington was put to the test. For some time it had +been watching a dispute between England and Venezuela over the western +boundary of British Guiana and, on an appeal from Venezuela, it had +taken a lively interest in the contest. In 1895 President Cleveland saw +that Great Britain would yield none of her claims. After hearing the +arguments of Venezuela, his Secretary of State, Richard T. Olney, in a +note none too conciliatory, asked the British government whether it was +willing to arbitrate the points in controversy. This inquiry he +accompanied by a warning to the effect that the United States could not +permit any European power to contest its mastery in this hemisphere. +"The United States," said the Secretary, "is practically sovereign on +this continent and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it +confines its interposition.... Its infinite resources, combined with its +isolated position, render it master of the situation and practically +invulnerable against any or all other powers." + +The reply evoked from the British government by this strong statement +was firm and clear. The Monroe Doctrine, it said, even if not so widely +stretched by interpretation, was not binding in international law; the +dispute with Venezuela was a matter of interest merely to the parties +involved; and arbitration of the question was impossible. This response +called forth President Cleveland's startling message of 1895. He asked +Congress to create a commission authorized to ascertain by researches +the true boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. He added that it +would be the duty of this country "to resist by every means in its +power, as a willful aggression upon its rights and interests, the +appropriation by Great Britain of any lands or the exercise of +governmental jurisdiction over any territory which, after investigation, +we have determined of right belongs to Venezuela." The serious character +of this statement he thoroughly understood. He declared that he was +conscious of his responsibilities, intimating that war, much as it was +to be deplored, was not comparable to "a supine submission to wrong and +injustice and the consequent loss of national self-respect and honor." + +[Illustration: GROVER CLEVELAND] + +The note of defiance which ran through this message, greeted by shrill +cries of enthusiasm in many circles, was viewed in other quarters as a +portent of war. Responsible newspapers in both countries spoke of an +armed settlement of the dispute as inevitable. Congress created the +commission and appropriated money for the investigation; a body of +learned men was appointed to determine the merits of the conflicting +boundary claims. The British government, deaf to the clamor of the +bellicose section of the London press, deplored the incident, +courteously replied in the affirmative to a request for assistance in +the search for evidence, and finally agreed to the proposition that the +issue be submitted to arbitration. The outcome of this somewhat perilous +dispute contributed not a little to Cleveland's reputation as "a +sterling representative of the true American spirit." This was not +diminished when the tribunal of arbitration found that Great Britain was +on the whole right in her territorial claims against Venezuela. + +=The Annexation of Hawaii.=--While engaged in the dangerous Venezuela +controversy, President Cleveland was compelled by a strange turn in +events to consider the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in the +mid-Pacific. For more than half a century American missionaries had been +active in converting the natives to the Christian faith and enterprising +American business men had been developing the fertile sugar plantations. +Both the Department of State and the Navy Department were fully +conscious of the strategic relation of the islands to the growth of sea +power and watched with anxiety any developments likely to bring them +under some other Dominion. + +The country at large was indifferent, however, until 1893, when a +revolution, headed by Americans, broke out, ending in the overthrow of +the native government, the abolition of the primitive monarchy, and the +retirement of Queen Liliuokalani to private life. This crisis, a +repetition of the Texas affair in a small theater, was immediately +followed by a demand from the new Hawaiian government for annexation to +the United States. President Harrison looked with favor on the proposal, +negotiated the treaty of annexation, and laid it before the Senate for +approval. There it still rested when his term of office was brought to a +close. + +Harrison's successor, Cleveland, it was well known, had doubts about the +propriety of American action in Hawaii. For the purpose of making an +inquiry into the matter, he sent a special commissioner to the islands. +On the basis of the report of his agent, Cleveland came to the +conclusion that "the revolution in the island kingdom had been +accomplished by the improper use of the armed forces of the United +States and that the wrong should be righted by a restoration of the +queen to her throne." Such being his matured conviction, though the +facts upon which he rested it were warmly controverted, he could do +nothing but withdraw the treaty from the Senate and close the incident. + +To the Republicans this sharp and cavalier disposal of their plans, +carried out in a way that impugned the motives of a Republican +President, was nothing less than "a betrayal of American interests." In +their platform of 1896 they made clear their position: "Our foreign +policy should be at all times firm, vigorous, and dignified and all our +interests in the Western hemisphere carefully watched and guarded. The +Hawaiian Islands should be controlled by the United States and no +foreign power should be permitted to interfere with them." There was no +mistaking this view of the issue. As the vote in the election gave +popular sanction to Republican policies, Congress by a joint resolution, +passed on July 6, 1898, annexed the islands to the United States and +later conferred upon them the ordinary territorial form of government. + + +CUBA AND THE SPANISH WAR + +=Early American Relations with Cuba.=--The year that brought Hawaii +finally under the American flag likewise drew to a conclusion another +long controversy over a similar outpost in the Atlantic, one of the last +remnants of the once glorious Spanish empire--the island of Cuba. + +For a century the Department of State had kept an anxious eye upon this +base of power, knowing full well that both France and England, already +well established in the West Indies, had their attention also fixed upon +Cuba. In the administration of President Fillmore they had united in +proposing to the United States a tripartite treaty guaranteeing Spain in +her none too certain ownership. This proposal, squarely rejected, +furnished the occasion for a statement of American policy which stood +the test of all the years that followed; namely, that the affair was one +between Spain and the United States alone. + +In that long contest in the United States for the balance of power +between the North and South, leaders in the latter section often thought +of bringing Cuba into the union to offset the free states. An +opportunity to announce their purposes publicly was afforded in 1854 by +a controversy over the seizure of an American ship by Cuban authorities. +On that occasion three American ministers abroad, stationed at Madrid, +Paris, and London respectively, held a conference and issued the +celebrated "Ostend Manifesto." They united in declaring that Cuba, by +her geographical position, formed a part of the United States, that +possession by a foreign power was inimical to American interests, and +that an effort should be made to purchase the island from Spain. In case +the owner refused to sell, they concluded, with a menacing flourish, "by +every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from +Spain if we possess the power." This startling proclamation to the world +was promptly disowned by the United States government. + +[Illustration: _=An old cartoon.=_ + +A SIGHT TOO BAD + +_Struggling Cuba._ "You must be awfully near-sighted, Mr. President, not +to recognize me." _U.S.G._ "No, I am far-sighted: for I can recognize +France."] + +=Revolutions in Cuba.=--For nearly twenty years afterwards the Cuban +question rested. Then it was revived in another form during President +Grant's administrations, when the natives became engaged in a +destructive revolt against Spanish officials. For ten years--1868-78--a +guerrilla warfare raged in the island. American citizens, by virtue of +their ancient traditions of democracy, naturally sympathized with a war +for independence and self-government. Expeditions to help the insurgents +were fitted out secretly in American ports. Arms and supplies were +smuggled into Cuba. American soldiers of fortune joined their ranks. The +enforcement of neutrality against the friends of Cuban independence, no +pleasing task for a sympathetic President, the protection of American +lives and property in the revolutionary area, and similar matters kept +our government busy with Cuba for a whole decade. + +A brief lull in Cuban disorders was followed in 1895 by a renewal of the +revolutionary movement. The contest between the rebels and the Spanish +troops, marked by extreme cruelty and a total disregard for life and +property, exceeded all bounds of decency, and once more raised the old +questions that had tormented Grant's administration. Gomez, the leader +of the revolt, intent upon provoking American interference, laid waste +the land with fire and sword. By a proclamation of November 6, 1895, he +ordered the destruction of sugar plantations and railway connections and +the closure of all sugar factories. The work of ruin was completed by +the ruthless Spanish general, Weyler, who concentrated the inhabitants +from rural regions into military camps, where they died by the hundreds +of disease and starvation. Stories of the atrocities, bad enough in +simple form, became lurid when transmuted into American news and deeply +moved the sympathies of the American people. Sermons were preached about +Spanish misdeeds; orators demanded that the Cubans be sustained "in +their heroic struggle for independence"; newspapers, scouting the +ordinary forms of diplomatic negotiation, spurned mediation and demanded +intervention and war if necessary. + +[Illustration: _Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +CUBAN REVOLUTIONISTS] + +=President Cleveland's Policy.=--Cleveland chose the way of peace. He +ordered the observance of the rule of neutrality. He declined to act on +a resolution of Congress in favor of giving to the Cubans the rights of +belligerents. Anxious to bring order to the distracted island, he +tendered to Spain the good offices of the United States as mediator in +the contest--a tender rejected by the Spanish government with the broad +hint that President Cleveland might be more vigorous in putting a stop +to the unlawful aid in money, arms, and supplies, afforded to the +insurgents by American sympathizers. Thereupon the President returned to +the course he had marked out for himself, leaving "the public nuisance" +to his successor, President McKinley. + +=Republican Policies.=--The Republicans in 1897 found themselves in a +position to employ that "firm, vigorous, and dignified" foreign policy +which they had approved in their platform. They had declared: "The +government of Spain having lost control of Cuba and being unable to + +protect the property or lives of resident American citizens or to comply +with its treaty obligations, we believe that the government of the +United States should actively use its influence and good offices to +restore peace and give independence to the island." The American +property in Cuba to which the Republicans referred in their platform +amounted by this time to more than fifty million dollars; the commerce +with the island reached more than one hundred millions annually; and the +claims of American citizens against Spain for property destroyed totaled +sixteen millions. To the pleas of humanity which made such an effective +appeal to the hearts of the American people, there were thus added +practical considerations of great weight. + +=President McKinley Negotiates.=--In the face of the swelling tide of +popular opinion in favor of quick, drastic, and positive action, +McKinley chose first the way of diplomacy. A short time after his +inauguration he lodged with the Spanish government a dignified protest +against its policies in Cuba, thus opening a game of thrust and parry +with the suave ministers at Madrid. The results of the exchange of +notes were the recall of the obnoxious General Weyler, the appointment +of a governor-general less bloodthirsty in his methods, a change in the +policy of concentrating civilians in military camps, and finally a +promise of "home rule" for Cuba. There is no doubt that the Spanish +government was eager to avoid a war that could have but one outcome. The +American minister at Madrid, General Woodford, was convinced that firm +and patient pressure would have resulted in the final surrender of Cuba +by the Spanish government. + +=The De Lome and the _Maine_ Incidents.=--Such a policy was defeated by +events. In February, 1898, a private letter written by Senor de Lome, +the Spanish ambassador at Washington, expressing contempt for the +President of the United States, was filched from the mails and passed +into the hands of a journalist, William R. Hearst, who published it to +the world. In the excited state of American opinion, few gave heed to +the grave breach of diplomatic courtesy committed by breaking open +private correspondence. The Spanish government was compelled to recall +De Lome, thus officially condemning his conduct. + +At this point a far more serious crisis put the pacific relations of the +two negotiating countries in dire peril. On February 15, the battleship +_Maine_, riding in the harbor of Havana, was blown up and sunk, carrying +to death two officers and two hundred and fifty-eight members of the +crew. This tragedy, ascribed by the American public to the malevolence +of Spanish officials, profoundly stirred an already furious nation. +When, on March 21, a commission of inquiry reported that the ill-fated +ship had been blown up by a submarine mine which had in turn set off +some of the ship's magazines, the worst suspicions seemed confirmed. If +any one was inclined to be indifferent to the Cuban war for +independence, he was now met by the vehement cry: "Remember the +_Maine_!" + +=Spanish Concessions.=--Still the State Department, under McKinley's +steady hand, pursued the path of negotiation, Spain proving more pliable +and more ready with promises of reform in the island. Early in April, +however, there came a decided change in the tenor of American diplomacy. +On the 4th, McKinley, evidently convinced that promises did not mean +performances, instructed our minister at Madrid to warn the Spanish +government that as no effective armistice had been offered to the +Cubans, he would lay the whole matter before Congress. This decision, +every one knew, from the temper of Congress, meant war--a prospect which +excited all the European powers. The Pope took an active interest in the +crisis. France and Germany, foreseeing from long experience in world +politics an increase of American power and prestige through war, sought +to prevent it. Spain, hopeless and conscious of her weakness, at last +dispatched to the President a note promising to suspend hostilities, to +call a Cuban parliament, and to grant all the autonomy that could be +reasonably asked. + +=President McKinley Calls for War.=--For reasons of his own--reasons +which have never yet been fully explained--McKinley ignored the final +program of concessions presented by Spain. At the very moment when his +patient negotiations seemed to bear full fruit, he veered sharply from +his course and launched the country into the war by sending to Congress +his militant message of April 11, 1898. Without making public the last +note he had received from Spain, he declared that he was brought to the +end of his effort and the cause was in the hands of Congress. Humanity, +the protection of American citizens and property, the injuries to +American commerce and business, the inability of Spain to bring about +permanent peace in the island--these were the grounds for action that +induced him to ask for authority to employ military and naval forces in +establishing a stable government in Cuba. They were sufficient for a +public already straining at the leash. + +=The Resolution of Congress.=--There was no doubt of the outcome when +the issue was withdrawn from diplomacy and placed in charge of Congress. +Resolutions were soon introduced into the House of Representatives +authorizing the President to employ armed force in securing peace and +order in the island and "establishing by the free action of the people +thereof a stable and independent government of their own." To the form +and spirit of this proposal the Democrats and Populists took exception. +In the Senate, where they were stronger, their position had to be +reckoned with by the narrow Republican majority. As the resolution +finally read, the independence of Cuba was recognized; Spain was called +upon to relinquish her authority and withdraw from the island; and the +President was empowered to use force to the extent necessary to carry +the resolutions into effect. Furthermore the United States disclaimed +"any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or +control over said island except for the pacification thereof." Final +action was taken by Congress on April 19, 1898, and approved by the +President on the following day. + +=War and Victory.=--Startling events then followed in swift succession. +The navy, as a result in no small measure of the alertness of Theodore +Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Department, was ready for the +trial by battle. On May 1, Commodore Dewey at Manila Bay shattered the +Spanish fleet, marking the doom of Spanish dominion in the Philippines. +On July 3, the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera, in attempting to +escape from Havana, was utterly destroyed by American forces under +Commodore Schley. On July 17, Santiago, invested by American troops +under General Shafter and shelled by the American ships, gave up the +struggle. On July 25 General Miles landed in Porto Rico. On August 13, +General Merritt and Admiral Dewey carried Manila by storm. The war was +over. + +=The Peace Protocol.=--Spain had already taken cognizance of stern +facts. As early as July 26, 1898, acting through the French ambassador, +M. Cambon, the Madrid government approached President McKinley for a +statement of the terms on which hostilities could be brought to a close. +After some skirmishing Spain yielded reluctantly to the ultimatum. On +August 12, the preliminary peace protocol was signed, stipulating that +Cuba should be free, Porto Rico ceded to the United States, and Manila +occupied by American troops pending the formal treaty of peace. On +October 1, the commissioners of the two countries met at Paris to bring +about the final settlement. + +=Peace Negotiations.=--When the day for the first session of the +conference arrived, the government at Washington apparently had not made +up its mind on the final disposition of the Philippines. Perhaps, before +the battle of Manila Bay, not ten thousand people in the United States +knew or cared where the Philippines were. Certainly there was in the +autumn of 1898 no decided opinion as to what should be done with the +fruits of Dewey's victory. President McKinley doubtless voiced the +sentiment of the people when he stated to the peace commissioners on the +eve of their departure that there had originally been no thought of +conquest in the Pacific. + +The march of events, he added, had imposed new duties on the country. +"Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines," he said, "is the +commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be +indifferent. It is just to use every legitimate means for the +enlargement of American trade." On this ground he directed the +commissioners to accept not less than the cession of the island of +Luzon, the chief of the Philippine group, with its harbor of Manila. It +was not until the latter part of October that he definitely instructed +them to demand the entire archipelago, on the theory that the occupation +of Luzon alone could not be justified "on political, commercial, or +humanitarian grounds." This departure from the letter of the peace +protocol was bitterly resented by the Spanish agents. It was with +heaviness of heart that they surrendered the last sign of Spain's +ancient dominion in the far Pacific. + +=The Final Terms of Peace.=--The treaty of peace, as finally agreed +upon, embraced the following terms: the independence of Cuba; the +cession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States; +the settlement of claims filed by the citizens of both countries; the +payment of twenty million dollars to Spain by the United States for the +Philippines; and the determination of the status of the inhabitants of +the ceded territories by Congress. The great decision had been made. Its +issue was in the hands of the Senate where the Democrats and the +Populists held the balance of power under the requirement of the +two-thirds vote for ratification. + +=The Contest in America over the Treaty of Peace.=--The publication of +the treaty committing the United States to the administration of distant +colonies directed the shifting tides of public opinion into two distinct +channels: support of the policy and opposition to it. The trend in +Republican leadership, long in the direction marked out by the treaty, +now came into the open. Perhaps a majority of the men highest in the +councils of that party had undergone the change of heart reflected in +the letters of John Hay, Secretary of State. In August of 1898 he had +hinted, in a friendly letter to Andrew Carnegie, that he sympathized +with the latter's opposition to "imperialism"; but he had added quickly: +"The only question in my mind is how far it is now possible for us to +withdraw from the Philippines." In November of the same year he wrote to +Whitelaw Reid, one of the peace commissioners at Paris: "There is a wild +and frantic attack now going on in the press against the whole +Philippine transaction. Andrew Carnegie really seems to be off his +head.... But all this confusion of tongues will go its way. The country +will applaud the resolution that has been reached and you will return in +the role of conquering heroes with your 'brows bound with oak.'" + +Senator Beveridge of Indiana and Senator Platt of Connecticut, accepting +the verdict of history as the proof of manifest destiny, called for +unquestioning support of the administration in its final step. "Every +expansion of our territory," said the latter, "has been in accordance +with the irresistible law of growth. We could no more resist the +successive expansions by which we have grown to be the strongest nation +on earth than a tree can resist its growth. The history of territorial +expansion is the history of our nation's progress and glory. It is a +matter to be proud of, not to lament. We should rejoice that Providence +has given us the opportunity to extend our influence, our institutions, +and our civilization into regions hitherto closed to us, rather than +contrive how we can thwart its designs." + +This doctrine was savagely attacked by opponents of McKinley's policy, +many a stanch Republican joining with the majority of Democrats in +denouncing the treaty as a departure from the ideals of the republic. +Senator Vest introduced in the Senate a resolution that "under the +Constitution of the United States, no power is given to the federal +Government to acquire territory to be held and governed permanently as +colonies." Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, whose long and honorable +career gave weight to his lightest words, inveighed against the whole +procedure and to the end of his days believed that the new drift into +rivalry with European nations as a colonial power was fraught with +genuine danger. "Our imperialistic friends," he said, "seem to have +forgotten the use of the vocabulary of liberty. They talk about giving +good government. 'We shall give them such a government as we think they +are fitted for.' 'We shall give them a better government than they had +before.' Why, Mr. President, that one phrase conveys to a free man and a +free people the most stinging of insults. In that little phrase, as in a +seed, is contained the germ of all despotism and of all tyranny. +Government is not a gift. Free government is not to be given by all the +blended powers of earth and heaven. It is a birthright. It belongs, as +our fathers said, and as their children said, as Jefferson said, and as +President McKinley said, to human nature itself." + +The Senate, more conservative on the question of annexation than the +House of Representatives composed of men freshly elected in the stirring +campaign of 1896, was deliberate about ratification of the treaty. The +Democrats and Populists were especially recalcitrant. Mr. Bryan hurried +to Washington and brought his personal influence to bear in favor of +speedy action. Patriotism required ratification, it was said in one +quarter. The country desires peace and the Senate ought not to delay, it +was urged in another. Finally, on February 6, 1899, the requisite +majority of two-thirds was mustered, many a Senator who voted for the +treaty, however, sharing the misgivings of Senator Hoar as to the +"dangers of imperialism." Indeed at the time, the Senators passed a +resolution declaring that the policy to be adopted in the Philippines +was still an open question, leaving to the future, in this way, the +possibility of retracing their steps. + +=The Attitude of England.=--The Spanish war, while accomplishing the +simple objects of those who launched the nation on that course, like all +other wars, produced results wholly unforeseen. In the first place, it +exercised a profound influence on the drift of opinion among European +powers. In England, sympathy with the United States was from the first +positive and outspoken. "The state of feeling here," wrote Mr. Hay, then +ambassador in London, "is the best I have ever known. From every quarter +the evidences of it come to me. The royal family by habit and tradition +are most careful not to break the rules of strict neutrality, but even +among them I find nothing but hearty kindness and--so far as is +consistent with propriety--sympathy. Among the political leaders on both +sides I find not only sympathy but a somewhat eager desire that 'the +other fellows' shall not seem more friendly." + +Joseph Chamberlain, the distinguished Liberal statesman, thinking no +doubt of the continental situation, said in a political address at the +very opening of the war that the next duty of Englishmen "is to +establish and maintain bonds of permanent unity with our kinsmen across +the Atlantic.... I even go so far as to say that, terrible as war may +be, even war would be cheaply purchased if, in a great and noble cause, +the Stars and Stripes and the Union Jack should wave together over an +Anglo-Saxon alliance." To the American ambassador he added +significantly that he did not "care a hang what they say about it on the +continent," which was another way of expressing the hope that the +warning to Germany and France was sufficient. This friendly English +opinion, so useful to the United States when a combination of powers to +support Spain was more than possible, removed all fears as to the +consequences of the war. Henry Adams, recalling days of humiliation in +London during the Civil War, when his father was the American +ambassador, coolly remarked that it was "the sudden appearance of +Germany as the grizzly terror" that "frightened England into America's +arms"; but the net result in keeping the field free for an easy triumph +of American arms was none the less appreciated in Washington where, +despite outward calm, fears of European complications were never absent. + + +AMERICAN POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE ORIENT + +=The Filipino Revolt against American Rule.=--In the sphere of domestic +politics, as well as in the field of foreign relations, the outcome of +the Spanish war exercised a marked influence. It introduced at once +problems of colonial administration and difficulties in adjusting trade +relations with the outlying dominions. These were furthermore +complicated in the very beginning by the outbreak of an insurrection +against American sovereignty in the Philippines. The leader of the +revolt, Aguinaldo, had been invited to join the American forces in +overthrowing Spanish dominion, and he had assumed, apparently without +warrant, that independence would be the result of the joint operations. +When the news reached him that the American flag had been substituted +for the Spanish flag, his resentment was keen. In February, 1899, there +occurred a slight collision between his men and some American soldiers. +The conflict thus begun was followed by serious fighting which finally +dwindled into a vexatious guerrilla warfare lasting three years and +costing heavily in men and money. Atrocities were committed by the +native insurrectionists and, sad to relate, they were repaid in kind; +it was argued in defense of the army that the ordinary rules of warfare +were without terror to men accustomed to fighting like savages. In vain +did McKinley assure the Filipinos that the institutions and laws +established in the islands would be designed "not for our satisfaction +or for the expression of our theoretical views, but for the happiness, +peace, and prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands." Nothing +short of military pressure could bring the warring revolutionists to +terms. + +=Attacks on Republican "Imperialism."=--The Filipino insurrection, +following so quickly upon the ratification of the treaty with Spain, +moved the American opponents of McKinley's colonial policies to redouble +their denunciation of what they were pleased to call "imperialism." +Senator Hoar was more than usually caustic in his indictment of the new +course. The revolt against American rule did but convince him of the +folly hidden in the first fateful measures. Everywhere he saw a +conspiracy of silence and injustice. "I have failed to discover in the +speeches, public or private, of the advocates of this war," he contended +in the Senate, "or in the press which supports it and them, a single +expression anywhere of a desire to do justice to the people of the +Philippine Islands, or of a desire to make known to the people of the +United States the truth of the case.... The catchwords, the cries, the +pithy and pregnant phrases of which their speech is full, all mean +dominion. They mean perpetual dominion.... There is not one of these +gentlemen who will rise in his place and affirm that if he were a +Filipino he would not do exactly as the Filipinos are doing; that he +would not despise them if they were to do otherwise. So much at least +they owe of respect to the dead and buried history--the dead and buried +history so far as they can slay and bury it--of their country." In the +way of practical suggestions, the Senator offered as a solution of the +problem: the recognition of independence, assistance in establishing +self-government, and an invitation to all powers to join in a guarantee +of freedom to the islands. + +=The Republican Answer.=--To McKinley and his supporters, engaged in a +sanguinary struggle to maintain American supremacy, such talk was more +than quixotic; it was scarcely short of treasonable. They pointed out +the practical obstacles in the way of uniform self-government for a +collection of seven million people ranging in civilization from the most +ignorant hill men to the highly cultivated inhabitants of Manila. The +incidents of the revolt and its repression, they admitted, were painful +enough; but still nothing as compared with the chaos that would follow +the attempt of a people who had never had experience in such matters to +set up and sustain democratic institutions. They preferred rather the +gradual process of fitting the inhabitants of the islands for +self-government. This course, in their eyes, though less poetic, was +more in harmony with the ideals of humanity. Having set out upon it, +they pursued it steadfastly to the end. First, they applied force +without stint to the suppression of the revolt. Then they devoted such +genius for colonial administration as they could command to the +development of civil government, commerce, and industry. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A PHILIPPINE HOME] + +=The Boxer Rebellion in China.=--For a nation with a world-wide trade, +steadily growing, as the progress of home industries redoubled the zeal +for new markets, isolation was obviously impossible. Never was this +clearer than in 1900 when a native revolt against foreigners in China, +known as the Boxer uprising, compelled the United States to join with +the powers of Europe in a military expedition and a diplomatic +settlement. The Boxers, a Chinese association, had for some time carried +on a campaign of hatred against all aliens in the Celestial empire, +calling upon the natives to rise in patriotic wrath and drive out the +foreigners who, they said, "were lacerating China like tigers." In the +summer of 1900 the revolt flamed up in deeds of cruelty. Missionaries +and traders were murdered in the provinces; foreign legations were +stoned; the German ambassador, one of the most cordially despised +foreigners, was killed in the streets of Peking; and to all appearances +a frightful war of extermination had begun. In the month of June nearly +five hundred men, women, and children, representing all nations, were +besieged in the British quarters in Peking under constant fire of +Chinese guns and in peril of a terrible death. + +=Intervention in China.=--Nothing but the arrival of armed forces, made +up of Japanese, Russian, British, American, French, and German soldiers +and marines, prevented the destruction of the beleaguered aliens. When +once the foreign troops were in possession of the Chinese capital, +diplomatic questions of the most delicate character arose. For more than +half a century, the imperial powers of Europe had been carving up the +Chinese empire, taking to themselves territory, railway concessions, +mining rights, ports, and commercial privileges at the expense of the +huge but helpless victim. The United States alone among the great +nations, while as zealous as any in the pursuit of peaceful trade, had +refrained from seizing Chinese territory or ports. Moreover, the +Department of State had been urging European countries to treat China +with fairness, to respect her territorial integrity, and to give her +equal trading privileges with all nations. + +=The American Policy of the "Open Door."=--In the autumn of 1899, +Secretary Hay had addressed to London, Berlin, Rome, Paris, Tokyo, and +St. Petersburg his famous note on the "open door" policy in China. In +this document he proposed that existing treaty ports and vested +interests of the several foreign countries should be respected; that +the Chinese government should be permitted to extend its tariffs to all +ports held by alien powers except the few free ports; and that there +should be no discrimination in railway and port charges among the +citizens of foreign countries operating in the empire. To these +principles the governments addressed by Mr. Hay, finally acceded with +evident reluctance. + +[Illustration: AMERICAN DOMINIONS IN THE PACIFIC] + +On this basis he then proposed the settlement that had to follow the +Boxer uprising. "The policy of the Government of the United States," he +said to the great powers, in the summer of 1900, "is to seek a solution +which may bring about permanent safety and peace to China, preserve +Chinese territorial and administrative entity, protect all rights +guaranteed to friendly powers by treaty and international law, and +safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with +all parts of the Chinese empire." This was a friendly warning to the +world that the United States would not join in a scramble to punish the +Chinese by carving out more territory. "The moment we acted," said Mr. +Hay, "the rest of the world paused and finally came over to our ground; +and the German government, which is generally brutal but seldom silly, +recovered its senses, and climbed down off its perch." + +In taking this position, the Secretary of State did but reflect the +common sense of America. "We are, of course," he explained, "opposed to +the dismemberment of that empire and we do not think that the public +opinion of the United States would justify this government in taking +part in the great game of spoliation now going on." Heavy damages were +collected by the European powers from China for the injuries inflicted +upon their citizens by the Boxers; but the United States, finding the +sum awarded in excess of the legitimate claims, returned the balance in +the form of a fund to be applied to the education of Chinese students in +American universities. "I would rather be, I think," said Mr. Hay, "the +dupe of China than the chum of the Kaiser." By pursuing a liberal +policy, he strengthened the hold of the United States upon the +affections of the Chinese people and, in the long run, as he remarked +himself, safeguarded "our great commercial interests in that Empire." + +=Imperialism in the Presidential Campaign of 1900.=--It is not strange +that the policy pursued by the Republican administration in disposing of +the questions raised by the Spanish War became one of the first issues +in the presidential campaign of 1900. Anticipating attacks from every +quarter, the Republicans, in renominating McKinley, set forth their +position in clear and ringing phrases: "In accepting by the treaty of +Paris the just responsibility of our victories in the Spanish War the +President and Senate won the undoubted approval of the American people. +No other course was possible than to destroy Spain's sovereignty +throughout the West Indies and in the Philippine Islands. That course +created our responsibility, before the world and with the unorganized +population whom our intervention had freed from Spain, to provide for +the maintenance of law and order, and for the establishment of good +government and for the performance of international obligations. Our +authority could not be less than our responsibility, and wherever +sovereign rights were extended it became the high duty of the government +to maintain its authority, to put down armed insurrection, and to confer +the blessings of liberty and civilization upon all the rescued peoples. +The largest measure of self-government consistent with their welfare and +our duties shall be secured to them by law." To give more strength to +their ticket, the Republican convention, in a whirlwind of enthusiasm, +nominated for the vice presidency, against his protest, Theodore +Roosevelt, the governor of New York and the hero of the Rough Riders, so +popular on account of their Cuban campaign. + +The Democrats, as expected, picked up the gauntlet thrown down with such +defiance by the Republicans. Mr. Bryan, whom they selected as their +candidate, still clung to the currency issue; but the main emphasis, +both of the platform and the appeal for votes, was on the "imperialistic +program" of the Republican administration. The Democrats denounced the +treatment of Cuba and Porto Rico and condemned the Philippine policy in +sharp and vigorous terms. "As we are not willing," ran the platform, "to +surrender our civilization or to convert the Republic into an empire, we +favor an immediate declaration of the Nation's purpose to give to the +Filipinos, first, a stable form of government; second, independence; +third, protection from outside interference.... The greedy commercialism +which dictated the Philippine policy of the Republican administration +attempts to justify it with the plea that it will pay, but even this +sordid and unworthy plea fails when brought to the test of facts. The +war of 'criminal aggression' against the Filipinos entailing an annual +expense of many millions has already cost more than any possible profit +that could accrue from the entire Philippine trade for years to come.... +We oppose militarism. It means conquest abroad and intimidation and +oppression at home. It means the strong arm which has ever been fatal to +free institutions. It is what millions of our citizens have fled from in +Europe. It will impose upon our peace-loving people a large standing +army, an unnecessary burden of taxation, and would be a constant menace +to their liberties." Such was the tenor of their appeal to the voters. + +With the issues clearly joined, the country rejected the Democratic +candidate even more positively than four years before. The popular vote +cast for McKinley was larger and that cast for Bryan smaller than in the +silver election. Thus vindicated at the polls, McKinley turned with +renewed confidence to the development of the policies he had so far +advanced. But fate cut short his designs. In the September following his +second inauguration, he was shot by an anarchist while attending the +Buffalo exposition. "What a strange and tragic fate it has been of +mine," wrote the Secretary of State, John Hay, on the day of the +President's death, "to stand by the bier of three of my dearest friends, +Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley, three of the gentlest of men, all risen +to the head of the state and all done to death by assassins." On +September 14, 1901, the Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt, took up the +lines of power that had fallen from the hands of his distinguished +chief, promising to continue "absolutely unbroken" the policies he had +inherited. + + +SUMMARY OF NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS + +The economic aspects of the period between 1865 and 1900 may be readily +summed up: the recovery of the South from the ruin of the Civil War, the +extension of the railways, the development of the Great West, and the +triumph of industry and business enterprise. In the South many of the +great plantations were broken up and sold in small farms, crops were +diversified, the small farming class was raised in the scale of social +importance, the cotton industry was launched, and the coal, iron, +timber, and other resources were brought into use. In the West the free +arable land was practically exhausted by 1890 under the terms of the +Homestead Act; gold, silver, copper, coal and other minerals were +discovered in abundance; numerous rail connections were formed with the +Atlantic seaboard; the cowboy and the Indian were swept away before a +standardized civilization of electric lights and bathtubs. By the end of +the century the American frontier had disappeared. The wild, primitive +life so long associated with America was gone. The unity of the nation +was established. + +In the field of business enterprise, progress was most marked. The +industrial system, which had risen and flourished before the Civil War, +grew into immense proportions and the industrial area was extended from +the Northeast into all parts of the country. Small business concerns +were transformed into huge corporations. Individual plants were merged +under the management of gigantic trusts. Short railway lines were +consolidated into national systems. The industrial population of +wage-earners rose into the tens of millions. The immigration of aliens +increased by leaps and bounds. The cities overshadowed the country. The +nation that had once depended upon Europe for most of its manufactured +goods became a competitor of Europe in the markets of the earth. + +In the sphere of politics, the period witnessed the recovery of white +supremacy in the South; the continued discussion of the old questions, +such as the currency, the tariff, and national banking; and the +injection of new issues like the trusts and labor problems. As of old, +foreign affairs were kept well at the front. Alaska was purchased from +Russia; attempts were made to extend American influence in the Caribbean +region; a Samoan island was brought under the flag; and the Hawaiian +islands were annexed. The Monroe Doctrine was applied with vigor in the +dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain. + +Assistance was given to the Cubans in their revolutionary struggle +against Spain and thus there was precipitated a war which ended in the +annexation of Porto Rico and the Philippines. American influence in the +Pacific and the Orient was so enlarged as to be a factor of great weight +in world affairs. Thus questions connected with foreign and "imperial" +policies were united with domestic issues to make up the warp and woof +of politics. In the direction of affairs, the Republicans took the +leadership, for they held the presidency during all the years, except +eight, between 1865 and 1900. + + +=References= + +J.W. Foster, _A Century of American Diplomacy_; _American Diplomacy in +the Orient_. + +W.F. Reddaway, _The Monroe Doctrine_. + +J.H. Latane, _The United States and Spanish America_. + +A.C. Coolidge, _United States as a World Power_. + +A.T. Mahan, _Interest of the United States in the Sea Power_. + +F.E. Chadwick, _Spanish-American War_. + +D.C. Worcester, _The Philippine Islands and Their People_. + +M.M. Kalaw, _Self-Government in the Philippines_. + +L.S. Rowe, _The United States and Porto Rico_. + +F.E. Chadwick, _The Relations of the United States and Spain_. + +W.R. Shepherd, _Latin America_; _Central and South America_. + + +=Questions= + +1. Tell the story of the international crisis that developed soon after +the Civil War with regard to Mexico. + +2. Give the essential facts relating to the purchase of Alaska. + +3. Review the early history of our interest in the Caribbean. + +4. Amid what circumstances was the Monroe Doctrine applied in +Cleveland's administration? + +5. Give the causes that led to the war with Spain. + +6. Tell the leading events in that war. + +7. What was the outcome as far as Cuba was concerned? The outcome for +the United States? + +8. Discuss the attitude of the Filipinos toward American sovereignty in +the islands. + +9. Describe McKinley's colonial policy. + +10. How was the Spanish War viewed in England? On the Continent? + +11. Was there a unified American opinion on American expansion? + +12. Was this expansion a departure from our traditions? + +13. What events led to foreign intervention in China? + +14. Explain the policy of the "open door." + + +=Research Topics= + +=Hawaii and Venezuela.=--Dewey, _National Problems_ (American Nation +Series), pp. 279-313; Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 600-602; +Hart, _American History Told by Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 612-616. + +=Intervention in Cuba.=--Latane, _America as a World Power_ (American +Nation Series), pp. 3-28; Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. +597-598; Roosevelt, _Autobiography_, pp. 223-277; Haworth, _The United +States in Our Own Time_, pp. 232-256; Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, +pp. 573-578. + +=The War with Spain.=--Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. +889-896. + +=Terms of Peace with Spain.=--Latane, pp. 63-81; Macdonald, pp. 602-608; +Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 588-590. + +=The Philippine Insurrection.=--Latane, pp. 82-99. + +=Imperialism as a Campaign Issue.=--Latane, pp. 120-132; Haworth, pp. +257-277; Hart, _Contemporaries_, Vol. IV, pp. 604-611. + +=Biographical Studies.=--William McKinley, M.A. Hanna, John Hay; +Admirals, George Dewey, W.T. Sampson, and W.S. Schley; and Generals, +W.R. Shafter, Joseph Wheeler, and H.W. Lawton. + +=General Analysis of American Expansion.=--_Syllabus in History_ (New +York State, 1920), pp. 142-147. + + + + +PART VII. PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +THE EVOLUTION OF REPUBLICAN POLICIES (1901-13) + + +=The Personality and Early Career of Roosevelt.=--On September 14, 1901, +when Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office, the presidency passed +to a new generation and a leader of a new type recalling, if comparisons +must be made, Andrew Jackson rather than any Republican predecessor. +Roosevelt was brusque, hearty, restless, and fond of action--"a young +fellow of infinite dash and originality," as John Hay remarked of him; +combining the spirit of his old college, Harvard, with the breezy +freedom of the plains; interested in everything--a new species of game, +a new book, a diplomatic riddle, or a novel theory of history or +biology. Though only forty-three years old he was well versed in the art +of practical politics. Coming upon the political scene in the early +eighties, he had associated himself with the reformers in the Republican +party; but he was no Mugwump. From the first he vehemently preached the +doctrine of party loyalty; if beaten in the convention, he voted the +straight ticket in the election. For twenty years he adhered to this +rule and during a considerable portion of that period he held office as +a spokesman of his party. He served in the New York legislature, as head +of the metropolitan police force, as federal civil service commissioner +under President Harrison, as assistant secretary of the navy under +President McKinley, and as governor of the Empire state. Political +managers of the old school spoke of him as "brilliant but erratic"; they +soon found him equal to the shrewdest in negotiation and action. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +ROOSEVELT TALKING TO THE ENGINEER OF A RAILROAD TRAIN] + + +FOREIGN AFFAIRS + +=The Panama Canal.=--The most important foreign question confronting +President Roosevelt on the day of his inauguration, that of the Panama +Canal, was a heritage from his predecessor. The idea of a water route +across the isthmus, long a dream of navigators, had become a living +issue after the historic voyage of the battleship _Oregon_ around South +America during the Spanish War. But before the United States could act +it had to undo the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, made with Great Britain in +1850, providing for the construction of the canal under joint +supervision. This was finally effected by the Hay-Pauncefote treaty of +1901 authorizing the United States to proceed alone, on condition that +there should be no discriminations against other nations in the matter +of rates and charges. + +This accomplished, it was necessary to decide just where the canal +should be built. One group in Congress favored the route through +Nicaragua; in fact, two official commissions had already approved that +location. Another group favored cutting the way through Panama after +purchasing the rights of the old French company which, under the +direction of De Lesseps, the hero of the Suez Canal, had made a costly +failure some twenty years before. After a heated argument over the +merits of the two plans, preference was given to the Panama route. As +the isthmus was then a part of Colombia, President Roosevelt proceeded +to negotiate with the government at Bogota a treaty authorizing the +United States to cut a canal through its territory. The treaty was +easily framed, but it was rejected by the Colombian senate, much to the +President's exasperation. "You could no more make an agreement with the +Colombian rulers," he exclaimed, "than you could nail jelly to a wall." +He was spared the necessity by a timely revolution. On November 3, 1903, +Panama renounced its allegiance to Colombia and three days later the +United States recognized its independence. + +[Illustration: _Courtesy of Panama Canal, Washington, D.C._ + +DEEPEST EXCAVATED PORTION OF PANAMA CANAL, SHOWING GOLD HILL ON +RIGHT AND CONTRACTOR'S HILL ON LEFT. JUNE, 1913] + +This amazing incident was followed shortly by the signature of a treaty +between Panama and the United States in which the latter secured the +right to construct the long-discussed canal, in return for a guarantee +of independence and certain cash payments. The rights and property of +the French concern were then bought, and the final details settled. A +lock rather than a sea-level canal was agreed upon. Construction by the +government directly instead of by private contractors was adopted. +Scientific medicine was summoned to stamp out the tropical diseases +that had made Panama a plague spot. Finally, in 1904, as the President +said, "the dirt began to fly." After surmounting formidable +difficulties--engineering, labor, and sanitary--the American forces in +1913 joined the waters of the Atlantic and the Pacific. Nearly eight +thousand miles were cut off the sea voyage from New York to San +Francisco. If any were inclined to criticize President Roosevelt for +the way in which he snapped off negotiations with Colombia and +recognized the Panama revolutionists, their attention was drawn to the +magnificent outcome of the affair. Notwithstanding the treaty with Great +Britain, Congress passed a tolls bill discriminating in rates in favor +of American ships. It was only on the urgent insistence of President +Wilson that the measure was later repealed. + +=The Conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War.=--The applause which greeted +the President's next diplomatic stroke was unmarred by censure of any +kind. In the winter of 1904 there broke out between Japan and Russia a +terrible conflict over the division of spoils in Manchuria. The fortunes +of war were with the agile forces of Nippon. In this struggle, it seems, +President Roosevelt's sympathies were mainly with the Japanese, although +he observed the proprieties of neutrality. At all events, Secretary Hay +wrote in his diary on New Year's Day, 1905, that the President was +"quite firm in his view that we cannot permit Japan to be robbed a +second time of her victory," referring to the fact that Japan, ten years +before, after defeating China on the field of battle, had been forced by +Russia, Germany, and France to forego the fruits of conquest. + +Whatever the President's personal feelings may have been, he was aware +that Japan, despite her triumphs over Russia, was staggering under a +heavy burden of debt. At a suggestion from Tokyo, he invited both +belligerents in the summer of 1905 to join in a peace conference. The +celerity of their reply was aided by the pressure of European bankers, +who had already come to a substantial agreement that the war must stop. +After some delay, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was chosen as the meeting +place for the spokesmen of the two warring powers. Roosevelt presided +over the opening ceremonies with fine urbanity, thoroughly enjoying the +justly earned honor of being for the moment at the center of the world's +interest. He had the satisfaction of seeing the conference end in a +treaty of peace and amity. + +=The Monroe Doctrine Applied to Germany.=--Less spectacular than the +Russo-Japanese settlement but not less important was a diplomatic +passage-at-arms with Germany over the Monroe Doctrine. This clash grew +out of the inability or unwillingness of the Venezuelan government to +pay debts due foreign creditors. Having exhausted their patience in +negotiations, England and Germany, in December 1901, sent battleships to +establish what they characterized as "a peaceful blockade" of Venezuelan +ports. Their action was followed by the rupture of diplomatic relations; +there was a possibility that war and the occupation of Venezuelan +territory might result. + +While unwilling to stand between a Latin-American country and its +creditors, President Roosevelt was determined that debt collecting +should not be made an excuse for European countries to seize territory. +He therefore urged arbitration of the dispute, winning the assent of +England and Italy. Germany, with a somewhat haughty air, refused to take +the milder course. The President, learning of this refusal, called the +German ambassador to the White House and informed him in very precise +terms that, unless the Imperial German Government consented to +arbitrate, Admiral Dewey would be ordered to the scene with instructions +to prevent Germany from seizing any Venezuelan territory. A week passed +and no answer came from Berlin. Not baffled, the President again took +the matter up with the ambassador, this time with even more firmness; he +stated in language admitting of but one meaning that, unless within +forty-eight hours the Emperor consented to arbitration, American +battleships, already coaled and cleared, would sail for Venezuelan +waters. The hint was sufficient. The Kaiser accepted the proposal and +the President, with the fine irony of diplomacy, complimented him +publicly on "being so stanch an advocate of arbitration." In terms of +the Monroe Doctrine this action meant that the United States, while not +denying the obligations of debtors, would not permit any move on the +part of European powers that might easily lead to the temporary or +permanent occupation of Latin-American territory. + +=The Santo Domingo Affair.=--The same issue was involved in a +controversy over Santo Domingo which arose in 1904. The Dominican +republic, like Venezuela, was heavily in debt, and certain European +countries declared that, unless the United States undertook to look +after the finances of the embarrassed debtor, they would resort to armed +coercion. What was the United States to do? The danger of having some +European power strongly intrenched in Santo Domingo was too imminent to +be denied. President Roosevelt acted with characteristic speed, and +notwithstanding strong opposition in the Senate was able, in 1907, to +effect a treaty arrangement which placed Dominican finances under +American supervision. + +In the course of the debate over this settlement, a number of +interesting questions arose. It was pertinently asked whether the +American navy should be used to help creditors collect their debts +anywhere in Latin-America. It was suggested also that no sanction should +be given to the practice among European governments of using armed force +to collect private claims. Opponents of President Roosevelt's policy, +and they were neither few nor insignificant, urged that such matters +should be referred to the Hague Court or to special international +commissions for arbitration. To this the answer was made that the United +States could not surrender any question coming under the terms of the +Monroe Doctrine to the decision of an international tribunal. The +position of the administration was very clearly stated by President +Roosevelt himself. "The country," he said, "would certainly decline to +go to war to prevent a foreign government from collecting a just debt; +on the other hand, it is very inadvisable to permit any foreign power to +take possession, even temporarily, of the customs houses of an American +republic in order to enforce the payment of its obligations; for such a +temporary occupation might turn into a permanent occupation. The only +escape from these alternatives may at any time be that we must +ourselves undertake to bring about some arrangement by which so much as +possible of a just obligation shall be paid." The Monroe Doctrine was +negative. It denied to European powers a certain liberty of operation in +this hemisphere. The positive obligations resulting from its application +by the United States were points now emphasized and developed. + +=The Hague Conference.=--The controversies over Latin-American relations +and his part in bringing the Russo-Japanese War to a close naturally +made a deep impression upon Roosevelt, turning his mind in the direction +of the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The subject was +moreover in the air. As if conscious of impending calamity, the +statesmen of the Old World, to all outward signs at least, seemed +searching for a way to reduce armaments and avoid the bloody and costly +trial of international causes by the ancient process of battle. It was +the Czar, Nicholas II, fated to die in one of the terrible holocausts +which he helped to bring upon mankind, who summoned the delegates of the +nations in the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899. The conference did +nothing to reduce military burdens or avoid wars but it did recognize +the right of friendly nations to offer the services of mediation to +countries at war and did establish a Court at the Hague for the +arbitration of international disputes. + +Encouraged by this experiment, feeble as it was, President Roosevelt in +1904 proposed a second conference, yielding to the Czar the honor of +issuing the call. At this great international assembly, held at the +Hague in 1907, the representatives of the United States proposed a plan +for the compulsory arbitration of certain matters of international +dispute. This was rejected with contempt by Germany. Reduction of +armaments, likewise proposed in the conference, was again deferred. In +fact, nothing was accomplished beyond agreement upon certain rules for +the conduct of "civilized warfare," casting a somewhat lurid light upon +the "pacific" intentions of most of the powers assembled. + +=The World Tour of the Fleet.=--As if to assure the world then that the +United States placed little reliance upon the frail reed of peace +conferences, Roosevelt the following year (1908) made an imposing +display of American naval power by sending a fleet of sixteen +battleships on a tour around the globe. On his own authority, he ordered +the ships to sail out of Hampton Roads and circle the earth by way of +the Straits of Magellan, San Francisco, Australia, the Philippines, +China, Japan, and the Suez Canal. This enterprise was not, as some +critics claimed, a "mere boyish flourish." President Roosevelt knew how +deep was the influence of sea power on the fate of nations. He was aware +that no country could have a wide empire of trade and dominion without +force adequate to sustain it. The voyage around the world therefore +served a double purpose. It interested his own country in the naval +program of the government, and it reminded other powers that the +American giant, though quiet, was not sleeping in the midst of +international rivalries. + + +COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION + +=A Constitutional Question Settled.=--In colonial administration, as in +foreign policy, President Roosevelt advanced with firm step in a path +already marked out. President McKinley had defined the principles that +were to control the development of Porto Rico and the Philippines. The +Republican party had announced a program of pacification, gradual +self-government, and commercial improvement. The only remaining question +of importance, to use the popular phrase,--"Does the Constitution follow +the flag?"--had been answered by the Supreme Court of the United States. +Although it was well known that the Constitution did not contemplate the +government of dependencies, such as the Philippines and Porto Rico, the +Court, by generous and ingenious interpretations, found a way for +Congress to apply any reasonable rules required by the occasion. + +=Porto Rico.=--The government of Porto Rico was a relatively simple +matter. It was a single island with a fairly homogeneous population +apart from the Spanish upper class. For a time after military occupation +in 1898, it was administered under military rule. This was succeeded by +the establishment of civil government under the "organic act" passed by +Congress in 1900. The law assured to the Porto Ricans American +protection but withheld American citizenship--a boon finally granted in +1917. It provided for a governor and six executive secretaries appointed +by the President with the approval of the Senate; and for a legislature +of two houses--one elected by popular native vote, and an upper chamber +composed of the executive secretaries and five other persons appointed +in the same manner. Thus the United States turned back to the provincial +system maintained by England in Virginia or New York in old colonial +days. The natives were given a voice in their government and the power +of initiating laws; but the final word both in law-making and +administration was vested in officers appointed in Washington. Such was +the plan under which the affairs of Porto Rico were conducted by +President Roosevelt. It lasted until the new organic act of 1917. + +[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +A SUGAR MILL, PORTO RICO] + +=The Philippines.=--The administration of the Philippines presented far +more difficult questions. The number of islands, the variety of +languages and races, the differences in civilization all combined to +challenge the skill of the government. Moreover, there was raging in +1901 a stubborn revolt against American authority, which had to be +faced. Following the lines laid down by President McKinley, the +evolution of American policy fell into three stages. At first the +islands were governed directly by the President under his supreme +military power. In 1901 a civilian commission, headed by William Howard +Taft, was selected by the President and charged with the government of +the provinces in which order had been restored. Six years later, under +the terms of an organic act, passed by Congress in 1902, the third stage +was reached. The local government passed into the hands of a governor +and commission, appointed by the President and Senate, and a +legislature--one house elected by popular vote and an upper chamber + +composed of the commission. This scheme, like that obtaining in Porto +Rico, remained intact until a Democratic Congress under President +Wilson's leadership carried the colonial administration into its fourth +phase by making both houses elective. Thus, by the steady pursuit of a +liberal policy, self-government was extended to the dependencies; but it +encouraged rather than extinguished the vigorous movement among the +Philippine natives for independence. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +MR TAFT IN THE PHILIPPINES] + +=Cuban Relations.=--Within the sphere of colonial affairs, Cuba, though +nominally independent, also presented problems to the government at +Washington. In the fine enthusiasm that accompanied the declaration of +war on Spain, Congress, unmindful of practical considerations, +recognized the independence of Cuba and disclaimed "any disposition or +intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said +island except for the pacification thereof." In the settlement that +followed the war, however, it was deemed undesirable to set the young +republic adrift upon the stormy sea of international politics without a +guiding hand. Before withdrawing American troops from the island, +Congress, in March, 1901, enacted, and required Cuba to approve, a +series of restrictions known as the Platt amendment, limiting her power +to incur indebtedness, securing the right of the United States to +intervene whenever necessary to protect life and property, and reserving +to the United States coaling stations at certain points to be agreed +upon. The Cubans made strong protests against what they deemed +"infringements of their sovereignty"; but finally with good grace +accepted their fate. Even when in 1906 President Roosevelt landed +American troops in the island to quell a domestic dissension, they +acquiesced in the action, evidently regarding it as a distinct warning +that they should learn to manage their elections in an orderly manner. + + +THE ROOSEVELT DOMESTIC POLICIES + +=Social Questions to the Front.=--From the day of his inauguration to +the close of his service in 1909, President Roosevelt, in messages, +speeches, and interviews, kept up a lively and interesting discussion of +trusts, capital, labor, poverty, riches, lawbreaking, good citizenship, +and kindred themes. Many a subject previously touched upon only by +representatives of the minor and dissenting parties, he dignified by a +careful examination. That he did this with any fixed design or policy in +mind does not seem to be the case. He admitted himself that when he +became President he did not have in hand any settled or far-reaching +plan of social betterment. He did have, however, serious convictions on +general principles. "I was bent upon making the government," he wrote, +"the most efficient possible instrument in helping the people of the +United States to better themselves in every way, politically, socially, +and industrially. I believed with all my heart in real and +thorough-going democracy and I wished to make the democracy industrial +as well as political, although I had only partially formulated the +method I believed we should follow." It is thus evident at least that he +had departed a long way from the old idea of the government as nothing +but a great policeman keeping order among the people in a struggle over +the distribution of the nation's wealth and resources. + +=Roosevelt's View of the Constitution.=--Equally significant was +Roosevelt's attitude toward the Constitution and the office of +President. He utterly repudiated the narrow construction of our national +charter. He held that the Constitution "should be treated as the +greatest document ever devised by the wit of man to aid a people in +exercising every power necessary for its own betterment, not as a +strait-jacket cunningly fashioned to strangle growth." He viewed the +presidency as he did the Constitution. Strict constructionists of the +Jeffersonian school, of whom there were many on occasion even in the +Republican party, had taken a view that the President could do nothing +that he was not specifically authorized by the Constitution to do. +Roosevelt took exactly the opposite position. It was his opinion that it +was not only the President's right but his duty "to do anything that the +needs of the nation demanded unless such action was forbidden by the +Constitution or the laws." He went on to say that he acted "for the +common well-being of all our people whenever and in whatever manner was +necessary, unless prevented by direct constitutional or legislative +prohibition." + +=The Trusts and Railways.=--To the trust question, Roosevelt devoted +especial attention. This was unavoidable. By far the larger part of the +business of the country was done by corporations as distinguished from +partnerships and individual owners. The growth of these gigantic +aggregations of capital had been the leading feature in American +industrial development during the last two decades of the nineteenth +century. In the conquest of business by trusts and "the resulting +private fortunes of great magnitude," the Populists and the Democrats +had seen a grievous danger to the republic. "Plutocracy has taken the +place of democracy; the tariff breeds trusts; let us destroy therefore +the tariff and the trusts"--such was the battle cry which had been taken +up by Bryan and his followers. + +President Roosevelt countered vigorously. He rejected the idea that the +trusts were the product of the tariff or of governmental action of any +kind. He insisted that they were the outcome of "natural economic +forces": (1) destructive competition among business men compelling them +to avoid ruin by cooperation in fixing prices; (2) the growth of markets +on a national scale and even international scale calling for vast +accumulations of capital to carry on such business; (3) the possibility +of immense savings by the union of many plants under one management. In +the corporation he saw a new stage in the development of American +industry. Unregulated competition he regarded as "the source of evils +which all men concede must be remedied if this civilization of ours is +to survive." The notion, therefore, that these immense business concerns +should be or could be broken up by a decree of law, Roosevelt considered +absurd. + +At the same time he proposed that "evil trusts" should be prevented from +"wrong-doing of any kind"; that is, punished for plain swindling, for +making agreements to limit output, for refusing to sell to customers who +dealt with rival firms, and for conspiracies with railways to ruin +competitors by charging high freight rates and for similar abuses. +Accordingly, he proposed, not the destruction of the trusts, but their +regulation by the government. This, he contended, would preserve the +advantages of business on a national scale while preventing the evils +that accompanied it. The railway company he declared to be a public +servant. "Its rates should be just to and open to all shippers alike." +So he answered those who thought that trusts and railway combinations +were private concerns to be managed solely by their owners without let +or hindrance and also those who thought trusts and railway combinations +could be abolished by tariff reduction or criminal prosecution. + +=The Labor Question.=--On the labor question, then pressing to the front +in public interest, President Roosevelt took advanced ground for his +time. He declared that the working-man, single-handed and empty-handed, +threatened with starvation if unemployed, was no match for the employer +who was able to bargain and wait. This led him, accordingly, to accept +the principle of the trade union; namely, that only by collective +bargaining can labor be put on a footing to measure its strength equally +with capital. While he severely arraigned labor leaders who advocated +violence and destructive doctrines, he held that "the organization of +labor into trade unions and federations is necessary, is beneficent, and +is one of the greatest possible agencies in the attainment of a true +industrial, as well as a true political, democracy in the United +States." The last resort of trade unions in labor disputes, the strike, +he approved in case negotiations failed to secure "a fair deal." + +He thought, however, that labor organizations, even if wisely managed, +could not solve all the pressing social questions of the time. The aid +of the government at many points he believed to be necessary to +eliminate undeserved poverty, industrial diseases, unemployment, and the +unfortunate consequences of industrial accidents. In his first message +of 1901, for instance, he urged that workers injured in industry should +have certain and ample compensation. From time to time he advocated +other legislation to obtain what he called "a larger measure of social +and industrial justice." + +=Great Riches and Taxation.=--Even the challenge of the radicals, such +as the Populists, who alleged that "the toil of millions is boldly +stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few"--challenges which his +predecessors did not consider worthy of notice--President Roosevelt +refused to let pass without an answer. In his first message he denied +the truth of the common saying that the rich were growing richer and the +poor were growing poorer. He asserted that, on the contrary, the average +man, wage worker, farmer, and small business man, was better off than +ever before in the history of our country. That there had been abuses in +the accumulation of wealth he did not pretend to ignore, but he believed +that even immense fortunes, on the whole, represented positive benefits +conferred upon the country. Nevertheless he felt that grave dangers to +the safety and the happiness of the people lurked in great inequalities +of wealth. In 1906 he wrote that he wished it were in his power to +prevent the heaping up of enormous fortunes. The next year, to the +astonishment of many leaders in his own party, he boldly announced in a +message to Congress that he approved both income and inheritance taxes, +then generally viewed as Populist or Democratic measures. He even took +the stand that such taxes should be laid in order to bring about a more +equitable distribution of wealth and greater equality of opportunity +among citizens. + + +LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE ACTIVITIES + +=Economic Legislation.=--When President Roosevelt turned from the field +of opinion he found himself in a different sphere. Many of his views +were too advanced for the members of his party in Congress, and where +results depended upon the making of new laws, his progress was slow. +Nevertheless, in his administrations several measures were enacted that +bore the stamp of his theories, though it could hardly be said that he +dominated Congress to the same degree as did some other Presidents. The +Hepburn Railway Act of 1906 enlarged the interstate commerce commission; +it extended the commission's power over oil pipe lines, express +companies, and other interstate carriers; it gave the commission the +right to reduce rates found to be unreasonable and discriminatory; it +forbade "midnight tariffs," that is, sudden changes in rates favoring +certain shippers; and it prohibited common carriers from transporting +goods owned by themselves, especially coal, except for their own proper +use. Two important pure food and drug laws, enacted during the same +year, were designed to protect the public against diseased meats and +deleterious foods and drugs. A significant piece of labor legislation +was an act of the same Congress making interstate railways liable to +damages for injuries sustained by their employees. When this measure was +declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court it was reenacted with the +objectionable clauses removed. A second installment of labor legislation +was offered in the law of 1908 limiting the hours of railway employees +engaged as trainmen or telegraph operators. + +[Illustration: _Courtesy United States Reclamation Service._ + +THE ROOSEVELT DAM, PHOENIX, ARIZONA] + +=Reclamation and Conservation.=--The open country--the deserts, the +forests, waterways, and the public lands--interested President Roosevelt +no less than railway and industrial questions. Indeed, in his first +message to Congress he placed the conservation of natural resources +among "the most vital internal problems" of the age, and forcibly +emphasized an issue that had been discussed in a casual way since +Cleveland's first administration. The suggestion evoked an immediate +response in Congress. Under the leadership of Senator Newlands, of +Nevada, the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed, providing for the +redemption of the desert areas of the West. The proceeds from the sale +of public lands were dedicated to the construction of storage dams and +sluiceways to hold water and divert it as needed to the thirsty sands. +Furthermore it was stipulated that the rents paid by water users should +go into a reclamation fund to continue the good work forever. +Construction was started immediately under the terms of the law. Within +seventeen years about 1,600,000 acres had been reclaimed and more than a +million were actually irrigated. In the single year 1918, the crops of +the irrigated districts were valued at approximately $100,000,000. + +In his first message, also, President Roosevelt urged the transfer of +all control over national forests to trained men in the Bureau of +Forestry--a recommendation carried out in 1907 when the Forestry Service +was created. In every direction noteworthy advances were made in the +administration of the national domain. The science of forestry was +improved and knowledge of the subject spread among the people. Lands in +the national forest available for agriculture were opened to settlers. +Water power sites on the public domain were leased for a term of years +to private companies instead of being sold outright. The area of the +national forests was enlarged from 43 million acres to 194 million acres +by presidential proclamation--more than 43 million acres being added in +one year, 1907. The men who turned sheep and cattle to graze on the +public lands were compelled to pay a fair rental, much to their +dissatisfaction. Fire prevention work was undertaken in the forests on a +large scale, reducing the appalling, annual destruction of timber. +Millions of acres of coal land, such as the government had been +carelessly selling to mining companies at low figures, were withdrawn +from sale and held until Congress was prepared to enact laws for the +disposition of them in the public interest. Prosecutions were +instituted against men who had obtained public lands by fraud and vast +tracts were recovered for the national domain. An agitation was begun +which bore fruit under the administrations of Taft and Wilson in laws +reserving to the federal government the ownership of coal, water power, +phosphates, and other natural resources while authorizing corporations +to develop them under leases for a period of years. + +=The Prosecution of the Trusts.=--As an executive, President Roosevelt +was also a distinct "personality." His discrimination between "good" and +"bad" trusts led him to prosecute some of them with vigor. On his +initiative, the Northern Securities Company, formed to obtain control of +certain great western railways, was dissolved by order of the Supreme +Court. Proceedings were instituted against the American Tobacco Company +and the Standard Oil Company as monopolies in violation of the Sherman +Anti-Trust law. The Sugar Trust was found guilty of cheating the New +York customs house and some of the minor officers were sent to prison. +Frauds in the Post-office Department were uncovered and the offenders +brought to book. In fact hardly a week passed without stirring news of +"wrong doers" and "malefactors" haled into federal courts. + +=The Great Coal Strike.=--The Roosevelt theory that the President could +do anything for public welfare not forbidden by the Constitution and the +laws was put to a severe test in 1902. A strike of the anthracite coal +miners, which started in the summer, ran late into the autumn. +Industries were paralyzed for the want of coal; cities were threatened +with the appalling menace of a winter without heat. Governors and mayors +were powerless and appealed for aid. The mine owners rejected the +demands of the men and refused to permit the arbitration of the points +in dispute, although John Mitchell, the leader of the miners, repeatedly +urged it. After observing closely the course affairs, President +Roosevelt made up his mind that the situation was intolerable. He +arranged to have the federal troops, if necessary, take possession of +the mines and operate them until the strike could be settled. He then +invited the contestants to the White House and by dint of hard labor +induced them to accept, as a substitute or compromise, arbitration by a +commission which he appointed. Thus, by stepping outside the +Constitution and acting as the first citizen of the land, President +Roosevelt averted a crisis of great magnitude. + +=The Election of 1904.=--The views and measures which he advocated with +such vigor aroused deep hostility within as well as without his party. +There were rumors of a Republican movement to defeat his nomination in +1904 and it was said that the "financial and corporation interests" were +in arms against him. A prominent Republican paper in New York City +accused him of having "stolen Mr. Bryan's thunder," by harrying the +trusts and favoring labor unions. When the Republican convention +assembled in Chicago, however, the opposition disappeared and Roosevelt +was nominated by acclamation. + +This was the signal for a change on the part of Democratic leaders. They +denounced the President as erratic, dangerous, and radical and decided +to assume the moderate role themselves. They put aside Mr. Bryan and +selected as their candidate, Judge Alton B. Parker, of New York, a man + +who repudiated free silver and made a direct appeal for the conservative +vote. The outcome of the reversal was astounding. Judge Parker's vote +fell more than a million below that cast for Bryan in 1900; of the 476 +electoral votes he received only 140. Roosevelt, in addition to sweeping +the Republican sections, even invaded Democratic territory, carrying the +state of Missouri. Thus vindicated at the polls, he became more +outspoken than ever. His leadership in the party was so widely +recognized that he virtually selected his own successor. + + +THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT TAFT + +=The Campaign of 1908.=--Long before the end of his elective term, +President Roosevelt let it be known that he favored as his successor, +William Howard Taft, of Ohio, his Secretary of War. To attain this end +he used every shred of his powerful influence. When the Republican +convention assembled, Mr. Taft easily won the nomination. Though the +party platform was conservative in tone, he gave it a progressive tinge +by expressing his personal belief in the popular election of United +States Senators, an income tax, and other liberal measures. President +Roosevelt announced his faith in the Republican candidate and appealed +to the country for his election. + +The turn in Republican affairs now convinced Mr. Bryan that the signs +were propitious for a third attempt to win the presidency. The disaster +to Judge Parker had taught the party that victory did not lie in a +conservative policy. With little difficulty, therefore, the veteran +leader from Nebraska once more rallied the Democrats around his +standard, won the nomination, and wrote a platform vigorously attacking +the tariff, trusts, and monopolies. Supported by a loyal following, he +entered the lists, only to meet another defeat. Though he polled almost +a million and a half more votes than did Judge Parker in 1904, the palm +went to Mr. Taft. + +=The Tariff Revision and Party Dissensions.=--At the very beginning of +his term, President Taft had to face the tariff issue. He had met it in +the campaign. Moved by the Democratic demand for a drastic reduction, he +had expressed opinions which were thought to imply a "downward +revision." The Democrats made much of the implication and the +Republicans from the Middle West rejoiced in it. Pressure was coming +from all sides. More than ten years had elapsed since the enactment of +the Dingley bill and the position of many industries had been altered +with the course of time. Evidently the day for revision--at best a +thankless task--had arrived. Taft accepted the inevitable and called +Congress in a special session. Until the midsummer of 1909, Republican +Senators and Representatives wrangled over tariff schedules, the +President making little effort to influence their decisions. When on +August 5 the Payne-Aldrich bill became a law, a breach had been made in +Republican ranks. Powerful Senators from the Middle West had spoken +angrily against many of the high rates imposed by the bill. They had +even broken with their party colleagues to vote against the entire +scheme of tariff revision. + +=The Income Tax Amendment.=--The rift in party harmony was widened by +another serious difference of opinion. During the debate on the tariff +bill, there was a concerted movement to include in it an income tax +provision--this in spite of the decision of the Supreme Court in 1895 +declaring it unconstitutional. Conservative men were alarmed by the +evident willingness of some members to flout a solemn decree of that +eminent tribunal. At the same time they saw a powerful combination of +Republicans and Democrats determined upon shifting some of the burden of +taxation to large incomes. In the press of circumstances, a compromise +was reached. The income tax bill was dropped for the present; but +Congress passed the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution, authorizing +taxes upon incomes from whatever source they might be derived, without +reference to any apportionment among the states on the basis of +population. The states ratified the amendment and early in 1913 it was +proclaimed. + +=President Taft's Policies.=--After the enactment of the tariff bill, +Taft continued to push forward with his legislative program. He +recommended, and Congress created, a special court of commerce with +jurisdiction, among other things, over appeals from the interstate +commerce commission, thus facilitating judicial review of the railway +rates fixed and the orders issued by that body. This measure was quickly +followed by an act establishing a system of postal savings banks in +connection with the post office--a scheme which had long been opposed by +private banks. Two years later, Congress defied the lobby of the express +companies and supplemented the savings banks with a parcels post system, +thus enabling the American postal service to catch up with that of other +progressive nations. With a view to improving the business +administration of the federal government, the President obtained from +Congress a large appropriation for an economy and efficiency commission +charged with the duty of inquiring into wasteful and obsolete methods +and recommending improved devices and practices. The chief result of +this investigation was a vigorous report in favor of a national budget +system, which soon found public backing. + +President Taft negotiated with England and France general treaties +providing for the arbitration of disputes which were "justiciable" in +character even though they might involve questions of "vital interest +and national honor." They were coldly received in the Senate and so +amended that Taft abandoned them altogether. A tariff reciprocity +agreement with Canada, however, he forced through Congress in the face +of strong opposition from his own party. After making a serious breach +in Republican ranks, he was chagrined to see the whole scheme come to +naught by the overthrow of the Liberals in the Canadian elections of +1911. + +=Prosecution of the Trusts.=--The party schism was even enlarged by what +appeared to be the successful prosecution of several great combinations. +In two important cases, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the +Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company on the ground that +they violated the Sherman Anti-Trust law. In taking this step Chief +Justice White was at some pains to state that the law did not apply to +combinations which did not "unduly" restrain trade. His remark, +construed to mean that the Court would not interfere with corporations +as such, became the subject of a popular outcry against the President +and the judges. + + +PROGRESSIVE INSURGENCY AND THE ELECTION OF 1912 + +=Growing Dissensions.=--All in all, Taft's administration from the first +day had been disturbed by party discord. High words had passed over the +tariff bill and disgruntled members of Congress could not forget them. +To differences over issues were added quarrels between youth and old +age. In the House of Representatives there developed a group of young +"insurgent" Republicans who resented the dominance of the Speaker, +Joseph G. Cannon, and other members of the "old guard," as they named +the men of long service and conservative minds. In 1910, the insurgents +went so far as to join with the Democrats in a movement to break the +Speaker's sway by ousting him from the rules committee and depriving him +of the power to appoint its members. The storm was brewing. In the +autumn of that year the Democrats won a clear majority in the House of +Representatives and began an open battle with President Taft by +demanding an immediate downward revision of the tariff. + +=The Rise of the Progressive Republicans.=--Preparatory to the campaign +of 1912, the dissenters within the Republican party added the prefix +"Progressive" to their old title and began to organize a movement to +prevent the renomination of Mr. Taft. As early as January 21, 1911, they +formed a Progressive Republican League at the home of Senator La +Follette of Wisconsin and launched an attack on the Taft measures and +policies. In October they indorsed Mr. La Follette as "the logical +Republican candidate" and appealed to the party for support. The +controversy over the tariff had grown into a formidable revolt against +the occupant of the White House. + +=Roosevelt in the Field.=--After looking on for a while, ex-President +Roosevelt took a hand in the fray. Soon after his return in 1910 from a +hunting trip in Africa and a tour in Europe, he made a series of +addresses in which he formulated a progressive program. In a speech in +Kansas, he favored regulation of the trusts, a graduated income tax +bearing heavily on great fortunes, tariff revision schedule by schedule, +conservation of natural resources, labor legislation, the direct +primary, and the recall of elective officials. In an address before the +Ohio state constitutional convention in February, 1912, he indorsed the +initiative and referendum and announced a doctrine known as the "recall +of judicial decisions." This was a new and radical note in American +politics. An ex-President of the United States proposed that the people +at the polls should have the right to reverse the decision of a judge +who set aside any act of a state legislature passed in the interests of +social welfare. The Progressive Republicans, impressed by these +addresses, turned from La Follette to Roosevelt and on February 24, +induced him to come out openly as a candidate against Taft for the +Republican nomination. + +=The Split in the Republican Party.=--The country then witnessed the +strange spectacle of two men who had once been close companions engaged +in a bitter rivalry to secure a majority of the delegates to the +Republican convention to be held at Chicago. When the convention +assembled, about one-fourth of the seats were contested, the delegates +for both candidates loudly proclaiming the regularity of their election. +In deciding between the contestants the national committee, after the +usual hearings, settled the disputes in such a way that Taft received a +safe majority. After a week of negotiation, Roosevelt and his followers +left the Republican party. Most of his supporters withdrew from the +convention and the few who remained behind refused to answer the roll +call. Undisturbed by this formidable bolt, the regular Republicans went +on with their work. They renominated Mr. Taft and put forth a platform +roundly condemning such Progressive doctrines as the recall of judges. + +=The Formation of the Progressive Party.=--The action of the Republicans +in seating the Taft delegates was vigorously denounced by Roosevelt. He +declared that the convention had no claim to represent the voters of the +Republican party; that any candidate named by it would be "the +beneficiary of a successful fraud"; and that it would be deeply +discreditable to any man to accept the convention's approval under such +circumstances. The bitterness of his followers was extreme. On July 8, a +call went forth for a "Progressive" convention to be held in Chicago on +August 5. The assembly which duly met on that day was a unique political +conference. Prominence was given to women delegates, and "politicians" +were notably absent. Roosevelt himself, who was cheered as a conquering +hero, made an impassioned speech setting forth his "confession of +faith." He was nominated by acclamation; Governor Hiram Johnson of +California was selected as his companion candidate for Vice President. +The platform endorsed such political reforms as woman suffrage, direct +primaries, the initiative, referendum, and recall, popular election of +United States Senators, and the short ballot. It favored a program of +social legislation, including the prohibition of child labor and minimum +wages for women. It approved the regulation, rather than the +dissolution, of the trusts. Like apostles in a new and lofty cause, the +Progressives entered a vigorous campaign for the election of their +distinguished leader. + +=Woodrow Wilson and the Election of 1912.=--With the Republicans +divided, victory loomed up before the Democrats. Naturally, a terrific +contest over the nomination occurred at their convention in Baltimore. +Champ Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Governor +Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, were the chief contestants. After tossing +to and fro for seven long, hot days, and taking forty-six ballots, the +delegates, powerfully influenced by Mr. Bryan, finally decided in favor +of the governor. As a professor, a writer on historical and political +subjects, and the president of Princeton University, Mr. Wilson had +become widely known in public life. As the governor of New Jersey he had +attracted the support of the progressives in both parties. With grim +determination he had "waged war on the bosses," and pushed through the +legislature measures establishing direct primaries, regulating public +utilities, and creating a system of workmen's compensation in +industries. During the presidential campaign that followed Governor +Wilson toured the country and aroused great enthusiasm by a series of +addresses later published under the title of _The New Freedom_. He +declared that "the government of the United States is at present the +foster child of the special interests." He proposed to free the country +by breaking the dominance of "the big bankers, the big manufacturers, +the big masters of commerce, the heads of railroad corporations and of +steamship corporations." + +In the election Governor Wilson easily secured a majority of the +electoral votes, and his party, while retaining possession of the House +of Representatives, captured the Senate as well. The popular verdict, +however, indicated a state of confusion in the country. The combined +Progressive and Republican vote exceeded that of the Democrats by +1,300,000. The Socialists, with Eugene V. Debs as their candidate again, +polled about 900,000 votes, more than double the number received four +years before. Thus, as the result of an extraordinary upheaval the +Republicans, after holding the office of President for sixteen years, +passed out of power, and the government of the country was intrusted to +the Democrats under the leadership of a man destined to be one of the +outstanding figures of the modern age, Woodrow Wilson. + + +=General References= + +J.B. Bishop, _Theodore Roosevelt and His Time_ (2 vols.). + +Theodore Roosevelt, _Autobiography_; _New Nationalism_; _Progressive +Principles_. + +W.H. Taft, _Popular Government_. + +Walter Weyl, _The New Democracy_. + +H. Croly, _The Promise of American Life_. + +J.B. Bishop, _The Panama Gateway_. + +J.B. Scott, _The Hague Peace Conferences_. + +W.B. Munro (ed.), _Initiative, Referendum, and Recall_. + +C.R. Van Hise, _The Conservation of Natural Resources_. + +Gifford Pinchot, _The Fight for Conservation_. + +W.F. Willoughby, _Territories and Dependencies of the United States_ +(1905). + + +=Research Topics= + +=Roosevelt and "Big Business."=--Haworth, _The United States in Our Own +Time_, pp. 281-289; F.A. Ogg, _National Progress_ (American Nation +Series), pp. 40-75; Paxson, _The New Nation_ (Riverside Series), pp. +293-307. + +=Our Insular Possessions.=--Elson, _History of the United States_, pp. +896-904. + +=Latin-American Relations.=--Haworth, pp. 294-299; Ogg, pp. 254-257. + +=The Panama Canal.=--Haworth, pp. 300-309; Ogg, pp. 266-277; Paxson, pp. +286-292; Elson, pp. 906-911. + +=Conservation.=--Haworth, pp. 331-334; Ogg, pp. 96-115; Beard, _American +Government and Politics_ (3d ed.), pp. 401-416. + +=Republican Dissensions under Taft's Administration.=--Haworth, pp. +351-360; Ogg, pp. 167-186; Paxson, pp. 324-342; Elson, pp. 916-924. + +=The Campaign of 1912.=--Haworth, pp. 360-379; Ogg, pp. 187-208. + + +=Questions= + +1. Compare the early career of Roosevelt with that of some other +President. + +2. Name the chief foreign and domestic questions of the Roosevelt-Taft +administrations. + +3. What international complications were involved in the Panama Canal +problem? + +4. Review the Monroe Doctrine. Discuss Roosevelt's applications of it. + +5. What is the strategic importance of the Caribbean to the United +States? + +6. What is meant by the sea power? Trace the voyage of the fleet around +the world and mention the significant imperial and commercial points +touched. + +7. What is meant by the question: "Does the Constitution follow the +flag?" + +8. Trace the history of self-government in Porto Rico. In the +Philippines. + +9. What is Cuba's relation to the United States? + +10. What was Roosevelt's theory of our Constitution? + +11. Give Roosevelt's views on trusts, labor, taxation. + +12. Outline the domestic phases of Roosevelt's administrations. + +13. Account for the dissensions under Taft. + +14. Trace the rise of the Progressive movement. + +15. What was Roosevelt's progressive program? + +16. Review Wilson's early career and explain the underlying theory of +_The New Freedom_. + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + +THE SPIRIT OF REFORM IN AMERICA + + +AN AGE OF CRITICISM + +=Attacks on Abuses in American Life.=--The crisis precipitated by the +Progressive uprising was not a sudden and unexpected one. It had been +long in preparation. The revolt against corruption in politics which +produced the Liberal Republican outbreak in the seventies and the +Mugwump movement of the eighties was followed by continuous criticism of +American political and economic development. From 1880 until his death +in 1892, George William Curtis, as president of the Civil Service Reform +Association, kept up a running fire upon the abuses of the spoils +system. James Bryce, an observant English scholar and man of affairs, in +his great work, _The American Commonwealth_, published in 1888, by +picturing fearlessly the political rings and machines which dominated +the cities, gave the whole country a fresh shock. Six years later Henry +D. Lloyd, in a powerful book entitled _Wealth against Commonwealth_, +attacked in scathing language certain trusts which had destroyed their +rivals and bribed public officials. In 1903 Miss Ida Tarbell, an author +of established reputation in the historical field, gave to the public an +account of the Standard Oil Company, revealing the ruthless methods of +that corporation in crushing competition. About the same time Lincoln +Steffens exposed the sordid character of politics in several +municipalities in a series of articles bearing the painful heading: _The +Shame of the Cities_. The critical spirit appeared in almost every form; +in weekly and monthly magazines, in essays and pamphlets, in editorials +and news stories, in novels like Churchill's _Coniston_ and Sinclair's +_The Jungle_. It became so savage and so wanton that the opening years +of the twentieth century were well named "the age of the muckrakers." + +=The Subjects of the Criticism.=--In this outburst of invective, nothing +was spared. It was charged that each of the political parties had fallen +into the hands of professional politicians who devoted their time to +managing conventions, making platforms, nominating candidates, and +dictating to officials; in return for their "services" they sold offices +and privileges. It was alleged that mayors and councils had bargained +away for private benefit street railway and other franchises. It was +asserted that many powerful labor unions were dominated by men who +blackmailed employers. Some critics specialized in descriptions of the +poverty, slums, and misery of great cities. Others took up "frenzied +finance" and accused financiers of selling worthless stocks and bonds to +an innocent public. Still others professed to see in the accumulations +of millionaires the downfall of our republic. + +=The Attack on "Invisible Government."=--Some even maintained that the +control of public affairs had passed from the people to a sinister +minority called "the invisible government." So eminent and conservative +a statesman as the Hon. Elihu Root lent the weight of his great name to +such an imputation. Speaking of his native state, New York, he said: +"What is the government of this state? What has it been during the forty +years of my acquaintance with it? The government of the Constitution? +Oh, no; not half the time or half way.... From the days of Fenton and +Conkling and Arthur and Cornell and Platt, from the days of David B. +Hill down to the present time, the government of the state has presented +two different lines of activity: one, of the constitutional and +statutory officers of the state and the other of the party leaders; they +call them party bosses. They call the system--I don't coin the +phrase--the system they call 'invisible government.' For I don't know +how many years Mr. Conkling was the supreme ruler in this state. The +governor did not count, the legislature did not count, comptrollers and +secretaries of state and what not did not count. It was what Mr. +Conkling said, and in a great outburst of public rage he was pulled +down. Then Mr. Platt ruled the state; for nigh upon twenty years he +ruled it. It was not the governor; it was not the legislature; it was +Mr. Platt. And the capital was not here [in Albany]; it was at 49 +Broadway; Mr. Platt and his lieutenants. It makes no difference what +name you give, whether you call it Fenton or Conkling or Cornell or +Arthur or Platt or by the names of men now living. The ruler of the +state during the greater part of the forty years of my acquaintance with +the state government has not been any man authorized by the constitution +or by law.... The party leader is elected by no one, accountable to no +one, bound by no oath of office, removable by no one." + +=The Nation Aroused.=--With the spirit of criticism came also the spirit +of reform. The charges were usually exaggerated; often wholly false; but +there was enough truth in them to warrant renewed vigilance on the part +of American democracy. President Roosevelt doubtless summed up the +sentiment of the great majority of citizens when he demanded the +punishment of wrong-doers in 1907, saying: "It makes not a particle of +difference whether these crimes are committed by a capitalist or by a +laborer, by a leading banker or manufacturer or railroad man or by a +leading representative of a labor union. Swindling in stocks, corrupting +legislatures, making fortunes by the inflation of securities, by +wrecking railroads, by destroying competitors through rebates--these +forms of wrong-doing in the capitalist are far more infamous than any +ordinary form of embezzlement or forgery." The time had come, he added, +to stop "muckraking" and proceed to the constructive work of removing +the abuses that had grown up. + + +POLITICAL REFORMS + +=The Public Service.=--It was a wise comprehension of the needs of +American democracy that led the friends of reform to launch and to +sustain for more than half a century a movement to improve the public +service. On the one side they struck at the spoils system; at the right +of the politicians to use public offices as mere rewards for partisan +work. The federal civil service act of 1883 opened the way to reform by +establishing five vital principles in law: (1) admission to office, not +on the recommendation of party workers, but on the basis of competitive +examinations; (2) promotion for meritorious service of the government +rather than of parties; (3) no assessment of office holders for campaign +funds; (4) permanent tenure during good behavior; and (5) no dismissals +for political reasons. The act itself at first applied to only 14,000 +federal offices, but under the constant pressure from the reformers it +was extended until in 1916 it covered nearly 300,000 employees out of an +executive force of approximately 414,000. While gaining steadily at +Washington, civil service reformers carried their agitation into the +states and cities. By 1920 they were able to report ten states with +civil service commissions and the merit system well intrenched in more +than three hundred municipalities. + +In excluding spoilsmen from public office, the reformers were, in a +sense, engaged in a negative work: that of "keeping the rascals out." +But there was a second and larger phase to their movement, one +constructive in character: that of getting skilled, loyal, and efficient +servants into the places of responsibility. Everywhere on land and sea, +in town and country, new burdens were laid upon public officers. They +were called upon to supervise the ships sailing to and from our ports; +to inspect the water and milk supplies of our cities; to construct and +operate great public works, such as the Panama and Erie canals; to +regulate the complicated rates of railway companies; to safeguard health +and safety in a thousand ways; to climb the mountains to fight forest +fires; and to descend into the deeps of the earth to combat the deadly +coal gases that assail the miners. In a word, those who labored to +master the secrets and the powers of nature were summoned to the aid of +the government: chemists, engineers, architects, nurses, surgeons, +foresters--the skilled in all the sciences, arts, and crafts. + +Keeping rascals out was no task at all compared with the problem of +finding competent people for all the technical offices. "Now," said the +reformers, "we must make attractive careers in the government work for +the best American talent; we must train those applying for admission and +increase the skill of those already in positions of trust; we must see +to it that those entering at the bottom have a chance to rise to the +top; in short, we must work for a government as skilled and efficient as +it is strong, one commanding all the wisdom and talent of America that +public welfare requires." + +=The Australian Ballot.=--A second line of attack on the political +machines was made in connection with the ballot. In the early days +elections were frequently held in the open air and the poll was taken by +a show of hands or by the enrollment of the voters under names of their +favorite candidates. When this ancient practice was abandoned in favor +of the printed ballot, there was still no secrecy about elections. Each +party prepared its own ballot, often of a distinctive color, containing +the names of its candidates. On election day, these papers were handed +out to the voters by party workers. Any one could tell from the color of +the ballot dropped into the box, or from some mark on the outside of the +folded ballot, just how each man voted. Those who bought votes were sure +that their purchases were "delivered." Those who intimidated voters +could know when their intimidation was effective. In this way the party +ballot strengthened the party machine. + +As a remedy for such abuses, reformers, learning from the experience of +Australia, urged the adoption of the "Australian ballot." That ballot, +though it appeared in many forms, had certain constant features. It was +official, that is, furnished by the government, not by party workers; it +contained the names of all candidates of all parties; it was given out +only in the polling places; and it was marked in secret. The first state +to introduce it was Massachusetts. The year was 1888. Before the end of +the century it had been adopted by nearly all the states in the union. +The salutary effect of the reform in reducing the amount of cheating +and bribery in elections was beyond all question. + +=The Direct Primary.=--In connection with the uprising against machine +politics, came a call for the abolition of the old method of nominating +candidates by conventions. These time-honored party assemblies, which +had come down from the days of Andrew Jackson, were, it was said, merely +conclaves of party workers, sustained by the spoils system, and +dominated by an inner circle of bosses. The remedy offered in this case +was again "more democracy," namely, the abolition of the party +convention and the adoption of the direct primary. Candidates were no +longer to be chosen by secret conferences. Any member of a party was to +be allowed to run for any office, to present his name to his party by +securing signatures to a petition, and to submit his candidacy to his +fellow partisans at a direct primary--an election within the party. In +this movement Governor La Follette of Wisconsin took the lead and his +state was the first in the union to adopt the direct primary for +state-wide purposes. The idea spread, rapidly in the West, more slowly +in the East. The public, already angered against "the bosses," grasped +eagerly at it. Governor Hughes in New York pressed it upon the unwilling +legislature. State after state accepted it until by 1918 Rhode Island, +Delaware, Connecticut, and New Mexico were the only states that had not +bowed to the storm. Still the results were disappointing and at that +very time the pendulum was beginning to swing backward. + +=Popular Election of Federal Senators.=--While the movement for direct +primaries was still advancing everywhere, a demand for the popular +election of Senators, usually associated with it, swept forward to +victory. Under the original Constitution, it had been expressly provided +that Senators should be chosen by the legislatures of the states. In +practice this rule transferred the selection of Senators to secret +caucuses of party members in the state legislatures. In connection with +these caucuses there had been many scandals, some direct proofs of +brazen bribery and corruption, and dark hints besides. The Senate was +called by its detractors "a millionaires' club" and it was looked upon +as the "citadel of conservatism." The prescription in this case was +likewise "more democracy"--direct election of Senators by popular vote. + +This reform was not a new idea. It had been proposed in Congress as +early as 1826. President Johnson, an ardent advocate, made it the +subject of a special message in 1868 Not long afterward it appeared in +Congress. At last in 1893, the year after the great Populist upheaval, +the House of Representatives by the requisite two-thirds vote +incorporated it in an amendment to the federal Constitution. Again and +again it passed the House; but the Senate itself was obdurate. Able +Senators leveled their batteries against it. Mr. Hoar of Massachusetts +declared that it would transfer the seat of power to the "great cities +and masses of population"; that it would "overthrow the whole scheme of +the Senate and in the end the whole scheme of the national Constitution +as designed and established by the framers of the Constitution and the +people who adopted it." + +Failing in the Senate, advocates of popular election made a rear assault +through the states. They induced state legislatures to enact laws +requiring the nomination of candidates for the Senate by the direct +primary, and then they bound the legislatures to abide by the popular +choice. Nevada took the lead in 1899. Shortly afterward Oregon, by the +use of the initiative and referendum, practically bound legislators to +accept the popular nominee and the country witnessed the spectacle of a +Republican legislature "electing" a Democrat to represent the state in +the Senate at Washington. By 1910 three-fourths of the states had +applied the direct primary in some form to the choice of Senators. Men +selected by that method began to pour in upon the floors of Congress; +finally in 1912 the two-thirds majority was secured for an amendment to +the federal Constitution providing for the popular election of Senators. +It was quickly ratified by the states. The following year it was +proclaimed in effect. + +=The Initiative and Referendum.=--As a corrective for the evils which +had grown up in state legislatures there arose a demand for the +introduction of a Swiss device known as the initiative and referendum. +The initiative permits any one to draw up a proposed bill; and, on +securing a certain number of signatures among the voters, to require the +submission of the measure to the people at an election. If the bill thus +initiated receives a sufficient majority, it becomes a law. The +referendum allows citizens who disapprove any act passed by the +legislature to get up a petition against it and thus bring about a +reference of the measure to the voters at the polls for approval or +rejection. These two practices constitute a form of "direct government." + +These devices were prescribed "to restore the government to the people." +The Populists favored them in their platform of 1896. Mr. Bryan, two +years later, made them a part of his program, and in the same year South +Dakota adopted them. In 1902 Oregon, after a strenuous campaign, added a +direct legislation amendment to the state constitution. Within ten years +all the Southwestern, Mountain, and Pacific states, except Texas and +Wyoming, had followed this example. To the east of the Mississippi, +however, direct legislation met a chilly reception. By 1920 only five +states in this section had accepted it: Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, +Michigan, and Maryland, the last approving the referendum only. + +=The Recall.=--Executive officers and judges, as well as legislatures, +had come in for their share of criticism, and it was proposed that they +should likewise be subjected to a closer scrutiny by the public. For +this purpose there was advanced a scheme known as the recall--which +permitted a certain percentage of the voters to compel any officer, at +any time during his term, to go before the people at a new election. +This feature of direct government, tried out first in the city of Los +Angeles, was extended to state-wide uses in Oregon in 1908. It failed, +however, to capture popular imagination to the same degree as the +initiative and referendum. At the end of ten years' agitation, only ten +states, mainly in the West, had adopted it for general purposes, and +four of them did not apply it to the judges of the courts. Still it was +extensively acclaimed in cities and incorporated into hundreds of +municipal laws and charters. + +As a general proposition, direct government in all its forms was +bitterly opposed by men of a conservative cast of mind. It was denounced +by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge as "nothing less than a complete revolution +in the fabric of our government and in the fundamental principles upon +which that government rests." In his opinion, it promised to break down +the representative principle and "undermine and overthrow the bulwarks +of ordered liberty and individual freedom." Mr. Taft shared Mr. Lodge's +views and spoke of direct government with scorn. "Votes," he exclaimed, +"are not bread ... referendums do not pay rent or furnish houses, +recalls do not furnish clothes, initiatives do not supply employment or +relieve inequalities of condition or of opportunity." + +=Commission Government for Cities.=--In the restless searching out of +evils, the management of cities early came under critical scrutiny. City +government, Mr. Bryce had remarked, was the one conspicuous failure in +America. This sharp thrust, though resented by some, was accepted as a +warning by others. Many prescriptions were offered by doctors of the +body politic. Chief among them was the idea of simplifying the city +government so that the light of public scrutiny could shine through it. +"Let us elect only a few men and make them clearly responsible for the +city government!" was the new cry in municipal reform. So, many city +councils were reduced in size; one of the two houses, which several +cities had adopted in imitation of the federal government, was +abolished; and in order that the mayor could be held to account, he was +given the power to appoint all the chief officials. This made the mayor, +in some cases, the only elective city official and gave the voters a +"short ballot" containing only a few names--an idea which some proposed +to apply also to the state government. + +A further step in the concentration of authority was taken in Galveston, +Texas, where the people, looking upon the ruin of their city wrought by +the devastating storm of 1901, and confronted by the difficult problems +of reconstruction, felt the necessity for a more businesslike management +of city affairs and instituted a new form of local administration. They +abolished the old scheme of mayor and council and vested all power in +five commissioners, one of whom, without any special prerogatives, was +assigned to the office of "mayor president." In 1908, the commission +form of government, as it was soon characterized, was adopted by Des +Moines, Iowa. The attention of all municipal reformers was drawn to it +and it was hailed as the guarantee of a better day. By 1920, more than +four hundred cities, including Memphis, Spokane, Birmingham, Newark, and +Buffalo, had adopted it. Still the larger cities like New York and +Chicago kept their boards of aldermen. + +=The City Manager Plan.=--A few years' experience with commission +government revealed certain patent defects. The division of the work +among five men was frequently found to introduce dissensions and +irresponsibility. Commissioners were often lacking in the technical +ability required to manage such difficult matters as fire and police +protection, public health, public works, and public utilities. Some one +then proposed to carry over into city government an idea from the +business world. In that sphere the stockholders of each corporation +elect the directors and the directors, in turn, choose a business +manager to conduct the affairs of the company. It was suggested that the +city commissioners, instead of attempting to supervise the details of +the city administration, should select a manager to do this. The scheme +was put into effect in Sumter, South Carolina, in 1912. Like the +commission plan, it became popular. Within eight years more than one +hundred and fifty towns and cities had adopted it. Among the larger +municipalities were Dayton, Springfield (Ohio), Akron, Kalamazoo, and +Phoenix. It promised to create a new public service profession, that of +city manager. + + +MEASURES OF ECONOMIC REFORM + +=The Spirit of American Reform.=--The purification of the ballot, the +restriction of the spoils system, the enlargement of direct popular +control over the organs of government were not the sole answers made by +the reformers to the critics of American institutions. Nor were they the +most important. In fact, they were regarded not as ends in themselves, +but as means to serve a wider purpose. That purpose was the promotion of +the "general welfare." The concrete objects covered by that broad term +were many and varied; but they included the prevention of extortion by +railway and other corporations, the protection of public health, the +extension of education, the improvement of living conditions in the +cities, the elimination of undeserved poverty, the removal of gross +inequalities in wealth, and more equality of opportunity. + +All these things involved the use of the powers of government. Although +a few clung to the ancient doctrine that the government should not +interfere with private business at all, the American people at large +rejected that theory as vigorously as they rejected the doctrines of an +extreme socialism which exalts the state above the individual. Leaders +representing every shade of opinion proclaimed the government an +instrument of common welfare to be used in the public interest. "We must +abandon definitely," said Roosevelt, "the _laissez-faire_ theory of +political economy and fearlessly champion a system of increased +governmental control, paying no attention to the cries of worthy people +who denounce this as socialistic." This view was shared by Mr. Taft, who +observed: "Undoubtedly the government can wisely do much more ... to +relieve the oppressed, to create greater equality of opportunity, to +make reasonable terms for labor in employment, and to furnish vocational +education." He was quick to add his caution that "there is a line beyond +which the government cannot go with any good practical results in +seeking to make men and society better." + +=The Regulation of Railways.=--The first attempts to use the government +in a large way to control private enterprise in the public interest were +made by the Northwestern states in the decade between 1870 and 1880. +Charges were advanced by the farmers, particularly those organized into +Granges, that the railways extorted the highest possible rates for +freight and passengers, that favoritism was shown to large shippers, +that fraudulent stocks and bonds were sold to the innocent public. It +was claimed that railways were not like other enterprises, but were +"quasi-public" concerns, like the roads and ferries, and thus subject to +government control. Accordingly laws were enacted bringing the railroads +under state supervision. In some cases the state legislature fixed the +maximum rates to be charged by common carriers, and in other cases +commissions were created with the power to establish the rates after an +investigation. This legislation was at first denounced in the East as +nothing less than the "confiscation" of the railways in the interest of +the farmers. Attempts to have the Supreme Court of the United States +declare it unconstitutional were made without avail; still a principle +was finally laid down to the effect that in fixing rates state +legislatures and commissions must permit railway companies to earn a +"fair" return on the capital invested. + +In a few years the Granger spirit appeared in Congress. An investigation +revealed a long list of abuses committed by the railways against +shippers and travelers. The result was the interstate commerce act of +1887, which created the Interstate Commerce Commission, forbade +discriminations in rates, and prohibited other objectionable practices +on the part of railways. This measure was loosely enforced and the +abuses against which it was directed continued almost unabated. A demand +for stricter control grew louder and louder. Congress was forced to +heed. In 1903 it enacted the Elkins law, forbidding railways to charge +rates other than those published, and laid penalties upon the officers +and agents of companies, who granted secret favors to shippers, and upon +shippers who accepted them. Three years later a still more drastic step +was taken by the passage of the Hepburn act. The Interstate Commerce +Commission was authorized, upon complaint of some party aggrieved, and +after a public hearing, to determine whether just and reasonable rates +had been charged by the companies. In effect, the right to fix freight +and passenger rates was taken out of the hands of the owners of the +railways engaged in interstate commerce and vested in the hands of the +Interstate Commerce Commission. Thus private property to the value of +$20,000,000,000 or more was declared to be a matter of public concern +and subject to government regulation in the common interest. + +=Municipal Utilities.=--Similar problems arose in connection with the +street railways, electric light plants, and other utilities in the great +cities. In the beginning the right to construct such undertakings was +freely, and often corruptly, granted to private companies by city +councils. Distressing abuses arose in connection with such practices. +Many grants or franchises were made perpetual, or perhaps for a term of +999 years. The rates charged and services rendered were left largely to +the will of the companies holding the franchises. Mergers or unions of +companies were common and the public was deluged with stocks and bonds +of doubtful value; bankruptcies were frequent. The connection between +the utility companies and the politicians was, to say the least, not +always in the public interest. + +American ingenuity was quick to devise methods for eliminating such +evils. Three lines of progress were laid out by the reformers. One group +proposed that such utilities should be subject to municipal or state +regulation, that the formation of utility companies should be under +public control, and that the issue of stocks and bonds must be approved +by public authority. In some cases state, and in other cases municipal, +commissions were created to exercise this great power over "quasi-public +corporations." Wisconsin, by laws enacted in 1907, put all heat, light, +water works, telephone, and street railway companies under the +supervision of a single railway commission. Other states followed this +example rapidly. By 1920 the principle of public control over municipal +utilities was accepted in nearly every section of the union. + +A second line of reform appeared in the "model franchise" for utility +corporations. An illustration of this tendency was afforded by the +Chicago street railway settlement of 1906. The total capital of the +company was fixed at a definite sum, its earnings were agreed upon, and +the city was given the right to buy and operate the system if it desired +to do so. In many states, about the same time, it was provided that no +franchises to utility companies could run more than twenty-five years. + +A third group of reformers were satisfied with nothing short of +municipal ownership. They proposed to drive private companies entirely +out of the field and vest the ownership and management of municipal +plants in the city itself. This idea was extensively applied to electric +light and water works plants, but to street railways in only a few +cities, including San Francisco and Seattle. In New York the subways are +owned by the city but leased for operation. + +=Tenement House Control.=--Among the other pressing problems of the +cities was the overcrowding in houses unfit for habitation. An inquiry +in New York City made under the authority of the state in 1902 revealed +poverty, misery, slums, dirt, and disease almost beyond imagination. The +immediate answer was the enactment of a tenement house law prescribing +in great detail the size of the rooms, the air space, the light and the +sanitary arrangement for all new buildings. An immense improvement +followed and the idea was quickly taken up in other states having large +industrial centers. In 1920 New York made a further invasion of the +rights of landlords by assuring to the public "reasonable rents" for +flats and apartments. + +=Workmen's Compensation.=--No small part of the poverty in cities was +due to the injury of wage-earners while at their trade. Every year the +number of men and women killed or wounded in industry mounted higher. +Under the old law, the workman or his family had to bear the loss unless +the employer had been guilty of some extraordinary negligence. Even in +that case an expensive lawsuit was usually necessary to recover +"damages." In short, although employers insured their buildings and +machinery against necessary risks from fire and storm, they allowed +their employees to assume the heavy losses due to accidents. The +injustice of this, though apparent enough now, was once not generally +recognized. It was said to be unfair to make the employer pay for +injuries for which he was not personally responsible; but the argument +was overborne. + +[Illustration: AN EAST SIDE STREET IN NEW YORK] + +About 1910 there set in a decided movement in the direction of lifting +the burden of accidents from the unfortunate victims. In the first +place, laws were enacted requiring employers to pay damages in certain +amounts according to the nature of the case, no matter how the accident +occurred, as long as the injured person was not guilty of willful +negligence. By 1914 more than one-half the states had such laws. In the +second place, there developed schemes of industrial insurance in the +form of automatic grants made by state commissions to persons injured in +industries, the funds to be provided by the employers or the state or by +both. By 1917 thirty-six states had legislation of this type. + +=Minimum Wages and Mothers' Pensions.=--Another source of poverty, +especially among women and children, was found to be the low wages paid +for their labor. Report after report showed this. In 1912 Massachusetts +took a significant step in the direction of declaring the minimum wages +which might be paid to women and children. Oregon, the following year, +created a commission with power to prescribe minimum wages in certain +industries, based on the cost of living, and to enforce the rates fixed. +Within a short time one-third of the states had legislation of this +character. To cut away some of the evils of poverty and enable widows to +keep their homes intact and bring up their children, a device known as +mothers' pensions became popular during the second decade of the +twentieth century. At the opening of 1913 two states, Colorado and +Illinois, had laws authorizing the payment from public funds of definite +sums to widows with children. Within four years, thirty-five states had +similar legislation. + +=Taxation and Great Fortunes.=--As a part of the campaign waged against +poverty by reformers there came a demand for heavy taxes upon great +fortunes, particularly taxes upon inheritances or estates passing to +heirs on the decease of the owners. Roosevelt was an ardent champion of +this type of taxation and dwelt upon it at length in his message to +Congress in 1907. "Such a tax," he said, "would help to preserve a +measurable equality of opportunity for the people of the generations +growing to manhood.... Our aim is to recognize what Lincoln pointed out: +the fact that there are some respects in which men are obviously not +equal; but also to insist that there should be equality of self-respect +and of mutual respect, an equality of rights before the law, and at +least an approximate equality in the conditions under which each man +obtains the chance to show the stuff that is in him when compared with +his fellows." + +The spirit of the new age was, therefore, one of reform, not of +revolution. It called for no evolutionary or utopian experiments, but +for the steady and progressive enactment of measures aimed at admitted +abuses and designed to accomplish tangible results in the name of public +welfare. + + +=General References= + +J. Bryce, _The American Commonwealth_. + +R.C. Brooks, _Corruption in American Life_. + +E.A. Ross, _Changing America_. + +P.L. Haworth, _America in Ferment_. + +E.R.A. Seligman, _The Income Tax_. + +W.Z. Ripley, _Railroads: Rates and Regulation_. + +E.S. Bradford, _Commission Government in American Cities_. + +H.R. Seager, _A Program of Social Reform_. + +C. Zueblin, _American Municipal Progress_. + +W.E. Walling, _Progressivism and After_. + +_The American Year Book_ (an annual publication which contains reviews +of reform legislation). + + +=Research Topics= + +="The Muckrakers."=--Paxson, _The New Nation_ (Riverside Series), pp. +309-323. + +=Civil Service Reform.=--Beard, _American Government and Politics_ (3d +ed.), pp. 222-230; Ogg, _National Progress_ (American Nation Series), +pp. 135-142. + +=Direct Government.=--Beard, _American Government_, pp. 461-473; Ogg, +pp. 160-166. + +=Popular Election of Senators.=--Beard, _American Government_, pp. +241-244; Ogg, pp. 149-150. + +=Party Methods.=--Beard, _American Government_, pp. 656-672. + +=Ballot Reform.=--Beard, _American Government_, pp. 672-705. + +=Social and Economic Legislation.=--Beard, _American Government_, pp. +721-752. + + +=Questions= + +1. Who were some of the critics of abuses in American life? + +2. What particular criticisms were advanced? + +3. How did Elihu Root define "invisible government"? + +4. Discuss the use of criticism as an aid to progress in a democracy. + +5. Explain what is meant by the "merit system" in the civil service. +Review the rise of the spoils system. + +6. Why is the public service of increasing importance? Give some of its +new problems. + +7. Describe the Australian ballot and the abuses against which it is +directed. + +8. What are the elements of direct government? Sketch their progress in +the United States. + +9. Trace the history of popular election of Senators. + +10. Explain the direct primary. Commission government. The city manager +plan. + +11. How does modern reform involve government action? On what theory is +it justified? + +12. Enumerate five lines of recent economic reform. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + +THE NEW POLITICAL DEMOCRACY + + +=Women in Public Affairs.=--The social legislation enacted in response +to the spirit of reform vitally affected women in the home and in +industry and was promoted by their organizations. Where they did not +lead, they were affiliated with movements for social improvement. No +cause escaped their attention; no year passed without widening the range +of their interests. They served on committees that inquired into the +problems of the day; they appeared before legislative assemblies to +advocate remedies for the evils they discovered. By 1912 they were a +force to be reckoned with in national politics. In nine states complete +and equal suffrage had been established, and a widespread campaign for a +national suffrage amendment was in full swing. On every hand lay +evidences that their sphere had been broadened to include public +affairs. This was the culmination of forces that had long been +operating. + +=A New Emphasis in History.=--A movement so deeply affecting important +interests could not fail to find a place in time in the written record +of human progress. History often began as a chronicle of kings and +queens, knights and ladies, written partly to amuse and partly to +instruct the classes that appeared in its pages. With the growth of +commerce, parliaments, and international relations, politics and +diplomacy were added to such chronicles of royal and princely doings. +After the rise of democracy, industry, and organized labor, the +transactions of everyday life were deemed worthy of a place in the pages +of history. In each case history was rewritten and the past rediscovered +in the light of the new age. So it will be with the rise and growth of +women's political power. The history of their labor, their education, +their status in society, their influence on the course of events will be +explored and given its place in the general record. + +It will be a history of change. The superior position which women enjoy +in America to-day is the result of a slow evolution from an almost +rightless condition in colonial times. The founders of America brought +with them the English common law. Under that law, a married woman's +personal property--jewels, money, furniture, and the like--became her +husband's property; the management of her lands passed into his control. +Even the wages she earned, if she worked for some one else, belonged to +him. Custom, if not law, prescribed that women should not take part in +town meetings or enter into public discussions of religious questions. +Indeed it is a far cry from the banishment of Anne Hutchinson from +Massachusetts in 1637, for daring to dispute with the church fathers, to +the political conventions of 1920 in which women sat as delegates, made +nominating speeches, and served on committees. In the contrast between +these two scenes may be measured the change in the privileges of women +since the landing of the Pilgrims. The account of this progress is a +narrative of individual effort on the part of women, of organizations +among them, of generous aid from sympathetic men in the long agitation +for the removal of civil and political disabilities. It is in part also +a narrative of irresistible economic change which drew women into +industry, created a leisure class, gave women wages and incomes, and +therewith economic independence. + + +THE RISE OF THE WOMAN MOVEMENT + +=Protests of Colonial Women.=--The republican spirit which produced +American independence was of slow and steady growth. It did not spring +up full-armed in a single night. It was, on the contrary, nourished +during a long period of time by fireside discussions as well as by +debates in the public forum. Women shared that fireside sifting of +political principles and passed on the findings of that scrutiny in +letters to their friends, newspaper articles, and every form of written +word. How widespread was this potent, though not spectacular force, is +revealed in the collections of women's letters, articles, songs, dramas, +and satirical "skits" on English rule that have come down to us. In this +search into the reasons of government, some women began to take thought +about laws that excluded them from the ballot. Two women at least left +their protests on record. Abigail, the ingenious and witty wife of John +Adams, wrote to her husband, in March, 1776, that women objected "to all +arbitrary power whether of state or males" and demanded political +privileges in the new order then being created. Hannah Lee Corbin, the +sister of "Lighthorse" Harry Lee, protested to her brother against the +taxation of women without representation. + +[Illustration: ABIGAIL ADAMS] + +=The Stir among European Women.=--Ferment in America, in the case of +women as of men, was quickened by events in Europe. In 1792, Mary +Wollstonecraft published in England the _Vindication of the Rights of +Women_--a book that was destined to serve the cause of liberty among +women as the writings of Locke and Paine had served that of men. The +specific grievances which stirred English women were men's invasion of +women's industries, such as spinning and weaving; the denial of equal +educational opportunities; and political disabilities. In France also +the great Revolution raised questionings about the status of women. The +rights of "citizenesses" as well as the rights of "citizens" were +examined by the boldest thinkers. This in turn reacted upon women in the +United States. + +=Leadership in America.=--The origins of the American woman movement are +to be found in the writings of a few early intellectual leaders. During +the first decades of the nineteenth century, books, articles, and +pamphlets about women came in increasing numbers from the press. Lydia +Maria Child wrote a history of women; Margaret Fuller made a critical +examination of the status of women in her time; and Mrs. Elizabeth Ellet +supplemented the older histories by showing what an important part women +had played in the American Revolution. + +=The Struggle for Education.=--Along with criticism, there was carried +on a constructive struggle for better educational facilities for women +who had been from the beginning excluded from every college in the +country. In this long battle, Emma Willard and Mary Lyon led the way; +the former founded a seminary at Troy, New York; and the latter made the +beginnings of Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts. Oberlin College in +Ohio, established in 1833, opened its doors to girls and from it were +graduated young students to lead in the woman movement. Sarah J. Hale, +who in 1827 became the editor of a "Ladies' Magazine," published in +Boston, conducted a campaign for equal educational opportunities which +helped to bear fruit in the founding of Vassar College shortly after the +Civil War. + +=The Desire to Effect Reforms.=--As they came to study their own history +and their own part in civilization, women naturally became deeply +interested in all the controversies going on around them. The temperance +question made a special appeal to them and they organized to demand the +right to be heard on it. In 1846 the "Daughters of Temperance" formed a +secret society favoring prohibition. They dared to criticize the +churches for their indifference and were so bold as to ask that +drunkenness be made a ground for divorce. + +The slavery issue even more than temperance called women into public +life. The Grimke sisters of South Carolina emancipated their bondmen, +and one of these sisters, exiled from Charleston for her "Appeal to the +Christian Women of the South," went North to work against the slavery +system. In 1837 the National Women's Anti-Slavery Convention met in New +York; seventy-one women delegates represented eight states. Three years +later eight American women, five of them in Quaker costume, attended the +World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, much to the horror of the men, +who promptly excluded them from the sessions on the ground that it was +not fitting for women to take part in such meetings. + +In other spheres of activity, especially social service, women steadily +enlarged their interest. Nothing human did they consider alien to them. +They inveighed against cruel criminal laws and unsanitary prisons. They +organized poor relief and led in private philanthropy. Dorothea Dix +directed the movement that induced the New York legislature to establish +in 1845 a separate asylum for the criminal insane. In the same year +Sarah G. Bagley organized the Lowell Female Reform Association for the +purpose of reducing the long hours of labor for women, safeguarding "the +constitutions of future generations." Mrs. Eliza Woodson Farnham, matron +in Sing Sing penitentiary, was known throughout the nation for her +social work, especially prison reform. Wherever there were misery and +suffering, women were preparing programs of relief. + +=Freedom of Speech for Women.=--In the advancement of their causes, of +whatever kind, women of necessity had to make public appeals and take +part in open meetings. Here they encountered difficulties. The +appearance of women on the platform was new and strange. Naturally it +was widely resented. Antoinette Brown, although she had credentials as a +delegate, was driven off the platform of a temperance convention in New +York City simply because she was a woman. James Russell Lowell, editor +of the "Atlantic Monthly," declined a poem from Julia Ward Howe on the +theory that no woman could write a poem; but he added on second thought +that he might consider an article in prose. Nathaniel Hawthorne, +another editor, even objected to something in prose because to him "all +ink-stained women were equally detestable." To the natural resentment +against their intrusion into new fields was added that aroused by their +ideas and methods. As temperance reformers, they criticized in a caustic +manner those who would not accept their opinions. As opponents of +slavery they were especially bitter. One of their conventions, held at +Philadelphia in 1833, passed a resolution calling on all women to leave +those churches that would not condemn every form of human bondage. This +stirred against them many of the clergy who, accustomed to having women +sit silent during services, were in no mood to treat such a revolt +leniently. Then came the last straw. Women decided that they would +preach--out of the pulpit first, and finally in it. + +=Women in Industry.=--The period of this ferment was also the age of the +industrial revolution in America, the rise of the factory system, and +the growth of mill towns. The labor of women was transferred from the +homes to the factories. Then arose many questions: the hours of labor, +the sanitary conditions of the mills, the pressure of foreign +immigration on native labor, the wages of women as compared with those +of men, and the right of married women to their own earnings. Labor +organizations sprang up among working women. The mill girls of Lowell, +Massachusetts, mainly the daughters of New England farmers, published a +magazine, "The Lowell Offering." So excellent were their writings that +the French statesman, Thiers, carried a copy of their paper into the +Chamber of Deputies to show what working women could achieve in a +republic. As women were now admittedly earning their own way in the +world by their own labor, they began to talk of their "economic +independence." + +=The World Shaken by Revolution.=--Such was the quickening of women's +minds in 1848 when the world was startled once more by a revolution in +France which spread to Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, and Italy. +Once more the people of the earth began to explore the principles of +democracy and expound human rights. Women, now better educated and more +"advanced" in their ideas, played a role of still greater importance in +that revolution. They led in agitations and uprisings. They suffered +from reaction and persecution. From their prison in France, two of them +who had been jailed for too much insistence on women's rights exchanged +greetings with American women who were raising the same issue here. By +this time the women had more supporters among the men. Horace Greeley, +editor of the New York _Tribune_, though he afterwards recanted, used +his powerful pen in their behalf. Anti-slavery leaders welcomed their +aid and repaid them by urging the enfranchisement of women. + +=The Woman's Rights Convention of 1848.=--The forces, moral and +intellectual, which had been stirring among women, crystallized a few +months after the outbreak of the European revolution in the first +Woman's Rights Convention in the history of America. It met at Seneca +Falls, New York, in 1848, on the call of Lucretia Mott, Martha Wright, +Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Mary Ann McClintock, three of them Quakers. +Accustomed to take part in church meetings with men, the Quakers +naturally suggested that men as well as women be invited to attend the +convention. Indeed, a man presided over the conference, for that +position seemed too presumptuous even for such stout advocates of +woman's rights. + +The deliberations of the Seneca Falls convention resulted in a +Declaration of Rights modeled after the Declaration of Independence. For +example, the preamble began: "When in the course of human events it +becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among +the people of the earth a position different from that which they have +hitherto occupied...." So also it closed: "Such has been the patient +suffering of women under this government and such is now the necessity +which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are +entitled." Then followed the list of grievances, the same number which +had been exhibited to George III in 1776. Especially did they assail the +disabilities imposed upon them by the English common law imported into +America--the law which denied married women their property, their wages, +and their legal existence as separate persons. All these grievances they +recited to "a candid world." The remedies for the evils which they +endured were then set forth in detail. They demanded "equal rights" in +the colleges, trades, and professions; equal suffrage; the right to +share in all political offices, honors, and emoluments; the right to +complete equality in marriage, including equal guardianship of the +children; and for married women the right to own property, to keep +wages, to make contracts, to transact business, and to testify in the +courts of justice. In short, they declared women to be persons as men +are persons and entitled to all the rights and privileges of human +beings. Such was the clarion call which went forth to the world in +1848--to an amused and contemptuous world, it must be admitted--but to a +world fated to heed and obey. + +=The First Gains in Civil Liberty.=--The convention of 1848 did not make +political enfranchisement the leading issue. Rather did it emphasize the +civil disabilities of women which were most seriously under discussion +at the time. Indeed, the New York legislature of that very year, as the +result of a twelve years' agitation, passed the Married Woman's Property +Act setting aside the general principles of the English common law as +applied to women and giving them many of the "rights of man." California +and Wisconsin followed in 1850; Massachusetts in 1854; and Kansas in +1859. Other states soon fell into line. Women's earnings and +inheritances were at last their own in some states at least. In a little +while laws were passed granting women rights as equal guardians of their +children and permitting them to divorce their husbands on the grounds of +cruelty and drunkenness. + +By degrees other steps were taken. The Woman's Medical College of +Pennsylvania was founded in 1850, and the Philadelphia School of Design +for Women three years later. In 1852 the American Women's Educational +Association was formed to initiate an agitation for enlarged +educational opportunities for women. Other colleges soon emulated the +example of Oberlin: the University of Utah in 1850; Hillsdale College in +Michigan in 1855; Baker University in Kansas in 1858; and the University +of Iowa in 1860. New trades and professions were opened to women and old +prejudices against their activities and demands slowly gave way. + + +THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE + +=The Beginnings of Organization.=--As women surmounted one obstacle +after another, the agitation for equal suffrage came to the front. If +any year is to be fixed as the date of its beginning, it may very well +be 1850, when the suffragists of Ohio urged the state constitutional +convention to confer the vote upon them. With apparent spontaneity there +were held in the same year state suffrage conferences in Indiana, +Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts; and connections were formed among the +leaders of these meetings. At the same time the first national suffrage +convention was held in Worcester, Massachusetts, on the call of +eighty-nine leading men and women representing six states. Accounts of +the convention were widely circulated in this country and abroad. +English women,--for instance, Harriet Martineau,--sent words of +appreciation for the work thus inaugurated. It inspired a leading +article in the "Westminster Review," which deeply interested the +distinguished economist, John Stuart Mill. Soon he was the champion of +woman suffrage in the British Parliament and the author of a powerful +tract _The Subjection of Women_, widely read throughout the +English-speaking world. Thus do world movements grow. Strange to relate +the women of England were enfranchised before the adoption of the +federal suffrage amendment in America. + +The national suffrage convention of 1850 was followed by an +extraordinary outburst of agitation. Pamphlets streamed from the press. +Petitions to legislative bodies were drafted, signed, and presented. +There were addresses by favorite orators like Garrison, Phillips, and +Curtis, and lectures and poems by men like Emerson, Longfellow, and +Whittier. In 1853 the first suffrage paper was founded by the wife of a +member of Congress from Rhode Island. By this time the last barrier to +white manhood suffrage in the North had been swept away and the woman's +movement was gaining momentum every year. + +=The Suffrage Movement Checked by the Civil War.=--Advocates of woman +suffrage believed themselves on the high road to success when the Civil +War engaged the energies and labors of the nation. Northern women became +absorbed in the struggle to preserve the union. They held no suffrage +conventions for five years. They transformed their associations into +Loyalty Leagues. They banded together to buy only domestic goods when +foreign imports threatened to ruin American markets. They rolled up +monster petitions in favor of the emancipation of slaves. In hospitals, +in military prisons, in agriculture, and in industry they bore their +full share of responsibility. Even when the New York legislature took +advantage of their unguarded moments and repealed the law giving the +mother equal rights with the father in the guardianship of children, +they refused to lay aside war work for agitation. As in all other wars, +their devotion was unstinted and their sacrifices equal to the +necessities of the hour. + +=The Federal Suffrage Amendment.=--Their plans and activities, when the +war closed, were shaped by events beyond their control. The emancipation +of the slaves and their proposed enfranchisement made prominent the +question of a national suffrage for the first time in our history. +Friends of the colored man insisted that his civil liberties would not +be safe unless he was granted the right to vote. The woman suffragists +very pertinently asked why the same principle did not apply to women. +The answer which they received was negative. The fourteenth amendment to +the federal Constitution, adopted in 1868, definitely put women aside by +limiting the scope of its application, so far as the suffrage was +concerned, to the male sex. In making manhood suffrage national, +however, it nationalized the issue. + +This was the signal for the advocates of woman suffrage. In March, 1869, +their proposed amendment was introduced in Congress by George W. Julian +of Indiana. It provided that no citizen should be deprived of the vote +on account of sex, following the language of the fifteenth amendment +which forbade disfranchisement on account of race. Support for the +amendment, coming from many directions, led the suffragists to believe +that their case was hopeful. In their platform of 1872, for example, the +Republicans praised the women for their loyal devotion to freedom, +welcomed them to spheres of wider usefulness, and declared that the +demand of any class of citizens for additional rights deserved +"respectful consideration." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +SUSAN B. ANTHONY] + +Experience soon demonstrated, however, that praise was not the ballot. +Indeed the suffragists already had realized that a tedious contest lay +before them. They had revived in 1866 their regular national convention. +They gave the name of "The Revolution" to their paper, edited by +Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. They formed a national +suffrage association and organized annual pilgrimages to Congress to +present their claims. Such activities bore some results. Many eminent +congressmen were converted to their cause and presented it ably to their +colleagues of both chambers. Still the subject was ridiculed by the +newspapers and looked upon as freakish by the masses. + +=The State Campaigns.=--Discouraged by the outcome of the national +campaign, suffragists turned to the voters of the individual states and +sought the ballot at their hands. Gains by this process were painfully +slow. Wyoming, it is true, while still a territory, granted suffrage to +women in 1869 and continued it on becoming a state twenty years later, +in spite of strong protests in Congress. In 1893 Colorado established +complete political equality. In Utah, the third suffrage state, the +cause suffered many vicissitudes. Women were enfranchised by the +territorial legislature; they were deprived of the ballot by Congress in +1887; finally in 1896 on the admission of Utah to the union they +recovered their former rights. During the same year, 1896, Idaho +conferred equal suffrage upon the women. This was the last suffrage +victory for more than a decade. + +=The Suffrage Cause in Congress.=--In the midst of the meager gains +among the states there were occasional flurries of hope for immediate +action on the federal amendment. Between 1878 and 1896 the Senate +committee reported the suffrage resolution by a favorable majority on +five different occasions. During the same period, however, there were +nine unfavorable reports and only once did the subject reach the point +of a general debate. At no time could anything like the required +two-thirds vote be obtained. + +=The Changing Status of Women.=--While the suffrage movement was +lagging, the activities of women in other directions were steadily +multiplying. College after college--Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Smith, Wellesley, +to mention a few--was founded to give them the advantages of higher +education. Other institutions, especially the state universities of the +West, opened their doors to women, and women were received into the +professions of law and medicine. By the rapid growth of public high +schools in which girls enjoyed the same rights as boys, education was +extended still more widely. The number of women teachers increased by +leaps and bounds. + +Meanwhile women were entering nearly every branch of industry and +business. How many of them worked at gainful occupations before 1870 we +do not know; but from that year forward we have the records of the +census. Between 1870 and 1900 the proportion of women in the professions +rose from less than two per cent to more than ten per cent; in trade and +transportation from 24.8 per cent to 43.2 per cent; and in manufacturing +from 13 to 19 per cent. In 1910, there were over 8,000,000 women +gainfully employed as compared with 30,000,000 men. When, during the war +on Germany, the government established the principle of equal pay for +equal work and gave official recognition to the value of their services +in industry, it was discovered how far women had traveled along the road +forecast by the leaders of 1848. + +=The Club Movement among Women.=--All over the country women's societies +and clubs were started to advance this or that reform or merely to study +literature, art, and science. In time these women's organizations of all +kinds were federated into city, state, and national associations and +drawn into the consideration of public questions. Under the leadership +of Frances Willard they made temperance reform a vital issue. They took +an interest in legislation pertaining to prisons, pure food, public +health, and municipal government, among other things. At their sessions +and conferences local, state, and national issues were discussed until +finally, it seems, everything led to the quest of the franchise. By +solemn resolution in 1914 the National Federation of Women's Clubs, +representing nearly two million club women, formally endorsed woman +suffrage. In the same year the National Education Association, speaking +for the public school teachers of the land, added its seal of approval. + +=State and National Action.=--Again the suffrage movement was in full +swing in the states. Washington in 1910, California in 1911, Oregon, +Kansas, and Arizona in 1912, Nevada and Montana in 1914 by popular vote +enfranchised their women. Illinois in 1913 conferred upon them the right +to vote for President of the United States. The time had arrived for a +new movement. A number of younger suffragists sought to use the votes of +women in the equal suffrage states to compel one or both of the national +political parties to endorse and carry through Congress the federal +suffrage amendment. Pressure then came upon Congress from every +direction: from the suffragists who made a straight appeal on the +grounds of justice; and from the suffragists who besought the women of +the West to vote against candidates for President, who would not approve +the federal amendment. In 1916, for the first time, a leading +presidential candidate, Mr. Charles E. Hughes, speaking for the +Republicans, endorsed the federal amendment and a distinguished +ex-President, Roosevelt, exerted a powerful influence to keep it an +issue in the campaign. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +CONFERENCE OF MEN AND WOMEN DELEGATES AT A NATIONAL CONVENTION IN +1920] + +=National Enfranchisement.=--After that, events moved rapidly. The great +state of New York adopted equal suffrage in 1917. Oklahoma, South +Dakota, and Michigan swung into line the following year; several other +states, by legislative action, gave women the right to vote for +President. In the meantime the suffrage battle at Washington grew +intense. Appeals and petitions poured in upon Congress and the +President. Militant suffragists held daily demonstrations in Washington. +On September 30, 1918, President Wilson, who, two years before, had +opposed federal action and endorsed suffrage by state adoption only, +went before Congress and urged the passage of the suffrage amendment to +the Constitution. In June, 1919, the requisite two-thirds vote was +secured; the resolution was carried and transmitted to the states for +ratification. On August 28, 1920, the thirty-sixth state, Tennessee, +approved the amendment, making three-fourths of the states as required +by the Constitution. Thus woman suffrage became the law of the land. A +new political democracy had been created. The age of agitation was +closed and the epoch of responsible citizenship opened. + + +=General References= + +Edith Abbott, _Women in Industry_. + +C.P. Gilman, _Woman and Economics_. + +I.H. Harper, _Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony_. + +E.R. Hecker, _Short History of Woman's Rights_. + +S.B. Anthony and I.H. Harper, _History of Woman Suffrage_ (4 vols.). + +J.W. Taylor, _Before Vassar Opened_. + +A.H. Shaw, _The Story of a Pioneer_. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Rise of the Woman Suffrage Movement.=--McMaster, _History of the +People of the United States_, Vol. VIII, pp. 116-121; K. Porter, +_History of Suffrage in the United States_, pp. 135-145. + +=The Development of the Suffrage Movement.=--Porter, pp. 228-254; Ogg, +_National Progress_ (American Nation Series), pp. 151-156 and p. 382. + +=Women's Labor in the Colonial Period.=--E. Abbott, _Women in Industry_, +pp. 10-34. + +=Women and the Factory System.=--Abbott, pp. 35-62. + +=Early Occupations for Women.=--Abbott, pp. 63-85. + +=Women's Wages.=--Abbott, pp. 262-316. + + +=Questions= + +1. Why were women involved in the reform movements of the new century? + +2. What is history? What determines the topics that appear in written +history? + +3. State the position of women under the old common law. + +4. What part did women play in the intellectual movement that preceded +the American Revolution? + +5. Explain the rise of the discussion of women's rights. + +6. What were some of the early writings about women? + +7. Why was there a struggle for educational opportunities? + +8. How did reform movements draw women into public affairs and what were +the chief results? + +9. Show how the rise of the factory affected the life and labor of +women. + +10. Why is the year 1848 an important year in the woman movement? +Discuss the work of the Seneca Falls convention. + +11. Enumerate some of the early gains in civil liberty for women. + +12. Trace the rise of the suffrage movement. Show the effect of the +Civil War. + +13. Review the history of the federal suffrage amendment. + +14. Summarize the history of the suffrage in the states. + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + +INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY + + +=The New Economic Age.=--The spirit of criticism and the measures of +reform designed to meet it, which characterized the opening years of the +twentieth century, were merely the signs of a new age. The nation had +definitely passed into industrialism. The number of city dwellers +employed for wages as contrasted with the farmers working on their own +land was steadily mounting. The free land, once the refuge of restless +workingmen of the East and the immigrants from Europe, was a thing of +the past. As President Roosevelt later said in speaking of the great +coal strike, "a few generations ago, the American workman could have +saved money, gone West, and taken up a homestead. Now the free lands +were gone. In earlier days, a man who began with a pick and shovel might +come to own a mine. That outlet was now closed as regards the immense +majority.... The majority of men who earned wages in the coal industry, +if they wished to progress at all, were compelled to progress not by +ceasing to be wage-earners but by improving the conditions under which +all the wage-earners of the country lived and worked." + +The disappearance of the free land, President Roosevelt went on to say, +also produced "a crass inequality in the bargaining relation of the +employer and the individual employee standing alone. The great +coal-mining and coal-carrying companies which employed their tens of +thousands could easily dispense with the services of any particular +miner. The miner, on the other hand, however expert, could not dispense +with the companies. He needed a job; his wife and children would starve +if he did not get one.... Individually the miners were impotent when +they sought to enter a wage contract with the great companies; they +could make fair terms only by uniting into trade unions to bargain +collectively." It was of this state of affairs that President Taft spoke +when he favored the modification of the common law "so as to put +employees of little power and means on a level with their employers in +adjusting and agreeing upon their mutual obligations." + +John D. Rockefeller, Jr., on the side of the great captains of industry, +recognized the same facts. He said: "In the early days of the +development of industry, the employer and capital investor were +frequently one. Daily contact was had between him and his employees, who +were his friends and neighbors.... Because of the proportions which +modern industry has attained, employers and employees are too often +strangers to each other.... Personal relations can be revived only +through adequate representation of the employees. Representation is a +principle which is fundamentally just and vital to the successful +conduct of industry.... It is not consistent for us as Americans to +demand democracy in government and practice autocracy in industry.... +With the developments what they are in industry to-day, there is sure to +come a progressive evolution from aristocratic single control, whether +by capital, labor, or the state, to democratic, cooperative control by +all three." + + +COOPERATION BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES + +=Company Unions.=--The changed economic life described by the three +eminent men just quoted was acknowledged by several great companies and +business concerns. All over the country decided efforts were made to +bridge the gulf which industry and the corporation had created. Among +the devices adopted was that of the "company union." In one of the +Western lumber mills, for example, all the employees were invited to +join a company organization; they held monthly meetings to discuss +matters of common concern; they elected a "shop committee" to confer +with the representatives of the company; and periodically the agents of +the employers attended the conferences of the men to talk over matters +of mutual interest. The function of the shop committee was to consider +wages, hours, safety rules, sanitation, recreation and other problems. +Whenever any employee had a grievance he took it up with the foreman +and, if it was not settled to his satisfaction, he brought it before the +shop committee. If the members of the shop committee decided in favor of +the man with a grievance, they attempted to settle the matter with the +company's agents. All these things failing, the dispute was transferred +to a grand meeting of all the employees with the employers' +representatives, in common council. A deadlock, if it ensued from such a +conference, was broken by calling in impartial arbitrators selected by +both sides from among citizens outside the mill. Thus the employees were +given a voice in all decisions affecting their work and welfare; rights +and grievances were treated as matters of mutual interest rather than +individual concern. Representatives of trade unions from outside, +however, were rigidly excluded from all negotiations between employers +and the employees. + +=Profit-sharing.=--Another proposal for drawing capital and labor +together was to supplement the wage system by other ties. Sometimes lump +sums were paid to employees who remained in a company's service for a +definite period of years. Again they were given a certain percentage of +the annual profits. In other instances, employees were allowed to buy +stock on easy terms and thus become part owners in the concern. This +last plan was carried so far by a large soap manufacturing company that +the employees, besides becoming stockholders, secured the right to elect +representatives to serve on the board of directors who managed the +entire business. So extensive had profit-sharing become by 1914 that the +Federal Industrial Relations Committee, appointed by the President, +deemed it worthy of a special study. Though opposed by regular trade +unions, it was undoubtedly growing in popularity. + +=Labor Managers and Welfare Work.=--Another effort of employers to meet +the problems of the new age appeared in the appointment of specialists, +known as employment managers, whose task it was to study the relations +existing between masters and workers and discover practical methods for +dealing with each grievance as it arose. By 1918, hundreds of big +companies had recognized this modern "profession" and universities were +giving courses of instruction on the subject to young men and women. In +that year a national conference of employment managers was held at +Rochester, New York. The discussion revealed a wide range of duties +assigned to managers, including questions of wages, hours, sanitation, +rest rooms, recreational facilities, and welfare work of every kind +designed to make the conditions in mills and factories safer and more +humane. Thus it was evident that hundreds of employers had abandoned the +old idea that they were dealing merely with individual employees and +that their obligations ended with the payment of any wages they saw fit +to fix. In short, they were seeking to develop a spirit of cooperation +to take the place of competition and enmity; and to increase the +production of commodities by promoting the efficiency and happiness of +the producers. + + +THE RISE AND GROWTH OF ORGANIZED LABOR + +=The American Federation of Labor.=--Meanwhile a powerful association of +workers representing all the leading trades and crafts, organized into +unions of their own, had been built up outside the control of employers. +This was the American Federation of Labor, a nation-wide union of +unions, founded in 1886 on the basis of beginnings made five years +before. At the time of its establishment it had approximately 150,000 +members. Its growth up to the end of the century was slow, for the total +enrollment in 1900 was only 300,000. At that point the increase became +marked. The membership reached 1,650,000 in 1904 and more than 3,000,000 +in 1919. To be counted in the ranks of organized labor were several +strong unions, friendly to the Federation, though not affiliated with +it. Such, for example, were the Railway Brotherhoods with more than half +a million members. By the opening of 1920 the total strength of +organized labor was put at about 4,000,000 members, meaning, if we +include their families, that nearly one-fifth of the people of the +United States were in some positive way dependent upon the operations of +trade unions. + +=Historical Background.=--This was the culmination of a long and +significant history. Before the end of the eighteenth century, the +skilled workmen--printers, shoemakers, tailors, and carpenters--had, as +we have seen, formed local unions in the large cities. Between 1830 and +1860, several aggressive steps were taken in the American labor +movement. For one thing, the number of local unions increased by leaps +and bounds in all the industrial towns. For another, there was +established in every large manufacturing city a central labor body +composed of delegates from the unions of the separate trades. In the +local union the printers or the cordwainers, for example, considered +only their special trade problems. In the central labor union, printers, +cordwainers, iron molders, and other craftsmen considered common +problems and learned to cooperate with one another in enforcing the +demands of each craft. A third step was the federation of the unions of +the same craftsmen in different cities. The printers of New York, +Philadelphia, Boston, and other towns, for instance, drew together and +formed a national trade union of printers built upon the local unions of +that craft. By the eve of the Civil War there were four or five powerful +national unions of this character. The expansion of the railway made +travel and correspondence easier and national conventions possible even +for workmen of small means. About 1834 an attempt was made to federate +the unions of all the different crafts into a national organization; but +the effort was premature. + +_The National Labor Union._--The plan which failed in 1834 was tried +again in the sixties. During the war, industries and railways had +flourished as never before; prices had risen rapidly; the demand for +labor had increased; wages had mounted slowly, but steadily. Hundreds of +new local unions had been founded and eight or ten national trade unions +had sprung into being. The time was ripe, it seemed, for a national +consolidation of all labor's forces; and in 1866, the year after the +surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, the "National Labor Union" was +formed at Baltimore under the leadership of an experienced organizer, +W.H. Sylvis of the iron molders. The purpose of the National Labor Union +was not merely to secure labor's standard demands touching hours, wages, +and conditions of work or to maintain the gains already won. It leaned +toward political action and radical opinions. Above all, it sought to +eliminate the conflict between capital and labor by making workingmen +the owners of shops through the formation of cooperative industries. For +six years the National Labor Union continued to hold conferences and +carry on its propaganda; but most of the cooperative enterprises failed, +political dissensions arose, and by 1872 the experiment had come to an +end. + +_The Knights of Labor._--While the National Labor Union was +experimenting, there grew up in the industrial world a more radical +organization known as the "Noble Order of the Knights of Labor." It was +founded in Philadelphia in 1869, first as a secret society with rituals, +signs, and pass words; "so that no spy of the boss can find his way into +the lodge room to betray his fellows," as the Knights put it. In form +the new organization was simple. It sought to bring all laborers, +skilled and unskilled, men and women, white and colored, into a mighty +body of local and national unions without distinction of trade or craft. +By 1885, ten years after the national organization was established, it +boasted a membership of over 700,000. In philosophy, the Knights of +Labor were socialistic, for they advocated public ownership of the +railways and other utilities and the formation of cooperative societies +to own and manage stores and factories. + +As the Knights were radical in spirit and their strikes, numerous and +prolonged, were often accompanied by violence, the organization alarmed +employers and the general public, raising up against itself a vigorous +opposition. Weaknesses within, as well as foes from without, started the +Knights on the path to dissolution. They waged more strikes than they +could carry on successfully; their cooperative experiments failed as +those of other labor groups before them had failed; and the rank and +file could not be kept in line. The majority of the members wanted +immediate gains in wages or the reduction of hours; when their hopes +were not realized they drifted away from the order. The troubles were +increased by the appearance of the American Federation of Labor, a still +mightier organization composed mainly of skilled workers who held +strategic positions in industry. When they failed to secure the +effective support of the Federation in their efforts to organize the +unskilled, the employers closed in upon them; then the Knights declined +rapidly in power. By 1890 they were a negligible factor and in a short +time they passed into the limbo of dead experiments. + +=The Policies of the American Federation.=--Unlike the Knights of Labor, +the American Federation of Labor sought, first of all, to be very +practical in its objects and methods. It avoided all kinds of +socialistic theories and attended strictly to the business of organizing +unions for the purpose of increasing wages, shortening hours, and +improving working conditions for its members. It did not try to include +everybody in one big union but brought together the employees of each +particular craft whose interests were clearly the same. To prepare for +strikes and periods of unemployment, it raised large funds by imposing +heavy dues and created a benefit system to hold men loyally to the +union. In order to permit action on a national scale, it gave the +superior officers extensive powers over local unions. + +While declaring that employers and employees had much in common, the +Federation strongly opposed company unions. Employers, it argued, were +affiliated with the National Manufacturers' Association or with similar +employers' organizations; every important industry was now national in +scope; and wages and hours, in view of competition with other shops, +could not be determined in a single factory, no matter how amicable +might be the relations of the company and its workers in that particular +plant. For these reasons, the Federation declared company unions and +local shop committees inherently weak; it insisted that hours, wages, +and other labor standards should be fixed by general trade agreements +applicable to all the plants of a given industry, even if subject to +local modifications. + +At the same time, the Federation, far from deliberately antagonizing +employers, sought to enlist their cooperation and support. It affiliated +with the National Civic Federation, an association of business men, +financiers, and professional men, founded in 1900 to promote friendly +relations in the industrial world. In brief, the American Federation of +Labor accepted the modern industrial system and, by organization within +it, endeavored to secure certain definite terms and conditions for trade +unionists. + + +THE WIDER RELATIONS OF ORGANIZED LABOR + +=The Socialists.=--The trade unionism "pure and simple," espoused by the +American Federation of Labor, seemed to involve at first glance nothing +but businesslike negotiations with employers. In practice it did not +work out that way. The Federation was only six years old when a new +organization, appealing directly for the labor vote--namely, the +Socialist Labor Party--nominated a candidate for President, launched +into a national campaign, and called upon trade unionists to desert the +older parties and enter its fold. + +The socialistic idea, introduced into national politics in 1892, had +been long in germination. Before the Civil War, a number of reformers, +including Nathaniel Hawthorne, Horace Greeley, and Wendell Phillips, +deeply moved by the poverty of the great industrial cities, had +earnestly sought relief in the establishment of cooperative or +communistic colonies. They believed that people should go into the +country, secure land and tools, own them in common so that no one could +profit from exclusive ownership, and produce by common labor the food +and clothing necessary for their support. For a time this movement +attracted wide interest, but it had little vitality. Nearly all the +colonies failed. Selfishness and indolence usually disrupted the best of +them. + +In the course of time this "Utopian" idea was abandoned, and another set +of socialist doctrines, claiming to be more "scientific," appeared +instead. The new school of socialists, adopting the principles of a +German writer and agitator, Karl Marx, appealed directly to workingmen. +It urged them to unite against the capitalists, to get possession of the +machinery of government, and to introduce collective or public ownership +of railways, land, mines, mills, and other means of production. The +Marxian socialists, therefore, became political. They sought to organize +labor and to win elections. Like the other parties they put forward +candidates and platforms. The Socialist Labor party in 1892, for +example, declared in favor of government ownership of utilities, free +school books, woman suffrage, heavy income taxes, and the referendum. +The Socialist party, founded in 1900, with Eugene V. Debs, the leader of +the Pullman strike, as its candidate, called for public ownership of all +trusts, monopolies, mines, railways; and the chief means of production. +In the course of time the vote of the latter organization rose to +considerable proportions, reaching almost a million in 1912. It declined +four years later and then rose in 1920 to about the same figure. + +In their appeal for votes, the socialists of every type turned first to +labor. At the annual conventions of the American Federation of Labor +they besought the delegates to endorse socialism. The president of the +Federation, Samuel Gompers, on each occasion took the floor against +them. He repudiated socialism and the socialists, on both theoretical +and practical grounds. He opposed too much public ownership, declaring +that the government was as likely as any private employer to oppress +labor. The approval of socialism, he maintained, would split the +Federation on the rock of politics, weaken it in its fight for higher +wages and shorter hours, and prejudice the public against it. At every +turn he was able to vanquish the socialists in the Federation, although +he could not prevent it from endorsing public ownership of the railways +at the convention of 1920. + +=The Extreme Radicals.=--Some of the socialists, defeated in their +efforts to capture organized labor and seeing that the gains in +elections were very meager, broke away from both trade unionism and +politics. One faction, the Industrial Workers of the World, founded in +1905, declared themselves opposed to all capitalists, the wages system, +and craft unions. They asserted that the "working class and the +employing class have nothing in common" and that trade unions only +pitted one set of workers against another set. They repudiated all +government ownership and the government itself, boldly proclaiming their +intention to unite all employees into one big union and seize the +railways, mines, and mills of the country. This doctrine, so +revolutionary in tone, called down upon the extremists the condemnation +of the American Federation of Labor as well as of the general public. At +its convention in 1919, the Federation went on record as "opposed to +Bolshevism, I.W.W.-ism, and the irresponsible leadership that encourages +such a policy." It announced its "firm adherence to American ideals." + +=The Federation and Political Issues.=--The hostility of the Federation +to the socialists did not mean, however, that it was indifferent to +political issues or political parties. On the contrary, from time to +time, at its annual conventions, it endorsed political and social +reforms, such as the initiative, referendum, and recall, the abolition +of child labor, the exclusion of Oriental labor, old-age pensions, and +government ownership. Moreover it adopted the policy of "rewarding +friends and punishing enemies" by advising members to vote for or +against candidates according to their stand on the demands of organized +labor. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +SAMUEL GOMPERS AND OTHER LABOR LEADERS] + +This policy was pursued with especial zeal in connection with disputes +over the use of injunctions in labor controversies. An injunction is a +bill or writ issued by a judge ordering some person or corporation to do +or to refrain from doing something. For example, a judge may order a +trade union to refrain from interfering with non-union men or to +continue at work handling goods made by non-union labor; and he may fine +or imprison those who disobey his injunction, the penalty being +inflicted for "contempt of court." This ancient legal device came into +prominence in connection with nation-wide railway strikes in 1877. It +was applied with increasing frequency after its effective use against +Eugene V. Debs in the Pullman strike of 1894. + +Aroused by the extensive use of the writ, organized labor demanded that +the power of judges to issue injunctions in labor disputes be limited by +law. Representatives of the unions sought support from the Democrats and +the Republicans; they received from the former very specific and cordial +endorsement. In 1896 the Democratic platform denounced "government by +injunction as a new and highly dangerous form of oppression." Mr. +Gompers, while refusing to commit the Federation to Democratic politics, +privately supported Mr. Bryan. In 1908, he came out openly and boasted +that eighty per cent of the votes of the Federation had been cast for +the Democratic candidate. Again in 1912 the same policy was pursued. The +reward was the enactment in 1914 of a federal law exempting trade unions +from prosecution as combinations in restraint of trade, limiting the use +of the injunction in labor disputes, and prescribing trial by jury in +case of contempt of court. This measure was hailed by Mr. Gompers as the +"Magna Carta of Labor" and a vindication of his policy. As a matter of +fact, however, it did not prevent the continued use of injunctions +against trade unions. Nevertheless Mr. Gompers was unshaken in his +conviction that organized labor should not attempt to form an +independent political party or endorse socialist or other radical +economic theories. + +=Organized Labor and the Public.=--Besides its relations to employers, +radicals within its own ranks, and political questions, the Federation +had to face responsibilities to the general public. With the passing of +time these became heavy and grave. While industries were small and +conflicts were local in character, a strike seldom affected anybody but +the employer and the employees immediately involved in it. When, +however, industries and trade unions became organized on a national +scale and a strike could paralyze a basic enterprise like coal mining or +railways, the vital interests of all citizens were put in jeopardy. +Moreover, as increases in wages and reductions in hours often added +directly to the cost of living, the action of the unions affected the +well-being of all--the food, clothing, and shelter of the whole people. + +For the purpose of meeting the issue raised by this state of affairs, it +was suggested that employers and employees should lay their disputes +before commissions of arbitration for decision and settlement. President +Cleveland, in a message of April 2, 1886, proposed such a method for +disposing of industrial controversies, and two years later Congress +enacted a voluntary arbitration law applicable to the railways. The +principle was extended in 1898 and again in 1913, and under the +authority of the federal government many contentions in the railway +world were settled by arbitration. + +The success of such legislation induced some students of industrial +questions to urge that unions and employers should be compelled to +submit all disputes to official tribunals of arbitration. Kansas +actually passed such a law in 1920. Congress in the Esch-Cummins railway +bill of the same year created a federal board of nine members to which +all railway controversies, not settled by negotiation, must be +submitted. Strikes, however, were not absolutely forbidden. Generally +speaking, both employers and employees opposed compulsory adjustments +without offering any substitute in case voluntary arbitration should not +be accepted by both parties to a dispute. + + +IMMIGRATION AND AMERICANIZATION + +=The Problems of Immigration.=--From its very inception, the American +Federation of Labor, like the Knights of Labor before it, was confronted +by numerous questions raised by the ever swelling tide of aliens coming +to our shores. In its effort to make each trade union all-inclusive, it +had to wrestle with a score or more languages. When it succeeded in +thoroughly organizing a craft, it often found its purposes defeated by +an influx of foreigners ready to work for lower wages and thus undermine +the foundations of the union. + +At the same time, persons outside the labor movement began to be +apprehensive as they contemplated the undoubted evil, as well as the +good, that seemed to be associated with the "alien invasion." They saw +whole sections of great cities occupied by people speaking foreign +tongues, reading only foreign newspapers, and looking to the Old World +alone for their ideas and their customs. They witnessed an expanding +army of total illiterates, men and women who could read and write no +language at all; while among those aliens who could read few there were +who knew anything of American history, traditions, and ideals. Official +reports revealed that over twenty per cent of the men of the draft army +during the World War could not read a newspaper or write a letter home. +Perhaps most alarming of all was the discovery that thousands of alien +men are in the United States only on a temporary sojourn, solely to make +money and return home with their savings. These men, willing to work for +low wages and live in places unfit for human beings, have no stake in +this country and do not care what becomes of it. + +=The Restriction of Immigration.=--In all this there was, strictly +speaking, no cause for surprise. Since the foundation of our republic +the policy of the government had been to encourage the coming of the +alien. For nearly one hundred years no restraining act was passed by +Congress, while two important laws positively encouraged it; namely, the +homestead act of 1862 and the contract immigration law of 1864. Not +until American workingmen came into open collision with cheap Chinese +labor on the Pacific Coast did the federal government spread the first +measure of limitation on the statute books. After the discovery of gold, +and particularly after the opening of the railway construction era, a +horde of laborers from China descended upon California. Accustomed to +starvation wages and indifferent to the conditions of living, they +threatened to cut the American standard to the point of subsistence. By +1876 the protest of American labor was loud and long and both the +Republicans and the Democrats gave heed to it. In 1882 Congress enacted +a law prohibiting the admission of Chinese laborers to the United States +for a term of ten years--later extended by legislation. In a little +while the demand arose for the exclusion of the Japanese as well. In +this case no exclusion law was passed; but an understanding was reached +by which Japan agreed not to issue passports to her laborers authorizing +them to come to the United States. By act of Congress in 1907 the +President was empowered to exclude any laborers who, having passports to +Canada, Hawaii, or Mexico, attempted to enter our country. + +These laws and agreements, however, did not remove all grounds for the +agitation of the subject. They were difficult to enforce and it was +claimed by residents of the Coast that in spite of federal authority +Oriental laborers were finding their way into American ports. Moreover, +several Western states, anxious to preserve the soil for American +ownership, enacted laws making it impossible for Chinese and Japanese to +buy land outright; and in other ways they discriminated against +Orientals. Such proceedings placed the federal government in an +embarrassing position. By treaty it had guaranteed specific rights to +Japanese citizens in the United States, and the government at Tokyo +contended that the state laws just cited violated the terms of the +international agreement. The Western states were fixed in their +determination to control Oriental residents; Japan was equally +persistent in asking that no badge of inferiority be attached to her +citizens. Subjected to pressure on both sides, the federal government +sought a way out of the deadlock. + +Having embarked upon the policy of restriction in 1882, Congress readily +extended it. In that same year it barred paupers, criminals, convicts, +and the insane. Three years later, mainly owing to the pressure of the +Knights of Labor, it forbade any person, company, or association to +import aliens under contract. By an act of 1887, the contract labor +restriction was made even more severe. In 1903, anarchists were excluded +and the bureau of immigration was transferred from the Treasury +Department to the Department of Commerce and Labor, in order to provide +for a more rigid execution of the law. In 1907 the classes of persons +denied admission were widened to embrace those suffering from physical +and mental defects and otherwise unfit for effective citizenship. When +the Department of Labor was established in 1913 the enforcement of the +law was placed in the hands of the Secretary of Labor, W.B. Wilson, who +was a former leader in the American Federation of Labor. + +=The Literacy Test.=--Still the advocates of restriction were not +satisfied. Still organized labor protested and demanded more protection +against the competition of immigrants. In 1917 it won a thirty-year +battle in the passage of a bill excluding "all aliens over sixteen years +of age, physically capable of reading, who cannot read the English +language or some other language or dialect, including Hebrew or +Yiddish." Even President Wilson could not block it, for a two-thirds +vote to overcome his veto was mustered in Congress. + +This act, while it served to exclude illiterates, made no drastic cut in +the volume of immigration. Indeed a material reduction was resolutely +opposed in many quarters. People of certain nationalities already in the +United States objected to every barrier that shut out their own kinsmen. +Some Americans of the old stock still held to the idea that the United +States should continue to be an asylum for "the oppressed of the earth." +Many employers looked upon an increased labor supply as the means of +escaping what they called "the domination of trade unions." In the babel +of countless voices, the discussion of these vital matters went on in +town and country. + +=Americanization.=--Intimately connected with the subject of immigration +was a call for the "Americanization" of the alien already within our +gates. The revelation of the illiteracy in the army raised the cry and +the demand was intensified when it was found that many of the leaders +among the extreme radicals were foreign in birth and citizenship. +Innumerable programs for assimilating the alien to American life were +drawn up, and in 1919 a national conference on the subject was held in +Washington under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. All +were agreed that the foreigner should be taught to speak and write the +language and understand the government of our country. Congress was +urged to lend aid in this vast undertaking. America, as ex-President +Roosevelt had said, was to find out "whether it was a nation or a +boarding-house." + + +=General References= + +J.R. Commons and Associates, _History of Labor in the United States_ (2 +vols.). + +Samuel Gompers, _Labor and the Common Welfare_. + +W.E. Walling, _Socialism as It Is_. + +W.E. Walling (and Others), _The Socialism of Today_. + +R.T. Ely, _The Labor Movement in America_. + +T.S. Adams and H. Sumner, _Labor Problems_. + +J.G. Brooks, _American Syndicalism_ and _Social Unrest_. + +P.F. Hall, _Immigration and Its Effects on the United States_. + + +=Research Topics= + +=The Rise of Trade Unionism.=--Mary Beard, _Short History of the +American Labor Movement_, pp. 10-18, 47-53, 62-79; Carlton, _Organized +Labor in American History_, pp. 11-44. + +=Labor and Politics.=--Beard, _Short History_, pp. 33-46, 54-61, +103-112; Carlton, pp. 169-197; Ogg, _National Progress_ (American Nation +Series), pp. 76-85. + +=The Knights of Labor.=--Beard, _Short History_, pp. 116-126; Dewey, +_National Problems_ (American Nation Series), pp. 40-49. + +=The American Federation of Labor--Organization and Policies.=--Beard, +_Short History_, pp. 86-112. + +=Organized Labor and the Socialists.=--Beard, _Short History_, pp. +126-149. + +=Labor and the Great War.=--Carlton, pp. 282-306; Beard, _Short +History_, pp. 150-170. + + +=Questions= + +1. What are the striking features of the new economic age? + +2. Give Mr. Rockefeller's view of industrial democracy. + +3. Outline the efforts made by employers to establish closer relations +with their employees. + +4. Sketch the rise and growth of the American Federation of Labor. + +5. How far back in our history does the labor movement extend? + +6. Describe the purposes and outcome of the National Labor Union and the +Knights of Labor. + +7. State the chief policies of the American Federation of Labor. + +8. How does organized labor become involved with outside forces? + +9. Outline the rise of the socialist movement. How did it come into +contact with the American Federation? + +10. What was the relation of the Federation to the extreme radicals? To +national politics? To the public? + +11. Explain the injunction. + +12. Why are labor and immigration closely related? + +13. Outline the history of restrictions on immigration. + +14. What problems arise in connection with the assimilation of the alien +to American life? + + + + +CHAPTER XXV + +PRESIDENT WILSON AND THE WORLD WAR + + +"The welfare, the happiness, the energy, and the spirit of the men and +women who do the daily work in our mines and factories, on our +railroads, in our offices and ports of trade, on our farms, and on the +sea are the underlying necessity of all prosperity." Thus spoke Woodrow +Wilson during his campaign for election. In this spirit, as President, +he gave the signal for work by summoning Congress in a special session +on April 7, 1913. He invited the cooperation of all "forward-looking +men" and indicated that he would assume the role of leadership. As an +evidence of his resolve, he appeared before Congress in person to read +his first message, reviving the old custom of Washington and Adams. Then +he let it be known that he would not give his party any rest until it +fulfilled its pledges to the country. When Democratic Senators balked at +tariff reductions, they were sharply informed that the party had +plighted its word and that no excuses or delays would be tolerated. + + +DOMESTIC LEGISLATION + +=Financial Measures.=--Under this spirited leadership Congress went to +work, passing first the Underwood tariff act of 1913, which made a +downward revision in the rates of duty, fixing them on the average about +twenty-six per cent lower than the figures of 1907. The protective +principle was retained, but an effort was made to permit a moderate +element of foreign competition. As a part of the revenue act Congress +levied a tax on incomes as authorized by the sixteenth amendment to the +Constitution. The tax which roused such party passions twenty years +before was now accepted as a matter of course. + +Having disposed of the tariff, Congress took up the old and vexatious +currency question and offered a new solution in the form of the federal +reserve law of December, 1913. This measure, one of the most interesting +in the history of federal finance, embraced four leading features. In +the first place, it continued the prohibition on the issuance of notes +by state banks and provided for a national currency. In the second +place, it put the new banking system under the control of a federal +reserve board composed entirely of government officials. To prevent the +growth of a "central money power," it provided, in the third place, for +the creation of twelve federal reserve banks, one in each of twelve +great districts into which the country is divided. All local national +banks were required and certain other banks permitted to become members +of the new system and share in its control. Finally, with a view to +expanding the currency, a step which the Democrats had long urged upon +the country, the issuance of paper money, under definite safeguards, was +authorized. + +Mindful of the agricultural interest, ever dear to the heart of +Jefferson's followers, the Democrats supplemented the reserve law by the +Farm Loan Act of 1916, creating federal agencies to lend money on farm +mortgages at moderate rates of interest. Within a year $20,000,000 had +been lent to farmers, the heaviest borrowing being in nine Western and +Southern states, with Texas in the lead. + +=Anti-trust Legislation.=--The tariff and currency laws were followed by +three significant measures relative to trusts. Rejecting utterly the +Progressive doctrine of government regulation, President Wilson +announced that it was the purpose of the Democrats "to destroy monopoly +and maintain competition as the only effective instrument of business +liberty." The first step in this direction, the Clayton Anti-trust Act, +carried into great detail the Sherman law of 1890 forbidding and +penalizing combinations in restraint of interstate and foreign trade. In +every line it revealed a determined effort to tear apart the great +trusts and to put all business on a competitive basis. Its terms were +reinforced in the same year by a law creating a Federal Trade Commission +empowered to inquire into the methods of corporations and lodge +complaints against concerns "using any unfair method of competition." In +only one respect was the severity of the Democratic policy relaxed. An +act of 1918 provided that the Sherman law should not apply to companies +engaged in export trade, the purpose being to encourage large +corporations to enter foreign commerce. + +The effect of this whole body of anti-trust legislation, in spite of +much labor on it, remained problematical. Very few combinations were +dissolved as a result of it. Startling investigations were made into +alleged abuses on the part of trusts; but it could hardly be said that +huge business concerns had lost any of their predominance in American +industry. + +=Labor Legislation.=--By no mere coincidence, the Clayton Anti-trust law +of 1914 made many concessions to organized labor. It declared that "the +labor of a human being is not a commodity or an article of commerce," +and it exempted unions from prosecution as "combinations in restraint of +trade." It likewise defined and limited the uses which the federal +courts might make of injunctions in labor disputes and guaranteed trial +by jury to those guilty of disobedience (see p. 581). + +The Clayton law was followed the next year by the Seamen's Act giving +greater liberty of contract to American sailors and requiring an +improvement of living conditions on shipboard. This was such a drastic +law that shipowners declared themselves unable to meet foreign +competition under its terms, owing to the low labor standards of other +countries. + +Still more extraordinary than the Seamen's Act was the Adamson law of +1916 fixing a standard eight-hour work-day for trainmen on railroads--a +measure wrung from Congress under a threat of a great strike by the four +Railway Brotherhoods. This act, viewed by union leaders as a triumph, +called forth a bitter denunciation of "trade union domination," but it +was easier to criticize than to find another solution of the problem. + +Three other laws enacted during President Wilson's administration were +popular in the labor world. One of them provided compensation for +federal employees injured in the discharge of their duties. Another +prohibited the labor of children under a certain age in the industries +of the nation. A third prescribed for coal miners in Alaska an +eight-hour day and modern safeguards for life and health. There were +positive proofs that organized labor had obtained a large share of power +in the councils of the country. + +=Federal and State Relations.=--If the interference of the government +with business and labor represented a departure from the old idea of +"the less government the better," what can be said of a large body of +laws affecting the rights of states? The prohibition of child labor +everywhere was one indication of the new tendency. Mr. Wilson had once +declared such legislation unconstitutional; the Supreme Court declared +it unconstitutional; but Congress, undaunted, carried it into effect +under the guise of a tax on goods made by children below the age limit. +There were other indications of the drift. Large sums of money were +appropriated by Congress in 1916 to assist the states in building and +maintaining highways. The same year the Farm Loan Act projected the +federal government into the sphere of local money lending. In 1917 +millions of dollars were granted to states in aid of vocational +education, incidentally imposing uniform standards throughout the +country. Evidently the government was no longer limited to the duties of +the policeman. + +=The Prohibition Amendment.=--A still more significant form of +intervention in state affairs was the passage, in December, 1917, of an +amendment to the federal Constitution establishing national prohibition +of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as beverages. This +was the climax of a historical movement extending over half a century. +In 1872, a National Prohibition party, launched three years before, +nominated its first presidential candidate and inaugurated a campaign of +agitation. Though its vote was never large, the cause for which it +stood found increasing favor among the people. State after state by +popular referendum abolished the liquor traffic within its borders. By +1917 at least thirty-two of the forty-eight were "dry." When the federal +amendment was submitted for approval, the ratification was surprisingly +swift. In a little more than a year, namely, on January 16, 1919, it was +proclaimed. Twelve months later the amendment went into effect. + + +COLONIAL AND FOREIGN POLICIES + +=The Philippines and Porto Rico.=--Independence for the Philippines and +larger self-government for Porto Rico had been among the policies of the +Democratic party since the campaign of 1900. President Wilson in his +annual messages urged upon Congress more autonomy for the Filipinos and +a definite promise of final independence. The result was the Jones +Organic Act for the Philippines passed in 1916. This measure provided +that the upper as well as the lower house of the Philippine legislature +should be elected by popular vote, and declared it to be the intention +of the United States to grant independence "as soon as a stable +government can be established." This, said President Wilson on signing +the bill, is "a very satisfactory advance in our policy of extending to +them self-government and control of their own affairs." The following +year Congress, yielding to President Wilson's insistence, passed a new + +organic act for Porto Rico, making both houses of the legislature +elective and conferring American citizenship upon the inhabitants of the +island. + +[Illustration: THE CARIBBEAN REGION] + +=American Power in the Caribbean.=--While extending more self-government +to its dominions, the United States enlarged its sphere of influence in +the Caribbean. The supervision of finances in Santo Domingo, inaugurated +in Roosevelt's administration, was transformed into a protectorate under +Wilson. In 1914 dissensions in the republic led to the landing of +American marines to "supervise" the elections. Two years later, an +officer in the American navy, with authority from Washington, placed +the entire republic "in a state of military occupation." He proceeded to +suspend the government and laws of the country, exile the president, +suppress the congress, and substitute American military authority. In +1919 a consulting board of four prominent Dominicans was appointed to +aid the American military governor; but it resigned the next year after +making a plea for the restoration of independence to the republic. For +all practical purposes, it seemed, the sovereignty of Santo Domingo had +been transferred to the United States. + +In the neighboring republic of Haiti, a similar state of affairs +existed. In the summer of 1915 a revolution broke out there--one of a +long series beginning in 1804--and our marines were landed to restore +order. Elections were held under the supervision of American officers, +and a treaty was drawn up placing the management of Haitian finances and +the local constabulary under American authority. In taking this action, +our Secretary of State was careful to announce: "The United States +government has no purpose of aggression and is entirely disinterested in +promoting this protectorate." Still it must be said that there were +vigorous protests on the part of natives and American citizens against +the conduct of our agents in the island. In 1921 President Wilson was +considering withdrawal. + +In line with American policy in the West Indian waters was the purchase +in 1917 of the Danish Islands just off the coast of Porto Rico. The +strategic position of the islands, especially in relation to Haiti and +Porto Rico, made them an object of American concern as early as 1867, +when a treaty of purchase was negotiated only to be rejected by the +Senate of the United States. In 1902 a second arrangement was made, but +this time it was defeated by the upper house of the Danish parliament. +The third treaty brought an end to fifty years of bargaining and the +Stars and Stripes were raised over St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and +numerous minor islands scattered about in the neighborhood. "It would be +suicidal," commented a New York newspaper, "for America, on the +threshold of a great commercial expansion in South America, to suffer a +Heligoland, or a Gibraltar, or an Aden to be erected by her rivals at +the mouth of her Suez." On the mainland American power was strengthened +by the establishment of a protectorate over Nicaragua in 1916. + +=Mexican Relations.=--The extension of American enterprise southward +into Latin America, of which the operations in the Caribbean regions +were merely one phase, naturally carried Americans into Mexico to +develop the natural resources of that country. Under the iron rule of +General Porfirio Diaz, established in 1876 and maintained with only a +short break until 1911, Mexico had become increasingly attractive to our +business men. On the invitation of President Diaz, they had invested +huge sums in Mexican lands, oil fields, and mines, and had laid the +foundations of a new industrial order. The severe regime instituted by +Diaz, however, stirred popular discontent. The peons, or serfs, demanded +the break-up of the great estates, some of which had come down from the +days of Cortez. Their clamor for "the restoration of the land to the +people could not be silenced." In 1911 Diaz was forced to resign and +left the country. + +Mexico now slid down the path to disorder. Revolutions and civil +commotions followed in swift succession. A liberal president, Madero, +installed as the successor to Diaz, was deposed in 1913 and brutally +murdered. Huerta, a military adventurer, hailed for a time as another +"strong man," succeeded Madero whose murder he was accused of +instigating. Although Great Britain and nearly all the powers of Europe +accepted the new government as lawful, the United States steadily +withheld recognition. In the meantime Mexico was torn by insurrections +under the leadership of Carranza, a friend of Madero, Villa, a bandit of +generous pretensions, and Zapata, a radical leader of the peons. Without +the support of the United States, Huerta was doomed. + +In the summer of 1914, the dictator resigned and fled from the capital, +leaving the field to Carranza. For six years the new president, +recognized by the United States, held a precarious position which he +vigorously strove to strengthen against various revolutionary movements. +At length in 1920, he too was deposed and murdered, and another military +chieftain, Obregon, installed in power. + +These events right at our door could not fail to involve the government +of the United States. In the disorders many American citizens lost their +lives. American property was destroyed and land owned by Americans was +confiscated. A new Mexican constitution, in effect nationalizing the +natural resources of the country, struck at the rights of foreign +investors. Moreover the Mexican border was in constant turmoil. Even in +the last days of his administration, Mr. Taft felt compelled to issue a +solemn warning to the Mexican government protesting against the +violation of American rights. + +President Wilson, soon after his inauguration, sent a commissioner to +Mexico to inquire into the situation. Although he declared a general +policy of "watchful waiting," he twice came to blows with Mexican +forces. In 1914 some American sailors at Tampico were arrested by a +Mexican officer; the Mexican government, although it immediately +released the men, refused to make the required apology for the incident. +As a result President Wilson ordered the landing of American forces at +Vera Cruz and the occupation of the city. A clash of arms followed in +which several Americans were killed. War seemed inevitable, but at this +juncture the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile tendered their +good offices as mediators. After a few weeks of negotiation, during +which Huerta was forced out of power, American forces were withdrawn +from Vera Cruz and the incident closed. + +In 1916 a second break in amicable relations occurred. In the spring of +that year a band of Villa's men raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, +killing several citizens and committing robberies. A punitive expedition +under the command of General Pershing was quickly sent out to capture +the offenders. Against the protests of President Carranza, American +forces penetrated deeply into Mexico without effecting the object of +the undertaking. This operation lasted until January, 1917, when the +imminence of war with Germany led to the withdrawal of the American +soldiers. Friendly relations were resumed with the Mexican government +and the policy of "watchful waiting" was continued. + + +THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN WAR + +=The Outbreak of the War.=--In the opening days of August, 1914, the +age-long jealousies of European nations, sharpened by new imperial +ambitions, broke out in another general conflict such as had shaken the +world in the days of Napoleon. On June 28, the heir to the +Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated at Serajevo, the capital of +Bosnia, an Austrian province occupied mainly by Serbs. With a view to +stopping Serbian agitation for independence, Austria-Hungary laid the +blame for this incident on the government of Serbia and made humiliating +demands on that country. Germany at once proposed that the issue should +be regarded as "an affair which should be settled solely between +Austria-Hungary and Serbia"; meaning that the small nation should be +left to the tender mercies of a great power. Russia refused to take this +view. Great Britain proposed a settlement by mediation. Germany backed +up Austria to the limit. To use the language of the German authorities: +"We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of +Austria-Hungary against Serbia might bring Russia upon the field and +that it might therefore involve us in a war, in accordance with our +duties as allies. We could not, however, in these vital interests of +Austria-Hungary which were at stake, advise our ally to take a yielding +attitude not compatible with his dignity nor deny him our assistance." +That made the war inevitable. + +Every day of the fateful August, 1914, was crowded with momentous +events. On the 1st, Germany declared war on Russia. On the 2d, the +Germans invaded the little duchy of Luxemburg and notified the King of +Belgium that they were preparing to violate the neutrality of his realm +on their way to Paris. On the same day, Great Britain, anxiously +besought by the French government, promised the aid of the British navy +if German warships made hostile demonstrations in the Channel. August +3d, the German government declared war on France. The following day, +Great Britain demanded of Germany respect for Belgian neutrality and, +failing to receive the guarantee, broke off diplomatic relations. On the +5th, the British prime minister announced that war had opened between +England and Germany. The storm now broke in all its pitiless fury. + +=The State of American Opinion.=--Although President Wilson promptly +proclaimed the neutrality of the United States, the sympathies of a +large majority of the American people were without doubt on the side of +Great Britain and France. To them the invasion of the little kingdom of +Belgium and the horrors that accompanied German occupation were odious +in the extreme. Moreover, they regarded the German imperial government +as an autocratic power wielded in the interest of an ambitious military +party. The Kaiser, William II, and the Crown Prince were the symbols of +royal arrogance. On the other hand, many Americans of German descent, in +memory of their ties with the Fatherland, openly sympathized with the +Central Powers; and many Americans of Irish descent, recalling their +long and bitter struggle for home rule in Ireland, would have regarded +British defeat as a merited redress of ancient grievances. + +Extremely sensitive to American opinion, but ill informed about it, the +German government soon began systematic efforts to present its cause to +the people of the United States in the most favorable light possible. +Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, the former colonial secretary of the German +empire, was sent to America as a special agent. For months he filled the +newspapers, magazines, and periodicals with interviews, articles, and +notes on the justice of the Teutonic cause. From a press bureau in New +York flowed a stream of pamphlets, leaflets, and cartoons. A magazine, +"The Fatherland," was founded to secure "fair play for Germany and +Austria." Several professors in American universities, who had received +their training in Germany, took up the pen in defense of the Central +Empires. The German language press, without exception it seems, the +National German Alliance, minor German societies, and Lutheran churches +came to the support of the German cause. Even the English language +papers, though generally favorable to the Entente Allies, opened their +columns in the interest of equal justice to the spokesmen for all the +contending powers of Europe. + +Before two weeks had elapsed the controversy had become so intense that +President Wilson (August 18, 1914) was moved to caution his countrymen +against falling into angry disputes. "Every man," he said, "who really +loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality which +is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all +concerned.... We must be impartial in thought as well as in action, must +put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that +might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before +another." + +=The Clash over American Trade.=--As in the time of the Napoleonic wars, +the conflict in Europe raised fundamental questions respecting rights of +Americans trading with countries at peace as well as those at war. On +this point there existed on August 1, 1914, a fairly definite body of +principles by which nations were bound. Among them the following were of +vital significance. In the first place, it was recognized that an enemy +merchant ship caught on the high seas was a legitimate prize of war +which might be seized and confiscated. In the second place, it was +agreed that "contraband of war" found on an enemy or neutral ship was a +lawful prize; any ship suspected of carrying it was liable to search and +if caught with forbidden goods was subject to seizure. In the third +place, international law prescribed that a peaceful merchant ship, +whether belonging to an enemy or to a neutral country, should not be +destroyed or sunk without provision for the safety of crew and +passengers. In the fourth place, it was understood that a belligerent +had the right, if it could, to blockade the ports of an enemy and +prevent the ingress and egress of all ships; but such a blockade, to be +lawful, had to be effective. + +These general principles left undetermined two important matters: "What +is an effective blockade?" and "What is contraband of war?" The task of +answering these questions fell to Great Britain as mistress of the seas. +Although the German submarines made it impossible for her battleships to +maintain a continuous patrol of the waters in front of blockaded ports, + +she declared the blockade to be none the less "effective" because her +navy was supreme. As to contraband of war Great Britain put such a broad +interpretation upon the term as to include nearly every important +article of commerce. Early in 1915 she declared even cargoes of grain +and flour to be contraband, defending the action on the ground that the +German government had recently taken possession of all domestic stocks +of corn, wheat, and flour. + +A new question arose in connection with American trade with the neutral +countries surrounding Germany. Great Britain early began to intercept +ships carrying oil, gasoline, and copper--all war materials of prime +importance--on the ground that they either were destined ultimately to +Germany or would release goods for sale to Germans. On November 2, 1914, +the English government announced that the Germans wore sowing mines in +open waters and that therefore the whole of the North Sea was a military +zone. Ships bound for Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were ordered to come +by the English Channel for inspection and sailing directions. In effect, +Americans were now licensed by Great Britain to trade in certain +commodities and in certain amounts with neutral countries. + +Against these extraordinary measures, the State Department at Washington +lodged pointed objections, saying: "This government is reluctantly +forced to the conclusion that the present policy of His Majesty's +government toward neutral ships and cargoes exceeds the manifest +necessity of a belligerent and constitutes restrictions upon the rights +of American citizens on the high seas, which are not justified by the +rules of international law or required under the principle of +self-preservation." + +=Germany Begins the Submarine Campaign.=--Germany now announced that, on +and after February 18, 1915, the whole of the English Channel and the +waters around Great Britain would be deemed a war zone and that every +enemy ship found therein would be destroyed. The German decree added +that, as the British admiralty had ordered the use of neutral flags by +English ships in time of distress, neutral vessels would be in danger of +destruction if found in the forbidden area. It was clear that Germany +intended to employ submarines to destroy shipping. A new factor was thus +introduced into naval warfare, one not provided for in the accepted laws +of war. A warship overhauling a merchant vessel could easily take its +crew and passengers on board for safe keeping as prescribed by +international law; but a submarine ordinarily could do nothing of the +sort. Of necessity the lives and the ships of neutrals, as well as of +belligerents, were put in mortal peril. This amazing conduct Germany +justified on the ground that it was mere retaliation against Great +Britain for her violations of international law. + +The response of the United States to the ominous German order was swift +and direct. On February 10, 1915, it warned Germany that if her +commanders destroyed American lives and ships in obedience to that +decree, the action would "be very hard indeed to reconcile with the +friendly relations happily subsisting between the two governments." The +American note added that the German imperial government would be held to +"strict accountability" and all necessary steps would be taken to +safeguard American lives and American rights. This was firm and clear +language, but the only response which it evoked from Germany was a +suggestion that, if Great Britain would allow food supplies to pass +through the blockade, the submarine campaign would be dropped. + +=Violations of American Rights.=--Meanwhile Germany continued to ravage +shipping on the high seas. On January 28, a German raider sank the +American ship, _William P. Frye_, in the South Atlantic; on March 28, a +British ship, the _Falaba_, was sunk by a submarine and many on board, +including an American citizen, were killed; and on April 28, a German +airplane dropped bombs on the American steamer _Cushing_. On the morning +of May 1, 1915, Americans were astounded to see in the newspapers an +advertisement, signed by the German Imperial Embassy, warning travelers +of the dangers in the war zone and notifying them that any who ventured +on British ships into that area did so at their own risk. On that day, +the _Lusitania_, a British steamer, sailed from New York for Liverpool. +On May 7, without warning, the ship was struck by two torpedoes and in a +few minutes went down by the bow, carrying to death 1153 persons +including 114 American men, women, and children. A cry of horror ran +through the country. The German papers in America and a few American +people argued that American citizens had been duly warned of the danger +and had deliberately taken their lives into their own hands; but the +terrible deed was almost universally condemned by public opinion. + +=The _Lusitania_ Notes.=--On May 14, the Department of State at +Washington made public the first of three famous notes on the +_Lusitania_ case. It solemnly informed the German government that "no +warning that an unlawful and inhumane act will be committed can possibly +be accepted as an excuse or palliation for that act or as an abatement +of the responsibility for its commission." It called upon the German +government to disavow the act, make reparation as far as possible, and +take steps to prevent "the recurrence of anything so obviously +subversive of the principles of warfare." The note closed with a clear +caution to Germany that the government of the United States would not +"omit any word or any act necessary to the performance of its sacred +duty of maintaining the rights of the United States and its citizens and +of safeguarding their free exercise and enjoyment." The die was cast; +but Germany in reply merely temporized. + +In a second note, made public on June 11, the position of the United +States was again affirmed. William Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of +State, had resigned because the drift of President Wilson's policy was +not toward mediation but the strict maintenance of American rights, if +need be, by force of arms. The German reply was still evasive and German +naval commanders continued their course of sinking merchant ships. In a +third and final note of July 21, 1915, President Wilson made it clear to +Germany that he meant what he said when he wrote that he would maintain +the rights of American citizens. Finally after much discussion and +shifting about, the German ambassador on September 1, 1915, sent a brief +note to the Secretary of State: "Liners will not be sunk by our +submarines without warning and without safety of the lives of +non-combatants, provided the liners do not try to escape or offer +resistance." Editorially, the New York _Times_ declared: "It is a +triumph not only of diplomacy but of reason, of humanity, of justice, +and of truth." The Secretary of State saw in it "a recognition of the +fundamental principles for which we have contended." + +=The Presidential Election of 1916.=--In the midst of this crisis came +the presidential campaign. On the Republican side everything seemed to +depend upon the action of the Progressives. If the breach created in +1912 could be closed, victory was possible; if not, defeat was certain. +A promise of unity lay in the fact that the conventions of the +Republicans and Progressives were held simultaneously in Chicago. The +friends of Roosevelt hoped that both parties would select him as their +candidate; but this hope was not realized. The Republicans chose, and +the Progressives accepted, Charles E. Hughes, an associate justice of +the federal Supreme Court who, as governor of New York, had won a +national reputation by waging war on "machine politicians." + +In the face of the clamor for expressions of sympathy with one or the +other of the contending powers of Europe, the Republicans chose a middle +course, declaring that they would uphold all American rights "at home +and abroad, by land and by sea." This sentiment Mr. Hughes echoed in his +acceptance speech. By some it was interpreted to mean a firmer policy in +dealing with Great Britain; by others, a more vigorous handling of the +submarine menace. The Democrats, on their side, renominated President +Wilson by acclamation, reviewed with pride the legislative achievements +of the party, and commended "the splendid diplomatic victories of our +great President who has preserved the vital interests of our government +and its citizens and kept us out of war." + +In the election which ensued President Wilson's popular vote exceeded +that cast for Mr. Hughes by more than half a million, while his +electoral vote stood 277 to 254. The result was regarded, and not +without warrant, as a great personal triumph for the President. He had +received the largest vote yet cast for a presidential candidate. The +Progressive party practically disappeared, and the Socialists suffered a +severe set-back, falling far behind the vote of 1912. + +=President Wilson Urges Peace upon the Warring Nations.=--Apparently +convinced that his pacific policies had been profoundly approved by his +countrymen, President Wilson, soon after the election, addressed "peace +notes" to the European belligerents. On December 16, the German Emperor +proposed to the Allied Powers that they enter into peace negotiations, a +suggestion that was treated as a mere political maneuver by the opposing +governments. Two days later President Wilson sent a note to the warring +nations asking them to avow "the terms upon which war might be +concluded." To these notes the Central Powers replied that they were +ready to meet their antagonists in a peace conference; and Allied Powers +answered by presenting certain conditions precedent to a satisfactory +settlement. On January 22, 1917, President Wilson in an address before +the Senate, declared it to be a duty of the United States to take part +in the establishment of a stable peace on the basis of certain +principles. These were, in short: "peace without victory"; the right of +nationalities to freedom and self-government; the independence of +Poland; freedom of the seas; the reduction of armaments; and the +abolition of entangling alliances. The whole world was discussing the +President's remarkable message, when it was dumbfounded to hear, on +January 31, that the German ambassador at Washington had announced the +official renewal of ruthless submarine warfare. + + +THE UNITED STATES AT WAR + +=Steps toward War.=--Three days after the receipt of the news that the +German government intended to return to its former submarine policy, +President Wilson severed diplomatic relations with the German empire. At +the same time he explained to Congress that he desired no conflict with +Germany and would await an "overt act" before taking further steps to +preserve American rights. "God grant," he concluded, "that we may not be +challenged to defend them by acts of willful injustice on the part of +the government of Germany." Yet the challenge came. Between February 26 +and April 2, six American merchant vessels were torpedoed, in most cases +without any warning and without regard to the loss of American lives. +President Wilson therefore called upon Congress to answer the German +menace. The reply of Congress on April 6 was a resolution, passed with +only a few dissenting votes, declaring the existence of a state of war +with Germany. Austria-Hungary at once severed diplomatic relations with +the United States; but it was not until December 7 that Congress, acting +on the President's advice, declared war also on that "vassal of the +German government." + +=American War Aims.=--In many addresses at the beginning and during the +course of the war, President Wilson stated the purposes which actuated +our government in taking up arms. He first made it clear that it was a +war of self-defense. "The military masters of Germany," he exclaimed, +"denied us the right to be neutral." Proof of that lay on every hand. +Agents of the German imperial government had destroyed American lives +and American property on the high seas. They had filled our communities +with spies. They had planted bombs in ships and munition works. They had +fomented divisions among American citizens. + +Though assailed in many ways and compelled to resort to war, the United +States sought no material rewards. "The world must be made safe for +democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of +political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no +conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves." + +In a very remarkable message read to Congress on January 8, 1918, +President Wilson laid down his famous "fourteen points" summarizing the +ideals for which we were fighting. They included open treaties of peace, +openly arrived at; absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas; the +removal, as far as possible, of trade barriers among nations; reduction +of armaments; adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the +populations concerned; fair and friendly treatment of Russia; the +restoration of Belgium; righting the wrong done to France in 1871 in the +matter of Alsace-Lorraine; adjustment of Italian frontiers along the +lines of nationality; more liberty for the peoples of Austria-Hungary; +the restoration of Serbia and Rumania; the readjustment of the Turkish +Empire; an independent Poland; and an association of nations to afford +mutual guarantees to all states great and small. On a later occasion +President Wilson elaborated the last point, namely, the formation of a +league of nations to guarantee peace and establish justice among the +powers of the world. Democracy, the right of nations to determine their +own fate, a covenant of enduring peace--these were the ideals for which +the American people were to pour out their blood and treasure. + +=The Selective Draft.=--The World War became a war of nations. The +powers against which we were arrayed had every able-bodied man in +service and all their resources, human and material, thrown into the +scale. For this reason, President Wilson summoned the whole people of +the United States to make every sacrifice necessary for victory. +Congress by law decreed that the national army should be chosen from all +male citizens and males not enemy aliens who had declared their +intention of becoming citizens. By the first act of May 18, 1917, it +fixed the age limits at twenty-one to thirty-one inclusive. Later, in +August, 1918, it extended them to eighteen and forty-five. From the men +of the first group so enrolled were chosen by lot the soldiers for the +World War who, with the regular army and the national guard, formed the +American Expeditionary Force upholding the American cause on the +battlefields of Europe. "The whole nation," said the President, "must be +a team in which each man shall play the part for which he is best +fitted." + +=Liberty Loans and Taxes.=--In order that the military and naval forces +should be stinted in no respect, the nation was called upon to place its +financial resources at the service of the government. Some urged the +"conscription of wealth as well as men," meaning the support of the war +out of taxes upon great fortunes; but more conservative counsels +prevailed. Four great Liberty Loans were floated, all the agencies of +modern publicity being employed to enlist popular interest. The first +loan had four and a half million subscribers; the fourth more than +twenty million. Combined with loans were heavy taxes. A progressive tax +was laid upon incomes beginning with four per cent on incomes in the +lower ranges and rising to sixty-three per cent of that part of any +income above $2,000,000. A progressive tax was levied upon inheritances. +An excess profits tax was laid upon all corporations and partnerships, +rising in amount to sixty per cent of the net income in excess of +thirty-three per cent on the invested capital. "This," said a +distinguished economist, "is the high-water mark in the history of +taxation. Never before in the annals of civilization has an attempt been +made to take as much as two-thirds of a man's income by taxation." + +=Mobilizing Material Resources.=--No stone was left unturned to provide +the arms, munitions, supplies, and transportation required in the +gigantic undertaking. Between the declaration of war and the armistice, +Congress enacted law after law relative to food supplies, raw materials, +railways, mines, ships, forests, and industrial enterprises. No power +over the lives and property of citizens, deemed necessary to the +prosecution of the armed conflict, was withheld from the government. The +farmer's wheat, the housewife's sugar, coal at the mines, labor in the +factories, ships at the wharves, trade with friendly countries, the +railways, banks, stores, private fortunes--all were mobilized and laid +under whatever obligations the government deemed imperative. Never was a +nation more completely devoted to a single cause. + +A law of August 10, 1917, gave the President power to fix the prices of +wheat and coal and to take almost any steps necessary to prevent +monopoly and excessive prices. By a series of measures, enlarging the +principles of the shipping act of 1916, ships and shipyards were brought +under public control and the government was empowered to embark upon a +great ship-building program. In December, 1917, the government assumed +for the period of the war the operation of the railways under a +presidential proclamation which was elaborated in March, 1918, by act of +Congress. In the summer of 1918 the express, telephone, and telegraph +business of the entire country passed under government control. By war +risk insurance acts allowances were made for the families of enlisted +men, compensation for injuries was provided, death benefits were +instituted, and a system of national insurance was established in the +interest of the men in service. Never before in the history of the +country had the government taken such a wise and humane view of its +obligations to those who served on the field of battle or on the seas. + +=The Espionage and Sedition Acts.=--By the Espionage law of June 15, +1917, and the amending law, known as the Sedition act, passed in May of +the following year, the government was given a drastic power over the +expression of opinion. The first measure penalized those who conveyed +information to a foreign country to be used to the injury of the United +States; those who made false statements designed to interfere with the +military or naval forces of the United States; those who attempted to +stir up insubordination or disloyalty in the army and navy; and those +who willfully obstructed enlistment. The Sedition act was still more +severe and sweeping in its terms. It imposed heavy penalties upon any +person who used "abusive language about the government or institutions +of the country." It authorized the dismissal of any officer of the +government who committed "disloyal acts" or uttered "disloyal language," +and empowered the Postmaster General to close the mails to persons +violating the law. This measure, prepared by the Department of Justice, +encountered vigorous opposition in the Senate, where twenty-four +Republicans and two Democrats voted against it. Senator Johnson of +California denounced it as a law "to suppress the freedom of the press +in the United States and to prevent any man, no matter who he is, from +expressing legitimate criticism concerning the present government." The +constitutionality of the acts was attacked; but they were sustained by +the Supreme Court and stringently enforced. + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +THE LAUNCHING OF A SHIP AT THE GREAT NAVAL YARDS, NEWARK, N.J.] + +=Labor and the War.=--In view of the restlessness of European labor +during the war and especially the proletarian revolution in Russia in +November, 1917, some anxiety was early expressed as to the stand which +organized labor might take in the United States. It was, however, soon +dispelled. Samuel Gompers, speaking for the American Federation of +Labor, declared that "this is labor's war," and pledged the united +support of all the unions. There was some dissent. The Socialist party +denounced the war as a capitalist quarrel; but all the protests combined +were too slight to have much effect. American labor leaders were sent to +Europe to strengthen the wavering ranks of trade unionists in war-worn +England, France, and Italy. Labor was given representation on the +important boards and commissions dealing with industrial questions. +Trade union standards were accepted by the government and generally +applied in industry. The Department of Labor became one of the powerful +war centers of the nation. In a memorable address to the American +Federation of Labor, President Wilson assured the trade unionists that +labor conditions should not be made unduly onerous by the war and +received in return a pledge of loyalty from the Federation. Recognition +of labor's contribution to winning the war was embodied in the treaty of +peace, which provided for a permanent international organization to +promote the world-wide effort of labor to improve social conditions. +"The league of nations has for its object the establishment of universal +peace," runs the preamble to the labor section of the treaty, "and such +a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice.... +The failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labor is an +obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the +conditions in their own countries." + +=The American Navy in the War.=--As soon as Congress declared war the +fleet was mobilized, American ports were thrown open to the warships of +the Allies, immediate provision was made for increasing the number of +men and ships, and a contingent of war vessels was sent to cooperate +with the British and French in their life-and-death contest with +submarines. Special effort was made to stimulate the production of +"submarine chasers" and "scout cruisers" to be sent to the danger zone. +Convoys were provided to accompany the transports conveying soldiers to +France. Before the end of the war more than three hundred American +vessels and 75,000 officers and men were operating in European waters. +Though the German fleet failed to come out and challenge the sea power +of the Allies, the battleships of the United States were always ready to +do their full duty in such an event. As things turned out, the service +of the American navy was limited mainly to helping in the campaign that +wore down the submarine menace to Allied shipping. + +=The War in France.=--Owing to the peculiar character of the warfare in +France, it required a longer time for American military forces to get +into action; but there was no unnecessary delay. Soon after the +declaration of war, steps were taken to give military assistance to the +Allies. The regular army was enlarged and the troops of the national +guard were brought into national service. On June 13, General John J. +Pershing, chosen head of the American Expeditionary Forces, reached +Paris and began preparations for the arrival of our troops. In June, the +vanguard of the army reached France. A slow and steady stream followed. +As soon as the men enrolled under the draft were ready, it became a +flood. During the period of the war the army was enlarged from about +190,000 men to 3,665,000, of whom more than 2,000,000 were in France +when the armistice was signed. + +Although American troops did not take part on a large scale until the +last phase of the war in 1918, several battalions of infantry were in +the trenches by October, 1917, and had their first severe encounter with +the Germans early in November. In January, 1918, they took over a part +of the front line as an American sector. In March, General Pershing +placed our forces at the disposal of General Foch, commander-in-chief of +the Allied armies. The first division, which entered the Montdidier +salient in April, soon was engaged with the enemy, "taking with splendid +dash the town of Cantigny and all other objectives, which were organized +and held steadfastly against vicious counter attacks and galling +artillery fire." + +[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +TROOPS RETURNING FROM FRANCE] + +When the Germans launched their grand drives toward the Marne and Paris, +in June and July, 1918, every available man was placed at General Foch's +command. At Belleau Wood, at Chateau-Thierry, and other points along the +deep salient made by the Germans into the French lines, American +soldiers distinguished themselves by heroic action. They also played an +important role in the counter attack that "smashed" the salient and +drove the Germans back. + +In September, American troops, with French aid, "wiped out" the German +salient at St. Mihiel. By this time General Pershing was ready for the +great American drive to the northeast in the Argonne forest, while he +also cooperated with the British in the assault on the Hindenburg line. +In the Meuse-Argonne battle, our soldiers encountered some of the most +severe fighting of the war and pressed forward steadily against the most +stubborn resistance from the enemy. On the 6th of November, reported +General Pershing, "a division of the first corps reached a point on the +Meuse opposite Sedan, twenty-five miles from our line of departure. The +strategical goal which was our highest hope was gained. We had cut the +enemy's main line of communications and nothing but a surrender or an +armistice could save his army from complete disaster." Five days later +the end came. On the morning of November 11, the order to cease firing +went into effect. The German army was in rapid retreat and +demoralization had begun. The Kaiser had abdicated and fled into +Holland. The Hohenzollern dreams of empire were shattered. In the +fifty-second month, the World War, involving nearly every civilized +nation on the globe, was brought to a close. More than 75,000 American +soldiers and sailors had given their lives. More than 250,000 had been +wounded or were missing or in German prison camps. + +[Illustration: WESTERN BATTLE LINES OF THE VARIOUS YEARS OF THE +WORLD WAR] + + +THE SETTLEMENT AT PARIS + +=The Peace Conference.=--On January 18, 1919, a conference of the Allied +and Associated Powers assembled to pronounce judgment upon the German +empire and its defeated satellites: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and +Turkey. It was a moving spectacle. Seventy-two delegates spoke for +thirty-two states. The United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and +Japan had five delegates each. Belgium, Brazil, and Serbia were each +assigned three. Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, China, Greece, +Hedjaz, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Siam, and Czechoslovakia were +allotted two apiece. The remaining states of New Zealand, Bolivia, Cuba, +Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, +and Uruguay each had one delegate. President Wilson spoke in person for +the United States. England, France, and Italy were represented by their +premiers: David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando. + +[Illustration: PREMIERS LLOYD GEORGE, ORLANDO AND CLEMENCEAU AND +PRESIDENT WILSON AT PARIS] + +=The Supreme Council.=--The real work of the settlement was first +committed to a Supreme Council of ten representing the United States, +Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. This was later reduced to five +members. Then Japan dropped out and finally Italy, leaving only +President Wilson and the Premiers, Lloyd George and Clemenceau, the +"Big Three," who assumed the burden of mighty decisions. On May 6, their +work was completed and in a secret session of the full conference the +whole treaty of peace was approved, though a few of the powers made +reservations or objections. The next day the treaty was presented to the +Germans who, after prolonged protests, signed on the last day of grace, +June 28. This German treaty was followed by agreements with Austria, +Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Collectively these great documents formed +the legal basis of the general European settlement. + +=The Terms of the Settlement.=--The combined treaties make a huge +volume. The German treaty alone embraces about 80,000 words. +Collectively they cover an immense range of subjects which may be +summarized under five heads: (1) The territorial settlement in Europe; +(2) the destruction of German military power; (3) reparations for +damages done by Germany and her allies; (4) the disposition of German +colonies and protectorates; and (5) the League of Nations. + +Germany was reduced by the cession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the +loss of several other provinces. Austria-Hungary was dissolved and +dismembered. Russia was reduced by the creation of new states on the +west. Bulgaria was stripped of her gains in the recent Balkan wars. +Turkey was dismembered. Nine new independent states were created: +Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, +Armenia, and Hedjaz. Italy, Greece, Rumania, and Serbia were enlarged by +cessions of territory and Serbia was transformed into the great state of +Jugoslavia. + +The destruction of German military power was thorough. The entire navy, +with minor exceptions, was turned over to the Allied and Associated +Powers; Germany's total equipment for the future was limited to six +battleships and six light cruisers, with certain small vessels but no +submarines. The number of enlisted men and officers for the army was +fixed at not more than 100,000; the General Staff was dissolved; and the +manufacture of munitions restricted. + +Germany was compelled to accept full responsibility for all damages; to +pay five billion dollars in cash and goods, and to make certain other +payments which might be ordered from time to time by an inter-allied +reparations commission. She was also required to deliver to Belgium, +France, and Italy, millions of tons of coal every year for ten years; +while by way of additional compensation to France the rich coal basin of +the Saar was placed under inter-allied control to be exploited under +French administration for a period of at least fifteen years. Austria +and the other associates of Germany were also laid under heavy +obligations to the victors. Damages done to shipping by submarines and +other vessels were to be paid for on the basis of ton for ton. + +The disposition of the German colonies and the old Ottoman empire +presented knotty problems. It was finally agreed that the German +colonies and Turkish provinces which were in a backward stage of +development should be placed under the tutelage of certain powers acting +as "mandatories" holding them in "a sacred trust of civilization." An +exception to the mandatory principle arose in the case of German rights +in Shantung, all of which were transferred directly to Japan. It was +this arrangement that led the Chinese delegation to withhold their +signatures from the treaty. + +=The League of Nations.=--High among the purposes which he had in mind +in summoning the nation to arms, President Wilson placed the desire to +put an end to war. All through the United States the people spoke of the +"war to end war." No slogan called forth a deeper response from the +public. The President himself repeatedly declared that a general +association of nations must be formed to guard the peace and protect all +against the ambitions of the few. "As I see it," he said in his address +on opening the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign, "the constitution of the +League of Nations and the clear definition of its objects must be a +part, in a sense the most essential part, of the peace settlement +itself." + +Nothing was more natural, therefore, than Wilson's insistence at Paris +upon the formation of an international association. Indeed he had gone +to Europe in person largely to accomplish that end. Part One of the +treaty with Germany, the Covenant of the League of Nations, was due to +his labors more than to any other influence. Within the League thus +created were to be embraced all the Allied and Associated Powers and +nearly all the neutrals. By a two-thirds vote of the League Assembly the +excluded nations might be admitted. + +The agencies of the League of Nations were to be three in number: (1) a +permanent secretariat located at Geneva; (2) an Assembly consisting of +one delegate from each country, dominion, or self-governing colony +(including Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and India); (3) +and a Council consisting of representatives of the United States, Great +Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, and four other representatives +selected by the Assembly from time to time. + +The duties imposed on the League and the obligations accepted by its +members were numerous and important. The Council was to take steps to +formulate a scheme for the reduction of armaments and to submit a plan +for the establishment of a permanent Court of International Justice. The +members of the League (Article X) were to respect and preserve as +against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing +political independence of all the associated nations. They were to +submit to arbitration or inquiry by the Council all disputes which could +not be adjusted by diplomacy and in no case to resort to war until three +months after the award. Should any member disregard its covenants, its +action would be considered an act of war against the League, which would +accordingly cut off the trade and business of the hostile member and +recommend through the Council to the several associated governments the +military measures to be taken. In case the decision in any arbitration +of a dispute was unanimous, the members of the League affected by it +were to abide by it. + +Such was the settlement at Paris and such was the association of nations +formed to promote the peace of the world. They were quickly approved by +most of the powers, and the first Assembly of the League of Nations met +at Geneva late in 1920. + +=The Treaty in the United States.=--When the treaty was presented to the +United States Senate for approval, a violent opposition appeared. In +that chamber the Republicans had a slight majority and a two-thirds vote +was necessary for ratification. The sentiment for and against the treaty +ran mainly along party lines; but the Republicans were themselves +divided. The major portion, known as "reservationists," favored +ratification with certain conditions respecting American rights; while a +small though active minority rejected the League of Nations in its +entirety, announcing themselves to be "irreconcilables." The grounds of +this Republican opposition lay partly in the terms of peace imposed on +Germany and partly in the Covenant of the League of Nations. Exception +was taken to the clauses which affected the rights of American citizens +in property involved in the adjustment with Germany, but the burden of +criticism was directed against the League. Article X guaranteeing +against external aggression the political independence and territorial +integrity of the members of the League was subjected to a specially +heavy fire; while the treatment accorded to China and the sections +affecting American internal affairs were likewise attacked as "unjust +and dangerous." As an outcome of their deliberations, the Republicans +proposed a long list of reservations which touched upon many of the +vital parts of the treaty. These were rejected by President Wilson as +amounting in effect to a "nullification of the treaty." As a deadlock +ensued the treaty was definitely rejected, owing to the failure of its +sponsors to secure the requisite two-thirds vote. + +[Illustration: EUROPE] + +=The League of Nations in the Campaign of 1920.=--At this juncture the +presidential campaign of 1920 opened. The Republicans, while condemning +the terms of the proposed League, endorsed the general idea of an +international agreement to prevent war. Their candidate, Senator +Warren G. Harding of Ohio, maintained a similar position without saying +definitely whether the League devised at Paris could be recast in such a +manner as to meet his requirements. The Democrats, on the other hand, +while not opposing limitations clarifying the obligations of the United +States, demanded "the immediate ratification of the treaty without +reservations which would impair its essential integrity." The Democratic +candidate, Governor James M. Cox, of Ohio, announced his firm conviction +that the United States should "go into the League," without closing the +door to mild reservations; he appealed to the country largely on that +issue. The election of Senator Harding, in an extraordinary "landslide," +coupled with the return of a majority of Republicans to the Senate, made +uncertain American participation in the League of Nations. + +=The United States and International Entanglements.=--Whether America +entered the League or not, it could not close its doors to the world and +escape perplexing international complications. It had ever-increasing +financial and commercial connections with all other countries. Our +associates in the recent war were heavily indebted to our government. +The prosperity of American industries depended to a considerable extent +upon the recovery of the impoverished and battle-torn countries of +Europe. + +There were other complications no less specific. The United States was +compelled by force of circumstances to adopt a Russian policy. The +government of the Czar had been overthrown by a liberal revolution, +which in turn had been succeeded by an extreme, communist +"dictatorship." The Bolsheviki, or majority faction of the socialists, +had obtained control of the national council of peasants, workingmen, +and soldiers, called the soviet, and inaugurated a radical regime. They +had made peace with Germany in March, 1918. Thereupon the United States +joined England, France, and Japan in an unofficial war upon them. After +the general settlement at Paris in 1919, our government, while +withdrawing troops from Siberia and Archangel, continued in its refusal +to recognize the Bolshevists or to permit unhampered trade with them. +President Wilson repeatedly denounced them as the enemies of +civilization and undertook to lay down for all countries the principles +which should govern intercourse with Russia. + +Further international complications were created in connection with the +World War, wholly apart from the terms of peace or the League of +Nations. The United States had participated in a general European +conflict which changed the boundaries of countries, called into being +new nations, and reduced the power and territories of the vanquished. +Accordingly, it was bound to face the problem of how far it was prepared +to cooperate with the victors in any settlement of Europe's +difficulties. By no conceivable process, therefore, could America be +disentangled from the web of world affairs. Isolation, if desirable, had +become impossible. Within three hundred years from the founding of the +tiny settlements at Jamestown and Plymouth, America, by virtue of its +institutions, its population, its wealth, and its commerce, had become +first among the nations of the earth. By moral obligations and by +practical interests its fate was thus linked with the destiny of all +mankind. + + +SUMMARY OF DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR + +The astounding industrial progress that characterized the period +following the Civil War bequeathed to the new generation many perplexing +problems connected with the growth of trusts and railways, the +accumulation of great fortunes, the increase of poverty in the +industrial cities, the exhaustion of the free land, and the acquisition +of dominions in distant seas. As long as there was an abundance of land +in the West any able-bodied man with initiative and industry could +become an independent farmer. People from the cities and immigrants from +Europe had always before them that gateway to property and prosperity. +When the land was all gone, American economic conditions inevitably +became more like those of Europe. + +Though the new economic questions had been vigorously debated in many +circles before his day, it was President Roosevelt who first discussed +them continuously from the White House. The natural resources of the +country were being exhausted; he advocated their conservation. Huge +fortunes were being made in business creating inequalities in +opportunity; he favored reducing them by income and inheritance taxes. +Industries were disturbed by strikes; he pressed arbitration upon +capital and labor. The free land was gone; he declared that labor was in +a less favorable position to bargain with capital and therefore should +organize in unions for collective bargaining. There had been wrong-doing +on the part of certain great trusts; those responsible should be +punished. + +The spirit of reform was abroad in the land. The spoils system was +attacked. It was alleged that the political parties were dominated by +"rings and bosses." The United States Senate was called "a millionaires' +club." Poverty and misery were observed in the cities. State +legislatures and city governments were accused of corruption. + +In answer to the charges, remedies were proposed and adopted. Civil +service reform was approved. The Australian ballot, popular election of +Senators, the initiative, referendum, and recall, commission and city +manager plans for cities, public regulation of railways, compensation +for those injured in industries, minimum wages for women and children, +pensions for widows, the control of housing in the cities--these and a +hundred other reforms were adopted and tried out. The national watchword +became: "America, Improve Thyself." + +The spirit of reform broke into both political parties. It appeared in +many statutes enacted by Congress under President Taft's leadership. It +disrupted the Republicans temporarily in 1912 when the Progressive party +entered the field. It led the Democratic candidate in that year, +Governor Wilson, to make a "progressive appeal" to the voters. It +inspired a considerable program of national legislation under President +Wilson's two administrations. + +In the age of change, four important amendments to the federal +constitution, the first in more than forty years, were adopted. The +sixteenth empowered Congress to lay an income tax. The seventeenth +assured popular election of Senators. The eighteenth made prohibition +national. The nineteenth, following upon the adoption of woman suffrage +in many states, enfranchised the women of the nation. + +In the sphere of industry, equally great changes took place. The major +portion of the nation's business passed into the hands of corporations. +In all the leading industries of the country labor was organized into +trade unions and federated in a national organization. The power of +organized capital and organized labor loomed upon the horizon. Their +struggles, their rights, and their place in the economy of the nation +raised problems of the first magnitude. + +While the country was engaged in a heated debate upon its domestic +issues, the World War broke out in Europe in 1914. As a hundred years +before, American rights upon the high seas became involved at once. They +were invaded on both sides; but Germany, in addition to assailing +American ships and property, ruthlessly destroyed American lives. She +set at naught the rules of civilized warfare upon the sea. Warnings from +President Wilson were without avail. Nothing could stay the hand of the +German war party. + +After long and patient negotiations, President Wilson in 1917 called +upon the nation to take up arms against an assailant that had in effect +declared war upon America. The answer was swift and firm. The national +resources, human and material, were mobilized. The navy was enlarged, a +draft army created, huge loans floated, heavy taxes laid, and the spirit +of sacrifice called forth in a titanic struggle against an autocratic +power that threatened to dominate Europe and the World. + +In the end, American financial, naval, and military assistance counted +heavily in the scale. American sailors scoured the seas searching for +the terrible submarines. American soldiers took part in the last great +drives that broke the might of Germany's army. Such was the nation's +response to the President's summons to arms in a war "for democracy" and +"to end war." + +When victory crowned the arms of the powers united against Germany, +President Wilson in person took part in the peace council. He sought to +redeem his pledge to end wars by forming a League of Nations to keep the +peace. In the treaty drawn at the close of the war the first part was a +covenant binding the nations in a permanent association for the +settlement of international disputes. This treaty, the President offered +to the United States Senate for ratification and to his country for +approval. + +Once again, as in the days of the Napoleonic wars, the people seriously +discussed the place of America among the powers of the earth. The Senate +refused to ratify the treaty. World politics then became an issue in the +campaign of 1920. Though some Americans talked as if the United States +could close its doors and windows against all mankind, the victor in the +election, Senator Harding, of Ohio, knew better. The election returns +were hardly announced before he began to ask the advice of his +countrymen on the pressing theme that would not be downed: "What part +shall America--first among the nations of the earth in wealth and +power--assume at the council table of the world?" + + +=General References= + +Woodrow Wilson, _The New Freedom_. + +C.L. Jones, _The Caribbean Interests of the United States_. + +H.P. Willis, _The Federal Reserve_. + +C.W. Barron, _The Mexican Problem_ (critical toward Mexico). + +L.J. de Bekker, _The Plot against Mexico_ (against American +intervention). + +Theodore Roosevelt, _America and the World War_. + +E.E. Robinson and V.J. West, _The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson_. + +J.S. Bassett, _Our War with Germany_. + +Carlton J.H. Hayes, _A Brief History of the Great War_. + +J.B. McMaster, _The United States in the World War_. + + +=Research Topics= + +=President Wilson's First Term.=--Elson, _History of the United States_, +pp. 925-941. + +=The Underwood Tariff Act.=--Ogg, _National Progress_ (The American +Nation Series), pp. 209-226. + +=The Federal Reserve System.=--Ogg, pp. 228-232. + +=Trust and Labor Legislation.=--Ogg, pp. 232-236. + +=Legislation Respecting the Territories.=--Ogg, pp. 236-245. + +=American Interests in the Caribbean.=--Ogg, pp. 246-265. + +=American Interests in the Pacific.=--Ogg, pp. 304-324. + +=Mexican Affairs.=--Haworth, pp. 388-395; Ogg, pp. 284-304. + +=The First Phases of the European War.=--Haworth, pp. 395-412; Ogg, pp. +325-343. + +=The Campaign of 1916.=--Haworth, pp. 412-418; Ogg, pp. 364-383. + +=America Enters the War.=--Haworth, pp. 422-440; pp. 454-475. Ogg, pp. +384-399; Elson, pp. 951-970. + +=Mobilizing the Nation.=--Haworth, pp. 441-453. + +=The Peace Settlement.=--Haworth, pp. 475-497; Elson, pp. 971-982. + + +=Questions= + +1. Enumerate the chief financial measures of the Wilson administration. +Review the history of banks and currency and give the details of the +Federal reserve law. + +2. What was the Wilson policy toward trusts? Toward labor? + +3. Review again the theory of states' rights. How has it fared in recent +years? + +4. What steps were taken in colonial policies? In the Caribbean? + +5. Outline American-Mexican relations under Wilson. + +6. How did the World War break out in Europe? + +7. Account for the divided state of opinion in America. + +8. Review the events leading up to the War of 1812. Compare them with +the events from 1914 to 1917. + +9. State the leading principles of international law involved and show +how they were violated. + +10. What American rights were assailed in the submarine campaign? + +11. Give Wilson's position on the _Lusitania_ affair. + +12. How did the World War affect the presidential campaign of 1916? + +13. How did Germany finally drive the United States into war? + +14. State the American war aims given by the President. + +15. Enumerate the measures taken by the government to win the war. + +16. Review the part of the navy in the war. The army. + +17. How were the terms of peace formulated? + +18. Enumerate the principal results of the war. + +19. Describe the League of Nations. + +20. Trace the fate of the treaty in American politics. + +21. Can there be a policy of isolation for America? + + + + +APPENDIX + +CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES + + +We the people of the United States, in order to form a more +perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide +for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the +blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and +establish this Constitution for the United States of America. + + +ARTICLE I + +SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a +Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House +of Representatives. + + +SECTION 2. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members +chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the +electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. + +2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to +the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the +United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that +State in which he shall be chosen. + +3. Representatives and direct taxes[3] shall be apportioned among the +several States which may be included within this Union, according to +their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the +whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a +term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all +other persons.[3] The actual enumeration shall be made within three +years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and +within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall +by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for +every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one +representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of +New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, +Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York +six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, +Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia +three. + +4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the +executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such +vacancies. + +5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other +officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. + + +SECTION 3. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two +senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six +years; and each senator shall have one vote.[4] + +2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first +election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. +The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the +expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of +the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth +year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if +vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the +legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary +appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then +fill such vacancies.[5] + +3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age +of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and +who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he +shall be chosen. + +4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the +Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. + +5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President +_pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall +exercise the office of President of the United States. + +6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When +sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the +President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall +preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of +two-thirds of the members present. + +7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to +removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office +of honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party +convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, +judgment, and punishment, according to law. + + +SECTION 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for +senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the +legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or +alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. + +2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such +meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by +law appoint a different day. + + +SECTION 5. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns +and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall +constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn +from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of +absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House +may provide. + +2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its +members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of +two-thirds, expel a member. + +3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to +time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment +require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on +any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be +entered on the journal. + +4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the +consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other +place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. + + +SECTION 6. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a +compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out +of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except +treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest +during their attendance at the sessions of their respective Houses, and +in going to and returning from the same; and, for any speech or debate +in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. + +2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was +elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the +United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof +shall have been increased during such time; and no person, holding any +office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during +his continuance in office. + + +SECTION 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House +of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments +as on other bills. + +2. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Representatives; and +the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President +of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he +shall return it with his objections to that House, in which it shall +have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their +journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration +two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, +together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall +likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, +it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses +shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons +voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each +House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President +within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to +him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, +unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which +case it shall not be a law. + +3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the +Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a +question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the +United States and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved +by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of +the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and +limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. + + +SECTION 8. The Congress shall have power: 1. To lay and collect taxes, +duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the +common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, +imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; + +2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; + +3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several +States, and with the Indian tribes; + +4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on +the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; + +5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and +fix the standard of weights and measures; + +6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and +current coin of the United States; + +7. To establish post offices and post roads; + +8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for +limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their +respective writings and discoveries; + +9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; + +10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high +seas, and offences against the law of nations; + +11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules +concerning captures on land and water; + +12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that +use shall be for a longer term than two years; + +13. To provide and maintain a navy; + +14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and +naval forces; + +15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the +Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; + +16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, +and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service +of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the +appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia +according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. + +17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such +district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of +particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the +government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all +places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which +the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, +dock-yards, and other needful buildings;--and + +18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying +into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this +Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any +department or officer thereof. + + +SECTION 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the +States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited +by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, +but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten +dollars for each person. + +2. The privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_ shall not be suspended, +unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may +require it. + +3. No bill of attainder or _ex post facto_ law shall be passed. + +4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in +proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be +taken.[6] + +5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. + +6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue +to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound +to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in +another. + +7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of +appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the +receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from +time to time. + +8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no +person, holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without +the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, +or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. + + +SECTION 10. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or +confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit +bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in +payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, _ex post facto_ law, or +law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of +nobility. + +2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts +or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary +for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and +imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use +of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject +to the revision and control of the Congress. + +3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of +tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any +agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or +engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as +will not admit of delay. + + +ARTICLE II + +SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the +United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of +four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same +term, be elected, as follows: + +2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof +may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators +and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; +but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust +or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.[7] The +electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for +two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same +State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons +voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall +sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of +the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The +President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House +of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then +be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the +President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors +appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and +have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall +immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person +have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House +shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the +President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from +each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a +member or members from two-thirds of the States and a majority of all +the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the +choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes +of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain +two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by +ballot the Vice-President.[8] + +3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the +day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same +throughout the United States. + +4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United +States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be +eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be +eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of +thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United +States. + +5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, +resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said +office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress +may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or +inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what +officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act +accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be +elected. + +6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a +compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the +period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive +within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of +them. + +7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the +following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I +will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, +and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the +Constitution of the United States." + + +SECTION 2. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and +navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, +when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require +the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the +executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their +respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and +pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of +impeachment. + +2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the +Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present +concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of +the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and +consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the +United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, +and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest +the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the +President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. + +3. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen +during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall +expire at the end of their next session. + + +SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information +on the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such +measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on +extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in +case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of +adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; +he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take +care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the +officers of the United States. + + +SECTION 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the +United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and +conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. + + +ARTICLE III + +SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in +one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from +time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and +inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and +shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which +shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. + + +SECTION 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and +equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, +and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to +all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to +all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to +which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two +or more States;--between a State and citizens of another +State;[9]--between citizens of different States;--between citizens of +the same State claiming lands under grants of different States;--and +between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, +or subjects. + +2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and +consuls and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court +shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before +mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as +to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the +Congress shall make. + +3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by +jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes +shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the +trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have +directed. + + +SECTION 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in +levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them +aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the +testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in +open court. + +2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, +but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture +except during the life of the person attainted. + + +ARTICLE IV + +SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the +public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And +the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such +acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. + + +SECTION 2. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all +privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. + +2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, +who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on +demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be +delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the +crime. + +3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws +thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or +regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall +be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may +be due. + + +SECTION 3. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this +Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the +jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction +of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the +legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. + +2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful +rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property +belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall +be so construed as to prejudice any claims, of the United States, or of +any particular State. + + +SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this +Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them +against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the +executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic +violence. + + +ARTICLE V + +The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it +necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the +application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, +shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, +shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, +when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several +States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the +other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided +that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight +hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth +clauses in the ninth Section of the first article; and that no State, +without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the +Senate. + + +ARTICLE VI + +1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the +adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United +States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + +2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be +made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made, +under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of +the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything +in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary +notwithstanding. + +3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of +the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, +both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by +oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test +shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust +under the United States. + + +ARTICLE VII + +The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient +for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so +ratifying the same. + +Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the +seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven +hundred and eighty-seven and of the independence of the United States of +America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our +names, + + G^O. WASHINGTON-- + Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia + +[and thirty-eight members from all the States except Rhode Island.] + + * * * * * + + +Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of the +United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the +legislatures of the several States pursuant to the fifth article of the +original Constitution. + + +ARTICLE I[10] + +Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or +prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of +speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to +assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. + + +ARTICLE II + +A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free +State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be +infringed. + + +ARTICLE III + +No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without +the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be +prescribed by law. + + +ARTICLE IV + +The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, +and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be +violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, +supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place +to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. + + +ARTICLE V + +No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous +crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in +cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in +actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be +subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or +limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness +against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without +due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, +without just compensation. + + +ARTICLE VI + +In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a +speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district +wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have +been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and +cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against +him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. + + +ARTICLE VII + +In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed +twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no +fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the +United States, than according to the rules of the common law. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor +cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + + +ARTICLE IX + +The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be +construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. + + +ARTICLE X + +The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor +prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, +or to the people. + + +ARTICLE XI[11] + +The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend +to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the +United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects +of any foreign State. + + +ARTICLE XII[12] + +The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot +for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an +inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their +ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the +person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists +of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as +Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they +shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the +government of the United States, directed to the President of the +Senate;--The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate +and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes +shall then be counted;--The person having the greatest number of votes +for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of +the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such +majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding +three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of +Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But +in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the +representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this +purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the +States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. +And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President +whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth +day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as +President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional +disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of +votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be +a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person +have a majority, then from the two highest members on the list, the +Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall +consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of +the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person +constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible +to that of Vice-President of the United States. + + +ARTICLE XIII[13] + +SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a +punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, +shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their +jurisdiction. + +SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by +appropriate legislation. + + +ARTICLE XIV[14] + +SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and +subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States +and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any +law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the +United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, +or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within +its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. + +SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States +according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of +persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right +to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and +Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the +executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the +legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such +State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, +or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other +crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the +proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the +whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. + +SECTION 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, +or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or +military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having +previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of +the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an +executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution +of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion +against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But +Congress may by two-thirds vote of each House, remove such disability. + +SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, +authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and +bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall +not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall +assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or +rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or +emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims +shall be held illegal and void. + +SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate +legislation, the provisions of this article. + + +ARTICLE XV[15] + +SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not +be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of +race, color, or previous condition of servitude. + +SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by +appropriate legislation. + + +ARTICLE XVI[16] + +The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from +whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, +and without regard to any census or enumeration. + + +ARTICLE XVII[17] + +The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from +each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each +senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the +qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the +State legislature. + +When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, +the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to +fill such vacancies: _Provided_ that the legislature of any State may +empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the +people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. + +This amendment shall not be so construed as to effect the election or +term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the +Constitution. + + +ARTICLE XVIII[18] + +SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the +manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the +importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United +States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for +beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. + +SECTION 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent +power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. + +SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been +ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the +several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from +the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. + + +ARTICLE XIX[19] + +The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied +or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. + +The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate +legislation. + + + +POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1920, 1910, 1900 + ++---------------------+--------------------------------------------+ +| STATES | POPULATION | ++ +--------------+--------------+--------------+ +| | 1920 | 1910 | 1900 | ++---------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ +|United States | 105,708,771 | 91,972,266 | 75,994,575 | ++---------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ +|Alabama | 2,348,174 | 2,138,093 | 1,828,697 | +|Arizona | 333,903 | 204,354 | 122,931 | +|Arkansas | 1,752,204 | 1,574,449 | 1,311,564 | +|California | 3,426,861 | 2,377,549 | 1,485,053 | +|Colorado | 939,629 | 799,024 | 539,700 | +|Connecticut | 1,380,631 | 1,114,756 | 908,420 | +|Delaware | 223,003 | 202,322 | 184,735 | +|District of Columbia | 437,571 | 331,069 | 278,718 | +|Florida | 968,470 | 752,619 | 528,542 | +|Georgia | 2,895,832 | 2,609,121 | 2,216,331 | +|Idaho | 431,866 | 325,594 | 161,772 | +|Illinois | 6,485,280 | 5,638,591 | 4,821,550 | +|Indiana | 2,930,390 | 2,700,876 | 2,516,462 | +|Iowa | 2,404,021 | 2,224,771 | 2,231,853 | +|Kansas | 1,769,257 | 1,690,949 | 1,470,495 | +|Kentucky | 2,416,630 | 2,289,905 | 2,147,174 | +|Louisiana | 1,798,509 | 1,656,388 | 1,381,625 | +|Maine | 768,014 | 742,371 | 694,466 | +|Maryland | 1,449,661 | 1,295,346 | 1,188,044 | +|Massachusetts | 3,852,356 | 3,366,416 | 2,805,346 | +|Michigan | 3,668,412 | 2,810,173 | 2,420,982 | +|Minnesota | 2,387,125 | 2,075,708 | 1,751,394 | +|Mississippi | 1,790,618 | 1,797,114 | 1,551,270 | +|Missouri | 3,404,055 | 3,293,335 | 3,106,665 | +|Montana | 548,889 | 376,053 | 243,329 | +|Nebraska | 1,296,372 | 1,192,214 | 1,066,300 | +|Nevada | 77,407 | 81,875 | 42,335 | +|New Hampshire | 443,407 | 430,572 | 411,588 | +|New Jersey | 3,155,900 | 2,537,167 | 1,883,669 | +|New Mexico | 360,350 | 327,301 | 195,310 | +|New York | 10,384,829 | 9,113,614 | 7,268,894 | +|North Carolina | 2,559,123 | 2,206,287 | 1,893,810 | +|North Dakota | 645,680 | 577,056 | 319,146 | +|Ohio | 5,759,394 | 4,767,121 | 4,157,545 | +|Oklahoma | 2,028,283 | 1,657,155 | 790,391 | +|Oregon | 783,389 | 672,765 | 413,536 | +|Pennsylvania | 8,720,017 | 7,665,111 | 6,302,115 | +|Rhode Island | 604,397 | 542,610 | 428,556 | +|South Carolina | 1,683,724 | 1,515,400 | 1,340,316 | +|South Dakota | 636,547 | 583,888 | 401,570 | +|Tennessee | 2,337,885 | 2,184,789 | 2,020,616 | +|Texas | 4,663,228 | 3,896,542 | 3,048,710 | +|Utah | 449,396 | 373,351 | 276,749 | +|Vermont | 352,428 | 355,956 | 343,641 | +|Virginia | 2,309,187 | 2,061,612 | 1,854,184 | +|Washington | 1,356,621 | 1,141,990 | 518,103 | +|West Virginia | 1,463,701 | 1,221,119 | 958,800 | +|Wisconsin | 2,632,067 | 2,333,860 | 2,069,042 | +|Wyoming | 194,402 | 145,965 | 92,531 | ++---------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ + +FOOTNOTES: + +[3] Partly superseded by the 14th Amendment, p. 639. + +[4] See the 17th Amendment, p. 641. + +[5] _Ibid._, p. 641. + +[6] See the 16th Amendment, p. 640. + +[7] The following paragraph was in force only from 1788 to 1803. + +[8] Superseded by the 12th Amendment, p. 638. + +[9] See the 11th Amendment, p. 638. + +[10] First ten amendments proposed by Congress, Sept. 25, 1789. +Proclaimed to be in force Dec. 15, 1791. + +[11] Proposed Sept. 5, 1794. Declared in force January 8, 1798. + +[12] Adopted in 1804. + +[13] Adopted in 1865. + +[14] Adopted in 1868. + +[15] Proposed February 27, 1869. Declared in force March 30, 1870. + +[16] Passed July, 1909; proclaimed February 25, 1913. + +[17] Passed May, 1912, in lieu of paragraph one, Section 3, Article I, +of the Constitution and so much of paragraph two of the same Section as +relates to the filling of vacancies; proclaimed May 31, 1913. + +[18] Ratified January 16, 1919. + +[19] Ratified August 26, 1920. + + + + +APPENDIX + +TABLE OF PRESIDENTS + +NAME STATE PARTY YEAR IN VICE-PRESIDENT + OFFICE +1 George Washington Va. Fed. 1789-1797 John Adams +2 John Adams Mass. Fed. 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson +3 Thomas Jefferson Va. Rep. 1801-1809 Aaron Burr + George Clinton +4 James Madison Va. Rep. 1809-1817 George Clinton + Elbridge Gerry +5 James Monroe Va. Rep. 1817-1825 Daniel D. Tompkins +6 John Q. Adams Mass. Rep. 1825-1829 John C. Calhoun +7 Andrew Jackson Tenn. Dem. 1829-1837 John C. Calhoun + Martin Van Buren +8 Martin Van Buren N.Y. Dem. 1837-1841 Richard M. Johnson +9 Wm. H. Harrison Ohio Whig 1841-1841 John Tyler +10 John Tyler[20] Va. Whig 1841-1845 +11 James K. Polk Tenn. Dem. 1845-1849 George M. Dallas +12 Zachary Taylor La. Whig 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore +13 Millard Fillmore[20] N.Y. Whig 1850-1853 +14 Franklin Pierce N.H. Dem. 1853-1857 William R. King +15 James Buchanan Pa. Dem. 1857-1861 J.C. Breckinridge +16 Abraham Lincoln Ill. Rep. 1861-1865 Hannibal Hamlin + Andrew Johnson +17 Andrew Johnson[20] Tenn. Rep. 1865-1869 +18 Ulysses S. Grant Ill. Rep. 1869-1877 Schuyler Colfax + Henry Wilson +19 Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio Rep. 1877-1881 Wm. A. Wheeler +20 James A. Garfield Ohio Rep. 1881-1881 Chester A. Arthur +21 Chester A. Arthur[20] N.Y. Rep. 1881-1885 +22 Grover Cleveland N.Y. Dem. 1885-1889 Thomas A. Hendricks +23 Benjamin Harrison Ind. Rep. 1889-1893 Levi P. Morton +24 Grover Cleveland N.Y. Dem. 1893-1897 Adlai E. Stevenson +25 William McKinley Ohio Rep. 1897-1901 Garrett A. Hobart + Theodore Roosevelt +26 Theodore Roosevelt[20]N.Y. Rep. 1901-1909 Chas. W. Fairbanks +27 William H. Taft Ohio Rep. 1909-1913 James S. Sherman +28 Woodrow Wilson N.J. Dem. 1913-1921 Thomas R. Marshall +29 Warren G. Harding Ohio Rep. 1921- Calvin Coolidge + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[20] Promoted from the vice-presidency on the death of the president. + +POPULATION OF THE OUTLYING POSSESSIONS: 1920 AND 1910 + +----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------- + AREA | 1920 | 1910 +----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------- +United States with outlying possessions |117,857,509 | 101,146,530 + +--------------+--------------- +Continental United States |105,708,771 | 91,972,266 +Outlying Possessions | 12,148,738 | 9,174,264 + +--------------|--------------- + Alaska | 54,899 | 64,356 + American Samoa | 8,056 | 7,251[21] + Guam | 13,275 | 11,806 + Hawaii | 255,912 | 191,909 + Panama Canal Zone | 22,858 | 62,810[21] + Porto Rico | 1,299,809 | 1,118,012 + Military and naval, etc., service | | + abroad | 117,238 | 55,608 + Philippine Islands |10,350,640[22]| 7,635,426[23] + Virgin Islands of the United States | 26,051[24]| 27,086[25] +----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------- + +FOOTNOTES: + +[21] Population in 1912. + +[22] Population in 1918. + +[23] Population in 1903. + +[24] Population in 1917. + +[25] Population in 1911. + + + + +A TOPICAL SYLLABUS + +As a result of a wholesome reaction against the purely chronological +treatment of history, there is now a marked tendency in the direction of +a purely topical handling of the subject. The topical method, however, +may also be pushed too far. Each successive stage of any topic can be +understood only in relation to the forces of the time. For that reason, +the best results are reached when there is a combination of the +chronological and the topical methods. It is therefore suggested that +the teacher first follow the text closely and then review the subject +with the aid of this topical syllabus. The references are to pages. + + +=Immigration= + + I. Causes: religious (1-2, 4-11, 302), economic (12-17, 302-303), + and political (302-303). + II. Colonial immigration. + 1. Diversified character: English, Scotch-Irish, Irish, Jews, + Germans and other peoples (6-12). + 2. Assimilation to an American type; influence of the land + system (23-25, 411). + 3. Enforced immigration: indentured servitude, slavery, etc. + (13-17). + III. Immigration between 1789-1890. + 1. Nationalities: English, Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians + (278, 302-303). + 2. Relations to American life (432-433, 445). + IV. Immigration and immigration questions after 1890. + 1. Change in nationalities (410-411). + 2. Changes in economic opportunities (411). + 3. Problems of congestion and assimilation (410). + 4. Relations to labor and illiteracy (582-586). + 5. Oriental immigration (583). + 6. The restriction of immigration (583-585). + +=Expansion of the United States= + + I. Territorial growth. + 1. Territory of the United States in 1783 (134 and color map). + 2. Louisiana purchase, 1803 (188-193 and color map). + 3. Florida purchase, 1819 (204). + 4. Annexation of Texas, 1845 (278-281). + 5. Acquisition of Arizona, New Mexico, California, and other + territory at close of Mexican War, 1848 (282-283). + 6. The Gadsden purchase, 1853 (283). + 7. Settlement of the Oregon boundary question, 1846 (284-286). + 8. Purchase of Alaska from Russia, 1867 (479). + 9. Acquisition of Tutuila in Samoan group, 1899 (481-482). + 10. Annexation of Hawaii, 1898 (484). + 11. Acquisition of Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam at + close of Spanish War, 1898 (493-494). + 12. Acquisition of Panama Canal strip, 1904 (508-510). + 13. Purchase of Danish West Indies, 1917 (593). + 14. Extension of protectorate over Haiti, Santo Domingo, and + Nicaragua (593-594). + II. Development of colonial self-government. + 1. Hawaii (485). + 2. Philippines (516-518). + 3. Porto Rico (515-516). + III. Sea power. + 1. In American Revolution (118). + 2. In the War of 1812 (193-201). + 3. In the Civil War (353-354). + 4. In the Spanish-American War (492). + 5. In the Caribbean region (512-519). + 6. In the Pacific (447-448, 481). + 7. The role of the American navy (515). + +=The Westward Advance of the People= + + I. Beyond the Appalachians. + 1. Government and land system (217-231). + 2. The routes (222-224). + 3. The settlers (221-223, 228-230). + 4. Relations with the East (230-236). + II. Beyond the Mississippi. + 1. The lower valley (271-273). + 2. The upper valley (275-276). + III. Prairies, plains, and desert. + 1. Cattle ranges and cowboys (276-278, 431-432). + 2. The free homesteads (432-433). + 3. Irrigation (434-436, 523-525). + IV. The Far West. + 1. Peculiarities of the West (433-440). + 2. The railways (425-431). + 3. Relations to the East and Europe (443-447). + 4. American power in the Pacific (447-449). + +=The Wars of American History= + + I. Indian wars (57-59). + II. Early colonial wars: King William's, Queen Anne's, and King + George's (59). + III. French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), 1754-1763 (59-61). + IV. Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 (99-135). + V. The War of 1812, 1812-1815 (193-201). + VI. The Mexican War, 1845-1848 (276-284). + VII. The Civil War, 1861-1865 (344-375). + VIII. The Spanish War, 1898 (485-497). + IX. The World War, 1914-1918 [American participation, 1917-1918] + (596-625). + +=Government= + + I. Development of the American system of government. + 1. Origin and growth of state government. + _a._ The trading corporation (2-4), religious congregation + (4-5), and proprietary system (5-6). + _b._ Government of the colonies (48-53). + _c._ Formation of the first state constitutions (108-110). + _d._ The admission of new states (_see_ Index under each + state). + _e._ Influence of Jacksonian Democracy (238-247). + _f._ Growth of manhood suffrage (238-244). + _g._ Nullification and state sovereignty (180-182, 251-257). + _h._ The doctrine of secession (345-346). + _i._ Effects of the Civil War on position of states (366, + 369-375). + _j._ Political reform--direct government--initiative, + referendum, and recall (540-544). + 2. Origin and growth of national government. + _a._ British imperial control over the colonies (64-72). + _b._ Attempts at intercolonial union--New England + Confederation, Albany plan (61-62). + _c._ The Stamp Act Congress (85-86). + _d._ The Continental Congresses (99-101). + _e._ The Articles of Confederation (110-111, 139-143). + _f._ The formation of the federal Constitution (143-160). + _g._ Development of the federal Constitution. + (1) Amendments 1-11--rights of persons and states (163). + (2) Twelfth amendment--election of President (184, note). + (3) Amendments 13-15--Civil War settlement (358, 366, 369, + 370, 374, 375). + (4) Sixteenth amendment--income tax (528-529). + (5) Seventeenth amendment--election of Senators (541-542). + (6) Eighteenth amendment--prohibition (591-592). + (7) Nineteenth amendment--woman suffrage (563-568). + 3. Development of the suffrage. + _a._ Colonial restrictions (51-52). + _b._ Provisions of the first state constitutions + (110, 238-240). + _c._ Position under federal Constitution of 1787 (149). + _d._ Extension of manhood suffrage (241-244). + _e._ Extension and limitation of negro suffrage (373-375, + 382-387). + _f._ Woman suffrage (560-568). + II. Relation of government to economic and social welfare. + 1. Debt and currency. + _a._ Colonial paper money (80). + _b._ Revolutionary currency and debt (125-127). + _c._ Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140-141). + _d._ Powers of Congress under the Constitution to coin money + (_see_ Constitution in the Appendix). + _e._ First United States bank notes (167). + _f._ Second United States bank notes (257). + _g._ State bank notes (258). + _h._ Civil War greenbacks and specie payment (352-353, 454). + _i._ The Civil War debt (252). + _j._ Notes of National Banks under act of 1864 (369). + _k._ Demonetization of silver and silver legislation + (452-458). + _l._ The gold standard (472). + _m._ The federal reserve notes (589). + _n._ Liberty bonds (606). + 2. Banking systems. + _a._ The first United States bank (167). + _b._ The second United States bank--origin and destruction + (203, 257-259). + _c._ United States treasury system (263). + _d._ State banks (258). + _e._ The national banking system of 1864 (369). + _f._ Services of banks (407-409). + _g._ Federal reserve system (589). + 3. The tariff. + _a._ British colonial system (69-72). + _b._ Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140). + _c._ The first tariff under the Constitution (150, 167-168). + _d._ Development of the tariff, 1816-1832 (252-254). + _f._ Tariff and nullification (254-256). + _g._ Development to the Civil War--attitude of South and West + (264, 309-314, 357). + _h._ Republicans and Civil War tariffs (352, 367). + _i._ Revival of the tariff controversy under Cleveland (422). + _j._ Tariff legislation after 1890--McKinley bill (422), + Wilson bill (459), Dingley bill (472), Payne-Aldrich bill + (528), Underwood bill (588). + 4. Foreign and domestic commerce and transportation + (_see_ Tariff, Immigration, and Foreign Relations). + _a._ British imperial regulations (69-72). + _b._ Confusion under Articles of Confederation (140). + _c._ Provisions of federal Constitution (150). + _d._ Internal improvements--aid to roads, canals, etc. + (230-236). + _e._ Aid to railways (403). + _f._ Service of railways (402). + _g._ Regulation of railways (460-461, 547-548). + _h._ Control of trusts and corporations (461-462, 589-590). + 5. Land and natural resources. + _a._ British control over lands (80). + _b._ Early federal land measures (219-221). + _c._ The Homestead act (368, 432-445). + _d._ Irrigation and reclamation (434-436, 523-525). + _e._ Conservation of natural resources (523-526). + 6. Legislation advancing human rights and general welfare + (_see_ Suffrage). + _a._ Abolition of slavery: civil and political rights of + negroes (357-358, 373-375). + _b._ Extension of civil and political rights to women + (554-568). + _c._ Legislation relative to labor conditions (549-551, + 579-581, 590-591). + _d._ Control of public utilities (547-549). + _e._ Social reform and the war on poverty (549-551). + _f._ Taxation and equality of opportunity (551-552). + +=Political Parties and Political Issues= + + I. The Federalists _versus_ the Anti-Federalists [Jeffersonian + Republicans] from about 1790 to about 1816 (168-208, 201-203). + 1. Federalist leaders: Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall, + Robert Morris. + 2. Anti-Federalist leaders: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe. + 3. Issues: funding the debt, assumption of state debts, first + United States bank, taxation, tariff, strong central + government _versus_ states' rights, and the Alien and + Sedition acts. + II. Era of "Good Feeling" from about 1816 to about 1824, a period + of no organized party opposition (248). + III. The Democrats [former Jeffersonian Republicans] _versus_ the + Whigs [or National Republicans] from about 1832 to 1856 + (238-265, 276-290, 324-334). + 1. Democratic leaders: Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Benton. + + 2. Whig leaders: Webster and Clay. + 3. Issues: second United States bank, tariff, nullification, + Texas, internal improvements, and disposition of Western + lands. + IV. The Democrats _versus_ the Republicans from about 1856 to the + present time (334-377, 388-389, 412-422, 451-475, 489-534, + 588-620). + 1. Democratic leaders: Jefferson Davis, Tilden, Cleveland, + Bryan, and Wilson. + 2. Republican leaders: Lincoln, Blaine, McKinley, Roosevelt. + 3. Issues: Civil War and reconstruction, currency, tariff, + taxation, trusts, railways, foreign policies, imperialism, + labor questions, and policies with regard to land and + conservation. + V. Minor political parties. + 1. Before the Civil War: Free Soil (319) and Labor Parties + (306-307). + 2. Since the Civil War: Greenback (463-464), Populist (464), + Liberal Republican (420), Socialistic (577-579), Progressive + (531-534, 602-603). + +=The Economic Development of the United States= + + I. The land and natural resources. + 1. The colonial land system: freehold, plantation, and manor + (20-25). + 2. Development of the freehold in the West (220-221, 228-230). + 3. The Homestead act and its results (368, 432-433). + 4. The cattle range and cowboy (431-432). + 5. Disappearance of free land (443-445). + 6. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436). + 7. Movement for the conservation of resources (523-526). + II. Industry. + 1. The rise of local and domestic industries (28-32). + 2. British restrictions on American enterprise (67-69, 70-72). + 3. Protective tariffs (see above, 648-649). + 4. Development of industry previous to the Civil War (295-307). + 5. Great progress of industry after the war (401-406). + 6. Rise and growth of trusts and combinations (406-412, + 472-474). + III. Commerce and transportation. + 1. Extent of colonial trade and commerce (32-35). + 2. British regulation (69-70). + 3. Effects of the Revolution and the Constitution + (139-140, 154). + 4. Growth of American shipping (195-196). + 5. Waterways and canals (230-236). + 6. Rise and extension of the railway system (298-300). + 7. Growth of American foreign trade (445-449). + IV. Rise of organized labor. + 1. Early phases before the Civil War: local unions, city + federations, and national unions in specific trades + (304-307). + 2. The National Trade Union, 1866-1872 (574-575). + 3. The Knights of Labor (575-576). + 4. The American Federation of Labor (573-574). + _a._ Policies of the Federation (576-577). + _b._ Relations to politics (579-581). + _c._ Contests with socialists and radicals (577-579). + _d._ Problems of immigration (582-585). + 5. The relations of capital and labor. + _a._ The corporation and labor (410, 570-571). + _b._ Company unions and profit-sharing (571-572). + _c._ Welfare work (573). + _d._ Strikes (465, 526, 580-581). + _e._ Arbitration (581-582). + +=American Foreign Relations= + + I. Colonial period. + 1. Indian relations (57-59). + 2. French relations (59-61). + II. Period of conflict and independence. + 1. Relations with Great Britain (77-108, 116-125, 132-135). + 2. Establishment of connections with European powers (128). + 3. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130). + 4. Assistance of Holland and Spain (130). + III. Relations with Great Britain since 1783. + 1. Commercial settlement in Jay treaty of 1794 (177-178). + 2. Questions arising out of European wars [1793-1801] + (176-177, 180). + 3. Blockade and embargo problems (193-199). + 4. War of 1812 (199-201). + 5. Monroe Doctrine and Holy Alliance (205-207). + 6. Maine boundary--Webster-Ashburton treaty (265). + 7. Oregon boundary (284-286). + 8. Attitude of Great Britain during Civil War (354-355). + 9. Arbitration of _Alabama_ claims (480-481). + 10. The Samoan question (481-482) + 11. The Venezuelan question (482-484). + 12. British policy during Spanish-American War (496-497). + 13. Controversy over blockade, 1914-1917 (598-600). + 14. The World War (603-620). + IV. Relations with France. + 1. The colonial wars (59-61). + 2. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130). + 3. Controversies over the French Revolution (128-130). + 4. Commercial questions arising out of the European wars + (176-177, 180, 193-199). + 5. Attitude of Napoleon III toward the Civil War (354-355). + 6. The Mexican entanglement (478-479). + 7. The World War (596-620). + V. Relations with Germany. + 1. Negotiations with Frederick, king of Prussia (128). + 2. The Samoan controversy (481-482). + 3. Spanish-American War (491). + 4. The Venezuelan controversy (512). + 5. The World War (596-620). + VI. Relations with the Orient. + 1. Early trading connections (486-487). + 2. The opening of China (447). + 3. The opening of Japan (448). + 4. The Boxer rebellion and the "open door" policy (499-502). + 5. Roosevelt and the close of the Russo-Japanese War (511). + 6. The Oriental immigration question (583-584). + VII. The United States and Latin America. + 1. Mexican relations. + _a._ Mexican independence and the Monroe Doctrine (205-207). + _b._ Mexico and French intervention--policy of the United + States (478-479). + _c._ The overthrow of Diaz (1911) and recent questions + (594-596). + 2. Cuban relations. + _a._ Slavery and the "Ostend Manifesto" (485-486). + _b._ The revolutionary period, 1867-1877 (487). + _c._ The revival of revolution (487-491). + _d._ American intervention and the Spanish War (491-496). + _e._ The Platt amendment and American protection (518-519). + 3. Caribbean and other relations. + _a._ Acquisition of Porto Rico (493). + _b._ The acquisition of the Panama Canal strip (508-510). + _c._ Purchase of Danish West Indies (593). + _d._ Venezuelan controversies (482-484, 512). + _e._ Extension of protectorate over Haiti, Santo Domingo, + and Nicaragua (513-514, 592-594). + + + + +INDEX + + +Abolition, 318, 331 + +Adams, Abigail, 556 + +Adams, John, 97, 128, 179ff. + +Adams, J.Q., 247, 319 + +Adams, Samuel, 90, 99, 108 + +Adamson law, 590 + +Aguinaldo, 497 + +Alabama, admission, 227 + +_Alabama_ claims, 480 + +Alamance, battle, 92 + +Alamo, 280 + +Alaska, purchase, 479 + +Albany, plan of union, 62 + +Algonquins, 57 + +Alien law, 180 + +Amendment, method of, 156 + +Amendments to federal Constitution: first eleven, 163 + twelfth, 184, note + thirteenth, 358 + fourteenth, 366, 369, 387 + fifteenth, 358 + sixteenth, 528 + seventeenth, 542 + eighteenth, 591 + nineteenth, 563ff. + +American expeditionary force, 610 + +American Federation of Labor, 573, 608 + +Americanization, 585 + +Amnesty, for Confederates, 383 + +Andros, 65 + +Annapolis, convention, 144 + +Antietam, 357 + +Anti-Federalists, 169 + +Anti-slavery. _See_ Abolition + +Anthony, Susan, 564 + +Appomattox, 363 + +Arbitration: international, 480, 514, 617 + labor disputes, 582 + +Arizona, admission, 443 + +Arkansas, admission, 272 + +Arnold, Benedict, 114, 120 + +Articles of Confederation, 110, 139ff., 146 + +Ashburton, treaty, 265 + +Assembly, colonial, 49ff., 89ff. + +Assumption, 164ff. + +Atlanta, 361 + +Australian ballot, 540 + + +Bacon, Nathaniel, 58 + +Ballot: Australian, 540 + short, 544 + +Baltimore, Lord, 6 + +Bank: first U.S., 167 + second, 203, 257ff. + +Banking system: state, 300 + U.S. national, 369 + services of, 407 + _See also_ Federal reserve + +Barry, John, 118 + +Bastille, 172 + +Bell, John, 341 + +Belleau Wood, 611 + +Berlin decree, 194 + +Blockade: by England and France, 193ff. + Southern ports, 353 + law and practice in 1914, 598ff. + +Bond servants, 13ff. + +Boone, Daniel, 28, 218 + +Boston: massacre, 91 + evacuation, 116 + port bill, 94 + +Bowdoin, Governor, 142 + +Boxer rebellion, 499 + +Brandywine, 129 + +Breckinridge, J.C., 340 + +Bright, John, 355 + +Brown, John, 338 + +Brown University, 45 + +Bryan, W.J., 468ff., 495, 502, 503, 527 + +Buchanan, James, 335, 368 + +Budget system, 529 + +Bull Run, 350 + +Bunker Hill, 102 + +Burgoyne, General, 116, 118, 130 + +Burke, Edmund, 87, 96ff., 132, 175 + +Burr, Aaron, 183, 231 + +Business. _See_ Industry + + +Calhoun, J.C., 198ff., 203, 208, 281, 321, 328 + +California, 286ff. + +Canada, 61, 114, 530 + +Canals, 233, 298, 508 + +Canning, British premier, 206 + +Cannon, J.G., 530 + +Cantigny, 611 + +Caribbean, 479 + +Carpet baggers, 373 + +Cattle ranger, 431ff. + +Caucus, 245 + +Censorship. _See_ Newspapers + +Charles I, 3 + +Charles II, 65 + +Charleston, 36, 116 + +Charters, colonial, 2ff., 41 + +Chase, Justice, 187 + +Chateau-Thierry, 611 + +Checks and balances, 153 + +_Chesapeake_, the, 195 + +Chickamauga, 361 + +Child labor law, 591 + +China, 447, 499ff. + +Chinese labor, 583 + +Churches, colonial, 39ff., 42, 43 + +Cities, 35, 36, 300ff., 395, 410, 544 + +City manager plan, 545 + +Civil liberty, 358ff., 561 + +Civil service, 419, 536, 538ff. + +Clarendon, Lord, 6 + +Clark, G.R., 116, 218 + +Clay, Henry, 198, 203, 248, 261, 328 + +Clayton anti-trust act, 489 + +Clergy. _See_ Churches + +Cleveland, Grover, 421, 465, 482, 484, 489, 582 + +Clinton, Sir Henry, 119 + +Colorado, admission, 441 + +Combination. _See_ Trusts + +Commerce, colonial, 33ff. + disorders after 1781, 140 + Constitutional provisions on, 154 + Napoleonic wars, 176, 193ff. + domestic growth of, 307 + congressional regulation of, 460ff., 547 + _See also_ Trusts and Railways + +Commission government, 544 + +Committees of correspondence, 108 + +_Commonsense_, pamphlet, 103 + +Communism, colonial, 20f. + +Company, trading, 2f. + +Compromises: of Constitution, 148, 150, 151 + Missouri, 325, 332 + of 1850, 328ff. + Crittenden, 350 + +Conciliation, with England, 131 + +Concord, battle, 100 + +Confederacy, Southern, 346ff. + +Confederation: New England, 61f. + _See also_ Articles of + +Congregation, religious, 4 + +Congress: stamp act, 85 + continental, 99ff. + under Articles, 139f. + under Constitution, 152 + powers of, 153 + +Connecticut: founded, 4ff. + self-government, 49 + _See also_ Suffrage + constitutions, state + +Conservation, 523ff. + +Constitution: formation of, 143ff. + _See also_ Amendment + +_Constitution_, the, 200 + +Constitutions, state, 109ff., 238ff., 385ff. + +Constitutional union party, 340 + +Contract labor law, 584 + +Convention: 1787, 144ff. + nominating, 405 + +Convicts, colonial, 15 + +Conway Cabal, 120 + +Cornwallis, General, 116, 119, 131 + +Corporation and labor, 571. _See also_ Trusts + +Cotton. _See_ Planting system + +Cowboy, 431ff. + +Cowpens, battle, 116 + +Cox, J.M., 619 + +_Crisis, The_, pamphlet, 115 + +Crittenden Compromise, 350 + +Cuba, 485ff., 518 + +Cumberland Gap, 223 + +Currency. _See_ Banking + + +Danish West Indies, purchased, 593 + +Dartmouth College, 45 + +Daughters of liberty, 84 + +Davis, Jefferson, 346ff. + +Deane, Silas, 128 + +Debs, E.V., 465, 534 + +Debt, national, 164ff. + +Decatur, Commodore, 477 + +Declaration of Independence, 101ff. + +Defense, national, 154 + +De Kalb, 121 + +Delaware, 3, 49 + +De Lome affair, 490 + +Democratic party, name assumed, 260 + _See also_ Anti-Federalists + +Dewey, Admiral, 492 + +Diplomacy: of the Revolution, 127ff. + Civil War, 354 + +Domestic industry, 28 + +Donelson, Fort, 361 + +Dorr Rebellion, 243 + +Douglas, Stephen A., 333, 337, 368 + +Draft: Civil War, 351 + World War, 605 + +Draft riots, 351 + +Dred Scott case, 335, 338 + +Drug act, 523 + +Duquesne, Fort, 60 + +Dutch, 3, 12 + + +East India Company, 93 + +Education, 43ff., 557, 591 + +Electors, popular election of, 245 + +Elkins law, 547 + +Emancipation, 357ff. + +Embargo acts, 186ff. + +England: Colonial policy of, 64ff. + Revolutionary War, 99ff. + Jay treaty, 177 + War of 1812, 198ff. + Monroe Doctrine, 206 + Ashburton treaty, 265 + Civil War, 354 + _Alabama_ claims, 480 + Samoa, 481 + Venezuela question, 482 + Spanish War, 496 + World War, 596ff. + +Erie Canal, 233 + +Esch-Cummins bill, 582 + +Espionage act, 607 + +Excess profits tax, 606 + +Executive, federal, plans for, 151 + +Expunging resolution, 260 + + +Farm loan act, 589 + +Federal reserve act, 589 + +Federal trade commission, 590 + +_Federalist_, the, 158 + +Federalists, 168ff., 201ff. + +Feudal elements in colonies, 21f. + +Filipino revolt. _See_ Philippines + +Fillmore, President, 485 + +Finances: colonial, 64 + revolutionary, 125ff. + disorders, 140 + Civil War, 347, 352ff. + World War, 606 + _See also_ Banking + +Fishing industry, 31 + +Fleet, world tour, 515 + +Florida, 134, 204 + +Foch, General, 611 + +Food and fuel law, 607 + +Force bills, 384 ff., 375 + +Forests, national, 525ff. + +Fourteen points, 605 + +Fox, C.J., 132 + +France: colonization, 59ff. + French and Indian War, 60ff. + American Revolution, 116, 123, 128ff. + French Revolution, 165ff. + Quarrel with, 180 + Napoleonic wars, 193ff. + Louisiana purchase, 190 + French Revolution of 1830, 266 + Civil War, 354 + Mexican affair, 478 + World War, 596ff. + +Franchises, utility, 548 + +Franklin, Benjamin, 45, 62, 82, 86, 128, 134 + +Freedmen. _See_ Negro + +Freehold. _See_ Land + +Free-soil party, 319 + +Fremont, J.C., 288, 334 + +French. _See_ France + +Friends, the, 5 + +Frontier. _See_ Land + +Fugitive slave act, 329 + +Fulton, Robert, 231, 234 + +Fundamental articles, 5 + +Fundamental orders, 5 + + +Gage, General, 95, 100 + +Garfield, President, 416 + +Garrison, William Lloyd, 318 + +_Gaspee_, the, 92 + +Gates, General, 116, 120, 131 + +Genet, 177 + +George I, 66 + +George II, 4, 66, 82 + +George III, 77ff. + +Georgia: founded, 4 + royal province, 49 + state constitution, 109 + _See also_ Secession + +Germans: colonial immigration, 9ff. + in Revolutionary War, 102ff. + later immigration, 303 + +Germany: Samoa, 481 + Venezuela affair, 512 + World War, 596f. + +Gerry, Elbridge, 148 + +Gettysburg, 362 + +Gibbon, Edward, 133 + +Gold: discovery, 288 + standard, 466, 472 + +Gompers, Samuel, 573, 608 + +Governor, royal, 49ff. + +Grandfather clause, 386f. + +Grangers, 460ff. + +Grant, General, 361, 416, 480, 487 + +Great Britain. _See_ England + +Greeley, Horace, 420 + +Greenbacks, 454ff. + +Greenbackers, 462ff. + +Greene, General, 117, 120 + +Grenville, 79ff. + +Guilford, battle, 117 + + +Habeas corpus, 358 + +Hague conferences, 514 + +Haiti, 593 + +Hamilton, Alexander, 95, 143, 158, 162, 168ff., 231 + +Harding, W.G., 389, 619 + +Harlem Heights, battle, 114 + +Harper's Ferry, 339 + +Harrison, Benjamin, 422, 484 + +Harrison, W.H., 198, 263f. + +Hartford convention, 201ff., 238 + +Harvard, 44 + +Hawaii, 484f. + +Hay, John, 477, 500ff. + +Hayne, Robert, 256 + +Hays, President, 416f. + +Henry, Patrick, 85 + +Hepburn act, 523 + +Hill, James J., 429 + +Holland, 130 + +Holy Alliance, 205 + +Homestead act, 368, 432 + +Hooker, Thomas, 5 + +Houston, Sam, 279ff. + +Howe, General, 118 + +Hughes, Charles E., 602 + +Huguenots, 10 + +Hume, David, 132 + +Hutchinson, Anne, 5 + + +Idaho, admission, 442 + +Income tax, 459, 466, 528, 588, 606 + +Inheritance tax, 606 + +Illinois, admission, 226 + +Illiteracy, 585 + +Immigration: colonial, 1-17 + before Civil War, 302, 367 + after Civil War, 410ff. + problems of, 582ff. + +Imperialism, 494ff., 498f., 502ff. + +Implied powers, 212 + +Impressment of seamen, 194 + +Indentured servants, 13f. + +Independence, Declaration of, 107 + +Indiana, admission, 226 + +Indians, 57ff., 81, 431 + +Industry: colonial, 28ff. + growth of, 296ff. + during Civil War, 366 + after 1865, 390ff., 401ff., 436ff., 559 + _See also_ Trusts + +Initiative, the, 543 + +Injunction, 465, 580 + +Internal improvements, 260, 368 + +Interstate commerce act, 461, 529 + +Intolerable acts, 93 + +Invisible government, 537 + +Iowa, admission, 275 + +Irish, 11, 302 + +Iron. _See_ Industry + +Irrigation, 434ff., 523ff. + + +Jackson, Andrew, 201, 204, 246, 280 + +Jacobins, 174 + +James I, 3 + +James II, 65 + +Jamestown, 3, 21 + +Japan, relations with, 447, 511, 583 + +Jay, John, 128, 158, 177 + +Jefferson, Thomas: Declaration of Independence, 107 + Secretary of State, 162ff. + political leader, 169 + as President, 183ff. + Monroe Doctrine, 206, 231 + +Jews, migration of, 11 + +Johnson, Andrew, 365, 368, 371f. + +Johnson, Samuel, 132 + +Joliet, 59 + +Jones, John Paul, 118 + +Judiciary: British system, 67 + federal, 152 + + +Kansas, admission, 441 + +Kansas-Nebraska bill, 333 + +Kentucky: admission, 224 + Resolutions, 182 + +King George's War, 59 + +King Philip's War, 57 + +King William's War, 59 + +King's College (Columbia), 45 + +Knights of Labor, 575ff. + +Kosciusko, 121 + +Ku Klux Klan, 382 + + +Labor: rise of organized, 304 + parties, 462ff. + question, 521 + American Federation, 573ff. + legislation, 590 + World War, 608ff. + +Lafayette, 121 + +La Follette, Senator, 531 + +Land: tenure 20ff. + sales restricted, 80 + Western survey, 219 + federal sales policy, 220 + Western tenure, 228 + disappearance of free, 445 + new problems, 449 + _See also_ Homestead act + +La Salle, 59 + +Lawrence, Captain, 200 + +League of Nations, 616ff. + +Le Boeuf, Fort, 59 + +Lee, General Charles, 131 + +Lee, R.E., 357 + +Lewis and Clark expedition, 193 + +Lexington, battle, 100 + +Liberal Republicans, 420 + +Liberty loan, 606 + +Lincoln: Mexican War, 282 + Douglas debates, 336f. + election, 341 + Civil War, 344ff. + reconstruction, 371 + +Literacy test, 585 + +Livingston, R.R., 191 + +Locke, John, 95 + +London Company, 3 + +Long Island, battle, 114 + +Lords of trade, 67ff. + +Louis XVI, 171ff. + +Louisiana: ceded to Spain, 61 + purchase, 190ff. + admission, 227 + +Loyalists. _See_ Tories + +_Lusitania_, the, 601ff. + + +McClellan, General, 362, 365 + +McCulloch _vs._ Maryland, 211 + +McKinley, William, 422, 467ff., 489ff. + +Macaulay, Catherine, 132 + +Madison, James, 158, 197ff. + +Maine, 325 + +_Maine_, the, 490 + +Manila Bay, battle, 492 + +Manors, colonial, 22 + +Manufactures. _See_ Industry + +Marbury _vs._ Madison, 209 + +Marietta, 220 + +Marion, Francis, 117, 120 + +Marquette, 59 + +Marshall, John, 208ff. + +Martineau, Harriet, 267 + +Maryland, founded, 6, 49, 109, 239, 242 + +Massachusetts: founded, 3ff. + _See also_ Immigration, Royal province, Industry, Revolutionary War, + Constitutions, state, Suffrage, Commerce, and Industry + +Massachusetts Bay Company, 3 + founded, 3ff. + _See also_ Immigration, Royal province + +_Mayflower_ compact, 4 + +Mercantile theory, 69 + +Merchants. _See_ Commerce + +_Merrimac_, the, 353 + +Meuse-Argonne, battle, 612 + +Mexico: and Texas, 278ff. + later relations, 594f. + +Michigan, admission, 273 + +Midnight appointees, 187 + +Milan Decree, 194 + +Militia, Revolutionary War, 122 + +Minimum wages, 551 + +Minnesota, admission, 275 + +Mississippi River, and West, 189f. + +Missouri Compromise, 207, 227, 271, 325, 332 + +Molasses act, 71 + +Money, paper, 80, 126, 155, 369 + +_Monitor_, the, 353 + +Monroe, James, 204ff., 191 + +Monroe Doctrine, 205, 512 + +Montana, admission, 442 + +Montgomery, General, 114 + +Morris, Robert, 127 + +Mothers' pensions, 551 + +Mohawks, 57 + +Muckraking, 536f. + +Mugwumps, 420 + +Municipal ownership, 549 + + +Napoleon I, 190 + +Napoleon III: Civil War, 354f. + Mexico, 477 + +National Labor Union, 574 + +National road, 232 + +Nationalism, colonial, 56ff. + +Natural rights, 95 + +Navigation acts, 69 + +Navy: in Revolution, 188 + War of 1812, 195 + Civil War, 353 + World War, 610. + _See also_ Sea Power + +Nebraska, admission, 441 + +Negro: Civil rights, 370ff. + in agriculture, 393ff. + status of, 396ff. + _See also_ Slavery + +New England: colonial times, 6ff., 35, 40ff. + _See also_ Industry, Suffrage, Commerce, and Wars + +New Hampshire: founded, 4ff. + _See also_ Immigration, Royal province, Suffrage, and Constitutions, + state + +New Jersey, founded, 6. + _See also_ Immigration, Royal province, Suffrage, and + Constitutions, state + +Newlands, Senator, 524 + +New Mexico, admission, 443 + +New Orleans, 59, 190 + battle, 201 + +Newspapers, colonial, 46ff. + +New York: founded by Dutch, 3 + transferred to English, 49 + _See also_ Dutch, Immigration, Royal province, Commerce, Suffrage, + and Constitutions, state + +New York City, colonial, 36 + +Niagara, Fort, 59 + +Nicaragua protectorate, 594 + +Non-intercourse act, 196ff. + +Non-importation, 84ff., 99 + +North, Lord, 100, 131, 133 + +North Carolina: founded, 6. + _See also_ Royal province, Immigration, Suffrage, and Constitutions, + state + +North Dakota, admission, 442 + +Northwest Ordinance, 219 + +Nullification, 182, 251ff. + + +Oglethorpe, James, 3 + +Ohio, admission, 225 + +Oklahoma, admission, 443 + +Open door policy, 500 + +Oregon, 284ff. + +Ostend Manifesto, 486 + +Otis, James, 88, 95f. + + +Pacific, American influence, 447 + +Paine, Thomas, 103, 115, 175 + +Panama Canal, 508ff. + +Panics: 1837, 262 + 1857, 336 + 1873, 464 + 1893, 465 + +Parcel post, 529 + +Parker, A.B., 527 + +Parties: rise of, 168ff. + Federalists, 169ff. + Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonian Republicans), 169ff. + Democrats, 260 + Whigs, 260ff. + Republicans, 334ff. + Liberal Republicans, 420 + Constitutional union, 340 + minor parties, 462ff. + +Paterson, William, 196ff. + +Penn, William, 6 + +Pennsylvania: founded, 6 + _See also_ Penn, Germans, Immigration, Industry, Revolutionary War, + Constitutions, state, Suffrage + +Pennsylvania University, 45 + +Pensions, soldiers and sailors, 413, 607 + mothers', 551 + +Pequots, 57 + +Perry, O.H., 200 + +Pershing, General, 610 + +Philadelphia, 36, 116 + +Philippines, 492ff., 516ff., 592 + +Phillips, Wendell, 320 + +Pierce, Franklin, 295, 330 + +Pike, Z., 193, 287 + +Pilgrims, 4 + +Pinckney, Charles, 148 + +Pitt, William, 61, 79, 87, 132 + +Planting system, 22f., 25, 149, 389, 393ff. + +Plymouth, 4, 21 + +Polk, J.K., 265, 285f. + +Polygamy, 290f. + +Populist party, 464 + +Porto Rico, 515, 592 + +Postal savings bank, 529 + +Preble, Commodore, 196 + +Press. _See_ Newspapers + +Primary, direct, 541 + +Princeton, battle, 129 + University, 45 + +Profit sharing, 572 + +Progressive party, 531f. + +Prohibition, 591f. + +Proprietary colonies, 3, 6 + +Provinces, royal, 49ff. + +Public service, 538ff. + +Pulaski, 121 + +Pullman strike, 465 + +Pure food act, 523 + +Puritans, 3, 7, 40ff. + + +Quakers, 6ff. + +Quartering act, 83 + +Quebec act, 94 + +Queen Anne's War, 59 + +Quit rents, 21f. + + +Radicals, 579 + +Railways, 298, 402, 425, 460ff., 547, 621 + +Randolph, Edmund, 146, 147, 162 + +Ratification, of Constitution, 156ff. + +Recall, 543 + +Reclamation, 523ff. + +Reconstruction, 370ff. + +Referendum, the, 543 + +Reign of terror, 174 + +Republicans: Jeffersonian, 179 + rise of present party, 334ff. + supremacy of, 412ff. + _See also_ McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft + +Resumption, 454 + +Revolution: American, 99ff. + French, 171ff. + Russian, 619 + +Rhode Island: founded, 4ff. + self-government, 49 + _See also_ Suffrage + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 492, 500ff., 531, 570 + +Royal province, 49ff. + +Russia, 205, 207, 355, 479, 619 + +Russo-Japanese War, 511f. + + +Saint Mihiel, 612 + +Samoa, 481 + +San Jacinto, 280 + +Santa Fe trail, 287 + +Santo Domingo, 480, 513, 592 + +Saratoga, battle, 116, 130 + +Savannah, 116, 131 + +Scandinavians, 278 + +Schools. _See_ Education + +Scott, General, 283, 330 + +Scotch-Irish, 7ff. + +Seamen's act, 590 + +Sea power: American Revolution, 118 + Napoleonic wars, 193ff. + Civil War, 353 + Caribbean, 593 + Pacific, 447 + World War, 610ff. + +Secession, 344ff. + +Sedition: act of 1798, 180ff., 187 + of 1918, 608 + +Senators, popular election, 527, 541ff. + +Seven Years' War, 60ff. + +Sevier, John, 218 + +Seward, W.H., 322, 342 + +Shafter, General, 492 + +Shays's rebellion, 142 + +Sherman, General, 361 + +Sherman: anti-trust law, 461 + silver act, 458 + +Shiloh, 361 + +Shipping. _See_ Commerce + +Shipping act, 607 + +Silver, free, 455ff. + +Slavery: colonial, 16f. + trade, 150 + in Northwest, 219 + decline in North, 316f. + growth in South, 320ff. + and the Constitution, 324 + and territories, 325ff. + compromises, 350 + abolished, 357ff. + +Smith, Joseph, 290 + +Socialism, 577ff. + +Solid South, 388 + +Solomon, Hayn, 126 + +Sons of liberty, 82 + +South: economic and political views, 309ff. + _See also_ Slavery and Planting system, and Reconstruction + +South Carolina: founded, 6 + nullification, 253ff. + _See also_ Constitutions, state, Suffrage, Slavery, and Secession + +South Dakota, 442 + +Spain: and Revolution, 130 + Louisiana, 190 + Monroe Doctrine, 205 + Spanish War, 490ff. + +Spoils system, 244, 250, 418, 536ff. + +Stamp act, 82ff. + +Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 564 + +States: disorders under Articles of Confederation, 141 + constitutions, federal limits on, 155 + position after Civil War, 366ff. + _See also_ Suffrage, Nullification, and Secession + +Steamboat, 234 + +Stowe, H.B., 332 + +Strikes: of 1877, 581 + Pullman, 581 + coal, 526 + _See also_ Labor + +Submarine campaign, 600ff. + +Suffrage: colonial, 42, 51 + first state constitutions, 239 + White manhood, 242 + Negro, 374ff., 385f. + Woman, 110, 562ff. + +Sugar act, 81 + +Sumner, Charles, 319 + +Sumter, Fort, 350 + +Swedes, 3, 13 + + +Taft, W.H., 527ff. + +Tammany Hall, 306, 418 + +Taney, Chief Justice, 357 + +Tariff: first, 167 + of 1816, 203 + development of, 251ff. + abominations, 249, 253 + nullification, 251 + of 1842, 264 + Southern views of, 309ff. + of 1857, 337 + Civil War, 367 + Wilson bill, 459 + McKinley bill, 422 + Dingley bill, 472 + Payne-Aldrich, 528 + Underwood, 588 + +Taxation: and representation, 149 + and Constitution, 154 + Civil War, 353 + and wealth, 522, 551 + and World War, 606 + +Tea act, 88 + +Tea party, 92 + +Tenement house reform, 549 + +Tennessee, 28, 224 + +Territories, Northwest, 219 + South of the Ohio, 219 + _See also_ Slavery and Compromise + +Texas, 278ff. + +Tippecanoe, battle, 198 + +Tocqueville, 267 + +Toleration, religious, 42 + +Tories, colonial, 84 + in Revolution, 112 + +Townshend acts, 80, 87 + +Trade, colonial, 70 + legislation, 70. _See_ Commerce + +Transylvania company, 28 + +Treasury, independent, 263 + +Treaties, of 1763, 61 + alliance with France, 177 + of 1783 with England, 134 + Jay, 177, 218 + Louisiana purchase, 191f. + of 1815, 201 + Ashburton, 265 + of 1848 with Mexico, 283 + Washington with England, 481 + with Spain, 492 + Versailles (1919), 612ff. + +Trenton, battle, 116 + +Trollope, Mrs., 268 + +Trusts, 405ff., 461, 472ff., 521, 526, 530 + +Tweed, W.M., 418 + +Tyler, President, 264ff., 281, 349 + + +"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 332 + +Union party, 365 + +Unions. _See_ Labor + +Utah, 290ff., 329, 442 + +Utilities, municipal, 548 + + +Vallandigham, 360 + +Valley Forge, 116, 129 + +Van Buren, Martin, 262 + +Venango, Fort, 59 + +Venezuela, 482ff., 512 + +Vermont, 223 + +Vicksburg, 361 + +Virginia: founded, 3. + _See also_ Royal province, Constitutions, state, Planting system, + Slavery, Secession, and Immigration + + +Walpole, Sir Robert, 66 + +Wars: colonial, 57ff. + Revolutionary, 99ff. + of 1812, 199ff. + Mexican, 282ff. + Civil, 344ff. + Spanish, 490ff. + World, 596ff. + +Washington: warns French, 60 + in French war, 63 + commander-in-chief, 101ff. + and movement for Constitution, 142ff. + as President, 166ff. + Farewell Address, 178 + +Washington City, 166 + +Washington State, 442 + +Webster, 256, 265, 328 + +Welfare work, 573 + +Whigs: English, 78 + colonial, 83 + rise of party, 260ff., 334, 340 + +Whisky Rebellion, 171 + +White Camelia, 382 + +White Plains, battle, 114 + +Whitman, Marcus, 284 + +William and Mary College, 45 + +Williams, Roger, 5, 42 + +Wilmot Proviso, 326 + +Wilson, James, 147 + +Wilson, Woodrow, election, 533f. + administrations, 588ff. + +Winthrop, John, 3 + +Wisconsin, admission, 274 + +Witchcraft, 41 + +Wollstonecraft, Mary, 556 + +Women: colonial, 28 + Revolutionary War, 124 + labor, 305 + education and civil rights, 554ff. + suffrage, 562ff. + +Workmen's compensation, 549 + +Writs of assistance, 88 + +Wyoming, admission, 442 + + +X, Y, Z affair, 180 + + +Yale, 44 + +Young, Brigham, 290 + + +Zenger, Peter, 48 + + * * * * * + +Printed in the United States of America. + + * * * * * + +[Transcriber's notes: + +Punctuation normalized in all _Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._ + +Superscripted letters are denoted with a caret. For example, G^O +WASHINGTON. + +Period added after Mass on verso page. Original read "Mass, U.S.A." + +Chapter I, page 19, period added to pp. 55-159 and pp. 242-244. + +Chapter IV, page 61 cooperation changed to cooperation twice to match +rest of text usage. Also on page 620. + +Chapter VI, page 121 changed maneuvered to manoevered. + +Chapter VIII, page 185, period added to "Vol." Original read "Vol III," + +Chapter X, page 219, changed coordinate to coordinate to reflect rest of +text usage. + +Chapter X, page 234, Italicized habeus corpus to match rest of text. + +Chapter XI, page 257 changed reestablished to reestablished to conform +to rest of text usage. + +Chapter XI, page 259 changed reelection to reelection + +Chapter XII, page 269 added period after "Vol" Vol. II + +Chapter XII, page 270. Title of work reads "_Selected Documents of +United States History, 1776-1761_". Research shows the document does +have this title. + +Chapter XV, page 351. changed "bout" to "about". "for only about" + +Chapter XVI, page 385. changed "provisons" to "provisions". + +Chapter XX, page 478. changed "aniversary" to "anniversary". + +Chapter XXIV, page 579 word "on" changed to "one" "five commissioners, +one of whom," + +Topical Syllabus. Missing periods added to normalize punctuation in +entries such as on page 648 (4) Sixteenth Amendment--income tax +(528-529). + +Appendix, page 631, comma changed to semi-colon on "bills of credit;" to +match rest of list. Also on "obligation of contracts;" + +Index, page 657, changed "Freesoil" to Free-soil to match rest of text +usage. + +Index, page 660, space removed from "396 ff." changed to "status of, +396ff." + +Index, Page 662, added comma to States: disorders under Articles of +Constitution, 141] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States +by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** + +***** This file should be named 16960-8.txt or 16960-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/9/6/16960/ + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, M and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.net/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.net + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. +Project Gutenberg's Manual of Surgery, by Alexis Thomson and Alexander Miles + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Manual of Surgery + Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. + +Author: Alexis Thomson and Alexander Miles + +Release Date: March 4, 2006 [EBook #17921] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF SURGERY *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Laura Wisewell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| | +| Transcriber's note: The original text used the apothecaries' | +| symbols here rendered as [ounce] and [dram]. The substitutions | +| used for other special characters, such as the oe ligature, are | +| standard. All the special characters are preserved in the UTF-8 | +| and HTML versions of this text. | +| | +| In addition, a number of printing errors have been corrected. | +| These are marked in the HTML version only. | +| | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS + + + + MANUAL OF SURGERY + + + + BY + + ALEXIS THOMSON, F.R.C.S.Ed. + _PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH_ + SURGEON EDINBURGH ROYAL INFIRMARY + + AND + + ALEXANDER MILES, F.R.C.S.Ed. + SURGEON EDINBURGH ROYAL INFIRMARY + + + VOLUME FIRST + GENERAL SURGERY + + + _SIXTH EDITION REVISED_ + _WITH 169 ILLUSTRATIONS_ + + + + LONDON + HENRY FROWDE and HODDER & STOUGHTON + THE _LANCET_ BUILDING + 1 & 2 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, W.C.2 + + + + + + + First Edition 1904 + Second Edition 1907 + Third Edition 1909 + Fourth Edition 1911 + " " Second Impression 1913 + Fifth Edition 1915 + " " Second Impression 1919 + Sixth Edition 1921 + + + + PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY + MORRISON AND GIBB LTD., EDINBURGH + + + + +PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION + + +Much has happened since this Manual was last revised, and many surgical +lessons have been learned in the hard school of war. Some may yet have +to be unlearned, and others have but little bearing on the problems +presented to the civilian surgeon. Save in its broadest principles, the +surgery of warfare is a thing apart from the general surgery of civil +life, and the exhaustive literature now available on every aspect of it +makes it unnecessary that it should receive detailed consideration in a +manual for students. In preparing this new edition, therefore, we have +endeavoured to incorporate only such additions to our knowledge and +resources as our experience leads us to believe will prove of permanent +value in civil practice. + +For the rest, the text has been revised, condensed, and in places +rearranged; a number of old illustrations have been discarded, and a +greater number of new ones added. Descriptions of operative procedures +have been omitted from the _Manual_, as they are to be found in the +companion volume on _Operative Surgery_, the third edition of which +appeared some months ago. + +We have retained the Basle anatomical nomenclature, as extended +experience has confirmed our preference for it. For the convenience of +readers who still employ the old terms, these are given in brackets +after the new. + +This edition of the _Manual_ appears in three volumes; the first being +devoted to General Surgery, the other two to Regional Surgery. This +arrangement has enabled us to deal in a more consecutive manner than +hitherto with the surgery of the Extremities, including Fractures and +Dislocations. + +We have once more to express our thanks to colleagues in the Edinburgh +School and to other friends for aiding us in providing new +illustrations, and for other valuable help, as well as to our publishers +for their generosity in the matter of illustrations. + +EDINBURGH, + _March_ 1921. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + CHAPTER I + REPAIR 1 + + CHAPTER II + CONDITIONS WHICH INTERFERE WITH REPAIR 17 + + CHAPTER III + INFLAMMATION 31 + + CHAPTER IV + SUPPURATION 45 + + CHAPTER V + ULCERATION AND ULCERS 68 + + CHAPTER VI + GANGRENE 86 + + CHAPTER VII + BACTERIAL AND OTHER WOUND INFECTIONS 107 + + CHAPTER VIII + TUBERCULOSIS 133 + + CHAPTER IX + SYPHILIS 146 + + CHAPTER X + TUMOURS 181 + + CHAPTER XI + INJURIES 218 + + CHAPTER XII + METHODS OF WOUND TREATMENT 241 + + CHAPTER XIII + CONSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS OF INJURIES 249 + + CHAPTER XIV + THE BLOOD VESSELS 258 + + CHAPTER XV + THE LYMPH VESSELS AND GLANDS 321 + + CHAPTER XVI + THE NERVES 342 + + CHAPTER XVII + SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES 376 + + CHAPTER XVIII + THE MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND TENDON SHEATHS 405 + + CHAPTER XIX + THE BURSAE 426 + + CHAPTER XX + DISEASES OF BONE 434 + + CHAPTER XXI + DISEASES OF JOINTS 501 + + INDEX 547 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + FIG. PAGE + + 1. Ulcer of Back of Hand grafted from Abdominal Wall 15 + + 2. Staphylococcus aureus in Pus from case of Osteomyelitis 25 + + 3. Streptococci in Pus from case of Diffuse Cellulitis 26 + + 4. Bacillus coli communis in Pus from Abdominal Abscess 27 + + 5. Fraenkel's Pneumococci in Pus from Empyema following 28 + Pneumonia + + 6. Passive Hyperaemia of Hand and Forearm induced by Bier's 37 + Bandage + + 7. Passive Hyperaemia of Finger induced by Klapp's Suction 38 + Bell + + 8. Passive Hyperaemia induced by Klapp's Suction Bell for 39 + Inflammation of Inguinal Gland + + 9. Diagram of various forms of Whitlow 56 + + 10. Charts of Acute Sapraemia 61 + + 11. Chart of Hectic Fever 62 + + 12. Chart of Septicaemia followed by Pyaemia 63 + + 13. Chart of Pyaemia following on Acute Osteomyelitis 65 + + 14. Leg Ulcers associated with Varicose Veins 71 + + 15. Perforating Ulcers of Sole of Foot 74 + + 16. Bazin's Disease in a girl aet. 16 75 + + 17. Syphilitic Ulcers in region of Knee 76 + + 18. Callous Ulcer showing thickened edges 78 + + 19. Tibia and Fibula, showing changes due to Chronic Ulcer of 80 + Leg + + 20. Senile Gangrene of the Foot 89 + + 21. Embolic Gangrene of Hand and Arm 92 + + 22. Gangrene of Terminal Phalanx of Index-Finger 100 + + 23. Cancrum Oris 103 + + 24. Acute Bed Sores over right Buttock 104 + + 25. Chart of Erysipelas occurring in a wound 108 + + 26. Bacillus of Tetanus 113 + + 27. Bacillus of Anthrax 120 + + 28. Malignant Pustule third day after infection 122 + + 29. Malignant Pustule fourteen days after infection 122 + + 30. Colony of Actinomyces 126 + + 31. Actinomycosis of Maxilla 128 + + 32. Mycetoma, or Madura Foot 130 + + 33. Tubercle bacilli 134 + + 34. Tuberculous Abscess in Lumbar Region 141 + + 35. Tuberculous Sinus injected through its opening in the 144 + Forearm with Bismuth Paste + + 36. Spirochaete pallida 147 + + 37. Spirochaeta refrigerans from scraping of Vagina 148 + + 38. Primary Lesion on Thumb, with Secondary Eruption on 154 + Forearm + + 39. Syphilitic Rupia 159 + + 40. Ulcerating Gumma of Lips 169 + + 41. Ulceration in inherited Syphilis 170 + + 42. Tertiary Syphilitic Ulceration in region of Knee and on 171 + both Thumbs + + 43. Facies of Inherited Syphilis 174 + + 44. Facies of Inherited Syphilis 175 + + 45. Subcutaneous Lipoma 185 + + 46. Pedunculated Lipoma of Buttock 186 + + 47. Diffuse Lipomatosis of Neck 187 + + 48. Zanthoma of Hands 188 + + 49. Zanthoma of Buttock 189 + + 50. Chondroma growing from Infra-Spinous Fossa of Scapula 190 + + 51. Chondroma of Metacarpal Bone of Thumb 190 + + 52. Cancellous Osteoma of Lower End of Femur 192 + + 53. Myeloma of Shaft of Humerus 195 + + 54. Fibro-myoma of Uterus 196 + + 55. Recurrent Sarcoma of Sciatic Nerve 198 + + 56. Sarcoma of Arm fungating 199 + + 57. Carcinoma of Breast 206 + + 58. Epithelioma of Lip 209 + + 59. Dermoid Cyst of Ovary 213 + + 60. Carpal Ganglion in a woman aet. 25 215 + + 61. Ganglion on lateral aspect of Knee 216 + + 62. Radiogram showing pellets embedded in Arm 228 + + 63. Cicatricial Contraction following Severe Burn 236 + + 64. Genealogical Tree of Haemophilic Family 278 + + 65. Radiogram showing calcareous degeneration of Arteries 284 + + 66. Varicose Vein with Thrombosis 289 + + 67. Extensive Varix of Internal Saphena System on Left Leg 291 + + 68. Mixed Naevus of Nose 296 + + 69. Cirsoid Aneurysm of Forehead 299 + + 70. Cirsoid Aneurysm of Orbit and Face 300 + + 71. Radiogram of Aneurysm of Aorta 303 + + 72. Sacculated Aneurysm of Abdominal Aorta 304 + + 73. Radiogram of Innominate Aneurysm after Treatment by 309 + Moore-Corradi method + + 74. Thoracic Aneurysm threatening to rupture 313 + + 75. Innominate Aneurysm in a woman 315 + + 76. Congenital Cystic Tumour or Hygroma of Axilla 328 + + 77. Tuberculous Cervical Gland with Abscess formation 331 + + 78. Mass of Tuberculous Glands removed from Axilla 333 + + 79. Tuberculous Axillary Glands 335 + + 80. Chronic Hodgkin's Disease in boy aet. 11 337 + + 81. Lymphadenoma in a woman aet. 44 338 + + 82. Lympho Sarcoma removed from Groin 339 + + 83. Cancerous Glands in Neck, secondary to Epithelioma of Lip 341 + + 84. Stump Neuromas of Sciatic Nerve 345 + + 85. Stump Neuromas, showing changes at ends of divided Nerves 354 + + 86. Diffuse Enlargement of Nerves in generalised 356 + Neuro-Fibromatosis + + 87. Plexiform Neuroma of small Sciatic Nerve 357 + + 88. Multiple Neuro-Fibromas of Skin (Molluscum fibrosum) 358 + + 89. Elephantiasis Neuromatosa in a woman aet. 28 359 + + 90. Drop-Wrist following Fracture of Shaft of Humerus 365 + + 91. To illustrate the Loss of Sensation produced by Division 367 + of the Median Nerve + + 92. To illustrate Loss of Sensation produced by Complete 368 + Division of Ulnar Nerve + + 93. Callosities and Corns on Sole of Foot 377 + + 94. Ulcerated Chilblains on Fingers 378 + + 95. Carbuncle on Back of Neck 381 + + 96. Tuberculous Elephantiasis 383 + + 97. Elephantiasis in a woman aet. 45 387 + + 98. Elephantiasis of Penis and Scrotum 388 + + 99. Multiple Sebaceous Cysts or Wens 390 + + 100. Sebaceous Horn growing from Auricle 392 + + 101. Paraffin Epithelioma 394 + + 102. Rodent Cancer of Inner Canthus 395 + + 103. Rodent Cancer with destruction of contents of Orbit 396 + + 104. Diffuse Melanotic Cancer of Lymphatics of Skin 398 + + 105. Melanotic Cancer of Forehead with Metastasis in Lymph 399 + Glands + + 106. Recurrent Keloid 401 + + 107. Subungual Exostosis 403 + + 108. Avulsion of Tendon 410 + + 109. Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture 414 + + 110. Ossification in Tendon of Ilio-psoas Muscle 417 + + 111. Radiogram of Calcification and Ossification in Biceps and 418 + Triceps + + 112. Ossification in Muscles of Trunk in generalised Ossifying 419 + Myositis + + 113. Hydrops of Prepatellar Bursa 427 + + 114. Section through Gouty Bursa 428 + + 115. Tuberculous Disease of Sub-Deltoid Bursa 429 + + 116. Great Enlargement of the Ischial Bursa 431 + + 117. Gouty Disease of Bursae 432 + + 118. Shaft of the Femur after Acute Osteomyelitis 444 + + 119. Femur and Tibia showing results of Acute Osteomyelitis 445 + + 120. Segment of Tibia resected for Brodie's Abscess 449 + + 121. Radiogram of Brodie's Abscess in Lower End of Tibia 451 + + 122. Sequestrum of Femur after Amputation 453 + + 123. New Periosteal Bone on Surface of Femur from Amputation 454 + Stump + + 124. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of Os Magnum 456 + + 125. Tuberculous Disease of Tibia 457 + + 126. Diffuse Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of Right Tibia 458 + + 127. Advanced Tuberculous Disease in Region of Ankle 459 + + 128. Tuberculous Dactylitis 460 + + 129. Shortening of Middle Finger of Adult, the result of 461 + Tuberculous Dactylitis in Childhood + + 130. Syphilitic Disease of Skull 463 + + 131. Syphilitic Hyperostosis and Sclerosis of Tibia 464 + + 132. Sabre-blade Deformity of Tibia 467 + + 133. Skeleton of Rickety Dwarf 470 + + 134. Changes in the Skull resulting from Ostitis Deformans 474 + + 135. Cadaver, illustrating the alterations in the Lower Limbs 475 + resulting from Ostitis Deformans + + 136. Osteomyelitis Fibrosa affecting Femora 476 + + 137. Radiogram of Upper End of Femur in Osteomyelitis Fibrosa 478 + + 138. Radiogram of Right Knee showing Multiple Exostoses 482 + + 139. Multiple Exostoses of Limbs 483 + + 140. Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses 484 + + 141. Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses 486 + + 142. Multiple Chondromas of Phalanges and Metacarpals 488 + + 143. Skiagram of Multiple Chondromas 489 + + 144. Multiple Chondromas in Hand 490 + + 145. Radiogram of Myeloma of Humerus 492 + + 146. Periosteal Sarcoma of Femur 493 + + 147. Periosteal Sarcoma of Humerus 493 + + 148. Chondro-Sarcoma of Scapula 494 + + 149. Central Sarcoma of Femur invading Knee Joint 495 + + 150. Osseous Shell of Osteo-Sarcoma of Femur 495 + + 151. Radiogram of Osteo-Sarcoma of Femur 496 + + 152. Radiogram of Chondro-Sarcoma of Humerus 497 + + 153. Epitheliomatus Ulcer of Leg invading Tibia 499 + + 154. Osseous Ankylosis of Femur and Tibia 503 + + 155. Osseous Ankylosis of Knee 504 + + 156. Caseating focus in Upper End of Fibula 513 + + 157. Arthritis Deformans of Elbow 525 + + 158. Arthritis Deformans of Knee 526 + + 159. Hypertrophied Fringes of Synovial Membrane of Knee 527 + + 160. Arthritis Deformans of Hands 529 + + 161. Arthritis Deformans of several Joints 530 + + 162. Bones of Knee in Charcot's Disease 533 + + 163. Charcot's Disease of Left Knee 534 + + 164. Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: front view 535 + + 165. Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: back view 536 + + 166. Radiogram of Multiple Loose Bodies in Knee-joint 540 + + 167. Loose Body from Knee-joint 541 + + 168. Multiple partially ossified Chondromas of Synovial 542 + Membrane from Shoulder-joint + + 169. Multiple Cartilaginous Loose Bodies from Knee-joint 543 + + + + +MANUAL OF SURGERY + + + + +CHAPTER I + +REPAIR + + +Introduction--Process of repair--Healing by primary union--Granulation + tissue--Cicatricial tissue--Modifications of process of + repair--Repair in individual tissues--Transplantation or grafting + of tissues--Conditions--Sources of grafts--Grafting of individual + tissues--Methods. + + +INTRODUCTION + +To prolong human life and to alleviate suffering are the ultimate +objects of scientific medicine. The two great branches of the healing +art--Medicine and Surgery--are so intimately related that it is +impossible to draw a hard-and-fast line between them, but for +convenience Surgery may be defined as "the art of treating lesions and +malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and +immediate." To apply his art intelligently and successfully, it is +essential that the surgeon should be conversant not only with the normal +anatomy and physiology of the body and with the various pathological +conditions to which it is liable, but also with the nature of the +process by which repair of injured or diseased tissues is effected. +Without this knowledge he is unable to recognise such deviations from +the normal as result from mal-development, injury, or disease, or +rationally to direct his efforts towards the correction or removal of +these. + + +PROCESS OF REPAIR + +The process of repair in living tissue depends upon an inherent power +possessed by vital cells of reacting to the irritation caused by injury +or disease. The cells of the damaged tissues, under the influence of +this irritation, undergo certain proliferative changes, which are +designed to restore the normal structure and configuration of the part. +The process by which this restoration is effected is essentially the +same in all tissues, but the extent to which different tissues can carry +the recuperative process varies. Simple structures, such as skin, +cartilage, bone, periosteum, and tendon, for example, have a high power +of regeneration, and in them the reparative process may result in almost +perfect restitution to the normal. More complex structures, on the other +hand, such as secreting glands, muscle, and the tissues of the central +nervous system, are but imperfectly restored, simple cicatricial +connective tissue taking the place of what has been lost or destroyed. +Any given tissue can be replaced only by tissue of a similar kind, and +in a damaged part each element takes its share in the reparative process +by producing new material which approximates more or less closely to the +normal according to the recuperative capacity of the particular tissue. +The normal process of repair may be interfered with by various +extraneous agencies, the most important of which are infection by +disease-producing micro-organisms, the presence of foreign substances, +undue movement of the affected part, and improper applications and +dressings. The effect of these agencies is to delay repair or to prevent +the individual tissues carrying the process to the furthest degree of +which they are capable. + +In the management of wounds and other diseased conditions the main +object of the surgeon is to promote the natural reparative process by +preventing or eliminating any factor by which it may be disturbed. + +#Healing by Primary Union.#--The most favourable conditions for the +progress of the reparative process are to be found in a clean-cut wound +of the integument, which is uncomplicated by loss of tissue, by the +presence of foreign substances, or by infection with disease-producing +micro-organisms, and its edges are in contact. Such a wound in virtue of +the absence of infection is said to be _aseptic_, and under these +conditions healing takes place by what is called "primary union"--the +"healing by first intention" of the older writers. + +#Granulation Tissue.#--The essential and invariable medium of repair in +all structures is an elementary form of new tissue known as _granulation +tissue_, which is produced in the damaged area in response to the +irritation caused by injury or disease. The vital reaction induced by +such irritation results in dilatation of the vessels of the part, +emigration of leucocytes, transudation of lymph, and certain +proliferative changes in the fixed tissue cells. These changes are +common to the processes of inflammation and repair; no hard-and-fast +line can be drawn between these processes, and the two may go on +together. It is, however, only when the proliferative changes have come +to predominate that the reparative process is effectively established by +the production of healthy granulation tissue. + +_Formation of Granulation Tissue._--When a wound is made in the +integument under aseptic conditions, the passage of the knife through +the tissues is immediately followed by an oozing of blood, which soon +coagulates on the cut surfaces. In each of the divided vessels a clot +forms, and extends as far as the nearest collateral branch; and on the +surface of the wound there is a microscopic layer of bruised and +devitalised tissue. If the wound is closed, the narrow space between its +edges is occupied by blood-clot, which consists of red and white +corpuscles mixed with a quantity of fibrin, and this forms a temporary +uniting medium between the divided surfaces. During the first twelve +hours, the minute vessels in the vicinity of the wound dilate, and from +them lymph exudes and leucocytes migrate into the tissues. In from +twenty-four to thirty-six hours, the capillaries of the part adjacent to +the wound begin to throw out minute buds and fine processes, which +bridge the gap and form a firmer, but still temporary, connection +between the two sides. Each bud begins in the wall of the capillary as a +small accumulation of granular protoplasm, which gradually elongates +into a filament containing a nucleus. This filament either joins with a +neighbouring capillary or with a similar filament, and in time these +become hollow and are filled with blood from the vessels that gave them +origin. In this way a series of young _capillary loops_ is formed. + +The spaces between these loops are filled by cells of various kinds, the +most important being the _fibroblasts_, which are destined to form +cicatricial fibrous tissue. These fibroblasts are large irregular +nucleated cells derived mainly from the proliferation of the fixed +connective-tissue cells of the part, and to a less extent from the +lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells which have migrated from the +vessels. Among the fibroblasts, larger multi-nucleated cells--_giant +cells_--are sometimes found, particularly when resistant substances, +such as silk ligatures or fragments of bone, are embedded in the +tissues, and their function seems to be to soften such substances +preliminary to their being removed by the phagocytes. Numerous +_polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes_, which have wandered from the vessels, +are also present in the spaces. These act as phagocytes, their function +being to remove the red corpuscles and fibrin of the original clot, and +this performed, they either pass back into the circulation in virtue of +their amoeboid movement, or are themselves eaten up by the growing +fibroblasts. Beyond this phagocytic action, they do not appear to play +any direct part in the reparative process. These young capillary loops, +with their supporting cells and fluids, constitute granulation tissue, +which is usually fully formed in from three to five days, after which it +begins to be replaced by cicatricial or scar tissue. + +_Formation of Cicatricial Tissue._--The transformation of this temporary +granulation tissue into scar tissue is effected by the fibroblasts, +which become elongated and spindle-shaped, and produce in and around +them a fine fibrillated material which gradually increases in quantity +till it replaces the cell protoplasm. In this way white fibrous tissue +is formed, the cells of which are arranged in parallel lines and +eventually become grouped in bundles, constituting fully formed white +fibrous tissue. In its growth it gradually obliterates the capillaries, +until at the end of two, three, or four weeks both vessels and cells +have almost entirely disappeared, and the original wound is occupied by +cicatricial tissue. In course of time this tissue becomes consolidated, +and the cicatrix undergoes a certain amount of contraction--_cicatricial +contraction_. + +_Healing of Epidermis._--While these changes are taking place in the +deeper parts of the wound, the surface is being covered over by +_epidermis_ growing in from the margins. Within twelve hours the cells +of the rete Malpighii close to the cut edge begin to sprout on to the +surface of the wound, and by their proliferation gradually cover the +granulations with a thin pink pellicle. As the epithelium increases in +thickness it assumes a bluish hue and eventually the cells become +cornified and the epithelium assumes a greyish-white colour. + +_Clinical Aspects._--So long as the process of repair is not complicated +by infection with micro-organisms, there is no interference with the +general health of the patient. The temperature remains normal; the +circulatory, gastro-intestinal, nervous, and other functions are +undisturbed; locally, the part is cool, of natural colour and free from +pain. + +#Modifications of the Process of Repair.#--The process of repair by +primary union, above described, is to be looked upon as the type of all +reparative processes, such modifications as are met with depending +merely upon incidental differences in the conditions present, such as +loss of tissue, infection by micro-organisms, etc. + +_Repair after Loss or Destruction of Tissue._--When the edges of a wound +cannot be approximated either because tissue has been lost, for example +in excising a tumour or because a drainage tube or gauze packing has +been necessary, a greater amount of granulation tissue is required to +fill the gap, but the process is essentially the same as in the ideal +method of repair. + +The raw surface is first covered by a layer of coagulated blood and +fibrin. An extensive new formation of capillary loops and fibroblasts +takes place towards the free surface, and goes on until the gap is +filled by a fine velvet-like mass of granulation tissue. This +granulation tissue is gradually replaced by young cicatricial tissue, +and the surface is covered by the ingrowth of epithelium from the edges. + +This modification of the reparative process can be best studied +clinically in a recent wound which has been packed with gauze. When the +plug is introduced, the walls of the cavity consist of raw tissue with +numerous oozing blood vessels. On removing the packing on the fifth or +sixth day, the surface is found to be covered with minute, red, +papillary granulations, which are beginning to fill up the cavity. At +the edges the epithelium has proliferated and is covering over the newly +formed granulation tissue. As lymph and leucocytes escape from the +exposed surface there is a certain amount of serous or sero-purulent +discharge. On examining the wound at intervals of a few days, it is +found that the granulation tissue gradually increases in amount till the +gap is completely filled up, and that coincidently the epithelium +spreads in and covers over its surface. In course of time the epithelium +thickens, and as the granulation tissue is slowly replaced by young +cicatricial tissue, which has a peculiar tendency to contract and so to +obliterate the blood vessels in it, the scar that is left becomes +smooth, pale, and depressed. This method of healing is sometimes spoken +of as "healing by granulation"--although, as we have seen, it is by +granulation that all repair takes place. + +_Healing by Union of two Granulating Surfaces._--In gaping wounds union +is sometimes obtained by bringing the two surfaces into apposition after +each has become covered with healthy granulations. The exudate on the +surfaces causes them to adhere, capillary loops pass from one to the +other, and their final fusion takes place by the further development of +granulation and cicatricial tissue. + +_Reunion of Parts entirely Separated from the Body._--Small portions of +tissue, such as the end of a finger, the tip of the nose or a portion of +the external ear, accidentally separated from the body, if accurately +replaced and fixed in position, occasionally adhere by primary union. + +In the course of operations also, portions of skin, fascia, or bone, or +even a complete joint may be transplanted, and unite by primary union. + +_Healing under a Scab._--When a small superficial wound is exposed to +the air, the blood and serum exuded on its surface may dry and form a +hard crust or _scab_, which serves to protect the surface from external +irritation in the same way as would a dry pad of sterilised gauze. Under +this scab the formation of granulation tissue, its transformation into +cicatricial tissue, and the growth of epithelium on the surface, go on +until in the course of time the crust separates, leaving a scar. + +_Healing by Blood-clot._--In subcutaneous wounds, for example tenotomy, +in amputation wounds, and in wounds made in excising tumours or in +operating upon bones, the space left between the divided tissues becomes +filled with blood-clot, which acts as a temporary scaffolding in which +granulation tissue is built up. Capillary loops grow into the coagulum, +and migrated leucocytes from the adjacent blood vessels destroy the red +corpuscles, and are in turn disposed of by the developing fibroblasts, +which by their growth and proliferation fill up the gap with young +connective tissue. It will be evident that this process only differs +from healing by primary union in the _amount_ of blood-clot that is +present. + +_Presence of a Foreign Body._--When an aseptic foreign body is present +in the tissues, _e.g._ a piece of unabsorbable chromicised catgut, the +healing process may be modified. After primary union has taken place the +scar may broaden, become raised above the surface, and assume a +bluish-brown colour; the epidermis gradually thins and gives way, +revealing the softened portion of catgut, which can be pulled out in +pieces, after which the wound rapidly heals and resumes a normal +appearance. + + +REPAIR IN INDIVIDUAL TISSUES + +_Skin and Connective Tissue._--The mode of regeneration of these tissues +under aseptic conditions has already been described as the type of ideal +repair. In highly vascular parts, such as the face, the reparative +process goes on with great rapidity, and even extensive wounds may be +firmly united in from three to five days. Where the anastomosis is less +free the process is more prolonged. The more highly organised elements +of the skin, such as the hair follicles, the sweat and sebaceous glands, +are imperfectly reproduced; hence the scar remains smooth, dry, and +hairless. + +_Epithelium._--Epithelium is only reproduced from pre-existing +epithelium, and, as a rule, from one of a similar type, although +metaplastic transformation of cells of one kind of epithelium into +another kind can take place. Thus a granulating surface may be covered +entirely by the ingrowing of the cutaneous epithelium from the margins; +or islets, originating in surviving cells of sebaceous glands or sweat +glands, or of hair follicles, may spring up in the centre of the raw +area. Such islets may also be due to the accidental transference of +loose epithelial cells from the edges. Even the fluid from a blister, in +virtue of the isolated cells of the rete Malpighii which it contains, is +capable of starting epithelial growth on a granulating surface. Hairs +and nails may be completely regenerated if a sufficient amount of the +hair follicles or of the nail matrix has escaped destruction. The +epithelium of a mucous membrane is regenerated in the same way as that +on a cutaneous surface. + +Epithelial cells have the power of living for some time after being +separated from their normal surroundings, and of growing again when once +more placed in favourable circumstances. On this fact the practice of +skin grafting is based (p. 11). + +_Cartilage._--When an articular cartilage is divided by incision or by +being implicated in a fracture involving the articular end of a bone, it +is repaired by ordinary cicatricial fibrous tissue derived from the +proliferating cells of the perichondrium. Cartilage being a non-vascular +tissue, the reparative process goes on slowly, and it may be many weeks +before it is complete. + +It is possible for a metaplastic transformation of connective-tissue +cells into cartilage cells to take place, the characteristic hyaline +matrix being secreted by the new cells. This is sometimes observed as an +intermediary stage in the healing of fractures, especially in young +bones. It may also take place in the regeneration of lost portions of +cartilage, provided the new tissue is so situated as to constitute part +of a joint and to be subjected to pressure by an opposing cartilaginous +surface. This is illustrated by what takes place after excision of +joints where it is desired to restore the function of the articulation. +By carrying out movements between the constituent parts, the fibrous +tissue covering the ends of the bones becomes moulded into shape, its +cells take on the characters of cartilage cells, and, forming a matrix, +so develop a new cartilage. + +Conversely, it is observed that when articular cartilage is no longer +subjected to pressure by an opposing cartilage, it tends to be +transformed into fibrous tissue, as may be seen in deformities attended +with displacement of articular surfaces, such as hallux valgus and +club-foot. + +After fractures of costal cartilage or of the cartilages of the larynx +the cicatricial tissue may be ultimately replaced by bone. + +_Tendons._--When a tendon is divided, for example by subcutaneous +tenotomy, the end nearer the muscle fibres is drawn away from the other, +leaving a gap which is speedily filled by blood-clot. In the course of a +few days this clot becomes permeated by granulation tissue, the +fibroblasts of which are derived from the sheath of the tendon, the +surrounding connective tissue, and probably also from the divided ends +of the tendon itself. These fibroblasts ultimately develop into typical +tendon cells, and the fibres which they form constitute the new tendon +fibres. Under aseptic conditions repair is complete in from two to three +weeks. In the course of the reparative process the tendon and its sheath +may become adherent, which leads to impaired movement and stiffness. If +the ends of an accidentally divided tendon are at once brought into +accurate apposition and secured by sutures, they unite directly with a +minimum amount of scar tissue, and function is perfectly restored. + +_Muscle._--Unstriped muscle does not seem to be capable of being +regenerated to any but a moderate degree. If the ends of a divided +striped muscle are at once brought into apposition by stitches, primary +union takes place with a minimum of intervening fibrous tissue. The +nuclei of the muscle fibres in close proximity to this young cicatricial +tissue proliferate, and a few new muscle fibres may be developed, but +any gross loss of muscular tissue is replaced by a fibrous cicatrix. It +would appear that portions of muscle transplanted from animals to fill +up gaps in human muscle are similarly replaced by fibrous tissue. When a +muscle is paralysed from loss of its nerve supply and undergoes complete +degeneration, it is not capable of being regenerated, even should the +integrity of the nerve be restored, and so its function is permanently +lost. + +_Secretory Glands._--The regeneration of secretory glands is usually +incomplete, cicatricial tissue taking the place of the glandular +substance which has been destroyed. In wounds of the liver, for example, +the gap is filled by fibrous tissue, but towards the periphery of the + +wound the liver cells proliferate and a certain amount of regeneration +takes place. In the kidney also, repair mainly takes place by +cicatricial tissue, and although a few collecting tubules may be +reformed, no regeneration of secreting tissue takes place. After the +operation of decapsulation of the kidney a new capsule is formed, and +during the process young blood vessels permeate the superficial parts +of the kidney and temporarily increase its blood supply, but in the +consolidation of the new fibrous tissue these vessels are ultimately +obliterated. This does not prove that the operation is useless, as the +temporary improvement of the circulation in the kidney may serve to tide +the patient over a critical period of renal insufficiency. + +_Stomach and Intestine._--Provided the peritoneal surfaces are +accurately apposed, wounds of the stomach and intestine heal with great +rapidity. Within a few hours the peritoneal surfaces are glued together +by a thin layer of fibrin and leucocytes, which is speedily organised +and replaced by fibrous tissue. Fibrous tissue takes the place of the +muscular elements, which are not regenerated. The mucous lining is +restored by ingrowth from the margins, and there is evidence that some +of the secreting glands may be reproduced. + +Hollow viscera, like the oesophagus and urinary bladder, in so far +as they are not covered by peritoneum, heal less rapidly. + +_Nerve Tissues._--There is no trustworthy evidence that regeneration of +the tissues of the brain or spinal cord in man ever takes place. Any +loss of substance is replaced by cicatricial tissue. + +The repair of _Bone_, _Blood Vessels_, and _Peripheral Nerves_ is more +conveniently considered in the chapters dealing with these structures. + +#Rate of Healing.#--While the rate at which wounds heal is remarkably +constant there are certain factors that influence it in one direction or +the other. Healing is more rapid when the edges are in contact, when +there is a minimum amount of blood-clot between them, when the patient +is in normal health and the vitality of the tissues has not been +impaired. Wounds heal slightly more quickly in the young than in the +old, although the difference is so small that it can only be +demonstrated by the most careful observations. + +Certain tissues take longer to heal than others: for example, a fracture +of one of the larger long bones takes about six weeks to unite, and +divided nerve trunks take much longer--about a year. + +Wounds of certain parts of the body heal more quickly than others: those +of the scalp, face, and neck, for example, heal more quickly than those +over the buttock or sacrum, probably because of their greater +vascularity. + +The extent of the wound influences the rate of healing; it is only + +natural that a long and deep wound should take longer to heal than a +short and superficial one, because there is so much more work to be +done in the conversion of blood-clot into granulation tissue, and this +again into scar tissue that will be strong enough to stand the strain on +the edges of the wound. + + +THE TRANSPLANTATION OR GRAFTING OF TISSUES + +Conditions are not infrequently met with in which healing is promoted +and restoration of function made possible by the transference of a +portion of tissue from one part of the body to another; the tissue +transferred is known as the _graft_ or the _transplant_. The simplest +example of grafting is the transplantation of skin. + +In order that the graft may survive and have a favourable chance of +"taking," as it is called, the transplanted tissue must retain its +vitality until it has formed an organic connection with the tissue in +which it is placed, so that it may derive the necessary nourishment from +its new bed. When these conditions are fulfilled the tissues of the +graft continue to proliferate, producing new tissue elements to replace +those that are lost and making it possible for the graft to become +incorporated with the tissue with which it is in contact. + +Dead tissue, on the other hand, can do neither of these things; it is +only capable of acting as a model, or, at the most, as a scaffolding for +such mobile tissue elements as may be derived from, the parent tissue +with which the graft is in contact: a portion of sterilised marine +sponge, for example, may be observed to become permeated with +granulation tissue when it is embedded in the tissues. + +A successful graft of living tissue is not only capable of regeneration, +but it acquires a system of lymph and blood vessels, so that in time it +bleeds when cut into, and is permeated by new nerve fibres spreading in +from the periphery towards the centre. + +It is instructive to associate the period of survival of the different +tissues of the body after death, with their capacity of being used for +grafting purposes; the higher tissues such as those of the central +nervous system and highly specialised glandular tissues like those of +the kidney lose their vitality quickly after death and are therefore +useless for grafting; connective tissues, on the other hand, such as +fat, cartilage, and bone retain their vitality for several hours after +death, so that when they are transplanted, they readily "take" and do +all that is required of them: the same is true of the skin and its +appendages. + +_Sources of Grafts._--It is convenient to differentiate between +_autoplastic_ grafts, that is those derived from the same individual; +_homoplastic_ grafts, derived from another animal of the same species; +and _heteroplastic_ grafts, derived from an animal of another species. +Other conditions being equal, the prospects of success are greatest with +autoplastic grafts, and these are therefore preferred whenever possible. + +There are certain details making for success that merit attention: the +graft must not be roughly handled or allowed to dry, or be subjected to +chemical irritation; it must be brought into accurate contact with the +new soil, no blood-clot intervening between the two, no movement of the +one upon the other should be possible and all infection must be +excluded; it will be observed that these are exactly the same conditions +that permit of the primary healing of wounds, with which of course the +healing of grafts is exactly comparable. + +_Preservation of Tissues for Grafting._--It was at one time believed +that tissues might be taken from the operating theatre and kept in cold +storage until they were required. It is now agreed that tissues which +have been separated from the body for some time inevitably lose their +vitality, become incapable of regeneration, and are therefore unsuited +for grafting purposes. If it is intended to preserve a portion of tissue +for future grafting, it should be embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of +the abdominal wall until it is wanted; this has been carried out with +portions of costal cartilage and of bone. + + +INDIVIDUAL TISSUES AS GRAFTS + +#The Blood# lends itself in an ideal manner to transplantation, or, as +it has long been called, _transfusion_. Being always a homoplastic +transfer, the new blood is not always tolerated by the old, in which +case biochemical changes occur, resulting in haemolysis, which +corresponds to the disintegration of other unsuccessful homoplastic +grafts. (See article on Transfusion, _Op. Surg._, p. 37.) + +#The Skin.#--The skin was the first tissue to be used for grafting +purposes, and it is still employed with greater frequency than any +other, as lesions causing defects of skin are extremely common and +without the aid of grafts are tedious in healing. + +Skin grafts may be applied to a raw surface or to one that is covered +with granulations. + +_Skin grafting of raw surfaces_ is commonly indicated after operations +for malignant disease in which considerable areas of skin must be +sacrificed, and after accidents, such as avulsion of the scalp by +machinery. + +_Skin grafting of granulating surfaces_ is chiefly employed to promote +healing in the large defects of skin caused by severe burns; the +grafting is carried out when the surface is covered by a uniform layer +of healthy granulations and before the inevitable contraction of scar +tissue makes itself manifest. Before applying the grafts it is usual to +scrape away the granulations until the young fibrous tissue underneath +is exposed, but, if the granulations are healthy and can be rendered +aseptic, the grafts may be placed on them directly. + +If it is decided to scrape away the granulations, the oozing must be +arrested by pressure with a pad of gauze, a sheet of dental rubber or +green protective is placed next the raw surface to prevent the gauze +adhering and starting the bleeding afresh when it is removed. + +#Methods of Skin-Grafting.#--Two methods are employed: one in which the +epidermis is mainly or exclusively employed--epidermis or epithelial +grafting; the other, in which the graft consists of the whole thickness +of the true skin--cutis-grafting. + +_Epidermis or Epithelial Grafting._--The method introduced by the late +Professor Thiersch of Leipsic is that almost universally practised. It +consists in transplanting strips of epidermis shaved from the surface of +the skin, the razor passing through the tips of the papillae, which +appear as tiny red points yielding a moderate ooze of blood. + +The strips are obtained from the front and lateral aspects of the thigh +or upper arm, the skin in those regions being pliable and comparatively +free from hairs. + +They are cut with a sharp hollow-ground razor or with Thiersch's +grafting knife, the blade of which is rinsed in alcohol and kept +moistened with warm saline solution. The cutting is made easier if the +skin is well stretched and kept flat and perfectly steady, the +operator's left hand exerting traction on the skin behind, the hands of +the assistant on the skin in front, one above and the other below the +seat of operation. To ensure uniform strips being cut, the razor is kept +parallel with the surface and used with a short, rapid, sawing movement, +so that, with a little practice, grafts six or eight inches long by one +or two inches broad can readily be cut. The patient is given a general +anaesthetic, or regional anaesthesia is obtained by injections of a +solution of one per cent. novocain into the line of the lateral and +middle cutaneous nerves; the disinfection of the skin is carried out on +the usual lines, any chemical agent being finally got rid of, however, +by means of alcohol followed by saline solution. + +The strips of epidermis wrinkle up on the knife and are directly +transferred to the surface, for which they should be made to form a +complete carpet, slightly overlapping the edges of the area and of one +another; some blunt instrument is used to straighten out the strips, +which are then subjected to firm pressure with a pad of gauze to express +blood and air-bells and to ensure accurate contact, for this must be as +close as that between a postage stamp and the paper to which it is +affixed. + +As a dressing for the grafted area and of that also from which the +grafts have been taken, gauze soaked in _liquid paraffin_--the patent +variety known as _ambrine_ is excellent--appears to be the best; the +gauze should be moistened every other day or so with fresh paraffin, so +that, at the end of a week, when the grafts should have united, the +gauze can be removed without risk of detaching them. _Dental wax_ is +another useful type of dressing; as is also _picric acid_ solution. Over +the gauze, there is applied a thick layer of cotton wool, and the whole +dressing is kept in place by a firmly applied bandage, and in the case +of the limbs some form of splint should be added to prevent movement. + +A dressing may be dispensed with altogether, the grafts being protected +by a wire cage such as is used after vaccination, but they tend to dry +up and come to resemble a scab. + +When the grafts have healed, it is well to protect them from injury and +to prevent them drying up and cracking by the liberal application of +lanoline or vaseline. + +The new skin is at first insensitive and is fixed to the underlying +connective tissue or bone, but in course of time (from six weeks +onwards) sensation returns and the formation of elastic tissue beneath +renders the skin pliant and movable so that it can be pinched up between +the finger and thumb. + +_Reverdin's_ method consists in planting out pieces of skin not bigger +than a pin-head over a granulating surface. It is seldom employed. + +_Grafts of the Cutis Vera._--Grafts consisting of the entire thickness +of the true skin were specially advocated by Wolff and are often +associated with his name. They should be cut oval or spindle-shaped, to +facilitate the approximation of the edges of the resulting wound. The +graft should be cut to the exact size of the surface it is to cover; +Gillies believes that tension of the graft favours its taking. These +grafts may be placed either on a fresh raw surface or on healthy +granulations. It is sometimes an advantage to stitch them in position, +especially on the face. The dressing and the after-treatment are the +same as in epidermis grafting. + +There is a degree of uncertainty about the graft retaining its vitality +long enough to permit of its deriving the necessary nourishment from its +new surroundings; in a certain number of cases the flap dies and is +thrown off as a slough--moist or dry according to the presence or +absence of septic infection. + +The technique for cutis-grafting must be without a flaw, and the asepsis +absolute; there must not only be a complete absence of movement, but +there must be no traction on the flap that will endanger its blood +supply. + +Owing to the uncertainty in the results of cutis-grafting the +_two-stage_ or _indirect method_ has been introduced, and its almost +uniform success has led to its sphere of application being widely +extended. The flap is raised as in the direct method but is left +attached at one of its margins for a period ranging from 14 to 21 days +until its blood supply from its new bed is assured; the detachment is +then made complete. The blood supply of the proposed flap may influence +its selection and the way in which it is fashioned; for example, a flap +cut from the side of the head to fill a defect in the cheek, having in +its margin of attachment or pedicle the superficial temporal artery, is +more likely to take than a flap cut with its base above. + +Another modification is to raise the flap but leave it connected at both +ends like the piers of a bridge; this method is well suited to defects +of skin on the dorsum of the fingers, hand and forearm, the bridge of +skin is raised from the abdominal wall and the hand is passed beneath it +and securely fixed in position; after an interval of 14 to 21 days, when +the flap is assured of its blood supply, the piers of the bridge are +divided (Fig. 1). With undermining it is usually easy to bring the +edges of the gap in the abdominal wall together, even in children; the +skin flap on the dorsum of the hand appears rather thick and +prominent--almost like the pad of a boxing-glove--for some time, but +the restoration of function in the capacity to flex the fingers is +gratifying in the extreme. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Ulcer of back of Hand covered by flap of skin +raised from anterior abdominal wall. The lateral edges of the flap are +divided after the graft has adhered.] + +The indirect element of this method of skin-grafting may be carried +still further by transferring the flap of skin first to one part of the +body and then, after it has taken, transferring it to a third part. +Gillies has especially developed this method in the remedying of +deformities of the face caused by gunshot wounds and by petrol burns in +air-men. A rectangular flap of skin is marked out in the neck and chest, +the lateral margins of the flap are raised sufficiently to enable them +to be brought together so as to form a tube of skin: after the +circulation has been restored, the lower end of the tube is detached and +is brought up to the lip or cheek, or eyelid, where it is wanted; when +this end has derived its new blood supply, the other end is detached +from the neck and brought up to where it is wanted. In this way, skin +from the chest may be brought up to form a new forehead and eyelids. + +Grafts of _mucous membrane_ are used to cover defects in the lip, cheek, +and conjunctiva. The technique is similar to that employed in +skin-grafting; the sources of mucous membrane are limited and the +element of septic infection cannot always be excluded. + +_Fat._--Adipose tissue has a low vitality, but it is easily retained and +it readily lends itself to transplantation. Portions of fat are often +obtainable at operations--from the omentum, for example, otherwise the +subcutaneous fat of the buttock is the most accessible; it may be +employed to fill up cavities of all kinds in order to obtain more rapid +and sounder healing and also to remedy deformity, as in filling up a +depression in the cheek or forehead. It is ultimately converted into +ordinary connective tissue _pari passu_ with the absorption of the fat. + +The _fascia lata of the thigh_ is widely and successfully used as a +graft to fill defects in the dura mater, and interposed between the +bones of a joint--if the articular cartilage has been destroyed--to +prevent the occurrence of ankylosis. + +The _peritoneum_ of hydrocele and hernial sacs and of the omentum +readily lends itself to transplantation. + +_Cartilage and bone_, next to skin, are the tissues most frequently +employed for grafting purposes; their sphere of action is so extensive +and includes so much of technical detail in their employment, that they +will be considered later with the surgery of the bones and joints and +with the methods of re-forming the nose. + +_Tendons and blood vessels_ readily lend themselves to transplantation +and will also be referred to later. + +_Muscle and nerve_, on the other hand, do not retain their vitality when +severed from their surroundings and do not functionate as grafts except +for their connective-tissue elements, which it goes without saying are +more readily obtainable from other sources. + +Portions of the _ovary_ and of the _thyreoid_ have been successfully +transplanted into the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the abdominal wall +by Tuffier and others. In these new surroundings, the ovary or thyreoid +is vascularised and has been shown to functionate, but there is not +sufficient regeneration of the essential tissue elements to "carry on"; +the secreting tissue is gradually replaced by connective tissue and the +special function comes to an end. Even such temporary function may, +however, tide a patient over a difficult period. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +CONDITIONS WHICH INTERFERE WITH REPAIR + + +SURGICAL BACTERIOLOGY + +Want of rest--Irritation--Unhealthy tissues--Pathogenic bacteria. + SURGICAL BACTERIOLOGY--General characters of + bacteria--Classification of bacteria--Conditions of bacterial + life--Pathogenic powers of bacteria--Results of bacterial + growth--Death of bacteria--Immunity--Antitoxic sera--Identification + of bacteria--Pyogenic bacteria. + +In the management of wounds and other surgical conditions it is +necessary to eliminate various extraneous influences which tend to delay +or arrest the natural process of repair. + +Of these, one of the most important is undue movement of the affected +part. "The first and great requisite for the restoration of injured +parts is _rest_," said John Hunter; and physiological and mechanical +rest as the chief of natural therapeutic agents was the theme of John +Hilton's classical work--_Rest and Pain_. In this connection it must be +understood that "rest" implies more than the mere state of physical +repose: all physiological as well as mechanical function must be +prevented as far as is possible. For instance, the constituent bones of +a joint affected with tuberculosis must be controlled by splints or +other appliances so that no movement can take place between them, and +the limb may not be used for any purpose; physiological rest may be +secured to an inflamed colon by making an artificial anus in the caecum; +the activity of a diseased kidney may be diminished by regulating the +quantity and quality of the fluids taken by the patient. + +Another source of interference with repair in wounds is _irritation_, +either by mechanical agents such as rough, unsuitable dressings, +bandages, or ill-fitting splints; or by chemical agents in the form of +strong lotions or other applications. + +An _unhealthy or devitalised condition of the patient's tissues_ also +hinders the reparative process. Bruised or lacerated skin heals less +kindly than skin cut with a smooth, sharp instrument; and persistent + +venous congestion of a part, such as occurs, for example, in the leg +when the veins are varicose, by preventing the access of healthy blood, +tends to delay the healing of open wounds. The existence of grave +constitutional disease, such as Bright's disease, diabetes, syphilis, +scurvy, or alcoholism, also impedes healing. + +Infection by disease-producing micro-organisms or _pathogenic bacteria_ +is, however, the most potent factor in disturbing the natural process of +repair in wounds. + + +SURGICAL BACTERIOLOGY + +The influence of micro-organisms in the causation of disease, and the +role played by them in interfering with the natural process of repair, +are so important that the science of applied bacteriology has now come +to dominate every department of surgery, and it is from the standpoint +of bacteriology that nearly all surgical questions have to be +considered. + +The term _sepsis_ as now used in clinical surgery no longer retains its +original meaning as synonymous with "putrefaction," but is employed to +denote all conditions in which bacterial infection has taken place, and +more particularly those in which pyogenic bacteria are present. In the +same way the term _aseptic_ conveys the idea of freedom from all forms +of bacteria, putrefactive or otherwise; and the term _antiseptic_ is +used to denote a power of counteracting bacteria and their products. + +#General Characters of Bacteria.#--A _bacterium_ consists of a finely +granular mass of protoplasm, enclosed in a thin gelatinous envelope. +Many forms are motile--some in virtue of fine thread-like flagella, and +others through contractility of the protoplasm. The great majority +multiply by simple fission, each parent cell giving rise to two daughter +cells, and this process goes on with extraordinary rapidity. Other +varieties, particularly bacilli, are propagated by the formation of +_spores_. A spore is a minute mass of protoplasm surrounded by a dense, +tough membrane, developed in the interior of the parent cell. Spores are +remarkable for their tenacity of life, and for the resistance they offer +to the action of heat and chemical germicides. + +Bacteria are most conveniently classified according to their shape. Thus +we recognise (1) those that are globular--_cocci_; (2) those that +resemble a rod--_bacilli_; (3) the spiral or wavy forms--_spirilla_. + +_Cocci_ or _micrococci_ are minute round bodies, averaging about 1 u in +diameter. The great majority are non-motile. They multiply by fission; +and when they divide in such a way that the resulting cells remain in +pairs, are called _diplococci_, of which the bacteria of gonorrhoea and +pneumonia are examples (Fig. 5). When they divide irregularly, and form +grape-like bunches, they are known as _staphylococci_, and to this + +variety the commonest pyogenic or pus-forming organisms belong (Fig. 2). +When division takes place only in one axis, so that long chains are +formed, the term _streptococcus_ is applied (Fig. 3). Streptococci are +met with in erysipelas and various other inflammatory and suppurative +processes of a spreading character. + +_Bacilli_ are rod-shaped bacteria, usually at least twice as long as +they are broad (Fig. 4). Some multiply by fission, others by +sporulation. Some forms are motile, others are non-motile. Tuberculosis, +tetanus, anthrax, and many other surgical diseases are due to different +forms of bacilli. + +_Spirilla_ are long, slender, thread-like cells, more or less spiral or +wavy. Some move by a screw-like contraction of the protoplasm, some by +flagellae. The spirochaete associated with syphilis (Fig. 36) is the most +important member of this group. + +#Conditions of Bacterial Life.#--Bacteria require for their growth and +development a suitable food-supply in the form of proteins, +carbohydrates, and salts of calcium and potassium which they break up +into simpler elements. An alkaline medium favours bacterial growth; and +moisture is a necessary condition; spores, however, can survive the want +of water for much longer periods than fully developed bacteria. The +necessity for oxygen varies in different species. Those that require +oxygen are known as _aerobic bacilli_ or _aerobes_; those that cannot +live in the presence of oxygen are spoken of as _anaerobes_. The great +majority of bacteria, however, while they prefer to have oxygen, are +able to live without it, and are called _facultative anaerobes_. + +The most suitable temperature for bacterial life is from 95 o to 102 o F., +roughly that of the human body. Extreme or prolonged cold paralyses but +does not kill micro-organisms. Few, however, survive being raised to a +temperature of 134 1/2 o F. Boiling for ten to twenty minutes will kill all +bacteria, and the great majority of spores. Steam applied in an +autoclave under a pressure of two atmospheres destroys even the most +resistant spores in a few minutes. Direct sunlight, electric light, or +even diffuse daylight, is inimical to the growth of bacteria, as are +also Rontgen rays and radium emanations. + +#Pathogenic Properties of Bacteria.#--We are now only concerned with +pathogenic bacteria--that is, bacteria capable of producing disease in +the human subject. This capacity depends upon two sets of factors--(1) +certain features peculiar to the invading bacteria, and (2) others +peculiar to the host. Many bacteria have only the power of living upon +dead matter, and are known as _saphrophytes_. Such as do nourish in +living tissue are, by distinction, known as _parasites_. The power a +given parasitic micro-organism has of multiplying in the body and giving +rise to disease is spoken of as its _virulence_, and this varies not +only with different species, but in the same species at different times +and under varying circumstances. The actual number of organisms +introduced is also an important factor in determining their pathogenic +power. Healthy tissues can resist the invasion of a certain number of +bacteria of a given species, but when that number is exceeded, the +organisms get the upper hand and disease results. When the organisms +gain access directly to the blood-stream, as a rule they produce their +effects more certainly and with greater intensity than when they are +introduced into the tissues. + +Further, the virulence of an organism is modified by the condition of +the patient into whose tissues it is introduced. So long as a person is +in good health, the tissues are able to resist the attacks of moderate +numbers of most bacteria. Any lowering of the vitality of the +individual, however, either locally or generally, at once renders him +more susceptible to infection. Thus bruised or torn tissue is much more +liable to infection with pus-producing organisms than tissues clean-cut +with a knife; also, after certain diseases, the liability to infection +by the organisms of diphtheria, pneumonia, or erysipelas is much +increased. Even such slight depression of vitality as results from +bodily fatigue, or exposure to cold and damp, may be sufficient to turn +the scale in the battle between the tissues and the bacteria. Age is an +important factor in regard to the action of certain bacteria. Young +subjects are attacked by diphtheria, tuberculosis, acute osteomyelitis, +and some other diseases with greater frequency and severity than those +of more advanced years. + +In different races, localities, environment, and seasons, the pathogenic +powers of certain organisms, such as those of erysipelas, diphtheria, +and acute osteomyelitis, vary considerably. + +There is evidence that a _mixed infection_--that is, the introduction of +more than one species of organism, for example, the tubercle bacillus +and a pyogenic staphylococcus--increases the severity of the resulting +disease. If one of the varieties gain the ascendancy, the poisons +produced by the others so devitalise the tissue cells, and diminish +their power of resistance, that the virulence of the most active +organisms is increased. On the other hand, there is reason to believe +that the products of certain organisms antagonise one another--for +example, an attack of erysipelas may effect the cure of a patch of +tuberculous lupus. + +Lastly, in patients suffering from chronic wasting diseases, bacteria +may invade the internal organs by the blood-stream in enormous numbers +and with great rapidity, during the period of extreme debility which +shortly precedes death. The discovery of such collections of organisms +on post-mortem examination may lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn +as to the cause of death. + +#Results of Bacterial Growth.#--Some organisms, such as those of tetanus +and erysipelas, and certain of the pyogenic bacteria, show little +tendency to pass far beyond the point at which they gain an entrance to +the body. Others, on the contrary--for example, the tubercle bacillus +and the organism of acute osteomyelitis--although frequently remaining +localised at the seat of inoculation, tend to pass to distant parts, +lodging in the capillaries of joints, bones, kidney, or lungs, and there +producing their deleterious effects. + +In the human subject, multiplication in the blood-stream does not occur +to any great extent. In some general acute pyogenic infections, such as +osteomyelitis, cellulitis, etc., pure cultures of staphylococci or of +streptococci may be obtained from the blood. In pneumococcal and typhoid +infections, also, the organisms may be found in the blood. + +It is by the vital changes they bring about in the parts where they +settle that micro-organisms disturb the health of the patient. In +deriving nourishment from the complex organic compounds in which they +nourish, the organisms evolve, probably by means of a ferment, certain +chemical products of unknown composition, but probably colloidal in +nature, and known as _toxins_. When these poisons are absorbed into the +general circulation they give rise to certain groups of symptoms--such +as rise of temperature, associated circulatory and respiratory +derangements, interference with the gastro-intestinal functions and also +with those of the nervous system--which go to make up the condition +known as blood-poisoning, toxaemia, or _bacterial intoxication_. In +addition to this, certain bacteria produce toxins that give rise to +definite and distinct groups of symptoms--such as the convulsions of +tetanus, or the paralyses that follow diphtheria. + +_Death of Bacteria._--Under certain circumstances, it would appear that +the accumulation of the toxic products of bacterial action tends to +interfere with the continued life and growth of the organisms +themselves, and in this way the natural cure of certain diseases is +brought about. Outside the body, bacteria may be killed by starvation, +by want of moisture, by being subjected to high temperature, or by the +action of certain chemical agents of which carbolic acid, the +perchloride and biniodide of mercury, and various chlorine preparations +are the most powerful. + +#Immunity.#--Some persons are insusceptible to infection by certain +diseases, from which they are said to enjoy a _natural immunity_. In +many acute diseases one attack protects the patient, for a time at +least, from a second attack--_acquired immunity_. + +_Phagocytosis._--In the production of immunity the leucocytes and +certain other cells play an important part in virtue of the power they +possess of ingesting bacteria and of destroying them by a process of +intra-cellular digestion. To this process Metchnikoff gave the name of +_phagocytosis_, and he recognised two forms of _phagocytes_: (1) the +_microphages_, which are the polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes of the blood; +and (2) the _macrophages_, which include the larger hyaline leucocytes, +endothelial cells, and connective-tissue corpuscles. + +During the process of phagocytosis, the polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes in +the circulating blood increase greatly in numbers (_leucocytosis_), as +well as in their phagocytic action, and in the course of destroying the +bacteria they produce certain ferments which enter the blood serum. +These are known as _opsonins_ or _alexins_, and they act on the bacteria +by a process comparable to narcotisation, and render them an easy prey +for the phagocytes. + +_Artificial or Passive Immunity._--A form of immunity can be induced by +the introduction of protective substances obtained from an animal which +has been actively immunised. The process by which passive immunity is +acquired depends upon the fact that as a result of the reaction between +the specific virus of a particular disease (the _antigen_) and the +tissues of the animal attacked, certain substances--_antibodies_--are +produced, which when transferred to the body of a susceptible animal +protect it against that disease. The most important of these antibodies +are the _antitoxins_. From the study of the processes by which immunity +is secured against the effects of bacterial action the serum and vaccine +methods of treating certain infective diseases have been evolved. The +_serum treatment_ is designed to furnish the patient with a sufficiency +of antibodies to neutralise the infection. The anti-diphtheritic and the +anti-tetanic act by neutralising the specific toxins of the +disease--_antitoxic serums_; the anti-streptcoccic and the serum for +anthrax act upon the bacteria--_anti-bacterial serums_. + +A _polyvalent_ serum, that is, one derived from an animal which has been +immunised by numerous strains of the organism derived from various +sources, is much more efficacious than when a single strain has been +used. + +_Clinical Use of Serums._--Every precaution must be taken to prevent +organismal contamination of the serum or of the apparatus by means of +which it is injected. Syringes are so made that they can be sterilised +by boiling. The best situations for injection are under the skin of the +abdomen, the thorax, or the buttock, and the skin should be purified at +the seat of puncture. If the bulk of the full dose is large, it should +be divided and injected into different parts of the body, not more than +20 c.c. being injected at one place. The serum may be introduced +directly into a vein, or into the spinal canal, _e.g._ anti-tetanic +serum. The immunity produced by injections of antitoxic sera lasts only +for a comparatively short time, seldom longer than a few weeks. + +_"Serum Disease" and Anaphylaxis._--It is to be borne in mind that some +patients exhibit a supersensitiveness with regard to protective sera, an +injection being followed in a few days by the appearance of an +urticarial or erythematous rash, pain and swelling of the joints, and a +variable degree of fever. These symptoms, to which the name _serum +disease_ is applied, usually disappear in the course of a few days. + +The term _anaphylaxis_ is applied to an allied condition of +supersensitiveness which appears to be induced by the injection of +certain substances, including toxins and sera, that are capable of +acting as antigens. When a second injection is given after an interval +of some days, if anaphylaxis has been established by the first dose, the +patient suddenly manifests toxic symptoms of the nature of profound +shock which may even prove fatal. The conditions which render a person +liable to develop anaphylaxis and the mechanism by which it is +established are as yet imperfectly understood. + +_Vaccine Treatment._--The vaccine treatment elaborated by A. E. Wright +consists in injecting, while the disease is still active, specially +prepared dead cultures of the causative organisms, and is based on the +fact that these "vaccines" render the bacteria in the tissues less able +to resist the attacks of the phagocytes. The method is most successful +when the vaccine is prepared from organisms isolated from the patient +himself, _autogenous vaccine_, but when this is impracticable, or takes +a considerable time, laboratory-prepared polyvalent _stock vaccines_ may +be used. + +_Clinical Use of Vaccines._--Vaccines should not be given while a +patient is in a negative phase, as a certain amount of the opsonin in +the blood is used up in neutralising the substances injected, and this +may reduce the opsonic index to such an extent that the vaccines +themselves become dangerous. As a rule, the propriety of using a vaccine +can be determined from the general condition of the patient. The initial +dose should always be a small one, particularly if the disease is acute, +and the subsequent dosage will be regulated by the effect produced. If +marked constitutional disturbance with rise of temperature follows the +use of a vaccine, it indicates a negative phase, and calls for a +diminution in the next dose. If, on the other hand, the local as well as +the general condition of the patient improves after the injection, it +indicates a positive phase, and the original dose may be repeated or +even increased. Vaccines are best introduced subcutaneously, a part +being selected which is not liable to pressure, as there is sometimes +considerable local reaction. Repeated doses may be necessary at +intervals of a few days. + +The vaccine treatment has been successfully employed in various +tuberculous lesions, in pyogenic infections such as acne, boils, +sycosis, streptococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal conditions, in +infections of the accessory air sinuses, and in other diseases caused by +bacteria. + + +PYOGENIC BACTERIA + +From the point of view of the surgeon the most important varieties of +micro-organisms are those that cause inflammation and suppuration--the +_pyogenic bacteria_. This group includes a great many species, and these +are so widely distributed that they are to be met with under all +conditions of everyday life. + +The nature of the inflammatory and suppurative processes will be +considered in detail later; suffice it here to say that they are brought +about by the action of one or other of the organisms that we have now to +consider. + +It is found that the _staphylococci_, which cluster into groups, tend to +produce localised lesions; while the chain-forms--_streptococci_--give +rise to diffuse, spreading conditions. Many varieties of pyogenic +bacteria have now been differentiated, the best known being the +staphylococcus aureus, the streptococcus, and the bacillus coli +communis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Staphylococcus aureus in Pus from case of +Osteomyelitis. x 1000 diam. Gram's stain.] + +_Staphylococcus Aureus._--This is the commonest organism found in +localised inflammatory and suppurative conditions. It varies greatly in +its virulence, and is found in such widely different conditions as skin +pustules, boils, carbuncles, and some acute inflammations of bone. As +seen by the microscope it occurs in grape-like clusters, fission of the +individual cells taking place irregularly (Fig. 2). When grown in +artificial media, the colonies assume an orange-yellow colour--hence the +name _aureus_. It is of high vitality and resists more prolonged +exposure to high temperatures than most non-sporing bacteria. It is +capable of lying latent in the tissues for long periods, for example, in +the marrow of long bones, and of again becoming active and causing a +fresh outbreak of suppuration. This organism is widely distributed: it +is found on the skin, in the mouth, and in other situations in the body, +and as it is present in the dust of the air and on all objects upon +which dust has settled, it is a continual source of infection unless +means are taken to exclude it from wounds. + +The _staphylococcus albus_ is much less common than the aureus, but has +the same properties and characters, save that its growth on artificial +media assumes a white colour. It is the common cause of stitch +abscesses, the skin being its normal habitat. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Streptococci in Pus from an acute abscess in +subcutaneous tissue. x 1000 diam. Gram's stain.] + +_Streptococcus Pyogenes._--This organism also varies greatly in its +virulence; in some instances--for example in erysipelas--it causes a +sharp attack of acute spreading inflammation, which soon subsides +without showing any tendency to end in suppuration; under other +conditions it gives rise to a generalised infection which rapidly proves +fatal. The streptococcus has less capacity of liquefying the tissues +than the staphylococcus, so that pus formation takes place more slowly. +At the same time its products are very potent in destroying the tissues +in their vicinity, and so interfering with the exudation of leucocytes +which would otherwise exercise their protective influence. Streptococci +invade the lymph spaces, and are associated with acute spreading +conditions such as phlegmonous or erysipelatous inflammations and +suppurations, lymphangitis and suppuration in lymph glands, and +inflammation of serous and synovial membranes, also with a form of +pneumonia which is prone to follow on severe operations in the mouth and +throat. Streptococci are also concerned in the production of spreading +gangrene and pyaemia. + +Division takes place in one axis, so that chains of varying length are +formed (Fig. 3). It is less easily cultivated by artificial media than +the staphylococcus; it forms a whitish growth. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Bacillus coli communis in Urine, from a case of +Cystitis. x 1000 diam. Leishman's stain.] + +_Bacillus Coli Communis._--This organism, which is a normal inhabitant +of the intestinal tract, shows a great tendency to invade any organ or +tissue whose vitality is lowered. It is causatively associated with such +conditions as peritonitis and peritoneal suppuration resulting from +strangulated hernia, appendicitis, or perforation in any part of the +alimentary canal. In cystitis, pyelitis, abscess of the kidney, +suppuration in the bile-ducts or liver, and in many other abdominal +conditions, it plays a most important part. The discharge from wounds +infected by this organism has usually a foetid, or even a faecal odour, +and often contains gases resulting from putrefaction. + +It is a small rod-shaped organism with short flagellae, which render it +motile (Fig. 4). It closely resembles the typhoid bacillus, but is +distinguished from it by its behaviour in artificial culture media. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Fraenkel's Pneumococci in Pus from Empyema +following Pneumonia. x 100 diam. Stained with Muir's capsule stain.] + +_Pneumo-bacteria._--Two forms of organism associated with +pneumonia--_Fraenkel's pneumococcus_ (one of the diplococci) (Fig. 5) +and _Friedlander's pneumo-bacillus_ (a short rod-shaped form)--are +frequently met with in inflammations of the serous and synovial +membranes, in suppuration in the liver, and in various other +inflammatory and suppurative conditions. + +_Bacillus Typhosus._--This organism has been found in pure culture in +suppurative conditions of bone, of cellular tissue, and of internal +organs, especially during convalescence from typhoid fever. Like the +staphylococcus, it is capable of lying latent in the tissues for long +periods. + +_Other Pyogenic Bacteria._--It is not necessary to do more than name +some of the other organisms that are known to be pyogenic, such as the +bacillus pyocyaneus, which is found in green and blue pus, the +micrococcus tetragenus, the gonococcus, actinomyces, the glanders +bacillus, and the tubercle bacillus. Most of these will receive further +mention in connection with the diseases to which they give rise. + +#Leucocytosis.#--Most bacterial diseases, as well as certain other +pathological conditions, are associated with an increase in the number +of leucocytes in the blood throughout the circulatory system. This +condition of the blood, which is known as _leucocytosis_, is believed to +be due to an excessive output and rapid formation of leucocytes by the +bone marrow, and it probably has as its object the arrest and +destruction of the invading organisms or toxins. To increase the +resisting power of the system to pathogenic organisms, an artificial +leucocytosis may be induced by subcutaneous injection of a solution of +nucleinate of soda (16 minims of a 5 per cent. solution). + +The _normal_ number of leucocytes per cubic millimetre varies in +different individuals, and in the same individual under different +conditions, from 5000 to 10,000: 7500 is a normal average, and anything +above 12,000 is considered abnormal. When leucocytosis is present, the +number may range from 12,000 to 30,000 or even higher; 40,000 is looked +upon as a high degree of leucocytosis. According to Ehrlich, the +following may be taken as the standard proportion of the various forms +of leucocytes in normal blood: polynuclear neutrophile leucocytes, 70 to +72 per cent.; lymphocytes, 22 to 25 per cent.; eosinophile cells, 2 to 4 +per cent.; large mononuclear and transitional leucocytes, 2 to 4 per +cent.; mast-cells, 0.5 to 2 per cent. + +In estimating the clinical importance of a leucocytosis, it is not +sufficient merely to count the aggregate number of leucocytes present. A +differential count must be made to determine which variety of cells is +in excess. In the majority of surgical affections it is chiefly the +granular polymorpho-nuclear neutrophile leucocytes that are in excess +(_ordinary leucocytosis_). In some cases, and particularly in parasitic +diseases such as trichiniasis and hydatid disease, the eosinophile +leucocytes also show a proportionate increase (_eosinophilia_). The term +_lymphocytosis_ is applied when there is an increase in the number of +circulating lymphocytes, as occurs, for example, in lymphatic leucaemia, +and in certain cases of syphilis. + +Leucocytosis is met with in nearly all acute infective diseases, and in +acute pyogenic inflammatory affections, particularly in those attended +with suppuration. In exceptionally acute septic conditions the extreme +virulence of the toxins may prevent the leucocytes reacting, and +leucocytosis may be absent. The absence of leucocytosis in a disease in +which it is usually present is therefore to be looked upon as a grave +omen, particularly when the general symptoms are severe. In some cases +of malignant disease the number of leucocytes is increased to 15,000 or +20,000. A few hours after a severe haemorrhage also there is usually a +leucocytosis of from 15,000 to 30,000, which lasts for three or four +days (Lyon). In cases of haemorrhage the leucocytosis is increased by +infusion of fluids into the circulation. After all operations there is +at least a transient leucocytosis (_post-operative leucocytosis_) +(F. I. Dawson). + +The leucocytosis begins soon after the infection manifests itself--for +example, by shivering, rigor, or rise of temperature. The number of +leucocytes rises somewhat rapidly, increases while the condition is +progressing, and remains high during the febrile period, but there is no +constant correspondence between the number of leucocytes and the height +of the temperature. The arrest of the inflammation and its resolution +are accompanied by a fall in the number of leucocytes, while the +occurrence of suppuration is attended with a further increase in their +number. + +In interpreting the "blood count," it is to be kept in mind that a +_physiological leucocytosis_ occurs within three or four hours of taking +a meal, especially one rich in proteins, from 1500 to 2000 being added +to the normal number. In this _digestion leucocytosis_ the increase is +chiefly in the polynuclear neutrophile leucocytes. Immediately before +and after delivery, particularly in primiparae, there is usually a +moderate degree of leucocytosis. If the labour is normal and the +puerperium uncomplicated, the number of leucocytes regains the normal in +about a week. Lactation has no appreciable effect on the number of +leucocytes. In new-born infants the leucocyte count is abnormally high, +ranging from 15,000 to 20,000. In children under one year of age, the +normal average is from 10,000 to 20,000. + +_Absence of Leucocytosis--Leucopenia._--In certain infective diseases +the number of leucocytes in the circulating blood is abnormally +low--3000 or 4000--and this condition is known as _leucopenia_. It +occurs in typhoid fever, especially in the later stages of the disease, +in tuberculous lesions unaccompanied by suppuration, in malaria, and in +most cases of uncomplicated influenza. The occurrence of leucocytosis in +any of these conditions is to be looked upon as an indication that a +mixed infection has taken place, and that some suppurative process is +present. + +The absence of leucocytosis in some cases of virulent septic poisoning +has already been referred to. + +It will be evident that too much reliance must not be placed upon a +single observation, particularly in emergency cases. Whenever possible, +a series of observations should be made, the blood being examined about +four hours after meals, and about the same hour each day. + +The clinical significance of the blood count in individual diseases will +be further referred to. + +_The Iodine or Glycogen Reaction._--The leucocyte count may be +supplemented by staining films of the blood with a watery solution of +iodine and potassium iodide. In all advancing purulent conditions, in +septic poisonings, in pneumonia, and in cancerous growths associated +with ulceration, a certain number of the polynuclear leucocytes are +stained a brown or reddish-brown colour, due to the action of the iodine +on some substance in the cells of the nature of glycogen. This reaction +is absent in serous effusions, in unmixed tuberculous infections, in +uncomplicated typhoid fever, and in the early stages of cancerous +growths. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +INFLAMMATION + + +Definition--Nature of inflammation from surgical point of + view--Sequence of changes in bacterial inflammation--Clinical + aspects of inflammation--General principles of treatment--Chronic + inflammation. + +Inflammation may be defined as the series of vital changes that occurs +in the tissues in response to irritation. These changes represent the +reaction of the tissue elements to the irritant, and constitute the +attempt made by nature to arrest or to limit its injurious effects, and +to repair the damage done by it. + +The phenomena which characterise the inflammatory reaction can be +induced by any form of irritation--such, for example, as mechanical +injury, the application of heat or of chemical substances, or the action +of pathogenic bacteria and their toxins--and they are essentially +similar in kind whatever the irritant may be. The extent to which the +process may go, however, and its effects on the part implicated and on +the system as a whole, vary with different irritants and with the +intensity and duration of their action. A mechanical, a thermal, or a +chemical irritant, acting alone, induces a degree of reaction directly +proportionate to its physical properties, and so long as it does not +completely destroy the vitality of the part involved, the changes in the +tissues are chiefly directed towards repairing the damage done to the +part, and the inflammatory reaction is not only compatible with the +occurrence of ideal repair, but may be looked upon as an integral step +in the reparative process. + +The irritation caused by infection with bacteria, on the other hand, is +cumulative, as the organisms not only multiply in the tissues, but in +addition produce chemical poisons (toxins) which aggravate the +irritative effects. The resulting reaction is correspondingly +progressive, and has as its primary object the expulsion of the irritant +and the limitation of its action. If the natural protective effort is +successful, the resulting tissue changes subserve the process of repair, +but if the bacteria gain the upper hand in the struggle, the +inflammatory reaction becomes more intense, certain of the tissue +elements succumb, and the process for the time being is a destructive +one. During the stage of bacterial inflammation, reparative processes +are in abeyance, and it is only after the inflammation has been allayed, +either by natural means or by the aid of the surgeon, that repair takes +place. + +In applying the antiseptic principle to the treatment of wounds, our +main object is to exclude or to eliminate the bacterial factor, and so +to prevent the inflammatory reaction going beyond the stage in which it +is protective, and just in proportion as we succeed in attaining this +object, do we favour the occurrence of ideal repair. + +#Sequence of Changes in Bacterial Inflammation.#--As the form of +inflammation with which we are most concerned is that due to the action +of bacteria, in describing the process by which the protective influence +of the inflammatory reaction is brought into play, we shall assume the +presence of a bacterial irritant. + +The introduction of a colony of micro-organisms is quickly followed by +an accumulation of wandering cells, and proliferation of +connective-tissue cells in the tissues at the site of infection. The +various cells are attracted to the bacteria by a peculiar chemical or +biological power known as _chemotaxis_, which seems to result from +variations in the surface tension of different varieties of cells, +probably caused by some substance produced by the micro-organisms. +Changes in the blood vessels then ensue, the arteries becoming dilated +and the rate of the current in them being for a time increased--_active +hyperaemia_. Soon, however, the rate of the blood flow becomes slower +than normal, and in course of time the current may cease (_stasis_), and +the blood in the vessels may even coagulate (_thrombosis_). Coincidently +with these changes in the vessels, the leucocytes in the blood of the +inflamed part rapidly increase in number, and they become viscous and +adhere to the vessel wall, where they may accumulate in large numbers. +In course of time the leucocytes pass through the vessel +wall--_emigration of leucocytes_--and move towards the seat of +infection, giving rise to a marked degree of _local leucocytosis_. +Through the openings by which the leucocytes have escaped from the +vessels, red corpuscles may be passively extruded--_diapedesis of red +corpuscles_. These processes are accompanied by changes in the +endothelium of the vessel walls, which result in an increased formation +of lymph, which transudes into the meshes of the connective tissue +giving rise to an _inflammatory oedema_, or, if the inflammation is on a +free surface, forming an _inflammatory exudate_. The quantity and +characters of this exudate vary in different parts of the body, and +according to the nature, virulence, and location of the organisms +causing the inflammation. Thus it may be _serous_, as in some forms of +synovitis; _sero-fibrinous_, as in certain varieties of peritonitis, the +fibrin tending to limit the spread of the inflammation by forming +adhesions; _croupous_, when it coagulates on a free surface and forms a +false membrane, as in diphtheria; _haemorrhagic_ when mixed with blood; +or _purulent_, when suppuration has occurred. The protective effects of +the inflammatory reaction depend for the most part upon the transudation +of lymph and the emigration of leucocytes. The lymph contains the +opsonins which act on the bacteria and render them less able to resist +the attack of the phagocytes, as well as the various protective +antibodies which neutralise the toxins. The polymorph leucocytes are the +principal agents in the process of phagocytosis (p. 22), and together +with the other forms of phagocytes they ingest and destroy the bacteria. + +If the attempt to repel the invading organisms is successful, the +irritant effects are overcome, the inflammation is arrested, and +_resolution_ is said to take place. + +Certain of the vascular and cellular changes are now utilised to restore +the condition to the normal, and _repair_ ensues after the manner +already described. In certain situations, notably in tendon sheaths, in +the cavities of joints, and in the interior of serous cavities, for +example the pleura and peritoneum, the restoration to the normal is not +perfect, adhesions forming between the opposing surfaces. + +If, however, the reaction induced by the infection is insufficient to +check the growth and spread of the organisms, or to inhibit their toxin +production, local necrosis of tissue may take place, either in the form +of suppuration or of gangrene, or the toxins absorbed into the +circulation may produce blood-poisoning, which may even prove fatal. + +#Clinical Aspects of Inflammation.#--It must clearly be understood that +inflammation is not to be looked upon as a disease in itself, but rather +as an evidence of some infective process going on in the tissues in +which it occurs, and of an effort on the part of these tissues to +overcome the invading organisms and their products. The chief danger to +the patient lies, not in the reactive changes that constitute the +inflammatory process, but in the fact that he is liable to be poisoned +by the toxins of the bacteria at work in the inflamed area. + +Since the days of Celsus (first century A.D.), heat, redness, swelling, +and pain have been recognised as cardinal signs of inflammation, and to +these may be added, interference with function in the inflamed part, and +general constitutional disturbance. Variations in these signs and +symptoms depend upon the acuteness of the condition, the nature of the +causative organism and of the tissue attacked, the situation of the part +in relation to the surface, and other factors. + +The _heat_ of the inflamed part is to be attributed to the increased +quantity of blood present in it, and the more superficial the affected +area the more readily is the local increase of temperature detected by +the hand. This clinical point is best tested by placing the palm of the +hand and fingers for a few seconds alternately over an uninflamed and an +inflamed area, otherwise under similar conditions as to coverings and +exposure. In this way even slight differences may be recognised. + +_Redness_, similarly, is due to the increased afflux of blood to the +inflamed part. The shade of colour varies with the stage of the +inflammation, being lighter and brighter in the early, hyperaemic stages, +and darker and duskier when the blood flow is slowed or when stasis has +occurred and the oxygenation of the blood is defective. In the +thrombotic stage the part may assume a purplish hue. + +The _swelling_ is partly due to the increased amount of blood in the +affected part and to the accumulation of leucocytes and proliferated +tissue cells, but chiefly to the exudate in the connective +tissue--_inflammatory oedema_. The more open the structure of the tissue +of the part, the greater is the amount of swelling--witness the marked +degree of oedema that occurs in such parts as the scrotum or the eyelids. + +_Pain_ is a symptom seldom absent in inflammation. _Tenderness_--that +is, pain elicited on pressure--is one of the most valuable diagnostic +signs we possess, and is often present before pain is experienced by the +patient. That the area of tenderness corresponds to the area of +inflammation is almost an axiom of surgery. Pain and tenderness are due +to the irritation of nerve filaments of the part, rendered all the more +sensitive by the abnormal conditions of their blood supply. In +inflammatory conditions of internal organs, for example the abdominal +viscera, the pain is frequently referred to other parts, usually to an +area supplied by branches from the same segment of the cord as that +supplying the inflamed part. + +For purposes of diagnosis, attention should be paid to the terms in +which the patient describes his pain. For example, the pain caused by +an inflammation of the skin is usually described as of a _burning_ or +_itching_ character; that of inflammation in dense tissues like +periosteum or bone, or in encapsuled organs, as _dull_, _boring_, or +_aching_. When inflammation is passing on to suppuration the pain +assumes a _throbbing_ character, and as the pus reaches the surface, or +"points," as it is called, sharp, _darting_, or _lancinating_ pains are +experienced. Inflammation involving a nerve-trunk may cause a _boring_ +or a _tingling_ pain; while the implication of a serous membrane such as +the pleura or peritoneum gives rise to a pain of a sharp, _stabbing_ +character. + +_Interference with the function_ of the inflamed part is always present +to a greater or less extent. + +#Constitutional Disturbances.#--Under the term constitutional +disturbances are included the presence of fever or elevation of +temperature; certain changes in the pulse rate and the respiration; +gastro-intestinal and urinary disturbances; and derangements of the +central nervous system. These are all due to the absorption of toxins +into the general circulation. + +_Temperature._--A marked rise of temperature is one of the most constant +and important concomitants of acute inflammatory conditions, and the +temperature chart forms a fairly reliable index of the state of the +patient. The toxins interfere with the nerve-centres in the medulla that +regulate the balance between the production and the loss of body heat. + +Clinically the temperature is estimated by means of a self-registering +thermometer placed, for from one to five minutes, in close contact with +the skin in the axilla, or in the mouth. Sometimes the thermometer is +inserted into the rectum, where, however, the temperature is normally +3/4 o F. higher than in the axilla. + +_In health_ the temperature of the body is maintained at a mean of about +98.4 o F. (37 o C.) by the heat-regulating mechanism. It varies from hour +to hour even in health, reaching its maximum between four and eight in +the evening, when it may rise to 99 o F., and is at its lowest between +four and six in the morning, when it may be about 97 o F. + +The temperature is more easily disturbed in children than in adults, and +may become markedly elevated (104 o or 105 o F.) from comparatively slight +causes; in the aged it is less liable to change, so that a rise to 103 o +or 104 o F. is to be looked upon as indicating a high state of fever. + +A sudden rise of temperature is usually associated with a feeling of +chilliness down the back and in the limbs, which may be so marked that +the patient shivers violently, while the skin becomes cold, pale, and +shrivelled--_cutis anserina_. This is a nervous reaction due to a want +of correspondence between the internal and the surface temperature of +the body, and is known clinically as a _rigor_. When the temperature +rises gradually the chill is usually slight and may be unobserved. Even +during the cold stage, however, the internal temperature is already +raised, and by the time the chill has passed off its maximum has been +reached. + +The _pulse_ is always increased in frequency, and usually varies +directly with the height of the temperature. _Respiration_ is more +active during the progress of an inflammation; and bronchial catarrh is +common apart from any antecedent respiratory disease. + +_Gastro-intestinal disturbances_ take the form of loss of appetite, +vomiting, diminished secretion of the alimentary juices, and weakening +of the peristalsis of the bowel, leading to thirst, dry, furred tongue, +and constipation. Diarrhoea is sometimes present. The _urine_ is usually +scanty, of high specific gravity, rich in nitrogenous substances, +especially urea and uric acid, and in calcium salts, while sodium +chloride is deficient. Albumin and hyaline casts may be present in cases +of severe inflammation with high temperature. The significance of +general _leucocytosis_ has already been referred to. + +#General Principles of Treatment.#--The capacity of the inflammatory +reaction for dealing with bacterial infections being limited, it often +becomes necessary for the surgeon to aid the natural defensive +processes, as well as to counteract the local and general effects of the +reaction, and to relieve symptoms. + +The ideal means of helping the tissues is by removing the focus of +infection, and when this can be done, as for example in a carbuncle or +an anthrax pustule, the infected area may be completely excised. When +the focus is not sufficiently limited to admit of this, the infected +tissue may be scraped away with the sharp spoon, or destroyed by +caustics or by the actual cautery. If this is inadvisable, the organisms +may be attacked by strong antiseptics, such as pure carbolic acid. + +Moist dressings favour the removal of bacteria by promoting the escape +of the inflammatory exudate, in which they are washed out. + +#Artificial Hyperaemia.#--When such direct means as the above are +impracticable, much can be done to aid the tissues in their struggle by +improving the condition of the circulation in the inflamed area, so as +to ensure that a plentiful supply of fresh arterial blood reaches it. +The beneficial effects of _hot fomentations and poultices_ depend on +their causing a dilatation of the vessels, and so inducing a hyperaemia +in the affected area. It has been shown experimentally that repeated, +short applications of moist heat (not exceeding 106 o F.) are more +efficacious than continuous application. It is now believed that the +so-called _counter-irritants_--mustard, iodine, cantharides, actual +cautery--act in the same way; and the method of treating erysipelas by +applying a strong solution of iodine around the affected area is based +on the same principle. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Passive Hyperaemia of Hand and Forearm induced by +Bier's Bandage.] + +While these and similar methods have long been employed in the treatment +of inflammatory conditions, it is only within comparatively recent years +that their mode of action has been properly understood, and to August +Bier belongs the credit of having put the treatment of inflammation on a +scientific and rational basis. Recognising the "beneficent intention" of +the inflammatory reaction, and the protective action of the leucocytosis +which accompanies the hyperaemic stages of the process, Bier was led to +study the effects of increasing the hyperaemia by artificial means. As a +result of his observations, he has formulated a method of treatment +which consists in inducing an artificial hyperaemia in the inflamed area, +either by obstructing the venous return from the part (_passive +hyperaemia_), or by stimulating the arterial flow through it (_active +hyperaemia_). + +_Bier's Constricting Bandage._--To induce a _passive hyperaemia_ in a +limb, an elastic bandage is applied some distance above the inflamed +area sufficiently tightly to obstruct the venous return from the distal +parts without arresting in any way the inflow of arterial blood (Fig. 6). +If the constricting band is correctly applied, the parts beyond +become swollen and oedematous, and assume a bluish-red hue, but they +retain their normal temperature, the pulse is unchanged, and there is no +pain. If the part becomes blue, cold, or painful, or if any existing +pain is increased, the band has been applied too tightly. The hyperaemia +is kept up from twenty to twenty-two hours out of the twenty-four, and +in the intervals the limb is elevated to get rid of the oedema and to +empty it of impure blood, and so make room for a fresh supply of healthy +blood when the bandage is re-applied. As the inflammation subsides, the +period during which the band is kept on each day is diminished; but the +treatment should be continued for some days after all signs of +inflammation have subsided. + +This method of treating acute inflammatory conditions necessitates +close supervision until the correct degree of tightness of the band has +been determined. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Passive Hyperaemia of Finger induced by Klapp's +Suction Bell.] + +_Klapp's Suction Bells._--In inflammatory conditions to which the +constricting band cannot be applied, as for example an acute mastitis, a +bubo in the groin, or a boil on the neck, the affected area may be +rendered hyperaemic by an appropriately shaped glass bell applied over it +and exhausted by means of a suction-pump, the rarefaction of the air in +the bell determining a flow of blood into the tissues enclosed within it +(Figs. 7 and 8). The edge of the bell is smeared with vaseline, and the +suction applied for from five to ten minutes at a time, with a +corresponding interval between the applications. Each sitting lasts for +from half an hour to an hour, and the treatment may be carried out once +or twice a day according to circumstances. This apparatus acts in the +same way as the old-fashioned _dry cup_, and is more convenient and +equally efficacious. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.--Passive Hyperaemia induced by Klapp's Suction +Bell for Inflammation of Inguinal Gland.] + +_Active hyperaemia_ is induced by the local application of heat, +particularly by means of hot air. It has not proved so useful in acute +inflammation as passive hyperaemia, but is of great value in hastening +the absorption of inflammatory products and in overcoming adhesions and +stiffness in tendons and joints. + +_General Treatment._--The patient should be kept at rest, preferably in +bed, to diminish the general tissue waste; and the diet should be +restricted to fluids, such as milk, beef-tea, meat juices or gruel, and +these may be rendered more easily assimilable by artificial digestion if +necessary. To counteract the general effect of toxins absorbed into +the circulation, specific antitoxic sera are employed in certain forms +of infection, such as diphtheria, streptococcal septicaemia, and tetanus. +In other forms of infection, vaccines are employed to increase the +opsonic power of the blood. When such means are not available, the +circulating toxins may to some extent be diluted by giving plenty of +bland fluids by the mouth or normal salt solution by the rectum. + +The elimination of the toxins is promoted by securing free action of the +emunctories. A saline purge, such as half an ounce of sulphate of +magnesium in a small quantity of water, ensures a free evacuation of the +bowels. The kidneys are flushed by such diluent drinks as equal parts of +milk and lime water, or milk with a dram of liquor calcis saccharatus +added to each tumblerful. Barley-water and "Imperial drink," which +consists of a dram and a half of cream of tartar added to a pint of +boiling water and sweetened with sugar after cooling, are also useful +and non-irritating diuretics. The skin may be stimulated by Dover's +powder (10 grains) or liquor ammoniae acetatis in three-dram doses every +four hours. + +Various drugs administered internally, such as quinine, salol, +salicylate of iron, and others, have a reputation, more or less +deserved, as internal antiseptics. + +Weakness of the heart, as indicated by the condition of the pulse, is +treated by the use of such drugs as digitalis, strophanthus, or +strychnin, according to circumstances. + +Gastro-intestinal disturbances are met by ordinary medical means. +Vomiting, for example, can sometimes be checked by effervescing drinks, +such as citrate of caffein, or by dilute hydrocyanic acid and bismuth. +In severe cases, and especially when the vomited matter resembles +coffee-grounds from admixture with altered blood--the so-called +post-operative haematemesis--the best means of arresting the vomiting is +by washing out the stomach. Thirst is relieved by rectal injections of +saline solution. The introduction of saline solution into the veins or +by the rectum is also useful in diluting and hastening the elimination +of circulating toxins. + +In surgical inflammations, as a rule, nothing is gained by lowering the +temperature, unless at the same time the cause is removed. When severe +or prolonged pyrexia becomes a source of danger, the use of hot or cold +sponging, or even the cold bath, is preferable to the administration of +drugs. + +_Relief of Symptoms._--For the relief of _pain_, rest is essential. The +inflamed part should be placed in a splint or other appliance which will +prevent movement, and steps must be taken to reduce its functional +activity as far as possible. Locally, warm and moist dressings, such as +a poultice or fomentation, may be used. To make a fomentation, a piece +of flannel or lint is wrung out of very hot water or antiseptic lotion +and applied under a sheet of mackintosh. Fomentations should be renewed +as often as they cool. An ordinary india-rubber bag filled with hot +water and fixed over the fomentation, by retaining the heat, obviates +the necessity of frequently changing the application. The addition of a +few drops of laudanum sprinkled on the flannel has a soothing effect. +Lead and opium lotion is a useful, soothing application employed as a +fomentation. We prefer the application of lint soaked in a 10 per cent. +aqueous or glycerine solution of ichthyol, or smeared with ichthyol +ointment (1 in 3). Belladonna and glycerine, equal parts, may be used. + +Dry cold obtained by means of icebags, or by Leiter's lead tubes through +which a continuous stream of ice-cold water is kept flowing, is +sometimes soothing to the patient, but when the vessels in the inflamed +part are greatly congested its use is attended with considerable risk, +as it not only contracts the arterioles supplying the part, but also +diminishes the outflow of venous blood, and so may determine gangrene of +tissues already devitalised. + +A milder form of employing cold is by means of evaporating lotions: a +thin piece of lint or gauze is applied over the inflamed part and kept +constantly moist with the lotion, the dressing being left freely exposed +to allow of continuous evaporation. A useful evaporating lotion is made +up as follows: take of chloride of ammonium, half an ounce; rectified +spirit, one ounce; and water, seven ounces. + +The administration of opiates may be necessary for the relief of pain. + +The accumulation of an excessive amount of inflammatory exudate may +endanger the vitality of the tissues by pressing on the blood vessels to +such an extent as to cause stasis, and by concentrating the local action +of the toxins. Under such conditions the tension should be relieved and +the exudate with its contained toxins removed by making an incision into +the inflamed tissues, and applying a suction bell. When the exudate has +collected in a synovial cavity, such as a joint or bursa, it may be +withdrawn by means of a trocar and cannula. There are other methods of +withdrawing blood and exudate from an inflamed area, for example by +leeches or wet-cupping, but they are seldom employed now. + +Before applying leeches the part must be thoroughly cleansed, and if +the leech is slow to bite, may be smeared with cream. The leech is +retained in position under an inverted wine-glass or wide test-tube till +it takes hold. After it has sucked its fill it usually drops off, having +withdrawn a dram or a dram and a half of blood. If it be desirable to +withdraw more blood, hot fomentations should be applied to the bite. As +it is sometimes necessary to employ considerable pressure to stop the +bleeding, leeches should, if possible, be applied over a bone which will +furnish the necessary resistance. The use of styptics may be called for. + +_Wet-cupping_ has almost entirely been superseded by the use of Klapp's +suction bells. + +_General blood-letting_ consists in opening a superficial vein +(venesection) and allowing from eight to ten ounces of blood to flow +from it. It is seldom used in the treatment of surgical forms of +inflammation. + +_Counter-irritants._--In deep-seated inflammations, counter-irritants +are sometimes employed in the form of mustard leaves or blisters, +according to the degree of irritation required. A mustard leaf or +plaster should not be left on longer than ten or fifteen minutes, unless +it is desired to produce a blister. Blistering may be produced by a +_cantharides plaster_, or by painting with _liquor epispasticus_. The +plaster should be left on from eight to ten hours, and if it has failed +to raise a blister, a hot fomentation should be applied to the part. +_Liquor epispasticus_, alone or mixed with equal parts of collodion, is +painted on the part with a brush. Several paintings are often required +before a blister is raised. The preliminary removal of the natural +grease from the skin favours the action of these applications. + +The treatment of inflammation in special tissues and organs will be +considered in the sections devoted to regional surgery. + +#Chronic Inflammation.#--A variety of types of chronic and subacute +inflammation are met with which, owing to ignorance of their causations, +cannot at present be satisfactorily classified. + +The best defined group is that of the _granulomata_, which includes such +important diseases as tuberculosis and syphilis, and in which different +types of chronic inflammation are caused by infection with a specific +organism, all having the common character, however, that abundant +granulation tissue is formed in which cellular changes are more in +evidence than changes in the blood vessels, and in which the subsequent +degeneration and necrosis of the granulation tissue results in the +breaking down and destruction of the tissue in which it is formed. +Another group is that in which chronic inflammation is due to mild or +attenuated forms of pyogenic infection affecting especially the lymph +glands and the bone marrow. In the glands of the groin, for example, +associated with various forms of irritation about the external genitals, +different types of _chronic lymphadenitis_ are met with; they do not +frankly suppurate as do the acute types, but are attended with a +hyperplasia of the tissue elements which results in enlargement of the +affected glands of a persistent, and sometimes of a relapsing character. +Similar varieties of _osteomyelitis_ are met with that do not, like the +acute forms, go on to suppuration or to death of bone, but result in +thickening of the bone affected, both on the surface and in the +interior, resulting in obliteration of the medullary canal. + +A third group of chronic inflammations are those that begin as an acute +pyogenic inflammation, which, instead of resolving completely, persists +in a chronic form. It does so apparently because there is some factor +aiding the organisms and handicapping the tissues, such as the presence +of a foreign body, a piece of glass or metal, or a piece of dead bone; +in these circumstances the inflammation persists in a chronic form, +attended with the formation of fibrous tissue, and, in the case of bone, +with the formation of new bone in excess. It will be evident that in +this group, chronic inflammation and repair are practically +interchangeable terms. + +There are other groups of chronic inflammation, the origin of which +continues to be the subject of controversy. Reference is here made to +the chronic inflammations of the synovial membrane of joints, of tendon +sheaths and of bursae--_chronic synovitis_, _teno-synovitis_ and +_bursitis_; of the fibrous tissues of joints--chronic forms of +_arthritis_; of the blood vessels--chronic forms of _endarteritis_ and +of _phlebitis_ and of the peripheral nerves--_neuritis_. Also in the +breast and in the prostate, with the waning of sexual life there may +occur a formation of fibrous tissue--chronic _interstitial mastitis_, +_chronic prostatitis_, having analogies with the chronic interstitial +inflammations of internal organs like the kidney--_chronic interstitial +nephritis_; and in the breast and prostate, as in the kidney, the +formation of fibrous tissue leads to changes in the secreting epithelium +resulting in the formation of cysts. + +Lastly, there are still other types of chronic inflammation attended +with the formation of fibrous tissue on such a liberal scale as to +suggest analogies with new growths. The best known of these are the +systematic forms of fibromatosis met with in the central nervous system +and in the peripheral nerves--_neuro-fibromatosis_; in the submucous +coat of the stomach--_gastric fibromatosis_; and in the +colon--_intestinal fibromatosis_. + +These conditions will be described with the tissues and organs in which +they occur. + +In the _treatment of chronic inflammations_, pending further knowledge +as to their causation, and beyond such obvious indications as to help +the tissues by removing a foreign body or a piece of dead bone, there +are employed--empirically--a number of procedures such as the induction +of hyperaemia, exposure to the X-rays, and the employment of blisters, +cauteries, and setons. Vaccines may be had recourse to in those of +bacterial origin. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +SUPPURATION + + +Definition--Pus--_Varieties_--Acute circumscribed abscess--_Acute + suppuration in a wound_--_Acute Suppuration in a mucous + membrane_--Diffuse cellulitis and diffuse suppuration-- + _Whitlow_--_Suppurative cellulitis in different situations_--Chronic + suppuration--Sinus, Fistula--Constitutional manifestations of + pyogenic infection--_Sapraemia_--_Septicaemia_--_Pyaemia_. + +Suppuration, or the formation of pus, is one of the results of the +action of bacteria on the tissues. The invading organism is usually one +of the staphylococci, less frequently a streptococcus, and still less +frequently one of the other bacteria capable of producing pus, such as +the bacillus coli communis, the gonococcus, the pneumococcus, or the +typhoid bacillus. + +So long as the tissues are in a healthy condition they are able to +withstand the attacks of moderate numbers of pyogenic bacteria of +ordinary virulence, but when devitalised by disease, by injury, or by +inflammation due to the action of other pathogenic organisms, +suppuration ensues. + +It would appear, for example, that pyogenic organisms can pass through +the healthy urinary tract without doing any damage, but if the pelvis of +the kidney, the ureter, or the bladder is the seat of stone, they give +rise to suppuration. Similarly, a calculus in one of the salivary ducts +frequently results in an abscess forming in the floor of the mouth. When +the lumen of a tubular organ, such as the appendix or the Fallopian tube +is blocked also, the action of pyogenic organisms is favoured and +suppuration ensues. + +#Pus.#--The fluid resulting from the process of suppuration is known +as _pus_. In its typical form it is a yellowish creamy substance, of +alkaline reaction, with a specific gravity of about 1030, and it has a +peculiar mawkish odour. If allowed to stand in a test-tube it does not +coagulate, but separates into two layers: the upper, transparent, +straw-coloured fluid, the _liquor puris_ or pus serum, closely +resembling blood serum in its composition, but containing less protein +and more cholestrol; it also contains leucin, tyrosin, and certain +albumoses which prevent coagulation. + +The layer at the bottom of the tube consists for the most part of +polymorph leucocytes, and proliferated connective tissue and endothelial +cells (_pus corpuscles_). Other forms of leucocytes may be present, +especially in long-standing suppurations; and there are usually some red +corpuscles, dead bacteria, fat cells and shreds of tissue, cholestrol +crystals, and other detritus in the deposit. + +If a film of fresh pus is examined under the microscope, the pus cells +are seen to have a well-defined rounded outline, and to contain a finely +granular protoplasm and a multi-partite nucleus; if still warm, the +cells may exhibit amoeboid movement. In stained films the nuclei take the +stain well. In older pus cells the outline is irregular, the protoplasm +coarsely granular, and the nuclei disintegrated, no longer taking the +stain. + +_Variations from Typical Pus._--Pus from old-standing sinuses is often +watery in consistence (ichorous), with few cells. Where the granulations +are vascular and bleed easily, it becomes sanious from admixture with +red corpuscles; while, if a blood-clot be broken down and the debris +mixed with the pus, it contains granules of blood pigment and is said to +be "grumous." The _odour_ of pus varies with the different bacteria +producing it. Pus due to ordinary pyogenic cocci has a mawkish odour; +when putrefactive organisms are present it has a putrid odour; when it +forms in the vicinity of the intestinal canal it usually contains the +bacillus coli communis and has a faecal odour. + +The _colour_ of pus also varies: when due to one or other of the +varieties of the bacillus pyocyaneus, it is usually of a blue or green +colour; when mixed with bile derivatives or altered blood pigment, it +may be of a bright orange colour. In wounds inflicted with rough iron +implements from which rust is deposited, the pus often presents the same +colour. + +The pus may form and collect within a circumscribed area, constituting a +localised _abscess_; or it may infiltrate the tissues over a wide +area--_diffuse suppuration_. + + +ACUTE CIRCUMSCRIBED ABSCESS + +Any tissue of the body may be the seat of an acute abscess, and there +are many routes by which the bacteria may gain access to the affected +area. For example: an abscess in the integument or subcutaneous +cellular tissue usually results from infection by organisms which have +entered through a wound or abrasion of the surface, or along the ducts +of the skin; an abscess in the breast from organisms which have passed +along the milk ducts opening on the nipple, or along the lymphatics +which accompany these. An abscess in a lymph gland is usually due to +infection passing by way of the lymph channels from the area of skin or +mucous membrane drained by them. Abscesses in internal organs, such as +the kidney, liver, or brain, usually result from organisms carried in +the blood-stream from some focus of infection elsewhere in the body. + +A knowledge of the possible avenues of infection is of clinical +importance, as it may enable the source of a given abscess to be traced +and dealt with. In suppuration in the Fallopian tube (pyosalpynx), for +example, the fact that the most common origin of the infection is in the +genital passage, leads to examination for vaginal discharge; and if none +is present, the abscess is probably due to infection carried in the +blood-stream from some primary focus about the mouth, such as a gumboil +or an infective sore throat. + +The exact location of an abscess also may furnish a key to its source; +in axillary abscess, for example, if the suppuration is in the lymph +glands the infection has come through the afferent lymphatics; if in the +cellular tissue, it has spread from the neck or chest wall; if in the +hair follicles, it is a local infection through the skin. + +#Formation of an Abscess.#--When pyogenic bacteria are introduced into +the tissue there ensues an inflammatory reaction, which is characterised +by dilatation of the blood vessels, exudation of large numbers of +leucocytes, and proliferation of connective-tissue cells. These +wandering cells soon accumulate round the focus of infection, and form a +protective barrier which tends to prevent the spread of the organisms +and to restrict their field of action. Within the area thus +circumscribed the struggle between the bacteria and the phagocytes takes +place, and in the process toxins are formed by the organisms, a certain +number of the leucocytes succumb, and, becoming degenerated, set free +certain proteolytic enzymes or ferments. The toxins cause +coagulation-necrosis of the tissue cells with which they come in +contact, the ferments liquefy the exudate and other albuminous +substances, and in this way _pus_ is formed. + +If the bacteria gain the upper hand, this process of liquefaction which +is characteristic of suppuration, extends into the surrounding tissues, +the protective barrier of leucocytes is broken down, and the +suppurative process spreads. A fresh accession of leucocytes, however, +forms a new barrier, and eventually the spread is arrested, and the +collection of pus so hemmed in constitutes an _abscess_. + +Owing to the swelling and condensation of the parts around, the pus thus +formed is under considerable pressure, and this causes it to burrow +along the lines of least resistance. In the case of a subcutaneous +abscess the pus usually works its way towards the surface, and "points," +as it is called. Where it approaches the surface the skin becomes soft +and thin, and eventually sloughs, allowing the pus to escape. + +An abscess forming in the deeper planes is prevented from pointing +directly to the surface by the firm fasciae and other fibrous structures. +The pus therefore tends to burrow along the line of the blood vessels +and in the connective-tissue septa, till it either finds a weak spot or +causes a portion of fascia to undergo necrosis and so reaches the +surface. Accordingly, many abscess cavities resulting from deep-seated +suppuration are of irregular shape, with pouches and loculi in various +directions--an arrangement which interferes with their successful +treatment by incision and drainage. + +The relief of tension which follows the bursting of an abscess, the +removal of irritation by the escape of pus, and the casting off of +bacteria and toxins, allow the tissues once more to assert themselves, +and a process of repair sets in. The walls of the abscess fall in; +granulation tissue grows into the space and gradually fills it; and +later this is replaced by cicatricial tissue. As a result of the +subsequent contraction of the cicatricial tissue, the scar is usually +depressed below the level of the surrounding skin surface. + +If an abscess is prevented from healing--for example, by the presence of +a foreign body or a piece of necrosed bone--a sinus results, and from it +pus escapes until the foreign body is removed. + +#Clinical Features of an Acute Circumscribed Abscess.#--In the initial +stages the usual symptoms of inflammation are present. Increased +elevation of temperature, with or without a rigor, progressive +leucocytosis, and sweating, mark the transition between inflammation and +suppuration. An increasing leucocytosis is evidence that a suppurative +process is spreading. + +The local symptoms vary with the seat of the abscess. When it is +situated superficially--for example, in the breast tissue--the affected +area is hot, the redness of inflammation gives place to a dusky purple +colour, with a pale, sometimes yellow, spot where the pus is near the +surface. The swelling increases in size, the firm brawny centre becomes +soft, projects as a cone beyond the level of the rest of the swollen +area, and is usually surrounded by a zone of induration. + +By gently palpating with the finger-tips over the softened area, a fluid +wave may be detected--_fluctuation_--and when present this is a certain +indication of the existence of fluid in the swelling. Its recognition, +however, is by no means easy, and various fallacies are to be guarded +against in applying this test clinically. When, for example, the walls +of the abscess are thick and rigid, or when its contents are under +excessive tension, the fluid wave cannot be elicited. On the other hand, +a sensation closely resembling fluctuation may often be recognised in +oedematous tissues, in certain soft, solid tumours such as fatty tumours +or vascular sarcomata, in aneurysm, and in a muscle when it is palpated +in its transverse axis. + +When pus has formed in deeper parts, and before it has reached the +surface, oedema of the overlying skin is frequently present, and the skin +pits on pressure. + +With the formation of pus the continuous burning or boring pain of +inflammation assumes a throbbing character, with occasional sharp, +lancinating twinges. Should doubt remain as to the presence of pus, +recourse may be had to the use of an exploring needle. + +_Differential Diagnosis of Acute Abscess._--A practical difficulty which +frequently arises is to decide whether or not pus has actually formed. +It may be accepted as a working rule in practice that when an acute +inflammation has lasted for four or five days without showing signs of +abatement, suppuration has almost certainly occurred. In deep-seated +suppuration, marked oedema of the skin and the occurrence of rigors and +sweating may be taken to indicate the formation of pus. + +There are cases on record where rapidly growing sarcomatous and +angiomatous tumours, aneurysms, and the bruises that occur in +haemophylics, have been mistaken for acute abscesses and incised, with +disastrous results. + +#Treatment of Acute Abscesses.#--The dictum of John Bell, "Where there +is pus, let it out," summarises the treatment of abscess. The extent and +situation of the incision and the means taken to drain the cavity, +however, vary with the nature, site, and relations of the abscess. In a +superficial abscess, for example a bubo, or an abscess in the breast or +face where a disfiguring scar is undesirable, a small puncture should be +made where the pus threatens to point, and a Klapp's suction bell be +applied as already described (p. 39). A drain is not necessary, and in +the intervals between the applications of the bell the part is covered +with a moist antiseptic dressing. + +In abscesses deeply placed, as for example under the gluteal or pectoral +muscles, one or more incisions should be made, and the cavity drained by +glass or rubber tubes or by strips of rubber tissue. + +The wound should be dressed the next day, and the tube shortened, in the +case of a rubber tube, by cutting off a portion of its outer end. On the +second day or later, according to circumstances, the tube is removed, +and after this the dressing need not be repeated oftener than every +second or third day. + +Where pus has formed in relation to important structures--as, for +example, in the deeper planes of the neck--_Hilton's method_ of opening +the abscess may be employed. An incision is made through the skin and +fascia, a grooved director is gently pushed through the deeper tissues +till pus escapes along its groove, and then the track is widened by +passing in a pair of dressing forceps and expanding the blades. A tube, +or strip of rubber tissue, is introduced, and the subsequent treatment +carried out as in other abscesses. When the drain lies in proximity to a +large blood vessel, care must be taken not to leave it in position long +enough to cause ulceration of the vessel wall by pressure. + +In some abscesses, such as those in the vicinity of the anus, the cavity +should be laid freely open in its whole extent, stuffed with iodoform or +bismuth gauze, and treated by the open method. + +It is seldom advisable to wash out an abscess cavity, and squeezing out +the pus is also to be avoided, lest the protective zone be broken down +and the infection be diffused into the surrounding tissues. + +The importance of taking precautions against further infection in +opening an abscess can scarcely be exaggerated, and the rapidity with +which healing occurs when the access of fresh bacteria is prevented is +in marked contrast to what occurs when such precautions are neglected +and further infection is allowed to take place. + +_Acute Suppuration in a Wound._--If in the course of an operation +infection of the wound has occurred, a marked inflammatory reaction soon +manifests itself, and the same changes as occur in the formation of an +acute abscess take place, modified, however, by the fact that the pus +can more readily reach the surface. In from twenty-four to forty-eight +hours the patient is conscious of a sensation of chilliness, or may +even have a rigor. At the same time he feels generally out of sorts, +with impaired appetite, headache, and it may be looseness of the bowels. +His temperature rises to 100 o or 101 o F., and the pulse quickens to 100 +or 110. + +On exposing the wound it is found that the parts for some distance +around are red, glazed, and oedematous. The discoloration and swelling +are most intense in the immediate vicinity of the wound, the edges of +which are everted and moist. Any stitches that may have been introduced +are tight, and the deep ones may be cutting into the tissues. There is +heat, and a constant burning or throbbing pain, which is increased by +pressure. If the stitches be cut, pus escapes, the wound gapes, and its +surfaces are found to be inflamed and covered with pus. + +The open method is the only safe means of treating such wounds. The +infected surface may be sponged over with pure carbolic acid, the excess +of which is washed off with absolute alcohol, and the wound either +drained by tubes or packed with iodoform gauze. The practice of scraping +such surfaces with the sharp spoon, squeezing or even of washing them +out with antiseptic lotions, is attended with the risk of further +diffusing the organisms in the tissue, and is only to be employed under +exceptional circumstances. Continuous irrigation of infected wounds or +their immersion in antiseptic baths is sometimes useful. The free +opening up of the wound is almost immediately followed by a fall in the +temperature. The surrounding inflammation subsides, the discharge of pus +lessens, and healing takes place by the formation of granulation +tissue--the so-called "healing by second intention." + +Wound infection may take place from _catgut_ which has not been +efficiently prepared. The local and general reactions may be slight, +and, as a rule, do not appear for seven or eight days after the +operation, and, it may be, not till after the skin edges have united. +The suppuration is strictly localised to the part of the wound where +catgut was employed for stitches or ligatures, and shows little tendency +to spread. The infected part, however, is often long of healing. The +irritation in these cases is probably due to toxins in the catgut and +not to bacteria. + +When suppuration occurs in connection with buried sutures of +unabsorbable materials, such as silk, silkworm gut, or silver wire, it +is apt to persist till the foreign material is cast off or removed. + +Suppuration may occur in the track of a skin stitch, producing a _stitch +abscess_. The infection may arise from the material used, especially +catgut or silk, or, more frequently perhaps, from the growth of +staphylococcus albus from the skin of the patient when this has been +imperfectly disinfected. The formation of pus under these conditions may +not be attended with any of the usual signs of suppuration, and beyond +some induration around the wound and a slight tenderness on pressure +there may be nothing to suggest the presence of an abscess. + +_Acute Suppuration of a Mucous Membrane._--When pyogenic organisms gain +access to a mucous membrane, such as that of the bladder, urethra, or +middle ear, the usual phenomena of acute inflammation and suppuration +ensue, followed by the discharge of pus on the free surface. It would +appear that the most marked changes take place in the submucous tissue, +causing the covering epithelium in places to die and leave small +superficial ulcers, for example in gonorrhoeal urethritis, the +cicatricial contraction of the scar subsequently leading to the +formation of stricture. When mucous glands are present in the membrane, +the pus is mixed with mucus--_muco-pus_. + + +DIFFUSE CELLULITIS AND DIFFUSE SUPPURATION + +Cellulitis is an acute affection resulting from the introduction of some +organism--commonly the _streptococcus pyogenes_--into the cellular +connective tissue of the integument, intermuscular septa, tendon +sheaths, or other structures. Infection always takes place through a +breach of the surface, although this may be superficial and +insignificant, such as a pin-prick, a scratch, or a crack under a nail, +and the wound may have been healed for some time before the inflammation +becomes manifest. The cellulitis, also, may develop at some distance +from the seat of inoculation, the organisms having travelled by the +lymphatics. + +The virulence of the organisms, the loose, open nature of the tissues in +which they develop, and the free lymphatic circulation by means of which +they are spread, account for the diffuse nature of the process. +Sometimes numbers of cocci are carried for a considerable distance from +the primary area before they are arrested in the lymphatics, and thus +several patches of inflammation may appear with healthy areas between. + +The pus infiltrates the meshes of the cellular tissue, there is +sloughing of considerable portions of tissue of low vitality, such as +fat, fascia, or tendon, and if the process continues for some time +several collections of pus may form. + +_Clinical Features._--The reaction in cases of diffuse cellulitis is +severe, and is usually ushered in by a distinct chill or even a rigor, +while the temperature rises to 103 o, 104 o, or 105 o F. The pulse is +proportionately increased in frequency, and is small, feeble, and often +irregular. The face is flushed, the tongue dry and brown, and the +patient may become delirious, especially during the night. Leucocytosis +is present in cases of moderate severity; but in severe cases the +virulence of the toxins prevents reaction taking place, and leucocytosis +is absent. + +The local manifestations vary with the relation of the seat of the +inflammation to the surface. When the superficial cellular tissue is +involved, the skin assumes a dark bluish-red colour, is swollen, +oedematous, and the seat of burning pain. To the touch it is firm, hot, +and tender. When the primary focus is in the deeper tissues, the +constitutional disturbance is aggravated, while the local signs are +delayed, and only become prominent when pus forms and approaches the +surface. It is not uncommon for blebs containing dark serous fluid to +form on the skin. The infection frequently spreads along the line of the +main lymph vessels of the part (_septic lymphangitis_) and may reach the +lymph glands (_septic lymphadenitis_). + +With the formation of pus the skin becomes soft and boggy at several +points, and eventually breaks, giving exit to a quantity of thick +grumous discharge. Sometimes several small collections under the skin +fuse, and an abscess is formed in which fluctuation can be detected. +Occasionally gases are evolved in the tissues, giving rise to emphysema. +It is common for portions of fascia, ligaments, or tendons to slough, +and this may often be recognised clinically by a peculiar crunching or +grating sensation transmitted to the fingers on making firm pressure on +the part. + +If it is not let out by incision, the pus, travelling along the lines of +least resistance, tends to point at several places on the surface, or to +open into joints or other cavities. + +_Prognosis._--The occurrence of _septicaemia_ is the most serious risk, +and it is in cases of diffuse suppurative cellulitis that this form of +blood-poisoning assumes its most aggravated forms. The toxins of the +streptococci are exceedingly virulent, and induce local death of tissue +so rapidly that the protective emigration of leucocytes fails to take +place. In some cases the passage of masses of free cocci in the +lymphatics, or of infective emboli in the blood vessels, leads to the +formation of _pyogenic abscesses_ in vital organs, such as the brain, +lungs, liver, kidneys, or other viscera. _Haemorrhage_ from erosion of +arterial or venous trunks may take place and endanger life. + +_Treatment._--The treatment of diffuse cellulitis depends to a large +extent on the situation and extent of the affected area, and on the +stage of the process. + +_In the limbs_, for example, where the application of a constricting +band is practicable, Bier's method of inducing passive hyperaemia yields +excellent results. If pus is formed, one or more small incisions are +made and a light moist dressing placed over the wounds to absorb the +discharge, but no drain is inserted. The whole of the inflamed area +should be covered with gauze wrung out of a 1 in 10 solution of ichthyol +in glycerine. The dressing is changed as often as necessary, and in the +intervals when the band is off, gentle active and passive movements +should be carried out to prevent the formation of adhesions. After +incisions have been made, we have found the _immersion_ of the limb, for +a few hours at a time, in a water-bath containing warm boracic lotion or +eusol a useful adjuvant to the passive hyperaemia. + +_Continuous irrigation_ of the part by a slow, steady stream of lotion, +at the body temperature, such as eusol, or Dakin's solution, or boracic +acid, or frequent washing with peroxide of hydrogen, has been found of +value. + +A suitably arranged splint adds to the comfort of the patient; and the +limb should be placed in the attitude which, in the event of stiffness +resulting, will least interfere with its usefulness. The elbow, for +example, should be flexed to a little less than a right angle; at the +wrist, the hand should be dorsiflexed and the fingers flexed slightly +towards the palm. + +Massage, passive movement, hot and cold douching, and other measures, +may be necessary to get rid of the chronic oedema, adhesions of tendons, +and stiffness of joints which sometimes remain. + +In situations where a constricting band cannot be applied, for example, +on the trunk or the neck, Klapp's suction bells may be used, small +incisions being made to admit of the escape of pus. + +If these measures fail or are impracticable, it may be necessary to make +one or more free incisions, and to insert drainage-tubes, portions of +rubber dam, or iodoform worsted. + +The general treatment of toxaemia must be carried out, and in cases due +to infection by streptococci, anti-streptococcic serum may be used. + +In a few cases, amputation well above the seat of disease, by removing +the source of toxin production, offers the only means of saving the +patient. + + +WHITLOW + +The clinical term whitlow is applied to an acute infection, usually +followed by suppuration, commonly met with in the fingers, less +frequently in the toes. The point of infection is often trivial--a +pin-prick, a puncture caused by a splinter of wood, a scratch, or even +an imperceptible lesion of the skin. + +Several varieties of whitlow are recognised, but while it is convenient +to describe them separately, it is to be clearly understood that +clinically they merge one into another, and it is not always possible to +determine in which connective-tissue plane a given infection has +originated. + +_Initial Stage._--Attention is usually first attracted to the condition +by a sensation of tightness in the finger and tenderness when the part +is squeezed or knocked against anything. In the course of a few hours +the part becomes red and swollen; there is continuous pain, which soon +assumes a throbbing character, particularly when the hand is dependent, +and may be so severe as to prevent sleep, and the patient may feel +generally out of sorts. + +If a constricting band is applied at this stage, the infection can +usually be checked and the occurrence of suppuration prevented. If this +fails, or if the condition is allowed to go untreated, the inflammatory +reaction increases and terminates in suppuration, giving rise to one or +other of the forms of whitlow to be described. + +_The Purulent Blister._--In the most superficial variety, pus forms +between the rete Malpighii and the stratum corneum of the skin, the +latter being raised as a blister in which fluctuation can be detected +(Fig. 9, a). This is commonly met with in the palm of the hand of +labouring men who have recently resumed work after a spell of idleness. +When the blister forms near the tip of the finger, the pus burrows under +the nail--which corresponds to the stratum corneum--raising it from its +bed. + +There is some local heat and discoloration, and considerable pain and +tenderness, but little or no constitutional disturbance. Superficial +lymphangitis may extend a short distance up the forearm. By clipping +away the raised epidermis, and if necessary the nail, the pus is allowed +to escape, and healing speedily takes place. + +_Whitlow at the Nail Fold._--This variety, which is met with among those +who handle septic material, occurs in the sulcus between the nail and +the skin, and is due to the introduction of infective matter at the root +of the nail (Fig. 9, b). A small focus of suppuration forms under the +nail, with swelling and redness of the nail fold, causing intense pain +and discomfort, interfering with sleep, and producing a constitutional +reaction out of all proportion to the local lesion. + +To allow the pus to escape, it is necessary, under local anaesthesia, to +cut away the nail fold as well as the portion of nail in the infected +area, or, it may be, to remove the nail entirely. If only a small +opening is made in the nail it is apt to be blocked by granulations. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Diagram of various forms of Whitlow. + a = Purulent blister. + b = Suppuration at nail fold. + c = Subcutaneous whitlow. + d = Whitlow in sheath of flexor tendon (e). ] + +_Subcutaneous Whitlow._--In this variety the infection manifests itself +as a cellulitis of the pulp of the finger (Fig. 9, c), which sometimes +spreads towards the palm of the hand. The finger becomes red, swollen, +and tense; there is severe throbbing pain, which is usually worst at +night and prevents sleep, and the part is extremely tender on pressure. +When the palm is invaded there may be marked oedema of the back of the +hand, the dense integument of the palm preventing the swelling from +appearing on the front. The pus may be under such tension that +fluctuation cannot be detected. The patient is usually able to flex the +finger to a certain extent without increasing the pain--a point which +indicates that the tendon sheaths have not been invaded. The +suppurative process may, however, spread to the tendon sheaths, or even +to the bone. Sometimes the excessive tension and virulent toxins induce +actual gangrene of the distal part, or even of the whole finger. There +is considerable constitutional disturbance, the temperature often +reaching 101 o or 102 o F. + +The treatment consists in applying a constriction band and making an +incision over the centre of the most tender area, care being taken to +avoid opening the tendon sheath lest the infection be conveyed to it. +Moist dressings should be employed while the suppuration lasts. Carbolic +fomentations, however, are to be avoided on account of the risk of +inducing gangrene. + +_Whitlow of the Tendon Sheaths._--In this form the main incidence of the +infection is on the sheaths of the flexor tendons, but it is not always +possible to determine whether it started there or spread thither from +the subcutaneous cellular tissue (Fig. 9, d). In some cases both +connective tissue planes are involved. The affected finger becomes red, +painful, and swollen, the swelling spreading to the dorsum. The +involvement of the tendon sheath is usually indicated by the patient +being unable to flex the finger, and by the pain being increased when he +attempts to do so. On account of the anatomical arrangement of the +tendon sheaths, the process may spread into the forearm--directly in the +case of the thumb and little finger, and after invading the palm in the +case of the other fingers--and there give rise to a diffuse cellulitis +which may result in sloughing of fasciae and tendons. When the infection +spreads into the common flexor sheath under the transverse carpal +(anterior annular) ligament, it is not uncommon for the intercarpal and +wrist joints to become implicated. Impaired movement of tendons and +joints is, therefore, a common sequel to this variety of whitlow. + +The _treatment_ consists in inducing passive hyperaemia by Bier's method, +and, if this is done early, suppuration may be avoided. If pus forms, +small incisions are made, under local anaesthesia, to relieve the tension +in the sheath and to diminish the risk of the tendons sloughing. No form +of drain should be inserted. In the fingers the incisions should be made +in the middle line, and in the palm they should be made over the +metacarpal bones to avoid the digital vessels and nerves. If pus has +spread under the transverse carpal ligament, the incision must be made +above the wrist. Passive movements and massage must be commenced as +early as possible and be perseveringly employed to diminish the +formation of adhesions and resulting stiffness. + +_Subperiosteal Whitlow._--This form is usually an extension of the +subcutaneous or of the thecal variety, but in some cases the +inflammation begins in the periosteum--usually of the terminal phalanx. +It may lead to necrosis of a portion or even of the entire phalanx. This +is usually recognised by the persistence of suppuration long after the +acute symptoms have passed off, and by feeling bare bone with the probe. +In such cases one or more of the joints are usually implicated also, and +lateral mobility and grating may be elicited. Recovery does not take +place until the dead bone is removed, and the usefulness of the finger +is often seriously impaired by fibrous or bony ankylosis of the +interphalangeal joints. This may render amputation advisable when a +stiff finger is likely to interfere with the patient's occupation. + + +SUPPURATIVE CELLULITIS IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS + +_Cellulitis of the forearm_ is usually a sequel to one of the deeper +varieties of whitlow. + +In the _region of the elbow-joint_, cellulitis is common around the +olecranon. It may originate as an inflammation of the olecranon bursa, +or may invade the bursa secondarily. In exceptional cases the +elbow-joint is also involved. + +Cellulitis of the _axilla_ may originate in suppuration in the lymph +glands, following an infected wound of the hand, or it may spread from a +septic wound on the chest wall or in the neck. In some cases it is +impossible to discover the primary seat of infection. A firm, brawny +swelling forms in the armpit and extends on to the chest wall. It is +attended with great pain, which is increased on moving the arm, and +there is marked constitutional disturbance. When suppuration occurs, its +spread is limited by the attachments of the axillary fascia, and the pus +tends to burrow on to the chest wall beneath the pectoral muscles, and +upwards towards the shoulder-joint, which may become infected. When the +pus forms in the axillary space, the treatment consists in making free +incisions, which should be placed on the thoracic side of the axilla to +avoid the axillary vessels and nerves. If the pus spreads on to the +chest wall, the abscess should be opened below the clavicle by Hilton's +method, and a counter opening may be made in the axilla. + +Cellulitis of the _sole of the foot_ may follow whitlow of the toes. + +In the _region of the ankle_ cellulitis is not common; but _around the +knee_ it frequently occurs in relation to the prepatellar bursa and to +the popliteal lymph glands, and may endanger the knee-joint. It is also +met with in the _groin_ following on inflammation and suppuration of the +inguinal glands, and cases are recorded in which the sloughing process +has implicated the femoral vessels and led to secondary haemorrhage. + +Cellulitis of the scalp, orbit, neck, pelvis, and perineum will be +considered with the diseases of these regions. + + +CHRONIC SUPPURATION + +While it is true that a chronic pyogenic abscess is sometimes met +with--for example, in the breast and in the marrow of long bones--in the +great majority of instances the formation of a chronic or cold abscess +is the result of the action of the tubercle bacillus. It is therefore +more convenient to study this form of suppuration with tuberculosis +(p. 139). + + +SINUS AND FISTULA + +#Sinus.#--A sinus is a track leading from a focus of suppuration to a +cutaneous or mucous surface. It usually represents the path by which the +discharge escapes from an abscess cavity that has been prevented from +closing completely, either from mechanical causes or from the persistent +formation of discharge which must find an exit. A sinus is lined by +granulation tissue, and when it is of long standing the opening may be +dragged below the level of the surrounding skin by contraction of the +scar tissue around it. As a sinus will persist until the obstacle to +closure of the original abscess is removed, it is necessary that this +should be sought for. It may be a foreign body, such as a piece of dead +bone, an infected ligature, or a bullet, acting mechanically or by +keeping up discharge, and if the body is removed the sinus usually +heals. The presence of a foreign body is often suggested by a mass of +redundant granulations at the mouth of the sinus. If a sinus passes +through a muscle, the repeated contractions tend to prevent healing +until the muscle is kept at rest by a splint, or put out of action by +division of its fibres. The sinuses associated with empyema are +prevented from healing by the rigidity of the chest wall, and will only +close after an operation which admits of the cavity being obliterated. +In any case it is necessary to disinfect the track, and, it may be, to +remove the unhealthy granulations lining it, by means of the sharp +spoon, or to excise it bodily. To encourage healing from the bottom the +cavity should be packed with bismuth or iodoform gauze. The healing of +long and tortuous sinuses is often hastened by the injection of Beck's +bismuth paste (p. 145). If disfigurement is likely to follow from +cicatricial contraction--for example, in a sinus over the lower jaw +associated with a carious tooth--the sinus should be excised and the raw +surfaces approximated with stitches. + +The _tuberculous sinus_ is described under Tuberculosis. + +A #fistula# is an abnormal canal passing from a mucous surface to the +skin or to another mucous surface. Fistulae resulting from suppuration +usually occur near the natural openings of mucous canals--for example, +on the cheek, as a salivary fistula; beside the inner angle of the eye, +as a lacrymal fistula; near the ear, as a mastoid fistula; or close to +the anus, as a fistula-in-ano. Intestinal fistulae are sometimes met with +in the abdominal wall after strangulated hernia, operations for +appendicitis, tuberculous peritonitis, and other conditions. In the +perineum, fistulae frequently complicate stricture of the urethra. + +Fistulae also occur between the bladder and vagina (_vesico-vaginal +fistula_), or between the bladder and the rectum (_recto-vesical +fistula_). + +The _treatment_ of these various forms of fistula will be described in +the sections dealing with the regions in which they occur. + +_Congenital fistulae_, such as occur in the neck from imperfect closure +of branchial clefts, or in the abdomen from unobliterated foetal ducts +such as the urachus or Meckel's diverticulum, will be described in their +proper places. + + +CONSTITUTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PYOGENIC INFECTION + +We have here to consider under the terms Sapraemia, Septicaemia, and +Pyaemia certain general effects of pyogenic infection, which, although +their clinical manifestations may vary, are all associated with the +action of the same forms of bacteria. They may occur separately or in +combination, or one may follow on and merge into another. + +#Sapraemia#, or septic intoxication, is the name applied to a form of +poisoning resulting from the absorption into the blood of the toxic +products of pyogenic bacteria. These products, which are of the nature +of alkaloids, act immediately on their entrance into the circulation, +and produce effects in direct proportion to the amount absorbed. As the +toxins are gradually eliminated from the body the symptoms abate, and if +no more are introduced they disappear. Sapraemia in these respects, +therefore, is comparable to poisoning by any other form of alkaloid, +such as strychnin or morphin. + +_Clinical Features._--The symptoms of sapraemia seldom manifest +themselves within twenty-four hours of an operation or injury, because +it takes some time for the bacteria to produce a sufficient dose of +their poisons. The onset of the condition is marked by a feeling of +chilliness, sometimes amounting to a rigor, and a rise of temperature to +102 o, 103 o, or 104 o F., with morning remissions (Fig. 10). The heart's +action is markedly depressed, and the pulse is soft and compressible. +The appetite is lost, the tongue dry and covered with a thin +brownish-red fur, so that it has the appearance of "dried beef." The +urine is scanty and loaded with urates. In severe cases diarrhoea and +vomiting of dark coffee-ground material are often prominent features. +Death is usually impending when the skin becomes cold and clammy, the +mucous membranes livid, the pulse feeble and fluttering, the discharges +involuntary, and when a low form of muttering delirium is present. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Charts of Acute sapraemia from (a) case of +crushed foot, and (b) case of incomplete abortion.] + +A local form of septic infection is always present--it may be an +abscess, an infected compound fracture, or an infection of the cavity of +the uterus, for example, from a retained portion of placenta. + +_Treatment._--The first indication is the immediate and complete removal +of the infected material. The wound must be freely opened, all +blood-clot, discharge, or necrosed tissue removed, and the area +disinfected by washing with sterilised salt solution, peroxide of +hydrogen, or eusol. Stronger lotions are to be avoided as being likely +to depress the tissues, and so interfere with protective phagocytosis. +On account of its power of neutralising toxins, iodoform is useful in +these cases, and is best employed by packing the wound with iodoform +gauze, and treating it by the open method, if this is possible. + +The general treatment is carried out on the same lines as for other +infective conditions. + +#Chronic sapraemia or Hectic Fever.#--Hectic fever differs from acute +sapraemia merely in degree. It usually occurs in connection with +tuberculous conditions, such as bone or joint disease, psoas abscess, or +empyema, which have opened externally, and have thereby become infected +with pyogenic organisms. It is gradual in its development, and is of a +mild type throughout. + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Chart of Hectic Fever.] + +The pulse is small, feeble, and compressible, and the temperature rises +in the afternoon or evening to 102 o or 103 o F. (Fig. 11), the cheeks +becoming characteristically flushed. In the early morning the +temperature falls to normal or below it, and the patient breaks into a +profuse perspiration, which leaves him pale, weak, and exhausted. He +becomes rapidly and markedly emaciated, even although in some cases the +appetite remains good and is even voracious. + +The poisons circulating in the blood produce _waxy degeneration_ in +certain viscera, notably the liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. The +process begins in the arterial walls, and spreads thence to the +connective-tissue structures, causing marked enlargement of the affected +organs. Albuminuria, ascites, oedema of the lower limbs, clubbing of the +fingers, and diarrhoea are among the most prominent symptoms of this +condition. + +The _prognosis_ in hectic fever depends on the completeness with which +the further absorption of toxins can be prevented. In many cases this +can only be effected by an operation which provides for free drainage, +and, if possible, the removal of infected tissues. The resulting wound +is best treated by the open method. Even advanced waxy degeneration does +not contra-indicate this line of treatment, as the diseased organs +usually recover if the focus from which absorption of toxic material is +taking place is completely eradicated. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Chart of case of Septicaemia followed by +Pyaemia.] + +#Septicaemia.#--This form of blood-poisoning is the result of the action +of pyogenic bacteria, which not only produce their toxins at the primary +seat of infection, but themselves enter the blood-stream and are carried +to other parts, where they settle and produce further effects. + +_Clinical Features._--There may be an incubation period of some hours +between the infection and the first manifestation of acute septicaemia. +In such conditions as acute osteomyelitis or acute peritonitis, we see +the most typical clinical pictures of this condition. The onset is +marked by a chill, or a rigor, which may be repeated, while the +temperature rises to 103 o or 104 o F., although in very severe cases the +temperature may remain subnormal throughout, the virulence of the toxins +preventing reaction. It is in the general appearance of the patient and +in the condition of the pulse that we have our best guides as to the +severity of the condition. If the pulse remains firm, full, and regular, +and does not exceed 110 or even 120, while the temperature is moderately +raised, the outlook is hopeful; but when the pulse becomes small and +compressible, and reaches 130 or more, especially if at the same time +the temperature is low, a grave prognosis is indicated. The tongue is +often dry and coated with a black crust down the centre, while the sides +are red. It is a good omen when the tongue becomes moist again. Thirst +is most distressing, especially in septicaemia of intestinal origin. +Persistent vomiting of dark-brown material is often present, and +diarrhoea with blood-stained stools is not uncommon. The urine is small +in amount, and contains a large proportion of urates. As the poisons +accumulate, the respiration becomes shallow and laboured, the face of a +dull ashy grey, the nose pinched, and the skin cold and clammy. +Capillary haemorrhages sometimes take place in the skin or mucous +membranes; and in a certain proportion of cases cutaneous eruptions +simulating those of scarlet fever or measles appear, and are apt to lead +to errors in diagnosis. In other cases there is slight jaundice. The +mental state is often one of complete apathy, the patient failing to +realise the gravity of his condition; sometimes there is delirium. + +The _prognosis_ is always grave, and depends on the possibility of +completely eradicating the focus of infection, and on the reserve force +the patient has to carry him over the period during which he is +eliminating the poison already circulating in his blood. + +The _treatment_ is carried out on the same lines as in sapraemia, but it +is less likely to be successful owing to the organisms having entered +the circulation. When possible, the primary focus of infection should be +dealt with. + +#Pyaemia# is a form of blood-poisoning characterised by the development +of secondary foci of suppuration in different parts of the body. Toxins +are thus introduced into the blood, not only at the primary seat of +infection, but also from each of these metastatic collections. Like +septicaemia, this condition is due to pyogenic bacteria, the +_streptococcus pyogenes_ being the commonest organism found. The primary +infection is usually in a wound--for example, a compound fracture--but +cases occur in which the point of entrance of the bacteria is not +discoverable. The dissemination of the organisms takes place through the +medium of infected emboli which form in a thrombosed vein in the +vicinity of the original lesion, and, breaking loose, are carried +thence in the blood-stream. These emboli lodge in the minute vessels of +the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, pleura, brain, synovial membranes, or +cellular tissue, and the bacteria they contain give rise to secondary +foci of suppuration. Secondary abscesses are thus formed in those parts, +and these in turn may be the starting-point of new emboli which give +rise to fresh areas of pus formation. The organs above named are the +commonest situations of pyaemic abscesses, but these may also occur in +the bone marrow, the substance of muscles, the heart and pericardium, +lymph glands, subcutaneous tissue, or, in fact, in any tissue of the +body. Organisms circulating in the blood are prone to lodge on the +valves of the heart and give rise to endocarditis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Chart of Pyaemia following on Acute +Osteomyelitis.] + +_Clinical Features._--Before antiseptic surgery was practised, pyaemia +was a common complication of wounds. In the present day it is not only +infinitely less common, but appears also to be of a less severe type. +Its rarity and its mildness may be related as cause and effect, because +it was formerly found that pyaemia contracted from a pyaemic patient was +more virulent than that from other sources. + +In contrast with sapraemia and septicaemia, pyaemia is late of developing, +and it seldom begins within a week of the primary infection. The first +sign is a feeling of chilliness, or a violent rigor lasting for perhaps +half an hour, during which time the temperature rises to 103 o, 104 o, or +105 o F. In the course of an hour it begins to fall again, and the +patient breaks into a profuse sweat. The temperature may fall several +degrees, but seldom reaches the normal. In a few days there is a second +rigor with rise of temperature, and another remission, and such attacks +may be repeated at diminishing intervals during the course of the +illness (Figs. 12 and 13). The pulse is soft, and tends to remain +abnormally rapid even when the temperature falls nearly to normal. + +The face is flushed, and wears a drawn, anxious expression, and the eyes +are bright. A characteristic sweetish odour, which has been compared to +that of new-mown hay, can be detected in the breath and may pervade the +patient. The appetite is lost; there may be sickness and vomiting and +profuse diarrhoea; and the patient emaciates rapidly. The skin is +continuously hot, and has often a peculiar pungent feel. Patches of +erythema sometimes appear scattered over the body. The skin may assume a +dull sallow or earthy hue, or a bright yellow icteric tint may appear. +The conjunctivae also may be yellow. In the latter stages of the disease +the pulse becomes small and fluttering; the tongue becomes dry and +brown; sordes collect on the teeth; and a low muttering form of delirium +supervenes. + +Secondary infection of the parotid gland frequently occurs, and gives +rise to a suppurative parotitis. This condition is associated with +severe pain, gradually extending from behind the angle of the jaw on to +the face. There is also swelling over the gland, and eventually +suppuration and sloughing of the gland tissue and overlying skin. + +Secondary abscesses in the lymph glands, subcutaneous tissue, or joints +are often so insidious and painless in their development that they are +only discovered accidentally. When the abscess is evacuated, healing +often takes place with remarkable rapidity, and with little impairment +of function. + +The general symptoms may be simulated by an attack of malaria. + +_Prognosis._--The prognosis in acute pyaemia is much less hopeless than +it once was, a considerable proportion of the patients recovering. In +acute cases the disease proves fatal in ten days or a fortnight, death +being due to toxaemia. Chronic cases often run a long course, lasting for +weeks or even months, and prove fatal from exhaustion and waxy disease +following on prolonged suppuration. + +_Treatment._--In such conditions as compound fractures and severe +lacerated wounds, much can be done to avert the conditions which lead to +pyaemia, by applying a Bier's constricting bandage as soon as there is +evidence of infection having taken place, or even if there is reason to +suspect that the wound is not aseptic. + +If sepsis is already established, and evidence of general infection is +present, the wound should be opened up sufficiently to admit of thorough +disinfection and drainage, and the constricting bandage applied to aid +the defensive processes going on in the tissues. If these measures fail, +amputation of the limb may be the only means of preventing further +dissemination of infective material from the primary source of +infection. + +Attempts have been made to interrupt the channel along which the +infective emboli spread, by ligating or resecting the main vein of the +affected part, but this is seldom feasible except in the case of the +internal jugular vein for infection of the transverse sinus. + +Secondary abscesses must be aspirated or opened and drained whenever +possible. + +The general treatment is conducted on the same lines as on other forms +of pyogenic infection. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +ULCERATION AND ULCERS + + +Definitions--Clinical examination of an ulcer--The healing + sore.--Classification of ulcers--A. According to cause: + _Traumatism_, _Imperfect circulation_, _Imperfect nerve-supply_, + _Constitutional causes_--B. According to condition: _Healing_, + _Stationary_, _Spreading_.--Treatment. + +The process of _ulceration_ may be defined as the molecular or cellular +death of tissue taking place on a free surface. It is essentially of the +same nature as the process of suppuration, only that the purulent +discharge, instead of collecting in a closed cavity and forming an +abscess, at once escapes on the surface. + +An _ulcer_ is an open wound or sore in which there are present certain +conditions tending to prevent it undergoing the natural process of +repair. Of these, one of the most important is the presence of +pathogenic bacteria, which by their action not only prevent healing, but +so irritate and destroy the tissues as to lead to an actual increase in +the size of the sore. Interference with the nutrition of a part by oedema +or chronic venous congestion may impede healing; as may also induration +of the surrounding area, by preventing the contraction which is such an +important factor in repair. Defective innervation, such as occurs in +injuries and diseases of the spinal cord, also plays an important part +in delaying repair. In certain constitutional conditions, too--for +example, Bright's disease, diabetes, or syphilis--the vitiated state of +the tissues is an impediment to repair. Mechanical causes, such as +unsuitable dressings or ill-fitting appliances, may also act in the same +direction. + +#Clinical Examination of an Ulcer.#--In examining any ulcer, we +observe--(1) Its _base_ or _floor_, noting the presence or absence of +granulations, their disposition, size, colour, vascularity, and whether +they are depressed or elevated in relation to the surrounding parts. (2) +The _discharge_ as to quantity, consistence, colour, composition, and +odour. (3) The _edges_, noting particularly whether or not the marginal +epithelium is attempting to grow over the surface; also their shape, +regularity, thickness, and whether undermined or overlapping, everted or +depressed. (4) The _surrounding tissues_, as to whether they are +congested, oedematous, inflamed, indurated, or otherwise. (5) Whether or +not there is _pain_ or tenderness in the raw surface or its +surroundings. (6) The _part of the body_ on which it occurs, because +certain ulcers have special seats of election--for example, the varicose +ulcer in the lower third of the leg, the perforating ulcer on the sole +of the foot, and so on. + +#The Healing Sore.#--If a portion of skin be excised aseptically, and no +attempt made to close the wound, the raw surface left is soon covered +over with a layer of coagulated blood and lymph. In the course of a few +days this is replaced by the growth of _granulations_, which are of +uniform size, of a pinkish-red colour, and moist with a slight serous +exudate containing a few dead leucocytes. They grow until they reach the +level of the surrounding skin, and so fill the gap with a fine velvety +mass of granulation tissue. At the edges, the young epithelium may be +seen spreading in over the granulations as a fine bluish-white pellicle, +which gradually covers the sore, becoming paler in colour as it +thickens, and eventually forming the smooth, non-vascular covering of +the cicatrix. There is no pain, and the surrounding parts are healthy. + +This may be used as a type with which to compare the ulcers seen at the +bedside, so that we may determine how far, and in what particulars, +these differ from the type; and that we may in addition recognise the +conditions that have to be counteracted before the characters of the +typical healing sore are assumed. + +For purposes of contrast we may indicate the characters of an open sore +in which bacterial infection with pathogenic bacteria has taken place. +The layer of coagulated blood and lymph becomes liquefied and is thrown +off, and instead of granulations being formed, the tissues exposed on +the floor of the ulcer are destroyed by the bacterial toxins, with the +formation of minute sloughs and a quantity of pus. + +The discharge is profuse, thin, acrid, and offensive, and consists of +pus, broken-down blood-clot, and sloughs. The edges are inflamed, +irregular, and ragged, showing no sign of growing epithelium--on the +contrary, the sore may be actually increasing in area by the +breaking-down of the tissues at its margins. The surrounding parts are +hot, red, swollen, and oedematous; and there is pain and tenderness both +in the sore itself and in the parts around. + +#Classification of Ulcers.#--The nomenclature of ulcers is much involved +and gives rise to great confusion, chiefly for the reason that no one +basis of classification has been adopted. Thus some ulcers are named +according to the causes at work in producing or maintaining them--for +example, the traumatic, the septic, and the varicose ulcer; some from +the constitutional element present, as the gouty and the diabetic ulcer; +and others according to the condition in which they happen to be when +seen by the surgeon, such as the weak, the inflamed, and the callous +ulcer. + +So long as we retain these names it will be impossible to find a single +basis for classification; and yet many of the terms are so descriptive +and so generally understood that it is undesirable to abolish them. We +must therefore remain content with a clinical arrangement of ulcers,--it +cannot be called a classification,--considering any given ulcer from two +points of view: first its _cause_, and second its _present condition_. +This method of studying ulcers has the practical advantage that it +furnishes us with the main indications for treatment as well as for +diagnosis: the cause must be removed, and the condition so modified as +to convert the ulcer into an aseptic healing sore. + +A. #Arrangement of Ulcers according to their Cause.#--Although any given +ulcer may be due to a combination of causes, it is convenient to +describe the following groups: + +_Ulcers due to Traumatism._--Traumatism in the form of a _crush_ or +_bruise_ is a frequent cause of ulcer formation, acting either by +directly destroying the skin, or by so diminishing its vitality that it +is rendered a suitable soil for bacteria. If these gain access, in the +course of a few days the damaged area of skin becomes of a greyish +colour, blebs form on it, and it undergoes necrosis, leaving an +unhealthy raw surface when the slough separates. + +_Heat_ and _prolonged exposure to the Rontgen rays_ or _to radium +emanations_ act in a similar way. + +The _pressure_ of improperly padded splints or other appliances may so +far interfere with the circulation of the part pressed upon, that the +skin sloughs, leaving an open sore. This is most liable to occur in +patients who suffer from some nerve lesion--such as anterior +poliomyelitis, or injury of the spinal cord or nerve-trunks. +Splint-pressure sores are usually situated over bony prominences, such +as the malleoli, the condyles of the femur or humerus, the head of the +fibula, the dorsum of the foot, or the base of the fifth metatarsal +bone. On removing the splint, the skin of the part pressed upon is found +to be of a red or pink colour, with a pale grey patch in the centre, +which eventually sloughs and leaves an ulcer. Certain forms of +_bed-sore_ are also due to prolonged pressure. + +Pressure sores are also known to have been produced artificially by +malingerers and hysterical subjects. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Leg Ulcers associated with Varicose Veins and +Pigmentation of the Skin.] + +_Ulcers due to Imperfect Circulation._--Imperfect circulation is an +important causative factor in ulceration, especially when it is the +_venous return_ that is defective. This is best illustrated in the +so-called _leg ulcer_, which occurs most frequently on the front and +medial aspect of the lower third of the leg. At this point the +anastomosis between the superficial and deep veins of the leg is less +free than elsewhere, so that the extra stress thrown upon the surface +veins interferes with the nutrition of the skin (Hilton). The importance +of imperfect venous return in the causation of such ulcers is evidenced +by the fact that as soon as the condition of the circulation is improved +by confining the patient to bed and elevating the limb, the ulcer begins +to heal, even although all methods of local treatment have hitherto +proved ineffectual. In a considerable number of cases, but by no means +in all, this form of ulcer is associated with the presence of varicose +veins, and in such cases it is spoken of as the _varicose ulcer_ (Fig. 14). +The presence of varicose veins is frequently associated with a +diffuse brownish or bluish pigmentation of the skin of the lower third +of the leg, or with an obstinate form of dermatitis (_varicose eczema_), +and the scratching or rubbing of the part is liable to cause a breach of +the surface and permit of infection which leads to ulceration. Varicose +ulcers may also originate from the bursting of a small peri-phlebitic +abscess. + +Varicose veins in immediate relation to the base of a large chronic +ulcer usually become thrombosed, and in time are reduced to fibrous +cords, and therefore in such cases haemorrhage is not a common +complication. In smaller and more superficial ulcers, however, the +destructive process is liable to implicate the wall of the vessel before +the occurrence of thrombosis, and to lead to profuse and it may be +dangerous bleeding. + +These ulcers are at first small and superficial, but from want of care, +from continued standing or walking, or from injudicious treatment, they +gradually become larger and deeper. They are not infrequently multiple, +and this, together with their depth, may lead to their being mistaken +for ulcers due to syphilis. The base of the ulcer is covered with +imperfectly formed, soft, oedematous granulations, which give off a thin +sero-purulent discharge. The edges are slightly inflamed, and show no +evidence of healing. The parts around are usually pigmented and slightly +oedematous, and as a rule there is little pain. This variety of ulcer is +particularly prone to pass into the condition known as callous. + +In _anaemic_ patients, especially young girls, ulcers are occasionally +met with which have many of the clinical characters of those associated +with imperfect venous return. They are slow to heal, and tend to pass +into the condition known as weak. + +_Ulcers due to Interference with Nerve-Supply._--Any interference with +the nerve-supply of the superficial tissues predisposes to ulceration. +For example, _trophic_ ulcers are liable to occur in injuries or +diseases of the spinal cord, in cerebral paralysis, in limbs weakened by +poliomyelitis, in ascending or peripheral neuritis, or after injuries of +nerve-trunks. + +The _acute bed-sore_ is a rapidly progressing form of ulceration, often +amounting to gangrene, of portions of skin exposed to pressure when +their trophic nerve-supply has been interfered with. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.--Perforating Ulcers of Sole of Foot. + +(From Photograph lent by Sir Montagu Cotterill.)] + +The _perforating ulcer of the foot_ is a peculiar type of sore which +occurs in association with the different forms of peripheral neuritis, +and with various lesions of the brain and spinal cord, such as general +paralysis, locomotor ataxia, or syringo-myelia (Fig. 15). It also occurs +in patients suffering from glycosuria, and is usually associated with +arterio-sclerosis--local or general. Perforating ulcer is met with most +frequently under the head of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. A +callosity forms and suppuration occurs under it, the pus escaping +through a small hole in the centre. The process slowly and gradually +spreads deeper and deeper, till eventually the bone or joint is reached, +and becomes implicated in the destructive process--hence the term +"perforating ulcer." The flexor tendons are sometimes destroyed, the toe +being dorsiflexed by the unopposed extensors. The depth of the track +being so disproportionate to its superficial area, the condition closely +simulates a tuberculous sinus, for which it is liable to be mistaken. +The raw surface is absolutely insensitive, so that the probe can be +freely employed without the patient even being aware of it or suffering +the least discomfort--a significant fact in diagnosis. The cavity is +filled with effete and decomposing epidermis, which has a most offensive +odour. The chronic and intractable character of the ulcer is due to +interference with the trophic nerve-supply of the parts, and to the fact +that the epithelium of the skin grows in and lines the track leading +down to the deepest part of the ulcer and so prevents closure. While +they are commonest on the sole of the foot and other parts subjected to +pressure, perforating ulcers are met with on the sides and dorsum of the +foot and toes, on the hands, and on other parts where no pressure has +been exerted. + +The _tuberculous ulcer_, so often seen in the neck, in the vicinity of +joints, or over the ribs and sternum, usually results from the bursting +through the skin of a tuberculous abscess. The base is soft, pale, and +covered with feeble granulations and grey shreddy sloughs. The edges are +of a dull blue or purple colour, and gradually thin out towards their +free margins, and in addition are characteristically undermined, so that +a probe can be passed for some distance between the floor of the ulcer +and the thinned-out edges. Thin, devitalised tags of skin often stretch +from side to side of the ulcer. The outline is irregular; small +perforations often occur through the skin, and a thin, watery discharge, +containing grey shreds of tuberculous debris, escapes. + +_Bazin's Disease._--This term is applied to an affection of the skin and +subcutaneous tissue which bears certain resemblances to tuberculosis. It +is met with almost exclusively between the knee and the ankle, and it +usually affects both legs. It is commonest in girls of delicate +constitution, in whose family history there is evidence of a tuberculous +taint. The patient often presents other lesions of a tuberculous +character, notably enlarged cervical glands, and phlyctenular +ophthalmia. The tubercle bacillus has rarely been found, but we have +always observed characteristic epithelioid cells and giant cells in +sections made from the edge or floor of the ulcer. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.--Bazin's Disease in a girl aet. 16.] + +The condition begins by the formation in the skin and subcutaneous +tissue of dusky or livid nodules of induration, which soften and +ulcerate, forming small open sores with ragged and undermined edges, not +unlike those resulting from the breaking down of superficial syphilitic +gummata (Fig. 16). Fresh crops of nodules appear in the neighbourhood of +the ulcers, and in turn break down. While in the nodular stage the +affection is sometimes painful, but with the formation of the ulcer the +pain subsides. + +The disease runs a chronic course, and may slowly extend over a wide +area in spite of the usual methods of treatment. After lasting for some +months, or even years, however, it may eventually undergo spontaneous +cure. The most satisfactory treatment is to excise the affected tissues +and fill the gap with skin-grafts. + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.--Syphilitic Ulcers in region of Knee, showing +punched-out appearance and raised indurated edges.] + +The _syphilitic ulcer_ is usually formed by the breaking down of a +cutaneous or subcutaneous gumma in the tertiary stage of syphilis. When +the gummatous tissue is first exposed by the destruction of the skin or +mucous membrane covering it, it appears as a tough greyish slough, +compared to "wash leather," which slowly separates and leaves a more or +less circular, deep, punched-out gap which shows a few feeble unhealthy +granulations and small sloughs on its floor. The edges are raised and +indurated; and the discharge is thick, glairy, and peculiarly offensive. +The parts around the ulcer are congested and of a dark brown colour. +There are usually several such ulcers together, and as they tend to heal +at one part while they spread at another, the affected area assumes a +sinuous or serpiginous outline. Syphilitic ulcers may be met with in any +part of the body, but are most frequent in the upper part of the leg +(Fig. 17), especially around the knee-joint in women, and over the ribs +and sternum. On healing, they usually leave a depressed and adherent +cicatrix. + +The _scorbutic ulcer_ occurs in patients suffering from scurvy, and is +characterised by its prominent granulations, which show a marked +tendency to bleed, with the formation of clots, which dry and form a +spongy crust on the surface. + +In _gouty_ patients small ulcers which are exceedingly irritable and +painful are liable to occur. + +_Ulcers associated with Malignant Disease._--Cancer and sarcoma when +situated in the subcutaneous tissue may destroy the overlying skin so +that the substance of the tumour is exposed. The fungating masses thus +produced are sometimes spoken of as malignant ulcers, but as they are +essentially different in their nature from all other forms of ulcers, +and call for totally different treatment, it is best to consider them +along with the tumours with which they are associated. Rodent ulcer, +which is one form of cancer of the skin, will be discussed with new +growths of the skin. + +B. #Arrangement of Ulcers according to their Condition.#--Having arrived +at an opinion as to the cause of a given ulcer, and placed it in one or +other of the preceding groups, the next question to ask is, In what +condition do I find this ulcer at the present moment? + +Any ulcer is in one of three states--healing, stationary, or spreading; +although it is not uncommon to find healing going on at one part while +the destructive process is extending at another. + +_The Healing Condition._--The process of healing in an ulcer has already +been studied, and we have learned that it takes place by the formation +of granulation tissue, which becomes converted into connective tissue, +and is covered over by epithelium growing in from the edges. + +Those ulcers which are _stationary_--that is, neither healing nor +spreading--may be in one of several conditions. + +_The Weak Condition._--Any ulcer may get into a weak state from +receiving a blood supply which is defective either in quantity or in +quality. The granulations are small and smooth, and of a pale yellow or +grey colour, the discharge is small in amount, and consists of thin +serum and a few pus cells, and as this dries on the edges it forms scabs +which interfere with the growth of epithelium. + +Should the part become oedematous, either from general causes, such as +heart or kidney disease, or from local causes, such as varicose veins, +the granulations share in the oedema, and there is an abundant serous +discharge. + +The excessive use of moist dressings leads to a third variety of weak +ulcer--namely, one in which the granulations become large, soft, pale, +and flabby, projecting beyond the level of the skin and overlapping the +edges, which become pale and sodden. The term "proud flesh" is popularly +applied to such redundant granulations. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.--Callous Ulcer, showing thickened edges and +indurated swelling of surrounding parts.] + +_The Callous Condition._--This condition is usually met with in ulcers +on the lower third of the leg, and is often associated with the presence +of varicose veins. It is chiefly met with in hospital practice. The want +of healing is mainly due to impeded venous return and to oedema and +induration of the surrounding skin and cellular tissues (Fig. 18). The +induration results from coagulation and partial organisation of the +inflammatory effusion, and prevents the necessary contraction of the +sore. The base of a callous ulcer lies at some distance below the level +of the swollen, thickened, and white edges, and presents a glazed +appearance, such granulations as are present being unhealthy and +irregular. The discharge is usually watery, and cakes in the dressing. +When from neglect and want of cleanliness the ulcer becomes inflamed, +there is considerable pain, and the discharge is purulent and often +offensive. + +The prolonged hyperaemia of the tissues in relation to a callous ulcer of +the leg often leads to changes in the underlying bones. The periosteum +is abnormally thick and vascular, the superficial layers of the bone +become injected and porous, and the bones, as a whole, are thickened. In +the macerated bone "the surface is covered with irregular, +stalactite-like processes or foliaceous masses, which, to a certain +extent, follow the line of attachment of the interosseous membrane and +of the intermuscular septa" (Cathcart) (Fig. 19). When the whole +thickness of the soft tissues is destroyed by the ulcerative process, +the area of bone that comes to form the base of the ulcer projects as a +flat, porous node, which in its turn may be eroded. These changes as +seen in the macerated specimen are often mistaken for disease +originating in the bone. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.--Tibia and Fibula, showing changes due to +chronic ulcer of leg.] + +The _irritable condition_ is met with in ulcers which occur, as a rule, +just above the external malleolus in women of neurotic temperament. They +are small in size and have prominent granulations, and by the aid of a +probe points of excessive tenderness may be discovered. These, Hilton +believed, correspond to exposed nerve filaments. + +_Ulcers which are spreading_ may be met with in one of several +conditions. + +_The Inflamed Condition._--Any ulcer may become acutely inflamed from +the access of fresh organisms, aided by mechanical irritation from +trauma, ill-fitting splints or bandages, or want of rest, or from +chemical irritants, such as strong antiseptics. The best clinical +example of an inflamed ulcer is the venereal soft sore. The base of the +ulcer becomes red and angry-looking, the granulations disappear, and a +copious discharge of thin yellow pus, mixed with blood, escapes. Sloughs +of granulation tissue or of connective tissue may form. The edges become +red, ragged, and everted, and the ulcer increases in size by spreading +into the inflamed and oedematous surrounding tissues. Such ulcers are +frequently multiple. Pain is a constant symptom, and is often severe, +and there is usually some constitutional disturbance. + +The _phagedaenic condition_ is the result of an ulcer being infected with +specially virulent bacteria. It occurs in syphilitic ulcers, and rapidly +leads to a widespread destruction of tissue. It is also met with in the +throat in some cases of scarlet fever, and may give rise to fatal +haemorrhage by ulcerating into large blood vessels. All the local and +constitutional signs of a severe septic infection are present. + +#Treatment of Ulcers.#--An ulcer is not only an immediate cause of +suffering to the patient, crippling and incapacitating him for his work, +but is a distinct and constant menace to his health: the prolonged +discharge reduces his strength; the open sore is a possible source of +infection by the organisms of suppuration, erysipelas, or other specific +diseases; phlebitis, with formation of septic emboli, leading to pyaemia, +is liable to occur; and in old persons it is not uncommon for ulcers of +long standing to become the seat of cancer. In addition, the offensive +odour of many ulcers renders the patient a source of annoyance and +discomfort to others. The primary object of treatment in any ulcer is to +bring it into the condition of a healing sore. When this has been +effected, nature will do the rest, provided extraneous sources of +irritation are excluded. + +Steps must be taken to facilitate the venous return from the ulcerated +part, and to ensure that a sufficient supply of fresh, healthy blood +reaches it. The septic element must be eliminated by disinfecting the +ulcer and its surroundings, and any other sources of irritation must be +removed. + +If the patient's health is below par, good nourishing food, tonics, and +general hygienic treatment are indicated. + +_Management of a Healing Sore._--Perhaps the best dressing for a healing +sore is a layer of Lister's perforated oiled-silk protective, which is +made to cover the raw surface and the skin for about a quarter of an +inch beyond the margins of the sore. Over this three or four thicknesses +of sterilised gauze, wrung out of eusol, creolin, or sterilised water, +are applied, and covered by a pad of absorbent wool. As far as possible +the part should be kept at rest, and the position should be adjusted so +as to favour the circulation in the affected area. + +The dressing may be renewed at intervals, and care must be taken to +avoid any rough handling of the sore. Any discharge that lies on the +surface should be removed by a gentle stream of lotion rather than by +wiping. The area round the sore should be cleansed before the fresh +dressing is applied. + +In some cases, healing goes on more rapidly under a dressing of weak +boracic ointment (one-quarter the strength of the pharmacopoeial +preparation). The growth of epithelium may be stimulated by a 6 to 8 per +cent. ointment of scarlet-red. + +Dusting powders and poultice dressings are best avoided in the treatment +of healing sores. + +In extensive ulcers resulting from recent burns, if the granulations are +healthy and aseptic, skin-grafts may safely be placed on them directly. +If, however, their asepticity cannot be relied upon, it is necessary to +scrape away the superficial layer of the granulations, the young fibrous +tissue underneath being conserved, as it is sufficiently vascular to +nourish the grafts placed on it. + +#Treatment of Special Varieties of Ulcers.#--Before beginning to treat a +given ulcer, two questions have to be answered--first, What are the +causative conditions present? and second, In what condition do I find +the ulcer?--in other words, In what particulars does it differ from a +healthy healing sore? + +If the cause is a local one, it must be removed; if a constitutional +one, means must be taken to counteract it. This done, the condition of +the ulcer must be so modified as to bring it into the state of a healing +sore, after which it will be managed on the lines already laid down. + +#Treatment in relation to the Cause of the Ulcer.#--_Traumatic +Group._--The _prophylaxis_ of these ulcers consists in excluding +bacteria, by cleansing crushed or bruised parts, and applying sterilised +dressings and properly adjusted splints. If there is reason to fear that +the disinfection has not been complete, a Bier's constricting bandage +should be applied for some hours each day. These measures will often +prevent a grossly injured portion of skin dying, and will ensure +asepticity should it do so. In the event of the skin giving way, the +same form of dressing should be continued till the slough has separated +and a healthy granulating surface is formed. The protective dressing +appropriate to a healing sore is then substituted. _Pressure sores_ are +treated on the same lines. + +The treatment of ulcers caused by _burns and scalds_ will be described +later. + +In _ulcers of the leg due to interference with the venous return_, the +primary indication is to elevate the limb in order to facilitate the +flow of the blood in the veins, and so admit of fresh blood reaching the +part. The limb may be placed on pillows, or the foot of the bed raised +on blocks, so that the ulcer lies on a higher level than the heart. +Should varicose veins be present, the question of operative treatment +must be considered. + +When an _imperfect nerve supply_ is the main factor underlying ulcer +formation, prophylaxis is the chief consideration. In patients suffering +from spinal injuries or diseases, cerebral paralysis, or affections of +the peripheral nerves, all sources of irritation, such as ill-fitting +splints, tight bandages, moist applications, and hot bottles, should be +avoided. Any part liable to pressure, from the position of the patient +or otherwise, must be carefully protected by pads of wool, air-cushions, +or water-bags, and must be kept absolutely dry. The skin should be +hardened by daily applications of methylated spirit. + +Should an ulcer form in spite of these precautions, the mildest +antiseptics must be employed for bathing and dressing it, and as far as +possible all dressings should be dry. + +The _perforating ulcer_ of the foot calls for special treatment. To +avoid pressure on the sole of the foot, the patient must be confined to +bed. As the main local obstacle to healing is the down-growth of +epithelium along the sides of the ulcer, this must be removed by the +knife or sharp spoon. The base also should be excised, and any bone +which may have become involved should be gouged away, so as to leave a +healthy and vascular surface. The cavity thus formed is stuffed with +bismuth or iodoform gauze and encouraged to heal from the bottom. As the +parts are insensitive an anaesthetic is not required. After the ulcer has +healed, the patient should wear in his boot a thick felt sole with a +hole cut out opposite the situation of the cicatrix. When a joint has +been opened into, the difficulty of thoroughly getting rid of all +unhealthy and infected granulations is so great that amputation may be +advisable, but it is to be remembered that ulceration may recur in the +stump if pressure is put upon it. The treatment of any nervous disease +or glycosuria which may coexist is, of course, indicated. + +Exposure of the plantar nerves by an incision behind the medial +malleolus, and subjecting them to forcible stretching, has been employed +by Chipault and others in the treatment of perforating ulcers of the +foot. + +The ulcer that forms in relation to callosities on the sole of the foot +is treated by paring away all the thickened skin, after softening it +with soda fomentations, removing the unhealthy granulations, and +applying stimulating dressings. + +_Treatment of Ulcers due to Constitutional Causes._--When ulcers are +associated with such diseases as tuberculosis, syphilis, diabetes, +Bright's disease, scurvy, or gout, these must receive appropriate +treatment. + +The local treatment of the _tuberculous ulcer_ calls for special +mention. If the ulcer is of limited extent and situated on an exposed +part of the body, the most satisfactory method is complete removal, by +means of the knife, scissors, or sharp spoon, of the ulcerated surface +and of all the infected area around it, so as to leave a healthy surface +from which granulations may spring up. Should the raw surface left be +likely to result in an unsightly scar or in cicatricial contraction, +skin-grafting should be employed. + +For extensive ulcers on the limbs, the chest wall, or on other covered +parts, or when operative treatment is contra-indicated, the use of +tuberculin and exposure to the Rontgen rays have proved beneficial. The +induction of passive hyperaemia, by Bier's or by Klapp's apparatus, +should also be used, either alone or supplementary to other measures. + +No ulcerative process responds so readily to medicinal treatment as the +_syphilitic ulcer_ does to the intra-venous administration of arsenical +preparations of the "606" or "914" groups or to full doses of iodide of +potassium and mercury, and the local application of black wash. When the +ulceration has lasted for a long time, however, and is widespread and +deep, the duration of treatment is materially shortened by a thorough +scraping with the sharp spoon. + +#Treatment in relation to the Condition of the Ulcer.#--_Ulcers in a +weak condition._--If the weak condition of the ulcer is due to anaemia +or kidney disease, these affections must first be treated. Locally, the +imperfect granulations should be scraped away, and some stimulating +agent applied to the raw surface to promote the growth of healthy +granulations. For this purpose the sore may be covered with gauze +smeared with a 6 to 8 per cent. ointment of scarlet-red, the surrounding +parts being protected from the irritant action of the scarlet-red by a +layer of vaseline. A dressing of gauze moistened with eusol or of +boracic lint wrung out of red lotion (2 grains of sulphate of zinc, and +10 minims of compound tincture of lavender, to an ounce of water), and +covered with a layer of gutta-percha tissue, is also useful. + +When the condition has resulted from the prolonged use of moist +dressings, these must be stopped, the redundant granulations clipped +away with scissors, the surface rubbed with silver nitrate or sulphate +of copper (blue-stone), and dry dressings applied. + +When the ulcer has assumed the characters of a healing sore, skin-grafts +may be applied to hasten cicatrisation. + +_Ulcers in a callous condition_ call for treatment in three +directions--(1) The infective element must be eliminated. When the ulcer +is foul, relays of charcoal poultices (three parts of linseed meal to +one of charcoal), maintained for thirty-six to forty-eight hours, are +useful as a preliminary step. The base of the ulcer and the thickened +edges should then be freely scraped with a sharp spoon, and the +resulting raw surface sponged over with undiluted carbolic acid or +iodine, after which an antiseptic dressing is applied, and changed daily +till healthy granulations appear. (2) The venous return must be +facilitated by elevation of the limb and massage. (3) The induration of +the surrounding parts must be got rid of before contraction of the sore +is possible. For this purpose the free application of blisters, as first +recommended by Syme, leaves little to be desired. Liquor epispasticus +painted over the parts, or a large fly-blister (emplastrum cantharidis) +applied all round the ulcer, speedily disperses the inflammatory +products which cause the induration. The use of elastic pressure or of +strapping, of hot-air baths, or the making of multiple incisions in the +skin around the ulcer, fulfils the same object. + +As soon as the ulcer assumes the characters of a healing sore, it should +be covered with skin-grafts, which furnish a much better cicatrix than +that which forms when the ulcer is allowed to heal without such aid. + +A more radical method of treatment consists in excising the whole +ulcer, including its edges and about a quarter of an inch of the +surrounding tissue, as well as the underlying fibrous tissue, and +grafting the raw surface. + +_Ambulatory Treatment._--When the circumstances of the patient forbid +his lying up in bed, the healing of the ulcer is much delayed. He should +be instructed to take every possible opportunity of placing the limb in +an elevated position, and must constantly wear a firm bandage of +_elastic webbing_. This webbing is porous and admits of evaporation of +the skin and wound secretions--an advantage it has over Martin's rubber +bandage. The bandage should extend from the toes to well above the knee, +and should always be applied while the patient is in the recumbent +position with the leg elevated, preferably before getting out of bed in +the morning. Additional support is given to the veins if the bandage is +applied as a figure of eight. + +We have found the following method satisfactory in out-patient +practice. The patient lying on a couch, the limb is raised about +eighteen inches and kept in this position for five minutes--till the +excess of blood has left it. With the limb still raised, the ulcer with +the surrounding skin is covered with a layer, about half an inch thick, +of finely powdered boracic acid, and the leg, from foot to knee, +excluding the sole, is enveloped in a thick layer of wood-wool wadding. +This is held in position by ordinary cotton bandages, painted over with +liquid starch; while the starch is drying the limb is kept elevated. +With this appliance the patient may continue to work, and the dressing +does not require to be changed oftener than once in three or four weeks +(W. G. Richardson). + +When an ulcer becomes acutely _inflamed_ as a result of superadded +infection, antiseptic measures are employed to overcome the infection, +and ichthyol or other soothing applications may be used to allay the +pain. + +The _phagedaenic ulcer_ calls for more energetic means of disinfection; +the whole of the affected surface is touched with the actual cautery at +a white heat, or is painted with pure carbolic acid. Relays of charcoal +poultices are then applied until the spread of the disease is arrested. + +For the _irritable ulcer_ the most satisfactory treatment is complete +excision and subsequent skin-grafting. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +GANGRENE + + +Definition--Types: _Dry_, _Moist_--Varieties--Gangrene primarily due to + interference with circulation: _Senile gangrene_; _Embolic + gangrene_; _Gangrene following ligation of arteries_; _Gangrene + from mechanical causes_; _Gangrene from heat, chemical agents, and + cold_; _Diabetic gangrene_; _Gangrene associated with spasm of + blood vessels_; _Raynaud's disease_; _Angio-sclerotic gangrene_; + _Gangrene from ergot_. Bacterial varieties of gangrene. + _Pathology_--clinical varieties--_Acute infective gangrene_; + _Malignant oedema_; _Acute emphysematous_ or _gas gangrene_; + _Cancrum oris_, _etc_. Bed-sores: _Acute_; _chronic_. + +Gangrene or mortification is the process by which a portion of tissue +dies _en masse_, as distinguished from the molecular or cellular death +which constitutes ulceration. The dead portion is known as a _slough_. + +In this chapter we shall confine our attention to the process as it +affects the limbs and superficial parts, leaving gangrene of the viscera +to be described in regional surgery. + + +TYPES OF GANGRENE + +Two distinct types of gangrene are met with, which, from their most +obvious point of difference, are known respectively as _dry_ and +_moist_, and there are several clinical varieties of each type. + +Speaking generally, it may be said that dry gangrene is essentially due +to a simple _interference with the blood supply_ of a part; while the +main factor in the production of moist gangrene is _bacterial +infection_. + +The cardinal signs of gangrene are: change in the colour of the part, +coldness, loss of sensation and motor power, and, lastly, loss of +pulsation in the arteries. + +#Dry Gangrene# or #Mummification# is a comparatively slow form of local +death due, as a rule, to a diminution in the arterial blood supply of +the affected part, resulting from such causes as the gradual narrowing +of the lumen of the arteries by disease of their coats, or the blocking +of the main vessel by an embolus. + +As the fluids in the tissues are lost by evaporation the part becomes +dry and shrivelled, and as the skin is usually intact, infection does +not take place, or if it does, the want of moisture renders the part an +unsuitable soil, and the organisms do not readily find a footing. Any +spread of the process that may take place is chiefly influenced by the +anatomical distribution of the blocked arteries, and is arrested as soon +as it reaches an area rich in anastomotic vessels. The dead portion is +then cast off, the irritation resulting from the contact of the dead +with the still living tissue inducing the formation of granulations on +the proximal side of the junction, and these by slowly eating into the +dead portion produce a furrow--the _line of demarcation_--which +gradually deepens until complete separation is effected. As the muscles +and bones have a richer blood supply than the integument, the death of +skin and subcutaneous tissues extends higher than that of muscles and +bone, with the result that the stump left after spontaneous separation +is conical, the end of the bone projecting beyond the soft parts. + +_Clinical Features._--The part undergoing mortification becomes colder +than normal, the temperature falling to that of the surrounding +atmosphere. In many instances, but not in all, the onset of the process +is accompanied by severe neuralgic pain in the part, probably due to +anaemia of the nerves, to neuritis, or to the irritation of the exposed +axis cylinders by the dead and dying tissues around them. This pain soon +ceases and gives place to a complete loss of sensation. The dead part +becomes dry, horny, shrivelled, and semi-transparent--at first of a dark +brown, but finally of a black colour, from the dissemination of blood +pigment throughout the tissues. There is no putrefaction, and therefore +no putrid odour; and the condition being non-infective, there is not +necessarily any constitutional disturbance. In itself, therefore, dry +gangrene does not involve immediate risk to life; the danger lies in the +fact that the breach of surface at the line of demarcation furnishes a +possible means of entrance for bacteria, which may lead to infective +complications. + +#Moist Gangrene# is an acute process, the dead part retaining its fluids +and so affording a favourable soil for the development of bacteria. The +action of the organisms and their toxins on the adjacent tissues leads +to a rapid and wide spread of the process. The skin becomes moist and +macerated, and bullae, containing dark-coloured fluid or gases, form +under the epidermis. The putrefactive gases evolved cause the skin to +become emphysematous and crepitant and produce an offensive odour. The +tissues assume a greenish-black colour from the formation in them of a +sulphide of iron resulting from decomposition of the blood pigment. +Under certain conditions the dead part may undergo changes resembling +more closely those of ordinary post-mortem decomposition. Owing to its +nature the spread of the gangrene is seldom arrested by the natural +protective processes, and it usually continues until the condition +proves fatal from the absorption of toxins into the circulation. + +The _clinical features_ vary in the different varieties of moist +gangrene, but the local results of bacterial action and the +constitutional disturbance associated with toxin absorption are present +in all; the prognosis therefore is grave in the extreme. + +From what has been said, it will be gathered that in dry gangrene there +is no urgent call for operation to save the patient's life, the primary +indication being to prevent the access of bacteria to the dead part, and +especially to the surface exposed at the line of demarcation. In moist +gangrene, on the contrary, organisms having already obtained a footing, +immediate removal of the dead and dying tissues, as a rule, offers the +only hope of saving life. + + +VARIETIES OF GANGRENE + +#Varieties of Gangrene essentially due to Interference with the +Circulation# + +While the varieties of gangrene included in this group depend primarily +on interference with the circulation, it is to be borne in mind that the +clinical course of the affection may be profoundly influenced by +superadded infection with micro-organisms. Although the bacteria do not +play the most important part in producing tissue necrosis, their + +subsequent introduction is an accident of such importance that it may +change the whole aspect of affairs and convert a dry form of gangrene +into one of the moist type. Moreover, the low state of vitality of the +tissues, and the extreme difficulty of securing and maintaining asepsis, +make it a sequel of great frequency. + +#Senile Gangrene.#--Senile gangrene is the commonest example of local +death produced by a _gradual_ diminution in the quantity of blood +passing through the parts, as a result of arterio-sclerosis or other +chronic disease of the arteries leading to diminution of their calibre. +It is the most characteristic example of the dry type of gangrene. As +the term indicates, it occurs in old persons, but the patient's age is +to be reckoned by the condition of his arteries rather than by the +number of his years. Thus the vessels of a comparatively young man who +has suffered from syphilis and been addicted to alcohol are more liable +to atheromatous degeneration leading to this form of gangrene than are +those of a much older man who has lived a regular and abstemious life. +This form of gangrene is much more common in men than in women. While it +usually attacks only one foot, it is not uncommon for the other foot to +be affected after an interval, and in some cases it is bilateral from +the outset. It must clearly be understood that any form of gangrene may + +occur in old persons, the term senile being here restricted to that +variety which results from arterio-sclerosis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.--Senile Gangrene of the Foot, showing line of +demarcation.] + +_Clinical Features._--The commonest seat of the disease is in the toes, +especially the great toe, whence it spreads up the foot to the heel, or +even to the leg (Fig. 20). There is often a history of some slight +injury preceding its onset. The vitality of the tissues is so low that +the balance between life and death may be turned by the most trivial +injury, such as a cut while paring a toe-nail or a corn, a blister +caused by an ill-fitting shoe or the contact of a hot-bottle. In some +cases the actual gangrene is determined by thrombosis of the popliteal +or tibial arteries, which are already narrowed by obliterating +endarteritis. + +It is common to find that the patient has been troubled for a long time +before the onset of definite signs of gangrene, with cold feet, with +tingling and loss of feeling, or a peculiar sensation as if walking on +cotton wool. + +The first evidence of the death of the part varies in different cases. +Sometimes a dark-blue spot appears on the medial side of the great toe +and gradually increases in size; or a blister containing blood-stained +fluid may form. Streaks or patches of dark-blue mottling appear higher +up on the foot or leg. In other cases a small sore surrounded by a +congested areola forms in relation to the nail and refuses to heal. Such +sores on the toes of old persons are always to be looked upon with +suspicion and treated with the greatest care; and the urine should be +examined for sugar. There is often severe, deep-seated pain of a +neuralgic character, with cramps in the limb, and these may persist long +after a line of demarcation has formed. The dying part loses sensibility +to touch and becomes cold and shrivelled. + +All the physical appearances and clinical symptoms associated with dry +gangrene supervene, and the dead portion is delimited by a line of +demarcation. If this forms slowly and irregularly it indicates a very +unsatisfactory condition of the circulation; while, if it forms quickly +and decidedly, the presumption is that the circulation in the parts +above is fairly good. The separation of the dead part is always attended +with the risk of infection taking place, and should this occur, the +temperature rises and other evidences of toxaemia appear. + +_Prophylaxis._--The toes and feet of old people, the condition of whose +circulation predisposes them to gangrene, should be protected from +slight injuries such as may be received while paring nails, cutting +corns, or wearing ill-fitting boots. The patient should also be warned +of the risk of exposure to cold, the use of hot-bottles, and of placing +the feet near a fire. Attempts have been made to improve the peripheral +circulation by establishing an anastomosis between the main artery of a +limb and its companion vein, so that arterial blood may reach the +peripheral capillaries--reversal of the circulation--but the clinical +results have proved disappointing. (See _Op. Surg._, p. 29.) + +_Treatment._--When there is evidence that gangrene has occurred, the +first indication is to prevent infection by purifying the part, and +after careful drying to wrap it in a thick layer of absorbent and +antiseptic wool, retained in place by a loosely applied bandage. A +slight degree of elevation of the limb is an advantage, but it must not +be sufficient to diminish the amount of blood entering the part. +Hot-bottles are to be used with the utmost caution. As absolute dryness +is essential, ointments or other greasy dressings are to be avoided, as +they tend to prevent evaporation from the skin. Opium should be given +freely to alleviate pain. Stimulation is to be avoided, and the patient +should be carefully dieted. + +When the gangrene is limited to the toes in old and feeble patients, +some surgeons advocate the expectant method of treatment, waiting for a +line of demarcation to form and allowing the dead part to be separated. +This takes place so slowly, however, that it necessitates the patient +being laid up for many weeks, or even months; and we agree with the +majority in advising early amputation. + +In this connection it is worthy of note that there are certain points at +which gangrene naturally tends to become arrested--namely, at the highly +vascular areas in the neighbourhood of joints. Thus gangrene of the +great toe often stops when it reaches the metatarso-phalangeal joint; or +if it trespasses this limit it may be arrested either at the +tarso-metatarsal or at the ankle joint. If these be passed, it usually +spreads up the leg to just below the knee before signs of arrestment +appear. Further, it is seen from pathological specimens that the spread +is greater on the dorsal than on the plantar aspect, and that the death +of skin and subcutaneous tissues extends higher than that of bone and +muscle. + +These facts furnish us with indications as to the seat and method of +amputation. Experience has proved that in senile gangrene of the lower +extremity the most reliable and satisfactory results are obtained by +amputating in the region of the knee, care being taken to perform the +operation so as to leave the prepatellar anastomosis intact by retaining +the patella in the anterior flap. The most satisfactory operation in +these cases is Gritti's supra-condylar amputation. Haemorrhage is easily +controlled by digital pressure, and the use of a tourniquet should be +dispensed with, as the constriction of the limb is liable to interfere +with the vitality of the flaps. + +When the tibial vessels can be felt pulsating at the ankle it may be +justifiable, if the patient urgently desires it, to amputate lower than +the knee; but there is considerable risk of gangrene recurring in the +stump and necessitating a second operation. + +That amputation for senile gangrene performed between the ankle and the +knee seldom succeeds, is explained by the fact that the vascular +obstruction is usually in the upper part of the posterior tibial artery, +and the operation is therefore performed through tissues with an +inadequate blood supply. It is not uncommon, indeed, on amputating above +the knee, to find even the popliteal artery plugged by a clot. This +should be removed at the amputation by squeezing the vessel from above +downward by a "milking" movement, or by "catheterising the artery" with +the aid of a cannula with a terminal aperture. + +It is to be borne in mind that the object of amputation in these cases +is merely to remove the gangrenous part, and so relieve the patient of +the discomfort and the risks from infection which its presence involves. +While it is true that in many of these patients the operation is borne +remarkably well, it must be borne in mind that those who suffer from +senile gangrene are of necessity bad lives, and a guarded opinion should +be expressed as to the prospects of survival. The possibility of the +disease developing in the other limb has already been referred to. + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.--Embolic Gangrene of Hand and Arm.] + +#Embolic Gangrene# (Fig. 21).--This is the most typical form of gangrene +resulting from the _sudden_ occlusion of the main artery of a part, +whether by the impaction of an embolus or the formation of a thrombus in +its lumen, when the collateral circulation is not sufficiently free to +maintain the vitality of the tissues. + +There is sudden pain at the site of impaction of the embolus, and the +pulses beyond are lost. The limb becomes cold, numb, insensitive, and +powerless. It is often pale at first--hence the term "white gangrene" +sometimes applicable to the early appearances, which closely resemble +those presented by the limb of a corpse. + +If the part is aseptic it shrivels, and presents the ordinary features +of dry gangrene. It is liable, however, especially in the lower +extremity and when the veins also are obstructed, to become infected and +to assume the characters of the moist type. + +The extent of the gangrene depends upon the site of impaction of the +embolus, thus if the _abdominal aorta_ becomes suddenly occluded by an +embolus at its bifurcation, the obstruction of the iliacs and femorals +induces symmetrical gangrene of both extremities as high as the inguinal +ligaments. When gangrene follows occlusion of the _external iliac_ or of +the _femoral artery_ above the origin of its deep branch, the death of +the limb extends as high as the middle or upper third of the thigh. When +the _femoral_ below the origin of its deep branch or the _popliteal +artery_ is obstructed, the veins remaining pervious, the anastomosis +through the profunda is sufficient to maintain the vascular supply, and +gangrene does not necessarily follow. The rupture of a popliteal +aneurysm, however, by compressing the vein and the articular branches, +usually determines gangrene. When an embolus becomes impacted at the +_bifurcation of the popliteal_, if gangrene ensues it usually spreads +well up the leg. + +When the _axillary artery_ is the seat of embolic impaction, and +gangrene ensues, the process usually reaches the middle of the upper +arm. Gangrene following the blocking of the _brachial_ at its +bifurcation usually extends as far as the junction of the lower and +middle thirds of the forearm. + +Gangrene due to thrombosis or embolism is sometimes met with in patients +recovering from typhus, typhoid, or other fevers, such as that +associated with child-bed. It occurs in peripheral parts, such as the +toes, fingers, nose, or ears. + +_Treatment._--The general treatment of embolic gangrene is the same as +that for the senile form. Success has followed opening the artery and +removing the embolus. The artery is exposed at the seat of impaction +and, having been clamped above and below, a longitudinal opening is made +and the clot carefully extracted with the aid of forceps; it is +sometimes unexpectedly long (one recorded from the femoral artery +measured nearly 34 inches); the wound in the artery is then sewn up with +fine silk soaked in paraffin. When amputation is indicated, it must be +performed sufficiently high to ensure a free vascular supply to the +flaps. + +#Gangrene following Ligation of Arteries.#--After the ligation of an +artery in its continuity--for example, in the treatment of aneurysm--the +limb may for some days remain in a condition verging on gangrene, the +distal parts being cold, devoid of sensation, and powerless. As the +collateral circulation is established, the vitality of the tissues is +gradually restored and these symptoms pass off. In some cases, +however,--and especially in the lower extremity--gangrene ensues and +presents the same characters as those resulting from embolism. It tends +to be of the dry type. The occlusion of the vein as well as the artery +is not found to increase the risk of gangrene. + +#Gangrene from Mechanical Constriction of the Vessels of the part.#--The +application of a bandage or plaster-of-Paris case too tightly, or of a +tourniquet for too long a time, has been known to lead to death of the +part beyond; but such cases are rare, as are also those due to the +pressure of a fractured bone or of a tumour on a large artery or vein. +When gangrene occurs from such causes, it tends to be of the moist type. + +Much commoner is it to meet with localised areas of necrosis due to the +excessive _pressure of splints_ over bony prominences, such as the +lateral malleolus, the medial condyle of the humerus, or femur, or over +the dorsum of the foot. This is especially liable to occur when the +nutrition of the skin is depressed by any interference with its +nerve-supply, such as follows injuries to the spine or peripheral +nerves, disease of the brain, or acute anterior poliomyelitis. When the +splint is removed the skin pressed upon is found to be of a pale yellow +or grey colour, and is surrounded by a ring of hyperaemia. If protected +from infection, the clinical course is that of dry gangrene. + +Bed-sores, which are closely allied to pressure sores, will be described +at the end of this chapter. + +When a localised portion of tissue, for example, a piece of skin, is so +severely _crushed_ or _bruised_ that its blood vessels are occluded and +its structure destroyed, it dies, and, if not infected with bacteria, +dries up, and the shrivelled brown skin is slowly separated by the +growth of granulation tissue beneath and around it. + +Fingers, toes, or even considerable portions of limbs may in the same +way be suddenly destroyed by severe trauma, and undergo mummification. +If organisms gain access, typical moist gangrene may ensue, or changes +similar to those of ordinary post-mortem decomposition may take place. + +_Treatment._--The first indication is to exclude bacteria by purifying +the damaged part and its surroundings, and applying dry, non-irritating +dressings. + +When these measures are successful, dry gangrene ensues. The raw surface +left after the separation of the dead skin may be allowed to heal by +granulation, or may be covered by skin-grafts. In the case of a finger +or a limb it is not necessary to wait until spontaneous separation takes +place, as this is often a slow process. When a well-marked line of +demarcation has formed, amputation may be performed just sufficiently +far above it to enable suitable flaps to be made. + +The end of a stump, after spontaneous separation of the gangrenous +portion, requires to be trimmed, sufficient bone being removed to permit +of the soft parts coming together. + +If moist gangrene supervenes, amputation must be performed without +delay, and at a higher level. + +#Gangrene from Heat, Chemical Agents, and Cold.#--Severe #burns# and +#scalds# may be followed by necrosis of tissue. So long as the parts are +kept absolutely dry--as, for example, by the picric acid method of +treatment--the grossly damaged portions of tissue undergo dry gangrene; +but when wet or oily dressings are applied and organisms gain access, +moist gangrene follows. + +Strong #chemical agents#, such as caustic potash, nitric or sulphuric +acid, may also induce local tissue necrosis, the general appearances of +the lesions produced being like those of severe burns. The resulting +sloughs are slow to separate, and leave deep punched-out cavities which +are long of healing. + +#Carbolic Gangrene.#--Carbolic acid, even in comparatively weak +solution, is liable to induce dry gangrene when applied as a fomentation +to a finger, especially in women and children. Thrombosis occurs in the +blood vessels of the part, which at first is pale and soft, but later +becomes dark and leathery. On account of the anaesthetic action of +carbolic acid, the onset of the process is painless, and the patient +does not realise his danger. A line of demarcation soon forms, but the +dead part separates very slowly. + +#Gangrene from Frost-bite.#--It is difficult to draw the line between +the third degree of chilblain and the milder forms of true frost-bite; +the difference is merely one of degree. Frost-bite affects chiefly the +toes and fingers--especially the great toe and the little finger--the +ears, and the nose. In this country it is seldom seen except in members +of the tramp class, who, in addition to being exposed to cold by +sleeping in the open air, are ill-fed and generally debilitated. The +condition usually manifests itself after the parts, having been +subjected to extreme cold, are brought into warm surroundings. The first +symptom is numbness in the part, followed by a sense of weight, +tingling, and finally by complete loss of sensation. The part attacked +becomes white and bleached-looking, feels icy cold, and is insensitive +to touch. Either immediately, or, it may be, not for several days, it +becomes discoloured and swollen, and finally contracts and shrivels. +Above the dead area the limb may be the seat of excruciating pain. The +dead portion is cast off, as in other forms of dry gangrene, by the +formation of a line of demarcation. + +To prevent the occurrence of gangrene from frost-bite it is necessary to +avoid the sudden application of heat. The patient should be placed in a +cold room, and the part rubbed with snow, or put in a cold bath, and +have light friction applied to it. As the circulation is restored the +general surroundings and the local applications are gradually made +warmer. Elevation of the part, wrapping it in cotton wool, and removal +to a warmer room, are then permissible, and stimulants and warm drinks +may be given with caution. When by these means the occurrence of +gangrene is averted, recovery ensues, its onset being indicated by the +white parts assuming a livid red hue and becoming the seat of an acute +burning sensation. + +A condition known as _Trench feet_ was widely prevalent amongst the +troops in France during the European War. Although allied to frost-bite, +cold appears to play a less important part in its causation than +humidity and constriction of the limbs producing ischaemia of the feet. +Changes were found in the endothelium of the blood vessels, the axis +cylinders of nerves, and the muscles. The condition does not occur in +civil life. + +#Diabetic Gangrene.#--This form of gangrene is prone to occur in persons +over fifty years of age who suffer from glycosuria. The arteries are +often markedly diseased. In some cases the existence of the glycosuria +is unsuspected before the onset of the gangrene, and it is only on +examining the urine that the cause of the condition is discovered. The +gangrenous process seldom begins as suddenly as that associated with +embolism, and, like senile gangrene, which it may closely simulate in +its early stages, it not infrequently begins after a slight injury to +one of the toes. It but rarely, however, assumes the dry, shrivelling +type, as a rule being attended with swelling, oedema, and dusky redness +of the foot, and severe pain. According to Paget, the dead part remains +warm longer than in other forms of senile gangrene; there is a greater +tendency for patches of skin at some distance from the primary seat of +disease to become gangrenous, and for the death of tissue to extend +upwards in the subcutaneous planes, leaving the overlying skin +unaffected. The low vitality of the tissues favours the growth of +bacteria, and if these gain access, the gangrene assumes the characters +of the moist type and spreads rapidly. + +The rules for amputation are the same as those governing the treatment +of senile gangrene, the level at which the limb is removed depending +upon whether the gangrene is of the dry or moist type. The general +treatment for diabetes must, of course, be employed whether amputation +is performed or not. Paget recommended that the dietetic treatment +should not be so rigid as in uncomplicated diabetes, and that opium +should be given freely. + +The _prognosis_ even after amputation is unfavourable. In many cases the +patient dies with symptoms of diabetic coma within a few days of the +operation; or, if he survives this, he may eventually succumb to +diabetes. In others there is sloughing of the flaps and death results +from toxaemia. Occasionally the other limb becomes gangrenous. On the +other hand, the glycosuria may diminish or may even disappear after +amputation. + +#Gangrene associated with Spasm of Blood Vessels.#--#Raynaud's Disease#, +or symmetrical gangrene, is supposed to be due to spasm of the +arterioles, resulting from peripheral neuritis. It occurs oftenest in +women, between the ages of eighteen and thirty, who are the subjects of +uterine disorders, anaemia, or chlorosis. Cold is an aggravating factor, +as the disease is commonest during the winter months. The digits of both +hands or the toes of both feet are simultaneously attacked, and the +disease seldom spreads beyond the phalanges or deeper than the skin. + +The first evidence is that the fingers become cold, white, and +insensitive to touch and pain. These attacks of _local syncope_ recur at +varying intervals for months or even years. They last for a few minutes +or even for some hours, and as they pass off the parts become hyperaemic +and painful. + +A more advanced stage of the disease is known as _local asphyxia_. The +circulation through the fingers becomes exceedingly sluggish, and the +parts assume a dull, livid hue. There is swelling and burning or +shooting pain. This may pass off in a few days, or may increase in +severity, with the formation of bullae, and end in dry gangrene. As a +rule, the slough which forms is comparatively small and superficial, +but it may take some months to separate. The condition tends to recur in +successive winters. + +The _treatment_ consists in remedying any nervous or uterine disorder +that may be present, keeping the parts warm by wrapping them in cotton +wool, and in the use of hot-air or electric baths, the parts being +immersed in water through which a constant current is passed. When +gangrene occurs, it is treated on the same lines as other forms of dry +gangrene, but if amputation is called for it is only with a view to +removing the dead part. + +#Angio-sclerotic Gangrene.#--A form of gangrene due to _angio-sclerosis_ +is occasionally met with in young persons, even in children. It bears +certain analogies to Raynaud's disease in that spasm of the vessels +plays a part in determining the local death. + +The main arteries are narrowed by hyperplastic endarteritis followed by +thrombosis, and similar changes are found in the veins. The condition is +usually met with in the feet, but the upper extremity may be affected, +and is attended with very severe pain, rendering sleep impossible. + +The patient is liable to sudden attacks of numbness, tingling and +weakness of the limbs which pass off with rest--_intermittent +claudication_. During these attacks the large arteries--femoral, +brachial, and subclavian--can be felt as firm cords, while pulsation is +lost in the peripheral vessels. Gangrene eventually ensues, is attended +with great pain and runs a slow course. It is treated on the same lines +as Raynaud's disease. + +#Gangrene from Ergot.#--Gangrene may occur from interference with blood +supply, the result of tetanic contraction of the minute vessels, such as +results in ill-nourished persons who eat large quantities of coarse rye +bread contaminated with the _claviceps purpurea_ and containing the +ergot of rye. It has also occurred in the fingers of patients who have +taken ergot medicinally over long periods. The gangrene, which attacks +the toes, fingers, ears, or nose, is preceded by formication, numbness, +and pains in the parts to be affected, and is of the dry variety. + +In this country it is usually met with in sailors off foreign ships, +whose dietary largely consists of rye bread. Trivial injuries may be the +starting-point, the anaesthesia produced by the ergotin preventing the +patient taking notice of them. Alcoholism is a potent predisposing +cause. + +As it is impossible to predict how far the process will spread, it is +advisable to wait for the formation of a line of demarcation before +operating, and then to amputate immediately above the dead part. + + +BACTERIAL VARIETIES OF GANGRENE + +The acute bacillary forms of gangrene all assume the moist type from the +first, and, spreading rapidly, result in extensive necrosis of tissue, +and often end fatally. + +The infection is usually a mixed one in which anaerobic bacteria +predominate. The anaerobe most constantly present is the _bacillus +aerogenes capsulatus_, usually in association with other anaerobes, and +sometimes with pyogenic diplo- and streptococci. According to the mode of +action of the associated organisms and the combined effects of their +toxins on the tissues, the gangrenous process presents different +pathological and clinical features. Some combinations, for example, +result in a rapidly spreading cellulitis with early necrosis of +connective tissue accompanied by thrombosis throughout the capillary and +venous circulation of the parts implicated; other combinations cause +great oedema of the part, and others again lead to the formation of gases +in the tissues, particularly in the muscles. + +These different effects do not appear to be due to a specific action of +any one of the organisms present, but to the combined effect of a +particular group living in symbiosis. + +According as the cellulitic, the oedematous, or the gaseous +characteristics predominate, the clinical varieties of bacillary +gangrene may be separately described, but it must be clearly understood +that they frequently overlap and cannot always be distinguished from one +another. + +#Clinical Varieties of Bacillary Gangrene.#--#Acute infective gangrene# +is the form most commonly met with in civil practice. It may follow such +trivial injuries as a pin-prick or a scratch, the signs of acute +cellulitis rapidly giving place to those of a spreading gangrene. Or it +may ensue on a severe railway, machinery, or street accident, when +lacerated and bruised tissues are contaminated with gross dirt. Often +within a few hours of the injury the whole part rapidly becomes painful, +swollen, oedematous, and tense. The skin is at first glazed, and perhaps +paler than normal, but soon assumes a dull red or purplish hue, and +bullae form on the surface. Putrefactive gases may be evolved in the +tissues, and their presence is indicated by emphysematous crackling when +the part is handled. The spread of the disease is so rapid that its +progress is quite visible from hour to hour, and may be traced by the +occurrence of red lines along the course of the lymphatics of the limb. +In the most acute cases the death of the affected part takes place so +rapidly that the local changes indicative of gangrene have not time to +occur, and the fact that the part is dead may be overlooked. + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.--Gangrene of Terminal Phalanx of Index-Finger, +following cellulitis of hand resulting from a scratch on the palm of the +hand.] + +Rigors may occur, but the temperature is not necessarily raised--indeed, +it is sometimes subnormal. The pulse is small, feeble, rapid, and +irregular. Unless amputation is promptly performed, death usually +follows within thirty-six or forty-eight hours. Even early operation +does not always avert the fatal issue, because the quantity of toxin +absorbed and its extreme virulence are often more than even a robust +subject can outlive. + +_Treatment._--Every effort must be made to purify all such wounds as are +contaminated by earth, street dust, stable refuse, or other forms of +gross dirt. Devitalised and contaminated tissue is removed with the +knife or scissors and the wound purified with antiseptics of the +chlorine group or with hydrogen peroxide. If there is a reasonable +prospect that infection has been overcome, the wound may be at once +sutured, but if this is doubtful it is left open and packed or +irrigated. + +When acute gangrene has set in no treatment short of amputation is of +any avail, and the sooner this is done, the greater is the hope of +saving the patient. The limb must be amputated well beyond the apparent +limits of the infected area, and stringent precautions must be taken to +avoid discharge from the already gangrenous area reaching the operation +wound. An assistant or nurse, who is to take no other part in the +operation, is told off to carry out the preliminary purification, and to +hold the limb during the operation. + +#Malignant Oedema.#--This form of acute gangrene has been defined as +"a spreading inflammatory oedema attended with emphysema, and ultimately +followed by gangrene of the skin and adjacent parts." The predominant +organism is the _bacillus of malignant oedema_ or _vibrion septique_ of +Pasteur, which is found in garden soil, dung, and various putrefying +substances. It is anaerobic, and occurs as long, thick rods with +somewhat rounded ends and several laterally placed flagella. Spores, +which have a high power of resistance, form in the centre of the rods, +and bulge out the sides so as to give the organisms a spindle-shaped +outline. Other pathogenic organisms are also present and aid the +specific bacillus in its action. + +At the bedside it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish it +from acute infective gangrene. Both follow on the same kinds of injury +and run an exceedingly rapid course. In malignant oedema, however, the +incidence of the disease is mainly on the superficial parts, which +become oedematous and emphysematous, and acquire a marbled appearance +with the veins clearly outlined. Early disappearance of sensation is a +particularly grave symptom. Bullae form on the skin, and the tissues +have "a peculiar heavy but not putrid odour." The constitutional effects +are extremely severe, and death may ensue within a few hours. + +#Acute Emphysematous# or #Gas Gangrene# was prevalent in certain areas +at various periods during the European War. It follows infection of +lacerated wounds with the _bacillus aerogenes capsulatus_, usually in +combination with other anaerobes, and its main incidence is on the +muscles, which rapidly become infiltrated with gas that spreads +throughout the whole extent of the muscle, disintegrating its fibres and +leading to necrosis. The gangrenous process spreads with appalling +rapidity, the limb becoming enormously swollen, painful, and crepitant +or even tympanitic. Patches of coppery or purple colour appear on the +skin, and bullae containing blood-stained serum form on the surface. The +toxaemia is profound, and the face and lips assume a characteristic +cyanosis. The condition is attended with a high mortality. Only in the +early stages and when the infection is limited are local measures +successful in arresting the spread; in more severe cases amputation is +the only means of saving life. + +#Cancrum Oris# or #Noma#.--This disease is believed to be due to a +specific bacillus, which occurs in long delicate rods, and is chiefly +found at the margin of the gangrenous area. It is prone to attack +unhealthy children from two to five years of age, especially during +their convalescence from such diseases as measles, scarlet fever, or +typhoid, but may attack adults when they are debilitated. It is most +common in the mouth, but sometimes occurs on the vulva. In the mouth it +begins as an ulcerative stomatitis, more especially affecting the gums +or inner aspect of the cheek. The child lies prostrated, and from the +open mouth foul-smelling saliva, streaked with blood, escapes; the face +is of an ashy-grey colour, the lips dark and swollen. On the inner +aspect of the cheek is a deeply ulcerated surface, with sloughy shreds +of dark-brown or black tissue covering its base; the edges are +irregular, firm, and swollen, and the surrounding mucous membrane is +infiltrated and oedematous. In the course of a few hours a dark spot +appears on the outer aspect of the cheek, and rapidly increases in size; +towards the centre it is black, shading off through blue and grey into a +dark-red area which extends over the cheek (Fig. 23). The tissue +implicated is at first firm and indurated, but as it loses its vitality +it becomes doughy and sodden. Finally a slough forms, and, when it +separates, the cheek is perforated. + +Meanwhile the process spreads inside the mouth, and the gums, the floor +of the mouth, or even the jaws, may become gangrenous and the teeth fall +out. The constitutional disturbance is severe, the temperature raised, +and the pulse feeble and rapid. + +The extremely foetid odour which pervades the room or even the house the +patient occupies, is usually sufficient to suggest the diagnosis of +cancrum oris. The odour must not be mistaken for that due to +decomposition of sordes on the teeth and gums of a debilitated patient. + +The _prognosis_ is always grave in the extreme, the main risks being +general toxaemia and septic pneumonia. When recovery takes place there is +serious deformity, and considerable portions of the jaws may be lost by +necrosis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.--Cancrum oris. + +(From a photograph lent by Sir George T. Beatson.)] + +_Treatment._--The only satisfactory treatment is thorough removal under +an anaesthetic of all the sloughy tissue, with the surrounding zone in +which the organisms are active. This is most efficiently accomplished by +the knife or scissors, cutting until the tissue bleeds freely, after +which the raw surface is painted with undiluted carbolic acid and +dressed with iodoform gauze. It may be necessary to remove large pieces +of bone when the necrotic process has implicated the jaws. The mouth +must be constantly sprayed with peroxide of hydrogen, and washed out +with a disinfectant and deodorant lotion, such as Condy's fluid. The +patient's general condition calls for free stimulation. + +The deformity resulting from these necessarily heroic measures is not so +great as might be expected, and can be further diminished by plastic +operations, which should be undertaken before cicatricial contraction +has occurred. + + +BED-SORES + +Bed-sores are most frequently met with in old and debilitated patients, +or in those whose tissues are devitalised by acute or chronic diseases +associated with stagnation of blood in the peripheral veins. Any +interference with the nerve-supply of the skin, whether from injury or +disease of the central nervous system or of the peripheral nerves, +strongly predisposes to the formation of bed-sores. Prolonged and +excessive pressure over a bony prominence, especially if the parts be +moist with skin secretions, urine, or wound discharges, determines the +formation of a sore. Excoriations, which may develop into true +bed-sores, sometimes form where two skin surfaces remain constantly +apposed, as in the region of the scrotum or labium, under pendulous +mammae, or between fingers or toes confined in a splint. + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.--Acute Bed-Sores over Right Buttock.] + +_Clinical Features._--Two clinical varieties are met with--the acute +and the chronic bed-sore. + +The _acute_ bed-sore usually occurs over the sacrum or buttock. It +develops rapidly after spinal injuries and in the course of certain +brain diseases. The part affected becomes red and congested, while the +surrounding parts are oedematous and swollen, blisters form, and the skin +loses its vitality (Fig. 24). + +In advanced cases of general paralysis of the insane, a peculiar form of +acute bed-sore beginning as a blister, and passing on to the formation +of a black, dry eschar, which slowly separates, occurs on such parts as +the medial side of the knee, the angle of the scapula, and the heel. + +The _chronic_ bed-sore begins as a dusky reddish purple patch, which +gradually becomes darker till it is almost black. The parts around are +oedematous, and a blister may form. This bursts and exposes the papillae +of the skin, which are of a greenish hue. A tough greyish-black slough +forms, and is slowly separated. It is not uncommon for the gangrenous +area to continue to spread both in width and in depth till it reaches +the periosteum or bone. Bed-sores over the sacrum sometimes implicate +the vertebral canal and lead to spinal meningitis, which usually proves +fatal. + +In old and debilitated patients the septic absorption taking place from +a bed-sore often proves a serious complication of other surgical +conditions. From this cause, for example, old people may succumb during +the treatment of a fractured thigh. + +The granulating surface left on the separation of the slough tends to +heal comparatively rapidly. + +_Prevention of Bed-sores._--The first essential in the prevention of +bed-sores is the regular changing of the patient's position, so that no +one part of the body is continuously pressed upon for any length of +time. Ring-pads of wool, air-cushions, or water-beds are necessary to +remove pressure from prominent parts. Absolute dryness of the skin is +all-important. At least once a day, the sacrum, buttocks, +shoulder-blades, heels, elbows, malleoli, or other parts exposed to +pressure, must be sponged with soap and water, thoroughly dried, and +then rubbed with methylated spirit, which is allowed to dry on the skin. +Dusting the part with boracic acid powder not only keeps it dry, but +prevents the development of bacteria in the skin secretions. + +In operation cases, care must be taken that irritating chemicals used to +purify the skin do not collect under the patient and remain in contact +with the skin of the sacrum and buttocks during the time he is on the +operating-table. There is reason to believe that the so-called +"post-operation bed-sore" may be due to such causes. A similar result +has been known to follow soiling of the sheets by the escape of a +turpentine enema. + +_Treatment._--Once a bed-sore has formed, every effort must be made to +prevent its spread. Alcohol is used to cleanse the broken surface, and +dry absorbent dressings are applied and frequently changed. It is +sometimes found necessary to employ moist or oily substances, such as +boracic poultices, eucalyptus ointment, or balsam of Peru, to facilitate +the separation of sloughs, or to promote the growth of granulations. In +patients who are not extremely debilitated the slough may be excised, +the raw surface scraped, and then painted with iodine. + +Skin-grafting is sometimes useful in covering in the large raw surface +left after separation or removal of sloughs. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +BACTERIAL AND OTHER WOUND INFECTIONS + + +_Erysipelas_--_Diphtheria_--_Tetanus_--_Hydrophobia_--_Anthrax_-- + _Glanders_--_Actinomycosis_--_Mycetoma_--_Delhi + boil_--_Chigoe_--_Poisoning by insects_--_Snake-bites_. + + +ERYSIPELAS + +Erysipelas, popularly known as "rose," is an acute spreading infective +disease of the skin or of a mucous membrane due to the action of a +streptococcus. Infection invariably takes place through an abrasion of +the surface, although this may be so slight that it escapes observation +even when sought for. The streptococci are found most abundantly in the +lymph spaces just beyond the swollen margin of the inflammatory area, +and in the serous blebs which sometimes form on the surface. + +#Clinical Features.#--_Facial erysipelas_ is the commonest clinical +variety, infection usually occurring through some slight abrasion in the +region of the mouth or nose, or from an operation wound in this area. +From this point of origin the inflammation may spread all over the face +and scalp as far back as the nape of the neck. It stops, however, at the +chin, and never extends on to the front of the neck. There is great +oedema of the face, the eyes becoming closed up, and the features +unrecognisable. The inflammation may spread to the meninges, the +intracranial venous sinuses, the eye, or the ear. In some cases the +erysipelas invades the mucous membrane of the mouth, and spreads to the +fauces and larynx, setting up an oedema of the glottis which may prove +dangerous to life. + +Erysipelas occasionally attacks an operation wound that has become +septic; and it may accompany septic infection of the genital tract in +puerperal women, or the separation of the umbilical cord in infants +(_erysipelas neonatorum_). After an incubation period, which varies from +fifteen to sixty hours, the patient complains of headache, pains in the +back and limbs, loss of appetite, nausea, and frequently there is +vomiting. He has a chill or slight rigor, initiating a rise of +temperature to 103 o, 104 o, or 105 o F.; and a full bounding pulse of +about 100 (Fig. 25). The tongue is foul, the breath heavy, and, as a +rule, the bowels are constipated. There is frequently albuminuria, and +occasionally nocturnal delirium. A moderate degree of leucocytosis +(15,000 to 20,000) is usually present. + +Around the seat of inoculation a diffuse red patch forms, varying in hue +from a bright scarlet to a dull brick-red. The edges are slightly raised +above the level of the surrounding skin, as may readily be recognised by +gently stroking the part from the healthy towards the affected area. The +skin is smooth, tense, and glossy, and presents here and there blisters +filled with serous fluid. The local temperature is raised, and the part +is the seat of a burning sensation and is tender to the touch, the most +tender area being the actively spreading zone which lies about half an +inch beyond the red margin. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.--Chart of Erysipelas occurring in a wound.] + +The disease tends to spread spasmodically and irregularly, and the +direction and extent of its progress may be recognised by mapping out +the peripheral zone of tenderness. Red streaks appear along the lines of +the superficial lymph vessels, and the deep lymphatics may sometimes be +palpated as firm, tender cords. The neighbouring glands, also, are +generally enlarged and tender. + +The disease lasts for from two or three days to as many weeks, and +relapses are frequent. Spontaneous resolution usually takes place, but +the disease may prove fatal from absorption of toxins, involvement of +the brain or meninges, or from general streptococcal infection. + +#Complications.#--_Diffuse suppurative cellulitis_ is the most serious +local complication, and results from a mixed infection with other +pyogenic bacteria. Small _localised superficial abscesses_ may form +during the convalescent stage. They are doubtless due to the action of +skin bacteria, which attack the tissues devitalised by the erysipelas. A +persistent form of _oedema_ sometimes remains after recurrent attacks of +erysipelas, especially when they affect the face or the lower extremity, +a condition which is referred to with elephantiasis. + +#Treatment.#--The first indication is to endeavour to arrest the spread +of the process. We have found that by painting with linimentum iodi, a +ring half an inch broad, about an inch in front of the peripheral tender +zone--not the red margin--an artificial leucocytosis is produced, and +the advancing streptococci are thereby arrested. Several coats of the +iodine are applied, one after the other, and this is repeated daily for +several days, even although the erysipelas has not overstepped the ring. +Success depends upon using the liniment of iodine (the tincture is not +strong enough), and in applying it well in front of the disease. To +allay pain the most useful local applications are ichthyol ointment (1 +in 6), or lead and opium fomentations. + +The general treatment consists in attending to the emunctories, in +administrating quinine in small--two-grain--doses every four hours, or +salicylate of iron (2-5 gr. every three hours), and in giving plenty of +fluid nourishment. It is worthy of note that the anti-streptococcic +serum has proved of less value in the treatment of erysipelas than might +have been expected, probably because the serum is not made from the +proper strain of streptococcus. + +It is not necessary to isolate cases of erysipelas, provided the usual +precautions against carrying infection from one patient to another are +rigidly carried out. + + +DIPHTHERIA + +Diphtheria is an acute infective disease due to the action of a specific +bacterium, the _bacillus diphtheriae_ or _Klebs-Loffler bacillus_. The +disease is usually transmitted from one patient to another, but it may +be contracted from cats, fowls, or through the milk of infected cows. +Cases have occurred in which the surgeon has carried the infection from +one patient to another through neglect of antiseptic precautions. The +incubation period varies from two to seven days. + +#Clinical Features.#--In _pharyngeal diphtheria_, on the first or +second day of the disease, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane +of the pharynx, tonsils, and palate are well marked, and small, circular +greenish or grey patches of false membrane, composed of necrosed +epithelium, fibrin, leucocytes, and red blood corpuscles, begin to +appear. These rapidly increase in area and thickness, till they coalesce +and form a complete covering to the parts. In the pharynx the false +membrane is less adherent to the surface than it is when the disease +affects the air-passages. The diphtheritic process may spread from the +pharynx to the nasal cavities, causing blocking of the nares, with a +profuse ichorous discharge from the nostrils, and sometimes severe +epistaxis. The infection may spread along the nasal duct to the +conjunctiva. The middle ear also may become involved by spread along the +auditory (Eustachian) tube. + +The lymph glands behind the angle of the jaw enlarge and become tender, +and may suppurate from superadded infection. There is pain on +swallowing, and often earache; and the patient speaks with a nasal +accent. He becomes weak and anaemic, and loses his appetite. There is +often albuminuria. Leucocytosis is usually well marked before the +injection of antitoxin; after the injection there is usually a +diminution in the number of leucocytes. The false membrane may separate +and be cast off, after which the patient gradually recovers. Death may +take place from gradual failure of the heart's action or from syncope +during some slight exertion. + +_Laryngeal Diphtheria._--The disease may arise in the larynx, although, +as a rule, it spreads thence from the pharynx. It first manifests itself +by a short, dry, croupy cough, and hoarseness of the voice. The first +difficulty in breathing usually takes place during the night, and once +it begins, it rapidly gets worse. Inspiration becomes noisy, sometimes +stridulous or metallic or sibilant, and there is marked indrawing of the +epigastrium and lower intercostal spaces. The hoarseness becomes more +marked, the cough more severe, and the patient restless. The difficulty +of breathing occurs in paroxysms, which gradually increase in frequency +and severity, until at length the patient becomes asphyxiated. The +duration of the disease varies from a few hours to four or five days. + +After the acute symptoms have passed off, various localised +paralyses may develop, affecting particularly the nerves of the palatal +and orbital muscles, less frequently the lower limbs. + +#Diagnosis.#--The finding of the Klebs-Loffler bacillus is the only +conclusive evidence of the disease. The bacillus may be obtained by +swabbing the throat with a piece of aseptic--not antiseptic--cotton wool +or clean linen rag held in a pair of forceps, and rotated so as to +entangle portions of the false membrane or exudate. The swab thus +obtained is placed in a test-tube, previously sterilised by having had +some water boiled in it, and sent to a laboratory for investigation. To +identify the bacillus a piece of the membrane from the swab is rubbed on +a cover glass, dried, and stained with methylene blue or other basic +stain; or cultures may be made on agar or other suitable medium. When a +bacteriological examination is impossible, or when the clinical features +do not coincide with the results obtained, the patient should always be +treated on the assumption that he suffers from diphtheria. So much doubt +exists as to the real nature of membranous croup and its relationship to +true diphtheria, that when the diagnosis between the two is uncertain +the safest plan is to treat the case as one of diphtheria. + +In children, diphtheria may occur on the vulva, vagina, prepuce, or +glans penis, and give rise to difficulty in diagnosis, which is only +cleared up by demonstration of the bacillus. + +#Treatment.#--An attempt may be made to destroy or to counteract the +organisms by swabbing the throat with strong antiseptic solutions, such +as 1 in 1000 corrosive sublimate or 1 in 30 carbolic acid, or by +spraying with peroxide of hydrogen. + +The antitoxic serum is our sheet-anchor in the treatment of diphtheria, +and recourse should be had to its use as early as possible. + +Difficulty of swallowing may be met by the use of a stomach tube passed +either through the mouth or nose. When this is impracticable, nutrient +enemata are called for. + +In laryngeal diphtheria, the interference with respiration may call for +intubation of the larynx, or tracheotomy, but the antitoxin treatment +has greatly diminished the number of cases in which it becomes necessary +to have recourse to these measures. + +Intubation consists in introducing through the mouth into the larynx a +tube which allows the patient to breathe freely during the period while +the membrane is becoming separated and thrown off. This is best done +with the apparatus of O'Dwyer; but when this instrument is not +available, a simple gum-elastic catheter with a terminal opening (as +suggested by Macewen and Annandale) may be employed. + +When intubation is impracticable, the operation of tracheotomy is +called for if the patient's life is endangered by embarrassment of +respiration. Unless the patient is in hospital with skilled assistance +available, tracheotomy is the safer of the two procedures. + + +TETANUS + +Tetanus is a disease resulting from infection of a wound by a specific +micro-organism, the _bacillus tetani_, and characterised by increased +reflex excitability, hypertonus, and spasm of one or more groups of +voluntary muscles. + +_Etiology and Morbid Anatomy._--The tetanus bacillus, which is a perfect +anaerobe, is widely distributed in nature and can be isolated from +garden earth, dung-heaps, and stable refuse. It is a slender rod-shaped +bacillus, with a single large spore at one end giving it the shape of a +drum-stick (Fig. 26). The spores, which are the active agents in +producing tetanus, are highly resistant to chemical agents, retain their +vitality in a dry condition, and even survive boiling for five minutes. + +The organism does not readily establish itself in the human body, and +seems to flourish best when it finds a nidus in necrotic tissue and is +accompanied by aerobic organisms, which, by using up the oxygen in the +tissues, provide for it a suitable environment. The presence of a +foreign body in the wound seems to favour its action. The infection is +for all practical purposes a local one, the symptoms of the disease +being due to the toxins produced in the wound of infection acting upon +the central nervous system. + +The toxin acts principally on the nerve centres in the spinal medulla, +to which it travels from the focus of infection by way of the nerve +fibres supplying the voluntary muscles. Its first effect on the motor +ganglia of the cord is to render them hypersensitive, so that they are +excited by mild stimuli, which under ordinary conditions would produce +no reaction. As the toxin accumulates the reflex arc is affected, with +the result that when a stimulus reaches the ganglia a motor discharge +takes place, which spreads by ascending and descending collaterals to +the reflex apparatus of the whole cord. As the toxin spreads it causes +both motor hyper-tonus and hyper-excitability, which accounts for the +tonic contraction and the clonic spasms characteristic of tetanus. + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.--Bacillus of Tetanus from scraping of a wound of +finger, x 1000 diam. Basic fuchsin stain.] + +#Clinical Varieties of Tetanus.#--_Acute_ or _Fulminating +Tetanus_.--This variety is characterised by the shortness of the +incubation period, the rapidity of its progress, the severity of its +symptoms, and its all but universally fatal issue in spite of +treatment, death taking place in from one to four days. The +characteristic symptoms may appear within three or four days of the +infliction of the wound, but the incubation period may extend to three +weeks, and the wound may be quite healed before the disease declares +itself--_delayed tetanus_. Usually, however, the wound is inflamed and +suppurating, with ragged and sloughy edges. A slight feverish attack may +mark the onset of the tetanic condition, or the patient may feel +perfectly well until the spasms begin. If careful observations be made, +it may be found that the muscles in the immediate neighbourhood of the +wound are the first to become contracted; but in the majority of +instances the patient's first complaint is of pain and stiffness in the +muscles of mastication, notably the masseter, so that he has difficulty +in opening the mouth--hence the popular name "lock-jaw." The muscles of +expression soon share in the rigidity, and the face assumes a taut, +mask-like aspect. The angles of the mouth may be retracted, producing a +grinning expression known as the _risus sardonicus_. + +The next muscles to become stiff and painful are those of the neck, +especially the sterno-mastoid and trapezius. The patient is inclined to +attribute the pain and stiffness to exposure to cold or rheumatism. At +an early stage the diaphragm and the muscles of the anterior abdominal +wall become contracted; later the muscles of the back and thorax are +involved; and lastly those of the limbs. Although this is the typical +order of involvement of the different groups of muscles, it is not +always adhered to. + +To this permanent tonic contraction of the muscles there are soon added +clonic spasms. These spasms are at first slight and transient, with +prolonged intervals between the attacks, but rapidly tend to become more +frequent, more severe, and of longer duration, until eventually the +patient simply passes out of one seizure into another. + +The distribution of the spasms varies in different cases: in some it is +confined to particular groups of muscles, such as those of the neck, +back, abdominal walls, or limbs; in others all these groups are +simultaneously involved. + +When the muscles of the back become spasmodically contracted, the body +is raised from the bed, sometimes to such an extent that the patient +rests only on his heels and occiput--the position of _opisthotonos_. +Lateral arching of the body from excessive action of the muscles on one +side--_pleurosthotonos_--is not uncommon, the arching usually taking +place towards the side on which the wound of infection exists. Less +frequently the body is bent forward so that the knees and chin almost +meet (_emprosthotonos_). Sometimes all the muscles simultaneously become +rigid, so that the body assumes a statuesque attitude (_orthotonos_). +When the thoracic muscles, including the diaphragm, are thrown into +spasm, the patient experiences a distressing sensation as if he were +gripped in a vice, and has extreme difficulty in getting breath. Between +the attacks the limbs are kept rigidly extended. The clonic spasms may +be so severe as to rupture muscles or even to fracture one of the long +bones. + +As time goes on, the clonic exacerbations become more and more frequent, +and the slightest external stimulus, such as the feeling of the pulse, a +whisper in the room, a noise in the street, a draught of cold air, the +effort to swallow, a question addressed to the patient or his attempt to +answer, is sufficient to determine an attack. The movements are so +forcible and so continuous that the nurse has great difficulty in +keeping the bedclothes on the patient, or even in keeping him in bed. + +The general condition of the patient is pitiful in the extreme. He is +fully conscious of the gravity of the disease, and his mind remains +clear to the end. The suffering induced by the cramp-like spasms of the +muscles keeps him in a constant state of fearful apprehension of the +next seizure, and he is unable to sleep until he becomes utterly +exhausted. + +The temperature is moderately raised (100 o to 102 o F.), or may remain +normal throughout. Shortly before death very high temperatures (110 o F.) +have been recorded, and it has been observed that the thermometer +sometimes continues to rise after death, and may reach as high as +112 o F. or more. + +The pulse corresponds with the febrile condition. It is accelerated +during the spasms, and may become exceedingly rapid and feeble before +death, probably from paralysis of the vagus. Sudden death from cardiac +paralysis or from cardiac spasm is not uncommon. + +The respiration is affected in so far as the spasms of the respiratory +muscles produce dyspnoea, and a feeling of impending suffocation which +adds to the horrors of the disease. + +One of the most constant symptoms is a copious perspiration, the patient +being literally bathed in sweat. The urine is diminished in quantity, +but as a rule is normal in composition; as in other acute infective +conditions, albumen and blood may be present. Retention of urine may +result from spasm of the urethral muscles, and necessitate the use of +the catheter. + +The fits may cease some time before death, or, on the other hand, death +may occur during a paroxysm from fixation of the diaphragm and arrest of +respiration. + +_Differential Diagnosis._--There is little difficulty, as a rule, in +diagnosing a case of fulminating tetanus, but there are several +conditions with which it may occasionally be confused. In _strychnin +poisoning_, for example, the spasms come on immediately after the +patient has taken a toxic dose of the drug; they are clonic in +character, but the muscles are relaxed between the fits. If the dose is +not lethal, the spasms soon cease. In _hydrophobia_ a history of having +been bitten by a rabid animal is usually forthcoming; the spasms, which +are clonic in character, affect chiefly the muscles of respiration and +deglutition, and pass off entirely in the intervals between attacks. +Certain cases of _haemorrhage into the lateral ventricles_ of the brain +also simulate tetanus, but an analysis of the symptoms will prevent +errors in diagnosis. _Cerebro-spinal meningitis_ and _basal meningitis_ +present certain superficial resemblances to tetanus, but there is no +trismus, and the spasms chiefly affect the muscles of the neck and +back. _Hysteria and catalepsy_ may assume characters resembling those +of tetanus, but there is little difficulty in distinguishing between +these diseases. Lastly, in the _tetany_ of children, or that following +operations on the thyreoid gland, the spasms are of a jerking character, +affect chiefly the hands and fingers, and yield to medicinal treatment. + +#Chronic Tetanus.#--The difference between this and acute tetanus is +mainly one of degree. Its incubation period is longer, it is more slow +and insidious in its progress, and it never reaches the same degree of +severity. Trismus is the most marked and constant form of spasm; and +while the trunk muscles may be involved, those of respiration as a rule +escape. Every additional day the patient lives adds to the probability +of his ultimate recovery. When the disease does prove fatal, it is from +exhaustion, and not from respiratory or cardiac spasm. The usual +duration is from six to ten weeks. + +#Delayed Tetanus.#--During the European War acute tetanus occasionally +developed many weeks or even months after a patient had been injured, +and when the original wound had completely healed. It usually followed +some secondary operation, _e.g._, for the removal of a foreign body, or +the breaking down of adhesions, which aroused latent organisms. + +#Local Tetanus.#--This term is applied to a form of the disease in which +the hypertonus and spasms are localised to the muscles in the vicinity +of the wound. It usually occurs in patients who have had prophylactic +injections of anti-tetanic serum, the toxins entering the blood being +probably neutralised by the antibodies in circulation, while those +passing along the motor nerves are unaffected. + +When it occurs in the _limbs_, attention is usually directed to the fact +by pain accompanying the spasms; the muscles are found to be hard and +there are frequent twitchings of the limb. A characteristic reflex is +present in the lower extremity, namely, extension of the foot and leg +when the sole is tickled. + +_Cephalic Tetanus_ is another localised variety which follows injury in +the distribution of the facial nerve. It is characterised by the +occurrence on the same side as the injury, of facial spasm, rapidly +followed by more or less complete paralysis of the muscles of +expression, with unilateral trismus and difficulty in swallowing. Other +cranial nerves, particularly the oculomotor and the hypoglossal, may +also be implicated. A remarkable feature of this condition is that +although the muscles are irresponsive to ordinary physiological stimuli, +they are thrown into spasm by the abnormal impulses of tetanus. + +_Trismus._--This term is used to denote a form of tetanic spasm limited +to the muscles of mastication. It is really a mild form of chronic +tetanus, and the prognosis is favourable. It must not be confused with +the fixation of the jaw sometimes associated with a wisdom-tooth +gumboil, with tonsillitis, or with affections of the temporo-mandibular +articulation. + +_Tetanus neonatorum_ is a form of tetanus occurring in infants of about +a week old. Infection takes place through the umbilicus, and manifests +itself clinically by spasms of the muscles of mastication. It is almost +invariably fatal within a few days. + +_Prophylaxis._--Experience in the European War has established the +fact that the routine injection of anti-tetanic serum to all patients +with lacerated and contaminated wounds greatly reduces the frequency of +tetanus. The sooner the serum is given after the injury, the more +certain is its effect; within twenty-four hours 1500 units injected +subcutaneously is sufficient for the initial dose; if a longer period +has elapsed, 2000 to 3000 units should be given intra-muscularly, as +this ensures more rapid absorption. A second injection is given a week +after the first. + +The wound must be purified in the usual way, and all instruments and +appliances used for operations on tetanic patients must be immediately +sterilised by prolonged boiling. + +_Treatment._--When tetanus has developed the main indications are to +prevent the further production of toxins in the wound, and to neutralise +those that have been absorbed into the nervous system. Thorough +purification with antiseptics, excision of devitalised tissues, and +drainage of the wound are first carried out. To arrest the absorption of +toxins intra-muscular injections of 10,000 units of serum are given +daily into the muscles of the affected limb, or directly into the nerve +trunks leading from the focus of infection, in the hope of "blocking" +the nerves with antitoxin and so preventing the passage of toxins +towards the spinal cord. + +To neutralise the toxins that have already reached the spinal cord, 5000 +units should be injected intra-thecally daily for four or five days, the +foot of the bed being raised to enable the serum to reach the upper +parts of the cord. + +The quantity of toxin circulating in the blood is so small as to be +practically negligible, and the risk of anaphylactic shock attending +intra-venous injection outweighs any benefit likely to follow this +procedure. + +Baccelli recommends the injection of 20 c.c. of a 1 in 100 solution of +carbolic acid into the subcutaneous tissues every four hours during the +period that the contractions persist. Opinions vary as to the +efficiency of this treatment. The intra-thecal injection of 10 c.c. of a +15 per cent. solution of magnesium sulphate has proved beneficial in +alleviating the severity of the spasms, but does not appear to have a +curative effect. + +To conserve the patient's strength by preventing or diminishing the +severity of the spasms, he should be placed in a quiet room, and every +form of disturbance avoided. Sedatives, such as bromides, paraldehyde, +or opium, must be given in large doses. Chloral is perhaps the best, and +the patient should rarely have less than 150 grains in twenty-four +hours. When he is unable to swallow, it should be given by the rectum. +The administration of chloroform is of value in conserving the strength +of the patient, by abolishing the spasms, and enabling the attendants to +administer nourishment or drugs either through a stomach tube or by the +rectum. Extreme elevation of temperature is met by tepid sponging. It is +necessary to use the catheter if retention of urine occurs. + + +HYDROPHOBIA + +Hydrophobia is an acute infective disease following on the bite of a +rabid animal. It most commonly follows the bite or lick of a rabid dog +or cat. The virus appears to be communicated through the saliva of the +animal, and to show a marked affinity for nerve tissues; and the disease +is most likely to develop when the patient is infected on the face or +other uncovered part, or in a part richly endowed with nerves. + +A dog which has bitten a person should on no account be killed until its +condition has been proved one way or the other. Should rabies develop +and its destruction become necessary, the head and spinal cord should be +retained and forwarded, packed in ice, to a competent observer. Much +anxiety to the person bitten and to his friends would be avoided if +these rules were observed, because in many cases it will be shown that +the animal did not after all suffer from rabies, and that the patient +consequently runs no risk. If, on the other hand, rabies is proved to be +present, the patient should be submitted to the Pasteur treatment. + +_Clinical Features._--There is almost always a history of the patient +having been bitten or licked by an animal supposed to suffer from +rabies. The incubation period averages about forty days, but varies from +a fortnight to seven or eight months, and is shorter in young than in +old persons. The original wound has long since healed, and beyond a +slight itchiness or pain shooting along the nerves of the part, shows no +sign of disturbance. A few days of general malaise, with chills and +giddiness precede the onset of the acute manifestations, which affect +chiefly the muscles of deglutition and respiration. One of the earliest +signs is that the patient has periodically a sudden catch in his +breathing "resembling what often occurs when a person goes into a cold +bath." This is due to spasm of the diaphragm, and is frequently +accompanied by a loud-sounding hiccough, likened by the laity to the +barking of a dog. Difficulty in swallowing fluids may be the first +symptom. + +The spasms rapidly spread to all the muscles of deglutition and +respiration, so that the patient not only has the greatest difficulty in +swallowing, but has a constant sense of impending suffocation. To add to +his distress, a copious secretion of viscid saliva fills his mouth. Any +voluntary effort, as well as all forms of external stimuli, only serve +to aggravate the spasms which are always induced by the attempt to +swallow fluid, or even by the sound of running water. + +The temperature is raised; the pulse is small, rapid, and intermittent; +and the urine may contain sugar and albumen. + +The mind may remain clear to the end, or the patient may have delusions, +supposing himself to be surrounded by terrifying forms. There is always +extreme mental agitation and despair, and the sufferer is in constant +fear of his impending fate. Happily the inevitable issue is not long +delayed, death usually occurring in from two to four days from the +onset. The symptoms of the disease are so characteristic that there is +no difficulty in diagnosis. The only condition with which it is liable +to be confused is the variety of cephalic tetanus in which the muscles +of deglutition are specially involved--the so-called tetanus +hydrophobicus. + +_Prophylaxis._--The bite of an animal suspected of being rabid should be +cauterised at once by means of the actual or Paquelin cautery, or by a +strong chemical escharotic such as pure carbolic acid, after which +antiseptic dressings are applied. + +It is, however, to Pasteur's _preventive inoculation_ that we must look +for our best hope of averting the onset of symptoms. "It may now be +taken as established that a grave responsibility rests on those +concerned if a person bitten by a mad animal is not subjected to the +Pasteur treatment" (Muir and Ritchie). + +This method is based on the fact that the long incubation period of the +disease admits of the patient being inoculated with a modified virus +producing a mild attack, which protects him from the natural disease. + +_Treatment._--When the symptoms have once developed they can only be +palliated. The patient must be kept absolutely quiet and free from all +sources of irritation. The spasms may be diminished by means of chloral +and bromides, or by chloroform inhalation. + + +ANTHRAX + +Anthrax is a comparatively rare disease, communicable to man from +certain of the lower animals, such as sheep, oxen, horses, deer, and +other herbivora. In animals it is characterised by symptoms of acute +general poisoning, and, from the fact that it produces a marked +enlargement of the spleen, is known in veterinary surgery as "splenic +fever." + +The _bacillus anthracis_ (Fig. 27), the largest of the known pathogenic +bacteria, occurs in groups or in chains made up of numerous bacilli, +each bacillus measuring from 6 to 8 u in length. The organisms are found +in enormous numbers throughout the bodies of animals that have died of +anthrax, and are readily recognised and cultivated. Sporulation only +takes place outside the body, probably because free oxygen is necessary +to the process. In the spore-free condition, the organisms are readily +destroyed by ordinary germicides, and by the gastric juice. The spores, +on the other hand, have a high degree of resistance. Not only do they +remain viable in the dry state for long periods, even up to a year, but +they survive boiling for five minutes, and must be subjected to dry heat +at 140 o C. for several hours before they are destroyed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.--Bacillus of Anthrax in section of skin, from a +case of malignant pustule; shows vesicle containing bacilli. x 400 diam. +Gram's stain.] + +_Clinical Varieties of Anthrax._--In man, anthrax may manifest itself in +one of three clinical forms. + +It may be transmitted by means of spores or bacilli directly from a +diseased animal to those who, by their occupation or otherwise, are +brought into contact with it--for example, shepherds, butchers, +veterinary surgeons, or hide-porters. Infection may occur on the face by +the use of a shaving-brush contaminated by spores. The path of infection +is usually through an abrasion of the skin, and the primary +manifestations are local, constituting what is known as _the malignant +pustule_. + +In other cases the disease is contracted through the inhalation of the +dried spores into the respiratory passages. This occurs oftenest in +those who work amongst wool, fur, and rags, and a form of acute +pneumonia of great virulence ensues. This affection is known as +_wool-sorter's disease_, and is almost universally fatal. + +There is reason to believe that infection may also take place by means +of spores ingested into the alimentary canal in meat or milk derived +from diseased animals, or in infected water. + +#Clinical Features of Malignant Pustule.#--We shall here confine +ourselves to the consideration of the local lesion as it occurs in the +skin--_the malignant pustule_. + +The point of infection is usually on an uncovered part of the body, such +as the face, hands, arms, or back of the neck, and the wound may be +exceedingly minute. After an incubation period varying from a few hours +to several days, a reddish nodule resembling a small boil appears at the +seat of inoculation, the immediately surrounding skin becomes swollen +and indurated, and over the indurated area there appear a number of +small vesicles containing serum, which at first is clear but soon +becomes blood-stained (Fig. 28). Coincidently the subcutaneous tissue +for a considerable distance around becomes markedly oedematous, and the +skin red and tense. Within a few hours, blood is extravasated in the +centre of the indurated area, the blisters burst, and a dark brown or +black eschar, composed of necrosed skin and subcutaneous tissue and +altered blood, forms (Fig. 29). Meanwhile the induration extends, fresh +vesicles form and in turn burst, and the eschar increases in size. The +neighbouring lymph glands soon become swollen and tender. The affected +part is hot and itchy, but the patient does not complain of great pain. +There is a moderate degree of constitutional disturbance, with headache, +nausea, and sometimes shivering. + +If the infection becomes generalised--_anthracaemia_--the temperature +rises to 103 o or 104 o F., the pulse becomes feeble and rapid, and other +signs of severe blood-poisoning appear: vomiting, diarrhoea, pains in the +limbs, headache and delirium, and the condition proves fatal in from +five to eight days. + +_Differential Diagnosis._--When the malignant pustule is fully +developed, the central slough with the surrounding vesicles and the +widespread oedema are characteristic. The bacillus can be obtained from +the peripheral portion of the slough, from the blisters, and from the +adjacent lymph vessels and glands. The occupation of the patient may +suggest the possibility of anthrax infection. + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.--Malignant Pustule, third day after infection +with Anthrax, showing great oedema of upper extremity and pectoral region +(cf. Fig. 29).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.--Malignant Pustule, fourteen days after +infection, showing black eschar in process of separation. The oedema has +largely disappeared. Treated by Sclavo's serum (cf. Fig. 28).] + +_Prophylaxis._--Any wound suspected of being infected with anthrax +should at once be cauterised with caustic potash, the actual cautery, or +pure carbolic acid. + +_Treatment._--The best results hitherto obtained have followed the use +of the anti-anthrax serum introduced by Sclavo. The initial dose is 40 +c.c., and if the serum is given early in the disease, the beneficial +effects are manifest in a few hours. Favourable results have also +followed the use of pyocyanase, a vaccine prepared from the bacillus +pyocyaneus. + +By some it is recommended that the local lesion should be freely +excised; others advocate cauterisation of the affected part with solid +caustic potash till all the indurated area is softened. Graf has had +excellent results by the latter method in a large series of cases, the +oedema subsiding in about twenty-four hours and the constitutional +symptoms rapidly improving. Wolff and Wiewiorowski, on the other hand, +have had equally good results by simply protecting the local lesion with +a mild antiseptic dressing, and relying upon general treatment. + +The general treatment consists in feeding and stimulating the patient as +freely as possible. Quinine, in 5 to 10 grain doses every four hours, +and powdered ipecacuanha, in 40 to 60 grain doses every four hours, have +also been employed with apparent benefit. + + +GLANDERS + +Glanders is due to the action of a specific bacterium, the _bacillus +mallei_, which resembles the tubercle bacillus, save that it is somewhat +shorter and broader, and does not stain by Gram's method. It requires +higher temperatures for its cultivation than the tubercle bacillus, and +its growth on potato is of a characteristic chocolate-brown colour, with +a greenish-yellow ring at the margin of the growth. The bacillus mallei +retains its vitality for long periods under ordinary conditions, but is +readily killed by heat and chemical agents. It does not form spores. + +_Clinical Features._--Both in the lower animals and in man the bacillus +gives rise to two distinct types of disease--_acute glanders_, and +_chronic glanders_ or _farcy_. + +Acute Glanders is most commonly met with in the horse and in other +equine animals, horned cattle being immune. It affects the septum of the +nose and adjacent parts, firm, translucent, greyish nodules containing +lymphoid and epithelioid cells appearing in the mucous membrane. These +nodules subsequently break down in the centre, forming irregular +ulcers, which are attended with profuse discharge, and marked +inflammatory swelling. The cervical lymph glands, as well as the lungs, +spleen, and liver, may be the seat of secondary nodules. + +_In man_, acute glanders is commoner than the chronic variety. Infection +always takes place through an abraded surface, and usually on one of the +uncovered parts of the body--most commonly the skin of the hands, arms, +or face; or on the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, or eye. The +disease has been acquired by accidental inoculation in the course of +experimental investigations in the laboratory, and proved fatal. The +incubation period is from three to five days. + +The _local_ manifestations are pain and swelling in the region of the +infected wound, with inflammatory redness around it and along the lines +of the superficial lymphatics. In the course of a week, small, firm +nodules appear, and are rapidly transformed into pustules. These may +occur on the face and in the vicinity of joints, and may be mistaken for +the eruption of small-pox. + +After breaking down, these pustules give rise to irregular ulcers, which +by their confluence lead to extensive destruction of skin. Sometimes the +nasal mucous membrane becomes affected, and produces a discharge--at +first watery, but later sanious and purulent. Necrosis of the bones of +the nose may take place, in which case the discharge becomes peculiarly +offensive. In nearly every case metastatic abscesses form in different +parts of the body, such as the lungs, joints, or muscles. + +During the development of the disease the patient feels ill, complains +of headache and pains in the limbs, the temperature rises to 104 o or +even to 106 o F., and assumes a pyaemic type. The pulse becomes rapid and +weak. The tongue is dry and brown. There is profuse sweating, +albuminuria, and often insomnia with delirium. Death may take place +within a week, but more frequently occurs during the second or third +week. + +_Differential Diagnosis._--There is nothing characteristic in the site +of the primary lesion in man, and the condition may, during the early +stages, be mistaken for a boil or carbuncle, or for any acute +inflammatory condition. Later, the disease may simulate acute articular +rheumatism, or may manifest all the symptoms of acute septicaemia or +pyaemia. The diagnosis is established by the recognition of the bacillus. +Veterinary surgeons attach great importance to the mallein test as a +means of diagnosis in animals, but in the human subject its use is +attended with considerable risk and is not to be recommended. + +_Treatment._--Excision of the primary nodule, followed by the +application of the thermo-cautery and sponging with pure carbolic acid, +should be carried out, provided the condition is sufficiently limited to +render complete removal practicable. + +When secondary abscesses form in accessible situations, they must be +incised, disinfected, and drained. The general treatment is carried out +on the same lines as in other acute infective diseases. + +#Chronic Glanders.#--_In the horse_ the chronic form of glanders is +known as _farcy_, and follows infection through an abrasion of the skin, +involving chiefly the superficial lymph vessels and glands. The +lymphatics become indurated and nodular, constituting what veterinarians +call _farcy pipes_ and _farcy buds_. + +_In man_ also the clinical features of the chronic variety of the +disease are somewhat different from those of the acute form. Here, too, +infection takes place through a broken cutaneous surface, and leads to a +superficial lymphangitis with nodular thickening of the lymphatics +(_farcy buds_). The neighbouring glands soon become swollen and +indurated. The primary lesion meanwhile inflames, suppurates, and, after +breaking down, leaves a large, irregular ulcer with thickened edges and +a foul, purulent or bloody discharge. The glands break down in the same +way, and lead to wide destruction of skin, and the resulting sinuses and +ulcers are exceedingly intractable. Secondary deposits in the +subcutaneous tissue, the muscles, and other parts, are not uncommon, and +the nasal mucous membrane may become involved. The disease often runs a +chronic course, extending to four or five months, or even longer. +Recovery takes place in about 50 per cent. of cases, but the +convalescence is prolonged, and at any time the disease may assume the +characters of the acute variety and speedily prove fatal. + +The _differential diagnosis_ is often difficult, especially in the +chronic nodules, in which it may be impossible to demonstrate the +bacillus. The ulcerated lesions of farcy have to be distinguished from +those of tubercle, syphilis, and other forms of infective granuloma. + +_Treatment._--Limited areas of disease should be completely excised. The +general condition of the patient must be improved by tonics, good food, +and favourable hygienic surroundings. In some cases potassium iodide +acts beneficially. + + +ACTINOMYCOSIS + +Actinomycosis is a chronic disease due to the action of an organism +somewhat higher in the vegetable scale than ordinary bacteria--the +_streptothrix actinomyces_ or _ray fungus_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 30.--Section of Actinomycosis Colony in Pus from +Abscess of Liver, showing filaments and clubs of streptothrix +actinomyces. x 400 diam. Gram's stain.] + +_Etiology and Morbid Anatomy._--The actinomyces, which has never been +met with outside the body, gives rise in oxen, horses, and other animals +to tumour-like masses composed of granulation tissue; and in man to +chronic suppurative processes which may result in a condition resembling +chronic pyaemia. The actinomyces is more complex in structure than other +pathogenic organisms, and occurs in the tissues in the form of small, +round, semi-translucent bodies, about the size of a pin-head or less, +and consisting of colonies of the fungus. On account of their yellow +tint they are spoken of as "sulphur grains." Each colony is made up of a +series of thin, interlacing, and branching _filaments_, some of which +are broken up so as to form masses or chains of _cocci_; and around the +periphery of the colony are elongated, pear-shaped, hyaline, _club-like +bodies_ (Fig. 30). + +Infection is believed to be conveyed by the husks of cereals, especially +barley; and the organism has been found adhering to particles of grain +embedded in the tissues of animals suffering from the disease. In the +human subject there is often a history of exposure to infection from +such sources, and the disease is said to be most common during the +harvesting months. + +Around each colony of actinomyces is a zone of granulation tissue in +which suppuration usually occurs, so that the fungus comes to lie in a +bath of greenish-yellow pus. As the process spreads these purulent foci +become confluent and form abscess cavities. When metastasis takes place, +as it occasionally does, the fungus is transmitted by the blood vessels, +as in pyaemia. + +_Clinical features._--In man the disease may be met with in the skin, +the organisms gaining access through an abrasion, and spreading by the +formation of new nodules in the same way as tuberculosis. + +The region of the mouth and jaws is one of the commonest sites of +surgical actinomycosis. Infection takes place, as a rule, along the side +of a carious tooth, and spreads to the lower jaw. A swelling is slowly +and insidiously developed, but when the loose connective tissue of the +neck becomes infiltrated, the spread is more rapid. The whole region +becomes infiltrated and swollen, and the skin ultimately gives way and +free suppuration occurs, resulting in the formation of sinuses. The +characteristic greenish-grey or yellow granules are seen in the pus, and +when examined microscopically reveal the colonies of actinomyces. + +Less frequently the maxilla becomes affected, and the disease may spread +to the base of the skull and brain. The vertebrae may become involved by +infection taking place through the pharynx or oesophagus, and leading to +a condition simulating tuberculous disease of the spine. When it +implicates the intestinal canal and its accessory glands, the lungs, +pleura, and bronchial tubes, or the brain, the disease is not amenable +to surgical treatment. + +_Differential Diagnosis._--The conditions likely to be mistaken for +surgical actinomycosis are sarcoma, tubercle, and syphilis. In the early +stages the differential diagnosis is exceedingly difficult. In many +cases it is only possible when suppuration has occurred and the fungus +can be demonstrated. + +The slow destruction of the affected tissue by suppuration, the absence +of pain, tenderness, and redness, simulate tuberculosis, but the absence +of glandular involvement helps to distinguish it. + +Syphilitic lesions are liable to be mistaken for actinomycosis, all the +more that in both diseases improvement follows the administration of +iodides. When it affects the lower jaw, in its early stages, +actinomycosis may closely simulate a periosteal sarcoma. + +[Illustration: FIG. 31.--Actinomycosis of Maxilla. The disease spread to +opposite side; finally implicated base of skull, and proved fatal. +Treated by radium. + +(Mr. D. P. D. Wilkie's case.)] + +The recognition of the fungus is the crucial point in diagnosis. + +_Prognosis._--Spontaneous cure rarely occurs. When the disease +implicates internal organs, it is almost always fatal. On external parts +the destructive process gradually spreads, and the patient eventually +succumbs to superadded septic infection. When, from its situation, the +primary focus admits of removal, the prognosis is more favourable. + +_Treatment._--The surgical treatment is early and free removal of the +affected tissues, after which the wound is cauterised by the actual +cautery, and sponged over with pure carbolic acid. The cavity is packed +with iodoform gauze, no attempt being made to close the wound. + +Success has attended the use of a vaccine prepared from cultures of the +organism; and the X-rays and radium, combined with the administration of +iodides in large doses, or with intra-muscular injections of a 10 per +cent. solution of cacodylate of soda, have proved of benefit. + +MYCETOMA, OR MADURA FOOT.--Mycetoma is a chronic disease due to +an organism resembling that of actinomycosis, but not identical with it. +It is endemic in certain tropical countries, and is most frequently met +with in India. Infection takes place through an abrasion of the skin, +and the disease usually occurs on the feet of adult males who work +barefooted in the fields. + +_Clinical Features._--The disease begins on the foot as an indurated +patch, which becomes discoloured and permeated by black or yellow +nodules containing the organism. These nodules break down by +suppuration, and numerous minute abscesses lined by granulation tissues +are thus formed. In the pus are found yellow particles likened to +fish-roe, or black pigmented granules like gunpowder. Sinuses form, and +the whole foot becomes greatly swollen and distorted by flattening of +the sole and dorsiflexion of the toes. Areas of caries or necrosis occur +in the bones, and the disease gradually extends up the leg (Fig. 32). +There is but little pain, and no glandular involvement or constitutional +disturbance. The disease runs a prolonged course, sometimes lasting for +twenty or thirty years. Spontaneous cure never takes place, and the risk +to life is that of prolonged suppuration. + +If the disease is localised, it may be removed by the knife or sharp +spoon, and the part afterwards cauterised. As a rule, amputation well +above the disease is the best line of treatment. Unlike actinomycosis, +this disease does not appear to be benefited by iodides. + +[Illustration: FIG. 32.--Mycetoma, or Madura Foot. (Museum of Royal +College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.)] + +DELHI BOIL.--_Synonyms_--Aleppo boil, Biskra button, Furunculus +orientalis, Natal sore. + +Delhi boil is a chronic inflammatory disease, most commonly met with in +India, especially towards the end of the wet season. The disease occurs +oftenest on the face, and is believed to be due to an organism, although +this has not been demonstrated. The infection is supposed to be conveyed +through water used for washing, or by the bites of insects. + +_Clinical Features._--A red spot, resembling the mark of a mosquito +bite, appears on the affected part, and is attended with itching. After +becoming papular and increasing to the size of a pea, desquamation takes +place, leaving a dull-red surface, over which in the course of several +weeks there develops a series of small yellowish-white spots, from which +serum exudes, and, drying, forms a thick scab. Under this scab the skin +ulcerates, leaving small oval sores with sharply bevelled edges, and an +uneven floor covered with yellow or sanious pus. These sores vary in +number from one to forty or fifty. They may last for months and then +heal spontaneously, or may continue to spread until arrested by suitable +treatment. There is no enlargement of adjacent glands, and but little +inflammatory reaction in the surrounding tissues; nor is there any +marked constitutional disturbance. Recovery is often followed by +cicatricial contraction leading to deformity of the face. + +The _treatment_ consists in destroying the original papule by the actual +cautery, acid nitrate of mercury, or pure carbolic acid. The ulcers +should be scraped with the sharp spoon, and cauterised. + +CHIGOE.--Chigoe or jigger results from the introduction of the +eggs of the sand-flea (_Pulex penetrans_) into the tissues. It occurs in +tropical Africa, South America, and the West Indies. The impregnated +female flea remains attached to the part till the eggs mature, when by +their irritation they cause localised inflammation with pustules or +vesicles on the surface. Children are most commonly attacked, +particularly about the toe-nails and on the scrotum. The treatment +consists in picking out the insect with a blunt needle, special care +being taken not to break it up. The puncture is then cauterised. The +application of essential oils to the feet acts as a preventive. + +POISONING BY INSECTS.--The bites of certain insects, such as +mosquitoes, midges, different varieties of flies, wasps, and spiders, +may be followed by serious complications. The effects are mainly due to +the injection of an irritant acid secretion, the exact nature of which +has not been ascertained. + +The local lesion is a puncture, surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia, +wheals, or vesicles, and is associated with burning sensations and +itching which usually pass off in a few hours, but may recur at +intervals, especially when the patient is warm in bed. Scratching also +reproduces the local signs and symptoms. Where the connective tissue is +loose--for example, in the eyelid or scrotum--there is often +considerable swelling; and in the mouth and fauces this may lead to +oedema of the glottis, which may prove fatal. + +The _treatment_ consists in the local application of dilute alkalies +such as ammonia water, solutions of carbonate or bicarbonate of soda, or +sal-volatile. Weak carbolic lotions, or lead and opium lotion, are +useful in allaying the local irritation. One of the best means of +neutralising the poison is to apply to the sting a drop of a mixture +containing equal parts of pure carbolic acid and liquor ammoniae. + +Free stimulation is called for when severe constitutional symptoms are +present. + +SNAKE-BITES.--We are here only concerned with the injuries +inflicted by the venomous varieties of snakes, the most important of +which are the hooded snakes of India, the rattle-snakes of America, the +horned snakes of Africa, the viper of Europe, and the adder of the +United Kingdom. + +While the virulence of these creatures varies widely, they are all +capable of producing in a greater or less degree symptoms of acute +poisoning in man and other animals. By means of two recurved fangs +attached to the upper jaw, and connected by a duct with poison-secreting +glands, they introduce into their prey a thick, transparent, yellowish +fluid, of acid reaction, probably of the nature of an albumose, and +known as the _venom_. + +The _clinical features_ resulting from the injection of the venom vary +directly in intensity with the amount of the poison introduced, and the +rapidity with which it reaches the circulating blood, being most marked +when it immediately enters a large vein. The poison is innocuous when +taken into the stomach. + +_Locally_ the snake inflicts a double wound, passing vertically into the +subcutaneous tissue; the edges of the punctures are ecchymosed, and the +adjacent vessels the seat of thrombosis. Immediately there is intense +pain, and considerable swelling with congestion, which tends to spread +towards the trunk. Extensive gangrene may ensue. There is no special +involvement of the lymphatics. + +The _general symptoms_ may come on at once if the snake is a +particularly venomous one, or not for some hours if less virulent. In +the majority of viper or adder bites the constitutional disturbance is +slight and transient, if it appears at all. Snake-bites in children are +particularly dangerous. + +The patient's condition is one of profound shock with faintness, +giddiness, dimness of sight, and a feeling of great terror. The pupils +dilate, the skin becomes moist with a clammy sweat, and nausea with +vomiting, sometimes of blood, ensues. High fever, cramps, loss of +sensation, haematuria, and melaena are among the other symptoms that may +be present. The pulse becomes feeble and rapid, the respiratory nerve +centres are profoundly depressed, and delirium followed by coma usually +precedes the fatal issue, which may take place in from five to +forty-eight hours. If the patient survives for two days the prognosis is +favourable. + +_Treatment._--A broad ligature should be tied tightly round the limb +above the seat of infection, to prevent the poison passing into the +general circulation, and bleeding from the wound should be encouraged. +The application of an elastic bandage from above downward to empty the +blood out of the infected portion of the limb has been recommended. The +whole of the bite should at once be excised, and crystals of +permanganate of potash rubbed into the wound until it is black, or +peroxide of hydrogen applied with the object of destroying the poison by +oxidation. + +The general treatment consists in free stimulation with whisky, brandy, +ammonia, digitalis, etc. Hypodermic injections of strychnin in doses +sufficiently large to produce a slight degree of poisoning by the drug +are particularly useful. The most rational treatment, when it is +available, is the use of the _antivenin_ introduced by Fraser and +Calmette. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +TUBERCULOSIS + + +Tubercle bacillus--Methods of infection--Inherited and acquired + predisposition--Relationship of tuberculosis to injury--Human and + bovine tuberculosis--Action of the bacillus upon the + tissues--Tuberculous granulation tissue--Natural cure--Recrudescence + of the disease--THE TUBERCULOUS ABSCESS--Contents and wall of the + abscess--Tuberculous sinuses. + +Tuberculosis occurs more frequently in some situations than in others; +it is common, for example, in lymph glands, in bones and joints, in the +peritoneum, the intestine, the kidney, prostate and testis, and in the +skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue; it is seldom met with in the +breast or in muscles, and it rarely affects the ovary, the pancreas, the +parotid, or the thyreoid. + +_Tubercle bacilli_ vary widely in their virulence, and they are more +tenacious of life than the common pyogenic bacteria. In a dry state, for +example, they can retain their vitality for months; and they can also +survive immersion in water for prolonged periods. They resist the action +of the products of putrefaction for a considerable time, and are not +destroyed by digestive processes in the stomach and intestine. They may +be killed in a few minutes by boiling, or by exposure to steam under +pressure, or by immersion for less than a minute in 1 in 20 carbolic +lotion. + +#Methods of Infection.#--In marked contrast to what obtains in the +infective diseases that have already been described, tuberculosis rarely +results from the _infection of a wound_. In exceptional instances, +however, this does occur, and in illustration of the fact may be cited +the case of a servant who cut her finger with a broken spittoon +containing the sputum of her consumptive master; the wound subsequently +showed evidence of tuberculous infection, which ultimately spread up +along the lymph vessels of the arm. Pathologists, too, whose hands, +before the days of rubber gloves, were frequently exposed to the contact +of tuberculous tissues and pus, were liable to suffer from a form of +tuberculosis of the skin of the finger, known as _anatomical tubercle_. +Slight wounds of the feet in children who go about barefoot in towns +sometimes become infected with tubercle. Operation wounds made with +instruments contaminated with tuberculous material have also been known +to become infected. It is highly probable that the common form of +tuberculosis of the skin known as "lupus" arises by direct infection +from without. + +[Illustration: FIG. 33.--Tubercle Bacilli in caseous material +x 1000 diam. Z. Neilsen stain.] + +In the vast majority of cases the tubercle bacillus gains entrance to +the body by way of the mucous surfaces, the organisms being either +inhaled or swallowed; those inhaled are mostly derived from the human +subject, those swallowed, from cattle. Bacilli, whether inhaled or +swallowed, are especially apt to lodge about the pharynx and pass to the +pharyngeal lymphoid tissue and tonsils, and by way of the lymph vessels +to the glands. The glands most frequently infected in this way are the +cervical glands, and those within the cavity of the chest--particularly +the bronchial glands at the root of the lung. From these, infection +extends at any later period in life to the bones, joints, and internal +organs. + +There is reason to believe that the organisms may lie in a dormant +condition for an indefinite period in these glands, and only become +active long afterwards, when some depression of the patient's health +produces conditions which favour their growth. When the organisms become +active in this way, the tuberculous tissue undergoes softening and +disintegration, and the infective material, by bursting into an adjacent +vein, may enter the blood-stream, in which it is carried to distant +parts of the body. In this way a _general tuberculosis_ may be set up, +or localised foci of tuberculosis may develop in the tissues in which +the organisms lodge. Many tuberculous patients are to be regarded as +possessing in their bronchial glands, or elsewhere, an internal store of +bacilli, to which the disease for which advice is sought owes its +origin, and from which similar outbreaks of tuberculosis may originate +in the future. + +_The alimentary mucous membrane_, especially that of the lower ileum and +caecum, is exposed to infection by swallowed sputum and by food +materials, such as milk, containing tubercle bacilli. The organisms may +lodge in the mucous membrane and cause tuberculous ulceration, or they +may be carried through the wall of the bowel into the lacteals, along +which they pass to the mesenteric glands where they become arrested and +give rise to tuberculous disease. + +#Relationship of Tuberculosis to Trauma.#--Any tissue whose vitality has +been lowered by injury or disease furnishes a favourable nidus for the +lodgment and growth of tubercle bacilli. The injury or disease, however, +is to be looked upon as determining the _localisation_ of the +tuberculous lesion rather than as an essential factor in its causation. +In a person, for example, in whose blood tubercle bacilli are +circulating and reaching every tissue and organ of the body, the +occurrence of tuberculous disease in a particular part may be determined +by the depression of the tissues resulting from an injury of that part. +There can be no doubt that excessive movement and jarring of a limb +aggravates tuberculous disease of a joint; also that an injury may light +up a focus that has been long quiescent, but we do not agree with +those--Da Costa, for example--who maintain that injury may be a +determining cause of tuberculosis. The question is not one of mere +academic interest, but one that may raise important issues in the law +courts. + +#Human and Bovine Tuberculosis.#--The frequency of the bovine bacillus +in the abdominal and in the glandular and osseous tuberculous lesions of +children would appear to justify the conclusion that the disease is +transmissible from the ox to the human subject, and that the milk of +tuberculous cows is probably a common vehicle of transmission. + +#Changes in the Tissues following upon the successful Lodgment of +Tubercle Bacilli.#--The action of the bacilli on the tissues results in +the formation of granulation tissue comprising characteristic tissue +elements and with a marked tendency to undergo caseation. + +The recognition of the characteristic elements, with or without +caseation, is usually sufficient evidence of the tuberculous nature of +any portion of tissue examined for diagnostic purposes. The recognition +of the bacillus itself by appropriate methods of staining makes the +diagnosis a certainty; but as it is by no means easy to identify the +organism in many forms of surgical tuberculosis, it may be necessary to +have recourse to experimental inoculation of susceptible animals such as +guinea-pigs. + +The changes subsequent to the formation of tuberculous granulation +tissue are liable to many variations. It must always be borne in mind +that although the bacilli have effected a lodgment and have inaugurated +disease, the relation between them and the tissues remains one of mutual +antagonism; which of them is to gain and keep the upper hand in the +conflict depends on their relative powers of resistance. + +If the tissues prevail, there ensues a process of repair. In the +immediate vicinity of the area of infection young connective tissue, and +later, fibrous tissue, is formed. This may replace the tuberculous +tissue and bring about repair--a fibrous cicatrix remaining to mark the +scene of the previous contest. Scars of this nature are frequently +discovered at the apex of the lung after death in persons who have at +one time suffered from pulmonary phthisis. Under other circumstances, +the tuberculous tissue that has undergone caseation, or even +calcification, is only encapsulated by the new fibrous tissue, like a +foreign body. Although this may be regarded as a victory for the +tissues, the cure, if such it may be called, is not necessarily a +permanent one, for at any subsequent period, if the part affected is +disturbed by injury or through some other influence, the encapsulated +tubercle may again become active and get the upper hand of the tissues, +and there results a relapse or recrudescence of the disease. This +_tendency to relapse_ after apparent cure is a notable feature of +tuberculous disease as it is met with in the spine, or in the +hip-joint, and it necessitates a prolonged course of treatment to give +the best chance of a lasting cure. + +If, however, at the inauguration of the tuberculous disease the bacilli +prevail, the infection tends to spread into the tissues surrounding +those originally infected, and more and more tuberculous granulation +tissue is formed. Finally the tuberculous tissue breaks down and +liquefies, resulting in the formation of a cold abscess. In their +struggle with the tissues, tubercle bacilli receive considerable support +and assistance from any pyogenic organisms that may be present. A +tuberculous infection may exhibit its aggressive qualities in a more +serious manner by sending off detachments of bacilli, which are carried +by the lymphatics to the nearest glands, or by the blood-stream to more +distant, and it may be to all, parts of the body. When the infection is +thus generalised, the condition is called _general tuberculosis_. +Considering the extraordinary frequency of localised forms of surgical +tuberculosis, general dissemination of the disease is rare. + +#The clinical features# of surgical tuberculosis will be described with +the individual tissues and organs, as they vary widely according to the +situation of the lesion. + +#The general treatment# consists in combating the adverse influences +that have been mentioned as increasing the liability to tuberculous +infection. Within recent years the value of the "open-air" treatment has +been widely recognised. An open-air life, even in the centre of a city, +may be followed by marked improvement, especially in the hospital class +of patient, whose home surroundings tend to favour the progress of the +disease. The purer air of places away from centres of population is +still better; and, according to the idiosyncrasies of the individual +patient, mountain air or that of the sea coast may be preferred. In view +of the possible discomforts and gastric disturbance which may attend a +sea-voyage, this should be recommended to patients suffering from +tuberculous lesions with more caution than has hitherto been exercised. +The diet must be a liberal one, and should include those articles which +are at the same time easily digested and nourishing, especially proteids +and fats; milk obtained from a reliable source and underdone +butcher-meat are among the best. When the ordinary nourishment taken is +insufficient, it may be supplemented by such articles as malt extract, +stout, and cod-liver oil. The last is specially beneficial in patients +who do not take enough fat in other forms. It is noteworthy that many +tuberculous patients show an aversion to fat. + +For _the use of tuberculin in diagnosis_ and for _the vaccine treatment +of tuberculosis_ the reader is referred to text-books on medicine. + +In addition to increasing the resisting power of the patient, it is +important to enable the fluids of the body, so altered, to come into +contact with the tuberculous focus. One of the obstacles to this is that +the focus is often surrounded by tissues or fluids which have been +almost entirely deprived of bactericidal substances. In the case of +caseated glands in the neck, for example, it is obvious that the removal +of this inert material is necessary before the tissues can be irrigated +with fluids of high bactericidal value. Again, in tuberculous ascites +the abdominal cavity is filled with a fluid practically devoid of +anti-bacterial substances, so that the bacilli are able to thrive and +work their will on the tissues. When the stagnant fluid is got rid of by +laparotomy, the parts are immediately douched with lymph charged with +protective substances, the bactericidal power of which may be many times +that of the fluid displaced. + +It is probable that the beneficial influence of _counter-irritants_, +such as blisters, and exposure to the _Finsen light_ and other forms of +_rays_, is to be attributed in part to the increased flow of blood to +the infected tissues. + +_Artificial Hyperaemia._--As has been explained, the induction of +hyperaemia by the method devised by Bier, constitutes one of our most +efficient means of combating bacterial infection. The treatment of +tuberculosis on this plan has been proved by experience to be a valuable +addition to our therapeutic measures, and the simplicity of its +application has led to its being widely adopted in practice. It results +in an increase in the reactive changes around the tuberculous focus, an +increase in the immigration of leucocytes, and infiltration with the +lymphocytes. + +The constricting bandage should be applied at some distance above the +seat of infection; for instance, in disease of the wrist, it is put on +above the elbow, and it must not cause pain either where it is applied +or in the diseased part. The bandage is only applied for a few hours +each day, either two hours at a time or twice a day for one hour, and, +while it is on, all dressings are removed save a piece of sterile gauze +over any wound or sinus that may be present. The process of cure takes a +long time--nine or even twelve months in the case of a severe joint +affection. + +In cases in which a constricting bandage is inapplicable, for example, +in cold abscesses, tuberculous glands or tendon sheaths, Klapp's suction +bell is employed. The cup is applied for five minutes at a time and then +taken off for three minutes, and this is repeated over a period of +about three-quarters of an hour. The pus is allowed to escape by a small +incision, and no packing or drain should be introduced. + +It has been found that tuberculous lesions tend to undergo cure +when the infected tissues are exposed to the rays of the +sun--_heliotherapy_--therefore whenever practicable this therapeutic +measure should be had recourse to. + +Since the introduction of the methods of treatment described above, and +especially by their employment at an early stage in the disease, the +number of cases of tuberculosis requiring operative interference has +greatly diminished. There are still circumstances, however, in which an +operation is required; for example, in disease of the lymph glands for +the removal of inert masses of caseous material, in disease of bone for +the removal of sequestra, or in disease of joints to improve the +function of the limb. It is to be understood, however, that operative +treatment must always be preceded by and combined with other therapeutic +measures. + + +TUBERCULOUS ABSCESS + +The caseation of tuberculous granulation tissue and its liquefaction is +a slow and insidious process, and is unattended with the classical signs +of inflammation--hence the terms "cold" and "chronic" applied to the +tuberculous abscess. + +In a cold abscess, such as that which results from tuberculous disease +of the vertebrae, the clinical appearances are those of a soft, fluid +swelling without heat, redness, pain, or fever. When toxic symptoms are +present, they are usually due to a mixed infection. + +A tuberculous abscess results from the disintegration and liquefaction +of tuberculous granulation tissue which has undergone caseation. Fluid +and cells from the adjacent blood vessels exude into the cavity, and +lead to variations in the character of its contents. In some cases the +contents consist of a clear amber-coloured fluid, in which are suspended +fragments of caseated tissue; in others, of a white material like +cream-cheese. From the addition of a sufficient number of leucocytes, +the contents may resemble the pus of an ordinary abscess. + +The wall of the abscess is lined with tuberculous granulation tissue, +the inner layers of which are undergoing caseation and disintegration, +and present a shreddy appearance; the outer layers consist of +tuberculous tissue which has not yet undergone caseation. The abscess +tends to increase in size by progressive liquefaction of the inner +layers, caseation of the outer layers, and the further invasion of the +surrounding tissues by tubercle bacilli. In this way a tuberculous +abscess is capable of indefinite extension and increase in size until it +reaches a free surface and ruptures externally. The direction in which +it spreads is influenced by the anatomical arrangement of the tissues, +and possibly to some extent by gravity, and the abscess may reach the +surface at a considerable distance from its seat of origin. The best +illustration of this is seen in the psoas abscess, which may originate +in the dorsal vertebrae, extend downwards within the sheath of the psoas +muscle, and finally appear in the thigh. + +#Clinical Features.#--The insidious development of the tuberculous +abscess is one of its characteristic features. The swelling may attain a +considerable size without the patient being aware of its existence, and, +as a matter of fact, it is often discovered accidentally. The absence of +toxaemia is to be associated with the incapacity of the wall of the +abscess to permit of absorption; this is shown also by the fact that +when even a large quantity of iodoform is inserted into the cavity of +the abscess, there are no symptoms of poisoning. The abscess varies in +size from a small cherry to a cavity containing several pints of pus. +Its shape also varies; it is usually that of a flattened sphere, but it +may present pockets or burrows running in various directions. Sometimes +it is hour-glass or dumb-bell shaped, as is well illustrated in the +region of the groin in disease of the spine or pelvis, where there may +be a large sac occupying the venter ilii, and a smaller one in the +thigh, the two communicating by a narrow channel under Poupart's +ligament. By pressing with the fingers the pus may be displaced from one +compartment to the other. The usual course of events is that the abscess +progresses slowly, and finally reaches a free surface--generally the +skin. As it does so there may be some pain, redness, and local elevation +of temperature. Fluctuation becomes evident and superficial, and the +skin becomes livid and finally gives way. If the case is left to nature, +the discharge of pus continues, and the track opening on the skin +remains as a _sinus_. The persistence of suppuration is due to the +presence in the wall of the abscess and of the sinus, of tuberculous +granulation tissue, which, so long as it remains, continues to furnish +discharge, and so prevents healing. Sooner or later pyogenic organisms +gain access to the sinus, and through it to the wall of the abscess. +They tend further to depress the resisting power of the tissues, and +thereby aggravate and perpetuate the tuberculous disease. This +superadded infection with pyogenic organisms exposes the patient to the +further risks of septic intoxication, especially in the form of hectic +fever and septicaemia, and increases the liability to general +tuberculosis, and to waxy degeneration of the internal organs. The mixed +infection is chiefly responsible for the pyrexia, sweating, and +emaciation which the laity associate with consumptive disease. A +tuberculous abscess may in one or other of these ways be a cause of +death. + +_Residual abscess_ is the name given to an abscess that makes its +appearance months, or even years, after the apparent cure of tuberculous +disease--as, for example, in the hip-joint or spine. It is called +residual because it has its origin in the remains of the original +disease. + +[Illustration: FIG. 34.--Tuberculous Abscess in right lumbar region in a +woman aged thirty.] + +#Diagnosis.#--A cold abscess is to be diagnosed from a syphilitic gumma, +a cyst, and from lipoma and other soft tumours. The differential +diagnosis of these affections will be considered later; it is often made +easier by recognising the presence of a lesion that is likely to cause a +cold abscess, such as tuberculous disease of the spine or of the +sacro-iliac joint. When it is about to burst externally, it may be +difficult to distinguish a tuberculous abscess from one due to infection +with pyogenic organisms. Even when the abscess is opened, the +appearances of the pus may not supply the desired information, and it +may be necessary to submit it to bacteriological examination. When the +pus is found to be sterile, it is usually safe to assume that the +condition is tuberculous, as in other forms of suppuration the causative +organisms can usually be recognised. Experimental inoculation will +establish a definite diagnosis, but it implies a delay of two to three +weeks. + +#Treatment.#--The tuberculous abscess may recede and disappear under +general treatment. Many surgeons advise that so long as the abscess is +quiescent it should be left alone. All agree, however, that if it shows +a tendency to spread, to increase in size, or to approach the skin or a +mucous membrane, something should be done to avoid the danger of its +bursting and becoming infected with pyogenic organisms. Simple +evacuation of the abscess by a hollow needle may suffice, or bismuth or +iodoform may be introduced after withdrawal of the contents. + +_Evacuation of the Abscess and Injection of Iodoform._--The iodoform is +employed in the form of a 10 per cent. solution in ether or the same +proportion suspended in glycerin. Either form becomes sterile soon after +it is prepared. Its curative effects would appear to depend upon the +liberation of iodine, which restrains the activity of the bacilli, and +upon its capacity for irritating the tissues and so inducing a +protective leucocytosis, and also of stimulating the formation of scar +tissue. An anaesthetic is rarely called for, except in children. The +abscess is first evacuated by means of a large trocar and cannula +introduced obliquely through the overlying soft parts, avoiding any part +where the skin is thin or red. If the cannula becomes blocked with +caseous material, it may be cleared with a probe, or a small quantity of +saline solution is forced in by the syringe. The iodoform is injected by +means of a glass-barrelled syringe, which is firmly screwed on to the +cannula. The amount injected varies with the size of the abscess and the +age of the patient; it may be said to range from two or three drams in +the case of children to several ounces in large abscesses in adults. The +cannula is withdrawn, the puncture is closed by a Michel's clip, and a +dressing applied so as to exert a certain amount of compression. If the +abscess fills up again, the procedure should be repeated; in doing so, +the contents show the coloration due to liberated iodine. When the +contents are semi-solid, and cannot be withdrawn even through a large +cannula, an incision must be made, and, after the cavity has been +emptied, the iodoform is introduced through a short rubber tube attached +to the syringe. Experience has shown that even large abscesses, such as +those associated with spinal disease, may be cured by iodoform +injection, and this even when rupture of the abscess on the skin surface +has appeared to be imminent. + +Another method of treatment which is less popular now than it used to +be, and which is chiefly applicable in abscesses of moderate size, is by +_incision of the abscess and removal of the tuberculous tissue in its +wall_ with the sharp spoon. An incision is made which will give free +access to the interior of the abscess, so that outlying pockets or +recesses may not be overlooked. After removal of the pus, the wall of +the abscess is scraped with the Volkmann spoon or with Barker's flushing +spoon, to get rid of the tuberculous tissue with which it is lined. In +using the spoon, care must be taken that its sharp edge does not +perforate the wall of a vein or other important structure. Any debris +which may adhere to the walls is removed by rubbing with dry gauze. The +oozing of blood is arrested by packing the cavity for a few minutes with +gauze. After the packing is removed, iodoform powder is rubbed into the +raw surface. The soft parts divided by the incision are sutured in +layers so as to ensure primary union. If, on the other hand, there is +fear of a mixed infection, especially in abscesses near the rectum or +anus, it is safer to treat it by the open method, packing the cavity +with iodoform worsted or bismuth gauze, which is renewed at intervals of +a week or ten days as the cavity heals from the bottom. + +Another method is to incise the abscess, cleanse the cavity with gauze, +irrigate with Carrel-Dakin solution and pack with gauze smeared with the +dilute non-toxic B.I.P.P. (bismuth and iodoform 2 parts, vaseline 12 +parts, hard paraffin, sufficient to give the consistence of butter). The +wound is closed with "bipped" silk sutures; one of these--the "waiting +suture"--is left loose to permit of withdrawal of the gauze after +forty-eight hours; the waiting suture is then tied, and delayed primary +union is thus effected. + +When the skin over the abscess is red, thin, and about to give way, as +is frequently the case when the abscess is situated in the subcutaneous +cellular tissue, any skin which is undermined and infected with tubercle +should be removed with the scissors at the same time that the abscess is +dealt with. + +In abscesses treated by the open method, when the cavity has become +lined with healthy granulations, it may be closed by secondary suture, +or, if the granulating surface is flush with the skin, healing may be +hastened by skin-grafting. + +If the tuberculous abscess has burst and left a _sinus_, this is apt to +persist because of the presence of tuberculous tissue in its wall, and +of superadded pyogenic infection, or because it serves as an avenue for +the escape of discharge from a focus of tubercle in a bone or a lymph +gland. + +[Illustration: FIG. 35.--Tuberculous Sinus injected through its opening +in the forearm with bismuth paste. + +(Mr. Pirie Watson's case--Radiogram by Dr. Hope Fowler.)] + +The treatment varies with the conditions present, and must include +measures directed to the lesion from which the sinus has originated. The +extent and direction of any given sinus may be demonstrated by the use +of the probe, or, more accurately, by injecting the sinus with a paste +consisting of white vaseline containing 10 to 30 per cent. of bismuth +subcarbonate, and following its track with the X-rays (Fig. 35). + +It was found by Beck of Chicago that the injection of bismuth paste is +frequently followed by healing of the sinus, and that, if one injection +fails to bring about a cure, repeating the injection every second day +may be successful. Some caution must be observed in this treatment, as +symptoms of poisoning have been observed to follow its use. If they +manifest themselves, an injection of warm olive oil should be given; the +oil, left in for twelve hours or so, forms an emulsion with the bismuth, +which can be withdrawn by aspiration. Iodoform suspended in glycerin may +be employed in a similar manner. When these and other non-operative +measures fail, and the whole track of the sinus is accessible, it should +be laid open, scraped, and packed with bismuth or iodoform gauze until +it heals from the bottom. + +The _tuberculous ulcer_ is described in the chapter on ulcers. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +SYPHILIS + + +Definition.--Virus.--ACQUIRED SYPHILIS--Primary period: + _Incubation, primary chancre, glandular enlargement_; + _Extra-genital chancres_--Treatment--Secondary period: _General + symptoms, skin affections, mucous patches, affections of bones, + joints, eyes_, etc.--Treatment: _Salvarsan_--_Methods of + administering mercury_--Syphilis and marriage--Intermediate + stage--_Reminders_--Tertiary period: _General symptoms_, + _gummata_, _tertiary ulcers_, _tertiary lesions of skin, mucous + membrane, bones, joints_, etc.--Second attacks.--INHERITED + SYPHILIS--Transmission--_Clinical features in infancy, in later + life_--Contagiousness--Treatment. + +Syphilis is an infective disease due to the entrance into the body of a +specific virus. It is nearly always communicated from one individual to +another by contact infection, the discharge from a syphilitic lesion +being the medium through which the virus is transmitted, and the seat of +inoculation is almost invariably a surface covered by squamous +epithelium. The disease was unknown in Europe before the year 1493, when +it was introduced into Spain by Columbus' crew, who were infected in +Haiti, where the disease had been endemic from time immemorial (Bloch). + +The granulation tissue which forms as a result of the reaction of the +tissues to the presence of the virus is chiefly composed of lymphocytes +and plasma cells, along with an abundant new formation of capillary +blood vessels. Giant cells are not uncommon, but the endothelioid cells, +which are so marked a feature of tuberculous granulation tissue, are +practically absent. + +When syphilis is communicated from one individual to another by contact +infection, the condition is spoken of as _acquired syphilis_, and the +first visible sign of the disease appears at the site of inoculation, +and is known as _the primary lesion_. Those who have thus acquired the +disease may transmit it to their offspring, who are then said to suffer +from _inherited syphilis_. + +#The Virus of Syphilis.#--The cause of syphilis, whether acquired or +inherited, is the organism, described by Schaudinn and Hoffman, in 1905, +under the name of _spirochaeta pallida_ or _spironema pallidum_. It is a +delicate, thread-like spirilla, in length averaging from 8 to 10 u and +in width about 0.25 u, and is distinguished from other spirochaetes by +its delicate shape, its dead-white appearance, together with its closely +twisted spiral form, with numerous undulations (10 to 26), which are +perfectly regular, and are characteristic in that they remain the same +during rest and in active movement (Fig. 36). In a fresh specimen, such +as a scraping from a hard chancre suspended in a little salt solution, +it shows active movements. The organism is readily destroyed by heat, +and perishes in the absence of moisture. It has been proved +experimentally that it remains infective only up to six hours after its +removal from the body. Noguchi has succeeded in obtaining pure cultures +from the infected tissues of the rabbit. + +[Illustration: FIG. 36.--Spirochaeta pallida from scraping of hard +Chancre of Prepuce. x 1000 diam. Burri method.] + +The spirochaete may be recognised in films made by scraping the deeper +parts of the primary lesion, from papules on the skin, or from blisters +artificially raised on lesions of the skin or on the immediately +adjacent portion of healthy skin. It is readily found in the mucous +patches and condylomata of the secondary period. It is best stained by +Giemsa's method, and its recognition is greatly aided by the use of the +ultra-microscope. + +The spirochaete has been demonstrated in every form of syphilitic lesion, +and has been isolated from the blood--with difficulty--and from lymph +withdrawn by a hollow needle from enlarged lymph glands. The saliva of +persons suffering from syphilitic lesions of the mouth also contains the +organism. + +[Illustration: FIG. 37.--Spirochaeta refrigerans from scraping of Vagina. +x 1000 diam. Burri method.] + +In tertiary lesions there is greater difficulty in demonstrating the +spirochaete, but small numbers have been found in the peripheral parts of +gummata and in the thickened patches in syphilitic disease of the aorta. +Noguchi and Moore have discovered the spirochaete in the brain in a +number of cases of general paralysis of the insane. The spirochaete may +persist in the body for a long time after infection; its presence has +been demonstrated as long as sixteen years after the original +acquisition of the disease. + +In inherited syphilis the spirochaete is present in enormous numbers +throughout all the organs and fluids of the body. + +Considerable interest attaches to the observations of Metchnikoff, Roux, +and Neisser, who have succeeded in conveying syphilis to the chimpanzee +and other members of the ape tribe, obtaining primary and secondary +lesions similar to those observed in man, and also containing the +spirochaete. In animals the disease has been transmitted by material from +all kinds of syphilitic lesions, including even the blood in the +secondary and tertiary stages of the disease. The primary lesion is in +the form of an indurated papule, in every respect resembling the +corresponding lesion in man, and associated with enlargement and +induration of the lymph glands. The primary lesion usually appears about +thirty days after inoculation, to be followed, in about half the cases, +by secondary manifestations, which are usually of a mild character; in +no instance has any tertiary lesion been observed. The severity of the +affection amongst apes would appear to be in proportion to the nearness +of the relationship of the animal to the human subject. The eye of the +rabbit is also susceptible to inoculation from syphilitic lesions; the +material in a finely divided state is introduced into the anterior +chamber of the eye. + +Attempts to immunise against the disease have so far proved negative, +but Metchnikoff has shown that the inunction of the part inoculated with +an ointment containing 33 per cent. of calomel, within one hour of +infection, suffices to neutralise the virus in man, and up to eighteen +hours in monkeys. He recommends the adoption of this procedure in the +prophylaxis of syphilis. + +Noguchi has made an emulsion of dead spirochaetes which he calls +_luetin_, and which gives a specific reaction resembling that of +tuberculin in tuberculosis, a papule or a pustule forming at the site of +the intra-dermal injection. It is said to be most efficacious in the +tertiary and latent forms of syphilis, which are precisely those forms +in which the diagnosis is surrounded with difficulties. + + +ACQUIRED SYPHILIS + +In the vast majority of cases, infection takes place during the congress +of the sexes. Delicate, easily abraded surfaces are then brought into +contact, and the discharge from lesions containing the virus is placed +under favourable conditions for conveying the disease from one person to +the other. In the male the possibility of infection taking place is +increased if the virus is retained under cover of a long and tight +prepuce, and if there are abrasions on the surface with which it comes +in contact. The frequency with which infection takes place on the +genitals during sexual intercourse warrants syphilis being considered a +venereal disease, although there are other ways in which it may be +contracted. + +Some of these imply direct contact--such, for example, as kissing, the +digital examination of syphilitic patients by doctors or nurses, or +infection of the surgeon's fingers while operating upon a syphilitic +patient. In suckling, a syphilitic wet nurse may infect a healthy +infant, or a syphilitic infant may infect a healthy wet nurse. In other +cases the infection is by indirect contact, the virus being conveyed +through the medium of articles contaminated by a syphilitic +patient--such, for example, as surgical instruments, tobacco pipes, wind +instruments, table utensils, towels, or underclothing. Physiological +secretions, such as saliva, milk, or tears, are not capable of +communicating the disease unless contaminated by discharge from a +syphilitic sore. While the saliva itself is innocuous, it can be, and +often is, contaminated by the discharge from mucous patches or other +syphilitic lesions in the mouth and throat, and is then a dangerous +medium of infection. Unless these extra-genital sources of infection are +borne in mind, there is a danger of failing to recognise the primary +lesion of syphilis in unusual positions, such as the lip, finger, or +nipple. When the disease is thus acquired by innocent transfer, it is +known as _syphilis insontium_. + +#Stages or Periods of Syphilis.#--Following the teaching of Ricord, it +is customary to divide the life-history of syphilis into three periods +or stages, referred to, for convenience, as primary, secondary, and +tertiary. This division is to some extent arbitrary and artificial, as +the different stages overlap one another, and the lesions of one stage +merge insensibly into those of another. Wide variations are met with in +the manifestations of the secondary stage, and histologically there is +no valid distinction to be drawn between secondary and tertiary lesions. + +_The primary period_ embraces the interval that elapses between the +initial infection and the first constitutional manifestations,--roughly, +from four to eight weeks,--and includes the period of incubation, the +development of the primary sore, and the enlargement of the nearest +lymph glands. + +_The secondary period_ varies in duration from one to two years, during +which time the patient is liable to suffer from manifestations which are +for the most part superficial in character, affecting the skin and its +appendages, the mucous membranes, and the lymph glands. + +_The tertiary period_ has no time-limit except that it follows upon the +secondary, so that during the remainder of his life the patient is +liable to suffer from manifestations which may affect the deeper tissues +and internal organs as well as the skin and mucous membranes. + +#Primary Syphilis.#--_The period of incubation_ represents the interval +that elapses between the occurrence of infection and the appearance of +the primary lesion at the site of inoculation. Its limits may be stated +as varying from two to six weeks, with an average of from twenty-one to +twenty-eight days. While the disease is incubating, there is nothing to +show that infection has occurred. + +_The Primary Lesion._--The incubation period having elapsed, there +appears at the site of inoculation a circumscribed area of infiltration +which represents the reaction of the tissues to the entrance of the +virus. The first appearance is that of a sharply defined papule, rarely +larger than a split pea. Its surface is at first smooth and shiny, but +as necrosis of the tissue elements takes place in the centre, it becomes +concave, and in many cases the epithelium is shed, and an ulcer is +formed. Such an ulcer has an elevated border, sharply cut edges, an +indurated base, and exudes a scanty serous discharge; its surface is at +first occupied by yellow necrosed tissue, but in time this is replaced +by smooth, pale-pink granulation tissue; finally, epithelium may spread +over the surface, and the ulcer heals. As a rule, the patient suffers +little discomfort, and may even be ignorant of the existence of the +lesion, unless, as a result of exposure to mechanical or septic +irritation, ulceration ensues, and the sore becomes painful and tender, +and yields a purulent discharge. The primary lesion may persist until +the secondary manifestations make their appearance, that is, for several +weeks. + +It cannot be emphasised too strongly that the induration of the primary +lesion, which has obtained for it the name of "hard chancre," is its +most important characteristic. It is best appreciated when the sore is +grasped from side to side between the finger and thumb. The sensation on +grasping it has been aptly compared to that imparted by a nodule of +cartilage, or by a button felt through a layer of cloth. The evidence +obtained by touch is more valuable than that obtained by inspection, a +fact which is made use of in the recognition of _concealed +chancres_--that is, those which are hidden by a tight prepuce. The +induration is due not only to the dense packing of the connective-tissue +spaces with lymphocytes and plasma cells, but also to the formation of +new connective-tissue elements. It is most marked in chancres situated +in the furrow between the glans and the prepuce. + +_In the male_, the primary lesion specially affects certain +_situations_, and the appearances vary with these: (1) On the inner +aspect of the prepuce, and in the fold between the prepuce and the +glans; in the latter situation the induration imparts a "collar-like" +rigidity to the prepuce, which is most apparent when it is rolled back +over the corona. (2) At the orifice of the prepuce the primary lesion +assumes the form of multiple linear ulcers or fissures, and as each of +these is attended with infiltration, the prepuce cannot be pulled +back--a condition known as _syphilitic phimosis_. (3) On the glans penis +the infiltration may be so superficial that it resembles a layer of +parchment, but if it invades the cavernous tissue there is a dense mass +of induration. (4) On the external aspect of the prepuce or on the skin +of the penis itself. (5) At either end of the torn fraenum, in the form +of a diamond-shaped ulcer raised above the surroundings. (6) In relation +to the meatus and canal of the urethra, in either of which situations +the swelling and induration may lead to narrowing of the urethra, so +that the urine is passed with pain and difficulty and in a minute +stream; stricture results only in the exceptional cases in which the +chancre has ulcerated and caused destruction of tissue. A chancre within +the orifice of the urethra is rare, and, being concealed from view, it +can only be recognised by the discharge from the meatus and by the +induration felt between the finger and thumb on palpating the urethra. + +_In the female_, the primary lesion is not so typical or so easily +recognised as in men; it is usually met with on the labia; the +induration is rarely characteristic and does not last so long. The +primary lesion may take the form of condylomata. Indurated oedema, with +brownish-red or livid discoloration of one or both labia, is diagnostic +of syphilis. + +The hard chancre is usually solitary, but sometimes there are two or +more; when there are several, they are individually smaller than the +solitary chancre. + +It is the exception for a hard chancre to leave a visible scar, hence, +in examining patients with a doubtful history of syphilis, little +reliance can be placed on the presence or absence of a scar on the +genitals. When the primary lesion has taken the form of an open ulcer +with purulent discharge, or has sloughed, there is a permanent scar. + +_Infection of the adjacent lymph glands_ is usually found to have taken +place by the time the primary lesion has acquired its characteristic +induration. Several of the glands along Poupart's ligament, on one or on +both sides, become enlarged, rounded, and indurated; they are usually +freely movable, and are rarely sensitive unless there is superadded +septic infection. The term _bullet-bubo_ has been applied to them, and +their presence is of great value in diagnosis. In a certain number of +cases, one of the main _lymph vessels_ on the dorsum of the penis is +transformed into a fibrous cord easily recognisable on palpation, and +when grasped between the fingers appears to be in size and consistence +not unlike the vas deferens. + +_Concealed chancre_ is the term applied when one or more chancres are +situated within the sac of a prepuce which cannot be retracted. If the +induration is well marked, the chancre can be palpated through the +prepuce, and is tender on pressure. As under these conditions it is +impossible for the patient to keep the parts clean, septic infection +becomes a prominent feature, the prepuce is oedematous and inflamed, and +there is an abundant discharge of pus from its orifice. It occasionally +happens that the infection assumes a virulent character and causes +sloughing of the prepuce--a condition known as _phagedaena_. The +discharge is then foul and blood-stained, and the prepuce becomes of a +dusky red or purple colour, and may finally slough, exposing the glans. + +_Extra-genital or Erratic Chancres_ (Fig. 38).--Erratic chancre is the +term applied by Jonathan Hutchinson to the primary lesion of syphilis +when it appears on parts of the body other than the genitals. It differs +in some respects from the hard chancre as met with on the penis; it is +usually larger, the induration is more diffused, and the enlarged glands +are softer and more sensitive. The glands in nearest relation to the +sore are those first affected, for example, the epitrochlear or axillary +glands in chancre of the finger; the submaxillary glands in chancre of +the lip or mouth; or the pre-auricular gland in chancre of the eyelid or +forehead. In consequence of their divergence from the typical chancre, +and of their being often met with in persons who, from age, +surroundings, or moral character, are unlikely subjects of venereal +disease, the true nature of erratic chancres is often overlooked until +the persistence of the lesion, its want of resemblance to anything else, +or the onset of constitutional symptoms, determines the diagnosis of +syphilis. A solitary, indolent sore occurring on the lip, eyelid, +finger, or nipple, which does not heal but tends to increase in size, +and is associated with induration and enlargement of the adjacent +glands, is most likely to be the primary lesion of syphilis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 38.--Primary Lesion on Thumb, with Secondary +Eruption on Forearm.[1]] + +[1] From _A System of Syphilis_, vol. ii., edited by D'Arcy Power and +J. Keogh Murphy, Oxford Medical Publications. + +#The Soft Sore, Soft Chancre, or Chancroid.#--The differential diagnosis +of syphilis necessitates the consideration of the _soft sore_, _soft +chancre_, or _chancroid_, which is also a common form of venereal +disease, and is due to infection with a virulent pus-forming bacillus, +first described by Ducrey in 1889. Ducrey's bacillus occurs in the form +of minute oval rods measuring about 1.5 u in length, which stain readily +with any basic aniline dye, but are quickly decolorised by Gram's +method. They are found mixed with other organisms in the purulent +discharge from the sore, and are chiefly arranged in small groups or in +short chains. Soft sores are always contracted by direct contact from +another individual, and the incubation period is a short one of from two +to five days. They are usually situated in the vicinity of the fraenum, +and, in women, about the labia minora or fourchette; they probably +originate in abrasions in these situations. They appear as pustules, +which are rapidly converted into small, acutely inflamed ulcers with +sharply cut, irregular margins, which bleed easily and yield an abundant +yellow purulent discharge. They are devoid of the induration of +syphilis, are painful, and nearly always multiple, reproducing +themselves in successive crops by auto-inoculation. Soft sores are often +complicated by phimosis and balanitis, and they frequently lead to +infection of the glands in the groin. The resulting bubo is ill-defined, +painful, and tender, and suppuration occurs in about one-fourth of the +cases. The overlying skin becomes adherent and red, and suppuration +takes place either in the form of separate foci in the interior of the +individual glands, or around them; in the latter case, on incision, the +glands are found lying bathed in pus. Ducrey's bacillus is found in pure +culture in the pus. Sometimes other pyogenic organisms are superadded. +After the bubo has been opened the wound may take on the characters of a +soft sore. + +_Treatment._--Soft sores heal rapidly when kept clean. If concealed +under a tight prepuce, an incision should be made along the dorsum to +give access to the sores. They should be washed with eusol, and dusted +with a mixture of one part iodoform and two parts boracic or salicylic +acid, or, when the odour of iodoform is objected to, of equal parts of +boracic acid and carbonate of zinc. Immersion of the penis in a bath of +eusol for some hours daily is useful. The sore is then covered with a +piece of gauze kept in position by drawing the prepuce over it, or by a +few turns of a narrow bandage. Sublimed sulphur frequently rubbed into +the sore is recommended by C. H. Mills. If the sores spread in spite of +this, they should be painted with cocaine and then cauterised. When the +glands in the groin are infected, the patient must be confined to bed, +and a dressing impregnated with ichthyol and glycerin (10 per cent.) +applied; the repeated use of a suction bell is of great service. +Harrison recommends aspiration of a bubonic abscess, followed by +injection of 1 in 20 solution of tincture of iodine into the cavity; +this is in turn aspirated, and then 1 or 2 c.c. of the solution injected +and left in. This is repeated as often as the cavity refills. It is +sometimes necessary to let the pus out by one or more small incisions +and continue the use of the suction bell. + +_Diagnosis of Primary Syphilis._--In cases in which there is a history +of an incubation period of from three to five weeks, when the sore is +indurated, persistent, and indolent, and attended with bullet-buboes in +the groin, the diagnosis of primary syphilis is not difficult. Owing, +however, to the great importance of instituting treatment at the +earliest possible stage of the infection, an effort should be made to +establish the diagnosis without delay by demonstrating the spirochaete. +Before any antiseptic is applied, the margin of the suspected sore is +rubbed with gauze, and the serum that exudes on pressure is collected +in a capillary tube and sent to a pathologist for microscopical +examination. A better specimen can sometimes be obtained by puncturing +an enlarged lymph gland with a hypodermic needle, injecting a few minims +of sterile saline solution and then aspirating the blood-stained fluid. + +The Wassermann test must not be relied upon for diagnosis in the early +stage, as it does not appear until the disease has become generalised +and the secondary manifestations are about to begin. The practice of +waiting in doubtful cases before making a diagnosis until secondary +manifestations appear is to be condemned. + +Extra-genital chancres, _e.g._ sores on the fingers of doctors or +nurses, are specially liable to be overlooked, if the possibility of +syphilis is not kept in mind. + +It is important to bear in mind _the possibility of a patient having +acquired a mixed infection_ with the virus of soft chancre, which will +manifest itself a few days after infection, and the virus of syphilis, +which shows itself after an interval of several weeks. This occurrence +was formerly the source of much confusion in diagnosis, and it was +believed at one time that syphilis might result from soft sores, but it +is now established that syphilis does not follow upon soft sores unless +the virus of syphilis has been introduced at the same time. The +practitioner must be on his guard, therefore, when a patient asks his +advice concerning a venereal sore which has appeared within a few days +of exposure to infection. Such a patient is naturally anxious to know +whether he has contracted syphilis or not, but neither a positive nor a +negative answer can be given--unless the spirochaete can be identified. + +Syphilis is also to be diagnosed from _epithelioma_, the common form of +cancer of the penis. It is especially in elderly patients with a tight +prepuce that the induration of syphilis is liable to be mistaken for +that associated with epithelioma. In difficult cases the prepuce must be +slit open. + +Difficulty may occur in the diagnosis of primary syphilis from _herpes_, +as this may appear as late as ten days after connection; it commences as +a group of vesicles which soon burst and leave shallow ulcers with a +yellow floor; these disappear quickly on the use of an antiseptic +dusting powder. + +Apprehensive patients who have committed sexual indiscretions are apt to +regard as syphilitic any lesion which happens to be located on the +penis--for example, acne pustules, eczema, psoriasis papules, boils, +balanitis, or venereal warts. + +_The local treatment_ of the primary sore consists in attempting to +destroy the organisms _in situ_. An ointment made up of calomel 33 +parts, lanoline 67 parts, and vaseline 10 parts (Metchnikoff's cream) is +rubbed into the sore several times a day. If the surface is unbroken, it +may be dusted lightly with a powder composed of equal parts of calomel +and carbonate of zinc. A gauze dressing is applied, and the penis and +scrotum should be supported against the abdominal wall by a triangular +handkerchief or bathing-drawers; if there is inflammatory oedema the +patient should be confined to bed. + +In _concealed chancres_ with phimosis, the sac of the prepuce should be +slit up along the dorsum to admit of the ointment being applied. If +phagedaena occurs, the prepuce must be slit open along the dorsum, or if +sloughing, cut away, and the patient should have frequent sitz baths of +weak sublimate lotion. When the chancre is within the meatus, iodoform +bougies are inserted into the urethra, and the urine should be rendered +bland by drinking large quantities of fluid. + +General treatment is considered on p. 149. + +#Secondary Syphilis.#--The following description of secondary syphilis +is based on the average course of the disease in untreated cases. The +onset of constitutional symptoms occurs from six to twelve weeks after +infection, and the manifestations are the result of the entrance of the +virus into the general circulation, and its being carried to all parts +of the body. The period during which the patient is liable to suffer +from secondary symptoms ranges from six months to two years. + +In some cases the general health is not disturbed; in others the patient +is feverish and out of sorts, losing appetite, becoming pale and anaemic, +complaining of lassitude, incapacity for exertion, headache, and pains +of a rheumatic type referred to the bones. There is a moderate degree of +leucocytosis, but the increase is due not to the polymorpho-nuclear +leucocytes but to lymphocytes. In isolated cases the temperature rises +to 101 o or 102 o F. and the patient loses flesh. The lymph glands, +particularly those along the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid, +become enlarged and slightly tender. The hair comes out, eruptions +appear on the skin and mucous membranes, and the patient may suffer from +sore throat and affections of the eyes. The local lesions are to be +regarded as being of the nature of reactions against accumulations of +the parasite, lymphocytes and plasma cells being the elements chiefly +concerned in the reactive process. + +_Affections of the Skin_ are among the most constant manifestations. An +evanescent macular rash, not unlike that of measles--_roseola_--is the +first to appear, usually in from six to eight weeks from the date of +infection; it is widely diffused over the trunk, and the original dull +rose-colour soon fades, leaving brownish stains, which in time +disappear. It is usually followed by a _papular eruption_, the +individual papules being raised above the surface of the skin, smooth or +scaly, and as they are due to infiltration of the skin they are more +persistent than the roseoles. They vary in size and distribution, being +sometimes small, hard, polished, and closely aggregated like lichen, +sometimes as large as a shilling-piece, with an accumulation of scales +on the surface like that seen in psoriasis. The co-existence of scaly +papules and faded roseoles is very suggestive of syphilis. + +Other types of eruption are less common, and are met with from the third +month onwards. A _pustular_ eruption, not unlike that of acne, is +sometimes a prominent feature, but is not characteristic of syphilis +unless it affects the scalp and forehead and is associated with the +remains of the papular eruption. The term _ecthyma_ is applied when the +pustules are of large size, and, after breaking on the surface, give +rise to superficial ulcers; the discharge from the ulcer often dries up +and forms a scab or crust which is continually added to from below as +the ulcer extends in area and depth. The term _rupia_ is applied when +the crusts are prominent, dark in colour, and conical in shape, roughly +resembling the shell of a limpet. If the crust is detached, a sharply +defined ulcer is exposed, and when this heals it leaves a scar which is +usually circular, thin, white, shining like satin, and the surrounding +skin is darkly pigmented; in the case of deep ulcers, the scar is +depressed and adherent (Fig. 39). + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.--Syphilitic Rupia, showing the limpet-shaped +crusts or scabs.] + +In the later stages there may occur a form of creeping or _spreading +ulceration of the skin_ of the face, groin, or scrotum, healing at one +edge and spreading at another like tuberculous lupus, but distinguished +from this by its more rapid progress and by the pigmentation of the +scar. + +_Condylomata_ are more characteristic of syphilis than any other type of +skin lesion. They are papules occurring on those parts of the body where +the skin is habitually moist, and especially where two skin surfaces are +in contact. They are chiefly met with on the external genitals, +especially in women, around the anus, beneath large pendulous mammae, +between the toes, and at the angles of the mouth, and in these +situations their development is greatly favoured by neglect of +cleanliness. They present the appearance of well-defined circular or +ovoid areas in which the skin is thickened and raised above the surface; +they are covered with a white sodden epidermis, and furnish a scanty but +very infective discharge. Under the influence of irritation and want of +rest, as at the anus or at the angle of the mouth, they are apt to +become fissured and superficially ulcerated, and the discharge then +becomes abundant and may crust on the surface, forming yellow scabs. At +the angle of the mouth the condylomatous patches may spread to the +cheek, and when they ulcerate may leave fissure-like scars radiating +from the mouth--an appearance best seen in inherited syphilis (Fig. 44). + +_The Appendages of the Skin._--The _hair_ loses its gloss, becomes dry +and brittle, and readily falls out, either as an exaggeration of the +normal shedding of the hair, or in scattered areas over the scalp +(_syphilitic alopoecia_). The hair is not re-formed in the scars which +result from ulcerated lesions of the scalp. The _nail-folds_ +occasionally present a pustular eruption and superficial ulceration, to +which the name _syphilitic onychia_ has been applied; more commonly the +nails become brittle and ragged, and they may even be shed. + +_The Mucous Membranes_, and especially those of the _mouth_ and +_throat_, suffer from lesions similar to those met with on the skin. On +a mucous surface the papular eruption assumes the form of _mucous +patches_, which are areas with a congested base covered with a thin +white film of sodden epithelium like wet tissue-paper. They are best +seen on the inner aspect of the cheeks, the soft palate, uvula, pillars +of the fauces, and tonsils. In addition to mucous patches, there may be +a number of small, _superficial, kidney-shaped ulcers_, especially along +the margins of the tongue and on the tonsils. In the absence of mucous +patches and ulcers, the sore throat may be characterised by a bluish +tinge of the inflamed mucous membrane and a thin film of shed epithelium +on the surface. Sometimes there is an elongated sinuous film which has +been likened to the track of a snail. In the _larynx_ the presence of +congestion, oedema, and mucous patches may be the cause of persistent +hoarseness. The _tongue_ often presents a combination of lesions, +including ulcers, patches where the papillae are absent, fissures, and +raised white papules resembling warts, especially towards the centre of +the dorsum. These lesions are specially apt to occur in those who smoke, +drink undiluted alcohol or spirits, or eat hot condiments to excess, or +who have irregular, sharp-cornered teeth. At a later period, and in +those who are broken down in health from intemperance or other cause, +the sore throat may take the form of rapidly spreading, penetrating +ulcers in the soft palate and pillars of the fauces, which may lead to +extensive destruction of tissue, with subsequent scars and deformity +highly characteristic of previous syphilis. + +In the _Bones_, lesions occur which assume the clinical features of an +evanescent periostitis, the patient complaining of nocturnal pains over +the frontal bone, sternum, tibiae, and ulnae, and localised tenderness on +tapping over these bones. + +In the _Joints_, a serous synovitis or hydrops may occur, chiefly in the +knee, on one or on both sides. + +_The Affections of the Eyes_, although fortunately rare, are of great +importance because of the serious results which may follow if they are +not recognised and treated. _Iritis_ is the commonest of these, and may +occur in one or in both eyes, one after the other, from three to eight +months after infection. The patient complains of impairment of sight and +of frontal or supraorbital pain. The eye waters and is hypersensitive, +the iris is discoloured and reacts sluggishly to light, and there is a +zone of ciliary congestion around the cornea. The appearance of minute +white nodules or flakes of lymph at the margin of the pupil is +especially characteristic of syphilitic iritis. When adhesions have +formed between the iris and the structures in relation to it, the pupil +dilates irregularly under atropin. Although complete recovery is to be +expected under early and energetic treatment, if neglected, _iritis_ may +result in occlusion of the pupil and permanent impairment or loss of +sight. + +The other lesions of the eye are much rarer, and can only be discovered +on ophthalmoscopic examination. + +The virus of syphilis exerts a special influence upon the _Blood +Vessels_, exciting a proliferation of the endothelial lining which +results in narrowing of their lumen, _endarteritis_, and a perivascular +infiltration in the form of accumulations of plasma cells around the +vessels and in the lymphatics that accompany them. + +In the _Brain_, in the later periods of secondary and in tertiary +syphilis, changes occur as a result of the narrowing of the lumen of the +arteries, or of their complete obliteration by thrombosis. By +interfering with the nutrition of those parts of the brain supplied by +the affected arteries, these lesions give rise to clinical features of +which severe headache and paralysis are the most prominent. + +Affections of the _Spinal Cord_ are extremely rare, but paraplegia from +myelitis has been observed. + +Lastly, attention must be directed to the remarkable variations observed +in different patients. Sometimes the virulent character of the disease +can only be accounted for by an idiosyncrasy of the patient. +Constitutional symptoms, particularly pyrexia and anaemia, are most often +met with in young women. Patients over forty years of age have greater +difficulty in overcoming the infection than younger adults. Malarial and +other infections, and the conditions attending life in tropical +countries, from the debility which they cause, tend to aggravate and +prolong the disease, which then assumes the characters of what has been +called _malignant syphilis_. All chronic ailments have a similar +influence, and alcoholic intemperance is universally regarded as a +serious aggravating factor. + +_Diagnosis of Secondary Syphilis._--A routine examination should be made +of the parts of the body which are most often affected in this +disease--the scalp, mouth, throat, posterior cervical glands, and the +trunk, the patient being stripped and examined by daylight. Among the +_diagnostic features of the skin affections_ the following may be +mentioned: They are frequently, and sometimes to a marked degree, +symmetrical; more than one type of eruption--papules and pustules, for +example--are present at the same time; there is little itching; they are +at first a dull-red colour, but later present a brown pigmentation which +has been likened to the colour of raw ham; they exhibit a predilection +for those parts of the forehead and neck which are close to the roots of +the hair; they tend to pass off spontaneously; and they disappear +rapidly under treatment. + +#Serum Diagnosis--Wassermann Reaction.#--Wassermann found that if an +extract of syphilitic liver rich in spirochaetes is mixed with the serum +from a syphilitic patient, a large amount of complement is fixed. The +application of the test is highly complicated and can only be carried +out by an expert pathologist. For the purpose he is supplied with from 5 +c.c. to 10 c.c. of the patient's blood, withdrawn under aseptic +conditions from the median basilic vein by means of a serum syringe, and +transferred to a clean and dry glass tube. There is abundant evidence +that the Wassermann test is a reliable means of establishing a diagnosis +of syphilis. + +A definitely positive reaction can usually be obtained between the +fifteenth and thirtieth day after the appearance of the primary lesion, +and as time goes on it becomes more marked. During the secondary period +the reaction is practically always positive. In the tertiary stage also +it is positive except in so far as it is modified by the results of +treatment. In para-syphilitic lesions such as general paralysis and +tabes a positive reaction is almost always present. In inherited +syphilis the reaction is positive in every case. A positive reaction may +be present in other diseases, for example, frambesia, trypanosomiasis, +and leprosy. + +As the presence of the reaction is an evidence of the activity of the +spirochaetes, repeated applications of the test furnish a valuable means +of estimating the efficacy of treatment. The object aimed at is to +change a persistently positive reaction to a permanently negative one. + +#Treatment of Syphilis.#--In the treatment of syphilis the two main +objects are to maintain the general health at the highest possible +standard, and to introduce into the system therapeutic agents which will +inhibit or destroy the invading parasite. + +The second of these objects has been achieved by the researches of +Ehrlich, who, in conjunction with his pupil, Hata, has built up a +compound, the dihydrochloride of dioxydiamido-arseno-benzol, popularly +known as salvarsan or "606." Other preparations, such as kharsivan, +arseno-billon, and diarsenol, are chemically equivalent to salvarsan, +containing from 27 to 31 per cent. of arsenic, and are equally +efficient. The full dose is 0.6 grm. All these members of the "606" +group form an acid solution when dissolved in water, and must be +rendered alkaline before being injected. As subcutaneous and +intra-muscular injections cause considerable pain, and may cause +sloughing of the tissues, "606" preparations must be injected +intravenously. Ehrlich has devised a preparation--neo-salvarsan, or +"914," which is more easily prepared and forms a neutral solution. It +contains from 18 to 20 per cent. of arsenic. Neo-kharsivan, +novo-arseno-billon, and neo-diarsenol belong to the "914" group, the +full dosage of which is 0.9 grm. As subcutaneous and intra-muscular +injections of the "914" group are not painful, and even more efficient +than intravenous injections, the administration is simpler. + +Galyl, luargol, and other preparations act in the same way as the "606" +and "914" groups. + +The "606" preparations may be introduced into the veins by injection or +by means of an apparatus which allows the solution to flow in by +gravity. The left median basilic vein is selected, and a platino-iridium +needle with a short point and a bore larger than that of the ordinary +hypodermic syringe is used. The needle is passed for a few millimetres +along the vein, and the solution is then slowly introduced; before +withdrawing the needle some saline is run in to diminish the risk of +thrombosis. + +The "914" preparations may be injected either into the subcutaneous +tissue of the buttock or into the substance of the gluteus muscle. The +part is then massaged for a few minutes, and the massage is repeated +daily for a few days. + +No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down as to what constitutes a +complete course of treatment. Harrison recommends as a _minimum_ course +of one of the "914" preparations in _early primary cases_ an initial +dose of 0.45 grm. given intra-muscularly or into the deep subcutaneous +tissue; the same dose a week later; 0.6 grm. the following week; then +miss a week and give 9.6 grms. on two successive weeks; then miss two +weeks and give 0.6 grm. on two more successive weeks. + +When a _positive Wassermann reaction_ is present before treatment is +commenced, the above course is prolonged as follows: for three weeks is +given a course of potassium iodide, after which four more weekly +injections of 0.6 grm. of "914" are given. + +With each injection of "914" after the first, throughout the whole +course 1 grain of mercury is injected intra-muscularly. + +In the course of a few hours, there is usually some indisposition, with +a feeling of chilliness and slight rise of temperature; these symptoms +pass off within twenty-four hours, and in a few days there is a decided +improvement of health. Three or four days after an intra-muscular +injection there may be pain and stiffness in the gluteal region. + +These preparations are the most efficient therapeutic agents that have +yet been employed in the treatment of syphilis. + +The manifestations of the disease disappear with remarkable rapidity. +Observations show that the spirochaetes lose their capacity for movement +within an hour or two of the administration, and usually disappear +altogether in from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Wassermann's +reaction usually yields a negative result in from three weeks to two +months, but later may again become positive. Subsequent doses of the +arsenical preparation are therefore usually indicated, and should be +given in from 7 to 21 days according to the dose. + +When syphilis occurs in a _pregnant woman_, she should be given in the +early months an ordinary course of "914," followed by 10-grain doses of +potassium iodide twice daily. The injections may be repeated two months +later, and during the remainder of the pregnancy 2-grain mercury pills +are given twice daily (A. Campbell). The presence of albumen in the +urine contra-indicates arsenical treatment. + +It need scarcely be pointed out that the use of powerful drugs like +"606" and "914" is not free from risk; it may be mentioned that each +dose contains nearly three grains of arsenic. Before the administration +the patient must be overhauled; its administration is contra-indicated +in the presence of disease of the heart and blood vessels, especially a +combination of syphilitic aortitis and sclerosis of the coronary +arteries, with degeneration of the heart muscle; in affections of the +central nervous system, especially advanced paralysis, and in such +disturbances of metabolism as are associated with diabetes and Bright's +disease. Its use is not contra-indicated in any lesion of active +syphilis. + +The administration is controlled by the systematic examination of the +urine for arsenic. + +_The Administration of Mercury._--The success of the arsenical +preparations has diminished the importance of mercury in the treatment +of syphilis, but it is still used to supplement the effect of the +injections. The amount of mercury to be given in any case must be +proportioned to the idiosyncrasies of the patient, and it is advisable, +before commencing the treatment, to test his urine and record his +body-weight. The small amount of mercury given at the outset is +gradually increased. If the body-weight falls, or if the gums become +sore and the breath foul, the mercury should be stopped for a time. If +salivation occurs, the drinking of hot water and the taking of hot baths +should be insisted upon, and half-dram doses of the alkaline sulphates +prescribed. + +_Methods of Administering Mercury._--(1) _By the Mouth._--This was for +long the most popular method in this country, the preparation usually +employed being grey powder, in pills or tablets, each of which contains +one grain of the powder. Three of these are given daily in the first +instance, and the daily dose is increased to five or even seven grains +till the standard for the individual patient is arrived at. As the grey +powder alone sometimes causes irritation of the bowels, it should be +combined with iron, as in the following formula: Hydrarg. c. cret. gr. 1; +ferri sulph. exsiccat. gr. 1 or 2. + +(2) _By Inunction._--Inunction consists in rubbing into the pores of the +skin an ointment composed of equal parts of 20 per cent. oleate of +mercury and lanolin. Every night after a hot bath, a dram of the +ointment (made up by the chemist in paper packets) is rubbed for fifteen +minutes into the skin where it is soft and comparatively free from +hairs. When the patient has been brought under the influence of the +mercury, inunction may be replaced by one of the other methods, of +administering the drug. + +(3) _By Intra-muscular Injection._--This consists in introducing the +drug by means of a hypodermic syringe into the substance of the gluteal +muscles. The syringe is made of glass, and has a solid glass piston; the +needle of platino-iridium should be 5 cm. long and of a larger calibre +than the ordinary hypodermic needle. The preparation usually employed +consists of: metallic mercury or calomel 1 dram, lanolin and olive oil +each 2 drams; it must be warmed to allow of its passage through the +needle. Five minims--containing one grain of metallic mercury--represent +a dose, and this is injected into the muscles above and behind the great +trochanter once a week. The contents of the syringe are slowly +expressed, and, after withdrawing the needle, gentle massage of the +buttock should be employed. Four courses each of ten injections are +given the first year, three courses of the same number during the second +and third years, and two courses during the fourth year (Lambkin). + +_The General Health._--The patient must lead a regular life and +cultivate the fresh-air habit, which is as beneficial in syphilis as in +tuberculosis. Anaemia, malaria, and other sources of debility must +receive appropriate treatment. The diet should be simple and easily +digested, and should include a full supply of milk. Alcohol is +prohibited. The excretory organs are encouraged to act by the liberal +drinking of hot water between meals, say five or six tumblerfuls in the +twenty-four hours. The functions of the skin are further aided by +frequent hot baths, and by the wearing of warm underclothing. While the +patient should avoid exposure to cold, and taxing his energies by undue +exertion, he should be advised to take exercise in the open air. On +account of the liability to lesions of the mouth and throat, he should +use tobacco in moderation, his teeth should be thoroughly overhauled by +the dentist, and he should brush them after every meal, using an +antiseptic tooth powder or wash. The mouth and throat should be rinsed +out night and morning with a solution of chlorate of potash and alum, or +with peroxide of hydrogen. + +_Treatment of the Local Manifestations._--_The skin lesions_ are treated +on the same lines as similar eruptions of other origin. As local +applications, preparations of mercury are usually selected, notably the +ointments of the red oxide of mercury, ammoniated mercury, or oleate of +mercury (5 per cent.), or the mercurial plaster introduced by Unna. In +the treatment of condylomata the greatest attention must be paid to +cleanliness and dryness. After washing and drying the affected patches, +they are dusted with a powder consisting of equal parts of calomel and +carbonate of zinc; and apposed skin surfaces, such as the nates or +labia, are separated by sublimate wool. In the ulcers of later secondary +syphilis, crusts are got rid of in the first instance by means of a +boracic poultice, after which a piece of lint or gauze cut to the size +of the ulcer and soaked in black wash is applied and covered with +oil-silk. If the ulcer tends to spread in area or in depth, it should be +scraped with a sharp spoon, and painted over with acid nitrate of +mercury, or a local hyperaemia may be induced by Klapp's suction +apparatus. + +_In lesions of the mouth and throat_, the teeth should be attended to; +the best local application is a solution of chromic acid--10 grains to +the ounce--painted on with a brush once daily. If this fails, the +lesions may be dusted with calomel the last thing at night. For deep +ulcers of the throat the patient should gargle frequently with chlorine +water or with perchloride of mercury (1 in 2000); if the ulcer continues +to spread it should be painted with acid nitrate of mercury. + +In the treatment of _iritis_ the eyes are shaded from the light and +completely rested, and the pupil is well dilated by atropin to prevent +adhesions. If there is much pain, a blister may be applied to the +temple. + +_The Relations of Syphilis to Marriage._--Before the introduction of the +Ehrlich-Hata treatment no patient was allowed to marry until three years +had elapsed after the disappearance of the last manifestation. While +marriage might be entered upon under these conditions without risk of +the husband infecting the wife, the possibility of his conveying the +disease to the offspring cannot be absolutely excluded. It is +recommended, as a precautionary measure, to give a further mercurial +course of two or three months' duration before marriage, and an +intravenous injection of an arsenical preparation. + +#Intermediate Stage.#--After the dying away of the secondary +manifestations and before the appearance of tertiary lesions, the +patient may present certain symptoms which Hutchinson called +_reminders_. These usually consist of relapses of certain of the +affections of the skin, mouth, or throat, already described. In the +skin, they may assume the form of peeling patches in the palms, or may +appear as spreading and confluent circles of a scaly papular eruption, +which if neglected may lead to the formation of fissures and superficial +ulcers. Less frequently there is a relapse of the eye affections, or of +paralytic symptoms from disease of the cerebral arteries. + +#Tertiary Syphilis.#--While the manifestations of primary and secondary +syphilis are common, those of the tertiary period are by comparison +rare, and are observed chiefly in those who have either neglected +treatment or who have had their powers of resistance lowered by +privation, by alcoholic indulgence, or by tropical disease. + +It is to be borne in mind that in a certain proportion of men and in a +larger proportion of women, the patient has no knowledge of having +suffered from syphilis. Certain slight but important signs may give the +clue in a number of cases, such as irregularity of the pupils or failure +to react to light, abnormality of the reflexes, and the discovery of +patches of leucoplakia on the tongue, cheek, or palate. + +The _general character of tertiary manifestations_ may be stated as +follows: They attack by preference the tissues derived from the +mesoblastic layer of the embryo--the cellular tissue, bones, muscles, +and viscera. They are often localised to one particular tissue or organ, +such, for example, as the subcutaneous cellular tissue, the bones, or +the liver, and they are rarely symmetrical. They are usually aggressive +and persistent, with little tendency to natural cure, and they may be +dangerous to life, because of the destructive changes produced in such +organs as the brain or the larynx. They are remarkably amenable to +treatment if instituted before the stage which is attended with +destruction of tissue is reached. Early tertiary lesions may be +infective, and the disease may be transmitted by the discharges from +them; but the later the lesions the less is the risk of their containing +an infective virus. + +The most prominent feature of tertiary syphilis consists in the +formation of granulation tissue, and this takes place on a scale +considerably larger than that observed in lesions of the secondary +period. The granulation tissue frequently forms a definite swelling or +tumour-like mass (syphiloma), which, from its peculiar elastic +consistence, is known as a _gumma_. In its early stages a gumma is a +firm, semi-translucent greyish or greyish-red mass of tissue; later it +becomes opaque, yellow, and caseous, with a tendency to soften and +liquefy. The gumma does harm by displacing and replacing the normal +tissue elements of the part affected, and by involving these in the +degenerative changes, of the nature of caseation and necrosis, which +produce the destructive lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, and +internal organs. This is true not only of the circumscribed gumma, but +of the condition known as _gummatous infiltration_ or _syphilitic +cirrhosis_, in which the granulation tissue is diffused throughout the +connective-tissue framework of such organs as the tongue or liver. Both +the gummatous lesions and the fibrosis of tertiary syphilis are directly +excited by the spirochaetes. + +The life-history of an untreated gumma varies with its environment. When +protected from injury and irritation in the substance of an internal +organ such as the liver, it may become encapsulated by fibrous tissue, +and persist in this condition for an indefinite period, or it may be +absorbed and leave in its place a fibrous cicatrix. In the interior of a +long bone it may replace the rigid framework of the shaft to such an +extent as to lead to pathological fracture. If it is near the surface of +the body--as, for example, in the subcutaneous or submucous cellular +tissue, or in the periosteum of a superficial bone, such as the palate, +the skull, or the tibia--the tissue of which it is composed is apt to +undergo necrosis, in which the overlying skin or mucous membrane +frequently participates, the result being an ulcer--the tertiary +syphilitic ulcer (Figs. 40 and 41). + +_Tertiary Lesions of the Skin and Subcutaneous Cellular Tissue._--The +clinical features of a _subcutaneous gumma_ are those of an indolent, +painless, elastic swelling, varying in size from a pea to an almond or +walnut. After a variable period it usually softens in the centre, the +skin over it becomes livid and dusky, and finally separates as a slough, +exposing the tissue of the gumma, which sometimes appears as a mucoid, +yellowish, honey-like substance, more frequently as a sodden, caseated +tissue resembling wash-leather. The caseated tissue of a gumma differs +from that of a tuberculous lesion in being tough and firm, of a buff +colour like wash-leather, or whitish, like boiled fish. The degenerated +tissue separates slowly and gradually, and in untreated cases may be +visible for weeks in the floor of the ulcer. + +[Illustration: FIG. 40.--Ulcerating Gumma of Lips. + +(From a photograph lent by Dr. Stopford Taylor and Dr. R. W. Mackenna.)] + +_The tertiary ulcer_ may be situated anywhere, but is most frequently +met with on the leg, especially in the region of the knee (Fig. 42) and +over the calf. There may be one or more ulcers, and also scars of +antecedent ulcers. The edges are sharply cut, as if punched out; the +margins are rounded in outline, firm, and congested; the base is +occupied by gummatous tissue, or, if this has already separated and +sloughed out, by unhealthy granulations and a thick purulent discharge. +When the ulcer has healed it leaves a scar which is depressed, and if +over a bone, is adherent to it. The features of the tertiary ulcer, +however, are not always so characteristic as the above description would +imply. It is to be diagnosed from the "leg ulcer," which occurs almost +exclusively on the lower third of the leg; from Bazin's disease (p. 74); +from the ulcers that result from certain forms of malignant disease, +such as rodent cancer, and from those met with in chronic glanders. + +_Gummatous Infiltration of the Skin_ ("Syphilitic Lupus").--This is a +lesion, met with chiefly on the face and in the region of the external +genitals, in which the skin becomes infiltrated with granulation tissue +so that it is thickened, raised above the surface, and of a brownish-red +colour. It appears as isolated nodules, which may fuse together; the +epidermis becomes scaly and is shed, giving rise to superficial ulcers +which are usually covered by crusted discharge. The disease tends to +spread, creeping over the skin with a serpiginous, crescentic, or +horse-shoe margin, while the central portion may heal and leave a scar. +From the fact of its healing in the centre while it spreads at the +margin, it may resemble tuberculous disease of the skin. It can usually +be differentiated by observing that the infiltration is on a larger +scale; the progress is much more rapid, involving in the course of +months an area which in the case of tuberculosis would require as many +years; the scars are sounder and are less liable to break down again; +and the disease rapidly yields to anti-syphilitic treatment. + +[Illustration: FIG. 41.--Ulceration of nineteen year's duration +in a woman aet. 24, the subject of inherited syphilis, showing active +ulceration, cicatricial contraction, and sabre-blade deformity of +tibiae.] + +_Tertiary lesions of mucous membrane and of the submucous cellular +tissue_ are met with chiefly in the tongue, nose, throat, larynx, and +rectum. They originate as gummata or as gummatous infiltrations, which +are liable to break down and lead to the formation of ulcers which may +prove locally destructive, and, in such situations as the larynx, even +dangerous to life. In the tongue the tertiary ulcer may prove the +starting-point of cancer; and in the larynx or rectum the healing of the +ulcer may lead to cicatricial stenosis. + +Tertiary lesions of the _bones and joints_, of the _muscles_, and of the +_internal organs_, will be described under these heads. The part played +by syphilis in the production of disease of arteries and of aneurysm +will be referred to along with diseases of blood vessels. + +[Illustration: FIG. 42.--Tertiary Syphilitic Ulceration in region of +Knee and on both Thumbs of woman aet. 37.] + +_Treatment._--The most valuable drugs for the treatment of the +manifestations of the tertiary period are the arsenical preparations and +the iodides of sodium and potassium. On account of their depressing +effects, the latter are frequently prescribed along with carbonate of +ammonium. The dose is usually a matter of experiment in each individual +case; 5 grains three times a day may suffice, or it may be necessary to +increase each dose to 20 or 25 grains. The symptoms of iodism which may +follow from the smaller doses usually disappear on giving a larger +amount of the drug. It should be taken after meals, with abundant water +or other fluid, especially if given in tablet form. It is advisable to +continue the iodides for from one to three months after the lesions for +which they are given have cleared up. If the potassium salt is not +tolerated, it may be replaced by the ammonium or sodium iodide. + +_Local Treatment._--The absorption of a subcutaneous gumma is often +hastened by the application of a fly-blister. When a gumma has broken on +the surface and caused an ulcer, this is treated on general principles, +with a preference, however, for applications containing mercury or +iodine, or both. If a wet dressing is required to cleanse the ulcer, +black wash may be used; if a powder to promote dryness, one containing +iodoform; if an ointment is indicated, the choice lies between the red +oxide of mercury or the dilute nitrate of mercury ointment, and one +consisting of equal parts of lanolin and vaselin with 2 per cent. of +iodine. Deep ulcers, and obstinate lesions of the bones, larynx, and +other parts may be treated by excision or scraping with the sharp spoon. + +#Second Attacks of Syphilis.#--Instances of re-infection of syphilis +have been recorded with greater frequency since the more general +introduction of arsenical treatment. A remarkable feature in such cases +is the shortness of the interval between the original infection and the +alleged re-infection; in a recent series of twenty-eight cases, this +interval was less than a year. Another feature of interest is that when +patients in the tertiary stage of syphilis are inoculated with the virus +from lesions from these in the primary and secondary stage lesions of +the tertiary type are produced. + +Reference may be made to the #relapsing false indurated chancre#, +described by Hutchinson and by Fournier, as it may be the source of +difficulty in diagnosis. A patient who has had an infecting chancre one +or more years before, may present a slightly raised induration on the +penis at or close to the site of his original sore. This relapsed +induration is often so like that of a primary chancre that it is +impossible to distinguish between them, except by the history. If there +has been a recent exposure to venereal infection, it is liable to be +regarded as the primary lesion of a second attack of syphilis, but the +further progress shows that neither bullet-buboes nor secondary +manifestations develop. These facts, together with the disappearance of +the induration under treatment, make it very likely that the lesion is +really gummatous in character. + + +INHERITED SYPHILIS + +One of the most striking features of syphilis is that it may be +transmitted from infected parents to their offspring, the children +exhibiting the manifestations that characterise the acquired form of the +disease. + +The more recent the syphilis in the parent, the greater is the risk of +the disease being communicated to the offspring; so that if either +parent suffers from secondary syphilis the infection is almost +inevitably transmitted. + +While it is certain that either parent may be responsible for +transmitting the disease to the next generation, the method of +transmission is not known. In the case of a syphilitic mother it is most +probable that the infection is conveyed to the foetus by the placental +circulation. In the case of a syphilitic father, it is commonly believed +that the infection is conveyed to the ovum through the seminal fluid at +the moment of conception. If a series of children, one after the other, +suffer from inherited syphilis, it is almost invariably the case that +the mother has been infected. + +In contrast to the acquired form, inherited syphilis is remarkable for +the absence of any primary stage, the infection being a general one from +the outset. The spirochaete is demonstrated in incredible numbers in the +liver, spleen, lung, and other organs, and in the nasal secretion, and, +from any of these, successful inoculations in monkeys can readily be +made. The manifestations differ in degree rather than in kind from those +of the acquired disease; the difference is partly due to the fact that +the virus is attacking developing instead of fully formed tissues. + +The virus exercises an injurious influence on the foetus, which in many +cases dies during the early months of intra-uterine life, so that +miscarriage results, and this may take place in repeated pregnancies, +the date at which the miscarriage occurs becoming later as the virus in +the mother becomes attenuated. Eventually a child is carried to full +term, and it may be still-born, or, if born alive, may suffer from +syphilitic manifestations. It is difficult to explain such vagaries of +syphilitic inheritance as the infection of one twin and the escape of +the other. + +_Clinical Features._--We are not here concerned with the severe forms of +the disease which prove fatal, but with the milder forms in which the +infant is apparently healthy when born, but after from two to six weeks +begins to show evidence of the syphilitic taint. + +The usual phenomena are that the child ceases to thrive, becomes thin +and sallow, and suffers from eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes. +There is frequently a condition known as _snuffles_, in which the nasal +passages are obstructed by an accumulation of thin muco-purulent +discharge which causes the breathing to be noisy. It usually begins +within a month after birth and before the eruptions on the skin appear. +When long continued it is liable to interfere with the development of +the nasal bones, so that when the child grows up there results a +condition known as the "saddle-nose" deformity (Figs. 43 and 44). + +[Illustration: FIG. 43.--Facies of Inherited Syphilis. + +(From Dr. Byrom Bramwell's _Atlas of Clinical Medicine_.)] + +_Affections of the Skin._--Although all types of skin affection are met +with in the inherited disease, the most important is a _papular_ +eruption, the papules being of large size, with a smooth shining top and +of a reddish-brown colour. It affects chiefly the buttocks and thighs, +the genitals, and other parts which are constantly moist. It is +necessary to distinguish this specific eruption from a form of eczema +which occurs in these situations in non-syphilitic children, the points +that characterise the syphilitic condition being the infiltration of the +skin and the coppery colour of the eruption. At the anus the papules +acquire the characters of _condylomata_, also at the angles of the +mouth, where they often ulcerate and leave radiating scars. + +_Affections of the Mucous Membranes._--The inflammation of the nasal +mucous membrane that causes snuffles has already been referred to. There +may be mucous patches in the mouth, or a stomatitis which is of +importance, because it results in interference with the development of +the permanent teeth. The mucous membrane of the larynx may be the seat +of mucous patches or of catarrh, and as a result the child's cry is +hoarse. + +_Affections of the Bones._--Swellings at the ends of the long bones, due +to inflammation at the epiphysial junctions, are most often observed at +the upper end of the humerus and in the bones in the region of the +elbow. Partial displacement and mobility at the ossifying junction may +be observed. The infant cries when the part is touched; and as it does +not move the limb voluntarily, the condition is spoken of as _the +pseudo-paralysis of syphilis_. Recovery takes place under +anti-syphilitic treatment and immobilisation of the limb. + +Diffuse thickening of the shafts of the long bones, due to a deposit of +new bone by the periosteum, is sometimes met with. + +[Illustration: FIG. 44.--Facies of Inherited Syphilis.] + +The conditions of the skull known as Parrot's nodes or bosses, and +craniotabes, were formerly believed to be characteristic of inherited +syphilis, but they are now known to occur, particularly in rickety +children, from other causes. The _bosses_ result from the heaping up of +new spongy bone beneath the pericranium, and they may be grouped +symmetrically around the anterior fontanelle, or may extend along either +side of the sagittal suture, which appears as a deep groove--the +"natiform skull." The bosses disappear in time, but the skull may remain +permanently altered in shape, the frontal and parietal eminences +appearing unduly prominent. The term _craniotabes_ is applied when the +bone becomes thin and soft, reverting to its original membranous +condition, so that the affected areas dimple under the finger like +parchment or thin cardboard; its localisation in the posterior parts of +the skull suggests that the disappearance of the osseous tissue is +influenced by the pressure of the head on the pillow. Craniotabes is +recovered from as the child improves in health. + +Between the ages of three and six months, certain other phenomena may be +met with, such as _effusion into the joints_, especially the knees; +_iritis_, in one or in both eyes, and enlargement of the spleen and +liver. + +In the majority of cases the child recovers from these early +manifestations, especially when efficiently treated, and may enjoy an +indefinite period of good health. On the other hand, when it attains the +age of from two to four years, it may begin to manifest lesions which +correspond to those of the tertiary period of acquired syphilis. + +#Later Lesions.#--In the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the later +manifestations may take the form of localised gummata, which tend to +break down and form ulcers, on the leg for example, or of a spreading +gummatous infiltration which is also liable to ulcerate, leaving +disfiguring scars, especially on the face. The palate and fauces may be +destroyed by ulceration. In the nose, especially when the ulcerative +process is associated with a putrid discharge--ozaena--the destruction of +tissue may be considerable and result in unsightly deformity. The entire +palatal portions of the upper jaws, the vomer, turbinate, and other +bones bounding the nasal and oral cavities, may disappear, so that on +looking into the mouth the base of the skull is readily seen. Gummatous +disease is frequently observed also in the flat bones of the skull, in +the bones of the hand, as syphilitic dactylitis, and in the bones of the +forearm and leg. When the tibia is affected the disease is frequently +bilateral, and may assume the form of gummatous ulcers and sinuses. In +later years the tibia may present alterations in shape resulting from +antecedent gummatous disease--for example, nodular thickenings of the +shaft, flattening of the crest, or a more uniform increase in thickness +and length of the shaft of the bone, which, when it is curved in +addition, is described as the "sabre-blade" deformity. Among lesions of +the viscera, mention should be made of gumma of the testis, which causes +the organ to become enlarged, uneven, and indurated. This has even been +observed in infants a few months old. + +Occasionally a syphilitic child suffers from a succession of these +gummatous lesions with resulting ill-health, and, it may be, waxy +disease of the internal organs; on the other hand, it may recover and +present no further manifestations of the inherited taint. + +_Affections of the Eyes._--At or near puberty there is frequently +observed an affection of the eyes, known as _chronic interstitial +keratitis_, the relationship of which to inherited syphilis was first +established by Hutchinson. It occurs between the ages of six and sixteen +years, and usually affects one eye before the other. It commences as a +diffuse haziness or steaminess near the centre of the cornea, and as it +spreads the entire cornea assumes the appearance of ground glass. The +chief complaint is of dimness of sight, which may almost amount to +blindness, but there is little pain or photophobia; a certain amount of +conjunctival and ciliary congestion is usually present, and there may be +_iritis_ in addition. The cornea, or parts of it, may become of a deep +pink or salmon colour from the formation in it of new blood vessels. The +affection may last for from eighteen months to two years. Complete +recovery usually takes place, but slight opacities, especially in the +site of former salmon patches, may persist, and the disease occasionally +relapses. _Choroiditis_ and _retinitis_ may also occur, and leave +permanent changes easily recognised on examination with the +ophthalmoscope. + +Among the rarer and more serious lesions of the inherited disease may be +mentioned gummatous disease in the _larynx and trachea_, attended with +ulceration and resulting in stenosis; and lesions of the _nervous +system_ which may result in convulsions, paralysis, or dementia. + +In a limited number of cases, about the period of puberty there may +develop _deafness_, which is usually bilateral and may become absolute. + +_Changes in the Permanent Teeth._--These affect specially the upper +central incisors, which are dwarfed and stand somewhat apart in the gum, +with their free edges converging towards one another. They are tapering +or peg-shaped, and present at their cutting margin a deep semilunar +notch. These appearances are commonly associated with the name of +Hutchinson, who first described them. Affecting as they do the +permanent teeth, they are not available for diagnosis until the child is +over eight years of age. Henry Moon drew attention to a change in the +first molars; these are reduced in size and dome-shaped through dwarfing +of the central tubercle of each cusp. + +#Diagnosis of Inherited Syphilis.#--When there is a typical eruption on +the buttocks and snuffles there is no difficulty in recognising the +disease. When, however, the rash is scanty or is obscured by co-existing +eczema, most reliance should be placed on the distribution of the +eruption, on the brown stains which are left after it has passed off, on +the presence of condylomata, and of fissuring and scarring at the angles +of the mouth. The history of the mother relative to repeated +miscarriages and still-born children may afford confirmatory evidence. +In doubtful cases, the diagnosis may be aided by the Wassermann test and +by noting the therapeutic effects of grey powder, which, in syphilitic +infants, usually effects a marked and rapid improvement both in the +symptoms and in the general health. + +While a considerable number of syphilitic children grow up without +showing any trace of their syphilitic inheritance, the majority retain +throughout life one or more of the following characteristics, which may +therefore be described as _permanent signs of the inherited disease_: +Dwarfing of stature from interference with growth at the epiphysial +junctions; the forehead low and vertical, and the parietal and frontal +eminences unduly prominent; the bridge of the nose sunken and rounded; +radiating scars at the angles of the mouth; perforation or destruction +of the hard palate; Hutchinson's teeth; opacities of the cornea from +antecedent keratitis; alterations in the fundus oculi from choroiditis; +deafness; depressed scars or nodes on the bones from previous gummata; +"sabre-blade" or other deformity of the tibiae. + +#The Contagiousness of Inherited Syphilis.#--In 1837, Colles of Dublin +stated his belief that, while a syphilitic infant may convey the disease +to a healthy wet nurse, it is incapable of infecting its own mother if +nursed by her, even although she may never have shown symptoms of the +disease. This doctrine, which is known as _Colles' law_, is generally +accepted in spite of the alleged occurrence of occasional exceptions. +The older the child, the less risk there is of its communicating the +disease to others, until eventually the tendency dies out altogether, as +it does in the tertiary period of acquired syphilis. It should be +added, however, that the contagiousness of inherited syphilis is denied +by some observers, who affirm that, when syphilitic infants prove +infective, the disease has been really acquired at or soon after birth. + +There is general agreement that the subjects of inherited syphilis +cannot transmit the disease by inheritance to their offspring, and that, +although they very rarely acquire the disease _de novo_, it is possible +for them to do so. + +#Prognosis of Inherited Syphilis.#--Although inherited syphilis is +responsible for a large but apparently diminishing mortality in infancy, +the subjects of this disease may grow up to be as strong and healthy as +their neighbours. Hutchinson insisted on the fact that there is little +bad health in the general community that can be attributed to inherited +syphilis. + +#Treatment.#--Arsenical injections are as beneficial in the inherited as +in the acquired disease. An infant the subject of inherited syphilis +should, if possible, be nursed by its mother, and failing this it should +be fed by hand. In infants at the breast, the drug may be given to the +mother; in others, it is administered in the same manner as already +described--only in smaller doses. On the first appearance of syphilitic +manifestations it should be given 0.05 grm, novarsenbillon, injected +into the deep subcutaneous tissues every week for six weeks, followed by +one year's mercurial inunction--a piece of mercurial ointment the size +of a pea being inserted under the infant's binder. In older children the +dose is proportionately increased. The general health should be improved +in every possible direction; considerable benefit may be derived from +the use of cod-liver oil, and from preparations containing iron and +calcium. Surgical interference may be required in the destructive +gummatous lesions of the nose, throat, larynx, and bones, either with +the object of arresting the spread of the disease, or of removing or +alleviating the resulting deformities. In children suffering from +keratitis, the eyes should be protected from the light by smoked or +coloured glasses, and the pupils should be dilated with atropin from +time to time, especially in cases complicated with iritis. + +#Acquired Syphilis in Infants and Young Children.#--When syphilis is met +with in infants and young children, it is apt to be taken for granted +that the disease has been inherited. It is possible, however, for them +to acquire the disease--as, for example, while passing through the +maternal passages during birth, through being nursed or kissed by +infected women, or through the rite of circumcision. The risk of +infection which formerly existed by the arm-to-arm method of +vaccination has been abolished by the use of calf lymph. + +The clinical features of the acquired disease in infants and young +children are similar to those observed in the adult, with a tendency, +however, to be more severe, probably because the disease is often late +in being recognised and treated. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +TUMOURS[2] + + +Definition--Etiology--General characters of innocent and malignant + tumours. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS: I. Connective-tissue tumours: + (1) _Innocent_: _Lipoma_, _Xanthoma_, _Chondroma_, _Osteoma_, + _Odontoma_, _Fibroma_, _Myxoma_, _Endothelioma_, etc.; (2) + _Malignant_: _Sarcoma_--II. Epithelial tumours: (1) _Innocent_: + _Papilloma_, _Adenoma_, _Cystic Adenoma_; (2) _Malignant_: + _Epithelioma_, _Glandular Cancer_, _Rodent Cancer_, _Melanotic + Cancer_--III. Dermoids--IV. Teratoma. Cysts: _Retention_, + _Exudation_, _Implantation_, _Parasitic_, _Lymphatic or Serous_. + Ganglion. + +[2] For the histology of tumours the reader is referred to a text-book +of pathology. + +A tumour or neoplasm is a localised swelling composed of newly formed +tissue which fulfils no physiological function. Tumours increase in size +quite independently of the growth of the body, and there is no natural +termination to their growth. They are to be distinguished from such +over-growths as are of the nature of simple hypertrophy or local +giantism, and also from inflammatory swellings, which usually develop +under the influence of a definite cause, have a natural termination, and +tend to disappear when the cause ceases to act. + +The _etiology of tumours_ is imperfectly understood. Various factors, +acting either singly or in combination, may be concerned in their +development. Certain tumours, for example, are the result of some +congenital malformation of the particular tissue from which they take +origin. This would appear to be the case in many tumours of blood +vessels (angioma), of cartilage (chondroma), of bone (osteoma), and of +secreting gland tissue (adenoma). The theory that tumours originate from +foetal residues or "rests," is associated with the name of Cohnheim. +These rests are supposed to be undifferentiated embryonic cells which +remain embedded amongst fully formed tissue elements, and lie dormant +until they are excited into active growth and give rise to a tumour. +This mode of origin is illustrated by the development of dermoids from +sequestrated portions of epidermis. + +Among the local factors concerned in the development of tumours, +reference must be made to the influence of irritation. This is probably +an important agent in the causation of many of the tumours met with in +the skin and in mucous membranes--for example, cancer of the skin, of +the lip, and of the tongue. The part played by injury is doubtful. It +not infrequently happens that the development of a tumour is preceded by +an injury of the part in which it grows, but it does not necessarily +follow that the injury and the tumour are related as cause and effect. +It is possible that an injury may stimulate into active growth +undifferentiated tissue elements or "rests," and so determine the growth +of a tumour, or that it may alter the characters of a tumour which +already exists, causing it to grow more rapidly. + +The popular belief that there is some constitutional peculiarity +concerned in the causation of tumours is largely based on the fact that +certain forms of new growth--for example, cancer--are known to occur +with undue frequency in certain families. The same influence is more +striking in the case of certain innocent tumours--particularly multiple +osteomas and lipomas--which are hereditary in the same sense as +supernumerary or webbed fingers, and appear in members of the same +family through several generations. + + +INNOCENT AND MALIGNANT TUMOURS + +For clinical purposes, tumours are arbitrarily divided into two +classes--the innocent and the malignant. The outstanding difference +between them is, that while the evil effects of innocent tumours are +entirely local and depend for their severity on the environment of the +growth, malignant tumours wherever situated, in addition to producing +similar local effects, injure the general health and ultimately cause +death. + +_Innocent_, benign, or simple tumours present a close structural +resemblance to the normal tissues of the body. They grow slowly, and are +usually definitely circumscribed by a fibrous capsule, from which they +are easily enucleated, and they do not tend to recur after removal. In +their growth they merely push aside and compress adjacent parts, and +they present no tendency to ulcerate and bleed unless the overlying skin +or mucous membrane is injured. Although usually solitary, some are +multiple from the outset--for example, fatty, fibrous, and bony tumours, +warts, and fibroid tumours of the uterus. They produce no constitutional +disturbance. They only threaten life when growing in the vicinity of +vital organs, and then only in virtue of their situation--for example, +death may result from an innocent tumour in the air-passage causing +suffocation, in the intestine causing obstruction of the bowels, or in +the vertebral canal causing pressure on the spinal medulla. + +_Malignant tumours_ usually show a marked departure from the structure +and arrangement of the normal tissues of the body. Although the cells of +which they are composed are derived from normal tissue cells, they tend +to take on a lower, more vegetative form; they may be regarded as +parasites living at the expense of the organism, multiplying +indefinitely and destroying everything with which they come in contact. + +Malignant tumours grow more rapidly than innocent tumours, and tend to +infiltrate their surroundings by sending out prolongations or offshoots; +they are therefore liable to recur after an operation which is +restricted to the removal of the main tumour. They are not encapsulated, +although they may appear to be circumscribed by condensation of the +surrounding tissues; they are rarely multiple at the outset, but show a +marked tendency to spread to other parts of the body. Fragments of the +parent tumour may become separated and be carried off in the lymph or +blood-stream and deposited in other parts of the body, where they give +rise to secondary growths. Malignant tumours tend to invade and destroy +the overlying skin or mucous membrane, and thus give rise to bleeding +ulcers; if the tumour tissue protrudes through the gap in the skin, it +is said to _fungate_. In course of time they give rise to a condition of +ill-health or _cachexia_, the patient becoming pale, sallow, feverish, +and emaciated, probably as a result of chronic poisoning from the +absorption of toxic products from the tumour. They ultimately destroy +life, it may be by their local effects, such as ulceration and +haemorrhage, by favouring the entrance of septic infection, by +interfering with the function of organs which are essential to life, by +cachexia, or by a combination of these effects. + +The situation of a malignant tumour exercises considerable influence on +the rapidity, as well as on the mode, in which it causes death. Some +cancers, such as that known as "rodent," show malignant features which +are entirely local, while others, such as melanotic cancer, exhibit a +malignancy characterised by rapid generalisation of growths throughout +the body. Tumours that are structurally alike may show variations in +malignancy, according to their situation and to the age of the patient, +as well as to other factors which are as yet unknown. + +In attempting to arrive at a conclusion as to the innocence or +malignancy of any tumour, too much reliance must not be placed on its +histological features; its situation, rate of growth, and other clinical +features must also be taken into consideration. It cannot be too +emphatically stated that there is no hard-and-fast line between innocent +and malignant growths; there is an indefinite transition from one to the +other. The possibility of the transformation of a benign into a +malignant tumour must be admitted. Such a transformation implies a +change in the structure of the growth, and has been observed especially +in fibrous and cartilaginous tumours, in tumours of the thyreoid gland, +and in uterine fibroids. The alteration in character may take place +under the influence of injury, prolonged or repeated irritation, +incomplete removal of the benign tumour by operation, or the altered +physiological conditions of the tissues which attend upon advancing +years. + +After a tumour has been removed by operation it should as a routine +measure be subjected to microscopical examination; the results are often +instructive and sometimes other than what was expected. + +#Varieties of Tumours.#--In the following description, tumours are +classified on an anatomical basis, taking in order first the +connective-tissue group and subsequently those that originate in +epithelium. + + +INNOCENT CONNECTIVE-TISSUE TUMOURS + +#Lipoma.#--A lipoma is composed of fat resembling that normally present +in the body. The commonest variety is the _subcutaneous lipoma_, which +grows from the subcutaneous fat, and forms a soft, irregularly lobulated +tumour (Fig. 45). The fat is arranged in lobules separated by +connective-tissue septa, which are continuous with the capsule +surrounding the tumour and with the overlying skin, which becomes +dimpled or puckered when an attempt is made to pinch it up. As the fat +is almost fluid at the body temperature, fluctuation can usually be +detected. These tumours vary greatly in size, occur at all ages, grow +slowly, and, while generally solitary, are sometimes multiple. They are +most commonly met with on the shoulder, buttock, or back. In certain +situations, such as the thigh and perineum, they tend to become +pedunculated (Fig. 46). + +A fatty tumour is to be diagnosed from a cold abscess and from a cyst. +The distinguishing features of the lipoma are the tacking down and +dimpling of the overlying skin, the lobulation of the tumour, which is +recognised when it is pressed upon with the flat of the hand, and, more +reliable than either of these, the mobility, the tumour slipping away +when pressed upon at its margin. + +[Illustration: FIG. 45.--Subcutaneous Lipoma showing lobulation.] + +The prognosis is more favourable than in any other tumour as it never +changes its characters; the only reasons for its removal by operation +are its unsightliness and its probable increase in size in the course of +years. The operation consists in dividing the skin and capsule over the +tumour and shelling it out. Care must be taken that none of the outlying +lobules are left behind. If the overlying skin is damaged or closely +adherent, it should be removed along with the tumour. + +[Illustration: FIG. 46.--Pedunculated Lipoma of Buttock of forty years' +duration in a woman aet. 68.] + +_Multiple subcutaneous lipomas_ are frequently symmetrical, and in a +certain group of cases, met with chiefly in women, pain is a prominent +symptom, hence the term _adiposis dolorosa_ (Dercum). These multiple +tumours show little or no tendency to increase in size, and the pain +which attends their development does not persist. + +In the neck, axilla, and pubes a diffuse overgrowth of the subcutaneous +fat is sometimes met with, forming symmetrical tumour-like masses, known +as _diffuse lipoma_. As this is not, strictly speaking, a tumour, the +term _diffuse lipomatosis_ is to be preferred. A similar condition was +described by Jonathan Hutchinson as being met with in the domestic +animals. If causing disfigurement, the mass of fat may be removed by +operation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 47.--Diffuse Lipomatosis of Neck.] + +_Lipoma in other Situations._--The _periosteal lipoma_ is usually +congenital, and is most often met with in the hand; it forms a +projecting lobulated tumour, which, when situated in the palm, resembles +an angioma or a lymphangioma. The _subserous lipoma_ arises from the +extra-peritoneal fat in the posterior abdominal wall, in which case it +tends to grow forwards between the layers of the mesentery and to give +rise to an abdominal tumour; or it may grow from the extra-peritoneal +fat in the anterior abdominal wall and protrude from one of the hernial +openings or through an abnormal opening in the parietes, constituting a +_fatty hernia_. A _subsynovial lipoma_ grows from the fat surrounding +the synovial membrane of a joint, and projects into its interior, giving +rise to the symptoms of loose body. Lipomas are also met with growing +from the adipose connective tissue _between or in the substance of +muscles_, and, when situated beneath the deep fascia, such as the fascia +lata of the thigh, the characteristic signs are obscured and a +differential diagnosis is difficult. It may be differentiated from a +cold abscess by puncture with an exploring needle. + +[Illustration: FIG. 48.--Zanthoma of Hands in a girl aet. 14, showing +multiple subcutaneous tumours (cf. Fig. 49). + +(Sir H. J. Stiles' case.)] + +#Zanthoma# is a rare but interesting form of tumour, composed of a +fibrous and fatty tissue, containing a granular orange-yellow pigment, +resembling that of the corpus luteum. It originates in the corium and +presents two clinical varieties. In the first of these, it occurs in the +form of raised yellow patches, usually in the skin of the eyelids of +persons after middle life, and in many instances is associated with +chronic jaundice; the patches are often symmetrical, and as they +increase in size they tend to fuse with another. + +The second form occurs in children and adolescents; it may affect +several generations of the same family, and is often multiple, there +being a combination of thickened yellow patches of skin and projecting +tumours, some of which may attain a considerable size (Figs. 48 and 49). +On section, the tumour tissue presents a brilliant orange or saffron +colour. + +There is no indication for removing the tumours unless for the deformity +which they cause; exposure to the X-rays is to be preferred to +operation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 49.--Zanthoma showing Subcutaneous Tumours on +Buttocks. From same patient as Fig. 48.] + +#Chondroma.#--A chondroma is mainly composed of cartilage. Processes of +vascular connective tissue pass in between the nodules of cartilage +composing the tumour from the fibrous capsule which surrounds it. On +section it is of a greyish-blue colour and semi-translucent. The tumour +is firm and elastic in consistence, but certain portions may be densely +hard from calcification or ossification, while other portions may be +soft and fluctuating as a result of myxomatous degeneration and +liquefaction. These tumours grow slowly and painlessly, and may surround +nerves and arteries without injuring them. They may cause a deep hollow +in the bone from which they originate. All intermediate forms between +the innocent chondroma and the malignant chondro-sarcoma are met with. +Chondroma may occur in a multiple form, especially in relation to the +phalanges and metacarpal bones. When growing in the interior of a bone +it causes a spindle-shaped enlargement of the shaft, which in the case +of a phalanx or metacarpal bone may resemble the dactylitis resulting +from tubercle or syphilis. A chondroma appears as a clear area in a +skiagram. + +A _skiagram_ of a bone in which there is a chondroma shows a clear +rounded area in the position of the tumour, which must be differentiated +from similar clear areas due to other kinds of tumour, especially the +myeloma; when it has undergone calcification or ossification, it gives a +shadow as dark as bone. + +[Illustration: FIG. 50.--Chondroma growing from infraspinous fossa of +Scapula.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 51.--Chondroma of Metacarpal Bone of Thumb.] + +_Treatment._--In view of the unstable quality of the chondroma, +especially of its liability to become malignant, it should be removed as +soon as it is recognised. In those projecting from the surface of a +bone, both the tumour and its capsule should be removed. If in the +interior, a sufficient amount of the cortex should be removed to allow +of the tumour being scraped out, and care must be taken that no nodules +of cartilage are left behind. In multiple chondromas of the hand, when +the fingers are crippled and useless, exposure to the X-rays should be +given a trial, and in extreme cases the question of amputation may have +to be considered. When a cartilaginous tumour takes on active growth, it +must be treated as malignant. + +The chondromas that are met with at the ends of the long bones in +children and young adults form a group by themselves. They are usually +related to the epiphysial cartilage, and it was suggested by Virchow +that they take origin from islands of cartilage which have not been used +up in the process of ossification. They are believed to occur more +frequently in those who have suffered from rickets. They have no +malignant tendencies and tend to undergo ossification concurrently with +the epiphysial cartilage from which they take origin, and constitute +what are known as _cartilaginous exostoses_. These are sometimes met +with in a multiple form, and may occur in several generations of the +same family. They are considered in greater detail in the chapter +dealing with tumours of bone. + +Minute nodules of cartilage sometimes form in the synovial membrane of +joints and lining of tendon sheaths and bursae: they tend to become +detached from the membrane and constitute loose bodies; they also +undergo a variable amount of calcification and ossification, so as to be +visible in skiagrams. They are further considered with loose bodies in +joints. + +Cartilaginous tumours in the parotid, submaxillary gland, and testicle +belong to a class of "mixed tumours" that will be referred to later. + +#Osteoma.#--The true osteoma is composed of bony tissue, and originates +from the skeleton. Two varieties are recognised--the spongy or +cancellous, and the ivory or compact. The _spongy_ or _cancellous +osteoma_ is really an ossified chondroma, and is met with at the ends of +the long bones (Fig. 52). From the fact that it projects from the +surface of the bone it is often spoken of as an _exostosis_. It grows +slowly, and rarely causes any discomfort unless it presses upon a +nerve-trunk or upon a bursa which has developed over it. The Rontgen +rays show a dark shadow corresponding to the ossified portion of the +tumour, and continuous with that of the bone from which it is growing +(Fig. 138). Operative interference is only indicated when the tumour is +giving rise to inconvenience. It is then removed, its base or neck being +divided by means of the chisel. The multiple variety of osteoma is +considered with the diseases of bone. + +The bony outgrowth from the terminal phalanx of the great toe--known as +the _subungual exostosis_--is described and figured on p. 404. Bony +projections or "spurs" sometimes occur on the under surface of the +calcaneus, and, projecting downwards and forwards from the greater +process, cause pain on putting the heel to the ground. + +[Illustration: FIG. 52.--Cancellous Osteoma of lower end of Femur.] + +The _ivory_ or _compact osteoma_ is composed of dense bone, and usually +grows from the skull. It is generally sessile and solitary, and may grow +into the interior of the skull, into the frontal sinus, into the cavity +of the orbit or nose, or may fill up the external auditory meatus, +causing most unsightly deformity and interference with sight, breathing, +and hearing. + +Bony formations occur in _muscles and tendons_, especially at their +points of attachment to the skeleton, and are known as false exostoses; +they are described with the diseases of muscles. + +#Odontoma.#--An odontoma is composed of dental tissues in varying +proportions and different degrees of development, arising from +tooth-germs or from teeth still in process of growth (Bland Sutton). +Odontomas resemble teeth in so far that during their development they +remain hidden below the mucous membrane and give no evidence of their +existence. There then succeeds, usually between the twentieth and +twenty-fifth years, an eruptive stage, which is often attended with +suppuration, and this may be the means of drawing attention to the +tumour. Following Bland Sutton, several varieties of odontoma may be +distinguished according to the part of the tooth-germ concerned in their +formation. + +The _epithelial odontoma_ is derived from persistent portions of the +epithelium of the enamel organ, and constitutes a multilocular cystic +tumour which is chiefly met with in the mandible. The cystic spaces of +the tumour contain a brownish glairy fluid. These tumours have been +described by Eve under the name of multilocular cystic epithelial +tumours of the jaw. + +The _follicular odontoma_, also known as a _dentigerous cyst_, is +derived from the distension of a tooth follicle. It constitutes a cyst +containing a viscid fluid, and an imperfectly formed tooth is often +found embedded in its wall. The cyst usually forms in relation to one of +the permanent molars, and may attain considerable dimensions. + +The _fibrous odontoma_ is the result of an overgrowth of fibrous tissue +surrounding the tooth sac, which encapsulates the tooth and prevents its +eruption. The thickened tooth sac is usually mistaken for a fibrous +tumour, until, after removal, the tooth is recognised in its interior. + +_Composite Odontoma._--This is a convenient term to apply to certain +hard dental tumours which are met with in the jaws, and consist of +enamel, dentine, and cement. The tumour is to be regarded as being +derived from an abnormal growth of all the elements of a tooth germ, or +of two or more tooth germs, indiscriminately fused with one another. It +may appear in childhood, and form a smooth unyielding tumour, often of +considerable size, replacing the corresponding permanent tooth. It may +cause a purulent discharge, and in some cases it has been extruded after +sloughing of the overlying soft parts. Many examples of this variety of +odontoma, growing in the nasal cavity or in the maxillary sinus, have +been erroneously regarded as osteomas even after removal. + +On section, the tumour is usually laminated, and is seen to consist +mainly of dentine with a partial covering of enamel and cement. + +_Diagnosis._--Odontomas are often only diagnosed after removal. When +attended with suppuration, the condition has been mistaken for disease +of the jaw. Fibrous odontomas have been mistaken for sarcoma, and +portions of the maxilla removed unnecessarily. Any circumscribed tumour +of the jaw, particularly when met with in a young adult, should suggest +the possibility of an odontoma. Skiagrams often give useful information +both for diagnosis and for treatment. + +_Treatment._--The solid varieties of odontoma can usually be shelled out +after dividing the overlying soft parts. In the follicular variety, it +is usually sufficient to excise a portion of the wall, scrape out the +interior, and remove any tooth that may be present. The cavity is then +packed and allowed to heal from the bottom. + +#Fibroma.#--A fibroma is a tumour composed of fibrous connective tissue. +A distinction may be made between the _soft fibroma_, which is +comparatively rich in cells and blood vessels, and in which the fibres +are arranged loosely; and the _hard fibroma_, which is composed of +closely packed bundles of fibres often arranged in a concentric fashion +around the blood vessels. The cut surface of the soft fibroma presents a +pinkish-white, fleshy appearance, resembling the slowly growing forms of +sarcoma; that of a hard fibroma presents a dry, glistening appearance, +aptly compared to watered silk. The soft variety grows much more rapidly +than the hard. In certain fibromas--in those, for example, which grow +from the periosteum of the base of the skull and project into the +naso-pharynx--the blood vessels are dilated into sinuses and have no +proper sheaths; they therefore tend to remain open when divided, and to +bleed excessively. Transition forms between soft fibroma and sarcoma are +met with, so that in operating for their removal it is safer to take +away the capsule along with the tumour, and the patient should be kept +under observation in view of the risk of recurrence. + +The skin--especially the skin of the buttock--is one of the favourite +seats of fibroma, and it may occur in a multiple form. It is met with +also in the subcutaneous and intermuscular cellular tissue, and in the +abdominal wall, where it sometimes attains considerable dimensions. +Various forms of fibroma are met with in the mamma and are described +with diseases of that organ. The fibrous overgrowths in the skin, known +as _keloid_ and _molluscum fibrosum_, and those met with in the _sheaths +of nerves_, are described elsewhere. Fibroid tumours of the uterus are +described with myoma. + +_Diffuse fibroma_ or _Fibromatosis_, analogous to lipomatosis, is met +with in the connective tissue of the skin and sheaths of nerves, and +constitutes one form of neuro-fibromatosis; a similar change is also met +with in the stomach and colon. + +#Myxoma.#--A myxoma is composed of tissue of a soft gelatinous, +semifluid consistence. The pure myxoma is extremely rare, and +clinically resembles the lipoma. Myxomatous tissue is, however, +frequently found in other connective-tissue tumours as a result of +degeneration, for example, in cartilaginous tumours and in sarcomas. +Myxomatous tissue is also a prominent constituent of the "innocent +parotid tumour." Mucous polypus of the nose, which is often described as +a myxoma, is merely a pendulous process of oedematous mucous membrane. + +[Illustration: FIG. 53.--Myeloma of Shaft of Humerus, causing +pathological fracture. (Mr. J. W. Struthers' case.) + +(The unusual site of the tumour is to be noted.)] + +#Myeloma.#--A myeloma is composed of large multinuclear giant cells +surrounded by round and spindle cells. The cut surface of the tumour +presents a deep red or maroon colour. While occasionally met with in +tendon sheaths and bursae, and is then of an orange-yellow colour, the +myeloma occurs most frequently in the cancellous tissue at the ends of +the long bones, its favourite site being the upper end of the tibia. +Although formerly classified as a sarcoma, it is the exception for it to +present malignant features, and it can usually be extirpated by local +measures without fear of recurrence. The diagnosis, X-ray appearances, +and the method of removal are considered with the diseases of bone. +Sometimes the myeloma is met with in multiple form in the skeleton, in +association with an unusual form of protein in the urine (Bence Jones). + +#Myoma.#--A myoma is composed of non-striped muscle fibres. A pure myoma +is very rare, and is met with in organs possessed of non-striped muscle, +such as the stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, and prostate. In the +uterus, which is the most common situation, these tumours contain a +considerable admixture of fibrous tissue, and are known as _fibroids_ or +_fibro-myomas_. They present on section a fasciculated appearance, which +may resemble that of a section of balls of cotton (Fig. 54). They are +encapsulated and vascular, frequently attain a large size, and may be +single or multiple. While they may occasion neither inconvenience nor +suffering, they frequently give rise to profuse haemorrhage from the +uterus, and may cause serious symptoms by pressing injuriously on the +ureters or the intestine, or by complicating pregnancy and parturition. + +The #Rhabdomyoma# is an extremely rare form of tumour, met with in the +kidney, uterus, and testicle. It contains striped muscle fibres, and is +supposed to originate from a residue of muscular tissue which has become +sequestrated during development. + +[Illustration: FIG. 54.--Fibro-myoma of Uterus. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +#Glioma.#--A glioma is a tumour composed of neuroglia. It is met with +exclusively in the central nervous system, retina, and optic nerve. It +is a slowly growing, soft, ill-defined tumour, which displaces the +adjacent nerve centres and nerve tracts, and is liable to become the +seat of haemorrhage and thus to give rise to pressure symptoms resembling +apoplexy. The glioma of the retina tends to grow into the vitreous +humour and to perforate the globe. It is usually of the nature of a +glio-sarcoma and is highly malignant. + +#Endotheliomas# take origin from the endothelium of lymph vessels and +blood vessels, and serous cavities. They show great variation in type, +partly because of the number of different kinds of endothelium from +which they are derived, and partly because the new connective tissue +which is formed is liable to undergo transformation into other tissues. +They may be soft or hard, solid or cystic, diffuse or circumscribed; +they grow very slowly, and are almost always innocent, although +recurrence has been occasionally observed. Cases of multiple +endotheliomata of the skin have recently been described by Wise. + +_Angioma_, _lymphangioma_, and _neuroma_ are described with the disease +of the individual tissues. + + +MALIGNANT CONNECTIVE-TISSUE TUMOURS--SARCOMA + +The term sarcoma is applied to any connective-tissue tumour which +exhibits malignant characters. The essential structural feature is the +predominance of the cellular elements over the intercellular substance +or stroma, in which respect a sarcoma resembles the connective tissue of +the embryo. The typical sarcoma consists chiefly of immature or +embryonic connective tissue. It most frequently originates from fascia, +intermuscular connective tissue, periosteum, bone-marrow, and skin, and +forms a rounded or nodulated tumour which appears to be encapsulated, +but the capsule merely consists of the condensed surrounding tissues, +and usually contains sarcomatous elements. The consistence of the tumour +depends on the nature and amount of the stroma, and on the presence of +degenerative changes. The softer medullary forms are composed almost +exclusively of cells; while the harder forms--such as the fibro-, +chondro-, and osteo-sarcoma--are provided with an abundant stroma and +are relatively poor in cells. Degenerative changes may produce areas of +softening or liquefaction which result in the formation of cystic +cavities in the interior of the tumour. The colour depends on the amount +of blood in the tumour, and on the presence of the products of +degeneration. + +The blood vessels are usually represented by mere chinks or spaces +between the cells. This peculiarity accounts for the facility with which +haemorrhage takes place into the substance of the tumour, the persistence +of the bleeding when it is incised or ulcerates through the skin, and +the readiness with which the sarcomatous cells are carried off and +infect distant parts through the blood-stream. Sarcomas are devoid of +lymphatics, and unless originating in lymphatic structures--for example, +in the tonsil--they rarely infect the lymph glands. Minute portions of +the tumour grow into the small veins, and, becoming detached, are +transported by the blood-current to distant organs, where they are +arrested in the capillaries and give rise to secondary growths. These +are most frequently situated in the lungs, except when the primary +growth lies within the territory of the portal circulation, in which +case they occur in the liver. The secondary growths closely resemble the +parent tumour. Sarcoma may invade an adjacent vein on such a scale that +if the invading portion becomes detached it may constitute a dangerous +embolus. This may be observed in sarcoma of the kidney, the growth +taking place along the renal vein until it projects into the vena cava. + +[Illustration: FIG. 55.--Recurrent Sarcoma of Sciatic Nerve in a woman +aet. 27. Recurrence twenty months after removal of primary growth.] + +In its growth, a sarcoma compresses and destroys neighbouring parts, +surrounds vessels and nerves, and may lead to destruction of the skin, +either by invading it, or more commonly by causing sloughing from +pressure. Inflammatory and suppurative changes may take place as a +result of pyogenic infection following upon sloughing of the overlying +skin or upon an exploratory incision. Once the skin is broken the tumour +fungates through the opening. Sarcomas vary in malignancy, especially as +regards rapidity of growth and capacity for dissemination. Certain of +them, such as the so-called "recurrent fibroid of Paget," grow +comparatively slowly, and are only malignant in the sense that they tend +to recur locally after removal; others--especially the more cellular +ones--grow with extreme rapidity, and are early disseminated throughout +the body, resembling in these respects the most malignant forms of +cancer. They are usually solitary in the first instance, although +primary multiple growths are occasionally met with in the skin and in +the bones. + +Many varieties of sarcoma are recognised, according to its structural +peculiarities. Thus, in virtue of the size and character of the cells, +we have the _small round-celled_ and the _large round-celled_ sarcoma, +the _small_ and the _large spindle-celled_, the _giant-celled_ and the +_mixed-celled_ sarcoma. The _lympho-sarcoma_ presents a structure +similar to that of lymph-follicular tissue, and the _alveolar sarcoma_ +an arrangement of cells in alveoli resembling that seen in cancers. When +there is a considerable amount of intercellular fibrous tissue, the +tumour is called a _fibro-sarcoma_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 56.--Fungating Sarcoma of Arm. + +(Dr. J. M'Watt's case.)] + +The term _lymphangio-sarcoma_ is applied when the cells of the tumour +are derived from the endothelium of lymph spaces and vessels. The +_angio-sarcomas_ are those in which blood vessels form a prominent +element in the structure of the tumour. They are sometimes derived from +innocent angiomas, and they may be so vascular as to pulsate and on +auscultation yield a blowing murmur like an aneurysm. The +_glio-sarcoma_, _myxo-sarcoma_, _chondro-sarcoma_, and _myo-sarcoma_ are +mixed forms which usually develop in pre-existing innocent tumours. The +_osteo-sarcoma_ is characterised by the formation in the tumour of bone, +the medullary spaces being occupied by sarcomatous cells in place of +marrow. The _osteoid sarcoma_ is characterised by the formation of a +tissue resembling bone but deficient in lime salts, and the _petrifying +sarcoma_ by the formation of calcified areas in the stroma. These +varieties, although met with chiefly in the bones, may occur in soft +tissues such as muscle, and in such organs as the mamma. The pigmented +varieties include the _chloroma_, which is of a light-green colour, and +the _melanotic sarcoma_, which is brown or black. The _psammoma_ is a +sarcoma containing a material resembling sand; it is chiefly met with in +the membranes of the brain. The _chordoma_ is a rare form of tumour +originating from the remains of the notochord in the region of the +spheno-occipital synchondrosis or in the sacro-coccygeal region. + +_Diagnosis of Sarcoma._--A sarcoma is to be differentiated from an +inflammatory swelling such as results from tubercle, actinomycosis, or +syphilis, from an innocent tumour, and from a cancer. The points on +which the diagnosis is founded are discussed with the different tissues +and organs. + +_Treatment._--The removal of the tumour by operation is the most +reliable method of treatment; in order to be successful it must be +undertaken before dissemination has taken place, and a considerable area +of healthy tissue beyond the apparent margin of the growth must be +removed, and in tumours near the surface of the body, the overlying skin +also. + +In order to prevent recurrence, a tube of _radium_, to which a silk +thread is attached, is inserted into the space from which the tumour was +removed; the thread is brought out at the drain-opening, and at the end +of a week or ten days the tube of radium is removed by pulling on the +thread. Radium causes a reaction in the tissues attended with exudation +from the vessels, for the escape of which provision must be made. If +radium is not available, the affected area is repeatedly exposed to the +action of the _X-rays_ as soon as the wound has healed. The employment +of these measures has diminished to a remarkable degree the recurrence +of sarcoma after operation. + +It will readily be understood that the less thoroughly or radically the +growth has been removed, the more do we depend upon radium or the X-rays +for bringing about a permanent cure, and that in advanced cases of +sarcoma and in cases in which, on account of their anatomical situation, +removal by operation is necessarily incomplete, the prospect of cure is +still more dependent on the use of radium or of the X-rays. Finally, +there are cases in which removal by operation is impossible, the +so-called _inoperable sarcoma_; a tube of radium, to which a silk thread +is attached, is inserted into the substance of the tumour, either +through an opening made by a large trocar, or, when necessary, by open +dissection. A second tube of radium is placed upon the skin over the +tumour and is secured there by a stitch or by a strip of plaster, thus +securing a cross-fire action of the radium rays, both from within and +without, as this is found to be much more efficacious in destroying or +inhibiting the cellular elements of the growth. The tubes of radium are +left _in situ_ for from eight to fourteen days, according to the power +of the radium employed, but are moved about every second day or so in +order that every part of the tumour may be efficiently radiated. If the +tumour shrinks in size after the use of radium and becomes operable, it +should be removed before time is given it to resume its growth. It will +depend upon the subsequent course of the disease, whether or not a +second, or it may be even a third, application of radium will be +required. + +Where neither radium nor X-rays is available or applicable, recourse may +be had to the injection of Coley's fluid, a preparation containing the +mixed toxins of the streptococcus of erysipelas and the bacillus +prodigiosus; or of selenium. + + +EPITHELIAL TUMOURS + +An excessive and erratic growth of epithelium is the essential and +distinguishing feature of these tumours. The innocent forms are the +papilloma and the adenoma; the malignant, the carcinoma or cancer. + +#Papilloma.#--A papilloma is a tumour which projects from a cutaneous or +mucous surface, and consists of a central axis of vascular fibrous +tissue with a covering of epithelium resembling that of the surface from +which the tumour grows. In the papillomas of the skin--commonly known as +_warts_--the covering consists of epidermis; in those growing from +mucous surfaces it consists of the epithelium covering the mucous +membrane. When the surface epithelium projects as filiform processes, +the tumour is called a _villous papilloma_, the best-known example of +which is met with in the urinary bladder. Papillomatous growths are +also met with in the larynx, in the ducts of the breast, and in the +interior of certain cystic tumours of the breast and of the ovary. +Although papillomas are primarily innocent, they may become the +starting-point of cancer, especially in persons past middle life and if +the papilloma has been subjected to irritation and has ulcerated. The +clinical features and treatment of the various forms of papilloma are +considered with the individual tissues and organs. + +#Adenoma.#--An adenoma is a tumour constructed on the type of, and +growing in connection with, a secreting gland. In the substance of such +glands as the mamma, parotid, thyreoid, and prostate, adenomas are met +with as encapsulated tumours. When they originate from the glands of the +skin or of a mucous membrane, they tend to project from the surface, and +form pedunculated tumours or polypi. + +Adenomas may be single or multiple, and they vary greatly in size. The +tumour is seldom composed entirely of gland tissue; it usually contains +a considerable proportion of fibrous tissue, and is then called a +_fibro-adenoma_. When it contains myxomatous tissue it is called a +_myxo-adenoma_, and when the gland spaces of the tumour become distended +with accumulated secretion, a _cystic adenoma_, the best examples of +which are met with in the mamma and ovary. A characteristic feature of +the cystic variety is the tendency the tumour tissue exhibits to project +into the interior of the cysts, constituting what are known as +_intracystic growths_. They are essentially innocent, but intracystic +growths, especially in the mamma of women over fifty, should be regarded +with suspicion and therefore should be removed on radical lines. +Transition forms between adenoma and carcinoma are also met with in the +rectum and large intestine, and these should be treated on the same +lines as cancer. + + +CARCINOMA OR CANCER + +A cancer is a malignant tumour which originates in epithelium. The +cancer cells are derived by proliferation from already existing +epithelium, and they invade the sub-epithelial connective tissue in the +form of simple or branching columns. These columns are enclosed in +spaces--termed alveoli--which are probably dilated lymph spaces, and +which communicate freely with the lymph vessels. The cells composing the +columns and filling the alveoli vary with the character of the +epithelium in which the cancer originates. The malignancy of cancer +depends on the tendency which the epithelium has of invading the tissues +in its neighbourhood, and on the capacity of the cells, when +transported elsewhere by the lymph or blood-stream, of giving rise to +secondary growths. + +Cancer may arise on any surface covered by epithelium or in any of the +secreting glands of the body, but it is much more common in some +situations than in others. It is frequently met with, for example, in +the skin, in the stomach and large intestine, in the breast, the uterus, +and the external genitals; less frequently in the gall-bladder, larynx, +thyreoid, prostate, and urinary bladder. + +Tissues appear to be most liable to cancer when, having attained +maturity, they enter upon the phase of decadence or involution, and this +phase is reached by different tissues at different periods. It is not so +much, therefore, the age of the person in whom it occurs, as the age of +the tissue in which it arises, that determines the maximum incidence of +cancer. Cancer of the stomach appears and attains a maximum frequency +earlier than cancer of the skin; cancer of the uterus and mamma is more +frequent towards the decline of reproductive activity than in the later +years of life; rectal cancer is not infrequently met with during the +second and third decades. There is evidence that the irritation caused +by alcohol and tobacco plays a part in the causation of cancer, in the +fact that a large proportion of those who become the subjects of cancer +of the mouth are excessive drinkers and smokers. + +A cancer may appear as a papillary growth on a mucous or a skin surface, +as a nodule in the substance of an organ, or as a diffuse thickening of +a tubular organ such as the stomach or intestine. The absence of +definition in cancerous tumours explains the difficulty of completely +removing them by surgical measures, and has led to the practice of +complete extirpation of cancerous organs wherever this is possible. The +boundaries of the affected organ, moreover, are frequently transgressed +by the disease, and the epithelial infiltration implicates the +surrounding parts. In cancer of the breast, for example, the disease +often extends to the adjacent skin, fat, and muscle; in cancer of the +lip or tongue, to the mandible; in cancer of the uterus or intestine, to +the investing peritoneum. + +In addition to its tendency to infiltrate adjacent tissues and organs, +cancer is also liable to give rise to _secondary growths_. These are +most often met with in the nearest lymph glands; those in the neck, for +example, becoming infected from cancer of the lip, tongue, or throat; +those in the axilla, from cancer of the breast; those along the +curvatures of the stomach, from cancer of the pylorus; and those in the +groin, from cancer of the external genitals. In lymph vessels the cancer +cells may merely accumulate so as to fill the lumen and form indurated +cords, or they may proliferate and give rise to secondary nodules along +the course of the vessels. When the lymphatic network in the skin is +diffusely infected, the appearance is either that of a multitude of +secondary nodules or of a diffuse thickening, so that the skin comes to +resemble coarse leather. On the wall of the chest this condition is +known as _cancer en cuirasse_. Although the cancer cells constantly +attack the walls of the adjacent veins and spread into their interior at +a comparatively early period, secondary growths due to dissemination by +the blood-stream rarely show themselves clinically until late in the +course of the disease. It is probable that many of the cancer cells +which are carried away in the blood or lymph stream undergo necrosis and +fail to give rise to secondary growths. Secondary growths present a +faithful reproduction of the structure of the primary tumour. Apart from +the lymph glands, the chief seats of secondary growths are the liver, +lungs, serous membranes, and bone marrow. + +It is generally believed that the secondary growths in cancer that +develop at a distance from the primary tumour, those, for example, in +the medullary canal of the femur or in the diploe of the skull occurring +in advanced cases of cancer of the breast, are the result of +dissemination of cancer cells by way of the blood-stream and are to be +regarded as emboli. Sampson Handley disagrees with this view; he +believes that the dissemination is accomplished in a more subtle way, +namely, by the actual growth of cancer cells along the finer vessels of +the lymph plexuses that ramify in the deep fascia, a method of spread +which he calls _permeation_. It is maintained also that permeation +occurs as readily against the lymph stream as with it. He compares the +spread of cancer to that of an invisible annular ringworm. The growing +edge extends in a wider and wider circle, within which a healing process +may occur, so that the area of permeation is a ring, rather than a disc. +Healing occurs by a process of "peri-lymphatic fibrosis," but as the +natural process of healing may fail at isolated points, nodules of +cancer appear, which, although apparently separate from the primary +growth, have developed in continuity with it, peri-lymphatic fibrosis +having destroyed the cancer chain connecting the nodule with the primary +growth. This centrifugal spread of cancer is clearly seen in the +distribution of the subcutaneous secondary nodules so frequently met +with in the late stages of mammary cancer. The area within which the +secondary nodules occur is a circle of continually increasing diameter +with the primary growth in the centre. + +In the rare cases in which the skin of the greater part of the body is +affected, the nodules rarely appear below the level of the deltoid or +the middle third of the thigh, the patient dying before the spread can +reach the distal portions of the limbs. + +Handley argues against the embolic origin of the metastases in the bones +because of the rarity of these in the bones of the distal parts of the +limbs, because of the fact that secondary cancer of the femur nearly +always commences in the upper third of the shaft, which harmonises with +the intimate connection of the deep fascia with the periosteum over the +great trochanter, thus favouring invasion of the bone marrow when +permeation has spread thus far. He claims support for the permeation +theory from the fact that the humerus is rarely involved below the +insertion of the deltoid, and that spontaneous fracture of the femur is +three times more common on the side on which the breast cancer is +situated. + +The tumour tissue may undergo necrosis, and when the overlying skin or +mucous membrane gives way an ulcer is formed. The margins of a +_cancerous ulcer_ (Fig. 57) are made up of tumour tissue which has not +broken down. Usually they are irregular, nodularly thickened or +indurated; sometimes they are raised and crater-like. The floor of the +ulcer is smooth and glazed, or occupied by necrosed tissue, and the +discharge is watery and blood-stained, and as a result of putrefactive +changes may become offensive. Haemorrhage is rarely a prominent feature, +but discharge of blood may constitute a symptom of considerable +diagnostic importance in cancer of internal organs such as the rectum, +the bladder, or the uterus. + +[Illustration: FIG. 57.--Carcinoma of Breast with Cancerous Ulcer.] + +_The Contagiousness of Cancer._--A limited number of cases are on record +in which a cancer appears to have been transferred by contact, as from +the lower to the upper lip, from one labium majus to the other, from the +tongue to the cheek, and from one vocal cord to the other; these being +all examples of cancer involving surfaces which are constantly or +frequently in contact. The transference of cancer from one human being +to another, whether by accident, as in the case of a surgeon wounding +his finger while operating for cancer, or by the deliberate introduction +of a portion of cancerous tumour into the tissues, has never been known +to occur. It is by no means infrequent, however, that when recurrence +takes place after an operation for the removal of cancer, the recurrent +nodules make their appearance in the main scar or in the scars of +stitches in its neighbourhood. In the lower animals the grafting of +cancer only succeeds in animals of the same species; for example, a +cancer taken from a mouse will not grow in the tissues of a rat, but +only in a mouse of the same variety as that from which the graft was +taken. + +While cancer cannot be regarded as either contagious or infectious, it +is important to bear in mind the possibility of infection of a wound +with cancer when operating for the disease. A cancer should not be cut +into unless this is essential for purposes of diagnosis, and the wound +made for exploration should be tightly closed by stitches before the +curative operation is proceeded with; the instruments used for the +exploration must not be used again until they have been boiled. The +greatest care should be taken that a cancer which has softened or broken +down is not opened into during the operation. + +Investigations regarding the cause of cancer have been prosecuted with +great energy during recent years, but as yet without positive result. It +is recognised that there are a number of conditions which favour the +development of cancer, such as prolonged irritation, and a considerable +number of cases have been recorded in which cancer of the skin of the +hands has followed prolonged and repeated exposure to the Rontgen rays. + +_The Alleged Increase of Cancer._--Regarding the alleged increase of +cancer, it may be pointed out that it is impossible to ascertain how +much of the apparent increase is due to more accurate diagnosis and +improved registration. It is probable also that some increase has taken +place in consequence of the increased average duration of life; a larger +proportion of persons now reach the age at which cancer is frequent. + +_The prognosis_ largely depends on the variety of cancer and on its +situation. Certain varieties--such as the atrophic cancer of the breast +which occurs in old people, and some forms of cancer in the rectum--are +so indolent in their progress that they can scarcely be said to shorten +life; while others--such as the softer varieties of mammary cancer +occurring in young women--are among the most malignant of tumours. The +mode in which cancer causes death depends to a large extent upon its +situation. In the gullet, for example, it usually causes death by +starvation; in the larynx or thyreoid, by suffocation; in the intestine, +by obstruction of the bowels; in the uterus, prostate, and bladder, by +haemorrhage or by implication of the ureters and kidneys. Independently +of their situation, however, cancers frequently cause death by giving +rise to a progressive impairment of health known as the _cancerous +cachexia_, a condition which is due to the continued absorption of +poisonous products from the tumour. The patient loses appetite, becomes +emaciated, pale, and feverish, and gradually loses strength until he +dies. In many cases, especially those in which ulceration has occurred, +the addition of pyogenic infection may also be concerned in the failure +of health. + +_Treatment._--Removal by surgical means affords the best prospect of +cure. If carcinomatous disease is to be rooted out, its mode of spread +by means of the lymph vessels must be borne in mind, and as this occurs +at an early stage, and is not evident on examination, a wide area must +be included in the operation. The organ from which the original growth +springs should, if practicable, be altogether removed, because its lymph +vessels generally communicate freely with each other, and secondary +deposits have probably already taken place in various parts of it. In +addition, the nearest chain of lymph glands must also be removed, even +though they may not be noticeably enlarged, and in some cases--in cancer +of the breast, for example--the intervening lymph vessels should be +removed at the same time. + +The treatment of cancer by other than operative methods has received a +great deal of attention within recent years, and many agents have been +put to the test, _e.g._ colloidal suspensions of selenium, but without +any positive results. Most benefit has resulted from the use of radium +and of the X-rays, and one or other should be employed as a routine +measure after every operation for cancer. + +It has been demonstrated that cancer cells are more sensitive to radium +and to the Rontgen rays than the normal cells of the body, and are more +easily killed. The effect varies a good deal with the nature and seat of +the tumour. In rodent cancers of the skin, for example, both radium and +X-ray treatment are very successful, and are to be preferred to +operation because they yield a better cosmetic result. While small +epitheliomas of the skin may be cured by means of the rays, they are not +so amenable as rodent cancers. + +Cancers of mucous membranes are less amenable to ray treatment because +they are less circumscribed and are difficult of access. In cancers +under the skin, the Rontgen rays are less efficient; if radium is +employed, the tube containing it should be inserted into the substance +of the tumour after the method described in connection with sarcoma--and +another tube should be placed on the overlying skin. + +In the employment of X-rays and of radium in the treatment of cancer, +experience is required, not only to obtain the maximum effect of the +rays, but to avoid damage to the adjacent and overlying tissues. + +Ray treatment is not to be looked upon as a rival but as a powerful +supplement to the operative treatment of cancer. + + +VARIETIES OF CANCER + +The varieties of cancer are distinguished according to the character and +arrangement of the epithelial cells. + +The _squamous epithelial cancer_ or _epithelioma_ originates from a +surface covered by squamous epithelium, such as the skin, or the mucous +membrane of the mouth, gullet, or larynx. The cancer cells retain the +characters of squamous epithelium, and, being confined within the lymph +spaces of the sub-epithelial connective tissue, become compressed and +undergo a horny change. This results in the formation of concentrically +laminated masses known as cell nests. + +The clinical features are those of a slowly growing indurated tumour, +which nearly always ulcerates; there is a characteristic induration of +the edges and floor of the ulcer, and its surface is often covered with +warty or cauliflower-like outgrowths (Fig. 58). The infection of the +lymph glands is early and constant, and constitutes the most dangerous +feature of the disease; the secondary growths in the glands exhibit the +characteristic induration, and may themselves break down and lead to the +formation of ulcers. + +[Illustration: FIG. 58.--Epithelioma of Lip.] + +Epithelioma frequently originates in long-standing ulcers or sinuses, +and in scars, and probably results from the displacement and +sequestration of epithelial cells during the process of cicatrisation. + +The _columnar epithelial cancer_ or _columnar epithelioma_ originates in +mucous membranes covered with columnar epithelium, and is chiefly met +with in the stomach and intestine. As it resembles an adenoma in +structure it is sometimes described as a _malignant adenoma_. Its +malignancy is shown by the proliferating epithelium invading the other +coats of the stomach or intestine, and by the development of secondary +growths. + +_Glandular carcinoma_ originates in organs such as the breast, and in +the glands of mucous membranes and skin. The epithelial cells are not +arranged on any definite plan, but are closely packed in irregularly +shaped alveoli. If the alveoli are large and the intervening stroma is +scanty and delicate, the tumour is soft and brain-like, and is described +as a _medullary_ or _encephaloid cancer_. If the alveoli are small and +the intervening stroma is abundant and composed of dense fibrous tissue, +the tumour is hard, and is known as a _scirrhous cancer_--a form which +is most frequently met with in the breast. If the cells undergo +degeneration and absorption and the stroma contracts, the tumour becomes +still harder, and tends to shrink and to draw in the surrounding parts, +leading, in the breast, to retraction of the nipple and overlying skin, +and in the stomach and colon to narrowing of the lumen. When the cells +of the tumour undergo colloid degeneration, a _colloid cancer_ results; +if the degeneration is complete, as may occur in the breast, the +malignancy is thereby greatly diminished; if only partial, as is more +common in rectal cancer, the malignancy is not appreciably affected. +Melanin pigment is formed in relation to the cells and stroma of certain +epithelial tumours, giving rise to _melanotic cancer_, one of the most +malignant of all new growths. Cyst-like spaces may form in the tumour by +the accumulation of the secretion of the epithelial cells, or as a +result of their degeneration--_cystic carcinoma_. This is met with +chiefly in the breast and ovary, and the tumour resembles the cystic +adenoma, but it tends to infect its surroundings and gives rise to +secondary growths. + +_Rodent cancer_ originates in the glands of the skin, and presents a +special tendency to break down and ulcerate on the surface (Figs. 102 +and 103). It almost never infects the lymph glands. + + +DERMOIDS + +A dermoid is a tumour containing skin or mucous membrane, occurring in a +situation where these tissues are not met under normal conditions. + +The _skin dermoid_, or _derma-cyst_ as it has been called by Askanazy, +arises from a portion of epiblast, which has become sequestrated during +the process of coalescence of two cutaneous surfaces in development. +This form is therefore most frequently met with on the face and neck in +the situations which correspond to the various clefts and fissures of +the embryo. It occurs also on the trunk in situations where the lateral +halves of the body coalesce during development. Such a dermoid usually +takes the form of a globular cyst, the wall of which consists of skin, +and the contents of turbid fluid containing desquamated epithelium, fat +droplets, cholestrol crystals, and detached hairs. Delicate hairs may +also be found projecting from the epithelial lining of the cyst. + +Faulty coalescence of the cutaneous covering of the back occurs most +frequently over the lower sacral vertebrae, giving rise to small +congenital recesses, known as post-anal dimples and coccygeal sinuses. +These recesses are lined with skin, which is furnished with hairs, +sebaceous and sweat glands. If the external orifice becomes occluded, +there results a dermoid cyst. + +_Tubulo-dermoids_ arise from embryonic ducts and passages that are +normally obliterated at birth, for example, _lingual dermoids_ develop +in relation to the thyreo-glossal duct; _rectal and post-rectal_ +dermoids to the post-anal gut; and _branchial dermoids_ in relation to +the branchial clefts. Tubulo-dermoids present the same structure as skin +dermoids, save that mucous membrane takes the place of skin in the wall +of the cyst, and the contents consist of the pent-up secretion of mucous +glands. + +_Clinical Features._--Although dermoids are of congenital origin, they +are rarely evident at birth, and may not give rise to visible tumours +until puberty, when the skin and its appendages become more active, or +not till adult life. Superficial dermoids, such as those met with at the +outer angle of the orbit, form rounded, definitely limited tumours over +which the skin is freely movable. They are usually adherent to the +deeper parts, and when situated over the skull may be lodged in a +depression or actual gap in the bone. Sometimes the cyst becomes +infected and suppurates, and finally ruptures on the surface. This may +lead to a natural cure, or a persistent sinus may form. Dermoids more +deeply placed, such as those within the thorax, or those situated +between the rectum and sacrum, give rise to difficulty in diagnosis, +even with the help of the X-rays, and their nature is seldom recognised +until the escape of the contents--particularly hairs--supplies the clue. +The literature of dermoid cysts is full of accounts of puzzling tumours +met with in all sorts of situations. + +The treatment is to remove the cyst. When it is impossible to remove the +whole of the lining membrane by dissection, the portion that is left +should be destroyed with the cautery. + +_Ovarian Dermoids._--Dermoids are not uncommon in the ovary (Fig. 59). +They usually take the form of unilocular or multilocular cysts, the +wall of which contains skin, mucous membrane, hair follicles, sebaceous, +sweat, and mucous glands, nails, teeth, nipples, and mammary glands. The +cavity of the cyst usually contains a pultaceous mixture of shed +epithelium, fluid fat, and hair. If the cyst ruptures, the epithelial +elements are diffused over the peritoneum, and may give rise to +secondary dermoids. + +[Illustration: FIG. 59.--Dermoid Cyst of Ovary showing Teeth in its +interior.] + +The ovarian dermoid appears clinically as an abdominal or pelvic tumour +provided with a pedicle; if the pedicle becomes twisted, the tumour +undergoes strangulation, an event which is attended with urgent +symptoms, not unlike those of strangulated hernia. + +The treatment consists in removing the tumour by laparotomy. + +#Teratoma.#--A teratoma is believed to result from partial dichotomy or +cleavage of the trunk axis of the embryo, and is found exclusively in +connection with the skull and vertebral column. It may take the form of +a monstrosity such as conjoined twins or a parasitic foetus, but more +commonly it is met with as an irregularly shaped tumour, usually growing +from the sacrum. On dissection, such a tumour is found to contain a +curious mixture of tissues--bones, skin, and portions of viscera, such +as the intestine or liver. The question of the removal of the tumour +requires to be considered in relation to the conditions present in each +individual case. + + +CYSTS[3] + +[3] Cysts which form in relation to new-growths have been considered +with tumours. + +Cysts are rounded sacs, the wall being composed of fibrous tissue lined +by epithelium or endothelium; the contents are fluid or semi-solid, and +vary in character according to the tissue in which the cyst has +originated. + +_Retention and Exudation Cysts._--_Retention cysts_ develop when the +duct of a secreting gland is partly obstructed; the secretion +accumulates, and the gland and its duct become distended into a cyst. +They are met with in the mamma and in the salivary glands. Sebaceous +cysts or wens are described with diseases of the skin. _Exudation cysts_ +arise from the distension of cavities which are not provided with +excretory ducts, such as those in the thyreoid. + +_Implantation cysts_ are caused by the accidental transference of +portions of the epidermis into the underlying connective tissue, as may +occur in wounds by needles, awls, forks, or thorns. The implanted +epidermis proliferates and forms a small cyst. They are met with chiefly +on the palmar aspect of the fingers, and vary in size from a split pea +to a cherry. The treatment consists in removing them by dissection. + +_Parasitic cysts_ are produced by the growth within the tissues of +cyst-forming parasites, the best known being the taenia echinococcus, +which gives rise to the _hydatid cyst_. The liver is by far the most +common site of hydatid cysts in the human subject. + +With regard to the further life-history of hydatids, the living elements +of the cyst may die and degenerate, or the cyst may increase in size +until it ruptures. As a result of pyogenic infection the cyst may be +converted into an abscess. + +The _clinical features_ of hydatids vary so much with their situation +and size, that they are best discussed with the individual organs. In +general it may be said that there is a slow formation of a globular, +elastic, fluctuating, painless swelling. Fluctuation is detected when +the cyst approaches the surface, and it is then also that percussion +may elicit the "hydatid thrill" or fremitus. This thrill is not often +obtainable, and in any case is not pathognomonic of hydatids, as it may +be elicited in ascites and in other abdominal cysts. Pressure of the +cyst upon adjacent structures, and the occurrence of suppuration, are +attended with characteristic clinical features. + +The _diagnosis_ of hydatids will be considered with the individual +organs. The disease is more common in certain parts of Australia and in +Shetland and Iceland than in countries where the association of dogs in +the domestic life of the inhabitants is less intimate. Pfeiler, who has +worked at the _serum diagnosis of hydatid disease_, regards the +complement deviation method as the most reliable; he believes that a +positive reaction may almost be regarded as absolutely diagnostic of an +echinococcal lesion. + +The _treatment_ is to excise the cyst completely, or to inject into it a +1 per cent. solution of formalin. In operating upon hydatids the utmost +care must be taken to avoid leakage of the contents of the cyst, as +these may readily disseminate the infection. + +A _blood cyst_ or haematoma results from the encapsulation of +extravasated blood in the tissues, from haemorrhage taking place into a +preformed cyst, or from the saccular pouching of a varicose vein. + +A _lymph cyst_ usually results from a contusion in which the skin is +forcibly displaced from the subjacent tissues, and lymph vessels are +thereby torn across. The cyst is usually situated between the skin and +fascia, and contains clear or blood-stained serum. At first it is lax +and fluctuates readily, later it becomes larger and more tense. The +treatment consists in drawing off the contents through a hollow needle +and applying firm pressure. Apart from injury, lymph cysts are met with +as the result of the distension of lymph spaces and vessels +(_lymphangiectasis_); and in lymphangiomas, of which the best-known +example is the cystic hygroma or hydrocele of the neck. + + +GANGLION + +This term is applied to a cyst filled with a clear colourless jelly or +colloid material, met with in the vicinity of a joint or tendon sheath. + +The commonest variety--the _carpal ganglion_--popularly known as a +sprained sinew--is met with as a smooth, rounded, or oval swelling on +the dorsal aspect of the carpus, usually towards its radial side (Fig. 60). +It is situated over one of the intercarpal or other joints in this +region, and may be connected with one or other of the extensor tendons. +The skin and fascia are movable over the cyst. The cyst varies in size +from a pea to a pigeon's egg, and usually attains its maximum size +within a few months and then remains stationary. It becomes tense and +prominent when the hand is flexed towards the palm. Its appearance is +usually ascribed to some strain of the wrist--for example, in girls +learning gymnastics. It may cause no symptoms or it may interfere with +the use of the hand, especially in grasping movements and when the hand +is dorsiflexed. In girls it may give rise to pain which shoots up the +arm. Ganglia are also met with on the dorsum of the metacarpus and on +the palmar aspect of the wrist. + +[Illustration: FIG. 60.--Carpal Ganglion in a woman aet. 25.] + +The _tarsal ganglion_ is situated on the dorsum of the foot over one or +other of the intertarsal joints. It is usually smaller, flatter, and +more tense than that met with over the wrist, so that it is sometimes +mistaken for a bony tumour. It rarely causes symptoms, unless so +situated as to be pressed upon by the boot. + +_Ganglia in the region of the knee_ are usually situated over the +interval between the femur and tibia, most often on the lateral aspect +of the joint in front of the tendon of the biceps (Fig. 61). The +swelling, which may attain the size of half a walnut, is tense and hard +when the knee is extended, and becomes softer and more prominent when it +is flexed. They are met with in young adults who follow laborious +occupations or who indulge in athletics, and they cause stiffness, +discomfort, and impairment of the use of the limb. A ganglion is +sometimes met with on the median aspect of the head of the metatarsal +bone of the great toe and may be the cause of considerable suffering; it +is indistinguishable from the thickened and enlarged bursa so commonly +present in this situation in the condition known as bunion. + +[Illustration: FIG. 61.--Ganglion on lateral aspect of Knee in a young +woman.] + +Ganglionic cysts are met with in other situations than those mentioned, +but they are so rare as not to require separate description. + +Ganglia are to be diagnosed by their situation and physical characters; +enlarged bursae, synovial cysts, and new-growths are the swellings most +likely to be mistaken for them. The diagnosis is sometimes only cleared +up by withdrawing the clear, jelly-like contents through a hollow +needle. + +_Pathological Anatomy._--The wall of the cyst is composed of fibrous +tissue closely adherent to or fused with the surrounding tissues, so +that it cannot be shelled out. There is no endothelial lining, and the +fibrous tissue of the wall is in immediate contact with the colloid +material in the interior, which appears to be derived by a process of +degeneration from the surrounding connective tissue. In the region of +the knee the ganglion is usually multilocular, and consists of a +meshwork of fibrous tissue, the meshes of which are occupied by colloid +material. + +It is often stated that a ganglion originates from a hernial protrusion +of the synovial membrane of a joint or tendon sheath. We have not been +able to demonstrate any communication between the cavity of the cyst +and that of an adjacent tendon sheath or joint. It is possible, however, +that the cyst may originate from a minute portion of synovial membrane +being protruded and strangulated so that it becomes disconnected from +that to which it originally belonged; it may then degenerate and give +rise to colloid material, which accumulates and forms a cyst. Ledderhose +and others regard ganglia as entirely new formations in the +peri-articular tissues, resulting from colloid degeneration of the +fibrous tissue of the capsular ligament, occurring at first in numerous +small areas which later coalesce. Ganglia are probably, therefore, of +the nature of degeneration cysts arising in the capsule of joints, in +tendons, and in their sheaths. + +_Treatment._--A ganglion can usually be got rid of by a modification of +the old-fashioned seton. The skin and cyst wall are transfixed by a +stout needle carrying a double thread of silkworm gut; some of the +colourless jelly escapes from the punctures; the ends of the thread are +tied and cut short, and a dressing is applied. A week later the threads +are removed and the minute punctures are sealed with collodion. The +action of the threads is to convert the cyst wall into granulation +tissue, which undergoes the usual conversion into scar tissue. If the +cyst re-forms, it should be removed by open dissection under local +anaesthesia. Puncture with a tenotomy knife and scraping the interior, +and the injection of irritants, are alternative, but less satisfactory, +methods of treatment. + +_Ganglia_ in the substance of _tendons_ are rare. The diagnosis rests on +the observation that the small tumour is cystic, and that it follows the +movements of the tendon. The cyst is at first multiple, but the +partitions disappear, and the spaces are thrown into one. The tendon is +so weakened that it readily ruptures. The best treatment is to resect +the affected segment of tendon. + +The so-called "compound palmar ganglion" is a tuberculous disease of the +tendon sheaths, and is described with diseases of tendon sheaths. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +INJURIES + + +CONTUSIONS--WOUNDS: _Varieties_--WOUNDS BY FIREARMS AND + EXPLOSIVES: _Pistol-shot wounds_; _Wounds by sporting guns_; + _Wounds by rifle bullets_; _Wounds received in warfare_; _Shell + wounds_. _Embedded foreign bodies_--BURNS AND + SCALDS--INJURIES PRODUCED BY ELECTRICITY: _X-ray and + radium_; _Electrical burns_; _Lightning stroke_. + + +CONTUSIONS + +A contusion or bruise is a laceration of the subcutaneous soft tissues, +without solution of continuity of the skin. When the integument gives +way at the same time, a _contused-wound_ results. Bruising occurs when +force is applied to a part by means of a blunt object, whether as a +direct blow, a crush, or a grazing form of violence. If the force acts +at right angles to the part, it tends to produce localised lesions which +extend deeply; while, if it acts obliquely, it gives rise to lesions +which are more diffuse, but comparatively superficial. It is well to +remember that those who suffer from scurvy, or haemophilia (bleeders), +and fat and anaemic females, are liable to be bruised by comparatively +trivial injuries. + +_Clinical Features._--The less severe forms of contusion are associated +with _ecchymosis_, numerous minute and discrete punctate haemorrhages +being scattered through the superficial layers of the skin, which is +slightly oedematous. The effused blood is soon reabsorbed. + +The more severe forms are attended with _extravasation_, the +extravasated blood being widely diffused through the cellular tissue of +the part, especially where this is loose and lax, as in the region of +the orbit, the scrotum and perineum, and on the chest wall. A blue or +bluish-black discoloration occurs in patches, varying in size and depth +with the degree of force which produced the injury, and in shape with +the instrument employed. It is most intense in regions where the skin is +naturally thin and pigmented. In parts where the extravasated blood is +only separated from the oxygen of the air by a thin layer of epidermis +or by a mucous membrane, it retains its bright arterial colour. These +points are often well illustrated in cases of black eye, where the blood +effused under the conjunctiva is bright red, while that in the eyelids +is almost black. In severe contusions associated with great tension of +the skin--for example, over the front of the tibia or around the +ankle--blisters often form on the surface and constitute a possible +avenue of infection. When deeply situated, the blood tends to spread +along the lines of least resistance, partly under the influence of +gravity, passing under fasciae, between muscles, along the sheaths of +vessels, or in connective-tissue spaces, so that it may only reach the +surface after some time, and at a considerable distance from the seat of +injury. This fact is sometimes of importance in diagnosis, as, for +example, in certain fractures of the base of the skull, where +discoloration appears under the conjunctiva or behind the mastoid +process some days after the accident. + +Blood extravasated deeply in the tissues gives rise to a firm, +resistant, doughy swelling, in which there may be elicited on deep +palpation a peculiar sensation, not unlike the crepitus of fracture. + +It frequently happens that, from the tearing of lymph vessels, serous +fluid is extravasated, and a _lymphatic_ or _serous cyst_ may form. + +In all contusions accompanied by extravasation, there is marked swelling +of the area involved, as well as pain and tenderness. The temperature +may rise to 101 o F., or, in the large extravasations that occur in +bleeders, even higher--a form of aseptic fever. The degree of shock is +variable, but sudden syncope frequently results from severe bruises of +the testicle, abdomen, or head, and occasionally marked nervous +depression follows these injuries. + +Contusion of muscles or nerves may produce partial atrophy and paresis, +as is often seen after injuries in the region of the shoulder. + +In alcoholic or other debilitated patients, suppuration is liable to +ensue in bruised parts, infection taking place from cocci circulating in +the blood, or through the overlying skin. + +_Terminations of Contusions._--The usual termination is a complete +return to the normal, some of the extravasated blood being organised, +but most of it being reabsorbed. During the process characteristic +alterations in the colour of the effused blood take place as a result of +changes in the blood pigment. In from twenty-four to forty-eight hours +the margins of the blue area become of a violet hue, and as time goes on +the discoloured area increases in size, and becomes successively green, +yellow, and lemon-coloured at its margins, the central part being the +last to change. The rate at which this play of colours proceeds is so +variable, and depends on so many circumstances, that no time-limits can +be laid down. During the disintegration of the effused blood the +adjacent lymph glands may become enlarged, and on dissection may be +found to be pigmented. Sometimes the blood persists as a collection of +fluid with a newly formed connective-tissue capsule, constituting a +_haematoma_ or _blood cyst_, more often met with in the scalp than in +other parts. + +The impairment of the blood supply of the skin may lead to the formation +of _blisters_, or to _necrosis_. Death of skin is more liable to occur +in bleeders, and when the slough separates the blood-clot is exposed and +the reparative changes go on extremely slowly. _Suppuration_ may occur +and lead to the formation of an abscess as a result of direct infection +from the skin or through the circulation. + +_Treatment._--If the patient is seen immediately after the accident, +elevation of the part, and firm pressure applied by means of a thick pad +of cotton wool and an elastic bandage, are useful in preventing effusion +of blood. Ice-bags and evaporating lotions are to be used with caution, +as they are liable to lower the vitality of the damaged tissues and lead +to necrosis of the skin. + +When extravasation has already taken place, massage is the most speedy +and efficacious means of dispersing the effused blood. The part should +be massaged several times a day, unless the presence of blebs or +abrasions of the skin prevents this being done. When this is the case, +the use of antiseptic dressings is called for to prevent infection and +to promote healing, after which massage is employed. + +When the tension caused by the extravasated blood threatens the vitality +of the skin, incisions may be made, if asepsis can be assured. The blood +from a haematoma may be withdrawn by an exploring needle, and the +puncture sealed with collodion. Infective complications must be looked +for and dealt with on general principles. + + +WOUNDS + +A wound is a solution in the continuity of the skin or mucous membrane +and of the underlying tissues, caused by violence. + +Three varieties of wounds are described: incised, punctured, and +contused and lacerated. + +#Incised Wounds.#--Typical examples of incised wounds are those made by +the surgeon in the course of an operation, wounds accidentally inflicted +by cutting instruments, and suicidal cut-throat wounds. It should be +borne in mind in connection with medico-legal inquiries, that wounds of +soft parts that closely overlie a bone, such as the skull, the tibia, or +the patella, although, inflicted by a blunt instrument, may have all the +appearances of incised wounds. + +_Clinical Features._--One of the characteristic features of an incised +wound is its tendency to gape. This is evident in long skin wounds, and +especially when the cut runs across the part, or when it extends deeply +enough to divide muscular fibres at right angles to their long axis. The +gaping of a wound, further, is more marked when the underlying tissues +are in a state of tension--as, for example, in inflamed parts. Incised +wounds in the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot, or the scalp, +however, have little tendency to gape, because of the close attachment +of the skin to the underlying fascia. + +Incised wounds, especially in inflamed tissues, tend to bleed profusely; +and when a vessel is only partly divided and is therefore unable to +contract, it continues to bleed longer than when completely cut across. + +The _special risks_ of incised wounds are: (1) division of large blood +vessels, leading to profuse haemorrhage; (2) division of nerve-trunks, +resulting in motor and sensory disturbances; and (3) division of tendons +or muscles, interfering with movement. + +_Treatment._--If haemorrhage is still going on, it must be arrested by +pressure, torsion, or ligature, as the accumulation of blood in a wound +interferes with union. If necessary, the wound should be purified by +washing with saline solution or eusol, and the surrounding skin painted +with iodine, after which the edges are approximated by sutures. The raw +surfaces must be brought into accurate apposition, care being taken that +no inversion of the cutaneous surface takes place. In extensive and deep +wounds, to ensure more complete closure and to prevent subsequent +stretching of the scar, it is advisable to unite the different +structures--muscles, fasciae, and subcutaneous tissue--by separate series +of _buried sutures_ of catgut or other absorbable material. For the +approximation of the skin edges, stitches of horse-hair, fishing-gut, or +fine silk are the most appropriate. These _stitches of coaptation_ may +be interrupted or continuous. In small superficial wounds on exposed +parts, stitch marks may be avoided by approximating the edges with +strips of gauze fixed in position by collodion, or by subcutaneous +sutures of fine catgut. Where the skin is loose, as, for example, in the +neck, on the limbs, or in the scrotum, the use of Michel's clips is +advantageous in so far as these bring the deep surfaces of the skin into +accurate apposition, are introduced with comparatively little pain, and +leave only a slight mark if removed within forty-eight hours. + +When there is any difficulty in bringing the edges of the wound into +apposition, a few interrupted _relaxation stitches_ may be introduced +wide of the margins, to take the strain off the coaptation stitches. +Stout silk, fishing-gut, or silver wire may be employed for this +purpose. When the tension is extreme, Lister's button suture may be +employed. The tension is relieved and death of skin prevented by scoring +it freely with a sharp knife. Relaxation stitches should be removed in +four or five days, and stitches of coaptation in from seven to ten days. +On the face and neck, wounds heal rapidly, and stitches may be removed +in two or three days, thus diminishing the marks they leave. + +_Drainage._--In wounds in which no cavity has been left, and in which +there is no reason to suspect infection, drainage is unnecessary. When, +however, the deeper parts of an extensive wound cannot be brought into +accurate apposition, and especially when there is any prospect of oozing +of blood or serum--as in amputation stumps or after excision of the +breast--drainage is indicated. It is a wise precaution also to insert +drainage tubes into wounds in fat patients when there is the slightest +reason to suspect the presence of infection. Glass or rubber tubes are +the best drains; but where it is desirable to leave little mark, a few +strands of horse-hair, or a small roll of rubber, form a satisfactory +substitute. Except when infection occurs, the drain is removed in from +one to four days and the opening closed with a Michel's clip or a +suture. + +#Punctured Wounds.#--Punctured wounds are produced by narrow, pointed +instruments, and the sharper and smoother the instrument the more does +the resulting injury resemble an incised wound; while from more rounded +and rougher instruments the edges of the wound are more or less contused +or lacerated. The depth of punctured wounds greatly exceeds their width, +and the damage to subcutaneous parts is usually greater than that to the +skin. When the instrument transfixes a part, the edges of the wound of +entrance may be inverted, and those of the exit wound everted. If the +instrument is a rough one, these conditions may be reversed by its +sudden withdrawal. + +Punctured wounds neither gape nor bleed much. Even when a large vessel +is implicated, the bleeding usually takes place into the tissues rather +than externally. + +The _risks_ incident to this class of wounds are: (1) the extreme +difficulty, especially when a dense fascia has been perforated, of +rendering them aseptic, on account of the uncertainty as to their depth, +and of the way in which the surface wound closes on the withdrawal of +the instrument; (2) different forms of aneurysm may result from the +puncture of a large vessel; (3) perforation of a joint, or of a serous +cavity, such as the abdomen, thorax, or skull, materially adds to the +danger. + +_Treatment._--The first indication is to purify the whole extent of the +wound, and to remove any foreign body or blood-clot that may be in it. +It is usually necessary to enlarge the wound, freely dividing injured +fasciae, paring away bruised tissues, and purifying the whole +wound-surface. Any blood vessel that is punctured should be cut across +and tied; and divided muscles, tendons, or nerves must be sutured. After +haemorrhage has been arrested, iodoform and bismuth paste is rubbed into +the raw surface, and the wound closed. If there is any reason to doubt +the asepticity of the wound, it is better treated by the open method, +and a Bier's bandage should be applied. + +#Contused and Lacerated Wounds.#--These may be considered together, as +they so occur in practice. They are produced by crushing, biting, or +tearing forms of violence--such as result from machinery accidents, +firearms, or the bites of animals. In addition to the irregular wound of +the integument, there is always more or less bruising of the parts +beneath and around, and the subcutaneous lesions are much wider than +appears on the surface. + +Wounds of this variety usually gape considerably, especially when there +is much laceration of the skin. It is not uncommon to have considerable +portions of skin, muscle, or tendon completely torn away. + +Haemorrhage is seldom a prominent feature, as the crushing or tearing of +the vessel wall leads to the obliteration of the lumen. + +The _special risks_ of these wounds are: (1) Sloughing of the bruised +tissues, especially when attempts to sterilise the wound have not been +successful. (2) Reactionary haemorrhage after the initial shock has +passed off. (3) Secondary haemorrhage as a result of infective processes +ensuing in the wound. (4) Loss of muscle or tendon, interfering with +motion. (5) Cicatricial contraction. (6) Gangrene, which may follow +occlusion of main vessels, or virulent infective processes. (7) It is +not uncommon to have particles of carbon embedded in the tissues after +lacerated wounds, leaving unsightly, pigmented scars. This is often seen +in coal-miners, and in those injured by firearms, and is to be prevented +by removing all gross dirt from the edges of the wound. + +_Treatment._--In severe wounds of this class implicating the +extremities, the most important question that arises is whether or not +the limb can be saved. In examining the limb, attention should first be +directed to the state of the main blood vessels, in order to determine +if the vascular supply of the part beyond the lesion is sufficient to +maintain its vitality. Amputation is usually called for if there is +complete absence of pulsation in the distal arteries and if the part +beyond is cold. If at the same time important nerve-trunks are +lacerated, so that the function of the limb would be seriously impaired, +it is not worth running the risk of attempting to save it. If, in +addition, there is extensive destruction of large muscular masses or of +important tendons, or comminution of the bones, amputation is usually +imperative. Stripping of large areas of skin is not in itself a reason +for removing a limb, as much can be done by skin grafting, but when it +is associated with other lesions it favours amputation. In considering +these points, it must be borne in mind that the damage to the deeper +tissues is always more extensive than appears on the surface, and that +in many cases it is only possible to estimate the real extent of the +injury by administering an anaesthetic and exploring the wound. In +doubtful cases the possibility of rendering the parts aseptic will often +decide the question for or against amputation. If thorough purification +is accomplished, the success which attends conservative measures is +often remarkable. It is permissible to run an amount of risk to save an +upper extremity which would be unjustifiable in the case of a lower +limb. The age and occupation of the patient must also be taken into +account. + +It having been decided to try and save the limb, the question is only +settled for the moment; it may have to be reconsidered from day to day, +or even from hour to hour, according to the progress of the case. + +When it is decided to make the attempt to save the limb, the wound must +be thoroughly purified. All bruised tissue in which gross dirt has +become engrained should be cut away with knife or scissors. The raw +surface is then cleansed with eusol, washed with sterilised salt +solution followed by methylated spirit, and rubbed all over with "bipp" +paste. If the purification is considered satisfactory the wound may be +closed, otherwise it is left open, freely drained or packed with gauze, +and the limb is immobilised by suitable splints. + + +WOUNDS BY FIREARMS AND EXPLOSIVES + +It is not necessary here to do more than indicate the general characters +of wounds produced by modern weapons. For further details the reader is +referred to works on military surgery. Experience has shown that the +nature and severity of the injuries sustained in warfare vary widely in + +different campaigns, and even in different fields of the same campaign. +Slight variations in the size, shape, and weight of rifle bullets, for +example, may profoundly modify the lesions they produce: witness the +destructive effect of the pointed bullet compared with that of the +conical form previously used. The conditions under which the fighting is +carried on also influence the wounds. Those sustained in the open, +long-range fighting of the South African campaign of 1899-1902 were very +different from those met with in the entrenched warfare in France in +1914-1918. It has been found also that the infective complications are +greatly influenced by the terrain in which the fighting takes place. In +the dry, sandy, uncultivated veldt of South Africa, bullet wounds seldom +became infected, while those sustained in the highly manured fields of +Belgium were almost invariably contaminated with putrefactive organisms, +and gaseous gangrene and tetanus were common complications. It has been +found also that wounds inflicted in naval engagements present different +characters from those sustained on land. Many other factors, such as the +physical and mental condition of the men, the facilities for affording +first aid, and the transport arrangements, also play a part in +determining the nature and condition of the wounds that have to be dealt +with by military surgeons. + +Whatever the nature of the weapon concerned, the wound is of the +_punctured, contused, and lacerated_ variety. Its severity depends on +the size, shape, and velocity of the missile, the range at which the +weapon is discharged, and the part of the body struck. + +Shock is a prominent feature, but its degree, as well as the time of its +onset, varies with the extent and seat of the injury, and with the +mental state of the patient when wounded. We have observed pronounced +shock in children after being shot even when no serious injury was +sustained. At the moment of injury the patient experiences a sensation +which is variously described as being like the lash of a whip, a blow +with a stick, or an electric shock. There is not much pain at first, but +later it may become severe, and is usually associated with intense +thirst, especially when much blood has been lost. + +In all forms of wounds sustained in warfare, septic infection +constitutes the main risk, particularly that resulting from +streptococci. The presence of anaerobic organisms introduces the +additional danger of gaseous forms of gangrene. + +The earlier the wound is disinfected the greater is the possibility of +diminishing this risk. If cleansing is carried out within the first six +hours the chance of eliminating sepsis is good; with every succeeding +six hours it diminishes, until after twenty-four hours it is seldom +possible to do more than mitigate sepsis. (J. T. Morrison.) + +The presence of a metallic foreign body having been determined and its +position localised by means of the X-rays, all devitalised and +contaminated tissue is excised, the foreign material, _e.g._, a missile, +fragments of clothing, gravel and blood-clot, removed, the wound +purified with antiseptics and closed or drained according to +circumstances. + +#Pistol-shot Wounds.#--Wounds inflicted by pistols, revolvers, and small +air-guns are of frequent occurrence in civil practice, the weapon being +discharged usually by accident, but frequently with suicidal, and +sometimes with homicidal intent. + +With all calibres and at all ranges, except actual contact, the wound of +entrance is smaller than the bullet. If the weapon is discharged within +a foot of the body, the skin surrounding the wound is usually stained +with powder and burned, and the hair singed. At ranges varying from six +inches to thirty feet, grains of powder may be found embedded in the +skin or lying loose on the surface, the greater the range the wider +being the area of spread. When black powder is used, the embedded grains +usually leave a permanent bluish-black tattooing of the skin. When the +weapon is placed in contact with the skin, the subcutaneous tissues are +lacerated over an area of two or three inches around the opening made by +the bullet and smoke and powder-staining and scorching are more marked +than at longer ranges. + +When the bullet perforates, the exit wound is usually larger and more +extensively lacerated than the wound of entrance. Its margins are as a +rule everted, and it shows no marks of flame, smoke, or powder. These +features are common to all perforations caused by bullets. + +Pistol wounds only produce dangerous effects when fired at close range, +and when the cavities of the skull, the thorax, or the abdomen are +implicated. In the abdomen a lethal injury may readily be caused even by +pistols of the "toy" order. These injuries will be described with +regional surgery. + +Pistol-shot wounds of _joints_ and _soft parts_ are seldom of serious +import apart from the risk of haemorrhage and of infection. + +_Treatment._--The treatment of wounds of the soft parts consists in +purifying the wounds of entrance and exit and the surrounding skin, and +in providing for drainage if this is indicated. + +There being no urgency for the removal of the bullet, time should be +taken to have it localised by the X-rays, preferably by stereoscopic +plates. In some cases it is not necessary to remove the bullet. + +#Wounds by Sporting Guns.#--In the common sporting or scatter gun, with +which accidents so commonly occur during the shooting season, the charge +of small shot or pellets leave the muzzle of the gun as a solid mass +which makes a single ragged wound having much the appearance of that +caused by a single bullet. At a distance of from four to five feet from +the muzzle the pellets begin to disperse so that there are separate +punctures around the main central wound. As the range increases, these +outlying punctures make a wider and wider pattern, until at a distance +of from eighteen to twenty feet from the muzzle, the scattering is +complete, there is no longer any central wound, and each individual +pellet makes its own puncture. From these elementary data, it is usually +possible, from the features of the wound, to arrive at an approximately +accurate conclusion regarding the range at which the gun was discharged, +and this may have an important bearing on the question of accident, +suicide, or murder. + +As regards the effects on the tissues at close range, that is, within a +few feet, there is widespread laceration and disruption; if a bone is +struck it is shattered, and portions of bone may be displaced or even +driven out through the exit wound. + +When the charge impinges over one of the large cavities of the body, the +shot may scatter widely through the contained viscera, and there is +often no exit wound. In the thorax, for example, if a rib is struck, the +charge and possibly fragments of bone, will penetrate the pleura, and be +dispersed throughout the lung; in the head, the skull may be shattered +and the brain torn up; and in the abdomen, the hollow viscera may be +perforated in many places and the solid organs lacerated. + +On covered parts the clothing, by deflecting the shot, influences the +size and shape of the wound; the entrance wound is increased in size and +more ragged, and portions of the clothes may be driven into the tissues. + +[Illustration: FIG. 62.--Radiogram showing Pellets embedded in Arm. + +(Mr. J. W. Dowden's case.)] + +A charge of small shot is much more destructive to blood vessels, +tendons, and ligaments than a single bullet, which in many cases pushes +such structures aside without dividing them. In the abdomen and chest, +also, the damage done by a full charge of shot is much more extensive +than that inflicted by a single bullet, the deflection of the pellets +leading to a greater number of perforations of the intestine and more +widespread laceration of solid viscera. + +When the charge impinges on one of the extremities at close range, we +often have the opportunity of observing that the exit wound is larger, +more ragged than that of entrance, and that its edges are everted; the +extensive tearing and bruising of all the tissues, including the bones, +and the marked tendency to early and progressive septic infection, +render amputation compulsory in the majority of such cases. + +At a range of from twenty to thirty feet, although the scatter is +complete, the pellets are still close together, so that if they +encounter the shaft of a long bone, even the femur, they fracture the +bone across, often along with some longitudinal splintering. + +Individual pellets striking the shafts of long bones become flattened or +distorted, and when cancellated bone is struck they become embedded in +it (Fig. 62). + +The skin, when it is closely peppered with shot, is liable to lose its +vitality, and with the addition of a little sepsis, readily necroses and +comes away as a slough. + +When the shot have diverged so as to strike singly, they seldom do much +harm, but fatal damage may be done to the brain or to the aorta, or the +eye may be seriously injured by a single pellet. + +Small shot fired at longer ranges--over about a hundred and fifty +feet--usually go through the skin, but seldom pierce the fascia, and lie +embedded in the subcutaneous tissue, from which they can readily be +extracted. + +The wad of the cartridge behaves erratically: so long as it remains flat +it goes off with the rest of the charge, and is often buried in the +wound; but if it curls up or turns on its side, it is usually deflected +and flies clear of the shot. It may make a separate wound. + +Wounds from sporting guns are to be _treated_ on the usual lines, the +early efforts being directed to the alleviation of shock and the +prevention of septic infection. There is rarely any urgency in the +removal of pellets from the tissues. + +#Wounds by Rifle Bullets.#--The vast majority of wounds inflicted by +rifle bullets are met with in the field during active warfare, and fall +to be treated by military surgeons. They occasionally occur +accidentally, however, during range practice for example, and may then +come under the notice of the civil surgeon. + +It is only necessary here to consider the effects of modern small-bore +rifle or machine-gun bullets. + +The trajectory is practically flat up to 675 yards. In destructive +effect there is not much difference between the various high velocity +bullets used in different armies; they will kill up to a distance of two +miles. The hard covering is employed to enable the bullet to take the +grooves in the rifle, and to prevent it stripping as it passes through +the barrel. It also increases the penetrating power of the missile, but +diminishes its "stopping" power, unless a vital part or a long bone is +struck. By removing the covering from the point of the bullet, as is +done in the Dum-Dum bullet, or by splitting the end, the bullet is made +to expand or "mushroom" when it strikes the body, and its stopping power +is thereby greatly increased, the resulting wound being much more +severe. These "soft-nosed" expanding bullets are to be distinguished +from "explosive" bullets which contain substances which detonate on +impact. High velocity bullets are unlikely to lodge in the body unless +spent, or pulled up by a sandbag, or metal buckle on a belt, or a book +in the pocket, or the core and the case separating--"stripping" of the +bullet. Spent shot may merely cause bruising of the surface, or they may +pass through the skin and lodge in the subcutaneous tissue, or may even +damage some deeper structure such as a nerve trunk. + +A blank cartridge fired at close range may cause a severe wound, and, if +charged with black powder, may leave a permanent bluish-black +pigmentation of the skin. + +The lesions of individual tissues--bones, nerves, blood vessels--are +considered with these. + +#Treatment of Gunshot Wounds under War Conditions.#--It is only +necessary to indicate briefly the method of dealing with gunshot wounds +in warfare as practised in the European War. + +1. _On the Field._--Haemorrhage is arrested in the limbs by an improvised +tourniquet; in the head by a pad and bandage; in the thorax or abdomen +by packing if necessary, but this should be avoided if possible, as it +favours septic infection. If a limb is all but detached it should be +completely severed. A full dose of morphin is given hypodermically. The +ampoule of iodine carried by the wounded man is broken, and its contents +are poured over and around the wound, after which the field dressing is +applied. In extensive wounds, the "shell-dressing" carried by the +stretcher bearers is preferred. All bandages are applied loosely to +allow for subsequent swelling. The fragments of fractured bones are +immobilised by some form of emergency splint. + +2. _At the Advanced Dressing Station_, after the patient has had a +liberal allowance of warm fluid nourishment, such as soup or tea, a full +dose of anti-tetanic serum is injected. The tourniquet is removed and +the wound inspected. Urgent amputations are performed. Moribund patients +are detained lest they die _en route_. + +3. _In the Field Ambulance or Casualty Clearing Station_ further +measures are employed for the relief of shock, and urgent operations are +performed, such as amputation for gangrene, tracheotomy for dyspnoea, or +laparotomy for perforated or lacerated intestine. In the majority of +cases the main object is to guard against infection; the skin is +disinfected over a wide area and surrounded with towels; damaged tissue, +especially muscle, is removed with the knife or scissors, and foreign +bodies are extracted. Torn blood vessels, and, if possible, nerves and +tendons are repaired. The wound is then partly closed, provision being +made for free drainage, or some special method of irrigation, such as +that of Carrel, is adopted. Sometimes the wound is treated with bismuth, +iodoform, and paraffin paste (B.I.P.P.) and sutured. + +4. _In the Base Hospital or Hospital Ship_ various measures may be +called for according to the progress of the wound and the condition of +the patient. + +#Shell Wounds and Wounds produced by Explosions.#--It is convenient to +consider together the effects of the bursting of shells fired from heavy +ordnance and those resulting in the course of blasting operations from +the discharge of dynamite or other explosives, or from the bursting of +steam boilers or pipes, the breaking of machinery, and similar accidents +met with in civil practice. + +Wounds inflicted by shell fragments and shrapnel bullets tend to be +extensive in area, and show great contusion, laceration, and destruction +of the tissues. The missiles frequently lodge and carry portions of the +clothing and, it may be, articles from the man's pocket, with them. +Shell wounds are attended with a considerable degree of shock. On +account of the wide area of contusion which surrounds the actual wound +produced by shell fragments, amputation, when called for, should be +performed some distance above the torn tissues, as there is considerable +risk of sloughing of the flaps. + +Wounds produced by dynamite explosions and the bursting of boilers have +the same general characters as shell wounds. Fragments of stone, coal, +or metal may lodge in the tissues, and favour the occurrence of +infective complications. + +All such injuries are to be treated on the general principles governing +contused and lacerated wounds. + + +EMBEDDED FOREIGN BODIES + +In the course of many operations foreign substances are introduced into +the tissues and intentionally left there, for example, suture and +ligature materials, steel or aluminium plates, silver wire or ivory pegs +used to secure the fixation of bones, or solid paraffin employed to +correct deformities. Other substances, such as gauze, drainage tubes, +or metal instruments, may be unintentionally left in a wound. + +Foreign bodies may also lodge in accidentally inflicted wounds, for +example, bullets, needles, splinters of wood, or fragments of clothing. +The needles of hypodermic syringes sometimes break and a portion remains +embedded in the tissues. As a result of explosions, particles of carbon, +in the form of coal-dust or gunpowder, or portions of shale, may lodge +in a wound. + +The embedded foreign body at first acts as an irritant, and induces a +reaction in the tissues in which it lodges, in the form of hyperaemia, +local leucocytosis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and the formation of +granulation tissue. The subsequent changes depend upon whether or not +the wound is infected with pyogenic bacteria. If it is so infected, +suppuration ensues, a sinus forms, and persists until the foreign body +is either cast out or removed. + +If the wound is aseptic, the fate of the foreign body varies with its +character. A substance that is absorbable, such as catgut or fine silk, +is surrounded and permeated by the phagocytes, which soften and +disintegrate it, the debris being gradually absorbed in much the same +manner as a fibrinous exudate. Minute bodies that are not capable of +being absorbed, such as particles of carbon, or of pigment used in +tattooing, are taken up by the phagocytes, and in course of time +removed. Larger bodies, such as needles or bullets, which are not +capable of being destroyed by the phagocytes, become encapsulated. In +the granulation tissue by which they are surrounded large multinuclear +giant-cells appear ("_foreign-body giant-cells_") and attach themselves +to the foreign body, the fibroblasts proliferate and a capsule of scar +tissue is eventually formed around the body. The tissues of the capsule +may show evidence of iron pigmentation. Sometimes fluid accumulates +around a foreign body within its capsule, constituting a cyst. + +Substances like paraffin, strands of silk used to bridge a gap in a +tendon, or portions of calcined bone, instead of being encapsulated, are +gradually permeated and eventually replaced by new connective tissue. + +Embedded bodies may remain in the tissues for an indefinite period +without giving rise to inconvenience. At any time, however, they may +cause trouble, either as a result of infective complications, or by +inducing the formation of a mass of inflammatory tissue around them, +which may simulate a gumma, a tuberculous focus, or a sarcoma. This +latter condition may give rise to difficulties in diagnosis, +particularly if there is no history forthcoming of the entrance of the +foreign body. The ignorance of patients regarding the possible lodgment +in the tissues of a foreign body--even of considerable size--is +remarkable. In such cases the X-rays will reveal the presence of the +foreign body if it is sufficiently opaque to cast a shadow. The heavy, +lead-containing varieties of glass throw very definite shadows little +inferior in sharpness and definition to those of metal; almost all the +ordinary forms of commercial glass also may be shown up by the X-rays. + +Foreign bodies encapsulated in the peritoneal cavity are specially +dangerous, as the proximity of the intestine furnishes a constant +possibility of infection. + +The question of removal of the foreign body must be decided according to +the conditions present in individual cases; in searching for a foreign +body in the tissues, unless it has been accurately located, a general +anaesthetic is to be preferred. + + +BURNS AND SCALDS + +The distinction between a burn which results from the action of dry heat +on the tissues of the body and a scald which results from the action of +moist heat, has no clinical significance. + +In young and debilitated subjects hot poultices may produce injuries of +the nature of burns. In old people with enfeebled circulation mere +exposure to a strong fire may cause severe degrees of burning, the +clothes covering the part being uninjured. This may also occur about the +feet, legs, or knees of persons while intoxicated who have fallen asleep +before the fire. + +The damage done to the tissues by strong caustics, such as fuming nitric +acid, sulphuric acid, caustic potash, nitrate of silver, or arsenical +paste, presents pathological and clinical features almost identical with +those resulting from heat. Electricity and the Rontgen rays also produce +lesions of the nature of burns. + +_Pathology of Burns._--Much discussion has taken place regarding the +explanation of the rapidly fatal issue in extensive superficial burns. +On post-mortem examination the lesions found in these cases are: (1) +general hyperaemia of all the organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and +cerebro-spinal cavities; (2) marked leucocytosis, with destruction of +red corpuscles, setting free haemoglobin which lodges in the epithelial +cells of the tubules of the kidneys; (3) minute thrombi and +extravasations throughout the tissues of the body; (4) degeneration of +the ganglion cells of the solar plexus; (5) oedema and degeneration of +the lymphoid tissue throughout the body; (6) cloudy swelling of the +liver and kidneys, and softening and enlargement of the spleen. Bardeen +suggests that these morbid phenomena correspond so closely to those met +with where the presence of a toxin is known to produce them, that in all +probability death is similarly due to the action of some poison produced +by the action of heat on the skin and on the proteins of the blood. + +#Clinical Features--Local Phenomena.#--The most generally accepted +classification of burns is that of Dupuytren, which is based upon the +depth of the lesion. Six degrees are thus, recognised: (1) hyperaemia or +erythema; (2) vesication; (3) partial destruction of the true skin; (4) +total destruction of the true skin; (5) charring of muscles; (6) +charring of bones. + +It must be observed, however, that burns met with at the bedside always +illustrate more than one of these degrees, the deeper forms always being +associated with those less deep, and the clinical picture is made up of +the combined characters of all. A burn is classified in terms of its +most severe portion. It is also to be remarked that the extent and +severity of a burn usually prove to be greater than at first sight +appears. + +_Burns of the first degree_ are associated with erythema of the skin, +due to hyperaemia of its blood vessels, and result from scorching by +flame, from contact with solids or fluids below 212 o F., or from +exposure to the sun's rays. They are characterised clinically by acute +pain, redness, transitory swelling from oedema, and subsequent +desquamation of the surface layers of the epidermis. A special form of +pigmentation of the skin is seen on the front of the legs of women from +exposure to the heat of the fire. + +_Burns of Second Degree--Vesication of the Skin._--These are +characterised by the occurrence of vesicles or blisters which are +scattered over the hyperaemic area, and contain a clear yellowish or +brownish fluid. On removing the raised epidermis, the congested and +highly sensitive papillae of the skin are exposed. Unna has found that +pyogenic bacteria are invariably present in these blisters. Burns of the +second degree leave no scar but frequently a persistent discoloration. +In rare instances the burned area becomes the seat of a peculiar +overgrowth of fibrous tissue of the nature of keloid (p 401). + +_Burns of Third Degree--Partial Destruction of the Skin._--The epidermis +and papillae are destroyed in patches, leaving hard, dry, and insensitive +sloughs of a yellow or black colour. The pain in these burns is +intense, but passes off during the first or second day, to return again, +however, when, about the end of a week, the sloughs separate and expose +the nerve filaments of the underlying skin. Granulations spring up to +fill the gap, and are rapidly covered by epithelium, derived partly from +the margins and partly from the remains of skin glands which have not +been completely destroyed. These latter appear on the surface of the +granulations as small bluish islets which gradually increase in size, +become of a greyish-white colour, and ultimately blend with one another +and with the edges. The resulting cicatrix may be slightly depressed, +but otherwise exhibits little tendency to contract and cause deformity. + +_Burns of Fourth Degree--Total Destruction of the Skin._--These follow +the more prolonged action of any form of intense heat. Large, black, dry +eschars are formed, surrounded by a zone of intense congestion. Pain is +less severe, and is referred to the parts that have been burned to a +less degree. Infection is liable to occur and to lead to wide +destruction of the surrounding skin. The amount of granulation tissue +necessary to fill the gap is therefore great; and as the epithelial +covering can only be derived from the margins--the skin glands being +completely destroyed--the healing process is slow. The resulting scars +are irregular, deep and puckered, and show a great tendency to contract. +Keloid frequently develops in such cicatrices. When situated in the +region of the face, neck, or flexures of joints, much deformity and +impairment of function may result (Fig. 63). + +[Illustration: FIG. 63.--Cicatricial Contraction following Severe Burn.] + +In _burns of the fifth degree_ the lesion extends through the +subcutaneous tissue and involves the muscles; while in those of the +_sixth degree_ it passes still more deeply and implicates the bones. +These burns are comparatively limited in area, as they are usually +produced by prolonged contact with hot metal or caustics. Burns of the +fifth and sixth degrees are met with in epileptics or intoxicated +persons who fall into the fire. Large blood vessels, nerve-trunks, +joints, or serous cavities may be implicated. + +#General Phenomena.#--It is customary to divide the clinical history of +a severe burn into three periods; but it is to be observed that the +features characteristic of the periods have been greatly modified since +burns have been treated on the same lines as other wounds. + +_The first period_ lasts for from thirty-six to forty-eight hours, +during which time the patient remains in a more or less profound state +of _shock_, and there is a remarkable absence of pain. When shock is +absent or little marked, however, the amount of suffering may be great. +When the injury proves fatal during this period, death is due to shock, +probably aggravated by the absorption of poisonous substances produced +in the burned tissues. In fatal cases there is often evidence of +cerebral congestion and oedema. + +The _second period_ begins when the shock passes off, and lasts till the +sloughs separate. The outstanding feature of this period is _toxaemia_, +manifested by fever, the temperature rising to 102 o, 103 o, or 104 o F., +and congestive or inflammatory conditions of internal organs, giving +rise to such clinical complications as bronchitis, broncho-pneumonia, or +pleurisy--especially in burns of the thorax; or meningitis and +cerebritis, when the neck or head is the seat of the burn. Intestinal +catarrh associated with diarrhoea is not uncommon; and ulceration of the +duodenum leading to perforation has been met with in a few cases. These +phenomena are much more prominent when bacterial infection has taken +place, and it seems probable that they are to be attributed chiefly to +the infection, as they have become less frequent and less severe since +burns have been treated like other breaches of the surface. Albuminuria +is a fairly constant symptom in severe burns, and is associated with +congestion of the kidneys. In burns implicating the face, neck, mouth, +or pharynx, oedema of the glottis is a dangerous complication, entailing +as it does the risk of suffocation. + +The _third period_ begins when the sloughs separate, usually between +the seventh and fourteenth days, and lasts till the wound heals, its +duration depending upon the size, depth, and asepticity of the raw area. +The chief causes of death during this period are toxin absorption in any +of its forms; waxy disease of the liver, kidneys, or intestine; less +commonly erysipelas, tetanus, or other diseases due to infection by +specific organisms. We have seen nothing to substantiate the belief that +duodenal ulcers are liable to perforate during the third period. + +The _prognosis_ in burns depends on (1) the superficial extent, and, to +a much less degree, the depth of the injury. When more than one-third of +the entire surface of the body is involved, even in a mild degree, the +prognosis is grave. (2) The situation of the burn is important. Burns +over the serous cavities--abdomen, thorax, or skull--are, other things +being equal, much more dangerous than burns of the limbs. The risk of +oedema of the glottis in burns about the neck and mouth has already been +referred to. (3) Children are more liable to succumb to shock during the +early period, but withstand prolonged suppuration better than adults. +(4) When the patient survives the shock, the presence or absence of +infection is the all-important factor in prognosis. + +#Treatment.#--The _general treatment_ consists in combating the shock. +When pain is severe, morphin must be injected. + +_Local Treatment._--The local treatment must be carried out on +antiseptic lines, a general anaesthetic being administered, if necessary, +to enable the purification to be carried out thoroughly. After carefully +removing the clothing, the whole of the burned area is gently, but +thoroughly, cleansed with peroxide of hydrogen or warm boracic lotion, +followed by sterilised saline solution. As pyogenic bacteria are +invariably found in the blisters of burns, these must be opened and the +raised epithelium removed. + +The dressings subsequently applied should meet the following +indications: the relief of pain; the prevention of sepsis; and the +promotion of cicatrisation. + +An application which satisfactorily fulfils these requirements is +_picric acid_. Pads of lint or gauze are lightly wrung out of a solution +made up of picric acid, 1 1/2 drams; absolute alcohol, 3 ounces; +distilled water, 40 ounces, and applied over the whole of the reddened +area. These are covered with antiseptic wool, _without_ any waterproof +covering, and retained in position by a many-tailed bandage. The +dressing should be changed once or twice a week, under the guidance of +the temperature chart, any portion of the original dressing which +remains perfectly dry being left undisturbed. The value of a general +anaesthetic in dressing extensive burns, especially in children, can +scarcely be overestimated. + +Picric acid yields its best results in superficial burns, and it is +useful as _a primary dressing_ in all. As soon as the sloughs separate +and a granulating surface forms, the ordinary treatment for a healing +sore is instituted. Any slough under which pus has collected should be +cut away with scissors to permit of free drainage. + +An occlusive dressing of melted _paraffin_ has also been employed. A +useful preparation consists of: Paraffin molle 25 per cent., paraffin +durum 67 per cent., olive oil 5 per cent., oil of eucalyptus 2 per +cent., and beta-naphthol 1/4 per cent. It has a melting point of 48 o C. +It is also known as _Ambrine_ and _Burnol_. After the burned area has +been cleansed and thoroughly dried, it is sponged or painted with the +melted paraffin, and before solidification takes place a layer of +sterilised gauze is applied and covered with a second coating of +paraffin. Further coats of paraffin are applied every other day to +prevent the gauze sticking to the skin. + +An alternative method of treating extensive burns is by immersing the +part, or even the whole body when the trunk is affected, in a bath of +boracic lotion kept at the body temperature, the lotion being frequently +renewed. + +If a burn is already infected when first seen, it is to be treated on +the same principles as govern the treatment of other infected wounds. + +All moist or greasy applications, such as Carron oil, carbolic oil and +ointments, and all substances like collodion and dry powders, which +retain discharges, entirely fail to meet the indications for the +rational treatment of burns, and should be abandoned. + +Skin-grafting is of great value in hastening healing after extensive +burns, and in preventing cicatricial contraction. The _deformities_ +which are so liable to develop from contraction of the cicatrices are +treated on general principles. In the region of the face, neck, and +flexures of joints (Fig. 63), where they are most marked, the contracted +bands may be divided and the parts stretched, the raw surface left being +covered by Thiersch grafts or by flaps of skin raised from adjacent +surfaces or from other parts of the body (Fig. 1). + + +INJURIES PRODUCED BY ELECTRICITY + +#Injuries produced by Exposure to X-Rays and Radium.#--In the routine +treatment of disease by radiations, injury is sometimes done to the +tissues, even when the greatest care is exercised as to dosage and +frequency of application. Robert Knox describes the following +ill-effects. + +_Acute dermatitis_ varying in degree from a slight erythema to deep +ulceration or even necrosis of skin. When ulcers form they are extremely +painful and slow to heal. When hair-bearing areas are affected, +epilation may occur without destroying the hair follicles and the hairs +are reproduced, but if the reaction is excessive permanent alopecia may +result. + +_Chronic dermatitis_, which results from persistence of the acute form, +is most intractable and may assume malignant characters. X-ray warts are +a late manifestation of chronic dermatitis and may become malignant. + +Among the _late manifestations_ are neuritis, telangiectasis, and a +painful and intractable form of ulceration, any of which may come on +months or even years after the cessation of exposure. _Sterility_ may be +induced in X-ray workers who are imperfectly protected from the effects +of the rays. + +#Electrical burns# usually occur in those who are engaged in industrial +undertakings where powerful electrical currents are employed. + +The lesions--which vary from a slight superficial scorching to complete +charring of parts--are most evident at the points of entrance and exit +of the current, the intervening tissues apparently escaping injury. + +The more superficial degrees of electrical burns differ from those +produced by heat in being almost painless, and in healing very slowly, +although as a rule they remain dry and aseptic. + +The more severe forms are attended with a considerable degree of shock, +which is not only more profound, but also lasts much longer than the +shock in an ordinary burn of corresponding severity. The parts at the +point of entrance of the current are charred to a greater or lesser +depth. The eschar is at first dry and crisp, and is surrounded by a zone +of pallor. For the first thirty-six to forty-eight hours there is +comparatively little suffering, but at the end of that time the parts +become exceedingly painful. In a majority of cases, in spite of careful +purification, a slow form of moist gangrene sets in, and the slough +spreads both in area and in depth, until the muscles and often the +large blood vessels and nerves are exposed. A line of demarcation +eventually forms, but the sloughs are exceedingly slow to separate, +taking from three to five times as long as in an ordinary burn, and +during the process of separation there is considerable risk of secondary +haemorrhage from erosion of large vessels. + +_Treatment._--Electrical burns are treated on the same lines as ordinary +burns, by thorough purification and the application of dry dressings, +with a view to avoiding the onset of moist gangrene. After granulations +have formed, skin-grafting is of value in hastening healing. + +#Lightning-stroke.#--In a large proportion of cases lightning-stroke +proves instantly fatal. In non-fatal cases the patient suffers from a +profound degree of shock, and there may or may not be any external +evidence of injury. In the mildest cases red spots or wheals--closely +resembling those of urticaria--may appear on the body, but they usually +fade again in the course of twenty-four hours. Sometimes large patches +of skin are scorched or stained, the discoloured area showing an +arborescent appearance. In other cases the injured skin becomes dry and +glazed, resembling parchment. Appearances are occasionally met with +corresponding to those of a superficial burn produced by heat. The chief +difference from ordinary burns is the extreme slowness with which +healing takes place. Localised paralysis of groups of muscles, or even +of a whole limb, may follow any degree of lightning-stroke. Treatment is +mainly directed towards combating the shock, the surface-lesions being +treated on the same lines as ordinary burns. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +METHODS OF WOUND TREATMENT + + +Varieties of wounds--Modes of infection--Lister's work--Means taken to + prevent infection of wounds: _heat_; _chemical antiseptics_; + _disinfection of hands_; _preparation of skin of patient_; + _instruments_; _ligatures_; _dressings_--Means taken to combat + infection: _purification_; _open-wound method_. + +The surgeon is called upon to treat two distinct classes of wounds: (1) +those resulting from injury or disease in which _the skin is already +broken_, or in which a communication with a mucous surface exists; and +(2) those that he himself makes _through intact skin_, no infected +mucous surface being involved. + +Infection by bacteria must be assumed to have taken place in all wounds +made in any other way than by the knife of the surgeon operating through +unbroken skin. On this assumption the modern system of wound treatment +is based. Pathogenic bacteria are so widely distributed, that in the +ordinary circumstances of everyday life, no matter how trivial a wound +may be, or how short a time it may remain exposed, the access of +organisms to it is almost certain unless preventive measures are +employed. + +It cannot be emphasised too strongly that rigid precautions are to be +taken to exclude fresh infection, not only in dealing with wounds that +are free of organisms, but equally in the management of wounds and other +lesions that are already infected. Any laxity in our methods which +admits of fresh organisms reaching an infected wound adds materially to +the severity of the infective process and consequently to the patient's +risk. + +There are many ways in which accidental infection may occur. Take, for +example, the case of a person who receives a cut on the face by being +knocked down in a carriage accident on the street. Organisms may be +introduced to such a wound from the shaft or wheel by which he was +struck, from the ground on which he lay, from any portion of his +clothing that may have come in contact with the wound, or from his own +skin. Or, again, the hands of those who render first aid, the water used +to bathe the wound, the handkerchief or other extemporised dressing +applied to it, may be the means of conveying bacterial infection. Should +the wound open on a mucous surface, such as the mouth or nasal cavity, +the organisms constantly present in such situations are liable to prove +agents of infection. + +Even after the patient has come under professional care the risks of his +wound becoming infected are not past, because the hands of the doctor, +his instruments, dressings, or other appliances may all, unless +purified, become the sources of infection. + +In the case of an operation carried out through unbroken skin, organisms +may be introduced into the wound from the patient's own skin, from the +hands of the surgeon or his assistants, through the medium of +contaminated instruments, swabs, ligature or suture materials, or other +things used in the course of the operation, or from the dressings +applied to the wound. + +Further, bacteria may gain access to devitalised tissues by way of the +blood-stream, being carried hither from some infected area elsewhere in +the body. + +_The Antiseptic System of Surgery._--Those who only know the surgical +conditions of to-day can scarcely realise the state of matters which +existed before the introduction of the antiseptic system by Joseph +Lister in 1867. In those days few wounds escaped the ravages of pyogenic +and other bacteria, with the result that suppuration ensued after most +operations, and such diseases as erysipelas, pyaemia, and "hospital +gangrene" were of everyday occurrence. The mortality after compound +fractures, amputations, and many other operations was appalling, and +death from blood-poisoning frequently followed even the most trivial +operations. An operation was looked upon as a last resource, and the +inherent risk from blood-poisoning seemed to have set an impassable +barrier to the further progress of surgery. To the genius of Lister we +owe it that this barrier was removed. Having satisfied himself that the +septic process was due to bacterial infection, he devised a means of +preventing the access of organisms to wounds or of counteracting their +effects. Carbolic acid was the first antiseptic agent he employed, and +by its use in compound fractures he soon obtained results such as had +never before been attained. The principle was applied to other +conditions with like success, and so profoundly has it affected the +whole aspect of surgical pathology, that many of the infective diseases +with which surgeons formerly had to deal are now all but unknown. The +broad principles upon which Lister founded his system remain unchanged, +although the methods employed to put them into practice have been +modified. + +#Means taken to Prevent Infection of Wounds.#--The avenues by which +infective agents may gain access to surgical wounds are so numerous and +so wide, that it requires the greatest care and the most watchful +attention on the part of the surgeon to guard them all. It is only by +constant practice and patient attention to technical details in the +operating room and at the bedside, that the carrying out of surgical +manipulations in such a way as to avoid bacterial infection will become +an instinctive act and a second nature. It is only possible here to +indicate the chief directions in which danger lies, and to describe the +means most generally adopted to avoid it. + +To prevent infection, it is essential that everything which comes into +contact with a wound should be sterilised or disinfected, and to ensure +the best results it is necessary that the efficiency of our methods of +sterilisation should be periodically tested. The two chief agencies at +our disposal are heat and chemical antiseptics. + +#Sterilisation by Heat.#--The most reliable, and at the same time the +most convenient and generally applicable, means of sterilisation is by +heat. All bacteria and spores are completely destroyed by being +subjected for fifteen minutes to _saturated circulating steam_ at a +temperature of 130 o to 145 o C. (= 266 o to 293 o F.). The articles to be +sterilised are enclosed in a perforated tin casket, which is placed in a +specially constructed steriliser, such as that of Schimmelbusch. This +apparatus is so arranged that the steam circulates under a pressure of +from two to three atmospheres, and permeates everything contained in it. +Objects so sterilised are dry when removed from the steriliser. This +method is specially suitable for appliances which are not damaged by +steam, such, for example, as gauze swabs, towels, aprons, gloves, and +metal instruments; it is essential that the efficiency of the steriliser +be tested from time to time by a self-registering thermometer or other +means. + +The best substitute for circulating steam is _boiling_. The articles are +placed in a "fish-kettle steriliser" and boiled for fifteen minutes in a +1 per cent. solution of washing soda. + +To prevent contamination of objects that have been sterilised they must +on no account be touched by any one whose hands have not been +disinfected and protected by sterilised gloves. + +#Sterilisation by Chemical Agents.#--For the purification of the skin of +the patient, the hands of the surgeon, and knives and other instruments +that are damaged by heat, recourse must be had to chemical agents. +These, however, are less reliable than heat, and are open to certain +other objections. + +#Disinfection of the Hands.#--It is now generally recognised that one of +the most likely sources of wound infection is the hands of the surgeon +and his assistants. It is only by carefully studying to avoid all +contact with infective matter that the hands can be kept surgically +pure, and that this source of wound infection can be reduced to a +minimum. The risk of infection from this source has further been greatly +reduced by the systematic use of rubber gloves by house-surgeons, +dressers, and nurses. The habitual use of gloves has also been adopted +by the great majority of surgeons; the minority, who find they are +handicapped by wearing gloves as a routine measure, are obliged to do so +when operating in infective cases or dressing infected wounds, and in +making rectal and vaginal examinations. + +The gloves may be sterilised by steam, and are then put on dry, or by +boiling, in which case they are put on wet. The gauntlet of the glove +should overlap and confine the end of the sleeve of the sterilised +overall, and the gloved hands are rinsed in lotion before and at +frequent intervals during the operation. The hands are sterilised before +putting on the gloves, preferably by a method which dehydrates the skin. +Cotton gloves may be worn by the surgeon when tying ligatures, or +between operations, and by the anaesthetist during operations on the +head, neck, and chest. + +The first step in the disinfection of the hands is the mechanical +removal of gross surface dirt and loose epithelium by soap, a stream of +running water as hot as can be borne, and a loofah or nail-brush, that +has been previously sterilised by heat. The nails should be cut down +till there is no sulcus between the nail edge and the pulp of the finger +in which organisms may lodge. They are next washed for three minutes in +methylated spirit to dehydrate the skin, and then for two or three +minutes in 70 per cent. sublimate or biniodide alcohol (1 in 1000). +Finally, the hands are rubbed with dry sterilised gauze. + +#Preparation of the Skin of the Patient.#--In the purification of the +skin of the patient before operation, reliance is to be placed chiefly +in the mechanical removal of dirt and grease by the same means as are +taken for the cleansing of the surgeon's hands. Hair-covered parts +should be shaved. The skin is then dehydrated by washing with methylated +spirit, followed by 70 per cent. sublimate or biniodide alcohol (1 in +1000). This is done some hours before the operation, and the part is +then covered with pads of dry sterilised gauze or a sterilised towel. +Immediately before the operation the skin is again purified in the same +way. + +The _iodine method_ of disinfecting the skin introduced by Grossich is +simple, and equally efficient. The day before operation the skin, after +being washed with soap and water, is shaved, dehydrated by means of +methylated spirit, and then painted with a 5 per cent. solution of +iodine in rectified spirit. The painting with iodine is repeated just +before the operation commences, and again after it is completed. The +final application is omitted in the case of children. In emergency +operations the skin is shaved dry and dehydrated with spirit, after +which the iodine is applied as described above. The staining of the skin +is an advantage, as it enables the operator to recognise the area that +has been prepared. + +If any acne pustules or infected sinuses are present, they should be +destroyed or purified by means of the thermo-cautery or pure carbolic +acid, after the patient is anaesthetised. + +#Appliances used at Operation.#--_Instruments_ that are not damaged by +heat must be boiled in a fish-kettle or other suitable steriliser for +fifteen minutes in a 1 per cent. solution of cresol or washing soda. +Just before the operation begins they are removed in the tray of the +steriliser and placed on a sterilised towel within reach of the surgeon +or his assistant. Knives and instruments that are liable to be damaged +by heat should be purified by being soaked in pure cresol for a few +minutes, or in 1 in 20 carbolic for at least an hour. + +_Pads of Gauze_ sterilised by compressed circulating steam have almost +entirely superseded marine sponges for operative purposes. To avoid the +risk of leaving swabs in the peritoneal cavity, large square pads of +gauze, to one corner of which a piece of strong tape about a foot long +is securely stitched, should be employed. They should be removed from +the caskets in which they are sterilised by means of sterilised forceps, +and handed direct to the surgeon. The assistant who attends to the swabs +should wear sterilised gloves. + +_Ligatures and Sutures._--To avoid the risk of implanting infective +matter in a wound by means of the materials used for ligatures and +sutures, great care must be taken in their preparation. + +_Catgut._--The following methods of preparing catgut have proved +satisfactory: (1) The gut is soaked in juniper oil for at least a month; +the juniper oil is then removed by ether and alcohol, and the gut +preserved in 1 in 1000 solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol +(Kocher). (2) The gut is placed in a brass receiver and boiled for +three-quarters of an hour in a solution consisting of 85 per cent. +absolute alcohol, 10 per cent. water, and 5 per cent. carbolic acid, and +is then stored in 90 per cent. alcohol. (3) Cladius recommends that the +catgut, just as it is bought from the dealers, be loosely rolled on a +spool, and then immersed in a solution of--iodine, 1 part; iodide of +potassium, 1 part; distilled water, 100 parts. At the end of eight days +it is ready for use. Moschcowitz has found that the tensile strength of +catgut so prepared is increased if it is kept dry in a sterile vessel, +instead of being left indefinitely in the iodine solution. If +Salkindsohn's formula is used--tincture of iodine, 1 part; proof spirit, +15 parts--the gut can be kept permanently in the solution without +becoming brittle. To avoid contamination from the hands, catgut should +be removed from the bottle with aseptic forceps and passed direct to the +surgeon. Any portion unused should be thrown away. + +_Silk_ is prepared by being soaked for twelve hours in ether, for other +twelve in alcohol, and then boiled for ten minutes in 1 in 1000 +sublimate solution. It is then wound on spools with purified hands +protected by sterilised gloves, and kept in absolute alcohol. Before an +operation the silk is again boiled for ten minutes in the same solution, +and is used directly from this (Kocher). Linen thread is sterilised in +the same way as silk. + +Fishing-gut and silver wire, as well as the needles, should be boiled +along with the instruments. Horse-hair and fishing-gut may be sterilised +by prolonged immersion in 1 in 20 carbolic, or in the iodine solutions +employed to sterilise catgut. + +The field of operation is surrounded by sterilised towels, clipped to +the edges of the wound, and securely fixed in position so that no +contamination may take place from the surroundings. + +The surgeon and his assistants, including the anaesthetist, wear +overalls sterilised by steam. To avoid the risk of infection from dust, +scurf, or drops of perspiration falling from the head, the surgeon and +his assistants may wear sterilised cotton caps. To obviate the risk of +infection taking place by drops of saliva projected from the mouth in +talking or coughing in the vicinity of a wound, a simple mask may be +worn. + +The risk of infection from the _air_ is now known to be very small, so +long as there is no excess of floating dust. All sweeping, dusting, and +disturbing of curtains, blinds, or furniture must therefore be avoided +before or during an operation. + +It has been shown that the presence of spectators increases the number +of organisms in the atmosphere. In teaching clinics, therefore, the risk +from air infection is greater than in private practice. + +To facilitate primary union, all haemorrhage should be arrested, and the +accumulation of fluid in the wound prevented. When much oozing is +anticipated, a glass or rubber drainage-tube is inserted through a small +opening specially made for the purpose. In aseptic wounds the tube may +be removed in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and where it is +important to avoid a scar, the opening should be closed with a Michel's +clip; in infected wounds the tube must remain as long as the discharge +continues. + +The fascia and skin should be brought into accurate apposition by +sutures. If any cavity exists in the deeper part of the wound it should +be obliterated by buried sutures, or by so adjusting the dressing as to +bring its walls into apposition. + +If these precautions have been successful, the wound will heal under the +original dressing, which need not be interfered with for from seven to +ten days, according to the nature of the case. + +#Dressings.#--_Gauze_, sterilised by heat, is almost universally +employed for the dressing of wounds. _Double cyanide gauze_ may be used +in such regions as the neck, axilla, or groin, where complete +sterilisation of the skin is difficult to attain, and where it is +desirable to leave the dressing undisturbed for ten days or more. +_Iodoform_ or _bismuth gauze_ is of special value for the packing of +wounds treated by the open method. + +One variety or another of _wool_, rendered absorbent by the extraction +of its fat, and sterilised by heat, forms a part of almost every +surgical dressing, and various antiseptic agents may be added to it. Of +these, corrosive sublimate is the most generally used. Wood-wool +dressings are more highly and more uniformly absorbent than cotton +wools. As evaporation takes place through wool dressings, the discharge +becomes dried, and so forms an unfavourable medium for bacterial growth. + +Pads of _sphagnum moss_, sterilised by heat, are highly absorbent, and +being economical are used when there is much discharge, and in cases +where a leakage of urine has to be soaked up. + +#Means adopted to combat Infection.#--As has already been indicated, the +same antiseptic precautions are to be taken in dealing with infected as +with aseptic wounds. + +In _recent injuries_ such as result from railway or machinery accidents, +with bruising and crushing of the tissues and grinding of gross dirt +into the wounds, the scissors must be freely used to remove the tissues +that have been devitalised or impregnated with foreign material. +Hair-covered parts should be shaved and the surrounding skin painted +with iodine. Crushed and contaminated portions of bone should be +chiselled away. Opinions differ as to the benefit derived from washing +such wounds with chemical antiseptics, which are liable to devitalise +the tissues with which they come in contact, and so render them less +able to resist the action of any organisms that may remain in them. All +are agreed, however, that free washing with normal salt solution is +useful in mechanically cleansing the injured parts. Peroxide of hydrogen +sprayed over such wounds is also beneficial in virtue of its oxidising +properties. Efficient drainage must be provided, and stitches should be +used sparingly, if at all. + +The best way in which to treat such wounds is by the _open method_. This +consists in packing the wound with iodoform or bismuth gauze, which is +left in position as long as it adheres to the raw surface. The packing +may be renewed at intervals until the wound is filled by granulations; +or, in the course of a few days when it becomes evident that the +infection has been overcome, _secondary_ sutures may be introduced and +the edges drawn together, provision being made at the ends for further +packing or for drainage-tubes. + +If earth or street dirt has entered the wound, the surface may with +advantage be painted over with pure carbolic acid, as virulent +organisms, such as those of tetanus or spreading gangrene, are liable to +be present. Prophylactic injection of tetanus antitoxin may be +indicated. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +CONSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS OF INJURIES + + +SYNCOPE--SHOCK--COLLAPSE--FAT EMBOLISM--TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA--DELIRIUM + IN SURGICAL PATIENTS: _Delirium in general_; _Delirium tremens_; + _Traumatic delirium_. + + +SYNCOPE, SHOCK, AND COLLAPSE + +Syncope, shock, and collapse are clinical conditions which, although +depending on different causes, bear a superficial resemblance to one +another. + +#Syncope or Fainting.#--Syncope is the result of a suddenly produced +anaemia of the brain from temporary weakening or arrest of the heart's +action. In surgical practice, this condition is usually observed in +nervous persons who have been subjected to pain, as in the reduction of +a dislocation or the incision of a whitlow; or in those who have rapidly +lost a considerable quantity of blood. It may also follow the sudden +withdrawal of fluid from a large cavity, as in tapping an abdomen for +ascites, or withdrawing fluid from the pleural cavity. Syncope sometimes +occurs also during the administration of a general anaesthetic, +especially if there is a tendency to sickness and the patient is not +completely under. During an operation the onset of syncope is often +recognised by the cessation of oozing from the divided vessels before +the general symptoms become manifest. + +_Clinical Features._--When a person is about to faint he feels giddy, +has surging sounds in his ears, and haziness of vision; he yawns, +becomes pale and sick, and a free flow of saliva takes place into the +mouth. The pupils dilate; the pulse becomes small and almost +imperceptible; the respirations shallow and hurried; consciousness +gradually fades away, and he falls in a heap on the floor. + +Sometimes vomiting ensues before the patient completely loses +consciousness, and the muscular exertion entailed may ward off the +actual faint. This is frequently seen in threatened syncopal attacks +during chloroform administration. + +Recovery begins in a few seconds, the patient sighing or gasping, or, it +may be, vomiting; the strength of the pulse gradually increases, and +consciousness slowly returns. In some cases, however, syncope is fatal. + +_Treatment._--The head should at once be lowered--in imitation of +nature's method--to encourage the flow of blood to the brain, the +patient, if necessary, being held up by the heels. All tight clothing, +especially round the neck or chest, must be loosened. The heart may be +stimulated reflexly by dashing cold water over the face or chest, or by +rubbing the face vigorously with a rough towel. The application of +volatile substances, such as ammonia or smelling-salts, to the nose; the +administration by the mouth of sal-volatile, whisky or brandy, and the +intra-muscular injection of ether, are the most speedily efficacious +remedies. In severe cases the application of hot cloths over the heart, +or of the faradic current over the line of the phrenic nerve, just above +the clavicle, may be called for. + +#Surgical Shock.#--The condition known as surgical shock may be looked +upon as a state of profound exhaustion of the mechanism that exists in +the body for the transformation of energy. This mechanism consists of +(1) the _brain_, which, through certain special centres, regulates all +vital activity; (2) the _adrenal glands_, the secretion of +which--adrenalin--acting as a stimulant of the sympathetic system, so +controls the tone of the blood vessels as to maintain efficient +oxidation of the tissues; and (3) _the liver_, which stores and delivers +glycogen as it is required by the muscles, and in addition, deals with +the by-products of metabolism. + +Crile and his co-workers have shown that in surgical shock histological +changes occur in the cells of the brain, the adrenals, and the liver, +and that these are identical, whatever be the cause that leads to the +exhaustion of the energy-transforming mechanism. These changes vary in +degree, and range from slight alterations in the structure of the +protoplasm to complete disorganisation of the cell elements. + +The influences which contribute to bring about this form of exhaustion +that we call shock are varied, and include such emotional states as +fear, anxiety, or worry, physical injury and toxic infection, and the +effects of these factors are augmented by anything that tends to lower +the vitality, such as loss of blood, exposure, insufficient food, loss +of sleep or antecedent illness. + +Any one or any combination of these influences may cause shock, but the +most potent, and the one which most concerns the surgeon, is physical +injury, _e.g._, a severe accident or an operation (_traumatic shock_). +This is usually associated with some emotional disturbance, such as fear +or anxiety (_emotional shock_), or with haemorrhage; and may be followed +by septic infection (_toxic shock_). + +The exaggerated afferent impulses reaching the brain as a result of +trauma, inhibit the action of the nuclei in the region of the fourth +ventricle and cerebellum which maintain the muscular tone, with the +result that the muscular tone is diminished and there is a marked fall +in the arterial blood pressure. The capillaries dilate--the blood +stagnating in them and giving off its oxygen and transuding its fluid +elements into the tissues--with the result that an insufficient quantity +of oxygenated blood reaches the heart to enable it to maintain an +efficient circulation. As the sarco-lactic acid liberated in the muscles +is not oxygenated a condition of acidosis ensues. + +The more highly the injured part is endowed with sensory nerves the more +marked is the shock; a crush of the hand, for example, is attended with +a more intense degree of shock than a correspondingly severe crush of +the foot; and injuries of such specially innervated parts as the testis, +the urethra, the face, or the spinal cord, are associated with severe +degrees, as are also those of parts innervated from the sympathetic +system, such as the abdominal or thoracic viscera. It is to be borne in +mind that a state of general anaesthesia does not prevent injurious +impulses reaching the brain and causing shock during an operation. If +the main nerves of the part are "blocked" by injection of a local +anaesthetic, however, the central nervous system is protected from these +impulses. + +While the aged frequently manifest but few signs of shock, they have a +correspondingly feeble power of recovery; and while many young children +suffer little, even after severe operations, others with much less cause +succumb to shock. + +When the injured person's mind is absorbed with other matters than his +own condition,--as, for example, during the heat of a battle or in the +excitement of a railway accident or a conflagration,--even severe +injuries may be unattended by pain or shock at the time, although when +the period of excitement is over, the severity of the shock is all the +greater. The same thing is observed in persons injured while under the +influence of alcohol. + +_Clinical Features._--The patient is in a state of prostration. He is +roused from his condition of indifference with difficulty, but answers +questions intelligently, if only in a whisper. The face is pale, beads +of sweat stand out on the brow, the features are drawn, the eyes +sunken, and the cheeks hollow. The lips and ears are pallid; the skin of +the body of a greyish colour, cold, and clammy. The pulse is rapid, +fluttering, and often all but imperceptible at the wrist; the +respiration is irregular, shallow, and sighing; and the temperature may +fall to 96 o F. or even lower. The mouth is parched, and the patient +complains of thirst. There is little sensibility to pain. + +Except in very severe cases, shock tends towards recovery within a few +hours, the _reaction_, as it is called, being often ushered in by +vomiting. The colour improves; the pulse becomes full and bounding; the +respiration deeper and more regular; the temperature rises to 100 o F. or +higher; and the patient begins to take notice of his surroundings. The +condition of neurasthenia which sometimes follows an operation may be +associated with the degenerative changes in nerve cells described by +Crile. + +In certain cases the symptoms of traumatic shock blend with those +resulting from toxin absorption, and it is difficult to estimate the +relative importance of the two factors in the causation of the +condition. The conditions formerly known as "delayed shock" and +"prostration with excitement" are now generally recognised to be due to +toxaemia. + +_Question of Operating during Shock._--Most authorities agree that +operations should only be undertaken during profound shock when they are +imperatively demanded for the arrest of haemorrhage, the prevention of +infection of serous cavities, or for the relief of pain which is +producing or intensifying the condition. + +_Prevention of Operation Shock._--In the preparation of a patient for +operation, drastic purgation and prolonged fasting must be avoided, and +about half an hour before a severe operation a pint of saline solution +should be slowly introduced into the rectum; this is repeated, if +necessary, during the operation, and at its conclusion. The +operating-room must be warm--not less than 70 o F.--and the patient +should be wrapped in cotton wool and blankets, and surrounded by +hot-bottles. All lotions used must be warm (100 o F.); and the operation +should be completed as speedily and as bloodlessly as possible. The +element of fear may to some extent be eliminated by the preliminary +administration of such drugs as scopolamin or morphin, and with a view +to preventing the passage of exciting afferent impulses, Crile advocates +"blocking" of the nerves by the injection of a 1 per cent. solution of +novocaine into their substance on the proximal side of the field of +operation. To prevent after-pain in abdominal wounds he recommends +injecting the edges with quinine and urea hydrochlorate before suturing, +the resulting anaesthesia lasting for twenty-four to forty-eight hours. +To these preventive measures the term _anoci-association_ has been +applied. In selecting an anaesthetic, it may be borne in mind that +chloroform lowers the blood pressure more than ether does, and that with +spinal anaesthesia there is no lowering of the blood pressure. + +_Treatment._--A patient suffering from shock should be placed in the +recumbent position, with the foot of the bed raised to facilitate the +return circulation in the large veins, and so to increase the flow of +blood to the brain. His bed should be placed near a large fire, and the +patient himself surrounded by cotton wool and blankets and hot-bottles. +If he has lost much blood, the limbs should be wrapped in cotton wool +and firmly bandaged from below upwards, to conserve as much of the +circulating blood as possible in the trunk and head. If the shock is +moderate in degree, as soon as the patient has been put to bed, about a +pint of saline solution should be introduced into the rectum, and 10 to +15 minims of adrenalin chloride (1 in 1000) may with advantage be added +to the fluid. The injection should be repeated every two hours until the +circulation is sufficiently restored. In severe cases, especially when +associated with haemorrhage, transfusion of whole blood from a compatible +donor, is the most efficient means (_Op. Surg._, p. 37). Cardiac +stimulants such as strychnin, digitalin, or strophanthin are +contra-indicated in shock, as they merely exhaust the already impaired +vaso-motor centre. + +Artificial respiration may be useful in tiding a patient over the +critical period of shock, especially at the end of a severe operation. + +Failing this, the introduction of saline solution at a temperature of +about 105 o F. into a vein or into the subcutaneous tissue is useful +where much blood has been lost (p. 276). Two or three pints may be +injected into a vein, or smaller quantities under the skin. + +Thirst is best met by giving small quantities of warm water by the +mouth, or by the introduction of saline solution into the rectum. Ice +only relieves thirst for a short time, and as it is liable to induce +flatulence should be avoided, especially in abdominal cases. Dryness of +the tongue may be relieved by swabbing the mouth with a mixture of +glycerine and lemon juice. + +If severe pain calls for the use of morphin, 1/120th grain of atropin +should be added, or heroin alone may be given in doses of 1/24th to +1/12th grain. + +#Collapse# is a clinical condition which comes on more insidiously than +shock, and which does not attain its maximum degree of severity for +several hours. It is met with in the course of severe illnesses, +especially such as are associated with the loss of large quantities of +fluid from the body--for example, by severe diarrhoea, notably in Asiatic +cholera; by persistent vomiting; or by profuse sweating, as in some +cases of heat-stroke. Severe degrees of collapse follow sudden and +profuse loss of blood. + +Collapse often follows upon shock--for example, in intestinal +perforations, or after abdominal operations complicated by peritonitis, +especially if there is vomiting, as in cases of obstruction high up in +the intestine. The symptoms of collapse are aggravated if toxin +absorption is superadded to the loss of fluid. + +The _clinical features_ of this condition are practically the same as +those of shock; and it is treated on the same lines. + +FAT EMBOLISM.--After various injuries and operations, but +especially such as implicate the marrow of long bones--for example, +comminuted fractures, osteotomies, resections of joints, or the forcible +correction of deformities--fluid fat may enter the circulation in +variable quantity. In the vast majority of cases no ill effects follow, +but when the quantity is large or when the absorption is long continued +certain symptoms ensue, either immediately, or more frequently not for +two or three days. These are mostly referable to the lungs and brain. + +In the lung the fat collects in the minute blood vessels and produces +venous congestion and oedema, and sometimes pneumonia. Dyspnoea, with +cyanosis, a persistent cough and frothy or blood-stained sputum, a +feeble pulse and low temperature, are the chief symptoms. + +When the fat lodges in the capillaries of the brain, the pulse becomes +small, rapid, and irregular, delirium followed by coma ensues, and the +condition is usually rapidly fatal. + +Fat is usually to be detected in the urine, even in mild cases. + +The _treatment_ consists in tiding the patient over the acute stage of +his illness, until the fat is eliminated from the blood vessels. + +TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA OR TRAUMATIC CYANOSIS.--This term has been +applied to a condition which results when the thorax is so forcibly +compressed that respiration is mechanically arrested for several +minutes. It has occurred from being crushed in a struggling crowd, or +under a fall of masonry, and in machinery accidents. When the patient is +released, the face and the neck as low down as the level of the +clavicles present an intense coloration, varying from deep purple to +blue-black. The affected area is sharply defined, and on close +inspection the appearance is found to be due to the presence of +countless minute reddish-blue or black spots, with small areas or +streaks of normal skin between them. The punctate nature of the +coloration is best recognised towards the periphery of the affected +area--at the junction of the brow with the hairy scalp, and where the +dark patch meets the normal skin of the chest (Beach and Cobb). Pressure +over the skin does not cause the colour to disappear as in ordinary +cyanosis. It has been shown by Wright of Boston, that the coloration is +due to stasis from mechanical over-distension of the veins and +capillaries; actual extravasation into the tissues is exceptional. The +sharply defined distribution of the coloration is attributed to the +absence of functionating valves in the veins of the head and neck, so +that when the increased intra-thoracic pressure is transmitted to these +veins they become engorged. Under the conjunctivae there are +extravasations of bright red blood; and sublingual haematoma has been +observed (Beatson). + +The discoloration begins to fade within a few hours, and after the +second or third day it disappears, without showing any of the chromatic +changes which characterise a bruise. The sub-conjunctival ecchymosis, +however, persists for several weeks and disappears like other +extravasations. Apart from combating the shock, or dealing with +concomitant injuries, no treatment is called for. + + +DELIRIUM IN SURGICAL PATIENTS + +Delirium is a temporary disturbance of mind which occurs in the course +of certain diseases, and sometimes after injuries or operations. It may +be associated with any of the acute pyogenic infections; with +erysipelas, especially when it affects the head or face; or with chronic +infective diseases of the urinary organs. In the various forms of +meningitis also, and in some cases of injury to the head, it is common; +and it is sometimes met with after severe haemorrhage, and in cases of +poisoning by such drugs as iodoform, cocain, or alcohol. Delirium may +also, of course, be a symptom of insanity. + +Often there is merely incoherent muttering regarding past incidents or +occupations, or about absent friends; or the condition may assume the +form of excitement, of dementia, or of melancholia; and the symptoms are +usually worst at night. + +#Delirium Tremens# is seen in persons addicted to alcohol, who, as the +result of accident or operation, are suddenly compelled to lie in bed. +Although oftenest met with in habitual drunkards or chronic tipplers, it +is by no means uncommon in moderate drinkers, and has even been seen in +children. + +_Clinical Features._--The delirium, which has been aptly described as +being of a "busy" character, usually manifests itself within a few days +of the patient being laid up. For two or three days he refuses food, is +depressed, suspicious, sleepless and restless, demanding to be allowed +up. Then he begins to mutter incoherently, to pull off the bedclothes, +and to attempt to get out of bed. There is general muscular tremor, most +marked in the tongue, the lips, and the hands. The patient imagines that +he sees all sorts of horrible beings around him, and is sometimes +greatly distressed because of rats, mice, beetles, or snakes, which he +fancies are crawling over him. The pulse is soft, rapid, and +compressible; the temperature is only moderately raised (100 o-101 o F.), +and as a rule there is profuse sweating. The digestion is markedly +impaired, and there is often vomiting. Patients in this condition are +peculiarly insensitive to pain, and may even walk about with a fractured +leg without apparent discomfort. + +In most cases the symptoms begin to pass off in three or four days; the +patient sleeps, the hallucinations and tremors cease, and he gradually +recovers. In other cases the temperature rises, the pulse becomes rapid, +and death results from exhaustion. + +The main indication in _treatment_ is to secure sleep, and this is done +by the administration of bromides, chloral, or paraldehyde, or of one or +other of the drugs of which sulphonal, trional, and veronal are +examples. Heroin in doses of from 1/24th to 1/12th grain is often of +service. Morphin must be used with great caution. In some cases hyoscin +(1/200 grain) injected hypodermically is found efficacious when all +other means have failed, but this drug must be used with great +discrimination. The patient must be encouraged to take plenty of easily +digested fluid food, supplemented, if necessary, by nutrient enemata and +saline infusions. + +In the early stage a brisk mercurial purge is often of value. Alcohol +should be withheld, unless failing of the pulse strongly indicates its +use, and then it should be given along with the food. + +A delirious patient must be constantly watched by a trained attendant or +other competent person, lest he get out of bed and do harm to himself or +others. Mechanical restraint is often necessary, but must be avoided if +possible, as it is apt to increase the excitement and exhaust the +patient. On account of the extreme restlessness, there is often great +difficulty in carrying out the proper treatment of the primary surgical +condition, and considerable modifications in splints and other +appliances are often rendered necessary. + +A form of delirium, sometimes spoken of as #Traumatic Delirium#, may +follow on severe injuries or operations in persons of neurotic +temperament, or in those whose nervous system is exhausted by overwork. +It is met with apart from alcoholic intemperance. This form of delirium +seems to be specially prone to ensue on operations on the face, the +thyreoid gland, or the genito-urinary organs. The symptoms appear in +from two to five days after the operation, and take the form of +restlessness, sleeplessness, low incoherent muttering, and picking at +the bedclothes. It is not necessarily attended by fever or by muscular +tremors. The patient may show hysterical symptoms. This condition is +probably to be regarded as a form of insanity, as it is liable to merge +into mania or melancholia. + +The _treatment_ is carried out on the same lines as that of delirium +tremens. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +THE BLOOD VESSELS + + +Anatomy--INJURIES OF ARTERIES: _Varieties_--INJURIES OF + VEINS: _Air Embolism_--Repair of blood vessels and natural + arrest of haemorrhage--HAEMORRHAGE: _Varieties_; + _Prevention_; _Arrest_--Constitutional effects of + haemorrhage--Haemophilia--DISEASES OF BLOOD VESSELS: + Thrombosis; Embolism--Arteritis: _Varieties_; + Arterio-sclerosis--Thrombo-phlebitis--Phlebitis: + _Varieties_--VARIX--ANGIOMATA--Naevus: _Varieties_; + _Electrolysis_--Cirsoid aneurysm--ANEURYSM: _Varieties_; + _Methods of treatment_--ANEURYSMS OF INDIVIDUAL ARTERIES. + +#Surgical Anatomy.#--An _artery_ has three coats: an internal coat--the +_tunica intima_--made up of a single layer of endothelial cells lining +the lumen; outside of this a layer of delicate connective tissue; and +still farther out a dense tissue composed of longitudinally arranged +elastic fibres--the internal elastic lamina. The tunica intima is easily +ruptured. The middle coat, or _tunica media_, consists of non-striped +muscular fibres, arranged for the most part concentrically round the +vessel. In this coat also there is a considerable proportion of elastic +tissue, especially in the larger vessels. The thickness of the vessel +wall depends chiefly on the development of the muscular coat. The +external coat, or _tunica externa_, is composed of fibrous tissue, +containing, especially in vessels of medium calibre, some yellow elastic +fibres in its deeper layers. + +In most parts of the body the arteries lie in a sheath of connective +tissue, from which fine fibrous processes pass to the tunica externa. +The connection, however, is not a close one, and the artery when divided +transversely is capable of retracting for a considerable distance within +its sheath. In some of the larger arteries the sheath assumes the form +of a definite membrane. + +The arteries are nourished by small vessels--the _vasa vasorum_--which +ramify chiefly in the outer coat. They are also well supplied with +nerves, which regulate the size of the lumen by inducing contraction or +relaxation of the muscular coat. + +The _veins_ are constructed on the same general plan as the arteries, +the individual coats, however, being thinner. The inner coat is less +easily ruptured, and the middle coat contains a smaller proportion of +muscular tissue. In one important point veins differ structurally from +arteries--namely, in being provided with valves which prevent reflux of +the blood. These valves are composed of semilunar folds of the tunica +intima strengthened by an addition of connective tissue. Each valve +usually consists of two semilunar flaps attached to opposite sides of +the vessel wall, each flap having a small sinus on its cardiac side. +The distension of these sinuses with blood closes the valve and +prevents regurgitation. Valves are absent from the superior and inferior +venae cavae, the portal vein and its tributaries, the hepatic, renal, +uterine, and spermatic veins, and from the veins in the lower part of +the rectum. They are ill-developed or absent also in the iliac and +common femoral veins--a fact which has an important bearing on the +production of varix in the veins of the lower extremity. + +The wall of _capillaries_ consists of a single layer of endothelial +cells. + + +HAEMORRHAGE + +Various terms are employed in relation to haemorrhage, according to its +seat, its origin, the time at which it occurs, and other circumstances. + +The term _external haemorrhage_ is employed when the blood escapes on the +surface; when the bleeding takes place into the tissues or into a cavity +it is spoken of as _internal_. The blood may infiltrate the connective +tissue, constituting an _extravasation_ of blood; or it may collect in a +space or cavity and form a _haematoma_. + +The coughing up of blood from the lungs is known as _haemoptysis_; +vomiting of blood from the stomach, as _haematemesis_; the passage of +black-coloured stools due to the presence of blood altered by digestion, +as _melaena_; and the passage of bloody urine, as _haematuria_. + +Haemorrhage is known as arterial, venous, or capillary, according to the +nature of the vessel from which it takes place. + +In _arterial_ haemorrhage the blood is bright red in colour, and escapes +from the cardiac end of the divided vessel in pulsating jets +synchronously with the systole of the heart. In vascular parts--for +example the face--both ends of a divided artery bleed freely. The blood +flowing from an artery may be dark in colour if the respiration is +impeded. When the heart's action is weak and the blood tension low the +flow may appear to be continuous and not in jets. The blood from a +divided artery at the bottom of a deep wound, escapes on the surface in +a steady flow. + +_Venous_ bleeding is not pulsatile, but occurs in a continuous stream, +which, although both ends of the vessel may bleed, is more copious from +the distal end. The blood is dark red under ordinary conditions, but may +be purplish, or even black, if the respiration is interfered with. When +one of the large veins in the neck is wounded, the effects of +respiration produce a rise and fall in the stream which may resemble +arterial pulsation. + +In _capillary_ haemorrhage, red blood escapes from numerous points on the +surface of the wound in a steady ooze. This form of bleeding is serious +in those who are the subjects of haemophilia. + + +INJURIES OF ARTERIES + +The following description of the injuries of arteries refers to the +larger, named trunks. The injuries of smaller, unnamed vessels are +included in the consideration of wounds and contusions. + +#Contusion.#--An artery may be contused by a blow or crush, or by the +oblique impact of a bullet. The bruising of the vessel wall, especially +if it is diseased, may result in the formation of a thrombus which +occludes the lumen temporarily or even permanently, and in rare cases +may lead to gangrene of the limb beyond. + +#Subcutaneous Rupture.#--An artery may be ruptured subcutaneously by a +blow or crush, or by a displaced fragment of bone. This injury has been +produced also during attempts to reduce dislocations, especially those +of old standing at the shoulder. It is most liable to occur when the +vessels are diseased. The rupture may be incomplete or complete. + +_Incomplete Subcutaneous Rupture._--In the majority of cases the rupture +is incomplete--the inner and middle coats being torn, while the outer +remains intact. The middle coat contracts and retracts, and the +internal, because of its elasticity, curls up in the interior of the +vessel, forming a valvular obstruction to the blood-flow. In most cases +this results in the formation of a thrombus which occludes the vessel. +In some cases the blood-pressure gradually distends the injured segment +of the vessel wall and leads to the formation of an aneurysm. + +The pulsation in the vessels beyond the seat of rupture is arrested--for +a time at least--owing to the occlusion of the vessel, and the limb +becomes cold and powerless. The pulsation seldom returns within five or +six weeks of the injury, if indeed it is not permanently arrested, but, +as a rule, a collateral circulation is rapidly established, sufficient +to nourish the parts beyond. If the pulsation returns within a week of +the injury, the presumption is that the occlusion was due to pressure +from without--for example, by haemorrhage into the sheath or the pressure +of a fragment of bone. + +_Complete Subcutaneous Rupture._--When the rupture is complete, all the +coats of the vessel are torn and the blood escapes into the surrounding +tissues. If the original injury is attended with much shock, the +bleeding may not take place until the period of reaction. Rupture of the +popliteal artery in association with fracture of the femur, or of the +axillary or brachial artery with fracture of the humerus or dislocation +of the shoulder, are familiar examples of this injury. + +Like incomplete rupture, this lesion is accompanied by loss of pulsation +and power, and by coldness of the limb beyond; a tense and excessively +painful swelling rapidly appears in the region of the injury, and, where +the cellular tissue is loose, may attain a considerable size. The +pressure of the effused blood occludes the veins and leads to congestion +and oedema of the limb beyond. The interference with the circulation, and +the damage to the tissues, may be so great that gangrene ensues. + +_Treatment._--When an artery has been contused or ruptured, the limb +must be placed in the most favourable condition for restoration of the +circulation. The skin is disinfected and the limb wrapped in cotton wool +to conserve its heat, and elevated to such an extent as to promote the +venous return without at the same time interfering with the inflow of +blood. A careful watch must be kept on the state of nutrition of the +limb, lest gangrene occurs. + +If no complications supervene, the swelling subsides, and recovery may +be complete in six or eight weeks. If the extravasation is great and the +skin threatens to give way, or if the vitality of the limb is seriously +endangered, it is advisable to expose the injured vessel, and, after +clearing away the clots, to attempt to suture the rent in the artery, +or, if torn across, to join the ends after paring the bruised edges. If +this is impracticable, a ligature is applied above and below the +rupture. If gangrene ensues, amputation must be performed. + +These descriptions apply to the larger arteries of the extremities. A +good illustration of subcutaneous rupture of the arteries of the head is +afforded by the tearing of the middle meningeal artery caused by the +application of blunt violence to the skull; and of the arteries of the +trunk--caused by the tearing of the renal artery in rupture of the +kidney. + +#Open Wounds of Arteries--Laceration.#--Laceration of large arteries is +a common complication of machinery and railway accidents. The violence +being usually of a tearing, twisting, or crushing nature, such injuries +are seldom associated with much haemorrhage, as torn or crushed vessels +quickly become occluded by contraction and retraction of their coats and +by the formation of a clot. A whole limb even may be avulsed from the +body with comparatively little loss of blood. The risk in such cases is +secondary haemorrhage resulting from pyogenic infection. + +The _treatment_ is that applicable to all wounds, with, in addition, the +ligation of the lacerated vessels. + +#Punctured wounds# of blood vessels may result from stabs, or they may +be accidentally inflicted in the course of an operation. + +The division of the coats of the vessel being incomplete, the natural +haemostasis that results from curling up of the intima and contraction of +the media, fails to take place, and bleeding goes on into the +surrounding tissues, and externally. If the sheath of the vessel is not +widely damaged, the gradually increasing tension of the extravasated +blood retained within it may ultimately arrest the haemorrhage. A clot +then forms between the lips of the wound in the vessel wall and projects +for a short distance into the lumen, without, however, materially +interfering with the flow through the vessel. The organisation of this +clot results in the healing of the wound in the vessel wall. + +In other cases the blood escapes beyond the sheath and collects in the +surrounding tissues, and a traumatic aneurysm results. Secondary +haemorrhage may occur if the wound becomes infected. + +The _treatment_ consists in enlarging the external wound to permit of +the damaged vessel being ligated above and below the puncture. In some +cases it may be possible to suture the opening in the vessel wall. When +circumstances prevent these measures being taken, the bleeding may be +arrested by making firm pressure over the wound with a pad; but this +procedure is liable to be followed by the formation of an aneurysm. + +_Minute puncture of arteries_ such as frequently occur in the hypodermic +administration of drugs and in the use of exploring needles, are not +attended with any escape of blood, chiefly because of the elastic recoil +of the arterial wall; a tiny thrombus of platelets and thrombus forms at +the point where the intima is punctured. + +#Incised Wounds.#--We here refer only to such incised wounds as partly +divide the vessel wall. + +Longitudinal wounds show little tendency to gape, and are therefore not +attended with much bleeding. They usually heal rapidly, but, like +punctured wounds, are liable to be followed by the formation of an +aneurysm. + +When, however, the incision in the vessel wall is oblique or transverse, +the retraction of the muscular coat causes the opening to gape, with the +result that there is haemorrhage, which, even in comparatively small +arteries, may be so profuse as to prove dangerous. When the associated +wound in the soft parts is valvular the haemorrhage is arrested and an +aneurysm may develop. + +When a large arterial trunk, such as the external iliac, the femoral, +the common carotid, the brachial, or the popliteal, has been partly +divided, for example, in the course of an operation, the opening should +be closed with sutures--_arteriorrhaphy_. The circulation being +controlled by a tourniquet, or the artery itself occluded by a clamp, +fine silk or catgut stitches are passed through the outer and middle +coats after the method of Lembert, a fine, round needle being employed. +The sheath of the vessel or an adjacent fascia should be stitched +over the line of suture in the vessel wall. If infection be excluded, +there is little risk of thrombosis or secondary haemorrhage; and even if +thrombosis should develop at the point of suture, the artery is +obstructed gradually, and the establishment of a collateral circulation +takes place better than after ligation. In the case of smaller trunks, +or when suture is impracticable, the artery should be tied above and +below the opening, and divided between the ligatures. + +#Gunshot Wounds of Blood Vessels.#--In the majority of cases injuries of +large vessels are associated with an external wound; the profusion of +the bleeding indicates the size of the damaged vessel, and the colour of +the blood and the nature of the flow denote whether an artery or a vein +is implicated. + +When an artery is wounded a firm _haematoma_ may form, with an expansile +pulsation and a palpable thrill--whether such a haematoma remains +circumscribed or becomes diffuse depends upon the density or laxity of +the tissues around it. In course of time a _traumatic arterial aneurysm_ +may develop from such a haematoma. + +When an artery and its companion vein are injured simultaneously an +_arterio-venous aneurysm_ (p. 310) may develop. This frequently takes +place without the formation of a haematoma as the arterial blood finds +its way into the vein and so does not escape into the tissues. Even if a +haematoma forms it seldom assumes a great size. In time a swelling is +recognised, with a palpable thrill and a systolic bruit, loudest at the +level of the communication and accompanied by a continuous venous hum. + +If leakage occurs into the tissues, the extravasated blood may occlude +the vein by pressure, and the symptoms of arterial aneurysm replace +those of the arterio-venous form, the systolic bruit persisting, while +the venous hum disappears. + +_Gangrene_ may ensue if the blood supply is seriously interfered with, +or the signs of _ischaemia_ may develop; the muscles lose their +elasticity, become hard and paralysed, and anaesthesia of the "glove" or +"stocking" type, with other alterations of sensation ensue. Apart from +ischaemia, _reflex paralysis_ of motion and sensation of a transient kind +may follow injury of a large vessel. + +_Treatment_ is carried out on the same lines as for similar injuries due +to other causes. + + +INJURIES OF VEINS + +Veins are subject to the same forms of injury as arteries, and the +results are alike in both, such variations as occur being dependent +partly on the difference in their anatomical structure, and partly on +the conditions of the circulation through them. + +#Subcutaneous rupture# of veins occur most frequently in association +with fractures and in the reduction of dislocations. The veins most +commonly ruptured are the popliteal, the axillary, the femoral, and the +subclavian. On account of the smaller amount of elastic and muscular +tissue in the wall of a vein, the contraction and retraction of its +walls are less than in an artery, and so bleeding may continue for a +longer period. On the other hand, owing to the lower blood-pressure the +outflow goes on more slowly, and the gradually increasing pressure +produced by the extravasated blood is usually sufficient to arrest the +haemorrhage before it becomes serious. As an aid in diagnosing the source +of the bleeding, it should be remembered that the rupture of a vein does +not affect the pulsation in the limb beyond. The risks are practically +the same as when an artery is ruptured, excepting that of aneurysm, and +the treatment is carried out on the same lines, but it is seldom +necessary to operate for the purpose of applying a ligature to the +injured vein. + +#Wounds# of veins--punctured and incised--frequently occur in the course +of operations; for example, in the removal of tumours or diseased glands +from the neck, the axilla, or the groin. They are also met with as a +result of accidental stabs and of suicidal or homicidal injuries. The +haemorrhage from a large vein so damaged is usually profuse, but it is +more readily controlled by external pressure than that from an artery. +When a vein is merely punctured, the bleeding may be arrested by +pressure with a pad of gauze, or by a lateral ligature--that is, picking +up the margins of the rent in the wall and securing them with a +ligature without occluding the lumen. In the large veins, such as the +internal jugular, the femoral, or the axillary, it is usually possible +to suture the opening in the wall. This does not necessarily result in +thrombosis in the vessel, or in obliteration of its lumen. + +When an _artery and vein are simultaneously wounded_, the features +peculiar to each are present in greater or less degree. In the limbs +gangrene may ensue, especially if the wound is infected. Punctured and +gun-shot wounds implicating both artery and vein are liable to be +followed by the development of arterio-venous aneurysm. + +#Entrance of Air into Veins--Air Embolism.#--This serious, though +fortunately rare, accident is apt to occur in the course of operations +in the region of the thorax, neck, or axilla, if a large vein is opened +and fails to collapse on account of the rigidity of its walls, its +incorporation in a dense fascia, or from traction being made upon it. If +the wound in a vein is thus held open, the negative pressure during +inspiration sucks air into the right side of the heart. This is +accompanied by a hissing or gurgling sound, and with the next expiration +some frothy blood escapes from the wound. The patient instantly becomes +pale, the pupils dilate, respiration becomes laboured, and although the +heart may continue to beat forcibly, the peripheral pulse is weak, and +may even be imperceptible. On auscultating the heart, a churning sound +may be heard. Death may result in a few minutes; or the heart may slowly +regain its power and recovery take place. + +_Prevention._--In operations in the "dangerous area"--as the region of +the root of the neck is called in this connection--care must be taken +not to cut or divide any vein before it has been secured by forceps, and +to apply ligatures securely and at once. Deep wounds in this region +should be kept filled with normal salt solution. Immediately a cut is +recognised in a vein, a finger should be placed over the vessel on the +cardiac side of the wound, and kept there until the opening is secured. + +_Treatment._--Little can be done after the air has actually entered the +vein beyond endeavouring to maintain the heart's action by hypodermic +injections of ether or strychnin and the application of mustard or hot +cloths over the chest. The head at the same time should be lowered to +prevent syncope. Attempts to withdraw the air by suction, and the +employment of artificial respiration, have proved futile, and are, by +some, considered dangerous. In a desperate case massage of the heart +might be tried. + + +THE NATURAL ARREST OF HAEMORRHAGE AND THE REPAIR OF BLOOD +VESSELS + +#Primary Haemorrhage.#--The term primary haemorrhage is applied to the +bleeding which follows immediately on the wounding of a blood vessel. +The natural process by which such haemorrhage is arrested varies with the +character of the wound in the vessel and may be modified by accidental +circumstances. + +(a) _Repair of completely divided Artery._--When an artery is +_completely_ divided, the circular fibres of the muscular coat contract, +so that the lumen of the cut ends is diminished, and at the same time +each segment retracts within its sheath in virtue of the recoil of the +elastic elements in its walls, the tunica intima curls up in the +interior of the vessel, and the tunica externa collapses over the cut +ends. The blood that escapes from the injured vessel fills the +interstices of the tissues, and, coagulating, forms a clot which +temporarily arrests the bleeding. That part of the clot which lies +between the divided ends of the vessel and in the cellular tissue +outside, is known as the _external clot_, while the portion which +projects into the lumen of the vessel is known as the _internal clot_, +and it usually extends as far as the nearest collateral branch. These +processes constitute what is known as the _temporary arrest of +haemorrhage_, which, it will be observed, is effected by the contraction +and retraction of the divided artery and by clotting. + +The _permanent arrest_ takes place by the transformation of the clot +into scar tissue. The internal clot plays the most important part in the +process; it becomes invaded by leucocytes and proliferating endothelial +and connective-tissue cells, and new blood vessels permeate the mass, +which is thus converted into granulation tissue. This is ultimately +replaced by fibrous tissue, which permanently occludes the end of the +vessel. Concurrently and by the same process the external clot is +converted into scar tissue. + +If a divided artery is _ligated at its cut end_, the tension of the +ligature is usually sufficient to rupture the inner and middle coats, +which curl up within the lumen, the outer coat alone being held in the +grasp of the ligature. An internal clot forms and, becoming organised, +permanently occludes the vessel as above described. The ligature and the +small portion of vessel beyond it are subsequently absorbed. + +In course of time the collateral branches of the vessel above and below +the level of section enlarge and their inter-communication becomes more +free, so that even when large trunks have been divided the vascular +supply of the parts beyond may be completely restored. This is known as +the development of the _collateral circulation_. + +_Imperfect Collateral Circulation._--While the development of the +collateral circulation after the ligation or obstruction from other +cause of a main arterial trunk may be sufficient to prevent gangrene of +the limb, it may be insufficient for its adequate nourishment; it may be +cold, bluish in colour, and there may be necrosis of the skin over bony +points; this is notably the case in the lower extremity after ligation +of the femoral or popliteal artery, when patches of skin may die over +the prominence of the heel, the balls of the toes, the projecting base +of the fifth metatarsal and the external malleolus. + +If, during the period of reaction, the blood-pressure rises + +considerably, the occluding clot at the divided end of the vessel may be +washed away or the ligature displaced, permitting of fresh bleeding +taking place--_reactionary_ or _intermediary haemorrhage_ (p. 272). + +In the event of the wound becoming infected with pyogenic organisms, the +occluding blood-clot or the young fibrous tissue may become +disintegrated in the suppurative process, and the bleeding start +afresh--_secondary haemorrhage_ (p. 273). + +(b) If an artery is only _partly cut across_, the divided fibres of +the tunica muscularis contract and those of the tunica externa retract, +with the result that a more or less circular hole is formed in the wall +of the vessel, from which free bleeding takes place, as the conditions +are unfavourable for the formation of an occluding clot. Even if a clot +does form, when the blood-pressure rises it is readily displaced, +leading to reactionary haemorrhage. Should the wound become infected, +secondary haemorrhage is specially liable to occur. A further risk +attends this form of injury, in that the intra-vascular tension may in +time lead to gradual stretching of the scar tissue which closes the gap +in the vessel wall, with the result that a localised dilatation or +diverticulum forms, constituting a _traumatic aneurysm_. + +(c) When the injury merely takes the form of a _puncture_ or _small +incision_ a blood-clot forms between the edges, becomes organised, and +is converted into cicatricial tissue which seals the aperture. Such +wounds may also be followed by reactionary or secondary haemorrhage, or +later by the formation of a traumatic aneurysm. + +_Conditions which influence the Natural Arrest of Haemorrhage._--The +natural arrest of bleeding is favoured by tearing or crushing of the +vessel walls, owing to the contraction and retraction of the coats and +the tendency of blood to coagulate when in contact with damaged tissue. +Hence the primary haemorrhage following lacerated wounds is seldom +copious. The occurrence of syncope or of profound shock also helps to +stop bleeding by reducing the force of the heart's action. + +On the other hand, there are conditions which retard the natural arrest. +When, for example, a vessel is only partly divided, the contraction and +retraction of the muscular coat, instead of diminishing the calibre of +the artery, causes the wound in the vessel to gape; by completing the +division of the vessel under these circumstances the bleeding can often +be arrested. In certain situations, also, the arteries are so intimately +connected with their sheaths, that when cut across they were unable to +retract and contract--for example, in the scalp, in the penis, and in +bones--and copious bleeding may take place from comparatively small +vessels. This inability of the vessels to contract and retract is met +with also in inflamed and oedematous parts and in scar tissue. Arteries +divided in the substance of a muscle also sometimes bleed unduly. Any +increase in the force of the heart's action, such as may result from +exertion, excitement, or over-stimulation, also interferes with the +natural arrest. Lastly, in bleeders, there are conditions which +interfere with the natural arrest of haemorrhage. + +#Repair of a Vessel ligated in its Continuity.#--When a ligature is +applied to an artery it should be pulled sufficiently tight to occlude +the lumen without causing rupture of its coats. It often happens, +however, that the compression causes rupture of the inner and middle +coats, so that only the outer coat remains in the grasp of the ligature. +While this weakens the wall of the vessel, it has the advantage of +hastening coagulation, by bringing the blood into contact with damaged +tissue. Whether the inner and middle coats are ruptured or not, blood +coagulates both above and below the ligature, the proximal clot being +longer and broader than that on the distal side. In small arteries these +clots extend as far as the nearest collateral branch, but in the larger +trunks their length varies. The permanent occlusion of those portions of +the vessel occupied by clot is brought about by the formation of +granulation tissue, and its replacement by cicatricial tissue, so that +the occluded segment of the vessel is represented by a fibrous cord. In +this process the coagulum only plays a passive role by forming a +scaffolding on which the granulation tissue is built up. The ligature +surrounding the vessel, and the elements of the clot, are ultimately +absorbed. + +#Repair of Veins.#--The process of repair in veins is the same as that +in arteries, but the thrombosed area may become canalised and the +circulation through the vessel be re-established. + + +HAEMORRHAGE IN SURGICAL OPERATIONS + +The management of the haemorrhage which accompanies an operation includes +(a) preventive measures, and (b) the arrest of the bleeding. + +#Prevention of Haemorrhage.#--Whenever possible, haemorrhage should be +controlled by _digital compression_ of the main artery supplying the +limb rather than by a tourniquet. If efficiently applied compression +reduces the immediate loss of blood to a minimum, and the bleeding from +small vessels that follows the removal of the tourniquet is avoided. +Further, the pressure of a tourniquet has been shown to be a material +factor in producing shock. + +In selecting a point at which to apply digital compression, it is +essential that the vessel should be lying over a bone which will furnish +the necessary resistance. The common carotid, for example, is pressed +backward and medially against the transverse process (carotid tubercle) +of the sixth cervical vertebra; the temporal against the temporal +process (zygoma) in front of the ear; and the facial against the +mandible at the anterior edge of the masseter. + +In the upper extremity, the subclavian is pressed against the first rib +by making pressure downwards and backwards in the hollow above the +clavicle; the axillary and brachial by pressing against the shaft of the +humerus. + +In the lower extremity, the femoral is controlled by pressing in a +direction backward and slightly upward against the brim of the pelvis, +midway between the symphysis pubis and the anterior superior iliac +spine. + +The abdominal aorta may be compressed against the bodies of the lumbar +vertebrae opposite the umbilicus, if the spine is arched well forwards +over a pillow or sand-bag, or by the method suggested by Macewen, in +which the patient's spine is arched forwards by allowing the lower +extremities and pelvis to hang over the end of the table, while the +assistant, standing on a stool, applies his closed fist over the +abdominal aorta and compresses it against the vertebral column. +Momburg recommends an elastic cord wound round the body between the +iliac crest and the lower border of the ribs, but this procedure has +caused serious damage to the intestine. + +When digital compression is not available, the most convenient and +certain means of preventing haemorrhage--say in an amputation--is by the +use of some form of _tourniquet_, such as the elastic tube of Esmarch or +of Foulis, or an elastic bandage, or the screw tourniquet of Petit. +Before applying any of these it is advisable to empty the limb of blood. +This is best done after the manner suggested by Lister: the limb is held +vertical for three or four minutes; the veins are thus emptied by +gravitation, and they collapse, and as a physiological result of this +the arteries reflexly contract, so that the quantity of blood entering +the limb is reduced to a minimum. With the limb still elevated the +tourniquet is firmly applied, a part being selected where the vessel can +be pressed directly against a bone, and where there is no risk of +exerting injurious pressure on the nerve-trunks. The tourniquet should +be applied over several layers of gauze or lint to protect the skin, and +the first turn of the tourniquet must be rapidly and tightly applied to +arrest completely the arterial flow, otherwise the veins only are +obstructed and the limb becomes congested. In the lower extremity the +best place to apply a tourniquet is the middle third of the thigh; in +the upper extremity, in the middle of the arm. A tourniquet should never +be applied tighter or left on longer than is absolutely necessary. + +The screw tourniquet of Petit is to be preferred when it is desired to +intermit the flow through the main artery as in operations for aneurysm. + +When a tourniquet cannot conveniently be applied, or when its presence +interferes with the carrying out of the operation--as, for example, in +amputations at the hip or shoulder--the haemorrhage may be controlled by +preliminary ligation of the main artery above the seat of operation--for +instance, the external iliac or the subclavian. For such contingencies +also the steel skewers used by Spence and Wyeth, or a special clamp or +forceps, such as that suggested by Lynn Thomas, may be employed. In the +case of vessels which it is undesirable to occlude permanently, such as +the common carotid, the temporary application of a ligature or clamp is +useful. + +#Arrest of Haemorrhage.#--_Ligature._--This is the best means of securing +the larger vessels. The divided vessel having been caught with forceps +as near to its cut end as possible, a ligature of catgut or silk is tied +round it. When there is difficulty in applying a ligature securely, for +example in a dense tissue like the scalp or periosteum, or in a friable +tissue like the thyreoid gland or the mesentery, a stitch should be +passed so as to surround the bleeding vessel a short distance from its +end, in this way ensuring a better hold and preventing the ligature from +slipping. + +If the haemorrhage is from a partly divided vessel, this should be +completely cut across to enable its walls to contract and retract, and +to facilitate the application of forceps and ligatures. + +_Torsion._--This method is seldom employed except for comparatively +small vessels, but it is applicable to even the largest arteries. In +employing torsion, the end of the vessel is caught with forceps, and the +terminal portion twisted round several times. The object is to tear the +inner and middle coats so that they curl up inside the lumen, while the +outer fibrous coat is twisted into a cord which occludes the end of the +vessel. + +_Forci-pressure._--Bleeding from the smallest arteries and from +arterioles can usually be arrested by firmly squeezing them for a few +minutes with artery forceps. It is usually found that on the removal of +the forceps at the end of an operation no further haemorrhage takes +place. By the use of specially strong clamps, such as the angiotribes of +Doyen, large trunks may be occluded by pressure. + +_Cautery._--The actual cautery or Paquelin's thermo-cautery is seldom +employed to arrest haemorrhage, but is frequently useful in preventing +it, as, for example, in the removal of piles, or in opening the bowel in +colostomy. It is used at a dull-red heat, which sears the divided ends +of the vessel and so occludes the lumen. A bright-red or a white heat +cuts the vessel across without occluding it. The separation of the +slough produced by the charring of the tissues is sometimes attended +with secondary bleeding. + +_Haemostatics_ or _Styptics_.--The local application of haemostatics is +seldom to be recommended. In the treatment of epistaxis or bleeding from +the nose, of haemorrhage from the socket of a tooth, and sometimes from +ulcerating or granulating surfaces, however, they may be useful. All +clots must be removed and the drug applied directly to the bleeding +surface. Adrenalin and turpentine are the most useful drugs for this +purpose. + +Haemorrhage from bone, for example the skull, may be arrested by means of +Horsley's aseptic plastic wax. To stop persistent oozing from soft +tissues, Horsley successfully applied a portion of living vascular +tissue, such as a fragment of muscle, which readily adheres to the +oozing surface and yields elements that cause coagulation of the blood +by thrombo-kinetic processes. When examined after two or three days the +muscle has been found to be closely adherent and undergoing +organisation. + +#Arrest of Accidental Haemorrhage.#--The most efficient means of +temporarily controlling haemorrhage is by pressure applied with the +finger, or with a pad of gauze, directly over the bleeding point. While +this is maintained an assistant makes digital pressure, or applies a +tourniquet, over the main vessel of the limb on the proximal side of the +bleeding point. A useful _emergency tourniquet_ may be improvised by +folding a large handkerchief _en cravatte_, with a cork or piece of wood +in the fold to act as a pad. The handkerchief is applied round the +limb, with the pad over the main artery, and the ends knotted on the +lateral aspect of the limb. With a strong piece of wood the handkerchief +is wound up like a Spanish windlass, until sufficient pressure is +exerted to arrest the bleeding. + +When haemorrhage is taking place from a number of small vessels, its +arrest may be effected by elevation of the bleeding part, particularly +if it is a limb. By this means the force of the circulation is +diminished and the formation of coagula favoured. Similarly, in wounds +of the hand or forearm, or of the foot or leg, bleeding may be arrested +by placing a pad in the flexure and acutely flexing the limb at the +elbow or knee respectively. + +#Reactionary Haemorrhage.#--Reactionary or intermediary haemorrhage +is really a recurrence of primary bleeding. As the name indicates, it +occurs during the period of reaction--that is, within the first twelve +hours after an operation or injury. It may be due to the increase in the +blood-pressure that accompanies reaction displacing clots which have +formed in the vessels, or causing vessels to bleed which did not bleed +during the operation; to the slipping of a ligature; or to the giving +way of a grossly damaged portion of the vessel wall. In the scrotum, the +relaxation of the dartos during the first few hours after operation +occasionally leads to reactionary haemorrhage. + +As a rule, reactionary haemorrhage takes place from small vessels as a +result of the displacement of occluding clots, and in many cases the +haemorrhage stops when the bandages and soaked dressings are removed. If +not, it is usually sufficient to remove the clots and apply firm +pressure, and in the case of a limb to elevate it. Should the haemorrhage +recur, the wound must be reopened, and ligatures applied to the bleeding +vessels. Douching the wound with hot sterilised water (about 110 o F.), +and plugging it tightly with gauze, are often successful in arresting +capillary oozing. When the bleeding is more copious, it is usually due +to a ligature having slipped from a large vessel such as the external +jugular vein after operations in the neck, and the wound must be opened +up and the vessel again secured. The internal administration of heroin +or morphin, by keeping the patient quiet, may prove useful in preventing +the recurrence of haemorrhage. + +#Secondary Haemorrhage.#--The term secondary haemorrhage refers to +bleeding that is delayed in its onset and is due to pyogenic infection +of the tissues around an artery. The septic process causes softening and +erosion of the wall of the artery so that it gives way under the +pressure of the contained blood. The leakage may occur in drops, or as a +rush of blood, according to the extent of the erosion, the size of the +artery concerned, and the relations of the erosion to the surrounding +tissues. When met with as a complication of a wound there is an +interval--usually a week to ten days--between the receipt of the wound +and the first haemorrhage, this time being required for the extension of +the septic process to the wall of the artery and the consequent erosion +of its coats. When secondary haemorrhage occurs apart from a wound, there +is a similar septic process attacking the wall of the artery from the +outside; for example in sloughing sore-throat, the separation of a +slough may implicate the wall of an artery and be followed by serious +and it may be fatal haemorrhage. The mechanical pressure of a fragment of +bone or of a rubber drainage tube upon the vessel may aid the septic +process in causing erosion of the artery. In pre-Listerian days, the +silk ligature around the artery likewise favoured the changes that lead +to secondary haemorrhage, and the interesting observation was often made, +that when the collateral circulation was well established, the leakage +occurred on the _distal_ side of the ligature. While it may happen that +the initial haemorrhage is rapidly fatal, as for example when the +external carotid or one of its branches suddenly gives way, it is quite +common to have one, two or more _warning haemorrhages_ before the leakage +on a large scale, which is rapidly fatal. + +The _appearances of the wound_ in cases complicated by secondary +haemorrhage are only characteristic in so far that while obviously +infected, there is an absence of all reaction; instead of frankly +suppurating, there is little or no discharge and the surrounding +cellular tissue and the limb beyond are oedematous and pit on pressure. + +The _general symptoms_ of septic poisoning in cases of secondary +haemorrhage vary widely in severity: they may be so slight that the +general health is scarcely affected and the convalescence from an +operation, for example, may be apparently normal except that the wound +does not heal satisfactorily. For example, a patient may be recovering +from an operation such as the removal of an epithelioma of the mouth, +pharynx or larynx and the associated lymph glands in the neck, and be +able to be up and going about his room, when, suddenly, without warning +and without obvious cause, a rush of blood occurs from the mouth or the +incompletely healed wound in the neck, causing death within a few +minutes. + +On the other hand, the toxaemia may be of a profound type associated with +marked pallor and progressive failure of strength, which, of itself, +even when the danger from haemorrhage has been overcome, may have a fatal +termination. The _prognosis_ therefore in cases of secondary haemorrhage +can never be other than uncertain and unfavourable; the danger from loss +of blood _per se_ is less when the artery concerned is amenable to +control by surgical measures. + +_Treatment._--The treatment of secondary haemorrhage includes the use of +local measures to arrest the bleeding, the employment of general +measures to counteract the accompanying toxaemia, and when the loss of +blood has been considerable, the treatment of the bloodless state. + +_Local Measures to arrest the Haemorrhage._--The occurrence of even +slight haemorrhages from a septic wound in the vicinity of a large blood +vessel is to be taken seriously; it is usually necessary to _open up the +wound_, clear out the clots and infected tissues with a sharp spoon, +disinfect the walls of the cavity with eusol or hydrogen peroxide, and +_pack_ it carefully but not too tightly with gauze impregnated with some +antiseptic, such as "bipp," so that, if the bleeding does not recur, it +may be left undisturbed for several days. The packing should if possible +be brought into actual contact with the leaking point in the vessel, and +so arranged as to make pressure on the artery above the erosion. The +dressings and bandage are then applied, with the limb in the attitude +that will diminish the force of the stream through the main artery, for +example, flexion at the elbow in haemorrhage from the deep palmar arch. +Other measures for combating the local sepsis, such as the irrigation +method of Carrel, may be considered. + +If the wound involves one of the extremities, it may be useful; and it +imparts confidence to the nurse, and, it may be, to the patient, if a +Petit's tourniquet is loosely applied above the wound, which the nurse +is instructed to tighten up in the event of bleeding taking place. + +_Ligation of the Artery._--If the haemorrhage recurs in spite of packing +the wound, or if it is serious from the outset and likely to be critical +if repeated, ligation of the artery itself or of the trunk from which it +springs, at a selected spot higher up, should be considered. This is +most often indicated in wounds of the extremities. + +As examples of proximal ligation for secondary haemorrhage may be cited +ligation of the hypogastric artery for haemorrhage in the buttock, of the +common iliac for haemorrhage in the thigh, of the brachial in the upper +arm for haemorrhage from the deep palmar arch, and of the posterior +tibial behind the medial malleolus for haemorrhage from the sole of the +foot. + +_Amputation_ is the last resource, and should be decided upon if the +haemorrhage recurs after proximal ligation, or if this has been followed +by gangrene of the limb; it should also be considered if the nature of +the wound and the virulence of the sepsis would of themselves justify +removal of the limb. Every surgeon can recall cases in which a timely +amputation has been the means of saving life. + +The _counteraction of the toxaemia_ and the _treatment of the bloodless +state_, are carried out on the usual lines. + +#Haemorrhage of Toxic Origin.#--Mention must also be made of haemorrhages +which depend upon infective or toxic conditions and in which no gross +lesion of the vessels can be discovered. The bleeding occurs as an +oozing, which may be comparatively slight and unimportant, or by its +persistence may become serious. It takes place into the superficial +layers of the skin, from mucous membranes, and into the substance of +such organs as the pancreas. Haemorrhage from the stomach and intestine, +attended with a brown or black discoloration of the vomit and of the +stools, is one of the best known examples: it is not uncommonly met with +in infective conditions originating in the appendix, intestine, +gall-bladder, and other abdominal organs. Haemorrhage from the mucous +membrane of the stomach after abdominal operations--apparently also due +to toxic causes and not to the operation--gives rise to the so-called +_post-operative haematemesis_. + +#Constitutional Effects of Haemorrhage.#--The severity of the symptoms +resulting from haemorrhage depends as much on the rapidity with which the +bleeding takes place as on the amount of blood lost. The sudden loss of +a large quantity, whether from an open wound or into a serous +cavity--for example, after rupture of the liver or spleen--is attended +with marked pallor of the surface of the body and coldness of the skin, +especially of the face, feet, and hands. The skin is moist with a cold, +clammy sweat, and beads of perspiration stand out on the forehead. The +pulse becomes feeble, soft, and rapid, and the patient is dull and +listless, and complains of extreme thirst. The temperature is usually +sub-normal; and the respiration rapid, shallow, and sighing in +character. Abnormal visual sensations, in the form of flashes of light +or spots before the eyes; and rushing, buzzing, or ringing sounds in the +ears, are often complained of. + +In extreme cases, phenomena which have been aptly described as those of +"air-hunger" ensue. On account of the small quantity of blood +circulating through the body, and the diminished haemoglobin content of +the blood, the tissues are imperfectly oxygenated, and the patient +becomes extremely restless, gasping for breath, constantly throwing +about his arms and baring his chest in the vain attempt to breath more +freely. Faintness and giddiness are marked features. The diminished +supply of oxygen to the brain and to the muscles produces muscular +twitchings, and sometimes convulsions. Finally the pupils dilate, the +sphincters relax, and death ensues. + +Young children stand the loss of blood badly, but they quickly recover, +as the regeneration of blood takes place rapidly. In old people also, +and especially when they are fat, the loss of blood is badly borne, and +the ill effects last longer. Women, on the whole, stand loss of blood +better than men, and in them the blood is more rapidly re-formed. A few +hours after a severe haemorrhage there is usually a leucocytosis of from +15,000 to 30,000. + +#Treatment of the Bloodless State.#--The patient should be placed in a +warm, well-ventilated room, and the foot of the bed elevated. Cardiac +stimulants, such as strychnin or alcohol, must be judiciously +administered, over-stimulation being avoided. The inhalation of oxygen +has been found useful in relieving the urgent symptoms of dyspnoea. + +The blood may be emptied from the limbs into the vessels of the trunk, +where it is more needed, by holding them vertically in the air for a few +minutes, and then applying a firm elastic bandage over a layer of cotton +wool, from the periphery towards the trunk. + +_Introduction of Fluids into the Circulation._--The most valuable +measure for maintaining the circulation, however, is by transfusion of +blood (_Op. Surg._, p. 37). If this is not immediately available the +introduction of from one to three pints of physiological salt +solution (a teaspoonful of common salt to a pint of water) into a vein, +or a 6 per cent. solution of gum acacia, is a useful expedient. The +solution is sterilised by boiling, and cooled to a temperature of about +105 o F. The addition of 5 to 10 minims of adrenalin solution (1 in 1000) +is advantageous in raising the blood-pressure (_Op. Surg._, p. 565). + +When the intra-venous method is not available, one or two pints of +saline solution with adrenalin should be slowly introduced into the +rectum, by means of a long rubber tube and a filler. Satisfactory, +although less rapidly obtained results follow the introduction of saline +solution into the cellular tissue--for example, under the mamma, into +the axilla, or under the skin of the back. + +If the patient can retain fluids taken by the mouth--such as hot coffee, +barley water, or soda water--these should be freely given, unless the +injury necessitates operative treatment under a general anaesthetic. + +Transfusion of blood is most valuable as _a preliminary to operation_ in +patients who are bloodless as a result of haemorrhage from gastric and +duodenal ulcers, and in bleeders. + + +HAEMOPHILIA + +The term haemophilia is applied to an inherited disease which renders the +patient liable to serious haemorrhage from even the most trivial +injuries; and the subjects of it are popularly known as "bleeders." + +The cause of the disease and its true nature are as yet unknown. There +is no proof of any structural defect in the blood vessels, and beyond +the fact that there is a diminution in the number of blood-plates, it +has not been demonstrated that there is any alteration in the +composition of the blood. + +The affection is in a marked degree hereditary, all the branches of an +affected family being liable to suffer. Its mode of transmission to +individuals, moreover, is characteristic: the male members of the stock +alone suffer from the affection in its typical form, while the tendency +is transmitted through the female line. Thus the daughters of a father +who is a bleeder, whilst they do not themselves suffer from the disease, +transmit the tendency to their male offspring. The sons, on the other +hand, neither suffer themselves nor transmit the disease to their +children (Fig. 64). The female members of a haemophilic stock are often +very prolific, and there is usually a predominance of daughters in their +families. + + +FIG 64.--Genealogical Tree of a Haemophilic Family. + +Great-Great-Grandmother Great-Great-Grandfather +Mrs D. (Lancashire) F M (History not known + .| | as to bleeding) + .| | + .+----------+-------+ + ............| + .| + ....| + .+---------+--------+ + Great-Grandmother .| | | + (Married three .F MB MB + times) .| + .| + .| + By First Husband .| By Second By Third + ..............| Husband Husband + +-----------+------------+----------+-------+-------+-----------+------+ + | .| | | +-------+-----------+------+ + M .F F F | | +------+ + | .| | | MB F Died in No +Died Grandmother | | | Childbed Family + aet. .| | +-----------+ +----+--- + 70 .| +------+ |had family | | + .| | | |but history| | + .| MB MB |not known | MB + .| + .| + .|............................. ++-----+----------+------------+------------+------------+-------------+ +| | | | |. | | +| | | | |. | | +M M M MB F. F F + | |. | | + | Mother +--+--+---+--+--+ | + +----+ |. | | | | | | | + | | |. M M MB F F F | + M F |. | + Not Married |. +---+---+---+---+ + |. | | | | | + |. MB M MB M M + .............|. + +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | .| .| | | | + | .|* .|* | | | + M MB MB F F F + + +F = Females. M = Males (not bleeders). MB = Males (bleeders) + + ** the patients observed by the authors. The dotted line shows the + transmission of the disease to our patients through four + generations. + + +The disease is met with in boys who are otherwise healthy, and usually +manifests itself during the first few years of life. In rare instances +profuse haemorrhage takes place when the umbilical cord separates. As a +rule the first evidence is the occurrence of long-continued and +uncontrollable bleeding from a comparatively slight injury, such as the +scratch of a pin, the extraction of a tooth, or after the operation of +circumcision. The blood oozes slowly from the capillaries; at first it +appears normal, but after flowing for some days, or it may be weeks, it +becomes pale, thin, and watery, and shows less and less tendency to +coagulate. + +Female members of haemophilia families sometimes show a tendency to +excessive haemorrhage, but they seldom manifest the characteristic +features met with in the male members. + +Sometimes the haemorrhage takes place apparently spontaneously from the +gums, the nasal or the intestinal mucous membrane. In other cases the +bleeding occurs into the cellular tissue under the skin or mucous +membrane, producing large areas of ecchymosis and discoloration. One of +the commonest manifestations of the disease is the occurrence of +haemorrhage into the cavities of the large joints, especially the knee, +elbow, or hip. The patient suffers repeatedly from such haemorrhages, the +determining injury being often so slight as to have passed unobserved. + +There is evidence that the tendency to bleed is greater at certain times +than at others--in some cases showing almost a cyclical +character--although nothing is known as to the cause of the variation. + +After a severe haemorrhage into the cellular tissue or into a joint, the +patient becomes pale and anaemic, the temperature may rise to 102 o or +103 o F., the pulse become small and rapid, and haemic murmurs are +sometimes developed over the heart and large arteries. The swelling is +tense, fluctuating, and hot, and there is considerable pain and +tenderness. + +In exceptional cases, blisters form over the seat of the effusion, or +the skin may even slough, and the clinical features may therefore come +to simulate closely those of an acute suppurative condition. When the +skin sloughs, an ulcer is formed with altered blood-clot in its floor +like that seen in scurvy, and there is a remarkable absence of any +attempt at healing. + +The acute symptoms gradually subside, and the blood is slowly absorbed, +the discoloration of the skin passing through the same series of changes +as occur after an ordinary bruise. The patients seldom manifest the +symptoms of the bloodless state, and the blood is rapidly regenerated. + +The _diagnosis_ is easy if the patient or his friends are aware of the +family tendency to haemorrhage and inform the doctor of it, but they are +often sensitive and reticent regarding the fact, and it may only be +elicited after close investigation. From the history it is usually easy +to exclude scurvy and purpura. Repeated haemorrhages into a joint may +result in appearances which closely simulate those of tuberculous +disease. Recent haemorrhages into the cellular tissue often present +clinical features closely resembling those of acute cellulitis or +osteomyelitis. A careful examination, however, may reveal ecchymoses on +other parts of the body which give a clue to the nature of the +condition, and may prevent the disastrous consequences that may follow +incision. + +These patients usually succumb sooner or later to haemorrhage, although +they often survive several severe attacks. After middle life the +tendency to bleed appears to diminish. + +_Treatment._--As a rule the ordinary means of arresting haemorrhage are +of little avail. From among the numerous means suggested, the following +may be mentioned: The application to the bleeding point of gauze soaked +in a 1 in 1000 solution of adrenalin; prolonged inhalation of oxygen; +freezing the part with a spray of ethyl-chloride; one or more +subcutaneous injections of gelatin--5 ounces of a 2 1/2 per cent. +solution of white gelatin in normal salt solution being injected at a +temperature of about 100 o F.; the injection of pituitary extract. The +application of a pad of gauze soaked in the blood of a normal person +sometimes arrests the bleeding. + +To prevent bleeding in haemophilics, intra-venous or subcutaneous +injections of fresh blood serum, taken from the human subject, the +sheep, the dog, or the horse, have proved useful. If fresh serum is not +available, anti-diphtheritic or anti-tetanic serum or trade +preparations, such as hemoplastin, may be employed. We have removed the +appendix and amputated through the thigh in haemophilic subjects without +excessive loss of blood after a course of fresh sheep's serum given by +the mouth over a period of several weeks. + +The chloride and lactate of calcium, and extract of thymus gland have +been employed to increase the coagulability of the blood. The patient +should drink large quantities of milk, which also increases the +coagulability of the blood. Monro has observed remarkable results from +the hypodermic injection of emetin hydrochloride in 1/2-grain doses. + + +THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM + +The processes known as thrombosis and embolism are so intimately +associated with the diseases of blood vessels that it is convenient to +define these terms in the first instance. + +#Thrombosis.#--The term _thrombus_ is applied to a clot of blood formed +in the interior of the heart or of a blood vessel, and the process by +which such a clot forms is known as _thrombosis_. It would appear that +slowing or stagnation of the blood-stream, and interference with the +integrity of the lining membrane of the vessel wall, are the most +important factors determining the formation of the clot. Alterations in +the blood itself, such as occur, for example, in certain toxaemias, also +favour coagulation. When the thrombus is formed slowly, it consists of +white blood cells with a small proportion of fibrin, and, being +deposited in successive layers, has a distinctly laminated appearance on +section. It is known as a _white thrombus_ or laminated clot, and is +often met with in the sac of an aneurysm (Fig. 72). When rapidly formed +in a vessel in which the blood is almost stagnant--as, for example, in a +pouched varicose vein--the blood coagulates _en masse_, and the clot +consists of all the elements of the blood, constituting a _red thrombus_ +(Fig. 66). Sometimes the thrombus is _mixed_--a red thrombus being +deposited on a white one, it may be in alternate layers. + +When aseptic, a thrombus may become detached and be carried off in the +blood-stream as an embolus; it may become organised; or it may +degenerate and undergo calcification. Occasionally a small thrombus +situated behind a valve in a varicose vein or in the terminal end of a +dilated vein--for example in a pile--undergoes calcification, and is +then spoken of as a _phlebolith_; it gives a shadow with the X-rays. + +When infected with pyogenic bacteria, the thrombus becomes converted +into pus and a localised abscess forms; or portions of the thrombus may +be carried as emboli in the circulation to distant parts, where they +give rise to secondary foci of suppuration--pyaemic abscesses. + +#Embolism.#--The term _embolus_ is applied to any body carried along in +the circulation and ultimately becoming impacted in a blood vessel. This +occurrence is known as _embolism_. The commonest forms of embolus are +portions of thrombi or of fibrinous formations on the valves of the +heart, the latter being usually infected with micro-organisms. + +Embolism plays an important part in determining one form of gangrene, as +has already been described. Infective emboli are the direct cause of the +secondary abscesses that occur in pyaemia; and they are sometimes +responsible for the formation of aneurysm. + +Portions of malignant tumours also may form emboli, and their impaction +in the vessels may lead to the development of secondary growths in +distant parts of the body. + +Fat and air embolism have already been referred to. + + +ARTERITIS + +_Pyogenic._--Non-suppurative inflammation of the coats of an artery may +so soften the wall of the vessel as to lead to aneurysmal dilatation. It +is not uncommon in children, and explains the occurrence of aneurysm in +young subjects. + +When suppuration occurs, the vessel wall becomes disintegrated and gives +way, leading to secondary haemorrhage. If the vessel ruptures into an +abscess cavity, dangerous bleeding may occur when the abscess bursts or +is opened. + +_Syphilitic._--The inflammation associated with syphilis results in +thickening of the tunica intima, whereby the lumen of the vessel becomes +narrowed, or even obliterated--_endarteritis obliterans_. The middle +coat usually escapes, but the tunica externa is generally thickened. +These changes cause serious interference with the nutrition of the parts +supplied by the affected arteries. In large trunks, by diminishing the +elasticity of the vessel wall, they are liable to lead to the formation +of aneurysm. + +Changes in the arterial walls closely resembling those of syphilitic +arteritis are sometimes met with in _tuberculous_ lesions. + +#Arterio-sclerosis# or #Chronic Arteritis#.--These terms are applied to +certain changes which result in narrowing of the lumen and loss of +elasticity in the arteries. The condition may affect the whole vascular +system or may be confined to particular areas. In the smaller arteries +there is more or less uniform thickening of the tunica intima from +proliferation of the endothelium and increase in the connective tissue +in the elastic lamina--a form of obliterative endarteritis. The +narrowing of the vessels may be sufficient to determine gangrene in the +extremities. In course of time, particularly in the larger arteries, +this new tissue undergoes degeneration, at first of a fatty nature, but +progressing in the direction of calcification, and this is followed by +the deposit of lime salts in the young connective tissue and the +formation of calcareous plates or rings over a considerable area of the +vessel wall. To this stage in the process the term _atheroma_ is +applied. The endothelium over these plates often disappears, leaving +them exposed to the blood-stream. + +Changes of a similar kind sometimes occur in the middle coat, the lime +salts being deposited among the muscle fibres in concentric rings. + +The primary cause of arterio-sclerosis is not definitely known, but its +almost constant occurrence, to a greater or less degree, in the aged +suggests that it is of the nature of a senile degeneration. It is +favoured by anything which throws excessive strain on the vessel walls, +such as heavy muscular work; by chronic alcoholism and syphilis; or by +such general diseases as tend to raise the blood-pressure--for example, +chronic Bright's disease or gout. It occurs with greater frequency and +with greater severity in men than in women. + +Atheromatous degeneration is most common in the large arterial trunks, +and the changes are most marked at the arch of the aorta, opposite the +flexures of joints, at the mouths of large branches, and at parts where +the vessel lies in contact with bone. The presence of diseased patches +in the wall of an artery diminishes its elasticity and favours +aneurysmal dilatation. Such a vessel also is liable to be ruptured by +external violence and so give rise to traumatic aneurysm. Thrombosis is +liable to occur when calcareous plates are exposed in the lumen of the +vessel by destruction of the endothelium, and this predisposes to +embolism. Arterio-sclerosis also interferes with the natural arrest of +haemorrhage, and by rendering the vessels brittle, makes it difficult to +secure them by ligature. In advanced cases the accessible arteries--such +as the radial, the temporal or the femoral--may be felt as firm, +tortuous cords, which are sometimes so hard that they have been aptly +compared to "pipe-stems." The pulse is smaller and less compressible +than normal, and the vessel moves bodily with each pulsation. It must be +borne in mind, however, that the condition of the radial artery may fail +to afford a clue to that of the larger arteries. Calcified arteries are +readily identified in skiagrams (Fig. 65). + +[Illustration: FIG. 65.--Radiogram showing Calcareous Degeneration +(Atheroma) of Arteries.] + +We have met with a chronic form of arterial degeneration in elderly +women, affecting especially the great vessels at the root of the neck, +in which the artery is remarkably attenuated and dilated, and so friable +that the wall readily tears when seized with an artery-forceps, +rendering ligation of the vessel in the ordinary way well-nigh +impossible. Matas suggests infolding the wall of the vessel with +interrupted sutures that do not pierce the intima, and wrapping it +round with a strip of peritoneum or omentum. + +The most serious form of arterial _thrombosis_ is that met with _in the +abdominal aorta_, which is attended with violent pains in the lower +limbs, rapidly followed by paralysis and arrest of the circulation. + + +THROMBO-PHLEBITIS AND THROMBOSIS IN VEINS + +#Thrombosis# is more common in veins than in arteries, because slowing +of the blood-stream and irritation of the endothelium of the vessel wall +are, owing to the conditions of the venous circulation, more readily +induced in veins. + +Venous thrombosis may occur from purely mechanical causes--as, for +example, when the wall of a vein is incised, or the vessel included in a +ligature, or when it is bruised or crushed by a fragment of a broken +bone or by a bandage too tightly applied. Under these conditions +thrombosis is essentially a reparative process, and has already been +considered in relation to the repair of blood vessels. + +In other cases thrombosis is associated with certain constitutional +diseases--gout, for example; the endothelium of the veins undergoing +changes--possibly the result of irritation by abnormal constituents in +the blood--which favour the formation of thrombi. + +Under these various conditions the formation of a thrombus is not +necessarily associated with the action of bacteria, although in any +of them this additional factor may be present. + +The most common cause of venous thrombosis, however, is inflammation of +the wall of the vein--phlebitis. + +#Phlebitis.#--Various forms of phlebitis are met with, but for practical +purposes they may be divided into two groups--one in which there is a +tendency to the formation of a thrombus; the other in which the +infective element predominates. + +In surgical patients, the _thrombotic form_ is almost invariably met +with in the lower extremity, and usually occurs in those who are +debilitated and anaemic, and who are confined to bed for prolonged +periods--for example, during the treatment of fractures of the leg or +pelvis, or after such operations as herniotomy, prostatectomy, or +appendectomy. + +_Clinical Features._--The most typical example of this form of phlebitis +is that so frequently met with in the great saphena vein, especially +when it is varicose. The onset of the attack is indicated by a sudden +pain in the lower limb--sometimes below, sometimes above the knee. This +initial pain may be associated with shivering or even with a rigor, and +the temperature usually rises one or two degrees. There is swelling and +tenderness along the line of the affected vein, and the skin over it is +a dull-red or purple colour. The swollen vein may be felt as a firm +cord, with bead-like enlargements in the position of the valves. The +patient experiences a feeling of stiffness and tightness throughout the +limb. There is often oedema of the leg and foot, especially when the limb +is in the dependent position. The acute symptoms pass off in a few days, +but the swelling and tenderness of the vein and the oedema of the limb +may last for many weeks. + +When the deep veins--iliac, femoral, popliteal--are involved, there is +great swelling of the whole limb, which is of a firm almost "wooden" +consistence, and of a pale-white colour; the oedema may be so great that +it is impossible to feel the affected vein until the swelling has +subsided. This is most often seen in puerperal women, and is known as +_phlegmasia alba dolens_. + +_Treatment._--The patient must be placed at absolute rest, with the foot +of the bed raised on blocks 10 or 12 inches high, and the limb +immobilised by sand-bags or splints. It is necessary to avoid handling +the parts, lest the clot be displaced and embolism occur. To avoid +frequent movement of the limb, the necessary dressings should be kept in +position by means of a many-tailed rather than a roller bandage. + +To relieve the pain, warm fomentations or lead and opium lotion should +be applied. Later, ichthyol-glycerin, or glycerin and belladonna, may be +substituted. + +When, at the end of three weeks, the danger of embolism is past, +douching and gentle massage may be employed to disperse the oedema; and +when the patient gets up he should wear a supporting elastic bandage. + +The _infective_ form usually begins as a peri-phlebitis arising in +connection with some focus of infection in the adjacent tissues. The +elements of the vessel wall are destroyed by suppuration, and the +thrombus in its lumen becomes infected with pyogenic bacteria and +undergoes softening. + +_Occlusion of the inferior vena cava_ as a result of infective +thrombosis is a well-known condition, the thrombosis extending into the +main trunk from some of its tributaries, either from the femoral or +iliac veins below or from the hepatic veins above. + +Portions of the softened thrombus are liable to become detached and to +enter the circulating blood, in which they are carried as emboli. These +may lodge in distant parts, and give rise to secondary foci of +suppuration--pyaemic abscesses. + +_Clinical Features._--Infective phlebitis is most frequently met with in +the transverse sinus as a sequel to chronic suppuration in the mastoid +antrum and middle ear. It also occurs in relation to the peripheral +veins, but in these it can seldom be recognised as a separate entity, +being merged in the general infective process from which it takes +origin. Its occurrence may be inferred, if in the course of a +suppurative lesion there is a sudden rise of temperature, with pain, +redness, and swelling along the line of a venous trunk, and a rapidly +developed oedema of the limb, with pitting of the skin on pressure. In +rare cases a localised abscess forms in the vein and points towards the +surface. + +_Treatment._--Attention must be directed towards the condition with +which the phlebitis is associated. Ligation of the vein on the cardiac +side of the thrombus with a view to preventing embolism is seldom +feasible in the peripheral veins, although, as will be pointed out +later, the jugular vein is ligated with this object in cases of +phlebitis of the transverse sinus. + + +VARIX--VARICOSE VEINS + +The term varix is applied to a condition in which veins are so altered +in structure that they remain permanently dilated, and are at the same +time lengthened and tortuous. Two types are met with: one in which +dilatation of a large superficial vein and its tributaries is the most +obvious feature; the other, in which bunches of distended and tortuous +vessels develop at one or more points in the course of a vein, a +condition to which Virchow applied the term _angioma racemosum venosum_. +The two types may occur in combination. + +Any vein in the body may become varicose, but the condition is rare +except in the veins of the lower extremity, in the veins of the +spermatic cord (varicocele), and in the veins of the anal canal +(haemorrhoids). + +We are here concerned with varix as it occurs in the veins of the lower +extremity. + +_Etiology._--Considerable difference of opinion exists as to the +essential cause of varix. The weight of evidence is in favour of the +view that, when dilatation is the predominant element, it results from a +congenital deficiency in the number, size, and strength of the valves of +the affected veins, and in an inherent weakness in the vessel walls. +The _angioma racemosum venosum_ is probably also due to a congenital +alteration in the structure of the vessels, and is allied to tumours of +blood vessels. The view that varix is congenital in origin, as was first +suggested by Virchow, is supported by the fact that in a large +proportion of cases the condition is hereditary; not only may several +members of the same family in succeeding generations suffer from varix, +but it is often found that the same vein, or segment of a vein, is +involved in all of them. The frequent occurrence of varix in youth is +also an indication of its congenital origin. + +In the majority of cases it is only when some exciting factor comes into +operation that the clinical phenomena associated with varix appear. The +most common exciting cause is increased pressure within the veins, and +this may be produced in a variety of ways. In certain diseases of the +heart, lungs, and liver, for example, the venous pressure may be so +raised as to cause a localised dilatation of such veins as are +congenitally weak. The direct pressure of a tumour, or of the gravid +uterus on the large venous trunks in the pelvis, may so obstruct the +flow as to distend the veins of the lower extremity. It is a common +experience in women that the signs of varix date from an antecedent +pregnancy. The importance of the wearing of tight garters as a factor in +the production of varicose veins has been exaggerated, although it must +be admitted that this practice is calculated to aggravate the condition +when it is once established. It has been proved experimentally that the +backward pressure in the veins may be greatly increased by straining, a +fact which helps to explain the frequency with which varicosity occurs +in the lower limbs of athletes and of those whose occupation involves +repeated and violent muscular efforts. There is reason to believe, +moreover, that a sudden strain may, by rupturing the valves and so +rendering them incompetent, induce varicosity independently of any +congenital defect. Prolonged standing or walking, by allowing gravity to +act on the column of blood in the veins of the lower limbs, is also an +important determining factor in the production of varix. + +Thrombosis of the deep veins--in the leg, for example--may induce marked +dilatation of the superficial veins, by throwing an increased amount of +work upon them. This is to be looked upon rather as a compensatory +hypertrophy of the superficial vessels than as a true varix. + +_Morbid Anatomy._--In the lower extremity the varicosity most commonly +affects the vessels of the great saphena system; less frequently those +of the small saphena system. Sometimes both systems are involved, and +large communicating branches may develop between the two. + +The essential lesion is the absence or deficiency of valves, so that +they are incompetent and fail to support the column of blood which bears +back upon them. Normally the valves in the femoral and iliac veins and +in the inferior vena cava are imperfectly developed, so that in the +erect posture the great saphena receives a large share of the backward +pressure of the column of venous blood. + +The whole length of the vein may be affected, but as a rule the disease +is confined to one or more segments, which are not only dilated, but are +also increased in length, so that they become convoluted. The adjacent +loops of the convoluted vein are often bound together by fibrous tissue. +All the coats are thickened, chiefly by an increased development of +connective tissue, and in some cases changes similar to those of +arterio-sclerosis occur. The walls of varicose veins are often +exceedingly brittle. In some cases the thickening is uniform, and in +others it is irregular, so that here and there thin-walled sacs or +pouches project from the side of the vein. These pouches vary in size +from a bean to a hen's egg, the larger forms being called _venous +cysts_, and being most commonly met with in the region of the saphenous +opening and of the opening in the popliteal fascia. Such pouches, being +exposed to injury, are frequently the seat of thrombosis (Fig. 66). + +[Illustration: FIG. 66.--Thrombosis in Tortuous and Pouched Great +Saphena Vein, in longitudinal section.] + +_Clinical Features._--Varix is most frequently met with between puberty +and the age of thirty, and the sexes appear to suffer about equally. + +The amount of discomfort bears no direct proportion to the extent of +the varicosity. It depends rather upon the degree of pressure in the +veins, as is shown by the fact that it is relieved by elevation of the +limb. When the whole length of the main trunk of the great saphena is +implicated, the pressure in the vein is high and the patient suffers a +good deal of pain and discomfort. When, on the contrary, the upper part +of the saphena and its valves are intact, and only the more distal veins +are involved, the pressure is not so high and there is comparatively +little suffering. The usual complaint is of a sense of weight and +fulness in the limb after standing or walking, sometimes accompanied by +actual pain, from which relief is at once obtained by raising the limb. +Cramp-like pains in the muscles are often associated with varix of the +deep veins. + +The dilated and tortuous vein can be readily seen and felt when the +patient is examined in the upright posture. In advanced cases, bead-like +swellings are sometimes to be detected over the position of the valves, +and, on running the fingers along the course of the vessel, a firm +ridge, due to periphlebitis, may be detected on each side of the vein. +When the limb is oedematous, the outline of the veins is obscured, but +they can be identified on palpation as gutter-like tracks. When large +veins are implicated, a distinct impulse on coughing may be seen to pass +down as far as the knee; and if the vessel is sharply percussed a fluid +wave may be detected passing both up and down the vein. + +If the patient is placed on a couch and the limb elevated, the veins are +emptied, and if pressure is then made over the region of the saphenous +opening and the patient allowed to stand up, so long as the great +saphena system alone is involved, the veins fill again very slowly from +below. If the small saphena system also is involved, and if +communicating branches are dilated, the veins fill up from below more +rapidly. When the pressure over the saphenous opening is removed, the +blood rapidly rushes into the varicose vessels from above; this is known +as Trendelenburg's test. + +The most marked dilatation usually occurs on the medial side of the +limb, between the middle of the thigh and the middle of the calf, the +arrangement of the veins showing great variety (Fig. 67). + +There are usually one or more bunches of enlarged and tortuous veins in +the region of the knee. Frequently a large branch establishes a +communication between the systems of the great and small saphenous veins +in the region of the popliteal space, or across the front of the upper +part of the tibia. The superficial position of this last branch and its +proximity to the bone render it liable to injury. + +[Illustration: FIG. 67.--Extensive Varix of Internal Saphena System on +Left Leg, of many years' standing.] + +The small veins of the skin of the ankle and foot often show as fine +blue streaks arranged in a stellate or arborescent manner, especially in +women who have borne children. + +_Complications._--When the varix is of long standing, the skin in the +lower part of the leg sometimes assumes a mahogany-brown or bluish hue, +as a result of the _deposit of blood pigment_ in the tissues, and this +is frequently a precursor of ulceration. + +_Chronic dermatitis_ (_varicose eczema_) is often met with in the lower +part of the leg, and is due to interference with the nutrition of the +skin. The incompetence of the valves allows the pressure in the varicose +veins to equal that in the arterioles, so that the capillary circulation +is impeded. From the same cause the blood in the deep veins is enabled +to enter the superficial veins, where the backward pressure is so great +that the blood flows down again, and so a vicious circle is established. +The blood therefore loses more and more of its oxygen, and so fails to +nourish the tissues. + +The _ulcer_ of the leg associated with varicose veins has already been +described. + +_Haemorrhage_ may take place from a varicose vein as a result of a wound +or of ulceration of its wall. Increased intra-venous pressure produced +by severe muscular strain may determine rupture of a vein exposed in the +floor of an ulcer. If the limb is dependent, the incompetency of the +valves permits of rapid and copious bleeding, which may prove fatal, +particularly if the patient is intoxicated when the rupture takes place +and no means are taken to arrest the haemorrhage. The bleeding may be +arrested at once by elevating the limb, or by applying pressure directly +over the bleeding point. + +_Phlebitis and thrombosis_ are common sequelae of varix, and may prove +dangerous, either by spreading into the large venous trunks or by giving +rise to emboli. The larger the varix the greater is the tendency for a +thrombus to spread upwards and to involve the deep veins. Thrombi +usually originate in venous cysts or pouches, and at acute bends on the +vessel, especially when these are situated in the vicinity of the knee, +and are subjected to repeated injuries--for example in riding. +Phleboliths sometimes form in such pouches, and may be recognised in a +radiogram. In a certain proportion of cases, especially in elderly +people, the occurrence of thrombosis leads to cure of the condition by +the thrombus becoming organised and obliterating the vein. + +_Treatment._--At best the treatment of varicose veins is only +palliative, as it is obviously impossible to restore to the vessels +their normal structure. The patient must avoid wearing anything, such as +a garter, which constricts the limb, and any obvious cause of direct +pressure on the pelvic veins, such as a tumour, persistent +constipation, or an ill-fitting truss, should be removed. Cardiac, +renal, or pulmonary causes of venous congestion must also be treated, +and the functions of the liver regulated. Severe forms of muscular +exertion and prolonged standing or walking are to be avoided, and the +patient may with benefit rest the limb in an elevated position for a few +hours each day. To support the distended vessels, a closely woven silk +or worsted stocking, or a light and porous form of elastic bandage, +applied as a puttee, should be worn. These appliances should be put on +before the patient leaves his bed in the morning, and should only be +removed after he lies down at night. In this way the vessels are never +allowed to become dilated. Elastic stockings, and bandages made entirely +of india-rubber, are to be avoided. In early and mild cases these +measures are usually sufficient to relieve the patient's discomfort. + +_Operative Treatment._--In aggravated cases, when the patient is +suffering pain, when his occupation is interfered with by repeated +attacks of phlebitis, or when there are large pouches on the veins, +operative treatment is called for. The younger the patient the clearer +is the indication to operate. It may be necessary to operate to enable a +patient to enter one of the public services, even although no symptoms +are present. The presence of an ulcer does not contra-indicate +operation; the ulcer should be excised, and the raw surface covered with +skin grafts, before dealing with the veins. + +The _operation of Trendelenburg_ is especially appropriate to cases in +which the trunk of the great saphena vein in the thigh is alone +involved. It consists in exposing three or four inches of the vein in +its upper part, applying a ligature at the upper and lower ends of the +exposed portion, and, after tying all tributary branches, resecting this +portion of the vein. + +The procedure of C. H. Mayo is adapted to cases in which it is desirable +to remove longer segments of the veins. It consists in the employment of +special instruments known as "ring-enucleators" or "vein-strippers," by +means of which long portions of the vein are removed through +comparatively small incisions. + +An alternative procedure consists in avulsing segments of the vein by +means of Babcock's stylet, which consists of a flexible steel rod, 30 +inches in length, with acorn-shaped terminals. The instrument is passed +along the lumen of the segment to be dealt with, and a ligature applied +around the vein above the bulbous end of the stylet enables nearly the +whole length of the great saphena vein to be dragged out in one piece. +These methods are not suitable when the veins are brittle, when there +are pouches or calcareous deposits in their walls, or where there has +been periphlebitis binding the coils together. + +Mitchell of Belfast advises exposing the varices at numerous points by +half-inch incisions, and, after clamping the vein between two pairs of +forceps, cutting it across and twisting out the segments of the vein +between adjacent incisions. The edges of the incisions are sutured; and +the limb is firmly bandaged from below upwards, and kept in an elevated +position. We have employed this method with satisfactory results. + +The treatment of the complications of varix has already been considered. + + +ANGIOMA[4] + +[4] In the description of angiomas we have followed the teaching of the +late John Duncan. + +Tumours of blood vessels may be divided, according to the nature of the +vessels of which they are composed, into the capillary, the venous, and +the arterial angiomas. + + +CAPILLARY ANGIOMA + +The most common form of capillary angioma is the naevus or congenital +telangiectasis. + +#Naevus.#--A naevus is a collection of dilated capillaries, the afferent +arterioles and the efferent venules of which often share in the +dilatation. Little is known regarding the _etiology_ of naevi beyond the +fact that they are of congenital origin. They often escape notice until +the child is some days old, but attention is usually drawn to them +within a fortnight of birth. For practical purposes the most useful +classification of naevi is into the cutaneous, the subcutaneous, and the +mixed forms. + +_The cutaneous naevus_, "mother's mark," or "port-wine stain," consists +of an aggregation of dilated capillaries in the substance of the skin. +On stretching the skin the vessels can be seen to form a fine network, +or to run in leashes parallel to one another. A dilated arteriole or a +vein winding about among the capillaries may sometimes be detected. +These naevi occur on any part of the body, but they are most frequently +met with on the face. They may be multiple, and vary greatly in size, +some being no bigger than a pin-head, while others cover large areas of +the body. In colour they present every tint from purple to brilliant +red; in the majority there is a considerable dash of blue, especially in +cold weather. + +Unlike the other forms of naevi, the cutaneous variety shows little +tendency to disappear, and it is especially persistent when associated +with overgrowth of the epidermis and of the hairs--_naevoid mole_. + +The _treatment_ of the cutaneous naevus is unsatisfactory, owing to the +difficulty of removing the naevus without leaving a scar which is even +more disfiguring. Very small naevi may be destroyed by a fine pointed +Paquelin thermo-cautery, or by escharotics, such as nitric acid. For +larger naevi, radium and solidified carbon dioxide ("CO_2 snow") may be +used. The extensive port-wine stains so often met with on the face are +best left alone. + +The _subcutaneous naevus_ is comparatively rare. It constitutes a +well-defined, localised tumour, which may possess a distinct capsule, +especially when it has ceased to grow or is retrogressing. On section, +it presents the appearance of a finely reticulated sponge. + +Although it may be noticed at, or within a few days of, birth, a +subcutaneous naevus is often overlooked, especially when on a covered +part of the body, and may not be discovered till the patient is some +years old. It forms a rounded, lobulated swelling, seldom of large size +and yielding a sensation like that of a sponge; the skin over it is +normal, or may exhibit a bluish tinge, especially in cold weather. In +some cases the tumour is diminished by pressing the blood out of it, but +slowly fills again when the pressure is relaxed, and it swells up when +the child struggles or cries. From a cold abscess it is diagnosed by the +history and progress of the swelling and by the absence of fluctuation. +When situated over one of the hernial openings, it closely simulates a +hernia; and when it occurs in the middle line of the face, head, or +back, it may be mistaken for such other congenital conditions as +meningocele or spina bifida. When other means fail, the use of an +exploring needle clears up the diagnosis. + +_Mixed Naevus._--As its name indicates, the mixed naevus partakes of the +characters of the other two varieties; that is, it is a subcutaneous +naevus with involvement of the skin. + +It is frequently met with on the face and head, but may occur on any +part of the body. It also affects parts covered by mucous membrane, such +as the cheek, tongue, and soft palate. The swelling is rounded or +lobulated, and projects beyond the level of its surroundings. Sometimes +the skin is invaded by the naevoid tissue over the whole extent of the +tumour, sometimes only over a limited area. Frequently the margin only +is of a bright-red colour, while the skin in the centre resembles a +cicatrix. The swelling is reduced by steady pressure, and increases in +size and becomes tense when the child cries. + +[Illustration: FIG. 68.--Mixed Naevus of Nose which was subsequently +cured by Electrolysis.] + +_Prognosis._--The rate of growth of the subcutaneous and mixed forms of +naevi varies greatly. They sometimes increase rapidly, especially during +the first few months of life; after this they usually grow at the same +rate as the child, or more slowly. There is a decided tendency to +disappearance of these varieties, fully 50 per cent. undergoing natural +cure by a process of obliteration, similar to the obliteration of +vessels in cicatricial tissue. This usually begins about the period of +the first dentition, sometimes at the second dentition, and sometimes at +puberty. On the other hand, an increased activity of growth may be shown +at these periods. The onset of natural cure is recognised by the tumour +becoming firmer and less compressible, and, in the mixed variety, by the +colour becoming less bright. Injury, infection, or ulceration of the +overlying skin may initiate the curative process. + +Towards adult life the spaces in a subcutaneous naevus may become greatly +enlarged, leading to the formation of a cavernous angioma. + +_Treatment._--In view of the frequency with which subcutaneous and mixed +naevi disappear spontaneously, interference is only called for when the +growth of the tumour is out of proportion to that of the child, or when, +from its situation--for example in the vicinity of the eye--any marked +increase in its size would render it less amenable to treatment. + +The methods of treatment most generally applicable are the use of radium +and carbon dioxide snow, igni-puncture, electrolysis, and excision. + +For naevi situated on exposed parts, where it is desirable to avoid a +scar, the use of _radium_ is to be preferred. The tube of radium is +applied at intervals to different parts of the naevus, the duration and +frequency of the applications varying with the strength of the +emanations and the reaction produced. The object aimed at is to induce +obliteration of the naevoid tissue by cicatricial contraction without +destroying the overlying skin. _Carbon-dioxide snow_ may be employed in +the same manner, but the results are inferior to those obtained by +radium. + +_Igni-puncture_ consists in making a number of punctures at different +parts of the naevus with a fine-pointed thermo-cautery, with the object +of starting at each point a process of cicatrisation which extends +throughout the naevoid tissue and so obliterates the vessels. + +_Electrolysis_ acts by decomposing the blood and tissues into their +constituent elements--oxygen and acids appearing at the positive, +hydrogen and bases at the negative electrode. These substances and gases +being given off in a nascent condition, at once enter into new +combinations with anything in the vicinity with which they have a +chemical affinity. In the naevus the practical result of this reaction is +that at the positive pole nitric acid, and at the negative pole caustic +potash, both in a state of minute subdivision, make their appearance. +The effect on the tissues around the positive pole, therefore, is +equivalent to that of an acid cauterisation, and on those round the +negative pole, to an alkaline cauterisation. + +As the process is painful, a general anaesthetic is necessary. The +current used should be from 20 to 80 milliamperes, gradually increasing +from zero, without shock; three to six large Bunsen cells give a +sufficient current, and no galvanometer is required. Steel needles, +insulated with vulcanite to within an eighth of an inch of their points, +are the best. Both poles are introduced into the naevus, the positive +being kept fixed at one spot, while the negative is moved about so as to +produce a number of different tracks of cauterisation. On no account +must either pole be allowed to come in contact with the skin, lest a +slough be formed. The duration of the sitting is determined by the +effect produced, as indicated by the hardening of the tumour, the +average duration being from fifteen to twenty minutes. If pallor of the +skin appears, it indicates that the needles are too near the surface, or +that the blood supply to the integument is being cut off, and is an +indication to stop. To cauterise the track and so prevent bleeding, the +needles should be slowly withdrawn while the current is flowing. When +the skin is reached the current is turned off. The punctures are covered +with collodion. Six or eight weeks should be allowed to elapse before +repeating the procedure. From two to eight or ten sittings may be +necessary, according to the size and character of the naevus. + +_Excision_ is to be preferred for naevi of moderate size situated on +covered parts of the body, where a scar is of no importance. Its chief +advantages over electrolysis are that a single operation is sufficient, +and that the cure is speedy and certain. The operation is attended with +much less haemorrhage than might be expected. + +#Cavernous Angioma.#--This form of angioma consists of a series of large +blood spaces which are usually derived from the dilatation of the +capillaries of a subcutaneous naevus. The spaces come to communicate +freely with one another by the disappearance of adjacent capillary +walls. While the most common situation is in the subcutaneous tissue, a +cavernous angioma is sometimes met with in internal organs. It may +appear at any age from early youth to middle life, and is of slow growth +and may become stationary. The swelling is rounded or oval, there is no +pulsation or bruit, and the tumour is but slightly compressible. The +treatment consists in dissecting it out. + +#Aneurysm by Anastomosis# is the name applied to a vascular tumour in +which the arteries, veins, and capillaries are all involved. It is met +with chiefly on the upper part of the trunk, the neck, and the scalp. It +tends gradually to increase in size, and may, after many years, attain +an enormous size. The tumour is ill-defined, and varies in consistence. +It is pulsatile, and a systolic bruit or a "thrilling" murmur may be +heard over it. The chief risk is haemorrhage from injury or ulceration. + +[Illustration: FIG. 69.--Cirsoid Aneurysm of Forehead in a boy aet. 10. + +(Mr. J. W. Dowden's case.)] + +The _treatment_ is conducted on the same lines as for naevus. When +electrolysis is employed, it should be directed towards the afferent +vessels; and if it fails to arrest the flow through these, it is useless +to persist with it. In some cases ligation of the afferent vessels has +been successful. + +#Arterial Angioma# or #Cirsoid Aneurysm#.--This is composed of the +enlarged branches of an arterial trunk. It originates in the smaller +branches of an artery--usually the temporal--and may spread to the main +trunk, and may even involve branches of other trunks with which the +affected artery anastomoses. + +The condition is probably congenital in origin, though its appearance is +frequently preceded by an injury. It almost invariably occurs in the +scalp, and is usually met with in adolescent young adults. + +The affected vessels slowly increase in size, and become tortuous, with +narrowings and dilatations here and there. Grooves and gutters are +frequently found in the bone underlying the dilated vessels. + +There is a constant loud bruit in the tumour, which greatly troubles the +patient and may interfere with sleep. There is no tendency either to +natural cure or to rupture, but severe and even fatal haemorrhage may +follow a wound of the dilated vessels. + +[Illustration: FIG. 70.--Cirsoid Aneurysm of Orbit and Face, which +developed after a blow on the Orbit with a cricket ball. + +(From a photograph lent by Sir Montagu Cotterill.)] + +The condition may be treated by excision or by electrolysis. In excision +the haemorrhage is controlled by an elastic tourniquet applied +horizontally round the head, or by ligation of the feeding trunks. In +large tumours the bleeding is formidable. In many cases electrolysis is +to be preferred, and is performed in the same way as for naevus. The +positive pole is placed in the centre of the tumour, while the negative +is introduced into the main affluents one after another. + + +ANEURYSM + +An aneurysm is a sac communicating with an artery, and containing fluid +or coagulated blood. + +Two types are met with--the pathological and the traumatic. It is +convenient to describe in this section also certain conditions in which +there is an abnormal communication between an artery and a +vein--arterio-venous aneurysm. + + +PATHOLOGICAL ANEURYSM + +In this class are included such dilatations as result from weakening of +the arterial coats, combined, in most cases, with a loss of elasticity +in the walls and increase in the arterial tension due to +arterio-sclerosis. In some cases the vessel wall is softened by +arteritis--especially the embolic form--so that it yields before the +pressure of the blood. + +Repeated and sudden raising of the arterial tension, as a result, for +example, of violent muscular efforts or of excessive indulgence in +alcohol, plays an important part in the causation of aneurysm. These +factors probably explain the comparative frequency of aneurysm in those +who follow such arduous occupations as soldiers, sailors, +dock-labourers, and navvies. In these classes the condition usually +manifests itself between the ages of thirty and fifty--that is, when the +vessels are beginning to degenerate, although the heart is still +vigorous and the men are hard at work. The comparative immunity of women +may also be explained by the less severe muscular strain involved by +their occupations and recreations. + +Syphilis plays an important part in the production of aneurysm, probably +by predisposing the patient to arterio-sclerosis and atheroma, and +inducing an increase in the vascular tension in the peripheral vessels, +from loss of elasticity of the vessel wall and narrowing of the lumen as +a result of syphilitic arteritis. It is a striking fact that aneurysm is +seldom met with in women who have not suffered from syphilis. + +#Varieties--Fusiform Aneurysm.#--When the _whole circumference_ of an +artery has been weakened, the tension of the blood causes the walls to +dilate uniformly, so that a fusiform or tubular aneurysm results. All +the coats of the vessel are stretched and form the sac of the aneurysm, +and the affected portion is not only dilated but is also increased in +length. This form is chiefly met with in the arch of the aorta, but may +occur in any of the main arterial trunks. As the sac of the aneurysm +includes all three coats, and as the inner and outer coats are usually +thickened by the deposit in them of connective tissue, this variety +increases in size slowly and seldom gives rise to urgent symptoms. + +As a rule a fusiform aneurysm contains fluid blood, but when the intima +is roughened by disease, especially in the form of calcareous plates, +shreds of clot may adhere to it. + +It has little tendency to natural cure, although this is occasionally +effected by the emerging artery becoming occluded by a clot; it has also +little tendency to rupture. + +#Sacculated Aneurysm.#--When a _limited area_ of the vessel wall is +weakened--for example by atheroma or by other form of arteritis--this +portion yields before the pressure of the blood, and a sacculated +aneurysm results. The internal and middle coats being already damaged, +or, it may be, destroyed, by the primary disease, the stress falls on +the external coat, which in the majority of cases constitutes the sac. +To withstand the pressure the external coat becomes thickened, and as +the aneurysm increases in size it forms adhesions to surrounding +tissues, so that fasciae, tendons, nerves, and other structures may be +found matted together in its wall. The wall is further strengthened by +the deposit on its inner aspect of blood-clot, which may eventually +become organised. + +The contents of the sac consist of fluid blood and a varying amount of +clot which is deposited in concentric layers on the inner aspect of the +sac, where it forms a pale, striated, firm mass, which constitutes a +laminated clot. Near the blood-current the clot is soft, red, and +friable (Fig. 72). The laminated clot not only strengthens the sac, +enabling it to resist the blood-pressure and so prevent rupture, but, if +it increases sufficiently to fill the cavity, may bring about cure. The +principle upon which all methods of treatment are based is to imitate +nature in producing such a clot. + +Sacculated aneurysm, as compared with the fusiform variety, tends to +rupture and also to cure by the formation of laminated clot; natural +cure is sometimes all but complete when extension and rupture occur and +cause death. + +An aneurysm is said to be _diffused_ when the sac ruptures and the blood +escapes into the cellular tissue. + +#Clinical Features of Aneurysm.#--Surgically, the sacculated is by far +the most important variety. The outstanding feature is the existence in +the line of an artery of a globular swelling, which pulsates. The +pulsation is of an expansile character, which is detected by observing +that when both hands are placed over the swelling they are separated +with each beat of the heart. If the main artery be compressed on the +cardiac side of the swelling, the pulsation is arrested and the tumour +becomes smaller and less tense, and it may be still further reduced in +size by gentle pressure being made over it so as to empty it of fluid +blood. On allowing the blood again to flow through the artery, the +pulsation returns at once, but several beats are required before the sac +regains its former size. In most cases a distinct thrill is felt on +placing the hand over the swelling, and a blowing, systolic murmur may +be heard with the stethoscope. It is to be borne in mind that +occasionally, when the interchange of blood between an aneurysm and the +artery from which it arises is small, pulsation and bruit may be slight +or even absent. This is also the case when the sac contains a +considerable quantity of clot. When it becomes filled with +clot--_consolidated aneurysm_--these signs disappear, and the clinical +features are those of a solid tumour lying in contact with an artery, +and transmitting its pulsation. + +A comparison of the pulse in the artery beyond the seat of the aneurysm +with that in the corresponding artery on the healthy side, shows that on +the affected side the wave is smaller in volume, and delayed in time. A +pulse tracing shows that the normal impulse and dicrotic waves are lost, +and that the force and rapidity of the tidal wave are diminished. + +[Illustration: FIG. 71.--Radiogram of Aneurysm of Aorta, showing +laminated clot and erosion of bodies of vertebrae. The intervertebral +discs are intact.] + +An aneurysm exerts pressure on the surrounding structures, which are +usually thickened and adherent to it and to one another. Adjacent veins +may be so compressed that congestion and oedema of the parts beyond are +produced. Pain, disturbances of sensation, and muscular paralyses may +result from pressure on nerves. Such bones as the sternum and vertebrae +undergo erosion and are absorbed by the gradually increasing pressure of +the aneurysm. Cartilage, on the other hand, being elastic, yields before +the pressure, so that the intervertebral discs or the costal cartilages +may escape while the adjacent bones are destroyed (Fig. 71). The skin +over the tumour becomes thinned and stretched, until finally a slough +forms, and when it separates haemorrhage takes place. + +[Illustration: FIG. 72.--Sacculated Aneurysm of Abdominal Aorta nearly +filled with laminated clot. Note greater density of clot towards +periphery.] + +In the progress of an aneurysm towards rupture, timely clotting may +avert death for the moment, but while extension in one direction has +been arrested there is apt to be extension in another, with imminence of +rupture, or it may be again postponed. + +#Differential Diagnosis.#--The diagnosis is to be made from other +pulsatile swellings. Pulsation is sometimes transmitted from a large +artery to a tumour, a mass of enlarged lymph glands, or an inflammatory +swelling which lies in its vicinity, but the pulsation is not +expansile--a most important point in differential diagnosis. Such +swellings may, by appropriate manipulation, be moved from the artery and +the pulsation ceases, and compression of the artery on the cardiac side +of the swelling, although it arrests the pulsation, does not produce any +diminution in the size or tension of the swelling, and when the pressure +is removed the pulsation is restored immediately. + +Fluid swellings overlying an artery, such as cysts, abscesses, or +enlarged bursae, may closely simulate aneurysm. An apparent expansion may +accompany the pulsation, but careful examination usually enables this to +be distinguished from the true expansion of an aneurysm. Compression of +the artery makes no difference in the size or tension of the swelling. + +Vascular tumours, such as sarcoma and goitre, may yield an expansile +pulsation and a soft, whifling bruit, but they differ from an aneurysm +in that they are not diminished in size by compression of the main +artery, nor can they be emptied by pressure. + +The exaggerated pulsation sometimes observed in the abdominal aorta, the +"pulsating aorta" seen in women, should not be mistaken for aneurysm. + +#Prognosis.#--When _natural cure_ occurs it is usually brought about by +the formation of laminated clot, which gradually increases in amount +till it fills the sac. Sometimes a portion of the clot in the sac is +separated and becomes impacted as an embolus in the artery beyond, +leading to thrombosis which first occludes the artery and then extends +into the sac. + +The progress of natural cure is indicated by the aneurysm becoming +smaller, firmer, less expansile, and less compressible; the murmur and +thrill diminish and the pressure effects become less marked. When the +cure is complete the expansile pulsation is lost, and there remains a +firm swelling attached to the vessel (_consolidated aneurysm_). While +these changes are taking place the collateral arteries become enlarged, +and an anastomotic circulation is established. + +An aneurysm may prove _fatal_ by exerting pressure on important +structures, by causing syncope, by rupture, or from the occurrence of +suppuration. _Pressure_ symptoms are usually most serious from aneurysms +situated in the neck, thorax, or skull. Sudden fatal _syncope_ is not +infrequent in cases of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. + +_Rupture_ may take place through the skin, on a mucous or serous +surface, or into the cellular tissue. The first haemorrhage is often +slight and stops naturally, but it soon recurs, and is so profuse, +especially when the blood escapes externally, that it rapidly proves +fatal. When the bleeding takes place into the cellular tissue, the +aneurysm is said to become _diffused_, and the extravasated blood +spreads widely through the tissues, exerting great pressure on the +surrounding structures. + +The _clinical features_ associated with rupture are sudden and severe +pain in the part, and the patient becomes pale, cold, and faint. If a +comparatively small escape of blood takes place into the tissues, the +sudden alteration in the size, shape, and tension of the aneurysm, +together with loss of pulsation, may be the only local signs. When the +bleeding is profuse, however, the parts beyond the aneurysm become +greatly swollen, livid, and cold, and the pulse beyond is completely +lost. The arrest of the blood supply may result in gangrene. Sometimes +the pressure of the extravasated blood causes the skin to slough and, +later, give way, and fatal haemorrhage results. + +The _treatment_ is carried out on the same lines as for a ruptured +artery (p. 261), it being remembered, however, that the artery is +diseased and does not lend itself to reconstructive procedures. + +_Suppuration_ may occur in the vicinity of an aneurysm, and the aneurysm +may burst into the abscess which forms, so that when the latter points +the pus is mixed with broken-down blood-clot, and finally free +haemorrhage takes place. It has more than once happened that a surgeon +has incised such an abscess without having recognised its association +with aneurysm, with tragic results. + +#Treatment.#--In treating an aneurysm, the indications are to imitate +Nature's method of cure by means of laminated clot. + +_Constitutional treatment_ consists in taking measures to reduce the +arterial tension and to diminish the force of the heart's action. The +patient must be kept in bed. A dry and non-stimulating diet is +indicated, the quantity being gradually reduced till it is just +sufficient to maintain nutrition. Saline purges are employed to reduce +the vascular tension. The benefit derived from potassium iodide +administered in full doses, as first recommended by George W. Balfour, +probably depends on its depressing action on the heart and its +therapeutic benefit in syphilis. Pain or restlessness may call for the +use of opiates, of which heroin is the most efficient. + +_Local Treatment._--When constitutional treatment fails, local measures +must be adopted, and many methods are available. + +#Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy.#--The operation devised by Rudolf Matas in 1888 +aims at closing the opening between the sac and its feeding artery, and +in addition, folding the wall of the sac in such a way as to leave no +vacant space. If there is marked disease of the vessel, Matas' operation +is not possible and recourse is then had to ligation of the artery just +above the sac. + +_Extirpation of the Sac--The Old Operation._--The procedure which goes +by this name consists in exposing the aneurysm, incising the sac, +clearing out the clots, and ligating the artery above and below the sac. +This method is suitable to sacculated aneurysm of the limbs, so long as +they are circumscribed and free from complications. It has been +successfully practised also in aneurysm of the subclavian, carotid, and +external iliac arteries. It is not applicable to cases in which there is +such a degree of atheroma as would interfere with the successful +ligation of the artery. The continuity of the artery may be restored by +grafting into the gap left after excision of the sac a segment of the +great saphena vein. + +_Ligation of the Artery._--The object of tying the artery is to diminish +or to arrest the flow of blood through the aneurysm so that the blood +coagulates both in the sac and in the feeding artery. The ligature may +be applied on the cardiac side of the aneurysm--proximal ligation, or to +the artery beyond--distal ligation. + +_Proximal Ligation._--The ligature may be applied immediately above the +sac (Anel, 1710) or at a distance above (John Hunter, 1785). The +_Hunterian operation_ ensures that the ligature is applied to a part of +the artery that is presumably healthy and where relations are +undisturbed by the proximity of the sac; the best example is the +ligation of the superficial femoral artery in Scarpa's triangle or in +Hunter's canal for popliteal aneurysm; it is on record that Syme +performed this operation with cure of the aneurysm on thirty-nine +occasions. + +It is to be noted that the Hunterian ligature does not aim at +_arresting_ the flow of blood through the sac, but is designed so to +diminish its volume and force as to favour the deposition within the sac +of laminated clot. The development of the collateral circulation which +follows upon ligation of the artery at a distance above the sac may be +attended with just that amount of return stream which favours the +deposit of laminated clot, and consequently the cure of the aneurysm; +the return stream may, however, be so forcible as to prevent coagulation +of the blood in the sac, or only to allow of the formation of a red +thrombus which may in its turn be dispersed so that pulsation in the sac +recurs. This does not necessarily imply failure to cure, as the +recurrent pulsation may only be temporary; the formation of laminated +clot may ultimately take place and lead to consolidation of the +aneurysm. + +The least desirable result of the Hunterian ligature is met with in +cases where, owing to widespread arterial disease, the collateral +circulation does not develop and gangrene of the limb supervenes. + +_Anel's ligature_ is only practised as part of the operation which deals +with the sac directly. + +_Distal Ligation._--The tying of the artery beyond the sac, or of its +two branches where it bifurcates (Brasdor, 1760, and Wardrop, 1825), may +arrest or only diminish the flow of blood through the sac. It is less +successful than the proximal ligature, and is therefore restricted to +aneurysms so situated as not to be amenable to other methods; for +example, in aneurysm of the common carotid near its origin, the artery +may be ligated near its bifurcation, or in aneurysm of the innominate +artery, the carotid and subclavian arteries are tied at the seat of +election. + +_Compression._--Digital compression of the feeding artery has been given +up except as a preparation for operations on the sac with a view to +favouring the development of a collateral circulation. + +_Macewen's acupuncture or "needling"_ consists in passing one or more +fine, highly tempered steel needles through the tissues overlying the +aneurysm, and through its outer wall. The needles are made to touch the +opposite wall of the sac, and the pulsation of the aneurysm imparts a +movement to them which causes them to scarify the inner surface of the +sac. White thrombus forms on the rough surface produced, and leads to +further coagulation. The needles may be left in position for some hours, +being shifted from time to time, the projecting ends being surrounded +with sterile gauze. + +The _Moore-Corradi method_ consists in introducing through the wall of +the aneurysm a hollow insulated needle, through the lumen of which from +10 to 20 feet of highly drawn silver or other wire is passed into the +sac, where it coils up into an open meshwork (Fig. 73). The positive +pole of a galvanic battery is attached to the wire, and the negative +pole placed over the patient's back. A current, varying in strength from +20 to 70 milliamperes, is allowed to flow for about an hour. The hollow +needle is then withdrawn, but the wire is left _in situ_. The results +are somewhat similar to those obtained by needling, but the clot formed +on the large coil of wire is more extensive. + +[Illustration: FIG. 73.--Radiogram of Innominate Aneurysm after +treatment by the Moore-Corradi method. Two feet of finely drawn silver +wire were introduced. The patient, a woman, aet. 47, lived for ten months +after operation, free from pain (cf. Fig. 75).] + +Colt's method of wiring has been mainly used in the treatment of +abdominal aneurysm; gilt wire in the form of a wisp is introduced +through the cannula and expands into an umbrella shape. + +_Subcutaneous Injections of Gelatin._--Three or four ounces of a 2 per +cent. solution of white gelatin in sterilised water, at a temperature of +about 100 o F., are injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen +every two, three, or four days. In the course of a fortnight or three +weeks improvement may begin. The clot which forms is liable to soften +and be absorbed, but a repetition of the injection has in several cases +established a permanent cure. + +_Amputation of the limb_ is indicated in cases complicated by +suppuration, by secondary haemorrhage after excision or ligation, or by +gangrene. Amputation at the shoulder was performed by Fergusson in a +case of subclavian aneurysm, as a means of arresting the blood-flow +through the sac. + + +TRAUMATIC ANEURYSM + +The essential feature of a traumatic aneurysm is that it is produced by +some form of injury which divides all the coats of the artery. The walls +of the injured vessel are presumably healthy, but they form no part of +the sac of the aneurysm. The sac consists of the condensed and thickened +tissues around the artery. + +The injury to the artery may be a subcutaneous one such as a tear by a +fragment of bone: much more commonly it is a punctured wound from a stab +or from a bullet. + +The aneurysm usually forms soon after the injury is inflicted; the blood +slowly escapes into the surrounding tissues, gradually displacing and +condensing them, until they form a sac enclosing the effused blood. + +Less frequently a traumatic aneurysm forms some considerable time after +the injury, from gradual stretching of the fibrous cicatrix by which the +wound in the wall of the artery has been closed. The gradual stretching +of this cicatrix results in condensation of the surrounding structures +which form the sac, on the inner aspect of which laminated clot is +deposited. + +A traumatic aneurysm is almost always sacculated, and, so long as it +remains circumscribed, has the same characters as a pathological +sacculated aneurysm, with the addition that there is a scar in the +overlying skin. A traumatic aneurysm is liable to become diffuse--a +change which, although attended with considerable risk of gangrene, has +sometimes been the means of bringing about a cure. + +The treatment is governed by the same principles as apply to the +pathological varieties, but as the walls of the artery are not diseased, +operative measures dealing with the sac and the adjacent segment of the +affected artery are to be preferred. + + +ARTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM + +An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein constitutes an +arterio-venous aneurysm. Two varieties are recognised--one in which the +communication is direct--_aneurysmal varix_; the other in which the +vein communicates with the artery through the medium of a sac--_varicose +aneurysm_. + +Either variety may result from pathological causes, but in the majority +of cases they are traumatic in origin, being due to such injuries as +stabs, punctured wounds, and gun-shot injuries which involve both artery +and vein. In former times the most common situation was at the bend of +the elbow, the brachial artery being accidentally punctured in +blood-letting from the median basilic vein. Arterio-venous aneurysm is a +frequent result of injuries by modern high-velocity bullets--for +example, in the neck or groin. + +In _aneurysmal varix_ the higher blood pressure in the artery forces +arterial blood into the vein, which near the point of communication with +the artery tends to become dilated, and to form a thick-walled sac, +beyond which the vessel and its tributaries are distended and tortuous. +The clinical features resemble those associated with varicose veins, but +the entrance of arterial blood into the dilated veins causes them to +pulsate, and produces in them a vibratory thrill and a loud murmur. In +those at the groin, the distension of the veins may be so great that +they look like sinuses running through the muscles, a feature that must +be taken into account in any operation. + +As the condition tends to remain stationary, the support of an elastic +bandage is all that is required; but when the condition progresses and +causes serious inconvenience, it may be necessary to cut down and expose +the communication between the artery and vein, and, after separating the +vessels, to close the opening in each by suture; this may be difficult +or impossible if the parts are matted from former suppuration. If it is +impossible thus to obliterate the communication, the artery should be +ligated above and below the point of communication; although the risk of +gangrene is considerable unless means are taken to develop the +collateral circulation beforehand (Makins). + +_Varicose aneurysm_ usually develops in relation to a traumatic +aneurysm, the sac becoming adherent to an adjacent vein, and ultimately +opening into it. In this way a communication between the artery and the +vein is established, and the clinical features are those of a +combination of aneurysm and aneurysmal varix. + +As there is little tendency to spontaneous cure, and as the aneurysm is +liable to increase in size and finally to rupture, operative treatment +is usually called for. This is carried out on the same lines as for +aneurysmal varix, and at the same time incising the sac, turning out the +clots, and ligating any branches which open into the sac. If it can be +avoided, the vein should not be ligated. + + +ANEURYSMS OF INDIVIDUAL ARTERIES + +#Thoracic Aneurysm.#--All varieties of aneurysm occur in the aorta, the +fusiform being the most common, although a sacculated aneurysm +frequently springs from a fusiform dilatation. + +The _clinical features_ depend chiefly on the direction in which the +aneurysm enlarges, and are not always well marked even when the sac is +of considerable size. They consist in a pulsatile swelling--sometimes in +the supra-sternal notch, but usually towards the right side of the +sternum--with an increased area of dulness on percussion. With the +X-rays a dark shadow is seen corresponding to the sac. Pain is usually a +prominent symptom, and is largely referable to the pressure of the +aneurysm on the vertebrae or the sternum, causing erosion of these bones. +Pressure on the thoracic veins and on the air-passage causes cyanosis +and dyspnoea. When the oesophagus is pressed upon, the patient may have +difficulty in swallowing. The left recurrent nerve may be stretched or +pressed upon as it hooks round the arch of the aorta, and hoarseness of +the voice and a characteristic "brassy" cough may result from paralysis +of the muscles of the larynx which it supplies. The vagus, the phrenic, +and the spinal nerves may also be pressed upon. When the aneurysm is on +the transverse part of the arch, the trachea is pulled down with each +beat of the heart--a clinical phenomena known as the "tracheal tug." +Aneurysm of the descending aorta may, after eroding the bodies of the +vertebrae (Fig. 71) and posterior portions of the ribs, form a swelling +in the back to the left of the spine. + +Inasmuch as obliteration of the sac and the feeding artery is out of the +question, surgical treatment is confined to causing coagulation of the +blood in an extension or pouching of the sac, which, making its way +through the parietes of the chest, threatens to rupture externally. This +may be achieved by Macewen's needles or by the introduction of wire into +the sac. We have had cases under observation in which the treatment +referred to has been followed by such an amount of improvement that the +patient has been able to resume a laborious occupation for one or more +years. Christopher Heath found that improvement followed ligation of the +left common carotid in aneurysm of the transverse part of the aortic +arch. + +[Illustration: FIG. 74.--Thoracic Aneurysm, threatening to rupture +externally, but prevented from doing so by Macewen's needling. The +needles were left in for forty-eight hours.] + +#Abdominal Aneurysm.#--Aneurysm is much less frequent in the abdominal +than in the thoracic aorta. While any of the large branches in the +abdomen may be affected, the most common seats are in the aorta itself, +just above the origin of the coeliac artery and at the bifurcation. + +The _clinical features_ vary with the site of the aneurysm and with its +rapidity and direction of growth. A smooth, rounded swelling, which +exhibits expansile pulsation, forms, usually towards the left of the +middle line. It may extend upwards under cover of the ribs, downwards +towards the pelvis, or backward towards the loin. On palpation a +systolic thrill may be detected, but the presence of a murmur is neither +constant nor characteristic. Pain is usually present; it may be +neuralgic in character, or may simulate renal colic. When the aneurysm +presses on the vertebrae and erodes them, the symptoms simulate those of +spinal caries, particularly if, as sometimes happens, symptoms of +compression paraplegia ensue. In its growth the swelling may press upon +and displace the adjacent viscera, and so interfere with their +functions. + +The _diagnosis_ has to be made from solid or cystic tumours overlying +the artery; from a "pulsating aorta"; and from spinal caries; much help +is obtained by the use of the X-rays. + +The condition usually proves fatal, either by the aneurysm bursting into +the peritoneal cavity, or by slow leakage into the retro-peritoneal +tissue. + +The Moore-Corradi method has been successfully employed, access to the +sac having been obtained by opening the abdomen. Ligation of the aorta +has so far been unsuccessful, but in one case operated upon by Keen the +patient survived forty-eight days. + +#Innominate aneurysm# may be of the fusiform or of the sacculated +variety, and is frequently associated with pouching of the aorta. It +usually grows upwards and laterally, projecting above the sternum and +right clavicle, which may be eroded or displaced (Fig. 75). Symptoms of +pressure on the structures in the neck, similar to those produced by +aortic aneurysm, occur. The pulses in the right upper extremity and in +the right carotid and its branches are diminished and delayed. Pressure +on the right brachial plexus causes shooting pain down the arm and +muscular paresis on that side. Vaso-motor disturbances and contraction +of the pupil on the right side may result from pressure on the +sympathetic. Death may take place from rupture, or from pressure on the +air-passage. + +[Illustration: FIG. 75.--Innominate Aneurysm in a woman, aet. 47, eight +months after treatment by Moore-Corradi method (cf. Fig. 73).] + +The available methods of treatment are ligation of the right common +carotid and third part of the right subclavian (Wardrop's operation), of +which a number of successful cases have been recorded. Those most +suitable for ligation are cases in which the aneurysm is circumscribed +and globular (Sheen). If ligation is found to be impracticable, the +Moore-Corradi method or Macewen's needling may be tried. + +#Carotid Aneurysms.#--Aneurysm of the _common carotid_ is more frequent +on the right than on the left side, and is usually situated either at +the root of the neck or near the bifurcation. It is the aneurysm most +frequently met with in women. From its position the swelling is liable +to press on the vagus, recurrent and sympathetic nerves, on the +air-passage, and on the oesophagus, giving rise to symptoms referable to +such pressure. There may be cerebral symptoms from interference with the +blood supply of the brain. + +Aneurysm near the origin has to be diagnosed from subclavian, +innominate, and aortic aneurysm, and from other swellings--solid or +fluid--met with in the neck. It is often difficult to determine with +precision the trunk from which an aneurysm at the root of the neck +originates, and not infrequently more than one vessel shares in the +dilatation. A careful consideration of the position in which the +swelling first appeared, of the direction in which it has progressed, of +its pressure effects, and of the condition of the pulses beyond, may +help in distinguishing between aortic, innominate, carotid, and +subclavian aneurysms. Skiagraphy is also of assistance in recognising +the vessel involved. + +Tumours of the thyreoid, enlarged lymph glands, and fatty and +sarcomatous tumours can usually be distinguished from aneurysm by the +history of the swelling and by physical examination. Cystic tumours and +abscesses in the neck are sometimes more difficult to differentiate on +account of the apparently expansile character of the pulsation +transmitted to them. The fact that compression of the vessel does not +affect the size and tension of these fluid swellings is useful in +distinguishing them from aneurysm. + +_Treatment._--Digital compression of the vessel against the transverse +process of the sixth cervical vertebra--the "carotid tubercle"--has been +successfully employed in the treatment of aneurysm near the bifurcation. +Proximal ligation in the case of high aneurysms, or distal ligation in +those situated at the root of the neck, is more certain. Extirpation of +the sac is probably the best method of treatment, especially in those of +traumatic origin. These operations are attended with considerable risk +of hemiplegia from interference with the blood supply of the brain. + +The _external carotid_ and the cervical portion of the _internal +carotid_ are seldom the primary seat of aneurysm, although they are +liable to be implicated by the upward spread of an aneurysm at the +bifurcation of the common trunk. In addition to the ordinary signs of +aneurysm, the clinical manifestations are chiefly referable to pressure +on the pharynx and larynx, and on the hypoglossal nerve. Aneurysm of the +internal carotid is of special importance on account of the way in which +it bulges into the pharynx in the region of the tonsil, in some cases +closely simulating a tonsillar abscess. Cases are on record in which +such an aneurysm has been mistaken for an abscess and incised, with +disastrous results. + +_Aneurysmal varix_ may occur in the neck as a result of stabs or bullet +wounds. The communication is usually between the common carotid artery +and the internal jugular vein. The resulting interference with the +cerebral circulation causes headache, giddiness, and other brain +symptoms, and a persistent loud murmur is usually a source of annoyance +to the patient and may be sufficient indication for operative treatment. + +#Intracranial aneurysm# involves the internal carotid and its branches, +or the basilar artery, and appears to be more frequently associated with +syphilis and with valvular disease of the heart than are external +aneurysms. It gives rise to symptoms similar to those of other +intracranial tumours, and there is sometimes a loud murmur. It usually +proves fatal by rupture, and intracranial haemorrhage. The treatment is +to ligate the common carotid or the vertebral artery in the neck, +according to the seat of the aneurysm. + +#Orbital Aneurysm.#--The term pulsating exophthalmos is employed to +embrace a number of pathological conditions, including aneurysm, in +which the chief symptoms are pulsation in the orbit and protrusion of +the eyeball. There may be, in addition, congestion and oedema of the +eyelids, and a distinct thrill and murmur, which can be controlled by +compression of the common carotid in the neck. Varying degrees of ocular +paralysis and of interference with vision may also be present. + +These symptoms are due, in the majority of cases, to an aneurysmal varix +of the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus, which is often +traumatic in origin, being produced either by fracture of the base of +the skull or by a punctured wound of the orbit. In other cases they are +due to aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery, to thrombosis of the cavernous +sinus, and, in rare instances, to cirsoid aneurysm. + +If compression of the common carotid is found to arrest the pulsation, +ligation of this vessel is indicated. + +#Subclavian Aneurysm.#--Subclavian aneurysm is usually met with in men +who follow occupations involving constant use of the shoulder--for +example, dock-porters and coal-heavers. It is more common on the right +side. + +The aneurysm usually springs from the third part of the artery, and +appears as a tense, rounded, pulsatile swelling just above the clavicle +and to the outer side of the sterno-mastoid muscle. It occasionally +extends towards the thorax, where it may become adherent to the pleura. +The radial pulse on the same side is small and delayed. Congestion and +oedema of the arm, with pain, numbness, and muscular weakness, may result +from pressure on the veins and nerves as they pass under the clavicle; +and pressure on the phrenic nerve may induce hiccough. The aneurysm is +of slow growth, and occasionally undergoes spontaneous cure. + +The conditions most likely to be mistaken for it are a soft, rapidly +growing sarcoma, and a normal artery raised on a cervical rib. + +On account of the relations of the artery and of its branches, treatment +is attended with greater difficulty and danger in subclavian than in +almost any other form of external aneurysm. The available operative +measures are proximal ligation of the innominate, and distal ligation. +In some cases it has been found necessary to combine distal ligation +with amputation at the shoulder-joint, to prevent the collateral +circulation maintaining the flow through the aneurysm. Matas' operation +has been successfully performed by Hogarth Pringle. + +#Axillary Aneurysm.#--This is usually met with in the right arm of +labouring men and sailors, and not infrequently follows an injury in the +region of the shoulder. The vessel may be damaged by the head of a +dislocated humerus or in attempts to reduce the dislocation, by the +fragments of a fractured bone, or by a stab or cut. Sometimes the vein +also is injured and an arterio-venous aneurysm established. + +Owing to the laxity of the tissues, it increases rapidly, and it may +soon attain a large size, filling up the axilla, and displacing the +clavicle upwards. This renders compression of the third part of the +subclavian difficult or impossible. It may extend beneath the clavicle +into the neck, or, extending inwards may form adhesions to the chest +wall, and, after eroding the ribs, to the pleura. + +The usual symptoms of aneurysm are present, and the pressure effects on +the veins and nerves are similar to those produced by an aneurysm of the +subclavian. Intra-thoracic complications, such as pleurisy or pneumonia, +are not infrequent when there are adhesions to the chest wall and +pleura. Rupture may take place externally, into the shoulder-joint, or +into the pleura. + +Extirpation of the sac is the operation of choice, but, if this is +impracticable, ligation of the third part of the subclavian may be had +recourse to. + +#Brachial aneurysm# usually occurs at the bend of the elbow, is of +traumatic origin, and is best treated by excision of the sac. + +_Aneurysmal varix_, which was frequently met with in this situation in +the days of the barber-surgeons,--usually as a result of the artery +having been accidentally wounded while performing venesection of the +median basilic vein,--may be treated, according to the amount of +discomfort it causes, by a supporting bandage, or by ligation of the +artery above and below the point of communication. + +Aneurysms of the vessels of the #forearm and hand# call for no special +mention; they are almost invariably traumatic, and are treated by +excision of the sac. + +#Inguinal Aneurysm# (_Aneurysm of the Iliac and Femoral +Arteries_).--Aneurysms appearing in the region of Poupart's ligament may +have their origin in the external or common iliac arteries or in the +upper part of the femoral. On account of the tension of the fascia lata, +they tend to spread upwards towards the abdomen, and, to a less extent, +downwards into the thigh. Sometimes a constriction occurs across the +sac at the level of Poupart's ligament. + +The pressure exerted on the nerves and veins of the lower extremity +causes pain, congestion, and oedema of the limb. Rupture may take place +externally, or into the cellular tissue of the iliac fossa. + +These aneurysms have to be diagnosed from pulsating sarcoma growing from +the pelvic bones, and from an abscess or a mass of enlarged lymph glands +overlying the artery and transmitting its pulsation. + +The method of treatment that has met with most success is ligation of +the common or external iliac, reached either by reflecting the +peritoneum from off the iliac fossa (extra-peritoneal operation), or by +going through the peritoneal cavity (trans-peritoneal operation). + +#Gluteal Aneurysm.#--An aneurysm in the buttock may arise from the +superior or from the inferior gluteal artery, but by the time it forms a +salient swelling it is seldom possible to recognise by external +examination in which vessel it takes origin. The special symptoms to +which it gives rise are pain down the limb from pressure on the sciatic +nerve, and interference with the movements at the hip. + +Ligation of the hypogastric (internal iliac) by the trans-peritoneal +route is the most satisfactory method of treatment. Extirpation of the +sac is difficult and dangerous, especially when the aneurysm has spread +into the pelvis. + +#Femoral Aneurysm.#--Aneurysm of the femoral artery beyond the origin of +the profunda branch is usually traumatic in origin, and is more common +in Scarpa's triangle than in Hunter's canal. Any of the methods already +described is available for their treatment--the choice lying between +Matas' operation and ligation of the external iliac. + +Aneurysm of the _profunda femoris_ is distinguished from that of the +main trunk by the fact that the pulses beyond are, in the former, +unaffected, and by the normal artery being felt pulsating over or +alongside the sac. + +In _aneurysmal varix_, a not infrequent result of a bullet wound or a +stab, the communication with the vein may involve the main trunk of the +femoral artery. Should operative interference become necessary as a +result of progressive increase in size of the tumour, or progressive +distension of the veins of the limb, an attempt should be made to +separate the vessels concerned and to close the opening in each by +suture. If this is impracticable, the artery is tied above and below the +communication; gangrene of the limb may supervene, and we have observed +a case in which the gangrene extended up to the junction of the middle +and lower thirds of the thigh, and in which recovery followed upon +amputation of the thigh. + +#Popliteal Aneurysm.#--This is the most common surgical aneurysm, and is +not infrequently met with in both limbs. It is generally due to disease +of the artery, and repeated slight strains, which are so liable to occur +at the knee, play an important part in its formation. In former times it +was common in post-boys, from the repeated flexion and extension of the +knee in riding. + +The aneurysm is usually of the sacculated variety, and may spring from +the front or from the back of the vessel. It may exert pressure on the +bones and ligaments of the joint, and it has been known to rupture into +the articulation. The pain, stiffness, and effusion into the joint which +accompany these changes often lead to an erroneous diagnosis of joint +disease. The sac may press upon the popliteal artery or vein and their +branches, causing congestion and oedema of the leg, and lead to gangrene. +Pressure on the tibial and common peroneal nerves gives rise to severe +pain, muscular cramp, and weakness of the leg. + +The differential diagnosis is to be made from abscess, bursal cyst, +enlarged glands, and sarcoma, especially pulsating sarcoma of one of the +bones entering into the knee joint. + +The choice of operation lies between ligation of the femoral artery in +Hunter's canal, and Matas' operation of aneurysmo-arteriorrhaphy. The +success which attends the Hunterian operation is evidenced by the fact +that Syme performed it thirty-seven times without a single failure. If +it fails, the old operation should be considered, but it is a more +serious operation, and one which is more liable to be followed by +gangrene of the limb. Experience shows that ligation of the vein, or +even the removal of a portion of it, is not necessarily followed by +gangrene. The risk of gangrene is diminished by a course of digital +compression of the femoral artery, before operating on the aneurysm. + +_Aneurysmal varix_ is sometimes met with in the region of the popliteal +space. It is characterised by the usual symptoms, and is treated by +palliative measures, or by ligation of the artery above and below the +point of communication. + +_Aneurysm_ in the #leg and foot# is rare. It is almost always traumatic, +and is treated by excision of the sac. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +THE LYMPH VESSELS AND GLANDS + + +Anatomy and Physiology--INJURIES OF LYMPH VESSELS--_Wounds of + thoracic duct_--DISEASES OF LYMPH VESSELS--Lymphangitis: + _Varieties_--Lymphangiectasis--Filarial + disease--Lymphangioma--DISEASES OF LYMPH + GLANDS--Lymphadenitis: _Septic_; _Tuberculous_; + _Syphilitic_--Lymphadenoma--Leucocythaemia--TUMOURS. + +#Surgical Anatomy and Physiology.#--Lymph is essentially blood plasma, +which has passed through the walls of capillaries. After bathing +and nourishing the tissues, it is collected by lymph vessels, which +return it to the blood stream by way of the thoracic duct. These lymph +vessels take origin in the lymph spaces of the tissues and in the +walls of serous cavities, and they usually run alongside blood +vessels--_perivascular lymph vessels_. They have a structure similar to +that of veins, but are more abundantly provided with valves. Along the +course of the lymph trunks are the _lymph glands_, which possess a +definite capsule and are composed of a reticulated connective tissue, +the spaces of which are packed with leucocytes. The glands act as +filters, arresting not only inert substances, such as blood pigment +circulating in the lymph, but also living elements, such as cancer cells +or bacteria. As it passes through a gland the lymph is brought into +intimate contact with the leucocytes, and in bacterial infections there +is always a struggle between the organisms and the leucocytes, so that +the glands may be looked upon as an important line of defence, retarding +or preventing the passage of bacteria and their products into the +general circulation. The infective agent, moreover, in order to reach +the blood stream, must usually overcome the resistance of several +glands. + +Lymph glands are, for the most part, arranged in groups or chains, such +as those in the axilla, neck, and groin. In any given situation they +vary in number and size in different individuals, and fresh glands may +be formed on comparatively slight stimulus, and disappear when the +stimulus is withdrawn. The best-known example of this is the increase in +the number of glands in the axilla which takes place during lactation; +when this function ceases, many of the glands become involuted and are +transformed into fat, and in the event of a subsequent lactation they +are again developed. After glands have been removed by operation, new +ones may be formed. + +The following are the more important groups of glands, and the areas +drained by them in the head and neck and in the extremities. + +#Head and Neck.#--_The anterior auricular (parotid and pre-auricular) +glands_ lie beneath the parotid fascia in front of the ear, and some +are partly embedded in the substance of the parotid gland; they drain +the parts about the temple, cheek, eyelids, and auricle, and are +frequently the seat of tuberculous disease. _The occipital gland_, +situated over the origin of the trapezius from the superior curved line, +drains the top and back of the head; it is rarely infected. _The +posterior auricular (mastoid) glands_ lie over the mastoid process, and +drain the side of the head and auricle. These three groups pour their +lymph into the superficial cervical glands. _The submaxillary_--two to +six in number--lie along the lower order of the mandible from the +symphysis to the angle, the posterior ones (paramandibular) being +closely connected with the submaxillary salivary gland. They receive +lymph from the face, lips, floor of the mouth, gums, teeth, anterior +part of tongue, and the alae nasi, and from the pre-auricular glands. The +lymph passes from them into the deeper cervical glands. They are +frequently infected with tubercle, with epithelioma which has spread to +them from the mouth, and also with pyogenic organisms. _The submental +glands_ lie in or close to the median line between the anterior bellies +of the digastric muscles, and receive lymph from the lips. It is rare +for them to be the seat of tubercle, but in epithelioma of the lower lip +and floor of the mouth they are infected at an early stage of the +disease. _The supra-hyoid gland_ lies a little farther back, immediately +above the hyoid bone, and receives lymph from the tongue. _The +superficial cervical (external jugular) glands_, when present, lie along +the external jugular vein, and receives lymph from the occipital and +auricular glands and from the auricle. _The sterno-mastoid +glands_--glandulae concatinatae--form a chain along the posterior edge of +the sterno-mastoid muscle, some of them lying beneath the muscle. They +are commonly enlarged in secondary syphilis. _The superior deep cervical +(internal jugular) glands_--from six to twenty in number--form a +continuous chain along the internal jugular vein, beneath the +sterno-mastoid muscle. They drain the various groups of glands which lie +nearer the surface, also the interior of the skull, the larynx, trachea, +thyreoid, and lower part of the pharynx, and pour their lymph into the +main trunks at the root of the neck. Belonging to this group is one +large gland (the tonsillar gland) which lies behind the posterior belly +of the digastric, and rests in the angle between the internal jugular +and common facial veins. It is commonly enlarged in affections of the +tonsil and posterior part of the tongue. In the same group are three or +four glands which lie entirely under cover of the upper end of the +sterno-mastoid muscle, and surround the accessory nerve before it +perforates the muscle. The deep cervical glands are commonly infected by +tubercle and also by epithelioma secondary to disease in the tongue or +throat. _The inferior deep cervical (supra-clavicular) glands_ lie in +the posterior triangle, above the clavicle. They receive lymph from the +lowest cervical glands, from the upper part of the chest wall, and from +the highest axillary glands. They are frequently infected in cancer of +the breast; those on the left side also in cancer of the stomach. The +removal of diseased supra-clavicular glands is not to be lightly +undertaken, as difficulties are liable to ensue in connection with the +thoracic duct, the pleura, or the junction of the subclavian and +internal jugular veins. _The retro-pharyngeal glands_ lie on each side +of the median line upon the rectus capitis anticus major muscle and in +front of the pre-vertebral layer of the cervical fascia. They receive +part of the lymph from the posterior wall of the pharynx, the interior +of the nose and its accessory cavities, the auditory (Eustachian) tube, +and the tympanum. When they are infected with pyogenic organisms or +with tubercle bacilli, they may lead to the formation of one form of +retro-pharyngeal abscess. + +#Upper Extremity.#--_The epi-trochlear and cubital glands_ vary in +number, that most commonly present lying about an inch and a half above +the medial epi-condyle, and other and smaller glands may lie along the +medial (internal) bicipital groove or at the bend of the elbow. They +drain the ulnar side of the hand and forearm, and pour their lymph into +the axillary group. The epi-trochlear gland is sometimes enlarged in +syphilis. _The axillary glands_ are arranged in groups: a central group +lies embedded in the axillary fascia and fat, and is often related to an +opening in it; a posterior or subscapular group lies along the line of +the subscapular vessels; anterior or pectoral groups lie behind the +pectoralis minor, along the medial side of the axillary vein, and an +inter-pectoral group, between the two pectoral muscles. The axillary +glands receive lymph from the arm, mamma, and side of the chest, and +pass it on into the lowest cervical glands and the main lymph trunk. +They are frequently the seat of pyogenic, tuberculous, and cancerous +infection, and their complete removal is an essential part of the +operation for cancer of the breast. + +#Lower Extremity.#--_The popliteal glands_ include one superficial gland +at the termination of the small saphenous vein, and several deeper ones +in relation to the popliteal vessels. They receive lymph from the toes +and foot, and transmit it to the inguinal glands. _The femoral glands_ +lie vertically along the upper part of the great saphenous vein, and +receive lymph from the leg and foot; from them the lymph passes to the +deep inguinal and external iliac glands. The femoral glands often +participate in pyogenic infections entering through the skin of the toes +and sole of the foot. _The superficial inguinal glands_ lie along the +inguinal (Poupart's) ligament, and receive lymph from the external +genitals, anus, perineum, buttock, and anterior abdominal wall. The +lymph passes on to the deep inguinal and external iliac glands. The +superficial glands through their relations to the genitals are +frequently the subject of venereal infection, and also of epithelioma +when this disease affects the genitals or anus; they are rarely the seat +of tuberculosis. _The deep inguinal glands_ lie on the medial side of +the femoral vein, and sometimes within the femoral canal. They receive +lymph from the deep lymphatics of the lower limb, and some of the +efferent vessels from the femoral and superficial inguinal glands. The +lymph then passes on through the femoral canal to the external iliac +glands. The extension of malignant disease, whether cancer or sarcoma, +can often be traced along these deeper lymphatics into the pelvis, and +as the obstruction to the flow of lymph increases there is a +corresponding increase in the swollen dropsical condition of the lower +limb on the same side. + +The glands of the _thorax_ and _abdomen_ will be considered with the +surgery of these regions. + + +INJURIES OF LYMPH VESSELS + +Lymph vessels are divided in all wounds, and the lymph that escapes from +them is added to any discharge that may be present. In injuries of +larger trunks the lymph may escape in considerable quantity as a +colourless, watery fluid--_lymphorrhagia_; and the opening through which +it escapes is known as a _lymphatic fistula_. This has been observed +chiefly after extensive operation for the removal of malignant glands in +the groin where there already exists a considerable degree of +obstruction to the lymph stream, and in such cases the lymph, including +that which has accumulated in the vessels of the limb, may escape in +such abundance as to soak through large dressings and delay healing. +Ultimately new lymph channels are formed, so that at the end of from +four to six weeks the discharge of lymph ceases and the wound heals. + +_Lymphatic Oedema._--When the lymphatic return from a limb has been +seriously interfered with,--as, for example, when the axillary contents +has been completely cleared out in operating for cancer of the +breast,--a condition of lymphatic oedema may result, the arm becoming +swollen, tight, and heavy. + +Various degrees of the conditions are met with; in the severe forms, +there is pain, as well as incapacity of the limb. As in ordinary oedema, +the condition is relieved by elevation of the limb, but not nearly to +the same degree; in time the tissues become so hard and tense as +scarcely to pit on pressure; this is in part due to the formation of new +connective tissue and hypertrophy of the skin; in advanced cases there +is a gradual transition into one form of elephantiasis. + +Handley has devised a method of treatment--_lymphangioplasty_--the +object of which is to drain the lymph by embedding a number of silk +threads in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. + +#Wounds of the Thoracic Duct.#--The thoracic duct usually opens at the +angle formed by the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian +veins, but it may open into either of these vessels by one or by several +channels, or the duct may be double throughout its course. There is a +smaller duct on the right side--the right lymphatic duct. The duct or +ducts may be displaced by a tumour or a mass of enlarged glands, and may +be accidentally wounded in dissections at the root of the neck; jets of +milky fluid--chyle--may at once escape from it. The jets are rhythmical +and coincide with expiration. The injury may, however, not be observed +at the time of operation, but later through the dressings being soaked +with chyle--_chylorrhoea_. If the wound involves the only existing main +duct and all the chyle escapes, the patient suffers from intense thirst, +emaciation, and weakness, and may die of inanition; but if, as is +usually the case, only one of several collateral channels is implicated, +the loss of chyle may be of little moment, as the discharge usually +ceases. If the wound heals so that the chyle is prevented from escaping, +a fluctuating swelling may form beneath the scar; in course of time it +gradually disappears. + +An attempt should be made to close the wound in the duct by means of a +fine suture; failing this, the duct must be occluded by a ligature as if +it were a bleeding artery. The tissues are then stitched over it and the +skin wound accurately closed, so as to obtain primary union, firm +pressure being applied by dressings and an elastic webbing bandage. Even +if the main duct is obliterated, a collateral circulation is usually +established. A wound of the right lymphatic duct is of less importance. + +_Subcutaneous rupture of the thoracic duct_ may result from a crush of +the thorax. The chyle escapes and accumulates in the cellular tissue of +the posterior mediastinum, behind the peritoneum, in the pleural cavity +(_chylo-thorax_), or in the peritoneal cavity (_chylous ascites_). There +are physical signs of fluid in one or other of these situations, but, as +a rule, the nature of the lesion is only recognised when chyle is +withdrawn by the exploring needle. + + +DISEASES OF LYMPH VESSELS + +#Lymphangitis.#--Inflammation of peripheral lymph vessels usually +results from some primary source of pyogenic infection in the skin. This +may be a wound or a purulent blister, and the streptococcus pyogenes is +the organism most frequently present. _Septic_ lymphangitis is commonly +met with in those who, from the nature of their occupation, handle +infective material. A _gonococcal_ form has been observed in those +suffering from gonorrhoea. + +The inflammation affects chiefly the walls of the vessels, and is +attended with clotting of the lymph. There is also some degree of +inflammation of the surrounding cellular tissue--_peri-lymphangitis_. +One or more abscesses may form along the course of the vessels, or a +spreading cellulitis may supervene. + +The _clinical features_ resemble those of other pyogenic infections, and +there are wavy red lines running from the source of infection towards +the nearest lymph glands. These correspond to the inflamed vessels, and +are the seat of burning pain and tenderness. The associated glands are +enlarged and painful. In severe cases the symptoms merge into those of +septicaemia. When the deep lymph vessels alone are involved, the +superficial red lines are absent, but the limb becomes greatly swollen +and pits on pressure. + +In cases of extensive lymphangitis, especially when there are repeated +attacks, the vessels are obliterated by the formation of new connective +tissue and a persistent solid oedema results, culminating in one form of +elephantiasis. + +_Treatment._--The primary source of infection is dealt with on the usual +lines. If the lymphangitis affects an extremity, Bier's elastic bandage +is applied, and if suppuration occurs, the pus is let out through one or +more small incisions; in other parts of the body Klapp's suction bells +are employed. An autogenous vaccine may be prepared and injected. When +the condition has subsided, the limb is massaged and evenly bandaged to +promote the disappearance of oedema. + +_Tuberculous Lymphangitis._--Although lymph vessels play an important +role in the spread of tuberculosis, the clinical recognition of the +disease in them is exceptional. The infection spreads upwards along the +superficial lymphatics, which become nodularly thickened; at one or more +points, larger, peri-lymphangitic nodules may form and break down into +abscesses and ulcers; the nearest group of glands become infected at an +early stage. When the disease is widely distributed throughout the +lymphatics of the limb, it becomes swollen and hard--a condition +illustrated by lupus elephantiasis. + +_Syphilitic lymphangitis_ is observed in cases of primary syphilis, in +which the vessels of the dorsum of the penis can be felt as indurated +cords. + +In addition to acting as channels for the conveyance of bacterial +infection, _lymph vessels frequently convey the cells of malignant +tumours_, and especially cancer, from the seat of the primary disease to +the nearest lymph glands, and they may themselves become the seat of +cancerous growth forming nodular cords. The permeation of cancer by way +of the lymphatics, described by Sampson Handley, has already been +referred to. + +#Lymphangiectasis# is a dilated or varicose condition of lymph vessels. +It is met with as a congenital affection in the tongue and lips, or it +may be acquired as the result of any condition which is attended with +extensive obliteration or blocking of the main lymph trunks. An +interesting type of lymphangiectasis is that which results from the +presence of the _filaria Bancrofti_ in the vessels, and is observed +chiefly in the groin, spermatic cord, and scrotum of persons who have +lived in the tropics. + +_Filarial disease in the lymphatics of the groin_ appears as a soft, +doughy swelling, varying in size from a walnut to a cocoa-nut; it may +partly disappear on pressure and when the patient lies down. + +The patient gives a history of feverish attacks of the nature of +lymphangitis during which the swelling becomes painful and tender. These +attacks may show a remarkable periodicity, and each may be followed by +an increase in the size of the swelling, which may extend along the +inguinal canal into the abdomen, or down the spermatic cord into the +scrotum. On dissection, the swelling is found to be made up of dilated, +tortuous, and thickened lymph vessels in which the parent worm is +sometimes found, and of greatly enlarged lymph glands which have +undergone fibrosis, with giant-cell formation and eosinophile +aggregations. The fluid in the dilated vessels is either clear or +turbid, in the latter case resembling chyle. The affection is frequently +bilateral, and may be associated with lymph scrotum, with elephantiasis, +and with chyluria. + +The _diagnosis_ is to be made from such other swellings in the groin as +hernia, lipoma, or cystic pouching of the great saphenous vein. It is +confirmed by finding the recently dead or dying worms in the inflamed +lymph glands. + +_Treatment._--When the disease is limited to the groin or scrotum, +excision may bring about a permanent cure, but it may result in the +formation of lymphatic sinuses and only afford temporary relief. + +#Lymphangioma.#--A lymphangioma is a swelling composed of a series of +cavities and channels filled with lymph and freely communicating with +one another. The cavities result either from the new formation of lymph +spaces or vessels, or from the dilatation of those which already exist; +their walls are composed of fibro-areolar tissue lined by endothelium +and strengthened by non-striped muscle. They are rarely provided with a +definite capsule, and frequently send prolongations of their substance +between and into muscles and other structures in their vicinity. They +are of congenital origin and usually make their appearance at or shortly +after birth. When the tumour is made up of a meshwork of caverns and +channels, it is called a _cavernous lymphangioma_; when it is composed +of one or more cysts, it is called a _cystic lymphangioma_. It is +probable that the cysts are derived from the caverns by breaking down +and absorption of the intervening septa, as transition forms between the +cavernous and cystic varieties are sometimes met with. + +The _cavernous lymphangioma_ appears as an ill-defined, soft swelling, +presenting many of the characters of a subcutaneous haemangioma, but it +is not capable of being emptied by pressure, it does not become tense +when the blood pressure is raised, as in crying, and if the tumour is +punctured, it yields lymph instead of blood. It also resembles a lipoma, +especially the congenital variety which grows from the periosteum, and +the differential diagnosis between these is rarely completed until the +swelling is punctured or explored by operation. If treatment is called +for, it is carried out on the same lines as for haemangioma, by means of +electrolysis, igni-puncture, or excision. Complete excision is rarely +possible because of the want of definition and encapsulation, but it is +not necessary for cure, as the parts that remain undergo cicatrisation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 76.--Congenital Cystic Tumour or Hygroma of Axilla. + +(From a photograph lent by Dr. Lediard.)] + +The _cystic lymphangioma_, _lymphatic cyst_, or _congenital cystic +hygroma_ is most often met with in the neck--_hydrocele of the neck_; it +is situated beneath the deep fascia, and projects either in front of or +behind the sterno-mastoid muscle. It may attain a large size, the +overlying skin and cyst wall may be so thin as to be translucent, and it +has been known to cause serious impairment of respiration through +pressing on the trachea. In the axilla also the cystic tumour may attain +a considerable size (Fig. 76); less frequent situations are the groin, +and the floor of the mouth, where it constitutes one form of ranula. + +The nature of these swellings is to be recognised by their situation, by +their having existed from infancy, and, if necessary, by drawing off +some of the contents of the cyst through a fine needle. They are usually +remarkably indolent, persisting often for a long term of years without +change, and, like the haemangioma, they sometimes undergo spontaneous +cicatrisation and cure. Sometimes the cystic tumour becomes infected and +forms an abscess--another, although less desirable, method of cure. +Those situated in the neck are most liable to suppurate, probably +because of pyogenic organisms being brought to them by the lymphatics +taking origin in the scalp, ear, or throat. + +If operative interference is called for, the cysts may be tapped and +injected with iodine, or excised; the operation for removal may entail a +considerable dissection amongst the deeper structures at the root of the +neck, and should not be lightly undertaken; parts left behind may be +induced to cicatrise by inserting a tube of radium and leaving it for a +few days. + +Lymphangiomas are met with in the abdomen in the form of _omental +cysts_. + + +DISEASES OF LYMPH GLANDS + +#Lymphadenitis.#--Inflammation of lymph glands results from the advent +of an irritant, usually bacterial or toxic, brought to the glands by the +afferent lymph vessels. These vessels may share in the inflammation and +be the seat of lymphangitis, or they may show no evidence of the passage +of the noxa. It is exceptional for the irritant to reach the gland +through the blood-stream. + +A strain or other form of trauma is sometimes blamed for the onset of +lymphadenitis, especially in the glands of the groin (bubo), but it is +usually possible to discover some source of pyogenic infection which is +responsible for the mischief, or to obtain a history of some antecedent +infection such as gonorrhoea. It is possible for gonococci to lie latent +in the inguinal glands for long periods, and only give rise to +lymphadenitis if the glands be subsequently subjected to injury. The +glands most frequently affected are those in the neck, axilla, and +groin. + +The characters of the lymphadenitis vary with the nature of the +irritant. Sometimes it is mild and evanescent, as in the glandular +enlargement in the neck which attends tonsillitis and other forms of +sore throat. Sometimes it is more persistent, as in the enlargement +that is associated with adenoids, hypertrophied tonsils, carious teeth, +eczema of the scalp, and otorrhoea; and it is possible that this indolent +enlargement predisposes to tuberculous infection. A similar enlargement +is met with in the axilla in cases of chronic interstitial mastitis, and +in the groin as a result of chronic irritation about the external +genitals, such as balanitis. + +Sometimes the lymphadenitis is of an acute character, and the tendency +is towards the formation of an abscess. This is illustrated in the +axillary glands as a result of infected wounds of the fingers; in the +femoral glands in infected wounds or purulent blisters on the foot; in +the inguinal glands in gonorrhoea and soft sore; and in the cervical +glands in the severer forms of sore throat associated with diphtheria +and scarlet fever. The most acute suppurations result from infection +with streptococci. + +Superficial glands, when inflamed and suppurating, become enlarged, +tender, fixed, and matted to one another. In the glands of the groin the +suppurative process is often remarkably sluggish; purulent foci form in +the interior of individual glands, and some time may elapse before the +pus erupts through their respective capsules. In the deeply placed +cervical glands, especially in cases of streptococcal throat infections, +the suppuration rapidly involves the surrounding cellular tissue, and +the clinical features are those of an acute cellulitis and deeply seated +abscess. When this is incised the necrosed glands may be found lying in +the pus, and on bacteriological examination are found to be swarming +with streptococci. In suppuration of the axillary glands the abscess may +be quite superficial, or it may be deeply placed beneath the strong +fascia and pectoral muscles, according to the group of glands involved. + +The _diagnosis_ of septic lymphadenitis is usually easy. The indolent +enlargements are not always to be distinguished, however, from +commencing tuberculous disease, except by the use of the tuberculin +test, and by the fact that they usually disappear on removing the +peripheral source of irritation. + +_Treatment._--The first indication is to discover and deal with the +source of infection, and in the indolent forms of lymphadenitis this +will usually be followed by recovery. In the acute forms following on +pyogenic infection, the best results are obtained from the hyperaemic +treatment carried out by means of suction bells. If suppuration is not +thereby prevented, or if it has already taken place, each separate +collection of pus is punctured with a narrow-bladed knife and the use of +the suction bell is persevered with. If there is a large periglandular +abscess, as is often the case, in the neck and axilla, the opening may +require to be made by Hilton's method, and it may be necessary to insert +a drainage-tube. + +[Illustration: FIG. 77.--Tuberculous Cervical Gland with abscess +formation in subcutaneous cellular tissue, in a boy aet. 10.] + +#Tuberculous Disease of Glands.#--This is a disease of great frequency +and importance. The tubercle bacilli usually gain access to the gland +through the afferent lymph vessels, which convey them from some lesion +of the surface within the area drained by them. Tuberculous infection +may supervene in glands that are already enlarged as a result of chronic +septic irritation. While any of the glands in the body may be affected, +the disease is most often met with in the cervical groups which derive +their lymph from the mouth, nose, throat, and ear. + +_The appearance of the glands on section_ varies with the stage of the +disease. In the early stages the gland is enlarged, it may be to many +times its natural size, is normal in appearance and consistence, and as +there is no peri-adenitis it is easily shelled out from its +surroundings. On microscopical examination, however, there is evidence +of infection in the shape of bacilli and of characteristic giant and +epithelioid cells. At a later stage, the gland tissue is studded with +minute yellow foci which tend to enlarge and in time to become +confluent, so that the whole gland is ultimately converted into a +caseous mass. This caseous material is surrounded by the thickened +capsule which, as a result of peri-adenitis, tends to become adherent to +and fused with surrounding structures, and particularly with layers of +fascia and with the walls of veins. The caseated tissue often remains +unchanged for long periods; it may become calcified, but more frequently +it breaks down and liquefies. + +#Tuberculous disease in the cervical glands# is a common accompaniment +or sequel of adenoids, enlarged tonsils, carious teeth, pharyngitis, +middle-ear disease, and conjunctivitis. These lesions afford the bacilli +a chance of entry into the lymph vessels, in which they are carried to +the glands, where they give rise to disease. + +The enlargement may affect only one gland, usually below the angle of +the mandible, and remain confined to it, the gland reaching the size of +a hazel-nut, and being ovoid, firm, and painless. More commonly the +disease affects several glands, on one or on both sides of the neck. +When the disease commences in the pre-auricular or submaxillary glands, +it tends to spread to those along the carotid sheath: when the posterior +auricular and occipital glands are first involved, the spread is to +those along the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid. In many cases +all the chains in front of, beneath, and behind this muscle are +involved, the enlarged glands extending from the mastoid to the +clavicle. They are at first discrete and movable, and may even vary in +size from time to time; but with the addition of peri-adenitis they +become fixed and matted together, forming lobulated or nodular masses +(Fig. 78). They become adherent not only to one another, but also to the +structures in their vicinity,--and notably to the internal jugular +vein,--a point of importance in regard to their removal by operation. + +At any stage the disease may be arrested and the glands remain for long +periods without further change. It is possible that the tuberculous +tissue may undergo cicatrisation. More commonly suppuration ensues, and +a cold abscess forms, but if there is a mixed infection, the pyogenic +factor being usually derived from the throat, it may take on active +features. + +[Illustration: FIG. 78.--Mass of Tuberculous Glands removed from Axilla +(cf. Fig. 79).] + +The transition from the solid to the liquefied stage is attended with +pain and tenderness in the gland, which at the same time becomes fixed +and globular, and finally fluctuation can be elicited. + +If left to itself, the softened tubercle erupts through the capsule of +the gland and infects the cellular tissue. The cervical fascia is +perforated and a cold abscess, often much larger than the gland from +which it took origin, forms between the fascia and the overlying skin. +The further stages--reddening, undermining of skin and external rupture, +with the formation of ulcers and sinuses--have been described with +tuberculous abscess. The ulcers and sinuses persist indefinitely, or +they heal and then break out again; sometimes the skin becomes infected, +and a condition like lupus spreads over a considerable area. Spontaneous +healing finally takes place after the caseous tubercle has been +extruded; the resulting scars are extremely unsightly, being puckered or +bridled, or hypertrophied like keloid. + +While the disease is most common in childhood and youth, it may be met +with even in advanced life; and although often associated with impaired +health and unhealthy surroundings, it may affect those who are +apparently robust and are in affluent circumstances. + +_Diagnosis._--The chief importance lies in differentiating tuberculous +disease from lympho-sarcoma and from lymphadenoma, and this is usually +possible from the history and from the nature of the enlargement. Signs +of liquefaction and suppuration support the diagnosis of tubercle. If +any doubt remains, one of the glands should be removed and submitted to +microscopical examination. Other forms of sarcoma, and the enlargement +of an accessory thyreoid, are less likely to be confused with +tuberculous glands. Calcified tuberculous glands give definite shadows +with the X-rays. + +Enlargement of the cervical glands from secondary cancer may simulate +tuberculosis, but is differentiated by its association with cancer in +the mouth or throat, and by the characteristic, stone-like induration of +epithelioma. + +The cold abscess which results from tuberculous glands is to be +distinguished from that due to disease in the cervical spine, +retro-pharyngeal abscess, as well as from congenital and other cystic +swellings in the neck. + +_Prognosis._--Next to lupus, glandular disease is of all tuberculous +lesions the least dangerous to life; but while it is the rule to recover +from tuberculous disease of glands with or without an operation, it is +unfortunately quite common for such persons to become the subjects of +tuberculosis in other parts of the body at any subsequent period of +life. + +_Treatment._--There is considerable difference of opinion regarding the +treatment of glandular tuberculosis. Some authorities, impressed with +the undoubted possibility of natural cure, are satisfied with promoting +this by measures directed towards improving the general health, by the +prolonged administration of tuberculin, and by repeated exposures to the +X-rays and to sunlight. Others again, influenced by the risk of +extension of the disease and by the destruction of tissue and +disfigurement caused by breaking down of the tuberculous tissue and +mixed infection, advocate the removal of the glands by operation. + +The conditions vary widely in different cases, and the treatment should +be adapted to the individual requirements. If the disease remains +confined to the glands originally infected and there are no signs of +breaking down, "expectant measures" may be persevered with. + +[Illustration: FIG. 79.--Tuberculous Axillary Glands (cf. Fig. 78).] + +If, on the other hand, the disease exhibits aggressive tendencies, the +question of operation should be considered. The undesirable results of +the breaking down and liquefaction of the diseased gland may be avoided +by the timely withdrawal of the fluid contents through a hollow needle. + +_The excision of tuberculous glands_ is often a difficult operation, +because of the number and deep situation of the glands to be removed, +and of the adhesions to surrounding structures. The skin incision must +be sufficiently extensive to give access to the whole of the affected +area, and to avoid disfigurement should, whenever possible, be made in +the line of the natural creases of the skin. In exposing the glands the +common facial and other venous trunks may require to be clamped and +tied. Care must be taken not to injure the important nerves, +particularly the accessory, the vagus, and the phrenic. The +inframaxillary branches of the facial, the hypoglossal and its +descending branches, and the motor branches of the deep cervical plexus, +are also liable to be injured. The dissection is rendered easier and is +attended with less risk of injury to the nerves, if the patient is +placed in the sitting posture so as to empty the veins, and, instead of +a knife, the conical scissors of Mayo are employed. When the glands are +extensively affected on both sides of the neck, it is advisable to allow +an interval to elapse rather than to operate on both sides at one +sitting. (_Op. Surg._, p. 189.) + +If the tonsils are enlarged they should not be removed at the same time, +as, by so doing, there is a risk of pyogenic infection from the throat +being carried to the wound in the neck, but they should be removed, +after an interval, to prevent relapse of disease in the glands. + +_When the skin is broken_ and caseous tuberculous tissue is exposed, +healing is promoted by cutting away diseased skin, removing the +granulation tissue with the spoon, scraping sinuses, and packing the +cavity with iodoform worsted and treating it by the open method and +secondary suture if necessary. Exposure to the sunshine on the seashore +and to the X-rays is often beneficial in these cases. + +#Tuberculous disease in the axillary glands# may be a result of +extension from those in the neck, from the mamma, ribs, or sternum, or +more rarely from the upper extremity. We have seen it from an infected +wound of a finger. In some cases no source of infection is discoverable. +The individual glands attain a considerable size, and they fuse together +to form a large tumour which fills up the axillary space. The disease +progresses more rapidly than it does in the cervical glands, and almost +always goes on to suppuration with the formation of sinuses. +Conservative measures need not be considered, as the only satisfactory +treatment is excision, and that without delay. + +#Tuberculous disease in the glands of the groin# is comparatively rare. +We have chiefly observed it in the femoral glands as a result of +inoculation tubercle on the toes or sole of the foot. The affected +glands nearly always break down and suppurate, and after destroying the +overlying skin give rise to fungating ulcers. The treatment consists in +excising the glands and the affected skin. The dissection may be +attended with troublesome haemorrhage from the numerous veins that +converge towards the femoral trunk. + +Tuberculous disease in the _mesenteric_ and _bronchial glands_ is +described with the surgery of regions. + +#Syphilitic Disease of Glands.#--Enlargement of lymph glands is a +prominent feature of acquired syphilis, especially in the form of the +indolent or bullet-bubo which accompanies the primary lesion, and the +general enlargement of glands that occurs in secondary syphilis. +Gummatous disease in glands is extremely rare; the affected gland +rapidly enlarges to the size of a walnut, and may then persist for a +long period without further change; if it breaks down, the overlying +skin is destroyed and the caseated tissue of the gumma exposed. + +#Lymphadenoma.#--_Hodgkin's Disease_ (Pseudo-leukaemia of German +authors).--This is a rare disease, the origin of which is as yet +unknown, but analogy would suggest that it is due to infection with a +slowly growing micro-organism. It is chiefly met with in young subjects, +and is characterised by a painless enlargement of a particular group of +glands, most commonly those in the cervical region (Fig. 80). + +[Illustration: FIG. 80.--Chronic Hodgkin's Disease in a boy aet. 11.] + +The glands are usually larger than in tuberculosis, and they remain +longer discrete and movable; they are firm in consistence, and on +section present a granular appearance due to overgrowth of the +connective-tissue framework. In time the glandular masses may form +enormous projecting tumours, the swelling being added to by lymphatic +oedema of the overlying cellular tissue and skin. + +The enlargement spreads along the chain of glands to those above the +clavicle, to those in the axilla, and to those of the opposite side +(Fig. 81). Later, the glands in the groin become enlarged, and it is +probable that the infection has spread from the neck along the +mediastinal, bronchial, retro-peritoneal, and mesenteric glands, and has +branched off to the iliac and inguinal groups. + +Two clinical types are recognised, one in which the disease progresses +slowly and remains confined to the cervical glands for two or more +years; the other, in which the disease is more rapidly disseminated and +causes death in from twelve to eighteen months. + +[Illustration: FIG. 81.--Lymphadenoma (Hodgkin's Disease) affecting left +side of neck and left axilla, in a woman aet. 44. Three years' duration.] + +In the acute form, the health suffers, there is fever, and the glands +may vary in size with variations in the temperature; the blood presents +the characters met with in secondary anaemia. The spleen, liver, testes, +and mammae may be enlarged; the glandular swellings press on important +structures, such as the trachea, oesophagus, or great veins, and symptoms +referable to such pressure manifest themselves. + +_Diagnosis._--Considerable difficulty attends the diagnosis of +lymphadenoma at an early stage. The negative results of tuberculin tests +may assist in the differentiation from tuberculous disease, but the more +certain means of excising one of the suspected glands and submitting it +to microscopical examination should be had recourse to. The sections +show proliferation of endothelial cells, the formation of numerous giant +cells quite unlike those of tuberculosis and a progressive fibrosis. +Lympho-sarcoma can usually be differentiated by the rapid assumption of +the local features of malignant disease, and in a gland removed for +examination, a predominance of small round cells with scanty protoplasm. +The enlargement associated with leucocythaemia is differentiated by the +characteristic changes in the blood. + +_Treatment._--In the acute form of lymphadenoma, treatment is of little +avail. Arsenic may be given in full doses either by the mouth or by +subcutaneous injection; the intravenous administration of neo-salvarsan +may be tried. Exposure to the X-rays and to radium has been more +successful than any other form of treatment. Excision of glands, +although sometimes beneficial, seldom arrests the progress of the +disease. The ease and rapidity with which large masses of glands may be +shelled out is in remarkable contrast to what is observed in tuberculous +disease. Surgical interference may give relief when important structures +are being pressed upon--tracheotomy, for example, may be required where +life is threatened by asphyxia. + +#Leucocythaemia.#--This is a disease of the blood and of the +blood-forming organs, in which there is a great increase in the number, +and an alteration of the character, of the leucocytes present in the +blood. It may simulate lymphadenoma, because, in certain forms of the +disease, the lymph glands, especially those in the neck, axilla, and +groin, are greatly enlarged. + + +TUMOURS OF LYMPH GLANDS + +#Primary Tumours.#--_Lympho-sarcoma_, which may be regarded as a sarcoma +starting in a lymph gland, appears in the neck, axilla, or groin as a +rapidly growing tumour consisting of one enlarged gland with numerous +satellites. As the tumour increases in size, the sarcomatous tissue +erupts through the capsule of the gland, and infiltrates the surrounding +tissues, whereby it becomes fixed to these and to the skin. + +[Illustration: FIG. 82.--Lympho-Sarcoma removed from Groin. It will be +observed that there is one large central parent tumour surrounded by +satellites.] + +The prognosis is grave in the extreme, and the only hope is in early +excision, followed by the use of radium and X-rays. We have observed a +case of lympho-sarcoma above the clavicle, in which excision of all that +was removable, followed by the insertion of a tube of radium for ten +days, was followed by a disappearance of the disease over a period which +extended to nearly five years, when death resulted from a tumour in the +mediastinum. In a second case in which the growth was in the groin, the +patient, a young man, remained well for over two years and was then lost +sight of. + +#Secondary Tumours.#--Next to tuberculosis, _secondary cancer_ is the +most common disease of lymph glands. In the neck it is met with in +association with epithelioma of the lip, tongue, or fauces. The glands +form tumours of variable size, and are often larger than the primary +growth, the characters of which they reproduce. The glands are at first +movable, but soon become fixed both to each other and to their +surroundings; when fixed to the mandible they form a swelling of +bone-like hardness; in time they soften, liquefy, and burst through the +skin, forming foul, fungating ulcers. A similar condition is met with in +the groin from epithelioma of the penis, scrotum, or vulva. In cancer of +the breast, the infection of the axillary glands is an important +complication. + +In _pigmented_ or _melanotic cancers_ of the skin, the glands are early +infected and increase rapidly, so that, when the primary growth is still +of small size--as, for example, on the sole of the foot--the femoral +glands may already constitute large pigmented tumours. + +[Illustration: FIG. 83.--Cancerous Glands in Neck secondary to +Epithelioma of Lip. + +(Mr. G. L. Chiene's case.)] + +The implication of the glands in other forms of cancer will be +considered with regional surgery. + +_Secondary sarcoma_ is seldom met with in the lymph glands except when +the primary growth is a lympho-sarcoma and is situated in the tonsil, +thyreoid, or testicle. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +THE NERVES + + +Anatomy--INJURIES OF NERVES: Changes in nerves after division; + Repair and its modifications; Clinical features; _Primary and + secondary suture_--SUBCUTANEOUS INJURIES OF + NERVES--DISEASES: _Neuritis_; _Tumours_--Surgery of + the individual nerves: _Brachial neuralgia_; _Sciatica_; + _Trigeminal neuralgia_. + +#Anatomy.#--A nerve-trunk is made up of a variable number of bundles of +nerve fibres surrounded and supported by a framework of connective +tissue. The nerve fibres are chiefly of the medullated type, and they +run without interruption from a nerve cell or _neuron_ in the brain or +spinal medulla to their peripheral terminations in muscle, skin, and +secretory glands. + +Each nerve fibre consists of a number of nerve fibrils collected into a +central bundle--the axis cylinder--which is surrounded by an envelope, +the neurolemma or sheath of Schwann. Between the neurolemma and the axis +cylinder is the medullated sheath, composed of a fatty substance known +as myelin. This medullated sheath is interrupted at the nodes of +Ranvier, and in each internode is a nucleus lying between the myelin and +the neurolemma. The axis cylinder is the essential conducting structure +of the nerve, while the neurolemma and the myelin act as insulating +agents. The axis cylinder depends for its nutrition on the central +neuron with which it is connected, and from which it originally +developed, and it degenerates if it is separated from its neuron. + +The connective-tissue framework of a nerve-trunk consists of the +_perineurium_, or general sheath, which surrounds all the bundles; the +_epineurium_, surrounding individual groups of bundles; and the +_endoneurium_, a delicate connective tissue separating the individual +nerve fibres. The blood vessels and lymphatics run in these +connective-tissue sheaths. + +According to Head and his co-workers, Sherren and Rivers, the afferent +fibres in the peripheral nerves can be divided into three systems:-- + +1. Those which subserve _deep sensibility_ and conduct the impulses +produced by pressure as well as those which enable the patient to +recognise the position of a joint on passive movement (joint-sensation), +and the kinaesthetic sense, which recognises that active contraction of +the muscle is taking place (active muscle-sensation). The fibres of this +system run with the motor nerves, and pass to muscles, tendons, and +joints. Even division of both the ulnar and the median nerves above the +wrist produces little loss of deep sensibility, unless the tendons are +also cut through. The failure to recognise this form of sensibility has +been largely responsible for the conflicting statements as to the +sensory phenomena following operations for the repair of divided nerves. + +2. Those which subserve _protopathic_ sensibility--that is, are capable +of responding to painful cutaneous stimuli and to the extremes of heat +and cold. These also endow the hairs with sensibility to pain. They are +the first to regenerate after division. + +3. Those which subserve _epicritic_ sensibility, the most highly +specialised, capable of appreciating light touch, _e.g._ with a wisp of +cotton wool, as a well-localised sensation, and the finer grades of +temperature, called cool and warm (72 o-104 o F.), and of discriminating +as separate the points of a pair of compasses 2 cms. apart. These are +the last to regenerate. + +A nerve also exerts a trophic influence on the tissues in which it is +distributed. + +The researches of Stoffel on the minute anatomy of the larger nerves, +and the disposition in them of the bundles of nerve fibres supplying +different groups of muscles, have opened up what promises to be a +fruitful field of clinical investigation and therapeutics. He has shown +that in the larger nerve-trunks the nerve bundles for special groups of +muscles are not, as was formerly supposed, arranged irregularly and +fortuitously, but that on the contrary the nerve fibres to a particular +group of muscles have a typical and practically constant position within +the nerve. + +In the large nerve-trunks of the limbs he has worked out the exact +position of the bundles for the various groups of muscles, so that in a +cross section of a particular nerve the component bundles can be +labelled as confidently and accurately as can be the cortical areas in +the brain. In the living subject, by using a fine needle-like electrode +and a very weak galvanic current, he has been able to differentiate the +nerve bundles for the various groups of muscles. In several cases of +spastic paralysis he succeeded in picking out in the nerve-trunk of the +affected limb the nerve bundles supplying the spastic muscles, and, by +resecting portions of them, in relieving the spasm. In a case of spastic +contracture of the pronator muscles of the forearm, for example, an +incision is made along the line of the median nerve above the bend of +the elbow. At the lateral side of the median nerve, where it lies in +contact with the biceps muscle, is situated a well-defined and easily +isolated bundle of fibres which supplies the pronator teres, the flexor +carpi radialis, and the palmaris longus muscles. On incising the sheath +of the nerve this bundle can be readily dissected up and its identity +confirmed by stimulating it with a very weak galvanic current. An inch +or more of the bundle is then resected. + + +INJURIES OF NERVES + +Nerves are liable to be cut or torn across, bruised, compressed, +stretched, or torn away from their connections with the spinal medulla. + +#Complete Division of a Mixed Nerve.#--Complete division is a common +result of accidental wounds, especially above the wrist, where the +ulnar, median, and radial nerves are frequently cut across, and in +gun-shot injuries. + +_Changes in Structure and Function._--The mere interruption of the +continuity of a nerve results in degeneration of its fibres, the myelin +being broken up into droplets and absorbed, while the axis cylinders +swell up, disintegrate, and finally disappear. Both the conducting and +the insulating elements are thus lost. The degeneration in the central +end of the divided nerve is usually limited to the immediate proximity +of the lesion, and does not even involve all the nerve fibres. In the +distal end, it extends throughout the entire peripheral distribution of +the nerve, and appears to be due to the cutting off of the fibres from +their trophic nerve cells in the spinal medulla. Immediate suturing of +the ends does not affect the degeneration of the distal segment. The +peripheral end undergoes complete degeneration in from six weeks to two +months. + +The physiological effects of complete division are that the muscles +supplied by the nerve are immediately paralysed, the area to which it +furnishes the sole cutaneous supply becomes insensitive, and the other +structures, including tendons, bones, and joints, lose sensation, and +begin to atrophy from loss of the trophic influence. + +#Nerves divided in Amputation.#--In the case of nerves divided in an +amputation, there is an active, although necessarily abortive, attempt +at regeneration, which results in the formation of bulbous swellings at +the cut ends of the nerves. When there has been suppuration, and +especially if the nerves have been cut so as to be exposed in the wound, +these bulbous swellings may attain an abnormal size, and are then known +as "amputation" or "stump neuromas" (Fig. 84). + +When the nerves in a stump have not been cut sufficiently short, they +may become involved in the cicatrix, and it may be necessary, on account +of pain, to free them from their adhesions, and to resect enough of the +terminal portions to prevent them again becoming adherent. When this is +difficult, a portion may be resected from each of the nerve-trunks at a +higher level; and if this fails to give relief, a fresh amputation may +be performed. When there is agonising pain dependent upon an ascending +neuritis, it may be necessary to resect the corresponding posterior +nerve roots within the vertebral canal. + +[Illustration: FIG. 84.--Stump Neuromas of Sciatic Nerve, excised forty +years after the original amputation by Mr. A. G. Miller.] + +#Other Injuries of Nerves.#--_Contusion_ of a nerve-trunk is attended +with extravasation of blood into the connective-tissue sheaths, and is +followed by degeneration of the contused nerve fibres. Function is +usually restored, the conducting paths being re-established by the +formation of new nerve fibres. + +When a nerve is _torn across_ or badly _crushed_--as, for example, by a +fractured bone--the changes are similar to those in a divided nerve, and +the ultimate result depends on the amount of separation between the ends +and the possibility of the young axis cylinders bridging the gap. + +_Involvement of Nerves in Scar Tissue._--Pressure or traction may be +exerted upon a nerve by contracting scar tissue, or a process of +neuritis or perineuritis may be induced. + +When terminal filaments are involved in a scar, it is best to dissect +out the scar, and along with it the ends of the nerves pressed upon. +When a nerve-trunk, such as the sciatic, is involved in cicatricial +tissue, the nerve must be exposed and freed from its surroundings +(_neurolysis_), and then stretched so as to tear any adhesions that may +be present above or below the part exposed. It may be advisable to +displace the liberated nerve from its original position so as to +minimise the risk of its incorporation in the scar of the original wound +or in that resulting from the operation--for example, the radial nerve +may be buried in the substance of the triceps, or it may be surrounded +by a segment of vein or portion of fat-bearing fascia. + +_Injuries of nerves resulting from_ #gun-shot wounds# include: (1) those +in which the nerve is directly damaged by the bullet, and (2) those in +which the nerve-trunk is involved secondarily either by scar tissue in +its vicinity or by callus following fracture of an adjacent bone. The +primary injuries include contusion, partial or complete division, and +perforation of the nerve-trunk. One of the most constant symptoms is the +early occurrence of severe neuralgic pain, and this is usually +associated with marked hyperaesthesia. + +#Regeneration.#--_Process of Repair when the Ends are in Contact._--_If +the wound is aseptic_, and the ends of the divided nerve are sutured or +remain in contact, they become united, and the conducting paths are +re-established by a regeneration of nerve fibres. There is a difference +of opinion as to the method of regeneration. The Wallerian doctrine is +that the axis cylinders in the central end grow downwards, and enter the +nerve sheaths of the distal portion, and continue growing until they +reach the peripheral terminations in muscle and skin, and in course of +time acquire a myelin sheath; the cells of the neurolemma multiply and +form long chains in both ends of the nerve, and are believed to provide +for the nourishment and support of the actively lengthening axis +cylinders. Another view is that the formation of new axis cylinders is +not confined to the central end, but that it goes on also in the +peripheral segment, in which, however, the new axis cylinders do not +attain maturity until continuity with the central end has been +re-established. + +_If the wound becomes infected_ and suppuration occurs, the young nerve +fibres are destroyed and efficient regeneration is prevented; the +formation of scar tissue also may constitute a permanent obstacle to new +nerve fibres bridging the gap. + +_When the ends are not in contact_, reunion of the divided nerve fibres +does not take place whether the wound is infected or not. At the +proximal end there forms a bulbous swelling, which becomes adherent to +the scar tissue. It consists of branching axis cylinders running in all +directions, these having failed to reach the distal end because of the +extent of the gap. The peripheral end is completely degenerated, and is +represented by a fibrous cord, the cut end of which is often slightly +swollen or bulbous, and is also incorporated with the scar tissue of +the wound. + +#Clinical Features.#--The symptoms resulting from division and non-union +of a nerve-trunk necessarily vary with the functions of the affected +nerve. The following description refers to a mixed sensori-motor trunk, +such as the median or radial (musculo-spiral) nerve. + +_Sensory Phenomena._--Superficial touch is tested by means of a wisp of +cotton wool stroked gently across the skin; the capacity of +discriminating two points as separate, by a pair of blunt-pointed +compasses; the sensation of pressure, by means of a pencil or other +blunt object; of pain, by pricking or scratching with a needle; and of +sensibility to heat and cold, by test-tubes containing water at +different temperatures. While these tests are being carried out, the +patient's eyes are screened off. + +After division of a nerve containing sensory fibres, there is an area of +absolute cutaneous insensibility to touch (anaesthesia), to pain +(analgesia), and to all degrees of temperature--_loss of protopathic +sensibility_; surrounded by an area in which there is loss of sensation +to light touch, inability to recognise minor differences of temperature +(72 o-104 o F.), and to appreciate as separate impressions the contact of +the two points of a compass--_loss of epicritic sensibility_ (Head and +Sherren) (Figs. 91, 92). + +_Motor Phenomena._--There is immediate and complete loss of voluntary +power in the muscles supplied by the divided nerve. The muscles rapidly +waste, and within from three to five days, they cease to react to the +faradic current. When tested with the galvanic current, it is found that +a stronger current must be used to call forth contraction than in a +healthy muscle, and the contraction appears first at the closing of the +circuit when the anode is used as the testing electrode. The loss of +excitability to the interrupted current, and the specific alteration in +the type of contraction with the constant current, is known as the +_reaction of degeneration_. After a few weeks all electric excitability +is lost. The paralysed muscles undergo fatty degeneration, which attains +its maximum three or four months after the division of the nerve. +Further changes may take place, and result in the transformation of the +muscle into fibrous tissue, which by undergoing shortening may cause +deformity known as _paralytic contracture_. + +_Vaso-motor Phenomena._--In the majority of cases there is an initial +rise in the temperature of the part (2 o to 3 o F.), with redness and +increased vascularity. This is followed by a fall in the local +temperature, which may amount to 8 o or 10 o F., the parts becoming pale +and cold. Sometimes the hyperaemia resulting from vaso-motor paralysis is +more persistent, and is associated with swelling of the parts from +oedema--the so-called _angio-neurotic oedema_. The vascularity varies with +external influences, and in cold weather the parts present a bluish +appearance. + +_Trophic Phenomena._--Owing to the disappearance of the subcutaneous +fat, the skin is smooth and thin, and may be abnormally dry. The hair is +harsh, dry, and easily shed. The nails become brittle and furrowed, or +thick and curved, and the ends of the fingers become club-shaped. Skin +eruptions, especially in the form of blisters, occur, or there may be +actual ulcers of the skin, especially in winter. In aggravated cases the +tips of the fingers disappear from progressive ulceration, and in the +sole of the foot a perforating ulcer may develop. Arthropathies are +occasionally met with, the joints becoming the seat of a painless +effusion or hydrops, which is followed by fibrous thickening of the +capsular and other ligaments, and terminates in stiffness and fibrous +ankylosis. In this way the fingers are seriously crippled and deformed. + +#Treatment of Divided Nerves.#--The treatment consists in approximating +the divided ends of the nerve and placing them under the most favourable +conditions for repair, and this should be done at the earliest possible +opportunity. (_Op. Surg._, pp. 45, 46.) + +#Primary Suture.#--The reunion of a recently divided nerve is spoken of +as primary suture, and for its success asepsis is essential. As the +suturing of the ends of the nerve is extremely painful, an anaesthetic is +required. + +When the wound is healed and while waiting for the restoration of +function, measures are employed to maintain the nutrition of the damaged +nerve and of the parts supplied by it. The limb is exercised, massaged, +and douched, and protected from cold and other injurious influences. The +nutrition of the paralysed muscles is further improved by electricity. +The galvanic current is employed, using at first a mild current of not +more than 5 milliamperes for about ten minutes, the current being made +to flow downwards in the course of the nerve, with the positive +electrode applied to the spine, and the negative over the affected nerve +near its termination. It is an advantage to have a metronome in the +circuit whereby the current is opened and closed automatically at +intervals, so as to cause contraction of the muscles. + +_The results_ of primary suture, when it has been performed under +favourable conditions, are usually satisfactory. In a series of cases +investigated by Head and Sherren, the period between the operation and +the first return of sensation averaged 65 days. According to Purves +Stewart protopathic sensation commences to appear in about six weeks and +is completely restored in six months; electric sensation and motor power +reappear together in about six months, and restoration is complete in a +year. When sensation returns, the area of insensibility to pain steadily +diminishes and disappears; sensibility to extremes of temperature +appears soon after; and last of all, after a considerable interval, +there is simultaneous return of appreciation of light touch, moderate +degrees of temperature, and the points of a compass. + +A clinical means of estimating how regeneration in a divided nerve is +progressing has been described by Tinel. He found that a tingling +sensation, similar to that experienced in the foot, when it is +recovering from the "sleeping" condition induced by prolonged pressure +on the sciatic nerve from sitting on a hard bench, can be elicited on +percussing over _growing_ axis cylinders. Tapping over the proximal end +of a _newly divided nerve_, _e.g._ the common peroneal behind the head +of the fibula, produces no tingling, but when in about three weeks +axis cylinders begin to grow in the proximal end-bulb, local tingling is +induced by tapping there. The downward growth of the axis cylinders can +be traced by tapping over the distal segment of the nerve, the tingling +sensation being elicited as far down as the young axis cylinders have +reached. When the regeneration of the axis cylinders is complete, +tapping no longer causes tingling. It usually takes about one hundred +days for this stage to be reached. + +Tinel's sign is present before voluntary movement, muscular tone, or the +normal electrical reactions reappear. + +In cases of complete nerve paralysis that have not been operated upon, +the tingling test is helpful in determining whether or not regeneration +is taking place. Its detection may prevent an unnecessary operation +being performed. + +Primary suture should not be attempted so long as the wound shows signs +of infection, as it is almost certain to end in failure. The ends should +be sutured, however, as soon as the wound is aseptic or has healed. + +#Secondary Suture.#--The term secondary suture is applied to the +operation of stitching the ends of the divided nerve after the wound has +healed. + +_Results of Secondary Suture._--When secondary suture has been performed +under favourable conditions, the prognosis is good, but a longer time is +required for restoration of function than after primary suture. Purves +Stewart says protopathic sensation is sometimes observed much earlier +than in primary suture, because partial regeneration of axis cylinders +in the peripheral segment has already taken place. Sensation is +recovered first, but it seldom returns before three or four months. +There then follows an improvement or disappearance of any trophic +disturbances that may be present. Recovery of motion may be deferred for +long periods--rather because of the changes in the muscles than from +want of conductivity in the nerve--and if the muscles have undergone +complete degeneration, it may never take place at all. While waiting for +recovery, every effort should be made to maintain the nutrition of the +damaged nerve, and of the parts which it supplies. + +When suture is found to be impossible, recourse must be had to other +methods, known as nerve bridging and nerve implantation. + +#Incomplete Division of a Mixed Nerve.#--The effects of partial division +of a mixed nerve vary according to the destination of the nerve bundles +that have been interrupted. Within their area of distribution the +paralysis is as complete as if the whole trunk had been cut across. The +uninjured nerve-bundles continue to transmit impulses with the result +that there is a _dissociated paralysis_ within the distribution of the +affected nerve, some muscles continuing to act and to respond normally +to electric stimulation, while others behave as if the whole nerve-trunk +had been severed. + +In addition to vasomotor and trophic changes, there is often severe pain +of a burning kind (_causalgia_ or _thermalgia_) which comes on about a +fortnight after the injury and causes intense and continuous suffering +which may last for months. Paroxysms of pain may be excited by the +slightest touch or by heat, and the patient usually learns for himself +that the constant application of cold wet cloths allays the pain. The +thermalgic area sweats profusely. + +Operative treatment is indicated where there is no sign of improvement +within three months, when recovery is arrested before complete +restoration of function is attained, or when thermalgic pain is +excessive. + +#Subcutaneous Injuries of Nerves.#--Several varieties of subcutaneous +injuries of nerves are met with. One of the best known is the +compression paralysis of the nerves of the upper arm which results from +sleeping with the arm resting on the back of a chair or the edge of a +table--the so-called "drunkard's palsy"; and from the pressure of a +crutch in the axilla--"crutch paralysis." In some of these injuries, +notably "drunkard's palsy," the disability appears to be due not to +damage of the nerve, but to overstretching of the extensors of the wrist +and fingers (Jones). A similar form of paralysis is sometimes met with +from the pressure of a tourniquet, from tight bandages or splints, from +the pressure exerted by a dislocated bone or by excessive callus, and +from hyper-extension of the arm during anaesthesia. + +In all these forms there is impaired sensation, rarely amounting to +anaesthesia, marked muscular wasting, and diminution or loss of voluntary +motor power, while--and this is a point of great importance--the normal +electrical reactions are preserved. There may also develop trophic +changes such as blisters, superficial ulcers, and clubbing of the tips +of the fingers. The prognosis is usually favourable, as recovery is the +rule within from one to three months. If, however, neuritis supervenes, +the electrical reactions are altered, the muscles degenerate, and +recovery may be retarded or may fail to take place. + +Injuries which act abruptly or instantaneously are illustrated in the +crushing of a nerve by the sudden displacement of a sharp-edged fragment +of bone, as may occur in comminuted fractures of the humerus. The +symptoms include perversion or loss of sensation, motor paralysis, and +atrophy of muscles, which show the reaction of degeneration from the +eighth day onwards. The presence of the reaction of degeneration +influences both the prognosis and the treatment, for it implies a lesion +which is probably incapable of spontaneous recovery, and which can only +be remedied by operation. + +The _treatment_ varies with the cause and nature of the lesion. When, +for example, a displaced bone or a mass of callus is pressing upon the +nerve, steps must be taken to relieve the pressure, by operation if +necessary. When there is reason to believe that the nerve is severely +crushed or torn across, it should be exposed by incision, and, after +removal of the damaged ends, should be united by sutures. When it is +impossible to make a definite diagnosis as to the state of the nerve, it +is better to expose it by operation, and thus learn the exact state of +affairs without delay; in the event of the nerve being torn, the ends +should be united by sutures. + +#Dislocation of Nerves.#--This injury, which resembles the dislocation +of tendons from their grooves, is seldom met with except in the ulnar +nerve at the elbow, and is described with injuries of that nerve. + + +DISEASES OF NERVES + +#Traumatic Neuritis.#--This consists in an overgrowth of the +connective-tissue framework of a nerve, which causes irritation and +pressure upon the nerve fibres, sometimes resulting in their +degeneration. It may originate in connection with a wound in the +vicinity of a nerve, as, for example, when the brachial nerves are +involved in scar tissue subsequent to an operation for clearing out the +axilla for cancer; or in contusion and compression of a nerve--for +example, by the pressure of the head of the humerus in a dislocation of +the shoulder. Some weeks or months after the injury, the patient +complains of increasing hyperaesthesia and of neuralgic pains in the +course of the nerve. The nerve is very sensitive to pressure, and, if +superficial, may be felt to be swollen. The associated muscles are +wasted and weak, and are subject to twitchings. There are also trophic +disturbances. It is rare to have complete sensory and motor paralysis. +The disease is commonest in the nerves of the upper extremity, and the +hand may become crippled and useless. + +_Treatment._--Any constitutional condition which predisposes to +neuritis, such as gout, diabetes, or syphilis, must receive appropriate +treatment. The symptoms may be relieved by rest and by soothing +applications, such as belladonna, ichthyol, or menthol, by the use of +hot-air and electric baths, and in obstinate cases by blistering or by +the application of Corrigan's button. When such treatment fails the +nerve may be stretched, or, in the case of a purely sensory trunk, a +portion may be excised. Local causes, such as involvement of the nerve +in a scar or in adhesions, may afford indications for operative +treatment. + +#Multiple Peripheral Neuritis.#--Although this disease mainly comes +under the cognizance of the physician, it may be attended with phenomena +which call for surgical interference. In this country it is commonly due +to alcoholism, but it may result from diabetes or from chronic poisoning +with lead or arsenic, or from bacterial infections and intoxications +such as occur in diphtheria, gonorrhoea, syphilis, leprosy, typhoid, +influenza, beri-beri, and many other diseases. + +It is, as a rule, widely distributed throughout the peripheral nerves, +but the distribution frequently varies with the cause--the alcoholic +form, for example, mainly affecting the legs, the diphtheritic form the +soft palate and pharynx, and that associated with lead poisoning the +forearms. The essential lesion is a degeneration of the conducting +fibres of the affected nerves, and the prominent symptoms are the result +of this. In alcoholic neuritis there is great tenderness of the muscles. +When the legs are affected the patient may be unable to walk, and the +toes may droop and the heel be drawn up, resulting in one variety of pes +equino-varus. Pressure sores and perforating ulcer of the foot are the +most important trophic phenomena. + +Apart from the medical _treatment_, measures must be taken to prevent +deformity, especially when the legs are affected. The bedclothes are +supported by a cage, and the foot maintained at right angles to the leg +by sand-bags or splints. When the disease is subsiding, the nutrition of +the damaged nerves and muscles should be maintained by massage, baths, +passive movements, and the use of the galvanic current. When deformity +has been allowed to take place, operative measures may be required for +its correction. + + +NEUROMA[5] + +[5] We have followed the classification adopted by Alexis Thomson in his +work _On Neuroma, and Neuro-fibromatosis_ (Edinburgh: 1900). + +Neuroma is a clinical term applied to all tumours, irrespective of their +structure, which have their seat in nerves. + +A tumour composed of newly formed nerve tissue is spoken of as a #true +neuroma#; when ganglionic cells are present in addition to nerve fibres, +the name _ganglionic neuroma_ is applied. These tumours are rare, and +are chiefly met with in the main cords or abdominal plexuses of the +sympathetic system of children or young adults. They are quite +insensitive, and their removal is only called for if they cause pain or +show signs of malignancy. + +A #false neuroma# is an overgrowth of the sheath of a nerve. This +overgrowth may result in the formation of a circumscribed tumour, or may +take the form of a diffuse fibromatosis. + +_The circumscribed or solitary tumour_ grows from the sheath of a nerve +which is otherwise healthy, and it may be innocent or malignant. + +_The innocent_ form is usually fibrous or myxomatous, and is definitely +encapsulated. It may become cystic as a result of haemorrhage or of +myxomatous degeneration. It grows very slowly, is usually elliptical in +shape, and the solid form is rarely larger than a hazel-nut. The nerve +fibres may be spread out all round the tumour, or may run only on one +side of it. When subcutaneous and related to the smaller unnamed +cutaneous nerves, it is known as a _painful subcutaneous nodule_ or +_tubercle_. It is chiefly met with about the ankle, and most often in +women. It is remarkably sensitive, even gentle handling causing intense +pain, which usually radiates to the periphery of the nerve affected. +When related to a deeper, named nerve-trunk, it is known as a +_trunk-neuroma_. It is usually less sensitive than the "subcutaneous +nodule," and rarely gives rise to motor symptoms unless it involves the +nerve roots where they pass through bony canals. + +A trunk-neuroma is recognised clinically by its position in the line of +a nerve, by the fact that it is movable in the transverse axis of the +nerve but not in its long axis, and by being unduly painful and +sensitive. + +[Illustration: FIG. 85.--Amputation Stump of Upper Arm, showing bulbous +thickening of the ends of the nerves, embedded in scar tissue at the +apex of the stamp.] + +_Treatment._--If the tumour causes suffering it should be removed, +preferably by shelling it out from the investing nerve sheath or +capsule. In the subcutaneous nodule the nerve is rarely recognisable, +and is usually sacrificed. When removal of the tumour is incomplete, a +tube of radium should be inserted into the cavity, to prevent recurrence +of the tumour in a malignant form. + +_The malignant neuroma_ is a sarcoma growing from the sheath of a nerve. +It has the same characters and clinical features as the innocent +variety, only it grows more rapidly, and by destroying the nerve fibres +causes motor symptoms--jerkings followed by paralysis. The sarcoma tends +to spread along the lymph spaces in the long axis of the nerve, as well +as to implicate the surrounding tissues, and it is liable to give rise +to secondary growths. The malignant neuroma is met with chiefly in the +sciatic and other large nerves of the limbs. + +The _treatment_ is conducted on the same lines as sarcoma in other +situations; the insertion of a tube of radium after removal of the +tumour diminishes the tendency to recurrence; a portion of the +nerve-trunk being sacrificed, means must be taken to bridge the gap. In +inoperable cases it may be possible to relieve pain by excising a +portion of the nerve above the tumour, or, when this is impracticable, +by resecting the posterior nerve roots and their ganglia within the +vertebral canal. + +The so-called _amputation neuroma_ has already been referred to (p. 344). + +_Diffuse or Generalised Neuro-Fibromatosis--Recklinghausen's +Disease._--These terms are now used to include what were formerly known +as "multiple neuromata," as well as certain other overgrowths related to +nerves. The essential lesion is an overgrowth of the endoneural +connective tissue throughout the nerves of both the cerebro-spinal and +sympathetic systems. The nerves are diffusely and unequally thickened, +so that small twigs may become enlarged to the size of the median, while +at irregular intervals along their course the connective-tissue +overgrowth is exaggerated so as to form tumour-like swellings similar to +the trunk-neuroma already described. The tumours, which vary greatly in +size and number--as many as a thousand have been counted in one +case--are enclosed in a capsule derived from the perineurium. The +fibromatosis may also affect the cranial nerves, the ganglia on the +posterior nerve roots, the nerves within the vertebral canal, and the +sympathetic nerves and ganglia, as well as the continuations of the +motor nerves within the muscles. The nerve fibres, although mechanically +displaced and dissociated by the overgrown endoneurium, undergo no +structural change except when compressed in passing through a bony +canal. + +The disease probably originates before birth, although it may not make +its appearance till adolescence or even till adult life. It is sometimes +met with in several members of one family. It is recognised clinically +by the presence of multiple tumours in the course of the nerves, and +sometimes by palpable enlargement of the superficial nerve-trunks +(Fig. 86). The tumours resemble the solitary trunk-neuroma, are usually +quite insensitive, and many of them are unknown to the patient. As a +result of injury or other exciting cause, however, one or other tumour +may increase in size and become extremely sensitive; the pain is then +agonising; it is increased by handling, and interferes with sleep. In +these conditions, a malignant transformation of the fibroma into sarcoma +is to be suspected. Motor disturbances are exceptional, unless in the +case of tumours within the vertebral canal, which press on the spinal +medulla and cause paraplegia. + +[Illustration: FIG. 86.--Diffuse enlargement of Nerves in generalised +Neuro-fibromatosis. + +(After R. W. Smith.)] + +Neuro-fibromatosis is frequently accompanied by _pigmentation of the +skin_ in the form of brown spots or patches scattered over the trunk. + +The disease is often stationary for long periods. In progressive cases +the patient becomes exhausted, and usually dies of some intercurrent +affection, particularly phthisis. The treatment is restricted to +relieving symptoms and complications; removal of one of the tumours is +to be strongly deprecated. + +In a considerable proportion of cases one of the multiple tumours takes +on the characters of a malignant growth ("secondary malignant neuroma," +Garre). This malignant transformation may follow upon injury, or on an +unsuccessful attempt to remove the tumour. The features are those of a +rapidly growing sarcoma involving a nerve-trunk, with agonising pain +and muscular cramps, followed by paralysis from destruction of the +nerve fibres. The removal of the tumour is usually followed by +recurrence, so that high amputation is the only treatment to be +recommended. Metastasis to internal organs is exceptional. + +[Illustration: FIG. 87.--Plexiform Neuroma of small Sciatic Nerve, from +a girl aet. 16. + +(Mr. Annandale's case.)] + +There are other types of neuro-fibromatosis which require brief mention. + +_The plexiform neuroma_ (Fig. 87) is a fibromatosis confined to the +distribution of one or more contiguous nerves or of a plexus of nerves, +and it may occur either by itself or along with multiple tumours of the +nerve-trunks and with pigmentation of the skin. The clinical features +are those of an ill-defined swelling composed of a number of tortuous, +convoluted cords, lying in a loose areolar tissue and freely movable on +one another. It is rarely the seat of pain or tenderness. It most often +appears in the early years of life, sometimes in relation to a pigmented +or hairy mole. It is of slow growth, may remain stationary for long +periods, and has little or no tendency to become malignant. It is +usually subcutaneous, and is frequently situated on the head or neck in +the distribution of the trigeminal or superficial cervical nerves. There +is no necessity for its removal, but this may be indicated because of +disfigurement, especially on the face or scalp or because its bulk +interferes with function. When involving the ophthalmic division of the +trigeminus, for example, it may cause enlargement of the upper lid and +proptosis, with danger to the function of the globe. The results of +excision are usually satisfactory, even if the removal is not complete. + +[Illustration: FIG. 88.--Multiple Neuro-fibromas of Skin (Molluscum +fibrosum, or Recklinghausen's disease).] + +_The cutaneous neuro-fibroma_ or _molluscum fibrosum_ has been shown by +Recklinghausen to be a soft fibroma related to the terminal filaments of +one of the cutaneous nerves (Fig. 88). The disease appears in the form +of multiple, soft, projecting tumours, scattered all over the body, +except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The tumours are of +all sizes, some being no larger than a pin's head, whilst many are as +big as a filbert and a few even larger. Many are sessile and others are +distinctly pedunculated, but all are covered with skin. They are mobile, +soft to the touch, and of the consistence of firm fat. In exceptional +cases one of the skin tumours may attain an enormous size and cause a +hideous deformity, hanging down by its own weight in lobulated or folded +masses (pachy-dermatocele). The treatment consists in removing the +larger swellings. In some cases molluscum fibrosum is associated with +pigmentation of the skin and with multiple tumours of the nerve-trunks. +The small multiple tumours rarely call for interference. + +[Illustration: FIG. 89.--Elephantiasis Neuromatosa in a woman aet. 28] + +_Elephantiasis neuromatosa_ is the name applied by Virchow to a +condition in which a limb is swollen and misshapen as a result of the +extension of a neuro-fibromatosis to the skin and subcutaneous cellular +tissue of the extremity as a whole (Fig. 89). It usually begins in early +life without apparent cause, and it may be associated with multiple +tumours of the nerve-trunks. The inconvenience caused by the bulk and +weight of the limb may justify its removal. + + +SURGERY OF THE INDIVIDUAL NERVES[6] + +[6] We desire here to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. James +Sherren's work on _Injuries of Nerves and their Treatment_. + +#The Brachial Plexus.#--Lesions of the brachial plexus may be divided +into those above the clavicle and those below that bone. + +In the #supra-clavicular injuries#, the violence applied to the head or +shoulder causes over-stretching of the anterior branches (primary +divisions) of the cervical nerves, the fifth, or the fifth and sixth +being those most liable to suffer. Sometimes the traction is exerted +upon the plexus from below, as when a man in falling from a height +endeavours to save himself by clutching at some projection, and the +lesion then mainly affects the first dorsal nerve. There is tearing of +the nerve sheaths, with haemorrhage, but in severe cases partial or +complete severance of nerve fibres may occur and these give way at +different levels. During the healing process an excess of fibrous tissue +is formed, which may interfere with regeneration. + +_Post-anaesthetic paralysis_ occurs in patients in whom, during the +course of an operation, the arm is abducted and rotated laterally or +extended above the head, causing over-stretching of the plexus, +especially of the fifth, or fifth and sixth, anterior branches. + +A _cervical rib_ may damage the plexus by direct pressure, the part +usually affected being the medial cord, which is made up of fibres from +the eighth cervical and first dorsal nerves. + +When a lesion of the plexus complicates a _fracture of the clavicle_, +the nerve injury is due, not to pressure on or laceration of the nerves +by fragments of bone, but to the violence causing the fracture, and this +is usually applied to the point of the shoulder. + +Penetrating _wounds_, apart from those met with in military practice, +are rare. + +In the #infra-clavicular injuries#, the lesion most often results from +the pressure of the dislocated head of the humerus; occasionally from +attempts made to reduce the dislocation by the heel-in-the-axilla +method, or from fracture of the upper end of the humerus or of the neck +of the scapula. The whole plexus may suffer, but more frequently the +medial cord is alone implicated. + +_Clinical Features._--Three types of lesion result from indirect +violence: the whole plexus; the upper-arm type; and the lower-arm type. + +_When the whole plexus is involved_, sensibility is lost over the entire +forearm and hand and over the lateral surface of the arm in its distal +two-thirds. All the muscles of the arm, forearm, and hand are paralysed, +and, as a rule, also the pectorals and spinati, but the rhomboids and +serratus anterior escape. There is paralysis of the sympathetic fibres +to the eye and orbit, with narrowing of the palpebral fissure, recession +of the globe, and the pupil is slow to dilate when shaded from the +light. + +The _upper-arm type_--Erb-Duchenne paralysis--is that most frequently +met with, and it is due to a lesion of the fifth anterior branch, or, it +may be, also of the sixth. The position of the upper limb is typical: +the arm and forearm hang close to the side, with the forearm extended +and pronated; the deltoid, spinati, biceps, brachialis, and supinators +are paralysed, and in some cases the radial extensors of the wrist and +the pronator teres are also affected. The patient is unable to supinate +the forearm or to abduct the arm, and in most cases to flex the forearm. +He may, however, regain some power of flexing the forearm when it is +fully pronated, the extensors of the wrist becoming feeble flexors of +the elbow. There is, as a rule, no loss of sensibility, but complaint +may be made of tickling and of pins-and-needles over the lateral aspect +of the arm. The abnormal position of the limb may persist although the +muscles regain the power of voluntary movement, and as the condition +frequently follows a fall on the shoulder, great care is necessary in +diagnosis, as the condition is apt to be attributed to an injury to the +axillary (circumflex) nerve. + +The _lower-arm type_ of paralysis, associated with the name of Klumpke, +is usually due to over-stretching of the plexus, and especially affects +the anterior branch of the first dorsal nerve. In typical cases all the +intrinsic muscles of the hand are affected, and the hand assumes the +claw shape. Sensibility is usually altered over the medial side of the +arm and forearm, and there is paralysis of the sympathetic. + +_Infra-clavicular injuries_, as already stated, are most often produced +by a sub-coracoid dislocation of the humerus; the medial cord is that +most frequently injured, and the muscles paralysed are those supplied by +the ulnar nerve, with, in addition, those intrinsic muscles of the hand +supplied by the median. Sensibility is affected over the medial surface +of the forearm and ulnar area of the hand. Injury of the lateral and +posterior cords is very rare. + +_Treatment_ is carried out on the lines already laid down for nerve +injuries in general. It is impossible to diagnose between complete and +incomplete rupture of the nerve cords, until sufficient time has elapsed +to allow of the establishment of the reaction of degeneration. If this +is present at the end of fourteen days, operation should not be delayed. +Access to the cords of the plexus is obtained by a dissection similar to +that employed for the subclavian artery, and the nerves are sought for +as they emerge from under cover of the scalenus anterior, and are then +traced until the seat of injury is found. In the case of the first +dorsal nerve, it may be necessary temporarily to resect the clavicle. +The usual after-treatment must be persisted in until recovery ensues, +and care must be taken that the paralysed muscles do not become +over-stretched. The prognosis is less favourable in the supra-clavicular +lesions than in those below the clavicle, which nearly always recover +without surgical intervention. + +In the _brachial birth-paralysis_ met with in infants, the lesion is due +to over-stretching of the plexus, and is nearly always of the +Erb-Duchenne type. The injury is usually unilateral, it occurs with +almost equal frequency in breech and in vertex presentations, and the +left arm is more often affected than the right. The lesion is seldom +recognised at birth. The first symptom noticed is tenderness in the +supra-clavicular region, the child crying when this part is touched or +the arm is moved. The attitude may be that of the Erb-Duchenne type, or +the whole of the muscles of the upper limb may be flaccid, and the arm +hangs powerless. A considerable proportion of the cases recover +spontaneously. The arm is to be kept at rest, with the affected muscles +relaxed, and, as soon as tenderness has disappeared, daily massage and +passive movements are employed. The reaction of degeneration can rarely +be satisfactorily tested before the child is three months old, but if it +is present, an operation should be performed. After operation, the +shoulder should be elevated so that no traction is exerted on the +affected cords. + +#The long thoracic nerve# (nerve of Bell), which supplies the serratus +anterior, is rarely injured. In those whose occupation entails carrying +weights upon the shoulder it may be contused, and the resulting +paralysis of the serratus is usually combined with paralysis of the +lower part of the trapezius, the branches from the third and fourth +cervical nerves which supply this muscle also being exposed to pressure +as they pass across the root of the neck. There is complaint of pain +above the clavicle, and winging of the scapula; the patient is unable to +raise the arm in front of the body above the level of the shoulder or to +perform any forward pushing movements; on attempting either of these the +winging of the scapula is at once increased. If the scapula is compared +with that on the sound side, it is seen that, in addition to the lower +angle being more prominent, the spine is more horizontal and the lower +angle nearer the middle line. The majority of these cases recover if the +limb is placed at absolute rest, the elbow supported, and massage and +galvanism persevered with. If the paralysis persists, the sterno-costal +portion of the pectoralis major may be transplanted to the lower angle +of the scapula. + +The long thoracic nerve may be cut across while clearing out the axilla +in operating for cancer of the breast. The displacement of the scapula +is not so marked as in the preceding type, and the patient is able to +perform pushing movements below the level of the shoulder. If the +reaction of degeneration develops, an operation may be performed, the +ends of the nerve being sutured, or the distal end grafted into the +posterior cord of the brachial plexus. + +#The Axillary (Circumflex) Nerve.#--In the majority of cases in which +paralysis of the deltoid follows upon an injury of the shoulder, it is +due to a lesion of the fifth cervical nerve, as has already been +described in injuries of the brachial plexus. The axillary nerve itself +as it passes round the neck of the humerus is most liable to be injured +from the pressure of a crutch, or of the head of the humerus in +sub-glenoid dislocation, or in fracture of the neck of the scapula or of +the humerus. In miners, who work for long periods lying on the side, the +muscle may be paralysed by direct pressure on the terminal filaments of +the nerve, and the nerve may also be involved as a result of disease in +the sub-deltoid bursa. + +The deltoid is wasted, and the acromion unduly prominent. In recent +cases paralysis of the muscle is easily detected. In cases of long +standing it is not so simple, because other muscles, the spinati, the +clavicular fibres of the pectoral and the serratus, take its place and +elevate the arm; there is always loss of sensation on the lateral aspect +of the shoulder. There is rarely any call for operative treatment, as +the paralysis is usually compensated for by other muscles. + +When the _supra-scapular nerve_ is contused or stretched in injuries of +the shoulder, the spinati muscles are paralysed and wasted, the spine of +the scapula is unduly prominent, and there is impairment in the power of +abducting the arm and rotating it laterally. + +The _musculo-cutaneous nerve_ is very rarely injured; when cut across, +there is paralysis of the coraco-brachialis, biceps, and part of the +brachialis, but no movements are abolished, the forearm being flexed, in +the pronated position, by the brachio-radialis and long radial extensor +of the wrist; in the supinated position, by that portion of the +brachialis supplied by the radial nerve. Supination is feebly performed +by the supinator muscle. Protopathic and epicritic sensibility are lost +over the radial side of the forearm. + +#Radial (Musculo-Spiral) Nerve.#--From its anatomical relationships this +trunk is more exposed to injury than any other nerve in the body. It is +frequently compressed against the humerus in sleeping with the arm +resting on the back of a chair, especially in the deep sleep of +alcoholic intoxication (drunkard's palsy). It may be pressed upon by a +crutch in the axilla, by the dislocated head of the humerus, or by +violent compression of the arm, as when an elastic tourniquet is applied +too tightly. The most serious and permanent injuries of this nerve are +associated with fractures of the humerus, especially those from direct +violence attended with comminution of the bone. The nerve may be crushed +or torn by one of the fragments at the time of the injury, or at a later +period may be compressed by callus. + +_Clinical Features._--Immediately after the injury it is impossible to +tell whether the nerve is torn across or merely compressed. The patient +may complain of numbness and tingling in the distribution of the +superficial branch of the nerve, but it is a striking fact, that so long +as the nerve is divided below the level at which it gives off the dorsal +cutaneous nerve of the forearm (external cutaneous branch), there is no +loss of sensation. When it is divided above the origin of the dorsal +cutaneous branch, or when the dorsal branch of the musculo-cutaneous +nerve is also divided, there is a loss of sensibility on the dorsum +of the hand. + +The motor symptoms predominate, the muscles affected being the extensors +of the wrist and fingers, and the supinators. There is a characteristic +"drop-wrist"; the wrist is flexed and pronated, and the patient is +unable to dorsiflex the wrist or fingers (Fig. 90). If the hand and +proximal phalanges are supported, the second and third phalanges may be +partly extended by the interossei and lumbricals. There is also +considerable impairment of power in the muscles which antagonise those +that are paralysed, so that the grasp of the hand is feeble, and the +patient almost loses the use of it; in some cases this would appear to +be due to the median nerve having been injured at the same time. + +[Illustration: FIG. 90.--Drop-wrist following Fracture of Shaft of +Humerus.] + +If the lesion is high up, as it is, for example, in crutch paralysis, +the triceps and anconeus may also suffer. + +_Treatment._--The slighter forms of injury by compression recover under +massage, douching, and electricity. If there is drop-wrist, the hand and +forearm are placed on a palmar splint, with the hand dorsiflexed to +nearly a right angle, and this position is maintained until voluntary +dorsiflexion at the wrist returns to the normal. Recovery is sometimes +delayed for several months. + +In the more severe injuries associated with fracture of the humerus and +attended with the reaction of degeneration, it is necessary to cut down +upon the nerve and free it from the pressure of a fragment of bone or +from callus or adhesions. If the nerve is torn across, the ends must be +sutured, and if this is impossible owing to loss of tissue, the gap may +be bridged by a graft taken from the superficial branch of the radial +nerve, or the ends may be implanted into the median. + +Finally, in cases in which the paralysis is permanent and incurable, the +disability may be relieved by operation. A fascial graft can be employed +to act as a ligament permanently extending the wrist; it is attached to +the third and fourth metacarpal bones distally and to the radius or ulna +proximally. The flexor carpi radialis can then be joined up with the +extensor digitorum communis by passing its tendon through an aperture in +the interosseous membrane, or better still, through the pronator +quadratus, as there is less likelihood of the formation of adhesions +when the tendon passes through muscle than through interosseous +membrane. The palmaris longus is anastomosed with the abductor pollicis +longus (extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis), thus securing a fair amount +of abduction of the thumb. The flexor carpi ulnaris may also be +anastomosed with the common extensor of the fingers. The extensors of +the wrist may be shortened, so as to place the hand in the position of +dorsal flexion, and thus improve the attitude and grasp of the hand. + +_The superficial branch of the radial_ (radial nerve) _and the deep +branch_ (posterior interosseous), apart from suffering in lesions of the +radial, are liable to be contused or torn is dislocation of the head of +the radius, and in fracture of the neck of the bone. The deep branch may +be divided as it passes through the supinator in operations on old +fractures and dislocations in the region of the elbow. Division of the +superficial branch in the upper two-thirds of the forearm produces no +loss of sensibility; division in the lower third after the nerve has +become associated with branches from the musculo-cutaneous is followed +by a loss of sensibility on the radial side of the hand and thumb. Wounds +on the dorsal surface of the wrist and forearm are often followed by +loss of sensibility over a larger area, because the musculo-cutaneous +nerve is divided as well, and some of the fibres of the lower lateral +cutaneous branch of the radial. + +[Illustration: FIG. 91.--To illustrate the Loss of Sensation produced by +Division of the Median Nerve. The area of complete cutaneous +insensibility is shaded black. The parts insensitive to light touch and +to intermediate degrees of temperature are enclosed within the dotted +line. + +(After Head and Sherren.)] + +#The Median Nerve# is most frequently injured in wounds made by broken +glass in the region of the wrist. It may also be injured in fractures of +the lower end of the humerus, in fractures of both bones of the forearm, +and as a result of pressure by splints. After _division at the elbow_, +there is impairment of mobility which affects the thumb, and to a less +extent the index finger: the terminal phalanx of the thumb cannot be +flexed owing to the paralysis of the flexor pollicis longus, and the +index can only be flexed at its metacarpo-phalangeal joint by the +interosseous muscles attached to it. Pronation of the forearm is feeble, +and is completed by the weight of the hand. After _division at the +wrist_, the abductor-opponens group of muscles and the two lateral +lumbricals only are affected; the abduction of the thumb can be feebly +imitated by the short extensor and the long abductor (ext. ossis +metacarpi pollicis), while opposition may be simulated by contraction of +the long flexor and the short abductor of the thumb; the paralysis of +the two medial lumbricals produces no symptoms that can be recognised. +It is important to remember that when the median nerve is divided at the +wrist, deep touch can be appreciated over the whole of the area +supplied by the nerve; the injury, therefore, is liable to be over +looked. If, however, the tendons are divided as well as the nerve, there +is insensibility to deep touch. The areas of epicritic and of +protopathic insensibility are illustrated in Fig. 91. The division of +the nerve at the elbow, or even at the axilla, does not increase the +extent of the loss of epicritic or protopathic sensibility, but usually +affects deep sensibility. + +[Illustration: FIG. 92.--To illustrate Loss of Sensation produced by +complete Division of Ulnar Nerve. Loss of all forms of cutaneous +sensibility is represented by the shaded area. The parts insensitive to +light touch and to intermediate degrees of heat and cold are enclosed +within the dotted line. + +(Head and Sherren.)] + +#The Ulnar Nerve.#--The most common injury of this nerve is its division +in transverse accidental wounds just above the wrist. In the arm it may +be contused, along with the radial, in crutch paralysis; in the region +of the elbow it may be injured in fractures or dislocations, or it may +be accidentally divided in the operation for excising the elbow-joint. + +When it is injured _at or above the elbow_, there is paralysis of the +flexor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus, +all the interossei, the two medial lumbricals, and the adductors of the +thumb. The hand assumes a characteristic attitude: the index and middle +fingers are extended at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints owing to +paralysis of the interosseous muscles attached to them; the little and +ring fingers are hyper-extended at these joints in consequence of the +paralysis of the lumbricals; all the fingers are flexed at the +inter-phalangeal joints, the flexion being most marked in the little and +ring fingers--claw-hand or _main en griffe_. On flexing the wrist, the +hand is tilted to the radial side, but the paralysis of the flexor carpi +ulnaris is often compensated for by the action of the palmaris longus. +The little and ring fingers can be flexed to a slight degree by the +slips of the flexor sublimis attached to them and supplied by the median +nerve; flexion of the terminal phalanx of the little finger is almost +impossible. Adduction and abduction movements of the fingers are lost. +Adduction of the thumb is carried out, not by the paralysed adductor +pollicis, but the movement may be simulated by the long flexor and +extensor muscles of the thumb. Epicritic sensibility is lost over the +little finger, the ulnar half of the ring finger, and that part of the +palm and dorsum of the hand to the ulnar side of a line drawn +longitudinally through the ring finger and continued upwards. +Protopathic sensibility is lost over an area which varies in different +cases. Deep sensibility is usually lost over an area almost as extensive +as that of protopathic insensibility. + +When the nerve is _divided at the wrist_, the adjacent tendons are also +frequently severed. If divided below the point at which its dorsal +branch is given off, the sensory paralysis is much less marked, and the +injury is therefore liable to be overlooked until the wasting of muscles +and typical _main en griffe_ ensue. The loss of sensibility after +division of the nerve before the dorsal branch is given off resembles +that after division at the elbow, except that in uncomplicated cases +deep sensibility is usually retained. If the tendons are divided as +well, however, deep touch is also lost. + +Care must be taken in all these injuries to prevent deformity; a splint +must be worn, at least during the night, until the muscles regain their +power of voluntary movement, and then exercises should be instituted. + +#Dislocation of the ulnar nerve# at the elbow results from sudden and +violent flexion of the joint, the muscular effort causing stretching or +laceration of the fascia that holds the nerve in its groove; it is +predisposed to if the groove is shallow as a result of imperfect +development of the medial condyle of the humerus, and by cubitus valgus. + +The nerve slips forward, and may be felt lying on the medial aspect of +the condyle. It may retain this position, or it may slip backwards and +forwards with the movements of the arm. The symptoms at the time of the +displacement are some disability at the elbow, and pain and tingling +along the nerve, which are exaggerated by movement and by pressure. The +symptoms may subside altogether, or a neuritis may develop, with severe +pain shooting up the nerve. + +The dislocated nerve is easily replaced, but is difficult to retain in +position. In recent cases the arm may be placed in the extended position +with a pad over the condyle, care being taken to avoid pressure on the +nerve. Failing relief, it is better to make a bed for the nerve by +dividing the deep fascia behind the medial condyle and to stitch the +edges of the fascia over the nerve. This operation has been successful +in all the recorded cases. + +#The Sciatic Nerve.#--When this nerve is compressed, as by sitting on a +fence, there is tingling and powerlessness in the limb as a whole, known +as "sleeping" of the limb, but these phenomena are evanescent. _Injuries +to the great sciatic nerve_ are rare except in war. Partial division is +more common than complete, and it is noteworthy that the fibres destined +for the peroneal nerve are more often and more severely injured than +those for the tibial (internal popliteal). After complete division, all +the muscles of the leg are paralysed; if the section is in the upper +part of the thigh, the hamstrings are also paralysed. The limb is at +first quite powerless, but the patient usually recovers sufficiently to +be able to walk with a little support, and although the hamstrings are +paralysed the knee can be flexed by the sartorius and gracilis. The +chief feature is drop-foot. There is also loss of sensation below the +knee except along the course of the long saphenous nerve on the medial +side of the leg and foot. Sensibility to deep touch is only lost over a +comparatively small area on the dorsum of the foot. + +#The Common Peroneal (external popliteal) nerve# is exposed to injury +where it winds round the neck of the fibula, because it is superficial +and lies against the unyielding bone. It may be compressed by a +tourniquet, or it may be bruised or torn in fractures of the upper end +of the bone. It has been divided in accidental wounds,--by a scythe, for +example,--in incising for cellulitis, and in performing subcutaneous +tenotomy of the biceps tendon. Cases have been observed of paralysis of +the nerve as a result of prolonged acute flexion of the knee in certain +occupations. + +When the nerve is divided, the most obvious result is "drop-foot"; the +patient is unable to dorsiflex the foot and cannot lift his toes off the +ground, so that in walking he is obliged to jerk the foot forwards and +laterally. The loss of sensibility depends upon whether the nerve is +divided above or below the origin of the large cutaneous branch which +comes off just before it passes round the neck of the fibula. In course +of time the foot becomes inverted and the toes are pointed--pes +equino-varus--and trophic sores are liable to form. + +#The Tibial (internal popliteal) nerve# is rarely injured. + +#The Cranial nerves# are considered with affections of the head and neck +(Vol. II.). + + +NEURALGIA + +The term neuralgia is applied clinically to any pain which follows the +course of a nerve, and is not referable to any discoverable cause. It +should not be applied to pain which results from pressure on a nerve by +a tumour, a mass of callus, an aneurysm, or by any similar gross lesion. +We shall only consider here those forms of neuralgia which are amenable +to surgical treatment. + +#Brachial Neuralgia.#--The pain is definitely located in the +distribution of one of the branches or nerve roots, is often +intermittent, and is usually associated with tingling and disturbance of +tactile sensation. The root of the neck should be examined to exclude +pressure as the cause of the pain by a cervical rib, a tumour, or an +aneurysm. When medical treatment fails, the nerve-trunks may be injected +with saline solution or recourse may be had to operative measures, the +affected cords being exposed and stretched through an incision in the +posterior triangle of the neck. If this fails to give relief, the more +serious operation of resecting the posterior roots of the affected +nerves within the vertebral canal may be considered. + +_Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve_--#sciatica#--is the most common form of +neuralgia met with in surgical practice. + +It is chiefly met with in adults of gouty or rheumatic tendencies who +suffer from indigestion, constipation, and oxaluria--in fact, the same +type of patients who are liable to lumbago, and the two affections are +frequently associated. In hospital practice it is commonly met with in +coal-miners and others who assume a squatting position at work. The +onset of the pain may follow over-exertion and exposure to cold and wet, +especially in those who do not take regular exercise. Any error of diet +or indulgence in beer or wine may contribute to its development. + +The essential symptom is paroxysmal or continuous pain along the course +of the nerve in the buttock, thigh, or leg. It may be comparatively +slight, or it may be so severe as to prevent sleep. It is aggravated by +movement, so that the patient walks lame or is obliged to lie up. It is +aggravated also by any movement which tends to put the nerve on the +stretch, as in bending down to put on the shoes, such movements also +causing tingling down the nerve, and sometimes numbness in the foot. +This may be demonstrated by flexing the thigh on the abdomen, the knee +being kept extended; there is no pain if the same manoeuvre is repeated +with the knee flexed. The nerve is sensitive to pressure, the most +tender points being its emergence from the greater sciatic foramen, the +hollow between the trochanter and the ischial tuberosity, and where the +common peroneal nerve winds round the neck of the fibula. The muscles of +the thigh are often wasted and are liable to twitch. + +The clinical features vary a good deal in different cases; the affection +is often obstinate, and may last for many weeks or even months. + +In the sciatica that results from neuritis and perineuritis, there is +marked tenderness on pressure due to the involvement of the nerve +filaments in the sheath of the nerve, and there may be patches of +cutaneous anaesthesia, loss of tendon reflexes, localised wasting of +muscles, and vaso-motor and trophic changes. The presence of the +reaction of degeneration confirms the diagnosis of neuritis. In +long-standing cases the pain and discomfort may lead to a postural +scoliosis (_ischias-scoliotica_). + +_Diagnosis._--Pain referred along the course of the sciatic nerve on one +side, or, as is sometimes the case, on both sides, is a symptom of +tumours of the uterus, the rectum, or the pelvic bones. It may result +also from the pressure of an abscess or an aneurysm either inside the +pelvis or in the buttock, and is sometimes associated with disease of +the spinal medulla, such as tabes. Gluteal fibrositis may be mistaken +for sciatica. It is also necessary to exclude such conditions as disease +in the hip or sacro-iliac joint, especially tuberculous disease and +arthritis deformans, before arriving at a diagnosis of sciatica. A +digital examination of the rectum or vagina is of great value in +excluding intra-pelvic tumours. + +_Treatment_ is both general and local. Any constitutional tendency, such +as gout or rheumatism, must be counteracted, and indigestion, oxaluria, +and constipation should receive appropriate treatment. In acute cases +the patient is confined to bed between blankets, the limb is wrapped in +thermogene wool, and the knee is flexed over a pillow; in some cases +relief is experienced from the use of a long splint, or slinging the leg +in a Salter's cradle. A rubber hot-bottle may be applied over the seat +of greatest pain. The bowels should be well opened by castor oil or by +calomel followed by a saline. Salicylate of soda in full doses, or +aspirin, usually proves effectual in relieving pain, but when this is +very intense it may call for injections of heroin or morphin. Potassium +iodide is of benefit in chronic cases. + +Relief usually results from bathing, douching, and massage, and from +repeated gentle stretching of the nerve. This may be carried out by +passive movements of the limb--the hip being flexed while the knee is +kept extended; and by active movements--the patient flexing the limb at +the hip, the knee being maintained in the extended position. These +exercises, which may be preceded by massage, are carried out night and +morning, and should be practised systematically by those who are liable +to sciatica. + +Benefit has followed the injection into the nerve itself, or into the +tissues surrounding it, of normal saline solution; from 70-100 c.c. are +injected at one time. If the pain recurs, the injection may require to +be repeated on many occasions at different points up and down the nerve. +Needling or acupuncture consists in piercing the nerve at intervals in +the buttock and thigh with long steel needles. Six or eight needles are +inserted and left in position for from fifteen to thirty minutes. + +In obstinate and severe cases the nerve may be _forcibly stretched_. +This may be done bloodlessly by placing the patient on his back with the +hip flexed to a right angle, and then gradually extending the knee until +it is in a straight line with the thigh (Billroth). A general anaesthetic +is usually required. A more effectual method is to expose the nerve +through an incision at the fold of the buttock, and forcibly pull upon +it. This operation is most successful when the pain is due to the nerve +being involved in adhesions. + +#Trigeminal Neuralgia.#--A severe form of epileptiform neuralgia occurs +in the branches of the fifth nerve, and is one of the most painful +affections to which human flesh is liable. So far as its pathology is +known, it is believed to be due to degenerative changes in the semilunar +(Gasserian) ganglion. It is met with in adults, is almost invariably +unilateral, and develops without apparent cause. The pain, which occurs +in paroxysms, is at first of moderate severity, but gradually becomes +agonising. In the early stages the paroxysms occur at wide intervals, +but later they recur with such frequency as to be almost continuous. +They are usually excited by some trivial cause, such as moving the jaws +in eating or speaking, touching the face as in washing, or exposure to a +draught of cold air. Between the paroxysms the patient is free from +pain, but is in constant terror of its return, and the face wears an +expression of extreme suffering and anxiety. When the paroxysm is +accompanied by twitching of the facial muscles, it is called _spasmodic +tic_. + +The skin of the affected area may be glazed and red, or may be pale and +moist with inspissated sweat, the patient not daring to touch or wash +it. + +There is excessive tenderness at the points of emergence of the +different branches on the face, and pressure over one or other of these +points may excite a paroxysm. In typical cases the patient is unable to +take any active part in life. The attempt to eat is attended with such +severe pain that he avoids taking food. In some cases the suffering is +so great that the patient only obtains sleep by the use of hypnotics, +and he is often on the verge of suicide. + +_Diagnosis._--There is seldom any difficulty in recognising the disease. +It is important, however, to exclude the hysterical form of neuralgia, +which is characterised by its occurrence earlier in life, by the pain +varying in situation, being frequently bilateral, and being more often +constant than paroxysmal. + +_Treatment._--Before having recourse to the measures described below, it +is advisable to give a thorough trial to the medical measures used in +the treatment of neuralgia. + +_The Injection of Alcohol into the Nerve._--The alcohol acts by +destroying the nerve fibres, and must be brought into direct contact +with them; if the nerve has been properly struck the injection is +followed by complete anaesthesia in the distribution of the nerve. The +relief may last for from six months to three years; if the pain returns, +the injection may be repeated. The strength of the alcohol should be 85 +per cent., and the amount injected about 2 c.c.; a general, or +preferably a local, anaesthetic (novocain) should be employed +(Schlosser); the needle is 8 cm. long, and 0.7 mm. in diameter. The +severe pain which the alcohol causes may be lessened, after the needle +has penetrated to the necessary depth, by passing a few cubic +centimetres of a 2 per cent. solution of _novocain-suprarenin_ through +it before the alcohol is injected. The treatment by injection of alcohol +is superior to the resection of branches of the nerve, for though +relapses occur after the treatment with alcohol, renewed freedom from +pain may be obtained by its repetition. The ophthalmic division should +not, however, be treated in this manner, for the alcohol may escape into +the orbit and endanger other nerves in this region. Harris recommends +the injection of alcohol into the semilunar ganglion. + +_Operative Treatment._--This consists in the removal of the affected +nerve or nerves, either by resection--_neurectomy_; or by a combination +of resection with twisting or tearing of the nerve from its central +connections--_avulsion_. To prevent the regeneration of the nerve after +these operations, the canal of exit through the bone should be +obliterated; this is best accomplished by a silver screw-nail driven +home by an ordinary screw-driver (Charles H. Mayo). + +When the neuralgia involves branches of two or of all three trunks, or +when it has recurred after temporary relief following resection of +individual branches, the _removal of the semilunar ganglion_, along with +the main trunks of the maxillary and mandibular divisions, should be +considered. + +The operation is a difficult and serious one, but the results are +satisfactory so far as the cure of the neuralgia is concerned. There is +little or no disability from the unilateral paralysis of the muscles of +mastication; but on account of the insensitiveness of the cornea, the +eye must be protected from irritation, especially during the first month +or two after the operation; this may be done by fixing a large +watch-glass around the edge of the orbit with adhesive plaster. + +If the ophthalmic branch is not involved, neither it nor the ganglion +should be interfered with; the maxillary and mandibular divisions should +be divided within the skull, and the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale +obliterated. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE + + +Structure of skin--_Blisters_--_Callosities_--_Corns_--_Chilblains_ + --_Boils_--_Carbuncle_--_Abscess_--_Veldt sores_--Tuberculosis of + skin: _Inoculation tubercle_--_Lupus_: _Varieties_--Sporotrichosis + --Elephantiasis--Sebaceous cysts or wens--Moles--Horns--New growths: + _Fibroma_; _Papilloma_; _Adenoma_; _Epithelioma_; _Rodent cancer_; + _Melanotic cancer_; _Sarcoma_--AFFECTIONS OF CICATRICES--_Varieties + of scars_--_Keloid_--_Tumours_--AFFECTIONS OF NAILS. + +#Structure of Skin.#--The skin is composed of a superficial cellular +layer--the epidermis, and the corium or true skin. The _epidermis_ is +differentiated from without inwards into the stratum corneum, the +stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, and the rete Malpighii or +germinal layer, from which all the others are developed. The _corium_ or +_true skin_ consists of connective tissue, in which ramify the blood +vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. That part of the corium immediately +adjoining the epidermis is known as the papillary portion, and contains +the terminal loops of the cutaneous blood vessels and the terminations +of the cutaneous nerves. The deeper portion of the true skin is known as +the reticular portion, and is largely composed of adipose tissue. + +#Blisters# result from the exudation of serous fluid beneath the horny +layer of the epidermis. The fluid may be clear, as in the blisters of a +recent burn, or blood-stained, as in the blisters commonly accompanying +fractures of the leg. It may become purulent as a result of infection, +and this may be the starting-point of lymphangitis or cellulitis. + +The skin should be disinfected and the blisters punctured. When +infected, the separated horny layer must be cut away with scissors to +allow of the necessary purification. + +#Callosities# are prominent, indurated masses of the horny layer of the +epidermis, where it has been exposed to prolonged friction and pressure. +They occur on the fingers and hand as a result of certain occupations +and sports, but are most common under the balls of the toes or heel. A +bursa may form beneath a callosity, and if it becomes inflamed may cause +considerable suffering; if suppuration ensues, a sinus may form, +resembling a perforating ulcer of the foot. + +The _treatment_ of callosities on the foot consists in removing pressure +by wearing properly fitting boots, and in applying a ring pad around the +callosity; another method is to fit a sock of spongiopilene with a hole +cut out opposite the callosity. After soaking in hot water, the +overgrown horny layer is pared away, and the part painted daily with a +saturated solution of salicylic acid in flexile collodion. + +[Illustration: FIG. 93.--Callosities and Corns on the Sole and Plantar +Aspect of the Toes in a woman who was also the subject of flat-foot.] + +#Corns.#--A corn is a localised overgrowth of the horny layer of the +epidermis, which grows downwards, pressing upon and displacing the +sensitive papillae of the corium. Corns are due to the friction and +pressure of ill-fitting boots, and are met with chiefly on the toes and +sole of the foot. A corn is usually hard, dry, and white; but it may be +sodden from moisture, as in "soft corns" between the toes. A bursa may +form beneath a corn, and if inflamed constitutes one form of bunion. +When suppuration takes place in relation to a corn, there is great pain +and disability, and it may prove the starting-point of lymphangitis. + +The _treatment_ consists in the wearing of properly fitting boots and +stockings, and, if the symptoms persist, the corn should be removed. +This is done after the manner of chiropodists by digging out the corn +with a suitably shaped knife. A more radical procedure is to excise, +under local anaesthesia, the portion of skin containing the corn and +the underlying bursa. The majority of so-called corn solvents consist of +a solution of salicylic acid in collodion; if this is painted on daily, +the epidermis dies and can then be pared away. The unskilful paring of +corns may determine the occurrence of senile gangrene in those who are +predisposed to it by disease of the arteries. + +[Illustration: FIG. 94.--Ulcerated Chilblains on Fingers of a Child.] + +#Chilblains.#--Chilblain or _erythema pernio_ is a vascular disturbance +resulting from the alternate action of cold and heat on the distal parts +of the body. Chilblains are met with chiefly on the fingers and toes in +children and anaemic girls. In the mild form there is a sensation of +burning and itching, the part becomes swollen, of a dusky red colour, +and the skin is tense and shiny. In more severe cases the burning and +itching are attended with pain, and the skin becomes of a violet or +wine-red colour. There is a third degree, closely approaching +frost-bite, in which the skin tends to blister and give way, leaving an +indolent raw surface popularly known as a "broken chilblain." + +Those liable to chilblains should take open-air exercise, nourishing +food, cod-liver oil, and tonics. Woollen stockings and gloves should be +worn in cold weather, and sudden changes of temperature avoided. The +symptoms may be relieved by ichthyol ointment, glycerin and belladonna, +or a mixture of Venice turpentine, castor oil, and collodion applied on +lint which is wrapped round the toe. Another favourite application is +one of equal parts of tincture of capsicum and compound liniment of +camphor, painted over the area night and morning. Balsam of Peru or +resin ointment spread on gauze should be applied to broken chilblains. +The most effective treatment is Bier's bandage applied for about six +hours twice daily; it can be worn while the patient is following his +occupation; in chronic cases this may be supplemented with hot-air +baths. + +#Boils and Carbuncles.#--These result from infection with the +staphylococcus aureus, which enters the orifices of the ducts of the +skin under the influence of friction and pressure, as was demonstrated +by the well-known experiment of Garre, who produced a crop of pustules +and boils on his own forearm by rubbing in a culture of the +staphylococcus aureus. + +A #boil# results when the infection is located in a hair follicle or +sebaceous gland. A hard, painful, conical swelling develops, to which, +so long as the skin retains its normal appearance, the term "blind +boil" is applied. Usually, however, the skin becomes red, and after a +time breaks, giving exit to a drop or two of thick pus. After an +interval of from six to ten days a soft white slough is discharged; this +is known as the "core," and consists of the necrosed hair follicle or +sebaceous gland. After the separation of the core the boil heals +rapidly, leaving a small depressed scar. + +Boils are most frequently met with on the back of the neck and the +buttocks, and on other parts where the skin is coarse and thick and is +exposed to friction and pressure. The occurrence of a number or a +succession of boils is due to spread of the infection, the cocci from +the original boil obtaining access to adjacent hair follicles. The +spread of boils may be unwittingly promoted by the use of a domestic +poultice or the wearing of infected underclothing. + +While boils are frequently met with in debilitated persons, and +particularly in those suffering from diabetes or Bright's disease, they +also occur in those who enjoy vigorous health. They seldom prove +dangerous to life except in diabetic subjects, but when they occur on +the face there is a risk of lymphatic and of general pyogenic infection. +Boils may be differentiated from syphilitic lesions of the skin by +their acute onset and progress, and by the absence of other evidence of +syphilis; and from the malignant or anthrax pustule by the absence of +the central black eschar and of the circumstances which attend upon +anthrax infection. + +_Treatment._--The skin of the affected area should be painted with +iodine, and a Klapp's suction bell applied thrice daily. If pus forms, +the skin is frozen with ethyl-chloride and a small incision made, after +which the application of the suction bell is persevered with. The +further treatment consists in the use of diluted boracic or resin +ointment. In multiple boils on the trunk and limbs, lysol or boracic +baths are of service; the underclothing should be frequently changed, +and that which is discarded must be disinfected. In patients with +recurrence of boils about the neck, re-infection frequently takes place +from the scalp, to which therefore treatment should be directed. + +Any impaired condition of health should be corrected; when, there is +sugar or albumen in the urine the conditions on which these depend must +receive appropriate treatment. When there are successive crops of boils, +recourse should be had to vaccines. In refractory cases benefit has +followed the subcutaneous injection of lipoid solution containing tin. + +#Carbuncle# may be looked upon as an aggregation of boils, and is +characterised by a densely hard base and a brownish-red discoloration of +the skin. It is usually about the size of a crown-piece, but it may +continue to enlarge until it attains the size of a dinner-plate. The +patient is ill and feverish, and the pain may be so severe as to prevent +sleep. As time goes on several points of suppuration appear, and when +these burst there are formed a number of openings in the skin, giving it +a cribriform appearance; these openings exude pus. The different +openings ultimately fuse and the large adherent greyish-white slough is +exposed. The separation of the slough is a tedious process, and the +patient may become exhausted by pain, discharge, and toxin absorption. +When the slough is finally thrown off, a deep gap is left, which takes a +long time to heal. A large carbuncle is a grave disease, especially in a +weakly person suffering from diabetes or chronic alcoholism; we have on +several occasions seen diabetic coma supervene and the patient die +without recovering consciousness. In the majority of cases the patient +is laid aside for several months. It is most common in male adults over +forty years of age, and is usually situated on the back between the +shoulders. When it occurs on the face or anterior part of the neck it is +especially dangerous, because of the greater risk of dissemination of +the infection. + +A carbuncle is to be differentiated from an ulcerated gumma and from +anthrax pustule. + +[Illustration: FIG. 95.--Carbuncle of seventeen days' duration in a +woman aet. 57.] + +_Treatment._--Pain is relieved by full doses of opium or codein, and +these drugs are specially indicated when sugar is present in the urine. +Vaccines may be given a trial. The diet should be liberal and easily +digested, and strychnin and other stimulants may be of service. Locally +the treatment is carried out on the same lines as for boils. + +In some cases it is advisable to excise the carbuncle or to make +incisions across it in different directions, so that the resulting wound +presents a stellate appearance. + +#Acute Abscesses of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue in Young +Children.#--In young infants, abscesses are not infrequently met with +scattered over the trunk and limbs, and are probably the result of +infection of the sebaceous glands from dirty underclothing. The +abscesses should be opened, and the further spread of infection +prevented by cleansing of the skin and by the use of clean under-linen. +Similar abscesses are met with on the scalp in association with eczema, +impetigo, and pediculosis. + +#Veldt Sore.#--This sore usually originates in an abrasion of the +epidermis, such as a sun blister, the bite of an insect, or a scratch. A +pustule forms and bursts, and a brownish-yellow scab forms over it. When +this is removed, an ulcer is left which has little tendency to heal. +These sores are most common about the hands, arms, neck, and feet, and +are most apt to occur in those who have had no opportunities of washing, +and who have lived for a long time on tinned foods. + +#Tuberculosis of the Skin.#--Interest attaches chiefly to the primary +forms of tuberculosis of the skin in which the bacilli penetrate from +without--inoculation tubercle and lupus. + +#Inoculation Tubercle.#--The appearances vary with the conditions under +which the inoculation takes place. As observed on the fingers of adults, +the affection takes the form of an indolent painless swelling, the +epidermis being red and glazed, or warty, and irregularly fissured. +Sometimes the epidermis gives way, forming an ulcer with flabby +granulations. The infection rarely spreads to the lymphatics, but we +have seen inoculation tubercle of the index-finger followed by a large +cold abscess on the median side of the upper arm and by a huge mass of +breaking down glands in the axilla. + +In children who run about barefooted in towns, tubercle may be +inoculated into wounds in the sole or about the toes, and although the +local appearances may not be characteristic, the nature of the infection +is revealed by its tendency to spread up the limb along the lymph +vessels, giving rise to abscesses and fungating ulcers in relation to +the femoral glands. + +#Tuberculous Lupus.#--This is an extremely chronic affection of the +skin. It rarely extends to the lymph glands, and of all tuberculous +lesions is the least dangerous to life. The commonest form of +lupus--_lupus vulgaris_--usually commences in childhood or youth, and is +most often met with on the nose or cheek. The early and typical +appearance is that of brownish-yellow or pink nodules in the skin, about +the size of hemp seed. Healing frequently occurs in the centre of the +affected area while the disease continues to extend at the margin. + +When there is actual destruction of tissue and ulceration--the so-called +"_lupus excedens_" or "_ulcerans_"--healing is attended with +cicatricial contraction, which may cause unsightly deformity. When the +cheek is affected, the lower eyelid may be drawn down and everted; when +the lips are affected, the mouth may be distorted or seriously +diminished in size. When the nose is attacked, both the skin and mucous +surfaces are usually involved, and the nasal orifices may be narrowed or +even obliterated; sometimes the soft parts, including the cartilages, +are destroyed, leaving only the bones covered by tightly stretched scar +tissue. + +The disease progresses slowly, healing in some places and spreading at +others. The patient complains of a burning sensation, but little of +pain, and is chiefly concerned about the disfigurement. Nothing is more +characteristic of lupus than the appearance of fresh nodules in parts +which have already healed. In the course of years large tracts of the +face and neck may become affected. From the lips it may spread to the +gum and palate, giving to the mucous membrane the appearance of a +raised, bright-red, papillary or villous surface. When the disease +affects the gums, the teeth may become loose and fall out. + +[Illustration: FIG. 96.--Tuberculous Elephantiasis in a woman aet. 35.] + +On parts of the body other than the face, the disease is even more +chronic, and is often attended with a considerable production of dense +fibrous tissue--the so-called _fibroid lupus_. Sometimes there is a +warty thickening of the epidermis--_lupus verrucosus_. In the fingers +and toes it may lead to a progressive destruction of tissue like that +observed in leprosy, and from the resulting loss of portions of the +digits it has been called _lupus mutilans_. In the lower extremity a +remarkable form of the disease is sometimes met with, to which the term +_lupus elephantiasis_ (Fig. 96) has been applied. It commences as an +ordinary lupus of the toes or dorsum of the foot, from which the +tuberculous infection spreads to the lymph vessels, and the limb as a +whole becomes enormously swollen and unshapely. + +Finally, a long-standing lupus, especially on the cheek, may become the +seat of epithelioma--_lupus epithelioma_--usually of the exuberant or +cauliflower type, which, like other epitheliomas that originate in scar +tissue, presents little tendency to infect the lymphatics. + +The _diagnosis_ of lupus is founded on the chronic progress and long +duration, and the central scarring with peripheral extension of the +disease. On the face it is most liable to be confused with syphilis and +with rodent cancer. The syphilitic lesion belongs to the tertiary +period, and although presenting a superficial resemblance to +tuberculosis, its progress is more rapid, so that within a few months it +may involve an area of skin as wide as would be affected by lupus in as +many years. Further, it readily yields to anti-syphilitic treatment. In +cases of tertiary syphilis in which the nose is destroyed, it will be +noticed that the bones have suffered most, while in lupus the +destruction of tissue involves chiefly the soft parts. + +Rodent cancer is liable to be mistaken for lupus, because it affects the +same parts of the face; it is equally chronic, and may partly heal. It +begins later in life, however, the margin of the ulcer is more sharply +defined, and often presents a "rolled" appearance. + +_Treatment._--When the disease is confined to a limited area, the most +rapid and certain cure is obtained by _excision_; larger areas are +scraped with the sharp spoon. The _ray treatment_ includes the use of +luminous, Rontgen, or radium rays, and possesses the advantage of being +comparatively painless and of being followed by the least amount of +scarring and deformity. + +Encouraging results have also been obtained by the application of carbon +dioxide snow. + +#Multiple subcutaneous tuberculous nodules# are met with chiefly in +children. They are indolent and painless, and rarely attract attention +until they break down and form abscesses, which are usually about the +size of a cherry, and when these burst sinuses or ulcers result. If the +overlying skin is still intact, the best treatment is excision. If the +abscess has already infected the skin, each focus should be scraped and +packed. + +#Sporotrichosis# is a mycotic infection due to the sporothrix Shenkii. +It presents so many features resembling syphilis and tubercle that it is +frequently mistaken for one or other of these affections. It occurs +chiefly in males between fifteen and forty-five, who are farmers, fruit +and vegetable dealers, or florists. There is usually a history of trauma +of the nature of a scratch or a cut, and after a long incubation period +there develop a series of small, hard, round nodules in the skin and +subcutaneous tissue which, without pain or temperature, soften into +cold abscesses and leave indolent ulcers or sinuses. The infection is +of slow progress and follows the course of the lymphatics. From the +gelatinous pus the organism is cultivated without difficulty, and this +is the essential step in arriving at a diagnosis. The disease yields in +a few weeks to full doses of iodide of potassium. + +#Elephantiasis.#--This term is applied to an excessive enlargement of a +part depending upon an overgrowth of the skin and subcutaneous cellular +tissue, and it may result from a number of causes, acting independently +or in combination. The condition is observed chiefly in the extremities +and in the external organs of generation. + +_Elephantiasis from Lymphatic or Venous Obstruction._--Of this the +best-known example is _tropical elephantiasis_ (E. arabum), which is +endemic in Samoa, Barbadoes, and other places. It attacks the lower +extremity or the genitals in either sex (Figs. 97, 98). The disease is +usually ushered in with fever, and signs of lymphangitis in the part +affected. After a number of such attacks, the lymph vessels appear to +become obliterated, and the skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue, being +bathed in stagnant lymph--which possibly contains the products of +streptococci--take on an overgrowth, which continues until the part +assumes gigantic proportions. In certain cases the lymph trunks have +been found to be blocked with the parent worms of the filaria Bancrofti. +Cases of elephantiasis of the lower extremity are met with in this +country in which there are no filarial parasites in the lymph vessels, +and these present features closely resembling the tropical variety, and +usually follow upon repeated attacks of lymphangitis or erysipelas. + +The part affected is enormously increased in size, and causes +inconvenience from its bulk and weight. In contrast to ordinary dropsy, +there is no pitting on pressure, and the swelling does not disappear on +elevation of the limb. The skin becomes rough and warty, and may hang +down in pendulous folds. Blisters form on the surface and yield an +abundant exudate of clear lymph. From neglect of cleanliness, the skin +becomes the seat of eczema or even of ulceration attended with foul +discharge. + +Samson Handley has sought to replace the blocked lymph vessels by +burying in the subcutaneous tissue of the swollen part a number of stout +silk threads--_lymphangioplasty_. By their capillary action they drain +the lymph to a healthy region above, and thus enable it to enter the +circulation. It has been more successful in the face and upper limb than +in the lower extremity. If the tissues are infected with pus organisms, +a course of vaccines should precede the operation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 97.--Elephantiasis in a woman aet. 45.] + +A similar type of elephantiasis may occur after extirpation of the lymph +glands in the axilla or groin; in the leg in long-standing standing +varix and phlebitis with chronic ulcer; in the arm as a result of +extensive cancerous disease of the lymphatics in the axilla secondarily +to cancer of the breast; and in extensive tuberculous disease of the +lymphatics. The last-named is chiefly observed in the lower limb in +young adult women, and from its following upon lupus of the toes or foot +it has been called _lupus elephantiasis_. The tuberculous infection +spreads slowly up the limb by way of the lymph vessels, and as these are +obliterated the skin and cellular tissues become hypertrophied, and the +surface is studded over with fungating tuberculous masses of a livid +blue colour. As the more severe forms of the disease may prove dangerous +to life by pyogenic complications inducing gangrene of the limb, the +question of amputation may have to be considered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 98.--Elephantiasis of Penis and Scrotum in native of +Demerara. + +(Mr. Annandale's case.)] + +Belonging to this group also is a form of _congenital elephantiasis_ +resulting from the circular constriction of a limb _in utero_ by +amniotic bands. + +_Elephantiasis occurring apart from lymphatic or venous obstruction_ is +illustrated by _elephantiasis nervorum_, in which there is an overgrowth +of the skin and cellular tissue of an extremity in association with +neuro-fibromatosis of the cutaneous nerves (Fig. 89); and by +_elephantiasis Graecorum_--a form of leprosy in which the skin of the +face becomes the seat of tumour-like masses consisting of leprous +nodules. It is also illustrated by _elephantiasis involving the scrotum_ +as a result of prolonged irritation by the urine in cases in which the +penis has been amputated and the urine has infiltrated the scrotal +tissues over a period of years. + +#Sebaceous Cysts.#--Atheromatous cysts or wens are formed in relation to +the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. They are commonly met with in +adults, on the scalp (Fig. 99), face, neck, back, and external genitals. +Sometimes they are multiple, and they may be met with in several members +of the same family. They are smooth, rounded, or discoid cysts, varying +in size from a split-pea to a Tangerine orange. In consistence they are +firm and elastic, or fluctuating, and are incorporated with the +overlying skin, but movable on the deeper structures. The orifice of the +partly blocked sebaceous follicle is sometimes visible, and the contents +of the cyst can be squeezed through the opening. The wall of the cyst is +composed of a connective-tissue capsule lined by stratified squamous +epithelium. The contents consist of accumulated epithelial cells, and +are at first dry and pearly white in appearance, but as a result of +fatty degeneration they break down into a greyish-yellow pultaceous and +semi-fluid material having a peculiar stale odour. It is probable that +the decomposition of the contents is the result of the presence of +bacteria, and that from the surgical point of view they should be +regarded as infective. A sebaceous cyst may remain indefinitely without +change, or may slowly increase in size, the skin over it becoming +stretched and closely adherent to the cyst wall as a result of friction +and pressure. The contents may ooze from the orifice of the duct and dry +on the skin surface, leading to the formation of a sebaceous horn +(Fig. 100). As a result of injury the cyst may undergo sudden +enlargement from haemorrhage into its interior. + +Recurrent attacks of inflammation frequently occur, especially in wens +of the face and scalp. Suppuration may ensue and be followed by cure of +the cyst, or an offensive fungating ulcer forms which may be mistaken +for epithelioma. True cancerous transformation is rare. + +Wens are to be _diagnosed_ from dermoids, from fatty tumours, and from +cold abscesses. Dermoids usually appear before adult life, and as they +nearly always lie beneath the fascia, the skin is movable over them. A +fatty tumour is movable, and is often lobulated. The confusion with a +cold abscess is most likely to occur in wens of the neck or back, and it +may be impossible without the use of an exploring needle to +differentiate between them. + +[Illustration: FIG. 99.--Multiple Sebaceous Cysts or Wens; the larger +ones are of many years' duration.] + +_Treatment._--The removal of wens is to be recommended while they are +small and freely movable, as they are then easily shelled out after +incising the overlying skin; sometimes splitting the cyst makes its +removal easier. Local anaesthesia is to be preferred. It is important +that none of the cyst wall be left behind. In large and adherent wens an +ellipse of skin is removed along with the cyst. When inflamed, it may be +impossible to dissect out the cyst, and the wall should be destroyed +with carbolic acid, the resulting wound being treated by the open +method. + +#Moles.#--The term mole is applied to a pigmented, and usually hairy, +patch of skin, present at or appearing shortly after birth. The colour +varies from brown to black, according to the amount of melanin pigment +present. The lesion consists in an overgrowth of epidermis which often +presents an alveolar arrangement. Moles vary greatly in size: some are +mere dots, others are as large as the palm of the hand, and occasionally +a mole covers half the face. In addition to being unsightly, they bleed +freely when abraded, are liable to ulcerate from friction and pressure, +and occasionally become the starting-point of melanotic cancer. Rodent +cancer sometimes originates in the slightly pigmented moles met with on +the face. Overgrowths in relation to the cutaneous nerves, especially +the plexiform neuroma, occasionally originate in pigmented moles. Soldau +believes that the pigmentation and overgrowth of the epidermis in moles +are associated with, and probably result from, a fibromatosis of the +cutaneous nerves. + +_Treatment._--The quickest way to get rid of a mole is to excise it; if +the edges of the gap cannot be brought together with sutures, recourse +should be had to grafting. In large hairy moles of the face whose size +forbids excision, radium or the X-rays should be employed. Excellent +results have been obtained by refrigeration with solid carbon dioxide. +In children and women with delicate skin, applications of from ten to +thirty seconds suffice. In persons with coarse skin an application of +one minute may be necessary, and it may have to be repeated. + +#Horns.#--The _sebaceous_ horn results from the accumulation of the +dried contents of a wen on the surface of the skin: the sebaceous +material after drying up becomes cornified, and as fresh material is +added to the base the horn increases in length (Fig. 100). The _wart_ +horn grows from a warty papilloma of the skin. _Cicatrix_ horns are +formed by the heaping up of epidermis in the scars that result from +burns. _Nail_ horns are overgrown nails (keratomata of the nail bed), +and are met with chiefly in the great toe of elderly bedridden patients. +If an ulcer forms at the base of a horn, it may prove the starting-point +of epithelioma, and for this reason, as well as for others, horns should +be removed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 100.--Sebaceous Horn growing from Auricle. + +(Dr. Kenneth Maclachan's case.)] + +#New Growths in the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue.#--The _Angioma_ has +been described with diseases of blood vessels. _Fibroma._--Various types +of fibroma occur in the skin. A soft pedunculated fibroma, about the +size of a pea, is commonly met with, especially on the neck and trunk; +it is usually solitary, and is easily removed with scissors. The +multiple, soft fibroma known as _molluscum fibrosum_, which depends upon +a neuro-fibromatosis of the cutaneous nerves, is described with the +tumours of nerves. Hard fibromas occurring singly or in groups may be +met with, especially in the skin of the buttock, and may present a local +malignancy, recurring after removal like the "recurrent fibroid" of +Paget. The "painful subcutaneous nodule" is a solitary fibroma related +to one of the cutaneous nerves. The hard fibroma known as _keloid_ is +described with the affections of scars. + +#Papilloma.#--The _common wart_ or verruca is an outgrowth of the +surface epidermis. It may be sessile or pedunculated hard or soft. The +surface may be smooth, or fissured and foliated like a cauliflower, or +it may be divided up into a number of spines. Warts are met with chiefly +on the hands, and are often multiple, occurring in clusters or in +successive crops. Multiple warts appear to result from some contagion, +the nature of which is unknown; they sometimes occur in an epidemic form +among school-children, and show a remarkable tendency to disappear +spontaneously. The solitary flat-topped wart which occurs on the face +of old people may, if irritated, become the seat of epithelioma. A warty +growth of the epidermis is a frequent accompaniment of moles and of that +variety of lupus known as _lupus verrucosus_. + +_Treatment._--In the multiple warts of children the health should be +braced up by a change to the seaside. A dusting-powder, consisting of +boracic acid with 5 per cent. salicylic acid, may be rubbed into the +hands after washing and drying. The persistent warts of young adults +should be excised after freezing with chloride of ethyl. When cutting is +objected to, they may be painted night and morning with salicylic +collodion, the epidermis being dehydrated with alcohol before each +application. + +_Venereal warts_ occur on the genitals of either sex, and may form large +cauliflower-like masses on the inner surface of the prepuce or of the +labia majora. Although frequently co-existing with gonorrhoea or +syphilis, they occur independently of these diseases, being probably +acquired by contact with another individual suffering from warts +(C. W. Cathcart). They give rise to considerable irritation and +suffering, and when cleanliness is neglected there may be an offensive +discharge. + +In the female, the cauliflower-like masses are dissected from the labia; +in the male, the prepuce is removed and the warts on the glans are +snipped off with scissors. In milder cases, the warts usually disappear +if the parts are kept absolutely dry and clean. A useful dusting-powder +is one consisting of calamine and 5 per cent. salicylic acid; the +exsiccated sulphate of iron, in the form of a powder, may be employed in +cases which resist this treatment. + +#Adenoma.#--This is a comparatively rare tumour growing from the glands +of the skin. One variety, known as the "tomato tumour," which apparently +originates from _the sweat glands_, is met with on the scalp and face in +women past middle life. These growths are often multiple; the individual +tumours vary in size, and the skin, which is almost devoid of hairs, is +glistening and tightly stretched over them. A similar tumour may occur +on the nose. The _sebaceous adenoma_, which originates from the +sebaceous glands, forms a projecting tumour on the face or scalp, and +when the skin is irritated it may ulcerate and fungate. The treatment +consists in the removal of the tumour along with the overlying skin. + +The exuberant masses on the nose known as "rhinophyma," "lipoma nasi," +or "potato nose" are of the nature of sebaceous adenoma, and are removed +by shaving them off with a knife until the normal shape of the nose is +restored Healing takes place with remarkable rapidity. + +#Cancer.#--There are several types of primary cancer of the skin, the +most important being squamous epithelioma, rodent cancer, and melanotic +cancer. + +[Illustration: FIG. 101.--Paraffin Epithelioma.] + +#Epithelioma# occurs in a variety of forms. When originating in a small +ulcer or wart-for example on the face in old people--it presents the +features of a chronic indurated ulcer. A more exuberant and rapidly +growing form of epithelial cancer, described by Hutchinson as the +_crateriform ulcer_, commences on the face as a small red pimple which +rapidly develops into an elevated mass shaped like a bee-hive, and +breaks down in the centre. Epithelioma may develop anywhere on the body +in relation to long-standing ulcers, especially that resulting from a +burn or from lupus; this form usually presents an exuberant outgrowth of +epidermis not unlike a cauliflower. An interesting example of +epithelioma has been described by Neve of Kashmir. The natives in that +province are in the habit of carrying a fire-basket suspended from the +waist, which often burns the skin and causes a chronic ulcer, and many +of these ulcers become the seat of epithelioma, due, in Neve's opinion, +to the actual contact of the sooty pan with the skin. + +The term _trade epithelioma_ has been applied to that form met with in +those who follow certain occupations, such as paraffin workers and +chimney-sweeps. The most recent member of this group is the _X-ray +carcinoma_, which is met with in those who are constantly exposed to the +irritation of the X-rays; there is first a chronic dermatitis with warty +overgrowth of the surface epithelium, pigmentation, and the formation of +fissures and warts. The trade epithelioma varies a good deal in +malignancy, but it tends to cause death in the same manner as other +epitheliomas. + +Epithelial cancer has also been observed in those who have taken arsenic +over long periods for medicinal purposes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 102.--Rodent Cancer of Inner Canthus.] + +#Rodent Cancer# (Rodent Ulcer).--This is a cancer originating in the +sweat glands or sebaceous follicles, or in the foetal residues of +cutaneous glands. The cells are small and closely packed together in +alveoli or in reticulated columns; cell nests are rare. It is remarkably +constant in its seat of origin, being nearly always located on the +lateral aspect of the nose or in the vicinity of the lower eyelid +(Fig. 102). It is rare on the trunk or limbs. It commences as a small +flattened nodule in the skin, the epidermis over it being stretched and +shining. The centre becomes depressed, while the margins extend in the +form of an elevated ridge. Sooner or later the epidermis gives way in +the centre, exposing a smooth raw surface devoid of granulations. + +[Illustration: FIG. 103.--Rodent Cancer of fifteen years' duration, +which has destroyed the contents of the Orbit. + +(Sir Montagu Cotterill's case)] + +The margin, while in parts irregular, is typically represented by a +well-defined "rolled" border which consists of the peripheral portion of +the cancer that has not broken down. The central ulcer may temporarily +heal. There is itching but little pain, and the condition progresses +extremely slowly; rodent cancers which have existed for many years are +frequently met with. The disease attacks and destroys every structure +with which it comes in contact, such as the eyelids, the walls of the +nasal cavities, and the bones of the face; hence it may produce the most +hideous deformities (Fig. 103). The patient may succumb to haemorrhage or +to infective complications such as erysipelas or meningitis. + +Secondary growths in the lymph glands, while not unknown, are extremely +rare. We have only seen them once--in a case of rodent cancer in the +groin. + +_Diagnosis._--Lupus is the disease most often mistaken for rodent +cancer. Lupus usually begins earlier in life, it presents apple-jelly +nodules, and lacks the rounded, elevated border. Syphilitic lesions +progress more rapidly, and also lack the characteristic margin. The +differentiation from squamous epithelioma is of considerable importance, +as the latter affection spreads more rapidly, involves the lymph glands +early, and is much more dangerous to life. + +_Treatment._--In rodent cancers of limited size--say less than one inch +in diameter--free excision is the most rapid and certain method of +treatment. The alternative is the application of radium or of the +Rontgen rays, which, although requiring many exposures, results in cure +with the minimum of disfigurement. If the cancer already covers an +extensive area, or has invaded the cavity of the orbit or nose, radium +or X-rays yield the best results. The effect is soon shown by the +ingrowth of healthy epithelium from the surrounding skin, and at the +same time the discharge is lessened. Good results are also reported from +the application of carbon dioxide snow, especially when this follows +upon a course of X-ray treatment. + +#Paget's disease# of the nipple is an epithelioma occurring in women +over forty years of age: a similar form of epithelioma is sometimes met +with at the umbilicus or on the genitals. + +#Melanotic Cancer.#--Under this head are included all new growths which +contain an excess of melanin pigment. Many of these were formerly +described as melanotic sarcoma. They nearly always originate in a +pigmented mole which has been subjected to irritation. The primary +growth may remain so small that its presence is not even suspected, or +it may increase in size, ulcerate, and fungate. The amount of pigment +varies: when small in amount the growth is brown, when abundant it is a +deep black. The most remarkable feature is the rapidity with which the +disease becomes disseminated along the lymphatics, the first evidence of +which is an enlargement of the lymph glands. As the primary growth is +often situated on the sole of the foot or in the matrix of the nail of +the great toe, the femoral and inguinal glands become enlarged in +succession, forming tumours much larger than the primary growth. +Sometimes the dissemination involves the lymph vessels of the limb, +forming a series of indurated pigmented cords and nodules (Fig. 104). +Lastly, the dissemination may be universal throughout the body, and this +usually occurs at a comparatively early stage. The secondary growths are +deeply pigmented, being usually of a coal-black colour, and melanin +pigment may be present in the urine. When recurrence takes place in or +near the scar left by the operation, the cancer nodules are not +necessarily pigmented. + +[Illustration: FIG. 104.--Diffuse Melanotic Cancer of Lymphatics of Skin +secondary to a Growth in the Sole of the Foot.] + +To extirpate the disease it is necessary to excise the tumour, with a +zone of healthy skin around it and a somewhat large zone of the +underlying subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia. Hogarth Pringle +recommends that a broad strip of subcutaneous fascia up to and including +the nearest anatomical group of glands should be removed with the tumour +in one continuous piece. + +#Secondary Cancer of the Skin.#--Cancer may spread to the skin from a +subjacent growth by direct continuity or by way of the lymphatics. Both +of these processes are so well illustrated in cases of mammary cancer +that they will be described in relation to that disease. + +#Sarcoma# of various types is met with in the skin. The fibroma, after +excision, may recur as a fibro-sarcoma. The alveolar sarcoma commences +as a hard lump and increases in size until the epidermis gives way and +an ulcer is formed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 105.--Melanotic Cancer of Forehead with Metastases +in Lymph Vessels and Glands. + +(Mr. D. P. D. Wilkie's case.)] + +A number of fresh tumours may spring up around the original growth. +Sometimes the primary growth appears in the form of multiple nodules +which tend to become confluent. Excision, unless performed early, is of +little avail, and in any case should be followed up by exposure to +radium. + + +AFFECTIONS OF CICATRICES + +A cicatrix or scar consists of closely packed bundles of white fibres +covered by epidermis; the skin glands and hair follicles are usually +absent. The size, shape, and level of the cicatrix depend upon the +conditions which preceded healing. + +A healthy scar, when recently formed, has a smooth, glossy surface of a +pinkish colour, which tends to become whiter as a result of obliteration +of the blood vessels concerned in its formation. + +_Weak Scars._--A scar is said to be weak when it readily breaks down as +a result of irritation or pressure. The scars resulting from severe +burns and those over amputation stumps are especially liable to break +down from trivial causes. The treatment is to excise the weak portion of +the scar and bring the edges of the gap together. + +_Contracted scars_ frequently cause deformity either by displacing +parts, such as the eyelid or lip, or by fixing parts and preventing the +normal movements--for example, a scar on the flexor aspect of a joint +may prevent extension of the forearm (Fig. 63). These are treated by +dividing the scar, correcting the deformity, and filling up the gap with +epithelial grafts, or with a flap of the whole thickness of the skin. +When deformity results from _depression of a scar_, as is not uncommon +after the healing of a sinus, the treatment is to excise the scar. +Depressed scars may be raised by the injection of paraffin into the +subcutaneous tissue. + +_Painful Scars._--Pain in relation to a scar is usually due to nerve +fibres being compressed or stretched in the cicatricial tissue; and in +some cases to ascending neuritis. The treatment consists in excising the +scar or in stretching or excising a portion of the nerve affected. + +_Pigmented or Discoloured Scars._--The best-known examples are the blue +coloration which results from coal-dust or gunpowder, the brown scars +resulting from chronic ulcer with venous congestion of the leg, and the +variously coloured scars caused by tattooing. The only satisfactory +method of getting rid of the coloration is to excise the scar; the edges +are brought together by sutures, or the raw surface is covered with +skin-grafts according to the size of the gap. + +_Hypertrophied Scars._--Scars occasionally broaden out and become +prominent, and on exposed parts this may prove a source of +disappointment after operations such as those for goitre or tuberculous +glands in the neck. There is sometimes considerable improvement from +exposure to the X-rays. + +_Keloid._--This term is applied to an overgrowth of scar tissue which +extends beyond the area of the original wound, and the name is derived +from the fact that this extension occurs in the form of radiating +processes, suggesting the claws of a crab. It is essentially a fibroma +or new growth of fibrous tissue, which commences in relation to the +walls of the smaller blood vessels; the bundles of fibrous tissue are +for the most part parallel with the surface, and the epidermis is +tightly stretched over them. It is more frequent in the negro and in +those who are, or have been, the subjects of tuberculous disease. + +[Illustration: FIG. 106.--Recurrent Keloid in scar left by operation for +tuberculous glands in a girl aet. 7.] + +Keloid may attack scars of any kind, such as those resulting from +leech-bites, acne pustules, boils or blisters; those resulting from +operation or accidental wounds; and the scars resulting from burns, +especially when situated over the sternum, appear to be specially +liable. The scar becomes more and more conspicuous, is elevated above +the surface, of a pinkish or brownish-pink pink colour, and sends out +irregular prolongations around its margins. The patient may complain of +itching and burning, and of great sensitiveness of the scar, even to +contact with the clothing. + +There is a natural hesitation to excise keloid because of the fear of +its returning in the new scar. The application of radium is, so far as +we know, the only means of preventing such return. The irritation +associated with keloid may be relieved by the application of salicylic +collodion or of salicylic and creosote plaster. + +_Epithelioma_ is liable to attack scars in old people, especially those +which result from burns sustained early in childhood and have never +really healed. From the absence of lymphatics in scar tissue, the +disease does not spread to the glands until it has invaded the tissues +outside the scar; the prognosis is therefore better than in epithelioma +in general. It should be excised widely; in the lower extremity when +there is also extensive destruction of tissue from an antecedent chronic +ulcer or osteomyelitis, it may be better to amputate the limb. + + +AFFECTION OF THE NAILS + +_Injuries._--When a nail is contused or crushed, blood is extravasated +beneath it, and the nail is usually shed, a new one growing in its +place. A splinter driven underneath the nail causes great pain, and if +organisms are carried in along with it, may give rise to infective +complications. The free edge of the nail should be clipped away to allow +of the removal of the foreign body and the necessary disinfection. + +_Trophic Changes._--The growth of the nails may be interfered with in +any disturbance of the general health. In nerve lesions, such as a +divided nerve-trunk, the nails are apt to suffer, becoming curved, +brittle, or furrowed, or they may be shed. + +_Onychia_ is the term applied to an infection of the soft parts around +the nail or of the matrix beneath it. The commonest form of onychia has +already been referred to with whitlow. There is a superficial variety +resulting from the extension of a purulent blister beneath the nail +lifting it up from its bed, the pus being visible through the nail. The +nail as well as the raised horny layer of the epidermis should be +removed. A deeper and more troublesome onychia results from infection at +the nail-fold; the infection spreads slowly beneath the fold until it +reaches the matrix, and a drop or two of pus forms beneath the nail, +usually in the region of the lunule. This affection entails a +disability of the finger which may last for weeks unless it is properly +treated. Treatment by hyperaemia, using a suction bell, should first be +tried, and, failing improvement, the nail-fold and lunule should be +frozen, and a considerable portion removed with the knife; if only a +small portion of the nail is removed, the opening is blocked by +granulations springing from the matrix. A new nail is formed, but it is +liable to be misshapen. + +_Tuberculous onychia_ is met with in children and adolescents. It +appears as a livid or red swelling at the root of the nail and spreading +around its margins. The epidermis, which is thin and shiny, gives way, +and the nail is usually shed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 107.--Subungual Exostosis growing from Distal +Phalanx of Great Toe, showing Ulceration of Skin and Displacement of +Nail. + +_a._ Surface view. _b._ On section.] + +_Syphilitic_ affections of the nails assume various aspects. A primary +chancre at the edge of the nail may be mistaken for a whitlow, +especially if it is attended with much pain. Other forms of onychia +occur during secondary syphilis simultaneously with the skin eruptions, +and may prove obstinate and lead to shedding of the nails. They also +occur in inherited syphilis. In addition to general treatment, an +ointment containing 5 per cent. of oleate of mercury should be applied +locally. + +_Ingrowing Toe-nail._--This is more accurately described as an +overgrowth of the soft tissues along the edge of the nail. It is most +frequently met with in the great toe in young adults with flat-foot +whose feet perspire freely, who wear ill-fitting shoes, and who cut +their toe-nails carelessly or tear them with their fingers. Where the +soft tissues are pressed against the edge of the nail, the skin gives +way and there is the formation of exuberant granulations and of +discharge which is sometimes foetid. The affection is a painful one and +may unfit the patient for work. In mild cases the condition may be +remedied by getting rid of contributing causes and by disinfecting the +skin and nail; the nail is cut evenly, and the groove between it and the +skin packed with an antiseptic dusting-powder, such as boracic acid. In +more severe cases it may be necessary to remove an ellipse of tissue +consisting of the edge of the nail, together with the subjacent matrix +and the redundant nail-fold. + +_Subungual exostosis_ is an osteoma growing from the terminal phalanx of +the great toe (Fig. 107). It raises the nail and may be accompanied by +ulceration of the skin over the most prominent part of the growth. The +soft parts, including the nail, should be reflected towards the dorsum +in the form of a flap, the base of the exostosis divided with the +chisel, and the exostosis removed. + +_Malignant disease_ in relation to the nails is rare. Squamous +epithelioma and melanotic cancer are the forms met with. Treatment +consists in amputating the digit concerned, and in removing the +associated lymph glands. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +THE MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND TENDON SHEATHS + + +INJURIES: _Contusion_; _Sprain_; _Rupture_--Hernia of + muscle--Dislocation of tendons--Wounds--Avulsion of tendon. + DISEASES OF MUSCLE AND OF TENDONS: _Atrophy_; _"Muscular + rheumatism"_--_Fibrositis_; _Contracture_; _Myositis_; + _Calcification and Ossification_; _Tumours_. DISEASES OF TENDON + SHEATHS: _Teno-synovitis_. + + +INJURIES + +#Contusion of Muscle.#--Contusion of muscle, which consists in bruising +of its fibres and blood vessels, may be due to violence acting from +without, as in a blow, a kick, or a fall; or from within, as by the +displacement of bone in a fracture or dislocation. + +The symptoms are those common to all contusions, and the patient +complains of severe pain on attempting to use the muscle, and maintains +an attitude which relaxes it. If the sheath of the muscle also is torn, +there is subcutaneous ecchymosis, and the accumulation of blood may +result in the formation of a haematoma. + +Restoration of function is usually complete; but when the nerve +supplying the muscle is bruised at the same time, as may occur in the +deltoid, wasting and loss of function may be persistent. In exceptional +cases the process of repair may be attended with the formation of bone +in the substance of the muscle, and this may likewise impair its +function. + +A contused muscle should be placed at rest and supported by cotton wool +and a bandage; after an interval, massage and appropriate exercises are +employed. + +#Sprain and Partial Rupture of Muscle.#--This lesion consists in +overstretching and partial rupture of the fibres of a muscle or its +aponeurosis. It is of common occurrence in athletes and in those who +follow laborious occupations. It may follow upon a single or repeated +effort--especially in those who are out of training. Familiar examples +of muscular sprain are the "labourer's" or "golfer's back," affecting +the latissimus dorsi or the sacrospinalis (erector spinae); the +"tennis-player's elbow," and the "sculler's sprain," affecting the +muscles and ligaments about the elbow; the "angler's elbow," affecting +the common origin of the extensors and supinators; the "sprinter's +sprain," affecting the flexors of the hip; and the "jumper's and +dancer's sprain," affecting the muscles of the calf. The patient +complains of pain, often sudden in onset, of tenderness on pressure, and +of inability to carry out the particular movement by which the sprain +was produced. The disability varies in different cases, and it may +incapacitate the patient from following his occupation or sport for +weeks or, if imperfectly treated, even for months. + +The _treatment_ consists in resting the muscle from the particular +effort concerned in the production of the sprain, in gently exercising +it in other directions, in the use of massage, and the induction of +hyperaemia by means of heat. In neglected cases, that is, where the +muscle has not been exercised, the patient shrinks from using it and the +disablement threatens to be permanent; it is sometimes said that +adhesions have formed and that these interfere with the recovery of +function. The condition may be overcome by graduated movements or by a +sudden forcible movement under an anaesthetic. These cases afford a +fruitful field for the bone-setter. + +#Rupture of Muscle or Tendon.#--A muscle or a tendon may be ruptured in +its continuity or torn from its attachment to bone. The site of rupture +in individual muscles is remarkably constant, and is usually at the +junction of the muscular and tendinous portions. When rupture takes +place through the belly of a muscle, the ends retract, the amount of +retraction depending on the length of the muscle, and the extent of its +attachment to adjacent aponeurosis or bone. The biceps in the arm, and +the sartorius in the thigh, furnish examples of muscles in which the +separation between the ends may be considerable. + +The gap in the muscle becomes filled with blood, and this in time is +replaced by connective tissue, which forms a bond of union between the +ends. When the space is considerable the connecting medium consists of +fibrous tissue, but when the ends are in contact it contains a number of +newly formed muscle fibres. In the process of repair, one or both ends +of the muscle or tendon may become fixed by adhesions to adjacent +structures, and if the distal portion of a muscle is deprived of its +nerve supply it may undergo degeneration and so have its function +impaired. + +Rupture of a muscle or tendon is usually the result of a sudden, and +often involuntary, movement. As examples may be cited the rupture of +the quadriceps extensor in attempting to regain the balance when falling +backwards; of the gastrocnemius, plantaris, or tendo-calcaneus in +jumping or dancing; of the adductors of the thigh in gripping a horse +when it swerves--"rider's sprain"; of the abdominal muscles in vomiting, +and of the biceps in sudden movements of the arm. Sometimes the effort +is one that would scarcely be thought likely to rupture a muscle, as in +the case recorded by Pagenstecher, where a professional athlete, while +sitting at table, ruptured his biceps in a sudden effort to catch a +falling glass. It would appear that the rupture is brought about not so +much by the contraction of the muscle concerned, as by the contraction +of the antagonistic muscles taking place before that of the muscle which +undergoes rupture is completed. The violent muscular contractions of +epilepsy, tetanus, or delirium rarely cause rupture. + +The _clinical features_ are usually characteristic. The patient +experiences a sudden pain, with the sensation of being struck with a +whip, and of something giving way; sometimes a distant snap is heard. +The limb becomes powerless. At the seat of rupture there is tenderness +and swelling, and there may be ecchymosis. As the swelling subsides, a +gap may be felt between the retracted ends, and this becomes wider when +the muscle is thrown into contraction. If untreated, a hard, fibrous +cord remains at the seat of rupture. + +_Treatment._--The ends are approximated by placing the limb in an +attitude which relaxes the muscle, and the position is maintained by +bandages, splints, or special apparatus. When it is impossible thus to +approximate the ends satisfactorily, the muscle or tendon is exposed by +incision, and the ends brought into accurate contact by catgut sutures. +This operation of primary suture yields the most satisfactory results, +and is most successful when it is done within five or six days of the +accident. Secondary suture after an interval of months is rendered +difficult by the retraction of the ends and by their adhesion to +adjacent structures. + +_Rupture of the biceps of the arm_ may involve the long or the short +head, or the belly of the muscle. Most interest attaches to rupture of +the long tendon of origin. There is pain and tenderness in front of the +upper end of the humerus, the patient is unable to abduct or to elevate +the arm, and he may be unable to flex the elbow when the forearm is +supinated. The long axis of the muscle, instead of being parallel with +the humerus, inclines downwards and outwards. When the patient is asked +to contract the muscle, its belly is seen to be drawn towards the +elbow. + +The _adductor longus_ may be ruptured, or torn from the pubes, by a +violent effort to adduct the limb. A swelling forms in the upper and +medial part of the thigh, which becomes smaller and harder when the +muscle is thrown into contraction. + +The _quadriceps femoris_ is usually ruptured close to its insertion into +the patella, in the attempt to avoid falling backwards. The injury is +sometimes bilateral. The injured limb is rendered useless for +progression, as it suddenly gives way whenever the knee is flexed. +Treatment is conducted on the same lines as in transverse fracture of +the patella; in the majority of cases the continuity of the quadriceps +should be re-established by suture within five or six days of the +accident. + +The _tendo calcaneus_ (Achillis) is comparatively easily ruptured, and +the symptoms are sometimes so slight that the nature of the injury may +be overlooked. The limb should be put up with the knee flexed and the +toes pointed. This may be effected by attaching one end of an elastic +band to the heel of a slipper, and securing the other to the lower third +of the thigh. If this is not sufficient to bring the ends into +apposition they should be approximated by an open operation. + +The _plantaris_ is not infrequently ruptured from trivial causes, such +as a sudden movement in boxing, tennis, or hockey. A sharp stinging pain +like the stroke of a whip is felt in the calf; there is marked +tenderness at the seat of rupture, and the patient is unable to raise +the heel without pain. The injury is of little importance, and if the +patient does not raise the heel from the ground in walking, it is +recovered from in a couple of weeks or so, without it being necessary to +lay him up. + +#Hernia of Muscle.#--This is a rare condition, in which, owing to the +fascia covering a muscle becoming stretched or torn, the muscular +substance is protruded through the rent. It has been observed chiefly in +the adductor longus. An oval swelling forms in the upper part of the +thigh, is soft and prominent when the muscle is relaxed, less prominent +when it is passively extended, and disappears when the muscle is thrown +into contraction. It is liable to be mistaken, according to its +situation, for a tumour, a cyst, a pouched vein, or a femoral or +obturator hernia. Treatment is only called for when it is causing +inconvenience, the muscle being exposed by a suitable incision, the +herniated portion excised, and the rent in the sheath closed by sutures. + +#Dislocation of Tendons.#--Tendons which run in grooves may be displaced +as a result of rupture of the confining sheath. This injury is met with +chiefly in the tendons at the ankle and in the long tendon of the +biceps. + +Dislocation of the _peronei tendons_ may occur, for example, from a +violent twist of the foot. There is severe pain and considerable +swelling on the lateral aspect of the ankle; the peroneus longus by +itself, or together with the brevis, can be felt on the lateral aspect +or in front of the lateral malleolus; the patient is unable to move the +foot. By a little manipulation the tendons are replaced in their +grooves, and are retained there by a series of strips of plaster. At the +end of three weeks massage and exercises are employed. + +In other cases there is no history of injury, but whenever the foot is +everted the tendon of the peroneus longus is liable to be jerked +forwards out of its groove, sometimes with an audible snap. The patient +suffers pain and is disabled until the tendon is replaced. Reduction is +easy, but as the displacement tends to recur, an operation is required +to fix the tendon in its place. An incision is made over the tendon; if +the sheath is slack or torn, it is tightened up or closed with catgut +sutures; or an artificial sheath is made by raising up a quadrilateral +flap of periosteum from the lateral aspect of the fibula, and stitching +it over the tendon. + +Similarly the _tibialis posterior_ may be displaced over the medial +malleolus as a result of inversion of the foot. + +The _long tendon of the biceps_ may be dislocated laterally--or more +frequently medially--as a result of violent or repeated rotation +movements of the arm, such as are performed in wringing clothes. The +patient is aware of the displacement taking place, and is unable to +extend the forearm until the displaced tendon has been reduced by +abducting the arm. In recurrent cases the patient may be able to +dislocate the tendon at will, but the disability is so inconsiderable +that there is rarely any occasion for interference. + +#Wounds of Muscles and Tendons.#--When a muscle is cut across in a +wound, its ends should be brought together with sutures. If the ends are +allowed to retract, and especially if the wound suppurates, they become +united by scar tissue and fixed to bone or other adjacent structure. In +a limb this interferes with the functions of the muscle; in the +abdominal wall the scar tissue may stretch, and so favour the +development of a ventral hernia. + +Tendons may be cut across accidentally, especially in those wounds so +commonly met with above the wrist as a result, for example, of the hand +being thrust through a pane of glass. It is essential that the ends +should be sutured to each other, and as the proximal end is retracted +the original wound may require to be enlarged in an upward direction. +When primary suture has been omitted, or has failed in consequence of +suppuration, the separated ends of the tendon become adherent to +adjacent structures, and the function of the associated muscle is +impaired or lost. Under these conditions the operation of secondary +suture is indicated. + +A free incision is necessary to discover and isolate the ends of the +tendon; if the interval is too wide to admit of their being approximated +by sutures, means must be taken to lengthen the tendon, or one from some +other part may be inserted in the gap. A new sheath may be provided for +the tendon by resecting a portion of the great saphenous vein. + +_Injuries of the tendons of the fingers_ are comparatively common. One +of the best known is the partial or complete rupture of the aponeurosis +of the extensor tendon close to its insertion into the terminal +phalanx--_drop-_ or _mallet-finger_. This may result from comparatively +slight violence, such as striking the tip of the extended finger against +an object, or the violence may be more severe, as in attempting to catch +a cricket ball or in falling. The terminal phalanx is flexed towards the +palm and the patient is unable to extend it. The treatment consists in +putting up the finger with the middle joint strongly flexed. In +neglected cases, a perfect functional result can only be obtained by +operation; under a local anaesthetic, the ruptured tendon is exposed and +is sutured to the base of the phalanx, which may be drilled for the +passage of the sutures. + +_Subcutaneous rupture_ of one or other _of the digital tendons_ in the +hand or at the wrist can be remedied only by operation. When some time +has elapsed since the accident, the proximal end may be so retracted +that it cannot be brought down into contact with the distal end, in +which case a slip may be taken from an adjacent tendon; in the case of +one of the extensors of the thumb, the extensor carpi radialis longus +may be detached from its insertion and stitched to the distal end of the +tendon of the thumb. + +Subcutaneous _rupture of the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus_ at +the wrist takes place just after its emergence from beneath the annular +ligament; the actual rupture may occur painlessly, more frequently a +sharp pain is felt over the back of the wrist. The prominence of the +tendon, which normally forms the ulnar border of the snuff-box, +disappears. This lesion is chiefly met with in drummer-boys and is the +cause of drummer's palsy. The only chance of restoring function is in +uniting the ruptured tendon by open operation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 108.--Avulsion of Tendon with Terminal Phalanx of +Thumb. + +(Surgical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +_Avulsion of Tendons._--This is a rare injury, in which the tendons of a +finger or toe are torn from their attachments along with a portion of +the digit concerned. In the hand, it is usually brought about by the +fingers being caught in the reins of a runaway horse, or being seized in +a horse's teeth, or in machinery. It is usually the terminal phalanx +that is separated, and with it the tendon of the deep flexor, which +ruptures at its junction with the belly of the muscle (Fig. 108). The +treatment consists in disinfecting the wound, closing the tendon-sheath, +and trimming the mutilated finger so as to provide a useful stump. + + +DISEASES OF MUSCLES AND TENDONS + +_Congenital absence_ of muscles is sometimes met with, usually in +association with other deformities. The pectoralis major, for example, +may be absent on one or on both sides, without, however, causing any +disability, as other muscles enlarge and take on its functions. + +_Atrophy of Muscle._--Simple atrophy, in which the muscle elements are +merely diminished in size without undergoing any structural alteration, +is commonly met with as a result of disuse, as when a patient is +confined to bed for a long period. + +In cases of joint disease, the muscles acting on the joint become +atrophied more rapidly than is accounted for by disuse alone, and this +is attributed to an interference with the trophic innervation of the +muscles reflected from centres in the spinal medulla. It is more marked +in the extensor than in the flexor groups of muscles. Those affected +become soft and flaccid, exhibit tremors on attempted movement, and +their excitability to the faradic current is diminished. + +_Neuropathic atrophy_ is associated with lesions of the nervous system. +It is most pronounced in lesions of the motor nerve-trunks, probably +because vaso-motor and trophic fibres are involved as well as those that +are purely motor in function. It is attended with definite structural +alterations, the muscle elements first undergoing fatty degeneration, +and then being absorbed, and replaced to a large extent by ordinary +connective tissue and fat. At a certain stage the muscles exhibit the +reaction of degeneration. In the common form of paralysis resulting from +poliomyelitis, many fibres undergo fatty degeneration and are replaced +by fat, while at the same time there is a regeneration of muscle fibres. + +#Fibrositis# or "#Muscular Rheumatism#."--This clinical term is applied +to a group of affections of which lumbago is the best-known example. The +group includes lumbago, stiff-neck, and pleurodynia--conditions which +have this in common, that sudden and severe pain is excited by movement +of the affected part. The lesion consists in inflammatory hyperplasia of +the connective tissue; the new tissue differs from normal fibrous tissue +in its tendency to contract, in being swollen, painful and tender on +pressure, and in the fact that it can be massaged away (Stockman). It +would appear to involve mainly the fibrous tissue of muscles, although +it may extend from this to aponeuroses, ligaments, periosteum, and the +sheaths of nerves. The term _fibrositis_ was applied to it by Gowers in +1904. + +In _lumbago_--_lumbo-sacral fibrositis_--the pain is usually located +over the sacrum, the sacro-iliac joint, or the aponeurosis of the lumbar +muscles on one or both sides. The amount of tenderness varies, and so +long as the patient is still he is free from pain. The slightest +attempt to alter his position, however, is attended by pain, which may +be so severe as to render him helpless for the moment. The pain is most +marked on rising from the stooping or sitting posture, and may extend +down the back of the hip, especially if, as is commonly the case, +lumbago and gluteal fibrosis coexist. Once a patient has suffered from +lumbago, it is liable to recur, and an attack may be determined by +errors of diet, changes of weather, exposure to cold or unwonted +exertion. It is met with chiefly in male adults, and is most apt to +occur in those who are gouty or are the subjects of oxaluric dyspepsia. + +_Gluteal fibrositis_ usually follows exposure to wet, and affects the +gluteal muscles, particularly the medius, and their aponeurotic +coverings. When the condition has lasted for some time, indurated +strands or nodules can be detected on palpating the relaxed muscles. The +patient complains of persistent aching and stiffness over the buttock, +and sometimes extending down the lateral aspect of the thigh. The pain +is aggravated by such movements as bring the affected muscles into +action. It is not referred to the line of the sciatic nerve, nor is +there tenderness on pressing over the nerve, or sensations of tingling +or numbness in the leg or foot. + +If untreated, the morbid process may implicate the sheath of the sciatic +nerve and cause genuine sciatic neuralgia (Llewellyn and Jones). A +similar condition may implicate the fascia lata of the thigh, or the +calf muscles and their aponeuroses--_crural fibrositis_. + +In _painful stiff-neck_, or "rheumatic torticollis," the pain is located +in one side of the neck, and is excited by some inadvertent movement. +The head is held stiffly on one side as in wry-neck, the patient +contracting the sterno-mastoid. There may be tenderness over the +vertebral spines or in the lines of the cervical nerves, and the +sterno-mastoid may undergo atrophy. This affection is more often met +with in children. + +In _pleurodynia_--_intercostal fibrositis_--the pain is in the line of +the intercostal nerves, and is excited by movement of the chest, as in +coughing, or by any bodily exertion. There is often marked tenderness. + +A similar affection is met with in the _shoulder and arm_--_brachial +fibrositis_--especially on waking from sleep. There is acute pain on +attempting to abduct the arm, and there may be localised tenderness in +the region of the axillary nerve. + +_Treatment._--The general treatment is concerned with the diet, +attention to the stomach, bowels, and kidneys and with the correction +of any gouty tendencies that may be present. Remedies such as +salicylates are given for the relief of pain, and for this purpose drugs +of the aspirin type are to be preferred, and these may be followed by +large doses of iodide of potassium. Great benefit is derived from +massage, and from the induction of hyperaemia by means of heat. Cupping +or needling, or, in exceptional cases, hypodermic injections of +antipyrin or morphin, may be called for. To prevent relapses of lumbago, +the patient must take systematic exercises of all kinds, especially such +as bring out the movements of the vertebral column and hip-joints. + +[Illustration: FIG. 109.--Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture. When the +wrist is flexed to a right angle it is possible to extend the fingers. + +(Photographs lent by Mr. Lawford Knaggs)] + +#Contracture of Muscles.#--Permanent shortening of muscles results from +the prolonged approximation of their points of attachment, or from +structural changes in their substance produced by injury or by disease. +It is a frequent accompaniment and sometimes a cause of deformities, in +the treatment of which lengthening of the shortened muscles or their +tendons may be an essential step. + +#Myositis.#--_Ischaemic Myositis._--Volkmann was the first to describe a +form of myositis followed by contracture, resulting from interference +with the arterial blood supply. It is most frequently observed in the +flexor muscles of the forearm in children and young persons under +treatment for fractures in the region of the elbow, the splints and +bandages causing compression of the blood vessels. There is considerable +effusion of blood, the skin is tense, and the muscles, vessels, and +nerves are compressed; this is further increased if the elbow is flexed +and splints and tight bandages are applied. The muscles acquire a +board-like hardness and no longer contract under the will, and passive +motion is painful and restricted. Slight contracture of the fingers is +usually the first sign of the malady; in time the muscles undergo +further contraction, and this brings about a claw-like deformity of the +hand. The affected muscles usually show the reaction of degeneration. In +severe cases the median and ulnar nerves are also the seat of +cicatricial changes (ischaemic neuritis). + +By means of splints, the interphalangeal, metacarpo-phalangeal, and +wrist joints should be gradually extended until the deformity is +over-corrected (R. Jones). Murphy advises resection of the radius and +ulna sufficient to admit of dorsiflexion of the joints and lengthening +of the flexor tendons. + +Various forms of _pyogenic_ infection are met with in muscle, most +frequently in relation to pyaemia and to typhoid fever. These may result +in overgrowth of the connective-tissue framework of the muscle and +degeneration of its fibres, or in suppuration and the formation of one +or more abscesses in the muscle substance. Repair may be associated with +contracture. + +A _gonorrhoeal_ form of myositis is sometimes met with; it is painful, +but rarely goes on to suppuration. + +In the early secondary period of _syphilis_, the muscles may be the seat +of dull, aching, nocturnal pains, especially in the neck and back. +_Syphilitic contracture_ is a condition which has been observed chiefly +in the later secondary period; the biceps of the arm and the hamstrings +in the thigh are the muscles more commonly affected. The striking +feature is a gradually increasing difficulty of extending the limb at +the elbow or knee, and progressive flexion of the joint. The affected +muscle is larger and firmer than normal, and its electric excitability +is diminished. In tertiary syphilis, individual muscles may become the +seat of interstitial myositis or of gummata, and these affections +readily yield to anti-syphilitic remedies. + +_Tuberculous disease_ in muscle, while usually due to extension from +adjacent tissues, is sometimes the result of a primary infection through +the blood-stream. Tuberculous nodules are found disseminated throughout +the muscle; the surrounding tissues are indurated, and central caseation +may take place and lead to abscess formation and sinuses. We have +observed this form of tuberculous disease in the gastrocnemius and in +the psoas--in the latter muscle apart from tuberculous disease in the +vertebrae. + +#Tendinitis.#--German authors describe an inflammation of tendon as +distinguished from inflammation of its sheath, and give it the name +tendinitis. It is met with most frequently in the tendo-calcaneus in +gouty and rheumatic subjects who have overstrained the tendon, +especially during cold and damp weather. There is localised pain which +is aggravated by walking, and the tendon is sensitive and swollen from a +little above its insertion to its junction with the muscle. Gouty +nodules may form in its substance. Constitutional measures, massage, and +douching should be employed, and the tendon should be protected from +strain. + +#Calcification and Ossification in Muscles, Tendons, and +Fasciae.#--_Myositis ossificans._--Ossifications in muscles, tendons, +fasciae, and ligaments, in those who are the subjects of arthritis +deformans, are seldom recognised clinically, but are frequently met with +in dissecting-rooms and museums. Similar localised ossifications are met +with in Charcot's disease of joints, and in fractures which have +repaired with exuberant callus. The new bone may be in the form of +spicules, plates, or irregular masses, which, when connected with a +bone, are called _false exostoses_ (Fig. 110). + +[Illustration: FIG. 110.--Ossification in Tendon of Ilio-psoas Muscle.] + +_Traumatic Ossification in Relation to Muscle._--Various forms of +ossification are met with in muscle as the result of a single or of +repeated injury. Ossification in the crureus or vastus lateralis muscle +has been frequently observed as a result of a kick from a horse. Within +a week or two a swelling appears at the site of injury, and becomes +progressively harder until its consistence is that of bone. If the mass +of new bone moves with the affected muscle, it causes little +inconvenience. If, as is commonly the case, it is fixed to the femur, +the action of the muscle is impaired, and the patient complains of pain +and difficulty in flexing the knee. A skiagram shows the extent of the +mass and its relationship to the femur. The treatment consists in +excising the bony mass. + +Difficulty may arise in differentiating such a mass of bone from +sarcoma; the ossification in muscle is uniformly hard, while the sarcoma +varies in consistence at different parts, and the X-ray picture shows a +clear outline of the bone in the vicinity of the ossification in +muscle, whereas in sarcoma the involvement of the bone is shown by +indentations and irregularity in its contour. + +A similar ossification has been observed in relation to the insertion of +the brachialis muscle as a sequel of dislocation of the elbow. After +reduction of the dislocation, the range of movement gradually diminishes +and a hard swelling appears in front of the lower end of the humerus. +The lump continues to increase in size and in three to four weeks the +disability becomes complete. A radiogram shows a shadow in the muscle, +attached at one part as a rule to the coronoid process. During the next +three or four months, the lump in front of the elbow remains stationary +in size; a gradual decrease then ensues, but the swelling persists, as a +rule, for several years. + +[Illustration: FIG. 111.--Calcification and Ossification in Biceps and +Triceps. + +(From a radiogram lent by Dr. C. A. Adair Dighton.)] + +Ossification in the adductor longus was first described by Billroth +under the name of "rider's bone." It follows bruising and partial +rupture of the muscle, and has been observed chiefly in cavalry +soldiers. If it causes inconvenience the bone may be removed by +operation. + +Ossification in the deltoid and pectoral muscles has been observed in +foot-soldiers in the German army, and has received the name of +"drill-bone"; it is due to bruising of the muscle by the recoil of the +rifle. + +_Progressive Ossifying Myositis._--This is a rare and interesting +disease, in which the muscles, tendons, and fasciae throughout the body +become the seat of ossification. It affects almost exclusively the male +sex, and usually begins in childhood or youth, sometimes after an +injury, sometimes without apparent cause. The muscles of the back, +especially the trapezius and latissimus, are the first to be affected, +and the initial complaint is limitation of movement. + +[Illustration: FIG. 112.--Ossification in Muscles of Trunk in a case of +generalised Ossifying Myositis. + +(Photograph lent by Dr. Rustomjee.)] + +The affected muscles show swellings which are rounded or oval, firm and +elastic, sharply defined, without tenderness and without discoloration +of the overlying skin. Skiagrams show that a considerable deposit of +lime salts may precede the formation of bone, as is seen in Fig. 111. In +course of time the vertebral column becomes rigid, the head is bent +forward, the hips are flexed, and abduction and other movements of the +arms are limited. The disease progresses by fits and starts, until all +the striped muscles of the body are replaced by bone, and all movements, +even those of the jaws, are abolished. The subjects of this disease +usually succumb to pulmonary tuberculosis. + +There is no means of arresting the disease, and surgical treatment is +restricted to the removal or division of any mass of bone that +interferes with an important movement. + +A remarkable feature of this disease is the frequent presence of a +deformity of the great toe, which usually takes the form of hallux +valgus, the great toe coming to lie beneath the second one; the +shortening is usually ascribed to absence of the first phalanx, but it +has been shown to depend also on a synostosis and imperfect development +of the phalanges. A similar deformity of the thumb is sometimes met +with. + +Microscopical examination of the muscles shows that, prior to the +deposition of lime salts and the formation of bone, there occurs a +proliferation of the intra-muscular connective tissue and a gradual +replacement and absorption of the muscle fibres. The bone is spongy in +character, and its development takes place along similar lines to those +observed in ossification from the periosteum. + +#Tumours of Muscle.#--With the exception of congenital varieties, such +as the rhabdomyoma, tumours of muscle grow from the connective-tissue +framework and not from the muscle fibres. Innocent tumours, such as the +fibroma, lipoma, angioma, and neuro-fibroma, are rare. Malignant tumours +may be primary in the muscle, or may result from extension from adjacent +growths--for example, implication of the pectoral muscle in cancer of +the breast--or they may be derived from tumours situated elsewhere. The +diagnosis of an intra-muscular tumour is made by observing that the +swelling is situated beneath the deep fascia, that it becomes firm and +fixed when the muscle contracts, and that, when the muscle is relaxed, +it becomes softer, and can be moved in the transverse axis of the +muscle, but not in its long axis. + +Clinical interest attaches to that form of slowly growing +fibro-sarcoma--_the recurrent fibroid of Paget_--which is most +frequently met with in the muscles of the abdominal wall. A rarer +variety is the ossifying chondro-sarcoma, which undergoes ossification +to such an extent as to be visible in skiagrams. + +In primary sarcoma the treatment consists in removing the muscle. In the +limbs, the function of the muscle that is removed may be retained by +transplanting an adjacent muscle in its place. + +_Hydatid cysts_ of muscle resemble those developing in other tissues. + + +DISEASES OF TENDON SHEATHS + +Tendon sheaths have the same structure and function as the synovial +membranes of joints, and are liable to the same diseases. Apart from the +tendon sheaths displayed in anatomical dissections, there is a loose +peritendinous and perimuscular cellular tissue which is subject to the +same pathological conditions as the tendon sheaths proper. + +#Teno-synovitis.#--The toxic or infective agent is conveyed to the +tendon sheaths through the blood-stream, as in the gouty, gonorrhoeal, +and tuberculous varieties, or is introduced directly through a wound, as +in the common pyogenic form of teno-synovitis. + +_Teno-synovitis Crepitans._--In the simple or traumatic form of +teno-synovitis, although the most prominent etiological factor is a +strain or over-use of the tendon, there would appear to be some other, +probably a toxic, factor in its production, otherwise the affection +would be much more common than it is: only a small proportion of those +who strain or over-use their tendons become the subjects of +teno-synovitis. The opposed surfaces of the tendon and its sheath are +covered with fibrinous lymph, so that there is friction when they move +on one another. + +The _clinical features_ are pain on movement, tenderness on pressure +over the affected tendon, and a sensation of crepitation or friction +when the tendon is moved in its sheath. The crepitation may be soft like +the friction of snow, or may resemble the creaking of new +leather--"saddle-back creaking." There may be swelling in the long axis +of the tendon, and redness and oedema of the skin. If there is an +effusion of fluid into the sheath, the swelling is more marked and +crepitation is absent. There is little tendency to the formation of +adhesions. + +In the upper extremity, the sheath of the long tendon of the biceps may +be affected, but the condition is most common in the tendons about the +wrist, particularly in the extensors of the thumb, and it is most +frequently met with in those who follow occupations which involve +prolonged use or excessive straining of these tendons--for example, +washerwomen or riveters. It also occurs as a result of excessive +piano-playing, fencing, or rowing. + +At the ankle it affects the peronei, the extensor digitorum longus, or +the tibialis anterior. It is most often met with in relation to the +tendo-calcaneus--_Achillo-dynia_--and results from the pressure of +ill-fitting boots or from the excessive use and strain of the tendon in +cycling, walking, or dancing. There is pain in raising the heel from the +ground, and creaking can be felt on palpation. + +The _treatment_ consists in putting the affected tendon at rest, and +with this object a splint may be helpful; the usual remedies for +inflammation are indicated: Bier's hyperaemia, lead and opium +fomentations, and ichthyol and glycerine. The affection readily subsides +under treatment, but is liable to relapse on a repetition of the +exciting cause. + +_Gouty Teno-synovitis._--A deposit of urate of soda beneath the +endothelial covering of tendons or of that lining their sheaths is +commonly met with in gouty subjects. The accumulation of urates may +result in the formation of visible nodular swellings, varying in size +from a pea to a cherry, attached to the tendon and moving with it. They +may be merely unsightly, or they may interfere with the use of the +tendon. Recurrent attacks of inflammation are prone to occur. We have +removed such gouty masses with satisfactory results. + +_Suppurative Teno-synovitis._--This form usually follows upon infected +wounds of the fingers--especially of the thumb or little finger--and is +a frequent sequel to whitlow; it may also follow amputation of a finger. +Once the infection has gained access to the sheath, it tends to spread, +and may reach the palm or even the forearm, being then associated with +cellulitis. In moderately acute cases the tendon and its sheath become +covered with granulations, which subsequently lead to the formation of +adhesions; while in more acute cases the tendon sloughs. The pus may +burst into the cellular tissue outside the sheath, and the suppuration +is liable to spread to neighbouring sheaths or to adjacent bones or +joints--for example, those of the wrist. + +The _treatment_ consists in inducing hyperaemia and making small +incisions for the escape of pus. The site of incision is determined by +the point of greatest tenderness on pressure. After the inflammation has +subsided, active and passive movements are employed to prevent the +formation of adhesions between the tendon and its sheath. If the tendon +sloughs, the dead portion should be cut away, as its separation is +extremely slow and is attended with prolonged suppuration. + +_Gonorrhoeal Teno-synovitis._--This is met with especially in the tendon +sheaths about the wrist and ankle. It may occur in a mild form, with +pain, impairment of movement, and oedema, and sometimes an elongated, +fluctuating swelling, the result of serous effusion into the sheath. +This condition may alternate with a gonorrhoeal affection of one of the +larger joints. It may subside under rest and soothing applications, but +is liable to relapse. In the more severe variety the skin is red, and +the swelling partakes of the characters of a phlegmon with threatening +suppuration; it may result in crippling from adhesions. Even if pus +forms in the sheath, the tendon rarely sloughs. The treatment consists +in inducing hyperaemia by Bier's method; and a vaccine may be employed +with satisfactory results. + +#Tuberculous Disease of Tendon Sheaths.#--This is a comparatively common +affection, and is analogous to tuberculous disease of the synovial +membrane of joints. It may originate in the sheath, or may spread to it +from an adjacent bone. + +The commonest form--hydrops--is that in which the synovial sheath is +distended with a viscous fluid, and the fibrinous material on the free +surface becomes detached and is moulded into melon-seed bodies by the +movement of the tendon. The sheath itself is thickened by the growth of +tuberculous granulation tissue. The bodies are smooth and of a +dull-white colour, and vary greatly in size and shape. There may be an +overgrowth of the fatty fringes of the synovial sheath, a condition +described as "arborescent lipoma." + +The _clinical features_ vary with the tendon sheath affected. In the +common flexor sheath of the hand an hour-glass-shaped swelling is +formed, bulging above and below the transverse carpal (anterior annular) +ligament--formerly known as _compound palmar ganglion_. There is little +or no pain, but the fingers tend to be stiff and weak, and to become +flexed. On palpation, it is usually possible to displace the contents of +the sheath from one compartment to the other, and this may yield +fluctuation, and, what is more characteristic, a peculiar soft crepitant +sensation from the movement of the melon-seed bodies. In the sheath of +the peronei or other tendons about the ankle, the swelling is +sausage-shaped, and is constricted opposite the annular ligament. + +The onset and progress of the affection are most insidious, and the +condition may remain stationary for long periods. It is aggravated by +use or strain of the tendons involved. In exceptional cases the skin is +thinned and gives way, resulting in the formation of a sinus. + +_Treatment._--In the common flexor sheath of the palm, an attempt may be +made to cure the condition by removing the contents through a small +incision and filling the cavity with iodoform glycerine, followed by the +use of Bier's bandage. If this fails, the distended sheath is laid open, +the contents removed, the wall scraped, and the wound closed. + +A less common form of tuberculous disease is that in which the sheath +becomes the seat of _a diffuse tuberculous thickening_, not unlike the +white swelling met with in joints, and with a similar tendency to +caseation. A painless swelling of an elastic character forms in relation +to the tendon sheath. It is hour-glass-shaped in the common flexor +sheath of the palm, elongated or sausage-shaped in the extensors of the +wrist and in the tendons at the ankle. The tuberculous granulation +tissue is liable to break down and lead to the formation of a cold +abscess and sinuses, and in our experience is often associated with +disease in an adjacent bone or joint. In the peronei tendons, for +example, it may result from disease of the fibula or of the ankle-joint. + +When conservative measures fail, excision of the affected sheath should +be performed; the whole of the diseased area being exposed by free +incision of the overlying soft parts, the sheath is carefully isolated +from the surrounding tissues and is cut across above and below. Any +tuberculous tissue on the tendon itself is removed with a sharp spoon. +Associated bone or joint lesions are dealt with at the same time. In the +after-treatment the functions of the tendons must be preserved by +voluntary and passive movements. + +#Syphilitic Affections of Tendon Sheaths.#--These closely resemble the +syphilitic affections of the synovial membrane of joints. During the +secondary period the lesion usually consists in effusion into the +sheath; gummata are met with during the tertiary period. + +Arborescent lipoma has been found in the sheaths of tendons about the +wrist and ankle, sometimes in a multiple and symmetrical form, +unattended by symptoms and disappearing under anti-syphilitic treatment. + +#Tumours of Tendon Sheaths.#--Innocent tumours, such as _lipoma_, +_fibroma_, and _myxoma_, are rare. Special mention should be made of the +_myeloma_ which is met with at the wrist or ankle as an elongated +swelling of slow development, or over the phalanx of a finger as a small +rounded swelling. The tumour tissue, when exposed by dissection, is of a +chocolate or chamois-yellow colour, and consists almost entirely of +giant cells. The treatment consists in dissecting the tumour tissue off +the tendons, and this is usually successful in bringing about a +permanent cure. + +All varieties of _sarcoma_ are met with, but their origin from tendon +sheaths is not associated with special features. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +THE BURSAE + + +Anatomy--Normal and adventitious bursae--Injuries: Bursal + haematoma--DISEASES: Infective bursitis; Traumatic or trade + bursitis; Bursal hydrops; Solid bursal tumour; Gonorrhoeal and + suppurative forms of bursitis; Tuberculous and syphilitic + disease--Tumours--_Diseases of individual bursae in the upper and + lower extremities_. + +A bursa is a closed sac lined by endothelium and containing synovia. +Some are normally present--for instance, that between the skin and the +patella, and that between the aponeurosis of the gluteus maximus and the +great trochanter. _Adventitious bursae_ are developed as a result of +abnormal pressure--for example, over the tarsal bones in cases of +club-foot. + +#Injuries of Bursae.#--As a result of contusion, especially in bleeders, +haemorrhage may occur into the cavity of a bursa and give rise to a +_bursal haematoma_. Such a haematoma may mask a fracture of the bone +beneath--for example, fracture of the olecranon. + +#Diseases of Bursae.#--The lining membrane of bursae resembles that of +joints and tendon sheaths, and is liable to the same forms of disease. + +#Infective bursitis# frequently follows abrasions, scratches, and wounds +of the skin over the prepatellar or olecranon bursa, and in neglected +cases the infection transgresses the wall of the bursa and gives rise to +a spreading cellulitis. + +#Traumatic or Trade Bursitis.#--This term may be conveniently applied to +those affections of bursae which result from repeated slight traumatism +incident to particular occupations. The most familiar examples of these +are the enlargement of the prepatellar bursa met with in housemaids--the +"housemaid's knee" (Fig. 113); the enlargement of the olecranon +bursa--"miner's elbow"; and of the ischial bursa--"weaver's" or +"tailor's bottom" (Fig. 116). These affections are characterised by an +effusion of fluid into the sac of the bursa with thickening of its +lining membrane. While friction and pressure are the most evident +factors in their production, it is probable that there is also some +toxic agent concerned, otherwise these affections would be much more +common than they are. Of the countless housemaids in whom the +prepatellar bursa is subjected to friction and pressure, only a small +proportion become the subjects of housemaid's knee. + +_Clinical Features._--As these are best illustrated in the different +varieties of prepatellar bursitis, it is convenient to take this as the +type. In a number of cases the inflammation is acute and the patient is +unable to use the limb; the part is hot, swollen, and tender, and +fluctuation can be detected in the bursa. In the majority the condition +is chronic, and the chief feature is the gradual accumulation of fluid +constituting the _bursal hydrops_ or _hygroma_. When the affection has +lasted some time, or has frequently relapsed, the wall of the bursa +becomes thickened by fibrous tissue, which may be deposited irregularly, +so that septa, bands, or fringes are formed, not unlike those met with +in arthritis deformans. These fringes may be detached and form loose +bodies like those met with in joints; less frequently there are +fibrinous bodies of the melon-seed type, sometimes moulded into circular +discs like wafers. The presence of irregular thickenings of the wall, or +of loose bodies, may be recognised on palpation, especially in +superficial bursae, if the sac is not tensely filled with fluid. The +thickening of the wall may take place in a uniform and concentric +fashion, resulting in the formation of a fibrous tumour--_the solid +bursal tumour_--a small cavity remaining in the centre which serves to +distinguish it from a new growth or neoplasm. + +[Illustration: FIG. 113.--Hydrops of Prepatellar Bursa in a housemaid.] + +The _treatment_ varies according to the variety and stage of the +affection. In recent cases the symptoms subside under rest and the +application of fomentations. Hydrops may be got rid of by blistering, +by tapping, or by incision and drainage. When the wall is thickened, the +most satisfactory treatment is to excise the bursa; the overlying skin +being reflected in the shape of a horse-shoe flap or being removed along +with the bursa. + +#Other Diseases of Bursae# are associated with _gonorrhoeal infection_, +and with _rheumatism_, especially that following scarlet fever, and are +apt to be persistent or to relapse after apparent cure. In the _gouty_ +form, urate of soda is deposited in the wall of the bursa, and may +result in the formation of chalky tumours, sometimes of considerable +size (Fig. 114). + +[Illustration: FIG. 114.--Section through Bursa over external malleolus, +showing deposit of urate of soda. (Cf. Fig. 117.)] + +_Tuberculous disease_ of bursae closely resembles that of tendon sheaths. +It may occur as an independent affection, or may be associated with +disease in an adjacent bone or joint. It is met with chiefly in the +prepatellar and subdeltoid bursae, or in one of the bursae over the great +trochanter. The clinical features are those of an indolent hydrops, with +or without melon-seed bodies, or of uniform thickening of the wall of +the bursa; the tuberculous granulation tissue may break down into a cold +abscess, and give rise to sinuses. The best treatment is to excise the +affected bursa, or, when this is impracticable, to lay it freely open, +remove the tuberculous tissue with the sharp spoon or knife, and treat +the cavity by the open method. + +_Syphilitic disease_ is rarely recognised except in the form of bursal +and peri-bursal gummata in front of the knee-joint. + +_New growths_ include the fibroma, the myxoma, the myeloma or +giant-celled tumour, and various forms of sarcoma. + +#Diseases of Individual Bursae.#--The _olecranon bursa_ is frequently +the seat of pyogenic infection and of traumatic or trade bursitis, the +latter being known as "miner's" or "student's elbow." + +[Illustration: FIG. 115.--Tuberculous Disease of Sub-deltoid Bursa. + +(From a photograph lent by Sir George T. Beatson.)] + +The _sub-deltoid_ or _sub-acromial bursa_, which usually presents a +single cavity and does not normally communicate with the shoulder-joint, +is indispensable in abduction and rotation of the humerus. When the arm +is abducted, the fixed lower part or floor of the bursa is carried under +the acromion, and the upper part or roof is rolled up in the same +direction, hence tenderness over the inflamed bursa may disappear when +the arm is abducted (Dawbarn's sign). It is liable to traumatic +affections from a fall on the shoulder, pressure, or over-use of the +limb. Pain, located commonly at the insertion of the deltoid, is a +constant symptom and is especially annoying at night, the patient being +unable to get into a comfortable position. Tenderness may be elicited +over the anatomical limits of the bursa, and is usually most marked over +the great tuberosity, just external to the inter-tubercular (bicipital) +groove. When adhesions are present, abduction beyond 10 degrees is +impossible. Demonstrable effusion is not uncommon, but is disguised by +the overlying tissues. If left to himself, the patient tends to maintain +the limb in the "sling position," and resists movements in the direction +of abduction and rotation. In the treatment of this affection the arm +should be maintained at a right angle to the body, the arm being rotated +medially (Codman). When pain does not prevent it, movements of the arm +and massage are persevered with. In neglected cases, when adhesions have +formed and the shoulder is fixed, it may be necessary to break down the +adhesions under an anaesthetic. + +The bursa is also liable to infective conditions, such as acute +rheumatism, gonorrhoea, suppuration, or tubercle. In tuberculous disease +a large fluctuating swelling may form and acquire the characters of a +cold abscess (Fig. 115). + +The bursa underneath the tendon of the _subscapularis_ muscle when +inflamed causes alteration in the attitude of the shoulder and +impairment of its movements. + +An adventitious bursa forms over the _acromion_ process in porters and +others who carry weights on the shoulder, and may be the seat of +traumatic bursitis. + +The bursa under the _tendon of insertion of the biceps_, when the seat +of disease, is attended with pain and swelling about a finger's breadth +below the bend of the elbow; there is pain and difficulty in effecting +the combined movement of flexion and supination, slight limitation of +extension, and restriction of pronation. + +In the lower extremity, a large number of normal and adventitious bursae +are met with and may be the seat of bursitis. That over the _tuberosity +of the ischium_, when enlarged as a trade disease, is known as +"weaver's" or "tailor's bottom." It may form a fluctuating swelling of +great size, projecting on the buttock and extending down the thigh, and +causing great inconvenience in sitting (Fig. 116). It sometimes contains +a number of loose bodies. + +There are two bursae over the _great trochanter_, one superficial to, the +other beneath the aponeurosis of the gluteus maximus; the latter is not +infrequently infected by tuberculous disease that has spread from the +trochanter. + +The bursa _between the psoas muscle and the capsule of the hip-joint_ +may be the seat of tuberculous disease, and give rise to clinical +features not unlike those of disease of the hip-joint. The limb is +flexed, abducted and rotated out; there is a swelling in the upper part +of Scarpa's triangle, but the movements are not restricted in directions +which do not entail putting the ilio-psoas muscle on the stretch. + +Cartilaginous and partly ossified loose bodies may accumulate in the +ilio-psoas bursa and distend it, both in a downward direction towards +the hip-joint, with which it communicates, and upwards, projecting +towards the abdomen. + +The bursa beneath the quadriceps extensor--_subcrural bursa_--usually +communicates with the knee-joint and shares in its diseases. When shut +off from the joint it may suffer independently, and when distended with +fluid forms a horse-shoe swelling above the patella. + +In front of the patella and its ligament is the _prepatellar bursa_, +which may have one, two, or three compartments, usually communicating +with one another. It is the seat of the affection known as "housemaid's +knee," which is very common and is sometimes bilateral, and, less +frequently, of tuberculous disease which usually originates in the +patella. + +[Illustration: FIG. 116.--Great Enlargement of the Ischial Bursa. + +(Mr. Scot-Skirving's case.)] + +The bursa _between the ligamentum patellae and the tibia_ is rarely the +seat of disease. When it is, there is pain and tenderness referred to +the ligament, the patient is unable to extend the limb completely, the +tuberosity of the tibia is apparently enlarged, and there is a +fluctuating swelling on either side of the ligament, most marked in the +extended position of the limb. + +Of the numerous bursae in the popliteal space, that _between the +semi-membranosus and the medial head of the gastrocnemius_ is most +frequently the seat of disease, which is usually of the nature of a +simple hydrops, forming a fluctuating egg-or sausage-shaped swelling at +the medial side of the popliteal space. It is flaccid in the flexed, and +tense in the extended position. As a rule it causes little +inconvenience, and may be left alone. Otherwise it should be dissected +out, and if, as is frequently the case, there is a communication with +the knee-joint, this should be closed with sutures. + +[Illustration: FIG. 117.--Gouty Disease of Bursae in a tailor. The bursal +tumours were almost entirely composed of urate of soda. (Cf. Fig. 114.)] + +An adventitious bursa may form over the _lateral malleolus_, especially +in tailors, giving rise to the condition known as "tailor's ankle" +(Fig. 117). + +The bursa _between the tendo-calcaneus (Achillis) and the upper part of +the calcaneus_ may become inflamed--especially as a result of +post-scarlatinal rheumatism or gonorrhoea. The affection is known as +Achillo-bursitis. There is severe pain in the region of the insertion of +the tendo-calcaneus, the movements at the ankle-joint are restricted, +and the patient may be unable to walk. There is a tender swelling on +either side of the tendon. When, in spite of palliative treatment, the +affection persists or relapses, it is best to excise the bursa. The +tendo-calcaneus is detached from the calcaneus, the bursa dissected out, +and the tendon replaced. If there is a bony projection from the +calcaneus, it should be shaved off with the chisel. + +The bursa that is sometimes met with on the under aspect of the +calcaneus--_the subcalcanean bursa_--when inflamed, gives rise to pain +and tenderness in the sole of the foot. This affection may be associated +with a spinous projection from the bone, which is capable of being +recognised in a skiagram. The soft parts of the heel are turned forwards +as a flap, the bursa is dissected out, and the projection of bone, if +present, is removed. + +The enlargement of adventitious bursae over the head of the first +metatarsal in hallux valgus; over the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits in +the different forms of club-foot; over the angular projection in Pott's +disease of the spine; over the end of the bone in amputation stumps, and +over hard tumours such as chondroma and osteoma, are described +elsewhere. + + + + +CHAPTER XX + +DISEASES OF BONE + + +Anatomy and physiology--Regeneration of bone--Transplantation of bone. + DISEASES OF BONE--Definition of terms--Pyogenic diseases: + _Acute osteomyelitis and periostitis_; _Chronic and relapsing + osteomyelitis_; _Abscess of bone_--Tuberculous disease--Syphilitic + disease--Hydatids; Rickets; Osteomalacia--Ostitis deformans of + Paget--Osteomyelitis fibrosa--Affections of bones in diseases of + the nervous system--Fragilitas ossium--Tumours and cysts of bone. + +#Surgical Anatomy.#--During the period of growth, a long bone such as +the tibia consists of a shaft or _diaphysis_, and two extremities or +_epiphyses_. So long as growth continues there intervenes between the +shaft and each of the epiphyses a disc of actively growing +cartilage--_the epiphysial cartilage_; and at the junction of this +cartilage with the shaft is a zone of young, vascular, spongy bone known +as the _metaphysis_ or _epiphysial junction_. The shaft is a cylinder of +compact bone enclosing the medullary canal, which is filled with yellow +marrow. The extremities, which include the ossifying junctions, consist +of spongy bone, the spaces of which are filled with red marrow. The +articular aspect of the epiphysis is invested with a thick layer of +hyaline cartilage, known as the _articular cartilage_, which would +appear to be mainly nourished from the synovia. + +The external investment--the _periosteum_--is thick and vascular during +the period of growth, but becomes thin and less vascular when the +skeleton has attained maturity. Except where muscles are attached it is +easily separated from the bone; at the extremities it is intimately +connected with the epiphysial cartilage and with the epiphysis, and at +the margin of the latter it becomes continuous with the capsule of the +adjacent joint. It consists of two layers, an outer fibrous and an inner +cellular layer; the cells, which are called osteoblasts, are continuous +with those lining the Haversian canals and the medullary cavity. + +The arrangement of the _blood vessels_ determines to some extent the +incidence of disease in bone. The nutrient artery, after entering the +medullary canal through a special foramen in the cortex, bifurcates, and +one main division runs towards each of the extremities, and terminates +at the ossifying junction in a series of capillary loops projected +against the epiphysial cartilage. This arrangement favours the lodgment +of any organisms that may be circulating in the blood, and partly +accounts for the frequency with which diseases of bacterial origin +develop in the region of the ossifying junction. The diaphysis is also +nourished by numerous blood vessels from the periosteum, which penetrate +the cortex through the Haversian canals and anastomose with those +derived from the nutrient artery. The epiphyses are nourished by a +separate system of blood vessels, derived from the arteries which supply +the adjacent joint. The veins of the marrow are of large calibre and are +devoid of valves. + +The _nerves_ enter the marrow along with the arteries, and, being +derived from the sympathetic system, are probably chiefly concerned with +the innervation of the blood vessels, but they are also capable of +transmitting sensory impulses, as pain is a prominent feature of many +bone affections. + +It has long been believed that _the function of the periosteum_ is to +form new bone, but this view has been questioned by Sir William Macewen, +who maintains that its chief function is to limit the formation of new +bone. His experimental observations appear to show that new bone is +exclusively formed by the cellular elements or osteoblasts: these are +found on the surface of the bone, lining the Haversian canals and in the +marrow. We believe that it will avoid confusion in the study of the +diseases of bone if the osteoblasts on the surface of the bone are still +regarded as forming the deeper layer of the periosteum. + +The formation of new bone by the osteoblasts may be _defective_ as a +result of physiological conditions, such as old age and disease of a +part, and defective formation is often associated with atrophy, or more +strictly speaking, absorption, of the existing bone, as is well seen in +the edentulous jaw and in the neck of the femur of a person advanced in +years. Defective formation associated with atrophy is also illustrated +in the bones of the lower limbs of persons who are unable to stand or +walk, and in the distal portion of a bone which is the seat of an +ununited fracture. The same combination is seen in an exaggerated degree +in the bones of limbs that are paralysed; in the case of adults, atrophy +of bone predominates; in children and adolescents, defective formation +is the more prominent feature, and the affected bones are attenuated, +smooth on the surface, and abnormally light. + +On the other hand, the formation of new bone may be _exaggerated_, the +osteoblasts being excited to abnormal activity by stimuli of different +kinds: for example, the secretion of certain glandular organs, such as +the pituitary and thyreoid; the diluted toxins of certain +micro-organisms, such as the staphylococcus aureus and the spirochaete of +syphilis; a condition of hyperaemia, such as that produced artificially +by the application of a Bier's bandage or that which accompanies a +chronic leg-ulcer. + +The new bone is laid down on the surface, in the Haversian canals, or +in the cancellous spaces and medullary canal, or in all three +situations. The new bone on the surface sometimes takes the form of a +diffuse _encrustation_ of porous or spongy bone as in secondary +syphilis, sometimes as a uniform increase in the girth of the +bone--_hyperostosis_, sometimes as a localised heaping up of bone or +_node_, and sometimes in the form of spicules, spoken of as +_osteophytes_. When the new bone is laid down in the Haversian canals, +cancellous spaces and medulla, the bone becomes denser and heavier, and +is said to be _sclerosed_; in extreme instances this may result in +obliteration of the medullary canal. Hyperostosis and sclerosis are +frequently met with in combination, a condition that is well illustrated +in the femur and tibia in tertiary syphilis; if the subject of this +condition is confined to bed for several months before his death, the +sclerosis may be undone, and rarefaction may even proceed beyond the +normal, the bone becoming lighter and richer in fat, although retaining +its abnormal girth. + +The _function of the epiphysial cartilage_ is to provide for the growth +of the shaft in length. While all epiphysial cartilages contribute to +this result, certain of them functionate more actively and for a longer +period than others. Those at the knee, for example, contribute more to +the length of limb than do those at the hip or ankle, and they are also +the last to unite. In the upper limb the more active epiphyses are at +the shoulder and wrist, and these also are the last to unite. + +The activity of the epiphysial cartilage may be modified as a result of +disease. In rickets, for example, the formation of new bone may take +place unequally, and may go on more rapidly in one half of the disc than +in the other, with the result that the axis of the shaft comes to +deviate from the normal, giving rise to knock-knee or bow-knee. In +bacterial diseases originating in the marrow, if the epiphysial junction +is directly involved in the destructive process, its bone-forming +functions may be retarded or abolished, and the subsequent growth of the +bone be seriously interfered with. On the other hand, if it is not +directly involved but is merely influenced by the proximity of an +infective focus, its bone-forming functions may be stimulated by the +diluted toxins and the growth of the bone in length exaggerated. In +paralysed limbs the growth from the epiphyses is usually little short of +the normal. The result of interference with growth is more injurious in +the lower than in the upper limb, because, from the functional point of +view, it is essential that the lower extremities should be approximately +of equal length. In the forearm or leg, where there are two parallel +bones, if the growth of one is arrested the continued growth of the +other results in a deviation of the hand or foot to one side. + +In certain diseases, such as rickets and inherited syphilis, and in +developmental anomalies such as achondroplasia, _dwarfing_ of the +skeleton results from defective growth of bone at the ossifying +junctions. Conversely, excessive growth of bone at the ossifying +junctions results in abnormal height of the skeleton or _giantism_ as a +result, for example, of increased activity of the pituitary in +adolescents, and in eunuchs who have been castrated in childhood or +adolescence; in the latter, union of the epiphyses at the ends of the +long bones is delayed beyond the usual period at which the skeleton +attains maturity. + +#Regeneration of Bone.#--When bone has been lost or destroyed as a +result of injury or disease, it is capable of being reproduced, the +extent to which regeneration takes place varying under different +conditions. The chief part in the regeneration of bone is played by the +osteoblasts in the adjacent marrow and in the deeper layer of the +periosteum. The shaft of a long bone may be reproduced after having been +destroyed by disease or removed by operation. The flat bones of the +skull and the bones of the face, which are primarily developed in +membrane, have little capacity of regeneration; hence, when bone has +been lost or removed in these situations, there results a permanent +defect. + +Wounds or defects in articular cartilage are repaired by fibrous or +osseous tissue derived from the subjacent cancellous spaces. + +_Transplantation of Bone--Bone-grafting._--Clinical experience is +conclusive that a portion of bone which has been completely detached +from its surroundings--for example, a trephine circle, or a flap of bone +detached with the saw, or the loose fragments in a compound +fracture--may become, if replaced in position, firmly and permanently +incorporated with the surrounding bone. Embedded foreign bodies, on the +other hand, such as ivory pegs or decalcified bone, exhibit, on removal +after a sufficient interval, evidence of having been eroded, in the +shape of worm-eaten depressions and perforations, and do not become +united or fused to the surrounding bone. It follows from this that the +implanting of living bone is to be preferred to the implanting of dead +bone or of foreign material. We believe that transplanted living bone +when placed under favourable conditions survives and becomes +incorporated with the bone with which it is in contact, and does not +merely act as a scaffolding. We believe also that the retention of the +periosteum on the graft is not essential, but, by favouring the +establishment of vascular connections, it contributes to the survival of +the graft and the success of the transplantation. Macewen maintains that +bone grafts "take" better if broken up into small fragments; we regard +this as unnecessary. Bone grafts yield better functional results when +they are immovably fixed to the adjacent bone by suture, pegs, or +plates. As in all grafting procedures, asepsis is essential. + +Transplanted bone retains its vitality when embedded in the soft parts, +but is gradually absorbed and replaced by fibrous tissue. + + +DISEASES OF BONE + +The morbid processes met with in bone originate in the same way and lead +to the same results as do similar processes in other tissues. The +structural peculiarities of bone, however, and the important changes +which take place in the skeleton during the period of growth, modify +certain of the clinical and pathological features. + +_Definition of Terms._--Any diseased process that affects the periosteum +is spoken of as _periostitis_; the term _osteomyelitis_ is employed when +it is located in the marrow. The term _epiphysitis_ has been applied to +an inflammatory process in two distinct situations--namely, the +ossifying nucleus in the epiphysis, and the ossifying junction or +metaphysis between the epiphysial cartilage and the diaphysis. We shall +restrict the term to inflammation in the first of these situations. +Inflammation at the ossifying junction is included under the term +osteomyelitis. + +The term _rarefying ostitis_ is applied to any process that is attended +with excessive absorption of the framework of a bone, whereby it becomes +more porous or spongy than it was before, a condition known as +_osteoporosis_. + +The term _caries_ is employed to indicate any diseased process +associated with crumbling away of the trabecular framework of a bone. It +may be considered as the equivalent of ulceration or molecular +destruction in the soft parts. The carious process is preceded by the +formation of granulation tissue in the marrow or periosteum, which eats +away and replaces the bone in contact with it. The subsequent +degeneration and death of the granulation tissue under the necrotic +influence of bacterial toxins results in disintegration and crumbling +away of the trabecular framework of the portion of bone affected. +Clinically, carious bone yields a soft grating sensation under the +pressure of the probe. The macerated bone presents a rough, eroded +surface. + +The term _dry caries_ (_caries sicca_) is applied to that variety which +is unattended with suppuration. + +_Necrosis_ is the term applied to the death of a tangible portion of +bone, and the dead portion when separated is called a _sequestrum_. The +term _exfoliation_ is sometimes employed to indicate the separation or +throwing off of a superficial sequestrum. The edges and deep surface of +the sequestrum present a serrated or worm-eaten appearance due to the +process of erosion by which the dead bone has been separated from the +living. + + +BACTERIAL DISEASES + +The most important diseases in this group are the pyogenic, the +tuberculous, and the syphilitic. + +PYOGENIC DISEASES OF BONE.--These diseases result from +infection with pyogenic organisms, and two varieties or types are +recognised according to whether the organisms concerned reach their seat +of action by way of the blood-stream, or through an infection of the +soft parts in contact with the bone. + + +INFECTIONS THROUGH THE BLOOD-STREAM + +#Diseases caused by the Staphylococcus Aureus.#--As the majority of +pyogenic diseases are due to infection with the staphylococcus aureus, +these will be described first. + +#Acute osteomyelitis# is a suppurative process beginning in the marrow +and tending to spread to the periosteum. The disease is common in +children, but is rare after the skeleton has attained maturity. Boys are +affected more often than girls, in the proportion of three to one, +probably because they are more liable to exposure, to injury, and to +violent exertion. + +_Etiology._--Staphylococci gain access to the blood-stream in various +ways, it may be through the skin or through a mucous surface. + +Such conditions as, for example, a blow, some extra exertion such as a +long walk, or exposure to cold, as in wading, may act as localising +factors. + +The long bones are chiefly affected, and the commonest sites are: either +end of the tibia and the lower end of the femur; the other bones of the +skeleton are affected in rare instances. + +_Pathology._--The disease commences and is most intense in the marrow of +the ossifying junction at one end of the diaphysis; it may commence at +both ends simultaneously--_bipolar osteomyelitis_; or, commencing at one +end, may spread to the other. + +The changes observed are those of intense engorgement of the marrow, +going on to greenish-yellow purulent infiltration. Where the process is +most advanced--that is, at the ossifying junction--there are evidences +of absorption of the framework of the bone; the marrow spaces and +Haversian canals undergo enlargement and become filled with +greenish-yellow pus. This rarefaction of the spongy bone is the earliest +change seen with the X-rays. + +The process may remain localised to the ossifying junction, but usually +spreads along the medullary canal for a varying distance, and also +extends to the periosteum by way of the enlarged Haversian canals. The +pus accumulates under the periosteum and lifts it up from the bone. The +extent of spread in the medullary canal and beneath the periosteum is in +close correspondence. The periosteum of the diaphysis is easily +separated--hence the facility with which the pus spreads along the +shaft; but in the region of the ossifying junction it is raised with +difficulty because of its intimate connection with the epiphysial +cartilage. Less frequently there is more than one collection of pus +under the periosteum, each being derived from a focus of suppuration in +the subjacent marrow. The pus perforates the periosteum, and makes its +way to the surface by the easiest anatomical route, and discharges +externally, forming one or more sinuses through which fresh infection +may take place. The infection may spread to the adjacent joint, either +directly through the epiphysis and articular cartilage, or along the +deep layer of the periosteum and its continuation--the capsular +ligament. When the epiphysis is intra-articular, as, for example, in the +head of the femur, the pus when it reaches the surface of the bone +necessarily erupts directly into the joint. + +While the occurrence of purely periosteal suppuration is regarded as +possible, we are of opinion that the embolic form of staphylococcal +osteomyelitis always originates in the marrow. + +The portion of the diaphysis which has sustained the action of the +concentrated toxins has its vitality further impaired as a result of the +stripping of the periosteum and thrombosis of the blood vessels of the +marrow, so that _necrosis_ of bone is one of the most striking results +of the disease, and as this takes place rapidly, that is, in a day or +two, the term _acute necrosis_, formerly applied to the disease, was +amply justified. + +When there is marked rarefaction of the bone at the ossifying junction, +the epiphysis is liable to be separated--_epiphysiolysis_. The +separation usually takes place through the young bone of the ossifying +junction, and the surfaces of the diaphysis and epiphysis are opposed to +each other by irregular eroded surfaces bathed in pus. The separated +epiphysis may be kept in place by the periosteum, but when this has been +detached by the formation of pus beneath it, the epiphysis is liable to +be displaced by muscular action or by some movement of the limb, or it +is the diaphysis that is displaced, for example, the lower end of the +diaphysis of the femur may be projected into the popliteal space. + +The epiphysial cartilage usually continues its bone-forming functions, +but when it has been seriously damaged or displaced, the further growth +of the bone in length may be interfered with. Sometimes the separated +and displaced epiphysis dies and constitutes a sequestrum. + +The adjacent joint may become filled at an early stage with a serous +effusion, which may be sterile. When the cocci gain access to the joint, +the lesion assumes the characters of a purulent arthritis, which, from +its frequency during the earlier years of life, has been called _the +acute arthritis of infants_. + +Separation of an epiphysis nearly always results in infection and +destruction of the adjacent joint. + +Osteomyelitis is rare in the bones of the carpus and tarsus, and the +associated joints are usually infected from the outset. In flat bones, +such as the skull, the scapula, or the ilium, suppuration usually occurs +on both aspects of the bone as well as in the marrow. + +_Clinical Features._--The constitutional symptoms, which are due to the +associated toxaemia, vary considerably in different cases. In mild cases +they may be so slight as to escape recognition. In exceptionally severe +cases the patient may succumb before there are obvious signs of the +localisation of the staphylococci in the bone marrow. In average cases +the temperature rises rapidly with a rigor and runs an irregular course +with morning remissions, there is marked general illness accompanied by +headache, vomiting, and sometimes delirium. + +The local manifestations are pain and tenderness in relation to one of +the long bones; the pain may be so severe as to prevent sleep and to +cause the child to cry out. Tenderness on pressure over the bone is the +most valuable diagnostic sign. At a later stage there is an ill-defined +swelling in the region of the ossifying junction, with oedema of the +overlying skin and dilatation of the superficial veins. + +The swelling appears earlier and is more definite in superficial bones +such as the tibia, than in those more deeply placed such as the upper +end of the femur. It may be less evident to the eye than to the fingers, +and is best appreciated by gently stroking the bone from the middle of +its shaft towards the end. The maximum thickening and tenderness usually +correspond to the junction of the diaphysis with the epiphysis, and the +swelling tails off gradually along the shaft. As time goes on there is +redness of the skin, especially over a superficial bone, such as the +tibia, the swelling becomes softer, and gives evidence of fluctuation. +This stage may be reached at the end of twenty-four hours, or not for +some days. + +Suppuration spreads towards the surface, until, some days later, the +skin sloughs and pus escapes, after which the fever usually remits and +the pain and other symptoms are relieved. The pus may contain blood and +droplets of fat derived from the marrow, and in some cases minute +particles of bone are present also. The presence of fat and bony +particles in the pus confirms the medullary origin of the suppuration. + +If an incision is made, the periosteum is found to be raised from the +bone; the extent of the bare bone will be found to correspond fairly +accurately with the extent of the lesion in the marrow. + +_Local Complications._--The adjacent joint may exhibit symptoms which +vary from those of a simple effusion to those of a purulent _arthritis_. +The joint symptoms may count for little in the clinical picture, or, as +in the case of the hip, may so predominate as to overshadow those of the +bone lesion from which they originated. + +_Separation and displacement of the epiphysis_ usually reveals itself by +an alteration in the attitude of the limb; it is nearly always +associated with suppuration in the adjacent joint. + +When _pathological fracture_ of the shaft occurs, as it may do, from +some muscular effort or strain, it is attended with the usual signs of +fracture. + +_Dislocation_ of the adjacent joint has been chiefly observed at the +hip; it may result from effusion into the joint and stretching of the +ligaments, or may be the sequel of a purulent arthritis; the signs of +dislocation are not so obvious as might be expected, but it is attended +with an alteration in the attitude of the limb, and the displacement of +the head of the bone is readily shown in a skiagram. + +_General Complications._--In some cases a _multiplicity of lesions_ in +the bones and joints imparts to the disease the features of pyaemia. The +occurrence of endocarditis, as indicated by alterations in the heart +sounds and the development of murmurs, may cause widespread infective +embolism, and metastatic suppurations in the kidneys, heart-wall, and +lungs, as well as in other bones and joints than those primarily +affected. The secondary suppurations are liable to be overlooked unless +sought for, as they are rarely attended with much pain. + +In these multiple forms of osteomyelitis the toxaemic symptoms +predominate; the patient is dull and listless, or he may be restless and +talkative, or actually delirious. The tongue is dry and coated, the lips +and teeth are covered with sordes, the motions are loose and offensive, +and may be passed involuntarily. The temperature is remittent and +irregular, the pulse small and rapid, and the urine may contain blood +and albumen. Sometimes the skin shows erythematous and purpuric rashes, +and the patient may cry out as in meningitis. The post-mortem +appearances are those of pyaemia. + +_Differential Diagnosis._--Acute osteomyelitis is to be diagnosed from +infections of the soft parts, such as erysipelas and cellulitis, and, in +the case of the tibia, from erythema nodosum. Tenderness localised to +the ossifying junction is the most valuable diagnostic sign of +osteomyelitis. + +When there is early and pronounced general intoxication, there is likely +to be confusion with other acute febrile illnesses, such as scarlet +fever. In all febrile conditions in children and adolescents, the +ossifying junctions of the long bones should be examined for areas of +pain and tenderness. + +Osteomyelitis has many features in common with acute articular +rheumatism, and some authorities believe them to be different forms of +the same disease (Kocher). In acute rheumatism, however, the joint +symptoms predominate, there is an absence of suppuration, and the pains +and temperature yield to salicylates. + +The _prognosis_ varies with the type of the disease, with its +location--the vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and lower jaw being specially +unfavourable--with the multiplicity of the lesions, and with the +development of endocarditis and internal metastases. + +_Treatment._--This is carried out on the same lines as in other pyogenic +infections. + +In the earliest stages of the disease, the induction of hyperaemia is +indicated, and should be employed until the diagnosis is definitely +established, and in the meantime preparations for operation should be +made. An incision is made down to and through the periosteum, and +whether pus is found or not, the bone should be opened in the vicinity +of the ossifying junction by means of a drill, gouge, or trephine. If +pus is found, the opening in the bone is extended along the shaft as far +as the periosteum has been separated, and the infected marrow is removed +with the spoon. The cavity is then lightly packed with rubber dam, or, +as recommended by Bier, the skin edges are brought together by sutures +which are loosely tied to afford sufficient space between them for the +exit of discharge, and the hyperaemic treatment is continued. + +When there is widespread suppuration in the marrow, and the shaft is +extensively bared of periosteum and appears likely to die, it may be +resected straight away or after an interval of a day or two. Early +resection of the shaft is also indicated if the opening of the medullary +canal is not followed by relief of symptoms. In the leg and forearm, the +unaffected bone maintains the length and contour of the limb; in the +case of the femur and humerus, extension with weight and pulley along +with some form of moulded gutter splint is employed with a similar +object. + +Amputation of the limb is reserved for grave cases, in which life is +endangered by toxaemia, which is attributed to the primary lesion. It may +be called for later if the limb is likely to be useless, as, for +example, when the whole shaft of the bone is dead without the formation +of a new case, when the epiphyses are separated and displaced, and the +joints are disorganised. + +Flat bones, such as the skull or ilium, must be trephined and the pus +cleared out from both aspects of the bone. In the vertebrae, operative +interference is usually restricted to opening and draining the +associated abscess. + +#Nature's Effort at Repair.#--_In cases which are left to nature_, and +in which necrosis of bone has occurred, those portions of the periosteum +and marrow which have retained their vitality resume their osteogenetic +functions, often to an exaggerated degree. Where the periosteum has been +lifted up by an accumulation of pus, or is in contact with bone that is +dead, it proceeds to form new bone with great activity, so that the dead +shaft becomes surrounded by a sheath or case of new bone, known as the +_involucrum_ (Fig. 118). Where the periosteum has been perforated by pus +making its way to the surface, there are defects or holes in the +involucrum, called _cloacae_. As these correspond more or less in +position to the sinuses in the skin, in passing a probe down one of the +sinuses it usually passes through a cloaca and strikes the dead bone +lying in the interior. If the periosteum has been extensively +destroyed, new bone may only be formed in patches, or not at all. The +dead bone is separated from the living by the agency of granulation +tissue with its usual complements of phagocytes and osteoclasts, so that +the sequestrum presents along its margins and on its deep surface a +pitted, grooved, and worm-eaten appearance, except on the periosteal +aspect, which is unaltered. Ultimately the dead bone becomes loose and +lies in a cavity a little larger than itself; the wall of the cavity is +formed by the new case, lined with granulation tissue. The separation of +the sequestrum takes place more rapidly in the spongy bone of the +ossifying junction than in the compact bone of the shaft. + +When foci of suppuration have been scattered up and down the medullary +cavity, and the bone has died in patches, several sequestra may be +included by the new case; each portion of dead bone is slowly separated, +and comes to lie in a cavity lined by granulations. + +Even at a distance from the actual necrosis there is formation of new +bone by the marrow; the medullary canal is often obliterated, and the +bone becomes heavier and denser--sclerosis; and the new bone which is +deposited on the original shaft results in an increase in the girth of +the bone--hyperostosis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 118.--Shaft of Femur after Acute Osteomyelitis. The +shaft has undergone extensive necrosis, and a shell of new bone has been +formed by the periosteum.] + +_Pathological fracture_ of the shaft may occur at the site of necrosis, +when the new case is incapable of resisting the strain put upon it, and +is most frequently met with in the shaft of the femur. Short of +fracture, there may be bending or curving of the new case, and this +results in deformity and shortening of the limb (Fig. 119). + +The _extrusion of a sequestrum_ may occur, provided there is a cloaca +large enough to allow of its escape, but the surgeon has usually to +interfere by performing the operation of sequestrectomy. Displacement or +partial extrusion of the dead bone may cause complications, as when a +sequestrum derived from the trigone of the femur perforates the +popliteal artery or the cavity of the knee-joint, or a sequestrum of the +pelvis perforates the wall of the urinary bladder. + +The extent to which bone which has been lost is reproduced varies in +different parts of the skeleton: while the long bones, the scapula, the +mandible, and other bones which are developed in cartilage are almost +completely re-formed, bones which are entirely developed in membrane, +such as the flat bones of the skull and the maxilla, are not reproduced. + +[Illustration: FIG. 119.--Femur and Tibia showing results of Acute +Osteomyelitis affecting Trigone of Femur; sequestrum partly surrounded +by new case; backward displacement of lower epiphysis and implication of +knee-joint.] + +It may be instructive to describe _the X-ray appearances of a long bone +that has passed through an attack of acute osteomyelitis_ severe enough +to have caused necrosis of part of the diaphysis. The shadow of the dead +bone is seen in the position of the original shaft which it represents; +it is of the same shape and density as the original shaft, while its +margins present an irregular contour from the erosion concerned in its +separation. The sequestrum is separated from the living bone by a clear +zone which corresponds to the layer of granulations lining the cavity in +which it lies. This clear zone separating the shadow of the dead bone +from that of the living bone by which it is surrounded is conclusive +evidence of a sequestrum. The medullary canal in the vicinity of the +sequestrum being obliterated, is represented by a shadow of varying +density, continuous with that of the surrounding bone. The shadow of the +new case or involucrum with its wavy contour is also in evidence, with +its openings or cloacae, and is mainly responsible for the increase in +the diameter of the bone. + +The skiagram may also show separation and displacement of the adjacent +epiphysis and destruction of the articular surfaces or dislocation of +the joint. + +_Sequelae of Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis._--The commonest sequel is +the presence of a sequestrum with one or more discharging sinuses; owing +to the abundant formation of scar tissue these sinuses have rigid edges +which are usually depressed and adherent to the bone. + +_The Recognition and Removal of Sequestra._--So long as there is dead +bone there will be suppuration from the granulations lining the cavity +in which it lies, and a discharge of pus from the sinuses, so that the +mere persistence of discharge after an attack of osteomyelitis, is +presumptive evidence of the occurrence of necrosis. Where there are one +or more sinuses, the passage of a probe which strikes bare bone affords +corroboration of the view that the bone has perished. When the dead bone +has been separated from the living, the X-rays yield the most exact +information. + +The traditional practice is to wait until the dead bone is entirely +separated before undertaking an operation for its removal, from fear, on +the one hand, of leaving portions behind which may keep up the +discharge, and, on the other, of removing more bone than is necessary. +This practice need not be adhered to, as by operating at an earlier +stage healing is greatly hastened. If it is decided to wait for +separation of the dead bone, drainage should be improved, and the +infective element combated by the induction of hyperaemia. + +_The operation_ for the removal of the dead bone (_sequestrectomy_) +consists in opening up the periosteum and the new case sufficiently to +allow of the removal of all the dead bone, including the most minute +sequestra. The limb having been rendered bloodless, existing sinuses are +enlarged, but if these are inconveniently situated--for example, in the +centre of the popliteal space in necrosis of the femoral trigone--it is +better to make a fresh wound down to the bone on that aspect of the +limb which affords best access, and which entails the least injury of +the soft parts. The periosteum, which is thick and easily separable, is +raised from the new case with an elevator, and with the chisel or gouge +enough of the new bone is taken away to allow of the removal of the +sequestrum. Care must be taken not to leave behind any fragment of dead +bone, as this will interfere with healing, and may determine a relapse +of suppuration. + +The dead bone having been removed, the lining granulations are scraped +away with a spoon, and the cavity is disinfected. + +There are different ways of dealing with a _bone cavity_. It may be +packed with gauze (impregnated with "bipp" or with iodoform), which is +changed at intervals until healing takes place from the bottom; it may +be filled with a flap of bone and periosteum raised from the vicinity, +or with bone grafts; or the wall of bone on one side of the cavity may +be chiselled through at its base, so that it can be brought into contact +with the opposite wall. The method of filling bone cavities devised by +Mosetig-Moorhof, consists in disinfecting and drying the cavity by a +current of hot air, and filling it with a mixture of powdered iodoform +(60 parts) and oil of sesame and spermaceti (each 40 parts), which is +fluid at a temperature of 112 o F.; the soft parts are then brought +together without drainage. As the cavity fills up with new bone the +iodoform is gradually absorbed. Iodoform gives a dark shadow with the +X-rays, so that the process of its absorption can be followed in +skiagrams taken at intervals. + +These procedures may be carried out at the same time as the sequestrum +is removed, or after an interval. In all of them, asepsis is essential +for success. + +The _deformities_ resulting from osteomyelitis are more marked the +earlier in life the disease occurs. Even under favourable conditions, +and with the continuous effort at reconstruction of the bone by Nature's +method, the return to normal is often far from perfect, and there +usually remains a variable amount of hyperostosis and sclerosis and +sometimes curving of the bone. Under less favourable conditions, the +late results of osteomyelitis may be more serious. _Shortening_ is not +uncommon from interference with growth at the ossifying junction. +_Exaggerated growth_ in the length of a bone is rare, and has been +observed chiefly in the bones of the leg. Where there are two parallel +bones--as in the leg, for example--the growth of the diseased bone may +be impaired, and the other continuing its normal growth becomes +disproportionately long; less frequently the growth of the diseased +bone is exaggerated, and it becomes the longer of the two. In either +case, the longer bone becomes curved. An _obliquity_ of the bone may +result when one half of the epiphysial cartilage is destroyed and the +other half continues to form bone, giving rise to such deformities as +knock-knee and club-hand. + +Deformity may also result from vicious union of a pathological fracture, +permanent displacement of an epiphysis, contracture, ankylosis, or +dislocation of the adjacent joint. + +#Relapsing Osteomyelitis.#--As the term indicates, the various forms of +relapsing osteomyelitis date back to an antecedent attack, and their +occurrence depends on the capacity of staphylococci to lie latent in the +marrow. + +Relapse may take place within a few months of the original attack, or +not for many years. Cases are sometimes met with in which relapses recur +at regular intervals for several years, the tendency, however, being for +the attacks to become milder as the virulence of the organisms becomes +more and more attenuated. + +_Clinical Features._--Osteomyelitis in a patient over twenty-five is +nearly always of the relapsing variety. In some cases the bone becomes +enlarged, with pain and tenderness on pressure; in others there are the +usual phenomena which attend suppuration, but the pus is slow in coming +to the surface, and the constitutional symptoms are slight. The pus may +escape by new channels, or one of the old sinuses may re-open. +Radiograms usually furnish useful information as to the condition of the +bone, both as it is altered by the original attack and by the changes +that attend the relapse of the infective process. + +_Treatment._--In cases of thickening of the bone with persistent and +severe pain, if relief is not afforded by the repeated application of +blisters, the thickened periosteum should be incised, and the bone +opened up with the chisel or trephine. In cases attended with +suppuration, the swelling is incised and drained, and if there is a +sequestrum, it must be removed. + +#Circumscribed Abscess of Bone--"Brodie's Abscess."#--The most important +form of relapsing osteomyelitis is the circumscribed abscess of bone +first described by Benjamin Brodie. It is usually met with in young +adults, but we have met with it in patients over fifty. Several years +may intervene between the original attack of osteomyelitis and the onset +of symptoms of abscess. + +_Morbid Anatomy._[7]--The abscess is nearly always situated in the +central axis of the bone in the region of the ossifying junction, +although cases are occasionally met with in which it lies nearer the +middle of the shaft. In exceptional cases there is more than one abscess +(Fig. 120). The tibia is the bone most commonly affected, but the lower +end of the femur, or either end of the humerus, may be the seat of the +abscess. In the quiescent stage the lesion is represented by a small +cavity in the bone, filled with clear serum, and lined by a fibrous +membrane which is engaged in forming bone. Around the cavity the bone is +sclerosed, and the medullary canal is obliterated. When the infection +becomes active, the contents of the cavity are transformed into a +greenish-yellow pus from which the staphylococcus can be isolated, and +the cavity is lined by a thin film of granulation tissue which erodes +the surrounding bone and so causes the abscess to increase in size. If +the erosion proceeds uniformly, the cavity is spherical or oval; if it +is more active at some points than others, diverticula or tunnels are +formed, and one of these may finally erupt through the shell of the bone +or into an adjacent joint. Small irregular sequestra are occasionally +found within the abscess cavity. In long-standing cases it is common to +find extensive obliteration of the medullary canal, and a considerable +increase in the girth of the bone. + +[7] Alexis Thomson, _Edin. Med. Journ._, 1906. + +[Illustration: FIG. 120.--Segment of Tibia resected for Brodie's +Abscess. The specimen shows two separate abscesses in the centre of the +shaft, the lower one quiescent, the upper one active and increasing in +size.] + +The size of the abscess ranges from that of a cherry to that of a +walnut, but specimens in museums show that, if left to Nature, the +abscess may attain much greater dimensions. + +The affected bone is not only thicker and heavier than normal, but may +also be curved or otherwise deformed as a result of the original attack +of osteomyelitis. + +The _clinical features_ are almost exclusively local. Pain, due to +tension within the abscess, is the dominant symptom. At first it is +vague and difficult to localise, later it is referred to the interior of +the bone, and is described as "boring." It is aggravated by use of the +limb, and there are often, especially during the night, exacerbations in +which the pain becomes excruciating. In the early stages there are +periods of days or weeks during which the symptoms abate, but as the +abscess increases these become shorter, until the patient is hardly ever +free from pain. Localised tenderness can almost always be elicited by +percussion, or by compressing the bone between the fingers and thumb. +The pain induced by the traction of muscles attached to the bone, or by +the weight of the body, may interfere with the function of the limb, and +in the lower extremity cause a limp in walking. The limb may be disabled +from _involvement of the adjacent joint_, in which there may be an +intermittent hydrops which comes and goes coincidently with +exacerbations of pain; or the abscess may perforate the joint and set up +an acute arthritis. + +The _diagnosis_ of Brodie's abscess from other affections met with at +the ends of long bones, and particularly from tuberculosis, syphilis, +and new growths, is made by a consideration of the previous history, +especially with reference to an antecedent attack of osteomyelitis. When +the adjacent joint is implicated, the surgeon may be misled by the +patient referring all the symptoms to the joint. + +The X-ray picture is usually diagnostic chiefly because all the lesions +which are liable to be confused with Brodie's abscess--gumma, tubercle, +myeloma, chondroma, and sarcoma--give a well-marked central clear area; +the sclerosis around Brodie's abscess gives a dense shadow in which the +central clear area is either not seen at all or only faintly (Fig. 121). + +_Treatment._--If an abscess is suspected, there should be no hesitation +in exploring the interior of the bone. It is exposed by a suitable +incision; the periosteum is reflected and the bone is opened up by a +trephine or chisel, and the presence of an abscess may be at once +indicated by the escape of pus. If, owing to the small size of the +abscess or the density of the bone surrounding it, the pus is not +reached by this procedure, the bone should be drilled in different +directions. + +[Illustration: FIG. 121.--Radiogram of Brodie's Abscess in Lower End of +Tibia.] + +#Other Forms of Acute Osteomyelitis.#--Among the less severe forms of +osteomyelitis resulting from the action of attenuated organisms are the +_serous_ variety, in which an effusion of serous fluid forms under the +periosteum; and _growth fever_, in which the child complains of vague +evanescent pains (growing pains), and of feeling tired and disinclined +to play; there may be some rise of temperature in the evening. + +Infection with the _staphylococcus albus_, the _streptococcus_, or the +_pneumococcus_ also causes a mild form of osteomyelitis which may go on +to suppuration. + +_Necrosis without suppuration_, described by Paget under the name "quiet +necrosis," is a rare disease, and would appear to be associated with an +attenuated form of staphylococcal infection (Tavel). It occurs in +adults, being met with up to the age of fifty or sixty, and is +characterised by the insidious development of a swelling which involves +a considerable extent of a long bone. The pain varies in intensity, and +may be continuous or intermittent, and there is tenderness on pressure. +The shaft is increased in girth as a result of its being surrounded by a +new case of bone. The resemblance to sarcoma may be very close, but the +swelling is not as defined as in sarcoma, nor does it ever assume the +characteristic "leg of mutton" shape. In both diseases there is a +tendency to pathological fracture. It is difficult also in the absence +of skiagrams to differentiate the condition from syphilitic and from +tuberculous disease. If the diagnosis is not established after +examination with the X-rays, an exploratory incision should be made; if +dead bone is found, it is removed. + +In typhoid fever the bone marrow is liable to be invaded by _the typhoid +bacillus_, which may set up osteomyelitis soon after its lodgment, or it +may lie latent for a considerable period before doing so. The lesions +may be single or multiple, they involve the marrow or the periosteum or +both, and they may or may not be attended with suppuration. They are +most commonly met with in the tibia and in the ribs at the +costo-chondral junctions. + +The bone lesions usually occur during the seventh or eighth week of the +fever, but have been known to occur much later. The chief complaint is +of vague pains, at first referred to several bones, later becoming +localised in one; they are aggravated by movement, or by handling the +bone, and are worst at night. There is redness and oedema of the +overlying soft parts, and swelling with vague fluctuation, and on +incision there escapes a yellow creamy pus, or a brown syrupy fluid +containing the typhoid bacillus in pure culture. Necrosis is +exceptional. + +When the abscess develops slowly, the condition resembles tuberculous +disease, from which it may be diagnosed by the history of typhoid fever, +and by obtaining a positive Widal reaction. + +The prognosis is favourable, but recovery is apt to be slow, and relapse +is not uncommon. + +It is usually sufficient to incise the periosteum, but when the disease +occurs in a rib it may be necessary to resect a portion of bone. + +#Pyogenic Osteomyelitis due to Spread of Infection from the Soft +Parts.#--There still remain those forms of osteomyelitis which result +from infection through a wound involving the bone--for example, compound +fractures, gun-shot injuries, osteotomies, amputations, resections, or +operations for un-united fracture. In all of these the marrow is exposed +to infection by such organisms as are present in the wound. A similar +form of osteomyelitis may occur apart from a wound--for example, +infection may spread to the jaws from lesions of the mouth; to the +skull, from lesions of the scalp or of the cranial bones +themselves--such as a syphilitic gumma or a sarcoma which has fungated +externally; or to the petrous temporal, from suppuration in the middle +ear. + +The most common is an osteomyelitis commencing in the marrow exposed in +a wound infected with pyogenic organisms. In amputation stumps, +fungating granulations protrude from the sawn end of the bone, and if +necrosis takes place, the sequestrum is annular, affecting the +cross-section of the bone at the saw-line; or tubular, extending up the +shaft, and tapering off above. The periosteum is more easily detached, +is thicker than normal, and is actively engaged in forming bone. In the +macerated specimen, the new bone presents a characteristic coral-like +appearance, and may be perforated by cloacae (Fig. 122). + +[Illustration: FIG. 122.--Tubular Sequestrum resulting from Septic +Osteomyelitis in Amputation Stump.] + +Like other pyogenic infections, it may terminate in pyaemia, as a result +of septic phlebitis in the marrow. + +The _clinical features_ of osteomyelitis in _an amputation stump_ are +those of ordinary pyogenic infection; the involvement of the bone may be +suspected from the clinical course, the absence of improvement from +measures directed towards overcoming the sepsis in the soft parts, and +the persistence of suppuration in spite of free drainage, but it is not +recognised unless the bone is exposed by opening up the stump or the +changes in the bone are shown by the X-rays. The first change is due to +the deposit of new bone on the periosteal surface; later, there is the +shadow of the sequestrum. + +Healing does not take place until the sequestrum is extruded or removed +by operation. + +_In compound fractures_, if a fragment dies and forms a sequestrum, it +is apt to be walled in by new bone; the sinuses continue to discharge +until the sequestrum is removed. Even after healing has taken place, +relapse is liable to occur, especially in gun-shot injuries. Months or +years afterwards, the bone may become painful and tender. The symptoms +may subside under rest and elevation of the limb and the application of +a compress, or an abscess forms and bursts with comparatively little +suffering. The contents may be clear yellow serum or watery pus; +sometimes a small spicule of bone is discharged. Valuable information, +both for diagnosis and treatment, is afforded by skiagrams. + +[Illustration: FIG. 123.--New Periosteal Bone on surface of Femur from +Amputation Stump. Osteomyelitis supervened on the amputation, and +resulted in necrosis at the sawn section of the bone. (Anatomical +Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + + +TUBERCULOUS DISEASE + +The tuberculous diseases of bone result from infection of the marrow or +periosteum by tubercle bacilli conveyed through the arteries; it is +exceedingly rare for tubercle to appear in bone as a primary infection, +the bacilli being usually derived from some pre-existing focus in the +bronchial glands or elsewhere. According to the observations of John +Fraser, 60 per cent. of the cases of bone and joint tubercle in children +are due to the bovine bacillus, 37 per cent. to the human variety, and +in 3 per cent. both types are present. + +Tuberculous disease in bone is characterised by its insidious onset and +slow progress, and by the frequency with which it is associated with +disease of the adjacent joint. + +#Periosteal tuberculosis# is met with in the ribs, sternum, vertebral +column, skull, and less frequently in the long bones of the limbs. It +may originate in the periosteum, or may spread thence from the marrow, +or from synovial membrane. + +_In superficial bones_, such as the sternum, the formation of +tuberculous granulation tissue in the deeper layer of the periosteum, +and its subsequent caseation and liquefaction, is attended by the +insidious development of a doughy swelling, which is not as a rule +painful, although tender on pressure. While the swelling often remains +quiescent for some time, it tends to increase in size, to become boggy +or fluctuating, and to assume the characters of a cold abscess. The pus +perforates the fibrous layer of the periosteum, invading and infecting +the overlying soft parts, its spread being influenced by the anatomical +arrangement of the tissues. The size of the abscess affords no +indication of the extent of the bone lesion from which it originates. As +the abscess reaches the surface, the skin becomes of a dusky red or +livid colour, is gradually thinned out, and finally sloughs, forming a +sinus. A probe passed into the sinus strikes carious bone. Small +sequestra may be found embedded in the granulation tissue. The sinus +persists as long as any active tubercle remains in the tissues, and is +apt to form an avenue for pyogenic infection. + +_In deeply seated bones_, such as the upper end of the femur, the +formation of a cold abscess in the soft parts is often the first +evidence of the disease. + +_Diagnosis._--Before the stage of cold abscess is reached, the localised +swelling is to be differentiated from a gumma, from chronic forms of +staphylococcal osteomyelitis, from enlarged bursa or ganglion, from +sub-periosteal lipoma, and from sarcoma. Most difficulty is met with in +relation to periosteal sarcoma, which must be differentiated either by +the X-ray appearances or by an exploratory incision. + +_X-ray appearances in periosteal tubercle_: the surface of the cortical +bone in the area of disease is roughened and irregular by erosion, and +in the vicinity there may be a deposit of new bone on the surface, +particularly if a sinus is present and mixed infection has occurred; in +_syphilis_ the shadow of the bone is denser as a result of sclerosis, +and there is usually more new bone on the surface--hyperostosis; in +_periosteal sarcoma_ there is greater erosion and consequently greater +irregularity in the contour of the cortical bone, and frequently there +is evidence of formation of bone in the form of characteristic spicules +projecting from the surface at a right angle. + +The early recognition of periosteal lesions in the articular ends of +bones is of importance, as the disease, if left to itself, is liable to +spread to the adjacent joint. + +The _treatment_ is that of tuberculous lesions in general; if +conservative measures fail, the choice lies between the injection of +iodoform, and removal of the infected tissues with the sharp spoon. In +the ribs it is more satisfactory to remove the diseased portion of bone +along with the wall of the associated abscess or sinus. If all the +tubercle has been removed and there is no pyogenic infection, the wound +is stitched up with the object of obtaining primary union; otherwise it +is treated by the open method. + +#Tuberculous Osteomyelitis.#--Tuberculous lesions in the marrow occur as +isolated or as multiple foci of granulation tissue, which replace the +marrow and erode the trabeculae of bone in the vicinity (Fig. 124). The +individual focus varies in size from a pea to a walnut. The changes that +ensue resemble in character those in other tissues, and the extent of +the destruction varies according to the way in which the tubercle +bacillus and the marrow interact upon one another. The granulation +tissue may undergo caseation and liquefaction, or may become +encapsulated by fibrous tissue--"encysted tubercle." + +[Illustration: FIG. 124.--Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of Os Magnum, +excised from a boy aet. 8. Note well-defined caseous focus, with several +minute foci in surrounding marrow.] + +Sometimes the tuberculous granulation tissue spreads in the marrow, +assuming the characters of a diffuse infiltration--diffuse tuberculous +osteomyelitis. The trabecular framework of the bone undergoes erosion +and absorption--rarefying ostitis--and either disappears altogether or +only irregular fragments or sequestra of microscopic dimensions remain +in the area affected. Less frequently the trabecular framework is added +to by the formation of new bone, resulting in a remarkable degree of +sclerosis, and if, following upon this, there is caseation of the +tubercle and death of the affected portion of bone, there results a +sequestrum often of considerable size and characteristic shape, which, +because of the sclerosis and surrounding endarteritis, is exceedingly +slow in separating. When the sequestrum involves an articular surface it +is often wedge-shaped; in other situations it is rounded or truncated +and lies in the long axis of the medullary canal (Fig. 125). Finally, +the sequestrum lies loose in a cavity lined by tuberculous granulation +tissue, and is readily identified in a radiogram. This type of sclerosis +preceding death of the bone is highly characteristic of tuberculosis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 125.--Tuberculous Disease of Child's Tibia, +showing sequestrum in medullary cavity, and increase in girth from +excess of new bone.] + +_Clinical Features._--As a rule, it is only in superficially placed +bones, such as the tibia, ulna, clavicle, mandible, or phalanges, that +tuberculous disease in the marrow gives rise to signs sufficiently +definite to allow of its clinical recognition. In the vertebrae, or in +the bones of deeply seated joints, such as the hip or shoulder, the +existence of tuberculous lesions in the marrow can only be inferred from +indirect signs--such, for example, as rigidity and curvature in the case +of the spine, or from the symptoms of grave and persistent joint-disease +in the case of the hip or shoulder. + +With few exceptions, tuberculous disease in the interior of a bone does +not reveal its presence until by extension it reaches one or other of +the surfaces of the bone. In the shaft of a long bone its eruption on +the periosteal surface is usually followed by the formation of a cold +abscess in the overlying soft parts. When situated in the articular ends +of bones, the disease more often erupts in relation to the reflection of +the synovial membrane or directly on the articular surface--in either +case giving rise to disease of the joint (Fig. 156). + +[Illustration: Fig. 126.--Diffuse Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of Right +Tibia. + +(Photograph lent by Sir H. J. Stiles.)] + +#Diffuse Tuberculous Osteomyelitis in the shaft of a long bone# is +comparatively rare, and has been observed chiefly in the tibia and the +ulna in children (Fig. 126). It commences at the growing extremity of +the diaphysis, and spreads along the medulla to a variable extent; it is +attended by the formation of vascular and porous bone on the surface, +which causes thickening of the diaphysis; this is most marked at the +ossifying junction and tapers off along the shaft. The infection not +only spreads along the medulla, but it invades the spongy bone +surrounding this, and then the cortical bone, and is only prevented from +reaching the soft parts by the new bone formed by the periosteum. The +bone is replaced by granulation tissue, and disappears, or part of it +may become sclerosed and in time form a sequestrum. In the macerated +specimen, the sequestrum appears small in proportion to the large cavity +in which it lies. All these changes are revealed in a good skiagram, +which not only confirms the diagnosis, but, in many instances, +demonstrates the extent of the disease, the presence or absence of a +sequestrum, and the amount of new bone on the surface. Finally the +periosteum gives way, and an abscess forms in the soft parts; and if +left to itself ruptures externally, leaving a sinus. The most +satisfactory _treatment_ is to resect sub-periosteally the diseased +portion of the diaphysis. + +_In cancellous bones, such as those of the tarsus_, there is a similar +caseous infiltration in the marrow, and this may be attended with the +formation of a sequestrum either in the interior of the bone or +involving its outer shell, as shown in Fig. 127. The situation and +extent of the disease are shown in X-ray photographs. After the +tuberculous granulation tissue erupts through the cortex of the bone, it +gives rise to a cold abscess or infects adjacent joints or tendon +sheaths. + +[Illustration: FIG. 127.--Advanced Tuberculous Disease in region of +Ankle. The ankle-joint is ankylosed, and there is a large sequestrum in +the calcaneus. + +(Specimen in Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +If an exact diagnosis is made at an early stage of the disease--and this +is often possible with the aid of X-rays--the affected bone is excised +sub-periosteally or its interior is cleared out with the sharp spoon and +gouge, the latter procedure being preferred in the case of the +_calcaneus_ to conserve the stability of the heel. When several bones +and joints are simultaneously affected, and there are sinuses with +mixed infection, amputation is usually indicated, especially in adults. + +#Tuberculous dactylitis# is the name applied to a diffuse form of the +disease as it affects the phalanges, metacarpal or metatarsal bones. The +lesion presents, on a small scale, all the anatomical changes that have +been described as occurring in the medulla of the tibia or ulna, and +they are easily followed in skiagrams. A periosteal type of dactylitis +is also met with. + +The _clinical features_ are those of a spindle-shaped swelling of a +finger or toe, indolent, painless, and interfering but little with the +function of the digit. Recovery may eventually occur without +suppuration, but it is common to have the formation of a cold abscess, +which bursts and forms one or more sinuses. It may be difficult to +differentiate tuberculous dactylitis from the enlargement of the +phalanges in inherited syphilis (syphilitic dactylitis), especially when +the tuberculous lesion occurs in a child who is the subject of inherited +syphilis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 128.--Tuberculous Dactylitis.] + +In the syphilitic lesion, skiagrams usually show a more abundant +formation of new bone, but in many cases the doubt is only cleared up by +observing the results of the tuberculin test or the effects of +anti-syphilitic treatment. + +Sarcoma of a phalanx or metacarpal bone may closely resemble a +dactylitis both clinically and in skiagrams, but it is rare. + +_Treatment._--Recovery under conservative measures is not uncommon, and +the functional results are usually better than those following upon +operative treatment, although in either case the affected finger is +liable to be dwarfed (Fig. 129). The finger should be immobilised in a +splint, and a Bier's bandage applied to the upper arm. Operative +interference is indicated if a cold abscess develops, if there is a +persistent sinus, or if a sequestrum has formed, a point upon which +information is obtained by examination with the X-rays. When a toe is +affected, amputation is the best treatment, but in the case of a finger +it is rarely called for. In the case of a metacarpal or metatarsal bone, +sub-periosteal resection is the procedure of choice, saving the +articular ends if possible. + +[Illustration: FIG. 129.--Shortening of Middle Finger of Adult, the +result of Tuberculous Dactylitis in childhood.] + + +SYPHILITIC DISEASE + +Syphilitic affections of bone may be met with at any period of the +disease, but the graver forms occur in the tertiary stage of acquired +and inherited syphilis. The virus is carried by the blood-stream to all +parts of the skeleton, but the local development of the disease appears +to be influenced by a predisposition on the part of individual bones. + +Syphilitic diseases of bone are much less common in practice than those +due to pyogenic and tuberculous infectious, and they show a marked +predilection for the tibia, sternum, and skull. They differ from +tuberculous affections in the frequency with which they attack the +shafts of bones rather than the articular ends, and in the comparative +rarity of joint complications. + +_Evanescent periostitis_ is met with in acquired syphilis during the +period of the early skin eruptions. The patient complains, especially at +night, of pains over the frontal bone, ribs, sternum, tibiae, or ulnae. +Localised tenderness is elicited on pressure, and there is slight +swelling, which, however, rarely amounts to what may be described as a +_periosteal node_. + +In the later stages of acquired syphilis, _gummatous periostitis and +osteomyelitis_ occur, and are characterised by the formation in the +periosteum and marrow of circumscribed gummata or of a diffuse gummatous +infiltration. The framework of the bone is rarefied in the area +immediately involved, and sclerosed in the parts beyond. If the +gummatous tissue degenerates and breaks down, and especially if the +overlying skin is perforated and septic infection is superadded, the +bone disintegrates and exhibits the condition known as _syphilitic +caries_; sometimes a portion of bone has its blood supply so far +interfered with that it dies--_syphilitic necrosis_. Syphilitic +sequestra are heavier and denser than normal bone, because sclerosis +usually precedes death of the bone. The bones especially affected by +gummatous disease are: the skull, the septum of the nose, the nasal +bones, palate, sternum, femur, tibia, and the bones of the forearm. + +_In the bones of the skull_, gummata may form in the peri-cranium, +diploe, or dura mater. An isolated gumma forms a firm elastic swelling, +shading off into the surroundings. In the macerated bone there is a +depression or an actual perforation of the calvaria; multiple gummata +tend to fuse with one another at their margins, giving the appearance of +a combination of circles: these sometimes surround an area of bone and +cut it off from its blood supply (Fig. 130). If the overlying skin is +destroyed and septic infection superadded, such an isolated area of bone +is apt to die and furnish a sequestrum; the separation of the dead bone +is extremely slow, partly from the want of vascularity in the sclerosed +bone round about, and partly from the density of the sequestrum. In +exceptional cases the necrosis involves the entire vertical plate of the +frontal bone. Pus is formed between the bone and the dura (suppurative +pachymeningitis), and this may be followed by cerebral abscess or by +pyaemia. Gummatous disease in the wall of the orbit may cause +displacement of the eye and paralysis of the ocular muscles. + +[Illustration: FIG. 130.--Syphilitic Disease of Skull, showing a +sequestrum in process of separation.] + +On the inner surface of the skull, the formation of gummatous tissue may +cause pressure on the brain and give rise to intense pain in the head, +Jacksonian epilepsy, or paralysis, the symptoms varying with the seat +and extent of the disease. The cranial nerves may be pressed upon at the +base, especially at their points of exit, and this gives rise to +symptoms of irritation or paralysis in the area of distribution of the +nerves affected. + +_In the septum of the nose, the nasal bones, and the hard palate_, +gummatous disease causes ulceration, which, beginning in the mucous +membrane, spreads to the bones, and being complicated with septic +infection leads to caries and necrosis. In the nose, the disease is +attended with stinking discharge (ozoena), the extrusion of portions of +dead bone, and subsequently with deformity characterised by loss of the +bridge of the nose; in the palate, it is common to have a perforation, +so that the air escapes through the nose in speaking, giving to the +voice a characteristic nasal tone. + +_Syphilitic disease of the tibia_ may be taken as the type of the +affection as it occurs _in the long bones_. Gummatous disease in the +periosteum may be localised and result in the formation of a +well-defined node, or the whole shaft may become the seat of an +irregular nodular enlargement (Fig. 132). If the bone is macerated, it +is found to be heavier and bulkier than normal; there is diffuse +sclerosis with obliteration of the medullary canal, and the surface is +uneven from heaping up of new bone--hyperostosis (Fig. 131). If a +periosteal gumma breaks down and invades the skin, a syphilitic ulcer is +formed with carious bone at the bottom. A central gumma may eat away the +surrounding bone to such an extent that the shaft undergoes pathological +fracture. In the rare cases in which it attacks the articular end of a +long bone, gummatous disease may implicate the adjacent joint and give +rise to syphilitic arthritis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 131.--Syphilitic Hyperostosis and Sclerosis of +Tibia, on section and on surface view.] + +_Clinical Features._--There is severe boring pain--as if a gimlet were +being driven into the bone. It is worst at night, preventing sleep, and +has been ascribed to compression of the nerves in the narrowed Haversian +canals. + +The _periosteal gumma_ appears as a smooth, circumscribed swelling which +is soft and elastic in the centre and firm at the margins, and shades +off into the surrounding bone. The gumma may be completely absorbed or +it may give place to a hard node. In some cases the gumma softens in the +centre, the skin becomes adherent, thin, and red, and finally gives way. +The opening in the skin persists as a sinus, or develops into a typical +ulcer with irregular, crescentic margins; in either case a probe reveals +the presence of carious bone or of a sequestrum. The health may be +impaired as a result of mixed infection, and the absorption of toxins +and waxy degeneration in the viscera may ultimately be induced. + +A _central gumma_ in a long bone may not reveal its presence until it +erupts through the shell and reaches the periosteal surface or invades +an adjacent joint. Sometimes the first manifestation is a fracture of +the bone produced by slight violence. + +In radiograms the appearance of syphilitic bones is usually +characteristic. When there is hyperostosis and sclerosis, the shaft +appears denser and broader than normal, and the contour is uneven or +wavy. When there is a central gumma, the shadow is interrupted by a +rounded clear area, like that of a chondroma or myeloma, but there is +sclerosis round about. + +_Diagnosis._--The conditions most liable to be mistaken for syphilitic +disease of bone are chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, +and sarcoma; and the diagnosis is to be made by the history and progress +of the disease, the result of examination with the X-rays, and the +results of specific tests and treatment. + +_Treatment._--The general health is to be improved by open air, by +nourishing food, and by the administration of cod-liver oil, iron, and +arsenic. Anti-syphilitic remedies should be given, and if they are +administered before there is any destruction of tissue, the benefit +derived from them is usually marked. + +Radiograms show the rapid absorption of the new bone both on the surface +and in the marrow, and are of value in establishing the therapeutic +diagnosis. + +In certain cases, and particularly when there are destructive changes in +the bone complicated with pyogenic infection, specific remedies have +little effect. In cases of persistent or relapsing gummatous disease +with ulceration of skin, it is often necessary to remove the diseased +soft parts with the sharp spoon and scissors, and to gouge or chisel +away the unhealthy bone, on the same lines as in tuberculous disease. +When hyperostosis and sclerosis of the bone is attended with severe pain +which does not yield to blistering, the periosteum may be incised and +the sclerosed bone perforated with a drill or trephine. + +#Lesions of Bone in Inherited Syphilis.#--_Craniotabes_, in which the +flat bones of the skull undergo absorption in patches, was formerly +regarded as syphilitic, but it is now known to result from prolonged +malnutrition from any cause. _Bossing of the skull_ resulting in the +formation of Parrot's nodes is also being withdrawn from the category of +syphilitic affections. The lesions in infancy--epiphysitis, bossing of +the skull, and craniotabes--have been referred to in the chapter on +inherited syphilis. + +_Epiphysitis or Syphilitic Perichondritis._--The first of these terms is +misleading, because the lesion involves the ossifying junction and the +shaft of the bone, and the epiphysis only indirectly. The young bone is +replaced by granulation tissue, so that large clear areas are seen with +the X-rays. The symptoms are referred to the joint, because it is there +that the muscles are inserted and drag on the perichondrium when +movement occurs; swelling is most marked in the vicinity of the joint, +and it may be added to by effusion into the synovial cavity. The baby, +usually under six months, is noticed to be feverish and fretful and to +cry when touched. The mother discovers that the pain is caused by moving +a particular limb, usually the arm, as the humerus, radius, and ulna are +the bones most commonly affected; the limb, moreover, hangs useless at +the side as if paralysed, and the condition was formerly described as +_syphilitic pseudo-paralysis_. + +The lesions met with later correspond to those of the tertiary period of +the acquired disease, but as they affect bones which are still actively +growing, the effects are more striking. Gummatous disease may come and +go over periods of many years, with the result that the external +appearance and architectural arrangement of a long bone come to be +profoundly altered. In the tibia, for example, the shaft is bowed +forward in a gentle curve, which is compared to the curve of a +sabre--"sabre-blade" deformity (Fig. 132). The diffuse thickening all +round the bone obscures the sharp margins so that the bone becomes +circular in section and the anterior and mesial edges are blunted, and +the comparison to a cucumber is deserved. In some cases the tibia is +actually increased in length as well as in girth. + +[Illustration: FIG. 132.--Sabre-blade Deformity of Left Tibia in +Inherited Syphilis. + +(From a photograph lent by Sir George T. Beatson.)] + +The contrast between the grossly enlarged and misshapen tibia and the +normal or even attenuated fibula is a striking one. + +_Treatment_ is carried out on lines similar to those recommended in the +acquired disease. When curving of the tibia causes disability in +walking, the bone may be straightened by a cuneiform resection. + +_Syphilitic dactylitis_ is met with chiefly in children. It may affect +any of the fingers or toes, but is commonest in the first phalanx of the +index-finger or of the thumb. Several fingers may be attacked at the +same time or in succession. The lesion consists in a gummatous +infiltration of the soft parts surrounding the phalanx, or a gummatous +osteomyelitis, but there is practically no tendency to break down and +discharge, or to the formation of a sequestrum as is so common in +tuberculous dactylitis. + +The finger becomes the seat of a swelling, which is more evident on the +dorsal aspect, and, according to the distribution and extent of the +disease, it is acorn-shaped, fusiform, or cylindrical. It is firm and +elastic, and usually painless. The movements are impaired, especially if +the joints are involved. In its early stages the disease is amenable to +anti-syphilitic treatment, and complete recovery is the rule. + + +HYDATID DISEASE + +This rare disease results from the lodgment of the embryos of the taenia +echinoccus, which are conveyed to the marrow by the blood-stream. The +cysts are small, usually about the size of a pin-head, and they are +present in enormous numbers scattered throughout the marrow. The parts +of the skeleton most often affected are the articular ends of the long +bones, the bodies of the vertebrae, and the pelvis. + +As the cysts increase in number and in size, the framework of the bone +is gradually absorbed, and there result excavations or cavities. The +marrow and spongy bone first disappear, the compact tissue then becomes +thin, and pathological fracture may result. The bone becomes expanded, +and the cysts may escape through perforations into the surrounding +cellular tissue, and when thus freed from confinement may attain +considerable dimensions. Suppuration from superadded pyogenic infection +may be attended with extensive necrosis, and lead to disorganisation of +the adjacent joint. + +_Clinical Features._--The patient complains of deep-seated pains. In +superficial bones, such as the tibia, there is enlargement, and it may +be possible to recognise egg-shell crackling, or unequal consistence of +the bone, which is hard in some parts, and doughy and elastic in others. +The disease may pursue an indolent course during months or years until +some complication occurs, such as suppuration or fracture. With the +occurrence of suppuration the disease becomes more active, and abscesses +may form in the soft parts and in the adjacent joint. In the vertebral +column, hydatids give rise to angular deformity and paraplegia. In the +pelvis, there is usually great enlargement of the bones, and when +suppuration occurs it is apt to infect the hip-joint and to terminate +fatally. + +Examination with the X-rays shows the characteristic excavations of the +bone caused by the cysts. The disease is liable to be mistaken for +central tumour, gumma, tuberculosis, or abscess of bone. + +The _treatment_ consists in thorough eradication of the parasite by +operation. The bone is laid open and scraped or resected according to +the extent of the disease, and the raw surfaces swabbed with 1 per cent. +formalin. In advanced cases complicated with spontaneous fracture or +with suppuration, amputation affords the best chance of recovery. + +The lesions in the bones resulting from _actinomycosis_ and from +_mycetoma_, have been described with these diseases. + + +CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES ATTENDED WITH LESIONS IN THE BONES + +These include rickets, scurvy-rickets, osteomalacia, ostitis deformans, +osteomyelitis fibrosa, fragilitas ossium, and diseases of the nervous +system. + + +RICKETS + +Rickets or rachitis is a constitutional disease associated with +disturbance of nutrition, and attended with changes in the skeleton. +The disease is most common and most severe among the children of the +poorer classes in large cities, who are improperly fed and are brought +up in unhealthy surroundings. There is evidence that the most important +factors in the causation of rickets are ill-health of the mother during +pregnancy, and the administration to the child after its birth of food +which is defective in animal fat, proteids, and salts of lime, or which +contains these in such a form that they are not readily assimilated. The +occurrence of the disease is favoured, and its features are aggravated, +by imperfect oxygenation of the blood as the result of a deficiency of +fresh air and sunlight, want of exercise, and by other conditions which +prevail in the slums of large towns. + +_Pathological Anatomy._--The most striking feature is the softness +(malacia) of the bones, due to excessive absorption of osseous tissue, +and the formation of an imperfectly calcified tissue at the sites of +ossification. The affected bones lose their rigidity, so that they are +bent under the weight of the body, by the traction of muscles, and by +other mechanical forces. + +The _periosteum_ is thick and vascular, and when detached carries with +it plates and spicules of soft porous bone. The new bone may be so +abundant that it forms a thick crust on the surface, and in the flat +bones of the skull this may be heaped up in the form of bosses or ridges +resembling those ascribed to inherited syphilis. + +In the epiphysial cartilages and at the ossifying junctions, all the +processes concerned in ossification, excepting the deposition of lime +salts, occur to an exaggerated degree. The cartilage of the epiphysial +disc proliferates actively and irregularly, so that it becomes softer, +thicker, and wider, and gives rise to a visible swelling, best seen at +the lower end of the radius and lower end of the tibia, and at the +costo-chondral junctions where the series of beaded swellings is known +as the "rickety rosary." + +The ossifying zone is increased in depth; the marrow is abnormally +vascular; and the new bone that is formed is imperfectly calcified. The +result is that the bones may never attain their normal length, and they +remain stunted throughout life as in rickety dwarfs (Fig. 133), or the +shafts may grow unequally and come to deviate from their normal axes as +in knock-knee and bow-knee. + +[Illustration: FIG. 133.--Skeleton of Rickety Dwarf, known as +"Bowed Joseph," leader of the Meal Riots in Edinburgh, who died in 1780. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +These changes are well brought out in skiagrams; instead of the +well-defined narrow line which represents the epiphysial cartilage, +there is an ill-defined, blurred zone of considerable depth. + +In the shafts of the long bones, owing to the excessive absorption of +bone, the cortex becomes porous, the spongy bone is rarefied, and the +bones readily bend or break under mechanical influences. When the +disease is arrested, a process of repair sets in which often results in +the bones becoming denser and heavier than normal. In the flat bones of +the skull, the absorption may result in the entire disappearance of +areas of bone, leaving a membrane which dimples like thin cardboard +under the pressure of the finger--a condition known as _craniotabes_. + +_Changes in the Skeleton before the Child is able to walk._--The +fontanelles remain open until the end of the second year or longer, and +the frontal and parietal eminences are unduly prominent. There is +sometimes hydrocephalus, and the head is characteristically enlarged. +The jaws are altered so that while the upper jaw is contracted into the +shape of a #V#, the lower jaw is square instead of rounded in outline, +and the teeth do not oppose one another. In the _thorax_, the chief +feature may be the beading at the costo-chondral junctions, principally +of the fifth and sixth ribs or its walls may be contracted, +particularly if respiration is interfered with as a result of bronchial +catarrh or adenoids. The contraction may take the form of a vertical +groove on each side, or of a horizontal groove at the level of the upper +end of the xiphi-sternum; when the sternum and cartilages form a +projection in front, the deformity is known as "pigeon-breast." + +The _spine_ may be curved backwards--_kyphosis_--throughout its +whole extent or only in one part; or it may be curved to one +side--_scoliosis_. + +In the _limbs_, the prominent features are the deficient growth in +length of the long bones, the enlargements at the epiphysial junctions, +and the bending, and occasional greenstick fracture, of the shafts. The +degree of enlargement of the epiphysial junctions is directly +proportionate to the amount of movement to which the bone is subjected +(John Thomson). The curves at this stage depend on the attitude of the +child while sitting or being carried--for example, the arm bones become +bent in children who paddle about the floor with the aid of their arms; +and in a child who lies on its back with the lower limbs everted, the +weight of the limb may lead to curvature of the neck of the femur--coxa +vara. The clavicle or humerus may sustain greenstick fracture from the +child being lifted by the arms; the femur, by a fall. From the extreme +laxity of the ligaments, the joints can be moved beyond the normal +limits, and the child is often observed to twist its limbs into abnormal +attitudes. + +_In Children who have walked._--In these children the most important +deformities occur in the spine, pelvis, and lower extremities, and +result for the most part from yielding of the softened bones under the +weight of the body. Scoliosis is the usual type of spinal curvature, and +in extreme cases it may lead to a pronounced form of hump-back. The +pelvis may remain small (_justo-minor pelvis_), or it may be contracted +in the sagittal plane (_flat pelvis_); when the bones are unusually +soft, the acetabular portions are pushed inwards by the femora bearing +the weight of the body, and the pelvis assumes the shape of a trefoil, +as in the malacia of women. The shaft of the femur is curved forwards +and laterally; the bones of the leg laterally as in bow-leg, or +forwards, or forwards and laterally just above the ankle. The +deformities at the knee (genu valgum, genu varum, and genu recurvatum), +and at the hip (coxa vara), will be described in the volume dealing with +the Extremities. + +The majority of cases seen in surgical practice suffer from the +deformities resulting from rickets rather than from the active disease. +The examination of a large series of children at different ages shows +that the deformities become less and less frequent with each year. Those +who recover may ultimately show no trace of rickets, and this is +especially true of children who grow at the average rate; in those, +however, in whom growth is retarded, especially from the fifth to the +seventh year, the deformities are apt to be permanent. It may be noted +that the scoliosis due to rickets has little tendency towards recovery. + +_Treatment._--The treatment of the disease consists in regulating the +diet, improving the surroundings, and preventing deformity. Phosphorus +in doses of 100th grain may be given dissolved in cod-liver oil, and +preparations of iron and lime may be added with advantage. To avoid +those postures which predispose to deformities, the child should lie as +much as possible. In the well-to-do classes this is readily accomplished +by the aid of a nurse and the use of a perambulator. In hospital +out-patients the child is kept off its feet by the use of a light wooden +splint applied to the lateral aspect of each lower extremity, and +extending from the pelvis to 6 inches beyond the sole. + +When deformities are already present, the treatment depends upon whether +or not there is any prospect of the bone straightening naturally. Under +five years of age this may, as a rule, be confidently expected; the +child should be kept off its feet, and the limbs bathed and massaged. In +children of five or six and upwards, the prospect of natural +straightening is a diminishing one, and it is more satisfactory to +correct the deformity by operation. In rickety curvature of the spine, +the child should lie on a firm mattress, or, to allow of its being taken +into the open air, upon a double Thomas' splint extending from the +occiput to the heels; the muscles acting on the trunk should be braced +up by massage and appropriate exercises. + +#Late Rickets# or #Rachitis Adolescentium# is met with at any age from +nine to seventeen, and is generally believed to be due to a +recrudescence of rickets which had been present in childhood. The +disease is not attended with any disturbance of the general health; the +pathological changes are the same as in infantile rickets, but are for +the most part confined to the ossifying junctions, especially those +which are most active during adolescence, for example at the knee-joint. +The patient is easily tired, complains of pain in the bones, and, unless +care is taken, deformity is liable to ensue. There can be no doubt that +adolescent rickets plays an important part in the production of the +deformities which occur at or near puberty, especially knock-knee and +bow-knee. + +#Scurvy-Rickets# or #Infantile Scurvy#.--This disease, described by +Barlow and Cheadle, is met with in infants under two years who have been +brought up upon sterilised or condensed milk and other proprietary +foods, and is most common in the well-to-do classes. The haemorrhages, +which are so characteristic of the disease, are usually preceded for +some weeks by a cachectic condition, with listlessness and debility and +disinclination for movement. Very commonly the child ceases to move one +of his lower limbs--pseudo-paralysis--and screams if it is touched; a +swelling is found over one of the bones, usually the femur, accompanied +by exquisite tenderness; the skin is tense and shiny, and there may be +some oedema. These symptoms are due to a sub-periosteal haemorrhage, and +associated with this there may be crepitus from separation of an +epiphysis, rarely from fracture of the shaft of the bone. X-ray +photographs show enlargement of the bone, the periosteum being raised +from the shaft and new bone formed in relation to it. Haemorrhages also +occur into the skin, presenting the appearance of bruises, into the +orbit and conjunctiva, and from the mucous membranes. + +The _treatment_ consists in correcting the errors in diet. The infant +should have a wet nurse or a plentiful supply of cow's milk in its +natural state. Anti-scorbutics in the form of orange, lemon, or grape +juice, and of potatoes bruised down in milk, may be given. + +#Osteomalacia.#--The term osteomalacia includes a group of conditions, +closely allied to rickets, in which the bones of adults become soft and +yielding, so that they are unduly liable to bend or break. + +One form occurs in _pregnant and puerperal women_, affecting most +commonly the pelvis and lumbar vertebrae, but sometimes the entire +skeleton. The lime salts are absorbed, the bones lose their rigidity and +bend under the weight of the body and other mechanical influences, with +the result that gross deformities are produced, particularly in the +pelvis, the lumbar spine, and the hip-joints. + +_Neuropathic_ forms occur in certain chronic diseases of the brain and +cord; in some cases the bones lose their lime salts and bend, in others +they become brittle. + +_Osteomalacia associated with New Growths in the Skeleton._--When +_secondary cancer_ is widely distributed throughout the skeleton, it is +associated with softening of the bones, as a result of which they +readily bend or break, and after death are easily cut with a knife. In +the disease known as _multiple myeloma_, the interior of the ribs, +sternum, and bodies of the vertebrae is occupied by a reddish gelatinous +pulp, the structure of which resembles sarcoma; the bones are reduced to +a mere shell, and may break on the slightest pressure; the urine +contains albumose, a substance resembling albumen but coagulating at a +comparatively low temperature (140 o F.), and the coagulum is +re-dissolved on boiling, and it is readily precipitated by hydrochloric +acid (Bence-Jones). + +#Ostitis Deformans--Paget's Disease of Bone.#--This rare disease was +first described by Sir James Paget in 1877. In the early stages, the +marrow is transformed into a vascular connective tissue; its bone-eating +functions are exaggerated, and the framework of the bone becomes +rarefied, so that it bends under pressure as in osteomalacia. In course +of time, however, new bone is formed in great abundance; it is at first +devoid of lime salts, but later becomes calcified, so that the bones +regain their rigidity. This formation of new bone is much in excess of +the normal, the bones become large and bulky, their surfaces rough and +uneven, their texture sclerosed in parts, and the medullary canal is +frequently obliterated. These changes are well brought out in X-ray +photographs. The curving of the long bones, which is such a striking +feature of the disease, may be associated with actual lengthening, and +the changes are sometimes remarkably symmetrical (Fig. 135). The bones +forming the cranium may be enormously thickened, the sutures are +obliterated, the distinction into tables and diploe is lost, and, while +the general texture is finely porous, there may be areas as dense as +ivory (Fig. 134). + +[Illustration: FIG. 134.--Changes in the Skull resulting from Ostitis +Deformans. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +_Clinical Features._--The disease is usually met with in persons over +fifty years of age. It is insidious in its onset, and, the patient's +attention may be first attracted by the occurrence of vague pains in the +back or limbs; by the enlargement and bending of such bones as the tibia +or femur; or by a gradual increase in the size of the head, +necessitating the wearing of larger hats. When the condition is fully +developed, the attitude and general appearance are eminently +characteristic. The height is diminished, and, owing to the curving of +the lower limbs and spine, the arms appear unnaturally long; the head +and upper part of the spine are bent forwards; the legs are held apart, +slightly flexed at the knees, and are rotated out as well as curved; the +whole appearance suggests that of one of the large anthropoid apes. The +muscles of the limbs may waste to such an extent as to leave the large, +curved, misshapen bones covered only by the skin (Fig. 135). In the +majority of cases the bones of the lower extremities are much earlier +and more severely affected than those of the upper extremity, but the +capacity of walking is usually maintained even in the presence of great +deformity. In a case observed by Byrom Bramwell, the patient suffered +from a succession of fractures over a period of years. + +[Illustration: FIG. 135.--Cadaver, illustrating the alterations in the +Lower Limbs resulting from Ostitis Deformans.] + +The disease may last for an indefinite period, the general health +remaining long unaffected. In a considerable number of the recorded +cases one of the bones became the seat of sarcoma. + +#Osteomyelitis Fibrosa.#--This comparatively rare disease, which was +first described by Recklinghausen, presents many interesting features. +Because of its causing deformities of the bones and an undue liability +to fracture, and being chiefly met with in adolescents, it is regarded +by some authors as a juvenile form of Paget's disease. It may be +diffused throughout the skeleton--we have seen it in the skull and in +the bones of the extremities--or it may be confined to a single bone, +usually the femur, or, what is more remarkable, the condition may affect +a portion only of the shaft of a long bone and be sharply defined from +the normal bone in contact with it. + +[Illustration: FIG. 136.--Osteomyelitis Fibrosa affecting Femora in a +man aet. 19. The curving of the bones is due to multiple fractures.] + +On longitudinal section of a long bone during the active stage of the +disease, the marrow is seen to be replaced by a vascular young +connective tissue which encroaches on the surrounding spongy bone, +reducing it to the slenderest proportions; the formation of bone from +the periosteum does not keep pace with the absorption and replacement +going on in the interior, and the cortex may be reduced to a thin shell +of imperfectly calcified bone which can be cut with a knife. The young +connective tissue which replaces the marrow is not unlike that seen in +osteomalacia; it is highly vascular and may show haemorrhages of various +date; there are abundant giant cells of the myeloma type, and +degeneration and liquefaction of tissue may result in the formation of +cysts, which, when they constitute a prominent feature, are responsible +for the name--_osteomyelitis fibrosa cystica_--sometimes applied to the +condition. + +It would appear that most of the recorded cases of _cysts of bone_ owe +their origin to this disease, while the abundance of giant cells with +occasional islands of cartilage in the wall of such cysts is responsible +for the view formerly held that they owed their origin to the +liquefaction of a solid tumour, such as a myeloma, a chondroma, or even +a sarcoma. Although the tissue elements in this disease resemble those +of a new growth arising in the marrow, they differ in their arrangement +and in their method of growth; there is no tendency to erupt through the +cortex of the bone, to invade the soft parts, or to give rise to +secondary growths. + +_Clinical Features._--The onset of the disease is insidious, and +attention is usually first directed to it by the occurrence of fracture +of the shaft of one of the long bones--usually the femur--from violence +that would be insufficient to break a healthy bone. Apart from fracture, +the great increase in the size of one of the long bones and its uneven +contour are sufficiently remarkable to suggest examination with the +X-rays, by means of which the condition is at once recognised. A +systematic examination of the other long bones will often reveal the +presence of the disease at a stage before the bone is altered +externally. + +Symmetrical bossing of the skull was present in the case shown in +Figs. 136 and 137, and there were also scattered patches of brown +pigmentation of the skin of the face, neck, and trunk, similar to those +met with in generalised neuro-fibromatosis. Apart from fracture, the +disease is recognised by the thickening and usually also by the curving +of the shafts of the long bones. It is easy to understand the curvature +of bones that have passed through a soft stage and also of those that +have been broken and badly united, but it is difficult to account for +the curvatures that have no such cause; for example, we have seen +marked curve of the radius in a forearm of which the ulna was quite +straight. The curvature probably resulted from exaggerated growth in +length. + +[Illustration: FIG. 137.--Radiogram of Upper End of Femur showing +appearances in Osteomyelitis Fibrosa.] + +The X-ray appearances vary with the stage of the malady, not estimated +in time, for the condition is chronic and may become stationary, but +according to whether it is progressive or undergoing repair. The shadow +of the bone presents a poor contrast to the soft parts, and no trace of +its original architecture; in extreme cases the shadow of the femur +resembles an unevenly filled sausage (Fig. 137); there is no cortical +layer, the interior shows no trabecular structure, and some of the many +clear areas are probably cysts. The condition extends right up to the +articular cartilage, or, in the case of adolescent bones, up to the +epiphysial cartilage. + +_Prognosis._--The condition does not appear to affect the general +health. The future is concerned with the local conditions, and, +especially in the case of the femur, with its liability to fracture; so +far as we know there is no time limit to this. + +_Treatment_ is confined to protecting the affected bone--usually the +femur--from injury. Operative treatment may be required for lameness due +to a badly united fracture. + +#Neuropathic Atrophy of Bone.#--The conditions included under this +heading occur in association with diseases of the nervous system. + +Most importance attaches to the fragility of the bones met with in +general paralysis of the insane, locomotor ataxia, and other chronic +diseases of the brain and spinal cord. The bones are liable to be +fractured by forces which would be insufficient to break a healthy bone. +In _locomotor ataxia_ the fractures affect especially the bones of the +lower extremity, and may occur before there are any definite nerve +symptoms, but they are more often met with in the ataxic stage, when the +abrupt and uncontrolled movements of the limbs may play a part in their +causation. They may be unattended with pain, and may fail to unite; when +repair does take place, it is sometimes attended with an excessive +formation of callus. Joint lesions of the nature of Charcot's disease +may occur simultaneously with the alterations in the bones. In +_syringomyelia_ pathological fracture is not so frequent as in locomotor +ataxia; it is more likely to occur in the bones of the upper extremity, +and especially in the humerus. In some cases of _epilepsy_ the bones +break when the patient falls in a fit, and there is usually an +exaggerated amount of comminution. + +In these affections the bones present no histological or chemical +alterations, and the X-ray shadow does not differ from the normal. It is +maintained, therefore, that the disposition to fracture does not depend +upon a fragility of the bone, but on the loss of the muscular sense and +of common sensation in the bones, as a result of which there is an +inability properly to throw the muscles into action and dispose the +limbs so as to place them under the most favourable conditions to meet +external violence. + +#Osteogenesis Imperfecta#, #Fragilitas Ossium#, or #Congenital +Osteopsathyrosis#.--These terms are used to describe a condition in +which an undue fragility of the bones dates from intra-uterine life. It +may occur in several members of the same family. In severe cases, +intra-uterine fractures occur, and during parturition fresh fractures +are almost sure to be produced, so that at birth there is a combination +of recent fractures and old fractures united and partly united, with +bendings and thickenings of the bones. Large areas of the cranial vault +may remain membranous. + +After birth the predisposition to fracture continues, the bones are +easily broken, the fractures are attended with little or no pain, the +crepitus is soft, and although union may take place, it may be delayed +and be attended with excess of callus. Cases have been observed in which +a child has sustained over a hundred fractures. + +The bones show a feeble shadow with the X-rays, and appear thin and +atrophied; the medullary canal is increased at the expense of the +cortex. + +In young infants in whom multiple fractures occur the prognosis as to +life is unfavourable, and no satisfactory treatment of the disease has +been formulated. If the patient survives, the tendency to fracture +gradually disappears. + +#Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteo-Arthropathy.#--This condition, which was +described by Marie in 1890, is secondary to disease in the chest, such +as chronic phthisis, empyema, bronchiectasis, or sarcoma of the lung. + +There is symmetrical enlargement and deformity of the hands and feet; +the shafts of the bones are thickened, and the soft tissues of the +terminal segments of the digits hypertrophied. The fingers come to +resemble drum-sticks, and the thumb the clapper of a bell. The nails are +convex, and incurved at their free ends, suggesting a resemblance to the +beak of a parrot. There is also enlargement of the lower ends of the +bones of the forearm and leg, and effusion into the wrist and +ankle-joints. Skiagrams of the hands and feet show a deposit of new bone +along the shafts of the phalanges. + + +TUMOURS OF BONE + +New growths which originate in the skeleton are spoken of as _primary +tumours_; those which invade the bones, either by metastasis from other +parts of the body or by spread from adjacent tissues, as _secondary_. A +tumour of bone may grow from the cellular elements of the periosteum, +the marrow, or the epiphysial cartilage. + +Primary tumours are of the connective-tissue type, and are usually +solitary, although certain forms, such as the chondroma, may be multiple +from the outset. + +_Periosteal tumours_ are at first situated on one side of the bone, but +as they grow they tend to surround it completely. Innocent periosteal +tumours retain the outer fibrous layer as a capsule. Malignant tumours +tend to perforate the periosteal capsule and invade the soft parts. + +_Central_ or _medullary tumours_ as they increase in size replace the +surrounding bone, and simultaneously new bone is formed on the surface; +as this is in its turn absorbed, further bone is formed beneath the +periosteum, so that in time the bone is increased in girth, and is said +to be "expanded" by the growth in its interior. + +#Primary Tumours--Osteoma.#--When the tumour projects from the surface +of a bone it is called an _exostosis_. When growing from bones developed +in membrane, such as the flat bones of the skull, it is usually dense +like ivory, and the term _ivory exostosis_ is employed. When derived +from hyaline cartilage--for example, at the ends of the long bones--it +is known as a _cartilaginous exostosis_. This is invested with a cap of +cartilage from which it continues to grow until the skeleton attains +maturity. + +An exostosis forms a rounded or mushroom-shaped tumour of limited size, +which may be either sessile or pedunculated, and its surface is smooth +or nodulated (Figs. 138 and 139). A cartilaginous exostosis in the +vicinity of a joint may be invested with a synovial sac or bursa--the +so-called _exostosis bursata_. The bursa may be derived from the +synovial membrane of the adjacent joint with which its cavity sometimes +communicates, or it may be of adventitious origin; when it is the seat +of bursitis and becomes distended with fluid, it may mask the underlying +exostosis, which then requires a radiogram for its demonstration. + +[Illustration: FIG. 138.--Radiogram of Right Knee showing Multiple +Exostoses.] + +_Clinically_, the osteoma forms a hard, indolent tumour attached to a +bone. The symptoms to which it gives rise depend on its situation. In +the vicinity of a joint, it may interfere with movement; on the medial +side of the knee it may incapacitate the patient from riding. When +growing from the dorsum of the terminal phalanx of the great +toe--_subungual exostosis_--it displaces the nail, and may project +through its matrix at the point of the toe, while the soft parts over it +may be ulcerated from pressure (Fig. 107). It incapacitates the patient +from wearing a boot. When it presses on a nerve-trunk it causes pains +and cramps. In the orbit it displaces the eyeball; in the nasal fossae +and in the external auditory meatus it causes obstruction, which may be +attended with ulceration and discharge. In the skull it may project +from the outer table, forming a smooth rounded swelling, or it may +project from the inner table and press upon the brain. + +The diagnosis is to be made by the slow growth of the tumour, its +hardness, and by the shadow which it presents with the X-rays (Fig. 138). + +An osteoma which does not cause symptoms may be left alone, as it ceases +to grow when the skeleton is mature and has no tendency to change its +benign character. If causing symptoms, it is removed by dividing the +neck or base of the tumour with a chisel, care being taken to remove the +whole of the overlying cartilage. The dense varieties met with in the +bones of the skull present greater difficulties; if it is necessary to +remove them, the base or neck of the tumour is perforated in many +directions with highly tempered drills rotated by some form of engine, +and the division is completed with the chisel. + +[Illustration: FIG. 139.--Multiple Exotoses of both limbs. + +(Photograph lent by Sir George T. Beatson.)] + +#Multiple Exostoses.#--This disease, which, by custom, is still placed +in the category of tumours, is to be regarded as a disorder of growth, +dating from intra-uterine life and probably due to a disturbance in the +function of the glands of internal secretion, the thyreoid being the one +which is most likely to be at fault (Arthur Keith). The disorder of +growth is confined to those elements of the skeleton where a core of +bone formed in cartilage comes to be encased in a sheath of bone formed +beneath the periosteum. To indicate this abnormality the name +_diaphysial aclasis_ has been employed by Arthur Keith at the suggestion +of Morley Roberts. + +Bones formed entirely in cartilage are exempt, namely, the tarsal and +carpal bones, the epiphyses of the long bones, the sternum, and the +bodies of the vertebrae. Bones formed entirely in membrane, that is, +those of the face and of the cranial vault, are also exempt. The +disorder mainly affects the ossifying junctions of the long bones of the +extremities, the vertebral border of the scapula, and the cristal border +of the ilium. + +_Clinically_ the disease is attended with the gradual and painless +development during childhood or adolescence of a number of tumours or +irregular projections of bone, at the ends of the long bones, the +vertebral border of the scapula, and the cristal border of the ilium. +They exhibit a rough symmetry; they rarely attain any size; and they +usually cease growing when the skeleton attains maturity--the conversion +of cartilage into bone being then completed. While they originate from +the ossifying junctions of the long bones, they tend, as the shaft +increases in length, to project from the surface of the bone at some +distance from the ossifying junction and to "point" away from it. They +may cause symptoms by "locking" the adjacent joint or by pressing upon +nerve-trunks or blood vessels. + +In a considerable proportion of cases, the disturbance of growth is +further manifested by dwarfing of the long bones; these are not only +deficient in length but are sometimes also curved and misshapen, which +accounts for the condition being occasionally confused with the +disturbances of growth resulting from rickets. In about one-third of the +recorded cases there is a dislocation of the head of the radius on one +or on both sides, a result of unequal growth between the bones of the +forearm. + +[Illustration: FIG. 140.--Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses in a +man aet. 27. The scapular tumour projecting above the right clavicle has +taken on active growth and pressed injuriously on the cords of the +brachial plexus.] + +In early adult life, one of the tumours, instead of undergoing +ossification, may take on active growth and exhibit the features of a +chondro-sarcoma, pressing injuriously upon adjacent structures (Fig. 140) +and giving rise later to metastases in the lungs. + +The _X-ray appearances_ of the bones affected are of a striking +character; apart from the outgrowths of bone or "tumours" there is +evident a widespread alteration in the internal architecture of the +bones, which suggests analogies with other disturbances of ossification +such as achondroplasia and osteomyelitis fibrosa. The condition is one +that runs in families, sometimes through several generations; we have +more than once seen a father and son together in the hospital +waiting-room. + +As regards _treatment_, there is no indication for surgical interference +except when one or other tumour is a source of disability as by pressing +upon a nerve-trunk or by locking a joint, in which case it is easily +removed by chiselling through its neck. + +[Illustration: FIG. 141.--Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses in a +man aet. 27, the same as in Fig. 140.] + +_Diffuse Osteoma, Leontiasis Ossea._--This rare affection was described +by Virchow, and named leontiasis ossea because of the disfigurement to +which it gives rise. It usually commences in adolescence as a diffuse +overgrowth first of one and then of both maxillae; these bones are +enlarged in all directions and project on the face, and the nasal fossae +and the maxillary and frontal sinuses become filled up with bone, which +encroaches also on the orbital cavities. In addition to the hideous +deformity, the patient suffers from blocking of the nose, loss of smell, +and protrusion of the eyes, sometimes followed by loss of sight. The +condition is liable to spread to the zygomatic and frontal bones, the +vault of the skull, and to the mandible. The base of the skull is not +affected. The disease is of slow progress and may become arrested; life +may be prolonged for many years, or may be terminated by brain +complications or by intercurrent affections. In certain cases it is +possible to remove some of the more disfiguring of the bony masses. + +A less aggressive form, confined to the maxilla on one side, is +sometimes met with, and, in a case of this variety under our own +observation, the disfigurement, which was the only subject of complaint, +was removed, after reflecting the soft parts, by paring away the excess +of bone; this is easily done as the bone is spongy, and at an early +stage, imperfectly calcified. + +A remarkable form of _unilateral hypertrophy and diffuse osteoma of the +skull_, following the distribution of the fifth nerve, has seen +described by Jonathan Hutchinson and Alexis Thomson. + +#Chondroma.#--Cartilaginous tumours, apart from those giving rise to +multiple exostoses, grow from the long bones and from the scapula, +ilium, ribs, or jaws. They usually project from the surface of the bone, +and may attain an enormous size; sometimes they grow in the interior of +a bone, the so-called _enchondroma_. + +The hyaline cartilage composing the tumour frequently undergoes +myxomatous degeneration, resulting in the formation of a glairy, +semi-fluid jelly, and if this change takes place throughout the tumour +it comes to resemble a cyst. On the other hand, the cartilage may +undergo calcification or ossification. The most important transition of +all is that into sarcoma, the so-called _malignant chondroma_ or +_chondro-sarcoma_, which is associated with rapid increase in size, +and parts of the tumour may be carried off in the blood-stream and give +rise to secondary growths, especially in the lungs. + +Cases have been met with in which certain parts of the skeleton--only +those developed in cartilage--were so uniformly permeated with cartilage +that the condition has been described as a "chondromatosis" and is +regarded as dating from an early period of foetal life. Unlike the +condition known as multiple cartilaginous exostoses, it is a malignant +disease. + +[Illustration: FIG. 142.--Multiple Chondromas of Phalanges and +Metacarpals in a boy aet. 10 (cf. Fig. 143).] + +The chondroma is met with as a slowly growing tumour which is specially +common in the bones of the hand, often in a multiple form (Figs. 142 and +144). The surface is smooth or lobulated, and in consistence the tumour +may be dense and elastic like normal cartilage, or may present areas of +softening, or of bony hardness. The skin moves freely over it, except in +relation to the bones of the fingers, where it may become adherent and +ulcerate, simulating the appearance of a malignant tumour. Large tumours +growing from the bones of the extremities may implicate the main +vessels and nerves, either surrounding them or pressing on them. + +Portions of a chondroma, which have undergone calcification or +ossification, throw a dark shadow with the X-rays; unaltered cartilage +and myxomatous tissue appear as clear areas. + +[Illustration: FIG. 143.--Skiagram of Multiple Chondromas shown +in Fig. 142.] + +_Treatment._--It is necessary to remove the whole tumour, and in +chondromas growing from the surface of the bone, especially if they are +pedunculated, this is comparatively easy. When a bone, such as the +scapula or mandible, is involved, it is better to excise the bone, or at +least the part of it which bears the tumour. In the case of central +tumours the shell of bone is removed over an area sufficient to allow of +the enucleation of the tumour, or the affected portion of bone is +resected. Should there be evidence of malignancy, such as increased rate +of growth, a tube of radium should be inserted, and in advanced cases +with destruction of tissue, amputation may be called for. + +[Illustration: FIG. 144.--Multiple Chondromas in Hand of boy aet. 8] + +In multiple chondromas of the hand in young subjects, it was formerly +the custom to amputate the limb; an attempt should be made to avoid this +by shelling out the larger tumours individually, and persevering with +the application of the X-rays or of radium to inhibit the growth of the +smaller ones. + +Chondromas springing from the pelvic bones usually arise in the region +of the sacro-iliac joint; they project into the pelvis and press on the +bladder and rectum, and on the sciatic and obturator nerves; sometimes +also on the iliac veins, causing oedema of the legs. They are liable to +take on malignant characters, and rarely lend themselves to complete +removal by operation. + +#Fibroma# is met with chiefly as a periosteal growth in relation to the +mouth and pharynx, the _simple epulis_ of the alveolar margin and the +_naso-pharyngeal polypus_ being the most common examples. We have met +with a fibroma in the interior of the lower end of the femur of an +adult, causing expansion of the bone with decided increase in girth and +liability to pathological fracture; it is possible that this represents +the cured stage of osteomyelitis fibrosa. + +_Myxoma_, _lipoma_, and _angioma_ of bone are all rare. + +#Myeloma.#--The myeloid tumour, which is sometimes classified with the +sarcomas, contains as its chief elements large giant cells, like those +normally present in the marrow. On section these tumours present a +brownish-red or chocolate colour, and, being highly vascular, are liable +to haemorrhages, and therefore also to pigmentation, and to the formation +of blood cysts. Sometimes the arterial vessels are so dilated as to +impart to the tumour an aneurysmal pulsation and bruit. The enlargement +or "expansion" of the bone results in the cortex being represented by a +thin shell of bone, which may crackle on pressure--parchment or +egg-shell crackling. + +The myeloma is most often met with between the ages of twenty-five and +forty in the upper end of the tibia or lower end of the femur. It grows +slowly and causes little pain, and may long escape recognition unless an +examination is made with the X-rays. Although these tumours have been +known to give rise to metastases, they are, as a rule, innocent and are +to be treated as such. When located in the shaft of a long bone, +pathological fracture is liable to occur. + +_Diagnosis and X-ray Appearances of Myeloma._--The early diagnosis of +myeloma is made with the aid of the X-rays: the typical appearance is +that of a rounded or oval clear area bounded by a shell of bone of +diminishing thickness (Fig. 145). The inflammatory lesions at the ends +of the long bones--tubercle, syphilitic gumma, and Brodie's abscess, +that resemble myeloma, are all attended with the formation of new bone +in greater or lesser amount. The myeloma is also to be diagnosed from +chondroma, from sarcoma, and from osteomyelitis fibrosa cystica. + +[Illustration: FIG. 145.--Radiogram of Myeloma of Humerus. + +(Mr. J. W. Struthers' case.)] + +_Treatment._--In early cases the cortex is opened up to give free access +to the tumour tissue, which is scraped out with the spoon. Bloodgood +advises the use of Esmarch's tourniquet, and that the curetting be +followed by painting with pure carbolic acid and then rinsing with +alcohol; a rod of bone is inserted to fill the gap. In advanced cases +the segment of bone is resected and a portion of the tibia or fibula +from the other limb inserted into the gap; a tube of radium should also +be introduced. + +The coexistence of diffuse myelomatosis of the skeleton and albumosuria +(Bence-Jones) is referred to on p. 474. Myeloma occurs in the jaws, +taking origin in the marrow or from the periosteum of the alveolar +process, and is described elsewhere. + +#Sarcoma# and #endothelioma# are the commonest tumours of bone, and +present wide variations in structure and in clinical features. +Structurally, two main groups may be differentiated: (1) the soft, +rapidly growing cellular tumours, and (2) those containing fully formed +fibrous tissue, cartilage, or bone. + +(1) The _soft cellular tumours_ are composed mainly of spindle or round +cells; they grow from the marrow of the spongy ends or from the +periosteum of the long bones, the diploe of the skull, the pelvis, +vertebrae, and jaws. As they grow they may cause little alteration in the +contour of the bone, but they eat away its framework and replace it, so +that the continuity of the bone is maintained only by tumour tissue, and +pathological fracture is a frequent result. The small round-celled +sarcomas are among the most malignant tumours of bone, growing with +great rapidity, and at an early stage giving rise to secondary growths. + +(2) The second group includes the _fibro-_, _osteo-_, and +_chondro-sarcomas_, and combinations of these; in all of them fully +formed tissues or attempts at fully formed tissues predominate over the +cellular elements. They grow chiefly from the deeper layer of the +periosteum, and at first form a projection on the surface, but later +tend to surround the bone (Fig. 150), and to invade its interior, +filling up the marrow spaces with a white, bone-like substance; in the +flat bones of the skull they may traverse the diploe and erupt on the +inner table. The tumour tissue next the shaft consists of a dense, +white, homogeneous material, from which there radiate into the softer +parts of the tumour, spicules, needles, and plates, often exhibiting a +fan-like arrangement (Fig. 151). The peripheral portion consists of soft +sarcomatous tissue, which invades the overlying soft parts. The +articular cartilage long resists destruction. The ossifying sarcoma is +met with most often in the femur and tibia, less frequently in the +humerus, skull, pelvis, and jaws. In the long bones it may grow from the +shaft, while the chondro-sarcoma more often originates at the +extremities. Sometimes they are multiple, several tumours appearing +simultaneously or one after another. Secondary growths are met with +chiefly in the lungs, metastasis taking place by way of the veins. + +[Illustration: FIG. 146.--Periosteal Sarcoma of Femur in a young +subject.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 147.--Periosteal Sarcoma of Humerus, after +maceration. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +_Clinical Features._--Sarcoma is usually met with before the age of +thirty, and is comparatively common in children. Males suffer oftener +than females, in the proportion of two to one. + +In _periosteal sarcoma_ the presence of a swelling is usually the first +symptom; the tumour is fusiform, firm, and regular in outline, and when +it occurs near the end of a long bone the limb frequently assumes a +characteristic "leg of mutton" shape (Fig. 146). The surface may be +uniform or bossed, the consistence varies at different parts, and the +swelling gradually tapers off along the shaft. On firm pressure, fine +crepitation may be felt from crushing of the delicate framework of new +bone. + +[Illustration: FIG. 148.--Chondro-Sarcoma of Scapula in a man aet. 63; +removal of the scapula was followed two years later by metastases and +death.] + +In _central sarcoma_ pain is the first symptom, and it is usually +constant, dull, and aching; is not obviously increased by use of the +limb, but is often worse at night. Swelling occurs late, and is due to +expansion of the bone; it is fusiform or globular, and is at first +densely hard, but in time there may be parchment-like or egg-shell +crackling from yielding of the thin shell. The swelling may pulsate, and +a bruit may be heard over it. In advanced cases it may be impossible to +differentiate between a periosteal and a central tumour, either +clinically or after the specimen has been laid open. + +Pathological fracture is more common in central tumours, and sometimes +is the first sign that calls attention to the condition. Consolidation +rarely takes place, although there is often an attempt at union by the +formation of cartilaginous callus. + +[Illustration: FIG. 149.--Central Sarcoma of Lower End of Femur, +invading the knee-joint. + +(Museum of Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 150.--Osseous Shell of Osteo-Sarcoma of Upper Third +of Femur, after maceration.] + +The soft parts over the tumour for a long time preserve their normal +appearance; or they become oedematous, and the subcutaneous venous +network is evident through the skin. Elevation of the temperature over +the tumour, which may amount to two degrees or more, is a point of +diagnostic significance, as it suggests an inflammatory lesion. + +The adjacent joint usually remains intact, although its movements may be +impaired by the bulk of the tumour or by effusion into the cavity. + +Enlargement of the neighbouring lymph glands does not necessarily imply +that they have become infected with sarcoma for the enlargement may +disappear after removal of the primary growth; actual infection of the +glands, however, does sometimes occur, and in them the histological +structure of the parent tumour is reproduced. + +To obtain a reasonable prospect of cure, the _diagnosis_ must be made at +an early stage. Great reliance is to be placed on information gained by +examination with the X-rays. + +[Illustration: FIG. 151.--Radiogram of Osteo-Sarcoma of Upper Third +of Femur.] + +_X-ray Appearances._--In periosteal tumours that do not ossify, there is +merely erosion of bone, and the shadow is not unlike that given by +caries; in ossifying tumours, the arrangement of the new bone on the +surface is characteristic, and when it takes the form of spicules at +right angles to the shaft, it is pathognomic. + +In soft central tumours, there is disappearance of bone shadow in the +area of the tumour, while above and below or around this, the shadow is +that of normal bone right up to the clear area. In many respects the +X-ray appearances resemble those of myeloma. In tumours in which there +is a considerable amount of imperfectly formed new bone, this gives a +shadow which barely replaces that of the original bone, in parts it may +even add to it--the resulting picture differing widely in different +cases; but it is usually possible to differentiate it from that caused +by bacterial infections of the bone and from lesions of the adjacent +joint. + +[Illustration: FIG. 152.--Radiogram of Chondro-Sarcoma of Upper End of +Humerus in a woman aet. 29.] + +Skiagraphy is not only of assistance in differentiating new growths from +other diseases of bone, but may also yield information as to the +situation and nature of the tumour, which may have important bearings on +its treatment by operation. + +When fracture of a long bone takes place in an adolescent or young adult +from comparatively slight violence, disease of the bone should be +suspected and an X-ray examination made. + +In difficult cases the final appeal is to exploratory incision and +microscopical examination of a portion of the tumour; this should be +done when the major operation has been arranged for, the surgeon waiting +until the examination is completed. + +The _prognosis_ varies widely. In general, it may be said that +periosteal tumours are less favourable than central ones, because they +are more liable to give rise to metastases. Permanent cures are +unfortunately the exception. + +_Treatment._--When one of the bones of a limb is involved, the usual +practice has been to perform amputation well above the growth, and this +may still be recommended as a routine procedure. There are reasons, +however, which may be urged against its continuance. High amputation is +unnecessary in the more benign sarcomas, and in the more malignant forms +is usually unavailing to prevent a fatal issue either from local +recurrence or from metastases in the lungs or elsewhere. Following +the lead of Mikulicz, a considerable number of permanent cures have been +obtained by resecting the portion of bone which is the seat of the +tumour, and substituting for it a corresponding portion from the tibia +or fibula of the other limb. In a cellular sarcoma of the humerus of a +boy we resected the shaft and inserted his fibula ten years ago, and he +shows no sign of recurrence. When resection is impracticable, a +subcapsular enucleation is performed, followed by the insertion of +radium. + +#Pulsating Haematoma# or #Aneurysm of Bone#.--A limited number of these +are innocent cavernous tumours dating from a congenital angioma. The +majority would appear to be the result of changes in a sarcoma, +endothelioma, or myeloma. The tumour tissue largely disappears, while +the vessels and vascular spaces undergo a remarkable development. The +tumour may come to be represented by one large blood-containing space +communicating with the arteries of the limb; the walls of the space +consist of the remains of the original tumour, plus a shell of bone of +varying thickness. The most common seats of the condition are the lower +end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia, and the bones of the +pelvis. + +The _clinical features_ are those of a pulsating tumour of slow +development, and as in true aneurysm, the pulsation and bruit disappear +on compression of the main artery. The origin of the tumour from bone +may be revealed by the presence of egg-shell crackling, and by +examination with the X-rays. + +If the condition is believed to be innocent, the treatment is the same +as for aneurysm--preferably by ligation of the main artery; if +malignant, it is the same as for sarcoma. + +#Secondary Tumours of Bone.#--These embrace two groups of new growth, +those which give rise to secondary growths in the marrow of bones and +those which spread to bone by direct continuity. + +_Metastatic Tumours._--Excepting certain cancers which give rise to +metastases by lymphatic permeation (Handley), the common metastases +arising in the bone-marrow reach their destination through the +blood-stream. + +[Illustration: FIG. 153.--Epitheliomatous Ulcer of Leg with direct +extension to Tibia. + +(Lord Lister's specimen. Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +Secondary cancer is a comparatively common disease, and, as in +metastases in other tissues, the secondary growths resemble the parent +tumour. The soft forms grow rapidly, and eat away the bone, without +altering its shape or form. In slowly growing forms there may be +considerable formation of imperfectly formed bone, often deficient in +lime salts; this condition may be widely diffused throughout the +skeleton, and, as it is associated with softening and bending of the +bones, it is known as _cancerous osteomalacia_. Secondary cancer of bone +is attended with pain, or it suddenly attracts notice by the occurrence +of pathological fracture--as, for example, in the shaft of the femur or +humerus. In the vertebrae, it is attended with a painful form of +paraplegia, which may involve the lower or all four extremities. On the +other hand, the disease may show itself clinically as a tumour of bone, +which may attain a considerable size, and may be mistaken for a sarcoma, +unless the existence of the primary cancer is discovered. + +The cancers most liable to give rise to metastasis in bone are those of +the breast, liver, uterus, prostate, colon, and rectum; hyper-nephroma +of the kidney may also give rise to metastases in bone. + +_Secondary tumours derived from the thyreoid gland_ require special +mention, because they are peculiar in that neither the primary growth in +the thyreoid nor the secondary growth in the bones is necessarily +malignant. They are therefore amenable to operative treatment. + +_Secondary sarcoma_, whether derived from a primary growth in the bone +or in the soft parts, is much rarer than secondary cancer. Its removal +by operation is usually contra-indicated, but we have known of cases +terminating fatally in which the _section_ revealed only one metastasis, +the removal of which would have benefited the patient. + +In all of these conditions, examination of the bones with the X-rays +gives valuable information and often disclose unsuspected metastases. + +_Cancer of Bone resulting from Direct Extension from Soft Parts._--In +this group there are also two clinical types. The first is met with in +relation to _epithelioma of a mucous surface_--for example, the palate, +tongue, gums, antrum, frontal sinus, auditory meatus, or middle ear. +They will be described under these special regions. + +The second type is met with in relation to _epithelioma occurring in a +sinus_, the sequel of suppurative osteomyelitis, compound fracture, or +tuberculous disease. The patient has usually had a discharging sinus for +a great number of years: we have known it to last as many as fifty. The +epithelioma originates at the skin orifice of the sinus, and spreads to +the bone and into its interior, where the progress of the cancer is +resisted by dense bone, which obliterates the medullary canal. Although +its progress is slow, the infiltration of the bone is usually more +extensive than appears externally. It is recognised clinically by the +characteristic cauliflower growth at the orifice of the sinus, and by +the offensive nature of the discharge. A similar epithelioma may arise +in connection with a _chronic ulcer of the leg_. The cancer may infect +the femoral lymph glands. The operative treatment is influenced by the +extent of the disease in the soft parts overlying the bone, and consists +in wide removal of the diseased tissues and resection of the bone, or in +amputation. + +#Cysts of Bone.#--With the exception of hydatid cysts, cysts in the +interior of bone are the result of the liquefaction of solid tissue; +this may be that of chondroma, myeloma, or sarcoma, but more commonly of +the marrow in osteomyelitis fibrosa. + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +DISEASES OF JOINTS + + +Definition of terms--Ankylosis. DISEASES: Errors of + development--Bacterial diseases: _Pyogenic_; _Gonorrhoeal_; + _Tuberculous_; _Syphilitic_; _Acute rheumatism_--Diseases + associated with certain constitutional conditions: _Gout_; _Chronic + articular rheumatism_; _Arthritis deformans_; + _Haemophilia_--Diseases associated with affections of the nervous + system: _Neuro-arthropathies_; _Charcot's disease_--Hysterical or + mimetic affections of joints--Tumours and cysts--Loose bodies. + +#Definition of Terms.#--The term _synovitis_ is applied to any reaction +which affects the synovial membrane of a joint. It is usually associated +with effusion of fluid, and this may be serous, sero-fibrinous, or +purulent. As the term synovitis merely refers to the tissue involved, it +should always be used with an adjective--such as gouty, gonorrhoeal, or +tuberculous--which indicates its pathological nature. + +The terms _hydrops_, _hydrarthrosis_, and _chronic serous synovitis_ are +synonymous, and are employed when a serous effusion into the joint is +the prominent clinical feature. Hydrops may occur apart from +disease--for example, in the knee-joint from repeated sprains, or when +there is a loose body in the joint--but is met with chiefly in the +chronic forms of synovitis which result from gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, +syphilis, arthritis deformans, or arthropathies of nerve origin. + +_Arthritis_ is the term applied when not only the synovial membrane but +the articular surfaces, and it may be also the ends of the bones, are +involved, and it is necessary to prefix a qualifying adjective which +indicates its nature. When effusion is present, it may be serous, as in +arthritis deformans, or sero-fibrinous or purulent, as in certain forms +of pyogenic and tuberculous arthritis. Wasting of the muscles, +especially the extensors, in the vicinity of the joint is a constant +accompaniment of arthritis. On account of the involvement of the +articular surfaces, arthritis is apt to be followed by ankylosis. + +The term _empyema_ is sometimes employed to indicate that the cavity of +the joint contains pus. This is observed chiefly in chronic disease of +pyogenic or tuberculous origin, and is usually attended with the +formation of abscesses outside the joint. + +_Ulceration of cartilage_ and _caries of the articular surfaces_ are +common accompaniments of the more serious and progressive forms of joint +disease, especially those of bacterial origin. The destruction of +cartilage may be secondary to disease of the synovial membrane or of the +subjacent bone. When the disease begins as a synovitis, the synovial +membrane spreads over the articular surface, fuses with the cartilage +and eats into it, causing defects or holes which are spoken of as +ulcers. When the disease begins in the bone, the marrow is converted +into granulation tissue, which eats into the cartilage and separates it +from the bone. Following on the destruction of the cartilage, the +articular surface of the bone undergoes disintegration, a condition +spoken of as _caries of the articular surface_. The occurrence of +ulceration of cartilage and of articular caries is attended with the +clinical signs of fixation of the joint from involuntary muscular +contraction, wasting of muscles, and starting pains. These _starting +pains_ are the result of sudden involuntary movements of the joint. They +occur most frequently as the patient is dropping off to sleep; the +muscles becoming relaxed, the sensitive ulcerated surfaces jar on one +another, which causes sudden reflex contraction of the muscles, and the +resulting movement being attended with severe pain, wakens the patient +with a start. Advanced articular caries is usually associated with some +abnormal attitude and with shortening of the limb. It may be possible to +feel the bony surfaces grate upon one another. When all its constituent +elements are damaged or destroyed, a joint is said to be _disorganised_. +Should recovery take place, repair is usually attended with union of the +opposing articular surfaces either by fibrous tissue or by bone. + +#Conditions of Impaired Mobility of Joints.#--There are four conditions +of impaired mobility in joints: rigidity, contracture, ankylosis, and +locking. _Rigidity_ is the fixation of a joint by involuntary +contraction of muscles, and is of value as a sign of disease in +deep-seated joints, such as the hip. It disappears under anaesthesia. + +_Contracture_ is the term applied when the fixation is due to permanent +shortening of the soft parts around a joint--muscles, tendons, +ligaments, fasciae, or skin. As the structures on the flexor aspect are +more liable to undergo such shortening, contracture is nearly always +associated with flexion. Contracture may result from disease of the +joint, or from conditions outside it--for example, disease in one of +the adjacent bones, or lesions of the nerves. + +_Ankylosis_ is the term applied when impaired mobility results from +changes involving the articular surfaces. It is frequently combined with +contracture. Three anatomical varieties of ankylosis are +recognised--(a) The _fibrous_, in which there are adhesions between +the opposing surfaces, which may be in the form of loose isolated bands +of fibrous tissue, or may bind the bones so closely together as to +obliterate the cavity of the joint. The resulting stiffness, therefore, +varies from a mere restriction of the normal range of movement, up to a +close union of the bones which prevents movement. Fibrous ankylosis may +follow upon injury, especially dislocation or fracture implicating a +joint, or it may result from any form of arthritis. (b) _Cartilaginous +ankylosis_ implies the fusion of two apposed cartilaginous surfaces. It +is often found between the patella and the trochlear surface of the +femur in tuberculous disease of the knee. The fusion of the +cartilaginous surfaces is preceded by the spreading of a vascular +connective tissue, derived from the synovial membrane, over the +articular cartilage. Clinically, it is associated with absolute +immobility, (c) _Bony ankylosis_ or _synostosis_ is an osseous union +between articulating surfaces (Figs. 154 and 155). It may follow upon +fibrous or cartilaginous ankylosis, or may result from the fusion of two +articular surfaces which have lost their cartilage and become covered +with granulations. In the majority of cases it is to be regarded as a +reparative process, presenting analogies with the union of fracture. + +[Illustration: FIG. 154.--Osseous Ankylosis of Femur and Tibia in +position of flexion.] + +The term _arthritis ossificans_ has been applied by Joseph Griffiths to +a condition in which the articular surfaces become fused without evident +cause. + +The occurrence of ankylosis in a joint before the skeleton has attained +maturity does not appear to impair the growth in length of the bones +affected; ankylosis of the temporo-maxillary joints, however, greatly +impairs the growth of the mandible. When there is arrest of growth +accompanying ankylosis, it usually depends on changes in the ossifying +junctions caused by the original disease. + +To differentiate by manipulation between muscular fixation and +ankylosis, it may be necessary to anaesthetise the patient. The nature +and extent of ankylosis may be learned by skiagraphy; in osseous +ankylosis the shadow of the two bones is a continuous one. In fibrous as +contrasted with osseous ankylosis mobility may be elicited, although +only to a limited extent; while in osseous ankylosis the joint is +rigidly fixed, and attempts to move it are painless. + +[Illustration: FIG. 155.--Osseous Ankylosis of Knee in the flexed +position following upon Tuberculous Arthritis. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +The _treatment_ is influenced by the nature of the original lesion, the +variety of the ankylosis, and the attitude of the joint. When there is +restriction of movement due to fibrous adhesions, these may be elongated +or ruptured. Elongation of the adhesions may be effected by +manipulations, exercises, and the use of special forms of +apparatus--such as the application of weights to the limb. It may be +necessary to administer an anaesthetic before rupturing strong fibrous +adhesions, and this procedure must be carried out with caution, in view +of such risks as fracture of the bone--which is often rarefied--or +separation of an epiphysis. There is also the risk of fat embolism, and +of re-starting the original disease. The giving way of adhesions may be +attended with an audible crack; and the procedure is often followed by +considerable pain and effusion into the joint, which necessitate rest +for some days before exercises and manipulations can be resumed. + +_Operative treatment_ may be called for in cases in which the bones are +closely bound to one another by fibrous or by osseous tissue. + +_Arthrolysis_, which consists in opening the joint and dividing the +fibrous adhesions, is almost inevitably followed by their reunion. + +_Arthroplasty._--Murphy of Chicago devised this operation for restoring +movement to an ankylosed joint. It consists in transplanting between the +bones a flap of fat-bearing tissue, from which a bursal cavity lined +with endothelium and containing a fluid rich in mucin is ultimately +formed. + +Arthroplasty is most successful in ankylosis following upon injury; when +the ankylosis results from some infective condition such as tuberculosis +or gonorrhoea, it is liable to result in failure either because of a +fresh outbreak of the infection or because the ankylosis recurs. + +When arthroplasty is impracticable, and a movable joint is desired--for +example at the elbow--a considerable amount of bone, and it may be also +of periosteum and capsular ligament, is resected to allow of the +formation of a false joint. + +When bony ankylosis has occurred with the joint in an undesirable +attitude--for example flexion at the hip or knee--it can sometimes be +remedied by osteotomy or by a wedge-shaped resection of the bone, with +or without such additional division of the contracted soft parts as will +permit of the limb being placed in the attitude desired. + +Bony ankylosis of the joints of a finger, whether the result of injury +or disease, is difficult to remedy by any operative procedure, for while +it is possible to restore mobility, the new joint is apt to be +flail-like. + +_Locking._--A joint is said to lock when its movements are abruptly +arrested by the coming together of bony outgrowths around the joint. It +is best illustrated in arthritis deformans of the hip in which new bone +formed round the rim of the acetabulum mechanically arrests the +excursions of the head of the femur. The new bone, which limits the +movements, is readily demonstrated in skiagrams; it may be removed by +operative means. Locking of joints is more often met with as a result of +injuries, especially in fractures occurring in the region of the elbow. +In certain injuries of the semilunar menisci of the knee, also, the +joint is liable to a variety of locking, which differs, however, in many +respects from that described above. + +#Errors of Development.#--These include congenital dislocations and +other deformities of intra-uterine origin, such as abnormal laxity of +joints, absence, displacement, or defective growth of one or other of +the essential constituents of a joint. The more important of these are +described along with the surgery of the Extremities. + + +DISEASES OF JOINTS + +#Bacterial Diseases.#--In most bacterial diseases the organisms are +carried to the joint in the blood-stream, and they lodge either in the +synovial membrane or in one of the bones, whence the disease +subsequently spreads to the other structures of the joint. Organisms may +also be introduced through accidental wounds. It has been shown +experimentally that joints are among the most susceptible parts of the +body to infection, and this would appear to be due to the viscid +character of the synovial fluid, which protects organisms from +bactericidal agents in the tissues and fluids. + + +PYOGENIC DISEASES + +The commoner pyogenic diseases are the result of infection of one or +other of the joint structures with _staphylococci_ or _streptococci_, +which may be demonstrated in the exudate in the joint and in the +substance of the synovial membrane. The mode of infection is the same as +in the pyogenic diseases of bone, the metastasis occurring most +frequently from the mucous membrane of the pharynx (J. B. Murphy). The +localisation of the infection in a particular joint is determined by +injury, exposure to cold, antecedent disease of the joint, or other +factors, the nature of which is not always apparent. + +The effects on the joint vary in severity. In the milder forms, there is +engorgement and infiltration of the synovial membrane, and an effusion +into the cavity of the joint of serous fluid mixed with flakes of +fibrin--_serous synovitis_. In more severe infections the exudate +consists of pus mixed with fibrin, and, it may be, red blood +corpuscles--_purulent_ or _suppurative synovitis_; the synovial membrane +and the ligaments are softened, and the surface of the membrane presents +granulations resembling those on an ulcer; foci of suppuration may +develop in the peri-articular cellular tissue and result in abscesses. +In _acute arthritis_, all the structures of the joint are involved; the +articular cartilage is invaded by granulation tissue derived from the +synovial membrane, and from the marrow of the subjacent bone; it +presents a worm-eaten or ulcerated appearance, or it may undergo +necrosis and separate, exposing the subjacent bone and leading to +disintegration of the osseous trabeculae--_caries_. With the destruction +of the ligaments, the stability of the joint is lost, and it becomes +disorganised. + +The _clinical features_ vary with the extent of the infection. When +this is confined to the synovial and peri-synovial tissues--_acute +serous_ and _purulent synovitis_--there is the usual general reaction, +associated with pyrexia and great pain in the joint. The part is hot and +swollen, the swelling assuming the shape of the distended synovial sac, +fluctuation can usually be elicited, and the joint is held in the flexed +position. + +When the joint is infected by extension from the surrounding cellular +tissue, the joint lesion may not be recognised at an early stage because +of the swollen condition of the limb, and because there are already +symptoms of toxaemia. We have observed a case in which both the hip and +knee joints were infected from the cellular tissue. + +If the infection involves all the joint structures--_acute +arthritis_--the general and local phenomena are intensified, the +temperature rises quickly, often with a rigor, and remains high; the +patient looks ill, and is either unable to sleep or the sleep is +disturbed by starting pains. The joint is held rigid in the flexed +position, and the least attempt at movement causes severe pain; the +slightest jar--even the shaking of the bed--may cause agony. The joint +is hot, tensely distended, and there may be oedema of the peri-articular +tissues or of the limb as a whole. If the pus perforates the joint +capsule, there are signs of abscess or of diffuse suppuration in the +cellular tissue. The final disorganisation of the joint is indicated by +abnormal mobility and grating of the articular surfaces, or by +spontaneous displacement of the bones, and this may amount to +dislocation. In the acute arthritis of infants, the epiphysis concerned +may be separated and displaced. + +When the _joint is infected through an external wound_, the anatomical +features are similar to those observed when the infection has reached +the joint by the blood-stream, but the destructive changes tend to be +more severe and are more likely to result in disorganisation. + +The _terminations_ vary with the gravity of the infection and with the +stage at which treatment is instituted. In the milder forms recovery is +the rule, with more or less complete restoration of function. In more +severe forms the joint may be permanently damaged as a result of fibrous +or bony ankylosis, or from displacement or dislocation. From changes in +the peri-articular structures there may be contracture in an undesirable +position, and in young subjects the growth of the limb may be interfered +with. The persistence of sinuses is usually due to disease in one or +other of the adjacent bones. In the most severe forms, and especially +when several joints are involved, death may result from toxaemia. + +The _treatment_ is carried out on the same principles as in other +pyogenic infections. The limb is immobilised in such an attitude that +should stiffness occur there will be the least interference with +function. Extension by weight and pulley is the most valuable means of +allaying muscular spasm and relieving intra-articular tension and of +counteracting the tendency to flexion; as much as 15 or 20 pounds may be +required to relieve the pain. + +The induction of hyperaemia is sometimes remarkably efficacious in +relieving pain and in arresting the progress of the infection. If the +fluid in the joint is in sufficient quantity to cause tension, if it +persists, or if there is reason to suspect that it is purulent, it +should be withdrawn without delay; an exploring syringe usually +suffices, the skin being punctured with a tenotomy knife, and, as +practised by Murphy, 5 to 15 c.c. of a 2 per cent. solution of formalin +in glycerin are injected and the wound is closed. In virulent infections +the injection may be repeated in twenty-four hours. Drainage by tube or +otherwise is to be condemned (Murphy). A vaccine may be prepared from +the fluid in the joint and injected into the subcutaneous cellular +tissue. + +Suppuration in the peri-articular soft parts or in one of the adjacent +bones must be looked for and dealt with. + +When convalescence is established, attention is directed to the +restoration of the functions of the limb, and to the prevention of +stiffness and deformity by movements and massage, and the use of hot-air +and other baths. + +At a later stage, and especially in neglected cases, operative and other +measures may be required for deformity or ankylosis. + + +#Metastatic Forms of Pyogenic Infection# + +In #pyaemia#, one or more joints may fill with pus without marked +symptoms or signs, and if the pus is aspirated without delay the joint +often recovers without impairment of function. + +In #typhoid fever#, joint lesions result from infection with the typhoid +bacillus alone or along with pyogenic organisms, and run their course +with or without suppuration; there is again a remarkable absence of +symptoms, and attention may only be called to the condition by the +occurrence of dislocation. + +Joint lesions are comparatively common in #scarlet fever#, and were +formerly described as scarlatinal rheumatism. The most frequent clinical +type is that of a serous synovitis, occurring within a week or ten days +from the onset of the fever. Its favourite seat is in the hand and +wrist, the sheaths of the extensor tendons as well as the synovial +membrane of the joints being involved. It does not tend to migrate to +other joints, and rarely lasts longer than a few days. It is probably +due to the specific virus of scarlet fever. + +At a later stage, especially in children and in cases in which the +throat lesion is severe, an arthritis is sometimes observed that is +believed to be a metastasis from the throat; it may be acute and +suppurative, affect several joints, and exhibit a septicaemic or pyaemic +character. + +The joints of the lower extremity are especially apt to suffer; the +child is seriously ill, is delirious at night, develops bed-sores over +the sacrum and, it may happen that, not being expected to recover, the +legs are allowed to assume contracture deformities with ankylosis or +dislocation at the hip and flexion ankylosis at the knees; should the +child survive, the degree of crippling may be pitiable in the extreme; +prolonged orthopaedic treatment and a series of operations--arthroplasty, +osteotomies, and resections--may be required to restore even a limited +capacity of locomotion. + +#Pneumococcal affections of joints#, the result of infection with the +pneumococcus of Fraenkel, are being met with in increasing numbers. The +local lesion varies from a _synovitis_ with infiltration of the synovial +membrane and effusion of serum or pus, to an _acute arthritis_ with +erosion of cartilage, caries of the articular surfaces, and +disorganisation of the joint. The knee is most frequently affected, but +several joints may suffer at the same time. In most cases the joint +affection makes its appearance a few days after the commencement of a +pneumonia, but in a number of instances, especially among children, the +lung is not specially involved, and the condition is an indication of a +generalised pneumococcal infection, which may manifest itself by +endocarditis, empyema, meningitis, or peritonitis, and frequently has a +fatal termination. The differential diagnosis from other forms of +pyogenic infection is established by bacteriological examination of the +fluid withdrawn from the joint. The treatment is carried out on the same +lines as in other pyogenic infections, considerable reliance being +placed on the use of autogenous vaccines. + +In #measles#, #diphtheria#, #smallpox#, #influenza#, and #dysentery#, +similar joint lesions may occur. + +The joint lesions which accompany #acute rheumatism# or "rheumatic +fever" are believed to be due to a diplococcus. In the course of a +general illness in which there is moderate pyrexia and profuse sweating, +some of the larger joints, and not infrequently the smaller ones also, +become swollen and extremely sensitive, so that the sufferer lies in bed +helpless, dreading the slightest movement. From day to day fresh joints +are attacked, while those first affected subside, often with great +rapidity. Affections of the heart-valves and of the pericardium are +commonly present. On recovery from the acute illness, it may be found +that the joints have entirely recovered, but in a small proportion of +cases certain of them remain stiff and pass into the crippled condition +described under chronic rheumatism. There is no call for operative +interference. + +#Gonococcal Affections of Joints.#--These include all forms of joint +lesion occurring in association with gonorrhoeal urethritis, +vulvo-vaginitis, or gonorrhoeal ophthalmia. They may develop at any stage +of the urethritis, but are most frequently met with from the eighteenth +to the twenty-second day after the primary infection, when the organisms +have reached the posterior urethra; they have been observed, however, +after the discharge has ceased. There is no connection between the +severity of the gonorrhoea and the incidence of joint disease. In women, +the gonorrhoeal nature of the discharge must be established by +bacteriological examination. + +As a complication of ophthalmia, the joint lesions are met with in +infants, and occur more commonly towards the end of the second or during +the third week. + +The gonococcus is carried to the joint in the blood-stream and is first +deposited in the synovial membrane, in the tissues of which it can +usually be found; it may be impossible to find it in the exudate within +the joint. The joint lesions may be the only evidence of metastasis, or +they may be part of a general infection involving the endocardium, +pleura, and tendon sheaths. + +The joints most frequently affected are the knee, elbow, ankle, wrist, +and fingers. Usually two or more joints are affected. + +Several clinical types are differentiated. (1) A _dry poly-arthritis_ +met with in the joints and tendon sheaths of the wrist and hand, +formerly described as gonorrhoeal rheumatism, which in some cases is +trifling and evanescent, and in others is persistent and progressive, +and results in stiffness of the affected joints and permanent crippling +of the hand and fingers. + +(2) The commonest type is a _chronic synovitis_ or _hydrops_, in which +the joint--very often the knee--becomes filled with a serous or +sero-fibrinous exudate. There are no reactive changes in the synovial +membrane, cellular tissue, or skin, nor is there any fever or +disturbance of health. The movements are free except in so far as they +are restricted by the amount of fluid in the joint. It usually subsides +in two or three weeks under rest, but tends to relapse. + +(3) An _acute synovitis_ with peri-articular phlegmon is most often met +with in the elbow, but it occurs also in the knee and ankle. There is a +sudden onset of severe pain and swelling in and around the joint, with +considerable fever and disturbance of health. The slightest movement +causes pain, and the part is sensitive to touch. The skin is hot and +tense, and in the case of the elbow may be red and fiery as in +erysipelas. + +The deposit of fibrin on the synovial membrane and on the articular +surfaces may lead to the formation of adhesions, sometimes in the form +of isolated bands, sometimes in the form of a close fibrous union +between the bones. + +(4) A _suppurative arthritis_, like that caused by ordinary pus +microbes, may be the result of gonococcal infection alone or of a mixed +infection. Usually only one joint is affected, but the condition may be +multiple. The articular cartilages are destroyed, the ends of the bones +are covered with granulations, extra-articular abscesses form, and +complete osseous ankylosis results. + +The _diagnosis_ is often missed because the possibility of gonorrhoea is +not suspected. + +The denial of the disease by the patient is not always to be relied +upon, especially in the case of women, as they may be ignorant of its +presence. The chief points in the differential diagnosis from acute +articular rheumatism are, that the gonorrhoeal affection is more often +confined to one or two joints, has little tendency to wander from joint +to joint, and its progress is not appreciably influenced by salicylates, +although these drugs may relieve pain. The conclusive point is the +recognition of a gonorrhoeal discharge or of threads in the urine. + +The disease may persist or may relapse, and the patient may be laid up +for weeks or months, and may finally be crippled in one or in several +joints. + +The _treatment_--besides that of the urethral disease or of the +ophthalmia--consists in rest until all pain and sensitiveness have +disappeared. The pain is relieved by salicylates, but most benefit +follows weight extension, the induction of hyperaemia by the rubber +bandage and hot-air baths; if the joint is greatly distended, the fluid +may be withdrawn by a needle and syringe. Detoxicated vaccines should be +given from the first, and in afebrile cases the injection of a foreign +protein, such as anti-typhoid vaccine, is beneficial (Harrison). + +Murphy has found benefit from the introduction into the joint, in the +early stages, of from 5 to 15 c.c. of a 2 per cent. solution of formalin +in glycerin. This may be repeated within a week, the patient being kept +in bed with light weight extension. In the chronic hydrops the fluid is +withdrawn, and about an ounce of a 1 per cent. solution of protargol +injected; the patient should be warned of the marked reaction which +follows. + +After all symptoms have settled down, but not till then, for fear of +exciting relapse or metastasis, the joint is massaged and exercised. +Stiffness from adhesions is most intractable, and may, in spite of every +attention, terminate in ankylosis even in cases where there has been no +suppuration. Forcible breaking down of adhesions under anaesthesia is +not recommended, as it is followed by great suffering and the adhesions +re-form. Operation for ankylosis--arthroplasty--should not be +undertaken, as the ankylosis recurs. + + +TUBERCULOUS DISEASE + +Tuberculous disease of joints results from bacillary infection through +the arteries. The disease may commence in the synovial membrane or in +the marrow of one of the adjacent bones, and the relative frequency of +these two seats of infection has been the subject of considerable +difference of opinion. The traditional view of Konig is that in the knee +and most of the larger joints the disease arises in the bone and in the +synovial membrane in about equal proportion, and that in the hip the +number of cases beginning in the bones is about five times greater than +that originating in the membrane. This estimate, so far as the actual +frequency of bone lesions is concerned, has been generally accepted, but +recent observers, notably John Fraser, do not accept the presence of +bone lesions as necessarily proving that the disease commenced in the +bones; he maintains, and we think with good grounds, that in many cases +the disease having commenced in the synovial membrane, slowly spreads to +the bone by way of the blood vessels and lymphatics, and gives rise to +lesions in the marrow. + +#Morbid Anatomy.#--Tuberculous disease in the articular end of a long +bone may give rise to _reactive changes_ in the adjacent joint, +characterised by effusion and by the extension of the synovial membrane +over the articular surfaces. This may result in the formation of +adhesions which obliterate the cavity of the joint or divide it into +compartments. These lesions are comparatively common, and are not +necessarily due to actual tuberculous infection of the joint. + +The _infection of the joint_ by tubercle originating in the adjacent +bone may take place at the periphery, the osseous focus reaching the +surface of the bone at the site of reflection of the synovial membrane, +and the infection which begins at this point then spreads to the rest of +the membrane. Or it may take place in the central area, by the +projection of tuberculous granulation tissue into the joint following +upon erosion of the cartilage (Fig. 156). + +[Illustration: FIG. 156.--Section of Upper End of Fibula, showing +caseating focus in marrow, erupting on articular surface and infecting +joint.] + +_Changes in the Synovial Membrane._--In the majority of cases there is a +_diffuse thickening of the synovial membrane_, due to the formation of +granulation tissue, or of young connective tissue, in its substance. +This new tissue is arranged in two layers--the outer composed of fully +formed connective or fibrous tissue, the inner of embryonic tissue, +usually permeated with miliary tubercles. On opening the joint, these +tubercles may be seen on the surface of the membrane, or the surface may +be covered with a layer of fibrinous or caseating tissue. Where there is +greater resistance on the part of the tissues, there is active formation +of young connective tissue which circumscribes or encapsulates the +tubercles, so that they remain embedded in the substance of the +membrane, and are only seen on cutting into it. + +The thickened synovial membrane is projected into the cavity of the +joint, filling up its pouches and recesses, and spreading over the +surface of the articular cartilage "like ivy growing on a wall." +Wherever the synovial tissue covers the cartilage it becomes adherent to +and fused with it. The morbid process may be arrested at this stage, and +fibrous adhesions form between the opposing articular surfaces, or it +may progress, in which case further changes occur, resulting in +destruction of the articular cartilage and exposure of the subjacent +bone. + +In rare instances the synovial membrane presents nodular masses or +lumps, resembling the tuberculous tumours met with in the brain; they +project into the cavity of the joint, are often pedunculated, and may +give rise to the symptoms of loose body. The fringes of synovial +membrane may also undergo a remarkable development, like that observed +in arthritis deformans, and described as arborescent lipoma. Both these +types are almost exclusively met with in the knee. + +_The Contents of Tuberculous Joints._--In a large proportion of cases of +synovial tuberculosis the joint is entirely filled up by the diffuse +thickening of the synovial membrane. In a small number there is an +abundant serous exudate, and with this there may be a considerable +formation of fibrin, covering the surface of the membrane and floating +in the fluid as flakes or masses; under the influence of movement it may +assume the shape of melon-seed bodies. More rarely the joint contains +pus, and the surface of the synovial membrane resembles the wall of a +cold abscess. + +_Ulceration and Necrosis of Cartilage._--The synovial tissue covering +the cartilage causes pitting and perforation of the cartilage and makes +its way through it, and often spreads widely between it and the +subjacent bone; the cartilage may be detached in portions of +considerable size. It may be similarly ulcerated or detached as a result +of disease in the bone. + +_Caries of Articular Surfaces._--Tuberculous infiltration of the marrow +in the surface cancelli breaks up the spongy framework of the bone into +minute irregular fragments, so that it disintegrates or crumbles +away--caries. When there is an absence of caseation and suppuration, the +condition is called _caries sicca_. + +The pressure of the articular surfaces against one another favours the +progress of ulceration of cartilage and of articular caries. These +processes are usually more advanced in the areas most exposed to +pressure--for example, in the hip-joint, on the superior aspect of the +head of the femur, and on the posterior and upper segment of the +acetabulum. + +The occurrence of _pathological dislocation_ is due to softening and +stretching of the ligaments which normally retain the bones in position, +and to some factor causing displacement, which may be the accumulation +of fluid or of granulations in the joint, the involuntary contraction of +muscles, or some movement or twist of the limb. The occurrence of +dislocation is also favoured by destructive changes in the bones. + +_Peri-articular tubercle and abscess_ may result from the spread of +disease from the bone or joint into the surrounding tissues, either +directly or by way of the lymphatics. A peri-articular abscess may +spread in several directions, sometimes invading tendon sheaths or +bursae, and finally reaching the skin surface by tortuous sinuses. + +Reactive changes in the vicinity of tuberculous joints are of common +occurrence, and play a considerable part in the production of what is +clinically known as _white swelling_. New connective tissue forms in the +peri-articular fat and between muscles and tendons. It may be tough and +fibrous, or soft, vascular, and oedematous, and the peri-articular fat +becomes swollen and gelatinous, constituting a layer of considerable +thickness. The fat disappears and is replaced by a mucoid effusion +between the fibrous bundles of connective tissue. This is what was +formerly known as _gelatinous degeneration_ of the synovial membrane. In +the case of the wrist the newly formed connective tissue may fix the +tendons in their sheaths, interfering with the movements of the fingers. +In relation to the bones also there may be reactive changes, resulting +in the formation of spicules of new bone on the periosteal surfaces and +at the attachment of the capsular and other ligaments; these are only +met with where pyogenic infection has been superadded. + +_Terminations and Sequelae._--A natural process of cure may occur at any +stage, the tuberculous tissue being replaced by scar tissue. Recovery is +apt to be attended with impairment of movement due to adhesions, +ankylosis, or contracture of the peri-articular structures. Caseous foci +in the interior of the bones may become encapsulated, and a cure be thus +effected, or they may be the cause of a relapse of the disease at a +later date. Interference with growth is comparatively common, and may +involve only the epiphysial junctions in the immediate vicinity of the +joint affected, or those of all the bones of the limb. This is well seen +in adults who have suffered from severe disease of the hip in +childhood--the entire limb, including the foot, being shorter and +smaller than the corresponding parts of the opposite side. + +Atrophic conditions are also met with, the bones undergoing fatty +atrophy, so that in extreme cases they may be cut with a knife or be +easily fractured. These atrophic conditions are most marked in bedridden +patients, and are largely due to disuse of the limb; they are recovered +from if it is able to resume its functions. + +#Clinical Features.#--These vary with the different anatomical forms of +the disease, and with the joint affected. + +Sometimes the disease is ushered in by a febrile attack attended with +pains in several joints--described by John Duncan as _tuberculous +arthritic fever_. This is liable to be mistaken for rheumatic fever, +from which, however, it differs in that there is no real migration from +joint to joint; there is an absence of sweating and of cardiac +complications; and no benefit follows the administration of salicylates. + +In exceptional cases, tuberculous joint disease follows an acute course +resembling that of the pyogenic arthritis of infants. This has been +observed in children, especially in the knee, the lesion being in the +synovial membrane, and attended with an accumulation of pus in the +joint. If promptly treated by incision and drainage, recovery is rapid, +and free movement of the joint, may be preserved. + +The onset and early stages of tuberculous disease, however, are more +often insidious, and are attended with so few symptoms that the disease +may have obtained a considerable hold before it attracts notice. It is +not uncommon for patients or their friends to attribute the condition to +injury, as it often first attracts attention after some slight trauma or +excessive use of the limb. The symptoms usually subside under rest, only +to relapse again with use of the limb. + +The initial local symptoms may be due to the presence of a focus in the +neighbouring bone, perhaps causing neuralgic pains in the joint, or +weakness, tiredness, stiffness, and inability to use the limb, these +symptoms improving with rest and being aggravated by exertion. + +It is rarely possible by external examination to recognise deep-seated +osseous foci in the vicinity of joints; but if they are near the surface +in a superficial bone--such as the head of the tibia--there may be local +thickening of the periosteum, oedema, pain, and tenderness on pressure +and on percussion. + +_X-ray Appearances of Tuberculous Joints._--Gross lesions such as +caseous foci in the marrow of the adjacent bone show as clear areas with +an ill-defined margin; a sclerosed focus gives a denser shadow than the +surrounding bone, and a sequestrum presents a dark shadow of irregular +contour, and a clear interval between it and the surrounding bone. + +Caries of the articular surface imparts a woolly appearance or irregular +contour in place of the well-defined outline of the articular end of the +bone. In bony ankylosis the shadow of the two bones is a continuous one, +the joint interval having been filled up. The minor changes are best +appreciated on comparison with the normal joint of the other limb. + +_Wasting of muscles_ is a constant accompaniment of tuberculous joint +disease. It is to be attributed partly to want of use, but chiefly to +reflex interference with the trophic innervation of the muscles. It is +specially well seen in the extensor and adductor muscles of the thigh in +disease of the knee, and in the deltoid in disease of the shoulder. The +muscles become soft and flaccid, they exhibit tremors on attempted +movement, and their excitability to the faradic current is diminished. +The muscular tissue may be largely replaced by fat. + +_Impairment of the normal movements_ is one of the most valuable +diagnostic signs, particularly in deeply seated joints such as the +shoulder, hip, and spine. It is due to a protective contraction of the +muscles around the joint, designed to prevent movement. This muscular +fixation disappears under anaesthesia. + +_Abnormal attitudes of the limb_ occur earlier, and are more pronounced +in cases in which pain and other irritative symptoms of articular +disease are well marked, and are best illustrated by the attitudes +assumed in disease of the hip. They are due to reflex or involuntary +contraction of the muscles acting on the joint, with the object of +placing it in the attitude of greatest ease; they also disappear under +anaesthesia. With the lapse of time they not only become exaggerated, but +may become permanent from ankylosis or from contracture of the soft +parts round the joint. + +_Startings at night_ are to be regarded as an indication that there is +progressive disease involving the articular surfaces. + +_The formation of extra-articular abscess_ may take place early, or it +may not occur till long after the disease has subsided. The abscess may +develop so insidiously that it does not attract attention until it has +attained considerable size, especially when associated with disease of +the spine, pelvis, or hip. The position of the abscess in relation to +different joints is fairly constant and is determined by the anatomical +relationships of the capsule and synovial membrane to the surrounding +tissues. The bursae and tendon sheaths in the vicinity may influence the +direction of spread of the abscess and the situation of resulting +sinuses. When the abscess is allowed to burst, or is opened and becomes +infected with pyogenic bacteria, there is not only the risk of +aggravation of the disease and persistent suppuration, but there is a +greater liability to general tuberculosis. + +The sinuses may be so tortuous that a probe cannot be passed to the +primary focus of disease, and their course and disposition can only be +demonstrated by injecting the sinuses with an emulsion of bismuth and +taking X-ray photographs. + +Tuberculous infection of the lymph glands of the limb is exceptional, +but may follow upon infection of the skin around the orifice of a sinus. + +A slight rise of temperature in the evening may be induced in quiescent +joint lesions by injury or by movement of the joint under anaesthesia, or +by the fatigue of a railway journey. When sinuses have formed and become +infected with pyogenic bacteria, there may be a diurnal variation in the +temperature of the type known as hectic fever (Fig. 11). + +_Relative Frequency of Tuberculous Disease in Different +Joints._--Hospital statistics show that joints are affected in the +following order of frequency: Spine, knee, hip, ankle and tarsus, elbow, +wrist, shoulder. The hip and spine are most often affected in childhood +and youth, the shoulder and wrist in adults; the knee, ankle, and elbow +show little age preference. + +_Clinical Variations of Tuberculous Joint Disease._--The above +description applies to tuberculous joint disease in general; it must be +modified to include special manifestations or varieties. + +When the main incidence of the infection affects the synovial membrane, +the clinical picture may assume the form of a _hydrops_, or of an +_empyema_ in which the joint is filled with pus. More common than either +of these is the well-known _white swelling_ or _tumor albus_ (Wiseman, +1676) which is the clinical manifestation of diffuse thickening of the +synovial membrane along with mucoid degeneration of the peri-synovial +cellular tissue. It is well seen in joints which are superficial--such +as the knee, ankle, elbow, and wrist. The swelling, which is the first +and most prominent clinical feature, develops gradually and painlessly, +obliterating the bony prominences by filling up the natural hollows. It +appears greater to the eye than is borne out by measurement, being +thrown into relief by the wasting of the muscles above and below the +joint. In the early stage the swelling is elastic, doughy, and +non-sensitive, and corresponds to the superficial area of the synovial +membrane involved, and there is comparatively little complaint on the +part of the patient, because the articular surfaces and ligaments are +still intact. There may be a feeling of weight in the limb, and in the +case of the knee and ankle the patient tires on walking and drags the +leg with more or less of a limp. Movements of the joint are permitted, +but are limited in range. The disability is increased by use and +exertion, but, for a time at least, it improves under rest. + +If the disease is not arrested, there follow the symptoms and signs of +involvement of the articular surfaces. + +_Influence of Tuberculous Joint Disease on the General +Health._--Experience shows that the early stages of tuberculous joint +disease are compatible with the appearance of good health. As a rule, +however, and especially if there is mixed infection, the health suffers, +the appetite is impaired, the patient is easily tired, and there may be +some loss of weight. + +#Treatment.#--In addition to the general treatment of tuberculosis, +local measures are employed. These may be described under two heads--the +conservative and the operative. + +_Conservative treatment_ is almost always to be employed in the first +instance, as by it a larger proportion of cures is obtained with a +smaller mortality and with better functional results than by operation. + +_Treatment by rest_ implies the immobilisation of the diseased limb +until pain and tenderness have disappeared. The attitude in which the +limb is immobilised should be that in which, in the event of subsequent +stiffness, it will be most serviceable to the patient. Immobilisation +may be secured by bandages, splints, extension, or other apparatus. +_Extension_ with weight and pulley is of value in securing rest, +especially in disease of the hip or knee; it eliminates muscular spasm, +relieves pain and startings at night, and prevents abnormal attitudes of +the limb. If, when the patient first comes under observation, the limb +is in a deformed attitude which does not readily yield to extension, the +deformity should be corrected under an anaesthetic. + +_The induction of hyperaemia_ is often helpful, the rubber bandage or the +hot-air chamber being employed for an hour or so morning and evening. + +_Injection of Iodoform._--This is carried out on the same lines as have +been described for tuberculous abscess. After the fluid contents of the +joint are withdrawn, the iodoform is injected; and this may require to +be repeated in a month or six weeks. + +After the injection of iodoform there is usually considerable reaction, +attended with fever (101 o F.), headache, and malaise, and considerable +pain and swelling of the joint. In some cases there is sickness, and +there may be blood pigment in the urine. The severity of these phenomena +diminishes with each subsequent injection. + +The use of Scott's dressing and of blisters and of the actual cautery +has largely gone out of fashion, but the cautery may still be employed +with benefit for the relief of pain in cases in which ulceration of +cartilage is a prominent feature. + +The application of the X-rays has proved beneficial in synovial lesions +in superficial joints such as the wrist or elbow; prolonged exposures +are made at fortnightly intervals, and on account of the cicatricial +contraction which attends upon recovery, the joint must be kept in good +position. + +Conservative treatment is only abandoned if improvement does not show +itself after a thorough trial, or if the disease relapses after apparent +cure. + +_Operative Treatment._--Other things being equal, operation is more +often indicated in adults than in children, because after the age of +twenty there is less prospect of recovery under conservative treatment, +there is more tendency for the disease to relapse and to invade the +internal organs, and there is no fear of interfering with the growth of +the bones. The state of the general health may necessitate operation as +the most rapid method of removing the disease. The social status of the +patient must also be taken into account; the bread-winner, under +existing social conditions, may be unable to give up his work for a +sufficient time to give conservative measures a fair trial. + +The _local conditions_ which decide for or against operation are +differently regarded by different surgeons, but it may be said in +general terms that operative interference is indicated in cases in which +the disease continues to progress in spite of a fair trial of +conservative measures; in cases unsuited for conservative +treatment--that is to say, where there are severe bone lesions. +Operative interference is indicated also when the functional result will +be better than that likely to be obtained by conservative measures, as +is often the case in the knee and elbow. Cold abscesses should, if +possible, be dealt with before operating on the joint. + +In many cases the extent of the operation can only be decided after +exploration. The aim is to remove all the disease with the least +impairment of function and the minimum sacrifice of healthy tissue. The +more open the method of operating the better, so that all parts of the +joint may be available for inspection. The methods of Kocher, which +permit of dislocating the joint, are specially to be recommended, as +this procedure affords the freest possible access. Diseased synovial +membrane is removed with the scissors or knife. If the cartilages are +sound, and if a movable joint is aimed at, they may be left; but if +ankylosis is desired, they must be removed. Localised disease of the +cartilage should be removed with the spoon or gouge, and the bone +beneath investigated. If the articular surface is extensively diseased, +a thin slice of bone should be removed, and if foci in the marrow are +then revealed, it is better to gouge them out than to remove further +slices of bone, as this involves sacrifice of the cortex and periosteum. + +Operative treatment of deformities resulting from tuberculous joint +disease has almost entirely replaced reduction by force; the contracted +soft parts are divided, and the bone is resected. + +_Amputation_ for tuberculous joint disease has become one of the rare +operations of surgery, and is only justified when less radical measures +have failed and the condition of the limb is affecting the general +health. Amputation is more frequently called for in persons past middle +life who are the subjects of pulmonary tuberculosis. + + +SYPHILITIC DISEASE + +Syphilitic affections of joints are comparatively rare. As in +tuberculosis, the disease may be first located in the synovial membrane, +or it may spread to the joint from one of the bones. + +In #acquired syphilis#, at an early stage and before the skin eruptions +appear, one of the large joints, such as the shoulder or knee, may be +the seat of pain--_arthralgia_--which is worse at night. In the +secondary stage, a _synovitis_ with serous effusion is not uncommon, and +may affect several joints. Syphilitic _hydrops_ is met with almost +exclusively in the knee; it is frequently bilateral, and is insidious in +its onset and progress, the patient usually being able to go about. + +In the _tertiary stage_ the joint lesions are persistent and +destructive, and result from the formation of gummata, either in the +deeper layers of the synovial membrane or in the adjacent bone or +periosteum. + +_Peri-synovial_ and _peri-bursal gummata_ are met with in relation to +the knee-joint of middle-aged adults, especially women. They are usually +multiple, develop slowly, and are rarely sensitive or painful. One or +more of the gummata may break down and give rise to tertiary ulcers. The +co-existence of indolent swellings, ulcers, and depressed scars in the +vicinity of the knee is characteristic of tertiary syphilis. + +The disease spreads throughout the capsule and synovial membrane, which +becomes diffusely thickened and infiltrated with granulation tissue +which eats into and replaces the articular cartilage. Clinically, the +condition resembles tuberculous disease of the synovial membrane, for +which it is probably frequently mistaken, but in the syphilitic +affection the swelling is nodular and uneven, and the subjective +symptoms are slight, mobility is little impaired, and yet the deformity +is considerable. + +_Syphilitic osteo-arthritis_ results from a gumma in the periosteum or +marrow of one of the adjacent bones. There is gradual enlargement of one +of the bones, the patient complains of pains, which are worst at night. +The disease may extend to the synovial membrane and be attended with +effusion into the joint, or it may erupt on the periosteal surface and +invade the skin, forming one or more sinuses. The further progress is +complicated by the occurrence of pyogenic infection leading to necrosis +of bone, in the knee-joint, for example, the patella or one of the +condyles of the femur or tibia, may furnish a sequestrum. In such cases, +anti-syphilitic treatment must be supplemented by operation for the +removal of the diseased tissues. In the knee, excision is rarely +necessary; but in the elbow it may be called for to obtain a movable +joint. + +In #inherited syphilis# the earliest joint affections are those in which +there is an effusion into the joint, especially the knee or elbow; and +in exceptional cases pyogenic infection may be superadded, and pus form +in the joint. + +In older children, a gummatous synovitis is met with of which the most +striking features are: its insidious development, its chronic course, +symmetrical distribution, freedom from pain, the free mobility of the +joint, its tendency to relapse, and its association with other +syphilitic stigmata, especially in the eyes. The knees are the joints +most frequently affected, and the condition usually yields readily to +anti-syphilitic treatment without impairment of function. + + +JOINT DISEASES ACCOMPANYING CERTAIN CONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS + +#Gout.#--_Arthritis Urica._--One of the manifestations of gout is that +certain joints are liable to attacks of inflammation associated with the +deposit of a chalk-like material composed of sodium biurate, chiefly in +the matrix of the articular cartilage, it may be in streaks or patches +towards the central area of the joint, or throughout the entire extent +of the cartilage, which appears as if it had been painted over with +plaster of Paris. As a result of this uratic infiltration, the cartilage +loses its vitality and crumbles away, leading to the formation of what +are known as gouty ulcers, and these may extend through the cartilage +and invade the bone. The deposit of urates in the synovial membrane is +attended with effusion into the joint and the formation of adhesions, +while in the ligaments and peri-articular structures it leads to the +formation of scar tissue. The metatarso-phalangeal joint of the great +toe, on one or on both sides, is that most frequently affected. The +disease is met with in men after middle life, and while common enough in +England and Ireland, is almost unknown in hospital practice in Scotland. + +The _clinical features_ are characteristic. There is a sudden onset of +excruciating pain, usually during the early hours of the morning, the +joint becomes swollen, red, and glistening, with engorgement of the +veins and some fever and disturbance of health and temper. In the course +of a week or ten days there is a gradual return to the normal. Such +attacks may recur only once a year or they may be more frequent; the +successive attacks tend to become less acute but last longer, and the +local phenomena persist, the joint remaining permanently swollen and +stiff. Masses of chalk form in and around the joint, and those in the +subcutaneous tissue may break through the skin, forming indolent ulcers +with exposure of the chalky masses (_tophi_). The hands may become +seriously crippled, especially when the tendon sheaths and bursae also +are affected; the crippling resembles that resulting from arthritis +deformans but it differs in not being symmetrical. + +The local _treatment_ consists in employing soothing applications and a +Bier's bandage for two or three hours twice daily while the symptoms are +acute; later, hot-air baths, massage, and exercises are indicated. It is +remarkable how completely even the most deformed joints may recover +their function. Dietetic and medicinal treatment must also be employed. + +#Chronic Rheumatism.#--This term is applied to a condition which +sometimes follows upon acute articular rheumatism in persons presenting +a family tendency to acute rheumatism or to inflammations of serous +membranes, and manifesting other evidence of the rheumatic taint, such +as chorea or rheumatic nodules. + +The changes in the joints involve almost exclusively the synovial +membrane and the ligaments; they consist in cellular infiltration and +exudation, resulting in the formation of new connective tissue which +encroaches on the cavity of the joint and gives rise to adhesions, and +by contracting causes stiffness and deformity. The articular cartilages +may subsequently be transformed into connective tissue, with consequent +fibrous ankylosis and obliteration of the joint. The bones are affected +only in so far as they undergo fatty atrophy from disuse of the limb, or +alteration in their configuration as a result of partial dislocation. +Osseous ankylosis may occur, especially in the small joints of the hand +and foot. + +The disease is generally poly-articular and may be met with in childhood +and youth as well as in adult life. In some cases pain is so severe that +the patient resists the least attempt at movement. In others, the +joints, although stiff, can be moved but exhibit pronounced crackings. +When there is much connective tissue formed in relation to the synovial +membrane, the joint is swollen, and as the muscles waste above and +below, the swelling is spindle-shaped. Subacute exacerbations occur from +time to time, with fever and aggravation of the local symptoms and +implication of other joints. After repeated recurrences, there is +ankylosis with deformity, the patient becoming a helpless cripple. On +account of the tendency to visceral complications, the tenure of life is +uncertain. + +From the nature of the disease, _treatment_ is for the most part +palliative. Salicylates are only of service during the exacerbations +attended with pyrexia. The application of soda fomentations, turpentine +cloths, or electric or hot-air baths may be useful. Improvement may +result from the general and local therapeutics available at such places +as Bath, Buxton, Harrogate, Strathpeffer, Wiesbaden, or Aix. In selected +cases, a certain measure of success has followed operative interference, +which consists in a modified excision. The deformities resulting from +chronic rheumatism are but little amenable to surgical treatment, and +forcible attempts to remedy stiffness or deformity are to be avoided. + +#Arthritis Deformans# (_Osteo-arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatic +Gout, Malum Senile, Traumatic or Mechanical Arthritis_).--Under the term +arthritis deformans, which was first employed by Virchow, it is +convenient to include a number of joint affections which have many +anatomical and clinical features in common. + +The disease is widely distributed in the animal kingdom, both in +domestic species and in wild animals in the natural state such as the +larger carnivora and the gorilla; evidence of it has also been found in +the bones of animals buried with prehistoric man. + +The morbid changes in the joints present a remarkable combination of +atrophy and degeneration on the one hand and overgrowth on the other, +indicating a profound disturbance of nutrition in the joint structures. +The nature of this disturbance and its etiology are imperfectly known. +By many writers it is believed to depend upon some form of +auto-intoxication, the toxins being absorbed from the gastro-intestinal +tract, and those who suffer are supposed to possess what has been called +an "arthritic diathesis." + +The localisation of the disease in a particular joint may be determined +by several factors, of which trauma appears to be the most important. +The condition is frequently observed to follow, either directly or after +an interval, upon a lesion which involves gross injury of the joint or +of one of the neighbouring bones. It occurs with greater frequency after +repeated minor injuries affecting the joint and its vicinity, such as +sprains and contusions, and particularly those sustained in laborious +occupations. This connection between trauma and arthritis deformans led +Arbuthnot Lane to apply to it the term _traumatic_ or _trade arthritis_. + +The traumatic or strain factor in the production of the disease may be +manifested in a less obvious fashion. In the lower extremity, for +example, _any condition which disturbs the static equilibrium of the +limb as a whole_ would appear to predispose to the disease in one or +other of the joints. The static equilibrium may be disturbed by such +deformities as flat-foot or knock-knee, and badly united fractures of +the lower extremity. In hallux valgus, the metatarso-phalangeal joint of +the great toe undergoes changes characteristic of arthritis deformans. + +A number of cases have been recorded in which arthritis deformans has +followed upon antecedent disease of the joint, such as pyogenic or +gonorrhoeal synovitis, upon repeated haemorrhages into the knee-joint in +bleeders, and in unreduced dislocations in which a new joint has been +established. + +[Illustration: FIG. 157.--Arthritis Deformans of Elbow, showing +destruction of articular surfaces and masses of new bone around the +articular margins. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +Lastly, Poncet and other members of the Lyons school regard arthritis +deformans as due to an attenuated form of tuberculous infection, and +draw attention to the fact that a tuberculous family history is often +met with in the subjects of the disease. + +[Illustration: FIG. 158.--Arthritis Deformans of Knee, showing +eburnation and grooving of articular surfaces. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh.)] + +_Morbid Anatomy._--The commonest type is that in which the articular +surfaces undergo degenerative changes. The primary change involves the +articular cartilage, which becomes softened and fibrillated and is worn +away until the subjacent bone is exposed. If the bone is rarefied, the +enlarged cancellous spaces are opened into and an eroded and worm-eaten +appearance is brought about; with further use of the joint, the bone is +worn away, so that in a ball-and-socket joint like the hip, the head of +the femur and the acetabulum are markedly altered in size and shape. +More commonly, the bone exposed as a result of disappearance of the +cartilage is denser than normal, and under the influence of the +movements of the joint, becomes smooth and polished--a change described +as _eburnation_ of the articular surfaces (Fig. 158). In hinge-joints +such as the knee and elbow, the influence of movement is shown by a +series of parallel grooves corresponding to the lines of friction +(Fig. 158). + +[Illustration: FIG. 159.--Hypertrophied Fringes of Synovial Membrane in +Arthritis Deformans of Knee. + +(Museum of Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.)] + +While these degenerative changes are gradually causing destruction of +the articular surfaces, reparative and hypertrophic changes are taking +place at the periphery. Along the line of the junction between the +cartilage and synovial membrane, the proliferation of tissue leads to +the formation of nodules or masses of cartilage--_ecchondroses_--which +are subsequently converted into bone (Fig. 157). Gross alterations in +the ends of the bone are thus brought about which can be recognised +clinically and in skiagrams, and which tend to restrict the normal range +of movement. The extension of the ossification into the synovial +reflection and capsular ligament adds a collar or "lip" of new bone, +known as "lipping" of the articular margins, and also into other +ligaments, insertions of tendons and intermuscular septa giving rise to +bony outgrowths or osteophytes not unlike those met with in the +neuro-arthropathies. + +Proliferative changes in the synovial membrane are attended with +increased vascularity and thickening of the membrane and an enlargement +of its villi and fringes. When the fatty fringes are developed to an +exaggerated degree, the condition is described as an _arborescent +lipoma_ (Fig. 159). Individual fringes may attain the size of a hazel +nut, and the fibro-fatty tissue of which they are composed may be +converted into cartilage and bone; such a body may remain attached by a +narrow pedicle or stalk, or this may be torn across and the body becomes +loose and, unless confined in a recess of the joint, it wanders about +and may become impacted between the articular surfaces. These changes in +the synovial membrane are often associated with an abundant exudate or +hydrops. These degenerative and hypertrophic changes, while usually +attended with marked restriction of movement and sometimes by "locking" +of the joint, practically never result in ankylosis. + +The _ankylosing type_ of chronic arthritis is fortunately much rarer +than those described above, and is chiefly met with in the joints of the +fingers and toes and in those of the vertebral column. The synovial +membrane proliferates, grows over the cartilage, and replaces it, and +when two such articular surfaces are in contact they tend to adhere, +thus obliterating the joint, cavity, and resulting in fibrous or bony +ankylosis. The changes progress slowly and, before they result in +ankylosis, various sub-luxations and dislocations may occur with +distortion and deformity which, in the case of the fingers, is extremely +disabling and unsightly (Fig. 160). + +_Clinical Features._--It is usually observed that in patients who are +still young the tendency is for the disease to advance with considerable +rapidity, so that in the course of months it may cause crippling of +several joints. The course of the disease as met with in persons past +middle life is more chronic; it begins insidiously, and many years may +pass before there is pronounced disability. The earliest symptom is +stiffness, especially in the morning after rest, which passes off +temporarily with use of the limb. As time goes on, the range of movement +becomes restricted, and crackings occur. This stage of the disease may +be prolonged indefinitely; if it progresses, stiffness becomes more +pronounced, certain movements are lost, others develop in abnormal +directions, and deformed attitudes add to the disablement. The disease +is compatible with long life, but not with any active occupation, hence +those of the hospital class who suffer from it tend to accumulate in +workhouse infirmaries. + +_Hydrops_ is most marked in the knee, and may affect also the adjacent +bursae. As the joint becomes distended with fluid, the ligaments are +stretched, the limb becomes weak and unstable, and the patient complains +of a feeling of weight, of insecurity, and of tiredness. Pain is +occasional and evanescent, and is usually the result of some extra +exertion, or exposure to cold and wet. This form of the disease is +extremely chronic, and may last for an indefinite number of years. It is +to be diagnosed from the other forms of hydrops already considered--the +purely traumatic, the pyogenic, gonorrhoeal, tuberculous, and +syphilitic--and from that associated with Charcot's disease. + +_Hypertrophied fringes and pedunculated or loose bodies_ often co-exist +with hydrops, and give rise to characteristic clinical features, +particularly in the knee. The fringes, especially when they assume the +type of the arborescent lipoma, project into the cavity of the joint, +filling up its recesses and distending its capsule so that the joint is +swollen and slightly flexed. Pain is not a prominent feature, and the +patient may walk fairly well. On grasping the joint while it is being +actively flexed and extended, the fringes may be felt moving under the +fingers. Symptoms from impaction of a loose body are exceptional. + +[Illustration: FIG. 160.--Arthritis Deformans of Hands, showing +symmetry of lesions, ulnar deviation of fingers, and nodular thickening +at inter-phalangeal joints.] + +_The dry form of arthritis deformans_, although specially common in the +knee, is met with in other joints, either as a mon-articular or +poly-articular disease; and it is also met with in the joints of the +spine and of the fingers as well as in the temporo-mandibular joint. In +the joints of the fingers the disease is remarkably symmetrical, and +tends to assume a nodular type (Heberden's nodes) (Fig. 160); in younger +subjects it assumes a more painful and progressive fusiform type +(Fig. 161). In the larger joints the subjective symptoms usually precede + +any palpable evidence of disease, the patient complaining of stiffness, +crackings, and aching, aggravated by changes in the weather. The +roughness due to fibrillation of the articular cartilages causes coarse +friction on moving the joint, or, in the knee, on moving the patella on +the condyles of the femur. It may be months or even years before the +lipping and other hypertrophic changes in the ends of the bones are +recognisable, and before the joint assumes the deformed features which +the name of the disease suggests. + +The capsular ligament, except in hydrops, is the seat of +connective-tissue overgrowth, and tends to become contracted and rigid. +Intra-articular ligaments, such as the ligamentum teres in the hip, are +usually worn away and disappear. The surrounding muscles undergo +atrophy, tendons become adherent to their sheaths and may be ossified, +and the sheaths of nerves may be involved by the cicatricial changes in +the surrounding tissues. + +_The X-ray appearances of arthritis deformans_ necessarily vary with the +type of the disease and the joint affected; in the joints of the fingers +there is a narrowing of the spaces between the articular ends of the +bones as a result of absorption of the articular cartilage, and +rarefaction of the cancellous tissue in the vicinity of the joints; in +the larger joints there is "lipping" of the articular margins, +osteophytes, and other evidence of abnormal ossification in and around +the joint. Eburnation of the articular surfaces is shown by increase in +the density of the shadow of the bone in the areas affected. + +[Illustration: FIG. 161.--Arthritis Deformans affecting several +Joints, in a boy aet. 10. + +(Dr. Dickson's case.)] + +_Treatment._--Treatment is for the most part limited to the relief of +symptoms. On no account should the affected joints be kept at rest by +means of splints or other apparatus. Active movements and exercises of +all kinds are to be persevered with. When pain is a prominent feature, +it may be relieved either by douches of iodine and hot water (tincture +of iodine 1 oz. to the quart), or by the application of lint saturated +with a lotion made up of chloral hydrate, gr. v, glycerin [dram]j, water +[ounce]j, and covered with oil-silk. Strain and over-use of the joint +and sudden changes of temperature are to be avoided. The induction of +hyperaemia by means of massage, the elastic bandage, and hot-air baths is +often of service. Operative interference is indicated when the disease +is of a severe type, when it is mon-articular, and when the general +condition of the patient is otherwise favourable. Excision has been +practised with success in the hip, knee, elbow, and temporo-mandibular +joints. Limitation of movement and locking at the hip-joint when due to +new bone round the edge of the acetabulum may be greatly relieved by +removal of the bone--a procedure known as _cheilotomy_. Loose bodies and +hypertrophied fringes if causing symptoms may also be removed by +operation. + +When stiffness and grating on movement are prominent features we have +found the injection of from half to one ounce of sterilised white +vaseline afford decided relief. + +The patient should be nourished well, and there need be no restriction +in the diet such as is required in gouty patients, so long as the +digestion is not impaired. Benefit is also derived from the +administration of cod-liver oil, and of tonics, such as strychnin, +arsenic, and iron, and in some cases of iodide of potassium. Luff +recommends the administration over long periods of guaiacol carbonate, +in cachets beginning with doses of 5-10 grs. and increased to 15-20 grs. +thrice daily. A course of treatment at one of the reputed spas--Aix, +Bath, Buxton, Gastein, Harrogate, Strathpeffer, Wiesbaden, Wildbad--is +often beneficial. + +In some cases benefit has followed the prolonged internal administration +of liquid paraffin. + +On the assumption that the condition is the result of an +auto-intoxication from the intestinal tract, saline purges and +irrigation of the colon are indicated, and Arbuthnot Lane claims to have +brought about improvement by short-circuiting or by resecting the colon. + +Residence in a warm and dry climate, with an open-air life, has been +known to arrest the disease when other measures have failed to give +relief. + +The application of radium and the ingestion of radio-active waters have +also been recommended. + +#Haemophilic# or #Bleeder's Joint#.--This is a rare but characteristic +affection met with chiefly in the knee-joint of boys who are the +subjects of haemophilia. After some trivial injury, or even without +apparent cause, a haemorrhage takes place into the joint. The joint is +tensely swollen, cannot be completely extended, and is so painful that +the patient is obliged to lie up. The temperature is often raised (101 o +to 102 o F.), especially if there are also haemorrhages elsewhere. The +blood in the joint is slowly re-absorbed, and by the end of a fortnight +or so, the symptoms completely disappear. As a rule these attacks are +repeated; the pain attending them diminishes, but the joint becomes the +seat of permanent changes: the synovial membrane is thickened, +abnormally vascular, and coloured brown from the deposit of blood +pigment; on its surface, and in parts of the articular cartilage, there +is a deposit of rust-coloured fibrin; there may be extensive adhesions, +and in some cases changes occur like those observed in arthritis +deformans with erosion and ulceration of the cartilage and a form of dry +caries of the articular surfaces, which may terminate in ankylosis. + +As the swelling of the joint is associated with wasting of the muscles, +with stiffness, and with flexion, the condition closely resembles +tuberculous disease of the synovial membrane. From errors in diagnosis +such joints have been operated upon, with disastrous results due to +haemorrhage. + +The treatment of a recent haemorrhage consists in securing absolute rest +and applying elastic compression. The introduction of blood-serum (10-15 +c.c.) into a vein may assist in arresting the haemorrhage; +anti-diphtheritic serum is that most readily obtainable. + +After an interval, measures should be adopted to promote the absorption +of blood and to prevent stiffness and flexion; these include massage, +movements, and extension with weight and pulley. + + +JOINT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: +NEURO-ARTHROPATHIES + +_In Lesions of Peripheral Nerves._--In the hand, and more rarely in the +foot, when one or other of the main nerve-trunks has been divided or +compressed, the joints may become swollen and painful and afterwards +become stiff and deformed. Bony ankylosis has been observed. + +_In Affections of the Spinal Medulla._--In myelitis, progressive +muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, insular sclerosis, and in traumatic +lesions, joint affections are occasionally met with. + +The occurrence of joint lesions in _locomotor ataxia_ (tabes dorsalis) +was first described by Charcot in 1868--hence the term "Charcot's +disease" applied to them. Although they usually develop in the ataxic +stage, one or more years after the initial spinal symptoms, they may +appear before there is any evidence of tabes. The onset is frequently +determined by some injury. The joints of the lower extremity are most +commonly affected, and the disease is bilateral in a considerable +proportion of cases--both knees or both hips, for instance, being +implicated. + +Among the theories suggested in explanation of these arthropathies the +most recent is that by Babinski and Barre, which traces the condition to +vascular lesions of a syphilitic type in the articular arteries. + +The first symptom is usually a swelling of the joint and its vicinity. +There is no redness or heat and no pain on movement. The peri-articular +swelling, unlike ordinary oedema, scarcely pits even on firm pressure. + +[Illustration: FIG. 162.--Bones of Knee-joint in advanced stage of +Charcot's Disease. The medial part of the head of the tibia has +disappeared. + +(Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh).] + +In mild cases this condition of affairs may persist for months; in +severe cases destructive changes ensue with remarkable rapidity. The +joint becomes enormously swollen, loses its normal contour, and the ends +of the bones become irregularly deformed (Fig. 162). Sometimes, and +especially in the knee, the clinical features are those of an enormous +hydrops with fibrinous and other loose bodies and hypertrophied +fringes--and great oedema of the peri-articular tissues (Fig. 163). The +joint is wobbly or flail-like from stretching and destruction of the +controlling ligaments, and is devoid of sensation. In other cases, +wearing down and total disappearance of the ends of the bones is the +prominent feature, attended with flail-like movements and with coarse +grating. Dislocation is observed chiefly at the hip, and is rather a +gross displacement with unnatural mobility than a typical dislocation, +and it is usually possible to move the bones freely upon one another and +to reduce the displacement. A striking feature is the extensive +formation of new bone in the capsular ligament and surrounding muscles. +The enormous swelling and its rapid development may suggest the growth +of a malignant tumour. The most useful factor in diagnosis is the entire +absence of pain, of tenderness, and of common sensibility. The freedom +with which a tabetic patient will allow his disorganised joint to be +handled requires to be seen to be appreciated. + +[Illustration: FIG. 163.--Charcot's Disease of Left Knee. The joint is +distended with fluid and the whole limb is oedematous.] + +The rapidity of the destructive changes in certain cases of tabes, and +the entire absence of joint lesions in others, would favour the view +that special parts of the spinal medulla must be implicated in the +former group. + +In _syringomyelia_, joint affections (gliomatous arthropathies) are more +frequent than in tabes, and they usually involve the upper extremity in +correspondence with the seat of the spinal lesion, which usually affects +the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments. Except that the joint +disease is seldom symmetrical, it closely resembles the arthropathy of +tabes. The completeness of the analgesia of the articular structures +and of the overlying soft parts is illustrated by the fact that in one +case the patient himself was in the habit of letting out the fluid from +his elbow with the aid of a pair of scissors, and that in another the +joint was painlessly excised without an anaesthetic. + +[Illustration: FIG. 164.--Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: front view. +Man, aet. 32.] + +The disease may become arrested or may go on to complete +disorganisation; suppuration may ensue from infection through a breach +of the surface, and in rare cases the joint has become the seat of +tuberculosis. + +[Illustration: FIG. 165.--Charcot's Disease of both Ankles: back view. +Man, aet. 32.] + +_Treatment_, in addition to that of the nerve lesion underlying the +arthropathy, consists in supporting and protecting the joint by means of +bandages, splints, and other apparatus. In the lower extremity, the use +of crutches is helpful in taking the strain off the affected limb. When +there is much distension of the joint, considerable relief follows upon +withdrawal of fluid. The best possible result being rigid ankylosis in a +good position, it may be advisable to bring this about artificially by +arthrodesis or resection. Operation is indicated when only one joint is +affected and when the cord lesion is such as will permit of the patient +using the limb. The wounds heal well, but the victims of tabes are +unfavourable subjects for operative interference, on account of their +liability to intercurrent complications. When the limb is quite useless, +amputation may be the best course. + +_In cerebral lesions_ attended with hemiplegia, joint affections, +characterised by evanescent pain, redness, and swelling, are +occasionally met with. The secondary changes in joints which are the +seat of paralytic contracture are considered with the surgery of the +Extremities. + +In cases of _hysteria_ and other _functional affections of the +nervous system_, an intermittent neuropathic hydrops has been +observed--especially in the knee. Without apparent cause, the joint +fills with fluid and its movements become restricted, and after from two +to eight days the swelling subsides and the joint returns to normal. A +remarkable feature of the condition is that the effusion into the joint +recurs at regular intervals, it may be over a period of years. Psychic +conditions have been known to induce attacks, and sometimes to abort +them or even to cause their disappearance. Hence it has been recommended +that treatment by suggestion should be employed along with tonic doses +of quinine and arsenic. + + +HYSTERICAL OR MIMETIC JOINT AFFECTIONS + +Under this heading, Sir Benjamin Brodie, in 1822, described an affection +of joints, characterised by the prominence of subjective symptoms and +the absence of pathological changes. Although most frequently met with +in young women with an impressionable nervous system, and especially +among those in good social circumstances, it occurs occasionally in men. +The onset may be referred to injury or exposure to cold, or may be +associated with some disturbance of the emotions or of the generative +organs; or the condition may be an involuntary imitation of the symptoms +of organic joint disease presented by a relative or friend. + +It is characteristic that the symptoms develop abruptly without +satisfactory cause, that they are exaggerated and wanting in harmony +with one another, and that they do not correspond with the features of +any of the known forms of organic disease. In some cases the only +complaint is of severe pain; more often this is associated with +excessive tenderness and with impairment of the functions of the joint. +On examination the joint presents a normal appearance, but the skin +over it is remarkably sensitive. A light touch is more likely to excite +pain than deep and firm pressure. Stiffness is a variable feature--in +some cases amounting to absolute rigidity, so that no ordinary force +will elicit movement. It is characteristic of this, as of other +neuroses, that the symptoms come and go without sufficient cause. When +the patient's attention is diverted, the pain and stiffness may +disappear. There is no actual swelling of the joint, although there may +be an appearance of this from wasting of the muscles above and below. If +the joint is kept rigid for long periods, secondary contracture may +occur--in the knee with flexion, in the hip with flexion and adduction. + +The _diagnosis_ is often a matter of considerable difficulty, and the +condition is liable to be mistaken for such organic lesions as a +tuberculous or pyogenic focus in the bone close to the joint. + +The greatest difficulty is met with in the knee and hip, where the +condition may closely simulate tuberculous disease. The use of the +Rontgen rays, or examination of the joint under anaesthesia, is helpful. + +The _local treatment_ consists chiefly in improving the nutrition of the +affected limb by means of massage, exercises, baths, and electricity. +Splints are to be avoided. In refractory cases, benefit may follow the +application of blisters or of Corrigan's button. The general condition +of the patient must be treated on the same lines as in other neuroses. +The Weir-Mitchell treatment may have to be employed in obstinate cases, +the patient being secluded from her friends and placed in charge of a +nurse. Complete recovery is the rule, but when the muscles are weak and +wasted from prolonged disuse, a considerable time may elapse before the +limb returns to normal. + + +TUMOURS AND CYSTS + +New growths taking origin in the synovial membrane are rare, and are not +usually diagnosed before operation. They are attended with exudation +into the joint, and in the case of _sarcoma_ the fluid is usually +blood-stained. If the tumour projects in a polypoidal manner into the +joint, it may cause symptoms of loose body. One or two cases have been +recorded in which a _cartilaginous tumour_ growing from the synovial +membrane has erupted through the joint capsule and infiltrated the +adjoining muscles. _Multiple cartilaginous tumours_ forming loose bodies +are described on p. 544. + +_Cysts of joints_ constitute an ill-defined group which includes ganglia +formed in relation to the capsular ligament. Cystic distension of bursae +which communicate with the joint is most often met with in the region of +the knee in cases of long-standing hydrops. It was suggested by Morrant +Baker that cystic swellings may result from the hernial protrusion of +the synovial membrane between the stretched fibres of the capsular +ligament, and the name "Baker's cysts" has been applied to these. + +In the majority of cases, cysts in relation to joints give rise to +little inconvenience and may be left alone. If interfered with at all, +they should be excised. + + +LOOSE BODIES + +It is convenient to describe the varieties of loose bodies under two +heads: those composed of fibrin, and those composed of organised +connective tissue. + +#Fibrinous Loose Bodies# (Corpora oryzoidea).--These are homogeneous or +concentrically laminated masses of fibrin, sometimes resembling rice +grains, melon seeds, or adhesive wafers, sometimes quite irregular in +shape. Usually they are present in large numbers, but sometimes there is +only one, and it may attain considerable dimensions. They are not +peculiar to joints, for they are met with in tendon sheaths and bursae, +and their origin from synovial membrane may be accepted as proved. They +occur in tuberculosis, arthritis deformans, and in Charcot's disease, +and their presence is almost invariably associated with an effusion of +fluid into the joint. While they may result from the coagulation of +fibrin-forming elements in the exudate, their occurrence in tuberculous +hydrops would appear to be the result of coagulation necrosis, or of +fibrinous degeneration of the surface layer of the diseased synovial +membrane. However formed, their shape is the result of mechanical +influences, and especially of the movement of the joint. + +_Clinically_, loose bodies composed of fibrin constitute an unimportant +addition to the features of the disease with which they are associated. +They never give rise to the classical symptoms associated with impaction +of a loose body between the articular surfaces. Their presence may be +recognised, especially in the knee, by the crepitating sensation +imparted to the fingers of the hand grasping the joint while it is +flexed and extended by the patient. + +The _treatment_ is directed towards the disease underlying the hydrops. +If it is desired to empty the joint, this is best done by open +incision. + +[Illustration: FIG. 166.--Radiogram of Multiple Loose Bodies in +Knee-joint and Semi-membranosus Bursa in a man aet. 38. + +(Mr. J. W. Dowden's case.)] + +#Bodies composed of Organised Connective Tissue.#--These are +comparatively common in joints that are already the seat of some chronic +disease, such as arthritis deformans, Charcot's arthropathy, or synovial +tuberculosis. They take origin almost exclusively from an erratic +overgrowth of the fringes of the synovial membrane, and may consist +entirely of fat, the arborescent lipoma (Fig. 159) being the most +pronounced example of this variety. Fibrous tissue or cartilage may +form in one or more of the fatty fringes and give rise to hard nodular +masses, which may attain a considerable size, and in course of time may +undergo ossification. + +Like other hypertrophies on a free surface, they tend to become +pedunculated, and so acquire a limited range of movement. The pedicle +may give way and the body become free. In this condition it may wander +about the joint, or lie snugly in one of its recesses until disturbed by +some sudden movement. A loose body free in a joint is capable of growth, +deriving the necessary nutriment from the surrounding fluid. The size +and number of the bodies vary widely. Single specimens have been known +to attain the size of the patella. The smaller varieties may number +considerably over a hundred. + +[Illustration: FIG. 167.--Loose Body from Knee-joint of man aet. 25. +Natural size. + +a = Convex surface. b = Concave surface.] + +In arthritis deformans a rarer type of loose body is met with, a portion +of the lipping of one of the articular margins being detached by injury. +In Charcot's disease, bodies composed of bone are formed in relation to +the capsular and other ligaments, and may be made to grate upon one +another. + +The _clinical features_ in this group are mainly those of the disease +which has given rise to the loose bodies, and it is exceptional to meet +with symptoms from impaction of the body between the articular surfaces. +Treatment is to be directed towards the primary disease in the joint, as +well as to the removal of the loose bodies. + +[Illustration: FIG. 168.--Multiple partially ossified Chondromas of +Synovial Membrane, from Shoulder-joint, the seat of arthritis deformans, +from a man aet. 35.] + +_Loose Bodies in Joints which are otherwise healthy._--It is in joints +otherwise healthy that loose bodies causing the classical symptoms and +calling for operative treatment are most frequently met with. They occur +chiefly in the knee and elbow of healthy males under the age of thirty. +The complaint may be of vague pains, of occasional cracking on moving +the joint, or of impairment of function--usually an inability to extend +or flex the joint completely. In many cases a clear account is given of +the symptoms which arise when the body is impacted between the articular +surfaces, namely, sudden onset of intense sickening pain, loss of power +in the limb and locking of the joint, followed by effusion and other +accompaniments of a severe sprain. On some particular movement, the +body is disengaged, the locking disappears, and recovery takes place. +Attacks of this kind may recur at irregular intervals, during a period +of many years. On examining the joint, it is usually found to contain +fluid, and there may be points of special tenderness corresponding to +the ligaments that have been overstretched. In cases in which there has +been recurrent attacks of locking, the ligaments become slack, the joint +is wobbly, and the quadriceps is wasted. The patient himself, or the +surgeon, may discover the loose body and feel it roll beneath his +fingers, especially if it is lodged in the supra-patellar pouch in the +knee, or on one or other side of the olecranon in the elbow. In most +instances the patient has carefully observed his own symptoms, and is +aware not only of the existence of the loose body, but of its erratic +appearance at different parts of the joint. This feature serves to +differentiate the lesions from a torn medial meniscus in which the pain +and tenderness are always in the same spot. As the body usually contains +bone, it is recognisable in a skiagram. + +[Illustration: FIG. 169.--Multiple Cartilaginous Loose Bodies from +Knee-joint.] + +There are two methods of _removing the body_; the first and simpler +method is applicable when the body can be palpated, usually in the +supra-patellar pouch; it is preferably transfixed by a needle and can +then be removed through a small incision; otherwise, the joint must be +freely opened and explored, firstly to find the body and further to +remove it. + +The characters of this type of loose body are remarkably constant. It is +usually solitary, about the size of a bean or almond, concavo-convex in +shape, the convex aspect being smooth like an articular surface, the +concave aspect uneven and nodulated and showing reparative changes, +healing over of the raw surface, and the new formation of fibrous +tissue, hyaline cartilage and bone, the necessary nutriment being +derived from the synovial fluid (Fig. 167). The body is sometimes found +to be lodged in a defect or excavation in one of the articular surfaces, +usually the medial condyle of the femur, from which it is readily +shelled out by means of an elevator. It presents on section a layer of +articular cartilage on the convex aspect and a variable thickness of +spongy bone beneath this. + +The origin of these bodies is one of the most debated questions in +surgical pathology; they obviously consist of a portion of the articular +surface of one of the bones, but how this is detached still remains a +mystery; some maintain that it is purely traumatic; Konig regards them +as portions of the articular surface which have been detached by a +morbid process which he calls "osteochondritis dessicans." + +_Multiple Chondromas and Osteomas of the Synovial Membrane._--In this +rare type of loose body, the surface of the synovial membrane is studded +with small sessile or pedunculated tumours composed of pure hyaline +cartilage, or of bone, or of transition stages between cartilage and +bone. They are pearly white in colour, pitted and nodular on the +surface, rarely larger than a pea, although when compressed they may +cake into masses of considerable size. With the movements of the joint +many of the tumours become detached and lie in the serous exudate +excited by their presence. They are found also in the diverticula of the +synovial membrane, in the shoulder in the downward prolongation along +the tendon of the biceps, in the hip in the bursal extension beneath the +psoas. + +The patient complains of increasing disability of the limb, movements of +the joint becoming more and more restricted and painful. There is +swelling corresponding to the distended capsule of the joint, and on +palpation the bodies moving under the fingers yield a sensation as of +grains of rice shifting in a bag. If the bodies are so numerous as to be +tightly packed together, the impression is that of a plastic mass having +the shape of the synovial sac. The stiffness and the cracking on +movement may suggest arthritis deformans, but the X-ray appearances make +the diagnosis an easy one. We have observed two cases of this affection +in the knee-joint of adult women, one in the shoulder-joint of an adult +male (Fig. 168), and Caird has observed one in the hip. The treatment +consists in opening the joint by free incision and removing the bodies. + +_Displacement of the menisci_ of the knee is referred to with injuries +of that joint. + + + + +INDEX + + + Abdominal aneurysm, 313 + aorta, compression of, 269 + embolus of, 93 + + Abscess, 46 + acute circumscribed, 46 + of bone, 448 + Brodie's, 448 + chronic, 139 + cold, 139 + embolic, 66 + formation of, 47 + Hilton's method of opening, 50 + pointing of, 48 + pyaemic, 287 + residual, 141 + of skin, multiple, 382 + stitch, 51 + treatment of, 49 + tuberculous, 139, 141 + peri-articular, 514, 517 + + Achillo-bursitis, 432 + + Achillo-dynia, 422 + + Acidosis, 251 + + Acromion bursa, 429 + + Actinomycosis, 126 + + Active hyperaemia, 39 + + Acupuncture in aneurysm, 308 + + Acute arthritis of infants, 440 + necrosis of bone, 439 + + Adductor longus muscle, rupture of, 408 + + Adenoma, 202 + malignant, 209 + sebaceous, 393 + of skin, 393 + varieties of, 202 + + Adiposus dolorosa, 186 + + Aerobes, 19 + + Air embolism, 265 + hunger, 276 + + Albumosuria, 195, 474, 492 + + Aleppo boil, 129 + + Alexins, 22 + + Ambrine, 13, 238 + + Amputation neuroma, 344 + + Anaerobes, 19 + + Anaesthesia, after nerve injuries, 347 + + Analgesia, 347 + + Anaphylaxis, 23 + + Anatomical tubercle, 134 + + Anatomy. _See_ Surgical Anatomy + + Anel's operation for aneurysm, 307 + + Aneurysm, 300. _See also_ Individual Arteries + abdominal, 313 + acupuncture in, 308 + amputation in, 310 + by anastomosis, 298 + Anel's operation for, 307, 310 + arterio-venous, 263 + axillary, 318 + of bone, 498 + brachial, 318 + Brasdor's operation for, 308 + cirsoid, 299 + Colt's method of wiring for, 309 + compression for, 308 + consolidated, 304, 305 + differential diagnosis of, 305 + diffused, 302 + digital compression in, 308 + excision of, 307 + of forearm and hand, 318 + fusiform, 301 + gelatin injections in, 309 + Hunter's operation for, 307 + iliac, 318 + of individual arteries, 312 + inguinal, 318 + innominate, 314 + intracranial, 316 + of leg and foot, 320 + ligation of artery for, 307 + Macewen's acupuncture for, 308 + Matas' operation for, 307 + Moore-Corradi method, 308 + natural cure of, 305 + old operation for, 307 + of ophthalmic artery, 317 + orbital, 317 + pathological, 301 + pulse in, 304 + rupture of, 306 + sacculated, 302 + suppuration in, 306 + thoracic, 312 + traumatic, 263, 310 + treatment of, 306 + varicose, 311 + Wardrop's operation for, 308 + X-rays in diagnosis of, 304 + + Aneurysmal varix, 311, 316, 318, 319, 320 + + Angioma, 284 + arterial, 299 + capillary, 294 + cavernous, 297 + racemosum venosum, 287 + venous, 294 + + Angio-neurotic oedema, 348 + sarcoma, 199 + + Angler's elbow, 406 + + Ankle, cellulitis of, 58 + + Ankylosis of joints, 503. _See also_ Individual Joints + + Anoci-association, 253 + + Anthracaemia, 121 + + Anthrax, 119 + + Anti-bacterial sera, 23 + -diphtheritic serum, 111 + -streptococcic serum, 23, 109 + -tetanic serum, 117 + + Antibodies, 22 + + Antigens, 22 + + Antiseptics, 242 + + Antitoxic sera, 23 + + Antitoxins, 22 + + Antivenin, 132 + + Aorta, abdominal, compression of, 269 + aneurysm of, 313 + embolism of, 93 + ligation of, 314 + pulsating, 305, 314 + + Arborescent lipoma, 423 + + Arseno-billon, 163 + + Arteries, anatomy of, 258 + compression of individual, 269 + contusion of, 260 + digital compression of, 269 + gangrene following ligation of, 94 + gunshot wounds of, 263 + + Arteries, ligation of, for aneurysm, 307 + punctured wounds of, 262 + repair of, 266, 268 + rupture of, 260 + wounds of, 261, 262 + + Arterio-sclerosis, 282 + + Arterio-venous aneurysm, 310 + + Arteritis, varieties of, 282 + + Arthritis, 501. _See also_ Individual Joints + acute, 506 + of infants, 440 + deformans, 524 + gonococcal, 510 + neuropathic, 532 + ossificans, 503 + pneumococcal, 509 + pyogenic, 506 + rheumatic, 523 + rheumatoid, 524 + septic, 506 + scarlatinal, 508 + trade, 525 + traumatic, 524 + tuberculous, 512 + urica, 522 + + Arthrolysis, 505 + + Arthropathies, 532 + gliomatous, 534 + + Arthroplasty, 505 + + Articular caries, 502, 514 + + Artificial hyperaemia, 39 + + Ascites, chylous, 325 + + Asepsis, 18 + + Asphyxia, local, 97 + traumatic, 254 + + Atheroma, 283 + + Avulsion of nerves, 375 + of tendons, 411 + + Axilla, cellulitis of, 58 + hygroma of, 328 + + Axillary aneurysm, 318 + artery, embolus of, 93 + lymph glands, 336 + nerve, injuries of, 363 + + + Bacilli, 19 + + Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus, 99 + anthracis, 119 + coli communis, 27 + diphtheriae 109 + drum-stick, 112 + of Ducrey, 154 + of glanders, 123 + Klebs-Loffler, 109 + of malignant oedema, 101 + mallei, 123 + pyocyaneus, 29 + of soft sore, 154 + of tetanus, 112 + tubercle, 133 + typhosus, 29, 452 + + Bacteria, death of, 21 + general characters of, 18 + pathogenic properties of, 19 + pyogenic, 24, 29 + + Bacterial intoxication, 21 + + Bacteriology, surgical, 17 + + Baker's cysts, 539 + + Bazin's disease, 74, 169 + + Beck's paste in sinuses, 145 + + Bed-sores, 73, 103 + + Bence-Jones on albumosuria, 195, 474, 492 + + Biceps, bursa under, 430 + dislocation of long tendon of, 409 + rupture of, 407 + + Bier's artificial hyperaemia, 38 + + B.I.P.P., 143 + + Birth palsies, 362 + + Biskra button, 129 + + Bismuth gauze, 247 + injections in sinuses, 145 + + Bites of animals, 223 + + Black eye, 219 + + Bleeder's joint, 531 + + Bleeders, 277 + bruises in, 218 + + Blisters, 376 + purulent, 55 + + Blocking of nerves for shock, 252 + + Blood, count, 30 + cysts, 214, 220 + transfusion of, 11, 253 + + Blood vessels. _See_ Arteries and Veins + + Bloodless state, treatment of, 276 + + Blood letting, general, 42 + + Boil, 379 + Aleppo, 129 + Delhi, 129 + + Bone. _See also_ Individual Bones + abscess of, 448 + aneurysm of, 498 + angioma of, 491 + atrophy of, 479 + bacterial diseases of, 438 + Brodie's abscess of, 448 + cancer of, secondary, 499 + caries of, 437, 438 + changes in ulcers of leg, 79 + chondroma of, 487 + cysts of, 477, 500 + diseases of, 434 + due to staphylococcus aureus, 438 + endothelioma of, 492 + exostoses of, 191, 481 + fibroma of, 491 + fragility of, 479 + grafting, 16, 436 + gumma of, 464 + hydatid disease of, 467 + hyperostosis, 435, 464 + hypertrophic pulmonary osteo-arthropathy, 480 + hypertrophy of, 435 + lipoma of, 491 + lipping of, 527 + malacia of, 473 + marrow, function of, 434 + myeloma of, 491 + myxoma of, 491 + necrosis of, 438 + neuropathic atrophy of, 479 + osteoma of, 481 + osteomalacia of, 473 + osteomyelitis of, 65, 437, 438, 451, 453, 473 + fibrosa, 476 + osteoporosis of, 437 + osteopsathyrosis, 479 + ostitis deformans, 474 + Paget's disease of, 474 + periosteum, function of, 435 + periostitis, 437 + pulsating haematoma of, 498 + pyogenic diseases of, 438 + regeneration of, 436 + rickety affections of, 468 + sarcoma of, 492 + sclerosis of, 435 + scurvy affecting, 473 + secondary tumours of, 499 + surgical anatomy of, 434 + staphylococcal diseases of, 438 + syphilitic diseases of, 461, 465 + transplantation of, 436 + tuberculous diseases of, 454 + tumours of, 480 + malignant, 492, 499 + metastatic, 499 + thyreoid, 500 + typhoid, infection of, 452 + X-ray appearances in diseases of, 445, 455, 485, 491, 496 + + Bovine tuberculosis, 136 + + Brachial aneurysm, 318 + artery, embolus of, 93 + compression of, 269 + birth-paralysis, 362 + fibrositis, 413 + neuralgia, 371 + plexus, lesions of, 360 + + Brain, joint affections in lesions of, 537 + syphilitic lesions of, 161 + + Branchial dermoids, 211 + + Brasdor's operation for aneurysm, 308 + + Brodie's abscess, 448 + + Bruises, 218 + + Bubo, 329 + bullet, 153 + of soft sores, 155 + + Bullet bubo, 153 + + Bullets, embedded, 231 + varieties of, 230 + + Burnol, 238 + + Burns, 233 + classification, of, 234 + electrical, 239 + pathology of, 233 + by X-rays, 239 + + Bursae. _See also_ Individual Bursae + adventitious, 426 + affections of, 426 + individual, 428 + diseases of, 426, 428 + haematoma of, 426 + hydrops of, 427 + hygroma of, 423 + inflammation of, 426 + injuries of, 426 + loose bodies in, 427 + syphilis of, 428 + tuberculosis of, 428 + tumours of, 427, 428 + + + Cachexia, cancerous, 207 + + Calcanean bursa, 432 + + Calcification in arteries, 282 + in muscles, 416 + in tuberculosis, 136 + + Callosities, 376 + + Callous ulcers, 79, 84 + + Cancer, 202 + arsenic, 395 + of bone, 499 + cachexia in, 207 + chimney-sweep's, 395 + colloid, 210 + columnar epithelial, 209 + contagiousness of, 205 + cystic, 210 + definition of, 202 + degeneration of, 205 + encephaloid, 210 + _en cuirasse_, 204 + glandular, 210 + glandular infection in, 203 + increase of, 207 + of lymph glands, 340 + medullary, 210 + melanotic, 210, 341, 397 + paraffin, 395 + pigmented, 210 + radium treatment of, 208 + rodent, 210, 395 + scirrhous, 210 + of skin, 394 + spread of, 204 + squamous epithelial, 208 + ulceration of, 205 + varieties of, 208 + X-ray, 208 + + Cancrum oris, 102 + + Cantharides plaster, 42 + + Capillaries, anatomy of, 258 + + Capillary angioma, 294 + loops, 3 + + Carbolic gangrene, 95 + + Carbon-dioxide snow, 297 + + Carbuncle, 380 + + Carcinoma. _See_ Cancer + + Caries, 437, 438 + of articular surfaces, 502, 514 + sicca, 438 + syphilitic, 462 + tuberculous, 455 + + Carotid aneurysm, 314 + artery, compression of, 269 + tubercle, 269 + + Carpal ganglion, 214 + + Carron oil, 238 + + Cartilage, grafting of, 16 + repair of, 7 + ulceration of, 502, 514 + + Cartilaginous exostosis, 191, 481 + + Caseation in tuberculosis, 136 + + Catalepsy, 116 + + Catgut, infection by, 51 + preparation of, 245 + + Cautery in haemorrhage, 271 + + Cavernous angioma, 298 + lymphangioma, 327 + + Cellulitis, 52 + in different situations, 58 + diffuse, 52 + + Cephalic or Kopf tetanus, 116 + + Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 115 + + Cervical adenitis, 332 + rib, 360 + + Chalk stones in gouty joints, 523 + + Chancre, concealed, 152, 153, 157 + erratic, 153 + extra-genital, 153 + hard, 151 + meatal, 152 + multiple, 152 + relapsing false indurated, 172 + soft, 154 + urethral, 152 + + Chancroid, 154 + + Charcoal poultice, 84 + + Charcot's disease, 533 + + Cheloid. _See_ Keloid + + Chemiotaxis, 32 + + Chigoe, 130 + + Chilblain, 378 + + Chimney-sweep's cancer, 395 + + Chloroma, 200 + + Chondroma, 189, 487 + multiple, 544 + + Chondromatosis, 488 + + Chondro-sarcoma, 189, 200, 487 + + Chordoma, 200 + + Choroiditis, syphilitic, 177 + + Chylorrhoea, 325 + + Chylo-thorax, 325 + + Chylous ascites, 325 + + Cicatrices, varieties of, 400 + + Cicatricial contraction, 4 + tissue, 4 + + Circumflex nerve. _See_ Axillary Nerve + + Cirsoid aneurysm, 299 + + Claw-hand, 369 + + Cloacae in bone, 443 + + Cocci, 18 + + Coeliac artery, aneurysm of, 313 + + Coley's fluid, 201 + + Collapse, 254 + + Collateral circulation, 267 + + Colles' law, 178 + + Colloid cancer, 210 + + Common peroneal nerve, 370 + + Compound palmar ganglion, 217, 423 + + Condylomata, 158, 174 + + Congenital fistulas, 60 + telangiectasis, 294 + + Connective tissue, repair of, 6 + + Contracture of joints, 502 + of muscles, 415 + paralytic, 347 + + Contusions, 218 + + Cornea, syphilitic ulceration of, 177 + + Corns, 377 + + Corpora oryzoidea, 539 + + Counter-irritants, 37, 42 + + Craniotabes, 175, 176, 465 + + Crural fibrositis, 413 + + Crutch paralysis, 351 + + Cupping dry, 39 + wet, 42 + + Cutis anserina, 36 + + Cyanosis, traumatic, 254 + + Cyst, 212 + atheromatous, 389 + Baker's, 539 + blood 214, 220 + of bone, 477, 500 + dentigerous, 193 + derma, 210 + exudation, 212 + ganglionic, 215 + haemorrhagic, 220 + hydatid, 213 + implantation, 212 + of joints, 538 + lymph, 214 + lymphatic, 219, 328 + omental, 329 + parasitic, 213 + retention, 212 + sebaceous, 212, 389 + serous, 219 + venous, 289 + + Cystic adenoma, 202 + carcinoma, 210 + hygroma of neck, 328 + lymphangioma, 327, 328 + + + Dactylitis, syphilitic, 176, 460, 466 + tuberculous, 460 + + Dancer's sprain, 406 + + Deafness, syphilitic, 178 + + Deformities. _See_ Individual Regions + + Delhi boil, 129 + + Delirium, in surgical patients, 255 + traumatic, 257 + + Delirium tremens, 256 + + Dentigerous cyst, 193 + + Dercum on adiposus dolorosa, 186 + + Derma-cysts, 210 + + Dermatitis, 239, 292 + + Dermoids, 210 + + Diabetic gangrene, 96 + + Diarsenol, 163 + + Diapedesis of red corpuscles, 32 + + Diaphysial aclasis, 483 + + Diffuse aneurysm, 302 + cellulitis, 52 + fibromatosis, 194 + lipomatosis, 187 + neuro-fibromatosis, 355 + osteoma, 485 + suppuration, 52 + + Diphtheria, 109 + antitoxin in, 111 + intubation in, 111 + + Diplococci, 19 + + Dislocation of nerves, 351, 369 + pathological, 514 + of tendons, 408 + + Double cyanide gauze, 247 + + Drainage of wounds, 222 + + Dressings, surgical, 247 + + Drill-bone, 418 + + Drop-finger, 411 + -foot, 370 + -wrist, 365 + + Drunkard's palsy, 351, 364 + + Duchenne's paralysis, 361 + + Ducrey's bacillus, 154 + + Duodenum, ulceration of, in burns, 236 + + Dwarf, rickety, 469 + syphilitic, 178 + + + Eburnation of articular surfaces, 557 + + Ecchondroses, 527 + + Ecchymosis, 218 + + Echinococcus, 213 + + Echthyma, 158 + + Eczema, varicose, 292 + + Elbow, angler's, 406 + cellulitis of, 58 + tennis, 406 + + Electricity, injuries by, 239 + + Electrolysis in angioma, 297 + + Elephantiasis, varieties of, 360, 384, 386 + + Embolism, 281 + air, 265 + + Embolism, fat, 254 + of individual arteries, 93 + + Embolus, 281 + + Emigration of leucocytes, 32 + + Emotional shock, 251 + + Emphysema, 99, 102 + + Emprosthotonos, 214 + + Empyema of joints, 501, 518 + + Encephaloid cancer, 210 + + Endarteritis obliterans, 282 + syphilitic, 161 + + Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy, 307 + + Endothelioma, 196 + of bone, 492 + + Epicritic sensibility of nerves, 343 + + Epidermis, grafting, 12 + repair of, 4 + + Epiphysial cartilage, 434 + junction, 434 + in rickets, 469 + + Epiphysiolysis, 440 + + Epiphysitis, 437 + syphilitic, 465 + + Epithelial tumours, 201 + + Epithelioma, 208 + chimney-sweep's, 395 + lupus, 384 + paraffin, 395 + in scars, 402 + sinus, 500 + of skin, 394 + trade, 395 + varieties of, 208 + X-ray, 395 + + Epithelium grafting, 12 + repair of, 6 + + Epulis, 491 + + Erb's paralysis, 361 + + Erysipelas, varieties of, 107 + + Erythema pernio, 378 + nodosum, 442 + + Evaporating lotions, 41 + + Exfoliation, 438 + + Exophthalmos, pulsating, 317 + + Exostosis, 191, 481 + bursata, 481 + cancellous, 481 + cartilaginous, 191, 481 + false, 192 + ivory, 481 + multiple, 483 + spongy, 191, 481 + subungual, 191, 404, 481 + + Explosives, wounds by, 231 + + External iliac artery, embolus of, 93 + + External popliteal nerve. _See_ Common Peroneal Nerve + + Extravasation of blood, 259 + + Exudates, varieties of, 33 + + Exudation cysts, 212 + + Eye, syphilitic lesions of, 160, 176, 177 + + + Facial artery, compression of, 269 + erysipelas, 107 + + Fainting, 249 + + Farcy, 125 + + Fascia, grafting of, 16 + + Fat embolism, 254 + grafting of, 16 + + Fatty hernia, 187 + tumours, 184 + + Feet, trench, 96 + + Femoral aneurysm, 318 + artery compression of, 269 + embolus of, 93 + lymph glands, 323 + + Fever, 35 + + Fibro-adenoma, 202 + + Fibroblasts, 3 + + Fibroid, recurrent, of Paget, 199, 392, 420 + uterine, 195 + + Fibroma, 194 + of bone, 491 + diffuse, 194 + recurrent, of Paget, 199, 392, 420 + of skin, 391 + varieties of, 194 + + Fibromatosis, diffuse, 194 + + Fibro-myoma, 195 + + Fibro-sarcoma, 199 + + Fibrositis, varieties of, 372, 412 + + Filaria Bancrofti, 326 + + Filarial disease, 326 + + Finger, chancre of, 154 + drop-, 411 + mallet-, 411 + + Fingers, gouty affections of, 523 + whitlow of, 55 + + Finsen light treatment, 138 + + Firearms, wounds by, 225, 227, 230 + + First intention, healing by, 2 + + Fistula, 60 + congenital, 60 + lymphatic, 325 + varieties of, 60 + + Fluctuation, 49 + + Fomentations, 37, 41 + + Foot, cellulitis of, 58 + drop-, 370 + Madura, 129 + perforating ulcer of, 73 + + Forci-pressure in haemorrhage, 271 + + Forearm, aneurysm of, 318 + cellulitis of, 58 + + Foreign bodies, embedded, 6, 231 + + Fracture, pathological, 444 + + Fraenkel's pneumococcus, 28 + + Fragilitas ossium, 479 + + Friedlander's pneumo-bacillus, 28 + + Frost-bite, gangrene from, 95 + + Furunculus orientalis, 129 + + + Galyl, 163 + + Ganglion, 214, 215, 217 + compound palmar, 217, 423 + + Ganglionic neuroma, 353 + + Gangrene, 86 + acute infective, 99 + emphysematous, 102 + from angio-sclerosis, 98 + bacterial varieties of, 99 + from burns and scalds, 95 + cancrum oris, 102 + carbolic, 95 + from chemical agents, 95 + clinical types of, 86 + varieties of, 88 + from constriction of vessels, 94 + diabetic, 96 + dry, 86 + embolic, 92 + from ergot, 98 + from frost-bite, 95 + gas, 102 + from interference with circulation, 86 + following ligation of arteries, 94 + line of demarcation in, 87 + malignant oedema, 101 + moist, 87 + noma, 102 + phagedaena, 153 + Raynaud's disease, 97 + senile, 88 + traumatic, 94 + from trench feet, 96 + white, 93 + from whitlow, 99 + + Gas gangrene, 102 + + Gasserian ganglion, removal of, 375 + + Gauze, varieties of, 247 + + Gauze, sterilisation of, 245 + + Gelatin, injection of, in aneurysm, 309 + in haemophilia, 280 + + Gelatinous degeneration of joints, 515 + + Giant cells, 3 + + Glanders, 123 + + Glands, lymph. _See_ Lymph Glands + + Glioma, 196 + + Gliomatous arthropathies, 534 + + Glio-sarcoma, 200 + + Gloves in surgery, 244 + + Gluteal aneurysm, 319 + fibrositis, 372, 413 + + Glycogen reaction, 30 + + Glycosuria in perforating ulcer, 73 + + Golfer's back, 405 + + Gonorrhoeal bursitis, 428 + joint lesions, 510 + lymphangitis, 325 + myositis, 416 + ophthalmia, joint lesions following, 510 + rheumatism, 510 + teno-synovitis, 423 + + Gout, joint affections in, 522 + + Gouty bursitis, 428 + joints, 522 + teno-synovitis, 422 + tophi, 523 + ulcers, 77 + + Grafting of bone, 436 + of epithelium, 12 + of mucous membrane, 16 + of skin, 11 + of tissues, 10 + + Granulation, healing by, 5 + tissue, formation of, 2 + syphilitic, 146 + tuberculous, 136 + + Granulations, 2 + + Granuloma, 42 + + Groin, cellulitis of, 59 + filarial disease in lymphatics of, 326 + + Growing pains, 451 + + Growth fever, 451 + + Gumma, 168 + of bone, 464 + peri-bursal, 521 + periosteal, 521 + peri-synovial, 521 + subcutaneous, 76 + syphilitic, 168 + + Gummatous infiltration, 168 + + Gunshot wounds, 225, 227, 230 + + + Haematemesis, 259 + post-operative, 275 + + Haematoma, 220 + bursal, 426 + pulsating, of bone, 498 + + Haematuria, 259 + + Haemophilia, 277 + + Haemophilic joint, 531 + + Haemoptysis, 259 + + Haemorrhage, 266 + arrest of, 266, 270, 272, 274 + arterial, 259 + capillary, 260 + cautery in, 271 + constitutional effects of, 275 + digital compression in, 269 + external, 259 + forci-pressure in, 271 + intermediate, 272 + internal, 259 + ligature in, 270 + in operations, 269 + prevention of, 269 + primary, 266 + reactionary, 272 + saline infusions in, 276 + secondary, 273 + styptics in, 271 + torsion in, 271 + tourniquets in, 270, 272 + toxic, 275 + from varicose veins, 292 + venous, 259 + + Haemorrhagic diathesis, 277 + + Haemostatics, 271 + + Hair, syphilitic lesions of, 159 + + Hand, claw-, 369 + + Hands, disinfection of, 244 + + Hard chancre, 151 + + Healing by blood-clot, 6 + by first intention, 2 + by granulation, 5 + by primary union, 2 + rate of, 9 + under scab, 6 + by second intention, 5 + sore, 69, 81 + ulcer, 77 + by union of granulating surfaces, 5 + + Heart, massage of, 265 + + Heberden's nodes, 529 + + Hectic fever, 62 + + Heliotherapy, 139 + + Hernia, fatty, 187 + of muscle, 408 + + Herpes, syphilitic, 156 + + Hilton's method of opening abscess, 50 + + Hodgkin's disease, 377 + + Horns, varieties of, 389, 391 + + Housemaid's knee, 426, 431 + + Hunter's operation for aneurysm, 307 + + Hutchinson's teeth, 177 + + Hydatid cysts, 213 + of bone, 467 + of muscle, 421 + thrill, 214 + + Hydrocele of neck, 328 + + Hydrophobia, 115, 118 + + Hydrops, 501, 518 + + Hygroma of axilla, 328 + bursal, 427 + of neck, 328 + + Hyperaemia, 32 + active, 39 + artificial, 36 + passive, 38 + in tuberculosis, 138 + + Hyperostosis, 435 + syphilitic, 464 + + Hypertrophic pulmonary osteo-arthropathy, 480 + + Hysterical joint affections, 537 + + + Ice-bags, 41 + + Ichthyma, syphilitic, 158 + + Igni-puncture in naevus, 297 + + Iliac aneurysm, 318 + + Immunity, 22 + + Imperial drink, 40 + + Implantation cysts, 212 + + Infantile scurvy, 473 + + Infection, accidental, 241 + by catgut, 51 + mixed, 20 + prevention of, 243 + of wounds, 241 + + Inflammation, 31 + changes in, 32 + chronic, 42 + clinical aspects of, 33 + constitutional disturbance in, 35 + general principles of treatment in, 36, 39 + + Inflammation, leucocytosis in, 36 + stages of, 32 + + Infusion of saline solution, 276 + + Ingrowing toe-nail, 403 + + Inguinal aneurysm, 318 + lymph glands, 323 + + Injuries, 218. _See also_ Individual Tissues and Regions + constitutional effects of, 249 + + Innominate aneurysm, 314 + + Inoculation tubercle, 382 + + Insects, poisoning by, 130 + + Instruments, sterilisation of, 245 + + Intercostal fibrositis, 413 + + Intermittent claudication of vessels, 98 + + Internal popliteal nerve. _See_ Tibial Nerve + + Interstitial keratitis, 177 + + Intestine, repair of, 9 + + Intoxication, bacterial, 21 + + Intracranial aneurysm, 316 + + Intra-cystic growths, 202 + + Intubation of larynx, 111 + + Involucrum, 443 + + Iodine, catgut, 246 + for disinfection of skin, 245 + reaction, 30 + + Iodoform gauze, 247 + injection of, 142 + in joint diseases, 519 + + Iritis, syphilitic, 160 + + Irrigation, continuous, 54 + + Irritable ulcers, 79 + + Ischaemic contracture of muscles, 415 + + Ischial bursa, 430 + + Ischias scoliotica, 372 + + Ivory exostosis, 481 + + + Jaws, actinomycosis of, 127 + changes in, in rickets, 470 + cystic tumours of, 193 + + Jigger, 130 + + Joints. _See also_ Individual Joints + ankylosis of, 503 + bacterial diseases of, 506 + bleeder's, 531 + Charcot's disease of, 533 + chondromata, multiple, of, 544 + contracture of, 502 + cysts of, 538 + developmental errors of, 505 + diseases of, general, 501, 506 + disorganisation of, 502 + empyema of, 501 + gelatinous degeneration of, 515 + gliomatous arthropathies, 534 + gonococcal affections of, 510 + gouty affections of, 522 + haemophilic, 531 + hydrops of, 501 + hysterical affections of, 537 + impaired mobility of, 502 + iodoform in diseases of, 519 + loose bodies in, 529, 539 + mimetic affections of, 537 + nerve lesions affecting, 532 + neuro-arthropathies, 532 + osteo-arthritis, 524 + pneumococcal infection of, 509 + pyaemic affections of, 508 + pyogenic diseases of, 506 + rheumatic affections of, 523, 524 + rigidity of, 502 + scarlet fever, infection of, in 508 + spinal diseases affecting, 532 + starting pains in, 502, 517 + synostosis, 503 + syphilitic diseases of, 521 + tuberculous diseases of, 512 + tumours of, 538 + typhoid infection of, 508 + white swelling of, 515, 518 + + Jumper's sprain, 406 + + + Keloid, 194, 401 + + Keratitis, interstitial, in syphilis, 177 + + Keratoma of nail bed, 391 + + Kharsivan, 163 + + Klapp's suction bells, 39 + + Klebs-Loffler bacillus, 109 + + Klumpke's paralysis, 361 + + Knee, cellulitis of, 58 + ganglion of, 215 + housemaid's, 426, 431 + + Kopf or cephalic tetanus, 116 + + Kyphosis, 471 + + + Labourer's back, 405 + + Larynx, syphilis of, 177 + + Leeches, 41 + + Leg ulcer, 72 + varicose veins of, 287 + + Leiter's lead tubes, 41 + + Leontiasis ossea, 485 + + Leucocytes, emigration of, 32 + varieties of, 29 + wandering, 3 + + Leucocythaemia, 340 + + Leucocytosis, 22, 29 + absence of, 30 + digestion, 30 + after haemorrhage, 30 + local, 32 + physiological, 29, 30 + post-operative, 30 + + Leucopenia, 30 + + Leucoplakia, 167 + + Lightning stroke, 240 + + Line of demarcation in gangrene, 87 + + Lingual dermoids, 211 + + Lipoma, 184 + arborescent, 423 + of bone, 187, 491 + diffuse, 187 + intra-muscular, 188 + multiple, 186 + nasi, 393 + periosteal, 187 + subcutaneous, 184, 186 + subserous, 187 + subsynovial, 187 + + Lipomatosis, diffuse, 187 + + Lipping of bone, 527 + + Liquor epispasticus, 42 + puris, 45 + + Listerian methods of wound treatment, 242 + + Locking of joints, 505 + + Lock-jaw, 113 + + Locomotor ataxia, joint lesions in, 532 + + Long thoracic nerve, injuries of, 363 + + Loose bodies in bursae, 427 + in joints, 529, 539 + in tendon sheaths, 423 + varieties of, 539 + + Lotion, evaporating, 41 + + Luargol, 163 + + Luetin, 149 + + Lumbago, 412 + + Lumbo-sacral fibrositis, 412 + + Lupus, 134, 382 + epithelioma, 384 + syphilitic, 169 + tuberculous, 382 + varieties of, 383, 393 + + Lymph, 321 + cysts, 214 + glands, cancer of, 340 + diseases of, 329 + functions of, 221 + sarcoma of, 341 + surgical anatomy of, 321 + syphilitic diseases of, 337 + tuberculosis of, 331 + tumours of, 340 + oedema, 325 + scrotum, 389 + vessels, diseases of, 325 + injuries of, 323 + + Lymphadenitis, 53, 329 + + Lymphadenoma, 337 + + Lymphangiectasis, 214, 326 + + Lymphangioma, varieties of, 327 + + Lymphangioplasty, 325, 386 + + Lymphangio-sarcoma, 199 + + Lymphangitis, 325 + septic, 53 + varieties of, 325 + + Lymphatic cyst, 328 + fistula, 324 + oedema, 325 + + Lymphatics, 321 + + Lymphocytosis, 29 + + Lymphorrhagia, 323 + + Lympho-sarcoma, 199, 340 + + + Macewen's method of compressing abdominal aorta, 269 + + Macrophages, 22 + + Madura foot, 129 + _Main en griffe_, 369 + + Malacia of bones, 473 + + Malignant adenoma, 209 + cachexia, 207 + oedema, 101 + pustule, 120 + tumours, 183 + ulcers, 77 + + Mallein test, 125 + + Mallet-finger, 411 + + Malum senile, 524 + + Marriage and syphilis, 167 + + Matas' operation for aneurysm, 307 + + Median nerve, lesions of, 367 + + Medullary cancer, 210 + + Melaena, 259 + + Melanotic cancer, 210, 397 + sarcoma, 200 + + Melon-seed bodies, 539 + + Meningitis, basal, 115 + cerebro-spinal, 115 + + Mercury in syphilis, administration of, 165 + + Metchnikoff's cream, 157 + + Michel's clips, 222 + + Micrococci, 18 + + Micrococcus tetragenus, 29 + + Micro-organisms, 18 + + Microphages, 22 + + Mimetic joint affections, 537 + + Miner's elbow, 426 + + Mitchell's operation for varicose veins, 294 + + Mixed infection, 20 + naevus, 295 + venereal infection, 156 + + Moist gangrene, 87 + + Moles, 390 + naevoid, 295 + + Molluscum fibrosum, 194, 359, 391 + + Moore-Corradi method of treating aneurysm, 308 + + Mosetig-Moorhof on filling of bone cavities, 447 + + Mother's mark, 294 + + Muco-pus, 52 + + Mucous membrane, grafting of, 16 + suppuration in, 51 + patches, 160, 174 + + Multilocular cystic tumours of jaw, 193 + + Mummification, 86 + + Muscle, affections of, 405 + atrophy of, 412 + calcification of, 416 + congenital absence of, 411 + contracture of, 415 + contusion of, 405 + diseases of, 411 + gonorrhoea of, 416 + grafting of, 16 + hernia of, 408 + hydatid cysts of, 421 + inflammation of, 415 + injuries of, 405 + ossification in, 416 + repair of, 8 + rheumatism of, 412 + rupture of, 405, 406 + sprain of, 405 + syphilis of, 416 + tuberculosis of, 416 + tumours of, 420 + wounds of, 409 + + Muscular rheumatism, 412 + + Musculo-cutaneous nerve, 364 + + Musculo-spiral nerve. _See_ Radial Nerve + + Mustard leaves, 42 + + Mycetoma, 129 + + Myelitis, syphilitic, 161 + + Myeloma, 195, 491 + of bone, 491 + of tendon sheaths, 424 + + Myoma, 195 + + Myo-sarcoma, 200 + + Myositis ossificans, 416, 418 + varieties of, 415 + + Myxo-adenoma, 202 + + Myxoma, 194 + of bone, 491 + + Myxo-sarcoma, 200 + + + Naevoid mole, 295 + + Naevus, 294 + electrolysis of, 297 + operations for, 298 + radium treatment of, 297 + varieties of, 294 + + Nail fold, whitlow of, 56 + horns, 391 + + Nails, affections of, 402 + ingrowing, 403 + regeneration of, 7 + syphilitic lesions of, 159, 402 + + Nasal bones, syphilitic disease of, 188, 462 + + Naso-pharyngeal polypus, 491 + + Natal sore, 129 + + Neck, cystic hygroma of, 328 + glands of, diseases, 332 + hydrocele of, 328 + lipomatosis of, 187 + painful stiff-, 413 + + Necrosis, acute, 439 + of bone, 438 + quiet, of Paget, 452 + syphilitic, 462 + + Neo-diarsenol, 163 + -kharsivan, 163 + -salvarsan, 163 + + Neoplasms, 181 + + Nerve of Bell. _See_ Long Thoracic Nerve + + Nerves, 342. _See also_ Individual Nerves + alcohol injections of, 374 + anatomy of, 342 + avulsion of, 375 + blocking of, 251, 252 + bullet wounds of, 346 + contusion of, 345 + crushing of, 345 + diseases of, 352 + dislocation of, 351, 369 + effects of division of, 344 + gun-shot wounds of, 346 + grafting of, 16 + implicated in scar tissue, 345 + individual, surgery of, 360 + injuries of, 344 + joint affections in lesions of, 532 + reaction of degeneration, 347 + regeneration of, 9, 346 + in scar tissue, 345 + sensibility, forms of, 343 + subcutaneous injuries of, 350 + suture of, primary, 348 + secondary, 349 + Tinel's sign, 349 + torn, 345 + tumours of, 353 + ulcers in lesions of, 73, 82 + + Neuralgia, varieties of, 371 + + Neurectomy, 375 + + Neuritis, multiple peripheral, varieties of, 352 + traumatic, 352 + + Neuro-arthropathies, 352. _See also_ Individual Joints + + Neuro-fibromatosis, 355, 359 + + Neurolysis, 345 + + Neuroma, stump, 344 + varieties of, 353 + "914," 613 + + Nodes, periosteal, 464 + Heberden's 529 + + Noma, 102 + + Nose, sebaceous adenoma of, 393 + + Novo-arseno-billon, 163 + + Nucleinate of soda, 29 + + + Odontoma, 192 + varieties of, 193 + + O'Dwyer's intubation apparatus, 111 + + Oedema, 32, 34 + angio-neurotic, 348 + lymphatic, 325 + malignant, 101 + persistent, 109 + + Olecranon bursa, 428 + + Omental cyst, 329 + + Onychia, varieties of, 402 + + Operations during shock, 252 + + Opisthotonos, 114 + + Opsonins, 22 + + Orbital aneurysm, 317 + + Orthotonos, 114 + + Ossification in muscles, tendons, and fasciae, 416 + + Ossifying junction, 434 + + Osteo-arthritis, 524 + syphilitic, 522 + + Osteo-arthropathy, pulmonary, 480 + + Osteochondritis dessicans, 544 + + Osteogenesis imperfecta, 479 + + Osteoid sarcoma, 200 + + Osteoma, 191, 481 + cancellous, 191 + compact, 192 + diffuse, 485 + ivory, 192 + multiple, 544 + in muscles and tendons, 416 + spongy, 191 + subungual, 191, 404, 481 + + Osteomalacia, varieties of, 473 + + Osteomyelitis, 65, 437 + acute, 65, 438, 451, 453 + after amputation, 453 + bipolar, 439 + fibrosa, 476 + gummatous, 462 + from infection from soft parts, 453 + pyogenic, 438 + relapsing, 448 + sequelae of, 443 + streptococcal, 451 + tuberculous, 456, 458 + in typhoid fever, 452 + + Osteophytes, 435 + + Osteoporosis, 437 + + Osteopsathyrosis, 479 + + Osteosarcoma, 200 + + Osteosclerosis, 435 + + Ostitis deformans, 474 + rarefying, 474 + + Ovarian dermoids, 211 + + Ovary, grafting of, 16 + + Ozoena, 176 + + + Pachydermatocele, 360 + + Paget's disease of bone, 474 + of nipple, 397 + recurrent fibroma, 199, 392, 420 + + Pain, starting, in joint disease, 502, 517 + varieties of, 35 + + Painful subcutaneous nodules, 354, 392 + + Palate, syphilitic lesions of, 178, 462 + + Palmar ganglion, compound, 217, 423 + + Papilloma, varieties of, 201, 392 + + Paraffin cancer, 395 + + Paralysis, brachial birth, 362 + Erb-Duchenne, 361 + Klumpke's, 361 + post-anaesthetic, 360 + pseudo, of syphilis, 174, 466 + + Parasitic bacteria, 20 + cysts, 213 + + Paronychia. _See_ Onychia + + Parotid abscess in pyaemia, 66 + lymph glands, 321 + tumours, 195 + + Parotitis, 66 + + Parrot's nodes, 175, 465 + + Passive hyperaemia, Bier's, 38 + + Pasteur's treatment for hydrophobia, 119 + + Pelvis, rickety changes in, 471 + + Perforating ulcer, 73, 82 + + Perichondritis, syphilitic, 465 + + Peri-lymphangitis, 325 + + Periosteum, function of, 434 + gumma of, 464 + in rickets, 469 + + Periostitis, 437. _See also_ Osteomyelitis + syphilitic, 461 + tuberculous, 455 + + Peripheral neuritis, 352 + + Peroneal nerve, 370 + + Peronei tendons, dislocation of, 409 + + Petrifying sarcoma, 200 + + Phagedaena, 153 + + Phagedaenic ulcers, 80, 85 + + Phagocytes, 3, 22 + + Phagocytosis, 22 + + Phimosis, with hard chancre, 152 + with soft sores, 155 + + Phlebitis, 285, 292 + + Phlegmasia alba dolens, 286 + + Picric acid, 13, 237 + + Pigeon-breast, 471 + + Plantaris, rupture of, 408 + + Pleurodynia, 413 + + Pleurosthotonos, 114 + + Pneumo-bacillus, Friedlander's bacteria, 28 + + Pneumococcal arthritis, 509 + + Pneumococcus, 28 + + Polypi, 195 + + Popliteal aneurysm, 320 + artery, embolus of, 93 + bursae, 432 + + lymph glands, 323 + nerves. _See_ Common Peroneal Nerve and Tibial Nerve + + Port-wine stain, 294 + + Post-anaesthetic paralysis, 360 + -anal dimple, 211 + + Posterior auricular lymph glands, 322 + + Post-rectal dermoids, 211 + + Potato-nose, 393 + + Poultice, 37 + charcoal, 84 + + Pre-auricular lymph glands, 322 + + Prepatellar bursa, 431 + + Pressure sores, 70, 82 + + Primary union of wounds, 2 + + Protopathic sensibility of nerves, 343 + + Proud flesh, 79 + + Psammoma, 200 + + Pseudo-leucaemia, 337 + + Pseudo-paralysis of syphilis, 174, 466 + + Psoas bursa, 430 + + Pulmonary osteo-arthropathy, 480 + + Pulsating aorta, 305, 314 + exophthalmos, 317 + haematoma of bone, 498 + + Punctured wounds, 222 + + Purpura, 280 + + Purulent blister, 55 + + Pus, 45 + varieties of, 46 + + Pyaemia, 64 + abscess in joints in, 508 + + Pyogenic bacteria, 24, 29 + + + Quadriceps extensor femoris, rupture of, 408 + + + Rabies, 118 + + Rachitis, 468 + adolescentium, 472 + + Radial nerve, lesions of, 364 + + Radium, in lupus, 385 + in cancer, 208 + in naevus, 297 + ulceration from, 239 + + Ranula, 329 + + Rarefying ostitis, 437 + + Ray fungus, 126 + + Raynaud's disease, 97 + + Reaction of degeneration, 347 + + Reactionary haemorrhage, 272 + + Recklinghausen's disease, 355 + + Recurrent fibroid of Paget, 199, 392, 420 + + Repair. _See_ Individual Tissues + conditions interfering with, 17 + after loss of tissue, 4 + modifications of, 4 + of separated parts, 5 + + Rest, 17 + + Rests, foetal, 181 + + Retention cysts, 212 + + Retro-pharyngeal lymph glands, 322 + + Reverdin's method of skin-grafting, 13 + + Rhabdomyoma, 196 + + Rheumatic arthritis, 524 + fever, 509 + gout, 524 + torticollis, 413 + + Rheumatism, acute, 509 + chronic, 523 + gonorrhoeal, 510 + muscular, 412 + scarlatinal, 508 + + Rheumatoid arthritis, 524 + + Rhinophyma, 393 + + Rickets, 468 + bone lesions in, 469 + changes in skeleton in, 470 + late, 472 + scurvy, 473 + + Rickety, dwarf, 469 + pelvis, 471 + rosary, 469 + scoliosis, 471 + + Rider's bone, 418 + sprain, 407 + + Rigidity of joints, 502 + + Rigor, 36 + + Risus sardonicus, 114 + + Rodent cancer, 210, 395 + ulcer, 210, 395 + + Rontgen rays. _See_ X-rays + + Rose or erysipelas, 107 + + Roseola, syphilitic, 158 + + Rupia, syphilitic, 158 + + + Sabre-blade deformity of tibia, 466 + + Sacculated aneurysm, 302 + + Saddle-nose deformity, 174 + + Saline infusions in haemorrhage, 276 + + Salvarsan in syphilis, 162 + + Sapraemia, 60 + chronic, 62 + + Saprophytic bacteria, 20 + + Sarcoma, 197 + of bone, 492 + inoperable, 201 + of joints, 538 + of lymph glands, 341 + melanotic, 200 + periosteal, 493 + of skin, 398 + of synovial membrane, 538 + of tendon sheaths, 424 + varieties, 199 + + Scab, healing under, 6 + + Scalds, 233 + + Scapula, winged, 363 + + Scarlet fever, joint lesions in, 508 + + Scars. _See_ Cicatrices + + Sciatic nerve, lesions of, 370 + + Sciatica, 371 + + Scirrhous cancer, 210 + + Sclavo's serum, 123 + + Scoliosis, rickety, 471 + in sciatica, 372 + + Scorbutic ulcers, 77 + + Scrotum, elephantiasis of, 389 + + Sculler's sprain, 406 + + Scurvy, 473 + rickets, 473 + + Sebaceous adenoma, 393 + cysts, 389 + horns, 389 + + Secondary haemorrhage, 273 + syphilis, 151, 147 + + Selenium in malignant tumours, 201, 208 + + Semilunar ganglion, 375 + + Semi-membranosus bursa, 432 + + Sepsis, 18 + + Septicaemia, 53, 63 + + Sequestrectomy, 446 + + Sequestrum of bone, 438 + + Serratus anterior muscle, paralysis of, 363 + + Serum, anti-diphtheritic, 109 + anti-bacterial, 23 + anti-tetanic, 117 + disease, 23 + in haemophilia, 280 + polyvalent, 23 + Sclavo's, for anthrax, 123 + treatment, 23 + + Seton, 217 + + Shell wounds, 231 + + Shock, 250 + delayed, 252 + + Shoulder, fibrositis of, 413 + + Sinus, 59 + epithelioma, 500 + tuberculous, 143 + + "606," 162 + + Skewers for prevention of haemorrhage, 270 + + Skin, 376 + abscesses of, 382 + actinomycosis of, 126 + cancer of, 394, 398 + dermoids, 210 + grafting of, 11, 14 + preparation of, for operation, 244 + repair of, 6 + sporotrichosis of, 385 + structure of, 376 + syphilitic lesions of, 157, 166 + tuberculosis of, 382, 385 + tumours of, 391 + + Skull, bossing of, 465 + craniotabes of, 175, 176, 465 + diffuse osteoma of, 485 + natiform, 176 + Parrot's nodes, 465 + syphilitic disease of, 462 + unilateral hypertrophy of, 487 + + Slough, 86 + + Snake-bites, 131 + + Snuffles, 173 + + Soft chancre, 154 + corns, 377 + sore, 154 + + Spas, 531 + + Spasmodic tic, 373 + + Sphagnum moss, 247 + + Spinal arthropathies, 532 + cord, joint affections in lesions of, 532 + repair of, 9 + syphilis of, 161 + + Spine, changes in rickets, 471 + + Spirilla, 19 + + Spirochaete pallida, 147 + + Spironema pallidum, 147 + + Splenic fever, 119 + + Spores, 18 + + Sporotrichosis, 385 + + Sprain of muscle, 405, 407 + + Sprinter's sprain, 406 + + Staphylococci, 19, 24, 438 + + Staphylococcus albus, 26 + aureus, 25 + + Starting pains in joints, 502, 517 + + Stasis, 32 + + Sterilisation, surgical, 243 + + Sterno-mastoid lymph glands, 322 + + Stitch abscess, 51 + + Stitches. _See_ Sutures + + Streptococci, 19, 24 + + Streptococcus pyogenes, 26 + + Streptothrix actinomyces, 126 + + Strychnin poisoning, 115 + + Stump neuroma, 344 + + Styptics, 271 + + Sub-acromial bursa, 429 + + Sub-calcanean bursa, 433 + + Subclavian aneurysm, 317 + + Sub-crural bursa, 430 + + Sub-deltoid bursa, 429 + + Submaxillary lymph glands, 322 + + Submental lymph glands, 322 + + Sub-patellar bursa, 431 + + Subscapularis bursa, 430 + + Subungual exostosis, 191, 404, 481 + + Suction bells, 39 + + Suppuration, 45 + chronic, 59 + diffuse, 52 + in mucous membranes, 52 + in wounds, 50 + + Supra-clavicular lymph glands, 322 + + Supra-hyoid lymph glands, 322 + + Supra-scapular nerve, lesions of, 364 + + Surgery, definition of, 1 + Listerian, 242 + + Surgical anatomy of blood vessels, 258 + of bone, 434 + of epiphyses, 434 + of lymphatics, 321 + of nerves, 342 + of skin, 376 + + Surgical bacteriology, 17, 18 + shock, 250 + + Sutures, 221 + sterilisation of, 245 + + Sweat-glands, tumours of, 393 + + Syncope, 249 + local, 97 + + Synostosis, 503 + + Synovial membrane, tumours of, 538 + + Synovitis, 501, 506 + gonococcal, 510 + septic, 506 + serous, 506, 507 + suppurative, 507 + syphilitic, 521 + + Syphilis, 147. _See also_ Individual Tissues and Organs + + Syphilis, acquired, 146, 149 + in infants, 179 + arsenical preparations in, 162 + arteritis in, 282 + bones, lesions in, 461, 465 + brain, lesions in, 161 + of bursae, 428 + cirrhosis in, 168 + Colles' law, 178 + contracture of muscle in, 416 + dactylitis in, 176, 460, 466 + epiphysitis of infants, 465 + extra-genital, 153 + in female, 152, 164 + gumma, 168, 462 + hydrops in, 521 + incubation of, 151 + in infants, 179 + inherited, 146, 172 + contagiousness of, 178 + diagnosis of, 178 + facies of, 174, 175 + lesions of bone in, 465 + eyes in, 176, 177 + joints in, 522 + skin in, 173, 174 + teeth in, 177 + treatment of, 179 + insontium, 153 + intermediate stage of, 167 + interstitial keratitis in, 177 + iodides in, 171 + iritis in, 166 + joint lesions in, 521 + of larynx, 177 + lupus, 169 + lymphadenitis, 153, 337 + lymphangitis, 326 + in male, 152 + malignant, 161 + and marriage, 167 + mercury in, 164 + mixed infection, 156 + of mouth, 166 + of mucous membranes, 160, 173, 174 + mucous patches, 160, 174 + of muscle, 416 + of nails, 159 + of nose, 188 + onychia in, 403 + osteo-arthritis, 522 + of palate, 178, 462 + phagedaena, 153 + phimosis in, 152 + in pregnant women, 164 + primary, 151 + diagnosis of, 155 + lesion of, 146, 151 + treatment of, 163 + prophylaxis of, 149 + pseudo-paralysis of, 174, 466 + reminders, 167 + second attacks of, 172 + secondary, 151, 157 + diagnosis of, 161 + lesions of eye in, 160 + hair in, 159 + nails in, 159, 402 + skin in, 162 + treatment of, 162 + serum diagnosis, 149 + skin affections in, 157, 166 + skull, lesions of, 462 + spirochaete pallida in, 147 + stages of, 150 + stomatitis, 174 + synovitis, 521 + teeth in, 177 + of tendon sheaths, 424 + tertiary, 151, 167 + diagnosis of, 167 + general manifestations of, 167 + lesions of mucous membrane in, 171 + skin in, 168, 169 + treatment of, 171 + ulcer, 169 + ulcers in, 76, 83, 169 + virus of, 147 + Wassermann reaction in, 156 + + Syphiloma, 168 + + Syringomyelia, joint lesions in, 534 + + + Tabes dorsales, joint lesions in, 532 + + Taenia echinococcus, 213 + + Tailor's ankle, 432 + + Tailor's bottom, 426, 430 + + Tarsal ganglion, 215 + + Tarsus, tuberculosis of, 459 + + Teeth in inherited syphilis, 177 + + Telangiectasis, congenital, 294 + + Temperature in surgical diseases, 35, 40 + + Temporal artery, compression of, 269 + + Tenderness, 34 + + Tendinitis, 416 + + Tendon sheaths, affections of, 421 + syphilitic affections of, 424 + tuberculosis of, 423, 424 + tumours of, 424 + whitlow of, 57 + + Tendons. _See also_ Individual Tendons + avulsion of, 411 + calcification in, 416 + diseases of, 411 + dislocation of, 408 + ganglion of, 217 + grafting of, 16 + inflammation of, 416 + ossification of, 416 + repair of, 8 + rupture of, 406, 408 + tumours of, 420 + wounds of, 409 + + Tennis-player's elbow, 406 + + Teno-synovitis, varieties of, 421 + + Teratoma, 212 + + Tertiary syphilis, 151, 167 + + Tetanus, varieties of, 112 + + Tetany, 116 + + Thiersch's method of skin-grafting, 12 + + Thirst, treatment of, 40 + + Thoracic aneurysm, 312 + duct, subcutaneous rupture of, 325 + surgical anatomy of, 324 + wounds of, 325 + + Thorax, rickety changes in, 469 + + Thrombo-phlebitis, 285 + + Thrombosis, 32, 281, 285, 292 + + Thyreoid gland, grafting of, 16 + secondary tumours derived from, 500 + + Tibia, sabre-blade deformity of, 466 + + Tibial nerve, lesions of, 371 + + Tic, spasmodic, 373 + + Tinel's sign, 349 + + Toe-nail, ingrowing, 403 + + Toes, gouty affections of, 522 + syphilitic dactylitis of, 176, 460, 466 + tuberculous dactylitis, 460 + + Tomato tumour, 393 + + Tophi, gouty, 523 + + Torsion of blood vessels, 271 + + Torticollis, rheumatic, 413 + + Tourniquet, varieties of, 270, 272 + + Toxaemia, 21 + + Toxins, 21, 33 + + Tracheal tug in aneurysm, 312 + + Tracheotomy, 111 + + Trade arthritis, 525 + bursitis, 426 + epithelionia, 395 + + Transfusion of blood, 276 + + Transplantation of tissues, 10 + + Trench feet, 96 + + Trendelenburg's operation for varicose veins, 293 + + Treponema pallidum, 147 + + Trifacial neuralgia, 373 + + Trigeminal neuralgia, 373 + + Trismus, 117 + + Trochanteric bursa, 430 + + Trophic changes after nerve injuries, 348 + ulcer, 73 + + Tropical elephantiasis, 386 + + Trunk neuroma, 354 + + Tubercle, anatomical, 134 + bacillus, 133 + + Tuberculin, 138 + + Tuberculosis, 133. _See also_ Individual Tissues and Organs + bacillus of, 133 + of bone, 454, 456, 458 + bovine, 136 + of bursae, 428 + calcification in, 136 + caseation in, 136 + general, 135 + human, 136 + of joints, 512 + of lymph glands, 331 + of lymph vessels, 326 + modes of infection, 136 + of muscle, 416 + of nails, 403 + open-air treatment of, 137 + passive hyperaemia in, 138 + principles of treatment of, 137 + of skin, 382, 385 + of tendon sheaths, 423, 424 + trauma in causation of, 135 + vaccine treatment in, 138 + + Tuberculous abscess, 139 + arthritic fever, 516 + dactylitis, 460 + granulation tissue, 136 + lupus, 382 + lymphadenitis, 331 + lymphangitis, 326 + onychia, 403 + sinus, 143 + + Tuberculous ulcers, 73, 83 + + Tubulo-dermoids, 211 + + Tumor albus, 518 + + Tumours, 181. _See also_ Individual Tumours and Tissues + + Typhoid, joint lesions in, 508 + osteomyelitis in, 452 + + + Ulceration, of cartilage, 502, 514 + definition of, 68 + + Ulcers, 68 + ambulatory treatment of, 85 + Bazin's disease, 74, 169 + bone changes in, 79 + callous, 79, 84 + cancerous, 205 + classification of, 70 + clinical examination of, 68 + conditions of, 77 + crateriform, 395 + duodenal, in burns, 236 + epithelioma in, 500 + healing, 77 + gouty, 77 + due to imperfect circulation, 71, 82 + due to imperfect nerve-supply, 73, 82 + inflamed, 79, 85 + irritable, 79, 85 + leg, 72, 169 + malignant, 77 + perforating, 73, 82 + phagedaenic, 80, 85 + pressure, 70 + from radium, 70 + rodent, 395 + from Rontgen rays, 70 + scorbutic, 77 + skin-grafting, 14 + spreading, 79 + syphilitic, 76, 83, 158, 160, 169 + traumatic, 70, 81 + treatment of, 80 + trophic, 73 + tuberculous, 73, 83 + varicose, 72 + weak, 77, 83 + + Ulnar nerve, lesions of, 368 + + Uterine fibroids, 195 + + + Vaccine treatment, 23, 40 + + Varicose aneurysm, 311 + eczema, 292 + ulcer, 72 + veins, 287 + + Varix, 287 + + Veins, anatomy of, 258 + entrance of air into, 265 + injuries of, 264 + repair of, 269 + rupture of, 264 + thrombosis of, 281 + varicose, 287 + wounds of, 264 + + Veldt sores, 382 + + Venereal disease. _See_ Syphilis + soft sore, 154 + + Venesection, 42 + + Venous cysts, 289 + + Verruca, 392 + + Vibrion septique, 101 + + Villous papilloma, 201 + + Volkmann's ischaemic contracture, 415 + + Vulva, diphtheria of, 111 + + + Wardrop's operation for aneurysm, 308 + + Wart, 201, 392 + venereal, 393 + X-ray, 239 + + Wassermann's reaction, 156, 162 + + Weaver's bottom, 426, 430 + + Weir-Mitchell treatment in hysterical joint affections, 538 + + Wens, 389 + + Wet-cupping, 42 + + White swelling of joints, 515, 518 + + Whitlow, 55 + gangrene from, 99 + at nail fold, 56 + purulent blister, 55 + subcutaneous, 56 + subperiosteal, 58 + of tendon sheaths, 57 + thecal, 57 + + Whitlow, of toes, 55 + varieties of, 55 + + Winged scapula, 363 + + Wool-sorter's disease, 121 + + Wounds, 220. _See also_ Individual Tissues and Regions + acute suppuration in, 50 + bullet, 229 + contused, 218, 223 + drainage of, 222 + by electricity, 239 + by explosives, 231 + by firearms, 225, 227, 230 + incised, 221 + infection of, 107 + lacerated, 223 + open method of treating, 247, 248 + pistol-shot, 226 + punctured, 222 + shell, 231 + treatment, 241 + in warfare, 225, 230 + + Wrist, drop-, 365 + + Wry-neck, rheumatic, 413 + + + Xanthoma, 188 + + X-rays, burns by, 239 + cancer from, 395 + dermatitis from, 239 + ulcers from, 239 + warts from, 239 + in diagnosis of aneurysm, 304 + arthritis deformans, 530 + bone diseases, 445 + tumours, 485, 491, 496 + tuberculosis, 455 + foreign bodies, 233 + joint tuberculosis, 516 + in treatment of cancer, 208 + lupus, 385 + sarcoma, 201 + tuberculosis, 138 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Manual of Surgery, by +Alexis Thomson and Alexander Miles + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF SURGERY *** + +***** This file should be named 17921-8.txt or 17921-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/9/2/17921/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Laura Wisewell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of War and Peace, by Leo Tolstoy +(#9 in our series by Leo Tolstoy) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: War and Peace + +Author: Leo Tolstoy + +Translator: Louise and Aylmer Maude + +Release Date: April, 2001 [EBook #2600] +[This file was first posted on October 7, 2003] +[Most recently updated: May 21, 2006] + +Edition: 11 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, WAR AND PEACE *** + + + + + + + + + + +War and Peace + +by Leo Tolstoy/Tolstoi + + + + +BOOK ONE: 1805 + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the +Buonapartes. But I warn you, if you don't tell me that this means war, +if you still try to defend the infamies and horrors perpetrated by +that Antichrist--I really believe he is Antichrist--I will have +nothing more to do with you and you are no longer my friend, no longer +my 'faithful slave,' as you call yourself! But how do you do? I see +I have frightened you--sit down and tell me all the news." + +It was in July, 1805, and the speaker was the well-known Anna +Pavlovna Scherer, maid of honor and favorite of the Empress Marya +Fedorovna. With these words she greeted Prince Vasili Kuragin, a man +of high rank and importance, who was the first to arrive at her +reception. Anna Pavlovna had had a cough for some days. She was, as +she said, suffering from la grippe; grippe being then a new word in +St. Petersburg, used only by the elite. + +All her invitations without exception, written in French, and +delivered by a scarlet-liveried footman that morning, ran as follows: + +"If you have nothing better to do, Count [or Prince], and if the +prospect of spending an evening with a poor invalid is not too +terrible, I shall be very charmed to see you tonight between 7 and 10- +Annette Scherer." + +"Heavens! what a virulent attack!" replied the prince, not in the +least disconcerted by this reception. He had just entered, wearing +an embroidered court uniform, knee breeches, and shoes, and had +stars on his breast and a serene expression on his flat face. He spoke +in that refined French in which our grandfathers not only spoke but +thought, and with the gentle, patronizing intonation natural to a +man of importance who had grown old in society and at court. He went +up to Anna Pavlovna, kissed her hand, presenting to her his bald, +scented, and shining head, and complacently seated himself on the +sofa. + +"First of all, dear friend, tell me how you are. Set your friend's +mind at rest," said he without altering his tone, beneath the +politeness and affected sympathy of which indifference and even +irony could be discerned. + +"Can one be well while suffering morally? Can one be calm in times +like these if one has any feeling?" said Anna Pavlovna. "You are +staying the whole evening, I hope?" + +"And the fete at the English ambassador's? Today is Wednesday. I +must put in an appearance there," said the prince. "My daughter is +coming for me to take me there." + +"I thought today's fete had been canceled. I confess all these +festivities and fireworks are becoming wearisome." + +"If they had known that you wished it, the entertainment would +have been put off," said the prince, who, like a wound-up clock, by +force of habit said things he did not even wish to be believed. + +"Don't tease! Well, and what has been decided about Novosiltsev's +dispatch? You know everything." + +"What can one say about it?" replied the prince in a cold, +listless tone. "What has been decided? They have decided that +Buonaparte has burnt his boats, and I believe that we are ready to +burn ours." + +Prince Vasili always spoke languidly, like an actor repeating a +stale part. Anna Pavlovna Scherer on the contrary, despite her forty +years, overflowed with animation and impulsiveness. To be an +enthusiast had become her social vocation and, sometimes even when she +did not feel like it, she became enthusiastic in order not to +disappoint the expectations of those who knew her. The subdued smile +which, though it did not suit her faded features, always played +round her lips expressed, as in a spoiled child, a continual +consciousness of her charming defect, which she neither wished, nor +could, nor considered it necessary, to correct. + +In the midst of a conversation on political matters Anna Pavlovna +burst out: + +"Oh, don't speak to me of Austria. Perhaps I don't understand +things, but Austria never has wished, and does not wish, for war. +She is betraying us! Russia alone must save Europe. Our gracious +sovereign recognizes his high vocation and will be true to it. That is +the one thing I have faith in! Our good and wonderful sovereign has to +perform the noblest role on earth, and he is so virtuous and noble +that God will not forsake him. He will fulfill his vocation and +crush the hydra of revolution, which has become more terrible than +ever in the person of this murderer and villain! We alone must +avenge the blood of the just one.... Whom, I ask you, can we rely +on?... England with her commercial spirit will not and cannot +understand the Emperor Alexander's loftiness of soul. She has +refused to evacuate Malta. She wanted to find, and still seeks, some +secret motive in our actions. What answer did Novosiltsev get? None. +The English have not understood and cannot understand the +self-abnegation of our Emperor who wants nothing for himself, but only +desires the good of mankind. And what have they promised? Nothing! And +what little they have promised they will not perform! Prussia has +always declared that Buonaparte is invincible, and that all Europe +is powerless before him.... And I don't believe a word that Hardenburg +says, or Haugwitz either. This famous Prussian neutrality is just a +trap. I have faith only in God and the lofty destiny of our adored +monarch. He will save Europe!" + +She suddenly paused, smiling at her own impetuosity. + +"I think," said the prince with a smile, "that if you had been +sent instead of our dear Wintzingerode you would have captured the +King of Prussia's consent by assault. You are so eloquent. Will you +give me a cup of tea?" + +"In a moment. A propos," she added, becoming calm again, "I am +expecting two very interesting men tonight, le Vicomte de Mortemart, +who is connected with the Montmorencys through the Rohans, one of +the best French families. He is one of the genuine emigres, the good +ones. And also the Abbe Morio. Do you know that profound thinker? He +has been received by the Emperor. Had you heard?" + +"I shall be delighted to meet them," said the prince. "But tell me," +he added with studied carelessness as if it had only just occurred +to him, though the question he was about to ask was the chief motive +of his visit, "is it true that the Dowager Empress wants Baron Funke +to be appointed first secretary at Vienna? The baron by all accounts +is a poor creature." + +Prince Vasili wished to obtain this post for his son, but others +were trying through the Dowager Empress Marya Fedorovna to secure it +for the baron. + +Anna Pavlovna almost closed her eyes to indicate that neither she +nor anyone else had a right to criticize what the Empress desired or +was pleased with. + +"Baron Funke has been recommended to the Dowager Empress by her +sister," was all she said, in a dry and mournful tone. + +As she named the Empress, Anna Pavlovna's face suddenly assumed an +expression of profound and sincere devotion and respect mingled with +sadness, and this occurred every time she mentioned her illustrious +patroness. She added that Her Majesty had deigned to show Baron +Funke beaucoup d'estime, and again her face clouded over with sadness. + +The prince was silent and looked indifferent. But, with the +womanly and courtierlike quickness and tact habitual to her, Anna +Pavlovna wished both to rebuke him (for daring to speak he had done of +a man recommended to the Empress) and at the same time to console him, +so she said: + +"Now about your family. Do you know that since your daughter came +out everyone has been enraptured by her? They say she is amazingly +beautiful." + +The prince bowed to signify his respect and gratitude. + +"I often think," she continued after a short pause, drawing nearer +to the prince and smiling amiably at him as if to show that +political and social topics were ended and the time had come for +intimate conversation--"I often think how unfairly sometimes the +joys of life are distributed. Why has fate given you two such splendid +children? I don't speak of Anatole, your youngest. I don't like +him," she added in a tone admitting of no rejoinder and raising her +eyebrows. "Two such charming children. And really you appreciate +them less than anyone, and so you don't deserve to have them." + +And she smiled her ecstatic smile. + +"I can't help it," said the prince. "Lavater would have said I +lack the bump of paternity." + +"Don't joke; I mean to have a serious talk with you. Do you know I +am dissatisfied with your younger son? Between ourselves" (and her +face assumed its melancholy expression), "he was mentioned at Her +Majesty's and you were pitied...." + +The prince answered nothing, but she looked at him significantly, +awaiting a reply. He frowned. + +"What would you have me do?" he said at last. "You know I did all +a father could for their education, and they have both turned out +fools. Hippolyte is at least a quiet fool, but Anatole is an active +one. That is the only difference between them." He said this smiling +in a way more natural and animated than usual, so that the wrinkles +round his mouth very clearly revealed something unexpectedly coarse +and unpleasant. + +"And why are children born to such men as you? If you were not a +father there would be nothing I could reproach you with," said Anna +Pavlovna, looking up pensively. + +"I am your faithful slave and to you alone I can confess that my +children are the bane of my life. It is the cross I have to bear. That +is how I explain it to myself. It can't be helped!" + +He said no more, but expressed his resignation to cruel fate by a +gesture. Anna Pavlovna meditated. + +"Have you never thought of marrying your prodigal son Anatole?" +she asked. "They say old maids have a mania for matchmaking, and +though I don't feel that weakness in myself as yet, I know a little +person who is very unhappy with her father. She is a relation of +yours, Princess Mary Bolkonskaya." + +Prince Vasili did not reply, though, with the quickness of memory +and perception befitting a man of the world, he indicated by a +movement of the head that he was considering this information. + +"Do you know," he said at last, evidently unable to check the sad +current of his thoughts, "that Anatole is costing me forty thousand +rubles a year? And," he went on after a pause, "what will it be in +five years, if he goes on like this?" Presently he added: "That's what +we fathers have to put up with.... Is this princess of yours rich?" + +"Her father is very rich and stingy. He lives in the country. He +is the well-known Prince Bolkonski who had to retire from the army +under the late Emperor, and was nicknamed 'the King of Prussia.' He is +very clever but eccentric, and a bore. The poor girl is very +unhappy. She has a brother; I think you know him, he married Lise +Meinen lately. He is an aide-de-camp of Kutuzov's and will be here +tonight." + +"Listen, dear Annette," said the prince, suddenly taking Anna +Pavlovna's hand and for some reason drawing it downwards. "Arrange +that affair for me and I shall always be your most devoted slave- +slafe with an f, as a village elder of mine writes in his reports. +She is rich and of good family and that's all I want." + +And with the familiarity and easy grace peculiar to him, he raised +the maid of honor's hand to his lips, kissed it, and swung it to and +fro as he lay back in his armchair, looking in another direction. + +"Attendez," said Anna Pavlovna, reflecting, "I'll speak to Lise, +young Bolkonski's wife, this very evening, and perhaps the thing can +be arranged. It shall be on your family's behalf that I'll start my +apprenticeship as old maid." + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +Anna Pavlovna's drawing room was gradually filling. The highest +Petersburg society was assembled there: people differing widely in age +and character but alike in the social circle to which they belonged. +Prince Vasili's daughter, the beautiful Helene, came to take her +father to the ambassador's entertainment; she wore a ball dress and +her badge as maid of honor. The youthful little Princess +Bolkonskaya, known as la femme la plus seduisante de Petersbourg,* was +also there. She had been married during the previous winter, and being +pregnant did not go to any large gatherings, but only to small +receptions. Prince Vasili's son, Hippolyte, had come with Mortemart, +whom he introduced. The Abbe Morio and many others had also come. + + +*The most fascinating woman in Petersburg. + + +To each new arrival Anna Pavlovna said, "You have not yet seen my +aunt," or "You do not know my aunt?" and very gravely conducted him or +her to a little old lady, wearing large bows of ribbon in her cap, who +had come sailing in from another room as soon as the guests began to +arrive; and slowly turning her eyes from the visitor to her aunt, Anna +Pavlovna mentioned each one's name and then left them. + +Each visitor performed the ceremony of greeting this old aunt whom +not one of them knew, not one of them wanted to know, and not one of +them cared about; Anna Pavlovna observed these greetings with mournful +and solemn interest and silent approval. The aunt spoke to each of +them in the same words, about their health and her own, and the health +of Her Majesty, "who, thank God, was better today." And each +visitor, though politeness prevented his showing impatience, left +the old woman with a sense of relief at having performed a vexatious +duty and did not return to her the whole evening. + +The young Princess Bolkonskaya had brought some work in a +gold-embroidered velvet bag. Her pretty little upper lip, on which a +delicate dark down was just perceptible, was too short for her +teeth, but it lifted all the more sweetly, and was especially charming +when she occasionally drew it down to meet the lower lip. As is always +the case with a thoroughly attractive woman, her defect--the shortness +of her upper lip and her half-open mouth--seemed to be her own special +and peculiar form of beauty. Everyone brightened at the sight of +this pretty young woman, so soon to become a mother, so full of life +and health, and carrying her burden so lightly. Old men and dull +dispirited young ones who looked at her, after being in her company +and talking to her a little while, felt as if they too were +becoming, like her, full of life and health. All who talked to her, +and at each word saw her bright smile and the constant gleam of her +white teeth, thought that they were in a specially amiable mood that +day. + +The little princess went round the table with quick, short, +swaying steps, her workbag on her arm, and gaily spreading out her +dress sat down on a sofa near the silver samovar, as if all she was +doing was a pleasure to herself and to all around her. "I have brought +my work," said she in French, displaying her bag and addressing all +present. "Mind, Annette, I hope you have not played a wicked trick +on me," she added, turning to her hostess. "You wrote that it was to +be quite a small reception, and just see how badly I am dressed." +And she spread out her arms to show her short-waisted, lace-trimmed, +dainty gray dress, girdled with a broad ribbon just below the breast. + +"Soyez tranquille, Lise, you will always be prettier than anyone +else," replied Anna Pavlovna. + +"You know," said the princess in the same tone of voice and still in +French, turning to a general, "my husband is deserting me? He is going +to get himself killed. Tell me what this wretched war is for?" she +added, addressing Prince Vasili, and without waiting for an answer she +turned to speak to his daughter, the beautiful Helene. + +"What a delightful woman this little princess is!" said Prince +Vasili to Anna Pavlovna. + +One of the next arrivals was a stout, heavily built young man with +close-cropped hair, spectacles, the light-colored breeches fashionable +at that time, a very high ruffle, and a brown dress coat. This stout +young man was an illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, a well-known +grandee of Catherine's time who now lay dying in Moscow. The young man +had not yet entered either the military or civil service, as he had +only just returned from abroad where he had been educated, and this +was his first appearance in society. Anna Pavlovna greeted him with +the nod she accorded to the lowest hierarchy in her drawing room. +But in spite of this lowest-grade greeting, a look of anxiety and +fear, as at the sight of something too large and unsuited to the +place, came over her face when she saw Pierre enter. Though he was +certainly rather bigger than the other men in the room, her anxiety +could only have reference to the clever though shy, but observant +and natural, expression which distinguished him from everyone else +in that drawing room. + +"It is very good of you, Monsieur Pierre, to come and visit a poor +invalid," said Anna Pavlovna, exchanging an alarmed glance with her +aunt as she conducted him to her. + +Pierre murmured something unintelligible, and continued to look +round as if in search of something. On his way to the aunt he bowed to +the little princess with a pleased smile, as to an intimate +acquaintance. + +Anna Pavlovna's alarm was justified, for Pierre turned away from the +aunt without waiting to hear her speech about Her Majesty's health. +Anna Pavlovna in dismay detained him with the words: "Do you know +the Abbe Morio? He is a most interesting man." + +"Yes, I have heard of his scheme for perpetual peace, and it is very +interesting but hardly feasible." + +"You think so?" rejoined Anna Pavlovna in order to say something and +get away to attend to her duties as hostess. But Pierre now +committed a reverse act of impoliteness. First he had left a lady +before she had finished speaking to him, and now he continued to speak +to another who wished to get away. With his head bent, and his big +feet spread apart, he began explaining his reasons for thinking the +abbe's plan chimerical. + +"We will talk of it later," said Anna Pavlovna with a smile. + +And having got rid of this young man who did not know how to behave, +she resumed her duties as hostess and continued to listen and watch, +ready to help at any point where the conversation might happen to +flag. As the foreman of a spinning mill, when he has set the hands +to work, goes round and notices here a spindle that has stopped or +there one that creaks or makes more noise than it should, and +hastens to check the machine or set it in proper motion, so Anna +Pavlovna moved about her drawing room, approaching now a silent, now a +too-noisy group, and by a word or slight rearrangement kept the +conversational machine in steady, proper, and regular motion. But amid +these cares her anxiety about Pierre was evident. She kept an +anxious watch on him when he approached the group round Mortemart to +listen to what was being said there, and again when he passed to +another group whose center was the abbe. + +Pierre had been educated abroad, and this reception at Anna +Pavlovna's was the first he had attended in Russia. He knew that all +the intellectual lights of Petersburg were gathered there and, like +a child in a toyshop, did not know which way to look, afraid of +missing any clever conversation that was to be heard. Seeing the +self-confident and refined expression on the faces of those present he +was always expecting to hear something very profound. At last he +came up to Morio. Here the conversation seemed interesting and he +stood waiting for an opportunity to express his own views, as young +people are fond of doing. + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +Anna Pavlovna's reception was in full swing. The spindles hummed +steadily and ceaselessly on all sides. With the exception of the aunt, +beside whom sat only one elderly lady, who with her thin careworn face +was rather out of place in this brilliant society, the whole company +had settled into three groups. One, chiefly masculine, had formed +round the abbe. Another, of young people, was grouped round the +beautiful Princess Helene, Prince Vasili's daughter, and the little +Princess Bolkonskaya, very pretty and rosy, though rather too plump +for her age. The third group was gathered round Mortemart and Anna +Pavlovna. + +The vicomte was a nice-looking young man with soft features and +polished manners, who evidently considered himself a celebrity but out +of politeness modestly placed himself at the disposal of the circle in +which he found himself. Anna Pavlovna was obviously serving him up +as a treat to her guests. As a clever maitre d'hotel serves up as a +specially choice delicacy a piece of meat that no one who had seen +it in the kitchen would have cared to eat, so Anna Pavlovna served +up to her guests, first the vicomte and then the abbe, as peculiarly +choice morsels. The group about Mortemart immediately began discussing +the murder of the Duc d'Enghien. The vicomte said that the Duc +d'Enghien had perished by his own magnanimity, and that there were +particular reasons for Buonaparte's hatred of him. + +"Ah, yes! Do tell us all about it, Vicomte," said Anna Pavlovna, +with a pleasant feeling that there was something a la Louis XV in +the sound of that sentence: "Contez nous cela, Vicomte." + +The vicomte bowed and smiled courteously in token of his willingness +to comply. Anna Pavlovna arranged a group round him, inviting everyone +to listen to his tale. + +"The vicomte knew the duc personally," whispered Anna Pavlovna to of +the guests. "The vicomte is a wonderful raconteur," said she to +another. "How evidently he belongs to the best society," said she to a +third; and the vicomte was served up to the company in the choicest +and most advantageous style, like a well-garnished joint of roast beef +on a hot dish. + +The vicomte wished to begin his story and gave a subtle smile. + +"Come over here, Helene, dear," said Anna Pavlovna to the +beautiful young princess who was sitting some way off, the center of +another group. + +The princess smiled. She rose with the same unchanging smile with +which she had first entered the room--the smile of a perfectly +beautiful woman. With a slight rustle of her white dress trimmed +with moss and ivy, with a gleam of white shoulders, glossy hair, and +sparkling diamonds, she passed between the men who made way for her, +not looking at any of them but smiling on all, as if graciously +allowing each the privilege of admiring her beautiful figure and +shapely shoulders, back, and bosom--which in the fashion of those days +were very much exposed--and she seemed to bring the glamour of a +ballroom with her as she moved toward Anna Pavlovna. Helene was so +lovely that not only did she not show any trace of coquetry, but on +the contrary she even appeared shy of her unquestionable and all too +victorious beauty. She seemed to wish, but to be unable, to diminish +its effect. + +"How lovely!" said everyone who saw her; and the vicomte lifted +his shoulders and dropped his eyes as if startled by something +extraordinary when she took her seat opposite and beamed upon him also +with her unchanging smile. + +"Madame, I doubt my ability before such an audience," said he, +smilingly inclining his head. + +The princess rested her bare round arm on a little table and +considered a reply unnecessary. She smilingly waited. All the time the +story was being told she sat upright, glancing now at her beautiful +round arm, altered in shape by its pressure on the table, now at her +still more beautiful bosom, on which she readjusted a diamond +necklace. From time to time she smoothed the folds of her dress, and +whenever the story produced an effect she glanced at Anna Pavlovna, at +once adopted just the expression she saw on the maid of honor's +face, and again relapsed into her radiant smile. + +The little princess had also left the tea table and followed Helene. + +"Wait a moment, I'll get my work.... Now then, what are you thinking +of?" she went on, turning to Prince Hippolyte. "Fetch me my workbag." + +There was a general movement as the princess, smiling and talking +merrily to everyone at once, sat down and gaily arranged herself in +her seat. + +"Now I am all right," she said, and asking the vicomte to begin, she +took up her work. + +Prince Hippolyte, having brought the workbag, joined the circle +and moving a chair close to hers seated himself beside her. + +Le charmant Hippolyte was surprising by his extraordinary +resemblance to his beautiful sister, but yet more by the fact that +in spite of this resemblance he was exceedingly ugly. His features +were like his sister's, but while in her case everything was lit up by +a joyous, self-satisfied, youthful, and constant smile of animation, +and by the wonderful classic beauty of her figure, his face on the +contrary was dulled by imbecility and a constant expression of +sullen self-confidence, while his body was thin and weak. His eyes, +nose, and mouth all seemed puckered into a vacant, wearied grimace, +and his arms and legs always fell into unnatural positions. + +"It's not going to be a ghost story?" said he, sitting down beside +the princess and hastily adjusting his lorgnette, as if without this +instrument he could not begin to speak. + +"Why no, my dear fellow," said the astonished narrator, shrugging +his shoulders. + +"Because I hate ghost stories," said Prince Hippolyte in a tone +which showed that he only understood the meaning of his words after he +had uttered them. + +He spoke with such self-confidence that his hearers could not be +sure whether what he said was very witty or very stupid. He was +dressed in a dark-green dress coat, knee breeches of the color of +cuisse de nymphe effrayee, as he called it, shoes, and silk stockings. + +The vicomte told his tale very neatly. It was an anecdote, then +current, to the effect that the Duc d'Enghien had gone secretly to +Paris to visit Mademoiselle George; that at her house he came upon +Bonaparte, who also enjoyed the famous actress' favors, and that in +his presence Napoleon happened to fall into one of the fainting fits +to which he was subject, and was thus at the duc's mercy. The latter +spared him, and this magnanimity Bonaparte subsequently repaid by +death. + +The story was very pretty and interesting, especially at the point +where the rivals suddenly recognized one another; and the ladies +looked agitated. + +"Charming!" said Anna Pavlovna with an inquiring glance at the +little princess. + +"Charming!" whispered the little princess, sticking the needle +into her work as if to testify that the interest and fascination of +the story prevented her from going on with it. + +The vicomte appreciated this silent praise and smiling gratefully +prepared to continue, but just then Anna Pavlovna, who had kept a +watchful eye on the young man who so alarmed her, noticed that he +was talking too loudly and vehemently with the abbe, so she hurried to +the rescue. Pierre had managed to start a conversation with the abbe +about the balance of power, and the latter, evidently interested by +the young man's simple-minded eagerness, was explaining his pet +theory. Both were talking and listening too eagerly and too naturally, +which was why Anna Pavlovna disapproved. + +"The means are... the balance of power in Europe and the rights of +the people," the abbe was saying. "It is only necessary for one +powerful nation like Russia--barbaric as she is said to be--to place +herself disinterestedly at the head of an alliance having for its +object the maintenance of the balance of power of Europe, and it would +save the world!" + +"But how are you to get that balance?" Pierre was beginning. + +At that moment Anna Pavlovna came up and, looking severely at +Pierre, asked the Italian how he stood Russian climate. The +Italian's face instantly changed and assumed an offensively +affected, sugary expression, evidently habitual to him when conversing +with women. + +"I am so enchanted by the brilliancy of the wit and culture of the +society, more especially of the feminine society, in which I have +had the honor of being received, that I have not yet had time to think +of the climate," said he. + +Not letting the abbe and Pierre escape, Anna Pavlovna, the more +conveniently to keep them under observation, brought them into the +larger circle. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Just then another visitor entered the drawing room: Prince Andrew +Bolkonski, the little princess' husband. He was a very handsome +young man, of medium height, with firm, clearcut features. +Everything about him, from his weary, bored expression to his quiet, +measured step, offered a most striking contrast to his quiet, little +wife. It was evident that he not only knew everyone in the drawing +room, but had found them to be so tiresome that it wearied him to look +at or listen to them. And among all these faces that he found so +tedious, none seemed to bore him so much as that of his pretty wife. +He turned away from her with a grimace that distorted his handsome +face, kissed Anna Pavlovna's hand, and screwing up his eyes scanned +the whole company. + +"You are off to the war, Prince?" said Anna Pavlovna. + +"General Kutuzov," said Bolkonski, speaking French and stressing the +last syllable of the general's name like a Frenchman, "has been +pleased to take me as an aide-de-camp...." + +"And Lise, your wife?" + +"She will go to the country." + +"Are you not ashamed to deprive us of your charming wife?" + +"Andre," said his wife, addressing her husband in the same +coquettish manner in which she spoke to other men, "the vicomte has +been telling us such a tale about Mademoiselle George and Buonaparte!" + +Prince Andrew screwed up his eyes and turned away. Pierre, who +from the moment Prince Andrew entered the room had watched him with +glad, affectionate eyes, now came up and took his arm. Before he +looked round Prince Andrew frowned again, expressing his annoyance +with whoever was touching his arm, but when he saw Pierre's beaming +face he gave him an unexpectedly kind and pleasant smile. + +"There now!... So you, too, are in the great world?" said he to +Pierre. + +"I knew you would be here," replied Pierre. "I will come to supper +with you. May I?" he added in a low voice so as not to disturb the +vicomte who was continuing his story. + +"No, impossible!" said Prince Andrew, laughing and pressing Pierre's +hand to show that there was no need to ask the question. He wished +to say something more, but at that moment Prince Vasili and his +daughter got up to go and the two young men rose to let them pass. + +"You must excuse me, dear Vicomte," said Prince Vasili to the +Frenchman, holding him down by the sleeve in a friendly way to prevent +his rising. "This unfortunate fete at the ambassador's deprives me +of a pleasure, and obliges me to interrupt you. I am very sorry to +leave your enchanting party," said he, turning to Anna Pavlovna. + +His daughter, Princess Helene, passed between the chairs, lightly +holding up the folds of her dress, and the smile shone still more +radiantly on her beautiful face. Pierre gazed at her with rapturous, +almost frightened, eyes as she passed him. + +"Very lovely," said Prince Andrew. + +"Very," said Pierre. + +In passing Prince Vasili seized Pierre's hand and said to Anna +Pavlovna: "Educate this bear for me! He has been staying with me a +whole month and this is the first time I have seen him in society. +Nothing is so necessary for a young man as the society of clever +women." + + +Anna Pavlovna smiled and promised to take Pierre in hand. She knew +his father to be a connection of Prince Vasili's. The elderly lady who +had been sitting with the old aunt rose hurriedly and overtook +Prince Vasili in the anteroom. All the affectation of interest she had +assumed had left her kindly and tearworn face and it now expressed +only anxiety and fear. + +"How about my son Boris, Prince?" said she, hurrying after him +into the anteroom. "I can't remain any longer in Petersburg. Tell me +what news I may take back to my poor boy." + + +Although Prince Vasili listened reluctantly and not very politely to +the elderly lady, even betraying some impatience, she gave him an +ingratiating and appealing smile, and took his hand that he might +not go away. + +"What would it cost you to say a word to the Emperor, and then he +would be transferred to the Guards at once?" said she. + +"Believe me, Princess, I am ready to do all I can," answered +Prince Vasili, "but it is difficult for me to ask the Emperor. I +should advise you to appeal to Rumyantsev through Prince Golitsyn. +That would be the best way." + +The elderly lady was a Princess Drubetskaya, belonging to one of the +best families in Russia, but she was poor, and having long been out of +society had lost her former influential connections. She had now +come to Petersburg to procure an appointment in the Guards for her +only son. It was, in fact, solely to meet Prince Vasili that she had +obtained an invitation to Anna Pavlovna's reception and had sat +listening to the vicomte's story. Prince Vasili's words frightened +her, an embittered look clouded her once handsome face, but only for a +moment; then she smiled again and clutched Prince Vasili's arm more +tightly. + +"Listen to me, Prince," said she. "I have never yet asked you for +anything and I never will again, nor have I ever reminded you of my +father's friendship for you; but now I entreat you for God's sake to +do this for my son--and I shall always regard you as a benefactor," +she added hurriedly. "No, don't be angry, but promise! I have asked +Golitsyn and he has refused. Be the kindhearted man you always +were," she said, trying to smile though tears were in her eyes. + +"Papa, we shall be late," said Princess Helene, turning her +beautiful head and looking over her classically molded shoulder as she +stood waiting by the door. + +Influence in society, however, is a capital which has to be +economized if it is to last. Prince Vasili knew this, and having +once realized that if he asked on behalf of all who begged of him, +he would soon be unable to ask for himself, he became chary of using +his influence. But in Princess Drubetskaya's case he felt, after her +second appeal, something like qualms of conscience. She had reminded +him of what was quite true; he had been indebted to her father for the +first steps in his career. Moreover, he could see by her manners +that she was one of those women--mostly mothers--who, having once made +up their minds, will not rest until they have gained their end, and +are prepared if necessary to go on insisting day after day and hour +after hour, and even to make scenes. This last consideration moved +him. + +"My dear Anna Mikhaylovna," said he with his usual familiarity and +weariness of tone, "it is almost impossible for me to do what you ask; +but to prove my devotion to you and how I respect your father's +memory, I will do the impossible--your son shall be transferred to the +Guards. Here is my hand on it. Are you satisfied?" + +"My dear benefactor! This is what I expected from you--I knew your +kindness!" He turned to go. + +"Wait--just a word! When he has been transferred to the Guards..." +she faltered. "You are on good terms with Michael Ilarionovich +Kutuzov... recommend Boris to him as adjutant! Then I shall be at +rest, and then..." + +Prince Vasili smiled. + +"No, I won't promise that. You don't know how Kutuzov is pestered +since his appointment as Commander in Chief. He told me himself that +all the Moscow ladies have conspired to give him all their sons as +adjutants." + +"No, but do promise! I won't let you go! My dear benefactor..." + +"Papa," said his beautiful daughter in the same tone as before, +"we shall be late." + +"Well, au revoir! Good-by! You hear her?" + +"Then tomorrow you will speak to the Emperor?" + +"Certainly; but about Kutuzov, I don't promise." + +"Do promise, do promise, Vasili!" cried Anna Mikhaylovna as he went, +with the smile of a coquettish girl, which at one time probably came +naturally to her, but was now very ill-suited to her careworn face. + +Apparently she had forgotten her age and by force of habit +employed all the old feminine arts. But as soon as the prince had gone +her face resumed its former cold, artificial expression. She +returned to the group where the vicomte was still talking, and again +pretended to listen, while waiting till it would be time to leave. Her +task was accomplished. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +"And what do you think of this latest comedy, the coronation at +Milan?" asked Anna Pavlovna, "and of the comedy of the people of Genoa +and Lucca laying their petitions before Monsieur Buonaparte, and +Monsieur Buonaparte sitting on a throne and granting the petitions +of the nations? Adorable! It is enough to make one's head whirl! It is +as if the whole world had gone crazy." + +Prince Andrew looked Anna Pavlovna straight in the face with a +sarcastic smile. + +"'Dieu me la donne, gare a qui la touche!'* They say he was very +fine when he said that," he remarked, repeating the words in +Italian: "'Dio mi l'ha dato. Guai a chi la tocchi!'" + + +*God has given it to me, let him who touches it beware! + + +"I hope this will prove the last drop that will make the glass run +over," Anna Pavlovna continued. "The sovereigns will not be able to +endure this man who is a menace to everything." + +"The sovereigns? I do not speak of Russia," said the vicomte, polite +but hopeless: "The sovereigns, madame... What have they done for Louis +XVII, for the Queen, or for Madame Elizabeth? Nothing!" and he +became more animated. "And believe me, they are reaping the reward +of their betrayal of the Bourbon cause. The sovereigns! Why, they +are sending ambassadors to compliment the usurper." + +And sighing disdainfully, he again changed his position. + +Prince Hippolyte, who had been gazing at the vicomte for some time +through his lorgnette, suddenly turned completely round toward the +little princess, and having asked for a needle began tracing the Conde +coat of arms on the table. He explained this to her with as much +gravity as if she had asked him to do it. + +"Baton de gueules, engrele de gueules d' azur--maison Conde," said +he. + +The princess listened, smiling. + +"If Buonaparte remains on the throne of France a year longer," the +vicomte continued, with the air of a man who, in a matter with which +he is better acquainted than anyone else, does not listen to others +but follows the current of his own thoughts, "things will have gone +too far. By intrigues, violence, exile, and executions, French +society--I mean good French society--will have been forever destroyed, +and then..." + +He shrugged his shoulders and spread out his hands. Pierre wished to +make a remark, for the conversation interested him, but Anna Pavlovna, +who had him under observation, interrupted: + +"The Emperor Alexander," said she, with the melancholy which +always accompanied any reference of hers to the Imperial family, + +"has declared that he will leave it to the French people themselves to +choose their own form of government; and I believe that once free from +the usurper, the whole nation will certainly throw itself into the +arms of its rightful king," she concluded, trying to be amiable to the +royalist emigrant. + +"That is doubtful," said Prince Andrew. "Monsieur le Vicomte quite +rightly supposes that matters have already gone too far. I think it +will be difficult to return to the old regime." + +"From what I have heard," said Pierre, blushing and breaking into +the conversation, "almost all the aristocracy has already gone over to +Bonaparte's side." + +"It is the Buonapartists who say that," replied the vicomte +without looking at Pierre. "At the present time it is difficult to +know the real state of French public opinion." + +"Bonaparte has said so," remarked Prince Andrew with a sarcastic +smile. + +It was evident that he did not like the vicomte and was aiming his +remarks at him, though without looking at him. + +"'I showed them the path to glory, but they did not follow it,'" +Prince Andrew continued after a short silence, again quoting +Napoleon's words. "'I opened my antechambers and they crowded in.' I +do not know how far he was justified in saying so." + +"Not in the least," replied the vicomte. "After the murder of the +duc even the most partial ceased to regard him as a hero. If to some +people," he went on, turning to Anna Pavlovna, "he ever was a hero, +after the murder of the duc there was one martyr more in heaven and +one hero less on earth." + +Before Anna Pavlovna and the others had time to smile their +appreciation of the vicomte's epigram, Pierre again broke into the +conversation, and though Anna Pavlovna felt sure he would say +something inappropriate, she was unable to stop him. + +"The execution of the Duc d'Enghien," declared Monsieur Pierre, "was +a political necessity, and it seems to me that Napoleon showed +greatness of soul by not fearing to take on himself the whole +responsibility of that deed." + +"Dieu! Mon Dieu!" muttered Anna Pavlovna in a terrified whisper. + +"What, Monsieur Pierre... Do you consider that assassination shows +greatness of soul?" said the little princess, smiling and drawing +her work nearer to her. + +"Oh! Oh!" exclaimed several voices. + +"Capital!" said Prince Hippolyte in English, and began slapping +his knee with the palm of his hand. + +The vicomte merely shrugged his shoulders. Pierre looked solemnly at +his audience over his spectacles and continued. + +"I say so," he continued desperately, "because the Bourbons fled +from the Revolution leaving the people to anarchy, and Napoleon +alone understood the Revolution and quelled it, and so for the general +good, he could not stop short for the sake of one man's life." + +"Won't you come over to the other table?" suggested Anna Pavlovna. + +But Pierre continued his speech without heeding her. + +"No," cried he, becoming more and more eager, "Napoleon is great +because he rose superior to the Revolution, suppressed its abuses, +preserved all that was good in it--equality of citizenship and freedom +of speech and of the press--and only for that reason did he obtain +power." + +"Yes, if having obtained power, without availing himself of it to +commit murder he had restored it to the rightful king, I should have +called him a great man," remarked the vicomte. + +"He could not do that. The people only gave him power that he +might rid them of the Bourbons and because they saw that he was a +great man. The Revolution was a grand thing!" continued Monsieur +Pierre, betraying by this desperate and provocative proposition his +extreme youth and his wish to express all that was in his mind. + +"What? Revolution and regicide a grand thing?... Well, after that... +But won't you come to this other table?" repeated Anna Pavlovna. + +"Rousseau's Contrat social," said the vicomte with a tolerant smile. + +"I am not speaking of regicide, I am speaking about ideas." + +"Yes: ideas of robbery, murder, and regicide," again interjected +an ironical voice. + +"Those were extremes, no doubt, but they are not what is most +important. What is important are the rights of man, emancipation +from prejudices, and equality of citizenship, and all these ideas +Napoleon has retained in full force." + +"Liberty and equality," said the vicomte contemptuously, as if at +last deciding seriously to prove to this youth how foolish his words +were, "high-sounding words which have long been discredited. Who +does not love liberty and equality? Even our Saviour preached +liberty and equality. Have people since the Revolution become happier? +On the contrary. We wanted liberty, but Buonaparte has destroyed it." + +Prince Andrew kept looking with an amused smile from Pierre to the +vicomte and from the vicomte to their hostess. In the first moment +of Pierre's outburst Anna Pavlovna, despite her social experience, was +horror-struck. But when she saw that Pierre's sacrilegious words had +not exasperated the vicomte, and had convinced herself that it was +impossible to stop him, she rallied her forces and joined the +vicomte in a vigorous attack on the orator. + +"But, my dear Monsieur Pierre," said she, "how do you explain the +fact of a great man executing a duc--or even an ordinary man who--is +innocent and untried?" + +"I should like," said the vicomte, "to ask how monsieur explains the +18th Brumaire; was not that an imposture? It was a swindle, and not at +all like the conduct of a great man!" + +"And the prisoners he killed in Africa? That was horrible!" said the +little princess, shrugging her shoulders. + +"He's a low fellow, say what you will," remarked Prince Hippolyte. + +Pierre, not knowing whom to answer, looked at them all and smiled. +His smile was unlike the half-smile of other people. When he smiled, +his grave, even rather gloomy, look was instantaneously replaced by +another--a childlike, kindly, even rather silly look, which seemed +to ask forgiveness. + +The vicomte who was meeting him for the first time saw clearly +that this young Jacobin was not so terrible as his words suggested. +All were silent. + +"How do you expect him to answer you all at once?" said Prince +Andrew. "Besides, in the actions of a statesman one has to distinguish +between his acts as a private person, as a general, and as an emperor. +So it seems to me." + +"Yes, yes, of course!" Pierre chimed in, pleased at the arrival of +this reinforcement. + +"One must admit," continued Prince Andrew, "that Napoleon as a man +was great on the bridge of Arcola, and in the hospital at Jaffa +where he gave his hand to the plague-stricken; but... but there are +other acts which it is difficult to justify." + +Prince Andrew, who had evidently wished to tone down the awkwardness +of Pierre's remarks, rose and made a sign to his wife that it was time +to go. + + +Suddenly Prince Hippolyte started up making signs to everyone to +attend, and asking them all to be seated began: + +"I was told a charming Moscow story today and must treat you to +it. Excuse me, Vicomte--I must tell it in Russian or the point will be +lost...." And Prince Hippolyte began to tell his story in such Russian +as a Frenchman would speak after spending about a year in Russia. +Everyone waited, so emphatically and eagerly did he demand their +attention to his story. + +"There is in Moscow a lady, une dame, and she is very stingy. She +must have two footmen behind her carriage, and very big ones. That was +her taste. And she had a lady's maid, also big. She said..." + +Here Prince Hippolyte paused, evidently collecting his ideas with +difficulty. + +"She said... Oh yes! She said, 'Girl,' to the maid, 'put on a +livery, get up behind the carriage, and come with me while I make some +calls.'" + +Here Prince Hippolyte spluttered and burst out laughing long +before his audience, which produced an effect unfavorable to the +narrator. Several persons, among them the elderly lady and Anna +Pavlovna, did however smile. + +"She went. Suddenly there was a great wind. The girl lost her hat +and her long hair came down...." Here he could contain himself no +longer and went on, between gasps of laughter: "And the whole world +knew...." + +And so the anecdote ended. Though it was unintelligible why he had +told it, or why it had to be told in Russian, still Anna Pavlovna +and the others appreciated Prince Hippolyte's social tact in so +agreeably ending Pierre's unpleasant and unamiable outburst. After the +anecdote the conversation broke up into insignificant small talk about +the last and next balls, about theatricals, and who would meet whom, +and when and where. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Having thanked Anna Pavlovna for her charming soiree, the guests +began to take their leave. + +Pierre was ungainly. Stout, about the average height, broad, with +huge red hands; he did not know, as the saying is, how to enter a +drawing room and still less how to leave one; that is, how to say +something particularly agreeable before going away. Besides this he +was absent-minded. When he rose to go, he took up instead of his +own, the general's three-cornered hat, and held it, pulling at the +plume, till the general asked him to restore it. All his +absent-mindedness and inability to enter a room and converse in it +was, however, redeemed by his kindly, simple, and modest expression. +Anna Pavlovna turned toward him and, with a Christian mildness that +expressed forgiveness of his indiscretion, nodded and said: "I hope to +see you again, but I also hope you will change your opinions, my +dear Monsieur Pierre." + +When she said this, he did not reply and only bowed, but again +everybody saw his smile, which said nothing, unless perhaps, "Opinions +are opinions, but you see what a capital, good-natured fellow I am." +And everyone, including Anna Pavlovna, felt this. + +Prince Andrew had gone out into the hall, and, turning his shoulders +to the footman who was helping him on with his cloak, listened +indifferently to his wife's chatter with Prince Hippolyte who had also +come into the hall. Prince Hippolyte stood close to the pretty, +pregnant princess, and stared fixedly at her through his eyeglass. + +"Go in, Annette, or you will catch cold," said the little +princess, taking leave of Anna Pavlovna. "It is settled," she added in +a low voice. + +Anna Pavlovna had already managed to speak to Lise about the match +she contemplated between Anatole and the little princess' +sister-in-law. + +"I rely on you, my dear," said Anna Pavlovna, also in a low tone. +"Write to her and let me know how her father looks at the matter. Au +revoir!"--and she left the hall. + +Prince Hippolyte approached the little princess and, bending his +face close to her, began to whisper something. + +Two footmen, the princess' and his own, stood holding a shawl and +a cloak, waiting for the conversation to finish. They listened to +the French sentences which to them were meaningless, with an air of +understanding but not wishing to appear to do so. The princess as +usual spoke smilingly and listened with a laugh. + +"I am very glad I did not go to the ambassador's," said Prince +Hippolyte "-so dull-. It has been a delightful evening, has it not? +Delightful!" + +"They say the ball will be very good," replied the princess, drawing +up her downy little lip. "All the pretty women in society will be +there." + +"Not all, for you will not be there; not all," said Prince Hippolyte +smiling joyfully; and snatching the shawl from the footman, whom he +even pushed aside, he began wrapping it round the princess. Either +from awkwardness or intentionally (no one could have said which) after +the shawl had been adjusted he kept his arm around her for a long +time, as though embracing her. + +Still smiling, she gracefully moved away, turning and glancing at +her husband. Prince Andrew's eyes were closed, so weary and sleepy did +he seem. + +"Are you ready?" he asked his wife, looking past her. + +Prince Hippolyte hurriedly put on his cloak, which in the latest +fashion reached to his very heels, and, stumbling in it, ran out +into the porch following the princess, whom a footman was helping into +the carriage. + +"Princesse, au revoir," cried he, stumbling with his tongue as +well as with his feet. + +The princess, picking up her dress, was taking her seat in the +dark carriage, her husband was adjusting his saber; Prince +Hippolyte, under pretense of helping, was in everyone's way. + +"Allow me, sir," said Prince Andrew in Russian in a cold, +disagreeable tone to Prince Hippolyte who was blocking his path. + +"I am expecting you, Pierre," said the same voice, but gently and +affectionately. + +The postilion started, the carriage wheels rattled. Prince Hippolyte +laughed spasmodically as he stood in the porch waiting for the vicomte +whom he had promised to take home. + +"Well, mon cher," said the vicomte, having seated himself beside +Hippolyte in the carriage, "your little princess is very nice, very +nice indeed, quite French," and he kissed the tips of his fingers. +Hippolyte burst out laughing. + +"Do you know, you are a terrible chap for all your innocent airs," +continued the vicomte. "I pity the poor husband, that little officer +who gives himself the airs of a monarch." + +Hippolyte spluttered again, and amid his laughter said, "And you +were saying that the Russian ladies are not equal to the French? One +has to know how to deal with them." + + +Pierre reaching the house first went into Prince Andrew's study like +one quite at home, and from habit immediately lay down on the sofa, +took from the shelf the first book that came to his hand (it was +Caesar's Commentaries), and resting on his elbow, began reading it +in the middle. + +"What have you done to Mlle Scherer? She will be quite ill now," +said Prince Andrew, as he entered the study, rubbing his small white +hands. + +Pierre turned his whole body, making the sofa creak. He lifted his +eager face to Prince Andrew, smiled, and waved his hand. + +"That abbe is very interesting but he does not see the thing in +the right light.... In my opinion perpetual peace is possible but--I +do not know how to express it... not by a balance of political +power...." + +It was evident that Prince Andrew was not interested in such +abstract conversation. + +"One can't everywhere say all one thinks, mon cher. Well, have you +at last decided on anything? Are you going to be a guardsman or a +diplomatist?" asked Prince Andrew after a momentary silence. + +Pierre sat up on the sofa, with his legs tucked under him. + +"Really, I don't yet know. I don't like either the one or the +other." + +"But you must decide on something! Your father expects it." + +Pierre at the age of ten had been sent abroad with an abbe as tutor, +and had remained away till he was twenty. When he returned to Moscow +his father dismissed the abbe and said to the young man, "Now go to +Petersburg, look round, and choose your profession. I will agree to +anything. Here is a letter to Prince Vasili, and here is money. +Write to me all about it, and I will help you in everything." Pierre +had already been choosing a career for three months, and had not +decided on anything. It was about this choice that Prince Andrew was +speaking. Pierre rubbed his forehead. + +"But he must be a Freemason," said he, referring to the abbe whom he +had met that evening. + +"That is all nonsense." Prince Andrew again interrupted him, "let us +talk business. Have you been to the Horse Guards?" + +"No, I have not; but this is what I have been thinking and wanted to +tell you. There is a war now against Napoleon. If it were a war for +freedom I could understand it and should be the first to enter the +army; but to help England and Austria against the greatest man in +the world is not right." + +Prince Andrew only shrugged his shoulders at Pierre's childish +words. He put on the air of one who finds it impossible to reply to +such nonsense, but it would in fact have been difficult to give any +other answer than the one Prince Andrew gave to this naive question. + +"If no one fought except on his own conviction, there would be no +wars," he said. + +"And that would be splendid," said Pierre. + +Prince Andrew smiled ironically. + +"Very likely it would be splendid, but it will never come about..." + +"Well, why are you going to the war?" asked Pierre. + +"What for? I don't know. I must. Besides that I am going..." He +paused. "I am going because the life I am leading here does not suit +me!" + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +The rustle of a woman's dress was heard in the next room. Prince +Andrew shook himself as if waking up, and his face assumed the look it +had had in Anna Pavlovna's drawing room. Pierre removed his feet +from the sofa. The princess came in. She had changed her gown for a +house dress as fresh and elegant as the other. Prince Andrew rose +and politely placed a chair for her. + +"How is it," she began, as usual in French, settling down briskly +and fussily in the easy chair, "how is it Annette never got married? +How stupid you men all are not to have married her! Excuse me for +saying so, but you have no sense about women. What an argumentative +fellow you are, Monsieur Pierre!" + +"And I am still arguing with your husband. I can't understand why he +wants to go to the war," replied Pierre, addressing the princess +with none of the embarrassment so commonly shown by young men in their +intercourse with young women. + +The princess started. Evidently Pierre's words touched her to the +quick. + +"Ah, that is just what I tell him!" said she. "I don't understand +it; I don't in the least understand why men can't live without wars. +How is it that we women don't want anything of the kind, don't need +it? Now you shall judge between us. I always tell him: Here he is +Uncle's aide-de-camp, a most brilliant position. He is so well +known, so much appreciated by everyone. The other day at the +Apraksins' I heard a lady asking, 'Is that the famous Prince +Andrew?' I did indeed." She laughed. "He is so well received +everywhere. He might easily become aide-de-camp to the Emperor. You +know the Emperor spoke to him most graciously. Annette and I were +speaking of how to arrange it. What do you think?" + +Pierre looked at his friend and, noticing that he did not like the +conversation, gave no reply. + +"When are you starting?" he asked. + +"Oh, don't speak of his going, don't! I won't hear it spoken of," +said the princess in the same petulantly playful tone in which she had +spoken to Hippolyte in the drawing room and which was so plainly +ill-suited to the family circle of which Pierre was almost a member. +"Today when I remembered that all these delightful associations must +be broken off... and then you know, Andre..." (she looked +significantly at her husband) "I'm afraid, I'm afraid!" she whispered, +and a shudder ran down her back. + +Her husband looked at her as if surprised to notice that someone +besides Pierre and himself was in the room, and addressed her in a +tone of frigid politeness. + +"What is it you are afraid of, Lise? I don't understand," said he. + +"There, what egotists men all are: all, all egotists! Just for a +whim of his own, goodness only knows why, he leaves me and locks me up +alone in the country." + +"With my father and sister, remember," said Prince Andrew gently. + +"Alone all the same, without my friends.... And he expects me not to +be afraid." + +Her tone was now querulous and her lip drawn up, giving her not a +joyful, but an animal, squirrel-like expression. She paused as if +she felt it indecorous to speak of her pregnancy before Pierre, though +the gist of the matter lay in that. + +"I still can't understand what you are afraid of," said Prince +Andrew slowly, not taking his eyes off his wife. + +The princess blushed, and raised her arms with a gesture of despair. + +"No, Andrew, I must say you have changed. Oh, how you have..." + +"Your doctor tells you to go to bed earlier," said Prince Andrew. +"You had better go." + +The princess said nothing, but suddenly her short downy lip +quivered. Prince Andrew rose, shrugged his shoulders, and walked about +the room. + +Pierre looked over his spectacles with naive surprise, now at him +and now at her, moved as if about to rise too, but changed his mind. + +"Why should I mind Monsieur Pierre being here?" exclaimed the little +princess suddenly, her pretty face all at once distorted by a +tearful grimace. "I have long wanted to ask you, Andrew, why you +have changed so to me? What have I done to you? You are going to the +war and have no pity for me. Why is it?" + +"Lise!" was all Prince Andrew said. But that one word expressed an +entreaty, a threat, and above all conviction that she would herself +regret her words. But she went on hurriedly: + +"You treat me like an invalid or a child. I see it all! Did you +behave like that six months ago?" + +"Lise, I beg you to desist," said Prince Andrew still more +emphatically. + +Pierre, who had been growing more and more agitated as he listened +to all this, rose and approached the princess. He seemed unable to +bear the sight of tears and was ready to cry himself. + +"Calm yourself, Princess! It seems so to you because... I assure you +I myself have experienced... and so... because... No, excuse me! An +outsider is out of place here... No, don't distress yourself... +Good-by!" + +Prince Andrew caught him by the hand. + +"No, wait, Pierre! The princess is too kind to wish to deprive me of +the pleasure of spending the evening with you." + +"No, he thinks only of himself," muttered the princess without +restraining her angry tears. + +"Lise!" said Prince Andrew dryly, raising his voice to the pitch +which indicates that patience is exhausted. + +Suddenly the angry, squirrel-like expression of the princess' pretty +face changed into a winning and piteous look of fear. Her beautiful +eyes glanced askance at her husband's face, and her own assumed the +timid, deprecating expression of a dog when it rapidly but feebly wags +its drooping tail. + +"Mon Dieu, mon Dieu!" she muttered, and lifting her dress with one +hand she went up to her husband and kissed him on the forehead. + +"Good night, Lise," said he, rising and courteously kissing her hand +as he would have done to a stranger. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +The friends were silent. Neither cared to begin talking. Pierre +continually glanced at Prince Andrew; Prince Andrew rubbed his +forehead with his small hand. + +"Let us go and have supper," he said with a sigh, going to the door. + +They entered the elegant, newly decorated, and luxurious dining +room. Everything from the table napkins to the silver, china, and +glass bore that imprint of newness found in the households of the +newly married. Halfway through supper Prince Andrew leaned his +elbows on the table and, with a look of nervous agitation such as +Pierre had never before seen on his face, began to talk--as one who +has long had something on his mind and suddenly determines to speak +out. + +"Never, never marry, my dear fellow! That's my advice: never marry +till you can say to yourself that you have done all you are capable +of, and until you have ceased to love the woman of your choice and +have seen her plainly as she is, or else you will make a cruel and +irrevocable mistake. Marry when you are old and good for nothing--or +all that is good and noble in you will be lost. It will all be +wasted on trifles. Yes! Yes! Yes! Don't look at me with such surprise. +If you marry expecting anything from yourself in the future, you +will feel at every step that for you all is ended, all is closed +except the drawing room, where you will be ranged side by side with +a court lackey and an idiot!... But what's the good?..." and he +waved his arm. + +Pierre took off his spectacles, which made his face seem different +and the good-natured expression still more apparent, and gazed at +his friend in amazement. + +"My wife," continued Prince Andrew, "is an excellent woman, one of +those rare women with whom a man's honor is safe; but, O God, what +would I not give now to be unmarried! You are the first and only one +to whom I mention this, because I like you." + +As he said this Prince Andrew was less than ever like that Bolkonski +who had lolled in Anna Pavlovna's easy chairs and with half-closed +eyes had uttered French phrases between his teeth. Every muscle of his +thin face was now quivering with nervous excitement; his eyes, in +which the fire of life had seemed extinguished, now flashed with +brilliant light. It was evident that the more lifeless he seemed at +ordinary times, the more impassioned he became in these moments of +almost morbid irritation. + +"You don't understand why I say this," he continued, "but it is +the whole story of life. You talk of Bonaparte and his career," said +he (though Pierre had not mentioned Bonaparte), "but Bonaparte when he +worked went step by step toward his goal. He was free, he had +nothing but his aim to consider, and he reached it. But tie yourself +up with a woman and, like a chained convict, you lose all freedom! And +all you have of hope and strength merely weighs you down and +torments you with regret. Drawing rooms, gossip, balls, vanity, and +triviality--these are the enchanted circle I cannot escape from. I +am now going to the war, the greatest war there ever was, and I know +nothing and am fit for nothing. I am very amiable and have a caustic +wit," continued Prince Andrew, "and at Anna Pavlovna's they listen +to me. And that stupid set without whom my wife cannot exist, and +those women... If you only knew what those society women are, and +women in general! My father is right. Selfish, vain, stupid, trivial +in everything--that's what women are when you see them in their true +colors! When you meet them in society it seems as if there were +something in them, but there's nothing, nothing, nothing! No, don't +marry, my dear fellow; don't marry!" concluded Prince Andrew. + +"It seems funny to me," said Pierre, "that you, you should +consider yourself incapable and your life a spoiled life. You have +everything before you, everything. And you..." + +He did not finish his sentence, but his tone showed how highly he +thought of his friend and how much he expected of him in the future. + +"How can he talk like that?" thought Pierre. He considered his +friend a model of perfection because Prince Andrew possessed in the +highest degree just the very qualities Pierre lacked, and which +might be best described as strength of will. Pierre was always +astonished at Prince Andrew's calm manner of treating everybody, his +extraordinary memory, his extensive reading (he had read everything, +knew everything, and had an opinion about everything), but above all +at his capacity for work and study. And if Pierre was often struck +by Andrew's lack of capacity for philosophical meditation (to which he +himself was particularly addicted), he regarded even this not as a +defect but as a sign of strength. + +Even in the best, most friendly and simplest relations of life, +praise and commendation are essential, just as grease is necessary +to wheels that they may run smoothly. + +"My part is played out," said Prince Andrew. "What's the use of +talking about me? Let us talk about you," he added after a silence, +smiling at his reassuring thoughts. + +That smile was immediately reflected on Pierre's face. + +"But what is there to say about me?" said Pierre, his face +relaxing into a careless, merry smile. "What am I? An illegitimate +son!" He suddenly blushed crimson, and it was plain that he had made a +great effort to say this. "Without a name and without means... And +it really..." But he did not say what "it really" was. "For the +present I am free and am all right. Only I haven't the least idea what +I am to do; I wanted to consult you seriously." + +Prince Andrew looked kindly at him, yet his glance--friendly and +affectionate as it was--expressed a sense of his own superiority. + +"I am fond of you, especially as you are the one live man among +our whole set. Yes, you're all right! Choose what you will; it's all +the same. You'll be all right anywhere. But look here: give up +visiting those Kuragins and leading that sort of life. It suits you so +badly--all this debauchery, dissipation, and the rest of it!" + +"What would you have, my dear fellow?" answered Pierre, shrugging +his shoulders. "Women, my dear fellow; women!" + +"I don't understand it," replied Prince Andrew. "Women who are comme +il faut, that's a different matter; but the Kuragins' set of women, +'women and wine' I don't understand!" + +Pierre was staying at Prince Vasili Kuragin's and sharing the +dissipated life of his son Anatole, the son whom they were planning to +reform by marrying him to Prince Andrew's sister. + +"Do you know?" said Pierre, as if suddenly struck by a happy +thought, "seriously, I have long been thinking of it.... Leading +such a life I can't decide or think properly about anything. One's +head aches, and one spends all one's money. He asked me for tonight, +but I won't go." + +"You give me your word of honor not to go?" + +"On my honor!" + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +It was past one o'clock when Pierre left his friend. It was a +cloudless, northern, summer night. Pierre took an open cab intending +to drive straight home. But the nearer he drew to the house the more +he felt the impossibility of going to sleep on such a night. It was +light enough to see a long way in the deserted street and it seemed +more like morning or evening than night. On the way Pierre +remembered that Anatole Kuragin was expecting the usual set for +cards that evening, after which there was generally a drinking bout, +finishing with visits of a kind Pierre was very fond of. + +"I should like to go to Kuragin's," thought he. + +But he immediately recalled his promise to Prince Andrew not to go +there. Then, as happens to people of weak character, he desired so +passionately once more to enjoy that dissipation he was so +accustomed to that he decided to go. The thought immediately +occurred to him that his promise to Prince Andrew was of no account, +because before he gave it he had already promised Prince Anatole to +come to his gathering; "besides," thought he, "all such 'words of +honor' are conventional things with no definite meaning, especially if +one considers that by tomorrow one may be dead, or something so +extraordinary may happen to one that honor and dishonor will be all +the same!" Pierre often indulged in reflections of this sort, +nullifying all his decisions and intentions. He went to Kuragin's. + +Reaching the large house near the Horse Guards' barracks, in which +Anatole lived, Pierre entered the lighted porch, ascended the +stairs, and went in at the open door. There was no one in the +anteroom; empty bottles, cloaks, and overshoes were lying about; there +was a smell of alcohol, and sounds of voices and shouting in the +distance. + +Cards and supper were over, but the visitors had not yet +dispersed. Pierre threw off his cloak and entered the first room, in +which were the remains of supper. A footman, thinking no one saw +him, was drinking on the sly what was left in the glasses. From the +third room came sounds of laughter, the shouting of familiar voices, +the growling of a bear, and general commotion. Some eight or nine +young men were crowding anxiously round an open window. Three others +were romping with a young bear, one pulling him by the chain and +trying to set him at the others. + +"I bet a hundred on Stevens!" shouted one. + +"Mind, no holding on!" cried another. + +"I bet on Dolokhov!" cried a third. "Kuragin, you part our hands." + +"There, leave Bruin alone; here's a bet on." + +"At one draught, or he loses!" shouted a fourth. + +"Jacob, bring a bottle!" shouted the host, a tall, handsome fellow +who stood in the midst of the group, without a coat, and with his fine +linen shirt unfastened in front. "Wait a bit, you fellows.... Here +is Petya! Good man!" cried he, addressing Pierre. + +Another voice, from a man of medium height with clear blue eyes, +particularly striking among all these drunken voices by its sober +ring, cried from the window: "Come here; part the bets!" This was +Dolokhov, an officer of the Semenov regiment, a notorious gambler +and duelist, who was living with Anatole. Pierre smiled, looking about +him merrily. + +"I don't understand. What's it all about?" + +"Wait a bit, he is not drunk yet! A bottle here," said Anatole, +taking a glass from the table he went up to Pierre. + +"First of all you must drink!" + +Pierre drank one glass after another, looking from under his brows +at the tipsy guests who were again crowding round the window, and +listening to their chatter. Anatole kept on refilling Pierre's glass +while explaining that Dolokhov was betting with Stevens, an English +naval officer, that he would drink a bottle of rum sitting on the +outer ledge of the third floor window with his legs hanging out. + +"Go on, you must drink it all," said Anatole, giving Pierre the last +glass, "or I won't let you go!" + +"No, I won't," said Pierre, pushing Anatole aside, and he went up to +the window. + +Dolokhov was holding the Englishman's hand and clearly and +distinctly repeating the terms of the bet, addressing himself +particularly to Anatole and Pierre. + +Dolokhov was of medium height, with curly hair and light-blue +eyes. He was about twenty-five. Like all infantry officers he wore +no mustache, so that his mouth, the most striking feature of his face, +was clearly seen. The lines of that mouth were remarkably finely +curved. The middle of the upper lip formed a sharp wedge and closed +firmly on the firm lower one, and something like two distinct smiles +played continually round the two corners of the mouth; this, +together with the resolute, insolent intelligence of his eyes, +produced an effect which made it impossible not to notice his face. +Dolokhov was a man of small means and no connections. Yet, though +Anatole spent tens of thousands of rubles, Dolokhov lived with him and +had placed himself on such a footing that all who knew them, including +Anatole himself, respected him more than they did Anatole. Dolokhov +could play all games and nearly always won. However much he drank, +he never lost his clearheadedness. Both Kuragin and Dolokhov were at +that time notorious among the rakes and scapegraces of Petersburg. + +The bottle of rum was brought. The window frame which prevented +anyone from sitting on the outer sill was being forced out by two +footmen, who were evidently flurried and intimidated by the directions +and shouts of the gentlemen around. + +Anatole with his swaggering air strode up to the window. He wanted +to smash something. Pushing away the footmen he tugged at the frame, +but could not move it. He smashed a pane. + +"You have a try, Hercules," said he, turning to Pierre. + +Pierre seized the crossbeam, tugged, and wrenched the oak frame +out with a crash. + +"Take it right out, or they'll think I'm holding on," said Dolokhov. + +"Is the Englishman bragging?... Eh? Is it all right?" said Anatole. + +"First-rate," said Pierre, looking at Dolokhov, who with a bottle of +rum in his hand was approaching the window, from which the light of +the sky, the dawn merging with the afterglow of sunset, was visible. + +Dolokhov, the bottle of rum still in his hand, jumped onto the +window sill. "Listen!" cried he, standing there and addressing those +in the room. All were silent. + +"I bet fifty imperials"--he spoke French that the Englishman might +understand him, but he did, not speak it very well--"I bet fifty +imperials... or do you wish to make it a hundred?" added he, +addressing the Englishman. + +"No, fifty," replied the latter. + +"All right. Fifty imperials... that I will drink a whole bottle of +rum without taking it from my mouth, sitting outside the window on +this spot" (he stooped and pointed to the sloping ledge outside the +window) "and without holding on to anything. Is that right?" + +"Quite right," said the Englishman. + +Anatole turned to the Englishman and taking him by one of the +buttons of his coat and looking down at him--the Englishman was short- +began repeating the terms of the wager to him in English. + +"Wait!" cried Dolokhov, hammering with the bottle on the window sill +to attract attention. "Wait a bit, Kuragin. Listen! If anyone else +does the same, I will pay him a hundred imperials. Do you understand?" + +The Englishman nodded, but gave no indication whether he intended to +accept this challenge or not. Anatole did not release him, and +though he kept nodding to show that he understood, Anatole went on +translating Dolokhov's words into English. A thin young lad, an hussar +of the Life Guards, who had been losing that evening, climbed on the +window sill, leaned over, and looked down. + +"Oh! Oh! Oh!" he muttered, looking down from the window at the +stones of the pavement. + +"Shut up!" cried Dolokhov, pushing him away from the window. The lad +jumped awkwardly back into the room, tripping over his spurs. + +Placing the bottle on the window sill where he could reach it +easily, Dolokhov climbed carefully and slowly through the window and +lowered his legs. Pressing against both sides of the window, he +adjusted himself on his seat, lowered his hands, moved a little to the +right and then to the left, and took up the bottle. Anatole brought +two candles and placed them on the window sill, though it was +already quite light. Dolokhov's back in his white shirt, and his curly +head, were lit up from both sides. Everyone crowded to the window, the +Englishman in front. Pierre stood smiling but silent. One man, older +than the others present, suddenly pushed forward with a scared and +angry look and wanted to seize hold of Dolokhov's shirt. + +"I say, this is folly! He'll be killed," said this more sensible +man. + +Anatole stopped him. + +"Don't touch him! You'll startle him and then he'll be killed. +Eh?... What then?... Eh?" + +Dolokhov turned round and, again holding on with both hands, +arranged himself on his seat. + +"If anyone comes meddling again," said he, emitting the words +separately through his thin compressed lips, "I will throw him down +there. Now then!" + +Saying this he again turned round, dropped his hands, took the +bottle and lifted it to his lips, threw back his head, and raised +his free hand to balance himself. One of the footmen who had stooped +to pick up some broken glass remained in that position without +taking his eyes from the window and from Dolokhov's back. Anatole +stood erect with staring eyes. The Englishman looked on sideways, +pursing up his lips. The man who had wished to stop the affair ran +to a corner of the room and threw himself on a sofa with his face to +the wall. Pierre hid his face, from which a faint smile forgot to fade +though his features now expressed horror and fear. All were still. +Pierre took his hands from his eyes. Dolokhov still sat in the same +position, only his head was thrown further back till his curly hair +touched his shirt collar, and the hand holding the bottle was lifted +higher and higher and trembled with the effort. The bottle was +emptying perceptibly and rising still higher and his head tilting +yet further back. "Why is it so long?" thought Pierre. It seemed to +him that more than half an hour had elapsed. Suddenly Dolokhov made +a backward movement with his spine, and his arm trembled nervously; +this was sufficient to cause his whole body to slip as he sat on the +sloping ledge. As he began slipping down, his head and arm wavered +still more with the strain. One hand moved as if to clutch the +window sill, but refrained from touching it. Pierre again covered +his eyes and thought he would never never them again. Suddenly he +was aware of a stir all around. He looked up: Dolokhov was standing on +the window sill, with a pale but radiant face. + +"It's empty." + +He threw the bottle to the Englishman, who caught it neatly. +Dolokhov jumped down. He smelt strongly of rum. + +"Well done!... Fine fellow!... There's a bet for you!... Devil +take you!" came from different sides. + +The Englishman took out his purse and began counting out the +money. Dolokhov stood frowning and did not speak. Pierre jumped upon +the window sill. + +"Gentlemen, who wishes to bet with me? I'll do the same thing!" he +suddenly cried. "Even without a bet, there! Tell them to bring me a +bottle. I'll do it.... Bring a bottle!" + +"Let him do it, let him do it," said Dolokhov, smiling. + +"What next? Have you gone mad?... No one would let you!... Why, +you go giddy even on a staircase," exclaimed several voices. + +"I'll drink it! Let's have a bottle of rum!" shouted Pierre, banging +the table with a determined and drunken gesture and preparing to climb +out of the window. + +They seized him by his arms; but he was so strong that everyone +who touched him was sent flying. + +"No, you'll never manage him that way," said Anatole. "Wait a bit +and I'll get round him.... Listen! I'll take your bet tomorrow, but +now we are all going to ----'s." + +"Come on then," cried Pierre. "Come on!... And we'll take Bruin with +us." + +And he caught the bear, took it in his arms, lifted it from the +ground, and began dancing round the room with it. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Prince Vasili kept the promise he had given to Princess +Drubetskaya who had spoken to him on behalf of her only son Boris on +the evening of Anna Pavlovna's soiree. The matter was mentioned to the +Emperor, an exception made, and Boris transferred into the regiment of +Semenov Guards with the rank of cornet. He received, however, no +appointment to Kutuzov's staff despite all Anna Mikhaylovna's +endeavors and entreaties. Soon after Anna Pavlovna's reception Anna +Mikhaylovna returned to Moscow and went straight to her rich +relations, the Rostovs, with whom she stayed when in the town and +where her darling Bory, who had only just entered a regiment +of the line and was being at once transferred to the Guards as a +cornet, had been educated from childhood and lived for years at a +time. The Guards had already left Petersburg on the tenth of August, +and her son, who had remained in Moscow for his equipment, was to join +them on the march to Radzivilov. + +It was St. Natalia's day and the name day of two of the Rostovs--the +mother and the youngest daughter--both named Nataly. Ever since the +morning, carriages with six horses had been coming and going +continually, bringing visitors to the Countess Rostova's big house +on the Povarskaya, so well known to all Moscow. The countess herself +and her handsome eldest daughter were in the drawing-room with the +visitors who came to congratulate, and who constantly succeeded one +another in relays. + +The countess was a woman of about forty-five, with a thin Oriental +type of face, evidently worn out with childbearing--she had had +twelve. A languor of motion and speech, resulting from weakness, +gave her a distinguished air which inspired respect. Princess Anna + +Mikhaylovna Drubetskaya, who as a member of the household was also +seated in the drawing room, helped to receive and entertain the +visitors. The young people were in one of the inner rooms, not +considering it necessary to take part in receiving the visitors. The +count met the guests and saw them off, inviting them all to dinner. + +"I am very, very grateful to you, mon cher," or "ma chere"--he +called everyone without exception and without the slightest +variation in his tone, "my dear," whether they were above or below him +in rank--"I thank you for myself and for our two dear ones whose +name day we are keeping. But mind you come to dinner or I shall be +offended, ma chere! On behalf of the whole family I beg you to come, +mon cher!" These words he repeated to everyone without exception or +variation, and with the same expression on his full, cheerful, +clean-shaven face, the same firm pressure of the hand and the same +quick, repeated bows. As soon as he had seen a visitor off he returned +to one of those who were still in the drawing room, drew a chair +toward him or her, and jauntily spreading out his legs and putting his +hands on his knees with the air of a man who enjoys life and knows how +to live, he swayed to and fro with dignity, offered surmises about the +weather, or touched on questions of health, sometimes in Russian and +sometimes in very bad but self-confident French; then again, like a +man weary but unflinching in the fulfillment of duty, he rose to see +some visitors off and, stroking his scanty gray hairs over his bald +patch, also asked them to dinner. Sometimes on his way back from the +anteroom he would pass through the conservatory and pantry into the +large marble dining hall, where tables were being set out for eighty +people; and looking at the footmen, who were bringing in silver and +china, moving tables, and unfolding damask table linen, he would +call Dmitri Vasilevich, a man of good family and the manager of all +his affairs, and while looking with pleasure at the enormous table +would say: "Well, Dmitri, you'll see that things are all as they +should be? That's right! The great thing is the serving, that's it." +And with a complacent sigh he would return to the drawing room. + +"Marya Lvovna Karagina and her daughter!" announced the countess' +gigantic footman in his bass voice, entering the drawing room. The +countess reflected a moment and took a pinch from a gold snuffbox with +her husband's portrait on it. + +"I'm quite worn out by these callers. However, I'll see her and no +more. She is so affected. Ask her in," she said to the footman in a +sad voice, as if saying: "Very well, finish me off." + +A tall, stout, and proud-looking woman, with a round-faced smiling +daughter, entered the drawing room, their dresses rustling. + +"Dear Countess, what an age... She has been laid up, poor child... +at the Razumovski's ball... and Countess Apraksina... I was so +delighted..." came the sounds of animated feminine voices, +interrupting one another and mingling with the rustling of dresses and +the scraping of chairs. Then one of those conversations began which +last out until, at the first pause, the guests rise with a rustle of +dresses and say, "I am so delighted... Mamma's health... and +Countess Apraksina..." and then, again rustling, pass into the +anteroom, put on cloaks or mantles, and drive away. The conversation +was on the chief topic of the day: the illness of the wealthy and +celebrated beau of Catherine's day, Count Bezukhov, and about his +illegitimate son Pierre, the one who had behaved so improperly at Anna +Pavlovna's reception. + +"I am so sorry for the poor count," said the visitor. "He is in such +bad health, and now this vexation about his son is enough to kill +him!" + +"What is that?" asked the countess as if she did not know what the +visitor alluded to, though she had already heard about the cause of +Count Bezukhov's distress some fifteen times. + +"That's what comes of a modern education," exclaimed the visitor. +"It seems that while he was abroad this young man was allowed to do as +he liked, now in Petersburg I hear he has been doing such terrible +things that he has been expelled by the police." + +"You don't say so!" replied the countess. + +"He chose his friends badly," interposed Anna Mikhaylovna. "Prince +Vasili's son, he, and a certain Dolokhov have, it is said, been up +to heaven only knows what! And they have had to suffer for it. +Dolokhov has been degraded to the ranks and Bezukhov's son sent back +to Moscow. Anatole Kuragin's father managed somehow to get his son's +affair hushed up, but even he was ordered out of Petersburg." + +"But what have they been up to?" asked the countess. + +"They are regular brigands, especially Dolokhov," replied the +visitor. "He is a son of Marya Ivanovna Dolokhova, such a worthy +woman, but there, just fancy! Those three got hold of a bear +somewhere, put it in a carriage, and set off with it to visit some +actresses! The police tried to interfere, and what did the young men +do? They tied a policeman and the bear back to back and put the bear +into the Moyka Canal. And there was the bear swimming about with the +policeman on his back!" + +"What a nice figure the policeman must have cut, my dear!" shouted +the count, dying with laughter. + +"Oh, how dreadful! How can you laugh at it, Count?" + +Yet the ladies themselves could not help laughing. + +"It was all they could do to rescue the poor man," continued the +visitor. "And to think it is Cyril Vladimirovich Bezukhov's son who +amuses himself in this sensible manner! And he was said to be so +well educated and clever. This is all that his foreign education has +done for him! I hope that here in Moscow no one will receive him, in +spite of his money. They wanted to introduce him to me, but I quite +declined: I have my daughters to consider." + +"Why do you say this young man is so rich?" asked the countess, +turning away from the girls, who at once assumed an air of +inattention. "His children are all illegitimate. I think Pierre also +is illegitimate." + +The visitor made a gesture with her hand. + +"I should think he has a score of them." + +Princess Anna Mikhaylovna intervened in the conversation, +evidently wishing to show her connections and knowledge of what went +on in society. + +"The fact of the matter is," said she significantly, and also in a +half whisper, "everyone knows Count Cyril's reputation.... He has lost +count of his children, but this Pierre was his favorite." + +"How handsome the old man still was only a year ago!" remarked the +countess. "I have never seen a handsomer man." + +"He is very much altered now," said Anna Mikhaylovna. "Well, as I +was saying, Prince Vasili is the next heir through his wife, but the +count is very fond of Pierre, looked after his education, and wrote to +the Emperor about him; so that in the case of his death--and he is +so ill that he may die at any moment, and Dr. Lorrain has come from +Petersburg--no one knows who will inherit his immense fortune, +Pierre or Prince Vasili. Forty thousand serfs and millions of +rubles! I know it all very well for Prince Vasili told me himself. +Besides, Cyril Vladimirovich is my mother's second cousin. He's also +my Bory's godfather," she added, as if she attached no importance at +all to the fact. + +"Prince Vasili arrived in Moscow yesterday. I hear he has come on +some inspection business," remarked the visitor. + +"Yes, but between ourselves," said the princess, "that is a +pretext. The fact is he has come to see Count Cyril Vladimirovich, +hearing how ill he is." + +"But do you know, my dear, that was a capital joke," said the count; +and seeing that the elder visitor was not listening, he turned to +the young ladies. "I can just imagine what a funny figure that +policeman cut!" + +And as he waved his arms to impersonate the policeman, his portly +form again shook with a deep ringing laugh, the laugh of one who +always eats well and, in particular, drinks well. "So do come and dine +with us!" he said. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Silence ensued. The countess looked at her callers, smiling affably, +but not concealing the fact that she would not be distressed if they +now rose and took their leave. The visitor's daughter was already +smoothing down her dress with an inquiring look at her mother, when +suddenly from the next room were heard the footsteps of boys and girls +running to the door and the noise of a chair falling over, and a +girl of thirteen, hiding something in the folds of her short muslin +frock, darted in and stopped short in the middle of the room. It was +evident that she had not intended her flight to bring her so far. +Behind her in the doorway appeared a student with a crimson coat +collar, an officer of the Guards, a girl of fifteen, and a plump +rosy-faced boy in a short jacket. + +The count jumped up and, swaying from side to side, spread his +arms wide and threw them round the little girl who had run in. + +"Ah, here she is!" he exclaimed laughing. "My pet, whose name day it +is. My dear pet!" + +"Ma chere, there is a time for everything," said the countess with +feigned severity. "You spoil her, Ilya," she added, turning to her +husband. + +"How do you do, my dear? I wish you many happy returns of your +name day," said the visitor. "What a charming child," she added, +addressing the mother. + +This black-eyed, wide-mouthed girl, not pretty but full of life- +with childish bare shoulders which after her run heaved and shook +her bodice, with black curls tossed backward, thin bare arms, little +legs in lace-frilled drawers, and feet in low slippers--was just at +that charming age when a girl is no longer a child, though the child +is not yet a young woman. Escaping from her father she ran to hide her +flushed face in the lace of her mother's mantilla--not paying the +least attention to her severe remark--and began to laugh. She laughed, +and in fragmentary sentences tried to explain about a doll which she +produced from the folds of her frock. + +"Do you see?... My doll... Mimi... You see..." was all Natasha +managed to utter (to her everything seemed funny). She leaned +against her mother and burst into such a loud, ringing fit of laughter +that even the prim visitor could not help joining in. + +"Now then, go away and take your monstrosity with you," said the +mother, pushing away her daughter with pretended sternness, and +turning to the visitor she added: "She is my youngest girl." + +Natasha, raising her face for a moment from her mother's mantilla, +glanced up at her through tears of laughter, and again hid her face. + +The visitor, compelled to look on at this family scene, thought it +necessary to take some part in it. + +"Tell me, my dear," said she to Natasha, "is Mimi a relation of +yours? A daughter, I suppose?" + +Natasha did not like the visitor's tone of condescension to childish +things. She did not reply, but looked at her seriously. + +Meanwhile the younger generation: Boris, the officer, Anna +Mikhaylovna's son; Nicholas, the undergraduate, the count's eldest +son; Sonya, the count's fifteen-year-old niece, and little Petya, +his youngest boy, had all settled down in the drawing room and were +obviously trying to restrain within the bounds of decorum the +excitement and mirth that shone in all their faces. Evidently in the +back rooms, from which they had dashed out so impetuously, the +conversation had been more amusing than the drawing-room talk of +society scandals, the weather, and Countess Apraksina. Now and then +they glanced at one another, hardly able to suppress their laughter. + +The two young men, the student and the officer, friends from +childhood, were of the same age and both handsome fellows, though +not alike. Boris was tall and fair, and his calm and handsome face had +regular, delicate features. Nicholas was short with curly hair and +an open expression. Dark hairs were already showing on his upper +lip, and his whole face expressed impetuosity and enthusiasm. Nicholas +blushed when he entered the drawing room. He evidently tried to find +something to say, but failed. Boris on the contrary at once found +his footing, and related quietly and humorously how he had know that +doll Mimi when she was still quite a young lady, before her nose was +broken; how she had aged during the five years he had known her, and +how her head had cracked right across the skull. Having said this he +glanced at Natasha. She turned away from him and glanced at her +younger brother, who was screwing up his eyes and shaking with +suppressed laughter, and unable to control herself any longer, she +jumped up and rushed from the room as fast as her nimble little feet +would carry her. Boris did not laugh. + +"You were meaning to go out, weren't you, Mamma? Do you want the +carriage?" he asked his mother with a smile. + +"Yes, yes, go and tell them to get it ready," she answered, +returning his smile. + +Boris quietly left the room and went in search of Natasha. The plump +boy ran after them angrily, as if vexed that their program had been +disturbed. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +The only young people remaining in the drawing room, not counting +the young lady visitor and the countess' eldest daughter (who was four +years older than her sister and behaved already like a grown-up +person), were Nicholas and Sonya, the niece. Sonya was a slender +little brunette with a tender look in her eyes which were veiled by +long lashes, thick black plaits coiling twice round her head, and a +tawny tint in her complexion and especially in the color of her +slender but graceful and muscular arms and neck. By the grace of her +movements, by the softness and flexibility of her small limbs, and +by a certain coyness and reserve of manner, she reminded one of a +pretty, half-grown kitten which promises to become a beautiful +little cat. She evidently considered it proper to show an interest +in the general conversation by smiling, but in spite of herself her +eyes under their thick long lashes watched her cousin who was going to +join the army, with such passionate girlish adoration that her smile +could not for a single instant impose upon anyone, and it was clear +that the kitten had settled down only to spring up with more energy +and again play with her cousin as soon as they too could, like Natasha +and Boris, escape from the drawing room. + +"Ah yes, my dear," said the count, addressing the visitor and +pointing to Nicholas, "his friend Boris has become an officer, and +so for friendship's sake he is leaving the university and me, his +old father, and entering the military service, my dear. And there +was a place and everything waiting for him in the Archives Department! +Isn't that friendship?" remarked the count in an inquiring tone. + +"But they say that war has been declared," replied the visitor. + +"They've been saying so a long while," said the count, "and +they'll say so again and again, and that will be the end of it. My +dear, there's friendship for you," he repeated. "He's joining the +hussars." + +The visitor, not knowing what to say, shook her head. + +"It's not at all from friendship," declared Nicholas, flaring up and +turning away as if from a shameful aspersion. "It is not from +friendship at all; I simply feel that the army is my vocation." + +He glanced at his cousin and the young lady visitor; and they were +both regarding him with a smile of approbation. + +"Schubert, the colonel of the Pavlograd Hussars, is dining with us +today. He has been here on leave and is taking Nicholas back with him. +It can't be helped!" said the count, shrugging his shoulders and +speaking playfully of a matter that evidently distressed him. + +"I have already told you, Papa," said his son, "that if you don't +wish to let me go, I'll stay. But I know I am no use anywhere except +in the army; I am not a diplomat or a government clerk.--I don't +know how to hide what I feel." As he spoke he kept glancing with the +flirtatiousness of a handsome youth at Sonya and the young lady +visitor. + +The little kitten, feasting her eyes on him, seemed ready at any +moment to start her gambols again and display her kittenish nature. + +"All right, all right!" said the old count. "He always flares up! +This Buonaparte has turned all their heads; they all think of how he +rose from an ensign and became Emperor. Well, well, God grant it," +he added, not noticing his visitor's sarcastic smile. + +The elders began talking about Bonaparte. Julie Karagina turned to +young Rostov. + +"What a pity you weren't at the Arkharovs' on Thursday. It was so +dull without you," said she, giving him a tender smile. + +The young man, flattered, sat down nearer to her with a coquettish +smile, and engaged the smiling Julie in a confidential conversation +without at all noticing that his involuntary smile had stabbed the +heart of Sonya, who blushed and smiled unnaturally. In the midst of +his talk he glanced round at her. She gave him a passionately angry +glance, and hardly able to restrain her tears and maintain the +artificial smile on her lips, she got up and left the room. All +Nicholas' animation vanished. He waited for the first pause in the +conversation, and then with a distressed face left the room to find +Sonya. + +"How plainly all these young people wear their hearts on their +sleeves!" said Anna Mikhaylovna, pointing to Nicholas as he went +out. "Cousinage--dangereux voisinage;"* she added. + + +*Cousinhood is a dangerous neighborhood. + + +"Yes," said the countess when the brightness these young people +had brought into the room had vanished; and as if answering a question +no one had put but which was always in her mind, "and how much +suffering, how much anxiety one has had to go through that we might +rejoice in them now! And yet really the anxiety is greater now than +the joy. One is always, always anxious! Especially just at this age, +so dangerous both for girls and boys." + +"It all depends on the bringing up," remarked the visitor. + +"Yes, you're quite right," continued the countess. "Till now I +have always, thank God, been my children's friend and had their full +confidence," said she, repeating the mistake of so many parents who +imagine that their children have no secrets from them. "I know I shall +always be my daughters' first confidante, and that if Nicholas, with +his impulsive nature, does get into mischief (a boy can't help it), he +will all the same never be like those Petersburg young men." + +"Yes, they are splendid, splendid youngsters," chimed in the +count, who always solved questions that seemed to him perplexing by +deciding that everything was splendid. "Just fancy: wants to be an +hussar. What's one to do, my dear?" + +"What a charming creature your younger girl is," said the visitor; +"a little volcano!" + +"Yes, a regular volcano," said the count. "Takes after me! And +what a voice she has; though she's my daughter, I tell the truth +when I say she'll be a singer, a second Salomoni! We have engaged an +Italian to give her lessons." + +"Isn't she too young? I have heard that it harms the voice to +train it at that age." + +"Oh no, not at all too young!" replied the count. "Why, our +mothers used to be married at twelve or thirteen." + +"And she's in love with Boris already. Just fancy!" said the +countess with a gentle smile, looking at Boris' and went on, evidently +concerned with a thought that always occupied her: "Now you see if I +were to be severe with her and to forbid it... goodness knows what +they might be up to on the sly" (she meant that they would be +kissing), "but as it is, I know every word she utters. She will come +running to me of her own accord in the evening and tell me everything. +Perhaps I spoil her, but really that seems the best plan. With her +elder sister I was stricter." + +"Yes, I was brought up quite differently," remarked the handsome +elder daughter, Countess Vera, with a smile. + +But the smile did not enhance Vera's beauty as smiles generally +do; on the contrary it gave her an unnatural, and therefore +unpleasant, expression. Vera was good-looking, not at all stupid, +quick at learning, was well brought up, and had a pleasant voice; what +she said was true and appropriate, yet, strange to say, everyone- +the visitors and countess alike--turned to look at her as if wondering +why she had said it, and they all felt awkward. + +"People are always too clever with their eldest children and try +to make something exceptional of them," said the visitor. + +"What's the good of denying it, my dear? Our dear countess was too +clever with Vera," said the count. "Well, what of that? She's turned +out splendidly all the same," he added, winking at Vera. + +The guests got up and took their leave, promising to return to +dinner. + +"What manners! I thought they would never go," said the countess, +when she had seen her guests out. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +When Natasha ran out of the drawing room she only went as far as the +conservatory. There she paused and stood listening to the conversation +in the drawing room, waiting for Boris to come out. She was already +growing impatient, and stamped her foot, ready to cry at his not +coming at once, when she heard the young man's discreet steps +approaching neither quickly nor slowly. At this Natasha dashed swiftly +among the flower tubs and hid there. + +Boris paused in the middle of the room, looked round, brushed a +little dust from the sleeve of his uniform, and going up to a mirror +examined his handsome face. Natasha, very still, peered out from her +ambush, waiting to see what he would do. He stood a little while +before the glass, smiled, and walked toward the other door. Natasha +was about to call him but changed her mind. "Let him look for me," +thought she. Hardly had Boris gone than Sonya, flushed, in tears, +and muttering angrily, came in at the other door. Natasha checked +her first impulse to run out to her, and remained in her hiding place, +watching--as under an invisible cap--to see what went on in the world. +She was experiencing a new and peculiar pleasure. Sonya, muttering +to herself, kept looking round toward the drawing-room door. It opened +and Nicholas came in. + +"Sonya, what is the matter with you? How can you?" said he, +running up to her. + +"It's nothing, nothing; leave me alone!" sobbed Sonya. + +"Ah, I know what it is." + +"Well, if you do, so much the better, and you can go back to her!" + +"So-o-onya! Look here! How can you torture me and yourself like +that, for a mere fancy?" said Nicholas taking her hand. + +Sonya did not pull it away, and left off crying. Natasha, not +stirring and scarcely breathing, watched from her ambush with +sparkling eyes. "What will happen now?" thought she. + +"Sonya! What is anyone in the world to me? You alone are +everything!" said Nicholas. "And I will prove it to you." + +"I don't like you to talk like that." + +"Well, then, I won't; only forgive me, Sonya!" He drew her to him +and kissed her. + +"Oh, how nice," thought Natasha; and when Sonya and Nicholas had +gone out of the conservatory she followed and called Boris to her. + +"Boris, come here," said she with a sly and significant look. "I +have something to tell you. Here, here!" and she led him into the +conservatory to the place among the tubs where she had been hiding. + +Boris followed her, smiling. + +"What is the something?" asked he. + +She grew confused, glanced round, and, seeing the doll she had +thrown down on one of the tubs, picked it up. + +"Kiss the doll," said she. + +Boris looked attentively and kindly at her eager face, but did not +reply. + +"Don't you want to? Well, then, come here," said she, and went +further in among the plants and threw down the doll. "Closer, closer!" +she whispered. + +She caught the young officer by his cuffs, and a look of solemnity +and fear appeared on her flushed face. + +"And me? Would you like to kiss me?" she whispered almost inaudibly, +glancing up at him from under her brows, smiling, and almost crying +from excitement. + +Boris blushed. + +"How funny you are!" he said, bending down to her and blushing still +more, but he waited and did nothing. + +Suddenly she jumped up onto a tub to be higher than he, embraced him +so that both her slender bare arms clasped him above his neck, and, +tossing back her hair, kissed him full on the lips. + +Then she slipped down among the flowerpots on the other side of +the tubs and stood, hanging her head. + +"Natasha," he said, "you know that I love you, but..." + +"You are in love with me?" Natasha broke in. + +"Yes, I am, but please don't let us do like that.... In another four +years... then I will ask for your hand." + +Natasha considered. + +"Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen," she counted on her slender +little fingers. "All right! Then it's settled?" + +A smile of joy and satisfaction lit up her eager face. + +"Settled!" replied Boris. + +"Forever?" said the little girl. "Till death itself?" + +She took his arm and with a happy face went with him into the +adjoining sitting room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +After receiving her visitors, the countess was so tired that she +gave orders to admit no more, but the porter was told to be sure to +invite to dinner all who came "to congratulate." The countess wished +to have a tete-a-tete talk with the friend of her childhood, +Princess Anna Mikhaylovna, whom she had not seen properly since she +returned from Petersburg. Anna Mikhaylovna, with her tear-worn but +pleasant face, drew her chair nearer to that of the countess. + +"With you I will be quite frank," said Anna Mikhaylovna. "There +are not many left of us old friends! That's why I so value your +friendship." + +Anna Mikhaylovna looked at Vera and paused. The countess pressed her +friend's hand. + +"Vera," she said to her eldest daughter who was evidently not a +favorite, "how is it you have so little tact? Don't you see you are +not wanted here? Go to the other girls, or..." + +The handsome Vera smiled contemptuously but did not seem at all +hurt. + +"If you had told me sooner, Mamma, I would have gone," she replied +as she rose to go to her own room. + +But as she passed the sitting room she noticed two couples +sitting, one pair at each window. She stopped and smiled scornfully. +Sonya was sitting close to Nicholas who was copying out some verses +for her, the first he had ever written. Boris and Natasha were at +the other window and ceased talking when Vera entered. Sonya and +Natasha looked at Vera with guilty, happy faces. + +It was pleasant and touching to see these little girls in love; +but apparently the sight of them roused no pleasant feeling in Vera. + +"How often have I asked you not to take my things?" she said. "You +have a room of your own," and she took the inkstand from Nicholas. + +"In a minute, in a minute," he said, dipping his pen. + +"You always manage to do things at the wrong time," continued +Vera. "You came rushing into the drawing room so that everyone felt +ashamed of you." + +Though what she said was quite just, perhaps for that very reason no +one replied, and the four simply looked at one another. She lingered +in the room with the inkstand in her hand. + +"And at your age what secrets can there be between Natasha and +Boris, or between you two? It's all nonsense!" + +"Now, Vera, what does it matter to you?" said Natasha in defense, +speaking very gently. + +She seemed that day to be more than ever kind and affectionate to +everyone. + +"Very silly," said Vera. "I am ashamed of you. Secrets indeed!" + +"All have secrets of their own," answered Natasha, getting warmer. +"We don't interfere with you and Berg." + +"I should think not," said Vera, "because there can never be +anything wrong in my behavior. But I'll just tell Mamma how you are +behaving with Boris." + +"Natalya Ilynichna behaves very well to me," remarked Boris. "I have +nothing to complain of." + +"Don't, Boris! You are such a diplomat that it is really +tiresome," said Natasha in a mortified voice that trembled slightly. +(She used the word "diplomat," which was just then much in vogue among +the children, in the special sense they attached to it.) "Why does she +bother me?" And she added, turning to Vera, "You'll never understand +it, because you've never loved anyone. You have no heart! You are a +Madame de Genlis and nothing more" (this nickname, bestowed on Vera by +Nicholas, was considered very stinging), "and your greatest pleasure +is to be unpleasant to people! Go and flirt with Berg as much as you +please," she finished quickly. + +"I shall at any rate not run after a young man before visitors..." + +"Well, now you've done what you wanted," put in Nicholas--"said +unpleasant things to everyone and upset them. Let's go to the +nursery." + +All four, like a flock of scared birds, got up and left the room. + +"The unpleasant things were said to me," remarked Vera, "I said none +to anyone." + +"Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis!" shouted laughing voices +through the door. + +The handsome Vera, who produced such an irritating and unpleasant +effect on everyone, smiled and, evidently unmoved by what had been +said to her, went to the looking glass and arranged her hair and +scarf. Looking at her own handsome face she seemed to become still +colder and calmer. + + +In the drawing room the conversation was still going on. + +"Ah, my dear," said the countess, "my life is not all roses +either. Don't I know that at the rate we are living our means won't +last long? It's all the Club and his easygoing nature. Even in the +country do we get any rest? Theatricals, hunting, and heaven knows +what besides! But don't let's talk about me; tell me how you managed +everything. I often wonder at you, Annette--how at your age you can +rush off alone in a carriage to Moscow, to Petersburg, to those +ministers and great people, and know how to deal with them all! It's +quite astonishing. How did you get things settled? I couldn't possibly +do it." + +"Ah, my love," answered Anna Mikhaylovna, "God grant you never +know what it is to be left a widow without means and with a son you +love to distraction! One learns many things then," she added with a +certain pride. "That lawsuit taught me much. When I want to see one of +those big people I write a note: 'Princess So-and-So desires an +interview with So and-So,' and then I take a cab and go myself two, +three, or four times--till I get what I want. I don't mind what they +think of me." + +"Well, and to whom did you apply about Bory?" asked the countess. +"You see yours is already an officer in the Guards, while my +Nicholas is going as a cadet. There's no one to interest himself for +him. To whom did you apply?" + +"To Prince Vasili. He was so kind. He at once agreed to +everything, and put the matter before the Emperor," said Princess Anna +Mikhaylovna enthusiastically, quite forgetting all the humiliation she +had endured to gain her end. + +"Has Prince Vasili aged much?" asked the countess. "I have not +seen him since we acted together at the Rumyantsovs' theatricals. I +expect he has forgotten me. He paid me attentions in those days," said +the countess, with a smile. + +"He is just the same as ever," replied Anna Mikhaylovna, +"overflowing with amiability. His position has not turned his head +at all. He said to me, 'I am sorry I can do so little for you, dear +Princess. I am at your command.' Yes, he is a fine fellow and a very +kind relation. But, Nataly, you know my love for my son: I would do +anything for his happiness! And my affairs are in such a bad way +that my position is now a terrible one," continued Anna Mikhaylovna, +sadly, dropping her voice. "My wretched lawsuit takes all I have and +makes no progress. Would you believe it, I have literally not a +penny and don't know how to equip Boris." She took out her +handkerchief and began to cry. "I need five hundred rubles, and have +only one twenty-five-ruble note. I am in such a state.... My only hope +now is in Count Cyril Vladimirovich Bezukhov. If he will not assist +his godson--you know he is Bory's godfather--and allow him something +for his maintenance, all my trouble will have been thrown away.... I +shall not be able to equip him." + +The countess' eyes filled with tears and she pondered in silence. + +"I often think, though, perhaps it's a sin," said the princess, +"that here lives Count Cyril Vladimirovich Bezukhov so rich, all +alone... that tremendous fortune... and what is his life worth? It's a +burden to him, and Bory's life is only just beginning...." + +"Surely he will leave something to Boris," said the countess. + +"Heaven only knows, my dear! These rich grandees are so selfish. +Still, I will take Boris and go to see him at once, and I shall +speak to him straight out. Let people think what they will of me, it's +really all the same to me when my son's fate is at stake." The +princess rose. "It's now two o'clock and you dine at four. There +will just be time." + +And like a practical Petersburg lady who knows how to make the +most of time, Anna Mikhaylovna sent someone to call her son, and +went into the anteroom with him. + +"Good-by, my dear," said she to the countess who saw her to the +door, and added in a whisper so that her son should not hear, "Wish me +good luck." + +"Are you going to Count Cyril Vladimirovich, my dear?" said the +count coming out from the dining hall into the anteroom, and he added: +"If he is better, ask Pierre to dine with us. He has been to the +house, you know, and danced with the children. Be sure to invite +him, my dear. We will see how Taras distinguishes himself today. He +says Count Orlov never gave such a dinner as ours will be!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +"My dear Boris," said Princess Anna Mikhaylovna to her son as +Countess Rostova's carriage in which they were seated drove over the +straw covered street and turned into the wide courtyard of Count Cyril +Vladimirovich Bezukhov's house. "My dear Boris," said the mother, +drawing her hand from beneath her old mantle and laying it timidly and +tenderly on her son's arm, "be affectionate and attentive to him. +Count Cyril Vladimirovich is your godfather after all, your future +depends on him. Remember that, my dear, and be nice to him, as you +so well know how to be." + +"If only I knew that anything besides humiliation would come of +it..." answered her son coldly. "But I have promised and will do it +for your sake." + +Although the hall porter saw someone's carriage standing at the +entrance, after scrutinizing the mother and son (who without asking to +be announced had passed straight through the glass porch between the +rows of statues in niches) and looking significantly at the lady's old +cloak, he asked whether they wanted the count or the princesses, +and, hearing that they wished to see the count, said his excellency +was worse today, and that his excellency was not receiving anyone. + +"We may as well go back," said the son in French. + +"My dear!" exclaimed his mother imploringly, again laying her hand +on his arm as if that touch might soothe or rouse him. + +Boris said no more, but looked inquiringly at his mother without +taking off his cloak. + +"My friend," said Anna Mikhaylovna in gentle tones, addressing the +hall porter, "I know Count Cyril Vladimirovich is very ill... that's +why I have come... I am a relation. I shall not disturb him, my +friend... I only need see Prince Vasili Sergeevich: he is staying +here, is he not? Please announce me." + +The hall porter sullenly pulled a bell that rang upstairs, and +turned away. + +"Princess Drubetskaya to see Prince Vasili Sergeevich," he called to +a footman dressed in knee breeches, shoes, and a swallow-tail coat, +who ran downstairs and looked over from the halfway landing. + +The mother smoothed the folds of her dyed silk dress before a +large Venetian mirror in the wall, and in her trodden-down shoes +briskly ascended the carpeted stairs. + +"My dear," she said to her son, once more stimulating him by a +touch, "you promised me!" + +The son, lowering his eyes, followed her quietly. + +They entered the large hall, from which one of the doors led to +the apartments assigned to Prince Vasili. + +Just as the mother and son, having reached the middle of the hall, +were about to ask their way of an elderly footman who had sprung up as +they entered, the bronze handle of one of the doors turned and +Prince Vasili came out--wearing a velvet coat with a single star on +his breast, as was his custom when at home--taking leave of a +good-looking, dark-haired man. This was the celebrated Petersburg +doctor, Lorrain. + +"Then it is certain?" said the prince. + +"Prince, humanum est errare,* but..." replied the doctor, swallowing +his r's, and pronouncing the Latin words with a French accent. + + +*To err is human. + + +"Very well, very well..." + +Seeing Anna Mikhaylovna and her son, Prince Vasili dismissed the +doctor with a bow and approached them silently and with a look of +inquiry. The son noticed that an expression of profound sorrow +suddenly clouded his mother's face, and he smiled slightly. + +"Ah, Prince! In what sad circumstances we meet again! And how is our +dear invalid?" said she, as though unaware of the cold offensive +look fixed on her. + +Prince Vasili stared at her and at Boris questioningly and +perplexed. Boris bowed politely. Prince Vasili without acknowledging +the bow turned to Anna Mikhaylovna, answering her query by a +movement of the head and lips indicating very little hope for the +patient. + +"Is it possible?" exclaimed Anna Mikhaylovna. "Oh, how awful! It +is terrible to think.... This is my son," she added, indicating Boris. +"He wanted to thank you himself." + +Boris bowed again politely. + +"Believe me, Prince, a mother's heart will never forget what you +have done for us." + +"I am glad I was able to do you a service, my dear Anna +Mikhaylovna," said Prince Vasili, arranging his lace frill, and in +tone and manner, here in Moscow to Anna Mikhaylovna whom he had placed +under an obligation, assuming an air of much greater importance than +he had done in Petersburg at Anna Scherer's reception. + +"Try to serve well and show yourself worthy," added he, addressing +Boris with severity. "I am glad.... Are you here on leave?" he went on +in his usual tone of indifference. + +"I am awaiting orders to join my new regiment, your excellency," +replied Boris, betraying neither annoyance at the prince's brusque +manner nor a desire to enter into conversation, but speaking so +quietly and respectfully that the prince gave him a searching glance. + +"Are you living with your mother?" + +"I am living at Countess Rostova's," replied Boris, again adding, +"your excellency." + +"That is, with Ilya Rostov who married Nataly Shinshina," said +Anna Mikhaylovna. + +"I know, I know," answered Prince Vasili in his monotonous voice. "I +never could understand how Nataly made up her mind to marry that +unlicked bear! A perfectly absurd and stupid fellow, and a gambler +too, I am told." + +"But a very kind man, Prince," said Anna Mikhaylovna with a pathetic +smile, as though she too knew that Count Rostov deserved this censure, +but asked him not to be too hard on the poor old man. "What do the +doctors say?" asked the princess after a pause, her worn face again +expressing deep sorrow. + +"They give little hope," replied the prince. + +"And I should so like to thank Uncle once for all his kindness to me +and Boris. He is his godson," she added, her tone suggesting that this +fact ought to give Prince Vasili much satisfaction. + +Prince Vasili became thoughtful and frowned. Anna Mikhaylovna saw +that he was afraid of finding in her a rival for Count Bezukhov's +fortune, and hastened to reassure him. + +"If it were not for my sincere affection and devotion to Uncle," +said she, uttering the word with peculiar assurance and unconcern, +"I know his character: noble, upright... but you see he has no one +with him except the young princesses.... They are still young...." She +bent her head and continued in a whisper: "Has he performed his +final duty, Prince? How priceless are those last moments! It can +make things no worse, and it is absolutely necessary to prepare him if +he is so ill. We women, Prince," and she smiled tenderly, "always know +how to say these things. I absolutely must see him, however painful it +may be for me. I am used to suffering." + +Evidently the prince understood her, and also understood, as he +had done at Anna Pavlovna's, that it would be difficult to get rid +of Anna Mikhaylovna. + +"Would not such a meeting be too trying for him, dear Anna +Mikhaylovna?" said he. "Let us wait until evening. The doctors are +expecting a crisis." + +"But one cannot delay, Prince, at such a moment! Consider that the +welfare of his soul is at stake. Ah, it is awful: the duties of a +Christian..." + +A door of one of the inner rooms opened and one of the princesses, +the count's niece, entered with a cold, stern face. The length of +her body was strikingly out of proportion to her short legs. Prince +Vasili turned to her. + +"Well, how is he?" + +"Still the same; but what can you expect, this noise..." said the +princess, looking at Anna Mikhaylovna as at a stranger. + +"Ah, my dear, I hardly knew you," said Anna Mikhaylovna with a happy +smile, ambling lightly up to the count's niece. "I have come, and am +at your service to help you nurse my uncle. I imagine what you have +gone through," and she sympathetically turned up her eyes. + +The princess gave no reply and did not even smile, but left the room +as Anna Mikhaylovna took off her gloves and, occupying the position +she had conquered, settled down in an armchair, inviting Prince Vasili +to take a seat beside her. + +"Boris," she said to her son with a smile, "I shall go in to see the +count, my uncle; but you, my dear, had better go to Pierre meanwhile +and don't forget to give him the Rostovs' invitation. They ask him +to dinner. I suppose he won't go?" she continued, turning to the +prince. + +"On the contrary," replied the prince, who had plainly become +depressed, "I shall be only too glad if you relieve me of that young +man.... Here he is, and the count has not once asked for him." + +He shrugged his shoulders. A footman conducted Boris down one flight +of stairs and up another, to Pierre's rooms. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Pierre, after all, had not managed to choose a career for himself in +Petersburg, and had been expelled from there for riotous conduct and +sent to Moscow. The story told about him at Count Rostov's was true. +Pierre had taken part in tying a policeman to a bear. He had now +been for some days in Moscow and was staying as usual at his +father's house. Though he expected that the story of his escapade +would be already known in Moscow and that the ladies about his father- +who were never favorably disposed toward him--would have used it to +turn the count against him, he nevertheless on the day of his +arrival went to his father's part of the house. Entering the drawing +room, where the princesses spent most of their time, he greeted the +ladies, two of whom were sitting at embroidery frames while a third +read aloud. It was the eldest who was reading--the one who had met +Anna Mikhaylovna. The two younger ones were embroidering: both were +rosy and pretty and they differed only in that one had a little mole +on her lip which made her much prettier. Pierre was received as if +he were a corpse or a leper. The eldest princess paused in her reading +and silently stared at him with frightened eyes; the second assumed +precisely the same expression; while the youngest, the one with the +mole, who was of a cheerful and lively disposition, bent over her +frame to hide a smile probably evoked by the amusing scene she +foresaw. She drew her wool down through the canvas and, scarcely +able to refrain from laughing, stooped as if trying to make out the +pattern. + +"How do you do, cousin?" said Pierre. "You don't recognize me?" + +"I recognize you only too well, too well." + +"How is the count? Can I see him?" asked Pierre, awkwardly as usual, +but unabashed. + +"The count is suffering physically and mentally, and apparently +you have done your best to increase his mental sufferings." + +"Can I see the count?" Pierre again asked. + +"Hm.... If you wish to kill him, to kill him outright, you can see +him... Olga, go and see whether Uncle's beef tea is ready--it is +almost time," she added, giving Pierre to understand that they were +busy, and busy making his father comfortable, while evidently he, +Pierre, was only busy causing him annoyance. + +Olga went out. Pierre stood looking at the sisters; then he bowed +and said: "Then I will go to my rooms. You will let me know when I can +see him." + +And he left the room, followed by the low but ringing laughter of +the sister with the mole. + +Next day Prince Vasili had arrived and settled in the count's house. +He sent for Pierre and said to him: "My dear fellow, if you are +going to behave here as you did in Petersburg, you will end very +badly; that is all I have to say to you. The count is very, very +ill, and you must not see him at all." + +Since then Pierre had not been disturbed and had spent the whole +time in his rooms upstairs. + +When Boris appeared at his door Pierre was pacing up and down his +room, stopping occasionally at a corner to make menacing gestures at +the wall, as if running a sword through an invisible foe, and +glaring savagely over his spectacles, and then again resuming his +walk, muttering indistinct words, shrugging his shoulders and +gesticulating. + +"England is done for," said he, scowling and pointing his finger +at someone unseen. "Mr. Pitt, as a traitor to the nation and to the +rights of man, is sentenced to..." But before Pierre--who at that +moment imagined himself to be Napoleon in person and to have just +effected the dangerous crossing of the Straits of Dover and captured +London--could pronounce Pitt's sentence, he saw a well-built and +handsome young officer entering his room. Pierre paused. He had left +Moscow when Boris was a boy of fourteen, and had quite forgotten +him, but in his usual impulsive and hearty way he took Boris by the +hand with a friendly smile. + +"Do you remember me?" asked Boris quietly with a pleasant smile. +"I have come with my mother to see the count, but it seems he is not +well." + +"Yes, it seems he is ill. People are always disturbing him," +answered Pierre, trying to remember who this young man was. + +Boris felt that Pierre did not recognize him but did not consider it +necessary to introduce himself, and without experiencing the least +embarrassment looked Pierre straight in the face. + +"Count Rostov asks you to come to dinner today," said he, after a +considerable pause which made Pierre feel uncomfortable. + +"Ah, Count Rostov!" exclaimed Pierre joyfully. "Then you are his +son, Ilya? Only fancy, I didn't know you at first. Do you remember how +we went to the Sparrow Hills with Madame Jacquot?... It's such an +age..." + +"You are mistaken," said Boris deliberately, with a bold and +slightly sarcastic smile. "I am Boris, son of Princess Anna +Mikhaylovna Drubetskaya. Rostov, the father, is Ilya, and his son is +Nicholas. I never knew any Madame Jacquot." + +Pierre shook his head and arms as if attacked by mosquitoes or bees. + +"Oh dear, what am I thinking about? I've mixed everything up. One +has so many relatives in Moscow! So you are Boris? Of course. Well, +now we know where we are. And what do you think of the Boulogne +expedition? The English will come off badly, you know, if Napoleon +gets across the Channel. I think the expedition is quite feasible. +If only Villeneuve doesn't make a mess of things!" + +Boris knew nothing about the Boulogne expedition; he did not read +the papers and it was the first time he had heard Villeneuve's name. + +"We here in Moscow are more occupied with dinner parties and scandal +than with politics," said he in his quiet ironical tone. "I know +nothing about it and have not thought about it. Moscow is chiefly busy +with gossip," he continued. "Just now they are talking about you and +your father." + +Pierre smiled in his good-natured way as if afraid for his +companion's sake that the latter might say something he would +afterwards regret. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly, and dryly, +looking straight into Pierre's eyes. + +"Moscow has nothing else to do but gossip," Boris went on. +"Everybody is wondering to whom the count will leave his fortune, +though he may perhaps outlive us all, as I sincerely hope he will..." + +"Yes, it is all very horrid," interrupted Pierre, "very horrid." + +Pierre was still afraid that this officer might inadvertently say +something disconcerting to himself. + +"And it must seem to you," said Boris flushing slightly, but not +changing his tone or attitude, "it must seem to you that everyone is +trying to get something out of the rich man?" + +"So it does," thought Pierre. + +"But I just wish to say, to avoid misunderstandings, that you are +quite mistaken if you reckon me or my mother among such people. We are +very poor, but for my own part at any rate, for the very reason that +your father is rich, I don't regard myself as a relation of his, and +neither I nor my mother would ever ask or take anything from him." + +For a long time Pierre could not understand, but when he did, he +jumped up from the sofa, seized Boris under the elbow in his quick, +clumsy way, and, blushing far more than Boris, began to speak with a +feeling of mingled shame and vexation. + +"Well, this is strange! Do you suppose I... who could think?... I +know very well..." + +But Boris again interrupted him. + +"I am glad I have spoken out fully. Perhaps you did not like it? You +must excuse me," said he, putting Pierre at ease instead of being +put at ease by him, "but I hope I have not offended you. I always make +it a rule to speak out... Well, what answer am I to take? Will you +come to dinner at the Rostovs'?" + +And Boris, having apparently relieved himself of an onerous duty and +extricated himself from an awkward situation and placed another in it, +became quite pleasant again. + +"No, but I say," said Pierre, calming down, "you are a wonderful +fellow! What you have just said is good, very good. Of course you +don't know me. We have not met for such a long time... not since we +were children. You might think that I... I understand, quite +understand. I could not have done it myself, I should not have had the +courage, but it's splendid. I am very glad to have made your +acquaintance. It's queer," he added after a pause, "that you should +have suspected me!" He began to laugh. "Well, what of it! I hope we'll +get better acquainted," and he pressed Boris' hand. "Do you know, I +have not once been in to see the count. He has not sent for me.... I +am sorry for him as a man, but what can one do?" + +"And so you think Napoleon will manage to get an army across?" asked +Boris with a smile. + +Pierre saw that Boris wished to change the subject, and being of the +same mind he began explaining the advantages and disadvantages of +the Boulogne expedition. + +A footman came in to summon Boris--the princess was going. Pierre, +in order to make Boris' better acquaintance, promised to come to +dinner, and warmly pressing his hand looked affectionately over his +spectacles into Boris' eyes. After he had gone Pierre continued pacing +up and down the room for a long time, no longer piercing an +imaginary foe with his imaginary sword, but smiling at the remembrance +of that pleasant, intelligent, and resolute young man. + +As often happens in early youth, especially to one who leads a +lonely life, he felt an unaccountable tenderness for this young man +and made up his mind that they would be friends. + +Prince Vasili saw the princess off. She held a handkerchief to her +eyes and her face was tearful. + +"It is dreadful, dreadful!" she was saying, "but cost me what it may +I shall do my duty. I will come and spend the night. He must not be +left like this. Every moment is precious. I can't think why his nieces +put it off. Perhaps God will help me to find a way to prepare +him!... Adieu, Prince! May God support you..." + +"Adieu, ma bonne," answered Prince Vasili turning away from her. + +"Oh, he is in a dreadful state," said the mother to her son when +they were in the carriage. "He hardly recognizes anybody." + +"I don't understand, Mamma--what is his attitude to Pierre?" asked +the son. + +"The will will show that, my dear; our fate also depends on it." + +"But why do you expect that he will leave us anything?" + +"Ah, my dear! He is so rich, and we are so poor!" + +"Well, that is hardly a sufficient reason, Mamma..." + +"Oh, Heaven! How ill he is!" exclaimed the mother. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +After Anna Mikhaylovna had driven off with her son to visit Count +Cyril Vladimirovich Bezukhov, Countess Rostova sat for a long time all +alone applying her handkerchief to her eyes. At last she rang. + +"What is the matter with you, my dear?" she said crossly to the maid +who kept her waiting some minutes. "Don't you wish to serve me? Then +I'll find you another place." + +The countess was upset by her friend's sorrow and humiliating +poverty, and was therefore out of sorts, a state of mind which with +her always found expression in calling her maid "my dear" and speaking +to her with exaggerated politeness. + +"I am very sorry, ma'am," answered the maid. + +"Ask the count to come to me." + +The count came waddling in to see his wife with a rather guilty look +as usual. + +"Well, little countess? What a saute of game au madere we are to +have, my dear! I tasted it. The thousand rubles I paid for Taras +were not ill-spent. He is worth it!" + +He sat down by his wife, his elbows on his knees and his hands +ruffling his gray hair. + +"What are your commands, little countess?" + +"You see, my dear... What's that mess?" she said, pointing to his +waistcoat. "It's the saute, most likely," she added with a smile. +"Well, you see, Count, I want some money." + +Her face became sad. + +"Oh, little countess!"... and the count began bustling to get out +his pocketbook. + +"I want a great deal, Count! I want five hundred rubles," and taking +out her cambric handkerchief she began wiping her husband's waistcoat. + +"Yes, immediately, immediately! Hey, who's there?" he called out +in a tone only used by persons who are certain that those they call +will rush to obey the summons. "Send Dmitri to me!" + +Dmitri, a man of good family who had been brought up in the +count's house and now managed all his affairs, stepped softly into the +room. + +"This is what I want, my dear fellow," said the count to the +deferential young man who had entered. "Bring me..." he reflected a +moment, "yes, bring me seven hundred rubles, yes! But mind, don't +bring me such tattered and dirty notes as last time, but nice clean +ones for the countess." + +"Yes, Dmitri, clean ones, please," said the countess, sighing +deeply. + +"When would you like them, your excellency?" asked Dmitri. "Allow me +to inform you... But, don't be uneasy," he added, noticing that the +count was beginning to breathe heavily and quickly which was always +a sign of approaching anger. "I was forgetting... Do you wish it +brought at once?" + +"Yes, yes; just so! Bring it. Give it to the countess." + +"What a treasure that Dmitri is," added the count with a smile +when the young man had departed. "There is never any 'impossible' +with him. That's a thing I hate! Everything is possible." + +"Ah, money, Count, money! How much sorrow it causes in the world," +said the countess. "But I am in great need of this sum." + +"You, my little countess, are a notorious spendthrift," said the +count, and having kissed his wife's hand he went back to his study. + +When Anna Mikhaylovna returned from Count Bezukhov's the money, +all in clean notes, was lying ready under a handkerchief on the +countess' little table, and Anna Mikhaylovna noticed that something +was agitating her. + +"Well, my dear?" asked the countess. + +"Oh, what a terrible state he is in! One would not know him, he is +so ill! I was only there a few moments and hardly said a word..." + +"Annette, for heaven's sake don't refuse me," the countess began, +with a blush that looked very strange on her thin, dignified, +elderly face, and she took the money from under the handkerchief. + +Anna Mikhaylovna instantly guessed her intention and stooped to be +ready to embrace the countess at the appropriate moment. + +"This is for Boris from me, for his outfit." + +Anna Mikhaylovna was already embracing her and weeping. The countess +wept too. They wept because they were friends, and because they were +kindhearted, and because they--friends from childhood--had to think +about such a base thing as money, and because their youth was over.... +But those tears were pleasant to them both. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Countess Rostova, with her daughters and a large number of guests, +was already seated in the drawing room. The count took the gentlemen +into his study and showed them his choice collection of Turkish pipes. +From time to time he went out to ask: "Hasn't she come yet?" They were +expecting Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, known in society as le +terrible dragon, a lady distinguished not for wealth or rank, but +for common sense and frank plainness of speech. Marya Dmitrievna was +known to the Imperial family as well as to all Moscow and +Petersburg, and both cities wondered at her, laughed privately at +her rudenesses, and told good stories about her, while none the less +all without exception respected and feared her. + +In the count's room, which was full of tobacco smoke, they talked of +war that had been announced in a manifesto, and about the +recruiting. None of them had yet seen the manifesto, but they all knew +it had appeared. The count sat on the sofa between two guests who were +smoking and talking. He neither smoked nor talked, but bending his +head first to one side and then to the other watched the smokers +with evident pleasure and listened to the conversation of his two +neighbors, whom he egged on against each other. + +One of them was a sallow, clean-shaven civilian with a thin and +wrinkled face, already growing old, though he was dressed like a +most fashionable young man. He sat with his legs up on the sofa as +if quite at home and, having stuck an amber mouthpiece far into his +mouth, was inhaling the smoke spasmodically and screwing up his +eyes. This was an old bachelor, Shinshin, a cousin of the countess', a +man with "a sharp tongue" as they said in Moscow society. He seemed to +be condescending to his companion. The latter, a fresh, rosy officer +of the Guards, irreproachably washed, brushed, and buttoned, held +his pipe in the middle of his mouth and with red lips gently inhaled +the smoke, letting it escape from his handsome mouth in rings. This +was Lieutenant Berg, an officer in the Semenov regiment with whom +Boris was to travel to join the army, and about whom Natasha had, +teased her elder sister Vera, speaking of Berg as her "intended." +The count sat between them and listened attentively. His favorite +occupation when not playing boston, a card game he was very fond of, +was that of listener, especially when he succeeded in setting two +loquacious talkers at one another. + +"Well, then, old chap, mon tres honorable Alphonse Karlovich," +said Shinshin, laughing ironically and mixing the most ordinary +Russian expressions with the choicest French phrases--which was a +peculiarity of his speech. "Vous comptez vous faire des rentes sur +l'etat;* you want to make something out of your company?" + + +*You expect to make an income out of the government. + + +"No, Peter Nikolaevich; I only want to show that in the cavalry +the advantages are far less than in the infantry. Just consider my own +position now, Peter Nikolaevich..." + +Berg always spoke quietly, politely, and with great precision. His +conversation always related entirely to himself; he would remain +calm and silent when the talk related to any topic that had no +direct bearing on himself. He could remain silent for hours without +being at all put out of countenance himself or making others +uncomfortable, but as soon as the conversation concerned himself he +would begin to talk circumstantially and with evident satisfaction. + +"Consider my position, Peter Nikolaevich. Were I in the cavalry I +should get not more than two hundred rubles every four months, even +with the rank of lieutenant; but as it is I receive two hundred and +thirty," said he, looking at Shinshin and the count with a joyful, +pleasant smile, as if it were obvious to him that his success must +always be the chief desire of everyone else. + +"Besides that, Peter Nikolaevich, by exchanging into the Guards I +shall be in a more prominent position," continued Berg, "and vacancies +occur much more frequently in the Foot Guards. Then just think what +can be done with two hundred and thirty rubles! I even manage to put a +little aside and to send something to my father," he went on, emitting +a smoke ring. + +"La balance y est...* A German knows how to skin a flint, as the +proverb says," remarked Shinshin, moving his pipe to the other side of +his mouth and winking at the count. + + +*So that squares matters. + + +The count burst out laughing. The other guests seeing that +Shinshin was talking came up to listen. Berg, oblivious of irony or +indifference, continued to explain how by exchanging into the Guards +he had already gained a step on his old comrades of the Cadet Corps; +how in wartime the company commander might get killed and he, as +senior in the company, might easily succeed to the post; how popular +he was with everyone in the regiment, and how satisfied his father was +with him. Berg evidently enjoyed narrating all this, and did not +seem to suspect that others, too, might have their own interests. +But all he said was so prettily sedate, and the naivete of his +youthful egotism was so obvious, that he disarmed his hearers. + +"Well, my boy, you'll get along wherever you go--foot or horse--that +I'll warrant," said Shinshin, patting him on the shoulder and taking +his feet off the sofa. + +Berg smiled joyously. The count, by his guests, went into the +drawing room. + +It was just the moment before a big dinner when the assembled +guests, expecting the summons to zakuska,* avoid engaging in any +long conversation but think it necessary to move about and talk, in +order to show that they are not at all impatient for their food. The +host and hostess look toward the door, and now and then glance at +one another, and the visitors try to guess from these glances who, +or what, they are waiting for--some important relation who has not yet +arrived, or a dish that is not yet ready. + + +*Hors d'oeuvres. + + +Pierre had come just at dinnertime and was sitting awkwardly in +the middle of the drawing room on the first chair he had come +across, blocking the way for everyone. The countess tried to make +him talk, but he went on naively looking around through his spectacles +as if in search of somebody and answered all her questions in +monosyllables. He was in the way and was the only one who did not +notice the fact. Most of the guests, knowing of the affair with the +bear, looked with curiosity at this big, stout, quiet man, wondering +how such a clumsy, modest fellow could have played such a prank on a +policeman. + +"You have only lately arrived?" the countess asked him. + +"Oui, madame," replied he, looking around him. + +"You have not yet seen my husband?" + +"Non, madame." He smiled quite inappropriately. + +"You have been in Paris recently, I believe? I suppose it's very +interesting." + +"Very interesting." + +The countess exchanged glances with Anna Mikhaylovna. The latter +understood that she was being asked to entertain this young man, and +sitting down beside him she began to speak about his father; but he +answered her, as he had the countess, only in monosyllables. The other +guests were all conversing with one another. "The Razumovskis... It +was charming... You are very kind... Countess Apraksina..." was +heard on all sides. The countess rose and went into the ballroom. + +"Marya Dmitrievna?" came her voice from there. + +"Herself," came the answer in a rough voice, and Marya Dmitrievna +entered the room. + +All the unmarried ladies and even the married ones except the very +oldest rose. Marya Dmitrievna paused at the door. Tall and stout, +holding high her fifty-year-old head with its gray curls, she stood +surveying the guests, and leisurely arranged her wide sleeves as if +rolling them up. Marya Dmitrievna always spoke in Russian. + +"Health and happiness to her whose name day we are keeping and to +her children," she said, in her loud, full-toned voice which drowned +all others. "Well, you old sinner," she went on, turning to the +count who was kissing her hand, "you're feeling dull in Moscow, I +daresay? Nowhere to hunt with your dogs? But what is to be done, old +man? Just see how these nestlings are growing up," and she pointed +to the girls. "You must look for husbands for them whether you like it +or not...." + +"Well," said she, "how's my Cossack?" (Marya Dmitrievna always called +Natasha a Cossack) and she stroked the child's arm as she came up +fearless and gay to kiss her hand. "I know she's a scamp of a girl, +but I like her." + +She took a pair of pear-shaped ruby earrings from her huge +reticule and, having given them to the rosy Natasha, who beamed with +the pleasure of her saint's-day fete, turned away at once and +addressed herself to Pierre. + +"Eh, eh, friend! Come here a bit," said she, assuming a soft high +tone of voice. "Come here, my friend..." and she ominously tucked up +her sleeves still higher. Pierre approached, looking at her in a +childlike way through his spectacles. + +"Come nearer, come nearer, friend! I used to be the only one to tell +your father the truth when he was in favor, and in your case it's my +evident duty." She paused. All were silent, expectant of what was to +follow, for this was dearly only a prelude. + +"A fine lad! My word! A fine lad!... His father lies on his deathbed +and he amuses himself setting a policeman astride a bear! For shame, +sir, for shame! It would be better if you went to the war." + +She turned away and gave her hand to the count, who could hardly +keep from laughing. + +"Well, I suppose it is time we were at table?" said Marya +Dmitrievna. + +The count went in first with Marya Dmitrievna, the countess followed +on the arm of a colonel of hussars, a man of importance to them +because Nicholas was to go with him to the regiment; then came Anna +Mikhaylovna with Shinshin. Berg gave his arm to Vera. The smiling +Julie Karagina went in with Nicholas. After them other couples +followed, filling the whole dining hall, and last of all the children, +tutors, and governesses followed singly. The footmen began moving +about, chairs scraped, the band struck up in the gallery, and the +guests settled down in their places. Then the strains of the count's +household band were replaced by the clatter of knives and forks, the +voices of visitors, and the soft steps of the footmen. At one end of +the table sat the countess with Marya Dmitrievna on her right and Anna +Mikhaylovna on her left, the other lady visitors were farther down. At +the other end sat the count, with the hussar colonel on his left and +Shinshin and the other male visitors on his right. Midway down the +long table on one side sat the grownup young people: Vera beside Berg, +and Pierre beside Boris; and on the other side, the children, +tutors, and governesses. From behind the crystal decanters and fruit +vases the count kept glancing at his wife and her tall cap with its +light-blue ribbons, and busily filled his neighbors' glasses, not +neglecting his own. The countess in turn, without omitting her +duties as hostess, threw significant glances from behind the +pineapples at her husband whose face and bald head seemed by their +redness to contrast more than usual with his gray hair. At the ladies' +end an even chatter of voices was heard all the time, at the men's end +the voices sounded louder and louder, especially that of the colonel +of hussars who, growing more and more flushed, ate and drank so much +that the count held him up as a pattern to the other guests. Berg with +tender smiles was saying to Vera that love is not an earthly but a +heavenly feeling. Boris was telling his new friend Pierre who the +guests were and exchanging glances with Natasha, who was sitting +opposite. Pierre spoke little but examined the new faces, and ate a +great deal. Of the two soups he chose turtle with savory patties and +went on to the game without omitting a single dish or one of the +wines. These latter the butler thrust mysteriously forward, wrapped in +a napkin, from behind the next man's shoulders and whispered: "Dry +Madeira"... "Hungarian"... or "Rhine wine" as the case might be. Of +the four crystal glasses engraved with the count's monogram that stood +before his plate, Pierre held out one at random and drank with +enjoyment, gazing with ever-increasing amiability at the other guests. +Natasha, who sat opposite, was looking at Boris as girls of thirteen +look at the boy they are in love with and have just kissed for the +first time. Sometimes that same look fell on Pierre, and that funny +lively little girl's look made him inclined to laugh without knowing +why. + +Nicholas sat at some distance from Sonya, beside Julie Karagina, +to whom he was again talking with the same involuntary smile. Sonya +wore a company smile but was evidently tormented by jealousy; now +she turned pale, now blushed and strained every nerve to overhear what +Nicholas and Julie were saying to one another. The governess kept +looking round uneasily as if preparing to resent any slight that might +be put upon the children. The German tutor was trying to remember +all the dishes, wines, and kinds of dessert, in order to send a full +description of the dinner to his people in Germany; and he felt +greatly offended when the butler with a bottle wrapped in a napkin +passed him by. He frowned, trying to appear as if he did not want +any of that wine, but was mortified because no one would understand +that it was not to quench his thirst or from greediness that he wanted +it, but simply from a conscientious desire for knowledge. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +At the men's end of the table the talk grew more and more +animated. The colonel told them that the declaration of war had +already appeared in Petersburg and that a copy, which he had himself +seen, had that day been forwarded by courier to the commander in +chief. + +"And why the deuce are we going to fight Bonaparte?" remarked +Shinshin. "He has stopped Austria's cackle and I fear it will be our +turn next." + +The colonel was a stout, tall, plethoric German, evidently devoted +to the service and patriotically Russian. He resented Shinshin's +remark. + +"It is for the reasson, my goot sir," said he, speaking with a +German accent, "for the reasson zat ze Emperor knows zat. He +declares in ze manifessto zat he cannot fiew wiz indifference ze +danger vreatening Russia and zat ze safety and dignity of ze Empire as +vell as ze sanctity of its alliances..." he spoke this last word +with particular emphasis as if in it lay the gist of the matter. + +Then with the unerring official memory that characterized him he +repeated from the opening words of the manifesto: + +... and the wish, which constitutes the Emperor's sole and +absolute aim--to establish peace in Europe on firm foundations--has +now decided him to despatch part of the army abroad and to create a +new condition for the attainment of that purpose. + +"Zat, my dear sir, is vy..." he concluded, drinking a tumbler of +wine with dignity and looking to the count for approval. + +"Connaissez-vous le Proverbe:* 'Jerome, Jerome, do not roam, but +turn spindles at home!'?" said Shinshin, puckering his brows and +smiling. "Cela nous convient a merveille.*[2] Suvorov now--he knew +what he was about; yet they beat him a plate couture,*[3] and where +are we to find Suvorovs now? Je vous demande un peu,"*[4] said he, +continually changing from French to Russian. + + +*Do you know the proverb? + +*[2] That suits us down to the ground. + +*[3] Hollow. + +*[4] I just ask you that. + + +"Ve must vight to the last tr-r-op of our plood!" said the +colonel, thumping the table; "and ve must tie for our Emperor, and zen +all vill pe vell. And ve must discuss it as little as po-o-ossible"... +he dwelt particularly on the word possible... "as po-o-ossible," he +ended, again turning to the count. "Zat is how ve old hussars look +at it, and zere's an end of it! And how do you, a young man and a +young hussar, how do you judge of it?" he added, addressing +Nicholas, who when he heard that the war was being discussed had +turned from his partner with eyes and ears intent on the colonel. + +"I am quite of your opinion," replied Nicholas, flaming up, +turning his plate round and moving his wineglasses about with as +much decision and desperation as though he were at that moment +facing some great danger. "I am convinced that we Russians must die or +conquer," he concluded, conscious--as were others--after the words +were uttered that his remarks were too enthusiastic and emphatic for +the occasion and were therefore awkward. + +"What you said just now was splendid!" said his partner Julie. + +Sonya trembled all over and blushed to her ears and behind them +and down to her neck and shoulders while Nicholas was speaking. + +Pierre listened to the colonel's speech and nodded approvingly. + +"That's fine," said he. + +"The young man's a real hussar!" shouted the colonel, again thumping +the table. + +"What are you making such a noise about over there?" Marya +Dmitrievna's deep voice suddenly inquired from the other end of the +table. "What are you thumping the table for?" she demanded of the +hussar, "and why are you exciting yourself? Do you think the French +are here?" + +"I am speaking ze truce," replied the hussar with a smile. + +"It's all about the war," the count shouted down the table. "You +know my son's going, Marya Dmitrievna? My son is going." + +"I have four sons in the army but still I don't fret. It is all in +God's hands. You may die in your bed or God may spare you in a +battle," replied Marya Dmitrievna's deep voice, which easily carried +the whole length of the table. + +"That's true!" + +Once more the conversations concentrated, the ladies' at the one end +and the men's at the other. + +"You won't ask," Natasha's little brother was saying; "I know you +won't ask!" + +"I will," replied Natasha. + +Her face suddenly flushed with reckless and joyous resolution. She +half rose, by a glance inviting Pierre, who sat opposite, to listen to +what was coming, and turning to her mother: + +"Mamma!" rang out the clear contralto notes of her childish voice, +audible the whole length of the table. + +"What is it?" asked the countess, startled; but seeing by her +daughter's face that it was only mischief, she shook a finger at her +sternly with a threatening and forbidding movement of her head. + +The conversation was hushed. + +"Mamma! What sweets are we going to have?" and Natasha's voice +sounded still more firm and resolute. + +The countess tried to frown, but could not. Marya Dmitrievna shook +her fat finger. + +"Cossack!" she said threateningly. + +Most of the guests, uncertain how to regard this sally, looked at +the elders. + +"You had better take care!" said the countess. + +"Mamma! What sweets are we going to have?" Natasha again cried +boldly, with saucy gaiety, confident that her prank would be taken +in good part. + +Sonya and fat little Petya doubled up with laughter. + +"You see! I have asked," whispered Natasha to her little brother and +to Pierre, glancing at him again. + +"Ice pudding, but you won't get any," said Marya Dmitrievna. + +Natasha saw there was nothing to be afraid of and so she braved even +Marya Dmitrievna. + +"Marya Dmitrievna! What kind of ice pudding? I don't like ice +cream." + +"Carrot ices." + +"No! What kind, Marya Dmitrievna? What kind?" she almost screamed; +"I want to know!" + +Marya Dmitrievna and the countess burst out laughing, and all the +guests joined in. Everyone laughed, not at Marya Dmitrievna's answer +but at the incredible boldness and smartness of this little girl who +had dared to treat Marya Dmitrievna in this fashion. + +Natasha only desisted when she had been told that there would be +pineapple ice. Before the ices, champagne was served round. The band +again struck up, the count and countess kissed, and the guests, +leaving their seats, went up to "congratulate" the countess, and +reached across the table to clink glasses with the count, with the +children, and with one another. Again the footmen rushed about, chairs +scraped, and in the same order in which they had entered but with +redder faces, the guests returned to the drawing room and to the +count's study. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +The card tables were drawn out, sets made up for boston, and the +count's visitors settled themselves, some in the two drawing rooms, +some in the sitting room, some in the library. + +The count, holding his cards fanwise, kept himself with difficulty +from dropping into his usual after-dinner nap, and laughed at +everything. The young people, at the countess' instigation, gathered +round the clavichord and harp. Julie by general request played +first. After she had played a little air with variations on the +harp, she joined the other young ladies in begging Natasha and +Nicholas, who were noted for their musical talent, to sing +something. Natasha, who was treated as though she were grown up, was +evidently very proud of this but at the same time felt shy. + +"What shall we sing?" she said. + +"'The Brook,'" suggested Nicholas. + +"Well, then, let's be quick. Boris, come here," said Natasha. "But +where is Sonya?" + +She looked round and seeing that her friend was not in the room +ran to look for her. + +Running into Sonya's room and not finding her there, Natasha ran +to the nursery, but Sonya was not there either. Natasha concluded that +she must be on the chest in the passage. The chest in the passage +was the place of mourning for the younger female generation in the +Rostov household. And there in fact was Sonya lying face downward on +Nurse's dirty feather bed on the top of the chest, crumpling her gauzy +pink dress under her, hiding her face with her slender fingers, and +sobbing so convulsively that her bare little shoulders shook. +Natasha's face, which had been so radiantly happy all that saint's +day, suddenly changed: her eyes became fixed, and then a shiver passed +down her broad neck and the corners of her mouth drooped. + +"Sonya! What is it? What is the matter?... Oo... Oo... Oo...!" And +Natasha's large mouth widened, making her look quite ugly, and she +began to wail like a baby without knowing why, except that Sonya was +crying. Sonya tried to lift her head to answer but could not, and +hid her face still deeper in the bed. Natasha wept, sitting on the +blue-striped feather bed and hugging her friend. With an effort +Sonya sat up and began wiping her eyes and explaining. + +"Nicholas is going away in a week's time, his... papers... have +come... he told me himself... but still I should not cry," and she +showed a paper she held in her hand--with the verses Nicholas had +written, "still, I should not cry, but you can't... no one can +understand... what a soul he has!" + +And she began to cry again because he had such a noble soul. + +"It's all very well for you... I am not envious... I love you and +Boris also," she went on, gaining a little strength; "he is nice... +there are no difficulties in your way.... But Nicholas is my cousin... +one would have to... the Metropolitan himself... and even then it +can't be done. And besides, if she tells Mamma" (Sonya looked upon the +countess as her mother and called her so) "that I am spoiling +Nicholas' career and am heartless and ungrateful, while truly... God +is my witness," and she made the sign of the cross, "I love her so +much, and all of you, only Vera... And what for? What have I done to +her? I am so grateful to you that I would willingly sacrifice +everything, only I have nothing...." + +Sonya could not continue, and again hid her face in her hands and in +the feather bed. Natasha began consoling her, but her face showed that + +she understood all the gravity of her friend's trouble. + +"Sonya," she suddenly exclaimed, as if she had guessed the true +reason of her friend's sorrow, "I'm sure Vera has said something to +you since dinner? Hasn't she?" + +"Yes, these verses Nicholas wrote himself and I copied some +others, and she found them on my table and said she'd show them to +Mamma, and that I was ungrateful, and that Mamma would never allow him +to marry me, but that he'll marry Julie. You see how he's been with +her all day... Natasha, what have I done to deserve it?..." + +And again she began to sob, more bitterly than before. Natasha +lifted her up, hugged her, and, smiling through her tears, began +comforting her. + +"Sonya, don't believe her, darling! Don't believe her! Do you +remember how we and Nicholas, all three of us, talked in the sitting +room after supper? Why, we settled how everything was to be. I don't +quite remember how, but don't you remember that it could all be +arranged and how nice it all was? There's Uncle Shinshin's brother has +married his first cousin. And we are only second cousins, you know. +And Boris says it is quite possible. You know I have told him all +about it. And he is so clever and so good!" said Natasha. "Don't you +cry, Sonya, dear love, darling Sonya!" and she kissed her and laughed. +"Vera's spiteful; never mind her! And all will come right and she +won't say anything to Mamma. Nicholas will tell her himself, and he +doesn't care at all for Julie." + +Natasha kissed her on the hair. + +Sonya sat up. The little kitten brightened, its eyes shone, and it +seemed ready to lift its tail, jump down on its soft paws, and begin +playing with the ball of worsted as a kitten should. + +"Do you think so?... Really? Truly?" she said, quickly smoothing her +frock and hair. + +"Really, truly!" answered Natasha, pushing in a crisp lock that +had strayed from under her friend's plaits. + +Both laughed. + +"Well, let's go and sing 'The Brook.'" + +"Come along!" + +"Do you know, that fat Pierre who sat opposite me is so funny!" said +Natasha, stopping suddenly. "I feel so happy!" + +And she set off at a run along the passage. + +Sonya, shaking off some down which clung to her and tucking away the +verses in the bosom of her dress close to her bony little chest, ran +after Natasha down the passage into the sitting room with flushed face +and light, joyous steps. At the visitors' request the young people +sang the quartette, "The Brook," with which everyone was delighted. +Then Nicholas sang a song he had just learned: + + + At nighttime in the moon's fair glow + How sweet, as fancies wander free, + To feel that in this world there's one + Who still is thinking but of thee! + + That while her fingers touch the harp + Wafting sweet music music the lea, + It is for thee thus swells her heart, + Sighing its message out to thee... + + A day or two, then bliss unspoilt, + But oh! till then I cannot live!... + + +He had not finished the last verse before the young people began +to get ready to dance in the large hall, and the sound of the feet and +the coughing of the musicians were heard from the gallery. + + +Pierre was sitting in the drawing-room where Shinshin had engaged +him, as a man recently returned from abroad, in a political +conversation in which several others joined but which bored Pierre. +When the music began Natasha came in and walking straight up to Pierre +said, laughing and blushing: + +"Mamma told me to ask you to join the dancers." + +"I am afraid of mixing the figures," Pierre replied; "but if you +will be my teacher..." And lowering his big arm he offered it to the +slender little girl. + +While the couples were arranging themselves and the musicians tuning +up, Pierre sat down with his little partner. Natasha was perfectly +happy; she was dancing with a grown-up man, who had been abroad. She +was sitting in a conspicuous place and talking to him like a +grown-up lady. She had a fan in her hand that one of the ladies had +given her to hold. Assuming quite the pose of a society woman +(heaven knows when and where she had learned it) she talked with her +partner, fanning herself and smiling over the fan. + +"Dear, dear! Just look at her!" exclaimed the countess as she +crossed the ballroom, pointing to Natasha. + +Natasha blushed and laughed. + +"Well, really, Mamma! Why should you? What is there to be +surprised at?" + + +In the midst of the third ecossaise there was a clatter of chairs +being pushed back in the sitting room where the count and Marya +Dmitrievna had been playing cards with the majority of the more +distinguished and older visitors. They now, stretching themselves +after sitting so long, and replacing their purses and pocketbooks, +entered the ballroom. First came Marya Dmitrievna and the count, +both with merry countenances. The count, with playful ceremony +somewhat in ballet style, offered his bent arm to Marya Dmitrievna. He +drew himself up, a smile of debonair gallantry lit up his face and +as soon as the last figure of the ecossaise was ended, he clapped +his hands to the musicians and shouted up to their gallery, addressing +the first violin: + +"Semen! Do you know the Daniel Cooper?" + +This was the count's favorite dance, which he had danced in his +youth. (Strictly speaking, Daniel Cooper was one figure of the +anglaise.) + +"Look at Papa!" shouted Natasha to the whole company, and quite +forgetting that she was dancing with a grown-up partner she bent her +curly head to her knees and made the whole room ring with her +laughter. + +And indeed everybody in the room looked with a smile of pleasure +at the jovial old gentleman, who standing beside his tall and stout +partner, Marya Dmitrievna, curved his arms, beat time, straightened +his shoulders, turned out his toes, tapped gently with his foot, +and, by a smile that broadened his round face more and more, +prepared the onlookers for what was to follow. As soon as the +provocatively gay strains of Daniel Cooper (somewhat resembling +those of a merry peasant dance) began to sound, all the doorways of +the ballroom were suddenly filled by the domestic serfs--the men on +one side and the women on the other--who with beaming faces had come +to see their master making merry. + +"Just look at the master! A regular eagle he is!" loudly remarked +the nurse, as she stood in one of the doorways. + +The count danced well and knew it. But his partner could not and did +not want to dance well. Her enormous figure stood erect, her +powerful arms hanging down (she had handed her reticule to the +countess), and only her stern but handsome face really joined in the +dance. What was expressed by the whole of the count's plump figure, in +Marya Dmitrievna found expression only in her more and more beaming +face and quivering nose. But if the count, getting more and more +into the swing of it, charmed the spectators by the unexpectedness +of his adroit maneuvers and the agility with which he capered about on +his light feet, Marya Dmitrievna produced no less impression by slight +exertions--the least effort to move her shoulders or bend her arms +when turning, or stamp her foot--which everyone appreciated in view of +her size and habitual severity. The dance grew livelier and +livelier. The other couples could not attract a moment's attention +to their own evolutions and did not even try to do so. All were +watching the count and Marya Dmitrievna. Natasha kept pulling everyone +by sleeve or dress, urging them to "look at Papa!" though as it was +they never took their eyes off the couple. In the intervals of the +dance the count, breathing deeply, waved and shouted to the +musicians to play faster. Faster, faster, and faster; lightly, more +lightly, and yet more lightly whirled the count, flying round Marya +Dmitrievna, now on his toes, now on his heels; until, turning his +partner round to her seat, he executed the final pas, raising his soft +foot backwards, bowing his perspiring head, smiling and making a +wide sweep with his arm, amid a thunder of applause and laughter led +by Natasha. Both partners stood still, breathing heavily and wiping +their faces with their cambric handkerchiefs. + +"That's how we used to dance in our time, ma chere," said the count. + +"That was a Daniel Cooper!" exclaimed Marya Dmitrievna, tucking up +her sleeves and puffing heavily. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +While in the Rostovs' ballroom the sixth anglaise was being +danced, to a tune in which the weary musicians blundered, and while +tired footmen and cooks were getting the supper, Count Bezukhov had +a sixth stroke. The doctors pronounced recovery impossible. After a +mute confession, communion was administered to the dying man, +preparations made for the sacrament of unction, and in his house there +was the bustle and thrill of suspense usual at such moments. Outside +the house, beyond the gates, a group of undertakers, who hid +whenever a carriage drove up, waited in expectation of an important +order for an expensive funeral. The Military Governor of Moscow, who +had been assiduous in sending aides-de-camp to inquire after the +count's health, came himself that evening to bid a last farewell to +the celebrated grandee of Catherine's court, Count Bezukhov. + +The magnificent reception room was crowded. Everyone stood up +respectfully when the Military Governor, having stayed about half an +hour alone with the dying man, passed out, slightly acknowledging +their bows and trying to escape as quickly as from the glances fixed +on him by the doctors, clergy, and relatives of the family. Prince +Vasili, who had grown thinner and paler during the last few days, +escorted him to the door, repeating something to him several times +in low tones. + +When the Military Governor had gone, Prince Vasili sat down all +alone on a chair in the ballroom, crossing one leg high over the +other, leaning his elbow on his knee and covering his face with his +hand. After sitting so for a while he rose, and, looking about him +with frightened eyes, went with unusually hurried steps down the +long corridor leading to the back of the house, to the room of the +eldest princess. + +Those who were in the dimly lit reception room spoke in nervous +whispers, and, whenever anyone went into or came from the dying +man's room, grew silent and gazed with eyes full of curiosity or +expectancy at his door, which creaked slightly when opened. + +"The limits of human life... are fixed and may not be o'erpassed," +said an old priest to a lady who had taken a seat beside him and was +listening naively to his words. + +"I wonder, is it not too late to administer unction?" asked the +lady, adding the priest's clerical title, as if she had no opinion +of her own on the subject. + +"Ah, madam, it is a great sacrament," replied the priest, passing +his hand over the thin grizzled strands of hair combed back across his +bald head. + +"Who was that? The Military Governor himself?" was being asked at +the other side of the room. "How young-looking he is!" + +"Yes, and he is over sixty. I hear the count no longer recognizes +anyone. They wished to administer the sacrament of unction." + +"I knew someone who received that sacrament seven times." + +The second princess had just come from the sickroom with her eyes +red from weeping and sat down beside Dr. Lorrain, who was sitting in a +graceful pose under a portrait of Catherine, leaning his elbow on a +table. + +"Beautiful," said the doctor in answer to a remark about the +weather. "The weather is beautiful, Princess; and besides, in Moscow +one feels as if one were in the country." + +"Yes, indeed," replied the princess with a sigh. "So he may have +something to drink?" + +Lorrain considered. + +"Has he taken his medicine?" + +"Yes." + +The doctor glanced at his watch. + +"Take a glass of boiled water and put a pinch of cream of tartar," +and he indicated with his delicate fingers what he meant by a pinch. + +"Dere has neffer been a gase," a German doctor was saying to an +aide-de-camp, "dat one liffs after de sird stroke." + +"And what a well-preserved man he was!" remarked the aide-de-camp. +"And who will inherit his wealth?" he added in a whisper. + +"It von't go begging," replied the German with a smile. + +Everyone again looked toward the door, which creaked as the second +princess went in with the drink she had prepared according to +Lorrain's instructions. The German doctor went up to Lorrain. + +"Do you think he can last till morning?" asked the German, +addressing Lorrain in French which he pronounced badly. + +Lorrain, pursing up his lips, waved a severely negative finger +before his nose. + +"Tonight, not later," said he in a low voice, and he moved away with +a decorous smile of self-satisfaction at being able clearly to +understand and state the patient's condition. + + +Meanwhile Prince Vasili had opened the door into the princess' room. + +In this room it was almost dark; only two tiny lamps were burning +before the icons and there was a pleasant scent of flowers and burnt +pastilles. The room was crowded with small pieces of furniture, +whatnots, cupboards, and little tables. The quilt of a high, white +feather bed was just visible behind a screen. A small dog began to +bark. + +"Ah, is it you, cousin?" + +She rose and smoothed her hair, which was as usual so extremely +smooth that it seemed to be made of one piece with her head and +covered with varnish. + +"Has anything happened?" she asked. "I am so terrified." + +"No, there is no change. I only came to have a talk about +business, Catiche,"* muttered the prince, seating himself wearily on +the chair she had just vacated. "You have made the place warm, I +must say," he remarked. "Well, sit down: let's have a talk." + + +*Catherine. + + +"I thought perhaps something had happened," she said with her +unchanging stonily severe expression; and, sitting down opposite the +prince, she prepared to listen. + +"I wished to get a nap, mon cousin, but I can't." + +"Well, my dear?" said Prince Vasili, taking her hand and bending +it downwards as was his habit. + +It was plain that this "well?" referred to much that they both +understood without naming. + +The princess, who had a straight, rigid body, abnormally long for +her legs, looked directly at Prince Vasili with no sign of emotion +in her prominent gray eyes. Then she shook her head and glanced up +at the icons with a sigh. This might have been taken as an +expression of sorrow and devotion, or of weariness and hope of resting +before long. Prince Vasili understood it as an expression of +weariness. + +"And I?" he said; "do you think it is easier for me? I am as worn +out as a post horse, but still I must have a talk with you, Catiche, a +very serious talk." + +Prince Vasili said no more and his cheeks began to twitch nervously, +now on one side, now on the other, giving his face an unpleasant +expression which was never to be seen on it in a drawing room. His +eyes too seemed strange; at one moment they looked impudently sly +and at the next glanced round in alarm. + +The princess, holding her little dog on her lap with her thin bony +hands, looked attentively into Prince Vasili's eyes evidently resolved +not to be the first to break silence, if she had to wait till morning. + +"Well, you see, my dear princess and cousin, Catherine Semenovna," +continued Prince Vasili, returning to his theme, apparently not +without an inner struggle; "at such a moment as this one must think of +everything. One must think of the future, of all of you... I love +you all, like children of my own, as you know." + +The princess continued to look at him without moving, and with the +same dull expression. + +"And then of course my family has also to be considered," Prince +Vasili went on, testily pushing away a little table without looking at +her. "You know, Catiche, that we--you three sisters, Mamontov, and +my wife--are the count's only direct heirs. I know, I know how hard it +is for you to talk or think of such matters. It is no easier for me; +but, my dear, I am getting on for sixty and must be prepared for +anything. Do you know I have sent for Pierre? The count," pointing +to his portrait, "definitely demanded that he should be called." + +Prince Vasili looked questioningly at the princess, but could not +make out whether she was considering what he had just said or +whether she was simply looking at him. + +"There is one thing I constantly pray God to grant, mon cousin," she +replied, "and it is that He would be merciful to him and would allow +his noble soul peacefully to leave this..." + +"Yes, yes, of course," interrupted Prince Vasili impatiently, +rubbing his bald head and angrily pulling back toward him the little +table that he had pushed away. "But... in short, the fact is... you +know yourself that last winter the count made a will by which he +left all his property, not to us his direct heirs, but to Pierre." + +"He has made wills enough!" quietly remarked the princess. "But he +cannot leave the estate to Pierre. Pierre is illegitimate." + +"But, my dear," said Prince Vasili suddenly, clutching the little +table and becoming more animated and talking more rapidly: "what if +a letter has been written to the Emperor in which the count asks for +Pierre's legitimation? Do you understand that in consideration of +the count's services, his request would be granted?..." + +The princess smiled as people do who think they know more about +the subject under discussion than those they are talking with. + +"I can tell you more," continued Prince Vasili, seizing her hand, +"that letter was written, though it was not sent, and the Emperor knew +of it. The only question is, has it been destroyed or not? If not, +then as soon as all is over," and Prince Vasili sighed to intimate +what he meant by the words all is over, "and the count's papers are +opened, the will and letter will be delivered to the Emperor, and +the petition will certainly be granted. Pierre will get everything +as the legitimate son." + +"And our share?" asked the princess smiling ironically, as if +anything might happen, only not that. + +"But, my poor Catiche, it is as clear as daylight! He will then be +the legal heir to everything and you won't get anything. You must +know, my dear, whether the will and letter were written, and whether +they have been destroyed or not. And if they have somehow been +overlooked, you ought to know where they are, and must find them, +because..." + +"What next?" the princess interrupted, smiling sardonically and +not changing the expression of her eyes. "I am a woman, and you +think we are all stupid; but I know this: an illegitimate son cannot +inherit... un batard!"* she added, as if supposing that this +translation of the word would effectively prove to Prince Vasili the +invalidity of his contention. + + +*A bastard. + + +"Well, really, Catiche! Can't you understand! You are so +intelligent, how is it you don't see that if the count has written a +letter to the Emperor begging him to recognize Pierre as legitimate, +it follows that Pierre will not be Pierre but will become Count +Bezukhov, and will then inherit everything under the will? And if +the will and letter are not destroyed, then you will have nothing +but the consolation of having been dutiful et tout ce qui s'ensuit!* +That's certain." + + +*And all that follows therefrom. + + +"I know the will was made, but I also know that it is invalid; and +you, mon cousin, seem to consider me a perfect fool," said the +princess with the expression women assume when they suppose they are +saying something witty and stinging. + +"My dear Princess Catherine Semenovna," began Prince Vasili +impatiently, "I came here not to wrangle with you, but to talk about +your interests as with a kinswoman, a good, kind, true relation. And I +tell you for the tenth time that if the letter to the Emperor and +the will in Pierre's favor are among the count's papers, then, my dear +girl, you and your sisters are not heiresses! If you don't believe me, +then believe an expert. I have just been talking to Dmitri Onufrich" +(the family solicitor) "and he says the same." + +At this a sudden change evidently took place in the princess' ideas; +her thin lips grew white, though her eyes did not change, and her +voice when she began to speak passed through such transitions as she +herself evidently did not expect. + +"That would be a fine thing!" said she. "I never wanted anything and +I don't now." + +She pushed the little dog off her lap and smoothed her dress. + +"And this is gratitude--this is recognition for those who have +sacrificed everything for his sake!" she cried. "It's splendid! +Fine! I don't want anything, Prince." + +"Yes, but you are not the only one. There are your sisters..." +replied Prince Vasili. + +But the princess did not listen to him. + +"Yes, I knew it long ago but had forgotten. I knew that I could +expect nothing but meanness, deceit, envy, intrigue, and +ingratitude--the blackest ingratitude--in this house..." + +"Do you or do you not know where that will is?" insisted Prince +Vasili, his cheeks twitching more than ever. + +"Yes, I was a fool! I still believed in people, loved them, and +sacrificed myself. But only the base, the vile succeed! I know who has +been intriguing!" + +The princess wished to rise, but the prince held her by the hand. +She had the air of one who has suddenly lost faith in the whole +human race. She gave her companion an angry glance. + +"There is still time, my dear. You must remember, Catiche, that it +was all done casually in a moment of anger, of illness, and was +afterwards forgotten. Our duty, my dear, is to rectify his mistake, to +ease his last moments by not letting him commit this injustice, and +not to let him die feeling that he is rendering unhappy those who..." + +"Who sacrificed everything for him," chimed in the princess, who +would again have risen had not the prince still held her fast, "though +he never could appreciate it. No, mon cousin," she added with a +sigh, "I shall always remember that in this world one must expect no +reward, that in this world there is neither honor nor justice. In this +world one has to be cunning and cruel." + +"Now come, come! Be reasonable. I know your excellent heart." + +"No, I have a wicked heart." + +"I know your heart," repeated the prince. "I value your friendship +and wish you to have as good an opinion of me. Don't upset yourself, +and let us talk sensibly while there is still time, be it a day or +be it but an hour.... Tell me all you know about the will, and above +all where it is. You must know. We will take it at once and show it to +the count. He has, no doubt, forgotten it and will wish to destroy it. +You understand that my sole desire is conscientiously to carry out his +wishes; that is my only reason for being here. I came simply to help +him and you." + +"Now I see it all! I know who has been intriguing--I know!" cried +the princess. + +"That's not the point, my dear." + +"It's that protege of yours, that sweet Princess Drubetskaya, that +Anna Mikhaylovna whom I would not take for a housemaid... the +infamous, vile woman!" + +"Do not let us lose any time..." + +"Ah, don't talk to me! Last winter she wheedled herself in here +and told the count such vile, disgraceful things about us, +especially about Sophie--I can't repeat them--that it made the count +quite ill and he would not see us for a whole fortnight. I know it was +then he wrote this vile, infamous paper, but I thought the thing was +invalid." + +"We've got to it at last--why did you not tell me about it sooner?" + +"It's in the inlaid portfolio that he keeps under his pillow," +said the princess, ignoring his question. "Now I know! Yes; if I +have a sin, a great sin, it is hatred of that vile woman!" almost +shrieked the princess, now quite changed. "And what does she come +worming herself in here for? But I will give her a piece of my mind. +The time will come!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +While these conversations were going on in the reception room and +the princess' room, a carriage containing Pierre (who had been sent +for) and Anna Mikhaylovna (who found it necessary to accompany him) +was driving into the court of Count Bezukhov's house. As the wheels +rolled softly over the straw beneath the windows, Anna Mikhaylovna, +having turned with words of comfort to her companion, realized that he +was asleep in his corner and woke him up. Rousing himself, Pierre +followed Anna Mikhaylovna out of the carriage, and only then began +to think of the interview with his dying father which awaited him. +He noticed that they had not come to the front entrance but to the +back door. While he was getting down from the carriage steps two +men, who looked like tradespeople, ran hurriedly from the entrance and +hid in the shadow of the wall. Pausing for a moment, Pierre noticed +several other men of the same kind hiding in the shadow of the house +on both sides. But neither Anna Mikhaylovna nor the footman nor the +coachman, who could not help seeing these people, took any notice of +them. "It seems to be all right," Pierre concluded, and followed +Anna Mikhaylovna. She hurriedly ascended the narrow dimly lit stone +staircase, calling to Pierre, who was lagging behind, to follow. +Though he did not see why it was necessary for him to go to the +count at all, still less why he had to go by the back stairs, yet +judging by Anna Mikhaylovna's air of assurance and haste, Pierre +concluded that it was all absolutely necessary. Halfway up the +stairs they were almost knocked over by some men who, carrying +pails, came running downstairs, their boots clattering. These men +pressed close to the wall to let Pierre and Anna Mikhaylovna pass +and did not evince the least surprise at seeing them there. + +"Is this the way to the princesses' apartments?" asked Anna +Mikhaylovna of one of them. + +"Yes," replied a footman in a bold loud voice, as if anything were +now permissible; "the door to the left, ma'am." + +"Perhaps the count did not ask for me," said Pierre when he +reached the landing. "I'd better go to my own room." + +Anna Mikhaylovna paused and waited for him to come up. + +"Ah, my friend!" she said, touching his arm as she had done her +son's when speaking to him that afternoon, "believe me I suffer no +less than you do, but be a man!" + +"But really, hadn't I better go away?" he asked, looking kindly at +her over his spectacles. + +"Ah, my dear friend! Forget the wrongs that may have been done +you. Think that he is your father... perhaps in the agony of death." +She sighed. "I have loved you like a son from the first. Trust +yourself to me, Pierre. I shall not forget your interests." + +Pierre did not understand a word, but the conviction that all this +had to be grew stronger, and he meekly followed Anna Mikhaylovna who +was already opening a door. + +This door led into a back anteroom. An old man, a servant of the +princesses, sat in a corner knitting a stocking. Pierre had never been +in this part of the house and did not even know of the existence of +these rooms. Anna Mikhaylovna, addressing a maid who was hurrying past +with a decanter on a tray as "my dear" and "my sweet," asked about the +princess' health and then led Pierre along a stone passage. The +first door on the left led into the princesses' apartments. The maid +with the decanter in her haste had not closed the door (everything +in the house was done in haste at that time), and Pierre and Anna +Mikhaylovna in passing instinctively glanced into the room, where +Prince Vasili and the eldest princess were sitting close together +talking. Seeing them pass, Prince Vasili drew back with obvious +impatience, while the princess jumped up and with a gesture of +desperation slammed the door with all her might. + +This action was so unlike her usual composure and the fear +depicted on Prince Vasili's face so out of keeping with his dignity +that Pierre stopped and glanced inquiringly over his spectacles at his +guide. Anna Mikhaylovna evinced no surprise, she only smiled faintly +and sighed, as if to say that this was no more than she had expected. + +"Be a man, my friend. I will look after your interests," said she in +reply to his look, and went still faster along the passage. + +Pierre could not make out what it was all about, and still less what +"watching over his interests" meant, but he decided that all these +things had to be. From the passage they went into a large, dimly lit +room adjoining the count's reception room. It was one of those +sumptuous but cold apartments known to Pierre only from the front +approach, but even in this room there now stood an empty bath, and +water had been spilled on the carpet. They were met by a deacon with a +censer and by a servant who passed out on tiptoe without heeding them. +They went into the reception room familiar to Pierre, with two Italian +windows opening into the conservatory, with its large bust and full +length portrait of Catherine the Great. The same people were still +sitting here in almost the same positions as before, whispering to one +another. All became silent and turned to look at the pale tear-worn +Anna Mikhaylovna as she entered, and at the big stout figure of Pierre +who, hanging his head, meekly followed her. + +Anna Mikhaylovna's face expressed a consciousness that the +decisive moment had arrived. With the air of a practical Petersburg +lady she now, keeping Pierre close beside her, entered the room even +more boldly than that afternoon. She felt that as she brought with her +the person the dying man wished to see, her own admission was assured. +Casting a rapid glance at all those in the room and noticing the +count's confessor there, she glided up to him with a sort of amble, +not exactly bowing yet seeming to grow suddenly smaller, and +respectfully received the blessing first of one and then of another +priest. + +"God be thanked that you are in time," said she to one of the +priests; "all we relatives have been in such anxiety. This young man +is the count's son," she added more softly. "What a terrible moment!" + +Having said this she went up to the doctor. + +"Dear doctor," said she, "this young man is the count's son. Is +there any hope?" + +The doctor cast a rapid glance upwards and silently shrugged his +shoulders. Anna Mikhaylovna with just the same movement raised her +shoulders and eyes, almost closing the latter, sighed, and moved +away from the doctor to Pierre. To him, in a particularly respectful +and tenderly sad voice, she said: + +"Trust in His mercy!" and pointing out a small sofa for him to sit +and wait for her, she went silently toward the door that everyone +was watching and it creaked very slightly as she disappeared behind +it. + +Pierre, having made up his mind to obey his monitress implicitly, +moved toward the sofa she had indicated. As soon as Anna Mikhaylovna +had disappeared he noticed that the eyes of all in the room turned +to him with something more than curiosity and sympathy. He noticed +that they whispered to one another, casting significant looks at him +with a kind of awe and even servility. A deference such as he had +never before received was shown him. A strange lady, the one who had +been talking to the priests, rose and offered him her seat; an +aide-de-camp picked up and returned a glove Pierre had dropped; the +doctors became respectfully silent as he passed by, and moved to +make way for him. At first Pierre wished to take another seat so as +not to trouble the lady, and also to pick up the glove himself and +to pass round the doctors who were not even in his way; but all at +once he felt that this would not do, and that tonight he was a +person obliged to perform some sort of awful rite which everyone +expected of him, and that he was therefore bound to accept their +services. He took the glove in silence from the aide-de-camp, and +sat down in the lady's chair, placing his huge hands symmetrically +on his knees in the naive attitude of an Egyptian statue, and +decided in his own mind that all was as it should be, and that in +order not to lose his head and do foolish things he must not act on +his own ideas tonight, but must yield himself up entirely to the +will of those who were guiding him. + +Not two minutes had passed before Prince Vasili with head erect +majestically entered the room. He was wearing his long coat with three +stars on his breast. He seemed to have grown thinner since the +morning; his eyes seemed larger than usual when he glanced round and +noticed Pierre. He went up to him, took his hand (a thing he never +used to do), and drew it downwards as if wishing to ascertain +whether it was firmly fixed on. + +"Courage, courage, my friend! He has asked to see you. That is +well!" and he turned to go. + +But Pierre thought it necessary to ask: "How is..." and hesitated, +not knowing whether it would be proper to call the dying man "the +count," yet ashamed to call him "father." + +"He had another stroke about half an hour ago. Courage, my +friend..." + +Pierre's mind was in such a confused state that the word "stroke" +suggested to him a blow from something. He looked at Prince Vasili +in perplexity, and only later grasped that a stroke was an attack of +illness. Prince Vasili said something to Lorrain in passing and went +through the door on tiptoe. He could not walk well on tiptoe and his +whole body jerked at each step. The eldest princess followed him, +and the priests and deacons and some servants also went in at the +door. Through that door was heard a noise of things being moved about, +and at last Anna Mikhaylovna, still with the same expression, pale but +resolute in the discharge of duty, ran out and touching Pierre lightly +on the arm said: + +"The divine mercy is inexhaustible! Unction is about to be +administered. Come." + +Pierre went in at the door, stepping on the soft carpet, and noticed +that the strange lady, the aide-de-camp, and some of the servants, all +followed him in, as if there were now no further need for permission +to enter that room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + + +Pierre well knew this large room divided by columns and an arch, its +walls hung round with Persian carpets. The part of the room behind the +columns, with a high silk-curtained mahogany bedstead on one side +and on the other an immense case containing icons, was brightly +illuminated with red light like a Russian church during evening +service. Under the gleaming icons stood a long invalid chair, and in +that chair on snowy-white smooth pillows, evidently freshly changed, +Pierre saw--covered to the waist by a bright green quilt--the +familiar, majestic figure of his father, Count Bezukhov, with that +gray mane of hair above his broad forehead which reminded one of a +lion, and the deep characteristically noble wrinkles of his +handsome, ruddy face. He lay just under the icons; his large thick +hands outside the quilt. Into the right hand, which was lying palm +downwards, a wax taper had been thrust between forefinger and thumb, +and an old servant, bending over from behind the chair, held it in +position. By the chair stood the priests, their long hair falling over +their magnificent glittering vestments, with lighted tapers in their +hands, slowly and solemnly conducting the service. A little behind +them stood the two younger princesses holding handkerchiefs to their +eyes, and just in front of them their eldest sister, Catiche, with a +vicious and determined look steadily fixed on the icons, as though +declaring to all that she could not answer for herself should she +glance round. Anna Mikhaylovna, with a meek, sorrowful, and +all-forgiving expression on her face, stood by the door near the +strange lady. Prince Vasili in front of the door, near the invalid +chair, a wax taper in his left hand, was leaning his left arm on the +carved back of a velvet chair he had turned round for the purpose, and +was crossing himself with his right hand, turning his eyes upward each +time he touched his forehead. His face wore a calm look of piety and +resignation to the will of God. "If you do not understand these +sentiments," he seemed to be saying, "so much the worse for you!" + +Behind him stood the aide-de-camp, the doctors, and the menservants; +the men and women had separated as in church. All were silently +crossing themselves, and the reading of the church service, the +subdued chanting of deep bass voices, and in the intervals sighs and +the shuffling of feet were the only sounds that could be heard. Anna +Mikhaylovna, with an air of importance that showed that she felt she +quite knew what she was about, went across the room to where Pierre +was standing and gave him a taper. He lit it and, distracted by +observing those around him, began crossing himself with the hand +that held the taper. + +Sophie, the rosy, laughter-loving, youngest princess with the +mole, watched him. She smiled, hid her face in her handkerchief, and +remained with it hidden for awhile; then looking up and seeing +Pierre she again began to laugh. She evidently felt unable to look +at him without laughing, but could not resist looking at him: so to be +out of temptation she slipped quietly behind one of the columns. In +the midst of the service the voices of the priests suddenly ceased, +they whispered to one another, and the old servant who was holding the +count's hand got up and said something to the ladies. Anna Mikhaylovna +stepped forward and, stooping over the dying man, beckoned to +Lorrain from behind her back. The French doctor held no taper; he +was leaning against one of the columns in a respectful attitude +implying that he, a foreigner, in spite of all differences of faith, +understood the full importance of the rite now being performed and +even approved of it. He now approached the sick man with the noiseless +step of one in full vigor of life, with his delicate white fingers +raised from the green quilt the hand that was free, and turning +sideways felt the pulse and reflected a moment. The sick man was given +something to drink, there was a stir around him, then the people +resumed their places and the service continued. During this interval +Pierre noticed that Prince Vasili left the chair on which he had +been leaning, and--with air which intimated that he knew what he was +about and if others did not understand him it was so much the worse +for them--did not go up to the dying man, but passed by him, joined +the eldest princess, and moved with her to the side of the room +where stood the high bedstead with its silken hangings. On leaving the +bed both Prince Vasili and the princess passed out by a back door, but +returned to their places one after the other before the service was +concluded. Pierre paid no more attention to this occurrence than to +the rest of what went on, having made up his mind once for all that +what he saw happening around him that evening was in some way +essential. + +The chanting of the service ceased, and the voice of the priest +was heard respectfully congratulating the dying man on having received +the sacrament. The dying man lay as lifeless and immovable as +before. Around him everyone began to stir: steps were audible and +whispers, among which Anna Mikhaylovna's was the most distinct. + +Pierre heard her say: + +"Certainly he must be moved onto the bed; here it will be +impossible..." + +The sick man was so surrounded by doctors, princesses, and +servants that Pierre could no longer see the reddish-yellow face +with its gray mane--which, though he saw other faces as well, he had +not lost sight of for a single moment during the whole service. He +judged by the cautious movements of those who crowded round the +invalid chair that they had lifted the dying man and were moving him. + +"Catch hold of my arm or you'll drop him!" he heard one of the +servants say in a frightened whisper. "Catch hold from underneath. +Here!" exclaimed different voices; and the heavy breathing of the +bearers and the shuffling of their feet grew more hurried, as if the +weight they were carrying were too much for them. + +As the bearers, among whom was Anna Mikhaylovna, passed the young +man he caught a momentary glimpse between their heads and backs of the +dying man's high, stout, uncovered chest and powerful shoulders, +raised by those who were holding him under the armpits, and of his +gray, curly, leonine head. This head, with its remarkably broad brow +and cheekbones, its handsome, sensual mouth, and its cold, majestic +expression, was not disfigured by the approach of death. It was the +same as Pierre remembered it three months before, when the count had +sent him to Petersburg. But now this head was swaying helplessly +with the uneven movements of the bearers, and the cold listless gaze +fixed itself upon nothing. + +After a few minutes' bustle beside the high bedstead, those who +had carried the sick man dispersed. Anna Mikhaylovna touched +Pierre's hand and said, "Come." Pierre went with her to the bed on +which the sick man had been laid in a stately pose in keeping with the +ceremony just completed. He lay with his head propped high on the +pillows. His hands were symmetrically placed on the green silk +quilt, the palms downward. When Pierre came up the count was gazing +straight at him, but with a look the significance of which could not +be understood by mortal man. Either this look meant nothing but that +as long as one has eyes they must look somewhere, or it meant too +much. Pierre hesitated, not knowing what to do, and glanced +inquiringly at his guide. Anna Mikhaylovna made a hurried sign with +her eyes, glancing at the sick man's hand and moving her lips as if to +send it a kiss. Pierre, carefully stretching his neck so as not to +touch the quilt, followed her suggestion and pressed his lips to the +large boned, fleshy hand. Neither the hand nor a single muscle of +the count's face stirred. Once more Pierre looked questioningly at +Anna Mikhaylovna to see what he was to do next. Anna Mikhaylovna +with her eyes indicated a chair that stood beside the bed. Pierre +obediently sat down, his eyes asking if he were doing right. Anna +Mikhaylovna nodded approvingly. Again Pierre fell into the naively +symmetrical pose of an Egyptian statue, evidently distressed that +his stout and clumsy body took up so much room and doing his utmost to +look as small as possible. He looked at the count, who still gazed +at the spot where Pierre's face had been before he sat down. Anna +Mikhaylovna indicated by her attitude her consciousness of the +pathetic importance of these last moments of meeting between the +father and son. This lasted about two minutes, which to Pierre +seemed an hour. Suddenly the broad muscles and lines of the count's +face began to twitch. The twitching increased, the handsome mouth +was drawn to one side (only now did Pierre realize how near death +his father was), and from that distorted mouth issued an indistinct, +hoarse sound. Anna Mikhaylovna looked attentively at the sick man's +eyes, trying to guess what he wanted; she pointed first to Pierre, +then to some drink, then named Prince Vasili in an inquiring +whisper, then pointed to the quilt. The eyes and face of the sick +man showed impatience. He made an effort to look at the servant who +stood constantly at the head of the bed. + +"Wants to turn on the other side," whispered the servant, and got up +to turn the count's heavy body toward the wall. + +Pierre rose to help him. + +While the count was being turned over, one of his arms fell back +helplessly and he made a fruitless effort to pull it forward. +Whether he noticed the look of terror with which Pierre regarded +that lifeless arm, or whether some other thought flitted across his +dying brain, at any rate he glanced at the refractory arm, at Pierre's +terror-stricken face, and again at the arm, and on his face a +feeble, piteous smile appeared, quite out of keeping with his +features, that seemed to deride his own helplessness. At sight of this +smile Pierre felt an unexpected quivering in his breast and a tickling +in his nose, and tears dimmed his eyes. The sick man was turned on +to his side with his face to the wall. He sighed. + +"He is dozing," said Anna Mikhaylovna, observing that one of the +princesses was coming to take her turn at watching. "Let us go." + +Pierre went out. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + + +There was now no one in the reception room except Prince Vasili +and the eldest princess, who were sitting under the portrait of +Catherine the Great and talking eagerly. As soon as they saw Pierre +and his companion they became silent, and Pierre thought he saw the +princess hide something as she whispered: + +"I can't bear the sight of that woman." + +"Catiche has had tea served in the small drawing room," said +Prince Vasili to Anna Mikhaylovna. "Go and take something, my poor +Anna Mikhaylovna, or you will not hold out." + +To Pierre he said nothing, merely giving his arm a sympathetic +squeeze below the shoulder. Pierre went with Anna Mikhaylovna into the +small drawing room. + +"There is nothing so refreshing after a sleepless night as a cup +of this delicious Russian tea," Lorrain was saying with an air of +restrained animation as he stood sipping tea from a delicate Chinese +handleless cup before a table on which tea and a cold supper were laid +in the small circular room. Around the table all who were at Count +Bezukhov's house that night had gathered to fortify themselves. Pierre +well remembered this small circular drawing room with its mirrors +and little tables. During balls given at the house Pierre, who did not +know how to dance, had liked sitting in this room to watch the +ladies who, as they passed through in their ball dresses with diamonds +and pearls on their bare shoulders, looked at themselves in the +brilliantly lighted mirrors which repeated their reflections several +times. Now this same room was dimly lighted by two candles. On one +small table tea things and supper dishes stood in disorder, and in the +middle of the night a motley throng of people sat there, not +merrymaking, but somberly whispering, and betraying by every word +and movement that they none of them forgot what was happening and what +was about to happen in the bedroom. Pierre did not eat anything though +he would very much have liked to. He looked inquiringly at his +monitress and saw that she was again going on tiptoe to the +reception room where they had left Prince Vasili and the eldest +princess. Pierre concluded that this also was essential, and after a +short interval followed her. Anna Mikhaylovna was standing beside +the princess, and they were both speaking in excited whispers. + +"Permit me, Princess, to know what is necessary and what is not +necessary," said the younger of the two speakers, evidently in the +same state of excitement as when she had slammed the door of her room. + +"But, my dear princess," answered Anna Mikhaylovna blandly but +impressively, blocking the way to the bedroom and preventing the other +from passing, "won't this be too much for poor Uncle at a moment +when he needs repose? Worldly conversation at a moment when his soul +is already prepared..." + +Prince Vasili was seated in an easy chair in his familiar +attitude, with one leg crossed high above the other. His cheeks, which +were so flabby that they looked heavier below, were twitching +violently; but he wore the air of a man little concerned in what the +two ladies were saying. + +"Come, my dear Anna Mikhaylovna, let Catiche do as she pleases. +You know how fond the count is of her." + +"I don't even know what is in this paper," said the younger of the +two ladies, addressing Prince Vasili and pointing to an inlaid +portfolio she held in her hand. "All I know is that his real will is +in his writing table, and this is a paper he has forgotten...." + +She tried to pass Anna Mikhaylovna, but the latter sprang so as to +bar her path. + +"I know, my dear, kind princess," said Anna Mikhaylovna, seizing the +portfolio so firmly that it was plain she would not let go easily. +"Dear princess, I beg and implore you, have some pity on him! Je +vous en conjure..." + +The princess did not reply. Their efforts in the struggle for the +portfolio were the only sounds audible, but it was evident that if the +princess did speak, her words would not be flattering to Anna +Mikhaylovna. Though the latter held on tenaciously, her voice lost +none of its honeyed firmness and softness. + +"Pierre, my dear, come here. I think he will not be out of place +in a family consultation; is it not so, Prince?" + +"Why don't you speak, cousin?" suddenly shrieked the princess so +loud that those in the drawing room heard her and were startled. +"Why do you remain silent when heaven knows who permits herself to +interfere, making a scene on the very threshold of a dying man's room? +Intriguer!" she hissed viciously, and tugged with all her might at the +portfolio. + +But Anna Mikhaylovna went forward a step or two to keep her hold +on the portfolio, and changed her grip. + +Prince Vasili rose. "Oh!" said he with reproach and surprise, +"this is absurd! Come, let go I tell you." + +The princess let go. + +"And you too!" + +But Anna Mikhaylovna did not obey him. + +"Let go, I tell you! I will take the responsibility. I myself will +go and ask him, I!... does that satisfy you?" + +"But, Prince," said Anna Mikhaylovna, "after such a solemn +sacrament, allow him a moment's peace! Here, Pierre, tell them your +opinion," said she, turning to the young man who, having come quite +close, was gazing with astonishment at the angry face of the +princess which had lost all dignity, and at the twitching cheeks of +Prince Vasili. + +"Remember that you will answer for the consequences," said Prince +Vasili severely. "You don't know what you are doing." + +"Vile woman!" shouted the princess, darting unexpectedly at Anna +Mikhaylovna and snatching the portfolio from her. + +Prince Vasili bent his head and spread out his hands. + +At this moment that terrible door, which Pierre had watched so +long and which had always opened so quietly, burst noisily open and +banged against the wall, and the second of the three sisters rushed +out wringing her hands. + +"What are you doing!" she cried vehemently. "He is dying and you +leave me alone with him!" + +Her sister dropped the portfolio. Anna Mikhaylovna, stooping, +quickly caught up the object of contention and ran into the bedroom. +The eldest princess and Prince Vasili, recovering themselves, followed +her. A few minutes later the eldest sister came out with a pale hard +face, again biting her underlip. At sight of Pierre her expression +showed an irrepressible hatred. + +"Yes, now you may be glad!" said she; "this is what you have been +waiting for." And bursting into tears she hid her face in her +handkerchief and rushed from the room. + +Prince Vasili came next. He staggered to the sofa on which Pierre +was sitting and dropped onto it, covering his face with his hand. +Pierre noticed that he was pale and that his jaw quivered and shook as +if in an ague. + +"Ah, my friend!" said he, taking Pierre by the elbow; and there +was in his voice a sincerity and weakness Pierre had never observed in +it before. "How often we sin, how much we deceive, and all for what? I +am near sixty, dear friend... I too... All will end in death, all! +Death is awful..." and he burst into tears. + +Anna Mikhaylovna came out last. She approached Pierre with slow, +quiet steps. + +"Pierre!" she said. + +Pierre gave her an inquiring look. She kissed the young man on his +forehead, wetting him with her tears. Then after a pause she said: + +"He is no more...." + +Pierre looked at her over his spectacles. + +"Come, I will go with you. Try to weep, nothing gives such relief as +tears." + +She led him into the dark drawing room and Pierre was glad no one +could see his face. Anna Mikhaylovna left him, and when she returned +he was fast asleep with his head on his arm. + +In the morning Anna Mikhaylovna said to Pierre: + +"Yes, my dear, this is a great loss for us all, not to speak of you. +But God will support you: you are young, and are now, I hope, in +command of an immense fortune. The will has not yet been opened. I +know you well enough to be sure that this will not turn your head, but +it imposes duties on you, and you must be a man." + +Pierre was silent. + +"Perhaps later on I may tell you, my dear boy, that if I had not +been there, God only knows what would have happened! You know, Uncle +promised me only the day before yesterday not to forget Boris. But +he had no time. I hope, my dear friend, you will carry out your +father's wish?" + +Pierre understood nothing of all this and coloring shyly looked in +silence at Princess Anna Mikhaylovna. After her talk with Pierre, Anna +Mikhaylovna returned to the Rostovs' and went to bed. On waking in the +morning she told the Rostovs and all her acquaintances the details +of Count Bezukhov's death. She said the count had died as she would +herself wish to die, that his end was not only touching but +edifying. As to the last meeting between father and son, it was so +touching that she could not think of it without tears, and did not +know which had behaved better during those awful moments--the father +who so remembered everything and everybody at last and had +spoken such pathetic words to the son, or Pierre, whom it had been +pitiful to see, so stricken was he with grief, though he tried hard to +hide it in order not to sadden his dying father. "It is painful, but +it does one good. It uplifts the soul to see such men as the old count +and his worthy son," said she. Of the behavior of the eldest +princess and Prince Vasili she spoke disapprovingly, but in whispers +and as a great secret. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXV + + +At Bald Hills, Prince Nicholas Andreevich Bolkonski's estate, the +arrival of young Prince Andrew and his wife was daily expected, but +this expectation did not upset the regular routine of life in the +old prince's household. General in Chief Prince Nicholas Andreevich +(nicknamed in society, "the King of Prussia") ever since the Emperor +Paul had exiled him to his country estate had lived there continuously +with his daughter, Princess Mary, and her companion, Mademoiselle +Bourienne. Though in the new reign he was free to return to the +capitals, he still continued to live in the country, remarking that +anyone who wanted to see him could come the hundred miles from +Moscow to Bald Hills, while he himself needed no one and nothing. He +used to say that there are only two sources of human vice--idleness +and superstition, and only two virtues--activity and intelligence. +He himself undertook his daughter's education, and to develop these +two cardinal virtues in her gave her lessons in algebra and geometry +till she was twenty, and arranged her life so that her whole time +was occupied. He was himself always occupied: writing his memoirs, +solving problems in higher mathematics, turning snuffboxes on a lathe, +working in the garden, or superintending the building that was +always going on at his estate. As regularity is a prime condition +facilitating activity, regularity in his household was carried to +the highest point of exactitude. He always came to table under +precisely the same conditions, and not only at the same hour but at +the same minute. With those about him, from his daughter to his serfs, +the prince was sharp and invariably exacting, so that without being +a hardhearted man he inspired such fear and respect as few hardhearted +men would have aroused. Although he was in retirement and had now no +influence in political affairs, every high official appointed to the +province in which the prince's estate lay considered it his duty to +visit him and waited in the lofty antechamber ante chamber just as the +architect, gardener, or Princess Mary did, till the prince appeared +punctually to the appointed hour. Everyone sitting in this antechamber +experienced the same feeling of respect and even fear when the +enormously high study door opened and showed the figure of a rather +small old man, with powdered wig, small withered hands, and bushy gray +eyebrows which, when he frowned, sometimes hid the gleam of his +shrewd, youthfully glittering eyes. + +On the morning of the day that the young couple were to arrive, +Princess Mary entered the antechamber as usual at the time appointed +for the morning greeting, crossing herself with trepidation and +repeating a silent prayer. Every morning she came in like that, and +every morning prayed that the daily interview might pass off well. + +An old powdered manservant who was sitting in the antechamber rose +quietly and said in a whisper: "Please walk in." + +Through the door came the regular hum of a lathe. The princess +timidly opened the door which moved noiselessly and easily. She paused +at the entrance. The prince was working at the lathe and after +glancing round continued his work. + +The enormous study was full of things evidently in constant use. The +large table covered with books and plans, the tall glass-fronted +bookcases with keys in the locks, the high desk for writing while +standing up, on which lay an open exercise book, and the lathe with +tools laid ready to hand and shavings scattered around--all +indicated continuous, varied, and orderly activity. The motion of +the small foot shod in a Tartar boot embroidered with silver, and +the firm pressure of the lean sinewy hand, showed that the prince +still possessed the tenacious endurance and vigor of hardy old age. +After a few more turns of the lathe he removed his foot from the +pedal, wiped his chisel, dropped it into a leather pouch attached to +the lathe, and, approaching the table, summoned his daughter. He never +gave his children a blessing, so he simply held out his bristly +cheek (as yet unshaven) and, regarding her tenderly and attentively, +said severely: + +"Quite well? All right then, sit down." He took the exercise book +containing lessons in geometry written by himself and drew up a +chair with his foot. + +"For tomorrow!" said he, quickly finding the page and making a +scratch from one paragraph to another with his hard nail. + +The princess bent over the exercise book on the table. + +"Wait a bit, here's a letter for you," said the old man suddenly, +taking a letter addressed in a woman's hand from a bag hanging above +the table, onto which he threw it. + +At the sight of the letter red patches showed themselves on the +princess' face. She took it quickly and bent her head over it. + +"From Heloise?" asked the prince with a cold smile that showed his +still sound, yellowish teeth. + +"Yes, it's from Julie," replied the princess with a timid glance and +a timid smile. + +"I'll let two more letters pass, but the third I'll read," said +the prince sternly; "I'm afraid you write much nonsense. I'll read the +third!" + +"Read this if you like, Father," said the princess, blushing still +more and holding out the letter. + +"The third, I said the third!" cried the prince abruptly, pushing +the letter away, and leaning his elbows on the table he drew toward +him the exercise book containing geometrical figures. + +"Well, madam," he began, stooping over the book close to his +daughter and placing an arm on the back of the chair on which she sat, +so that she felt herself surrounded on all sides by the acrid scent of +old age and tobacco, which she had known so long. "Now, madam, these +triangles are equal; please note that the angle ABC..." + +The princess looked in a scared way at her father's eyes +glittering close to her; the red patches on her face came and went, +and it was plain that she understood nothing and was so frightened +that her fear would prevent her understanding any of her father's +further explanations, however clear they might be. Whether it was +the teacher's fault or the pupil's, this same thing happened every +day: the princess' eyes grew dim, she could not see and could not hear +anything, but was only conscious of her stern father's withered face +close to her, of his breath and the smell of him, and could think only +of how to get away quickly to her own room to make out the problem +in peace. The old man was beside himself: moved the chair on which +he was sitting noisily backward and forward, made efforts to control +himself and not become vehement, but almost always did become +vehement, scolded, and sometimes flung the exercise book away. + +The princess gave a wrong answer. + +"Well now, isn't she a fool!" shouted the prince, pushing the book +aside and turning sharply away; but rising immediately, he paced up +and down, lightly touched his daughter's hair and sat down again. + +He drew up his chair, and continued to explain. + +"This won't do, Princess; it won't do," said he, when Princess Mary, +having taken and closed the exercise book with the next day's +lesson, was about to leave: "Mathematics are most important, madam! +I don't want to have you like our silly ladies. Get used to it and +you'll like it," and he patted her cheek. "It will drive all the +nonsense out of your head." + +She turned to go, but he stopped her with a gesture and took an +uncut book from the high desk. + +"Here is some sort of Key to the Mysteries that your Heloise has +sent you. Religious! I don't interfere with anyone's belief... I +have looked at it. Take it. Well, now go. Go." + +He patted her on the shoulder and himself closed the door after her. + +Princess Mary went back to her room with the sad, scared +expression that rarely left her and which made her plain, sickly +face yet plainer. She sat down at her writing table, on which stood +miniature portraits and which was littered with books and papers. +The princess was as untidy as her father was tidy. She put down the +geometry book and eagerly broke the seal of her letter. It was from +her most intimate friend from childhood; that same Julie Karagina +who had been at the Rostovs' name-day party. + +Julie wrote in French: + + +Dear and precious Friend, How terrible and frightful a thing is +separation! Though I tell myself that half my life and half my +happiness are wrapped up in you, and that in spite of the distance +separating us our hearts are united by indissoluble bonds, my heart +rebels against fate and in spite of the pleasures and distractions +around me I cannot overcome a certain secret sorrow that has been in +my heart ever since we parted. Why are we not together as we were last +summer, in your big study, on the blue sofa, the confidential sofa? +Why cannot I now, as three months ago, draw fresh moral strength +from your look, so gentle, calm, and penetrating, a look I loved so +well and seem to see before me as I write? + + +Having read thus far, Princess Mary sighed and glanced into the +mirror which stood on her right. It reflected a weak, ungraceful +figure and thin face. Her eyes, always sad, now looked with particular +hopelessness at her reflection in the glass. "She flatters me," +thought the princess, turning away and continuing to read. But Julie +did not flatter her friend, the princess' eyes--large, deep and +luminous (it seemed as if at times there radiated from them shafts +of warm light)--were so beautiful that very often in spite of the +plainness of her face they gave her an attraction more powerful than +that of beauty. But the princess never saw the beautiful expression of +her own eyes--the look they had when she was not thinking of +herself. As with everyone, her face assumed a forced unnatural +expression as soon as she looked in a glass. She went on reading: + + +All Moscow talks of nothing but war. One of my two brothers is +already abroad, the other is with the Guards, who are starting on +their march to the frontier. Our dear Emperor has left Petersburg +and it is thought intends to expose his precious person to the chances +of war. God grant that the Corsican monster who is destroying the +peace of Europe may be overthrown by the angel whom it has pleased the +Almighty, in His goodness, to give us as sovereign! To say nothing +of my brothers, this war has deprived me of one of the associations +nearest my heart. I mean young Nicholas Rostov, who with his +enthusiasm could not bear to remain inactive and has left the +university to join the army. I will confess to you, dear Mary, that in +spite of his extreme youth his departure for the army was a great +grief to me. This young man, of whom I spoke to you last summer, is so +noble-minded and full of that real youthfulness which one seldom finds +nowadays among our old men of twenty and, particularly, he is so frank +and has so much heart. He is so pure and poetic that my relations with +him, transient as they were, have been one of the sweetest comforts to +my poor heart, which has already suffered so much. Someday I will tell +you about our parting and all that was said then. That is still too +fresh. Ah, dear friend, you are happy not to know these poignant +joys and sorrows. You are fortunate, for the latter are generally +the stronger! I know very well that Count Nicholas is too young ever +to be more to me than a friend, but this sweet friendship, this poetic +and pure intimacy, were what my heart needed. But enough of this! +The chief news, about which all Moscow gossips, is the death of old +Count Bezukhov, and his inheritance. Fancy! The three princesses +have received very little, Prince Vasili nothing, and it is Monsieur +Pierre who has inherited all the property and has besides been +recognized as legitimate; so that he is now Count Bezukhov and +possessor of the finest fortune in Russia. It is rumored that Prince +Vasili played a very despicable part in this affair and that he +returned to Petersburg quite crestfallen. + +I confess I understand very little about all these matters of +wills and inheritance; but I do know that since this young man, whom +we all used to know as plain Monsieur Pierre, has become Count +Bezukhov and the owner of one of the largest fortunes in Russia, I +am much amused to watch the change in the tone and manners of the +mammas burdened by marriageable daughters, and of the young ladies +themselves, toward him, though, between you and me, he always seemed +to me a poor sort of fellow. As for the past two years people have +amused themselves by finding husbands for me (most of whom I don't +even know), the matchmaking chronicles of Moscow now speak of me as +the future Countess Bezukhova. But you will understand that I have +no desire for the post. A propos of marriages: do you know that a +while ago that universal auntie Anna Mikhaylovna told me, under the +seal of strict secrecy, of a plan of marriage for you. It is neither +more nor less than with Prince Vasili's son Anatole, whom they wish to +reform by marrying him to someone rich and distinguee, and it is on +you that his relations' choice has fallen. I don't know what you +will think of it, but I consider it my duty to let you know of it. +He is said to be very handsome and a terrible scapegrace. That is +all I have been able to find out about him. + +But enough of gossip. I am at the end of my second sheet of paper, +and Mamma has sent for me to go and dine at the Apraksins'. Read the +mystical book I am sending you; it has an enormous success here. +Though there are things in it difficult for the feeble human mind to +grasp, it is an admirable book which calms and elevates the soul. +Adieu! Give my respects to monsieur your father and my compliments +to Mademoiselle Bourienne. I embrace you as I love you. + +JULIE + +P.S. Let me have news of your brother and his charming little wife. + + +The princess pondered awhile with a thoughtful smile and her +luminous eyes lit up so that her face was entirely transformed. Then +she suddenly rose and with her heavy tread went up to the table. She +took a sheet of paper and her hand moved rapidly over it. This is +the reply she wrote, also in French: + + +Dear and precious Friend, Your letter of the 13th has given me great +delight. So you still love me, my romantic Julie? Separation, of which +you say so much that is bad, does not seem to have had its usual +effect on you. You complain of our separation. What then should I say, +if I dared complain, I who am deprived of all who are dear to me? +Ah, if we had not religion to console us life would be very sad. Why +do you suppose that I should look severely on your affection for +that young man? On such matters I am only severe with myself. I +understand such feelings in others, and if never having felt them I +cannot approve of them, neither do I condemn them. Only it seems to me +that Christian love, love of one's neighbor, love of one's enemy, is +worthier, sweeter, and better than the feelings which the beautiful +eyes of a young man can inspire in a romantic and loving young girl +like yourself. + +The news of Count Bezukhov's death reached us before your letter and +my father was much affected by it. He says the count was the last +representative but one of the great century, and that it is his own +turn now, but that he will do all he can to let his turn come as +late as possible. God preserve us from that terrible misfortune! + +I cannot agree with you about Pierre, whom I knew as a child. He +always seemed to me to have an excellent heart, and that is the +quality I value most in people. As to his inheritance and the part +played by Prince Vasili, it is very sad for both. Ah, my dear +friend, our divine Saviour's words, that it is easier for a camel to +go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the +Kingdom of God, are terribly true. I pity Prince Vasili but am still +more sorry for Pierre. So young, and burdened with such riches--to +what temptations he will be exposed! If I were asked what I desire +most on earth, it would be to be poorer than the poorest beggar. A +thousand thanks, dear friend, for the volume you have sent me and +which has such success in Moscow. Yet since you tell me that among +some good things it contains others which our weak human understanding +cannot grasp, it seems to me rather useless to spend time in reading +what is unintelligible and can therefore bear no fruit. I never +could understand the fondness some people have for confusing their +minds by dwelling on mystical books that merely awaken their doubts +and excite their imagination, giving them a bent for exaggeration +quite contrary to Christian simplicity. Let us rather read the +Epistles and Gospels. Let us not seek to penetrate what mysteries they +contain; for how can we, miserable sinners that we are, know the +terrible and holy secrets of Providence while we remain in this +flesh which forms an impenetrable veil between us and the Eternal? Let +us rather confine ourselves to studying those sublime rules which +our divine Saviour has left for our guidance here below. Let us try to +conform to them and follow them, and let us be persuaded that the less +we let our feeble human minds roam, the better we shall please God, +who rejects all knowledge that does not come from Him; and the less we +seek to fathom what He has been pleased to conceal from us, the sooner +will He vouchsafe its revelation to us through His divine Spirit. + +My father has not spoken to me of a suitor, but has only told me +that he has received a letter and is expecting a visit from Prince +Vasili. In regard to this project of marriage for me, I will tell you, +dear sweet friend, that I look on marriage as a divine institution +to which we must conform. However painful it may be to me, should +the Almighty lay the duties of wife and mother upon me I +shall try to perform them as faithfully as I can, without +disquieting myself by examining my feelings toward him whom He may +give me for husband. + +I have had a letter from my brother, who announces his speedy +arrival at Bald Hills with his wife. This pleasure will be but a brief +one, however, for he will leave, us again to take part in this unhappy +war into which we have been drawn, God knows how or why. Not only +where you are--at the heart of affairs and of the world--is the talk +all of war, even here amid fieldwork and the calm of nature--which +townsfolk consider characteristic of the country--rumors of war are +heard and painfully felt. My father talks of nothing but marches and +countermarches, things of which I understand nothing; and the day +before yesterday during my daily walk through the village I +witnessed a heartrending scene.... It was a convoy of conscripts +enrolled from our people and starting to join the army. You should +have seen the state of the mothers, wives, and children of the men who +were going and should have heard the sobs. It seems as though +mankind has forgotten the laws of its divine Saviour, Who preached +love and forgiveness of injuries--and that men attribute the +greatest merit to skill in killing one another. + +Adieu, dear and kind friend; may our divine Saviour and His most +Holy Mother keep you in their holy and all-powerful care! + +MARY + + +"Ah, you are sending off a letter, Princess? I have already +dispatched mine. I have written to my poor mother," said the smiling +Mademoiselle Bourienne rapidly, in her pleasant mellow tones and +with guttural r's. She brought into Princess Mary's strenuous, +mournful, and gloomy world a quite different atmosphere, careless, +lighthearted, and self-satisfied. + +"Princess, I must warn you," she added, lowering her voice and +evidently listening to herself with pleasure, and speaking with +exaggerated grasseyement, "the prince has been scolding Michael +Ivanovich. He is in a very bad humor, very morose. Be prepared." + +"Ah, dear friend," replied Princess Mary, "I have asked you never to +warn me of the humor my father is in. I do not allow myself to judge +him and would not have others do so." + +The princess glanced at her watch and, seeing that she was five +minutes late in starting her practice on the clavichord, went into the +sitting room with a look of alarm. Between twelve and two o'clock, +as the day was mapped out, the prince rested and the princess played +the clavichord. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + + +The gray-haired valet was sitting drowsily listening to the +snoring of the prince, who was in his large study. From the far side +of the house through the closed doors came the sound of difficult +passages--twenty times repeated--of a sonata by Dussek. + +Just then a closed carriage and another with a hood drove up to +the porch. Prince Andrew got out of the carriage, helped his little +wife to alight, and let her pass into the house before him. Old +Tikhon, wearing a wig, put his head out of the door of the +antechamber, reported in a whisper that the prince was sleeping, and +hastily closed the door. Tikhon knew that neither the son's arrival +nor any other unusual event must be allowed to disturb the appointed +order of the day. Prince Andrew apparently knew this as well as +Tikhon; he looked at his watch as if to ascertain whether his father's +habits had changed since he was at home last, and, having assured +himself that they had not, he turned to his wife. + +"He will get up in twenty minutes. Let us go across to Mary's room," +he said. + +The little princess had grown stouter during this time, but her eyes +and her short, downy, smiling lip lifted when she began to speak +just as merrily and prettily as ever. + +"Why, this is a palace!" she said to her husband, looking around +with the expression with which people compliment their host at a ball. +"Let's come, quick, quick!" And with a glance round, she smiled at +Tikhon, at her husband, and at the footman who accompanied them. + +"Is that Mary practicing? Let's go quietly and take her by +surprise." + +Prince Andrew followed her with a courteous but sad expression. + +"You've grown older, Tikhon," he said in passing to the old man, who +kissed his hand. + +Before they reached the room from which the sounds of the clavichord +came, the pretty, fair haired Frenchwoman, Mademoiselle Bourienne, +rushed out apparently beside herself with delight. + +"Ah! what joy for the princess!" exclaimed she: "At last! I must let +her know." + +"No, no, please not... You are Mademoiselle Bourienne," said the +little princess, kissing her. "I know you already through my +sister-in-law's friendship for you. She was not expecting us?" + +They went up to the door of the sitting room from which came the +sound of the oft-repeated passage of the sonata. Prince Andrew stopped +and made a grimace, as if expecting something unpleasant. + +The little princess entered the room. The passage broke off in the +middle, a cry was heard, then Princess Mary's heavy tread and the +sound of kissing. When Prince Andrew went in the two princesses, who +had only met once before for a short time at his wedding, were in each +other's arms warmly pressing their lips to whatever place they +happened to touch. Mademoiselle Bourienne stood near them pressing her +hand to her heart, with a beatific smile and obviously equally ready +to cry or to laugh. Prince Andrew shrugged his shoulders and +frowned, as lovers of music do when they hear a false note. The two +women let go of one another, and then, as if afraid of being too late, +seized each other's hands, kissing them and pulling them away, and +again began kissing each other on the face, and then to Prince +Andrew's surprise both began to cry and kissed again. Mademoiselle +Bourienne also began to cry. Prince Andrew evidently felt ill at ease, +but to the two women it seemed quite natural that they should cry, and +apparently it never entered their heads that it could have been +otherwise at this meeting. + +"Ah! my dear!... Ah! Mary!" they suddenly exclaimed, and then +laughed. "I dreamed last night..."--"You were not expecting us?..."- +"Ah! Mary, you have got thinner?..." "And you have grown stouter!..." + +"I knew the princess at once," put in Mademoiselle Bourienne. + +"And I had no idea!..." exclaimed Princess Mary. "Ah, Andrew, I +did not see you." + +Prince Andrew and his sister, hand in hand, kissed one another, +and he told her she was still the same crybaby as ever. Princess +Mary had turned toward her brother, and through her tears the +loving, warm, gentle look of her large luminous eyes, very beautiful +at that moment, rested on Prince Andrew's face. + +The little princess talked incessantly, her short, downy upper lip +continually and rapidly touching her rosy nether lip when necessary +and drawing up again next moment when her face broke into a smile of +glittering teeth and sparkling eyes. She told of an accident they +had had on the Spasski Hill which might have been serious for her in +her condition, and immediately after that informed them that she had +left all her clothes in Petersburg and that heaven knew what she would +have to dress in here; and that Andrew had quite changed, and that +Kitty Odyntsova had married an old man, and that there was a suitor +for Mary, a real one, but that they would talk of that later. Princess +Mary was still looking silently at her brother and her beautiful +eyes were full of love and sadness. It was plain that she was +following a train of thought independent of her sister-in-law's words. +In the midst of a description of the last Petersburg fete she +addressed her brother: + +"So you are really going to the war, Andrew?" she said sighing. + +Lise sighed too. + +"Yes, and even tomorrow," replied her brother. + +"He is leaving me here, God knows why, when he might have had +promotion..." + +Princess Mary did not listen to the end, but continuing her train of +thought turned to her sister-in-law with a tender glance at her +figure. + +"Is it certain?" she said. + +The face of the little princess changed. She sighed and said: +"Yes, quite certain. Ah! it is very dreadful..." + +Her lip descended. She brought her face close to her sister-in-law's +and unexpectedly again began to cry. + +"She needs rest," said Prince Andrew with a frown. "Don't you, Lise? +Take her to your room and I'll go to Father. How is he? Just the +same?" + +"Yes, just the same. Though I don't know what your opinion will be," +answered the princess joyfully. + +"And are the hours the same? And the walks in the avenues? And the +lathe?" asked Prince Andrew with a scarcely perceptible smile which +showed that, in spite of all his love and respect for his father, he +was aware of his weaknesses. + +"The hours are the same, and the lathe, and also the mathematics and +my geometry lessons," said Princess Mary gleefully, as if her +lessons in geometry were among the greatest delights of her life. + +When the twenty minutes had elapsed and the time had come for the +old prince to get up, Tikhon came to call the young prince to his +father. The old man made a departure from his usual routine in honor +of his son's arrival: he gave orders to admit him to his apartments +while he dressed for dinner. The old prince always dressed in +old-fashioned style, wearing an antique coat and powdered hair; and +when Prince Andrew entered his father's dressing room (not with the +contemptuous look and manner he wore in drawing rooms, but with the +animated face with which he talked to Pierre), the old man was sitting +on a large leather-covered chair, wrapped in a powdering mantle, +entrusting his head to Tikhon. + +"Ah! here's the warrior! Wants to vanquish Buonaparte?" said the old +man, shaking his powdered head as much as the tail, which Tikhon was +holding fast to plait, would allow. + +"You at least must tackle him properly, or else if he goes on like +this he'll soon have us, too, for his subjects! How are you?" And he +held out his cheek. + +The old man was in a good temper after his nap before dinner. (He +used to say that a nap "after dinner was silver--before dinner, +golden.") He cast happy, sidelong glances at his son from under his +thick, bushy eyebrows. Prince Andrew went up and kissed his father +on the spot indicated to him. He made no reply on his father's +favorite topic--making fun of the military men of the day, and more +particularly of Bonaparte. + +"Yes, Father, I have come come to you and brought my wife who is +pregnant," said Prince Andrew, following every movement of his +father's face with an eager and respectful look. "How is your health?" + +"Only fools and rakes fall ill, my boy. You know me: I am busy +from morning till night and abstemious, so of course I am well." + +"Thank God," said his son smiling. + +"God has nothing to do with it! Well, go on," he continued, +returning to his hobby; "tell me how the Germans have taught you to +fight Bonaparte by this new science you call 'strategy.'" + +Prince Andrew smiled. + +"Give me time to collect my wits, Father," said he, with a smile +that showed that his father's foibles did not prevent his son from +loving and honoring him. "Why, I have not yet had time to settle +down!" + +"Nonsense, nonsense!" cried the old man, shaking his pigtail to +see whether it was firmly plaited, and grasping his by the hand. +"The house for your wife is ready. Princess Mary will take her there +and show her over, and they'll talk nineteen to the dozen. That's +their woman's way! I am glad to have her. Sit down and talk. About +Mikhelson's army I understand--Tolstoy's too... a simultaneous +expedition.... But what's the southern army to do? Prussia is +neutral... I know that. What about Austria?" said he, rising from +his chair and pacing up and down the room followed by Tikhon, who +ran after him, handing him different articles of clothing. "What of +Sweden? How will they cross Pomerania?" + +Prince Andrew, seeing that his father insisted, began--at first +reluctantly, but gradually with more and more animation, and from +habit changing unconsciously from Russian to French as he went on- +to explain the plan of operation for the coming campaign. He explained +how an army, ninety thousand strong, was to threaten Prussia so as +to bring her out of her neutrality and draw her into the war; how part +of that army was to join some Swedish forces at Stralsund; how two +hundred and twenty thousand Austrians, with a hundred thousand +Russians, were to operate in Italy and on the Rhine; how fifty +thousand Russians and as many English were to land at Naples, and +how a total force of five hundred thousand men was to attack the +French from different sides. The old prince did not evince the least +interest during this explanation, but as if he were not listening to +it continued to dress while walking about, and three times +unexpectedly interrupted. Once he stopped it by shouting: "The white +one, the white one!" + +This meant that Tikhon was not handing him the waistcoat he +wanted. Another time he interrupted, saying: + +"And will she soon be confined?" and shaking his head +reproachfully said: "That's bad! Go on, go on." + +The third interruption came when Prince Andrew was finishing his +description. The old man began to sing, in the cracked voice of old +age: "Malbrook s'en va-t-en guerre. Dieu sait quand reviendra."* + + +*"Marlborough is going to the wars; God knows when he'll return." + + +His son only smiled. + +"I don't say it's a plan I approve of," said the son; "I am only +telling you what it is. Napoleon has also formed his plan by now, +not worse than this one." + +"Well, you've told me nothing new," and the old man repeated, +meditatively and rapidly: + +"Dieu sait quand reviendra. Go to the dining room." + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII + + +At the appointed hour the prince, powdered and shaven, entered the +dining room where his daughter-in-law, Princess Mary, and Mademoiselle +Bourienne were already awaiting him together with his architect, who +by a strange caprice of his employer's was admitted to table though +the position of that insignificant individual was such as could +certainly not have caused him to expect that honor. The prince, who +generally kept very strictly to social distinctions and rarely +admitted even important government officials to his table, had +unexpectedly selected Michael Ivanovich (who always went into a corner +to blow his nose on his checked handkerchief) to illustrate the theory +that all men are equals, and had more than once impressed on his +daughter that Michael Ivanovich was "not a whit worse than you or +I." At dinner the prince usually spoke to the taciturn Michael +Ivanovich more often than to anyone else. + +In the dining room, which like all the rooms in the house was +exceedingly lofty, the members of the household and the footmen--one +behind each chair--stood waiting for the prince to enter. The head +butler, napkin on arm, was scanning the setting of the table, making +signs to the footmen, and anxiously glancing from the clock to the +door by which the prince was to enter. Prince Andrew was looking at +a large gilt frame, new to him, containing the genealogical tree of +the Princes Bolkonski, opposite which hung another such frame with a +badly painted portrait (evidently by the hand of the artist +belonging to the estate) of a ruling prince, in a crown--an alleged +descendant of Rurik and ancestor of the Bolkonskis. Prince Andrew, +looking again at that genealogical tree, shook his head, laughing as a +man laughs who looks at a portrait so characteristic of the original +as to be amusing. + +"How thoroughly like him that is!" he said to Princess Mary, who had +come up to him. + +Princess Mary looked at her brother in surprise. She did not +understand what he was laughing at. Everything her father did inspired +her with reverence and was beyond question. + +"Everyone has his Achilles' heel," continued Prince Andrew. +"Fancy, with his powerful mind, indulging in such nonsense!" + +Princess Mary could not understand the boldness of her brother's +criticism and was about to reply, when the expected footsteps were +heard coming from the study. The prince walked in quickly and jauntily +as was his wont, as if intentionally contrasting the briskness of +his manners with the strict formality of his house. At that moment the +great clock struck two and another with a shrill tone joined in from +the drawing room. The prince stood still; his lively glittering eyes +from under their thick, bushy eyebrows sternly scanned all present and +rested on the little princess. She felt, as courtiers do when the Tsar +enters, the sensation of fear and respect which the old man inspired +in all around him. He stroked her hair and then patted her awkwardly +on the back of her neck. + +"I'm glad, glad, to see you," he said, looking attentively into +her eyes, and then quickly went to his place and sat down. "Sit +down, sit down! Sit down, Michael Ianovich!" + +He indicated a place beside him to his daughter-in-law. A footman +moved the chair for her. + +"Ho, ho!" said the old man, casting his eyes on her rounded +figure. "You've been in a hurry. That's bad!" + +He laughed in his usual dry, cold, unpleasant way, with his lips +only and not with his eyes. + +"You must walk, walk as much as possible, as much as possible," he +said. + +The little princess did not, or did not wish to, hear his words. She +was silent and seemed confused. The prince asked her about her father, +and she began to smile and talk. He asked about mutual +acquaintances, and she became still more animated and chattered away +giving him greetings from various people and retailing the town +gossip. + +"Countess Apraksina, poor thing, has lost her husband and she has +cried her eyes out," she said, growing more and more lively. + +As she became animated the prince looked at her more and more +sternly, and suddenly, as if he had studied her sufficiently and had +formed a definite idea of her, he turned away and addressed Michael +Ivanovich. + +"Well, Michael Ivanovich, our Bonaparte will be having a bad time of +it. Prince Andrew" (he always spoke thus of his son) "has been telling +me what forces are being collected against him! While you and I +never thought much of him." + +Michael Ivanovich did not at all know when "you and I" had said such +things about Bonaparte, but understanding that he was wanted as a +peg on which to hang the prince's favorite topic, he looked +inquiringly at the young prince, wondering what would follow. + +"He is a great tactician!" said the prince to his son, pointing to +the architect. + +And the conversation again turned on the war, on Bonaparte, and +the generals and statesmen of the day. The old prince seemed convinced +not only that all the men of the day were mere babies who did not know +the A B C of war or of politics, and that Bonaparte was an +insignificant little Frenchy, successful only because there were no +longer any Potemkins or Suvorovs left to oppose him; but he was also +convinced that there were no political difficulties in Europe and no +real war, but only a sort of puppet show at which the men of the day +were playing, pretending to do something real. Prince Andrew gaily +bore with his father's ridicule of the new men, and drew him on and +listened to him with evident pleasure. + +"The past always seems good," said he, "but did not Suvorov +himself fall into a trap Moreau set him, and from which he did not +know how to escape?" + +"Who told you that? Who?" cried the prince. "Suvorov!" And he jerked +away his plate, which Tikhon briskly caught. "Suvorov!... Consider, +Prince Andrew. Two... Frederick and Suvorov; Moreau!... Moreau would +have been a prisoner if Suvorov had had a free hand; but he had the +Hofs-kriegs-wurst-schnapps-Rath on his hands. It would have puzzled +the devil himself! When you get there you'll find out what those +Hofs-kriegs-wurst-Raths are! Suvorov couldn't manage them so what +chance has Michael Kutuzov? No, my dear boy," he continued, "you and +your generals won't get on against Buonaparte; you'll have to call +in the French, so that birds of a feather may fight together. The +German, Pahlen, has been sent to New York in America, to fetch the +Frenchman, Moreau," he said, alluding to the invitation made that year +to Moreau to enter the Russian service.... "Wonderful!... Were the +Potemkins, Suvorovs, and Orlovs Germans? No, lad, either you fellows +have all lost your wits, or I have outlived mine. May God help you, +but we'll see what will happen. Buonaparte has become a great +commander among them! Hm!..." + +"I don't at all say that all the plans are good," said Prince +Andrew, "I am only surprised at your opinion of Bonaparte. You may +laugh as much as you like, but all the same Bonaparte is a great +general!" + +"Michael Ivanovich!" cried the old prince to the architect who, busy +with his roast meat, hoped he had been forgotten: "Didn't I tell you +Buonaparte was a great tactician? Here, he says the same thing." + +"To be sure, your excellency." replied the architect. + +The prince again laughed his frigid laugh. + +"Buonaparte was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. He has got +splendid soldiers. Besides he began by attacking Germans. And only +idlers have failed to beat the Germans. Since the world began +everybody has beaten the Germans. They beat no one--except one +another. He made his reputation fighting them." + +And the prince began explaining all the blunders which, according to +him, Bonaparte had made in his campaigns and even in politics. His son +made no rejoinder, but it was evident that whatever arguments were +presented he was as little able as his father to change his opinion. +He listened, refraining from a reply, and involuntarily wondered how +this old man, living alone in the country for so many years, could +know and discuss so minutely and acutely all the recent European +military and political events. + +"You think I'm an old man and don't understand the present state +of affairs?" concluded his father. "But it troubles me. I don't +sleep at night. Come now, where has this great commander of yours +shown his skill?" he concluded. + +"That would take too long to tell," answered the son. + +"Well, then go to your Buonaparte! Mademoiselle Bourienne, here's +another admirer of that powder-monkey emperor of yours," he +exclaimed in excellent French. + +"You know, Prince, I am not a Bonapartist!" + +"Dieu sait quand reviendra..." hummed the prince out of tune and, +with a laugh still more so, he quitted the table. + +The little princess during the whole discussion and the rest of +the dinner sat silent, glancing with a frightened look now at her +father-in-law and now at Princess Mary. When they left the table she +took her sister-in-law's arm and drew her into another room. + +"What a clever man your father is," said she; "perhaps that is why I +am afraid of him." + +"Oh, he is so kind!" answered Princess Mary. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII + + +Prince Andrew was to leave next evening. The old prince, not +altering his routine, retired as usual after dinner. The little +princess was in her sister-in-law's room. Prince Andrew in a traveling +coat without epaulettes had been packing with his valet in the rooms +assigned to him. After inspecting the carriage himself and seeing +the trunks put in, he ordered the horses to be harnessed. Only those +things he always kept with him remained in his room; a small box, a +large canteen fitted with silver plate, two Turkish pistols and a +saber--a present from his father who had brought it from the siege +of Ochakov. All these traveling effects of Prince Andrew's were in +very good order: new, clean, and in cloth covers carefully tied with +tapes. + +When starting on a journey or changing their mode of life, men +capable of reflection are generally in a serious frame of mind. At +such moments one reviews the past and plans for the future. Prince +Andrew's face looked very thoughtful and tender. With his hands behind +him he paced briskly from corner to corner of the room, looking +straight before him and thoughtfully shaking his head. Did he fear +going to the war, or was he sad at leaving his wife?--perhaps both, +but evidently he did not wish to be seen in that mood, for hearing +footsteps in the passage he hurriedly unclasped his hands, stopped +at a table as if tying the cover of the small box, and assumed his +usual tranquil and impenetrable expression. It was the heavy tread +of Princess Mary that he heard. + +"I hear you have given orders to harness," she cried, panting (she +had apparently been running), "and I did so wish to have another +talk with you alone! God knows how long we may again be parted. You +are not angry with me for coming? You have changed so, Andrusha," +she added, as if to explain such a question. + +She smiled as she uttered his pet name, "Andrusha." It was obviously +strange to her to think that this stern handsome man should be +Andrusha--the slender mischievous boy who had been her playfellow in +childhood. + +"And where is Lise?" he asked, answering her question only by a +smile. + +"She was so tired that she has fallen asleep on the sofa in my room. +Oh, Andrew! What a treasure of a wife you have," said she, sitting +down on the sofa, facing her brother. "She is quite a child: such a +dear, merry child. I have grown so fond of her." + +Prince Andrew was silent, but the princess noticed the ironical +and contemptuous look that showed itself on his face. + +"One must be indulgent to little weaknesses; who is free from +them, Andrew? Don't forget that she has grown up and been educated +in society, and so her position now is not a rosy one. We should enter +into everyone's situation. Tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner.* +Think it must be for her, poor thing, after what she has been used to, +to be parted from her husband and be left alone in the country, in her +condition! It's very hard." + + +*To understand all is to forgive all. + + +Prince Andrew smiled as he looked at his sister, as we smile at +those we think we thoroughly understand. + +"You live in the country and don't think the life terrible," he +replied. + +"I... that's different. Why speak of me? I don't want any other +life, and can't, for I know no other. But think, Andrew: for a young +society woman to be buried in the country during the best years of her +life, all alone--for Papa is always busy, and I... well, you know what +poor resources I have for entertaining a woman used to the best +society. There is only Mademoiselle Bourienne...." + +"I don't like your Mademoiselle Bourienne at all," said Prince +Andrew. + +"No? She is very nice and kind and, above all, she's much to be +pitied. She has no one, no one. To tell the truth, I don't need her, +and she's even in my way. You know I always was a savage, and now am +even more so. I like being alone.... Father likes her very much. She +and Michael Ivanovich are the two people to whom he is always gentle +and kind, because he has been a benefactor to them both. As Sterne +says: 'We don't love people so much for the good they have done us, as +for the good we have done them.' Father took her when she was homeless +after losing her own father. She is very good-natured, and my father +likes her way of reading. She reads to him in the evenings and reads +splendidly." + +"To be quite frank, Mary, I expect Father's character sometimes +makes things trying for you, doesn't it?" Prince Andrew asked +suddenly. + +Princess Mary was first surprised and then aghast at this question. + +"For me? For me?... Trying for me!..." said she. + +"He always was rather harsh; and now I should think he's getting +very trying," said Prince Andrew, apparently speaking lightly of their +father in order to puzzle or test his sister. + +"You are good in every way, Andrew, but you have a kind of +intellectual pride," said the princess, following the train of her own +thoughts rather than the trend of the conversation--"and that's a +great sin. How can one judge Father? But even if one might, what +feeling except veneration could such a man as my father evoke? And I +am so contented and happy with him. I only wish you were all as +happy as I am." + +Her brother shook his head incredulously. + +"The only thing that is hard for me... I will tell you the truth, +Andrew... is Father's way of treating religious subjects. I don't +understand how a man of his immense intellect can fail to see what +is as clear as day, and can go so far astray. That is the only thing +that makes me unhappy. But even in this I can see lately a shade of +improvement. His satire has been less bitter of late, and there was +a monk he received and had a long talk with." + +"Ah! my dear, I am afraid you and your monk are wasting your +powder," said Prince Andrew banteringly yet tenderly. + +"Ah! mon ami, I only pray, and hope that God will hear me. +Andrew..." she said timidly after a moment's silence, "I have a +great favor to ask of you." + +"What is it, dear?" + +"No--promise that you will not refuse! It will give you no trouble +and is nothing unworthy of you, but it will comfort me. Promise, +Andrusha!..." said she, putting her hand in her reticule but not yet +taking out what she was holding inside it, as if what she held were +the subject of her request and must not be shown before the request +was granted. + +She looked timidly at her brother. + +"Even if it were a great deal of trouble..." answered Prince Andrew, +as if guessing what it was about. + +"Think what you please! I know you are just like Father. Think as +you please, but do this for my sake! Please do! Father's father, our +grandfather, wore it in all his wars." (She still did not take out +what she was holding in her reticule.) "So you promise?" + +"Of course. What is it?" + +"Andrew, I bless you with this icon and you must promise me you will +never take it off. Do you promise?" + +"If it does not weigh a hundredweight and won't break my neck... +To please you..." said Prince Andrew. But immediately, noticing the +pained expression his joke had brought to his sister's face, he +repented and added: "I am glad; really, dear, I am very glad." + +"Against your will He will save and have mercy on you and bring +you to Himself, for in Him alone is truth and peace," said she in a +voice trembling with emotion, solemnly holding up in both hands before +her brother a small, oval, antique, dark-faced icon of the Saviour +in a gold setting, on a finely wrought silver chain. + +She crossed herself, kissed the icon, and handed it to Andrew. + +"Please, Andrew, for my sake!..." + +Rays of gentle light shone from her large, timid eyes. Those eyes +lit up the whole of her thin, sickly face and made it beautiful. Her +brother would have taken the icon, but she stopped him. Andrew +understood, crossed himself and kissed the icon. There was a look of +tenderness, for he was touched, but also a gleam of irony on his face. + +"Thank you, my dear." She kissed him on the forehead and sat down +again on the sofa. They were silent for a while. + +"As I was saying to you, Andrew, be kind and generous as you +always used to be. Don't judge Lise harshly," she began. "She is so +sweet, so good-natured, and her position now is a very hard one." + +"I do not think I have complained of my wife to you, Masha, or +blamed her. Why do you say all this to me?" + +Red patches appeared on Princess Mary's face and she was silent as +if she felt guilty. + +"I have said nothing to you, but you have already been talked to. +And I am sorry for that," he went on. + +The patches grew deeper on her forehead, neck, and cheeks. She tried +to say something but could not. Her brother had guessed right: the +little princess had been crying after dinner and had spoken of her +forebodings about her confinement, and how she dreaded it, and had +complained of her fate, her father-in-law, and her husband. After +crying she had fallen asleep. Prince Andrew felt sorry for his sister. + +"Know this, Masha: I can't reproach, have not reproached, and +never shall reproach my wife with anything, and I cannot reproach +myself with anything in regard to her; and that always will be so in +whatever circumstances I may be placed. But if you want to know the +truth... if you want to know whether I am happy? No! Is she happy? No! +But why this is so I don't know..." + +As he said this he rose, went to his sister, and, stooping, kissed +her forehead. His fine eyes lit up with a thoughtful, kindly, and +unaccustomed brightness, but he was looking not at his sister but over +her head toward the darkness of the open doorway. + +"Let us go to her, I must say good-by. Or--go and wake and I'll come +in a moment. Petrushka!" he called to his valet: "Come here, take +these away. Put this on the seat and this to the right." + +Princess Mary rose and moved to the door, then stopped and said: +"Andrew, if you had faith you would have turned to God and asked Him +to give you the love you do not feel, and your prayer would have +been answered." + +"Well, may be!" said Prince Andrew. "Go, Masha; I'll come +immediately." + +On the way to his sister's room, in the passage which connected +one wing with the other, Prince Andrew met Mademoiselle Bourienne +smiling sweetly. It was the third time that day that, with an ecstatic +and artless smile, she had met him in secluded passages. + +"Oh! I thought you were in your room," she said, for some reason +blushing and dropping her eyes. + +Prince Andrew looked sternly at her and an expression of anger +suddenly came over his face. He said nothing to her but looked at +her forehead and hair, without looking at her eyes, with such contempt +that the Frenchwoman blushed and went away without a word. When he +reached his sister's room his wife was already awake and her merry +voice, hurrying one word after another, came through the open door. +She was speaking as usual in French, and as if after long +self-restraint she wished to make up for lost time. + +"No, but imagine the old Countess Zubova, with false curls and her +mouth full of false teeth, as if she were trying to cheat old +age.... Ha, ha, ha! Mary!" + +This very sentence about Countess Zubova and this same laugh +Prince Andrew had already heard from his wife in the presence of +others some five times. He entered the room softly. The little +princess, plump and rosy, was sitting in an easy chair with her work +in her hands, talking incessantly, repeating Petersburg +reminiscences and even phrases. Prince Andrew came up, stroked her +hair, and asked if she felt rested after their journey. She answered +him and continued her chatter. + +The coach with six horses was waiting at the porch. It was an autumn +night, so dark that the coachman could not see the carriage pole. +Servants with lanterns were bustling about in the porch. The immense +house was brilliant with lights shining through its lofty windows. The +domestic serfs were crowding in the hall, waiting to bid good-by to +the young prince. The members of the household were all gathered in +the reception hall: Michael Ivanovich, Mademoiselle Bourienne, +Princess Mary, and the little princess. Prince Andrew had been +called to his father's study as the latter wished to say good-by to +him alone. All were waiting for them to come out. + +When Prince Andrew entered the study the old man in his old-age +spectacles and white dressing gown, in which he received no one but +his son, sat at the table writing. He glanced round. + +"Going?" And he went on writing. + +"I've come to say good-by." + +"Kiss me here," and he touched his cheek: "Thanks, thanks!" + +"What do you thank me for?" + +"For not dilly-dallying and not hanging to a woman's apron +strings. The Service before everything. Thanks, thanks!" And he went +on writing, so that his quill spluttered and squeaked. "If you have +anything to say, say it. These two things can be done together," he +added. + +"About my wife... I am ashamed as it is to leave her on your +hands..." + +"Why talk nonsense? Say what you want." + +"When her confinement is due, send to Moscow for an accoucheur.... +Let him be here...." + +The old prince stopped writing and, as if not understanding, fixed +his stern eyes on his son. + +"I know that no one can help if nature does not do her work," said +Prince Andrew, evidently confused. "I know that out of a million cases +only one goes wrong, but it is her fancy and mine. They have been +telling her things. She has had a dream and is frightened." + +"Hm... Hm..." muttered the old prince to himself, finishing what +he was writing. "I'll do it." + +He signed with a flourish and suddenly turning to his son began to +laugh. + +"It's a bad business, eh?" + +"What is bad, Father?" + +"The wife!" said the old prince, briefly and significantly. + +"I don't understand!" said Prince Andrew. + +"No, it can't be helped, lad," said the prince. "They're all like +that; one can't unmarry. Don't be afraid; I won't tell anyone, but you +know it yourself." + +He seized his son by the hand with small bony fingers, shook it, +looked straight into his son's face with keen eyes which seemed to see +through him, and again laughed his frigid laugh. + +The son sighed, thus admitting that his father had understood him. +The old man continued to fold and seal his letter, snatching up and +throwing down the wax, the seal, and the paper, with his accustomed +rapidity. + +"What's to be done? She's pretty! I will do everything. Make your +mind easy," said he in abrupt sentences while sealing his letter. + +Andrew did not speak; he was both pleased and displeased that his +father understood him. The old man got up and gave the letter to his +son. + +"Listen!" said he; "don't worry about your wife: what can be done +shall be. Now listen! Give this letter to Michael Ilarionovich.* I +have written that he should make use of you in proper places and not +keep you long as an adjutant: a bad position! Tell him I remember +and like him. Write and tell me how he receives you. If he is all +right--serve him. Nicholas Bolkonski's son need not serve under anyone +if he is in disfavor. Now come here." + + +*Kutuzov. + + +He spoke so rapidly that he did not finish half his words, but his +son was accustomed to understand him. He led him to the desk, raised +the lid, drew out a drawer, and took out an exercise book filled +with his bold, tall, close handwriting. + +"I shall probably die before you. So remember, these are my memoirs; +hand them to the Emperor after my death. Now here is a Lombard bond +and a letter; it is a premium for the man who writes a history of +Suvorov's wars. Send it to the Academy. Here are some jottings for you +to read when I am gone. You will find them useful." + +Andrew did not tell his father that he would no doubt live a long +time yet. He felt that he must not say it. + +"I will do it all, Father," he said. + +"Well, now, good-by!" He gave his son his hand to kiss, and embraced +him. "Remember this, Prince Andrew, if they kill you it will hurt +me, your old father..." he paused unexpectedly, and then in a +querulous voice suddenly shrieked: "but if I hear that you have not +behaved like a son of Nicholas Bolkonski, I shall be ashamed!" + +"You need not have said that to me, Father," said the son with a +smile. + +The old man was silent. + +"I also wanted to ask you," continued Prince Andrew, "if I'm +killed and if I have a son, do not let him be taken away from you- +as I said yesterday... let him grow up with you.... Please." + +"Not let the wife have him?" said the old man, and laughed. + +They stood silent, facing one another. The old man's sharp eyes were +fixed straight on his son's. Something twitched in the lower part of +the old prince's face. + +"We've said good-by. Go!" he suddenly shouted in a loud, angry +voice, opening his door. + +"What is it? What?" asked both princesses when they saw for a moment +at the door Prince Andrew and the figure of the old man in a white +dressing gown, spectacled and wigless, shouting in an angry voice. + +Prince Andrew sighed and made no reply. + +"Well!" he said, turning to his wife. + +And this "Well!" sounded coldly ironic, as if he were saying,: +"Now go through your performance." + +"Andrew, already!" said the little princess, turning pale and +looking with dismay at her husband. + +He embraced her. She screamed and fell unconscious on his shoulder. + +He cautiously released the shoulder she leaned on, looked into her +face, and carefully placed her in an easy chair. + +"Adieu, Mary," said he gently to his sister, taking her by the +hand and kissing her, and then he left the room with rapid steps. + +The little princess lay in the armchair, Mademoiselle Bourienne +chafing her temples. Princess Mary, supporting her sister-in-law, +still looked with her beautiful eyes full of tears at the door through +which Prince Andrew had gone and made the sign of the cross in his +direction. From the study, like pistol shots, came the frequent +sound of the old man angrily blowing his nose. Hardly had Prince +Andrew gone when the study door opened quickly and the stern figure of +the old man in the white dressing gown looked out. + +"Gone? That's all right!" said he; and looking angrily at the +unconscious little princess, he shook his head reprovingly and slammed +the door. + + + + + +BOOK TWO: 1805 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +In October, 1805, a Russian army was occupying the villages and +towns of the Archduchy of Austria, and yet other regiments freshly +arriving from Russia were settling near the fortress of Braunau and +burdening the inhabitants on whom they were quartered. Braunau was the +headquarters of the commander-in-chief, Kutuzov. + +On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just +reached Braunau had halted half a mile from the town, waiting to be +inspected by the commander in chief. Despite the un-Russian appearance +of the locality and surroundings--fruit gardens, stone fences, tiled +roofs, and hills in the distance--and despite the fact that the +inhabitants (who gazed with curiosity at the soldiers) were not +Russians, the regiment had just the appearance of any Russian regiment +preparing for an inspection anywhere in the heart of Russia. + +On the evening of the last day's march an order had been received +that the commander in chief would inspect the regiment on the march. +Though the words of the order were not clear to the regimental +commander, and the question arose whether the troops were to be in +marching order or not, it was decided at a consultation between the +battalion commanders to present the regiment in parade order, on the +principle that it is always better to "bow too low than not bow low +enough." So the soldiers, after a twenty-mile march, were kept mending +and cleaning all night long without closing their eyes, while the +adjutants and company commanders calculated and reckoned, and by +morning the regiment--instead of the straggling, disorderly crowd it +had been on its last march the day before--presented a well-ordered +array of two thousand men each of whom knew his place and his duty, +had every button and every strap in place, and shone with cleanliness. +And not only externally was all in order, but had it pleased the +commander in chief to look under the uniforms he would have found on +every man a clean shirt, and in every knapsack the appointed number of +articles, "awl, soap, and all," as the soldiers say. There was only +one circumstance concerning which no one could be at ease. It was +the state of the soldiers' boots. More than half the men's boots +were in holes. But this defect was not due to any fault of the +regimental commander, for in spite of repeated demands boots had not +been issued by the Austrian commissariat, and the regiment had marched +some seven hundred miles. + +The commander of the regiment was an elderly, choleric, stout, and +thick-set general with grizzled eyebrows and whiskers, and wider +from chest to back than across the shoulders. He had on a brand-new +uniform showing the creases where it had been folded and thick gold +epaulettes which seemed to stand rather than lie down on his massive +shoulders. He had the air of a man happily performing one of the +most solemn duties of his life. He walked about in front of the line +and at every step pulled himself up, slightly arching his back. It was +plain that the commander admired his regiment, rejoiced in it, and +that his whole mind was engrossed by it, yet his strut seemed to +indicate that, besides military matters, social interests and the fair +sex occupied no small part of his thoughts. + +"Well, Michael Mitrich, sir?" he said, addressing one of the +battalion commanders who smilingly pressed forward (it was plain +that they both felt happy). "We had our hands full last night. +However, I think the regiment is not a bad one, eh?" + +The battalion commander perceived the jovial irony and laughed. + +"It would not be turned off the field even on the Tsaritsin Meadow." + +"What?" asked the commander. + +At that moment, on the road from the town on which signalers had +been posted, two men appeared on horse back. They were an +aide-de-camp followed by a Cossack. + +The aide-de-camp was sent to confirm the order which had not been +clearly worded the day before, namely, that the commander in chief +wished to see the regiment just in the state in which it had been on +the march: in their greatcoats, and packs, and without any preparation +whatever. + +A member of the Hofkriegsrath from Vienna had come to Kutuzov the +day before with proposals and demands for him to join up with the army +of the Archduke Ferdinand and Mack, and Kutuzov, not considering +this junction advisable, meant, among other arguments in support of +his view, to show the Austrian general the wretched state in which the +troops arrived from Russia. With this object he intended to meet the +regiment; so the worse the condition it was in, the better pleased the +commander in chief would be. Though the aide-de-camp did not know +these circumstances, he nevertheless delivered the definite order that +the men should be in their greatcoats and in marching order, and +that the commander in chief would otherwise be dissatisfied. On +hearing this the regimental commander hung his head, silently shrugged +his shoulders, and spread out his arms with a choleric gesture. + +"A fine mess we've made of it!" he remarked. + +"There now! Didn't I tell you, Michael Mitrich, that if it was +said 'on the march' it meant in greatcoats?" said he reproachfully +to the battalion commander. "Oh, my God!" he added, stepping +resolutely forward. "Company commanders!" he shouted in a voice +accustomed to command. "Sergeants major!... How soon will he be here?" +he asked the aide-de-camp with a respectful politeness evidently +relating to the personage he was referring to. + +"In an hour's time, I should say." + +"Shall we have time to change clothes?" + +"I don't know, General...." + +The regimental commander, going up to the line himself, ordered +the soldiers to change into their greatcoats. The company commanders +ran off to their companies, the sergeants major began bustling (the +greatcoats were not in very good condition), and instantly the squares +that had up to then been in regular order and silent began to sway and +stretch and hum with voices. On all sides soldiers were running to and +fro, throwing up their knapsacks with a jerk of their shoulders and +pulling the straps over their heads, unstrapping their overcoats and +drawing the sleeves on with upraised arms. + +In half an hour all was again in order, only the squares had +become gray instead of black. The regimental commander walked with his +jerky steps to the front of the regiment and examined it from a +distance. + +"Whatever is this? This!" he shouted and stood still. "Commander +of the third company!" + +"Commander of the third company wanted by the general!... +commander to the general... third company to the commander." The words +passed along the lines and an adjutant ran to look for the missing +officer. + +When the eager but misrepeated words had reached their destination +in a cry of: "The general to the third company," the missing officer +appeared from behind his company and, though he was a middle-aged +man and not in the habit of running, trotted awkwardly stumbling on +his toes toward the general. The captain's face showed the +uneasiness of a schoolboy who is told to repeat a lesson he has not +learned. Spots appeared on his nose, the redness of which was +evidently due to intemperance, and his mouth twitched nervously. The +general looked the captain up and down as he came up panting, +slackening his pace as he approached. + +"You will soon be dressing your men in petticoats! What is this?" +shouted the regimental commander, thrusting forward his jaw and +pointing at a soldier in the ranks of the third company in a greatcoat +of bluish cloth, which contrasted with the others. "What have you been +after? The commander in chief is expected and you leave your place? +Eh? I'll teach you to dress the men in fancy coats for a parade.... +Eh...?" + +The commander of the company, with his eyes fixed on his superior, +pressed two fingers more and more rigidly to his cap, as if in this +pressure lay his only hope of salvation. + +"Well, why don't you speak? Whom have you got there dressed up as +a Hungarian?" said the commander with an austere gibe. + +"Your excellency..." + +"Well, your excellency, what? Your excellency! But what about your +excellency?... nobody knows." + +"Your excellency, it's the officer Dolokhov, who has been reduced to +the ranks," said the captain softly. + +"Well? Has he been degraded into a field marshal, or into a soldier? +If a soldier, he should be dressed in regulation uniform like the +others." + +"Your excellency, you gave him leave yourself, on the march." + +"Gave him leave? Leave? That's just like you young men," said the +regimental commander cooling down a little. "Leave indeed.... One says +a word to you and you... What?" he added with renewed irritation, "I +beg you to dress your men decently." + +And the commander, turning to look at the adjutant, directed his +jerky steps down the line. He was evidently pleased at his own display +of anger and walking up to the regiment wished to find a further +excuse for wrath. Having snapped at an officer for an unpolished +badge, at another because his line was not straight, he reached the +third company. + +"H-o-o-w are you standing? Where's your leg? Your leg?" shouted +the commander with a tone of suffering in his voice, while there +were still five men between him and Dolokhov with his bluish-gray +uniform. + +Dolokhov slowly straightened his bent knee, looking straight with +his clear, insolent eyes in the general's face. + +"Why a blue coat? Off with it... Sergeant major! Change his +coat... the ras..." he did not finish. + +"General, I must obey orders, but I am not bound to endure..." +Dolokhov hurriedly interrupted. + +"No talking in the ranks!... No talking, no talking!" + +"Not bound to endure insults," Dolokhov concluded in loud, ringing +tones. + +The eyes of the general and the soldier met. The general became +silent, angrily pulling down his tight scarf. + +"I request you to have the goodness to change your coat," he said as +he turned away. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +"He's coming!" shouted the signaler at that moment. + +The regimental commander, flushing, ran to his horse, seized the +stirrup with trembling hands, threw his body across the saddle, +righted himself, drew his saber, and with a happy and resolute +countenance, opening his mouth awry, prepared to shout. The regiment +fluttered like a bird preening its plumage and became motionless. + +"Att-ention!" shouted the regimental commander in a soul-shaking +voice which expressed joy for himself, severity for the regiment, +and welcome for the approaching chief. + +Along the broad country road, edged on both sides by trees, came a +high, light blue Viennese caleche, slightly creaking on its springs +and drawn by six horses at a smart trot. Behind the caleche galloped +the suite and a convoy of Croats. Beside Kutuzov sat an Austrian +general, in a white uniform that looked strange among the Russian +black ones. The caleche stopped in front of the regiment. Kutuzov +and the Austrian general were talking in low voices and Kutuzov smiled +slightly as treading heavily he stepped down from the carriage just as +if those two thousand men breathlessly gazing at him and the +regimental commander did not exist. + +The word of command rang out, and again the regiment quivered, as +with a jingling sound it presented arms. Then amidst a dead silence +the feeble voice of the commander in chief was heard. The regiment +roared, "Health to your ex... len... len... lency!" and again all +became silent. At first Kutuzov stood still while the regiment +moved; then he and the general in white, accompanied by the suite, +walked between the ranks. + +From the way the regimental commander saluted the commander in chief +and devoured him with his eyes, drawing himself up obsequiously, and +from the way he walked through the ranks behind the generals, +bending forward and hardly able to restrain his jerky movements, and +from the way he darted forward at every word or gesture of the +commander in chief, it was evident that he performed his duty as a +subordinate with even greater zeal than his duty as a commander. +Thanks to the strictness and assiduity of its commander the +regiment, in comparison with others that had reached Braunau at the +same time, was in splendid condition. There were only 217 sick and +stragglers. Everything was in good order except the boots. + +Kutuzov walked through the ranks, sometimes stopping to say a few +friendly words to officers he had known in the Turkish war, +sometimes also to the soldiers. Looking at their boots he several +times shook his head sadly, pointing them out to the Austrian +general with an expression which seemed to say that he was not blaming +anyone, but could not help noticing what a bad state of things it was. +The regimental commander ran forward on each such occasion, fearing to +miss a single word of the commander in chief's regarding the regiment. +Behind Kutuzov, at a distance that allowed every softly spoken word to +be heard, followed some twenty men of his suite. These gentlemen +talked among themselves and sometimes laughed. Nearest of all to the +commander in chief walked a handsome adjutant. This was Prince +Bolkonski. Beside him was his comrade Nesvitski, a tall staff officer, +extremely stout, with a kindly, smiling, handsome face and moist eyes. +Nesvitski could hardly keep from laughter provoked by a swarthy hussar +officer who walked beside him. This hussar, with a grave face and +without a smile or a change in the expression of his fixed eyes, +watched the regimental commander's back and mimicked his every +movement. Each time the commander started and bent forward, the hussar +started and bent forward in exactly the same manner. Nesvitski laughed +and nudged the others to make them look at the wag. + +Kutuzov walked slowly and languidly past thousands of eyes which +were starting from their sockets to watch their chief. On reaching the +third company he suddenly stopped. His suite, not having expected +this, involuntarily came closer to him. + +"Ah, Timokhin!" said he, recognizing the red-nosed captain who had +been reprimanded on account of the blue greatcoat. + +One would have thought it impossible for a man to stretch himself +more than Timokhin had done when he was reprimanded by the +regimental commander, but now that the commander in chief addressed +him he drew himself up to such an extent that it seemed he could not +have sustained it had the commander in chief continued to look at him, +and so Kutuzov, who evidently understood his case and wished him +nothing but good, quickly turned away, a scarcely perceptible smile +flitting over his scarred and puffy face. + +"Another Ismail comrade," said he. "A brave officer! Are you +satisfied with him?" he asked the regimental commander. + +And the latter--unconscious that he was being reflected in the +hussar officer as in a looking glass--started, moved forward, and +answered: "Highly satisfied, your excellency!" + +"We all have our weaknesses," said Kutuzov smiling and walking +away from him. "He used to have a predilection for Bacchus." + +The regimental commander was afraid he might be blamed for this +and did not answer. The hussar at that moment noticed the face of +the red-nosed captain and his drawn-in stomach, and mimicked his +expression and pose with such exactitude that Nesvitski could not help +laughing. Kutuzov turned round. The officer evidently had complete +control of his face, and while Kutuzov was turning managed to make a +grimace and then assume a most serious, deferential, and innocent +expression. + +The third company was the last, and Kutuzov pondered, apparently +trying to recollect something. Prince Andrew stepped forward from +among the suite and said in French: + +"You told me to remind you of the officer Dolokhov, reduced to the +ranks in this regiment." + +"Where is Dolokhov?" asked Kutuzov. + +Dolokhov, who had already changed into a soldier's gray greatcoat, +did not wait to be called. The shapely figure of the fair-haired +soldier, with his clear blue eyes, stepped forward from the ranks, +went up to the commander in chief, and presented arms. + +"Have you a complaint to make?" Kutuzov asked with a slight frown. + +"This is Dolokhov," said Prince Andrew. + +"Ah!" said Kutuzov. "I hope this will be a lesson to you. Do your +duty. The Emperor is gracious, and I shan't forget you if you +deserve well." + +The clear blue eyes looked at the commander in chief just as +boldly as they had looked at the regimental commander, seeming by +their expression to tear open the veil of convention that separates +a commander in chief so widely from a private. + +"One thing I ask of your excellency," Dolokhov said in his firm, +ringing, deliberate voice. "I ask an opportunity to atone for my fault +and prove my devotion to His Majesty the Emperor and to Russia!" + +Kutuzov turned away. The same smile of the eyes with which he had +turned from Captain Timokhin again flitted over his face. He turned +away with a grimace as if to say that everything Dolokhov had said +to him and everything he could say had long been known to him, that he +was weary of it and it was not at all what he wanted. He turned away +and went to the carriage. + +The regiment broke up into companies, which went to their +appointed quarters near Braunau, where they hoped to receive boots and +clothes and to rest after their hard marches. + +"You won't bear me a grudge, Prokhor Ignatych?" said the +regimental commander, overtaking the third company on its way to its +quarters and riding up to Captain Timokhin who was walking in front. +(The regimental commander's face now that the inspection was happily +over beamed with irrepressible delight.) "It's in the Emperor's +service... it can't be helped... one is sometimes a bit hasty on +parade... I am the first to apologize, you know me!... He was very +pleased!" And he held out his hand to the captain. + +"Don't mention it, General, as if I'd be so bold!" replied the +captain, his nose growing redder as he gave a smile which showed where +two front teeth were missing that had been knocked out by the butt end +of a gun at Ismail. + +"And tell Mr. Dolokhov that I won't forget him--he may be quite +easy. And tell me, please--I've been meaning to ask--how is to ask- +how is he behaving himself, and in general..." + +"As far as the service goes he is quite punctilious, your +excellency; but his character..." said Timokhin. + +"And what about his character?" asked the regimental commander. + +"It's different on different days," answered the captain. "One day +he is sensible, well educated, and good-natured, and the next he's a +wild beast.... In Poland, if you please, he nearly killed a Jew." + +"Oh, well, well!" remarked the regimental commander. "Still, one +must have pity on a young man in misfortune. You know he has important +connections... Well, then, you just..." + +"I will, your excellency," said Timokhin, showing by his smile +that he understood his commander's wish. + +"Well, of course, of course!" + +The regimental commander sought out Dolokhov in the ranks and, +reining in his horse, said to him: + +"After the next affair... epaulettes." + +Dolokhov looked round but did not say anything, nor did the +mocking smile on his lips change. + +"Well, that's all right," continued the regimental commander. "A cup +of vodka for the men from me," he added so that the soldiers could +hear. "I thank you all! God be praised!" and he rode past that company +and overtook the next one. + +"Well, he's really a good fellow, one can serve under him," said +Timokhin to the subaltern beside him. + +"In a word, a hearty one..." said the subaltern, laughing (the +regimental commander was nicknamed King of Hearts). + +The cheerful mood of their officers after the inspection infected +the soldiers. The company marched on gaily. The soldiers' voices could +be heard on every side. + +"And they said Kutuzov was blind of one eye?" + +"And so he is! Quite blind!" + +"No, friend, he is sharper-eyed than you are. Boots and leg bands... +he noticed everything..." + +"When he looked at my feet, friend... well, thinks I..." + +"And that other one with him, the Austrian, looked as if he were +smeared with chalk--as white as flour! I suppose they polish him up as +they do the guns." + +"I say, Fedeshon!... Did he say when the battles are to begin? You +were near him. Everybody said that Buonaparte himself was at Braunau." + +"Buonaparte himself!... Just listen to the fool, what he doesn't +know! The Prussians are up in arms now. The Austrians, you see, are +putting them down. When they've been put down, the war with Buonaparte +will begin. And he says Buonaparte is in Braunau! Shows you're a fool. +You'd better listen more carefully!" + +"What devils these quartermasters are! See, the fifth company is +turning into the village already... they will have their buckwheat +cooked before we reach our quarters." + +"Give me a biscuit, you devil!" + +"And did you give me tobacco yesterday? That's just it, friend! +Ah, well, never mind, here you are." + +"They might call a halt here or we'll have to do another four +miles without eating." + +"Wasn't it fine when those Germans gave us lifts! You just sit still +and are drawn along." + +"And here, friend, the people are quite beggarly. There they all +seemed to be Poles--all under the Russian crown--but here they're +all regular Germans." + +"Singers to the front " came the captain's order. + +And from the different ranks some twenty men ran to the front. A +drummer, their leader, turned round facing the singers, and +flourishing his arm, began a long-drawn-out soldiers' song, commencing +with the words: "Morning dawned, the sun was rising," and +concluding: "On then, brothers, on to glory, led by Father + +Kamenski." This song had been composed in the Turkish campaign and now +being sung in Austria, the only change being that the words "Father +Kamenski" were replaced by "Father Kutuzov." + +Having jerked out these last words as soldiers do and waved his arms +as if flinging something to the ground, the drummer--a lean, +handsome soldier of forty--looked sternly at the singers and screwed +up his eyes. Then having satisfied himself that all eyes were fixed on +him, he raised both arms as if carefully lifting some invisible but +precious object above his head and, holding it there for some seconds, +suddenly flung it down and began: + +"Oh, my bower, oh, my bower...!" + +"Oh, my bower new...!" chimed in twenty voices, and the castanet +player, in spite of the burden of his equipment, rushed out to the +front and, walking backwards before the company, jerked his +shoulders and flourished his castanets as if threatening someone. +The soldiers, swinging their arms and keeping time spontaneously, +marched with long steps. Behind the company the sound of wheels, the +creaking of springs, and the tramp of horses' hoofs were heard. +Kutuzov and his suite were returning to the town. The commander in +chief made a sign that the men should continue to march at ease, and +he and all his suite showed pleasure at the sound of the singing and +the sight of the dancing soldier and the gay and smartly marching men. +In the second file from the right flank, beside which the carriage +passed the company, a blue-eyed soldier involuntarily attracted +notice. It was Dolokhov marching with particular grace and boldness in +time to the song and looking at those driving past as if he pitied all +who were not at that moment marching with the company. The hussar +cornet of Kutuzov's suite who had mimicked the regimental commander, +fell back from the carriage and rode up to Dolokhov. + +Hussar cornet Zherkov had at one time, in Petersburg, belonged to +the wild set led by Dolokhov. Zherkov had met Dolokhov abroad as a +private and had not seen fit to recognize him. But now that Kutuzov +had spoken to the gentleman ranker, he addressed him with the +cordiality of an old friend. + +"My dear fellow, how are you?" said he through the singing, making +his horse keep pace with the company. + +"How am I?" Dolokhov answered coldly. "I am as you see." + +The lively song gave a special flavor to the tone of free and easy +gaiety with which Zherkov spoke, and to the intentional coldness of +Dolokhov's reply. + +"And how do you get on with the officers?" inquired Zherkov. + +"All right. They are good fellows. And how have you wriggled onto +the staff?" + +"I was attached; I'm on duty." + +Both were silent. + +"She let the hawk fly upward from her wide right sleeve," went the +song, arousing an involuntary sensation of courage and cheerfulness. +Their conversation would probably have been different but for the +effect of that song. + +"Is it true that Austrians have been beaten?" asked Dolokhov. + +"The devil only knows! They say so." + +"I'm glad," answered Dolokhov briefly and clearly, as the song +demanded. + +"I say, come round some evening and we'll have a game of faro!" said +Zherkov. + +"Why, have you too much money?" + +"Do come." + +"I can't. I've sworn not to. I won't drink and won't play till I get +reinstated." + +"Well, that's only till the first engagement." + +"We shall see." + +They were again silent. + +"Come if you need anything. One can at least be of use on the +staff..." + +Dolokhov smiled. "Don't trouble. If I want anything, I won't beg- +I'll take it!" + +"Well, never mind; I only..." + +"And I only..." + +"Good-by." + +"Good health..." + + "It's a long, long way. + To my native land..." + + +Zherkov touched his horse with the spurs; it pranced excitedly +from foot to foot uncertain with which to start, then settled down, +galloped past the company, and overtook the carriage, still keeping +time to the song. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +On returning from the review, Kutuzov took the Austrian general into +his private room and, calling his adjutant, asked for some papers +relating to the condition of the troops on their arrival, and the +letters that had come from the Archduke Ferdinand, who was in +command of the advanced army. Prince Andrew Bolkonski came into the +room with the required papers. Kutuzov and the Austrian member of +the Hofkriegsrath were sitting at the table on which a plan was spread +out. + +"Ah!..." said Kutuzov glancing at Bolkonski as if by this +exclamation he was asking the adjutant to wait, and he went on with +the conversation in French. + +"All I can say, General," said he with a pleasant elegance of +expression and intonation that obliged one to listen to each +deliberately spoken word. It was evident that Kutuzov himself listened +with pleasure to his own voice. "All I can say, General, is that if +the matter depended on my personal wishes, the will of His Majesty the +Emperor Francis would have been fulfilled long ago. I should long +ago have joined the archduke. And believe me on my honour that to me +personally it would be a pleasure to hand over the supreme command +of the army into the hands of a better informed and more skillful +general--of whom Austria has so many--and to lay down all this heavy +responsibility. But circumstances are sometimes too strong for us, +General." + +And Kutuzov smiled in a way that seemed to say, "You are quite at +liberty not to believe me and I don't even care whether you do or not, +but you have no grounds for telling me so. And that is the whole +point." + +The Austrian general looked dissatisfied, but had no option but to +reply in the same tone. + +"On the contrary," he said, in a querulous and angry tone that +contrasted with his flattering words, "on the contrary, your +excellency's participation in the common action is highly valued by +His Majesty; but we think the present delay is depriving the +splendid Russian troops and their commander of the laurels they have +been accustomed to win in their battles," he concluded his evidently +prearranged sentence. + +Kutuzov bowed with the same smile. + +"But that is my conviction, and judging by the last letter with +which His Highness the Archduke Ferdinand has honored me, I imagine +that the Austrian troops, under the direction of so skillful a +leader as General Mack, have by now already gained a decisive +victory and no longer need our aid," said Kutuzov. + +The general frowned. Though there was no definite news of an +Austrian defeat, there were many circumstances confirming the +unfavorable rumors that were afloat, and so Kutuzov's suggestion of an +Austrian victory sounded much like irony. But Kutuzov went on +blandly smiling with the same expression, which seemed to say that +he had a right to suppose so. And, in fact, the last letter he had +received from Mack's army informed him of a victory and stated +strategically the position of the army was very favorable. + +"Give me that letter," said Kutuzov turning to Prince Andrew. +"Please have a look at it"--and Kutuzov with an ironical smile about +the corners of his mouth read to the Austrian general the following +passage, in German, from the Archduke Ferdinand's letter: + + +We have fully concentrated forces of nearly seventy thousand men +with which to attack and defeat the enemy should he cross the Lech. +Also, as we are masters of Ulm, we cannot be deprived of the advantage +of commanding both sides of the Danube, so that should the enemy not +cross the Lech, we can cross the Danube, throw ourselves on his line +of communications, recross the river lower down, and frustrate his +intention should he try to direct his whole force against our faithful +ally. We shall therefore confidently await the moment when the +Imperial Russian army will be fully equipped, and shall then, in +conjunction with it, easily find a way to prepare for the enemy the +fate he deserves. + + +Kutuzov sighed deeply on finishing this paragraph and looked at +the member of the Hofkriegsrath mildly and attentively. + +"But you know the wise maxim your excellency, advising one to expect +the worst," said the Austrian general, evidently wishing to have +done with jests and to come to business. He involuntarily looked round +at the aide-de-camp. + +"Excuse me, General," interrupted Kutuzov, also turning to Prince +Andrew. "Look here, my dear fellow, get from Kozlovski all the reports +from our scouts. Here are two letters from Count Nostitz and here is +one from His Highness the Archduke Ferdinand and here are these," he +said, handing him several papers, "make a neat memorandum in French +out of all this, showing all the news we have had of the movements +of the Austrian army, and then give it to his excellency." + +Prince Andrew bowed his head in token of having understood from +the first not only what had been said but also what Kutuzov would have +liked to tell him. He gathered up the papers and with a bow to both, +stepped softly over the carpet and went out into the waiting room. + +Though not much time had passed since Prince Andrew had left Russia, +he had changed greatly during that period. In the expression of his +face, in his movements, in his walk, scarcely a trace was left of +his former affected languor and indolence. He now looked like a man +who has time to think of the impression he makes on others, but is +occupied with agreeable and interesting work. His face expressed +more satisfaction with himself and those around him, his smile and +glance were brighter and more attractive. + +Kutuzov, whom he had overtaken in Poland, had received him very +kindly, promised not to forget him, distinguished him above the +other adjutants, and had taken him to Vienna and given him the more +serious commissions. From Vienna Kutuzov wrote to his old comrade, +Prince Andrew's father. + + +Your son bids fair to become an officer distinguished by his +industry, firmness, and expedition. I consider myself fortunate to +have such a subordinate by me. + + +On Kutuzov's staff, among his fellow officers and in the army +generally, Prince Andrew had, as he had had in Petersburg society, two +quite opposite reputations. Some, a minority, acknowledged him to be +different from themselves and from everyone else, expected great +things of him, listened to him, admired, and imitated him, and with +them Prince Andrew was natural and pleasant. Others, the majority, +disliked him and considered him conceited, cold, and disagreeable. But +among these people Prince Andrew knew how to take his stand so that +they respected and even feared him. + +Coming out of Kutuzov's room into the waiting room with the papers +in his hand Prince Andrew came up to his comrade, the aide-de-camp +on duty, Kozlovski, who was sitting at the window with a book. + +"Well, Prince?" asked Kozlovski. + +"I am ordered to write a memorandum explaining why we are not +advancing." + +"And why is it?" + +Prince Andrew shrugged his shoulders. + +"Any news from Mack?" + +"No." + +"If it were true that he has been beaten, news would have come." + +"Probably," said Prince Andrew moving toward the outer door. + +But at that instant a tall Austrian general in a greatcoat, with the +order of Maria Theresa on his neck and a black bandage round his head, +who had evidently just arrived, entered quickly, slamming the door. +Prince Andrew stopped short. + +"Commander in Chief Kutuzov?" said the newly arrived general +speaking quickly with a harsh German accent, looking to both sides and +advancing straight toward the inner door. + +"The commander in chief is engaged," said Kozlovski, going hurriedly +up to the unknown general and blocking his way to the door. "Whom +shall I announce?" + +The unknown general looked disdainfully down at Kozlovski, who was +rather short, as if surprised that anyone should not know him. + +"The commander in chief is engaged," repeated Kozlovski calmly. + +The general's face clouded, his lips quivered and trembled. He +took out a notebook, hurriedly scribbled something in pencil, tore out +the leaf, gave it to Kozlovski, stepped quickly to the window, and +threw himself into a chair, gazing at those in the room as if +asking, "Why do they look at me?" Then he lifted his head, stretched +his neck as if he intended to say something, but immediately, with +affected indifference, began to hum to himself, producing a queer +sound which immediately broke off. The door of the private room opened +and Kutuzov appeared in the doorway. The general with the bandaged +head bent forward as though running away from some danger, and, making +long, quick strides with his thin legs, went up to Kutuzov. + +"Vous voyez le malheureux Mack," he uttered in a broken voice. + +Kutuzov's face as he stood in the open doorway remained perfectly +immobile for a few moments. Then wrinkles ran over his face like a +wave and his forehead became smooth again, he bowed his head +respectfully, closed his eyes, silently let Mack enter his room before +him, and closed the door himself behind him. + +The report which had been circulated that the Austrians had been +beaten and that the whole army had surrendered at Ulm proved to be +correct. Within half an hour adjutants had been sent in various +directions with orders which showed that the Russian troops, who had +hitherto been inactive, would also soon have to meet the enemy. + +Prince Andrew was one of those rare staff officers whose chief +interest lay in the general progress of the war. When he saw Mack +and heard the details of his disaster he understood that half the +campaign was lost, understood all the difficulties of the Russian +army's position, and vividly imagined what awaited it and the part +he would have to play. Involuntarily he felt a joyful agitation at the +thought of the humiliation of arrogant Austria and that in a week's +time he might, perhaps, see and take part in the first Russian +encounter with the French since Suvorov met them. He feared that +Bonaparte's genius might outweigh all the courage of the Russian +troops, and at the same time could not admit the idea of his hero +being disgraced. + +Excited and irritated by these thoughts Prince Andrew went toward +his room to write to his father, to whom he wrote every day. In the +corridor he met Nesvitski, with whom he shared a room, and the wag +Zherkov; they were as usual laughing. + +"Why are you so glum?" asked Nesvitski noticing Prince Andrew's pale +face and glittering eyes. + +"There's nothing to be gay about," answered Bolkonski. + +Just as Prince Andrew met Nesvitski and Zherkov, there came toward +them from the other end of the corridor, Strauch, an Austrian +general who on Kutuzov's staff in charge of the provisioning of the +Russian army, and the member of the Hofkriegsrath who had arrived +the previous evening. There was room enough in the wide corridor for +the generals to pass the three officers quite easily, but Zherkov, +pushing Nesvitski aside with his arm, said in a breathless voice, + +"They're coming!... they're coming!... Stand aside, make way, please +make way!" + +The generals were passing by, looking as if they wished to avoid +embarrassing attentions. On the face of the wag Zherkov there suddenly +appeared a stupid smile of glee which he seemed unable to suppress. + +"Your excellency," said he in German, stepping forward and +addressing the Austrian general, "I have the honor to congratulate +you." + +He bowed his head and scraped first with one foot and then with +the other, awkwardly, like a child at a dancing lesson. + +The member of the Hofkriegsrath looked at him severely but, seeing +the seriousness of his stupid smile, could not but give him a moment's +attention. He screwed up his eyes showing that he was listening. + +"I have the honor to congratulate you. General Mack has arrived, +quite well, only a little bruised just here," he added, pointing +with a beaming smile to his head. + +The general frowned, turned away, and went on. + +"Gott, wie naiv!"* said he angrily, after he had gone a few steps. + +*"Good God, what simplicity!" + + +Nesvitski with a laugh threw his arms round Prince Andrew, but +Bolkonski, turning still paler, pushed him away with an angry look and +turned to Zherkov. The nervous irritation aroused by the appearance of +Mack, the news of his defeat, and the thought of what lay before the +Russian army found vent in anger at Zherkov's untimely jest. + +"If you, sir, choose to make a buffoon of yourself," he said +sharply, with a slight trembling of the lower jaw, "I can't prevent +your doing so; but I warn you that if you dare to play the fool in +my presence, I will teach you to behave yourself." + +Nesvitski and Zherkov were so surprised by this outburst that they +gazed at Bolkonski silently with wide-open eyes. + +"What's the matter? I only congratulated them," said Zherkov. + +"I am not jesting with you; please be silent!" cried Bolkonski, +and taking Nesvitski's arm he left Zherkov, who did not know what to +say. + +"Come, what's the matter, old fellow?" said Nesvitski trying to +soothe him. + +"What's the matter?" exclaimed Prince Andrew standing still in his +excitement. "Don't you understand that either we are officers +serving our Tsar and our country, rejoicing in the successes and +grieving at the misfortunes of our common cause, or we are merely +lackeys who care nothing for their master's business. Quarante mille +hommes massacres et l'armee de nos allies detruite, et vous trouvez la +le mot pour rire,"* he said, as if strengthening his views by this +French sentence. "C'est bien pour un garcon de rein comme cet +individu dont vous avez fait un ami, mais pas pour vous, pas pour +vous.*[2] Only a hobbledehoy could amuse himself in this way," he +added in Russian--but pronouncing the word with a French accent- +having noticed that Zherkov could still hear him. + + +*"Forty thousand men massacred and the army of our allies destroyed, +and you find that a cause for jesting!" + +*[2] "It is all very well for that good-for-nothing fellow of whom +you have made a friend, but not for you, not for you." + + +He waited a moment to see whether the cornet would answer, but he +turned and went out of the corridor. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The Pavlograd Hussars were stationed two miles from Braunau. The +squadron in which Nicholas Rostov served as a cadet was quartered in +the German village of Salzeneck. The best quarters in the village were +assigned to cavalry-captain Denisov, the squadron commander, known +throughout the whole cavalry division as Vaska Denisov. Cadet +Rostov, ever since he had overtaken the regiment in Poland, had +lived with the squadron commander. + +On October 11, the day when all was astir at headquarters over the +news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers of this +squadron was proceeding as usual. Denisov, who had been losing at +cards all night, had not yet come home when Rostov rode back early +in the morning from a foraging expedition. Rostov in his cadet +uniform, with a jerk to his horse, rode up to the porch, swung his leg +over the saddle with a supple youthful movement, stood for a moment in +the stirrup as if loathe to part from his horse, and at last sprang +down and called to his orderly. + +"Ah, Bondarenko, dear friend!" said he to the hussar who rushed up +headlong to the horse. "Walk him up and down, my dear fellow," he +continued, with that gay brotherly cordiality which goodhearted +young people show to everyone when they are happy. + +"Yes, your excellency," answered the Ukrainian gaily, tossing his +head. + +"Mind, walk him up and down well!" + +Another hussar also rushed toward the horse, but Bondarenko had +already thrown the reins of the snaffle bridle over the horse's +head. It was evident that the cadet was liberal with his tips and that +it paid to serve him. Rostov patted the horse's neck and then his +flank, and lingered for a moment. + +"Splendid! What a horse he will be!" he thought with a smile, and +holding up his saber, his spurs jingling, he ran up the steps of the +porch. His landlord, who in a waistcoat and a pointed cap, pitchfork +in hand, was clearing manure from the cowhouse, looked out, and his +face immediately brightened on seeing Rostov. "Schon gut Morgen! Schon +gut Morgen!"* he said winking with a merry smile, evidently pleased to +greet the young man. + + +*"A very good morning! A very good morning!" + + +"Schon fleissig?"* said Rostov with the same gay brotherly smile +which did not leave his eager face. "Hoch Oestreicher! Hoch Russen! +Kaiser Alexander hoch!"*[2] said he, quoting words often repeated by +the German landlord. + + +*"Busy already?" + +*[2] "Hurrah for the Austrians! Hurrah for the Russians! Hurrah +for Emperor Alexander!" + + +The German laughed, came out of the cowshed, pulled off his cap, and +waving it above his head cried: + +"Und die ganze Welt hoch!"* + + +*"And hurrah for the whole world!" + + +Rostov waved his cap above his head like the German and cried +laughing, "Und vivat die ganze Welt!" Though neither the German +cleaning his cowshed nor Rostov back with his platoon from foraging +for hay had any reason for rejoicing, they looked at each other with +joyful delight and brotherly love, wagged their heads in token of +their mutual affection, and parted smiling, the German returning to +his cowshed and Rostov going to the cottage he occupied with Denisov. + +"What about your master?" he asked Lavrushka, Denisov's orderly, +whom all the regiment knew for a rogue. + +"Hasn't been in since the evening. Must have been losing," +answered Lavrushka. "I know by now, if he wins he comes back early +to brag about it, but if he stays out till morning it means he's +lost and will come back in a rage. Will you have coffee?" + +"Yes, bring some." + +Ten minutes later Lavrushka brought the coffee. "He's coming!" +said he. "Now for trouble!" Rostov looked out of the window and saw +Denisov coming home. Denisov was a small man with a red face, +sparkling black eyes, and black tousled mustache and hair. He wore +an unfastened cloak, wide breeches hanging down in creases, and a +crumpled shako on the back of his head. He came up to the porch +gloomily, hanging his head. + +"Lavwuska!" he shouted loudly and angrily, "take it off, blockhead!" + +"Well, I am taking it off," replied Lavrushka's voice. + +"Ah, you're up already," said Denisov, entering the room. + +"Long ago," answered Rostov, "I have already been for the hay, and +have seen Fraulein Mathilde." + +"Weally! And I've been losing, bwother. I lost yesterday like a +damned fool!" cried Denisov, not pronouncing his r's. "Such ill +luck! Such ill luck. As soon as you left, it began and went on. +Hullo there! Tea!" + +Puckering up his face though smiling, and showing his short strong +teeth, he began with stubby fingers of both hands to ruffle up his +thick tangled black hair. + +"And what devil made me go to that wat?" (an officer nicknamed +"the rat") he said, rubbing his forehead and whole face with both +hands. "Just fancy, he didn't let me win a single cahd, not one cahd." + +He took the lighted pipe that was offered to him, gripped it in +his fist, and tapped it on the floor, making the sparks fly, while +he continued to shout. + +"He lets one win the singles and collahs it as soon as one doubles +it; gives the singles and snatches the doubles!" + +He scattered the burning tobacco, smashed the pipe, and threw it +away. Then he remained silent for a while, and all at once looked +cheerfully with his glittering, black eyes at Rostov. + +"If at least we had some women here; but there's nothing foh one +to do but dwink. If we could only get to fighting soon. Hullo, who's +there?" he said, turning to the door as he heard a tread of heavy +boots and the clinking of spurs that came to a stop, and a +respectful cough. + +"The squadron quartermaster!" said Lavrushka. + +Denisov's face puckered still more. + +"Wetched!" he muttered, throwing down a purse with some gold in +it. "Wostov, deah fellow, just see how much there is left and shove +the purse undah the pillow," he said, and went out to the +quartermaster. + +Rostov took the money and, mechanically arranging the old and new +coins in separate piles, began counting them. + +"Ah! Telyanin! How d'ye do? They plucked me last night," came +Denisov's voice from the next room. + +"Where? At Bykov's, at the rat's... I knew it," replied a piping +voice, and Lieutenant Telyanin, a small officer of the same +squadron, entered the room. + +Rostov thrust the purse under the pillow and shook the damp little +hand which was offered him. Telyanin for some reason had been +transferred from the Guards just before this campaign. He behaved very +well in the regiment but was not liked; Rostov especially detested him +and was unable to overcome or conceal his groundless antipathy to +the man. + +"Well, young cavalryman, how is my Rook behaving?" he asked. (Rook +was a young horse Telyanin had sold to Rostov.) + +The lieutenant never looked the man he was speaking to straight in +the face; his eyes continually wandered from one object to another. + +"I saw you riding this morning..." he added. + +"Oh, he's all right, a good horse," answered Rostov, though the +horse for which he had paid seven hundred rubbles was not worth half +that sum. "He's begun to go a little lame on the left foreleg," he +added. + +"The hoof's cracked! That's nothing. I'll teach you what to do and +show you what kind of rivet to use." + +"Yes, please do," said Rostov. + +"I'll show you, I'll show you! It's not a secret. And it's a horse +you'll thank me for." + +"Then I'll have it brought round," said Rostov wishing to avoid +Telyanin, and he went out to give the order. + +In the passage Denisov, with a pipe, was squatting on the +threshold facing the quartermaster who was reporting to him. On seeing +Rostov, Denisov screwed up his face and pointing over his shoulder +with his thumb to the room where Telyanin was sitting, he frowned +and gave a shudder of disgust. + +"Ugh! I don't like that fellow," he said, regardless of the +quartermaster's presence. + +Rostov shrugged his shoulders as much as to say: "Nor do I, but +what's one to do?" and, having given his order, he returned to +Telyanin. + +Telyanin was sitting in the same indolent pose in which Rostov had +left him, rubbing his small white hands. + +"Well there certainly are disgusting people," thought Rostov as he +entered. + +"Have you told them to bring the horse?" asked Telyanin, getting +up and looking carelessly about him. + +"I have." + +"Let us go ourselves. I only came round to ask Denisov about +yesterday's order. Have you got it, Denisov?" + +"Not yet. But where are you off to?" + +"I want to teach this young man how to shoe a horse," said Telyanin. + +They went through the porch and into the stable. The lieutenant +explained how to rivet the hoof and went away to his own quarters. + +When Rostov went back there was a bottle of vodka and a sausage on +the table. Denisov was sitting there scratching with his pen on a +sheet of paper. He looked gloomily in Rostov's face and said: "I am +witing to her." + +He leaned his elbows on the table with his pen in his hand and, +evidently glad of a chance to say quicker in words what he wanted to +write, told Rostov the contents of his letter. + +"You see, my fwiend," he said, "we sleep when we don't love. We +are childwen of the dust... but one falls in love and one is a God, +one is pua' as on the first day of cweation... Who's that now? Send +him to the devil, I'm busy!" he shouted to Lavrushka, who went up to +him not in the least abashed. + +"Who should it be? You yourself told him to come. It's the +quartermaster for the money." + +Denisov frowned and was about to shout some reply but stopped. + +"Wetched business," he muttered to himself. "How much is left in the +puhse?" he asked, turning to Rostov. + +"Seven new and three old imperials." + +"Oh, it's wetched! Well, what are you standing there for, you +sca'cwow? Call the quahtehmasteh," he shouted to Lavrushka. + +"Please, Denisov, let me lend you some: I have some, you know," said +Rostov, blushing. + +"Don't like bowwowing from my own fellows, I don't," growled +Denisov. + +"But if you won't accept money from me like a comrade, you will +offend me. Really I have some," Rostov repeated. + +"No, I tell you." + +And Denisov went to the bed to get the purse from under the pillow. + +"Where have you put it, Wostov?" + +"Under the lower pillow." + +"It's not there." + +Denisov threw both pillows on the floor. The purse was not there. + +"That's a miwacle." + +"Wait, haven't you dropped it?" said Rostov, picking up the +pillows one at a time and shaking them. + +He pulled off the quilt and shook it. The purse was not there. + +"Dear me, can I have forgotten? No, I remember thinking that you +kept it under your head like a treasure," said Rostov. "I put it +just here. Where is it?" he asked, turning to Lavrushka. + +"I haven't been in the room. It must be where you put it." + +"But it isn't?..." + +"You're always like that; you thwow a thing down anywhere and forget +it. Feel in your pockets." + +"No, if I hadn't thought of it being a treasure," said Rostov, +"but I remember putting it there." + +Lavrushka turned all the bedding over, looked under the bed and +under the table, searched everywhere, and stood still in the middle of +the room. Denisov silently watched Lavrushka's movements, and when the +latter threw up his arms in surprise saying it was nowhere to be found +Denisov glanced at Rostov. + +"Wostov, you've not been playing schoolboy twicks..." + +Rostov felt Denisov's gaze fixed on him, raised his eyes, and +instantly dropped them again. All the blood which had seemed congested +somewhere below his throat rushed to his face and eyes. He could not +draw breath. + +"And there hasn't been anyone in the room except the lieutenant +and yourselves. It must be here somewhere," said Lavrushka. + +"Now then, you devil's puppet, look alive and hunt for it!" +shouted Denisov, suddenly, turning purple and rushing at the man +with a threatening gesture. "If the purse isn't found I'll flog you, +I'll flog you all." + +Rostov, his eyes avoiding Denisov, began buttoning his coat, buckled +on his saber, and put on his cap. + +"I must have that purse, I tell you," shouted Denisov, shaking his +orderly by the shoulders and knocking him against the wall. + +"Denisov, let him alone, I know who has taken it," said Rostov, +going toward the door without raising his eyes. Denisov paused, +thought a moment, and, evidently understanding what Rostov hinted +at, seized his arm. + +"Nonsense!" he cried, and the veins on his forehead and neck stood +out like cords. "You are mad, I tell you. I won't allow it. The +purse is here! I'll flay this scoundwel alive, and it will be found." + +"I know who has taken it," repeated Rostov in an unsteady voice, and +went to the door. + +"And I tell you, don't you dahe to do it!" shouted Denisov, +rushing at the cadet to restrain him. + +But Rostov pulled away his arm and, with as much anger as though +Denisov were his worst enemy, firmly fixed his eyes directly on his +face. + +"Do you understand what you're saying?" he said in a trembling +voice. "There was no one else in the room except myself. So that if it +is not so, then..." + +He could not finish, and ran out of the room. + +"Ah, may the devil take you and evewybody," were the last words +Rostov heard. + +Rostov went to Telyanin's quarters. + +"The master is not in, he's gone to headquarters," said Telyanin's +orderly. "Has something happened?" he added, surprised at the +cadet's troubled face. + +"No, nothing." + +"You've only just missed him," said the orderly. + +The headquarters were situated two miles away from Salzeneck, and +Rostov, without returning home, took a horse and rode there. There was +an inn in the village which the officers frequented. Rostov rode up to +it and saw Telyanin's horse at the porch. + +In the second room of the inn the lieutenant was sitting over a dish +of sausages and a bottle of wine. + +"Ah, you've come here too, young man!" he said, smiling and +raising his eyebrows. + +"Yes," said Rostov as if it cost him a great deal to utter the word; +and he sat down at the nearest table. + +Both were silent. There were two Germans and a Russian officer in +the room. No one spoke and the only sounds heard were the clatter of +knives and the munching of the lieutenant. + +When Telyanin had finished his lunch he took out of his pocket a +double purse and, drawing its rings aside with his small, white, +turned-up fingers, drew out a gold imperial, and lifting his +eyebrows gave it to the waiter. + +"Please be quick," he said. + +The coin was a new one. Rostov rose and went up to Telyanin. + +"Allow me to look at your purse," he said in a low, almost +inaudible, voice. + +With shifting eyes but eyebrows still raised, Telyanin handed him +the purse. + +"Yes, it's a nice purse. Yes, yes," he said, growing suddenly +pale, and added, "Look at it, young man." + +Rostov took the purse in his hand, examined it and the money in +it, and looked at Telyanin. The lieutenant was looking about in his +usual way and suddenly seemed to grow very merry. + +"If we get to Vienna I'll get rid of it there but in these +wretched little towns there's nowhere to spend it," said he. "Well, +let me have it, young man, I'm going." + +Rostov did not speak. + +"And you? Are you going to have lunch too? They feed you quite +decently here," continued Telyanin. "Now then, let me have it." + +He stretched out his hand to take hold of the purse. Rostov let go +of it. Telyanin took the purse and began carelessly slipping it into +the pocket of his riding breeches, with his eyebrows lifted and his +mouth slightly open, as if to say, "Yes, yes, I am putting my purse in +my pocket and that's quite simple and is no else's business." + +"Well, young man?" he said with a sigh, and from under his lifted +brows he glanced into Rostov's eyes. + +Some flash as of an electric spark shot from Telyanin's eyes to +Rostov's and back, and back again and again in an instant. + +"Come here," said Rostov, catching hold of Telyanin's arm and almost +dragging him to the window. "That money is Denisov's; you took +it..." he whispered just above Telyanin's ear. + +"What? What? How dare you? What?" said Telyanin. + +But these words came like a piteous, despairing cry and an +entreaty for pardon. As soon as Rostov heard them, an enormous load of +doubt fell from him. He was glad, and at the same instant began to +pity the miserable man who stood before him, but the task he had begun +had to be completed. + +"Heaven only knows what the people here may imagine," muttered +Telyanin, taking up his cap and moving toward a small empty room. +"We must have an explanation..." + +"I know it and shall prove it," said Rostov. + +"I..." + +Every muscle of Telyanin's pale, terrified face began to quiver, his +eyes still shifted from side to side but with a downward look not +rising to Rostov's face, and his sobs were audible. + +"Count!... Don't ruin a young fellow... here is this wretched money, +take it..." He threw it on the table. "I have an old father and +mother!..." + +Rostov took the money, avoiding Telyanin's eyes, and went out of the +room without a word. But at the door he stopped and then retraced +his steps. "O God," he said with tears in his eyes, "how could you +do it?" + +"Count..." said Telyanin drawing nearer to him. + +"Don't touch me," said Rostov, drawing back. "If you need it, take +the money," and he threw the purse to him and ran out of the inn. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +That same evening there was an animated discussion among the +squadron's officers in Denisov's quarters. + +"And I tell you, Rostov, that you must apologize to the colonel!" +said a tall, grizzly-haired staff captain, with enormous mustaches and +many wrinkles on his large features, to Rostov who was crimson with +excitement. + +The staff captain, Kirsten, had twice been reduced to the ranks +for affairs of honor and had twice regained his commission. + +"I will allow no one to call me a liar!" cried Rostov. "He told me I +lied, and I told him he lied. And there it rests. He may keep me on +duty every day, or may place me under arrest, but no one can make me +apologize, because if he, as commander of this regiment, thinks it +beneath his dignity to give me satisfaction, then..." + +"You just wait a moment, my dear fellow, and listen," interrupted +the staff captain in his deep bass, calmly stroking his long mustache. +"You tell the colonel in the presence of other officers that an +officer has stolen..." + +"I'm not to blame that the conversation began in the presence of +other officers. Perhaps I ought not to have spoken before them, but +I am not a diplomatist. That's why I joined the hussars, thinking that +here one would not need finesse; and he tells me that I am lying--so +let him give me satisfaction..." + +"That's all right. No one thinks you a coward, but that's not the +point. Ask Denisov whether it is not out of the question for a cadet +to demand satisfaction of his regimental commander?" + +Denisov sat gloomily biting his mustache and listening to the +conversation, evidently with no wish to take part in it. He answered +the staff captain's question by a disapproving shake of his head. + +"You speak to the colonel about this nasty business before other +officers," continued the staff captain, "and Bogdanich" (the colonel +was called Bogdanich) "shuts you up." + +"He did not shut me up, he said I was telling an untruth." + +"Well, have it so, and you talked a lot of nonsense to him and +must apologize." + +"Not on any account!" exclaimed Rostov. + +"I did not expect this of you," said the staff captain seriously and +severely. "You don't wish to apologize, but, man, it's not only to him +but to the whole regiment--all of us--you're to blame all round. The +case is this: you ought to have thought the matter over and taken +advice; but no, you go and blurt it all straight out before the +officers. Now what was the colonel to do? Have the officer tried and +disgrace the whole regiment? Disgrace the whole regiment because of +one scoundrel? Is that how you look at it? We don't see it like +that. And Bogdanich was a brick: he told you you were saying what +was not true. It's not pleasant, but what's to be done, my dear +fellow? You landed yourself in it. And now, when one wants to smooth +the thing over, some conceit prevents your apologizing, and you wish +to make the whole affair public. You are offended at being put on duty +a bit, but why not apologize to an old and honorable officer? Whatever +Bogdanich may be, anyway he is an honorable and brave old colonel! +You're quick at taking offense, but you don't mind disgracing the +whole regiment!" The staff captain's voice began to tremble. "You have +been in the regiment next to no time, my lad, you're here today and +tomorrow you'll be appointed adjutant somewhere and can snap your +fingers when it is said 'There are thieves among the Pavlograd +officers!' But it's not all the same to us! Am I not right, Denisov? +It's not the same!" + +Denisov remained silent and did not move, but occasionally looked +with his glittering black eyes at Rostov. + +"You value your own pride and don't wish to apologize," continued +the staff captain, "but we old fellows, who have grown up in and, +God willing, are going to die in the regiment, we prize the honor of +the regiment, and Bogdanich knows it. Oh, we do prize it, old +fellow! And all this is not right, it's not right! You may take +offense or not but I always stick to mother truth. It's not right!" + +And the staff captain rose and turned away from Rostov. + +"That's twue, devil take it!" shouted Denisov, jumping up. "Now then, +Wostov, now then!" + + Rostov, growing red and pale alternately, looked first at one +officer and then at the other. + +"No, gentlemen, no... you mustn't think... I quite understand. +You're wrong to think that of me... I... for me... for the honor of +the regiment I'd... Ah well, I'll show that in action, and for me +the honor of the flag... Well, never mind, it's true I'm to blame, +to blame all round. Well, what else do you want?..." + +"Come, that's right, Count!" cried the staff captain, turning +round and clapping Rostov on the shoulder with his big hand. + +"I tell you," shouted Denisov, "he's a fine fellow." + +"That's better, Count," said the staff captain, beginning to address +Rostov by his title, as if in recognition of his confession. "Go and +apologize, your excellency. Yes, go!" + +"Gentlemen, I'll do anything. No one shall hear a word from me," +said Rostov in an imploring voice, "but I can't apologize, by God I +can't, do what you will! How can I go and apologize like a little +boy asking forgiveness?" + +Denisov began to laugh. + +"It'll be worse for you. Bogdanich is vindictive and you'll pay +for your obstinacy," said Kirsten. + +"No, on my word it's not obstinacy! I can't describe the feeling. +I can't..." + +"Well, it's as you like," said the staff captain. "And what has +become of that scoundrel?" he asked Denisov. + +"He has weported himself sick, he's to be stwuck off the list +tomowwow," muttered Denisov. + +"It is an illness, there's no other way of explaining it," said +the staff captain. + +"Illness or not, he'd better not cwoss my path. I'd kill him!" +shouted Denisov in a bloodthirsty tone. + +Just then Zherkov entered the room. + +"What brings you here?" cried the officers turning to the newcomer. + +"We're to go into action, gentlemen! Mack has surrendered with his +whole army." + +"It's not true!" + +"I've seen him myself!" + +"What? Saw the real Mack? With hands and feet?" + +"Into action! Into action! Bring him a bottle for such news! But how +did you come here?" + +"I've been sent back to the regiment all on account of that devil, +Mack. An Austrian general complained of me. I congratulated him on +Mack's arrival... What's the matter, Rostov? You look as if you'd just +come out of a hot bath." + +"Oh, my dear fellow, we're in such a stew here these last two days." + +The regimental adjutant came in and confirmed the news brought by +Zherkov. They were under orders to advance next day. + +"We're going into action, gentlemen!" + +"Well, thank God! We've been sitting here too long!" + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Kutuzov fell back toward Vienna, destroying behind him the bridges +over the rivers Inn (at Braunau) and Traun (near Linz). On October +23 the Russian troops were crossing the river Enns. At midday the +Russian baggage train, the artillery, and columns of troops were +defiling through the town of Enns on both sides of the bridge. + +It was a warm, rainy, autumnal day. The wide expanse that opened out +before the heights on which the Russian batteries stood guarding the +bridge was at times veiled by a diaphanous curtain of slanting rain, +and then, suddenly spread out in the sunlight, far-distant objects +could be clearly seen glittering as though freshly varnished. Down +below, the little town could be seen with its white, red-roofed +houses, its cathedral, and its bridge, on both sides of which streamed +jostling masses of Russian troops. At the bend of the Danube, vessels, +an island, and a castle with a park surrounded by the waters of the +confluence of the Enns and the Danube became visible, and the rocky +left bank of the Danube covered with pine forests, with a mystic +background of green treetops and bluish gorges. The turrets of a +convent stood out beyond a wild virgin pine forest, and far away on +the other side of the Enns the enemy's horse patrols could be +discerned. + +Among the field guns on the brow of the hill the general in +command of the rearguard stood with a staff officer, scanning the +country through his fieldglass. A little behind them Nesvitski, who +had been sent to the rearguard by the commander in chief, was +sitting on the trail of a gun carriage. A Cossack who accompanied +him had handed him a knapsack and a flask, and Nesvitski was +treating some officers to pies and real doppelkummel. The officers +gladly gathered round him, some on their knees, some squatting Turkish +fashion on the wet grass. + +"Yes, the Austrian prince who built that castle was no fool. It's +a fine place! Why are you not eating anything, gentlemen?" Nesvitski +was saying. + +"Thank you very much, Prince," answered one of the officers, pleased +to be talking to a staff officer of such importance. "It's a lovely +place! We passed close to the park and saw two deer... and what a +splendid house!" + +"Look, Prince," said another, who would have dearly liked to take +another pie but felt shy, and therefore pretended to be examining +the countryside--"See, our infantrymen have already got there. Look +there in the meadow behind the village, three of them are dragging +something. They'll ransack that castle," he remarked with evident +approval. + +"So they will," said Nesvitski. "No, but what I should like," +added he, munching a pie in his moist-lipped handsome mouth, "would be +to slip in over there." + +He pointed with a smile to a turreted nunnery, and his eyes narrowed +and gleamed. + +"That would be fine, gentlemen!" + +The officers laughed. + +"Just to flutter the nuns a bit. They say there are Italian girls +among them. On my word I'd give five years of my life for it!" + +"They must be feeling dull, too," said one of the bolder officers, +laughing. + +Meanwhile the staff officer standing in front pointed out +something to the general, who looked through his field glass. + +"Yes, so it is, so it is," said the general angrily, lowering the +field glass and shrugging his shoulders, "so it is! They'll be fired +on at the crossing. And why are they dawdling there?" + +On the opposite side the enemy could be seen by the naked eye, and +from their battery a milk-white cloud arose. Then came the distant +report of a shot, and our troops could be seen hurrying to the +crossing. + +Nesvitski rose, puffing, and went up to the general, smiling. + +"Would not your excellency like a little refreshment?" he said. + +"It's a bad business," said the general without answering him, +"our men have been wasting time." + +"Hadn't I better ride over, your excellency?" asked Nesvitski. + +"Yes, please do," answered the general, and he repeated the order +that had already once been given in detail: "and tell the hussars that +they are to cross last and to fire the bridge as I ordered; and the +inflammable material on the bridge must be reinspected." + +"Very good," answered Nesvitski. + +He called the Cossack with his horse, told him to put away the +knapsack and flask, and swung his heavy person easily into the saddle. + +"I'll really call in on the nuns," he said to the officers who +watched him smilingly, and he rode off by the winding path down the +hill. + +"Now then, let's see how far it will carry, Captain. Just try!" said +the general, turning to an artillery officer. "Have a little fun to +pass the time." + +"Crew, to your guns!" commanded the officer. + +In a moment the men came running gaily from their campfires and +began loading. + +"One!" came the command. + +Number one jumped briskly aside. The gun rang out with a deafening +metallic roar, and a whistling grenade flew above the heads of our +troops below the hill and fell far short of the enemy, a little +smoke showing the spot where it burst. + +The faces of officers and men brightened up at the sound. Everyone +got up and began watching the movements of our troops below, as +plainly visible as if but a stone's throw away, and the movements of +the approaching enemy farther off. At the same instant the sun came +fully out from behind the clouds, and the clear sound of the +solitary shot and the brilliance of the bright sunshine merged in a +single joyous and spirited impression. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Two of the enemy's shots had already flown across the bridge, +where there was a crush. Halfway across stood Prince Nesvitski, who +had alighted from his horse and whose big body was jammed +against the railings. He looked back laughing to the Cossack who stood +a few steps behind him holding two horses by their bridles. Each +time Prince Nesvitski tried to move on, soldiers and carts pushed +him back again and pressed him against the railings, and all he +could do was to smile. + +"What a fine fellow you are, friend!" said the Cossack to a convoy +soldier with a wagon, who was pressing onto the infantrymen who were +crowded together close to his wheels and his horses. "What a fellow! +You can't wait a moment! Don't you see the general wants to pass?" + +But the convoyman took no notice of the word "general" and shouted +at the soldiers who were blocking his way. "Hi there, boys! Keep to +the left! Wait a bit." But the soldiers, crowded together shoulder +to shoulder, their bayonets interlocking, moved over the bridge in a +dense mass. Looking down over the rails Prince Nesvitski saw the +rapid, noisy little waves of the Enns, which rippling and eddying +round the piles of the bridge chased each other along. Looking on +the bridge he saw equally uniform living waves of soldiers, shoulder +straps, covered shakos, knapsacks, bayonets, long muskets, and, +under the shakos, faces with broad cheekbones, sunken cheeks, and +listless tired expressions, and feet that moved through the sticky mud +that covered the planks of the bridge. Sometimes through the +monotonous waves of men, like a fleck of white foam on the waves of +the Enns, an officer, in a cloak and with a type of face different +from that of the men, squeezed his way along; sometimes like a chip of +wood whirling in the river, an hussar on foot, an orderly, or a +townsman was carried through the waves of infantry; and sometimes like +a log floating down the river, an officers' or company's baggage +wagon, piled high, leather covered, and hemmed in on all sides, +moved across the bridge. + +"It's as if a dam had burst," said the Cossack hopelessly. "Are +there many more of you to come?" + +"A million all but one!" replied a waggish soldier in a torn coat, +with a wink, and passed on followed by another, an old man. + +"If he" (he meant the enemy) "begins popping at the bridge now," +said the old soldier dismally to a comrade, "you'll forget to +scratch yourself." + +That soldier passed on, and after him came another sitting on a +cart. + +"Where the devil have the leg bands been shoved to?" said an +orderly, running behind the cart and fumbling in the back of it. + +And he also passed on with the wagon. Then came some merry +soldiers who had evidently been drinking. + +"And then, old fellow, he gives him one in the teeth with the butt +end of his gun..." a soldier whose greatcoat was well tucked up said +gaily, with a wide swing of his arm. + +"Yes, the ham was just delicious..." answered another with a loud +laugh. And they, too, passed on, so that Nesvitski did not learn who +had been struck on the teeth, or what the ham had to do with it. + +"Bah! How they scurry. He just sends a ball and they think they'll +all be killed," a sergeant was saying angrily and reproachfully. + +"As it flies past me, Daddy, the ball I mean," said a young +soldier with an enormous mouth, hardly refraining from laughing, "I +felt like dying of fright. I did, 'pon my word, I got that +frightened!" said he, as if bragging of having been frightened. + +That one also passed. Then followed a cart unlike any that had +gone before. It was a German cart with a pair of horses led by a +German, and seemed loaded with a whole houseful of effects. A fine +brindled cow with a large udder was attached to the cart behind. A +woman with an unweaned baby, an old woman, and a healthy German girl +with bright red cheeks were sitting on some feather beds. Evidently +these fugitives were allowed to pass by special permission. The eyes +of all the soldiers turned toward the women, and while the vehicle was +passing at foot pace all the soldiers' remarks related to the two +young ones. Every face bore almost the same smile, expressing unseemly +thoughts about the women. + +"Just see, the German sausage is making tracks, too!" + +"Sell me the missis," said another soldier, addressing the German, +who, angry and frightened, strode energetically along with downcast +eyes. + +"See how smart she's made herself! Oh, the devils!" + +"There, Fedotov, you should be quartered on them!" + +"I have seen as much before now, mate!" + +"Where are you going?" asked an infantry officer who was eating an +apple, also half smiling as he looked at the handsome girl. + +The German closed his eyes, signifying that he did not understand. + +"Take it if you like," said the officer, giving the girl an apple. + +The girl smiled and took it. Nesvitski like the rest of the men on +the bridge did not take his eyes off the women till they had passed. +When they had gone by, the same stream of soldiers followed, with +the same kind of talk, and at last all stopped. As often happens, +the horses of a convoy wagon became restive at the end of the +bridge, and the whole crowd had to wait. + +"And why are they stopping? There's no proper order!" said the +soldiers. "Where are you shoving to? Devil take you! Can't you wait? +It'll be worse if he fires the bridge. See, here's an officer jammed +in too"--different voices were saying in the crowd, as the men +looked at one another, and all pressed toward the exit from the +bridge. + +Looking down at the waters of the Enns under the bridge, Nesvitski +suddenly heard a sound new to him, of something swiftly approaching... +something big, that splashed into the water. + +"Just see where it carries to!" a soldier near by said sternly, +looking round at the sound. + +"Encouraging us to get along quicker," said another uneasily. + +The crowd moved on again. Nesvitski realized that it was a cannon +ball. + +"Hey, Cossack, my horse!" he said. "Now, then, you there! get out of +the way! Make way!" + +With great difficulty he managed to get to his horse, and shouting +continually he moved on. The soldiers squeezed themselves to make +way for him, but again pressed on him so that they jammed his leg, and +those nearest him were not to blame for they were themselves pressed +still harder from behind. + +"Nesvitski, Nesvitski! you numskull!" came a hoarse voice from +behind him. + +Nesvitski looked round and saw, some fifteen paces away but +separated by the living mass of moving infantry, Vaska Denisov, red +and shaggy, with his cap on the back of his black head and a cloak +hanging jauntily over his shoulder. + +"Tell these devils, these fiends, to let me pass!" shouted Denisov +evidently in a fit of rage, his coal-black eyes with their bloodshot +whites glittering and rolling as he waved his sheathed saber in a +small bare hand as red as his face. + +"Ah, Vaska!" joyfully replied Nesvitski. "What's up with you?" + +"The squadwon can't pass," shouted Vaska Denisov, showing his +white teeth fiercely and spurring his black thoroughbred Arab, which +twitched its ears as the bayonets touched it, and snorted, spurting +white foam from his bit, tramping the planks of the bridge with his +hoofs, and apparently ready to jump over the railings had his rider +let him. "What is this? They're like sheep! Just like sheep! Out of +the way!... Let us pass!... Stop there, you devil with the cart! +I'll hack you with my saber!" he shouted, actually drawing his saber +from its scabbard and flourishing it. + +The soldiers crowded against one another with terrified faces, and +Denisov joined Nesvitski. + +"How's it you're not drunk today?" said Nesvitski when the other had +ridden up to him. + +"They don't even give one time to dwink!" answered Vaska Denisov. +"They keep dwagging the wegiment to and fwo all day. If they mean to +fight, let's fight. But the devil knows what this is." + +"What a dandy you are today!" said Nesvitski, looking at Denisov's +new cloak and saddlecloth. + +Denisov smiled, took out of his sabretache a handkerchief that +diffused a smell of perfume, and put it to Nesvitski's nose. + +"Of course. I'm going into action! I've shaved, bwushed my teeth, +and scented myself." + +The imposing figure of Nesvitski followed by his Cossack, and the +determination of Denisov who flourished his sword and shouted +frantically, had such an effect that they managed to squeeze through +to the farther side of the bridge and stopped the infantry. Beside the +bridge Nesvitski found the colonel to whom he had to deliver the +order, and having done this he rode back. + +Having cleared the way Denisov stopped at the end of the bridge. +Carelessly holding in his stallion that was neighing and pawing the +ground, eager to rejoin its fellows, he watched his squadron draw +nearer. Then the clang of hoofs, as of several horses galloping, +resounded on the planks of the bridge, and the squadron, officers in +front and men four abreast, spread across the bridge and began to +emerge on his side of it. + +The infantry who had been stopped crowded near the bridge in the +trampled mud and gazed with that particular feeling of ill-will, +estrangement, and ridicule with which troops of different arms usually +encounter one another at the clean, smart hussars who moved past +them in regular order. + +"Smart lads! Only fit for a fair!" said one. + +"What good are they? They're led about just for show!" remarked +another. + +"Don't kick up the dust, you infantry!" jested an hussar whose +prancing horse had splashed mud over some foot soldiers. + +"I'd like to put you on a two days' march with a knapsack! Your fine +cords would soon get a bit rubbed," said an infantryman, wiping the +mud off his face with his sleeve. "Perched up there, you're more +like a bird than a man." + +"There now, Zikin, they ought to put you on a horse. You'd look +fine," said a corporal, chaffing a thin little soldier who bent +under the weight of his knapsack. + +"Take a stick between your legs, that'll suit you for a horse!" +the hussar shouted back. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +The last of the infantry hurriedly crossed the bridge, squeezing +together as they approached it as if passing through a funnel. At last +the baggage wagons had all crossed, the crush was less, and the last +battalion came onto the bridge. Only Denisov's squadron of hussars +remained on the farther side of the bridge facing the enemy, who could +be seen from the hill on the opposite bank but was not yet visible +from the bridge, for the horizon as seen from the valley through which +the river flowed was formed by the rising ground only half a mile +away. At the foot of the hill lay wasteland over which a few groups of +our Cossack scouts were moving. Suddenly on the road at the top of the +high ground, artillery and troops in blue uniform were seen. These +were the French. A group of Cossack scouts retired down the hill at +a trot. All the officers and men of Denisov's squadron, though they +tried to talk of other things and to look in other directions, thought +only of what was there on the hilltop, and kept constantly looking +at the patches appearing on the skyline, which they knew to be the +enemy's troops. The weather had cleared again since noon and the sun +was descending brightly upon the Danube and the dark hills around +it. It was calm, and at intervals the bugle calls and the shouts of +the enemy could be heard from the hill. There was no one now between +the squadron and the enemy except a few scattered skirmishers. An +empty space of some seven hundred yards was all that separated them. +The enemy ceased firing, and that stern, threatening, inaccessible, +and intangible line which separates two hostile armies was all the +more clearly felt. + +"One step beyond that boundary line which resembles the line +dividing the living from the dead lies uncertainty, suffering, and +death. And what is there? Who is there?--there beyond that field, that +tree, that roof lit up by the sun? No one knows, but one wants to +know. You fear and yet long to cross that line, and know that sooner +or later it must be crossed and you will have to find out what is +there, just as you will inevitably have to learn what lies the other +side of death. But you are strong, healthy, cheerful, and excited, and +are surrounded by other such excitedly animated and healthy men." So +thinks, or at any rate feels, anyone who comes in sight of the +enemy, and that feeling gives a particular glamour and glad keenness +of impression to everything that takes place at such moments. + +On the high ground where the enemy was, the smoke of a cannon +rose, and a ball flew whistling over the heads of the hussar squadron. +The officers who had been standing together rode off to their +places. The hussars began carefully aligning their horses. Silence +fell on the whole squadron. All were looking at the enemy in front and +at the squadron commander, awaiting the word of command. A second +and a third cannon ball flew past. Evidently they were firing at the +hussars, but the balls with rapid rhythmic whistle flew over the heads +of the horsemen and fell somewhere beyond them. The hussars did not +look round, but at the sound of each shot, as at the word of +command, the whole squadron with its rows of faces so alike yet so +different, holding its breath while the ball flew past, rose in the +stirrups and sank back again. The soldiers without turning their heads +glanced at one another, curious to see their comrades' impression. +Every face, from Denisov's to that of the bugler, showed one common +expression of conflict, irritation, and excitement, around chin and +mouth. The quartermaster frowned, looking at the soldiers as if +threatening to punish them. Cadet Mironov ducked every time a ball +flew past. Rostov on the left flank, mounted on his Rook--a handsome +horse despite its game leg--had the happy air of a schoolboy called up +before a large audience for an examination in which he feels sure he +will distinguish himself. He was glancing at everyone with a clear, +bright expression, as if asking them to notice how calmly he sat under +fire. But despite himself, on his face too that same indication of +something new and stern showed round the mouth. + +"Who's that curtseying there? Cadet Miwonov! That's not wight! +Look at me," cried Denisov who, unable to keep still on one spot, kept +turning his horse in front of the squadron. + +The black, hairy, snub-nosed face of Vaska Denisov, and his whole +short sturdy figure with the sinewy hairy hand and stumpy fingers in +which he held the hilt of his naked saber, looked just as it usually +did, especially toward evening when he had emptied his second +bottle; he was only redder than usual. With his shaggy head thrown +back like birds when they drink, pressing his spurs mercilessly into +the sides of his good horse, Bedouin, and sitting as though falling +backwards in the saddle, he galloped to the other flank of the +squadron and shouted in a hoarse voice to the men to look to their +pistols. He rode up to Kirsten. The staff captain on his broad-backed, +steady mare came at a walk to meet him. His face with its long +mustache was serious as always, only his eyes were brighter than +usual. + +"Well, what about it?" said he to Denisov. "It won't come to a +fight. You'll see--we shall retire." + +"The devil only knows what they're about!" muttered Denisov. "Ah, +Wostov," he cried noticing the cadet's bright face, "you've got it +at last." + +And he smiled approvingly, evidently pleased with the cadet. +Rostov felt perfectly happy. Just then the commander appeared on the +bridge. Denisov galloped up to him. + +"Your excellency! Let us attack them! I'll dwive them off." + +"Attack indeed!" said the colonel in a bored voice, puckering up his +face as if driving off a troublesome fly. "And why are you stopping +here? Don't you see the skirmishers are retreating? Lead the +squadron back." + +The squadron crossed the bridge and drew out of range of fire +without having lost a single man. The second squadron that had been in +the front line followed them across and the last Cossacks quitted +the farther side of the river. + +The two Pavlograd squadrons, having crossed the bridge, retired up +the hill one after the other. Their colonel, Karl Bogdanich +Schubert, came up to Denisov's squadron and rode at a footpace not far +from Rostov, without taking any notice of him although they were now +meeting for the first time since their encounter concerning +Telyanin. Rostov, feeling that he was at the front and in the power of +a man toward whom he now admitted that he had been to blame, did not +lift his eyes from the colonel's athletic back, his nape covered +with light hair, and his red neck. It seemed to Rostov that +Bogdanich was only pretending not to notice him, and that his whole +aim now was to test the cadet's courage, so he drew himself up and +looked around him merrily; then it seemed to him that Bogdanich rode +so near in order to show him his courage. Next he thought that his +enemy would send the squadron on a desperate attack just to punish +him--Rostov. Then he imagined how, after the attack, Bogdanich would +come up to him as he lay wounded and would magnanimously extend the +hand of reconciliation. + +The high-shouldered figure of Zherkov, familiar to the Pavlograds as +he had but recently left their regiment, rode up to the colonel. After +his dismissal from headquarters Zherkov had not remained in the +regiment, saying he was not such a fool as to slave at the front +when he could get more rewards by doing nothing on the staff, and +had succeeded in attaching himself as an orderly officer to Prince +Bagration. He now came to his former chief with an order from the +commander of the rear guard. + +"Colonel," he said, addressing Rostov's enemy with an air of +gloomy gravity and glancing round at his comrades, "there is an +order to stop and fire the bridge." + +"An order to who?" asked the colonel morosely. + +"I don't myself know 'to who,'" replied the cornet in a serious +tone, "but the prince told me to 'go and tell the colonel that the +hussars must return quickly and fire the bridge.'" + +Zherkov was followed by an officer of the suite who rode up to the +colonel of hussars with the same order. After him the stout +Nesvitski came galloping up on a Cossack horse that could scarcely +carry his weight. + +"How's this, Colonel?" he shouted as he approached. "I told you to +fire the bridge, and now someone has gone and blundered; they are +all beside themselves over there and one can't make anything out." + +The colonel deliberately stopped the regiment and turned to +Nesvitski. + +"You spoke to me of inflammable material," said he, "but you said +nothing about firing it." + +"But, my dear sir," said Nesvitski as he drew up, taking off his cap +and smoothing his hair wet with perspiration with his plump hand, +"wasn't I telling you to fire the bridge, when inflammable material +had been put in position?" + +"I am not your 'dear sir,' Mr. Staff Officer, and you did not tell +me to burn the bridge! I know the service, and it is my habit orders +strictly to obey. You said the bridge would be burned, but who would +it burn, I could not know by the holy spirit!" + +"Ah, that's always the way!" said Nesvitski with a wave of the hand. +"How did you get here?" said he, turning to Zherkov. + +"On the same business. But you are damp! Let me wring you out!" + +"You were saying, Mr. Staff Officer..." continued the colonel in +an offended tone. + +"Colonel," interrupted the officer of the suite, "You must be +quick or the enemy will bring up his guns to use grapeshot." + +The colonel looked silently at the officer of the suite, at the +stout staff officer, and at Zherkov, and he frowned. + +"I will the bridge fire," he said in a solemn tone as if to announce +that in spite of all the unpleasantness he had to endure he would +still do the right thing. + +Striking his horse with his long muscular legs as if it were to +blame for everything, the colonel moved forward and ordered the second +squadron, that in which Rostov was serving under Denisov, to return to +the bridge. + +"There, it's just as I thought," said Rostov to himself. "He +wishes to test me!" His heart contracted and the blood rushed to his +face. "Let him see whether I am a coward!" he thought. + +Again on all the bright faces of the squadron the serious expression +appeared that they had worn when under fire. Rostov watched his enemy, +the colonel, closely--to find in his face confirmation of his own +conjecture, but the colonel did not once glance at Rostov, and +looked as he always did when at the front, solemn and stern. Then came +the word of command. + +"Look sharp! Look sharp!" several voices repeated around him. + +Their sabers catching in the bridles and their spurs jingling, the +hussars hastily dismounted, not knowing what they were to do. The +men were crossing themselves. Rostov no longer looked at the +colonel, he had no time. He was afraid of falling behind the +hussars, so much afraid that his heart stood still. His hand +trembled as he gave his horse into an orderly's charge, and he felt +the blood rush to his heart with a thud. Denisov rode past him, +leaning back and shouting something. Rostov saw nothing but the +hussars running all around him, their spurs catching and their +sabers clattering. + +"Stretchers!" shouted someone behind him. + +Rostov did not think what this call for stretchers meant; he ran on, +trying only to be ahead of the others; but just at the bridge, not +looking at the ground, he came on some sticky, trodden mud, +stumbled, and fell on his hands. The others outstripped him. + +"At boss zides, Captain," he heard the voice of the colonel, who, +having ridden ahead, had pulled up his horse near the bridge, with a +triumphant, cheerful face. + +Rostov wiping his muddy hands on his breeches looked at his enemy +and was about to run on, thinking that the farther he went to the +front the better. But Bogdanich, without looking at or recognizing +Rostov, shouted to him: + +"Who's that running on the middle of the bridge? To the right! +Come back, Cadet!" he cried angrily; and turning to Denisov, who, +showing off his courage, had ridden on to the planks of the bridge: + +"Why run risks, Captain? You should dismount," he said. + +"Oh, every bullet has its billet," answered Vaska Denisov, turning +in his saddle. + + +Meanwhile Nesvitski, Zherkov, and the officer of the suite were +standing together out of range of the shots, watching, now the small +group of men with yellow shakos, dark-green jackets braided with cord, +and blue riding breeches, who were swarming near the bridge, and +then at what was approaching in the distance from the opposite side- +the blue uniforms and groups with horses, easily recognizable as +artillery. + +"Will they burn the bridge or not? Who'll get there first? Will they +get there and fire the bridge or will the French get within +grapeshot range and wipe them out?" These were the questions each +man of the troops on the high ground above the bridge involuntarily +asked himself with a sinking heart--watching the bridge and the +hussars in the bright evening light and the blue tunics advancing from +the other side with their bayonets and guns. + +"Ugh. The hussars will get it hot!" said Nesvitski; "they are within +grapeshot range now." + +"He shouldn't have taken so many men," said the officer of the +suite. + +"True enough," answered Nesvitski; "two smart fellows could have +done the job just as well." + +"Ah, your excellency," put in Zherkov, his eyes fixed on the +hussars, but still with that naive air that made it impossible to know +whether he was speaking in jest or in earnest. "Ah, your excellency! +How you look at things! Send two men? And who then would give us the +Vladimir medal and ribbon? But now, even if they do get peppered, +the squadron may be recommended for honors and he may get a ribbon. +Our Bogdanich knows how things are done." + +"There now!" said the officer of the suite, "that's grapeshot." + +He pointed to the French guns, the limbers of which were being +detached and hurriedly removed. + +On the French side, amid the groups with cannon, a cloud of smoke +appeared, then a second and a third almost simultaneously, and at +the moment when the first report was heard a fourth was seen. Then two +reports one after another, and a third. + +"Oh! Oh!" groaned Nesvitski as if in fierce pain, seizing the +officer of the suite by the arm. "Look! A man has fallen! Fallen, +fallen!" + +"Two, I think." + +"If I were Tsar I would never go to war," said Nesvitski, turning +away. + +The French guns were hastily reloaded. The infantry in their blue +uniforms advanced toward the bridge at a run. Smoke appeared again but +at irregular intervals, and grapeshot cracked and rattled onto the +bridge. But this time Nesvitski could not see what was happening +there, as a dense cloud of smoke arose from it. The hussars had +succeeded in setting it on fire and the French batteries were now +firing at them, no longer to hinder them but because the guns were +trained and there was someone to fire at. + +The French had time to fire three rounds of grapeshot before the +hussars got back to their horses. Two were misdirected and the shot +went too high, but the last round fell in the midst of a group of +hussars and knocked three of them over. + +Rostov, absorbed by his relations with Bogdanich, had paused on +the bridge not knowing what to do. There was no one to hew down (as he +had always imagined battles to himself), nor could he help to fire the +bridge because he had not brought any burning straw with him like +the other soldiers. He stood looking about him, when suddenly he heard +a rattle on the bridge as if nuts were being spilt, and the hussar +nearest to him fell against the rails with a groan. Rostov ran up to +him with the others. Again someone shouted, "Stretchers!" Four men +seized the hussar and began lifting him. + +"Oooh! For Christ's sake let me alone!" cried the wounded man, but +still he was lifted and laid on the stretcher. + +Nicholas Rostov turned away and, as if searching for something, +gazed into the distance, at the waters of the Danube, at the sky, +and at the sun. How beautiful the sky looked; how blue, how calm, +and how deep! How bright and glorious was the setting sun! With what +soft glitter the waters of the distant Danube shone. And fairer +still were the faraway blue mountains beyond the river, the nunnery, +the mysterious gorges, and the pine forests veiled in the mist of +their summits... There was peace and happiness... "I should wishing +for nothing else, nothing, if only I were there," thought Rostov. +"In myself alone and in that sunshine there is so much happiness; +but here... groans, suffering, fear, and this uncertainty and hurry... +There--they are shouting again, and again are all running back +somewhere, and I shall run with them, and it, death, is here above +me and around... Another instant and I shall never again see the +sun, this water, that gorge!..." + +At that instant the sun began to hide behind the clouds, and other +stretchers came into view before Rostov. And the fear of death and +of the stretchers, and love of the sun and of life, all merged into +one feeling of sickening agitation. + +"O Lord God! Thou who art in that heaven, save, forgive, and protect +me!" Rostov whispered. + +The hussars ran back to the men who held their horses; their +voices sounded louder and calmer, the stretchers disappeared from +sight. + +"Well, fwiend? So you've smelt powdah!" shouted Vaska Denisov just +above his ear. + +"It's all over; but I am a coward--yes, a coward!" thought Rostov, +and sighing deeply he took Rook, his horse, which stood resting one +foot, from the orderly and began to mount. + +"Was that grapeshot?" he asked Denisov. + +"Yes and no mistake!" cried Denisov. "You worked like wegular bwicks +and it's nasty work! An attack's pleasant work! Hacking away at the +dogs! But this sort of thing is the very devil, with them shooting +at you like a target." + +And Denisov rode up to a group that had stopped near Rostov, +composed of the colonel, Nesvitski, Zherkov, and the officer from +the suite. + +"Well, it seems that no one has noticed," thought Rostov. And this +was true. No one had taken any notice, for everyone knew the sensation +which the cadet under fire for the first time had experienced. + +"Here's something for you to report," said Zherkov. "See if I +don't get promoted to a sublieutenancy." + +"Inform the prince that I the bridge fired!" said the colonel +triumphantly and gaily. + +"And if he asks about the losses?" + +"A trifle," said the colonel in his bass voice: "two hussars +wounded, and one knocked out," he added, unable to restrain a happy +smile, and pronouncing the phrase "knocked out" with ringing +distinctness. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Pursued by the French army of a hundred thousand men under the +command of Bonaparte, encountering a population that was unfriendly to +it, losing confidence in its allies, suffering from shortness of +supplies, and compelled to act under conditions of war unlike anything +that had been foreseen, the Russian army of thirty-five thousand men +commanded by Kutuzov was hurriedly retreating along the Danube, +stopping where overtaken by the enemy and fighting rearguard actions +only as far as necessary to enable it to retreat without losing its +heavy equipment. There had been actions at Lambach, Amstetten, and +Melk; but despite the courage and endurance--acknowledged even by +the enemy--with which the Russians fought, the only consequence of +these actions was a yet more rapid retreat. Austrian troops that had +escaped capture at Ulm and had joined Kutuzov at Braunau now separated +from the Russian army, and Kutuzov was left with only his own weak and +exhausted forces. The defense of Vienna was no longer to be thought +of. Instead of an offensive, the plan of which, carefully prepared +in accord with the modern science of strategics, had been handed to +Kutuzov when he was in Vienna by the Austrian Hofkriegsrath, the +sole and almost unattainable aim remaining for him was to effect a +junction with the forces that were advancing from Russia, without +losing his army as Mack had done at Ulm. + +On the twenty-eighth of October Kutuzov with his army crossed to the +left bank of the Danube and took up a position for the first time with +the river between himself and the main body of the French. On the +thirtieth he attacked Mortier's division, which was on the left +bank, and broke it up. In this action for the first time trophies were +taken: banners, cannon, and two enemy generals. For the first time, +after a fortnight's retreat, the Russian troops had halted and after a +fight had not only held the field but had repulsed the French. +Though the troops were ill-clad, exhausted, and had lost a third of +their number in killed, wounded, sick, and stragglers; though a number +of sick and wounded had been abandoned on the other side of the Danube +with a letter in which Kutuzov entrusted them to the humanity of the +enemy; and though the big hospitals and the houses in Krems +converted into military hospitals could no longer accommodate all +the sick and wounded, yet the stand made at Krems and the victory over +Mortier raised the spirits of the army considerably. Throughout the +whole army and at headquarters most joyful though erroneous rumors +were rife of the imaginary approach of columns from Russia, of some +victory gained by the Austrians, and of the retreat of the +frightened Bonaparte. + +Prince Andrew during the battle had been in attendance on the +Austrian General Schmidt, who was killed in the action. His horse +had been wounded under him and his own arm slightly grazed by a +bullet. As a mark of the commander in chief's special favor he was +sent with the news of this victory to the Austrian court, now no +longer at Vienna (which was threatened by the French) but at Brunn. +Despite his apparently delicate build Prince Andrew could endure +physical fatigue far better than many very muscular men, and on the +night of the battle, having arrived at Krems excited but not weary, +with dispatches from Dokhturov to Kutuzov, he was sent immediately +with a special dispatch to Brunn. To be so sent meant not only a +reward but an important step toward promotion. + +The night was dark but starry, the road showed black in the snow +that had fallen the previous day--the day of the battle. Reviewing his +impressions of the recent battle, picturing pleasantly to himself +the impression his news of a victory would create, or recalling the +send-off given him by the commander in chief and his fellow +officers, Prince Andrew was galloping along in a post chaise +enjoying the feelings of a man who has at length begun to attain a +long-desired happiness. As soon as he closed his eyes his ears +seemed filled with the rattle of the wheels and the sensation of +victory. Then he began to imagine that the Russians were running +away and that he himself was killed, but he quickly roused himself +with a feeling of joy, as if learning afresh that this was not so +but that on the contrary the French had run away. He again recalled +all the details of the victory and his own calm courage during the +battle, and feeling reassured he dozed off.... The dark starry night +was followed by a bright cheerful morning. The snow was thawing in the +sunshine, the horses galloped quickly, and on both sides of the road +were forests of different kinds, fields, and villages. + +At one of the post stations he overtook a convoy of Russian wounded. +The Russian officer in charge of the transport lolled back in the +front cart, shouting and scolding a soldier with coarse abuse. In each +of the long German carts six or more pale, dirty, bandaged men were +being jolted over the stony road. Some of them were talking (he +heard Russian words), others were eating bread; the more severely +wounded looked silently, with the languid interest of sick children, +at the envoy hurrying past them. + +Prince Andrew told his driver to stop, and asked a soldier in what +action they had been wounded. "Day before yesterday, on the Danube," +answered the soldier. Prince Andrew took out his purse and gave the +soldier three gold pieces. + +"That's for them all," he said to the officer who came up. + +"Get well soon, lads!" he continued, turning to the soldiers. +"There's plenty to do still." + +"What news, sir?" asked the officer, evidently anxious to start a +conversation. + +"Good news!... Go on!" he shouted to the driver, and they galloped +on. + +It was already quite dark when Prince Andrew rattled over the +paved streets of Brunn and found himself surrounded by high buildings, +the lights of shops, houses, and street lamps, fine carriages, and all +that atmosphere of a large and active town which is always so +attractive to a soldier after camp life. Despite his rapid journey and +sleepless night, Prince Andrew when he drove up to the palace felt +even more vigorous and alert than he had done the day before. Only his +eyes gleamed feverishly and his thoughts followed one another with +extraordinary clearness and rapidity. He again vividly recalled the +details of the battle, no longer dim, but definite and in the +concise form in which he imagined himself stating them to +the Emperor Francis. He vividly imagined the casual questions that +might be put to him and the answers he would give. He expected to be +at once presented to the Emperor. At the chief entrance to the palace, +however, an official came running out to meet him, and learning that +he was a special messenger led him to another entrance. + +"To the right from the corridor, Euer Hochgeboren! There you will +find the adjutant on duty," said the official. "He will conduct you to +the Minister of War." + +The adjutant on duty, meeting Prince Andrew, asked him to wait, +and went in to the Minister of War. Five minutes later he returned and +bowing with particular courtesy ushered Prince Andrew before him along +a corridor to the cabinet where the Minister of War was at work. The +adjutant by his elaborate courtesy appeared to wish to ward off any +attempt at familiarity on the part of the Russian messenger. + +Prince Andrew's joyous feeling was considerably weakened as he +approached the door of the minister's room. He felt offended, and +without his noticing it the feeling of offense immediately turned into +one of disdain which was quite uncalled for. His fertile mind +instantly suggested to him a point of view which gave him a right to +despise the adjutant and the minister. "Away from the smell of powder, +they probably think it easy to gain victories!" he thought. His eyes +narrowed disdainfully, he entered the room of the Minister of War with +peculiarly deliberate steps. This feeling of disdain was heightened +when he saw the minister seated at a large table reading some papers +and making pencil notes on them, and for the first two or three +minutes taking no notice of his arrival. A wax candle stood at each +side of the minister's bent bald head with its gray temples. He went +on reading to the end, without raising his eyes at the opening of +the door and the sound of footsteps. + +"Take this and deliver it," said he to his adjutant, handing him the +papers and still taking no notice of the special messenger. + +Prince Andrew felt that either the actions of Kutuzov's army +interested the Minister of War less than any of the other matters he +was concerned with, or he wanted to give the Russian special messenger +that impression. "But that is a matter of perfect indifference to me," +he thought. The minister drew the remaining papers together, +arranged them evenly, and then raised his head. He had an intellectual +and distinctive head, but the instant he turned to Prince Andrew the +firm, intelligent expression on his face changed in a way evidently +deliberate and habitual to him. His face took on the stupid artificial +smile (which does not even attempt to hide its artificiality) of a man +who is continually receiving many petitioners one after another. + +"From General Field Marshal Kutuzov?" he asked. "I hope it is good +news? There has been an encounter with Mortier? A victory? It was high +time!" + +He took the dispatch which was addressed to him and began to read it +with a mournful expression. + +"Oh, my God! My God! Schmidt!" he exclaimed in German. "What a +calamity! What a calamity!" + +Having glanced through the dispatch he laid it on the table and +looked at Prince Andrew, evidently considering something. + +"Ah what a calamity! You say the affair was decisive? But Mortier is +not captured." Again he pondered. "I am very glad you have brought +good news, though Schmidt's death is a heavy price to pay for the +victory. His Majesty will no doubt wish to see you, but not today. I +thank you! You must have a rest. Be at the levee tomorrow after the +parade. However, I will let you know." + +The stupid smile, which had left his face while he was speaking, +reappeared. + +"Au revoir! Thank you very much. His Majesty will probably desire to +see you," he added, bowing his head. + +When Prince Andrew left the palace he felt that all the interest and +happiness the victory had afforded him had been now left in the +indifferent hands of the Minister of War and the polite adjutant. +The whole tenor of his thoughts instantaneously changed; the battle +seemed the memory of a remote event long past. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Prince Andrew stayed at Brunn with Bilibin, a Russian acquaintance +of his in the diplomatic service. + +"Ah, my dear prince! I could not have a more welcome visitor," +said Bilibin as he came out to meet Prince Andrew. "Franz, put the +prince's things in my bedroom," said he to the servant who was +ushering Bolkonski in. "So you're a messenger of victory, eh? +Splendid! And I am sitting here ill, as you see." + +After washing and dressing, Prince Andrew came into the diplomat's +luxurious study and sat down to the dinner prepared for him. Bilibin +settled down comfortably beside the fire. + +After his journey and the campaign during which he had been deprived +of all the comforts of cleanliness and all the refinements of life, +Prince Andrew felt a pleasant sense of repose among luxurious +surroundings such as he had been accustomed to from childhood. Besides +it was pleasant, after his reception by the Austrians, to speak if not +in Russian (for they were speaking French) at least with a Russian who +would, he supposed, share the general Russian antipathy to the +Austrians which was then particularly strong. + +Bilibin was a man of thirty-five, a bachelor, and of the same circle +as Prince Andrew. They had known each other previously in +Petersburg, but had become more intimate when Prince Andrew was in +Vienna with Kutuzov. Just as Prince Andrew was a young man who gave +promise of rising high in the military profession, so to an even +greater extent Bilibin gave promise of rising in his diplomatic +career. He still a young man but no longer a young diplomat, as he had +entered the service at the age of sixteen, had been in Paris and +Copenhagen, and now held a rather important post in Vienna. Both the +foreign minister and our ambassador in Vienna knew him and valued him. +He was not one of those many diplomats who are esteemed because they +have certain negative qualities, avoid doing certain things, and speak +French. He was one of those, who, liking work, knew how to do it, +and despite his indolence would sometimes spend a whole night at his +writing table. He worked well whatever the import of his work. It +was not the question "What for?" but the question "How?" that +interested him. What the diplomatic matter might be he did not care, +but it gave him great pleasure to prepare a circular, memorandum, or +report, skillfully, pointedly, and elegantly. Bilibin's services +were valued not only for what he wrote, but also for his skill in +dealing and conversing with those in the highest spheres. + +Bilibin liked conversation as he liked work, only when it could be +made elegantly witty. In society he always awaited an opportunity to +say something striking and took part in a conversation only when +that was possible. His conversation was always sprinkled with +wittily original, finished phrases of general interest. These +sayings were prepared in the inner laboratory of his mind in a +portable form as if intentionally, so that insignificant society +people might carry them from drawing room to drawing room. And, in +fact, Bilibin's witticisms were hawked about in the Viennese drawing +rooms and often had an influence on matters considered important. + +His thin, worn, sallow face was covered with deep wrinkles, which +always looked as clean and well washed as the tips of one's fingers +after a Russian bath. The movement of these wrinkles formed the +principal play of expression on his face. Now his forehead would +pucker into deep folds and his eyebrows were lifted, then his eyebrows +would descend and deep wrinkles would crease his cheeks. His small, +deep-set eyes always twinkled and looked out straight. + +"Well, now tell me about your exploits," said he. + +Bolkonski, very modestly without once mentioning himself, +described the engagement and his reception by the Minister of War. + +"They received me and my news as one receives a dog in a game of +skittles," said he in conclusion. + +Bilibin smiled and the wrinkles on his face disappeared. + +"Cependant, mon cher," he remarked, examining his nails from a +distance and puckering the skin above his left eye, "malgre la haute +estime que je professe pour the Orthodox Russian army, j'avoue que +votre victoire n'est pas des plus victorieuses."* + + +*"But my dear fellow, with all my respect for the Orthodox Russian +army, I must say that your victory was not particularly victorious." + + +He went on talking in this way in French, uttering only those +words in Russian on which he wished to put a contemptuous emphasis. + +"Come now! You with all your forces fall on the unfortunate +Mortier and his one division, and even then Mortier slips through your +fingers! Where's the victory?" + +"But seriously," said Prince Andrew, "we can at any rate say without +boasting that it was a little better than at Ulm..." + +"Why didn't you capture one, just one, marshal for us?" + +"Because not everything happens as one expects or with the +smoothness of a parade. We had expected, as I told you, to get at +their rear by seven in the morning but had not reached it by five in +the afternoon." + +"And why didn't you do it at seven in the morning? You ought to have +been there at seven in the morning," returned Bilibin with a smile. +"You ought to have been there at seven in the morning." + +"Why did you not succeed in impressing on Bonaparte by diplomatic +methods that he had better leave Genoa alone?" retorted Prince +Andrew in the same tone. + +"I know," interrupted Bilibin, "you're thinking it's very easy to +take marshals, sitting on a sofa by the fire! That is true, but +still why didn't you capture him? So don't be surprised if not only +the Minister of War but also his Most August Majesty the Emperor and +King Francis is not much delighted by your victory. Even I, a poor +secretary of the Russian Embassy, do not feel any need in token of +my joy to give my Franz a thaler, or let him go with his Liebchen to +the Prater... True, we have no Prater here..." + +He looked straight at Prince Andrew and suddenly unwrinkled his +forehead. + +"It is now my turn to ask you 'why?' mon cher," said Bolkonski. "I +confess I do not understand: perhaps there are diplomatic subtleties +here beyond my feeble intelligence, but I can't make it out. Mack +loses a whole army, the Archduke Ferdinand and the Archduke Karl +give no signs of life and make blunder after blunder. Kutuzov alone at +last gains a real victory, destroying the spell of the invincibility +of the French, and the Minister of War does not even care to hear +the details." + +"That's just it, my dear fellow. You see it's hurrah for the Tsar, +for Russia, for the Orthodox Greek faith! All that is beautiful, but +what do we, I mean the Austrian court, care for your victories? +Bring us nice news of a victory by the Archduke Karl or Ferdinand (one +archduke's as good as another, as you know) and even if it is only +over a fire brigade of Bonaparte's, that will be another story and +we'll fire off some cannon! But this sort of thing seems done on +purpose to vex us. The Archduke Karl does nothing, the Archduke +Ferdinand disgraces himself. You abandon Vienna, give up its +defense--as much as to say: 'Heaven is with us, but heaven help you +and your capital!' The one general whom we all loved, Schmidt, you +expose to a bullet, and then you congratulate us on the victory! Admit +that more irritating news than yours could not have been conceived. +It's as if it had been done on purpose, on purpose. Besides, suppose +you did gain a brilliant victory, if even the Archduke Karl gained a +victory, what effect would that have on the general course of +events? It's too late now when Vienna is occupied by the French army!" + +"What? Occupied? Vienna occupied?" + +"Not only occupied, but Bonaparte is at Schonbrunn, and the count, +our dear Count Vrbna, goes to him for orders." + +After the fatigues and impressions of the journey, his reception, +and especially after having dined, Bolkonski felt that he could not +take in the full significance of the words he heard. + +"Count Lichtenfels was here this morning," Bilibin continued, "and +showed me a letter in which the parade of the French in Vienna was +fully described: Prince Murat et tout le tremblement... You see that +your victory is not a matter for great rejoicing and that you can't be +received as a savior." + +"Really I don't care about that, I don't care at all," said Prince +Andrew, beginning to understand that his news of the battle before +Krems was really of small importance in view of such events as the +fall of Austria's capital. "How is it Vienna was taken? What of the +bridge and its celebrated bridgehead and Prince Auersperg? We heard +reports that Prince Auersperg was defending Vienna?" he said. + +"Prince Auersperg is on this, on our side of the river, and is +defending us--doing it very badly, I think, but still he is +defending us. But Vienna is on the other side. No, the bridge has +not yet been taken and I hope it will not be, for it is mined and +orders have been given to blow it up. Otherwise we should long ago +have been in the mountains of Bohemia, and you and your army would +have spent a bad quarter of an hour between two fires." + +"But still this does not mean that the campaign is over," said +Prince Andrew. + +"Well, I think it is. The bigwigs here think so too, but they +daren't say so. It will be as I said at the beginning of the campaign, +it won't be your skirmishing at Durrenstein, or gunpowder at all, that +will decide the matter, but those who devised it," said Bilibin +quoting one of his own mots, releasing the wrinkles on his forehead, +and pausing. "The only question is what will come of the meeting +between the Emperor Alexander and the King of Prussia in Berlin? If +Prussia joins the Allies, Austria's hand will be forced and there will +be war. If not it is merely a question of settling where the +preliminaries of the new Campo Formio are to be drawn up." + +"What an extraordinary genius!" Prince Andrew suddenly exclaimed, +clenching his small hand and striking the table with it, "and what +luck the man has!" + +"Buonaparte?" said Bilibin inquiringly, puckering up his forehead to +indicate that he was about to say something witty. "Buonaparte?" he +repeated, accentuating the u: "I think, however, now that he lays down +laws for Austria at Schonbrunn, il faut lui faire grace de l'u!* I +shall certainly adopt an innovation and call him simply Bonaparte!" + + +*"We must let him off the u!" + + +"But joking apart," said Prince Andrew, "do you really think the +campaign is over?" + +"This is what I think. Austria has been made a fool of, and she is +not used to it. She will retaliate. And she has been fooled in the +first place because her provinces have been pillaged--they say the +Holy Russian army loots terribly--her army is destroyed, her capital +taken, and all this for the beaux yeux* of His Sardinian Majesty. +And therefore--this is between ourselves--I instinctively feel that we +are being deceived, my instinct tells me of negotiations with France +and projects for peace, a secret peace concluded separately." + + +*Fine eyes. + + +"Impossible!" cried Prince Andrew. "That would be too base." + +"If we live we shall see," replied Bilibin, his face again +becoming smooth as a sign that the conversation was at an end. + +When Prince Andrew reached the room prepared for him and lay down in +a clean shirt on the feather bed with its warmed and fragrant pillows, +he felt that the battle of which he had brought tidings was far, far +away from him. The alliance with Prussia, Austria's treachery, +Bonaparte's new triumph, tomorrow's levee and parade, and the audience +with the Emperor Francis occupied his thoughts. + +He closed his eyes, and immediately a sound of cannonading, of +musketry and the rattling of carriage wheels seemed to fill his +ears, and now again drawn out in a thin line the musketeers were +descending the hill, the French were firing, and he felt his heart +palpitating as he rode forward beside Schmidt with the bullets merrily +whistling all around, and he experienced tenfold the joy of living, as +he had not done since childhood. + +He woke up... + +"Yes, that all happened!" he said, and, smiling happily to himself +like a child, he fell into a deep, youthful slumber. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Next day he woke late. Recalling his recent impressions, the first +thought that came into his mind was that today he had to be +presented to the Emperor Francis; he remembered the Minister of War, +the polite Austrian adjutant, Bilibin, and last night's +conversation. Having dressed for his attendance at court in full +parade uniform, which he had not worn for a long time, he went into +Bilibin's study fresh, animated, and handsome, with his hand bandaged. +In the study were four gentlemen of the diplomatic corps. With +Prince Hippolyte Kuragin, who was a secretary to the embassy, +Bolkonski was already acquainted. Bilibin introduced him to the +others. + +The gentlemen assembled at Bilibin's were young, wealthy, gay +society men, who here, as in Vienna, formed a special set which +Bilibin, their leader, called les notres.* This set, consisting almost +exclusively of diplomats, evidently had its own interests which had +nothing to do with war or politics but related to high society, to +certain women, and to the official side of the service. These +gentlemen received Prince Andrew as one of themselves, an honor they +did not extend to many. From politeness and to start conversation, +they asked him a few questions about the army and the battle, and then +the talk went off into merry jests and gossip. + + +*Ours. + + +"But the best of it was," said one, telling of the misfortune of a +fellow diplomat, "that the Chancellor told him flatly that his +appointment to London was a promotion and that he was so to regard it. +Can you fancy the figure he cut?..." + +"But the worst of it, gentlemen--I am giving Kuragin away to you--is +that that man suffers, and this Don Juan, wicked fellow, is taking +advantage of it!" + +Prince Hippolyte was lolling in a lounge chair with his legs over +its arm. He began to laugh. + +"Tell me about that!" he said. + +"Oh, you Don Juan! You serpent!" cried several voices. + +"You, Bolkonski, don't know," said Bilibin turning to Prince Andrew, +"that all the atrocities of the French army (I nearly said of the +Russian army) are nothing compared to what this man has been doing +among the women!" + +"La femme est la compagne de l'homme,"* announced Prince +Hippolyte, and began looking through a lorgnette at his elevated legs. + + +*"Woman is man's companion." + + +Bilibin and the rest of "ours" burst out laughing in Hippolyte's +face, and Prince Andrew saw that Hippolyte, of whom--he had to +admit--he had almost been jealous on his wife's account, was the +butt of this set. + +"Oh, I must give you a treat," Bilibin whispered to Bolkonski. +"Kuragin is exquisite when he discusses politics--you should see his +gravity!" + +He sat down beside Hippolyte and wrinkling his forehead began +talking to him about politics. Prince Andrew and the others gathered +round these two. + +"The Berlin cabinet cannot express a feeling of alliance," began +Hippolyte gazing round with importance at the others, "without +expressing... as in its last note... you understand... Besides, unless +His Majesty the Emperor derogates from the principle of our +alliance... + +"Wait, I have not finished..." he said to Prince Andrew, seizing him +by the arm, "I believe that intervention will be stronger than +nonintervention. And..." he paused. "Finally one cannot impute the +nonreceipt of our dispatch of November 18. That is how it will end." +And he released Bolkonski's arm to indicate that he had now quite +finished. + +"Demosthenes, I know thee by the pebble thou secretest in thy golden +mouth!" said Bilibin, and the mop of hair on his head moved with +satisfaction. + +Everybody laughed, and Hippolyte louder than anyone. He was +evidently distressed, and breathed painfully, but could not restrain +the wild laughter that convulsed his usually impassive features. + +"Well now, gentlemen," said Bilibin, "Bolkonski is my guest in +this house and in Brunn itself. I want to entertain him as far as I +can, with all the pleasures of life here. If we were in Vienna it +would be easy, but here, in this wretched Moravian hole, it is more +difficult, and I beg you all to help me. Brunn's attractions must be +shown him. You can undertake the theater, I society, and you, +Hippolyte, of course the women." + +"We must let him see Amelie, she's exquisite!" said one of "ours," +kissing his finger tips. + +"In general we must turn this bloodthirsty soldier to more humane +interests," said Bilibin. + +"I shall scarcely be able to avail myself of your hospitality, +gentlemen, it is already time for me to go," replied Prince Andrew +looking at his watch. + +"Where to?" + +"To the Emperor." + +"Oh! Oh! Oh! Well, au revoir, Bolkonski! Au revoir, Prince! Come +back early to dinner," cried several voices. "We'll take you in hand." + +"When speaking to the Emperor, try as far as you can to praise the +way that provisions are supplied and the routes indicated," said +Bilibin, accompanying him to the hall. + +"I should like to speak well of them, but as far as I the facts, I +can't," replied Bolkonski, smiling. + +"Well, talk as much as you can, anyway. He has a passion for +giving audiences, but he does not like talking himself and can't do +it, as you will see." + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +At the levee Prince Andrew stood among the Austrian officers as he +had been told to, and the Emperor Francis merely looked fixedly into +his face and just nodded to him with to him with his long head. But +after it was over, the adjutant he had seen the previous day +ceremoniously informed Bolkonski that the Emperor desired to give +him an audience. The Emperor Francis received him standing in the +middle of the room. Before the conversation began Prince Andrew was +struck by the fact that the Emperor seemed confused and blushed as +if not knowing what to say. + +"Tell me, when did the battle begin?" he asked hurriedly. + +Prince Andrew replied. Then followed other questions just as simple: +"Was Kutuzov well? When had he left Krems?" and so on. The Emperor +spoke as if his sole aim were to put a given number of questions- +the answers to these questions, as was only too evident, did not +interest him. + +"At what o'clock did the battle begin?" asked the Emperor. + +"I cannot inform Your Majesty at what o'clock the battle began at +the front, but at Durrenstein, where I was, our attack began after +five in the afternoon," replied Bolkonski growing more animated and +expecting that he would have a chance to give a reliable account, +which he had ready in his mind, of all he knew and had seen. But the +Emperor smiled and interrupted him. + +"How many miles?" + +"From where to where, Your Majesty?" + +"From Durrenstein to Krems." + +"Three and a half miles, Your Majesty." + +"The French have abandoned the left bank?" + +"According to the scouts the last of them crossed on rafts during +the night." + +"Is there sufficient forage in Krems?" + +"Forage has not been supplied to the extent..." + +The Emperor interrupted him. + +"At what o'clock was General Schmidt killed?" + +"At seven o'clock, I believe." + +"At seven o'clock? It's very sad, very sad!" + +The Emperor thanked Prince Andrew and bowed. Prince Andrew +withdrew and was immediately surrounded by courtiers on all sides. +Everywhere he saw friendly looks and heard friendly words. Yesterday's +adjutant reproached him for not having stayed at the palace, and +offered him his own house. The Minister of War came up and +congratulated him on the Maria Theresa Order of the third grade, which +the Emperor was conferring on him. The Empress' chamberlain invited +him to see Her Majesty. The archduchess also wished to see him. He did +not know whom to answer, and for a few seconds collected his thoughts. +Then the Russian ambassador took him by the shoulder, led him to the +window, and began to talk to him. + +Contrary to Bilibin's forecast the news he had brought was +joyfully received. A thanksgiving service was arranged, Kutuzov was +awarded the Grand Cross of Maria Theresa, and the whole army +received rewards. Bolkonski was invited everywhere, and had to spend +the whole morning calling on the principal Austrian dignitaries. +Between four and five in the afternoon, having made all his calls, +he was returning to Bilibin's house thinking out a letter to his +father about the battle and his visit to Brunn. At the door he found a +vehicle half full of luggage. Franz, Bilibin's man, was dragging a +portmanteau with some difficulty out of the front door. + +Before returning to Bilibin's Prince Andrew had gone to bookshop +to provide himself with some books for the campaign, and had spent +some time in the shop. + +"What is it?" he asked. + +"Oh, your excellency!" said Franz, with difficulty rolling the +portmanteau into the vehicle, "we are to move on still farther. The +scoundrel is again at our heels!" + +"Eh? What?" asked Prince Andrew. + +Bilibin came out to meet him. His usually calm face showed +excitement. + +"There now! Confess that this is delightful," said he. "This +affair of the Thabor Bridge, at Vienna.... They have crossed without +striking a blow!" + +Prince Andrew could not understand. + +"But where do you come from not to know what every coachman in the +town knows?" + +"I come from the archduchess'. I heard nothing there." + +"And you didn't see that everybody is packing up?" + +"I did not... What is it all about?" inquired Prince Andrew +impatiently. + +"What's it all about? Why, the French have crossed the bridge that +Auersperg was defending, and the bridge was not blown up: so Murat +is now rushing along the road to Brunn and will be here in a day or +two." + +"What? Here? But why did they not blow up the bridge, if it was +mined?" + +"That is what I ask you. No one, not even Bonaparte, knows why." + +Bolkonski shrugged his shoulders. + +"But if the bridge is crossed it means that the army too is lost? It +will be cut off," said he. + +"That's just it," answered Bilibin. "Listen! The French entered +Vienna as I told you. Very well. Next day, which was yesterday, +those gentlemen, messieurs les marechaux,* Murat, Lannes,and Belliard, +mount and ride to bridge. (Observe that all three are Gascons.) +'Gentlemen,' says one of them, 'you know the Thabor Bridge is mined +and doubly mined and that there are menacing fortifications at its +head and an army of fifteen thousand men has been ordered to blow up +the bridge and not let us cross? But it will please our sovereign +the Emperor Napoleon if we take this bridge, so let us three go and +take it!' 'Yes, let's!' say the others. And off they go and take the +bridge, cross it, and now with their whole army are on this side of +the Danube, marching on us, you, and your lines of communication." + + +*The marshalls. + + +"Stop jesting," said Prince Andrew sadly and seriously. This news +grieved him and yet he was pleased. + +As soon as he learned that the Russian army was in such a hopeless +situation it occurred to him that it was he who was destined to lead +it out of this position; that here was the Toulon that would lift +him from the ranks of obscure officers and offer him the first step to +fame! Listening to Bilibin he was already imagining how on reaching +the army he would give an opinion at the war council which would be +the only one that could save the army, and how he alone would be +entrusted with the executing of the plan. + +"Stop this jesting," he said + +"I am not jesting," Bilibin went on. "Nothing is truer or sadder. +These gentlemen ride onto the bridge alone and wave white +handkerchiefs; they assure the officer on duty that they, the +marshals, are on their way to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. He lets +them enter the tete-de-pont.* They spin him a thousand gasconades, +saying that the war is over, that the Emperor Francis is arranging a +meeting with Bonaparte, that they desire to see Prince Auersperg, +and so on. The officer sends for Auersperg; these gentlemen embrace +the officers, crack jokes, sit on the cannon, and meanwhile a French +battalion gets to the bridge unobserved, flings the bags of incendiary +material into the water, and approaches the tete-de-pont. At length +appears the lieutenant general, our dear Prince Auersperg von +Mautern himself. 'Dearest foe! Flower of the Austrian army, hero of +the Turkish wars Hostilities are ended, we can shake one another's +hand.... The Emperor Napoleon burns with impatience to make Prince +Auersperg's acquaintance.' In a word, those gentlemen, Gascons indeed, +so bewildered him with fine words, and he is so flattered by his +rapidly established intimacy with the French marshals, and so +dazzled by the sight of Murat's mantle and ostrich plumes, qu'il n'y +voit que du feu, et oublie celui qu'il devait faire faire sur +l'ennemi!"*[2] In spite of the animation of his speech, Bilibin did +not forget to pause after this mot to give time for its due +appreciation. "The French battalion rushes to the bridgehead, spikes +the guns, and the bridge is taken! But what is best of all," he went +on, his excitement subsiding under the delightful interest of his +own story, "is that the sergeant in charge of the cannon which was +to give the signal to fire the mines and blow up the bridge, this +sergeant, seeing that the French troops were running onto the +bridge, was about to fire, but Lannes stayed his hand. The sergeant, +who was evidently wiser than his general, goes up to Auersperg and +says: 'Prince, you are being deceived, here are the French!' Murat, +seeing that all is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak, turns +to Auersperg with feigned astonishment (he is a true Gascon) and says: +'I don't recognize the world-famous Austrian discipline, if you +allow a subordinate to address you like that!' It was a stroke of +genius. Prince Auersperg feels his dignity at stake and orders the +sergeant to be arrested. Come, you must own that this affair of the +Thabor Bridge is delightful! It is not exactly stupidity, nor +rascality...." + + +*Bridgehead. + +*[2] That their fire gets into his eyes and he forgets that he ought +to be firing at the enemy. + + +"It may be treachery," said Prince Andrew, vividly imagining the +gray overcoats, wounds, the smoke of gunpowder, the sounds of +firing, and the glory that awaited him. + +"Not that either. That puts the court in too bad a light," replied +Bilibin. "It's not treachery nor rascality nor stupidity: it is just as +at Ulm... it is..."--he seemed to be trying to find the right +expression. "C'est... c'est du Mack. Nous sommes mackes [It is... it +is a bit of Mack. We are Macked]," he concluded, feeling that he had +produced a good epigram, a fresh one that would be repeated. His +hitherto puckered brow became smooth as a sign of pleasure, and with a +slight smile he began to examine his nails. + +"Where are you off to?" he said suddenly to Prince Andrew who had +risen and was going toward his room. + +"I am going away." + +"Where to?" + +"To the army." + +"But you meant to stay another two days?" + +"But now I am off at once." + +And Prince Andrew after giving directions about his departure went +to his room. + +"Do you know, mon cher," said Bilibin following him, "I have been +thinking about you. Why are you going?" + +And in proof of the conclusiveness of his opinion all the wrinkles +vanished from his face. + +Prince Andrew looked inquiringly at him and gave no reply. + +"Why are you going? I know you think it your duty to gallop back +to the army now that it is in danger. I understand that. Mon cher, +it is heroism!" + +"Not at all," said Prince Andrew. + +"But as you are a philosopher, be a consistent one, look at the +other side of the question and you will see that your duty, on the +contrary, is to take care of yourself. Leave it to those who are no +longer fit for anything else.... You have not been ordered to return +and have not been dismissed from here; therefore, you can stay and +go with us wherever our ill luck takes us. They say we are going to +Olmutz, and Olmutz is a very decent town. You and I will travel +comfortably in my caleche." + +"Do stop joking, Bilibin," cried Bolkonski. + +"I am speaking sincerely as a friend! Consider! Where and why are +you going, when you might remain here? You are faced by one of two +things," and the skin over his left temple puckered, "either you +will not reach your regiment before peace is concluded, or you will +share defeat and disgrace with Kutuzov's whole army." + +And Bilibin unwrinkled his temple, feeling that the dilemma was +insoluble. + +"I cannot argue about it," replied Prince Andrew coldly, but he +thought: "I am going to save the army." + +"My dear fellow, you are a hero!" said Bilibin. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +That same night, having taken leave of the Minister of War, +Bolkonski set off to rejoin the army, not knowing where he would +find it and fearing to be captured by the French on the way to Krems. + +In Brunn everybody attached to the court was packing up, and the +heavy baggage was already being dispatched to Olmutz. Near Hetzelsdorf +Prince Andrew struck the high road along which the Russian army was +moving with great haste and in the greatest disorder. The road was +so obstructed with carts that it was impossible to get by in a +carriage. Prince Andrew took a horse and a Cossack from a Cossack +commander, and hungry and weary, making his way past the baggage +wagons, rode in search of the commander in chief and of his own +luggage. Very sinister reports of the position of the army reached him +as he went along, and the appearance of the troops in their disorderly +flight confirmed these rumors. + +"Cette armee russe que l'or de l'Angleterre a transportee des +extremites de l'univers, nous allons lui faire eprouver le meme +sort--(le sort de l'armee d'Ulm)."* He remembered these words in +Bonaparte's address to his army at the beginning of the campaign, +and they awoke in him astonishment at the genius of his hero, a +feeling of wounded pride, and a hope of glory. "And should there be +nothing left but to die?" he thought. "Well, if need be, I shall do it +no worse than others." + + +*"That Russian army which has been brought from the ends of the +earth by English gold, we shall cause to share the same fate--(the +fate of the army at Ulm)." + + +He looked with disdain at the endless confused mass of +detachments, carts, guns, artillery, and again baggage wagons and +vehicles of all kinds overtaking one another and blocking the muddy +road, three and sometimes four abreast. From all sides, behind and +before, as far as ear could reach, there were the rattle of wheels, +the creaking of carts and gun carriages, the tramp of horses, the +crack of whips, shouts, the urging of horses, and the swearing of +soldiers, orderlies, and officers. All along the sides of the road +fallen horses were to be seen, some flayed, some not, and +broken-down carts beside which solitary soldiers sat waiting for +something, and again soldiers straggling from their companies, +crowds of whom set off to the neighboring villages, or returned from +them dragging sheep, fowls, hay, and bulging sacks. At each ascent +or descent of the road the crowds were yet denser and the din of +shouting more incessant. Soldiers floundering knee-deep in mud +pushed the guns and wagons themselves. Whips cracked, hoofs slipped, +traces broke, and lungs were strained with shouting. The officers +directing the march rode backward and forward between the carts. Their +voices were but feebly heard amid the uproar and one saw by their +faces that they despaired of the possibility of checking this +disorder. + +"Here is our dear Orthodox Russian army," thought Bolkonski, +recalling Bilibin's words. + +Wishing to find out where the commander in chief was, he rode up +to a convoy. Directly opposite to him came a strange one-horse +vehicle, evidently rigged up by soldiers out of any available +materials and looking like something between a cart, a cabriolet, +and a caleche. A soldier was driving, and a woman enveloped in +shawls sat behind the apron under the leather hood of the vehicle. +Prince Andrew rode up and was just putting his question to a soldier +when his attention was diverted by the desperate shrieks of the +woman in the vehicle. An officer in charge of transport was beating +the soldier who was driving the woman's vehicle for trying to get +ahead of others, and the strokes of his whip fell on the apron of +the equipage. The woman screamed piercingly. Seeing Prince Andrew +she leaned out from behind the apron and, waving her thin arms from +under the woolen shawl, cried: + +"Mr. Aide-de-camp! Mr. Aide-de-camp!... For heaven's sake... Protect +me! What will become of us? I am the wife of the doctor of the Seventh +Chasseurs.... They won't let us pass, we are left behind and have lost +our people..." + +"I'll flatten you into a pancake!" shouted the angry officer to +the soldier. "Turn back with your slut!" + +"Mr. Aide-de-camp! Help me!... What does it all mean?" screamed +the doctor's wife. + +"Kindly let this cart pass. Don't you see it's a woman?" said Prince +Andrew riding up to the officer. + +The officer glanced at him, and without replying turned again to the +soldier. "I'll teach you to push on!... Back!" + +"Let them pass, I tell you!" repeated Prince Andrew, compressing his +lips. + +"And who are you?" cried the officer, turning on him with tipsy +rage, "who are you? Are you in command here? Eh? I am commander +here, not you! Go back or I'll flatten you into a pancake," repeated +he. This expression evidently pleased him. + +"That was a nice snub for the little aide-de-camp," came a voice +from behind. + +Prince Andrew saw that the officer was in that state of senseless, +tipsy rage when a man does not know what he is saying. He saw that his +championship of the doctor's wife in her queer trap might expose him +to what he dreaded more than anything in the world--to ridicule; but +his instinct urged him on. Before the officer finished his sentence +Prince Andrew, his face distorted with fury, rode up to him and raised +his riding whip. + +"Kind...ly let--them--pass!" + +The officer flourished his arm and hastily rode away. + +"It's all the fault of these fellows on the staff that there's +this disorder," he muttered. "Do as you like." + +Prince Andrew without lifting his eyes rode hastily away from the +doctor's wife, who was calling him her deliverer, and recalling with a +sense of disgust the minutest details of this humiliating scene he +galloped on to the village where he was told that the commander in +chief was. + +On reaching the village he dismounted and went to the nearest house, +intending to rest if but for a moment, eat something, and try to +sort out the stinging and tormenting thoughts that confused his +mind. "This is a mob of scoundrels and not an army," he was thinking +as he went up to the window of the first house, when a familiar +voice called him by name. + +He turned round. Nesvitski's handsome face looked out of the +little window. Nesvitski, moving his moist lips as he chewed +something, and flourishing his arm, called him to enter. + +"Bolkonski! Bolkonski!... Don't you hear? Eh? Come quick..." he +shouted. + +Entering the house, Prince Andrew saw Nesvitski and another adjutant +having something to eat. They hastily turned round to him asking if he +had any news. On their familiar faces he read agitation and alarm. +This was particularly noticeable on Nesvitski's usually laughing +countenance. + +"Where is the commander in chief?" asked Bolkonski. + +"Here, in that house," answered the adjutant. + +"Well, is it true that it's peace and capitulation?" asked +Nesvitski. + +"I was going to ask you. I know nothing except that it was all I +could do to get here." + +"And we, my dear boy! It's terrible! I was wrong to laugh at Mack, +we're getting it still worse," said Nesvitski. "But sit down and +have something to eat." + +"You won't be able to find either your baggage or anything else now, +Prince. And God only knows where your man Peter is," said the other +adjutant. + +"Where are headquarters?" + +"We are to spend the night in Znaim." + +"Well, I have got all I need into packs for two horses," said +Nesvitski. "They've made up splendid packs for me--fit to cross the +Bohemian mountains with. It's a bad lookout, old fellow! But what's +the matter with you? You must be ill to shiver like that," he added, +noticing that Prince Andrew winced as at an electric shock. + +"It's nothing," replied Prince Andrew. + +He had just remembered his recent encounter with the doctor's wife +and the convoy officer. + +"What is the commander in chief doing here?" he asked. + +"I can't make out at all," said Nesvitski. + +"Well, all I can make out is that everything is abominable, +abominable, quite abominable!" said Prince Andrew, and he went off +to the house where the commander in chief was. + +Passing by Kutuzov's carriage and the exhausted saddle horses of his +suite, with their Cossacks who were talking loudly together, Prince +Andrew entered the passage. Kutuzov himself, he was told, was in the +house with Prince Bagration and Weyrother. Weyrother was the +Austrian general who had succeeded Schmidt. In the passage little +Kozlovski was squatting on his heels in front of a clerk. The clerk, +with cuffs turned up, was hastily writing at a tub turned bottom +upwards. Kozlovski's face looked worn--he too had evidently not +slept all night. He glanced at Prince Andrew and did not even nod to +him. + +"Second line... have you written it?" he continued dictating to +the clerk. "The Kiev Grenadiers, Podolian..." + +"One can't write so fast, your honor," said the clerk, glancing +angrily and disrespectfully at Kozlovski. + +Through the door came the sounds of Kutuzov's voice, excited and +dissatisfied, interrupted by another, an unfamiliar voice. From the +sound of these voices, the inattentive way Kozlovski looked at him, +the disrespectful manner of the exhausted clerk, the fact that the +clerk and Kozlovski were squatting on the floor by a tub so near to +the commander in chief, and from the noisy laughter of the Cossacks +holding the horses near the window, Prince Andrew felt that +something important and disastrous was about to happen. + +He turned to Kozlovski with urgent questions. + +"Immediately, Prince," said Kozlovski. "Dispositions for Bagration." + +"What about capitulation?" + +"Nothing of the sort. Orders are issued for a battle." + +Prince Andrew moved toward the door from whence voices were heard. +Just as he was going to open it the sounds ceased, the door opened, +and Kutuzov with his eagle nose and puffy face appeared in the +doorway. Prince Andrew stood right in front of Kutuzov but the +expression of the commander in chief's one sound eye showed him to +be so preoccupied with thoughts and anxieties as to be oblivious of +his presence. He looked straight at his adjutant's face without +recognizing him. + +"Well, have you finished?" said he to Kozlovski. + +"One moment, your excellency." + +Bagration, a gaunt middle-aged man of medium height with a firm, +impassive face of Oriental type, came out after the commander in +chief. + +"I have the honor to present myself," repeated Prince Andrew +rather loudly, handing Kutuzov an envelope. + +"Ah, from Vienna? Very good. Later, later!" + +Kutuzov went out into the porch with Bagration. + +"Well, good-by, Prince," said he to Bagration. "My blessing, and may +Christ be with you in your great endeavor!" + +His face suddenly softened and tears came into his eyes. With his +left hand he drew Bagration toward him, and with his right, on which +he wore a ring, he made the sign of the cross over him with a +gesture evidently habitual, offering his puffy cheek, but Bagration +kissed him on the neck instead. + +"Christ be with you!" Kutuzov repeated and went toward his carriage. +"Get in with me," said he to Bolkonski. + +"Your excellency, I should like to be of use here. Allow me to +remain with Prince Bagration's detachment." + +"Get in," said Kutuzov, and noticing that Bolkonski still delayed, +he added: "I need good officers myself, need them myself!" + +They got into the carriage and drove for a few minutes in silence. + +"There is still much, much before us," he said, as if with an old +man's penetration he understood all that was passing in Bolkonski's +mind. "If a tenth part of his detachment returns I shall thank God," +he added as if speaking to himself. + +Prince Andrew glanced at Kutuzov's face only a foot distant from him +and involuntarily noticed the carefully washed seams of the scar +near his temple, where an Ismail bullet had pierced his skull, and the +empty eye socket. "Yes, he has a right to speak so calmly of those +men's death," thought Bolkonski. + +"That is why I beg to be sent to that detachment," he said. + +Kutuzov did not reply. He seemed to have forgotten what he had +been saying, and sat plunged in thought. Five minutes later, gently +swaying on the soft springs of the carriage, he turned to Prince +Andrew. There was not a trace of agitation on his face. With +delicate irony he questioned Prince Andrew about the details of his +interview with the Emperor, about the remarks he had heard at court +concerning the Krems affair, and about some ladies they both knew. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +On November 1 Kutuzov had received, through a spy, news that the +army he commanded was in an almost hopeless position. The spy reported +that the French, after crossing the bridge at Vienna, were advancing +in immense force upon Kutuzov's line of communication with the +troops that were arriving from Russia. If Kutuzov decided to remain at +Krems, Napoleon's army of one hundred and fifty thousand men would cut +him off completely and surround his exhausted army of forty +thousand, and he would find himself in the position of Mack at Ulm. If +Kutuzov decided to abandon the road connecting him with the troops +arriving from Russia, he would have to march with no road into unknown +parts of the Bohemian mountains, defending himself against superior +forces of the enemy and abandoning all hope of a junction with +Buxhowden. If Kutuzov decided to retreat along the road from Krems +to Olmutz, to unite with the troops arriving from Russia, he risked +being forestalled on that road by the French who had crossed the +Vienna bridge, and encumbered by his baggage and transport, having +to accept battle on the march against an enemy three times as +strong, who would hem him in from two sides. + +Kutuzov chose this latter course. + +The French, the spy reported, having crossed the Vienna bridge, were +advancing by forced marches toward Znaim, which lay sixty-six miles +off on the line of Kutuzov's retreat. If he reached Znaim before the +French, there would be great hope of saving the army; to let the +French forestall him at Znaim meant the exposure of his whole army +to a disgrace such as that of Ulm, or to utter destruction. But to +forestall the French with his whole army was impossible. The road +for the French from Vienna to Znaim was shorter and better than the +road for the Russians from Krems to Znaim. + +The night he received the news, Kutuzov sent Bagration's vanguard, +four thousand strong, to the right across the hills from the +Krems-Znaim to the Vienna-Znaim road. Bagration was to make this march +without resting, and to halt facing Vienna with Znaim to his rear, and +if he succeeded in forestalling the French he was to delay them as +long as possible. Kutuzov himself with all his transport took the road +to Znaim. + +Marching thirty miles that stormy night across roadless hills, +with his hungry, ill-shod soldiers, and losing a third of his men as +stragglers by the way, Bagration came out on the Vienna-Znaim road +at Hollabrunn a few hours ahead of the French who were approaching +Hollabrunn from Vienna. Kutuzov with his transport had still to +march for some days before he could reach Znaim. Hence Bagration +with his four thousand hungry, exhausted men would have to detain +for days the whole enemy army that came upon him at Hollabrunn, +which was clearly impossible. But a freak of fate made the +impossible possible. The success of the trick that had placed the + +Vienna bridge in the hands of the French without a fight led Murat +to try to deceive Kutuzov in a similar way. Meeting Bagration's weak +detachment on the Znaim road he supposed it to be Kutuzov's whole +army. To be able to crush it absolutely he awaited the arrival of +the rest of the troops who were on their way from Vienna, and with +this object offered a three days' truce on condition that both +armies should remain in position without moving. Murat declared that +negotiations for peace were already proceeding, and that he +therefore offered this truce to avoid unnecessary bloodshed. Count +Nostitz, the Austrian general occupying the advanced posts, believed +Murat's emissary and retired, leaving Bagration's division exposed. +Another emissary rode to the Russian line to announce the peace +negotiations and to offer the Russian army the three days' truce. +Bagration replied that he was not authorized either to accept or +refuse a truce and sent his adjutant to Kutuzov to report the offer he +had received. + +A truce was Kutuzov's sole chance of gaining time, giving +Bagration's exhausted troops some rest, and letting the transport +and heavy convoys (whose movements were concealed from the French) +advance if but one stage nearer Znaim. The offer of a truce gave the +only, and a quite unexpected, chance of saving the army. On +receiving the news he immediately dispatched Adjutant General +Wintzingerode, who was in attendance on him, to the enemy camp. +Wintzingerode was not merely to agree to the truce but also to offer +terms of capitulation, and meanwhile Kutuzov sent his adjutants back +to hasten to the utmost the movements of the baggage trains of the +entire army along the Krems-Znaim road. Bagration's exhausted and +hungry detachment, which alone covered this movement of the +transport and of the whole army, had to remain stationary in face of +an enemy eight times as strong as itself. + +Kutuzov's expectations that the proposals of capitulation (which +were in no way binding) might give time for part of the transport to +pass, and also that Murat's mistake would very soon be discovered, +proved correct. As soon as Bonaparte (who was at Schonbrunn, sixteen +miles from Hollabrunn) received Murat's dispatch with the proposal +of a truce and a capitulation, he detected a ruse and wrote the +following letter to Murat: + + +Schonbrunn, 25th Brumaire, 1805, + +at eight o'clock in the morning + +To PRINCE MURAT, + +I cannot find words to express to you my displeasure. You command +only my advance guard, and have no right to arrange an armistice +without my order. You are causing me to lose the fruits of a campaign. +Break the armistice immediately and march on the enemy. Inform him +that the general who signed that capitulation had no right to do so, +and that no one but the Emperor of Russia has that right. + +If, however, the Emperor of Russia ratifies that convention, I +will ratify it; but it is only a trick. March on, destroy the +Russian army.... You are in a position to seize its baggage and +artillery. + +The Russian Emperor's aide-de-camp is an impostor. Officers are +nothing when they have no powers; this one had none.... The +Austrians let themselves be tricked at the crossing of the Vienna +bridge, you are letting yourself be tricked by an aide-de-camp of +the Emperor. + +NAPOLEON + + +Bonaparte's adjutant rode full gallop with this menacing letter to +Murat. Bonaparte himself, not trusting to his generals, moved with all +the Guards to the field of battle, afraid of letting a ready victim +escape, and Bagration's four thousand men merrily lighted campfires, +dried and warmed themselves, cooked their porridge for the first +time for three days, and not one of them knew or imagined what was +in store for him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +Between three and four o'clock in the afternoon Prince Andrew, who +had persisted in his request to Kutuzov, arrived at Grunth and +reported himself to Bagration. Bonaparte's adjutant had not yet +reached Murat's detachment and the battle had not yet begun. In +Bagration's detachment no one knew anything of the general position of +affairs. They talked of peace but did not believe in its +possibility; others talked of a battle but also disbelieved in the +nearness of an engagement. Bagration, knowing Bolkonski to be a +favorite and trusted adjutant, received him with distinction and +special marks of favor, explaining to him that there would probably be +an engagement that day or the next, and giving him full liberty to +remain with him during the battle or to join the rearguard and have an +eye on the order of retreat, "which is also very important." + +"However, there will hardly be an engagement today," said +Bagration as if to reassure Prince Andrew. + +"If he is one of the ordinary little staff dandies sent to earn a +medal he can get his reward just as well in the rearguard, but if he +wishes to stay with me, let him... he'll be of use here if he's a +brave officer," thought Bagration. Prince Andrew, without replying, +asked the prince's permission to ride round the position to see the +disposition of the forces, so as to know his bearings should he be +sent to execute an order. The officer on duty, a handsome, elegantly +dressed man with a diamond ring on his forefinger, who was fond of +speaking French though he spoke it badly, offered to conduct Prince +Andrew. + +On all sides they saw rain-soaked officers with dejected faces who +seemed to be seeking something, and soldiers dragging doors, +benches, and fencing from the village. + +"There now, Prince! We can't stop those fellows," said the staff +officer pointing to the soldiers. "The officers don't keep them in +hand. And there," he pointed to a sutler's tent, "they crowd in and +sit. This morning I turned them all out and now look, it's full again. +I must go there, Prince, and scare them a bit. It won't take a +moment." + +"Yes, let's go in and I will get myself a roll and some cheese," +said Prince Andrew who had not yet had time to eat anything. + +"Why didn't you mention it, Prince? I would have offered you +something." + +They dismounted and entered the tent. Several officers, with flushed +and weary faces, were sitting at the table eating and drinking. + +"Now what does this mean, gentlemen?" said the staff officer, in the +reproachful tone of a man who has repeated the same thing more than +once. "You know it won't do to leave your posts like this. The +prince gave orders that no one should leave his post. Now you, +Captain," and he turned to a thin, dirty little artillery officer +who without his boots (he had given them to the canteen keeper to +dry), in only his stockings, rose when they entered, smiling not +altogether comfortably. + +"Well, aren't you ashamed of yourself, Captain Tushin?" he +continued. "One would think that as an artillery officer you would set +a good example, yet here you are without your boots! The alarm will be +sounded and you'll be in a pretty position without your boots!" (The +staff officer smiled.) "Kindly return to your posts, gentlemen, all of +you, all!" he added in a tone of command. + +Prince Andrew smiled involuntarily as he looked at the artillery +officer Tushin, who silent and smiling, shifting from one stockinged +foot to the other, glanced inquiringly with his large, intelligent, +kindly eyes from Prince Andrew to the staff officer. + +"The soldiers say it feels easier without boots," said Captain +Tushin smiling shyly in his uncomfortable position, evidently +wishing to adopt a jocular tone. But before he had finished he felt +that his jest was unacceptable and had not come off. He grew confused. + +"Kindly return to your posts," said the staff officer trying to +preserve his gravity. + +Prince Andrew glanced again at the artillery officer's small figure. +There was something peculiar about it, quite unsoldierly, rather +comic, but extremely attractive. + +The staff officer and Prince Andrew mounted their horses and rode +on. + +Having ridden beyond the village, continually meeting and overtaking +soldiers and officers of various regiments, they saw on their left +some entrenchments being thrown up, the freshly dug clay of which +showed up red. Several battalions of soldiers, in their shirt +sleeves despite the cold wind, swarmed in these earthworks like a host +of white ants; spadefuls of red clay were continually being thrown +up from behind the bank by unseen hands. Prince Andrew and the officer +rode up, looked at the entrenchment, and went on again. Just behind it +they came upon some dozens of soldiers, continually replaced by +others, who ran from the entrenchment. They had to hold their noses +and put their horses to a trot to escape from the poisoned +atmosphere of these latrines. + +"Voila l'agrement des camps, monsieur le Prince,"* said the staff +officer. + + +*"This is a pleasure one gets in camp, Prince." + + +They rode up the opposite hill. From there the French could +already be seen. Prince Andrew stopped and began examining the +position. + +"That's our battery," said the staff officer indicating the +highest point. "It's in charge of the queer fellow we saw without +his boots. You can see everything from there; let's go there, Prince." + +"Thank you very much, I will go on alone," said Prince Andrew, +wishing to rid himself of this staff officer's company, "please +don't trouble yourself further." + +The staff officer remained behind and Prince Andrew rode on alone. + +The farther forward and nearer the enemy he went, the more orderly +and cheerful were the troops. The greatest disorder and depression had +been in the baggage train he had passed that morning on the Znaim road +seven miles away from the French. At Grunth also some apprehension and +alarm could be felt, but the nearer Prince Andrew came to the French +lines the more confident was the appearance of our troops. The +soldiers in their greatcoats were ranged in lines, the sergeants major +and company officers were counting the men, poking the last man in +each section in the ribs and telling him to hold his hand up. Soldiers +scattered over the whole place were dragging logs and brushwood and +were building shelters with merry chatter and laughter; around the +fires sat others, dressed and undressed, drying their shirts and leg +bands or mending boots or overcoats and crowding round the boilers and +porridge cookers. In one company dinner was ready, and the soldiers +were gazing eagerly at the steaming boiler, waiting till the sample, +which a quartermaster sergeant was carrying in a wooden bowl to an +officer who sat on a log before his shelter, had been tasted. + +Another company, a lucky one for not all the companies had vodka, +crowded round a pock-marked, broad-shouldered sergeant major who, +tilting a keg, filled one after another the canteen lids held out to +him. The soldiers lifted the canteen lids to their lips with +reverential faces, emptied them, rolling the vodka in their mouths, +and walked away from the sergeant major with brightened expressions, +licking their lips and wiping them on the sleeves of their greatcoats. +All their faces were as serene as if all this were happening at home +awaiting peaceful encampment, and not within sight of the enemy before +an action in which at least half of them would be left on the field. +After passing a chasseur regiment and in the lines of the Kiev +grenadiers--fine fellows busy with similar peaceful affairs--near +the shelter of the regimental commander, higher than and different +from the others, Prince Andrew came out in front of a platoon of +grenadiers before whom lay a naked man. Two soldiers held him while +two others were flourishing their switches and striking him +regularly on his bare back. The man shrieked unnaturally. A stout +major was pacing up and down the line, and regardless of the screams +kept repeating: + +"It's a shame for a soldier to steal; a soldier must be honest, +honorable, and brave, but if he robs his fellows there is no honor +in him, he's a scoundrel. Go on! Go on!" + +So the swishing sound of the strokes, and the desperate but +unnatural screams, continued. + +"Go on, go on!" said the major. + +A young officer with a bewildered and pained expression on his +face stepped away from the man and looked round inquiringly at the +adjutant as he rode by. + +Prince Andrew, having reached the front line, rode along it. Our +front line and that of the enemy were far apart on the right and +left flanks, but in the center where the men with a flag of truce +had passed that morning, the lines were so near together that the +men could see one another's faces and speak to one another. Besides +the soldiers who formed the picket line on either side, there were +many curious onlookers who, jesting and laughing, stared at their +strange foreign enemies. + +Since early morning--despite an injunction not to approach the +picket line--the officers had been unable to keep sight-seers away. +The soldiers forming the picket line, like showmen exhibiting a +curiosity, no longer looked at the French but paid attention to the +sight-seers and grew weary waiting to be relieved. Prince Andrew +halted to have a look at the French. + +"Look! Look there!" one soldier was saying to another, pointing to a +Russian musketeer who had gone up to the picket line with an officer +and was rapidly and excitedly talking to a French grenadier. "Hark +to him jabbering! Fine, isn't it? It's all the Frenchy can do to +keep up with him. There now, Sidorov!" + +"Wait a bit and listen. It's fine!" answered Sidorov, who was +considered an adept at French. + +The soldier to whom the laughers referred was Dolokhov. Prince +Andrew recognized him and stopped to listen to what he was saying. +Dolokhov had come from the left flank where their regiment was +stationed, with his captain. + +"Now then, go on, go on!" incited the officer, bending forward and +trying not to lose a word of the speech which was incomprehensible +to him. "More, please: more! What's he saying?" + +Dolokhov did not answer the captain; he had been drawn into a hot +dispute with the French grenadier. They were naturally talking about +the campaign. The Frenchman, confusing the Austrians with the +Russians, was trying to prove that the Russians had surrendered and +had fled all the way from Ulm, while Dolokhov maintained that the +Russians had not surrendered but had beaten the French. + +"We have orders to drive you off here, and we shall drive you +off," said Dolokhov. + +"Only take care you and your Cossacks are not all captured!" said +the French grenadier. + +The French onlookers and listeners laughed. + +"We'll make you dance as we did under Suvorov...,"* said Dolokhov. + + +*"On vous fera danser." + + +"Qu' est-ce qu'il chante?"* asked a Frenchman. + + +*"What's he singing about?" + + +"It's ancient history," said another, guessing that it referred to a +former war. "The Emperor will teach your Suvara as he has taught the +others..." + +"Bonaparte..." began Dolokhov, but the Frenchman interrupted him. + +"Not Bonaparte. He is the Emperor! Sacre nom...!" cried he angrily. + +"The devil skin your Emperor." + +And Dolokhov swore at him in coarse soldier's Russian and +shouldering his musket walked away. + +"Let us go, Ivan Lukich," he said to the captain. + +"Ah, that's the way to talk French," said the picket soldiers. "Now, +Sidorov, you have a try!" + +Sidorov, turning to the French, winked, and began to jabber +meaningless sounds very fast: "Kari, mala, tafa, safi, muter, +Kaska," he said, trying to give an expressive intonation to his voice. + +"Ho! ho! ho! Ha! ha! ha! ha! Ouh! ouh!" came peals of such healthy +and good-humored laughter from the soldiers that it infected the +French involuntarily, so much so that the only thing left to do seemed +to be to unload the muskets, muskets, explode the ammunition, and +all return home as quickly as possible. + +But the guns remained loaded, the loopholes in blockhouses and +entrenchments looked out just as menacingly, and the unlimbered cannon +confronted one another as before. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Having ridden round the whole line from right flank to left, +Prince Andrew made his way up to the battery from which the staff +officer had told him the whole field could be seen. Here he +dismounted, and stopped beside the farthest of the four unlimbered +cannon. Before the guns an artillery sentry was pacing up and down; he +stood at attention when the officer arrived, but at a sign resumed his +measured, monotonous pacing. Behind the guns were their limbers and +still farther back picket ropes and artillerymen's bonfires. To the +left, not far from the farthest cannon, was a small, newly constructed +wattle shed from which came the sound of officers' voices in eager +conversation. + +It was true that a view over nearly the whole Russian position and +the greater part of the enemy's opened out from this battery. Just +facing it, on the crest of the opposite hill, the village of Schon +Grabern could be seen, and in three places to left and right the +French troops amid the smoke of their campfires, the greater part of +whom were evidently in the village itself and behind the hill. To +the left from that village, amid the smoke, was something resembling a +battery, but it was impossible to see it clearly with the naked eye. +Our right flank was posted on a rather steep incline which dominated +the French position. Our infantry were stationed there, and at the +farthest point the dragoons. In the center, where Tushin's battery +stood and from which Prince Andrew was surveying the position, was the +easiest and most direct descent and ascent to the brook separating +us from Schon Grabern. On the left our troops were close to a copse, +in which smoked the bonfires of our infantry who were felling wood. +The French line was wider than ours, and it was plain that they +could easily outflank us on both sides. Behind our position was a +steep and deep dip, making it difficult for artillery and cavalry to +retire. Prince Andrew took out his notebook and, leaning on the +cannon, sketched a plan of the position. He made some notes on two +points, intending to mention them to Bagration. His idea was, first, +to concentrate all the artillery in the center, and secondly, to +withdraw the cavalry to the other side of the dip. Prince Andrew, +being always near the commander in chief, closely following the mass +movements and general orders, and constantly studying historical +accounts of battles, involuntarily pictured to himself the course of +events in the forthcoming action in broad outline. He imagined only +important possibilities: "If the enemy attacks the right flank," he +said to himself, "the Kiev grenadiers and the Podolsk chasseurs must +hold their position till reserves from the center come up. In that +case the dragoons could successfully make a flank counterattack. If +they attack our center we, having the center battery on this high +ground, shall withdraw the left flank under its cover, and retreat +to the dip by echelons." So he reasoned.... All the time he had been +beside the gun, he had heard the voices of the officers distinctly, +but as often happens had not understood a word of what they were +saying. Suddenly, however, he was struck by a voice coming from the +shed, and its tone was so sincere that he could not but listen. + +"No, friend," said a pleasant and, as it seemed to Prince Andrew, +a familiar voice, "what I say is that if it were possible to know what +is beyond death, none of us would be afraid of it. That's so, friend." + +Another, a younger voice, interrupted him: "Afraid or not, you can't +escape it anyhow." + +"All the same, one is afraid! Oh, you clever people," said a third +manly voice interrupting them both. "Of course you artillery men are +very wise, because you can take everything along with you--vodka and +snacks." + +And the owner of the manly voice, evidently an infantry officer, +laughed. + +"Yes, one is afraid," continued the first speaker, he of the +familiar voice. "One is afraid of the unknown, that's what it is. +Whatever we may say about the soul going to the sky... we know there +is no sky but only an atmosphere." + +The manly voice again interrupted the artillery officer. + +"Well, stand us some of your herb vodka, Tushin," it said. + +"Why," thought Prince Andrew, "that's the captain who stood up in +the sutler's hut without his boots." He recognized the agreeable, +philosophizing voice with pleasure. + +"Some herb vodka? Certainly!" said Tushin. "But still, to conceive a +future life..." + +He did not finish. Just then there was a whistle in the air; +nearer and nearer, faster and louder, louder and faster, a cannon +ball, as if it had not finished saying what was necessary, thudded +into the ground near the shed with super human force, throwing up a +mass of earth. The ground seemed to groan at the terrible impact. + +And immediately Tushin, with a short pipe in the corner of his mouth +and his kind, intelligent face rather pale, rushed out of the shed +followed by the owner of the manly voice, a dashing infantry officer +who hurried off to his company, buttoning up his coat as he ran. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Mounting his horse again Prince Andrew lingered with the battery, +looking at the puff from the gun that had sent the ball. His eyes +ran rapidly over the wide space, but he only saw that the hitherto +motionless masses of the French now swayed and that there really was a +battery to their left. The smoke above it had not yet dispersed. Two +mounted Frenchmen, probably adjutants, were galloping up the hill. A +small but distinctly visible enemy column was moving down the hill, +probably to strengthen the front line. The smoke of the first shot had +not yet dispersed before another puff appeared, followed by a +report. The battle had begun! Prince Andrew turned his horse and +galloped back to Grunth to find Prince Bagration. He heard the +cannonade behind him growing louder and more frequent. Evidently our +guns had begun to reply. From the bottom of the slope, where the +parleys had taken place, came the report of musketry. + +Lemarrois had just arrived at a gallop with Bonaparte's stern +letter, and Murat, humiliated and anxious to expiate his fault, had at +once moved his forces to attack the center and outflank both the +Russian wings, hoping before evening and before the arrival of the +Emperor to crush the contemptible detachment that stood before him. + +"It has begun. Here it is!" thought Prince Andrew, feeling the blood +rush to his heart. "But where and how will my Toulon present itself?" + +Passing between the companies that had been eating porridge and +drinking vodka a quarter of an hour before, he saw everywhere the same +rapid movement of soldiers forming ranks and getting their muskets +ready, and on all their faces he recognized the same eagerness that +filled his heart. "It has begun! Here it is, dreadful but +enjoyable!" was what the face of each soldier and each officer +seemed to say. + +Before he had reached the embankments that were being thrown up, +he saw, in the light of the dull autumn evening, mounted men coming +toward him. The foremost, wearing a Cossack cloak and lambskin cap and +riding a white horse, was Prince Bagration. Prince Andrew stopped, +waiting for him to come up; Prince Bagration reined in his horse and +recognizing Prince Andrew nodded to him. He still looked ahead while +Prince Andrew told him what he had seen. + +The feeling, "It has begun! Here it is!" was seen even on Prince +Bagration's hard brown face with its half-closed, dull, sleepy eyes. +Prince Andrew gazed with anxious curiosity at that impassive face +and wished he could tell what, if anything, this man was thinking +and feeling at that moment. "Is there anything at all behind that +impassive face?" Prince Andrew asked himself as he looked. Prince +Bagration bent his head in sign of agreement with what Prince Andrew +told him, and said, "Very good!" in a tone that seemed to imply that +everything that took place and was reported to him was exactly what he +had foreseen. Prince Andrew, out of breath with his rapid ride, +spoke quickly. Prince Bagration, uttering his words with an Oriental +accent, spoke particularly slowly, as if to impress the fact that +there was no need to hurry. However, he put his horse to a trot in the +direction of Tushin's battery. Prince Andrew followed with the +suite. Behind Prince Bagration rode an officer of the suite, the +prince's personal adjutant, Zherkov, an orderly officer, the staff +officer on duty, riding a fine bobtailed horse, and a civilian--an +accountant who had asked permission to be present at the battle out of +curiosity. The accountant, a stout, full-faced man, looked around +him with a naive smile of satisfaction and presented a strange +appearance among the hussars, Cossacks, and adjutants, in his camlet +coat, as he jolted on his horse with a convoy officer's saddle. + +"He wants to see a battle," said Zherkov to Bolkonski, pointing to +the accountant, "but he feels a pain in the pit of his stomach +already." + +"Oh, leave off!" said the accountant with a beaming but rather +cunning smile, as if flattered at being made the subject of +Zherkov's joke, and purposely trying to appear stupider than he really +was. + +"It is very strange, mon Monsieur Prince," said the staff officer. +(He remembered that in French there is some peculiar way of addressing +a prince, but could not get it quite right.) + +By this time they were all approaching Tushin's battery, and a +ball struck the ground in front of them. + +"What's that that has fallen?" asked the accountant with a naive +smile. + +"A French pancake," answered Zherkov. + +"So that's what they hit with?" asked the accountant. "How awful!" + +He seemed to swell with satisfaction. He had hardly finished +speaking when they again heard an unexpectedly violent whistling which +suddenly ended with a thud into something soft... f-f-flop! and a +Cossack, riding a little to their right and behind the accountant, +crashed to earth with his horse. Zherkov and the staff officer bent +over their saddles and turned their horses away. The accountant +stopped, facing the Cossack, and examined him with attentive +curiosity. The Cossack was dead, but the horse still struggled. + +Prince Bagration screwed up his eyes, looked round, and, seeing +the cause of the confusion, turned away with indifference, as if to +say, "Is it worth while noticing trifles?" He reined in his horse with +the case of a skillful rider and, slightly bending over, disengaged +his saber which had caught in his cloak. It was an old-fashioned saber +of a kind no longer in general use. Prince Andrew remembered the story +of Suvorov giving his saber to Bagration in Italy, and the +recollection was particularly pleasant at that moment. They had +reached the battery at which Prince Andrew had been when he examined +the battlefield. + +"Whose company?" asked Prince Bagration of an artilleryman +standing by the ammunition wagon. + +He asked, "Whose company?" but he really meant, "Are you +frightened here?" and the artilleryman understood him. + +"Captain Tushin's, your excellency!" shouted the red-haired, +freckled gunner in a merry voice, standing to attention. + +"Yes, yes," muttered Bagration as if considering something, and he +rode past the limbers to the farthest cannon. + +As he approached, a ringing shot issued from it deafening him and +his suite, and in the smoke that suddenly surrounded the gun they +could see the gunners who had seized it straining to roll it quickly +back to its former position. A huge, broad-shouldered gunner, Number +One, holding a mop, his legs far apart, sprang to the wheel; while +Number Two with a trembling hand placed a charge in the cannon's +mouth. The short, round-shouldered Captain Tushin, stumbling over +the tail of the gun carriage, moved forward and, not noticing the +general, looked out shading his eyes with his small hand. + +"Lift it two lines more and it will be just right," cried he in a +feeble voice to which he tried to impart a dashing note, ill suited to +his weak figure. "Number Two!" he squeaked. "Fire, Medvedev!" + +Bagration called to him, and Tushin, raising three fingers to his +cap with a bashful and awkward gesture not at all like a military +salute but like a priest's benediction, approached the general. Though +Tushin's guns had been intended to cannonade the valley, he was firing +incendiary balls at the village of Schon Grabern visible just +opposite, in front of which large masses of French were advancing. + +No one had given Tushin orders where and at what to fire, but +after consulting his sergeant major, Zakharchenko, for whom he had +great respect, he had decided that it would be a good thing to set +fire to the village. "Very good!" said Bagration in reply to the +officer's report, and began deliberately to examine the whole +battlefield extended before him. The French had advanced nearest on +our right. Below the height on which the Kiev regiment was +stationed, in the hollow where the rivulet flowed, the soul-stirring +rolling and crackling of musketry was heard, and much farther to the +right beyond the dragoons, the officer of the suite pointed out to +Bagration a French column that was outflanking us. To the left the +horizon bounded by the adjacent wood. Prince Bagration ordered two +battalions from the center to be sent to reinforce the right flank. +The officer of the suite ventured to remark to the prince that if +these battalions went away, the guns would remain without support. +Prince Bagration turned to the officer and with his dull eyes looked +at him in silence. It seemed to Prince Andrew that the officer's +remark was just and that really no answer could be made to it. But +at that moment an adjutant galloped up with a message from the +commander of the regiment in the hollow and news that immense masses +of the French were coming down upon them and that his regiment was +in disorder and was retreating upon the Kiev grenadiers. Prince +Bagration bowed his head in sign of assent and approval. He rode off +at a walk to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with +orders to attack the French. But this adjutant returned half an hour +later with the news that the commander of the dragoons had already +retreated beyond the dip in the ground, as a heavy fire had been +opened on him and he was losing men uselessly, and so had hastened +to throw some sharpshooters into the wood. + +"Very good!" said Bagration. + +As he was leaving the battery, firing was heard on the left also, +and as it was too far to the left flank for him to have time to go +there himself, Prince Bagration sent Zherkov to tell the general in +command (the one who had paraded his regiment before Kutuzov at +Braunau) that he must retreat as quickly as possible behind the hollow +in the rear, as the right flank would probably not be able to +withstand the enemy's attack very long. About Tushin and the battalion +that had been in support of his battery all was forgotten. Prince +Andrew listened attentively to Bagration's colloquies with the +commanding officers and the orders he gave them and, to his +surprise, found that no orders were really given, but that Prince +Bagration tried to make it appear that everything done by necessity, +by accident, or by the will of subordinate commanders was done, if not +by his direct command, at least in accord with his intentions. +Prince Andrew noticed, however, that though what happened was due to +chance and was independent of the commander's will, owing to the +tact Bagration showed, his presence was very valuable. Officers who +approached him with disturbed countenances became calm; soldiers and +officers greeted him gaily, grew more cheerful in his presence, and +were evidently anxious to display their courage before him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Prince Bagration, having reached the highest point of our right +flank, began riding downhill to where the roll of musketry was heard +but where on account of the smoke nothing could be seen. The nearer +they got to the hollow the less they could see but the more they +felt the nearness of the actual battlefield. They began to meet +wounded men. One with a bleeding head and no cap was being dragged +along by two soldiers who supported him under the arms. There was a +gurgle in his throat and he was spitting blood. A bullet had evidently +hit him in the throat or mouth. Another was walking sturdily by +himself but without his musket, groaning aloud and swinging his arm +which had just been hurt, while blood from it was streaming over his +greatcoat as from a bottle. He had that moment been wounded and his +face showed fear rather than suffering. Crossing a road they descended +a steep incline and saw several men lying on the ground; they also met +a crowd of soldiers some of whom were unwounded. The soldiers were +ascending the hill breathing heavily, and despite the general's +presence were talking loudly and gesticulating. In front of them +rows of gray cloaks were already visible through the smoke, and an +officer catching sight of Bagration rushed shouting after the crowd of +retreating soldiers, ordering them back. Bagration rode up to the +ranks along which shots crackled now here and now there, drowning +the sound of voices and the shouts of command. The whole air reeked +with smoke. The excited faces of the soldiers were blackened with +it. Some were using their ramrods, others putting powder on the +touchpans or taking charges from their pouches, while others were +firing, though who they were firing at could not be seen for the smoke +which there was no wind to carry away. A pleasant humming and +whistling of bullets were often heard. "What is this?" thought +Prince Andrew approaching the crowd of soldiers. "It can't be an +attack, for they are not moving; it can't be a square--for they are +not drawn up for that." + +The commander of the regiment, a thin, feeble-looking old man with a +pleasant smile--his eyelids drooping more than half over his old eyes, +giving him a mild expression, rode up to Bagration and welcomed him as +a host welcomes an honored guest. He reported that his regiment had +been attacked by French cavalry and that, though the attack had been +repulsed, he had lost more than half his men. He said the attack had +been repulsed, employing this military term to describe what had +occurred to his regiment, but in reality he did not himself know +what had happened during that half-hour to the troops entrusted to +him, and could not say with certainty whether the attack had been +repulsed or his regiment had been broken up. All he knew was that at +the commencement of the action balls and shells began flying all +over his regiment and hitting men and that afterwards someone had +shouted "Cavalry!" and our men had begun firing. They were still +firing, not at the cavalry which had disappeared, but at French +infantry who had come into the hollow and were firing at our men. +Prince Bagration bowed his head as a sign that this was exactly what +he had desired and expected. Turning to his adjutant he ordered him to +bring down the two battalions of the Sixth Chasseurs whom they had +just passed. Prince Andrew was struck by the changed expression on +Prince Bagration's face at this moment. It expressed the +concentrated and happy resolution you see on the face of a man who +on a hot day takes a final run before plunging into the water. The +dull, sleepy expression was no longer there, nor the affectation of +profound thought. The round, steady, hawk's eyes looked before him +eagerly and rather disdainfully, not resting on anything although +his movements were still slow and measured. + +The commander of the regiment turned to Prince Bagration, entreating +him to go back as it was too dangerous to remain where they were. +"Please, your excellency, for God's sake!" he kept saying, glancing +for support at an officer of the suite who turned away from him. +"There, you see!" and he drew attention to the bullets whistling, +singing, and hissing continually around them. He spoke in the tone +of entreaty and reproach that a carpenter uses to a gentleman who +has picked up an ax: "We are used to it, but you, sir, will blister +your hands." He spoke as if those bullets could not kill him, and +his half-closed eyes gave still more persuasiveness to his words. +The staff officer joined in the colonel's appeals, but Bagration did +not reply; he only gave an order to cease firing and re-form, so as to +give room for the two approaching battalions. While he was speaking, +the curtain of smoke that had concealed the hollow, driven by a rising +wind, began to move from right to left as if drawn by an invisible +hand, and the hill opposite, with the French moving about on it, +opened out before them. All eyes fastened involuntarily on this French +column advancing against them and winding down over the uneven ground. +One could already see the soldiers' shaggy caps, distinguish the +officers from the men, and see the standard flapping against its +staff. + +"They march splendidly," remarked someone in Bagration's suite. + +The head of the column had already descended into the hollow. The +clash would take place on this side of it... + +The remains of our regiment which had been in action rapidly +formed up and moved to the right; from behind it, dispersing the +laggards, came two battalions of the Sixth Chasseurs in fine order. +Before they had reached Bagration, the weighty tread of the mass of +men marching in step could be heard. On their left flank, nearest to +Bagration, marched a company commander, a fine round-faced man, with a +stupid and happy expression--the same man who had rushed out of the +wattle shed. At that moment he was clearly thinking of nothing but how +dashing a fellow he would appear as he passed the commander. + +With the self-satisfaction of a man on parade, he stepped lightly +with his muscular legs as if sailing along, stretching himself to +his full height without the smallest effort, his ease contrasting with +the heavy tread of the soldiers who were keeping step with him. He +carried close to his leg a narrow unsheathed sword (small, curved, and +not like a real weapon) and looked now at the superior officers and +now back at the men without losing step, his whole powerful body +turning flexibly. It was as if all the powers of his soul were +concentrated on passing the commander in the best possible manner, and +feeling that he was doing it well he was happy. "Left... left... +left..." he seemed to repeat to himself at each alternate step; and in +time to this, with stern but varied faces, the wall of soldiers +burdened with knapsacks and muskets marched in step, and each one of +these hundreds of soldiers seemed to be repeating to himself at each +alternate step, "Left... left... left..." A fat major skirted a +bush, puffing and falling out of step; a soldier who had fallen +behind, his face showing alarm at his defection, ran at a trot, +panting to catch up with his company. A cannon ball, cleaving the air, +flew over the heads of Bagration and his suite, and fell into the +column to the measure of "Left... left!" "Close up!" came the +company commander's voice in jaunty tones. The soldiers passed in a +semicircle round something where the ball had fallen, and an old +trooper on the flank, a noncommissioned officer who had stopped beside +the dead men, ran to catch up his line and, falling into step with a +hop, looked back angrily, and through the ominous silence and the +regular tramp of feet beating the ground in unison, one seemed to hear +left... left... left. + +"Well done, lads!" said Prince Bagration. + +"Glad to do our best, your ex'len-lency!" came a confused shout from +the ranks. A morose soldier marching on the left turned his eyes on +Bagration as he shouted, with an expression that seemed to say: "We +know that ourselves!" Another, without looking round, as though +fearing to relax, shouted with his mouth wide open and passed on. + +The order was given to halt and down knapsacks. + +Bagration rode round the ranks that had marched past him and +dismounted. He gave the reins to a Cossack, took off and handed over +his felt coat, stretched his legs, and set his cap straight. The +head of the French column, with its officers leading, appeared from +below the hill. + +"Forward, with God!" said Bagration, in a resolute, sonorous +voice, turning for a moment to the front line, and slightly swinging +his arms, he went forward uneasily over the rough field with the +awkward gait of a cavalryman. Prince Andrew felt that an invisible +power was leading him forward, and experienced great happiness. + +The French were already near. Prince Andrew, walking beside +Bagration, could clearly distinguish their bandoliers, red epaulets, +and even their faces. (He distinctly saw an old French officer who, +with gaitered legs and turned-out toes, climbed the hill with +difficulty.) Prince Bagration gave no further orders and silently +continued to walk on in front of the ranks. Suddenly one shot after +another rang out from the French, smoke appeared all along their +uneven ranks, and musket shots sounded. Several of our men fell, among +them the round-faced officer who had marched so gaily and +complacently. But at the moment the first report was heard, +Bagration looked round and shouted, "Hurrah!" + +"Hurrah--ah!--ah!" rang a long-drawn shout from our ranks, and +passing Bagration and racing one another they rushed in an irregular +but joyous and eager crowd down the hill at their disordered foe. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +The attack of the Sixth Chasseurs secured the retreat of our right +flank. In the center Tushin's forgotten battery, which had managed +to set fire to the Schon Grabern village, delayed the French +advance. The French were putting out the fire which the wind was +spreading, and thus gave us time to retreat. The retirement of the +center to the other side of the dip in the ground at the rear was +hurried and noisy, but the different companies did not get mixed. +But our left--which consisted of the Azov and Podolsk infantry and the +Pavlograd hussars--was simultaneously attacked and outflanked by +superior French forces under Lannes and was thrown into confusion. +Bagration had sent Zherkov to the general commanding that left flank +with orders to retreat immediately. + +Zherkov, not removing his hand from his cap, turned his horse +about and galloped off. But no sooner had he left Bagration than his +courage failed him. He was seized by panic and could not go where it +was dangerous. + +Having reached the left flank, instead of going to the front where +the firing was, he began to look for the general and his staff where +they could not possibly be, and so did not deliver the order. + +The command of the left flank belonged by seniority to the commander +of the regiment Kutuzov had reviewed at Braunau and in which +Dolokhov was serving as a private. But the command of the extreme left +flank had been assigned to the commander of the Pavlograd regiment +in which Rostov was serving, and a misunderstanding arose. The two +commanders were much exasperated with one another and, long after +the action had begun on the right flank and the French were already +advancing, were engaged in discussion with the sole object of +offending one another. But the regiments, both cavalry and infantry, +were by no means ready for the impending action. From privates to +general they were not expecting a battle and were engaged in +peaceful occupations, the cavalry feeding the horses and the +infantry collecting wood. + +"He higher iss dan I in rank," said the German colonel of the +hussars, flushing and addressing an adjutant who had ridden up, "so +let him do what he vill, but I cannot sacrifice my hussars... +Bugler, sount ze retreat!" + +But haste was becoming imperative. Cannon and musketry, mingling +together, thundered on the right and in the center, while the +capotes of Lannes' sharpshooters were already seen crossing the +milldam and forming up within twice the range of a musket shot. The +general in command of the infantry went toward his horse with jerky +steps, and having mounted drew himself up very straight and tall and +rode to the Pavlograd commander. The commanders met with polite bows +but with secret malevolence in their hearts. + +"Once again, Colonel," said the general, "I can't leave half my +men in the wood. I beg of you, I beg of you," he repeated, "to +occupy the position and prepare for an attack." + +"I peg of you yourself not to mix in vot is not your business!" +suddenly replied the irate colonel. "If you vere in the cavalry..." + +"I am not in the cavalry, Colonel, but I am a Russian general and if +you are not aware of the fact..." + +"Quite avare, your excellency," suddenly shouted the colonel, +touching his horse and turning purple in the face. "Vill you be so +goot to come to ze front and see dat zis position iss no goot? I don't +vish to destroy my men for your pleasure!" + +"You forget yourself, Colonel. I am not considering my own +pleasure and I won't allow it to be said!" + +Taking the colonel's outburst as a challenge to his courage, the +general expanded his chest and rode, frowning, beside him to the front +line, as if their differences would be settled there amongst the +bullets. They reached the front, several bullets sped over them, and +they halted in silence. There was nothing fresh to be seen from the +line, for from where they had been before it had been evident that +it was impossible for cavalry to act among the bushes and broken +ground, as well as that the French were outflanking our left. The +general and colonel looked sternly and significantly at one another +like two fighting cocks preparing for battle, each vainly trying to +detect signs of cowardice in the other. Both passed the examination +successfully. As there was nothing to said, and neither wished to give +occasion for it to be alleged that he had been the first to leave +the range of fire, they would have remained there for a long time +testing each other's courage had it not been that just then they heard +the rattle of musketry and a muffled shout almost behind them in the +wood. The French had attacked the men collecting wood in the copse. It +was no longer possible for the hussars to retreat with the infantry. +They were cut off from the line of retreat on the left by the +French. However inconvenient the position, it was now necessary to +attack in order to cut away through for themselves. + +The squadron in which Rostov was serving had scarcely time to +mount before it was halted facing the enemy. Again, as at the Enns +bridge, there was nothing between the squadron and the enemy, and +again that terrible dividing line of uncertainty and fear- +resembling the line separating the living from the dead--lay between +them. All were conscious of this unseen line, and the question whether +they would cross it or not, and how they would cross it, +agitated them all. + +The colonel rode to the front, angrily gave some reply to +questions put to him by the officers, and, like a man desperately +insisting on having his own way, gave an order. No one said anything +definite, but the rumor of an attack spread through the squadron. +The command to form up rang out and the sabers whizzed as they were +drawn from their scabbards. Still no one moved. The troops of the left +flank, infantry and hussars alike, felt that the commander did not +himself know what to do, and this irresolution communicated itself +to the men. + +"If only they would be quick!" thought Rostov, feeling that at +last the time had come to experience the joy of an attack of which +he had so often heard from his fellow hussars. + +"Fo'ward, with God, lads!" rang out Denisov's voice. "At a twot +fo'ward!" + +The horses' croups began to sway in the front line. Rook pulled at +the reins and started of his own accord. + +Before him, on the right, Rostov saw the front lines of his +hussars and still farther ahead a dark line which he could not see +distinctly but took to be the enemy. Shots could be heard, but some +way off. + +"Faster!" came the word of command, and Rostov felt Rook's flanks +drooping as he broke into a gallop. + +Rostov anticipated his horse's movements and became more and more +elated. He had noticed a solitary tree ahead of him. This tree had +been in the middle of the line that had seemed so terrible--and now he +had crossed that line and not only was there nothing terrible, but +everything was becoming more and more happy and animated. "Oh, how I +will slash at him!" thought Rostov, gripping the hilt of his saber. + +"Hur-a-a-a-ah!" came a roar of voices. "Let anyone come my way now," +thought Rostov driving his spurs into Rook and letting him go at a +full gallop so that he outstripped the others. Ahead, the enemy was +already visible. Suddenly something like a birch broom seemed to sweep +over the squadron. Rostov raised his saber, ready to strike, but at +that instant the trooper Nikitenko, who was galloping ahead, shot away +from him, and Rostov felt as in a dream that he continued to be +carried forward with unnatural speed but yet stayed on the same +spot. From behind him Bondarchuk, an hussar he knew, jolted against +him and looked angrily at him. Bondarchuk's horse swerved and galloped +past. + +"How is it I am not moving? I have fallen, I am killed!" Rostov +asked and answered at the same instant. He was alone in the middle +of a field. Instead of the moving horses and hussars' backs, he saw +nothing before him but the motionless earth and the stubble around +him. There was warm blood under his arm. "No, I am wounded and the +horse is killed." Rook tried to rise on his forelegs but fell back, +pinning his rider's leg. Blood was flowing from his head; he struggled +but could not rise. Rostov also tried to rise but fell back, his +sabretache having become entangled in the saddle. Where our men +were, and where the French, he did not know. There was no one near. + +Having disentangled his leg, he rose. "Where, on which side, was now +the line that had so sharply divided the two armies?" he asked himself +and could not answer. "Can something bad have happened to me?" he +wondered as he got up: and at that moment he felt that something +superfluous was hanging on his benumbed left arm. The wrist felt as if +it were not his. He examined his hand carefully, vainly trying to find +blood on it. "Ah, here are people coming," he thought joyfully, seeing +some men running toward him. "They will help me!" In front came a +man wearing a strange shako and a blue cloak, swarthy, sunburned, +and with a hooked nose. Then came two more, and many more running +behind. One of them said something strange, not in Russian. In among +the hindmost of these men wearing similar shakos was a Russian hussar. +He was being held by the arms and his horse was being led behind him. + +"It must be one of ours, a prisoner. Yes. Can it be that they will +take me too? Who are these men?" thought Rostov, scarcely believing +his eyes. "Can they be French?" He looked at the approaching +Frenchmen, and though but a moment before he had been galloping to get +at them and hack them to pieces, their proximity now seemed so awful +that he could not believe his eyes. "Who are they? Why are they +running? Can they be coming at me? And why? To kill me? Me whom +everyone is so fond of?" He remembered his mother's love for him, +and his family's, and his friends', and the enemy's intention to +kill him seemed impossible. "But perhaps they may do it!" For more +than ten seconds he stood not moving from the spot or realizing the +situation. The foremost Frenchman, the one with the hooked nose, was +already so close that the expression of his face could be seen. And +the excited, alien face of that man, his bayonet hanging down, holding +his breath, and running so lightly, frightened Rostov. He seized his +pistol and, instead of firing it, flung it at the Frenchman and ran +with all his might toward the bushes. He did not now run with the +feeling of doubt and conflict with which he had trodden the Enns +bridge, but with the feeling of a hare fleeing from the hounds. One +single sentiment, that of fear for his young and happy life, possessed +his whole being. Rapidly leaping the furrows, he fled across the field +with the impetuosity he used to show at catchplay, now and then +turning his good-natured, pale, young face to look back. A shudder +of terror went through him: "No, better not look," he thought, but +having reached the bushes he glanced round once more. The French had +fallen behind, and just as he looked round the first man changed his +run to a walk and, turning, shouted something loudly to a comrade +farther back. Rostov paused. "No, there's some mistake," thought he. +"They can't have wanted to kill me." But at the same time, his left +arm felt as heavy as if a seventy-pound weight were tied to it. He +could run no more. The Frenchman also stopped and took aim. Rostov +closed his eyes and stooped down. One bullet and then another whistled +past him. He mustered his last remaining strength, took hold of his +left hand with his right, and reached the bushes. Behind these were +some Russian sharpshooters. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +The infantry regiments that had been caught unawares in the +outskirts of the wood ran out of it, the different companies getting +mixed, and retreated as a disorderly crowd. One soldier, in his +fear, uttered the senseless cry, "Cut off!" that is so terrible in +battle, and that word infected the whole crowd with a feeling of +panic. + +"Surrounded! Cut off? We're lost!" shouted the fugitives. + +The moment he heard the firing and the cry from behind, the +general realized that something dreadful had happened to his regiment, +and the thought that he, an exemplary officer of many years' service +who had never been to blame, might be held responsible at headquarters +for negligence or inefficiency so staggered him that, forgetting the +recalcitrant cavalry colonel, his own dignity as a general, and +above all quite forgetting the danger and all regard for +self-preservation, he clutched the crupper of his saddle and, spurring +his horse, galloped to the regiment under a hail of bullets which fell +around, but fortunately missed him. His one desire was to know what +was happening and at any cost correct, or remedy, the mistake if he +had made one, so that he, an exemplary officer of twenty-two years' +service, who had never been censured, should not be held to blame. + +Having galloped safely through the French, he reached a field behind +the copse across which our men, regardless of orders, were running and +descending the valley. That moment of moral hesitation which decides +the fate of battles had arrived. Would this disorderly crowd of +soldiers attend to the voice of their commander, or would they, +disregarding him, continue their flight? Despite his desperate +shouts that used to seem so terrible to the soldiers, despite his +furious purple countenance distorted out of all likeness to his former +self, and the flourishing of his saber, the soldiers all continued +to run, talking, firing into the air, and disobeying orders. The moral +hesitation which decided the fate of battles was evidently culminating +in a panic. + +The general had a fit of coughing as a result of shouting and of the +powder smoke and stopped in despair. Everything seemed lost. But at +that moment the French who were attacking, suddenly and without any +apparent reason, ran back and disappeared from the outskirts, and +Russian sharpshooters showed themselves in the copse. It was +Timokhin's company, which alone had maintained its order in the wood +and, having lain in ambush in a ditch, now attacked the French +unexpectedly. Timokhin, armed only with a sword, had rushed at the +enemy with such a desperate cry and such mad, drunken determination +that, taken by surprise, the French had thrown down their muskets +and run. Dolokhov, running beside Timokhin, killed a Frenchman at +close quarters and was the first to seize the surrendering French +officer by his collar. Our fugitives returned, the battalions +re-formed, and the French who had nearly cut our left flank in half +were for the moment repulsed. Our reserve units were able to join +up, and the fight was at an end. The regimental commander and Major +Ekonomov had stopped beside a bridge, letting the retreating companies +pass by them, when a soldier came up and took hold of the +commander's stirrup, almost leaning against him. The man was wearing a +bluish coat of broadcloth, he had no knapsack or cap, his head was +bandaged, and over his shoulder a French munition pouch was slung. +He had an officer's sword in his hand. The soldier was pale, his +blue eyes looked impudently into the commander's face, and his lips +were smiling. Though the commander was occupied in giving instructions +to Major Ekonomov, he could not help taking notice of the soldier. + +"Your excellency, here are two trophies," said Dolokhov, pointing to +the French sword and pouch. "I have taken an officer prisoner. I +stopped the company." Dolokhov breathed heavily from weariness and +spoke in abrupt sentences. "The whole company can bear witness. I +beg you will remember this, your excellency!" + +"All right, all right," replied the commander, and turned to Major +Ekonomov. + +But Dolokhov did not go away; he untied the handkerchief around +his head, pulled it off, and showed the blood congealed on his hair. + +"A bayonet wound. I remained at the front. Remember, your +excellency!" + + +Tushin's battery had been forgotten and only at the very end of +the action did Prince Bagration, still hearing the cannonade in the +center, send his orderly staff officer, and later Prince Andrew +also, to order the battery to retire as quickly as possible. When +the supports attached to Tushin's battery had been moved away in the +middle of the action by someone's order, the battery had continued +firing and was only not captured by the French because the enemy could +not surmise that anyone could have the effrontery to continue firing +from four quite undefended guns. On the contrary, the energetic action +of that battery led the French to suppose that here--in the center- +the main Russian forces were concentrated. Twice they had attempted to +attack this point, but on each occasion had been driven back by +grapeshot from the four isolated guns on the hillock. + +Soon after Prince Bagration had left him, Tushin had succeeded in +setting fire to Schon Grabern. + +"Look at them scurrying! It's burning! Just see the smoke! Fine! +Grand! Look at the smoke, the smoke!" exclaimed the artillerymen, +brightening up. + +All the guns, without waiting for orders, were being fired in the +direction of the conflagration. As if urging each other on, the +soldiers cried at each shot: "Fine! That's good! Look at it... Grand!" +The fire, fanned by the breeze, was rapidly spreading. The French +columns that had advanced beyond the village went back; but as +though in revenge for this failure, the enemy placed ten guns to the +right of the village and began firing them at Tushin's battery. + +In their childlike glee, aroused by the fire and their luck in +successfully cannonading the French, our artillerymen only noticed +this battery when two balls, and then four more, fell among our +guns, one knocking over two horses and another tearing off a +munition-wagon driver's leg. Their spirits once roused were, +however, not diminished, but only changed character. The horses were +replaced by others from a reserve gun carriage, the wounded were +carried away, and the four guns were turned against the ten-gun +battery. Tushin's companion officer had been killed at the beginning +of the engagement and within an hour seventeen of the forty men of the +guns' crews had been disabled, but the artillerymen were still as +merry and lively as ever. Twice they noticed the French appearing +below them, and then they fired grapeshot at them. + +Little Tushin, moving feebly and awkwardly, kept telling his orderly +to "refill my pipe for that one!" and then, scattering sparks from it, +ran forward shading his eyes with his small hand to look at the +French. + +"Smack at 'em, lads!" he kept saying, seizing the guns by the wheels +and working the screws himself. + +Amid the smoke, deafened by the incessant reports which always +made him jump, Tushin not taking his pipe from his mouth ran from +gun to gun, now aiming, now counting the charges, now giving orders +about replacing dead or wounded horses and harnessing fresh ones, +and shouting in his feeble voice, so high pitched and irresolute. +His face grew more and more animated. Only when a man was killed or +wounded did he frown and turn away from the sight, shouting angrily at +the men who, as is always the case, hesitated about lifting the +injured or dead. The soldiers, for the most part handsome fellows and, +as is always the case in an artillery company, a head and shoulders +taller and twice as broad as their officer--all looked at their +commander like children in an embarrassing situation, and the +expression on his face was invariably reflected on theirs. + +Owing to the terrible uproar and the necessity for concentration and +activity, Tushin did not experience the slightest unpleasant sense +of fear, and the thought that he might be killed or badly wounded +never occurred to him. On the contrary, he became more and more +elated. It seemed to him that it was a very long time ago, almost a +day, since he had first seen the enemy and fired the first shot, and +that the corner of the field he stood on was well-known and familiar +ground. Though he thought of everything, considered everything, and +did everything the best of officers could do in his position, he was +in a state akin to feverish delirium or drunkenness. + +From the deafening sounds of his own guns around him, the whistle +and thud of the enemy's cannon balls, from the flushed and +perspiring faces of the crew bustling round the guns, from the sight +of the blood of men and horses, from the little puffs of smoke on +the enemy's side (always followed by a ball flying past and striking +the earth, a man, a gun, a horse), from the sight of all these +things a fantastic world of his own had taken possession of his +brain and at that moment afforded him pleasure. The enemy's guns +were in his fancy not guns but pipes from which occasional puffs +were blown by an invisible smoker. + +"There... he's puffing again," muttered Tushin to himself, as a +small cloud rose from the hill and was borne in a streak to the left +by the wind. + +"Now look out for the ball... we'll throw it back." + +"What do you want, your honor?" asked an artilleryman, standing +close by, who heard him muttering. + +"Nothing... only a shell..." he answered. + +"Come along, our Matvevna!" he said to himself. "Matvevna"* was +the name his fancy gave to the farthest gun of the battery, which +was large and of an old pattern. The French swarming round their +guns seemed to him like ants. In that world, the handsome drunkard +Number One of the second gun's crew was "uncle"; Tushin looked at +him more often than at anyone else and took delight in his every +movement. The sound of musketry at the foot of the hill, now +diminishing, now increasing, seemed like someone's breathing. He +listened intently to the ebb and flow of these sounds. + + +*Daughter of Matthew. + + +"Ah! Breathing again, breathing!" he muttered to himself. + +He imagined himself as an enormously tall, powerful man who was +throwing cannon balls at the French with both hands. + +"Now then, Matvevna, dear old lady, don't let me down!" he was +saying as he moved from the gun, when a strange, unfamiliar voice +called above his head: "Captain Tushin! Captain!" + +Tushin turned round in dismay. It was the staff officer who had +turned him out of the booth at Grunth. He was shouting in a gasping +voice: + +"Are you mad? You have twice been ordered to retreat, and you..." + +"Why are they down on me?" thought Tushin, looking in alarm at his +superior. + +"I... don't..." he muttered, holding up two fingers to his cap. +"I..." + +But the staff officer did not finish what he wanted to say. A cannon +ball, flying close to him, caused him to duck and bend over his horse. +He paused, and just as he was about to say something more, another +ball stopped him. He turned his horse and galloped off. + +"Retire! All to retire!" he shouted from a distance. + +The soldiers laughed. A moment later, an adjutant arrived with the +same order. + +It was Prince Andrew. The first thing he saw on riding up to the +space where Tushin's guns were stationed was an unharnessed horse with +a broken leg, that lay screaming piteously beside the harnessed +horses. Blood was gushing from its leg as from a spring. Among the +limbers lay several dead men. One ball after another passed over as he +approached and he felt a nervous shudder run down his spine. But the +mere thought of being afraid roused him again. "I cannot be afraid," +thought he, and dismounted slowly among the guns. He delivered the +order and did not leave the battery. He decided to have the guns +removed from their positions and withdrawn in his presence. Together +with Tushin, stepping across the bodies and under a terrible fire from +the French, he attended to the removal of the guns. + +"A staff officer was here a minute ago, but skipped off," said an +artilleryman to Prince Andrew. "Not like your honor!" + +Prince Andrew said nothing to Tushin. They were both so busy as to +seem not to notice one another. When having limbered up the only two +cannon that remained uninjured out of the four, they began moving down +the hill (one shattered gun and one unicorn were left behind), +Prince Andrew rode up to Tushin. + +"Well, till we meet again..." he said, holding out his hand to +Tushin. + +"Good-by, my dear fellow," said Tushin. "Dear soul! Good-by, my dear +fellow!" and for some unknown reason tears suddenly filled his eyes. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +The wind had fallen and black clouds, merging with the powder smoke, +hung low over the field of battle on the horizon. It was growing +dark and the glow of two conflagrations was the more conspicuous. +The cannonade was dying down, but the rattle of musketry behind and on +the right sounded oftener and nearer. As soon as Tushin with his guns, +continually driving round or coming upon wounded men, was out of range +of fire and had descended into the dip, he was met by some of the +staff, among them the staff officer and Zherkov, who had been twice +sent to Tushin's battery but had never reached it. Interrupting one +another, they all gave, and transmitted, orders as to how to +proceed, reprimanding and reproaching him. Tushin gave no orders, and, +silently--fearing to speak because at every word he felt ready to weep +without knowing why--rode behind on his artillery nag. Though the +orders were to abandon the wounded, many of them dragged themselves +after troops and begged for seats on the gun carriages. The jaunty +infantry officer who just before the battle had rushed out of Tushin's +wattle shed was laid, with a bullet in his stomach, on "Matvevna's" +carriage. At the foot of the hill, a pale hussar cadet, supporting one +hand with the other, came up to Tushin and asked for a seat. + +"Captain, for God's sake! I've hurt my arm," he said timidly. "For +God's sake... I can't walk. For God's sake!" + +It was plain that this cadet had already repeatedly asked for a lift +and been refused. He asked in a hesitating, piteous voice. + +"Tell them to give me a seat, for God's sake!" + +"Give him a seat," said Tushin. "Lay a cloak for him to sit on, +lad," he said, addressing his favorite soldier. "And where is the +wounded officer?" + +"He has been set down. He died," replied someone. + +"Help him up. Sit down, dear fellow, sit down! Spread out the cloak, +Antonov." + +The cadet was Rostov. With one hand he supported the other; he was +pale and his jaw trembled, shivering feverishly. He was placed on +"Matvevna," the gun from which they had removed the dead officer. +The cloak they spread under him was wet with blood which stained his +breeches and arm. + +"What, are you wounded, my lad?" said Tushin, approaching the gun on +which Rostov sat. + +"No, it's a sprain." + +"Then what is this blood on the gun carriage?" inquired Tushin. + +"It was the officer, your honor, stained it," answered the +artilleryman, wiping away the blood with his coat sleeve, as if +apologizing for the state of his gun. + +It was all that they could do to get the guns up the rise aided by +the infantry, and having reached the village of Gruntersdorf they +halted. It had grown so dark that one could not distinguish the +uniforms ten paces off, and the firing had begun to subside. Suddenly, +near by on the right, shouting and firing were again heard. Flashes of +shot gleamed in the darkness. This was the last French attack and +was met by soldiers who had sheltered in the village houses. They +all rushed out of the village again, but Tushin's guns could not move, +and the artillerymen, Tushin, and the cadet exchanged silent glances +as they awaited their fate. The firing died down and soldiers, talking +eagerly, streamed out of a side street. + +"Not hurt, Petrov?" asked one. + +"We've given it 'em hot, mate! They won't make another push now," +said another. + +"You couldn't see a thing. How they shot at their own fellows! +Nothing could be seen. Pitch-dark, brother! Isn't there something to +drink?" + +The French had been repulsed for the last time. And again and +again in the complete darkness Tushin's guns moved forward, surrounded +by the humming infantry as by a frame. + +In the darkness, it seemed as though a gloomy unseen river was +flowing always in one direction, humming with whispers and talk and +the sound of hoofs and wheels. Amid the general rumble, the groans and +voices of the wounded were more distinctly heard than any other +sound in the darkness of the night. The gloom that enveloped the +army was filled with their groans, which seemed to melt into one +with the darkness of the night. After a while the moving mass became +agitated, someone rode past on a white horse followed by his suite, +and said something in passing: "What did he say? Where to, now? +Halt, is it? Did he thank us?" came eager questions from all sides. +The whole moving mass began pressing closer together and a report +spread that they were ordered to halt: evidently those in front had +halted. All remained where they were in the middle of the muddy road. + +Fires were lighted and the talk became more audible. Captain Tushin, +having given orders to his company, sent a soldier to find a +dressing station or a doctor for the cadet, and sat down by a +bonfire the soldiers had kindled on the road. Rostov, too, dragged +himself to the fire. From pain, cold, and damp, a feverish shivering +shook his whole body. Drowsiness was irresistibly mastering him, but +he kept awake by an excruciating pain in his arm, for which +he could find no satisfactory position. He kept closing his eyes and +then again looking at the fire, which seemed to him dazzlingly red, +and at the feeble, round-shouldered figure of Tushin who was sitting +cross-legged like a Turk beside him. Tushin's large, kind, intelligent +eyes were fixed with sympathy and commiseration on Rostov, who saw +that Tushin with his whole heart wished to help him but could not. + +From all sides were heard the footsteps and talk of the infantry, +who were walking, driving past, and settling down all around. The +sound of voices, the tramping feet, the horses' hoofs moving in mud, +the crackling of wood fires near and afar, merged into one tremulous +rumble. + +It was no longer, as before, a dark, unseen river flowing through +the gloom, but a dark sea swelling and gradually subsiding after a +storm. Rostov looked at and listened listlessly to what passed +before and around him. An infantryman came to the fire, squatted on +his heels, held his hands to the blaze, and turned away his face. + +"You don't mind your honor?" he asked Tushin. "I've lost my company, +your honor. I don't know where... such bad luck!" + +With the soldier, an infantry officer with a bandaged cheek came +up to the bonfire, and addressing Tushin asked him to have the guns +moved a trifle to let a wagon go past. After he had gone, two soldiers +rushed to the campfire. They were quarreling and fighting desperately, +each trying to snatch from the other a boot they were both holding +on to. + +"You picked it up?... I dare say! You're very smart!" one of them +shouted hoarsely. + +Then a thin, pale soldier, his neck bandaged with a bloodstained leg +band, came up and in angry tones asked the artillerymen for water. + +"Must one die like a dog?" said he. + +Tushin told them to give the man some water. Then a cheerful soldier +ran up, begging a little fire for the infantry. + +"A nice little hot torch for the infantry! Good luck to you, +fellow countrymen. Thanks for the fire--we'll return it with +interest," said he, carrying away into the darkness a glowing stick. + +Next came four soldiers, carrying something heavy on a cloak, and +passed by the fire. One of them stumbled. + +"Who the devil has put the logs on the road?" snarled he. + +"He's dead--why carry him?" said another. + +"Shut up!" + +And they disappeared into the darkness with with their load. + +"Still aching?" Tushin asked Rostov in a whisper. + +"Yes." + +"Your honor, you're wanted by the general. He is in the hut here," +said a gunner, coming up to Tushin. + +"Coming, friend." + +Tushin rose and, buttoning his greatcoat and pulling it straight, +walked away from the fire. + +Not far from the artillery campfire, in a hut that had been prepared +for him, Prince Bagration sat at dinner, talking with some +commanding officers who had gathered at his quarters. The little old +man with the half-closed eyes was there greedily gnawing a mutton +bone, and the general who had served blamelessly for twenty-two years, +flushed by a glass of vodka and the dinner; and the staff officer with +the signet ring, and Zherkov, uneasily glancing at them all, and +Prince Andrew, pale, with compressed lips and feverishly glittering +eyes. + +In a corner of the hut stood a standard captured from the French, +and the accountant with the naive face was feeling its texture, +shaking his head in perplexity--perhaps because the banner really +interested him, perhaps because it was hard for him, hungry as he was, +to look on at a dinner where there was no place for him. In the next +hut there was a French colonel who had been taken prisoner by our +dragoons. Our officers were flocking in to look at him. Prince +Bagration was thanking the individual commanders and inquiring into +details of the action and our losses. The general whose regiment had +been inspected at Braunau was informing the prince that as soon as the +action began he had withdrawn from the wood, mustered the men who were +woodcutting, and, allowing the French to pass him, had made a +bayonet charge with two battalions and had broken up the French +troops. + +"When I saw, your excellency, that their first battalion was +disorganized, I stopped in the road and thought: 'I'll let them come +on and will meet them with the fire of the whole battalion'--and +that's what I did." + +The general had so wished to do this and was so sorry he had not +managed to do it that it seemed to him as if it had really happened. +Perhaps it might really have been so? Could one possibly make out amid +all that confusion what did or did not happen? + +"By the way, your excellency, I should inform you," he continued- +remembering Dolokhov's conversation with Kutuzov and his last +interview with the gentleman-ranker--"that Private Dolokhov, who was +reduced to the ranks, took a French officer prisoner in my presence +and particularly distinguished himself." + +"I saw the Pavlograd hussars attack there, your excellency," +chimed in Zherkov, looking uneasily around. He had not seen the +hussars all that day, but had heard about them from an infantry +officer. "They broke up two squares, your excellency." + +Several of those present smiled at Zherkov's words, expecting one of +his usual jokes, but noticing that what he was saying redounded to the +glory of our arms and of the day's work, they assumed a serious +expression, though many of them knew that what he was saying was a lie +devoid of any foundation. Prince Bagration turned to the old colonel: + +"Gentlemen, I thank you all; all arms have behaved heroically: +infantry, cavalry, and artillery. How was it that two guns were +abandoned in the center?" he inquired, searching with his eyes for +someone. (Prince Bagration did not ask about the guns on the left +flank; he knew that all the guns there had been abandoned at the +very beginning of the action.) "I think I sent you?" he added, turning +to the staff officer on duty. + +"One was damaged," answered the staff officer, "and the other I +can't understand. I was there all the time giving orders and had +only just left.... It is true that it was hot there," he added, +modestly. + +Someone mentioned that Captain Tushin was bivouacking close to the +village and had already been sent for. + +"Oh, but you were there?" said Prince Bagration, addressing Prince +Andrew. + +"Of course, we only just missed one another," said the staff +officer, with a smile to Bolkonski. + +"I had not the pleasure of seeing you," said Prince Andrew, coldly +and abruptly. + +All were silent. Tushin appeared at the threshold and made his way +timidly from behind the backs of the generals. As he stepped past +the generals in the crowded hut, feeling embarrassed as he always +was by the sight of his superiors, he did not notice the staff of +the banner and stumbled over it. Several of those present laughed. + +"How was it a gun was abandoned?" asked Bagration, frowning, not +so much at the captain as at those who were laughing, among whom +Zherkov laughed loudest. + +Only now, when he was confronted by the stern authorities, did his +guilt and the disgrace of having lost two guns and yet remaining alive +present themselves to Tushin in all their horror. He had been so +excited that he had not thought about it until that moment. The +officers' laughter confused him still more. He stood before +Bagration with his lower jaw trembling and was hardly able to +mutter: "I don't know... your excellency... I had no men... your +excellency." + +"You might have taken some from the covering troops." + +Tushin did not say that there were no covering troops, though that +was perfectly true. He was afraid of getting some other officer into +trouble, and silently fixed his eyes on Bagration as a schoolboy who +has blundered looks at an examiner. + +The silence lasted some time. Prince Bagration, apparently not +wishing to be severe, found nothing to say; the others did not venture +to intervene. Prince Andrew looked at Tushin from under his brows +and his fingers twitched nervously. + +"Your excellency!" Prince Andrew broke the silence with his abrupt +voice," you were pleased to send me to Captain Tushin's battery. I +went there and found two thirds of the men and horses knocked out, two +guns smashed, and no supports at all." + +Prince Bagration and Tushin looked with equal intentness at +Bolkonski, who spoke with suppressed agitation. + +"And, if your excellency will allow me to express my opinion," he +continued, "we owe today's success chiefly to the action of that +battery and the heroic endurance of Captain Tushin and his company," +and without awaiting a reply, Prince Andrew rose and left the table. + +Prince Bagration looked at Tushin, evidently reluctant to show +distrust in Bolkonski's emphatic opinion yet not feeling able fully to +credit it, bent his head, and told Tushin that he could go. Prince +Andrew went out with him. + +"Thank you; you saved me, my dear fellow!" said Tushin. + +Prince Andrew gave him a look, but said nothing and went away. He +felt sad and depressed. It was all so strange, so unlike what he had +hoped. + + +"Who are they? Why are they here? What do they want? And when will +all this end?" thought Rostov, looking at the changing shadows +before him. The pain in his arm became more and more intense. +Irresistible drowsiness overpowered him, red rings danced before his +eyes, and the impression of those voices and faces and a sense of +loneliness merged with the physical pain. It was they, these soldiers- +wounded and unwounded--it was they who were crushing, weighing down, +and twisting the sinews and scorching the flesh of his sprained arm +and shoulder. To rid himself of them he closed his eyes. + +For a moment he dozed, but in that short interval innumerable things +appeared to him in a dream: his mother and her large white hand, +Sonya's thin little shoulders, Natasha's eyes and laughter, Denisov +with his voice and mustache, and Telyanin and all that affair with +Telyanin and Bogdanich. That affair was the same thing as this soldier +with the harsh voice, and it was that affair and this soldier that +were so agonizingly, incessantly pulling and pressing his arm and +always dragging it in one direction. He tried to get away from them, +but they would not for an instant let his shoulder move a hair's +breadth. It would not ache--it would be well--if only they did not +pull it, but it was impossible to get rid of them. + +He opened his eyes and looked up. The black canopy of night hung +less than a yard above the glow of the charcoal. Flakes of falling +snow were fluttering in that light. Tushin had not returned, the +doctor had not come. He was alone now, except for a soldier who was +sitting naked at the other side of the fire, warming his thin yellow +body. + +"Nobody wants me!" thought Rostov. "There is no one to help me or +pity me. Yet I was once at home, strong, happy, and loved." He +sighed and, doing so, groaned involuntarily. + +"Eh, is anything hurting you?" asked the soldier, shaking his +shirt out over the fire, and not waiting for an answer he gave a grunt +and added: "What a lot of men have been crippled today--frightful!" + +Rostov did not listen to the soldier. He looked at the snowflakes +fluttering above the fire and remembered a Russian winter at his warm, +bright home, his fluffy fur coat, his quickly gliding sleigh, his +healthy body, and all the affection and care of his family. "And why +did I come here?" he wondered. + +Next day the French army did not renew their attack, and the remnant +of Bagration's detachment was reunited to Kutuzov's army. + + + + +BOOK THREE: 1805 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Prince Vasili was not a man who deliberately thought out his +plans. Still less did he think of injuring anyone for his own +advantage. He was merely a man of the world who had got on and to whom +getting on had become a habit. Schemes and devices for which he +never rightly accounted to himself, but which formed the whole +interest of his life, were constantly shaping themselves in his +mind, arising from the circumstances and persons he met. Of these +plans he had not merely one or two in his head but dozens, some only +beginning to form themselves, some approaching achievement, and some +in course of disintegration. He did not, for instance, say to himself: +"This man now has influence, I must gain his confidence and friendship +and through him obtain a special grant." Nor did he say to himself: +"Pierre is a rich man, I must entice him to marry my daughter and lend +me the forty thousand rubles I need." But when he came across +a man of position his instinct immediately told him that this +man could be useful, and without any premeditation Prince Vasili +took the first opportunity to gain his confidence, flatter him, become +intimate with him, and finally make his request. + +He had Pierre at hand in Moscow and procured for him an +appointment as Gentleman of the Bedchamber, which at that time +conferred the status of Councilor of State, and insisted on the +young man accompanying him to Petersburg and staying at his house. +With apparent absent-mindedness, yet with unhesitating assurance +that he was doing the right thing, Prince Vasili did everything to get +Pierre to marry his daughter. Had he thought out his plans +beforehand he could not have been so natural and shown such unaffected +familiarity in intercourse with everybody both above and below him +in social standing. Something always drew him toward those richer +and more powerful than himself and he had rare skill in seizing the +most opportune moment for making use of people. + +Pierre, on unexpectedly becoming Count Bezukhov and a rich man, felt +himself after his recent loneliness and freedom from cares so beset +and preoccupied that only in bed was he able to be by himself. He +had to sign papers, to present himself at government offices, the +purpose of which was not clear to him, to question his chief +steward, to visit his estate near Moscow, and to receive many people +who formerly did not even wish to know of his existence but would +now have been offended and grieved had he chosen not to see them. +These different people--businessmen, relations, and acquaintances +alike--were all disposed to treat the young heir in the most +friendly and flattering manner: they were all evidently firmly +convinced of Pierre's noble qualities. He was always hearing such +words as: "With your remarkable kindness," or, "With your excellent +heart," "You are yourself so honorable Count," or, "Were he as +clever as you," and so on, till he began sincerely to believe in his +own exceptional kindness and extraordinary intelligence, the more so +as in the depth of his heart it had always seemed to him that he +really was very kind and intelligent. Even people who had formerly +been spiteful toward him and evidently unfriendly now became gentle +and affectionate. The angry eldest princess, with the long waist and +hair plastered down like a doll's, had come into Pierre's room after +the funeral. With drooping eyes and frequent blushes she told him +she was very sorry about their past misunderstandings and did not +now feel she had a right to ask him for anything, except only for +permission, after the blow she had received, to remain for a few weeks +longer in the house she so loved and where she had sacrificed so much. +She could not refrain from weeping at these words. Touched that this +statuesque princess could so change, Pierre took her hand and begged +her forgiveness, without knowing what for. From that day the eldest +princess quite changed toward Pierre and began knitting a striped +scarf for him. + +"Do this for my sake, mon cher; after all, she had to put up with +a great deal from the deceased," said Prince Vasili to him, handing +him a deed to sign for the princess' benefit. + +Prince Vasili had come to the conclusion that it was necessary to +throw this bone--a bill for thirty thousand rubles--to the poor +princess that it might not occur to her to speak of his share in the +affair of the inlaid portfolio. Pierre signed the deed and after +that the princess grew still kinder. The younger sisters also became +affectionate to him, especially the youngest, the pretty one with +the mole, who often made him feel confused by her smiles and her own +confusion when meeting him. + +It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone should like him, and it +would have seemed so unnatural had anyone disliked him, that he +could not but believe in the sincerity of those around him. Besides, +he had no time to ask himself whether these people were sincere or +not. He was always busy and always felt in a state of mild and +cheerful intoxication. He felt as though he were the center of some +important and general movement; that something was constantly expected +of him, that if he did not do it he would grieve and disappoint many +people, but if he did this and that, all would be well; and he did +what was demanded of him, but still that happy result always +remained in the future. + +More than anyone else, Prince Vasili took possession of Pierre's +affairs and of Pierre himself in those early days. From the death of +Count Bezukhov he did not let go his hold of the lad. He had the air +of a man oppressed by business, weary and suffering, who yet would +not, for pity's sake, leave this helpless youth who, after all, was +the son of his old friend and the possessor of such enormous wealth, +to the caprice of fate and the designs of rogues. During the few +days he spent in Moscow after the death of Count Bezukhov, he would +call Pierre, or go to him himself, and tell him what ought to be +done in a tone of weariness and assurance, as if he were adding +every time: "You know I am overwhelmed with business and it is +purely out of charity that I trouble myself about you, and you also +know quite well that what I propose is the only thing possible." + +"Well, my dear fellow, tomorrow we are off at last," said Prince +Vasili one day, closing his eyes and fingering Pierre's elbow, +speaking as if he were saying something which had long since been +agreed upon and could not now be altered. "We start tomorrow and I'm +giving you a place in my carriage. I am very glad. All our important +business here is now settled, and I ought to have been off long ago. +Here is something I have received from the chancellor. I asked him for +you, and you have been entered in the diplomatic corps and made a +Gentleman of the Bedchamber. The diplomatic career now lies open +before you." + +Notwithstanding the tone of wearied assurance with which these words +were pronounced, Pierre, who had so long been considering his +career, wished to make some suggestion. But Prince Vasili +interrupted him in the special deep cooing tone, precluding the +possibility of interrupting his speech, which he used in extreme cases +when special persuasion was needed. + +"Mais, mon cher, I did this for my own sake, to satisfy my +conscience, and there is nothing to thank me for. No one has ever +complained yet of being too much loved; and besides, you are free, you +could throw it up tomorrow. But you will see everything for yourself +when you get to Petersburg. It is high time for you to get away from +these terrible recollections." Prince Vasili sighed. "Yes, yes, my +boy. And my valet can go in your carriage. Ah! I was nearly +forgetting," he added. "You know, mon cher, your father and I had some +accounts to settle, so I have received what was due from the Ryazan +estate and will keep it; you won't require it. We'll go into the +accounts later." + +By "what was due from the Ryazan estate" Prince Vasili meant several +thousand rubles quitrent received from Pierre's peasants, which the +prince had retained for himself. + +In Petersburg, as in Moscow, Pierre found the same atmosphere of +gentleness and affection. He could not refuse the post, or rather +the rank (for he did nothing), that Prince Vasili had procured for +him, and acquaintances, invitations, and social occupations were so +numerous that, even more than in Moscow, he felt a sense of +bewilderment, bustle, and continual expectation of some good, always +in front of him but never attained. + +Of his former bachelor acquaintances many were no longer in +Petersburg. The Guards had gone to the front; Dolokhov had been +reduced to the ranks; Anatole was in the army somewhere in the +provinces; Prince Andrew was abroad; so Pierre had not the opportunity +to spend his nights as he used to like to spend them, or to open his +mind by intimate talks with a friend older than himself and whom he +respected. His whole time was taken up with dinners and balls and +was spent chiefly at Prince Vasili's house in the company of the stout +princess, his wife, and his beautiful daughter Helene. + +Like the others, Anna Pavlovna Scherer showed Pierre the change of +attitude toward him that had taken place in society. + +Formerly in Anna Pavlovna's presence, Pierre had always felt that +what he was saying was out of place, tactless and unsuitable, that +remarks which seemed to him clever while they formed in his mind +became foolish as soon as he uttered them, while on the contrary +Hippolyte's stupidest remarks came out clever and apt. Now +everything Pierre said was charmant. Even if Anna Pavlovna did not say +so, he could see that she wished to and only refrained out of regard +for his modesty. + +In the beginning of the winter of 1805-6 Pierre received one of Anna +Pavlovna's usual pink notes with an invitation to which was added: +"You will find the beautiful Helene here, whom it is always delightful +to see." + +When he read that sentence, Pierre felt for the first time that some +link which other people recognized had grown up between himself and +Helene, and that thought both alarmed him, as if some obligation +were being imposed on him which he could not fulfill, and pleased +him as an entertaining supposition. + +Anna Pavlovna's "At Home" was like the former one, only the +novelty she offered her guests this time was not Mortemart, but a +diplomatist fresh from Berlin with the very latest details of the +Emperor Alexander's visit to Potsdam, and of how the two august +friends had pledged themselves in an indissoluble alliance to uphold +the cause of justice against the enemy of the human race. Anna +Pavlovna received Pierre with a shade of melancholy, evidently +relating to the young man's recent loss by the death of Count Bezukhov +(everyone constantly considered it a duty to assure Pierre that he was +greatly afflicted by the death of the father he had hardly known), and +her melancholy was just like the august melancholy she showed at the +mention of her most august Majesty the Empress Marya Fedorovna. Pierre +felt flattered by this. Anna Pavlovna arranged the different groups in +her drawing room with her habitual skill. The large group, in which +were Prince Vasili and the generals, had the benefit of the +diplomat. Another group was at the tea table. Pierre wished to join +the former, but Anna Pavlovna--who was in the excited condition of a +commander on a battlefield to whom thousands of new and brilliant +ideas occur which there is hardly time to put in action--seeing +Pierre, touched his sleeve with her finger, saying: + +"Wait a bit, I have something in view for you this evening." (She +glanced at Helene and smiled at her.) "My dear Helene, be charitable +to my poor aunt who adores you. Go and keep her company for ten +minutes. And that it will not be too dull, here is the dear count +who will not refuse to accompany you." + +The beauty went to the aunt, but Anna Pavlovna detained Pierre, +looking as if she had to give some final necessary instructions. + +"Isn't she exquisite?" she said to Pierre, pointing to the stately +beauty as she glided away. "And how she carries herself! For so +young a girl, such tact, such masterly perfection of manner! It +comes from her heart. Happy the man who wins her! With her the least +worldly of men would occupy a most brilliant position in society. +Don't you think so? I only wanted to know your opinion," and Anna +Pavlovna let Pierre go. + +Pierre, in reply, sincerely agreed with her as to Helene's +perfection of manner. If he ever thought of Helene, it was just of her +beauty and her remarkable skill in appearing silently dignified in +society. + +The old aunt received the two young people in her corner, but seemed +desirous of hiding her adoration for Helene and inclined rather to +show her fear of Anna Pavlovna. She looked at her niece, as if +inquiring what she was to do with these people. On leaving them, +Anna Pavlovna again touched Pierre's sleeve, saying: "I hope you won't +say that it is dull in my house again," and she glanced at Helene. + +Helene smiled, with a look implying that she did not admit the +possibility of anyone seeing her without being enchanted. The aunt +coughed, swallowed, and said in French that she was very pleased to +see Helene, then she turned to Pierre with the same words of welcome +and the same look. In the middle of a dull and halting conversation, +Helene turned to Pierre with the beautiful bright smile that she +gave to everyone. Pierre was so used to that smile, and it had so +little meaning for him, that he paid no attention to it. The aunt +was just speaking of a collection of snuffboxes that had belonged to +Pierre's father, Count Bezukhov, and showed them her own box. Princess +Helene asked to see the portrait of the aunt's husband on the box lid. + +"That is probably the work of Vinesse," said Pierre, mentioning a +celebrated miniaturist, and he leaned over the table to take the +snuffbox while trying to hear what was being said at the other table. + +He half rose, meaning to go round, but the aunt handed him the +snuffbox, passing it across Helene's back. Helene stooped forward to +make room, and looked round with a smile. She was, as always at +evening parties, wearing a dress such as was then fashionable, cut +very low at front and back. Her bust, which had always seemed like +marble to Pierre, was so close to him that his shortsighted eyes could +not but perceive the living charm of her neck and shoulders, so near +to his lips that he need only have bent his head a little to have +touched them. He was conscious of the warmth of her body, the scent of +perfume, and the creaking of her corset as she moved. He did not see +her marble beauty forming a complete whole with her dress, but all the +charm of her body only covered by her garments. And having once seen +this he could not help being aware it, just as we cannot renew an +illusion we have once seen through. + +"So you have never noticed before how beautiful I am?" Helene seemed +to say. "You had not noticed that I am a woman? Yes, I am a woman +who may belong to anyone--to you too," said her glance. And at that +moment Pierre felt that Helene not only could, but must, be his +wife, and that it could not be otherwise. + +He knew this at that moment as surely as if he had been standing +at the altar with her. How and when this would be he did not know, +he did not even know if it would be a good thing (he even felt, he +knew not why, that it would be a bad thing), but he knew it would +happen. + +Pierre dropped his eyes, lifted them again, and wished once more +to see her as a distant beauty far removed from him, as he had seen +her every day until then, but he could no longer do it. He could +not, any more than a man who has been looking at a tuft of steppe +grass through the mist and taking it for a tree can again take it +for a tree after he has once recognized it to be a tuft of grass. +She was terribly close to him. She already had power over him, and +between them there was no longer any barrier except the barrier of his +own will. + +"Well, I will leave you in your little corner," came Anna Pavlovna's +voice, "I see you are all right there." + +And Pierre, anxiously trying to remember whether he had done +anything reprehensible, looked round with a blush. It seemed to him +that everyone knew what had happened to him as he knew it himself. + +A little later when he went up to the large circle, Anna Pavlovna +said to him: "I hear you are refitting your Petersburg house?" + +This was true. The architect had told him that it was necessary, and +Pierre, without knowing why, was having his enormous Petersburg +house done up. + +"That's a good thing, but don't move from Prince Vasili's. It is +good to have a friend like the prince," she said, smiling at Prince +Vasili. "I know something about that. Don't I? And you are still so +young. You need advice. Don't be angry with me for exercising an old +woman's privilege." + +She paused, as women always do, expecting something after they +have mentioned their age. "If you marry it will be a different thing," +she continued, uniting them both in one glance. Pierre did not look at +Helene nor she at him. But she was just as terribly close to him. He +muttered something and colored. + +When he got home he could not sleep for a long time for thinking +of what had happened. What had happened? Nothing. He had merely +understood that the woman he had known as a child, of whom when her +beauty was mentioned he had said absent-mindedly: "Yes, she's good +looking," he had understood that this woman might belong to him. + +"But she's stupid. I have myself said she is stupid," he thought. +"There is something nasty, something wrong, in the feeling she excites +in me. I have been told that her brother Anatole was in love with +her and she with him, that there was quite a scandal and that that's +why he was sent away. Hippolyte is her brother... Prince Vasili is her +father... It's bad...." he reflected, but while he was thinking this +(the reflection was still incomplete), he caught himself smiling and +was conscious that another line of thought had sprung up, and while +thinking of her worthlessness he was also dreaming of how she would be +his wife, how she would love him become quite different, and how all +he had thought and heard of her might be false. And he again saw her +not as the daughter of Prince Vasili, but visualized her whole body +only veiled by its gray dress. "But no! Why did this thought never +occur to me before?" and again he told himself that it was impossible, +that there would be something unnatural, and as it seemed to him +dishonorable, in this marriage. He recalled her former words and looks +and the words and looks of those who had seen them together. He +recalled Anna Pavlovna's words and looks when she spoke to him about +his house, recalled thousands of such hints from Prince Vasili and +others, and was seized by terror lest he had already, in some way, +bound himself to do something that was evidently wrong and that he +ought not to do. But at the very time he was expressing this +conviction to himself, in another part of his mind her image rose in +all its womanly beauty. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + +In November, 1805, Prince Vasili had to go on a tour of inspection +in four different provinces. He had arranged this for himself so as to +visit his neglected estates at the same time and pick up his son +Anatole where his regiment was stationed, and take him to visit Prince +Nicholas Bolkonski in order to arrange a match for him with the +daughter of that rich old man. But before leaving home and undertaking +these new affairs, Prince Vasili had to settle matters with Pierre, +who, it is true, had latterly spent whole days at home, that is, in +Prince Vasili's house where he was staying, and had been absurd, +excited, and foolish in Helene's presence (as a lover should be), +but had not yet proposed to her. + +"This is all very fine, but things must be settled," said Prince +Vasili to himself, with a sorrowful sigh, one morning, feeling that +Pierre who was under such obligations to him ("But never mind that") +was not behaving very well in this matter. "Youth, frivolity... +well, God be with him," thought he, relishing his own goodness of +heart, "but it must be brought to a head. The day after tomorrow +will be Lelya's name day. I will invite two or three people, and if he +does not understand what he ought to do then it will be my affair- +yes, my affair. I am her father." + +Six weeks after Anna Pavlovna's "At Home" and after the sleepless +night when he had decided that to marry Helene would be a calamity and +that he ought to avoid her and go away, Pierre, despite that decision, +had not left Prince Vasili's and felt with terror that in people's +eyes he was every day more and more connected with her, that it was +impossible for him to return to his former conception of her, that +he could not break away from her, and that though it would be a +terrible thing he would have to unite his fate with hers. He might +perhaps have been able to free himself but that Prince Vasili (who had +rarely before given receptions) now hardly let a day go by without +having an evening party at which Pierre had to be present unless he +wished to spoil the general pleasure and disappoint everyone's +expectation. Prince Vasili, in the rare moments when he was at home, +would take Pierre's hand in passing and draw it downwards, or +absent-mindedly hold out his wrinkled, clean-shaven cheek for Pierre +to kiss and would say: "Till tomorrow," or, "Be in to dinner or I +shall not see you," or, "I am staying in for your sake," and so on. +And though Prince Vasili, when he stayed in (as he said) for +Pierre's sake, hardly exchanged a couple of words with him, Pierre +felt unable to disappoint him. Every day he said to himself one and +the same thing: "It is time I understood her and made up my mind +what she really is. Was I mistaken before, or am I mistaken now? No, +she is not stupid, she is an excellent girl," he sometimes said to +himself "she never makes a mistake, never says anything stupid. She +says little, but what she does say is always clear and simple, so +she is not stupid. She never was abashed and is not abashed now, so +she cannot be a bad woman!" He had often begun to make reflections +or think aloud in her company, and she had always answered him +either by a brief but appropriate remark--showing that it did not +interest her--or by a silent look and smile which more palpably than +anything else showed Pierre her superiority. She was right in +regarding all arguments as nonsense in comparison with that smile. + +She always addressed him with a radiantly confiding smile meant +for him alone, in which there was something more significant than in +the general smile that usually brightened her face. Pierre knew that +everyone was waiting for him to say a word and cross a certain line, +and he knew that sooner or later he would step across it, but an +incomprehensible terror seized him at the thought of that dreadful +step. A thousand times during that month and a half while he felt +himself drawn nearer and nearer to that dreadful abyss, Pierre said to +himself: "What am I doing? I need resolution. Can it be that I have +none?" + +He wished to take a decision, but felt with dismay that in this +matter he lacked that strength of will which he had known in himself +and really possessed. Pierre was one of those who are only strong when +they feel themselves quite innocent, and since that day when he was +overpowered by a feeling of desire while stooping over the snuffbox at +Anna Pavlovna's, an unacknowledged sense of the guilt of that desire +paralyzed his will. + +On Helene's name day, a small party of just their own people--as his +wife said--met for supper at Prince Vasili's. All these friends and +relations had been given to understand that the fate of the young girl +would be decided that evening. The visitors were seated at supper. +Princess Kuragina, a portly imposing woman who had once been handsome, +was sitting at the head of the table. On either side of her sat the +more important guests--an old general and his wife, and Anna +Pavlovna Scherer. At the other end sat the younger and less +important guests, and there too sat the members of the family, and +Pierre and Helene, side by side. Prince Vasili was not having any +supper: he went round the table in a merry mood, sitting down now by +one, now by another, of the guests. To each of them he made some +careless and agreeable remark except to Pierre and Helene, whose +presence he seemed not to notice. He enlivened the whole party. The +wax candles burned brightly, the silver and crystal gleamed, so did +the ladies' toilets and the gold and silver of the men's epaulets; +servants in scarlet liveries moved round the table, the clatter of +plates, knives, and glasses mingled with the animated hum of several +conversations. At one end of the table, the old chamberlain was +heard assuring an old baroness that he loved her passionately, at +which she laughed; at the other could be heard the story of the +misfortunes of some Mary Viktorovna or other. At the center of the +table, Prince Vasili attracted everybody's attention. With a facetious +smile on his face, he was telling the ladies about last Wednesday's +meeting of the Imperial Council, at which Sergey Kuzmich +Vyazmitinov, the new military governor general of Petersburg, had +received and read the then famous rescript of the Emperor Alexander +from the army to Sergey Kuzmich, in which the Emperor said that he was +receiving from all sides declarations of the people's loyalty, that +the declaration from Petersburg gave him particular pleasure, and that +he was proud to be at the head of such a nation and would endeavor +to be worthy of it. This rescript began with the words: "Sergey +Kuzmich, From all sides reports reach me," etc. + +"Well, and so he never got farther than: 'Sergey Kuzmich'?" asked +one of the ladies. + +"Exactly, not a hair's breadth farther," answered Prince Vasili, +laughing, "'Sergey Kuzmich... From all sides... From all sides... +Sergey Kuzmich...' Poor Vyazmitinov could not get any farther! He +began the rescript again and again, but as soon as he uttered 'Sergey' +he sobbed, 'Kuz-mi-ch,' tears, and 'From all sides' was smothered in +sobs and he could get no farther. And again his handkerchief, and +again: 'Sergey Kuzmich, From all sides,'... and tears, till at last +somebody else was asked to read it." + +"Kuzmich... From all sides... and then tears," someone repeated +laughing. + +"Don't be unkind," cried Anna Pavlovna from her end of the table +holding up a threatening finger. "He is such a worthy and excellent +man, our dear Vyazmitinov...." + +Everybody laughed a great deal. At the head of the table, where +the honored guests sat, everyone seemed to be in high spirits and +under the influence of a variety of exciting sensations. Only Pierre +and Helene sat silently side by side almost at the bottom of the +table, a suppressed smile brightening both their faces, a smile that +had nothing to do with Sergey Kuzmich--a smile of bashfulness at their +own feelings. But much as all the rest laughed, talked, and joked, +much as they enjoyed their Rhine wine, saute, and ices, and however +they avoided looking at the young couple, and heedless and unobservant +as they seemed of them, one could feel by the occasional glances +they gave that the story about Sergey Kuzmich, the laughter, and the +food were all a pretense, and that the whole attention of that company +was directed to--Pierre and Helene. Prince Vasili mimicked the sobbing +of Sergey Kuzmich and at the same time his eyes glanced toward his +daughter, and while he laughed the expression on his face clearly +said: "Yes... it's getting on, it will all be settled today." Anna +Pavlovna threatened him on behalf of "our dear Vyazmitinov," and in +her eyes, which, for an instant, glanced at Pierre, Prince Vasili read +a congratulation on his future son-in-law and on his daughter's +happiness. The old princess sighed sadly as she offered some wine to +the old lady next to her and glanced angrily at her daughter, and +her sigh seemed to say: "Yes, there's nothing left for you and me +but to sip sweet wine, my dear, now that the time has come for these +young ones to be thus boldly, provocatively happy." "And what nonsense +all this is that I am saying!" thought a diplomatist, glancing at +the happy faces of the lovers. "That's happiness!" + +Into the insignificant, trifling, and artificial interests uniting +that society had entered the simple feeling of the attraction of a +healthy and handsome young man and woman for one another. And this +human feeling dominated everything else and soared above all their +affected chatter. Jests fell flat, news was not interesting, and the +animation was evidently forced. Not only the guests but even the +footmen waiting at table seemed to feel this, and they forgot their +duties as they looked at the beautiful Helene with her radiant face +and at the red, broad, and happy though uneasy face of Pierre. It +seemed as if the very light of the candles was focused on those two +happy faces alone. + +Pierre felt that he was the center of it all, and this both pleased +and embarrassed him. He was like a man entirely absorbed in some +occupation. He did not see, hear, or understand anything clearly. Only +now and then detached ideas and impressions from the world of +reality shot unexpectedly through his mind. + +"So it is all finished!" he thought. "And how has it all happened? +How quickly! Now I know that not because of her alone, nor of myself +alone, but because of everyone, it must inevitably come about. They +are all expecting it, they are so sure that it will happen that I +cannot, I cannot, disappoint them. But how will it be? I do not +know, but it will certainly happen!" thought Pierre, glancing at those +dazzling shoulders close to his eyes. + +Or he would suddenly feel ashamed of he knew not what. He felt it +awkward to attract everyone's attention and to be considered a lucky +man and, with his plain face, to be looked on as a sort of Paris +possessed of a Helen. "But no doubt it always is and must be so!" he +consoled himself. "And besides, what have I done to bring it about? +How did it begin? I traveled from Moscow with Prince Vasili. Then +there was nothing. So why should I not stay at his house? Then I +played cards with her and picked up her reticule and drove out with +her. How did it begin, when did it all come about?" And here he was +sitting by her side as her betrothed, seeing, hearing, feeling her +nearness, her breathing, her movements, her beauty. Then it would +suddenly seem to him that it was not she but he was so unusually +beautiful, and that that was why they all looked so at him, and +flattered by this general admiration he would expand his chest, +raise his head, and rejoice at his good fortune. Suddenly he heard a +familiar voice repeating something to him a second time. But Pierre +was so absorbed that he did not understand what was said. + +"I am asking you when you last heard from Bolkonski," repeated +Prince Vasili a third time. "How absent-minded you are, my dear +fellow." + +Prince Vasili smiled, and Pierre noticed that everyone was smiling +at him and Helene. "Well, what of it, if you all know it?" thought +Pierre. "What of it? It's the truth!" and he himself smiled his gentle +childlike smile, and Helene smiled too. + +"When did you get the letter? Was it from Olmutz?" repeated Prince +Vasili, who pretended to want to know this in order to settle a +dispute. + +"How can one talk or think of such trifles?" thought Pierre. + +"Yes, from Olmutz," he answered, with a sigh. + +After supper Pierre with his partner followed the others into the +drawing room. The guests began to disperse, some without taking +leave of Helene. Some, as if unwilling to distract her from an +important occupation, came up to her for a moment and made haste to go +away, refusing to let her see them off. The diplomatist preserved a +mournful silence as he left the drawing room. He pictured the vanity +of his diplomatic career in comparison with Pierre's happiness. The +old general grumbled at his wife when she asked how his leg was. +"Oh, the old fool," he thought. "That Princess Helene will be +beautiful still when she's fifty." + +"I think I may congratulate you," whispered Anna Pavlovna to the old +princess, kissing her soundly. "If I hadn't this headache I'd have +stayed longer." + +The old princess did not reply, she was tormented by jealousy of her +daughter's happiness. + +While the guests were taking their leave Pierre remained for a +long time alone with Helene in the little drawing room where they were +sitting. He had often before, during the last six weeks, remained +alone with her, but had never spoken to her of love. Now he felt +that it was inevitable, but he could not make up his mind to take +the final step. He felt ashamed; he felt that he was occupying someone +else's place here beside Helene. "This happiness is not for you," some +inner voice whispered to him. "This happiness is for those who have +not in them what there is in you." + +But, as he had to say something, he began by asking her whether +she was satisfied with the party. She replied in her usual simple +manner that this name day of hers had been one of the pleasantest +she had ever had. + +Some of the nearest relatives had not yet left. They were sitting in +the large drawing room. Prince Vasili came up to Pierre with languid +footsteps. Pierre rose and said it was getting late. Prince Vasili +gave him a look of stern inquiry, as though what Pierre had just +said was so strange that one could not take it in. But then the +expression of severity changed, and he drew Pierre's hand downwards, +made him sit down, and smiled affectionately. + +"Well, Lelya?" he asked, turning instantly to his daughter and +addressing her with the careless tone of habitual tenderness natural +to parents who have petted their children from babyhood, but which +Prince Vasili had only acquired by imitating other parents. + +And he again turned to Pierre. + +"Sergey Kuzmich--From all sides-" he said, unbuttoning the top +button of his waistcoat. + +Pierre smiled, but his smile showed that he knew it was not the +story about Sergey Kuzmich that interested Prince Vasili just then, +and Prince Vasili saw that Pierre knew this. He suddenly muttered +something and went away. It seemed to Pierre that even the prince +was disconcerted. The sight of the discomposure of that old man of the +world touched Pierre: he looked at Helene and she too seemed +disconcerted, and her look seemed to say: "Well, it is your own +fault." + +"The step must be taken but I cannot, I cannot!" thought Pierre, and +he again began speaking about indifferent matters, about Sergey +Kuzmich, asking what the point of the story was as he had not heard it +properly. Helene answered with a smile that she too had missed it. + +When Prince Vasili returned to the drawing room, the princess, his +wife, was talking in low tones to the elderly lady about Pierre. + +"Of course, it is a very brilliant match, but happiness, my dear..." + +"Marriages are made in heaven," replied the elderly lady. + +Prince Vasili passed by, seeming not to hear the ladies, and sat +down on a sofa in a far corner of the room. He closed his eyes and +seemed to be dozing. His head sank forward and then he roused himself. + +"Aline," he said to his wife, "go and see what they are about." + +The princess went up to the door, passed by it with a dignified +and indifferent air, and glanced into the little drawing room. +Pierre and Helene still sat talking just as before. + +"Still the same," she said to her husband. + +Prince Vasili frowned, twisting his mouth, his cheeks quivered and +his face assumed the coarse, unpleasant expression peculiar to him. +Shaking himself, he rose, threw back his head, and with resolute steps +went past the ladies into the little drawing room. With quick steps he +went joyfully up to Pierre. His face was so unusually triumphant +that Pierre rose in alarm on seeing it. + +"Thank God!" said Prince Vasili. "My wife has told me everything!" +(He put one arm around Pierre and the other around his daughter.)--"My +dear boy... Lelya... I am very pleased." (His voice trembled.) "I +loved your father... and she will make you a good wife... God bless +you!..." + +He embraced his daughter, and then again Pierre, and kissed him with +his malodorous mouth. Tears actually moistened his cheeks. + +"Princess, come here!" he shouted. + +The old princess came in and also wept. The elderly lady was using +her handkerchief too. Pierre was kissed, and he kissed the beautiful +Helene's hand several times. After a while they were left alone again. + +"All this had to be and could not be otherwise," thought Pierre, "so +it is useless to ask whether it is good or bad. It is good because +it's definite and one is rid of the old tormenting doubt." Pierre held +the hand of his betrothed in silence, looking at her beautiful bosom +as it rose and fell. + +"Helene!" he said aloud and paused. + +"Something special is always said in such cases," he thought, but +could not remember what it was that people say. He looked at her face. +She drew nearer to him. Her face flushed. + +"Oh, take those off... those..." she said, pointing to his +spectacles. + +Pierre took them off, and his eyes, besides the strange look eyes +have from which spectacles have just been removed, had also a +frightened and inquiring look. He was about to stoop over her hand and +kiss it, but with a rapid, almost brutal movement of her head, she +intercepted his lips and met them with her own. Her face struck +Pierre, by its altered, unpleasantly excited expression. + +"It is too late now, it's done; besides I love her," thought Pierre. + +"Je vous aime!"* he said, remembering what has to be said at such +moments: but his words sounded so weak that he felt ashamed of +himself. + + +*"I love you." + + +Six weeks later he was married, and settled in Count Bezukhov's +large, newly furnished Petersburg house, the happy possessor, as +people said, of a wife who was a celebrated beauty and of millions +of money. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +Old Prince Nicholas Bolkonski received a letter from Prince Vasili +in November, 1805, announcing that he and his son would be paying +him a visit. "I am starting on a journey of inspection, and of +course I shall think nothing of an extra seventy miles to come and see +you at the same time, my honored benefactor," wrote Prince Vasili. "My +son Anatole is accompanying me on his way to the army, so I hope you +will allow him personally to express the deep respect that, +emulating his father, he feels for you." + +"It seems that there will be no need to bring Mary out, suitors +are coming to us of their own accord," incautiously remarked the +little princess on hearing the news. + +Prince Nicholas frowned, but said nothing. + +A fortnight after the letter Prince Vasili's servants came one +evening in advance of him, and he and his son arrived next day. + +Old Bolkonski had always had a poor opinion of Prince Vasili's +character, but more so recently, since in the new reigns of Paul and +Alexander Prince Vasili had risen to high position and honors. And +now, from the hints contained in his letter and given by the little +princess, he saw which way the wind was blowing, and his low opinion +changed into a feeling of contemptuous ill will. He snorted whenever +he mentioned him. On the day of Prince Vasili's arrival, Prince +Bolkonski was particularly discontented and out of temper. Whether +he was in a bad temper because Prince Vasili was coming, or whether +his being in a bad temper made him specially annoyed at Prince +Vasili's visit, he was in a bad temper, and in the morning Tikhon +had already advised the architect not to go to the prince with his +report. + +"Do you hear how he's walking?" said Tikhon, drawing the architect's +attention to the sound of the prince's footsteps. "Stepping flat on +his heels--we know what that means...." + +However, at nine o'clock the prince, in his velvet coat with a sable +collar and cap, went out for his usual walk. It had snowed the day +before and the path to the hothouse, along which the prince was in the +habit of walking, had been swept: the marks of the broom were still +visible in the snow and a shovel had been left sticking in one of +the soft snowbanks that bordered both sides of the path. The prince +went through the conservatories, the serfs' quarters, and the +outbuildings, frowning and silent. + +"Can a sleigh pass?" he asked his overseer, a venerable man, +resembling his master in manners and looks, who was accompanying him +back to the house. + +"The snow is deep. I am having the avenue swept, your honor." + +The prince bowed his head and went up to the porch. "God be +thanked," thought the overseer, "the storm has blown over!" + +"It would have been hard to drive up, your honor," he added. "I +heard, your honor, that a minister is coming to visit your honor." + +The prince turned round to the overseer and fixed his eyes on him, +frowning. + +"What? A minister? What minister? Who gave orders?" he said in his +shrill, harsh voice. "The road is not swept for the princess my +daughter, but for a minister! For me, there are no ministers!" + +"Your honor, I thought..." + +"You thought!" shouted the prince, his words coming more and more +rapidly and indistinctly. "You thought!... Rascals! Blackgaurds!... +I'll teach you to think!" and lifting his stick he swung it and +would have hit Alpatych, the overseer, had not the latter +instinctively avoided the blow. "Thought... Blackguards..." shouted +the prince rapidly. + +But although Alpatych, frightened at his own temerity in avoiding +the stroke, came up to the prince, bowing his bald head resignedly +before him, or perhaps for that very reason, the prince, though he +continued to shout: "Blackgaurds!... Throw the snow back on the road!" +did not lift his stick again but hurried into the house. + +Before dinner, Princess Mary and Mademoiselle Bourienne, who knew +that the prince was in a bad humor, stood awaiting him; Mademoiselle +Bourienne with a radiant face that said: "I know nothing, I am the +same as usual," and Princess Mary pale, frightened, and with +downcast eyes. What she found hardest to bear was to know that on such +occasions she ought to behave like Mademoiselle Bourienne, but could +not. She thought: "If I seem not to notice he will think that I do not +sympathize with him; if I seem sad and out of spirits myself, he +will say (as he has done before) that I'm in the dumps." + +The prince looked at his daughter's frightened face and snorted. + +"Fool... or dummy!" he muttered. + +"And the other one is not here. They've been telling tales," he +thought--referring to the little princess who was not in the dining +room. + +"Where is the princess?" he asked. "Hiding?" + +"She is not very well," answered Mademoiselle Bourienne with a +bright smile, "so she won't come down. It is natural in her state." + +"Hm! Hm!" muttered the prince, sitting down. + +His plate seemed to him not quite clean, and pointing to a spot he +flung it away. Tikhon caught it and handed it to a footman. The little +princess was not unwell, but had such an overpowering fear of the +prince that, hearing he was in a bad humor, she had decided not to +appear. + +"I am afraid for the baby," she said to Mademoiselle Bourienne: +"Heaven knows what a fright might do." + +In general at Bald Hills the little princess lived in constant fear, +and with a sense of antipathy to the old prince which she did not +realize because the fear was so much the stronger feeling. The +prince reciprocated this antipathy, but it was overpowered by his +contempt for her. When the little princess had grown accustomed to +life at Bald Hills, she took a special fancy to Mademoiselle +Bourienne, spent whole days with her, asked her to sleep in her +room, and often talked with her about the old prince and criticized +him. + +"So we are to have visitors, mon prince?" remarked Mademoiselle +Bourienne, unfolding her white napkin with her rosy fingers. "His +Excellency Prince Vasili Kuragin and his son, I understand?" she +said inquiringly. + +"Hm!--his excellency is a puppy.... I got him his appointment in the +service," said the prince disdainfully. "Why his son is coming I don't +understand. Perhaps Princess Elizabeth and Princess Mary know. I don't +want him." (He looked at his blushing daughter.) "Are you unwell +today? Eh? Afraid of the 'minister' as that idiot Alpatych called +him this morning?" + +"No, mon pere." + +Though Mademoiselle Bourienne had been so unsuccessful in her choice +of a subject, she did not stop talking, but chattered about the +conservatories and the beauty of a flower that had just opened, and +after the soup the prince became more genial. + +After dinner, he went to see his daughter-in-law. The little +princess was sitting at a small table, chattering with Masha, her +maid. She grew pale on seeing her father-in-law. + +She was much altered. She was now plain rather than pretty. Her +cheeks had sunk, her lip was drawn up, and her eyes drawn down. + +"Yes, I feel a kind of oppression," she said in reply to the +prince's question as to how she felt. + +"Do you want anything?" + +"No, merci, mon pere." + +"Well, all right, all right." + +He left the room and went to the waiting room where Alpatych stood +with bowed head. + +"Has the snow been shoveled back?" + +"Yes, your excellency. Forgive me for heaven's sake... It was only +my stupidity." + +"All right, all right," interrupted the prince, and laughing his +unnatural way, he stretched out his hand for Alpatych to kiss, and +then proceeded to his study. + +Prince Vasili arrived that evening. He was met in the avenue by +coachmen and footmen, who, with loud shouts, dragged his sleighs up to +one of the lodges over the road purposely laden with snow. + +Prince Vasili and Anatole had separate rooms assigned to them. + +Anatole, having taken off his overcoat, sat with arms akimbo +before a table on a corner of which he smilingly and absent-mindedly +fixed his large and handsome eyes. He regarded his whole life as a +continual round of amusement which someone for some reason had to +provide for him. And he looked on this visit to a churlish old man and +a rich and ugly heiress in the same way. All this might, he thought, +turn out very well and amusingly. "And why not marry her if she really +has so much money? That never does any harm," thought Anatole. + +He shaved and scented himself with the care and elegance which had +become habitual to him and, his handsome head held high, entered his +father's room with the good-humored and victorious air natural to him. +Prince Vasili's two valets were busy dressing him, and he looked round +with much animation and cheerfully nodded to his son as the latter +entered, as if to say: "Yes, that's how I want you to look." + +"I say, Father, joking apart, is she very hideous?" Anatole asked, +as if continuing a conversation the subject of which had often been +mentioned during the journey. + +"Enough! What nonsense! Above all, try to be respectful and cautious +with the old prince." + +"If he starts a row I'll go away," said Prince Anatole. "I can't +bear those old men! Eh?" + +"Remember, for you everything depends on this." + +In the meantime, not only was it known in the maidservants' rooms +that the minister and his son had arrived, but the appearance of +both had been minutely described. Princess Mary was sitting alone in +her room, vainly trying to master her agitation. + +"Why did they write, why did Lise tell me about it? It can never +happen!" she said, looking at herself in the glass. "How shall I enter +the drawing room? Even if I like him I can't now be myself with +him." The mere thought of her father's look filled her with terror. +The little princess and Mademoiselle Bourienne had already received +from Masha, the lady's maid, the necessary report of how handsome +the minister's son was, with his rosy cheeks and dark eyebrows, and +with what difficulty the father had dragged his legs upstairs while +the son had followed him like an eagle, three steps at a time. +Having received this information, the little princess and Mademoiselle +Bourienne, whose chattering voices had reached her from the +corridor, went into Princess Mary's room. + +"You know they've come, Marie?" said the little princess, waddling +in, and sinking heavily into an armchair. + +She was no longer in the loose gown she generally wore in the +morning, but had on one of her best dresses. Her hair was carefully +done and her face was animated, which, however, did not conceal its +sunken and faded outlines. Dressed as she used to be in Petersburg +society, it was still more noticeable how much plainer she had become. +Some unobtrusive touch had been added to Mademoiselle Bourienne's +toilet which rendered her fresh and pretty face yet more attractive. + +"What! Are you going to remain as you are, dear princess?" she +began. "They'll be announcing that the gentlemen are in the drawing +room and we shall have to go down, and you have not smartened yourself +up at all!" + +The little princess got up, rang for the maid, and hurriedly and +merrily began to devise and carry out a plan of how Princess Mary +should be dressed. Princess Mary's self-esteem was wounded by the fact +that the arrival of a suitor agitated her, and still more so by both +her companions' not having the least conception that it could be +otherwise. To tell them that she felt ashamed for herself and for them +would be to betray her agitation, while to decline their offers to +dress her would prolong their banter and insistence. She flushed, +her beautiful eyes grew dim, red blotches came on her face, and it +took on the unattractive martyrlike expression it so often wore, as +she submitted herself to Mademoiselle Bourienne and Lise. Both these +women quite sincerely tried to make her look pretty. She was so +plain that neither of them could think of her as a rival, so they +began dressing her with perfect sincerity, and with the naive and firm +conviction women have that dress can make a face pretty. + +"No really, my dear, this dress is not pretty," said Lise, looking +sideways at Princess Mary from a little distance. "You have a maroon +dress, have it fetched. Really! You know the fate of your whole life +may be at stake. But this one is too light, it's not becoming!" + +It was not the dress, but the face and whole figure of Princess Mary +that was not pretty, but neither Mademoiselle Bourienne nor the little +princess felt this; they still thought that if a blue ribbon were +placed in the hair, the hair combed up, and the blue scarf arranged +lower on the best maroon dress, and so on, all would be well. They +forgot that the frightened face and the figure could not be altered, +and that however they might change the setting and adornment of that +face, it would still remain piteous and plain. After two or three +changes to which Princess Mary meekly submitted, just as her hair +had been arranged on the top of her head (a style that quite altered +and spoiled her looks) and she had put on a maroon dress with a +pale-blue scarf, the little princess walked twice round her, now +adjusting a fold of the dress with her little hand, now arranging +the scarf and looking at her with her head bent first on one side +and then on the other. + +"No, it will not do," she said decidedly, clasping her hands. "No, +Mary, really this dress does not suit you. I prefer you in your little +gray everyday dress. Now please, do it for my sake. Katie," she said +to the maid, "bring the princess her gray dress, and you'll see, +Mademoiselle Bourienne, how I shall arrange it," she added, smiling +with a foretaste of artistic pleasure. + +But when Katie brought the required dress, Princess Mary remained +sitting motionless before the glass, looking at her face, and saw in +the mirror her eyes full of tears and her mouth quivering, ready to +burst into sobs. + +"Come, dear princess," said Mademoiselle Bourienne, "just one more +little effort." + +The little princess, taking the dress from the maid, came up to +Princess Mary. + +"Well, now we'll arrange something quite simple and becoming," she +said. + +The three voices, hers, Mademoiselle Bourienne's, and Katie's, who +was laughing at something, mingled in a merry sound, like the chirping +of birds. + +"No, leave me alone," said Princess Mary. + +Her voice sounded so serious and so sad that the chirping of the +birds was silenced at once. They looked at the beautiful, large, +thoughtful eyes full of tears and of thoughts, gazing shiningly and +imploringly at them, and understood that it was useless and even cruel +to insist. + +"At least, change your coiffure," said the little princess. +"Didn't I tell you," she went on, turning reproachfully to +Mademoiselle Bourienne, "Mary's is a face which such a coiffure does +not suit in the least. Not in the least! Please change it." + +"Leave me alone, please leave me alone! It is all quite the same +to me," answered a voice struggling with tears. + +Mademoiselle Bourienne and the little princess had to own to +themselves that Princess Mary in this guise looked very plain, worse +than usual, but it was too late. She was looking at them with an +expression they both knew, an expression thoughtful and sad. This +expression in Princess Mary did not frighten them (she never +inspired fear in anyone), but they knew that when it appeared on her +face, she became mute and was not to be shaken in her determination. + +"You will change it, won't you?" said Lise. And as Princess Mary +gave no answer, she left the room. + +Princess Mary was left alone. She did not comply with Lise's +request, she not only left her hair as it was, but did not even look +in her glass. Letting her arms fall helplessly, she sat with +downcast eyes and pondered. A husband, a man, a strong dominant and +strangely attractive being rose in her imagination, and carried her +into a totally different happy world of his own. She fancied a +child, her own--such as she had seen the day before in the arms of her +nurse's daughter--at her own breast, the husband standing by and +gazing tenderly at her and the child. "But no, it is impossible, I +am too ugly," she thought. + +"Please come to tea. The prince will be out in a moment," came the +maid's voice at the door. + +She roused herself, and felt appalled at what she had been thinking, +and before going down she went into the room where the icons hung and, +her eyes fixed on the dark face of a large icon of the Saviour lit +by a lamp, she stood before it with folded hands for a few moments. +A painful doubt filled her soul. Could the joy of love, of earthly +love for a man, be for her? In her thoughts of marriage Princess +Mary dreamed of happiness and of children, but her strongest, most +deeply hidden longing was for earthly love. The more she tried to hide +this feeling from others and even from herself, the stronger it +grew. "O God," she said, "how am I to stifle in my heart these +temptations of the devil? How am I to renounce forever these vile +fancies, so as peacefully to fulfill Thy will?" And scarcely had she +put that question than God gave her the answer in her own heart. +"Desire nothing for thyself, seek nothing, be not anxious or +envious. Man's future and thy own fate must remain hidden from thee, +but live so that thou mayest be ready for anything. If it be God's +will to prove thee in the duties of marriage, be ready to fulfill +His will." With this consoling thought (but yet with a hope for the +fulfillment of her forbidden earthly longing) Princess Mary sighed, +and having crossed herself went down, thinking neither of her gown and +coiffure nor of how she would go in nor of what she would say. What +could all that matter in comparison with the will of God, without +Whose care not a hair of man's head can fall? + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +When Princess Mary came down, Prince Vasili and his son were already +in the drawing room, talking to the little princess and Mademoiselle +Bourienne. When she entered with her heavy step, treading on her +heels, the gentlemen and Mademoiselle Bourienne rose and the little +princess, indicating her to the gentlemen, said: "Voila Marie!" +Princess Mary saw them all and saw them in detail. She saw Prince +Vasili's face, serious for an instant at the sight of her, but +immediately smiling again, and the little princess curiously noting +the impression "Marie" produced on the visitors. And she saw +Mademoiselle Bourienne, with her ribbon and pretty face, and her +unusually animated look which was fixed on him, but him she could +not see, she only saw something large, brilliant, and handsome +moving toward her as she entered the room. Prince Vasili approached +first, and she kissed the bold forehead that bent over her hand and +answered his question by saying that, on the contrary, she +remembered him quite well. Then Anatole came up to her. She still +could not see him. She only felt a soft hand taking hers firmly, and +she touched with her lips a white forehead, over which was beautiful +light-brown hair smelling of pomade. When she looked up at him she was +struck by his beauty. Anatole stood with his right thumb under a +button of his uniform, his chest expanded and his back drawn in, +slightly swinging one foot, and, with his head a little bent, looked +with beaming face at the princess without speaking and evidently not +thinking about her at all. Anatole was not quick-witted, nor ready +or eloquent in conversation, but he had the faculty, so invaluable +in society, of composure and imperturbable self-possession. If a man +lacking in self-confidence remains dumb on a first introduction and +betrays a consciousness of the impropriety of such silence and an +anxiety to find something to say, the effect is bad. But Anatole was +dumb, swung his foot, and smilingly examined the princess' hair. It +was evident that he could be silent in this way for a very long +time. "If anyone finds this silence inconvenient, let him talk, but +I don't want to," he seemed to say. Besides this, in his behavior to +women Anatole had a manner which particularly inspires in them +curiosity, awe, and even love--a supercilious consciousness of his own +superiority. It was was as if he said to them: "I know you, I know +you, but why should I bother about you? You'd be only too glad, of +course." Perhaps he did not really think this when he met women- +even probably he did not, for in general he thought very little--but +his looks and manner gave that impression. The princess felt this, and +as if wishing to show him that she did not even dare expect to +interest him, she turned to his father. The conversation was general +and animated, thanks to Princess Lise's voice and little downy lip +that lifted over her white teeth. She met Prince Vasili with that +playful manner often employed by lively chatty people, and +consisting in the assumption that between the person they so address +and themselves there are some semi-private, long-established jokes and +amusing reminiscences, though no such reminiscences really exist--just +as none existed in this case. Prince Vasili readily adopted her tone +and the little princess also drew Anatole, whom she hardly knew, +into these amusing recollections of things that had never occurred. +Mademoiselle Bourienne also shared them and even Princess Mary felt +herself pleasantly made to share in these merry reminiscences. + +"Here at least we shall have the benefit of your company all to +ourselves, dear prince," said the little princess (of course, in +French) to Prince Vasili. "It's not as at Annette's* receptions +where you always ran away; you remember cette chere Annette!" + + +*Anna Pavlovna. + +"Ah, but you won't talk politics to me like Annette!" + +"And our little tea table?" + +"Oh, yes!" + +"Why is it you were never at Annette's?" the little princess asked +Anatole. "Ah, I know, I know," she said with a sly glance, "your +brother Hippolyte told me about your goings on. Oh!" and she shook her +finger at him, "I have even heard of your doings in Paris!" + +"And didn't Hippolyte tell you?" asked Prince Vasili, turning to his +son and seizing the little princess' arm as if she would have run away +and he had just managed to catch her, "didn't he tell you how he +himself was pining for the dear princess, and how she showed him the +door? Oh, she is a pearl among women, Princess," he added, turning +to Princess Mary. + +When Paris was mentioned, Mademoiselle Bourienne for her part seized +the opportunity of joining in the general current of recollections. + +She took the liberty of inquiring whether it was long since +Anatole had left Paris and how he had liked that city. Anatole +answered the Frenchwoman very readily and, looking at her with a +smile, talked to her about her native land. When he saw the pretty +little Bourienne, Anatole came to the conclusion that he would not +find Bald Hills dull either. "Not at all bad!" he thought, examining +her, "not at all bad, that little companion! I hope she will bring her +along with her when we're married, la petite est gentille."* + + +*The little one is charming. + + +The old prince dressed leisurely in his study, frowning and +considering what he was to do. The coming of these visitors annoyed +him. "What are Prince Vasili and that son of his to me? Prince +Vasili is a shallow braggart and his son, no doubt, is a fine +specimen," he grumbled to himself. What angered him was that the +coming of these visitors revived in his mind an unsettled question +he always tried to stifle, one about which he always deceived himself. +The question was whether he could ever bring himself to part from +his daughter and give her to a husband. The prince never directly +asked himself that question, knowing beforehand that he would have +to answer it justly, and justice clashed not only with his feelings +but with the very possibility of life. Life without Princess Mary, +little as he seemed to value her, was unthinkable to him. "And why +should she marry?" he thought. "To be unhappy for certain. There's +Lise, married to Andrew--a better husband one would think could hardly +be found nowadays--but is she contented with her lot? And who would +marry Marie for love? Plain and awkward! They'll take her for her +connections and wealth. Are there no women living unmarried, and +even the happier for it?" So thought Prince Bolkonski while +dressing, and yet the question he was always putting off demanded an +immediate answer. Prince Vasili had brought his son with the evident +intention of proposing, and today or tomorrow he would probably ask +for an answer. His birth and position in society were not bad. +"Well, I've nothing against it," the prince said to himself, "but he +must be worthy of her. And that is what we shall see." + +"That is what we shall see! That is what we shall see!" he added +aloud. + +He entered the drawing room with his usual alert step, glancing +rapidly round the company. He noticed the change in the little +princess' dress, Mademoiselle Bourienne's ribbon, Princess Mary's +unbecoming coiffure, Mademoiselle Bourienne's and Anatole's smiles, +and the loneliness of his daughter amid the general conversation. "Got +herself up like a fool!" he thought, looking irritably at her. "She is +shameless, and he ignores her!" + +He went straight up to Prince Vasili. + +"Well! How d'ye do? How d'ye do? Glad to see you!" + +"Friendship laughs at distance," began Prince Vasili in his usual +rapid, self-confident, familiar tone. "Here is my second son; please +love and befriend him." + +Prince Bolkonski surveyed Anatole. + +"Fine young fellow! Fine young fellow!" he said. "Well, come and +kiss me," and he offered his cheek. + +Anatole kissed the old man, and looked at him with curiosity and +perfect composure, waiting for a display of the eccentricities his +father had told him to expect. + +Prince Bolkonski sat down in his usual place in the corner of the +sofa and, drawing up an armchair for Prince Vasili, pointed to it +and began questioning him about political affairs and news. He +seemed to listen attentively to what Prince Vasili said, but kept +glancing at Princess Mary. + +"And so they are writing from Potsdam already?" he said, repeating +Prince Vasili's last words. Then rising, he suddenly went up to his +daughter. + +"Is it for visitors you've got yourself up like that, eh?" said +he. "Fine, very fine! You have done up your hair in this new way for +the visitors, and before the visitors I tell you that in future you +are never to dare to change your way of dress without my consent." + +"It was my fault, mon pere," interceded the little princess, with +a blush. + +"You must do as you please," said Prince Bolkonski, bowing to his +daughter-in-law, "but she need not make a fool of herself, she's plain +enough as it is." + +And he sat down again, paying no more attention to his daughter, who +was reduced to tears. + +"On the contrary, that coiffure suits the princess very well," +said Prince Vasili. + +"Now you, young prince, what's your name?" said Prince Bolkonski, +turning to Anatole, "come here, let us talk and get acquainted." + +"Now the fun begins," thought Anatole, sitting down with a smile +beside the old prince. + +"Well, my dear boy, I hear you've been educated abroad, not taught +to read and write by the deacon, like your father and me. Now tell me, +my dear boy, are you serving in the Horse Guards?" asked the old +man, scrutinizing Anatole closely and intently. + +"No, I have been transferred to the line," said Anatole, hardly able +to restrain his laughter. + +"Ah! That's a good thing. So, my dear boy, you wish to serve the +Tsar and the country? It is wartime. Such a fine fellow must serve. +Well, are you off to the front?" + +"No, Prince, our regiment has gone to the front, but I am +attached... what is it I am attached to, Papa?" said Anatole, +turning to his father with a laugh. + +"A splendid soldier, splendid! 'What am I attached to!' Ha, ha, ha!" +laughed Prince Bolkonski, and Anatole laughed still louder. Suddenly +Prince Bolkonski frowned. + +"You may go," he said to Anatole. + +Anatole returned smiling to the ladies. + +"And so you've had him educated abroad, Prince Vasili, haven't you?" +said the old prince to Prince Vasili. + +"I have done my best for him, and I can assure you the education +there is much better than ours." + +"Yes, everything is different nowadays, everything is changed. The +lad's a fine fellow, a fine fellow! Well, come with me now." He took +Prince Vasili's arm and led him to his study. As soon as they were +alone together, Prince Vasili announced his hopes and wishes to the +old prince. + +"Well, do you think I shall prevent her, that I can't part from +her?" said the old prince angrily. "What an idea! I'm ready for it +tomorrow! Only let me tell you, I want to know my son-in-law better. +You know my principles--everything aboveboard? I will ask her tomorrow +in your presence; if she is willing, then he can stay on. He can +stay and I'll see." The old prince snorted. "Let her marry, it's all +the same to me!" he screamed in the same piercing tone as when parting +from his son. + +"I will tell you frankly," said Prince Vasili in the tone of a +crafty man convinced of the futility of being cunning with so +keen-sighted companion. "You know, you see right through people. +Anatole is no genius, but he is an honest, goodhearted lad; an +excellent son or kinsman." + +"All right, all right, we'll see!" + +As always happens when women lead lonely lives for any length of +time without male society, on Anatole's appearance all the three women +of Prince Bolkonski's household felt that their life had not been real +till then. Their powers of reasoning, feeling, and observing +immediately increased tenfold, and their life, which seemed to have +been passed in darkness, was suddenly lit up by a new brightness, full +of significance. + +Princess Mary grew quite unconscious of her face and coiffure. The +handsome open face of the man who might perhaps be her husband +absorbed all her attention. He seemed to her kind, brave, +determined, manly, and magnanimous. She felt convinced of that. +Thousands of dreams of a future family life continually rose in her +imagination. She drove them away and tried to conceal them. + +"But am I not too cold with him?" thought the princess. "I try to be +reserved because in the depth of my soul I feel too near to him +already, but then he cannot know what I think of him and may imagine +that I do not like him." + +And Princess Mary tried, but could not manage, to be cordial to +her new guest. "Poor girl, she's devilish ugly!" thought Anatole. + +Mademoiselle Bourienne, also roused to great excitement by Anatole's +arrival, thought in another way. Of course, she, a handsome young +woman without any definite position, without relations or even a +country, did not intend to devote her life to serving Prince +Bolkonski, to reading aloud to him and being friends with Princess +Mary. Mademoiselle Bourienne had long been waiting for a Russian +prince who, able to appreciate at a glance her superiority to the +plain, badly dressed, ungainly Russian princesses, would fall in +love with her and carry her off; and here at last was a Russian +prince. Mademoiselle Bourienne knew a story, heard from her aunt but +finished in her own way, which she liked to repeat to herself. It +was the story of a girl who had been seduced, and to whom her poor +mother (sa pauvre mere) appeared, and reproached her for yielding to a +man without being married. Mademoiselle Bourienne was often touched to +tears as in imagination she told this story to him, her seducer. And +now he, a real Russian prince, had appeared. He would carry her away +and then sa pauvre mere would appear and he would marry her. So her +future shaped itself in Mademoiselle Bourienne's head at the very time +she was talking to Anatole about Paris. It was not calculation that +guided her (she did not even for a moment consider what she should +do), but all this had long been familiar to her, and now that +Anatole had appeared it just grouped itself around him and she +wished and tried to please him as much as possible. + +The little princess, like an old war horse that hears the trumpet, +unconsciously and quite forgetting her condition, prepared for the +familiar gallop of coquetry, without any ulterior motive or any +struggle, but with naive and lighthearted gaiety. + +Although in female society Anatole usually assumed the role of a man +tired of being run after by women, his vanity was flattered by the +spectacle of his power over these three women. Besides that, he was +beginning to feel for the pretty and provocative Mademoiselle +Bourienne that passionate animal feeling which was apt to master him +with great suddenness and prompt him to the coarsest and most reckless +actions. + +After tea, the company went into the sitting room and Princess +Mary was asked to play on the clavichord. Anatole, laughing and in +high spirits, came and leaned on his elbows, facing her and beside +Mademoiselle Bourienne. Princess Mary felt his look with a painfully +joyous emotion. Her favorite sonata bore her into a most intimately +poetic world and the look she felt upon her made that world still more +poetic. But Anatole's expression, though his eyes were fixed on her, +referred not to her but to the movements of Mademoiselle Bourienne's +little foot, which he was then touching with his own under the +clavichord. Mademoiselle Bourienne was also looking at Princess +Mary, and in her lovely eyes there was a look of fearful joy and +hope that was also new to the princess. + +"How she loves me!" thought Princess Mary. "How happy I am now, +and how happy I may be with such a friend and such a husband! Husband? +Can it be possible?" she thought, not daring to look at his face, +but still feeling his eyes gazing at her. + +In the evening, after supper, when all were about to retire, Anatole +kissed Princess Mary's hand. She did not know how she found the +courage, but she looked straight into his handsome face as it came +near to her shortsighted eyes. Turning from Princess Mary he went up +and kissed Mademoiselle Bourienne's hand. (This was not etiquette, but +then he did everything so simply and with such assurance!) +Mademoiselle Bourienne flushed, and gave the princess a frightened +look. + +"What delicacy!" thought the princess. "Is it possible that Amelie" +(Mademoiselle Bourienne) "thinks I could be jealous of her, and not +value her pure affection and devotion to me?" She went up to her and +kissed her warmly. Anatole went up to kiss the little princess' hand. + +"No! No! No! When your father writes to tell me that you are +behaving well I will give you my hand to kiss. Not till then!" she +said. And smilingly raising a finger at him, she left the room. + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +They all separated, but, except Anatole who fell asleep as soon as +he got into bed, all kept awake a long time that night. + +"Is he really to be my husband, this stranger who is so kind--yes, +kind, that is the chief thing," thought Princess Mary; and fear, which +she had seldom experienced, came upon her. She feared to look round, +it seemed to her that someone was there standing behind the screen +in the dark corner. And this someone was he--the devil--and he was +also this man with the white forehead, black eyebrows, and red lips. + +She rang for her maid and asked her to sleep in her room. + +Mademoiselle Bourienne walked up and down the conservatory for a +long time that evening, vainly expecting someone, now smiling at +someone, now working herself up to tears with the imaginary words of +her pauvre mere rebuking her for her fall. + +The little princess grumbled to her maid that her bed was badly +made. She could not lie either on her face or on her side. Every +position was awkward and uncomfortable, and her burden oppressed her +now more than ever because Anatole's presence had vividly recalled +to her the time when she was not like that and when everything was +light and gay. She sat in an armchair in her dressing jacket and +nightcap and Katie, sleepy and disheveled, beat and turned the heavy +feather bed for the third time, muttering to herself. + +"I told you it was all lumps and holes!" the little princess +repeated. "I should be glad enough to fall asleep, so it's not my +fault!" and her voice quivered like that of a child about to cry. + +The old prince did not sleep either. Tikhon, half asleep, heard +him pacing angrily about and snorting. The old prince felt as though +he had been insulted through his daughter. The insult was the more +pointed because it concerned not himself but another, his daughter, +whom he loved more than himself. He kept telling himself that he would +consider the whole matter and decide what was right and how he +should act, but instead of that he only excited himself more and more. + +"The first man that turns up--she forgets her father and +everything else, runs upstairs and does up her hair and wags her +tail and is unlike herself! Glad to throw her father over! And she +knew I should notice it. Fr... fr... fr! And don't I see that that +idiot had eyes only for Bourienne--I shall have to get rid of her. And +how is it she has not pride enough to see it? If she has no pride +for herself she might at least have some for my sake! She must be +shown that the blockhead thinks nothing of her and looks only at +Bourienne. No, she has no pride... but I'll let her see...." + +The old prince knew that if he told his daughter she was making a +mistake and that Anatole meant to flirt with Mademoiselle Bourienne, +Princess Mary's self-esteem would be wounded and his point (not to +be parted from her) would be gained, so pacifying himself with this +thought, he called Tikhon and began to undress. + +"What devil brought them here?" thought he, while Tikhon was putting +the nightshirt over his dried-up old body and gray-haired chest. "I +never invited them. They came to disturb my life--and there is not +much of it left." + +"Devil take 'em!" he muttered, while his head was still covered by +the shirt. + +Tikhon knew his master's habit of sometimes thinking aloud, and +therefore met with unaltered looks the angrily inquisitive +expression of the face that emerged from the shirt. + +"Gone to bed?" asked the prince. + +Tikhon, like all good valets, instinctively knew the direction of +his master's thoughts. He guessed that the question referred to Prince +Vasili and his son. + +"They have gone to bed and put out their lights, your excellency." + +"No good... no good..." said the prince rapidly, and thrusting his +feet into his slippers and his arms into the sleeves of his dressing +gown, he went to the couch on which he slept. + +Though no words had passed between Anatole and Mademoiselle +Bourienne, they quite understood one another as to the first part of +their romance, up to the appearance of the pauvre mere; they +understood that they had much to say to one another in private and +so they had been seeking an opportunity since morning to meet one +another alone. When Princess Mary went to her father's room at the +usual hour, Mademoiselle Bourienne and Anatole met in the +conservatory. + +Princess Mary went to the door of the study with special +trepidation. It seemed to her that not only did everybody know that +her fate would be decided that day, but that they also knew what she +thought about it. She read this in Tikhon's face and in that of Prince +Vasili's valet, who made her a low bow when she met him in the +corridor carrying hot water. + +The old prince was very affectionate and careful in his treatment of +his daughter that morning. Princess Mary well knew this painstaking +expression of her father's. His face wore that expression when his dry +hands clenched with vexation at her not understanding a sum in +arithmetic, when rising from his chair he would walk away from her, +repeating in a low voice the same words several times over. + +He came to the point at once, treating her ceremoniously. + +"I have had a proposition made me concerning you," he said with an +unnatural smile. "I expect you have guessed that Prince Vasili has not +come and brought his pupil with him" (for some reason Prince Bolkonski +referred to Anatole as a "pupil") "for the sake of my beautiful +eyes. Last night a proposition was made me on your account and, as you +know my principles, I refer it to you." + +"How am I to understand you, mon pere?" said the princess, growing +pale and then blushing. + +"How understand me!" cried her father angrily. "Prince Vasili +finds you to his taste as a daughter-in-law and makes a proposal to +you on his pupil's behalf. That's how it's to be understood! 'How +understand it'!... And I ask you!" + +"I do not know what you think, Father," whispered the princess. + +"I? I? What of me? Leave me out of the question. I'm not going to +get married. What about you? That's what I want to know." + +The princess saw that her father regarded the matter with +disapproval, but at that moment the thought occurred to her that her +fate would be decided now or never. She lowered her eyes so as not +to see the gaze under which she felt that she could not think, but +would only be able to submit from habit, and she said: "I wish only to +do your will, but if I had to express my own desire..." She had no +time to finish. The old prince interrupted her. + +"That's admirable!" he shouted. "He will take you with your dowry +and take Mademoiselle Bourienne into the bargain. She'll be the +wife, while you..." + +The prince stopped. He saw the effect these words had produced on +his daughter. She lowered her head and was ready to burst into tears. + +"Now then, now then, I'm only joking!" he said. "Remember this, +Princess, I hold to the principle that a maiden has a full right to +choose. I give you freedom. Only remember that your life's happiness +depends on your decision. Never mind me!" + +"But I do not know, Father!" + +"There's no need to talk! He receives his orders and will marry +you or anybody; but you are free to choose.... Go to your room, +think it over, and come back in an hour and tell me in his presence: +yes or no. I know you will pray over it. Well, pray if you like, but +you had better think it over. Go! Yes or no, yes or no, yes or no!" he +still shouted when the princess, as if lost in a fog, had already +staggered out of the study. + +Her fate was decided and happily decided. But what her father had +said about Mademoiselle Bourienne was dreadful. It was untrue to be +sure, but still it was terrible, and she could not help thinking of +it. She was going straight on through the conservatory, neither seeing +nor hearing anything, when suddenly the well-known whispering of +Mademoiselle Bourienne aroused her. She raised her eyes, and two steps +away saw Anatole embracing the Frenchwoman and whispering something to +her. With a horrified expression on his handsome face, Anatole +looked at Princess Mary, but did not at once take his arm from the +waist of Mademoiselle Bourienne who had not yet seen her. + +"Who's that? Why? Wait a moment!" Anatole's face seemed to say. +Princess Mary looked at them in silence. She could not understand +it. At last Mademoiselle Bourienne gave a scream and ran away. Anatole +bowed to Princess Mary with a gay smile, as if inviting her to join in +a laugh at this strange incident, and then shrugging his shoulders +went to the door that led to his own apartments. + +An hour later, Tikhon came to call Princess Mary to the old +prince; he added that Prince Vasili was also there. When Tikhon came +to her Princess Mary was sitting on the sofa in her room, holding +the weeping Mademoiselle Bourienne in her arms and gently stroking her +hair. The princess' beautiful eyes with all their former calm radiance +were looking with tender affection and pity at Mademoiselle +Bourienne's pretty face. + +"No, Princess, I have lost your affection forever!" said +Mademoiselle Bourienne. + +"Why? I love you more than ever," said Princess Mary, "and I will +try to do all I can for your happiness." + +"But you despise me. You who are so pure can never understand +being so carried away by passion. Oh, only my poor mother..." + +"I quite understand," answered Princess Mary, with a sad smile. +"Calm yourself, my dear. I will go to my father," she said, and went +out. + +Prince Vasili, with one leg thrown high over the other and a +snuffbox in his hand, was sitting there with a smile of deep emotion +on his face, as if stirred to his heart's core and himself +regretting and laughing at his own sensibility, when Princess Mary +entered. He hurriedly took a pinch of snuff. + +"Ah, my dear, my dear!" he began, rising and taking her by both +hands. Then, sighing, he added: "My son's fate is in your hands. +Decide, my dear, good, gentle Marie, whom I have always loved as a +daughter!" + +He drew back and a real tear appeared in his eye. + +"Fr... fr..." snorted Prince Bolkonski. "The prince is making a +proposition to you in his pupil's--I mean, his son's--name. Do you +wish or not to be Prince Anatole Kuragin's wife? Reply: yes or no," he +shouted, "and then I shall reserve the right to state my opinion also. +Yes, my opinion, and only my opinion," added Prince Bolkonski, turning +to Prince Vasili and answering his imploring look. "Yes, or no?" + +"My desire is never to leave you, Father, never to separate my +life from yours. I don't wish to marry," she answered positively, +glancing at Prince Vasili and at her father with her beautiful eyes. + +"Humbug! Nonsense! Humbug, humbug, humbug!" cried Prince +Bolkonski, frowning and taking his daughter's hand; he did not kiss +her, but only bending his forehead to hers just touched it, and +pressed her hand so that she winced and uttered a cry. + +Prince Vasili rose. + +"My dear, I must tell you that this is a moment I shall never, never +forget. But, my dear, will you not give us a little hope of touching +this heart, so kind and generous? Say 'perhaps'... The future is so +long. Say 'perhaps.'" + +"Prince, what I have said is all there is in my heart. I thank you +for the honor, but I shall never be your son's wife." + +"Well, so that's finished, my dear fellow! I am very glad to have +seen you. Very glad! Go back to your rooms, Princess. Go!" said the +old prince. "Very, very glad to have seen you," repeated he, +embracing Prince Vasili. + +"My vocation is a different one," thought Princess Mary. "My +vocation is to be happy with another kind of happiness, the +happiness of love and self-sacrifice. And cost what it may, I will +arrange poor Amelie's happiness, she loves him so passionately, and so +passionately repents. I will do all I can to arrange the match between +them. If he is not rich I will give her the means; I will ask my +father and Andrew. I shall be so happy when she is his wife. She is so +unfortunate, a stranger, alone, helpless! And, oh God, how +passionately she must love him if she could so far forget herself! +Perhaps I might have done the same!..." thought Princess Mary. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +It was long since the Rostovs had news of Nicholas. Not till +midwinter was the count at last handed a letter addressed in his son's +handwriting. On receiving it, he ran on tiptoe to his study in alarm +and haste, trying to escape notice, closed the door, and began to read +the letter. + +Anna Mikhaylovna, who always knew everything that passed in the +house, on hearing of the arrival of the letter went softly into the +room and found the count with it in his hand, sobbing and laughing +at the same time. + +Anna Mikhaylovna, though her circumstances had improved, was still +living with the Rostovs. + +"My dear friend?" said she, in a tone of pathetic inquiry, +prepared to sympathize in any way. + +The count sobbed yet more. + +"Nikolenka... a letter... wa... a... s... wounded... my darling +boy... the countess... promoted to be an officer... thank God... How +tell the little countess!" + +Anna Mikhaylovna sat down beside him, with her own handkerchief +wiped the tears from his eyes and from the letter, then having dried +her own eyes she comforted the count, and decided that at dinner and +till teatime she would prepare the countess, and after tea, with God's +help, would inform her. + +At dinner Anna Mikhaylovna talked the whole time about the war +news and about Nikolenka, twice asked when the last letter had been +received from him, though she knew that already, and remarked that +they might very likely be getting a letter from him that day. Each +time that these hints began to make the countess anxious and she +glanced uneasily at the count and at Anna Mikhaylovna, the latter very +adroitly turned the conversation to insignificant matters. Natasha, +who, of the whole family, was the most gifted with a capacity to +feel any shades of intonation, look, and expression, pricked up her +ears from the beginning of the meal and was certain that there was +some secret between her father and Anna Mikhaylovna, that it had +something to do with her brother, and that Anna Mikhaylovna was +preparing them for it. Bold as she was, Natasha, who knew how +sensitive her mother was to anything relating to Nikolenka, did not +venture to ask any questions at dinner, but she was too excited to eat +anything and kept wriggling about on her chair regardless of her +governess' remarks. After dinner, she rushed head long after Anna +Mikhaylovna and, dashing at her, flung herself on her neck as soon +as she overtook her in the sitting room. + +"Auntie, darling, do tell me what it is!" + +"Nothing, my dear." + +"No, dearest, sweet one, honey, I won't give up--I know you know +something." + +Anna Mikhaylovna shook her head. + +"You are a little slyboots," she said. + +"A letter from Nikolenka! I'm sure of it!" exclaimed Natasha, +reading confirmation in Anna Mikhaylovna's face. + +"But for God's sake, be careful, you know how it may affect your +mamma." + +"I will, I will, only tell me! You won't? Then I will go and tell at +once." + +Anna Mikhaylovna, in a few words, told her the contents of the +letter, on condition that she should tell no one. + +"No, on my true word of honor," said Natasha, crossing herself, +"I won't tell anyone!" and she ran off at once to Sonya. + +"Nikolenka... wounded... a letter," she announced in gleeful +triumph. + +"Nicholas!" was all Sonya said, instantly turning white. + +Natasha, seeing the impression the of her brother's wound produced +on Sonya, felt for the first time the sorrowful side of the news. + +She rushed to Sonya, hugged her, and began to cry. + +"A little wound, but he has been made an officer; he is well now, he +wrote himself," said she through her tears. + +"There now! It's true that all you women are crybabies," remarked +Petya, pacing the room with large, resolute strides. "Now I'm very +glad, very glad indeed, that my brother has distinguished himself +so. You are all blubberers and understand nothing." + +Natasha smiled through her tears. + +"You haven't read the letter?" asked Sonya. + +"No, but she said that it was all over and that he's now an +officer." + +"Thank God!" said Sonya, crossing herself. "But perhaps she deceived +you. Let us go to Mamma." + +Petya paced the room in silence for a time. + +"If I'd been in Nikolenka's place I would have killed even more of +those Frenchmen," he said. "What nasty brutes they are! I'd have +killed so many that there'd have been a heap of them." + +"Hold your tongue, Petya, what a goose you are!" + +"I'm not a goose, but they are who cry about trifles," said Petya. + +"Do you remember him?" Natasha suddenly asked, after a moment's +silence. + +Sonya smiled. + +"Do I remember Nicholas?" + +"No, Sonya, but do you remember so that you remember him +perfectly, remember everything?" said Natasha, with an expressive +gesture, evidently wishing to give her words a very definite +meaning. "I remember Nikolenka too, I remember him well," she said. +"But I don't remember Boris. I don't remember him a bit." + +"What! You don't remember Boris?" asked Sonya in surprise. + +"It's not that I don't remember--I know what he is like, but not +as I remember Nikolenka. Him--I just shut my eyes and remember, but +Boris... No!" (She shut her eyes.)"No! there's nothing at all." + +"Oh, Natasha!" said Sonya, looking ecstatically and earnestly at her +friend as if she did not consider her worthy to hear what she meant to +say and as if she were saying it to someone else, with whom joking was +out of the question, "I am in love with your brother once for all and, +whatever may happen to him or to me, shall never cease to love him +as long as I live." + +Natasha looked at Sonya with wondering and inquisitive eyes, and +said nothing. She felt that Sonya was speaking the truth, that there +was such love as Sonya was speaking of. But Natasha had not yet felt +anything like it. She believed it could be, but did not understand it. + +"Shall you write to him?" she asked. + +Sonya became thoughtful. The question of how to write to Nicholas, +and whether she ought to write, tormented her. Now that he was already +an officer and a wounded hero, would it be right to remind him of +herself and, as it might seem, of the obligations to her he had +taken on himself? + +"I don't know. I think if he writes, I will write too," she said, +blushing. + +"And you won't feel ashamed to write to him?" + +Sonya smiled. + +"No." + +"And I should be ashamed to write to Boris. I'm not going to." + +"Why should you be ashamed?" + +"Well, I don't know. It's awkward and would make me ashamed." + +"And I know why she'd be ashamed," said Petya, offended by Natasha's +previous remark. "It's because she was in love with that fat one in +spectacles" (that was how Petya described his namesake, the new +Count Bezukhov) "and now she's in love with that singer" (he meant +Natasha's Italian singing master), "that's why she's ashamed!" + +"Petya, you're a stupid!" said Natasha. + +"Not more stupid than you, madam," said the nine-year-old Petya, +with the air of an old brigadier. + +The countess had been prepared by Anna Mikhaylovna's hints at +dinner. On retiring to her own room, she sat in an armchair, her +eyes fixed on a miniature portrait of her son on the lid of a +snuffbox, while the tears kept coming into her eyes. Anna Mikhaylovna, +with the letter, came on tiptoe to the countess' door and paused. + +"Don't come in," she said to the old count who was following her. +"Come later." And she went in, closing the door behind her. + +The count put his ear to the keyhole and listened. + +At first he heard the sound of indifferent voices, then Anna +Mikhaylovna's voice alone in a long speech, then a cry, then +silence, then both voices together with glad intonations, and then +footsteps. Anna Mikhaylovna opened the door. Her face wore the proud +expression of a surgeon who has just performed a difficult operation +and admits the public to appreciate his skill. + +"It is done!" she said to the count, pointing triumphantly to the +countess, who sat holding in one hand the snuffbox with its portrait +and in the other the letter, and pressing them alternately to her +lips. + +When she saw the count, she stretched out her arms to him, +embraced his bald head, over which she again looked at the letter +and the portrait, and in order to press them again to her lips, she +slightly pushed away the bald head. Vera, Natasha, Sonya, and Petya +now entered the room, and the reading of the letter began. After a +brief description of the campaign and the two battles in which he +had taken part, and his promotion, Nicholas said that he kissed his +father's and mother's hands asking for their blessing, and that he +kissed Vera, Natasha, and Petya. Besides that, he sent greetings to +Monsieur Schelling, Madame Schoss, and his old nurse, and asked them +to kiss for him "dear Sonya, whom he loved and thought of just the +same as ever." When she heard this Sonya blushed so that tears came +into her eyes and, unable to bear the looks turned upon her, ran +away into the dancing hall, whirled round it at full speed with her +dress puffed out like a balloon, and, flushed and smiling, plumped +down on the floor. The countess was crying. + +"Why are you crying, Mamma?" asked Vera. "From all he says one +should be glad and not cry." + +This was quite true, but the count, the countess, and Natasha looked +at her reproachfully. "And who is it she takes after?" thought the +countess. + +Nicholas' letter was read over hundreds of times, and those who were +considered worthy to hear it had to come to the countess, for she +did not let it out of her hands. The tutors came, and the nurses, +and Dmitri, and several acquaintances, and the countess reread the +letter each time with fresh pleasure and each time discovered in it +fresh proofs of Nikolenka's virtues. How strange, how extraordinary, +how joyful it seemed, that her son, the scarcely perceptible motion of +whose tiny limbs she had felt twenty years ago within her, that son +about whom she used to have quarrels with the too indulgent count, +that son who had first learned to say "pear" and then "granny," that +this son should now be away in a foreign land amid strange +surroundings, a manly warrior doing some kind of man's work of his +own, without help or guidance. The universal experience of ages, +showing that children do grow imperceptibly from the cradle to +manhood, did not exist for the countess. Her son's growth toward +manhood, at each of its stages, had seemed as extraordinary to her +as if there had never existed the millions of human beings who grew up +in the same way. As twenty years before, it seemed impossible that the +little creature who lived somewhere under her heart would ever cry, +suck her breast, and begin to speak, so now she could not believe that +that little creature could be this strong, brave man, this model son +and officer that, judging by this letter, he now was. + +"What a style! How charmingly he describes!" said she, reading the +descriptive part of the letter. "And what a soul! Not a word about +himself.... Not a word! About some Denisov or other, though he +himself, I dare say, is braver than any of them. He says nothing about +his sufferings. What a heart! How like him it is! And how he has +remembered everybody! Not forgetting anyone. I always said when he was +only so high--I always said...." + +For more than a week preparations were being made, rough drafts of +letters to Nicholas from all the household were written and copied +out, while under the supervision of the countess and the solicitude of +the count, money and all things necessary for the uniform and +equipment of the newly commissioned officer were collected. Anna +Mikhaylovna, practical woman that she was, had even managed by favor +with army authorities to secure advantageous means of communication +for herself and her son. She had opportunities of sending her +letters to the Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, who commanded the +Guards. The Rostovs supposed that The Russian Guards, Abroad, was +quite a definite address, and that if a letter reached the Grand +Duke in command of the Guards there was no reason why it should not +reach the Pavlograd regiment, which was presumably somewhere in the +same neighborhood. And so it was decided to send the letters and money +by the Grand Duke's courier to Boris and Boris was to forward them +to Nicholas. The letters were from the old count, the countess, Petya, +Vera, Natasha, and Sonya, and finally there were six thousand rubles +for his outfit and various other things the old count sent to his son. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +On the twelfth of November, Kutuzov's active army, in camp before +Olmutz, was preparing to be reviewed next day by the two Emperors--the +Russian and the Austrian. The Guards, just arrived from Russia, +spent the night ten miles from Olmutz and next morning were to come +straight to the review, reaching the field at Olmutz by ten o'clock. + +That day Nicholas Rostov received a letter from Boris, telling him +that the Ismaylov regiment was quartered for the night ten miles +from Olmutz and that he wanted to see him as he had a letter and money +for him. Rostov was particularly in need of money now that the troops, +after their active service, were stationed near Olmutz and the camp +swarmed with well-provisioned sutlers and Austrian Jews offering all +sorts of tempting wares. The Pavlograds held feast after feast, +celebrating awards they had received for the campaign, and made +expeditions to Olmutz to visit a certain Caroline the Hungarian, who +had recently opened a restaurant there with girls as waitresses. +Rostov, who had just celebrated his promotion to a cornetcy and bought +Denisov's horse, Bedouin, was in debt all round, to his comrades and +the sutlers. On receiving Boris' letter he rode with a fellow +officer to Olmutz, dined there, drank a bottle of wine, and then set +off alone to the Guards' camp to find his old playmate. Rostov had not +yet had time to get his uniform. He had on a shabby cadet jacket, +decorated with a soldier's cross, equally shabby cadet's riding +breeches lined with worn leather, and an officer's saber with a +sword knot. The Don horse he was riding was one he had bought from a +Cossack during the campaign, and he wore a crumpled hussar cap stuck +jauntily back on one side of his head. As he rode up to the camp he +thought how he would impress Boris and all his comrades of the +Guards by his appearance--that of a fighting hussar who had been under +fire. + +The Guards had made their whole march as if on a pleasure trip, +parading their cleanliness and discipline. They had come by easy +stages, their knapsacks conveyed on carts, and the Austrian +authorities had provided excellent dinners for the officers at every +halting place. The regiments had entered and left the town with +their bands playing, and by the Grand Duke's orders the men had +marched all the way in step (a practice on which the Guards prided +themselves), the officers on foot and at their proper posts. Boris had +been quartered, and had marched all the way, with Berg who was already +in command of a company. Berg, who had obtained his captaincy during +the campaign, had gained the confidence of his superiors by his +promptitude and accuracy and had arranged his money matters very +satisfactorily. Boris, during the campaign, had made the +acquaintance of many persons who might prove useful to him, and by a +letter of recommendation he had brought from Pierre had become +acquainted with Prince Andrew Bolkonski, through whom he hoped to +obtain a post on the commander in chief's staff. Berg and Boris, +having rested after yesterday's march, were sitting, clean and +neatly dressed, at a round table in the clean quarters allotted to +them, playing chess. Berg held a smoking pipe between his knees. +Boris, in the accurate way characteristic of him, was building a +little pyramid of chessmen with his delicate white fingers while +awaiting Berg's move, and watched his opponent's face, evidently +thinking about the game as he always thought only of whatever he was +engaged on. + +"Well, how are you going to get out of that?" he remarked. + +"We'll try to," replied Berg, touching a pawn and then removing +his hand. + +At that moment the door opened. + +"Here he is at last!" shouted Rostov. "And Berg too! Oh, you +petisenfans, allay cushay dormir!" he exclaimed, imitating his Russian +nurse's French, at which he and Boris used to laugh long ago. + +"Dear me, how you have changed!" + +Boris rose to meet Rostov, but in doing so did not omit to steady +and replace some chessmen that were falling. He was about to embrace +his friend, but Nicholas avoided him. With that peculiar feeling of +youth, that dread of beaten tracks, and wish to express itself in a +manner different from that of its elders which is often insincere, +Nicholas wished to do something special on meeting his friend. He +wanted to pinch him, push him, do anything but kiss him--a thing +everybody did. But notwithstanding this, Boris embraced him in a +quiet, friendly way and kissed him three times. + +They had not met for nearly half a year and, being at the age when +young men take their first steps on life's road, each saw immense +changes in the other, quite a new reflection of the society in which +they had taken those first steps. Both had changed greatly since +they last met and both were in a hurry to show the changes that had +taken place in them. + +"Oh, you damned dandies! Clean and fresh as if you'd been to a fete, +not like us sinners of the line," cried Rostov, with martial swagger +and with baritone notes in his voice, new to Boris, pointing to his +own mud-bespattered breeches. The German landlady, hearing Rostov's +loud voice, popped her head in at the door. + +"Eh, is she pretty?" he asked with a wink. + +"Why do you shout so? You'll frighten them!" said Boris. "I did +not expect you today," he added. "I only sent you the note yesterday +by Bolkonski--an adjutant of Kutuzov's, who's a friend of mine. I +did not think he would get it to you so quickly.... Well, how are you? +Been under fire already?" asked Boris. + +Without answering, Rostov shook the soldier's Cross of St. George +fastened to the cording of his uniform and, indicating a bandaged arm, +glanced at Berg with a smile. + +"As you see," he said. + +"Indeed? Yes, yes!" said Boris, with a smile. "And we too have had a +splendid march. You know, of course, that His Imperial Highness rode +with our regiment all the time, so that we had every comfort and every +advantage. What receptions we had in Poland! What dinners and balls! I +can't tell you. And the Tsarevich was very gracious to all our +officers." + +And the two friends told each other of their doings, the one of +his hussar revels and life in the fighting line, the other of the +pleasures and advantages of service under members of the Imperial +family. + +"Oh, you Guards!" said Rostov. "I say, send for some wine." + +Boris made a grimace. + +"If you really want it," said he. + +He went to his bed, drew a purse from under the clean pillow, and +sent for wine. + +"Yes, and I have some money and a letter to give you," he added. + +Rostov took the letter and, throwing the money on the sofa, put both +arms on the table and began to read. After reading a few lines, he +glanced angrily at Berg, then, meeting his eyes, hid his face behind +the letter. + +"Well, they've sent you a tidy sum," said Berg, eying the heavy +purse that sank into the sofa. "As for us, Count, we get along on +our pay. I can tell you for myself..." + +"I say, Berg, my dear fellow," said Rostov, "when you get a letter +from home and meet one of your own people whom you want to talk +everything over with, and I happen to be there, I'll go at once, to be +out of your way! Do go somewhere, anywhere... to the devil!" he +exclaimed, and immediately seizing him by the shoulder and looking +amiably into his face, evidently wishing to soften the rudeness of his +words, he added, "Don't be hurt, my dear fellow; you know I speak from +my heart as to an old acquaintance." + +"Oh, don't mention it, Count! I quite understand," said Berg, +getting up and speaking in a muffled and guttural voice. + +"Go across to our hosts: they invited you," added Boris. + +Berg put on the cleanest of coats, without a spot or speck of +dust, stood before a looking glass and brushed the hair on his temples +upwards, in the way affected by the Emperor Alexander, and, having +assured himself from the way Rostov looked at it that his coat had +been noticed, left the room with a pleasant smile. + +"Oh dear, what a beast I am!" muttered Rostov, as he read the +letter. + +"Why?" + +"Oh, what a pig I am, not to have written and to have given them +such a fright! Oh, what a pig I am!" he repeated, flushing suddenly. +"Well, have you sent Gabriel for some wine? All right let's have +some!" + +In the letter from his parents was enclosed a letter of +recommendation to Bagration which the old countess at Anna +Mikhaylovna's advice had obtained through an acquaintance and sent +to her son, asking him to take it to its destination and make use of +it. + +"What nonsense! Much I need it!" said Rostov, throwing the letter +under the table. + +"Why have you thrown that away?" asked Boris. + +"It is some letter of recommendation... what the devil do I want +it for!" + +"Why 'What the devil'?" said Boris, picking it up and reading the +address. "This letter would be of great use to you." + +"I want nothing, and I won't be anyone's adjutant." + +"Why not?" inquired Boris. + +"It's a lackey's job!" + +"You are still the same dreamer, I see," remarked Boris, shaking his +head. + +"And you're still the same diplomatist! But that's not the +point... Come, how are you?" asked Rostov. + +"Well, as you see. So far everything's all right, but I confess I +should much like to be an adjutant and not remain at the front." + +"Why?" + +"Because when once a man starts on military service, he should try +to make as successful a career of it as possible." + +"Oh, that's it!" said Rostov, evidently thinking of something else. + +He looked intently and inquiringly into his friend's eyes, evidently +trying in vain to find the answer to some question. + +Old Gabriel brought in the wine. + +"Shouldn't we now send for Berg?" asked Boris. "He would drink +with you. I can't." + +"Well, send for him... and how do you get on with that German?" +asked Rostov, with a contemptuous smile. + +"He is a very, very nice, honest, and pleasant fellow," answered +Boris. + +Again Rostov looked intently into Boris' eyes and sighed. Berg +returned, and over the bottle of wine conversation between the three +officers became animated. The Guardsmen told Rostov of their march and +how they had been made much of in Russia, Poland, and abroad. They +spoke of the sayings and doings of their commander, the Grand Duke, +and told stories of his kindness and irascibility. Berg, as usual, +kept silent when the subject did not relate to himself, but in +connection with the stories of the Grand Duke's quick temper he +related with gusto how in Galicia he had managed to deal with the +Grand Duke when the latter made a tour of the regiments and was +annoyed at the irregularity of a movement. With a pleasant smile +Berg related how the Grand Duke had ridden up to him in a violent +passion, shouting: "Arnauts!" ("Arnauts" was the Tsarevich's +favorite expression when he was in a rage) and called for the +company commander. + +"Would you believe it, Count, I was not at all alarmed, because I +knew I was right. Without boasting, you know, I may say that I know +the Army Orders by heart and know the Regulations as well as I do +the Lord's Prayer. So, Count, there never is any negligence in my +company, and so my conscience was at ease. I came forward...." (Berg +stood up and showed how he presented himself, with his hand to his +cap, and really it would have been difficult for a face to express +greater respect and self-complacency than his did.) "Well, he +stormed at me, as the saying is, stormed and stormed and stormed! It +was not a matter of life but rather of death, as the saying is. +'Albanians!' and 'devils!' and 'To Siberia!'" said Berg with a +sagacious smile. "I knew I was in the right so I kept silent; was +not that best, Count?... 'Hey, are you dumb?' he shouted. Still I +remained silent. And what do you think, Count? The next day it was not +even mentioned in the Orders of the Day. That's what keeping one's +head means. That's the way, Count," said Berg, lighting his pipe and +emitting rings of smoke. + +"Yes, that was fine," said Rostov, smiling. + +But Boris noticed that he was preparing to make fun of Berg, and +skillfully changed the subject. He asked him to tell them how and +where he got his wound. This pleased Rostov and he began talking about +it, and as he went on became more and more animated. He told them of +his Schon Grabern affair, just as those who have taken part in a +battle generally do describe it, that is, as they would like it to +have been, as they have heard it described by others, and as sounds +well, but not at all as it really was. Rostov was a truthful young man +and would on no account have told a deliberate lie. He began his story +meaning to tell everything just as it happened, but imperceptibly, +involuntarily, and inevitably he lapsed into falsehood. If he had told +the truth to his hearers--who like himself had often heard stories +of attacks and had formed a definite idea of what an attack was and +were expecting to hear just such a story--they would either not have +believed him or, still worse, would have thought that Rostov was +himself to blame since what generally happens to the narrators of +cavalry attacks had not happened to him. He could not tell them simply +that everyone went at a trot and that he fell off his horse and +sprained his arm and then ran as hard as he could from a Frenchman +into the wood. Besides, to tell everything as it really happened, it +would have been necessary to make an effort of will to tell only +what happened. It is very difficult to tell the truth, and young +people are rarely capable of it. His hearers expected a story of how +beside himself and all aflame with excitement, he had flown like a +storm at the square, cut his way in, slashed right and left, how his +saber had tasted flesh and he had fallen exhausted, and so on. And +so he told them all that. + +In the middle of his story, just as he was saying: "You cannot +imagine what a strange frenzy one experiences during an attack," +Prince Andrew, whom Boris was expecting, entered the room. Prince +Andrew, who liked to help young men, was flattered by being asked +for his assistance and being well disposed toward Boris, who had +managed to please him the day before, he wished to do what the young +man wanted. Having been sent with papers from Kutuzov to the +Tsarevich, he looked in on Boris, hoping to find him alone. When he +came in and saw an hussar of the line recounting his military exploits +(Prince Andrew could not endure that sort of man), he gave Boris a +pleasant smile, frowned as with half-closed eyes he looked at +Rostov, bowed slightly and wearily, and sat down languidly on the +sofa: he felt it unpleasant to have dropped in on bad company. +Rostov flushed up on noticing this, but he did not care, this was a +mere stranger. Glancing, however, at Boris, he saw that he too +seemed ashamed of the hussar of the line. + +In spite of Prince Andrew's disagreeable, ironical tone, in spite of +the contempt with which Rostov, from his fighting army point of +view, regarded all these little adjutants on the staff of whom the +newcomer was evidently one, Rostov felt confused, blushed, and +became silent. Boris inquired what news there might be on the staff, +and what, without indiscretion, one might ask about our plans. + +"We shall probably advance," replied Bolkonski, evidently +reluctant to say more in the presence of a stranger. + +Berg took the opportunity to ask, with great politeness, whether, as +was rumored, the allowance of forage money to captains of companies +would be doubled. To this Prince Andrew answered with a smile that +he could give no opinion on such an important government order, and +Berg laughed gaily. + +"As to your business," Prince Andrew continued, addressing Boris, +"we will talk of it later" (and he looked round at Rostov). "Come to +me after the review and we will do what is possible." + +And, having glanced round the room, Prince Andrew turned to +Rostov, whose state of unconquerable childish embarrassment now +changing to anger he did not condescend to notice, and said: "I +think you were talking of the Schon Grabern affair? Were you there?" + +"I was there," said Rostov angrily, as if intending to insult the +aide-de-camp. + +Bolkonski noticed the hussar's state of mind, and it amused him. +With a slightly contemptuous smile, he said: "Yes, there are many +stories now told about that affair!" + +"Yes, stories!" repeated Rostov loudly, looking with eyes suddenly +grown furious, now at Boris, now at Bolkonski. "Yes, many stories! But +our stories are the stories of men who have been under the enemy's +fire! Our stories have some weight, not like the stories of those +fellows on the staff who get rewards without doing anything!" + +"Of whom you imagine me to be one?" said Prince Andrew, with a quiet +and particularly amiable smile. + +A strange feeling of exasperation and yet of respect for this +man's self-possession mingled at that moment in Rostov's soul. + +"I am not talking about you," he said, "I don't know you and, +frankly, I don't want to. I am speaking of the staff in general." + +"And I will tell you this," Prince Andrew interrupted in a tone of +quiet authority, "you wish to insult me, and I am ready to agree +with you that it would be very easy to do so if you haven't sufficient +self-respect, but admit that the time and place are very badly chosen. +In a day or two we shall all have to take part in a greater and more +serious duel, and besides, Drubetskoy, who says he is an old friend of +yours, is not at all to blame that my face has the misfortune to +displease you. However," he added rising, "you know my name and +where to find me, but don't forget that I do not regard either +myself or you as having been at all insulted, and as a man older +than you, my advice is to let the matter drop. Well then, on Friday +after the review I shall expect you, Drubetskoy. Au revoir!" exclaimed +Prince Andrew, and with a bow to them both he went out. + +Only when Prince Andrew was gone did Rostov think of what he ought +to have said. And he was still more angry at having omitted to say it. +He ordered his horse at once and, coldly taking leave of Boris, rode +home. Should he go to headquarters next day and challenge that +affected adjutant, or really let the matter drop, was the question +that worried him all the way. He thought angrily of the pleasure he +would have at seeing the fright of that small and frail but proud +man when covered by his pistol, and then he felt with surprise that of +all the men he knew there was none he would so much like to have for a +friend as that very adjutant whom he so hated. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +The day after Rostov had been to see Boris, a review was held of the +Austrian and Russian troops, both those freshly arrived from Russia +and those who had been campaigning under Kutuzov. The two Emperors, +the Russian with his heir the Tsarevich, and the Austrian with the +Archduke, inspected the allied army of eighty thousand men. + +From early morning the smart clean troops were on the move, +forming up on the field before the fortress. Now thousands of feet and +bayonets moved and halted at the officers' command, turned with +banners flying, formed up at intervals, and wheeled round other +similar masses of infantry in different uniforms; now was heard the +rhythmic beat of hoofs and the jingling of showy cavalry in blue, red, +and green braided uniforms, with smartly dressed bandsmen in front +mounted on black, roan, or gray horses; then again, spreading out with +the brazen clatter of the polished shining cannon that quivered on the +gun carriages and with the smell of linstocks, came the artillery +which crawled between the infantry and cavalry and took up its +appointed position. Not only the generals in full parade uniforms, +with their thin or thick waists drawn in to the utmost, their red +necks squeezed into their stiff collars, and wearing scarves and all +their decorations, not only the elegant, pomaded officers, but every +soldier with his freshly washed and shaven face and his weapons +clean and polished to the utmost, and every horse groomed till its +coat shone like satin and every hair of its wetted mane lay smooth- +felt that no small matter was happening, but an important and solemn +affair. Every general and every soldier was conscious of his own +insignificance, aware of being but a drop in that ocean of men, and +yet at the same time was conscious of his strength as a part of that +enormous whole. + +From early morning strenuous activities and efforts had begun and by +ten o'clock all had been brought into due order. The ranks were +drown up on the vast field. The whole army was extended in three +lines: the cavalry in front, behind it the artillery, and behind +that again the infantry. + +A space like a street was left between each two lines of troops. The +three parts of that army were sharply distinguished: Kutuzov's +fighting army (with the Pavlograds on the right flank of the front); +those recently arrived from Russia, both Guards and regiments of the +line; and the Austrian troops. But they all stood in the same lines, +under one command, and in a like order. + +Like wind over leaves ran an excited whisper: "They're coming! +They're coming!" Alarmed voices were heard, and a stir of final +preparation swept over all the troops. + +From the direction of Olmutz in front of them, a group was seen +approaching. And at that moment, though the day was still, a light +gust of wind blowing over the army slightly stirred the streamers on +the lances and the unfolded standards fluttered against their +staffs. It looked as if by that slight motion the army itself was +expressing its joy at the approach of the Emperors. One voice was +heard shouting: "Eyes front!" Then, like the crowing of cocks at +sunrise, this was repeated by others from various sides and all became +silent. + +In the deathlike stillness only the tramp of horses was heard. +This was the Emperors' suites. The Emperors rode up to the flank, +and the trumpets of the first cavalry regiment played the general +march. It seemed as though not the trumpeters were playing, but as +if the army itself, rejoicing at the Emperors' approach, had naturally +burst into music. Amid these sounds, only the youthful kindly voice of +the Emperor Alexander was clearly heard. He gave the words of +greeting, and the first regiment roared "Hurrah!" so deafeningly, +continuously, and joyfully that the men themselves were awed by +their multitude and the immensity of the power they constituted. + +Rostov, standing in the front lines of Kutuzov's army which the Tsar +approached first, experienced the same feeling as every other man in +that army: a feeling of self-forgetfulness, a proud consciousness of +might, and a passionate attraction to him who was the cause of this +triumph. + +He felt that at a single word from that man all this vast mass +(and he himself an insignificant atom in it) would go through fire and +water, commit crime, die, or perform deeds of highest heroism, and +so he could not but tremble and his heart stand still at the imminence +of that word. + +"Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah!" thundered from all sides, one regiment +after another greeting the Tsar with the strains of the march, and +then "Hurrah!"... Then the general march, and again "Hurrah! +Hurrah!" growing ever stronger and fuller and merging into a deafening +roar. + +Till the Tsar reached it, each regiment in its silence and +immobility seemed like a lifeless body, but as soon as he came up it +became alive, its thunder joining the roar of the whole line along +which he had already passed. Through the terrible and deafening roar +of those voices, amid the square masses of troops standing +motionless as if turned to stone, hundreds of riders composing the +suites moved carelessly but symmetrically and above all freely, and in +front of them two men--the Emperors. Upon them the undivided, +tensely passionate attention of that whole mass of men was +concentrated. + +The handsome young Emperor Alexander, in the uniform of the Horse +Guards, wearing a cocked hat with its peaks front and back, with his +pleasant face and resonant though not loud voice, attracted everyone's +attention. + +Rostov was not far from the trumpeters, and with his keen sight +had recognized the Tsar and watched his approach. When he was within +twenty paces, and Nicholas could clearly distinguish every detail of +his handsome, happy young face, he experienced a feeling tenderness +and ecstasy such as he had never before known. Every trait and every +movement of the Tsar's seemed to him enchanting. + +Stopping in front of the Pavlograds, the Tsar said something in +French to the Austrian Emperor and smiled. + +Seeing that smile, Rostov involuntarily smiled himself and felt a +still stronger flow of love for his sovereign. He longed to show +that love in some way and knowing that this was impossible was ready +to cry. The Tsar called the colonel of the regiment and said a few +words to him. + +"Oh God, what would happen to me if the Emperor spoke to me?" +thought Rostov. "I should die of happiness!" + +The Tsar addressed the officers also: "I thank you all, gentlemen, I +thank you with my whole heart." To Rostov every word sounded like a +voice from heaven. How gladly would he have died at once for his Tsar! + +"You have earned the St. George's standards and will be worthy of +them." + +"Oh, to die, to die for him," thought Rostov. + +The Tsar said something more which Rostov did not hear, and the +soldiers, straining their lungs, shouted "Hurrah!" + +Rostov too, bending over his saddle, shouted "Hurrah!" with all +his might, feeling that he would like to injure himself by that shout, +if only to express his rapture fully. + +The Tsar stopped a few minutes in front of the hussars as if +undecided. + +"How can the Emperor be undecided?" thought Rostov, but then even +this indecision appeared to him majestic and enchanting, like +everything else the Tsar did. + +That hesitation lasted only an instant. The Tsar's foot, in the +narrow pointed boot then fashionable, touched the groin of the +bobtailed bay mare he rode, his hand in a white glove gathered up +the reins, and he moved off accompanied by an irregularly swaying +sea of aides-de-camp. Farther and farther he rode away, stopping at +other regiments, till at last only his white plumes were visible to +Rostov from amid the suites that surrounded the Emperors. + +Among the gentlemen of the suite, Rostov noticed Bolkonski, +sitting his horse indolently and carelessly. Rostov recalled their +quarrel of yesterday and the question presented itself whether he +ought or ought not to challenge Bolkonski. "Of course not!" he now +thought. "Is it worth thinking or speaking of it at such a moment? +At a time of such love, such rapture, and such self-sacrifice, what do +any of our quarrels and affronts matter? I love and forgive +everybody now." + +When the Emperor had passed nearly all the regiments, the troops +began a ceremonial march past him, and Rostov on Bedouin, recently +purchased from Denisov, rode past too, at the rear of his squadron- +that is, alone and in full view of the Emperor. + +Before he reached him, Rostov, who was a splendid horseman, +spurred Bedouin twice and successfully put him to the showy trot in +which the animal went when excited. Bending his foaming muzzle to +his chest, his tail extended, Bedouin, as if also conscious of the +Emperor's eye upon him, passed splendidly, lifting his feet with a +high and graceful action, as if flying through the air without +touching the ground. + +Rostov himself, his legs well back and his stomach drawn in and +feeling himself one with his horse, rode past the Emperor with a +frowning but blissful face "like a vewy devil," as Denisov expressed +it. + +"Fine fellows, the Pavlograds!" remarked the Emperor. + +"My God, how happy I should be if he ordered me to leap into the +fire this instant!" thought Rostov. + +When the review was over, the newly arrived officers, and also +Kutuzov's, collected in groups and began to talk about the awards, +about the Austrians and their uniforms, about their lines, about +Bonaparte, and how badly the latter would fare now, especially if +the Essen corps arrived and Prussia took our side. + +But the talk in every group was chiefly about the Emperor Alexander. +His every word and movement was described with ecstasy. + +They all had but one wish: to advance as soon as possible against +the enemy under the Emperor's command. Commanded by the Emperor +himself they could not fail to vanquish anyone, be it whom it might: +so thought Rostov and most of the officers after the review. + +All were then more confident of victory than the winning of two +battles would have made them. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +The day after the review, Boris, in his best uniform and with his +comrade Berg's best wishes for success, rode to Olmutz to see +Bolkonski, wishing to profit by his friendliness and obtain for +himself the best post he could--preferably that of adjutant to some +important personage, a position in the army which seemed to him most +attractive. "It is all very well for Rostov, whose father sends him +ten thousand rubles at a time, to talk about not wishing to cringe +to anybody and not be anyone's lackey, but I who have nothing but my +brains have to make a career and must not miss opportunities, but must +avail myself of them!" he reflected. + +He did not find Prince Andrew in Olmutz that day, but the appearance +of the town where the headquarters and the diplomatic corps were +stationed and the two Emperors were living with their suites, +households, and courts only strengthened his desire to belong to +that higher world. + +He knew no one, and despite his smart Guardsman's uniform, all these +exalted personages passing in the streets in their elegant carriages +with their plumes, ribbons, and medals, both courtiers and military +men, seemed so immeasurably above him, an insignificant officer of the +Guards, that they not only did not wish to, but simply could not, be +aware of his existence. At the quarters of the commander in chief, +Kutuzov, where he inquired for Bolkonski, all the adjutants and even +the orderlies looked at him as if they wished to impress on him that a +great many officers like him were always coming there and that +everybody was heartily sick of them. In spite of this, or rather +because of it, next day, November 15, after dinner he again went to +Olmutz and, entering the house occupied by Kutuzov, asked for +Bolkonski. Prince Andrew was in and Boris was shown into a large +hall probably formerly used for dancing, but in which five beds now +stood, and furniture of various kinds: a table, chairs, and a +clavichord. One adjutant, nearest the door, was sitting at the table +in a Persian dressing gown, writing. Another, the red, stout +Nesvitski, lay on a bed with his arms under his head, laughing with an +officer who had sat down beside him. A third was playing a Viennese +waltz on the clavichord, while a fourth, lying on the clavichord, sang +the tune. Bolkonski was not there. None of these gentlemen changed his +position on seeing Boris. The one who was writing and whom Boris +addressed turned round crossly and told him Bolkonski was on duty +and that he should go through the door on the left into the +reception room if he wished to see him. Boris thanked him and went +to the reception room, where he found some ten officers and generals. + +When he entered, Prince Andrew, his eyes drooping contemptuously +(with that peculiar expression of polite weariness which plainly says, +"If it were not my duty I would not talk to you for a moment"), was +listening to an old Russian general with decorations, who stood very +erect, almost on tiptoe, with a soldier's obsequious expression on his +purple face, reporting something. + +"Very well, then, be so good as to wait," said Prince Andrew to +the general, in Russian, speaking with the French intonation he +affected when he wished to speak contemptuously, and noticing Boris, +Prince Andrew, paying no more heed to the general who ran after him +imploring him to hear something more, nodded and turned to him with +a cheerful smile. + +At that moment Boris clearly realized what he had before surmised, +that in the army, besides the subordination and discipline +prescribed in the military code, which he and the others knew in the +regiment, there was another, more important, subordination, which made +this tight-laced, purple-faced general wait respectfully while Captain +Prince Andrew, for his own pleasure, chose to chat with Lieutenant +Drubetskoy. More than ever was Boris resolved to serve in future not +according to the written code, but under this unwritten law. He felt +now that merely by having been recommended to Prince Andrew he had +already risen above the general who at the front had the power to +annihilate him, a lieutenant of the Guards. Prince Andrew came up to +him and took his hand. + + +"I am very sorry you did not find me in yesterday. I was fussing +about with Germans all day. We went with Weyrother to survey the +dispositions. When Germans start being accurate, there's no end to +it!" + +Boris smiled, as if he understood what Prince Andrew was alluding to +as something generally known. But it the first time he had heard +Weyrother's name, or even the term "dispositions." + +"Well, my dear fellow, so you still want to be an adjutant? I have +been thinking about you." + +"Yes, I was thinking"--for some reason Boris could not help +blushing--"of asking the commander in chief. He has had a letter +from Prince Kuragin about me. I only wanted to ask because I fear +the Guards won't be in action," he added as if in apology. + +"All right, all right. We'll talk it over," replied Prince Andrew. +"Only let me report this gentleman's business, and I shall be at +your disposal." + +While Prince Andrew went to report about the purple-faced general, +that gentleman--evidently not sharing Boris' conception of the +advantages of the unwritten code of subordination--looked so fixedly +at the presumptuous lieutenant who had prevented his finishing what he +had to say to the adjutant that Boris felt uncomfortable. He turned +away and waited impatiently for Prince Andrew's return from the +commander in chief's room. + +"You see, my dear fellow, I have been thinking about you," said +Prince Andrew when they had gone into the large room where the +clavichord was. "It's no use your going to the commander in chief. +He would say a lot of pleasant things, ask you to dinner" ("That would +not be bad as regards the unwritten code," thought Boris), "but +nothing more would come of it. There will soon be a battalion of us +aides-de-camp and adjutants! But this is what we'll do: I have a +good friend, an adjutant general and an excellent fellow, Prince +Dolgorukov; and though you may not know it, the fact is that now +Kutuzov with his staff and all of us count for nothing. Everything +is now centered round the Emperor. So we will go to Dolgorukov; I have +to go there anyhow and I have already spoken to him about you. We +shall see whether he cannot attach you to himself or find a place +for you somewhere nearer the sun." + +Prince Andrew always became specially keen when he had to guide a +young man and help him to worldly success. Under cover of obtaining +help of this kind for another, which from pride he would never +accept for himself, he kept in touch with the circle which confers +success and which attracted him. He very readily took up Boris' +cause and went with him to Dolgorukov. + +It was late in the evening when they entered the palace at Olmutz +occupied by the Emperors and their retinues. + +That same day a council of war had been held in which all the +members of the Hofkriegsrath and both Emperors took part. At that +council, contrary to the views of the old generals Kutuzov and +Prince Schwartzenberg, it had been decided to advance immediately +and give battle to Bonaparte. The council of war was just over when +Prince Andrew accompanied by Boris arrived at the palace to find +Dolgorukov. Everyone at headquarters was still under the spell of +the day's council, at which the party of the young had triumphed. +The voices of those who counseled delay and advised waiting for +something else before advancing had been so completely silenced and +their arguments confuted by such conclusive evidence of the advantages +of attacking that what had been discussed at the council--the coming +battle and the victory that would certainly result from it--no +longer seemed to be in the future but in the past. All the +advantages were on our side. Our enormous forces, undoubtedly superior +to Napoleon's, were concentrated in one place, the troops inspired +by the Emperors' presence were eager for action. The strategic +position where the operations would take place was familiar in all its +details to the Austrian General Weyrother: a lucky accident had +ordained that the Austrian army should maneuver the previous year on +the very fields where the French had now to be fought; the adjacent +locality was known and shown in every detail on the maps, and +Bonaparte, evidently weakened, was undertaking nothing. + +Dolgorukov, one of the warmest advocates of an attack, had just +returned from the council, tired and exhausted but eager and proud +of the victory that had been gained. Prince Andrew introduced his +protege, but Prince Dolgorukov politely and firmly pressing his hand +said nothing to Boris and, evidently unable to suppress the thoughts +which were uppermost in his mind at that moment, addressed Prince +Andrew in French. + +"Ah, my dear fellow, what a battle we have gained! God grant that +the one that will result from it will be as victorious! However, +dear fellow," he said abruptly and eagerly, "I must confess to +having been unjust to the Austrians and especially to Weyrother. +What exactitude, what minuteness, what knowledge of the locality, what +foresight for every eventuality, every possibility even to the +smallest detail! No, my dear fellow, no conditions better than our +present ones could have been devised. This combination of Austrian +precision with Russian valor--what more could be wished for?" + +"So the attack is definitely resolved on?" asked Bolkonski. + +"And do you know, my dear fellow, it seems to me that Bonaparte +has decidedly lost bearings, you know that a letter was received +from him today for the Emperor." Dolgorukov smiled significantly. + +"Is that so? And what did he say?" inquired Bolkonski. + +"What can he say? Tra-di-ri-di-ra and so on... merely to gain +time. I tell you he is in our hands, that's certain! But what was most +amusing," he continued, with a sudden, good-natured laugh, "was that +we could not think how to address the reply! If not as 'Consul' and of +course not as 'Emperor,' it seemed to me it should be to 'General +Bonaparte.'" + +"But between not recognizing him as Emperor and calling him +General Bonaparte, there is a difference," remarked Bolkonski. + +"That's just it," interrupted Dolgorukov quickly, laughing. "You +know Bilibin--he's a very clever fellow. He suggested addressing him +as 'Usurper and Enemy of Mankind.'" + +Dolgorukov laughed merrily. + +"Only that?" said Bolkonski. + +"All the same, it was Bilibin who found a suitable form for the +address. He is a wise and clever fellow." + +"What was it?" + +"To the Head of the French Government... Au chef du gouvernement +francais," said Dolgorukov, with grave satisfaction. "Good, wasn't +it?" + +"Yes, but he will dislike it extremely," said Bolkonski. + +"Oh yes, very much! My brother knows him, he's dined with him--the +present Emperor--more than once in Paris, and tells me he never met +a more cunning or subtle diplomatist--you know, a combination of +French adroitness and Italian play-acting! Do you know the tale +about him and Count Markov? Count Markov was the only man who knew how +to handle him. You know the story of the handkerchief? It is +delightful!" + +And the talkative Dolgorukov, turning now to Boris, now to Prince +Andrew, told how Bonaparte wishing to test Markov, our ambassador, +purposely dropped a handkerchief in front of him and stood looking +at Markov, probably expecting Markov to pick it up for him, and how +Markov immediately dropped his own beside it and picked it up +without touching Bonaparte's. + +"Delightful!" said Bolkonski. "But I have come to you, Prince, as +a petitioner on behalf of this young man. You see..." but before +Prince Andrew could finish, an aide-de-camp came in to summon +Dolgorukov to the Emperor. + +"Oh, what a nuisance," said Dolgorukov, getting up hurriedly and +pressing the hands of Prince Andrew and Boris. "You know I should be +very glad to do all in my power both for you and for this dear young +man." Again he pressed the hand of the latter with an expression of +good-natured, sincere, and animated levity. "But you see... another +time!" + +Boris was excited by the thought of being so close to the higher +powers as he felt himself to be at that moment. He was conscious +that here he was in contact with the springs that set in motion the +enormous movements of the mass of which in his regiment he felt +himself a tiny, obedient, and insignificant atom. They followed Prince +Dolgorukov out into the corridor and met--coming out of the door of +the Emperor's room by which Dolgorukov had entered--a short man in +civilian clothes with a clever face and sharply projecting jaw +which, without spoiling his face, gave him a peculiar vivacity and +shiftiness of expression. This short man nodded to Dolgorukov as to an +intimate friend and stared at Prince Andrew with cool intensity, +walking straight toward him and evidently expecting him to bow or to +step out of his way. Prince Andrew did neither: a look of animosity +appeared on his face and the other turned away and went down the +side of the corridor. + +"Who was that?" asked Boris. + +"He is one of the most remarkable, but to me most unpleasant of men- +the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Adam Czartoryski.... It is +such men as he who decide the fate of nations," added Bolkonski with a +sigh he could not suppress, as they passed out of the palace. + +Next day, the army began its campaign, and up to the very battle +of Austerlitz, Boris was unable to see either Prince Andrew or +Dolgorukov again and remained for a while with the Ismaylov regiment. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +At dawn on the sixteenth of November, Denisov's squadron, in which +Nicholas Rostov served and which was in Prince Bagration's detachment, +moved from the place where it had spent the night, advancing into +action as arranged, and after going behind other columns for about two +thirds of a mile was stopped on the highroad. Rostov saw the +Cossacks and then the first and second squadrons of hussars and +infantry battalions and artillery pass by and go forward and then +Generals Bagration and Dolgorukov ride past with their adjutants. +All the fear before action which he had experienced as previously, all +the inner struggle to conquer that fear, all his dreams of +distinguishing himself as a true hussar in this battle, had been +wasted. Their squadron remained in reserve and Nicholas Rostov spent +that day in a dull and wretched mood. At nine in the morning, he heard +firing in front and shouts of hurrah, and saw wounded being brought +back (there were not many of them), and at last he saw how a whole +detachment of French cavalry was brought in, convoyed by a sontnya +of Cossacks. Evidently the affair was over and, though not big, had +been a successful engagement. The men and officers returning spoke +of a brilliant victory, of the occupation of the town of Wischau and +the capture of a whole French squadron. The day was bright and sunny +after a sharp night frost, and the cheerful glitter of that autumn day +was in keeping with the news of victory which was conveyed, not only +by the tales of those who had taken part in it, but also by the joyful +expression on the faces of soldiers, officers, generals, and +adjutants, as they passed Rostov going or coming. And Nicholas, who +had vainly suffered all the dread that precedes a battle and had spent +that happy day in inactivity, was all the more depressed. + +"Come here, Wostov. Let's dwink to dwown our gwief!" shouted +Denisov, who had settled down by the roadside with a flask and some +food. + +The officers gathered round Denisov's canteen, eating and talking. + +"There! They are bringing another!" cried one of the officers, +indicating a captive French dragoon who was being brought in on foot +by two Cossacks. + +One of them was leading by the bridle a fine large French horse he +had taken from the prisoner. + +"Sell us that horse!" Denisov called out to the Cossacks. + +"If you like, your honor!" + +The officers got up and stood round the Cossacks and their prisoner. +The French dragoon was a young Alsatian who spoke French with a German +accent. He was breathless with agitation, his face was red, and when +he heard some French spoken he at once began speaking to the officers, +addressing first one, then another. He said he would not have been +taken, it was not his fault but the corporal's who had sent him to +seize some horsecloths, though he had told him the Russians were +there. And at every word he added: "But don't hurt my little horse!" +and stroked the animal. It was plain that he did not quite grasp where +he was. Now he excused himself for having been taken prisoner and now, +imagining himself before his own officers, insisted on his soldierly +discipline and zeal in the service. He brought with him into our +rearguard all the freshness of atmosphere of the French army, which +was so alien to us. + +The Cossacks sold the horse for two gold pieces, and Rostov, being +the richest of the officers now that he had received his money, bought +it. + +"But don't hurt my little horse!" said the Alsatian good-naturedly +to Rostov when the animal was handed over to the hussar. + +Rostov smilingly reassured the dragoon and gave him money. + +"Alley! Alley!" said the Cossack, touching the prisoner's arm to +make him go on. + +"The Emperor! The Emperor!" was suddenly heard among the hussars. + +All began to run and bustle, and Rostov saw coming up the road +behind him several riders with white plumes in their hats. In a moment +everyone was in his place, waiting. + +Rostov did not know or remember how he ran to his place and mounted. +Instantly his regret at not having been in action and his dejected +mood amid people of whom he was weary had gone, instantly every +thought of himself had vanished. He was filled with happiness at his +nearness to the Emperor. He felt that this nearness by itself made +up to him for the day he had lost. He was happy as a lover when the +longed-for moment of meeting arrives. Not daring to look round and +without looking round, he was ecstatically conscious of his +approach. He felt it not only from the sound of the hoofs of the +approaching cavalcade, but because as he drew near everything grew +brighter, more joyful, more significant, and more festive around +him. Nearer and nearer to Rostov came that sun shedding beams of +mild and majestic light around, and already he felt himself +enveloped in those beams, he heard his voice, that kindly, calm, and +majestic voice that was yet so simple! And as if in accord with +Rostov's feeling, there was a deathly stillness amid which was heard +the Emperor's voice. + +"The Pavlograd hussars?" he inquired. + +"The reserves, sire!" replied a voice, a very human one compared +to that which had said: "The Pavlograd hussars?" + +The Emperor drew level with Rostov and halted. Alexander's face +was even more beautiful than it had been three days before at the +review. It shone with such gaiety and youth, such innocent youth, that +it suggested the liveliness of a fourteen-year-old boy, and yet it was +the face of the majestic Emperor. Casually, while surveying the +squadron, the Emperor's eyes met Rostov's and rested on them for not +more than two seconds. Whether or no the Emperor understood what was +going on in Rostov's soul (it seemed to Rostov that he understood +everything), at any rate his light-blue eyes gazed for about two +seconds into Rostov's face. A gentle, mild light poured from them. +Then all at once he raised his eyebrows, abruptly touched his horse +with his left foot, and galloped on. + +The younger Emperor could not restrain his wish to be present at the +battle and, in spite of the remonstrances of his courtiers, at +twelve o'clock left the third column with which he had been and +galloped toward the vanguard. Before he came up with the hussars, +several adjutants met him with news of the successful result of the +action. + +This battle, which consisted in the capture of a French squadron, +was represented as a brilliant victory over the French, and so the +Emperor and the whole army, especially while the smoke hung over the +battlefield, believed that the French had been defeated and were +retreating against their will. A few minutes after the Emperor had +passed, the Pavlograd division was ordered to advance. In Wischau +itself, a petty German town, Rostov saw the Emperor again. In the +market place, where there had been some rather heavy firing before the +Emperor's arrival, lay several killed and wounded soldiers whom +there had not been time to move. The Emperor, surrounded by his +suite of officers and courtiers, was riding a bobtailed chestnut mare, +a different one from that which he had ridden at the review, and +bending to one side he gracefully held a gold lorgnette to his eyes +and looked at a soldier who lay prone, with blood on his uncovered +head. The wounded soldier was so dirty, coarse, and revolting that his +proximity to the Emperor shocked Rostov. Rostov saw how the +Emperor's rather round shoulders shuddered as if a cold shiver had run +down them, how his left foot began convulsively tapping the horse's +side with the spur, and how the well-trained horse looked round +unconcerned and did not stir. An adjutant, dismounting, lifted the +soldier under the arms to place him on a stretcher that had been +brought. The soldier groaned. + +"Gently, gently! Can't you do it more gently?" said the Emperor +apparently suffering more than the dying soldier, and he rode away. + +Rostov saw tears filling the Emperor's eyes and heard him, as he was +riding away, say to Czartoryski: "What a terrible thing war is: what a +terrible thing! Quelle terrible chose que la guerre!" + +The troops of the vanguard were stationed before Wischau, within +sight of the enemy's lines, which all day long had yielded ground to +us at the least firing. The Emperor's gratitude was announced to the +vanguard, rewards were promised, and the men received a double +ration of vodka. The campfires crackled and the soldiers' songs +resounded even more merrily than on the previous night. Denisov +celebrated his promotion to the rank of major, and Rostov, who had +already drunk enough, at the end of the feast proposed the Emperor's +health. "Not 'our Sovereign, the Emperor,' as they say at official +dinners," said he, "but the health of our Sovereign, that good, +enchanting, and great man! Let us drink to his health and to the +certain defeat of the French!" + +"If we fought before," he said, "not letting the French pass, as +at Schon Grabern, what shall we not do now when he is at the front? We +will all die for him gladly! Is it not so, gentlemen? Perhaps I am not +saying it right, I have drunk a good deal--but that is how I feel, and +so do you too! To the health of Alexander the First! Hurrah!" + +"Hurrah!" rang the enthusiastic voices of the officers. + +And the old cavalry captain, Kirsten, shouted enthusiastically and +no less sincerely than the twenty-year-old Rostov. + +When the officers had emptied and smashed their glasses, Kirsten +filled others and, in shirt sleeves and breeches, went glass in hand +to the soldiers' bonfires and with his long gray mustache, his white +chest showing under his open shirt, he stood in a majestic pose in the +light of the campfire, waving his uplifted arm. + +"Lads! here's to our Sovereign, the Emperor, and victory over our +enemies! Hurrah!" he exclaimed in his dashing, old, hussar's baritone. + +The hussars crowded round and responded heartily with loud shouts. + +Late that night, when all had separated, Denisov with his short hand +patted his favorite, Rostov, on the shoulder. + +"As there's no one to fall in love with on campaign, he's fallen +in love with the Tsar," he said. + +"Denisov, don't make fun of it!" cried Rostov. "It is such a +lofty, beautiful feeling, such a..." + +"I believe it, I believe it, fwiend, and I share and appwove..." + +"No, you don't understand!" + +And Rostov got up and went wandering among the campfires, dreaming +of what happiness it would be to die--not in saving the Emperor's life +(he did not even dare to dream of that), but simply to die before +his eyes. He really was in love with the Tsar and the glory of the +Russian arms and the hope of future triumph. And he was not the only +man to experience that feeling during those memorable days preceding +the battle of Austerlitz: nine tenths of the men in the Russian army +were then in love, though less ecstatically, with their Tsar and the +glory of the Russian arms. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +The next day the Emperor stopped at Wischau, and Villier, his +physician, was repeatedly summoned to see him. At headquarters and +among the troops near by the news spread that the Emperor was +unwell. He ate nothing and had slept badly that night, those around +him reported. The cause of this indisposition was the strong +impression made on his sensitive mind by the sight of the killed and +wounded. + +At daybreak on the seventeenth, a French officer who had come with a +flag of truce, demanding an audience with the Russian Emperor, was +brought into Wischau from our outposts. This officer was Savary. The +Emperor had only just fallen asleep and so Savary had to wait. At +midday he was admitted to the Emperor, and an hour later he rode off +with Prince Dolgorukov to the advanced post of the French army. + +It was rumored that Savary had been sent to propose to Alexander a +meeting with Napoleon. To the joy and pride of the whole army, a +personal interview was refused, and instead of the Sovereign, Prince +Dolgorukov, the victor at Wischau, was sent with Savary to negotiate +with Napoleon if, contrary to expectations, these negotiations were +actuated by a real desire for peace. + +Toward evening Dolgorukov came back, went straight to the Tsar, +and remained alone with him for a long time. + +On the eighteenth and nineteenth of November, the army advanced +two days' march and the enemy's outposts after a brief interchange +of shots retreated. In the highest army circles from midday on the +nineteenth, a great, excitedly bustling activity began which lasted +till the morning of the twentieth, when the memorable battle of +Austerlitz was fought. + +Till midday on the nineteenth, the activity--the eager talk, running +to and fro, and dispatching of adjutants--was confined to the +Emperor's headquarters. But on the afternoon of that day, this +activity reached Kutuzov's headquarters and the staffs of the +commanders of columns. By evening, the adjutants had spread it to +all ends and parts of the army, and in the night from the nineteenth +to the twentieth, the whole eighty thousand allied troops rose from +their bivouacs to the hum of voices, and the army swayed and started +in one enormous mass six miles long. + +The concentrated activity which had begun at the Emperor's +headquarters in the morning and had started the whole movement that +followed was like the first movement of the main wheel of a large +tower clock. One wheel slowly moved, another was set in motion, and +a third, and wheels began to revolve faster and faster, levers and +cogwheels to work, chimes to play, figures to pop out, and the hands +to advance with regular motion as a result of all that activity. + +Just as in the mechanism of a clock, so in the mechanism of the +military machine, an impulse once given leads to the final result; and +just as indifferently quiescent till the moment when motion is +transmitted to them are the parts of the mechanism which the impulse +has not yet reached. Wheels creak on their axles as the cogs engage +one another and the revolving pulleys whirr with the rapidity of their +movement, but a neighboring wheel is as quiet and motionless as though +it were prepared to remain so for a hundred years; but the moment +comes when the lever catches it and obeying the impulse that wheel +begins to creak and joins in the common motion the result and aim of +which are beyond its ken. + +Just as in a clock, the result of the complicated motion of +innumerable wheels and pulleys is merely a slow and regular movement +of the hands which show the time, so the result of all the complicated +human activities of 160,000 Russians and French--all their passions, +desires, remorse, humiliations, sufferings, outbursts of pride, +fear, and enthusiasm--was only the loss of the battle of Austerlitz, +the so-called battle of the three Emperors--that is to say, a slow +movement of the hand on the dial of human history. + +Prince Andrew was on duty that day and in constant attendance on the +commander in chief. + +At six in the evening, Kutuzov went to the Emperor's headquarters +and after staying but a short time with the Tsar went to see the grand +marshal of the court, Count Tolstoy. + +Bolkonski took the opportunity to go in to get some details of the +coming action from Dolgorukov. He felt that Kutuzov was upset and +dissatisfied about something and that at headquarters they were +dissatisfied with him, and also that at the Emperor's headquarters +everyone adopted toward him the tone of men who know something +others do not know: he therefore wished to speak to Dolgorukov. + +"Well, how d'you do, my dear fellow?" said Dolgorukov, who was +sitting at tea with Bilibin. "The fete is for tomorrow. How is your +old fellow? Out of sorts?" + +"I won't say he is out of sorts, but I fancy he would like to be +heard." + +"But they heard him at the council of war and will hear him when +he talks sense, but to temporize and wait for something now when +Bonaparte fears nothing so much as a general battle is impossible." + +"Yes, you have seen him?" said Prince Andrew. "Well, what is +Bonaparte like? How did he impress you?" + +"Yes, I saw him, and am convinced that he fears nothing so much as a +general engagement," repeated Dolgorukov, evidently prizing this +general conclusion which he had arrived at from his interview with +Napoleon. "If he weren't afraid of a battle why did he ask for that +interview? Why negotiate, and above all why retreat, when to retreat +is so contrary to his method of conducting war? Believe me, he is +afraid, afraid of a general battle. His hour has come! Mark my words!" + +"But tell me, what is he like, eh?" said Prince Andrew again. + +"He is a man in a gray overcoat, very anxious that I should call him +'Your Majesty,' but who, to his chagrin, got no title from me! +That's the sort of man he is, and nothing more," replied Dolgorukov, +looking round at Bilibin with a smile. + +"Despite my great respect for old Kutuzov," he continued, "we should +be a nice set of fellows if we were to wait about and so give him a +chance to escape, or to trick us, now that we certainly have him in +our hands! No, we mustn't forget Suvorov and his rule--not to put +yourself in a position to be attacked, but yourself to attack. Believe +me in war the energy of young men often shows the way better than +all the experience of old Cunctators." + +"But in what position are we going to attack him? I have been at the +outposts today and it is impossible to say where his chief forces +are situated," said Prince Andrew. + +He wished to explain to Dolgorukov a plan of attack he had himself +formed. + +"Oh, that is all the same," Dolgorukov said quickly, and getting +up he spread a map on the table. "All eventualities have been +foreseen. If he is standing before Brunn..." + +And Prince Dolgorukov rapidly but indistinctly explained Weyrother's +plan of a flanking movement. + +Prince Andrew began to reply and to state his own plan, which +might have been as good as Weyrother's, but for the disadvantage +that Weyrother's had already been approved. As soon as Prince Andrew +began to demonstrate the defects of the latter and the merits of his +own plan, Prince Dolgorukov ceased to listen to him and gazed +absent-mindedly not at the map, but at Prince Andrew's face. + +"There will be a council of war at Kutuzov's tonight, though; you +can say all this there," remarked Dolgorukov. + +"I will do so," said Prince Andrew, moving away from the map. + +"Whatever are you bothering about, gentlemen?" said Bilibin, who, +till then, had listened with an amused smile to their conversation and +now was evidently ready with a joke. "Whether tomorrow brings +victory or defeat, the glory of our Russian arms is secure. Except +your Kutuzov, there is not a single Russian in command of a column! +The commanders are: Herr General Wimpfen, le Comte de Langeron, le +Prince de Lichtenstein, le Prince, de Hohenlohe, and finally +Prishprish, and so on like all those Polish names." + +"Be quiet, backbiter!" said Dolgorukov. "It is not true; there are +now two Russians, Miloradovich, and Dokhturov, and there would be a +third, Count Arakcheev, if his nerves were not too weak." + +"However, I think General Kutuzov has come out," said Prince Andrew. +"I wish you good luck and success, gentlemen!" he added and went out +after shaking hands with Dolgorukov and Bilibin. + +On the way home, Prince Andrew could not refrain from asking +Kutuzov, who was sitting silently beside him, what he thought of +tomorrow's battle. + +Kutuzov looked sternly at his adjutant and, after a pause, +replied: "I think the battle will be lost, and so I told Count Tolstoy +and asked him to tell the Emperor. What do you think he replied? 'But, +my dear general, I am engaged with rice and cutlets, look after +military matters yourself!' Yes... That was the answer I got!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +Shortly after nine o'clock that evening, Weyrother drove with his +plans to Kutuzov's quarters where the council of war was to be held. +All the commanders of columns were summoned to the commander in +chief's and with the exception of Prince Bagration, who declined to +come, were all there at the appointed time. + +Weyrother, who was in full control of the proposed battle, by his +eagerness and briskness presented a marked contrast to the +dissatisfied and drowsy Kutuzov, who reluctantly played the part of +chairman and president of the council of war. Weyrother evidently felt +himself to be at the head of a movement that had already become +unrestrainable. He was like a horse running downhill harnessed to a +heavy cart. Whether he was pulling it or being pushed by it he did not +know, but rushed along at headlong speed with no time to consider what +this movement might lead to. Weyrother had been twice that evening +to the enemy's picket line to reconnoiter personally, and twice to the +Emperors, Russian and Austrian, to report and explain, and to his +headquarters where he had dictated the dispositions in German, and +now, much exhausted, he arrived at Kutuzov's. + +He was evidently so busy that he even forgot to be polite to the +commander in chief. He interrupted him, talked rapidly and +indistinctly, without looking at the man he was addressing, and did +not reply to questions put to him. He was bespattered with mud and had +a pitiful, weary, and distracted air, though at the same time he was +haughty and self-confident. + +Kutuzov was occupying a nobleman's castle of modest dimensions +near Ostralitz. In the large drawing room which had become the +commander in chief's office were gathered Kutuzov himself, +Weyrother, and the members of the council of war. They were drinking +tea, and only awaited Prince Bagration to begin the council. At last +Bagration's orderly came with the news that the prince could not +attend. Prince Andrew came in to inform the commander in chief of this +and, availing himself of permission previously given him by Kutuzov to +be present at the council, he remained in the room. + +"Since Prince Bagration is not coming, we may begin," said +Weyrother, hurriedly rising from his seat and going up to the table on +which an enormous map of the environs of Brunn was spread out. + +Kutuzov, with his uniform unbuttoned so that his fat neck bulged +over his collar as if escaping, was sitting almost asleep in a low +chair, with his podgy old hands resting symmetrically on its arms. +At the sound of Weyrother's voice, he opened his one eye with an +effort. + + +"Yes, yes, if you please! It is already late," said he, and +nodding his head he let it droop and again closed his eye. + +If at first the members of the council thought that Kutuzov was +pretending to sleep, the sounds his nose emitted during the reading +that followed proved that the commander in chief at that moment was +absorbed by a far more serious matter than a desire to show his +contempt for the dispositions or anything else--he was engaged in +satisfying the irresistible human need for sleep. He really was +asleep. Weyrother, with the gesture of a man too busy to lose a +moment, glanced at Kutuzov and, having convinced himself that he was +asleep, took up a paper and in a loud, monotonous voice began to +read out the dispositions for the impending battle, under a heading +which he also read out: + +"Dispositions for an attack on the enemy position behind Kobelnitz +and Sokolnitz, November 30, 1805." + +The dispositions were very complicated and difficult. They began +as follows: + +"As the enemy's left wing rests on wooded hills and his right +extends along Kobelnitz and Sokolnitz behind the ponds that are there, +while we, on the other hand, with our left wing by far outflank his +right, it is advantageous to attack the enemy's latter wing especially +if we occupy the villages of Sokolnitz and Kobelnitz, whereby we can +both fall on his flank and pursue him over the plain between +Schlappanitz and the Thuerassa forest, avoiding the defiles of +Schlappanitz and Bellowitz which cover the enemy's front. For this +object it is necessary that... The first column marches... The +second column marches... The third column marches..." and so on, +read Weyrother. + +The generals seemed to listen reluctantly to the difficult +dispositions. The tall, fair-haired General Buxhowden stood, leaning +his back against the wall, his eyes fixed on a burning candle, and +seemed not to listen or even to wish to be thought to listen. +Exactly opposite Weyrother, with his glistening wide-open eyes fixed +upon him and his mustache twisted upwards, sat the ruddy +Miloradovich in a military pose, his elbows turned outwards, his hands +on his knees, and his shoulders raised. He remained stubbornly silent, +gazing at Weyrother's face, and only turned away his eyes when the +Austrian chief of staff finished reading. Then Miloradovich looked +round significantly at the other generals. But one could not tell from +that significant look whether he agreed or disagreed and was satisfied +or not with the arrangements. Next to Weyrother sat Count Langeron +who, with a subtle smile that never left his typically southern French +face during the whole time of the reading, gazed at his delicate +fingers which rapidly twirled by its corners a gold snuffbox on +which was a portrait. In the middle of one of the longest sentences, +he stopped the rotary motion of the snuffbox, raised his head, and +with inimical politeness lurking in the corners of his thin lips +interrupted Weyrother, wishing to say something. But the Austrian +general, continuing to read, frowned angrily and jerked his elbows, as +if to say: "You can tell me your views later, but now be so good as to +look at the map and listen." Langeron lifted his eyes with an +expression of perplexity, turned round to Miloradovich as if seeking +an explanation, but meeting the latter's impressive but meaningless +gaze drooped his eyes sadly and again took to twirling his snuffbox. + +"A geography lesson!" he muttered as if to himself, but loud +enough to be heard. + +Przebyszewski, with respectful but dignified politeness, held his +hand to his ear toward Weyrother, with the air of a man absorbed in +attention. Dohkturov, a little man, sat opposite Weyrother, with an +assiduous and modest mien, and stooping over the outspread map +conscientiously studied the dispositions and the unfamiliar +locality. He asked Weyrother several times to repeat words he had +not clearly heard and the difficult names of villages. Weyrother +complied and Dohkturov noted them down. + +When the reading which lasted more than an hour was over, Langeron +again brought his snuffbox to rest and, without looking at Weyrother +or at anyone in particular, began to say how difficult it was to carry +out such a plan in which the enemy's position was assumed to be known, +whereas it was perhaps not known, since the enemy was in movement. +Langeron's objections were valid but it was obvious that their chief +aim was to show General Weyrother--who had read his dispositions +with as much self-confidence as if he were addressing school children- +that he had to do, not with fools, but with men who could teach him +something in military matters. + +When the monotonous sound of Weyrother's voice ceased, Kutuzov +opened his eye as a miller wakes up when the soporific drone of the +mill wheel is interrupted. He listened to what Langeron said, as if +remarking, "So you are still at that silly business!" quickly closed +his eye again, and let his head sink still lower. + +Langeron, trying as virulently as possible to sting Weyrother's +vanity as author of the military plan, argued that Bonaparte might +easily attack instead of being attacked, and so render the whole of +this plan perfectly worthless. Weyrother met all objections with a +firm and contemptuous smile, evidently prepared beforehand to meet all +objections be they what they might. + +"If he could attack us, he would have done so today," said he. + +"So you think he is powerless?" said Langeron. + +"He has forty thousand men at most," replied Weyrother, with the +smile of a doctor to whom an old wife wishes to explain the +treatment of a case. + +"In that case he is inviting his doom by awaiting our attack," +said Langeron, with a subtly ironical smile, again glancing round +for support to Miloradovich who was near him. + +But Miloradovich was at that moment evidently thinking of anything +rather than of what the generals were disputing about. + +"Ma foi!" said he, "tomorrow we shall see all that on the +battlefield." + +Weyrother again gave that smile which seemed to say that to him it +was strange and ridiculous to meet objections from Russian generals +and to have to prove to them what he had not merely convinced +himself of, but had also convinced the sovereign Emperors of. + +"The enemy has quenched his fires and a continual noise is heard +from his camp," said he. "What does that mean? Either he is +retreating, which is the only thing we need fear, or he is changing +his position." (He smiled ironically.) "But even if he also took up +a position in the Thuerassa, he merely saves us a great deal of +trouble and all our arrangements to the minutest detail remain the +same." + +"How is that?..." began Prince Andrew, who had for long been waiting +an opportunity to express his doubts. + +Kutuzov here woke up, coughed heavily, and looked round at the +generals. + +"Gentlemen, the dispositions for tomorrow--or rather for today, +for it is past midnight--cannot now be altered," said he. "You have +heard them, and we shall all do our duty. But before a battle, there +is nothing more important..." he paused, "than to have a good sleep." + +He moved as if to rise. The generals bowed and retired. It was +past midnight. Prince Andrew went out. + + +The council of war, at which Prince Andrew had not been able to +express his opinion as he had hoped to, left on him a vague and uneasy +impression. Whether Dolgorukov and Weyrother, or Kutuzov, Langeron, +and the others who did not approve of the plan of attack, were +right--he did not know. "But was it really not possible for Kutuzov to +state his views plainly to the Emperor? Is it possible that on account +of court and personal considerations tens of thousands of lives, and +my life, my life," he thought, "must be risked?" + +"Yes, it is very likely that I shall be killed tomorrow," he +thought. And suddenly, at this thought of death, a whole series of +most distant, most intimate, memories rose in his imagination: he +remembered his last parting from his father and his wife; he +remembered the days when he first loved her. He thought of her +pregnancy and felt sorry for her and for himself, and in a nervously +emotional and softened mood he went out of the hut in which he was +billeted with Nesvitski and began to walk up and down before it. + +The night was foggy and through the fog the moonlight gleamed +mysteriously. "Yes, tomorrow, tomorrow!" he thought. "Tomorrow +everything may be over for me! All these memories will be no more, +none of them will have any meaning for me. Tomorrow perhaps, even +certainly, I have a presentiment that for the first time I shall +have to show all I can do." And his fancy pictured the battle, its +loss, the concentration of fighting at one point, and the hesitation +of all the commanders. And then that happy moment, that Toulon for +which he had so long waited, presents itself to him at last. He firmly +and clearly expresses his opinion to Kutuzov, to Weyrother, and to the +Emperors. All are struck by the justness of his views, but no one +undertakes to carry them out, so he takes a regiment, a division- +stipulates that no one is to interfere with his arrangements--leads +his division to the decisive point, and gains the victory alone. +"But death and suffering?" suggested another voice. Prince Andrew, +however, did not answer that voice and went on dreaming of his +triumphs. The dispositions for the next battle are planned by him +alone. Nominally he is only an adjutant on Kutuzov's staff, but he +does everything alone. The next battle is won by him alone. Kutuzov is +removed and he is appointed... "Well and then?" asked the other voice. +"If before that you are not ten times wounded, killed, or betrayed, +well... what then?..." "Well then," Prince Andrew answered himself, "I +don't know what will happen and don't want to know, and can't, but +if I want this--want glory, want to be known to men, want to be +loved by them, it is not my fault that I want it and want nothing +but that and live only for that. Yes, for that alone! I shall never +tell anyone, but, oh God! what am I to do if I love nothing but fame +and men's esteem? Death, wounds, the loss of family--I fear nothing. +And precious and dear as many persons are to me--father, sister, wife- +those dearest to me--yet dreadful and unnatural as it seems, I would +give them all at once for a moment of glory, of triumph over men, of +love from men I don't know and never shall know, for the love of these +men here," he thought, as he listened to voices in Kutuzov's +courtyard. The voices were those of the orderlies who were packing up; +one voice, probably a coachman's, was teasing Kutuzov's old cook +whom Prince Andrew knew, and who was called Tit. He was saying, +"Tit, I say, Tit!" + +"Well?" returned the old man. + +"Go, Tit, thresh a bit!" said the wag. + +"Oh, go to the devil!" called out a voice, drowned by the laughter +of the orderlies and servants. + +"All the same, I love and value nothing but triumph over them all, I +value this mystic power and glory that is floating here above me in +this mist!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +That same night, Rostov was with a platoon on skirmishing duty in +front of Bagration's detachment. His hussars were placed along the +line in couples and he himself rode along the line trying to master +the sleepiness that kept coming over him. An enormous space, with +our army's campfires dimly glowing in the fog, could be seen behind +him; in front of him was misty darkness. Rostov could see nothing, +peer as he would into that foggy distance: now something gleamed gray, +now there was something black, now little lights seemed to glimmer +where the enemy ought to be, now he fancied it was only something in +his own eyes. His eyes kept closing, and in his fancy appeared--now +the Emperor, now Denisov, and now Moscow memories--and he again +hurriedly opened his eyes and saw close before him the head and ears +of the horse he was riding, and sometimes, when he came within six +paces of them, the black figures of hussars, but in the distance was +still the same misty darkness. "Why not?... It might easily happen," +thought Rostov, "that the Emperor will meet me and give me an order as +he would to any other officer; he'll say: 'Go and find out what's +there.' There are many stories of his getting to know an officer in +just such a chance way and attaching him to himself! What if he gave +me a place near him? Oh, how I would guard him, how I would tell him +the truth, how I would unmask his deceivers!" And in order to +realize vividly his love devotion to the sovereign, Rostov pictured to +himself an enemy or a deceitful German, whom he would not only kill +with pleasure but whom he would slap in the face before the Emperor. +Suddenly a distant shout aroused him. He started and opened his eyes. + +"Where am I? Oh yes, in the skirmishing line... pass and +watchword--shaft, Olmutz. What a nuisance that our squadron will be in +reserve tomorrow," he thought. "I'll ask leave to go to the front, +this may be my only chance of seeing the Emperor. It won't be long now +before I am off duty. I'll take another turn and when I get back +I'll go to the general and ask him." He readjusted himself in the +saddle and touched up his horse to ride once more round his hussars. +It seemed to him that it was getting lighter. To the left he saw a +sloping descent lit up, and facing it a black knoll that seemed as +steep as a wall. On this knoll there was a white patch that Rostov +could not at all make out: was it a glade in the wood lit up by the +moon, or some unmelted snow, or some white houses? He even thought +something moved on that white spot. "I expect it's snow... that +spot... a spot--une tache," he thought. "There now... it's not a +tache... Natasha... sister, black eyes... Na... tasha... (Won't she be +surprised when I tell her how I've seen the Emperor?) Natasha... +take my sabretache..."--"Keep to the right, your honor, there are +bushes here," came the voice of an hussar, past whom Rostov was riding +in the act of falling asleep. Rostov lifted his head that had sunk +almost to his horse's mane and pulled up beside the hussar. He was +succumbing to irresistible, youthful, childish drowsiness. "But what +was I thinking? I mustn't forget. How shall I speak to the Emperor? +No, that's not it--that's tomorrow. Oh yes! Natasha... sabretache... +saber them...Whom? The hussars... Ah, the hussars with mustaches. +Along the Tverskaya Street rode the hussar with mustaches... I thought +about him too, just opposite Guryev's house... Old Guryev.... Oh, +but Denisov's a fine fellow. But that's all nonsense. The chief +thing is that the Emperor is here. How he looked at me and wished to +say something, but dared not.... No, it was I who dared not. But +that's nonsense, the chief thing is not to forget the important +thing I was thinking of. Yes, Na-tasha, sabretache, oh, yes, yes! +That's right!" And his head once more sank to his horse's neck. All at +once it seemed to him that he was being fired at. "What? What? +What?... Cut them down! What?..." said Rostov, waking up. At the +moment he opened his eyes he heard in front of him, where the +enemy was, the long-drawn shouts of thousands of voices. His horse and +the horse of the hussar near him pricked their ears at these shouts. +Over there, where the shouting came from, a fire flared up and went +out again, then another, and all along the French line on the hill +fires flared up and the shouting grew louder and louder. Rostov +could hear the sound of French words but could not distinguish them. +The din of many voices was too great; all he could hear was: "ahahah!" +and "rrrr!" + +"What's that? What do you make of it?" said Rostov to the hussar +beside him. "That must be the enemy's camp!" + +The hussar did not reply. + +"Why, don't you hear it?" Rostov asked again, after waiting for a +reply. + +"Who can tell, your honor?" replied the hussar reluctantly. + +"From the direction, it must be the enemy," repeated Rostov. + +"It may be he or it may be nothing," muttered the hussar. "It's +dark... Steady!" he cried to his fidgeting horse. + +Rostov's horse was also getting restive: it pawed the frozen ground, +pricking its ears at the noise and looking at the lights. The shouting +grew still louder and merged into a general roar that only an army +of several thousand men could produce. The lights spread farther and +farther, probably along the line of the French camp. Rostov no +longer wanted to sleep. The gay triumphant shouting of the enemy +army had a stimulating effect on him. "Vive l'Empereur! L'Empereur!" +he now heard distinctly. + +"They can't be far off, probably just beyond the stream," he said to +the hussar beside him. + +The hussar only sighed without replying and coughed angrily. The +sound of horse's hoofs approaching at a trot along the line of hussars +was heard, and out of the foggy darkness the figure of a sergeant of +hussars suddenly appeared, looming huge as an elephant. + +"Your honor, the generals!" said the sergeant, riding up to Rostov. + +Rostov, still looking round toward the fires and the shouts, rode +with the sergeant to meet some mounted men who were riding along the +line. One was on a white horse. Prince Bagration and Prince Dolgorukov +with their adjutants had come to witness the curious phenomenon of the +lights and shouts in the enemy's camp. Rostov rode up to Bagration, +reported to him, and then joined the adjutants listening to what the +generals were saying. + +"Believe me," said Prince Dolgorukov, addressing Bagration, "it is +nothing but a trick! He has retreated and ordered the rearguard to +kindle fires and make a noise to deceive us." + +"Hardly," said Bagration. "I saw them this evening on that knoll; if +they had retreated they would have withdrawn from that too.... +Officer!" said Bagration to Rostov, "are the enemy's skirmishers still +there?" + +"They were there this evening, but now I don't know, your +excellency. Shall I go with some of my hussars to see?" replied +Rostov. + +Bagration stopped and, before replying, tried to see Rostov's face +in the mist. + +"Well, go and see," he said, after a pause. + +"Yes, sir." + +Rostov spurred his horse, called to Sergeant Fedchenko and two other +hussars, told them to follow him, and trotted downhill in the +direction from which the shouting came. He felt both frightened and +pleased to be riding alone with three hussars into that mysterious and +dangerous misty distance where no one had been before him. Bagration +called to him from the hill not to go beyond the stream, but Rostov +pretended not to hear him and did not stop but rode on and on, +continually mistaking bushes for trees and gullies for men and +continually discovering his mistakes. Having descended the hill at a +trot, he no longer saw either our own or the enemy's fires, but +heard the shouting of the French more loudly and distinctly. In the +valley he saw before him something like a river, but when he reached +it he found it was a road. Having come out onto the road he reined +in his horse, hesitating whether to ride along it or cross it and ride +over the black field up the hillside. To keep to the road which +gleamed white in the mist would have been safer because it would be +easier to see people coming along it. "Follow me!" said he, crossed +the road, and began riding up the hill at a gallop toward the point +where the French pickets had been standing that evening. + +"Your honor, there he is!" cried one of the hussars behind him. +And before Rostov had time to make out what the black thing was that +had suddenly appeared in the fog, there was a flash, followed by a +report, and a bullet whizzing high up in the mist with a plaintive +sound passed out of hearing. Another musket missed fire but flashed in +the pan. Rostov turned his horse and galloped back. Four more +reports followed at intervals, and the bullets passed somewhere in the +fog singing in different tones. Rostov reined in his horse, whose +spirits had risen, like his own, at the firing, and went back at a +footpace. "Well, some more! Some more!" a merry voice was saying in +his soul. But no more shots came. + +Only when approaching Bagration did Rostov let his horse gallop +again, and with his hand at the salute rode up to the general. + +Dolgorukov was still insisting that the French had retreated and had +only lit fires to deceive us. + +"What does that prove?" he was saying as Rostov rode up. "They might +retreat and leave the pickets." + +"It's plain that they have not all gone yet, Prince," said +Bagration. "Wait till tomorrow morning, we'll find out everything +tomorrow." + +"The picket is still on the hill, your excellency, just where it was +in the evening," reported Rostov, stooping forward with his hand at +the salute and unable to repress the smile of delight induced by his +ride and especially by the sound of the bullets. + +"Very good, very good," said Bagration. "Thank you, officer." + +"Your excellency," said Rostov, "may I ask a favor?" + +"What is it?" + +"Tomorrow our squadron is to be in reserve. May I ask to be attached +to the first squadron?" + +"What's your name?" + +"Count Rostov." + +"Oh, very well, you may stay in attendance on me." + +"Count Ilya Rostov's son?" asked Dolgorukov. + +But Rostov did not reply. + +"Then I may reckon on it, your excellency?" + +"I will give the order." + +"Tomorrow very likely I may be sent with some message to the +Emperor," thought Rostov. + +"Thank God!" + + +The fires and shouting in the enemy's army were occasioned by the +fact that while Napoleon's proclamation was being read to the troops +the Emperor himself rode round his bivouacs. The soldiers, on seeing +him, lit wisps of straw and ran after him, shouting, "Vive +l'Empereur!" Napoleon's proclamation was as follows: + + +Soldiers! The Russian army is advancing against you to avenge the +Austrian army of Ulm. They are the same battalions you broke at +Hollabrunn and have pursued ever since to this place. The position +we occupy is a strong one, and while they are marching to go round +me on the right they will expose a flank to me. Soldiers! I will +myself direct your battalions. I will keep out of fire if you with +your habitual valor carry disorder and confusion into the enemy's +ranks, but should victory be in doubt, even for a moment, you will see +your Emperor exposing himself to the first blows of the enemy, for +there must be no doubt of victory, especially on this day when what is +at stake is the honor of the French infantry, so necessary to the +honor of our nation. + +Do not break your ranks on the plea of removing the wounded! Let +every man be fully imbued with the thought that we must defeat these +hirelings of England, inspired by such hatred of our nation! This +victory will conclude our campaign and we can return to winter +quarters, where fresh French troops who are being raised in France +will join us, and the peace I shall conclude will be worthy of my +people, of you, and of myself. + +NAPOLEON + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +At five in the morning it was still quite dark. The troops of the +center, the reserves, and Bagration's right flank had not yet moved, +but on the left flank the columns of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, +which were to be the first to descend the heights to attack the French +right flank and drive it into the Bohemian mountains according to +plan, were already up and astir. The smoke of the campfires, into +which they were throwing everything superfluous, made the eyes +smart. It was cold and dark. The officers were hurriedly drinking +tea and breakfasting, the soldiers, munching biscuit and beating a +tattoo with their feet to warm themselves, gathering round the fires +throwing into the flames the remains of sheds, chairs, tables, wheels, +tubs, and everything that they did not want or could not carry away +with them. Austrian column guides were moving in and out among the +Russian troops and served as heralds of the advance. As soon as an +Austrian officer showed himself near a commanding officer's +quarters, the regiment began to move: the soldiers ran from the fires, +thrust their pipes into their boots, their bags into the carts, got +their muskets ready, and formed rank. The officers buttoned up their +coats, buckled on their swords and pouches, and moved along the +ranks shouting. The train drivers and orderlies harnessed and packed +the wagons and tied on the loads. The adjutants and battalion and +regimental commanders mounted, crossed themselves, gave final +instructions, orders, and commissions to the baggage men who +remained behind, and the monotonous tramp of thousands of feet +resounded. The column moved forward without knowing where and +unable, from the masses around them, the smoke and the increasing fog, +to see either the place they were leaving or that to which they were +going. + +A soldier on the march is hemmed in and borne along by his +regiment as much as a sailor is by his ship. However far he has +walked, whatever strange, unknown, and dangerous places he reaches, +just as a sailor is always surrounded by the same decks, masts, and +rigging of his ship, so the soldier always has around him the same +comrades, the same ranks, the same sergeant major Ivan Mitrich, the +same company dog Jack, and the same commanders. The sailor rarely +cares to know the latitude in which his ship is sailing, but on the +day of battle--heaven knows how and whence--a stern note of which +all are conscious sounds in the moral atmosphere of an army, +announcing the approach of something decisive and solemn, and +awakening in the men an unusual curiosity. On the day of battle the +soldiers excitedly try to get beyond the interests of their +regiment, they listen intently, look about, and eagerly ask concerning +what is going on around them. + +The fog had grown so dense that though it was growing light they +could not see ten paces ahead. Bushes looked like gigantic trees and +level ground like cliffs and slopes. Anywhere, on any side, one +might encounter an enemy invisible ten paces off. But the columns +advanced for a long time, always in the same fog, descending and +ascending hills, avoiding gardens and enclosures, going over new and +unknown ground, and nowhere encountering the enemy. On the contrary, +the soldiers became aware that in front, behind, and on all sides, +other Russian columns were moving in the same direction. Every soldier +felt glad to know that to the unknown place where he was going, many +more of our men were going too. + +"There now, the Kurskies have also gone past," was being said in the +ranks. + +"It's wonderful what a lot of our troops have gathered, lads! Last +night I looked at the campfires and there was no end of them. A +regular Moscow!" + +Though none of the column commanders rode up to the ranks or +talked to the men (the commanders, as we saw at the council of war, +were out of humor and dissatisfied with the affair, and so did not +exert themselves to cheer the men but merely carried out the +orders), yet the troops marched gaily, as they always do when going +into action, especially to an attack. But when they had marched for +about an hour in the dense fog, the greater part of the men had to +halt and an unpleasant consciousness of some dislocation and blunder +spread through the ranks. How such a consciousness is communicated +is very difficult to define, but it certainly is communicated very +surely, and flows rapidly, imperceptibly, and irrepressibly, as +water does in a creek. Had the Russian army been alone without any +allies, it might perhaps have been a long time before this +consciousness of mismanagement became a general conviction, but as +it was, the disorder was readily and naturally attributed to the +stupid Germans, and everyone was convinced that a dangerous muddle had +been occasioned by the sausage eaters. + +"Why have we stopped? Is the way blocked? Or have we already come up +against the French?" + +"No, one can't hear them. They'd be firing if we had." + +"They were in a hurry enough to start us, and now here we stand in +the middle of a field without rhyme or reason. It's all those damned +Germans' muddling! What stupid devils!" + +"Yes, I'd send them on in front, but no fear, they're crowding up +behind. And now here we stand hungry." + +"I say, shall we soon be clear? They say the cavalry are blocking +the way," said an officer. + +"Ah, those damned Germans! They don't know their own country!" +said another. + +"What division are you?" shouted an adjutant, riding up. + +"The Eighteenth." + +"Then why are you here? You should have gone on long ago, now you +won't get there till evening." + +"What stupid orders! They don't themselves know what they are +doing!" said the officer and rode off. + +Then a general rode past shouting something angrily, not in Russian. + +"Tafa-lafa! But what he's jabbering no one can make out," said a +soldier, mimicking the general who had ridden away. "I'd shoot them, +the scoundrels!" + +"We were ordered to be at the place before nine, but we haven't +got halfway. Fine orders!" was being repeated on different sides. + +And the feeling of energy with which the troops had started began to +turn into vexation and anger at the stupid arrangements and at the +Germans. + +The cause of the confusion was that while the Austrian cavalry was +moving toward our left flank, the higher command found that our center +was too far separated from our right flank and the cavalry were all +ordered to turn back to the right. Several thousand cavalry crossed in +front of the infantry, who had to wait. + +At the front an altercation occurred between an Austrian guide and a +Russian general. The general shouted a demand that the cavalry +should be halted, the Austrian argued that not he, but the higher +command, was to blame. The troops meanwhile stood growing listless and +dispirited. After an hour's delay they at last moved on, descending +the hill. The fog that was dispersing on the hill lay still more +densely below, where they were descending. In front in the fog a +shot was heard and then another, at first irregularly at varying +intervals--trata... tat--and then more and more regularly and rapidly, +and the action at the Goldbach Stream began. + +Not expecting to come on the enemy down by the stream, and having +stumbled on him in the fog, hearing no encouraging word from their +commanders, and with a consciousness of being too late spreading +through the ranks, and above all being unable to see anything in front +or around them in the thick fog, the Russians exchanged shots with the +enemy lazily and advanced and again halted, receiving no timely orders +from the officers or adjutants who wandered about in the fog in +those unknown surroundings unable to find their own regiments. In this +way the action began for the first, second, and third columns, which +had gone down into the valley. The fourth column, with which Kutuzov +was, stood on the Pratzen Heights. + +Below, where the fight was beginning, there was still thick fog; +on the higher ground it was clearing, but nothing could be seen of +what was going on in front. Whether all the enemy forces were, as we +supposed, six miles away, or whether they were near by in that sea +of mist, no one knew till after eight o'clock. + +It was nine o'clock in the morning. The fog lay unbroken like a +sea down below, but higher up at the village of Schlappanitz where +Napoleon stood with his marshals around him, it was quite light. Above +him was a clear blue sky, and the sun's vast orb quivered like a +huge hollow, crimson float on the surface of that milky sea of mist. +The whole French army, and even Napoleon himself with his staff, +were not on the far side of the streams and hollows of Sokolnitz and +Schlappanitz beyond which we intended to take up our position and +begin the action, but were on this side, so close to our own forces +that Napoleon with the naked eye could distinguish a mounted man +from one on foot. Napoleon, in the blue cloak which he had worn on his +Italian campaign, sat on his small gray Arab horse a little in front +of his marshals. He gazed silently at the hills which seemed to rise +out of the sea of mist and on which the Russian troops were moving +in the distance, and he listened to the sounds of firing in the +valley. Not a single muscle of his face--which in those days was still +thin--moved. His gleaming eyes were fixed intently on one spot. His +predictions were being justified. Part of the Russian force had +already descended into the valley toward the ponds and lakes and +part were leaving these Pratzen Heights which he intended to attack +and regarded as the key to the position. He saw over the mist that +in a hollow between two hills near the village of Pratzen, the Russian +columns, their bayonets glittering, were moving continuously in one +direction toward the valley and disappearing one after another into +the mist. From information he had received the evening before, from +the sound of wheels and footsteps heard by the outposts during the +night, by the disorderly movement of the Russian columns, and from all +indications, he saw clearly that the allies believed him to be far +away in front of them, and that the columns moving near Pratzen +constituted the center of the Russian army, and that that center was +already sufficiently weakened to be successfully attacked. But still +he did not begin the engagement. + +Today was a great day for him--the anniversary of his coronation. +Before dawn he had slept for a few hours, and refreshed, vigorous, and +in good spirits, he mounted his horse and rode out into the field in +that happy mood in which everything seems possible and everything +succeeds. He sat motionless, looking at the heights visible above +the mist, and his cold face wore that special look of confident, +self-complacent happiness that one sees on the face of a boy happily +in love. The marshals stood behind him not venturing to distract his +attention. He looked now at the Pratzen Heights, now at the sun +floating up out of the mist. + +When the sun had entirely emerged from the fog, and fields and +mist were aglow with dazzling light--as if he had only awaited this to +begin the action--he drew the glove from his shapely white hand, +made a sign with it to the marshals, and ordered the action to +begin. The marshals, accompanied by adjutants, galloped off in +different directions, and a few minutes later the chief forces of +the French army moved rapidly toward those Pratzen Heights which +were being more and more denuded by Russian troops moving down the +valley to their left. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +At eight o'clock Kutuzov rode to Pratzen at the head of the fourth +column, Miloradovich's, the one that was to take the place of +Przebyszewski's and Langeron's columns which had already gone down +into the valley. He greeted the men of the foremost regiment and +gave them the order to march, thereby indicating that he intended to +lead that column himself. When he had reached the village of Pratzen +he halted. Prince Andrew was behind, among the immense number +forming the commander in chief's suite. He was in a state of +suppressed excitement and irritation, though controlledly calm as a +man is at the approach of a long-awaited moment. He was firmly +convinced that this was the day of his Toulon, or his bridge of +Arcola. How it would come about he did not know, but he felt sure it +would do so. The locality and the position of our troops were known to +him as far as they could be known to anyone in our army. His own +strategic plan, which obviously could not now be carried out, was +forgotten. Now, entering into Weyrother's plan, Prince Andrew +considered possible contingencies and formed new projects such as +might call for his rapidity of perception and decision. + +To the left down below in the mist, the musketry fire of unseen +forces could be heard. It was there Prince Andrew thought the fight +would concentrate. "There we shall encounter difficulties, and there," +thought he, "I shall be sent with a brigade or division, and there, +standard in hand, I shall go forward and break whatever is in front of +me." + +He could not look calmly at the standards of the passing battalions. +Seeing them he kept thinking, "That may be the very standard with +which I shall lead the army." + +In the morning all that was left of the night mist on the heights +was a hoar frost now turning to dew, but in the valleys it still lay +like a milk-white sea. Nothing was visible in the valley to the left +into which our troops had descended and from whence came the sounds of +firing. Above the heights was the dark clear sky, and to the right the +vast orb of the sun. In front, far off on the farther shore of that +sea of mist, some wooded hills were discernible, and it was there +the enemy probably was, for something could be descried. On the +right the Guards were entering the misty region with a sound of +hoofs and wheels and now and then a gleam of bayonets; to the left +beyond the village similar masses of cavalry came up and disappeared +in the sea of mist. In front and behind moved infantry. The +commander in chief was standing at the end of the village letting +the troops pass by him. That morning Kutuzov seemed worn and +irritable. The infantry passing before him came to a halt without +any command being given, apparently obstructed by something in front. + +"Do order them to form into battalion columns and go round the +village!" he said angrily to a general who had ridden up. "Don't you +understand, your excellency, my dear sir, that you must not defile +through narrow village streets when we are marching against the +enemy?" + +"I intended to re-form them beyond the village, your excellency," +answered the general. + +Kutuzov laughed bitterly. + +"You'll make a fine thing of it, deploying in sight of the enemy! +Very fine!" + +"The enemy is still far away, your excellency. According to the +dispositions..." + +"The dispositions!" exclaimed Kutuzov bitterly. "Who told you +that?... Kindly do as you are ordered." + +"Yes, sir." + +"My dear fellow," Nesvitski whispered to Prince Andrew, "the old man +is as surly as a dog." + +An Austrian officer in a white uniform with green plumes in his +hat galloped up to Kutuzov and asked in the Emperor's name had the +fourth column advanced into action. + +Kutuzov turned round without answering and his eye happened to +fall upon Prince Andrew, who was beside him. Seeing him, Kutuzov's +malevolent and caustic expression softened, as if admitting that +what was being done was not his adjutant's fault, and still not +answering the Austrian adjutant, he addressed Bolkonski. + +"Go, my dear fellow, and see whether the third division has passed +the village. Tell it to stop and await my orders." + +Hardly had Prince Andrew started than he stopped him. + +"And ask whether sharpshooters have been posted," he added. "What +are they doing? What are they doing?" he murmured to himself, still +not replying to the Austrian. + +Prince Andrew galloped off to execute the order. + +Overtaking the battalions that continued to advance, he stopped +the third division and convinced himself that there really were no +sharpshooters in front of our columns. The colonel at the head of +the regiment was much surprised at the commander in chief's order to +throw out skirmishers. He had felt perfectly sure that there were +other troops in front of him and that the enemy must be at least six +miles away. There was really nothing to be seen in front except a +barren descent hidden by dense mist. Having given orders in the +commander in chief's name to rectify this omission, Prince Andrew +galloped back. Kutuzov still in the same place, his stout body resting +heavily in the saddle with the lassitude of age, sat yawning wearily +with closed eyes. The troops were no longer moving, but stood with the +butts of their muskets on the ground. + +"All right, all right!" he said to Prince Andrew, and turned to a +general who, watch in hand, was saying it was time they started as all +the left-flank columns had already descended. + +"Plenty of time, your excellency," muttered Kutuzov in the midst +of a yawn. "Plenty of time," he repeated. + +Just then at a distance behind Kutuzov was heard the sound of +regiments saluting, and this sound rapidly came nearer along the whole +extended line of the advancing Russian columns. Evidently the person +they were greeting was riding quickly. When the soldiers of the +regiment in front of which Kutuzov was standing began to shout, he +rode a little to one side and looked round with a frown. Along the +road from Pratzen galloped what looked like a squadron of horsemen +in various uniforms. Two of them rode side by side in front, at full +gallop. One in a black uniform with white plumes in his hat rode a +bobtailed chestnut horse, the other who was in a white uniform rode +a black one. These were the two Emperors followed by their suites. +Kutuzov, affecting the manners of an old soldier at the front, gave +the command "Attention!" and rode up to the Emperors with a salute. +His whole appearance and manner were suddenly transformed. He put on +the air of a subordinate who obeys without reasoning. With an +affectation of respect which evidently struck Alexander +unpleasantly, he rode up and saluted. + +This unpleasant impression merely flitted over the young and happy +face of the Emperor like a cloud of haze across a clear sky and +vanished. After his illness he looked rather thinner that day than +on the field of Olmutz where Bolkonski had seen him for the first time +abroad, but there was still the same bewitching combination of majesty +and mildness in his fine gray eyes, and on his delicate lips the +same capacity for varying expression and the same prevalent appearance +of goodhearted innocent youth. + +At the Olmutz review he had seemed more majestic; here he seemed +brighter and more energetic. He was slightly flushed after galloping +two miles, and reining in his horse he sighed restfully and looked +round at the faces of his suite, young and animated as his own. +Czartoryski, Novosiltsev, Prince Volkonsky, Strogonov, and the others, +all richly dressed gay young men on splendid, well-groomed, fresh, +only slightly heated horses, exchanging remarks and smiling, had +stopped behind the Emperor. The Emperor Francis, a rosy, long faced +young man, sat very erect on his handsome black horse, looking about +him in a leisurely and preoccupied manner. He beckoned to one of his +white adjutants and asked some question--"Most likely he is asking +at what o'clock they started," thought Prince Andrew, watching his old +acquaintance with a smile he could not repress as he recalled his +reception at Brunn. In the Emperors' suite were the picked young +orderly officers of the Guard and line regiments, Russian and +Austrian. Among them were grooms leading the Tsar's beautiful relay +horses covered with embroidered cloths. + +As when a window is opened a whiff of fresh air from the fields +enters a stuffy room, so a whiff of youthfulness, energy, and +confidence of success reached Kutuzov's cheerless staff with the +galloping advent of all these brilliant young men. + +"Why aren't you beginning, Michael Ilarionovich?" said the Emperor +Alexander hurriedly to Kutuzov, glancing courteously at the same +time at the Emperor Francis. + +"I am waiting, Your Majesty," answered Kutuzov, bending forward +respectfully. + +The Emperor, frowning slightly, bent his ear forward as if he had +not quite heard. + +"Waiting, Your Majesty," repeated Kutuzov. (Prince Andrew noted that +Kutuzov's upper lip twitched unnaturally as he said the word +"waiting.") "Not all the columns have formed up yet, Your Majesty." + +The Tsar heard but obviously did not like the reply; he shrugged his +rather round shoulders and glanced at Novosiltsev who was near him, as +if complaining of Kutuzov. + +"You know, Michael Ilarionovich, we are not on the +Empress' Field where a parade does not begin till all the troops are +assembled," said the Tsar with another glance at the Emperor +Francis, as if inviting him if not to join in at least to listen to +what he was saying. But the Emperor Francis continued to look about +him and did not listen. + +"That is just why I do not begin, sire," said Kutuzov in a +resounding voice, apparently to preclude the possibility of not +being heard, and again something in his face twitched--"That is just +why I do not begin, sire, because we are not on parade and not on +the Empress' Field." said clearly and distinctly. + +In the Emperor's suite all exchanged rapid looks that expressed +dissatisfaction and reproach. "Old though he may be, he should not, he +certainly should not, speak like that," their glances seemed to say. + +The Tsar looked intently and observantly into Kutuzov's eye +waiting to hear whether he would say anything more. But Kutuzov, +with respectfully bowed head, seemed also to be waiting. The silence +lasted for about a minute. + +"However, if you command it, Your Majesty," said Kutuzov, lifting +his head and again assuming his former tone of a dull, unreasoning, +but submissive general. + +He touched his horse and having called Miloradovich, the commander +of the column, gave him the order to advance. + +The troops again began to move, and two battalions of the Novgorod +and one of the Apsheron regiment went forward past the Emperor. + +As this Apsheron battalion marched by, the red-faced Miloradovich, +without his greatcoat, with his Orders on his breast and an enormous +tuft of plumes in his cocked hat worn on one side with its corners +front and back, galloped strenuously forward, and with a dashing +salute reined in his horse before the Emperor. + +"God be with you, general!" said the Emperor. + +"Ma foi, sire, nous ferons ce qui sera dans notre possibilite, +sire,"* he answered gaily, raising nevertheless ironic smiles among +the gentlemen of the Tsar's suite by his poor French. + + +*"Indeed, Sire, we shall do everything it is possible to do, Sire." + + +Miloradovich wheeled his horse sharply and stationed himself a +little behind the Emperor. The Apsheron men, excited by the Tsar's +presence, passed in step before the Emperors and their suites at a +bold, brisk pace. + +"Lads!" shouted Miloradovich in a loud, self-confident, and cheery +voice, obviously so elated by the sound of firing, by the prospect +of battle, and by the sight of the gallant Apsherons, his comrades +in Suvorov's time, now passing so gallantly before the Emperors, +that he forgot the sovereigns' presence. "Lads, it's not the first +village you've had to take," cried he. + +"Glad to do our best!" shouted the soldiers. + +The Emperor's horse started at the sudden cry. This horse that had +carried the sovereign at reviews in Russia bore him also here on the +field of Austerlitz, enduring the heedless blows of his left foot +and pricking its ears at the sound of shots just as it had done on the +Empress' Field, not understanding the significance of the firing, +nor of the nearness of the Emperor Francis' black cob, nor of all that +was being said, thought, and felt that day by its rider. + +The Emperor turned with a smile to one of his followers and made a +remark to him, pointing to the gallant Apsherons. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Kutuzov accompanied by his adjutants rode at a walking pace behind +the carabineers. + +When he had gone less than half a mile in the rear of the column +he stopped at a solitary, deserted house that had probably once been +an inn, where two roads parted. Both of them led downhill and troops +were marching along both. + +The fog had begun to clear and enemy troops were already dimly +visible about a mile and a half off on the opposite heights. Down +below, on the left, the firing became more distinct. Kutuzov had +stopped and was speaking to an Austrian general. Prince Andrew, who +was a little behind looking at them, turned to an adjutant to ask +him for a field glass. + +"Look, look!" said this adjutant, looking not at the troops in the +distance, but down the hill before him. "It's the French!" + +The two generals and the adjutant took hold of the field glass, +trying to snatch it from one another. The expression on all their +faces suddenly changed to one of horror. The French were supposed to +be a mile and a half away, but had suddenly and unexpectedly +appeared just in front of us. + +"It's the enemy?... No!... Yes, see it is!... for certain.... But +how is that?" said different voices. + +With the naked eye Prince Andrew saw below them to the right, not +more than five hundred paces from where Kutuzov was standing, a +dense French column coming up to meet the Apsherons. + +"Here it is! The decisive moment has arrived. My turn has come," +thought Prince Andrew, and striking his horse he rode up to Kutuzov. + +"The Apsherons must be stopped, your excellency," cried he. But at +that very instant a cloud of smoke spread all round, firing was +heard quite close at hand, and a voice of naive terror barely two +steps from Prince Andrew shouted, "Brothers! All's lost!" And at +this as if at a command, everyone began to run. + +Confused and ever-increasing crowds were running back to where +five minutes before the troops had passed the Emperors. Not only would +it have been difficult to stop that crowd, it was even impossible +not to be carried back with it oneself. Bolkonski only tried not to +lose touch with it, and looked around bewildered and unable to grasp +what was happening in front of him. Nesvitski with an angry face, +red and unlike himself, was shouting to Kutuzov that if he did not +ride away at once he would certainly be taken prisoner. Kutuzov +remained in the same place and without answering drew out a +handkerchief. Blood was flowing from his cheek. Prince Andrew forced +his way to him. + +"You are wounded?" he asked, hardly able to master the trembling +of his lower jaw. + +"The wound is not here, it is there!" said Kutuzov, pressing the +handkerchief to his wounded cheek and pointing to the fleeing +soldiers. "Stop them!" he shouted, and at the same moment, probably +realizing that it was impossible to stop them, spurred his horse and +rode to the right. + +A fresh wave of the flying mob caught him and bore him back with it. + +The troops were running in such a dense mass that once surrounded by +them it was difficult to get out again. One was shouting, "Get on! Why +are you hindering us?" Another in the same place turned round and +fired in the air; a third was striking the horse Kutuzov himself rode. +Having by a great effort got away to the left from that flood of +men, Kutuzov, with his suite diminished by more than half, rode toward +a sound of artillery fire near by. Having forced his way out of the +crowd of fugitives, Prince Andrew, trying to keep near Kutuzov, saw on +the slope of the hill amid the smoke a Russian battery that was +still firing and Frenchmen running toward it. Higher up stood some +Russian infantry, neither moving forward to protect the battery nor +backward with the fleeing crowd. A mounted general separated himself +from the infantry and approached Kutuzov. Of Kutuzov's suite only four +remained. They were all pale and exchanged looks in silence. + +"Stop those wretches!" gasped Kutuzov to the regimental commander, +pointing to the flying soldiers; but at that instant, as if to +punish him for those words, bullets flew hissing across the regiment +and across Kutuzov's suite like a flock of little birds. + +The French had attacked the battery and, seeing Kutuzov, were firing +at him. After this volley the regimental commander clutched at his +leg; several soldiers fell, and a second lieutenant who was holding +the flag let it fall from his hands. It swayed and fell, but caught on +the muskets of the nearest soldiers. The soldiers started firing +without orders. + +"Oh! Oh! Oh!" groaned Kutuzov despairingly and looked around.... +"Bolkonski!" he whispered, his voice trembling from a consciousness of +the feebleness of age, "Bolkonski!" he whispered, pointing to the +disordered battalion and at the enemy, "what's that?" + +But before he had finished speaking, Prince Andrew, feeling tears of +shame and anger choking him, had already leapt from his horse and +run to the standard. + +"Forward, lads!" he shouted in a voice piercing as a child's. + +"Here it is!" thought he, seizing the staff of the standard and +hearing with pleasure the whistle of bullets evidently aimed at him. +Several soldiers fell. + +"Hurrah!" shouted Prince Andrew, and, scarcely able to hold up the +heavy standard, he ran forward with full confidence that the whole +battalion would follow him. + +And really he only ran a few steps alone. One soldier moved and then +another and soon the whole battalion ran forward shouting "Hurrah!" +and overtook him. A sergeant of the battalion ran up and took the flag +that was swaying from its weight in Prince Andrew's hands, but he +was immediately killed. Prince Andrew again seized the standard and, +dragging it by the staff, ran on with the battalion. In front he saw +our artillerymen, some of whom were fighting, while others, having +abandoned their guns, were running toward him. He also saw French +infantry soldiers who were seizing the artillery horses and turning +the guns round. Prince Andrew and the battalion were already within +twenty paces of the cannon. He heard the whistle of bullets above +him unceasingly and to right and left of him soldiers continually +groaned and dropped. But he did not look at them: he looked only at +what was going on in front of him--at the battery. He now saw +clearly the figure of a red-haired gunner with his shako knocked awry, +pulling one end of a mop while a French soldier tugged at the other. +He could distinctly see the distraught yet angry expression on the +faces of these two men, who evidently did not realize what they were +doing. + +"What are they about?" thought Prince Andrew as he gazed at them. +"Why doesn't the red-haired gunner run away as he is unarmed? Why +doesn't the Frenchman stab him? He will not get away before the +Frenchman remembers his bayonet and stabs him...." + +And really another French soldier, trailing his musket, ran up to +the struggling men, and the fate of the red-haired gunner, who had +triumphantly secured the mop and still did not realize what awaited +him, was about to be decided. But Prince Andrew did not see how it +ended. It seemed to him as though one of the soldiers near him hit him +on the head with the full swing of a bludgeon. It hurt a little, but +the worst of it was that the pain distracted him and prevented his +seeing what he had been looking at. + +"What's this? Am I falling? My legs are giving way," thought he, and +fell on his back. He opened his eyes, hoping to see how the struggle +of the Frenchmen with the gunners ended, whether the red-haired gunner +had been killed or not and whether the cannon had been captured or +saved. But he saw nothing. Above him there was now nothing but the +sky--the lofty sky, not clear yet still immeasurably lofty, with +gray clouds gliding slowly across it. "How quiet, peaceful, and +solemn; not at all as I ran," thought Prince Andrew--"not as we ran, +shouting and fighting, not at all as the gunner and the Frenchman with +frightened and angry faces struggled for the mop: how differently do +those clouds glide across that lofty infinite sky! How was it I did +not see that lofty sky before? And how happy I am to have found it +at last! Yes! All is vanity, all falsehood, except that infinite +sky. There is nothing, nothing, but that. But even it does not +exist, there is nothing but quiet and peace. Thank God!..." + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +On our right flank commanded by Bagration, at nine o'clock the +battle had not yet begun. Not wishing to agree to Dolgorukov's +demand to commence the action, and wishing to avert responsibility +from himself, Prince Bagration proposed to Dolgorukov to send to +inquire of the commander in chief. Bagration knew that as the distance +between the two flanks was more than six miles, even if the +messenger were not killed (which he very likely would be), and found +the commander in chief (which would be very difficult), he would not +be able to get back before evening. + +Bagration cast his large, expressionless, sleepy eyes round his +suite, and the boyish face Rostov, breathless with excitement and +hope, was the first to catch his eye. He sent him. + +"And if I should meet His Majesty before I meet the commander in +chief, your excellency?" said Rostov, with his hand to his cap. + +"You can give the message to His Majesty," said Dolgorukov, +hurriedly interrupting Bagration. + +On being relieved from picket duty Rostov had managed to get a few +hours' sleep before morning and felt cheerful, bold, and resolute, +with elasticity of movement, faith in his good fortune, and +generally in that state of mind which makes everything seem +possible, pleasant, and easy. + +All his wishes were being fulfilled that morning: there was to be +a general engagement in which he was taking part, more than that, he +was orderly to the bravest general, and still more, he was going +with a message to Kutuzov, perhaps even to the sovereign himself. +The morning was bright, he had a good horse under him, and his heart +was full of joy and happiness. On receiving the order he gave his +horse the rein and galloped along the line. At first he rode along the +line of Bagration's troops, which had not yet advanced into action but +were standing motionless; then he came to the region occupied by +Uvarov's cavalry and here he noticed a stir and signs of preparation +for battle; having passed Uvarov's cavalry he clearly heard the +sound of cannon and musketry ahead of him. The firing grew louder +and louder. + +In the fresh morning air were now heard, not two or three musket +shots at irregular intervals as before, followed by one or two +cannon shots, but a roll of volleys of musketry from the slopes of the +hill before Pratzen, interrupted by such frequent reports of cannon +that sometimes several of them were not separated from one another but +merged into a general roar. + +He could see puffs of musketry smoke that seemed to chase one +another down the hillsides, and clouds of cannon smoke rolling, +spreading, and mingling with one another. He could also, by the +gleam of bayonets visible through the smoke, make out moving masses of +infantry and narrow lines of artillery with green caissons. + +Rostov stopped his horse for a moment on a hillock to see what was +going on, but strain his attention as he would he could not understand +or make out anything of what was happening: there in the smoke men +of some sort were moving about, in front and behind moved lines of +troops; but why, whither, and who they were, it was impossible to make +out. These sights and sounds had no depressing or intimidating +effect on him; on the contrary, they stimulated his energy and +determination. + +"Go on! Go on! Give it them!" he mentally exclaimed at these sounds, +and again proceeded to gallop along the line, penetrating farther +and farther into the region where the army was already in action. + +"How it will be there I don't know, but all will be well!" thought +Rostov. + +After passing some Austrian troops he noticed that the next part +of the line (the Guards) was already in action. + +"So much the better! I shall see it close," he thought. + +He was riding almost along the front line. A handful of men came +galloping toward him. They were our Uhlans who with disordered ranks +were returning from the attack. Rostov got out of their way, +involuntarily noticed that one of them was bleeding, and galloped on. + +"That is no business of mine," he thought. He had not ridden many +hundred yards after that before he saw to his left, across the whole +width of the field, an enormous mass of cavalry in brilliant white +uniforms, mounted on black horses, trotting straight toward him and +across his path. Rostov put his horse to full gallop to get out of the +way of these men, and he would have got clear had they continued at +the same speed, but they kept increasing their pace, so that some of +the horses were already galloping. Rostov heard the thud of their +hoofs and the jingle of their weapons and saw their horses, their +figures, and even their faces, more and more distinctly. They were our +Horse Guards, advancing to attack the French cavalry that was coming +to meet them. + +The Horse Guards were galloping, but still holding in their +horses. Rostov could already see their faces and heard the command: +"Charge!" shouted by an officer who was urging his thoroughbred to +full speed. Rostov, fearing to be crushed or swept into the attack +on the French, galloped along the front as hard as his horse could go, +but still was not in time to avoid them. + +The last of the Horse Guards, a huge pockmarked fellow, frowned +angrily on seeing Rostov before him, with whom he would inevitably +collide. This Guardsman would certainly have bowled Rostov and his +Bedouin over (Rostov felt himself quite tiny and weak compared to +these gigantic men and horses) had it not occurred to Rostov to +flourish his whip before the eyes of the Guardsman's horse. The +heavy black horse, sixteen hands high, shied, throwing back its +ears; but the pockmarked Guardsman drove his huge spurs in +violently, and the horse, flourishing its tail and extending its neck, +galloped on yet faster. Hardly had the Horse Guards passed Rostov +before he heard them shout, "Hurrah!" and looking back saw that +their foremost ranks were mixed up with some foreign cavalry with +red epaulets, probably French. He could see nothing more, for +immediately afterwards cannon began firing from somewhere and smoke +enveloped everything. + +At that moment, as the Horse Guards, having passed him, +disappeared in the smoke, Rostov hesitated whether to gallop after +them or to go where he was sent. This was the brilliant charge of +the Horse Guards that amazed the French themselves. Rostov was +horrified to hear later that of all that mass of huge and handsome +men, of all those brilliant, rich youths, officers and cadets, who had +galloped past him on their thousand-ruble horses, only eighteen were +left after the charge. + +"Why should I envy them? My chance is not lost, and maybe I shall +see the Emperor immediately!" thought Rostov and galloped on. + +When he came level with the Foot Guards he noticed that about them +and around them cannon balls were flying, of which he was aware not so +much because he heard their sound as because he saw uneasiness on +the soldiers' faces and unnatural warlike solemnity on those of the +officers. + +Passing behind one of the lines of a regiment of Foot Guards he +heard a voice calling him by name. + +"Rostov!" + +"What?" he answered, not recognizing Boris. + +"I say, we've been in the front line! Our regiment attacked!" said +Boris with the happy smile seen on the faces of young men who have +been under fire for the first time. + +Rostov stopped. + +"Have you?" he said. "Well, how did it go?" + +"We drove them back!" said Boris with animation, growing +talkative. "Can you imagine it?" and he began describing how the +Guards, having taken up their position and seeing troops before +them, thought they were Austrians, and all at once discovered from the +cannon balls discharged by those troops that they were themselves in +the front line and had unexpectedly to go into action. Rostov +without hearing Boris to the end spurred his horse. + +"Where are you off to?" asked Boris. + +"With a message to His Majesty." + +"There he is!" said Boris, thinking Rostov had said "His +Highness," and pointing to the Grand Duke who with his high +shoulders and frowning brows stood a hundred paces away from them in +his helmet and Horse Guards' jacket, shouting something to a pale, +white uniformed Austrian officer. + +"But that's the Grand Duke, and I want the commander in chief or the +Emperor," said Rostov, and was about to spur his horse. + +"Count! Count!" shouted Berg who ran up from the other side as eager +as Boris. "Count! I am wounded in my right hand" (and he showed his +bleeding hand with a handkerchief tied round it) "and I remained at +the front. I held my sword in my left hand, Count. All our family--the +von Bergs--have been knights!" + +He said something more, but Rostov did not wait to hear it and +rode away. + +Having passed the Guards and traversed an empty space, Rostov, to +avoid again getting in front of the first line as he had done when the +Horse Guards charged, followed the line of reserves, going far round +the place where the hottest musket fire and cannonade were heard. +Suddenly he heard musket fire quite close in front of him and behind +our troops, where he could never have expected the enemy to be. + +"What can it be?" he thought. "The enemy in the rear of our army? +Impossible!" And suddenly he was seized by a panic of fear for himself +and for the issue of the whole battle. "But be that what it may," he +reflected, "there is no riding round it now. I must look for the +commander in chief here, and if all is lost it is for me to perish +with the rest." + +The foreboding of evil that had suddenly come over Rostov was more +and more confirmed the farther he rode into the region behind the +village of Pratzen, which was full of troops of all kinds. + +"What does it mean? What is it? Whom are they firing at? Who is +firing?" Rostov kept asking as he came up to Russian and Austrian +soldiers running in confused crowds across his path. + +"The devil knows! They've killed everybody! It's all up now!" he was +told in Russian, German, and Czech by the crowd of fugitives who +understood what was happening as little as he did. + +"Kill the Germans!" shouted one. + +"May the devil take them--the traitors!" + +"Zum Henker diese Russen!"* muttered a German. + + +*"Hang these Russians!" + + +Several wounded men passed along the road, and words of abuse, +screams, and groans mingled in a general hubbub, then the firing +died down. Rostov learned later that Russian and Austrian soldiers had +been firing at one another. + +"My God! What does it all mean?" thought he. "And here, where at any +moment the Emperor may see them.... But no, these must be only a +handful of scoundrels. It will soon be over, it can't be that, it +can't be! Only to get past them quicker, quicker!" + +The idea of defeat and flight could not enter Rostov's head. +Though he saw French cannon and French troops on the Pratzen Heights +just where he had been ordered to look for the commander in chief, +he could not, did not wish to, believe that. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Rostov had been ordered to look for Kutuzov and the Emperor near the +village of Pratzen. But neither they nor a single commanding officer +were there, only disorganized crowds of troops of various kinds. He +urged on his already weary horse to get quickly past these crowds, but +the farther he went the more disorganized they were. The highroad on +which he had come out was thronged with caleches, carriages of all +sorts, and Russian and Austrian soldiers of all arms, some wounded and +some not. This whole mass droned and jostled in confusion under the +dismal influence of cannon balls flying from the French batteries +stationed on the Pratzen Heights. + +"Where is the Emperor? Where is Kutuzov?" Rostov kept asking +everyone he could stop, but got no answer from anyone. + +At last seizing a soldier by his collar he forced him to answer. + +"Eh, brother! They've all bolted long ago!" said the soldier, +laughing for some reason and shaking himself free. + +Having left that soldier who was evidently drunk, Rostov stopped the +horse of a batman or groom of some important personage and began to +question him. The man announced that the Tsar had been driven in a +carriage at full speed about an hour before along that very road and +that he was dangerously wounded. + +"It can't be!" said Rostov. "It must have been someone else." + +"I saw him myself." replied the man with a self-confident smile of +derision. "I ought to know the Emperor by now, after the times I've +seen him in Petersburg. I saw him just as I see you.... There he sat +in the carriage as pale as anything. How they made the four black +horses fly! Gracious me, they did rattle past! It's time I knew the +Imperial horses and Ilya Ivanych. I don't think Ilya drives anyone +except the Tsar!" + +Rostov let go of the horse and was about to ride on, when a +wounded officer passing by addressed him: + +"Who is it you want?" he asked. "The commander in chief? He was +killed by a cannon ball--struck in the breast before our regiment." + +"Not killed--wounded!" another officer corrected him. + +"Who? Kutuzov?" asked Rostov. + +"Not Kutuzov, but what's his name--well, never mind... there are not +many left alive. Go that way, to that village, all the commanders +are there," said the officer, pointing to the village of Hosjeradek, +and he walked on. + +Rostov rode on at a footpace not knowing why or to whom he was now +going. The Emperor was wounded, the battle lost. It was impossible +to doubt it now. Rostov rode in the direction pointed out to him, in +which he saw turrets and a church. What need to hurry? What was he now +to say to the Tsar or to Kutuzov, even if they were alive and +unwounded? + +"Take this road, your honor, that way you will be killed at once!" a +soldier shouted to him. "They'd kill you there!" + +"Oh, what are you talking about?" said another. "Where is he to +go? That way is nearer." + +Rostov considered, and then went in the direction where they said he +would be killed. + +"It's all the same now. If the Emperor is wounded, am I to try to +save myself?" he thought. He rode on to the region where the +greatest number of men had perished in fleeing from Pratzen. The +French had not yet occupied that region, and the Russians--the +uninjured and slightly wounded--had left it long ago. All about the +field, like heaps of manure on well-kept plowland, lay from ten to +fifteen dead and wounded to each couple of acres. The wounded crept +together in twos and threes and one could hear their distressing +screams and groans, sometimes feigned--or so it seemed to Rostov. He +put his horse to a trot to avoid seeing all these suffering men, and +he felt afraid--afraid not for his life, but for the courage he needed +and which he knew would not stand the sight of these unfortunates. + +The French, who had ceased firing at this field strewn with dead and +wounded where there was no one left to fire at, on seeing an +adjutant riding over it trained a gun on him and fired several +shots. The sensation of those terrible whistling sounds and of the +corpses around him merged in Rostov's mind into a single feeling of +terror and pity for himself. He remembered his mother's last letter. +"What would she feel," thought he, "if she saw me here now on this +field with the cannon aimed at me?" + +In the village of Hosjeradek there were Russian troops retiring from +the field of battle, who though still in some confusion were less +disordered. The French cannon did not reach there and the musketry +fire sounded far away. Here everyone clearly saw and said that the +battle was lost. No one whom Rostov asked could tell him where the +Emperor or Kutuzov was. Some said the report that the Emperor was +wounded was correct, others that it was not, and explained the false +rumor that had spread by the fact that the Emperor's carriage had +really galloped from the field of battle with the pale and terrified +Ober-Hofmarschal Count Tolstoy, who had ridden out to the +battlefield with others in the Emperor's suite. One officer told +Rostov that he had seen someone from headquarters behind the village +to the left, and thither Rostov rode, not hoping to find anyone but +merely to ease his conscience. When he had ridden about two miles +and had passed the last of the Russian troops, he saw, near a +kitchen garden with a ditch round it, two men on horseback facing +the ditch. One with a white plume in his hat seemed familiar to +Rostov; the other on a beautiful chestnut horse (which Rostov +fancied he had seen before) rode up to the ditch, struck his horse +with his spurs, and giving it the rein leaped lightly over. Only a +little earth crumbled from the bank under the horse's hind hoofs. +Turning the horse sharply, he again jumped the ditch, and +deferentially addressed the horseman with the white plumes, +evidently suggesting that he should do the same. The rider, whose +figure seemed familiar to Rostov and involuntarily riveted his +attention, made a gesture of refusal with his head and hand and by +that gesture Rostov instantly recognized his lamented and adored +monarch. + +"But it can't be he, alone in the midst of this empty field!" +thought Rostov. At that moment Alexander turned his head and Rostov +saw the beloved features that were so deeply engraved on his memory. +The Emperor was pale, his cheeks sunken and his eyes hollow, but the +charm, the mildness of his features, was all the greater. Rostov was +happy in the assurance that the rumors about the Emperor being wounded +were false. He was happy to be seeing him. He knew that he might and +even ought to go straight to him and give the message Dolgorukov had +ordered him to deliver. + +But as a youth in love trembles, is unnerved, and dares not utter +the thoughts he has dreamed of for nights, but looks around for help +or a chance of delay and flight when the longed-for moment comes and +he is alone with her, so Rostov, now that he had attained what he +had longed for more than anything else in the world, did not know +how to approach the Emperor, and a thousand reasons occurred to him +why it would be inconvenient, unseemly, and impossible to do so. + +"What! It is as if I were glad of a chance to take advantage of +his being alone and despondent! A strange face may seem unpleasant +or painful to him at this moment of sorrow; besides, what can I say to +him now, when my heart fails me and my mouth feels dry at the mere +sight of him?" Not one of the innumerable speeches addressed to the +Emperor that he had composed in his imagination could he now recall. +Those speeches were intended for quite other conditions, they were for +the most part to be spoken at a moment of victory and triumph, +generally when he was dying of wounds and the sovereign had thanked +him for heroic deeds, and while dying he expressed the love his +actions had proved. + +"Besides how can I ask the Emperor for his instructions for the +right flank now that it is nearly four o'clock and the battle is lost? +No, certainly I must not approach him, I must not intrude on his +reflections. Better die a thousand times than risk receiving an unkind +look or bad opinion from him," Rostov decided; and sorrowfully and +with a heart full despair he rode away, continually looking back at +the Tsar, who still remained in the same attitude of indecision. + +While Rostov was thus arguing with himself and riding sadly away, +Captain von Toll chanced to ride to the same spot, and seeing the +Emperor at once rode up to him, offered his services, and assisted him +to cross the ditch on foot. The Emperor, wishing to rest and feeling +unwell, sat down under an apple tree and von Toll remained beside him. +Rostov from a distance saw with envy and remorse how von Toll spoke +long and warmly to the Emperor and how the Emperor, evidently weeping, +covered his eyes with his hand and pressed von Toll's hand. + +"And I might have been in his place!" thought Rostov, and hardly +restraining his tears of pity for the Emperor, he rode on in utter +despair, not knowing where to or why he was now riding. + +His despair was all the greater from feeling that his own weakness +was the cause his grief. + +He might... not only might but should, have gone up to the +sovereign. It was a unique chance to show his devotion to the +Emperor and he had not made use of it.... "What have I done?" +thought he. And he turned round and galloped back to the place where +he had seen the Emperor, but there was no one beyond the ditch now. +Only some carts and carriages were passing by. From one of the drivers +he learned that Kutuzov's staff were not far off, in the village the +vehicles were going to. Rostov followed them. In front of him walked +Kutuzov's groom leading horses in horsecloths. Then came a cart, and +behind that walked an old, bandy-legged domestic serf in a peaked +cap and sheepskin coat. + +"Tit! I say, Tit!" said the groom. + +"What?" answered the old man absent-mindedly. + +"Go, Tit! Thresh a bit!" + +"Oh, you fool!" said the old man, spitting angrily. Some time passed +in silence, and then the same joke was repeated. + + +Before five in the evening the battle had been lost at all points. +More than a hundred cannon were already in the hands of the French. + +Przebyszewski and his corps had laid down their arms. Other +columns after losing half their men were retreating in disorderly +confused masses. + +The remains of Langeron's and Dokhturov's mingled forces were +crowding around the dams and banks of the ponds near the village of +Augesd. + +After five o'clock it was only at the Augesd Dam that a hot +cannonade (delivered by the French alone) was still to be heard from +numerous batteries ranged on the slopes of the Pratzen Heights, +directed at our retreating forces. + +In the rearguard, Dokhturov and others rallying some battalions kept +up a musketry fire at the French cavalry that was pursuing our troops. +It was growing dusk. On the narrow Augesd Dam where for so many +years the old miller had been accustomed to sit in his tasseled cap +peacefully angling, while his grandson, with shirt sleeves rolled +up, handled the floundering silvery fish in the watering can, on +that dam over which for so many years Moravians in shaggy caps and +blue jackets had peacefully driven their two-horse carts loaded with +wheat and had returned dusty with flour whitening their carts--on that +narrow dam amid the wagons and the cannon, under the horses' hoofs and +between the wagon wheels, men disfigured by fear of death now +crowded together, crushing one another, dying, stepping over the dying +and killing one another, only to move on a few steps and be killed +themselves in the same way. + +Every ten seconds a cannon ball flew compressing the air around, +or a shell burst in the midst of that dense throng, killing some and +splashing with blood those near them. + +Dolokhov--now an officer--wounded in the arm, and on foot, with +the regimental commander on horseback and some ten men of his company, +represented all that was left of that whole regiment. Impelled by +the crowd, they had got wedged in at the approach to the dam and, +jammed in on all sides, had stopped because a horse in front had +fallen under a cannon and the crowd were dragging it out. A cannon +ball killed someone behind them, another fell in front and splashed +Dolokhov with blood. The crowd, pushing forward desperately, +squeezed together, moved a few steps, and again stopped. + +"Move on a hundred yards and we are certainly saved, remain here +another two minutes and it is certain death," thought each one. + +Dolokhov who was in the midst of the crowd forced his way to the +edge of the dam, throwing two soldiers off their feet, and ran onto +the slippery ice that covered the millpool. + +"Turn this way!" he shouted, jumping over the ice which creaked +under him; "turn this way!" he shouted to those with the gun. "It +bears!..." + +The ice bore him but it swayed and creaked, and it was plain that it +would give way not only under a cannon or a crowd, but very soon +even under his weight alone. The men looked at him and pressed to +the bank, hesitating to step onto the ice. The general on horseback at +the entrance to the dam raised his hand and opened his mouth to +address Dolokhov. Suddenly a cannon ball hissed so low above the crowd +that everyone ducked. It flopped into something moist, and the general +fell from his horse in a pool of blood. Nobody gave him a look or +thought of raising him. + +"Get onto the ice, over the ice! Go on! Turn! Don't you hear? Go +on!" innumerable voices suddenly shouted after the ball had struck the +general, the men themselves not knowing what, or why, they were +shouting. + +One of the hindmost guns that was going onto the dam turned off onto +the ice. Crowds of soldiers from the dam began running onto the frozen +pond. The ice gave way under one of the foremost soldiers, and one leg +slipped into the water. He tried to right himself but fell in up to +his waist. The nearest soldiers shrank back, the gun driver stopped +his horse, but from behind still came the shouts: "Onto the ice, why +do you stop? Go on! Go on!" And cries of horror were heard in the +crowd. The soldiers near the gun waved their arms and beat the +horses to make them turn and move on. The horses moved off the bank. +The ice, that had held under those on foot, collapsed in a great mass, +and some forty men who were on it dashed, some forward and some +back, drowning one another. + +Still the cannon balls continued regularly to whistle and flop +onto the ice and into the water and oftenest of all among the crowd +that covered the dam, the pond, and the bank. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +On the Pratzen Heights, where he had fallen with the flagstaff in +his hand, lay Prince Andrew Bolkonski bleeding profusely and +unconsciously uttering a gentle, piteous, and childlike moan. + +Toward evening he ceased moaning and became quite still. He did +not know how long his unconsciousness lasted. Suddenly he again felt +that he was alive and suffering from a burning, lacerating pain in his +head. + +"Where is it, that lofty sky that I did not know till now, but saw +today?" was his first thought. "And I did not know this suffering +either," he thought. "Yes, I did not know anything, anything at all +till now. But where am I?" + +He listened and heard the sound of approaching horses, and voices +speaking French. He opened his eyes. Above him again was the same +lofty sky with clouds that had risen and were floating still higher, +and between them gleamed blue infinity. He did not turn his head and +did not see those who, judging by the sound of hoofs and voices, had +ridden up and stopped near him. + +It was Napoleon accompanied by two aides-de-camp. Bonaparte riding +over the battlefield had given final orders to strengthen the +batteries firing at the Augesd Dam and was looking at the killed and +wounded left on the field. + +"Fine men!" remarked Napoleon, looking at a dead Russian +grenadier, who, with his face buried in the ground and a blackened +nape, lay on his stomach with an already stiffened arm flung wide. + +"The ammunition for the guns in position is exhausted, Your +Majesty," said an adjutant who had come from the batteries that were +firing at Augesd. + +"Have some brought from the reserve," said Napoleon, and having gone +on a few steps he stopped before Prince Andrew, who lay on his back +with the flagstaff that had been dropped beside him. (The flag had +already been taken by the French as a trophy.) + +"That's a fine death!" said Napoleon as he gazed at Bolkonski. + +Prince Andrew understood that this was said of him and that it was +Napoleon who said it. He heard the speaker addressed as Sire. But he +heard the words as he might have heard the buzzing of a fly. Not +only did they not interest him, but he took no notice of them and at +once forgot them. His head was burning, he felt himself bleeding to +death, and he saw above him the remote, lofty, and everlasting sky. He +knew it was Napoleon--his hero--but at that moment Napoleon seemed +to him such a small, insignificant creature compared with what was +passing now between himself and that lofty infinite sky with the +clouds flying over it. At that moment it meant nothing to him who +might be standing over him, or what was said of him; he was only +glad that people were standing near him and only wished that they +would help him and bring him back to life, which seemed to him so +beautiful now that he had today learned to understand it so +differently. He collected all his strength, to stir and utter a sound. +He feebly moved his leg and uttered a weak, sickly groan which aroused +his own pity. + +"Ah! He is alive," said Napoleon. "Lift this young man up and +carry him to the dressing station." + +Having said this, Napoleon rode on to meet Marshal Lannes, who, +hat in hand, rode up smiling to the Emperor to congratulate him on the +victory. + +Prince Andrew remembered nothing more: he lost consciousness from +the terrible pain of being lifted onto the stretcher, the jolting +while being moved, and the probing of his wound at the dressing +station. He did not regain consciousness till late in the day, when +with other wounded and captured Russian officers he was carried to the +hospital. During this transfer he felt a little stronger and was +able to look about him and even speak. + +The first words he heard on coming to his senses were those of a +French convoy officer, who said rapidly: "We must halt here: the +Emperor will pass here immediately; it will please him to see these +gentlemen prisoners." + +"There are so many prisoners today, nearly the whole Russian army, +that he is probably tired of them," said another officer. + +"All the same! They say this one is the commander of all the Emperor +Alexander's Guards," said the first one, indicating a Russian +officer in the white uniform of the Horse Guards. + +Bolkonski recognized Prince Repnin whom he had met in Petersburg +society. Beside him stood a lad of nineteen, also a wounded officer of +the Horse Guards. + +Bonaparte, having come up at a gallop, stopped his horse. + +"Which is the senior?" he asked, on seeing the prisoners. + +They named the colonel, Prince Repnin. + +"You are the commander of the Emperor Alexander's regiment of +Horse Guards?" asked Napoleon. + +"I commanded a squadron," replied Repnin. + +"Your regiment fulfilled its duty honorably," said Napoleon. + +"The praise of a great commander is a soldier's highest reward," +said Repnin. + +"I bestow it with pleasure," said Napoleon. "And who is that young +man beside you?" + +Prince Repnin named Lieutenant Sukhtelen. + +After looking at him Napoleon smiled. + +"He's very young to come to meddle with us." + +"Youth is no hindrance to courage," muttered Sukhtelen in a +failing voice. + +"A splendid reply!" said Napoleon. "Young man, you will go far!" + +Prince Andrew, who had also been brought forward before the +Emperor's eyes to complete the show of prisoners, could not fail to +attract his attention. Napoleon apparently remembered seeing him on +the battlefield and, addressing him, again used the epithet "young +man" that was connected in his memory with Prince Andrew. + +"Well, and you, young man," said he. "How do you feel, mon brave?" + +Though five minutes before, Prince Andrew had been able to say a few +words to the soldiers who were carrying him, now with his eyes fixed +straight on Napoleon, he was silent.... So insignificant at that +moment seemed to him all the interests that engrossed Napoleon, so +mean did his hero himself with his paltry vanity and joy in victory +appear, compared to the lofty, equitable, and kindly sky which he +had seen and understood, that he could not answer him. + +Everything seemed so futile and insignificant in comparison with the +stern and solemn train of thought that weakness from loss of blood, +suffering, and the nearness of death aroused in him. Looking into +Napoleon's eyes Prince Andrew thought of the insignificance of +greatness, the unimportance of life which no one could understand, and +the still greater unimportance of death, the meaning of which no one +alive could understand or explain. + +The Emperor without waiting for an answer turned away and said to +one of the officers as he went: "Have these gentlemen attended to +and taken to my bivouac; let my doctor, Larrey, examine their +wounds. Au revoir, Prince Repnin!" and he spurred his horse and +galloped away. + +His face shone with self-satisfaction and pleasure. + +The soldiers who had carried Prince Andrew had noticed and taken the +little gold icon Princess Mary had hung round her brother's neck, +but seeing the favor the Emperor showed the prisoners, they now +hastened to return the holy image. + +Prince Andrew did not see how and by whom it was replaced, but the +little icon with its thin gold chain suddenly appeared upon his +chest outside his uniform. + +"It would be good," thought Prince Andrew, glancing at the icon +his sister had hung round his neck with such emotion and reverence, +"it would be good if everything were as clear and simple as it seems +to Mary. How good it would be to know where to seek for help in this +life, and what to expect after it beyond the grave! How happy and calm +I should be if I could now say: 'Lord, have mercy on me!'... But to +whom should I say that? Either to a Power indefinable, +incomprehensible, which I not only cannot address but which I cannot +even express in words--the Great All or Nothing-" said he to +himself, "or to that God who has been sewn into this amulet by Mary! +There is nothing certain, nothing at all except the unimportance of +everything I understand, and the greatness of something +incomprehensible but all-important." + +The stretchers moved on. At every jolt he again felt unendurable +pain; his feverishness increased and he grew delirious. Visions of his +father, wife, sister, and future son, and the tenderness he had felt +the night before the battle, the figure of the insignificant little +Napoleon, and above all this the lofty sky, formed the chief +subjects of his delirious fancies. + +The quiet home life and peaceful happiness of Bald Hills presented +itself to him. He was already enjoying that happiness when that little +Napoleon had suddenly appeared with his unsympathizing look of +shortsighted delight at the misery of others, and doubts and +torments had followed, and only the heavens promised peace. Toward +morning all these dreams melted and merged into the chaos and darkness +of unconciousness and oblivion which in the opinion of Napoleon's +doctor, Larrey, was much more likely to end in death than in +convalescence. + +"He is a nervous, bilious subject," said Larrey, "and will not +recover." + +And Prince Andrew, with others fatally wounded, was left to the care +of the inhabitants of the district. + + + + + +BOOK FOUR: 1806 + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Early in the year 1806 Nicholas Rostov returned home on leave. +Denisov was going home to Voronezh and Rostov persuaded him to +travel with him as far as Moscow and to stay with him there. Meeting a +comrade at the last post station but one before Moscow, Denisov had +drunk three bottles of wine with him and, despite the jolting ruts +across the snow-covered road, did not once wake up on the way to +Moscow, but lay at the bottom of the sleigh beside Rostov, who grew +more and more impatient the nearer they got to Moscow. + +"How much longer? How much longer? Oh, these insufferable streets, +shops, bakers' signboards, street lamps, and sleighs!" thought Rostov, +when their leave permits had been passed at the town gate and they had +entered Moscow. + +"Denisov! We're here! He's asleep," he added, leaning forward with +his whole body as if in that position he hoped to hasten the speed +of the sleigh. + +Denisov gave no answer. + +"There's the corner at the crossroads, where the cabman, Zakhar, has +his stand, and there's Zakhar himself and still the same horse! And +here's the little shop where we used to buy gingerbread! Can't you +hurry up? Now then!" + +"Which house is it?" asked the driver. + +"Why, that one, right at the end, the big one. Don't you see? That's +our house," said Rostov. "Of course, it's our house! Denisov, Denisov! +We're almost there!" + +Denisov raised his head, coughed, and made no answer. + +"Dmitri," said Rostov to his valet on the box, "those lights are +in our house, aren't they?" + +"Yes, sir, and there's a light in your father's study." + +"Then they've not gone to bed yet? What do you think? Mind now, +don't forget to put out my new coat," added Rostov, fingering his +new mustache. "Now then, get on," he shouted to the driver. "Do wake +up, Vaska!" he went on, turning to Denisov, whose head was again +nodding. "Come, get on! You shall have three rubles for vodka--get +on!" Rostov shouted, when the sleigh was only three houses from his +door. It seemed to him the horses were not moving at all. At last +the sleigh bore to the right, drew up at an entrance, and Rostov saw +overhead the old familiar cornice with a bit of plaster broken off, +the porch, and the post by the side of the pavement. He sprang out +before the sleigh stopped, and ran into the hall. The house stood cold +and silent, as if quite regardless of who had come to it. There was no +one in the hall. "Oh God! Is everyone all right?" he thought, stopping +for a moment with a sinking heart, and then immediately starting to +run along the hall and up the warped steps of the familiar +staircase. The well-known old door handle, which always angered the +countess when it was not properly cleaned, turned as loosely as +ever. A solitary tallow candle burned in the anteroom. + +Old Michael was asleep on the chest. Prokofy, the footman, who was +so strong that he could lift the back of the carriage from behind, sat +plaiting slippers out of cloth selvedges. He looked up at the +opening door and his expression of sleepy indifference suddenly +changed to one of delighted amazement. + +"Gracious heavens! The young count!" he cried, recognizing his young +master. "Can it be? My treasure!" and Prokofy, trembling with +excitement, rushed toward the drawing-room door, probably in order +to announce him, but, changing his mind, came back and stooped to kiss +the young man's shoulder. + +"All well?" asked Rostov, drawing away his arm. + +"Yes, God be thanked! Yes! They've just finished supper. Let me have +a look at you, your excellency." + +"Is everything quite all right?" + +"The Lord be thanked, yes!" + +Rostov, who had completely forgotten Denisov, not wishing anyone +to forestall him, threw off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe through the +large dark ballroom. All was the same: there were the same old card +tables and the same chandelier with a cover over it; but someone had +already seen the young master, and, before he had reached the +drawing room, something flew out from a side door like a tornado and +began hugging and kissing him. Another and yet another creature of the +same kind sprang from a second door and a third; more hugging, more +kissing, more outcries, and tears of joy. He could not distinguish +which was Papa, which Natasha, and which Petya. Everyone shouted, +talked, and kissed him at the same time. Only his mother was not +there, he noticed that. + +"And I did not know... Nicholas... My darling!..." + +"Here he is... our own... Kolya,* dear fellow... How he has +changed!... Where are the candles?... Tea!..." + + +*Nicholas. + + +"And me, kiss me!" + +"Dearest... and me!" + +Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhaylovna, Vera, and the old count +were all hugging him, and the serfs, men and maids, flocked into the +room, exclaiming and oh-ing and ah-ing. + +Petya, clinging to his legs, kept shouting, "And me too!" + +Natasha, after she had pulled him down toward her and covered his +face with kisses, holding him tight by the skirt of his coat, sprang +away and pranced up and down in one place like a goat and shrieked +piercingly. + +All around were loving eyes glistening with tears of joy, and all +around were lips seeking a kiss. + +Sonya too, all rosy red, clung to his arm and, radiant with bliss, +looked eagerly toward his eyes, waiting for the look for which she +longed. Sonya now was sixteen and she was very pretty, especially at +this moment of happy, rapturous excitement. She gazed at him, not +taking her eyes off him, and smiling and holding her breath. He gave +her a grateful look, but was still expectant and looking for +someone. The old countess had not yet come. But now steps were heard +at the door, steps so rapid that they could hardly be his mother's. + +Yet it was she, dressed in a new gown which he did not know, made +since he had left. All the others let him go, and he ran to her. +When they met, she fell on his breast, sobbing. She could not lift her +face, but only pressed it to the cold braiding of his hussar's jacket. +Denisov, who had come into the room unnoticed by anyone, stood there +and wiped his eyes at the sight. + +"Vasili Denisov, your son's friend," he said, introducing himself to +the count, who was looking inquiringly at him. + +"You are most welcome! I know, I know," said the count, kissing +and embracing Denisov. "Nicholas wrote us... Natasha, Vera, look! Here +is Denisov!" + +The same happy, rapturous faces turned to the shaggy figure of +Denisov. + +"Darling Denisov!" screamed Natasha, beside herself with rapture, +springing to him, putting her arms round him, and kissing him. This +escapade made everybody feel confused. Denisov blushed too, but smiled +and, taking Natasha's hand, kissed it. + +Denisov was shown to the room prepared for him, and the Rostovs +all gathered round Nicholas in the sitting room. + +The old countess, not letting go of his hand and kissing it every +moment, sat beside him: the rest, crowding round him, watched every +movement, word, or look of his, never taking their blissfully +adoring eyes off him. His brother and sisters struggled for the places +nearest to him and disputed with one another who should bring him +his tea, handkerchief, and pipe. + +Rostov was very happy in the love they showed him; but the first +moment of meeting had been so beatific that his present joy seemed +insufficient, and he kept expecting something more, more and yet more. + +Next morning, after the fatigues of their journey, the travelers +slept till ten o'clock. + +In the room next their bedroom there was a confusion of sabers, +satchels, sabretaches, open portmanteaus, and dirty boots. Two freshly +cleaned pairs with spurs had just been placed by the wall. The +servants were bringing in jugs and basins, hot water for shaving, +and their well-brushed clothes. There was a masculine odor and a smell +of tobacco. + +"Hallo, Gwiska--my pipe!" came Vasili Denisov's husky voice. +"Wostov, get up!" + +Rostov, rubbing his eyes that seemed glued together, raised his +disheveled head from the hot pillow. + +"Why, is it late?" + +"Late! It's nearly ten o'clock," answered Natasha's voice. A +rustle of starched petticoats and the whispering and laughter of +girls' voices came from the adjoining room. The door was opened a +crack and there was a glimpse of something blue, of ribbons, black +hair, and merry faces. It was Natasha, Sonya, and Petya, who had +come to see whether they were getting up. + +"Nicholas! Get up!" Natasha's voice was again heard at the door. + +"Directly!" + +Meanwhile, Petya, having found and seized the sabers in the outer +room, with the delight boys feel at the sight of a military elder +brother, and forgetting that it was unbecoming for the girls to see +men undressed, opened the bedroom door. + +"Is this your saber?" he shouted. + +The girls sprang aside. Denisov hid his hairy legs under the +blanket, looking with a scared face at his comrade for help. The door, +having let Petya in, closed again. A sound of laughter came from +behind it. + +"Nicholas! Come out in your dressing gown!" said Natasha's voice. + +"Is this your saber?" asked Petya. "Or is it yours?" he said, +addressing the black-mustached Denisov with servile deference. + +Rostov hurriedly put something on his feet, drew on his dressing +gown, and went out. Natasha had put on one spurred boot and was just +getting her foot into the other. Sonya, when he came in, was +twirling round and was about to expand her dresses into a balloon +and sit down. They were dressed alike, in new pale-blue frocks, and +were both fresh, rosy, and bright. Sonya ran away, but Natasha, taking +her brother's arm, led him into the sitting room, where they began +talking. They hardly gave one another time to ask questions and give +replies concerning a thousand little matters which could not +interest anyone but themselves. Natasha laughed at every word he +said or that she said herself, not because what they were saying was +amusing, but because she felt happy and was unable to control her +joy which expressed itself by laughter. + +"Oh, how nice, how splendid!" she said to everything. + +Rostov felt that, under the influence of the warm rays of love, that +childlike smile which had not once appeared on his face since he +left home now for the first time after eighteen months again +brightened his soul and his face. + +"No, but listen," she said, "now you are quite a man, aren't you? +I'm awfully glad you're my brother." She touched his mustache. "I want +to know what you men are like. Are you the same as we? No?" + +"Why did Sonya run away?" asked Rostov. + +"Ah, yes! That's a whole long story! How are you going to speak to +her--thou or you?" + +"As may happen," said Rostov. + +"No, call her you, please! I'll tell you all about it some other +time. No, I'll tell you now. You know Sonya's my dearest friend. +Such a friend that I burned my arm for her sake. Look here!" + +She pulled up her muslin sleeve and showed him a red scar on her +long, slender, delicate arm, high above the elbow on that part that is +covered even by a ball dress. + +"I burned this to prove my love for her. I just heated a ruler in +the fire and pressed it there!" + +Sitting on the sofa with the little cushions on its arms, in what +used to be his old schoolroom, and looking into Natasha's wildly +bright eyes, Rostov re-entered that world of home and childhood +which had no meaning for anyone else, but gave him some of the best +joys of his life; and the burning of an arm with a ruler as a proof of +love did not seem to him senseless, he understood and was not +surprised at it. + +"Well, and is that all?" he asked. + +"We are such friends, such friends! All that ruler business was just +nonsense, but we are friends forever. She, if she loves anyone, does +it for life, but I don't understand that, I forget quickly." + +"Well, what then?" + +"Well, she loves me and you like that." + +Natasha suddenly flushed. + +"Why, you remember before you went away?... Well, she says you are +to forget all that.... She says: 'I shall love him always, but let him +be free.' Isn't that lovely and noble! Yes, very noble? Isn't it?" +asked Natasha, so seriously and excitedly that it was evident that +what she was now saying she had talked of before, with tears. + +Rostov became thoughtful. + +"I never go back on my word," he said. "Besides, Sonya is so +charming that only a fool would renounce such happiness." + +"No, no!" cried Natasha, "she and I have already talked it over. +We knew you'd say so. But it won't do, because you see, if you say +that--if you consider yourself bound by your promise--it will seem +as if she had not meant it seriously. It makes it as if you were +marrying her because you must, and that wouldn't do at all." + +Rostov saw that it had been well considered by them. Sonya had +already struck him by her beauty on the preceding day. Today, when +he had caught a glimpse of her, she seemed still more lovely. She +was a charming girl of sixteen, evidently passionately in love with +him (he did not doubt that for an instant). Why should he not love her +now, and even marry her, Rostov thought, but just now there were so +many other pleasures and interests before him! "Yes, they have taken a +wise decision," he thought, "I must remain free." + +"Well then, that's excellent," said he. "We'll talk it over later +on. Oh, how glad I am to have you!" + +"Well, and are you still true to Boris?" he continued. + +"Oh, what nonsense!" cried Natasha, laughing. "I don't think about +him or anyone else, and I don't want anything of the kind." + +"Dear me! Then what are you up now?" + +"Now?" repeated Natasha, and a happy smile lit up her face. "Have +you seen Duport?" + +"No." + +"Not seen Duport--the famous dancer? Well then, you won't +understand. That's what I'm up to." + +Curving her arms, Natasha held out her skirts as dancers do, ran +back a few steps, turned, cut a caper, brought her little feet sharply +together, and made some steps on the very tips of her toes. + +"See, I'm standing! See!" she said, but could not maintain herself +on her toes any longer. "So that's what I'm up to! I'll never marry +anyone, but will be a dancer. Only don't tell anyone." + +Rostov laughed so loud and merrily that Denisov, in his bedroom, +felt envious and Natasha could not help joining in. + +"No, but don't you think it's nice?" she kept repeating. + +"Nice! And so you no longer wish to marry Boris?" + +Natasha flared up. "I don't want to marry anyone. And I'll tell +him so when I see him!" + +"Dear me!" said Rostov. + +"But that's all rubbish," Natasha chattered on. "And is Denisov +nice?" she asked. + +"Yes, indeed!" + +"Oh, well then, good-by: go and dress. Is he very terrible, +Denisov?" + +"Why terrible?" asked Nicholas. "No, Vaska is a splendid fellow." + +"You call him Vaska? That's funny! And is he very nice?" + +"Very." + +"Well then, be quick. We'll all have breakfast together." + +And Natasha rose and went out of the room on tiptoe, like a ballet +dancer, but smiling as only happy girls of fifteen can smile. When +Rostov met Sonya in the drawing room, he reddened. He did not know how +to behave with her. The evening before, in the first happy moment of +meeting, they had kissed each other, but today they felt it could +not be done; he felt that everybody, including his mother and sisters, +was looking inquiringly at him and watching to see how he would behave +with her. He kissed her hand and addressed her not as thou but as you- +Sonya. But their eyes met and said thou, and exchanged tender +kisses. Her looks asked him to forgive her for having dared, by +Natasha's intermediacy, to remind him of his promise, and then thanked +him for his love. His looks thanked her for offering him his freedom +and told her that one way or another he would never cease to love her, +for that would be impossible. + +"How strange it is," said Vera, selecting a moment when all were +silent, "that Sonya and Nicholas now say you to one another and meet +like strangers." + +Vera's remark was correct, as her remarks always were, but, like +most of her observations, it made everyone feel uncomfortable, not +only Sonya, Nicholas, and Natasha, but even the old countess, who- +dreading this love affair which might hinder Nicholas from making a +brilliant match--blushed like a girl. + +Denisov, to Rostov's surprise, appeared in the drawing room with +pomaded hair, perfumed, and in a new uniform, looking just as smart as +he made himself when going into battle, and he was more amiable to the +ladies and gentlemen than Rostov had ever expected to see him. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +On his return to Moscow from the army, Nicholas Rostov was +welcomed by his home circle as the best of sons, a hero, and their +darling Nikolenka; by his relations as a charming, attractive, and +polite young man; by his acquaintances as a handsome lieutenant of +hussars, a good dancer, and one of the best matches in the city. + +The Rostovs knew everybody in Moscow. The old count had money enough +that year, as all his estates had been remortgaged, and so Nicholas, +acquiring a trotter of his own, very stylish riding breeches of the +latest cut, such as no one else yet had in Moscow, and boots of the +latest fashion, with extremely pointed toes and small silver spurs, +passed his time very gaily. After a short period of adapting himself +to the old conditions of life, Nicholas found it very pleasant to be +at home again. He felt that he had grown up and matured very much. His +despair at failing in a Scripture examination, his borrowing money +from Gavril to pay a sleigh driver, his kissing Sonya on the sly--he +now recalled all this as childishness he had left immeasurably behind. +Now he was a lieutenant of hussars, in a jacket laced with silver, and +wearing the Cross of St. George, awarded to soldiers for bravery in +action, and in the company of well-known, elderly, and respected +racing men was training a trotter of his own for a race. He knew a +lady on one of the boulevards whom he visited of an evening. He led +the mazurka at the Arkharovs' ball, talked about the war with Field +Marshal Kamenski, visited the English Club, and was on intimate +terms with a colonel of forty to whom Denisov had introduced him. + +His passion for the Emperor had cooled somewhat in Moscow. But +still, as he did not see him and had no opportunity of seeing him, +he often spoke about him and about his love for him, letting it be +understood that he had not told all and that there was something in +his feelings for the Emperor not everyone could understand, and with +his whole soul he shared the adoration then common in Moscow for the +Emperor, who was spoken of as the "angel incarnate." + +During Rostov's short stay in Moscow, before rejoining the army, +he did not draw closer to Sonya, but rather drifted away from her. She +was very pretty and sweet, and evidently deeply in love with him, +but he was at the period of youth when there seems so much to do +that there is no time for that sort of thing and a young man fears +to bind himself and prizes his freedom which he needs for so many +other things. When he thought of Sonya, during this stay in Moscow, he +said to himself, "Ah, there will be, and there are, many more such +girls somewhere whom I do not yet know. There will be time enough to +think about love when I want to, but now I have no time." Besides, +it seemed to him that the society of women was rather derogatory to +his manhood. He went to balls and into ladies' society with an +affectation of doing so against his will. The races, the English Club, +sprees with Denisov, and visits to a certain house--that was another +matter and quite the thing for a dashing young hussar! + +At the beginning of March, old Count Ilya Rostov was very busy +arranging a dinner in honor of Prince Bagration at the English Club. + +The count walked up and down the hall in his dressing gown, giving +orders to the club steward and to the famous Feoktist, the Club's head +cook, about asparagus, fresh cucumbers, strawberries, veal, and fish +for this dinner. The count had been a member and on the committee of +the Club from the day it was founded. To him the Club entrusted the +arrangement of the festival in honor of Bagration, for few men knew so +well how to arrange a feast on an open-handed, hospitable scale, and +still fewer men would be so well able and willing to make up out of +their own resources what might be needed for the success of the +fete. The club cook and the steward listened to the count's orders +with pleased faces, for they knew that under no other management could +they so easily extract a good profit for themselves from a dinner +costing several thousand rubles. + +"Well then, mind and have cocks' comb in the turtle soup, you know!" + +"Shall we have three cold dishes then?" asked the cook. + +The count considered. + +"We can't have less--yes, three... the mayonnaise, that's one," said +he, bending down a finger. + +"Then am I to order those large sterlets?" asked the steward. + +"Yes, it can't be helped if they won't take less. Ah, dear me! I was +forgetting. We must have another entree. Ah, goodness gracious!" he +clutched at his head. "Who is going to get me the flowers? Dmitri! Eh, +Dmitri! Gallop off to our Moscow estate," he said to the factotum +who appeared at his call. "Hurry off and tell Maksim, the gardener, to +set the serfs to work. Say that everything out of the hothouses must +be brought here well wrapped up in felt. I must have two hundred +pots here on Friday." + +Having given several more orders, he was about to go to his +"little countess" to have a rest, but remembering something else of +importance, he returned again, called back the cook and the club +steward, and again began giving orders. A light footstep and the +clinking of spurs were heard at the door, and the young count, +handsome, rosy, with a dark little mustache, evidently rested and made +sleeker by his easy life in Moscow, entered the room. + +"Ah, my boy, my head's in a whirl!" said the old man with a smile, +as if he felt a little confused before his son. "Now, if you would +only help a bit! I must have singers too. I shall have my own +orchestra, but shouldn't we get the gypsy singers as well? You +military men like that sort of thing." + +"Really, Papa, I believe Prince Bagration worried himself less +before the battle of Schon Grabern than you do now," said his son with +a smile. + +The old count pretended to be angry. + +"Yes, you talk, but try it yourself!" + +And the count turned to the cook, who, with a shrewd and +respectful expression, looked observantly and sympathetically at the +father and son. + +"What have the young people come to nowadays, eh, Feoktist?" said +he. "Laughing at us old fellows!" + +"That's so, your excellency, all they have to do is to eat a good +dinner, but providing it and serving it all up, that's not their +business!" + +"That's it, that's it!" exclaimed the count, and gaily seizing his +son by both hands, he cried, "Now I've got you, so take the sleigh and +pair at once, and go to Bezukhob's, and tell him 'Count Ilya has +sent you to ask for strawberries and fresh pineapples.' We can't get +them from anyone else. He's not there himself, so you'll have to go in +and ask the princesses; and from there go on to the Rasgulyay--the +coachman Ipatka knows--and look up the gypsy Ilyushka, the one who +danced at Count Orlov's, you remember, in a white Cossack coat, and +bring him along to me." + +"And am I to bring the gypsy girls along with him?" asked +Nicholas, laughing. "Dear, dear!..." + +At that moment, with noiseless footsteps and with the +businesslike, preoccupied, yet meekly Christian look which never +left her face, Anna Mikhaylovna entered the hall. Though she came upon +the count in his dressing gown every day, he invariably became +confused and begged her to excuse his costume. + +"No matter at all, my dear count," she said, meekly closing her +eyes. "But I'll go to Bezukhov's myself. Pierre has arrived, and now +we shall get anything we want from his hothouses. I have to see him in +any case. He has forwarded me a letter from Boris. Thank God, Boris is +now on the staff." + +The count was delighted at Anna Mikhaylovna's taking upon herself +one of his commissions and ordered the small closed carriage for her. + +"Tell Bezukhov to come. I'll put his name down. Is his wife with +him?" he asked. + +Anna Mikhaylovna turned up her eyes, and profound sadness was +depicted on her face. + +"Ah, my dear friend, he is very unfortunate," she said. "If what +we hear is true, it is dreadful. How little we dreamed of such a thing +when we were rejoicing at his happiness! And such a lofty angelic soul +as young Bezukhov! Yes, I pity him from my heart, and shall try to +give him what consolation I can." + +"Wh-what is the matter?" asked both the young and old Rostov. + +Anna Mikhaylovna sighed deeply. + +"Dolokhov, Mary Ivanovna's son," she said in a mysterious whisper, +"has compromised her completely, they say. Pierre took him up, invited +him to his house in Petersburg, and now... she has come here and +that daredevil after her!" said Anna Mikhaylovna, wishing to show +her sympathy for Pierre, but by involuntary intonations and a half +smile betraying her sympathy for the "daredevil," as she called +Dolokhov. "They say Pierre is quite broken by his misfortune." + +"Dear, dear! But still tell him to come to the Club--it will all +blow over. It will be a tremendous banquet." + +Next day, the third of March, soon after one o'clock, two hundred +and fifty members of the English Club and fifty guests were awaiting +the guest of honor and hero of the Austrian campaign, Prince +Bagration, to dinner. + +On the first arrival of the news of the battle of Austerlitz, Moscow +had been bewildered. At that time, the Russians were so used to +victories that on receiving news of the defeat some would simply not +believe it, while others sought some extraordinary explanation of so +strange an event. In the English Club, where all who were +distinguished, important, and well informed forgathered when the +news began to arrive in December, nothing was said about the war and +the last battle, as though all were in a conspiracy of silence. The +men who set the tone in conversation--Count Rostopchin, Prince Yuri +Dolgorukov, Valuev, Count Markov, and Prince Vyazemski--did not show +themselves at the Club, but met in private houses in intimate circles, +and the Moscovites who took their opinions from others--Ilya Rostov +among them--remained for a while without any definite opinion on the +subject of the war and without leaders. The Moscovites felt that +something was wrong and that to discuss the bad news was difficult, +and so it was best to be silent. But after a while, just as a jury +comes out of its room, the bigwigs who guided the Club's opinion +reappeared, and everybody began speaking clearly and definitely. +Reasons were found for the incredible, unheard-of, and impossible +event of a Russian defeat, everything became clear, and in all corners +of Moscow the same things began to be said. These reasons were the +treachery of the Austrians, a defective commissariat, the treachery of +the Pole Przebyszewski and of the Frenchman Langeron, Kutuzov's +incapacity, and (it was whispered) the youth and inexperience of the +sovereign, who had trusted worthless and insignificant people. But the +army, the Russian army, everyone declared, was extraordinary and had +achieved miracles of valor. The soldiers, officers, and generals were +heroes. But the hero of heroes was Prince Bagration, distinguished +by his Schon Grabern affair and by the retreat from Austerlitz, +where he alone had withdrawn his column unbroken and had all day +beaten back an enemy force twice as numerous as his own. What also +conduced to Bagration's being selected as Moscow's hero was the fact +that he had no connections in the city and was a stranger there. In +his person, honor was shown to a simple fighting Russian soldier +without connections and intrigues, and to one who was associated by +memories of the Italian campaign with the name of Suvorov. Moreover, +paying such honor to Bagration was the best way of expressing +disapproval and dislike of Kutuzov. + +"Had there been no Bagration, it would have been necessary to invent +him," said the wit Shinshin, parodying the words of Voltaire. +Kutuzov no one spoke of, except some who abused him in whispers, +calling him a court weathercock and an old satyr. + +All Moscow repeated Prince Dolgorukov's saying: "If you go on +modeling and modeling you must get smeared with clay," suggesting +consolation for our defeat by the memory of former victories; and +the words of Rostopchin, that French soldiers have to be incited to +battle by highfalutin words, and Germans by logical arguments to +show them that it is more dangerous to run away than to advance, but +that Russian soldiers only need to be restrained and held back! On all +sides, new and fresh anecdotes were heard of individual examples of +heroism shown by our officers and men at Austerlitz. One had saved a +standard, another had killed five Frenchmen, a third had loaded five +cannon singlehanded. Berg was mentioned, by those who did not know +him, as having, when wounded in the right hand, taken his sword in the +left, and gone forward. Of Bolkonski, nothing was said, and only those +who knew him intimately regretted that he had died so young, leaving a +pregnant wife with his eccentric father. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +On that third of March, all the rooms in the English Club were +filled with a hum of conversation, like the hum of bees swarming in +springtime. The members and guests of the Club wandered hither and +thither, sat, stood, met, and separated, some in uniform and some in +evening dress, and a few here and there with powdered hair and in +Russian kaftans. Powdered footmen, in livery with buckled shoes and +smart stockings, stood at every door anxiously noting visitors' +every movement in order to offer their services. Most of those present +were elderly, respected men with broad, self-confident faces, fat +fingers, and resolute gestures and voices. This class of guests and +members sat in certain habitual places and met in certain habitual +groups. A minority of those present were casual guests--chiefly +young men, among whom were Denisov, Rostov, and Dolokhov--who was +now again an officer in the Semenov regiment. The faces of these young +people, especially those who were militarymen, bore that expression of +condescending respect for their elders which seems to say to the older +generation, "We are prepared to respect and honor you, but all the +same remember that the future belongs to us." + +Nesvitski was there as an old member of the Club. Pierre, who at his +wife's command had let his hair grow and abandoned his spectacles, +went about the rooms fashionably dressed but looking sad and dull. +Here, as elsewhere, he was surrounded by an atmosphere of subservience +to his wealth, and being in the habit of lording it over these people, +he treated them with absent-minded contempt. + +By his age he should have belonged to the younger men, but by his +wealth and connections he belonged to the groups old and honored +guests, and so he went from one group to another. Some of the most +important old men were the center of groups which even strangers +approached respectfully to hear the voices of well-known men. The +largest circles formed round Count Rostopchin, Valuev, and +Naryshkin. Rostopchin was describing how the Russians had been +overwhelmed by flying Austrians and had had to force their way through +them with bayonets. + +Valuev was confidentially telling that Uvarov had been sent from +Petersburg to ascertain what Moscow was thinking about Austerlitz. + +In the third circle, Naryshkin was speaking of the meeting of the +Austrian Council of War at which Suvorov crowed like a cock in reply +to the nonsense talked by the Austrian generals. Shinshin, standing +close by, tried to make a joke, saying that Kutuzov had evidently +failed to learn from Suvorov even so simple a thing as the art of +crowing like a cock, but the elder members glanced severely at the +wit, making him feel that in that place and on that day, it was +improper to speak so of Kutuzov. + +Count Ilya Rostov, hurried and preoccupied, went about in his soft +boots between the dining and drawing rooms, hastily greeting the +important and unimportant, all of whom he knew, as if they were all +equals, while his eyes occasionally sought out his fine well-set-up +young son, resting on him and winking joyfully at him. Young Rostov +stood at a window with Dolokhov, whose acquaintance he had lately made +and highly valued. The old count came up to them and pressed +Dolokhov's hand. + +"Please come and visit us... you know my brave boy... been +together out there... both playing the hero... Ah, Vasili +Ignatovich... How d'ye do, old fellow?" he said, turning to an old man +who was passing, but before he had finished his greeting there was a +general stir, and a footman who had run in announced, with a +frightened face: "He's arrived!" + +Bells rang, the stewards rushed forward, and--like rye shaken +together in a shovel--the guests who had been scattered about in +different rooms came together and crowded in the large drawing room by +the door of the ballroom. + +Bagration appeared in the doorway of the anteroom without hat or +sword, which, in accord with the Club custom, he had given up to the +hall porter. He had no lambskin cap on his head, nor had he a loaded +whip over his shoulder, as when Rostov had seen him on the eve of +the battle of Austerlitz, but wore a tight new uniform with Russian +and foreign Orders, and the Star of St. George on his left breast. +Evidently just before coming to the dinner he had had his hair and +whiskers trimmed, which changed his appearance for the worse. There +was something naively festive in his air, which, in conjunction with +his firm and virile features, gave him a rather comical expression. +Bekleshev and Theodore Uvarov, who had arrived with him, paused at the +doorway to allow him, as the guest of honor, to enter first. Bagration +was embarrassed, not wishing to avail himself of their courtesy, and +this caused some delay at the doors, but after all he did at last +enter first. He walked shyly and awkwardly over the parquet floor of +the reception room, not knowing what to do with his hands; he was more +accustomed to walk over a plowed field under fire, as he had done at +the head of the Kursk regiment at Schon Grabern--and he would have +found that easier. The committeemen met him at the first door and, +expressing their delight at seeing such a highly honored guest, took +possession of him as it were, without waiting for his reply, +surrounded him, and led him to the drawing room. It was at first +impossible to enter the drawing-room door for the crowd of members and +guests jostling one another and trying to get a good look at Bagration +over each other's shoulders, as if he were some rare animal. Count +Ilya Rostov, laughing and repeating the words, "Make way, dear boy! +Make way, make way!" pushed through the crowd more energetically +than anyone, led the guests into the drawing room, and seated them +on the center sofa. The bigwigs, the most respected members of the +Club, beset the new arrivals. Count Ilya, again thrusting his way +through the crowd, went out of the drawing room and reappeared a +minute later with another committeeman, carrying a large silver salver +which he presented to Prince Bagration. On the salver lay some +verses composed and printed in the hero's honor. Bagration, on +seeing the salver, glanced around in dismay, as though seeking help. +But all eyes demanded that he should submit. Feeling himself in +their power, he resolutely took the salver with both hands and +looked sternly and reproachfully at the count who had presented it +to him. Someone obligingly took the dish from Bagration (or he +would, it seemed, have held it till evening and have gone in to dinner +with it) and drew his attention to the verses. + +"Well, I will read them, then!" Bagration seemed to say, and, fixing +his weary eyes on the paper, began to read them with a fixed and +serious expression. But the author himself took the verses and began +reading them aloud. Bagration bowed his bead and listened: + + Bring glory then to Alexander's reign + And on the throne our Titus shield. + A dreaded foe be thou, kindhearted as a man, + A Rhipheus at home, a Caesar in the field! + E'en fortunate Napoleon + Knows by experience, now, Bagration, + And dare not Herculean Russians trouble... + +But before he had finished reading, a stentorian major-domo +announced that dinner was ready! The door opened, and from the +dining room came the resounding strains of the polonaise: + + Conquest's joyful thunder waken, + Triumph, valiant Russians, now!... + +and Count Rostov, glancing angrily at the author who went on reading +his verses, bowed to Bagration. Everyone rose, feeling that dinner was +more important than verses, and Bagration, again preceding all the +rest, went in to dinner. He was seated in the place of honor between +two Alexanders--Bekleshev and Naryshkin--which was a significant +allusion to the name of the sovereign. Three hundred persons took +their seats in the dining room, according to their rank and +importance: the more important nearer to the honored guest, as +naturally as water flows deepest where the land lies lowest. + +Just before dinner, Count Ilya Rostov presented his son to +Bagration, who recognized him and said a few words to him, +disjointed and awkward, as were all the words he spoke that day, and +Count Ilya looked joyfully and proudly around while Bagration spoke to +his son. + +Nicholas Rostov, with Denisov and his new acquaintance, Dolokhov, +sat almost at the middle of the table. Facing them sat Pierre, +beside Prince Nesvitski. Count Ilya Rostov with the other members of +the committee sat facing Bagration and, as the very personification of +Moscow hospitality, did the honors to the prince. + +His efforts had not been in vain. The dinner, both the Lenten and +the other fare, was splendid, yet he could not feel quite at ease till +the end of the meal. He winked at the butler, whispered directions +to the footmen, and awaited each expected dish with some anxiety. +Everything was excellent. With the second course, a gigantic sterlet +(at sight of which Ilya Rostov blushed with self-conscious +pleasure), the footmen began popping corks and filling the champagne +glasses. After the fish, which made a certain sensation, the count +exchanged glances with the other committeemen. "There will be many +toasts, it's time to begin," he whispered, and taking up his glass, he +rose. All were silent, waiting for what he would say. + +"To the health of our Sovereign, the Emperor!" he cried, and at +the same moment his kindly eyes grew moist with tears of joy and +enthusiasm. The band immediately struck up "Conquest's joyful +thunder waken..." All rose and cried "Hurrah!" Bagration also rose and +shouted "Hurrah!" in exactly the same voice in which he had shouted it +on the field at Schon Grabern. Young Rostov's ecstatic voice could +be heard above the three hundred others. He nearly wept. "To the +health of our Sovereign, the Emperor!" he roared, "Hurrah!" and +emptying his glass at one gulp he dashed it to the floor. Many +followed his example, and the loud shouting continued for a long time. +When the voices subsided, the footmen cleared away the broken glass +and everybody sat down again, smiling at the noise they had made and +exchanging remarks. The old count rose once more, glanced at a note +lying beside his plate, and proposed a toast, "To the health of the +hero of our last campaign, Prince Peter Ivanovich Bagration!" and +again his blue eyes grew moist. "Hurrah!" cried the three hundred +voices again, but instead of the band a choir began singing a +cantata composed by Paul Ivanovich Kutuzov: + + Russians! O'er all barriers on! + Courage conquest guarantees; + Have we not Bagration? + He brings foe men to their knees,... etc. + + +As soon as the singing was over, another and another toast was +proposed and Count Ilya Rostov became more and more moved, more +glass was smashed, and the shouting grew louder. They drank to +Bekleshev, Naryshkin, Uvarov, Dolgorukov, Apraksin, Valuev, to the +committee, to all the Club members and to all the Club guests, and +finally to Count Ilya Rostov separately, as the organizer of the +banquet. At that toast, the count took out his handkerchief and, +covering his face, wept outright. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Pierre sat opposite Dolokhov and Nicholas Rostov. As usual, he ate +and drank much, and eagerly. But those who knew him intimately noticed +that some great change had come over him that day. He was silent all +through dinner and looked about, blinking and scowling, or, with fixed +eyes and a look of complete absent-mindedness, kept rubbing the bridge +of his nose. His face was depressed and gloomy. He seemed to see and +hear nothing of what was going on around him and to be absorbed by +some depressing and unsolved problem. + +The unsolved problem that tormented him was caused by hints given by +the princess, his cousin, at Moscow, concerning Dolokhov's intimacy +with his wife, and by an anonymous letter he had received that +morning, which in the mean jocular way common to anonymous letters +said that he saw badly through his spectacles, but that his wife's +connection with Dolokhov was a secret to no one but himself. Pierre +absolutely disbelieved both the princess' hints and the letter, but he +feared now to look at Dolokhov, who was sitting opposite him. Every +time he chanced to meet Dolokhov's handsome insolent eyes, Pierre felt +something terrible and monstrous rising in his soul and turned quickly +away. Involuntarily recalling his wife's past and her relations with +Dolokhov, Pierre saw clearly that what was said in the letter might be +true, or might at least seem to be true had it not referred to his +wife. He involuntarily remembered how Dolokhov, who had fully +recovered his former position after the campaign, had returned to +Petersburg and come to him. Availing himself of his friendly relations +with Pierre as a boon companion, Dolokhov had come straight to his +house, and Pierre had put him up and lent him money. Pierre recalled +how Helene had smilingly expressed disapproval of Dolokhov's living at +their house, and how cynically Dolokhov had praised his wife's +beauty to him and from that time till they came to Moscow had not left +them for a day. + +"Yes, he is very handsome," thought Pierre, "and I know him. It +would be particularly pleasant to him to dishonor my name and ridicule +me, just because I have exerted myself on his behalf, befriended +him, and helped him. I know and understand what a spice that would add +to the pleasure of deceiving me, if it really were true. Yes, if it +were true, but I do not believe it. I have no right to, and can't, +believe it." He remembered the expression Dolokhov's face assumed in +his moments of cruelty, as when tying the policeman to the bear and +dropping them into the water, or when he challenged a man to a duel +without any reason, or shot a post-boy's horse with a pistol. That +expression was often on Dolokhov's face when looking at him. "Yes, +he is a bully," thought Pierre, "to kill a man means nothing to him. +It must seem to him that everyone is afraid of him, and that must +please him. He must think that I, too, am afraid of him--and in fact I +am afraid of him," he thought, and again he felt something terrible +and monstrous rising in his soul. Dolokhov, Denisov, and Rostov were +now sitting opposite Pierre and seemed very gay. Rostov was talking +merrily to his two friends, one of whom was a dashing hussar and the +other a notorious duelist and rake, and every now and then he +glanced ironically at Pierre, whose preoccupied, absent-minded, and +massive figure was a very noticeable one at the dinner. Rostov +looked inimically at Pierre, first because Pierre appeared to his +hussar eyes as a rich civilian, the husband of a beauty, and in a +word--an old woman; and secondly because Pierre in his preoccupation +and absent-mindedness had not recognized Rostov and had not +responded to his greeting. When the Emperor's health was drunk, +Pierre, lost in thought, did not rise or lift his glass. + +"What are you about?" shouted Rostov, looking at him in an ecstasy +of exasperation. "Don't you hear it's His Majesty the Emperor's +health?" + +Pierre sighed, rose submissively, emptied his glass, and, waiting +till all were seated again, turned with his kindly smile to Rostov. + +"Why, I didn't recognize you!" he said. But Rostov was otherwise +engaged; he was shouting "Hurrah!" + +"Why don't you renew the acquaintance?" said Dolokhov to Rostov. + +"Confound him, he's a fool!" said Rostov. + +"One should make up to the husbands of pretty women," said Denisov. + +Pierre did not catch what they were saying, but knew they were +talking about him. He reddened and turned away. + +"Well, now to the health of handsome women!" said Dolokhov, and with +a serious expression, but with a smile lurking at the corners of his +mouth, he turned with his glass to Pierre. + +"Here's to the health of lovely women, Peterkin--and their +lovers!" he added. + +Pierre, with downcast eyes, drank out of his glass without looking +at Dolokhov or answering him. The footman, who was distributing +leaflets with Kutuzov's cantata, laid one before Pierre as one of +the principal guests. He was just going to take it when Dolokhov, +leaning across, snatched it from his hand and began reading it. Pierre +looked at Dolokhov and his eyes dropped, the something terrible and +monstrous that had tormented him all dinnertime rose and took +possession of him. He leaned his whole massive body across the table. + +"How dare you take it?" he shouted. + +Hearing that cry and seeing to whom it was addressed, Nesvitski +and the neighbor on his right quickly turned in alarm to Bezukhov. + +"Don't! Don't! What are you about?" whispered their frightened +voices. + +Dolokhov looked at Pierre with clear, mirthful, cruel eyes, and that +smile of his which seemed to say, "Ah! This is what I like!" + +"You shan't have it!" he said distinctly. + +Pale, with quivering lips, Pierre snatched the copy. + +"You...! you... scoundrel! I challenge you!" he ejaculated, and, +pushing back his chair, he rose from the table. + +At the very instant he did this and uttered those words, Pierre felt +that the question of his wife's guilt which had been tormenting him +the whole day was finally and indubitably answered in the affirmative. +He hated her and was forever sundered from her. Despite Denisov's +request that he would take no part in the matter, Rostov agreed to +be Dolokhov's second, and after dinner he discussed the arrangements +for the duel with Nesvitski, Bezukhov's second. Pierre went home, +but Rostov with Dolokhov and Denisov stayed on at the Club till +late, listening to the gypsies and other singers. + +"Well then, till tomorrow at Sokolniki," said Dolokhov, as he took +leave of Rostov in the Club porch. + +"And do you feel quite calm?" Rostov asked. + +Dolokhov paused. + +"Well, you see, I'll tell you the whole secret of dueling in two +words. If you are going to fight a duel, and you make a will and write +affectionate letters to your parents, and if you think you may be +killed, you are a fool and are lost for certain. But go with the +firm intention of killing your man as quickly and surely as +possible, and then all will be right, as our bear huntsman at Kostroma +used to tell me. 'Everyone fears a bear,' he says, 'but when you see +one your fear's all gone, and your only thought is not to let him +get away!' And that's how it is with me. A demain, mon cher."* + + +*Till tomorrow, my dear fellow. + + +Next day, at eight in the morning, Pierre and Nesvitski drove to the +Sokolniki forest and found Dolokhov, Denisov, and Rostov already +there. Pierre had the air of a man preoccupied with considerations +which had no connection with the matter in hand. His haggard face +was yellow. He had evidently not slept that night. He looked about +distractedly and screwed up his eyes as if dazzled by the sun. He +was entirely absorbed by two considerations: his wife's guilt, of +which after his sleepless night he had not the slightest doubt, and +the guiltlessness of Dolokhov, who had no reason to preserve the honor +of a man who was nothing to him.... "I should perhaps have done the +same thing in his place," thought Pierre. "It's even certain that I +should have done the same, then why this duel, this murder? Either I +shall kill him, or he will hit me in the head, or elbow, or knee. +Can't I go away from here, run away, bury myself somewhere?" passed +through his mind. But just at moments when such thoughts occurred to +him, he would ask in a particularly calm and absent-minded way, +which inspired the respect of the onlookers, "Will it be long? Are +things ready?" + +When all was ready, the sabers stuck in the snow to mark the +barriers, and the pistols loaded, Nesvitski went up to Pierre. + +"I should not be doing my duty, Count," he said in timid tones, "and +should not justify your confidence and the honor you have done me in +choosing me for your second, if at this grave, this very grave, moment +I did not tell you the whole truth. I think there is no sufficient +ground for this affair, or for blood to be shed over it.... You were +not right, not quite in the right, you were impetuous..." + +"Oh yes, it is horribly stupid," said Pierre. + +"Then allow me to express your regrets, and I am sure your +opponent will accept them," said Nesvitski (who like the others +concerned in the affair, and like everyone in similar cases, did not +yet believe that the affair had come to an actual duel). "You know, +Count, it is much more honorable to admit one's mistake than to let +matters become irreparable. There was no insult on either side. +Allow me to convey...." + +"No! What is there to talk about?" said Pierre. "It's all the +same.... Is everything ready?" he added. "Only tell me where to go and +where to shoot," he said with an unnaturally gentle smile. + +He took the pistol in his hand and began asking about the working of +the trigger, as he had not before held a pistol in his hand--a fact +that he did not to confess. + +"Oh yes, like that, I know, I only forgot," said he. + +"No apologies, none whatever," said Dolokhov to Denisov (who on +his side had been attempting a reconciliation), and he also went up to +the appointed place. + +The spot chosen for the duel was some eighty paces from the road, +where the sleighs had been left, in a small clearing in the pine +forest covered with melting snow, the frost having begun to break up +during the last few days. The antagonists stood forty paces apart at +the farther edge of the clearing. The seconds, measuring the paces, +left tracks in the deep wet snow between the place where they had been +standing and Nesvitski's and Dolokhov's sabers, which were stuck +intothe ground ten paces apart to mark the barrier. It was thawing and +misty; at forty paces' distance nothing could be seen. For three +minutes all had been ready, but they still delayed and all were +silent. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +"Well begin!" said Dolokhov. + +"All right," said Pierre, still smiling in the same way. A feeling +of dread was in the air. It was evident that the affair so lightly +begun could no longer be averted but was taking its course +independently of men's will. + +Denisov first went to the barrier and announced: "As the adve'sawies +have wefused a weconciliation, please pwoceed. Take your pistols, +and at the word thwee begin to advance. + +"O-ne! T-wo! Thwee!" he shouted angrily and stepped aside. + +The combatants advanced along the trodden tracks, nearer and +nearer to one another, beginning to see one another through the +mist. They had the right to fire when they liked as they approached +the barrier. Dolokhov walked slowly without raising his pistol, +looking intently with his bright, sparkling blue eyes into his +antagonist's face. His mouth wore its usual semblance of a smile. + +"So I can fire when I like!" said Pierre, and at the word "three," +he went quickly forward, missing the trodden path and stepping into +the deep snow. He held the pistol in his right hand at arm's length, +apparently afraid of shooting himself with it. His left hand he held +carefully back, because he wished to support his right hand with it +and knew he must not do so. Having advanced six paces and strayed +off the track into the snow, Pierre looked down at his feet, then +quickly glanced at Dolokhov and, bending his finger as he had been +shown, fired. Not at all expecting so loud a report, Pierre +shuddered at the sound and then, smiling at his own sensations, +stood still. The smoke, rendered denser by the mist, prevented him +from seeing anything for an instant, but there was no second report as +he had expected. He only heard Dolokhov's hurried steps, and his +figure came in view through the smoke. He was pressing one hand to his +left side, while the other clutched his drooping pistol. His face +was pale. Rostov ran toward him and said something. + +"No-o-o!" muttered Dolokhov through his teeth, "no, it's not +over." And after stumbling a few staggering steps right up to the +saber, he sank on the snow beside it. His left hand was bloody; he +wiped it on his coat and supported himself with it. His frowning +face was pallid and quivered. + +"Plea..." began Dolokhov, but could not at first pronounce the word. + +"Please," he uttered with an effort. + +Pierre, hardly restraining his sobs, began running toward Dolokhov +and was about to cross the space between the barriers, when Dolokhov +cried: + +"To your barrier!" and Pierre, grasping what was meant, stopped by +his saber. Only ten paces divided them. Dolokhov lowered his head to +the snow, greedily bit at it, again raised his head, adjusted himself, +drew in his legs and sat up, seeking a firm center of gravity. He +sucked and swallowed the cold snow, his lips quivered but +his eyes, still smiling, glittered with effort and exasperation as +he mustered his remaining strength. He raised his pistol and aimed. + +"Sideways! Cover yourself with your pistol!" ejaculated Nesvitski. + +"Cover yourself!" even Denisov cried to his adversary. + +Pierre, with a gentle smile of pity and remorse, his arms and legs +helplessly spread out, stood with his broad chest directly facing +Dolokhov looked sorrowfully at him. Denisov, Rostov, and Nesvitski +closed their eyes. At the same instant they heard a report and +Dolokhov's angry cry. + +"Missed!" shouted Dolokhov, and he lay helplessly, face downwards on +the snow. + +Pierre clutched his temples, and turning round went into the forest, +trampling through the deep snow, and muttering incoherent words: + +"Folly... folly! Death... lies..." he repeated, puckering his face. + +Nesvitski stopped him and took him home. + +Rostov and Denisov drove away with the wounded Dolokhov. + +The latter lay silent in the sleigh with closed eyes and did not +answer a word to the questions addressed to him. But on entering +Moscow he suddenly came to and, lifting his head with an effort, +took Rostov, who was sitting beside him, by the hand. Rostov was +struck by the totally altered and unexpectedly rapturous and tender +expression on Dolokhov's face. + +"Well? How do you feel?" he asked. + +"Bad! But it's not that, my friend-" said Dolokhov with a gasping +voice. "Where are we? In Moscow, I know. I don't matter, but I have +killed her, killed... She won't get over it! She won't survive...." + +"Who?" asked Rostov. + +"My mother! My mother, my angel, my adored angel mother," and +Dolokhov pressed Rostov's hand and burst into tears. + +When he had become a little quieter, he explained to Rostov that +he was living with his mother, who, if she saw him dying, would not +survive it. He implored Rostov to go on and prepare her. + +Rostov went on ahead to do what was asked, and to his great surprise +learned that Dolokhov the brawler, Dolokhov the bully, lived in Moscow +with an old mother and a hunchback sister, and was the most +affectionate of sons and brothers. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Pierre had of late rarely seen his wife alone. Both in Petersburg +and in Moscow their house was always full of visitors. The night after +the duel he did not go to his bedroom but, as he often did, remained +in his father's room, that huge room in which Count Bezukhov had died. + +He lay down on the sofa meaning to fall asleep and forget all that +had happened to him, but could not do so. Such a storm of feelings, +thoughts, and memories suddenly arose within him that he could not +fall asleep, nor even remain in one place, but had to jump up and pace +the room with rapid steps. Now he seemed to see her in the early +days of their marriage, with bare shoulders and a languid, +passionate look on her face, and then immediately he saw beside her +Dolokhov's handsome, insolent, hard, and mocking face as he had seen +it at the banquet, and then that same face pale, quivering, and +suffering, as it had been when he reeled and sank on the snow. + +"What has happened?" he asked himself. "I have killed her lover, +yes, killed my wife's lover. Yes, that was it! And why? How did I come +to do it?"--"Because you married her," answered an inner voice. + +"But in what was I to blame?" he asked. "In marrying her without +loving her; in deceiving yourself and her." And he vividly recalled +that moment after supper at Prince Vasili's, when he spoke those words +he had found so difficult to utter: "I love you." "It all comes from +that! Even then I felt it," he thought. "I felt then that it was not +so, that I had no right to do it. And so it turns out." + +He remembered his honeymoon and blushed at the recollection. +Particularly vivid, humiliating, and shameful was the recollection +of how one day soon after his marriage he came out of the bedroom into +his study a little before noon in his silk dressing gown and found his +head steward there, who, bowing respectfully, looked into his face and +at his dressing gown and smiled slightly, as if expressing +respectful understanding of his employer's happiness. + +"But how often I have felt proud of her, proud of her majestic +beauty and social tact," thought he; "been proud of my house, in +which she received all Petersburg, proud of her unapproachability and +beauty. So this is what I was proud of! I then thought that I did +not understand her. How often when considering her character I have +told myself that I was to blame for not understanding her, for not +understanding that constant composure and complacency and lack of +all interests or desires, and the whole secret lies in the terrible +truth that she is a depraved woman. Now I have spoken that terrible +word to myself all has become clear. + +"Anatole used to come to borrow money from her and used to kiss +her naked shoulders. She did not give him the money, but let herself +be kissed. Her father in jest tried to rouse her jealousy, and she +replied with a calm smile that she was not so stupid as to be jealous: +'Let him do what he pleases,' she used to say of me. One day I asked +her if she felt any symptoms of pregnancy. She laughed +contemptuously and said she was not a fool to want to have children, +and that she was not going to have any children by me." + +Then he recalled the coarseness and bluntness of her thoughts and +the vulgarity of the expressions that were natural to her, though +she had been brought up in the most aristocratic circles. + +"I'm not such a fool.... Just you try it on.... Allez-vous +promener,"* she used to say. Often seeing the success she had with +young and old men and women Pierre could not understand why he did not +love her. + + +*"You clear out of this." + + +"Yes, I never loved her," said he to himself; "I knew she was a +depraved woman," he repeated, "but dared not admit it to myself. And +now there's Dolokhov sitting in the snow with a forced smile and +perhaps dying, while meeting my remorse with some forced bravado!" + +Pierre was one of those people who, in spite of an appearance of +what is called weak character, do not seek a confidant in their +troubles. He digested his sufferings alone. + +"It is all, all her fault," he said to himself; "but what of that? +Why did I bind myself to her? Why did I say 'Je vous aime'* to her, +which was a lie, and worse than a lie? I am guilty and must +endure... what? A slur on my name? A misfortune for life? Oh, that's +nonsense," he thought. "The slur on my name and honor--that's all +apart from myself. + + +*I love you. + + +"Louis XVI was executed because they said he was dishonorable and +a criminal," came into Pierre's head, "and from their point of view +they were right, as were those too who canonized him and died a +martyr's death for his sake. Then Robespierre was beheaded for being a +despot. Who is right and who is wrong? No one! But if you are alive- +live: tomorrow you'll die as I might have died an hour ago. And is +it worth tormenting oneself, when one has only a moment of life in +comparison with eternity?" + +But at the moment when he imagined himself calmed by such +reflections, she suddenly came into his mind as she was at the moments +when he had most strongly expressed his insincere love for her, and he +felt the blood rush to his heart and had again to get up and move +about and break and tear whatever came to his hand. "Why did I tell +her that 'Je vous aime'?" he kept repeating to himself. And when he +had said it for the tenth time, Molibre's words: "Mais que diable +alloit-il faire dans cette galere?" occurred to him, and he began to +laugh at himself. + +In the night he called his valet and told him to pack up to go to +Petersburg. He could not imagine how he could speak to her now. He +resolved to go away next day and leave a letter informing her of his +intention to part from her forever. + +Next morning when the valet came into the room with his coffee, +Pierre was lying asleep on the ottoman with an open book in his hand. + +He woke up and looked round for a while with a startled +expression, unable to realize where he was. + +"The countess told me to inquire whether your excellency was at +home," said the valet. + +But before Pierre could decide what answer he would send, the +countess herself in a white satin dressing gown embroidered with +silver and with simply dressed hair (two immense plaits twice round +her lovely head like a coronet) entered the room, calm and majestic, +except that there was a wrathful wrinkle on her rather prominent +marble brow. With her imperturbable calm she did not begin to speak in +front of the valet. She knew of the duel and had come to speak about +it. She waited till the valet had set down the coffee things and +left the room. Pierre looked at her timidly over his spectacles, and +like a hare surrounded by hounds who lays back her ears and +continues to crouch motionless before her enemies, he tried to +continue reading. But feeling this to be senseless and impossible, +he again glanced timidly at her. She did not sit down but looked at +him with a contemptuous smile, waiting for the valet to go. + +"Well, what's this now? What have you been up to now, I should +like to know?" she asked sternly. + +"I? What have I...?" stammered Pierre. + +"So it seems you're a hero, eh? Come now, what was this duel +about? What is it meant to prove? What? I ask you." + +Pierre turned over heavily on the ottoman and opened his mouth, +but could not reply. + +"If you won't answer, I'll tell you..." Helene went on. "You believe +everything you're told. You were told..." Helene laughed, "that +Dolokhov was my lover," she said in French with her coarse plainness +of speech, uttering the word amant as casually as any other word, "and +you believed it! Well, what have you proved? What does this duel +prove? That you're a fool, que vous etes un sot, but everybody knew +that. What will be the result? That I shall be the laughingstock of +all Moscow, that everyone will say that you, drunk and not knowing +what you were about, challenged a man you are jealous of without +cause." Helene raised her voice and became more and more excited, "A +man who's a better man than you in every way..." + +"Hm... Hm...!" growled Pierre, frowning without looking at her, +and not moving a muscle. + +"And how could you believe he was my lover? Why? Because I like +his company? If you were cleverer and more agreeable, I should +prefer yours." + +"Don't speak to me... I beg you," muttered Pierre hoarsely. + +"Why shouldn't I speak? I can speak as I like, and I tell you +plainly that there are not many wives with husbands such as you who +would not have taken lovers (des amants), but I have not done so," +said she. + +Pierre wished to say something, looked at her with eyes whose +strange expression she did not understand, and lay down again. He +was suffering physically at that moment, there was a weight on his +chest and he could not breathe. He knew that he must do something to +put an end to this suffering, but what he wanted to do was too +terrible. + +"We had better separate," he muttered in a broken voice. + +"Separate? Very well, but only if you give me a fortune," said +Helene. "Separate! That's a thing to frighten me with!" + +Pierre leaped up from the sofa and rushed staggering toward her. + +"I'll kill you!" he shouted, and seizing the marble top of a table +with a strength he had never before felt, he made a step toward her +brandishing the slab. + +Helene's face became terrible, she shrieked and sprang aside. His +father's nature showed itself in Pierre. He felt the fascination and +delight of frenzy. He flung down the slab, broke it, and swooping down +on her with outstretched hands shouted, "Get out!" in such a +terrible voice that the whole house heard it with horror. God knows +what he would have done at that moment had Helene not fled from the +room. + + +A week later Pierre gave his wife full power to control all his +estates in Great Russia, which formed the larger part of his property, +and left for Petersburg alone. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Two months had elapsed since the news of the battle of Austerlitz +and the loss of Prince Andrew had reached Bald Hills, and in spite +of the letters sent through the embassy and all the searches made, his +body had not been found nor was he on the list of prisoners. What +was worst of all for his relations was the fact that there was still a +possibility of his having been picked up on the battlefield by the +people of the place and that he might now be lying, recovering or +dying, alone among strangers and unable to send news of himself. The +gazettes from which the old prince first heard of the defeat at +Austerlitz stated, as usual very briefly and vaguely, that after +brilliant engagements the Russians had had to retreat and had made +their withdrawal in perfect order. The old prince understood from this +official report that our army had been defeated. A week after the +gazette report of the battle of Austerlitz came a letter from +Kutuzov informing the prince of the fate that had befallen his son. + +"Your son," wrote Kutuzov, "fell before my eyes, a standard in his +hand and at the head of a regiment--he fell as a hero, worthy of his +father and his fatherland. To the great regret of myself and of the +whole army it is still uncertain whether he is alive or not. I comfort +myself and you with the hope that your son is alive, for otherwise +he would have been mentioned among the officers found on the field +of battle, a list of whom has been sent me under flag of truce." + +After receiving this news late in the evening, when he was alone +in his study, the old prince went for his walk as usual next +morning, but he was silent with his steward, the gardener, and the +architect, and though he looked very grim he said nothing to anyone. + +When Princess Mary went to him at the usual hour he was working at +his lathe and, as usual, did not look round at her. + +"Ah, Princess Mary!" he said suddenly in an unnatural voice, +throwing down his chisel. (The wheel continued to revolve by its own +impetus, and Princess Mary long remembered the dying creak of that +wheel, which merged in her memory with what followed.) + +She approached him, saw his face, and something gave way within her. +Her eyes grew dim. By the expression of her father's face, not sad, +not crushed, but angry and working unnaturally, she saw that hanging +over her and about to crush her was some terrible misfortune, the +worst in life, one she had not yet experienced, irreparable and +incomprehensible--the death of one she loved. + +"Father! Andrew!"--said the ungraceful, awkward princess with such +an indescribable charm of sorrow and self-forgetfulness that her +father could not bear her look but turned away with a sob. + +"Bad news! He's not among the prisoners nor among the killed! +Kutuzov writes..." and he screamed as piercingly as if he wished to +drive the princess away by that scream... "Killed!" + +The princess did not fall down or faint. She was already pale, but +on hearing these words her face changed and something brightened in +her beautiful, radiant eyes. It was as if joy--a supreme joy apart +from the joys and sorrows of this world--overflowed the great grief +within her. She forgot all fear of her father, went up to him, took +his hand, and drawing him down put her arm round his thin, scraggy +neck. + +"Father," she said, "do not turn away from me, let us weep together." + +"Scoundrels! Blackguards!" shrieked the old man, turning his face +away from her. "Destroying the army, destroying the men! And why? +Go, go and tell Lise." + +The princess sank helplessly into an armchair beside her father +and wept. She saw her brother now as he had been at the moment when he +took leave of her and of Lise, his look tender yet proud. She saw +him tender and amused as he was when he put on the little icon. "Did +he believe? Had he repented of his unbelief? Was he now there? There +in the realms of eternal peace and blessedness?" she thought. + +"Father, tell me how it happened," she asked through her tears. + +"Go! Go! Killed in battle, where the best of Russian men and +Russia's glory were led to destruction. Go, Princess Mary. Go and tell +Lise. I will follow." + +When Princess Mary returned from her father, the little princess sat +working and looked up with that curious expression of inner, happy +calm peculiar to pregnant women. It was evident that her eyes did +not see Princess Mary but were looking within... into herself... at +something joyful and mysterious taking place within her. + +"Mary," she said, moving away from the embroidery frame and lying +back, "give me your hand." She took her sister-in-law's hand and +held it below her waist. + +Her eyes were smiling expectantly, her downy lip rose and remained +lifted in childlike happiness. + +Princess Mary knelt down before her and hid her face in the folds of +her sister-in-law's dress. + +"There, there! Do you feel it? I feel so strange. And do you know, +Mary, I am going to love him very much," said Lise, looking with +bright and happy eyes at her sister-in-law. + +Princess Mary could not lift her head, she was weeping. + +"What is the matter, Mary?" + +"Nothing... only I feel sad... sad about Andrew," she said, wiping +away her tears on her sister-in-law's knee. + +Several times in the course of the morning Princess Mary began +trying to prepare her sister-in-law, and every time began to cry. +Unobservant as was the little princess, these tears, the cause of +which she did not understand, agitated her. She said nothing but +looked about uneasily as if in search of something. Before dinner +the old prince, of whom she was always afraid, came into her room with +a peculiarly restless and malign expression and went out again without +saying a word. She looked at Princess Mary, then sat thinking for a +while with that expression of attention to something within her that +is only seen in pregnant women, and suddenly began to cry. + +"Has anything come from Andrew?" she asked. + +"No, you know it's too soon for news. But my father is anxious and I +feel afraid." + +"So there's nothing?" + +"Nothing," answered Princess Mary, looking firmly with her radiant +eyes at her sister-in-law. + +She had determined not to tell her and persuaded her father to +hide the terrible news from her till after her confinement, which +was expected within a few days. Princess Mary and the old prince +each bore and hid their grief in their own way. The old prince would +not cherish any hope: he made up his mind that Prince Andrew had +been killed, and though he sent an official to Austria to seek for +traces of his son, he ordered a monument from Moscow which he intended +to erect in his own garden to his memory, and he told everybody that +his son had been killed. He tried not to change his former way of +life, but his strength failed him. He walked less, ate less, slept +less, and became weaker every day. Princess Mary hoped. She prayed for +her brother as living and was always awaiting news of his return. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +"Dearest," said the little princess after breakfast on the morning +of the nineteenth March, and her downy little lip rose from old habit, +but as sorrow was manifest in every smile, the sound of every word, +and even every footstep in that house since the terrible news had +come, so now the smile of the little princess--influenced by the +general mood though without knowing its cause--was such as to remind +one still more of the general sorrow. + +"Dearest, I'm afraid this morning's fruschtique*--as Foka the cook +calls it--has disagreed with me." + + +*Fruhstuck: breakfast. + + +"What is the matter with you, my darling? You look pale. Oh, you are +very pale!" said Princess Mary in alarm, running with her soft, +ponderous steps up to her sister-in-law. + +"Your excellency, should not Mary Bogdanovna be sent for?" said +one of the maids who was present. (Mary Bogdanovna was a midwife +from the neighboring town, who had been at Bald Hills for the last +fortnight.) + +"Oh yes," assented Princess Mary, "perhaps that's it. I'll go. +Courage, my angel." She kissed Lise and was about to leave the room. + +"Oh, no, no!" And besides the pallor and the physical suffering on +the little princess' face, an expression of childish fear of +inevitable pain showed itself. + +"No, it's only indigestion?... Say it's only indigestion, say so, +Mary! Say..." And the little princess began to cry capriciously like a +suffering child and to wring her little hands even with some +affectation. Princess Mary ran out of the room to fetch Mary +Bogdanovna. + +"Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! Oh!" she heard as she left the room. + +The midwife was already on her way to meet her, rubbing her small, +plump white hands with an air of calm importance. + +"Mary Bogdanovna, I think it's beginning!" said Princess Mary +looking at the midwife with wide-open eyes of alarm. + +"Well, the Lord be thanked, Princess," said Mary Bogdanovna, not +hastening her steps. "You young ladies should not know anything +about it." + +"But how is it the doctor from Moscow is not here yet?" said the +princess. (In accordance with Lise's and Prince Andrew's wishes they +had sent in good time to Moscow for a doctor and were expecting him at +any moment.) + +"No matter, Princess, don't be alarmed," said Mary Bogdanovna. +"We'll manage very well without a doctor." + +Five minutes later Princess Mary from her room heard something heavy +being carried by. She looked out. The men servants were carrying the +large leather sofa from Prince Andrew's study into the bedroom. On +their faces was a quiet and solemn look. + +Princess Mary sat alone in her room listening to the sounds in the +house, now and then opening her door when someone passed and +watching what was going on in the passage. Some women passing with +quiet steps in and out of the bedroom glanced at the princess and +turned away. She did not venture to ask any questions, and shut the +door again, now sitting down in her easy chair, now taking her +prayer book, now kneeling before the icon stand. To her surprise and +distress she found that her prayers did not calm her excitement. +Suddenly her door opened softly and her old nurse, Praskovya Savishna, +who hardly ever came to that room as the old prince had forbidden +it, appeared on the threshold with a shawl round her head. + +"I've come to sit with you a bit, Masha," said the nurse, "and +here I've brought the prince's wedding candles to light before his +saint, my angel," she said with a sigh. + +"Oh, nurse, I'm so glad!" + +"God is merciful, birdie." + +The nurse lit the gilt candles before the icons and sat down by +the door with her knitting. Princess Mary took a book and began +reading. Only when footsteps or voices were heard did they look at one +another, the princess anxious and inquiring, the nurse encouraging. +Everyone in the house was dominated by the same feeling that +Princess Mary experienced as she sat in her room. But owing to the +superstition that the fewer the people who know of it the less a woman +in travail suffers, everyone tried to pretend not to know; no one +spoke of it, but apart from the ordinary staid and respectful good +manners habitual in the prince's household, a common anxiety, a +softening of the heart, and a consciousness that something great and +mysterious was being accomplished at that moment made itself felt. + +There was no laughter in the maids' large hall. In the men servants' +hall all sat waiting, silently and alert. In the outlying serfs' +quarters torches and candles were burning and no one slept. The old +prince, stepping on his heels, paced up and down his study and sent +Tikhon to ask Mary Bogdanovna what news.--"Say only that 'the prince +told me to ask,' and come and tell me her answer." + +"Inform the prince that labor has begun," said Mary Bogdanovna, +giving the messenger a significant look. + +Tikhon went and told the prince. + +"Very good!" said the prince closing the door behind him, and Tikhon +did not hear the slightest sound from the study after that. + +After a while he re-entered it as if to snuff the candles, and, +seeing the prince was lying on the sofa, looked at him, noticed his +perturbed face, shook his head, and going up to him silently kissed +him on the shoulder and left the room without snuffing the candles +or saying why he had entered. The most solemn mystery in the world +continued its course. Evening passed, night came, and the feeling of +suspense and softening of heart in the presence of the unfathomable +did not lessen but increased. No one slept. + +It was one of those March nights when winter seems to wish to resume +its sway and scatters its last snows and storms with desperate fury. A +relay of horses had been sent up the highroad to meet the German +doctor from Moscow who was expected every moment, and men on horseback +with lanterns were sent to the crossroads to guide him over the +country road with its hollows and snow-covered pools of water. + +Princess Mary had long since put aside her book: she sat silent, her +luminous eyes fixed on her nurse's wrinkled face (every line of +which she knew so well), on the lock of gray hair that escaped from +under the kerchief, and the loose skin that hung under her chin. + +Nurse Savishna, knitting in hand, was telling in low tones, scarcely +hearing or understanding her own words, what she had told hundreds +of times before: how the late princess had given birth to Princess +Mary in Kishenev with only a Moldavian peasant woman to help instead +of a midwife. + +"God is merciful, doctors are never needed," she said. + +Suddenly a gust of wind beat violently against the casement of the +window, from which the double frame had been removed (by order of +the prince, one window frame was removed in each room as soon as the +larks returned), and, forcing open a loosely closed latch, set the +damask curtain flapping and blew out the candle with its chill, +snowy draft. Princess Mary shuddered; her nurse, putting down the +stocking she was knitting, went to the window and leaning out tried to +catch the open casement. The cold wind flapped the ends of her +kerchief and her loose locks of gray hair. + +"Princess, my dear, there's someone driving up the avenue!" she +said, holding the casement and not closing it. "With lanterns. Most +likely the doctor." + +"Oh, my God! thank God!" said Princess Mary. "I must go and meet +him, he does not know Russian." + +Princess Mary threw a shawl over her head and ran to meet the +newcomer. As she was crossing the anteroom she saw through the +window a carriage with lanterns, standing at the entrance. She went +out on the stairs. On a banister post stood a tallow candle which +guttered in the draft. On the landing below, Philip, the footman, +stood looking scared and holding another candle. Still lower, beyond +the turn of the staircase, one could hear the footstep of someone in +thick felt boots, and a voice that seemed familiar to Princess Mary +was saying something. + +"Thank God!" said the voice. "And Father?" + +"Gone to bed," replied the voice of Demyan the house steward, who +was downstairs. + +Then the voice said something more, Demyan replied, and the steps in +the felt boots approached the unseen bend of the staircase more +rapidly. + +"It's Andrew!" thought Princess Mary. "No it can't be, that would be +too extraordinary," and at the very moment she thought this, the +face and figure of Prince Andrew, in a fur cloak the deep collar of +which covered with snow, appeared on the landing where the footman +stood with the candle. Yes, it was he, pale, thin, with a changed +and strangely softened but agitated expression on his face. He came up +the stairs and embraced his sister. + +"You did not get my letter?" he asked, and not waiting for a +reply--which he would not have received, for the princess was unable +to speak--he turned back, rapidly mounted the stairs again with the +doctor who had entered the hall after him (they had met at the last +post station), and again embraced his sister. + +"What a strange fate, Masha darling!" And having taken off his cloak +and felt boots, he went to the little princess' apartment. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +The little princess lay supported by pillows, with a white cap on +her head (the pains had just left her). Strands of her black hair +lay round her inflamed and perspiring cheeks, her charming rosy +mouth with its downy lip was open and she was smiling joyfully. Prince +Andrew entered and paused facing her at the foot of the sofa on +which she was lying. Her glittering eyes, filled with childlike fear +and excitement, rested on him without changing their expression. "I +love you all and have done no harm to anyone; why must I suffer so? +Help me!" her look seemed to say. She saw her husband, but did not +realize the significance of his appearance before her now. Prince +Andrew went round the sofa and kissed her forehead. + +"My darling!" he said--a word he had never used to her before. +"God is merciful...." + +She looked at him inquiringly and with childlike reproach. + +"I expected help from you and I get none, none from you either!" +said her eyes. She was not surprised at his having come; she did not +realize that he had come. His coming had nothing to do with her +sufferings or with their relief. The pangs began again and Mary +Bogdanovna advised Prince Andrew to leave the room. + +The doctor entered. Prince Andrew went out and, meeting Princess +Mary, again joined her. They began talking in whispers, but their talk +broke off at every moment. They waited and listened. + +"Go, dear," said Princess Mary. + +Prince Andrew went again to his wife and sat waiting in the room +next to hers. A woman came from the bedroom with a frightened face and +became confused when she saw Prince Andrew. He covered his face with +his hands and remained so for some minutes. Piteous, helpless, +animal moans came through the door. Prince Andrew got up, went to +the door, and tried to open it. Someone was holding it shut. + +"You can't come in! You can't!" said a terrified voice from within. + +He began pacing the room. The screaming ceased, and a few more +seconds went by. Then suddenly a terrible shriek--it could not be +hers, she could not scream like that--came from the bedroom. Prince +Andrew ran to the door; the scream ceased and he heard the wail of +an infant. + +"What have they taken a baby in there for?" thought Prince Andrew in +the first second. "A baby? What baby...? Why is there a baby there? Or +is the baby born?" + +Then suddenly he realized the joyful significance of that wail; +tears choked him, and leaning his elbows on the window sill be began +to cry, sobbing like a child. The door opened. The doctor with his +shirt sleeves tucked up, without a coat, pale and with a trembling +jaw, came out of the room. Prince Andrew turned to him, but the doctor +gave him a bewildered look and passed by without a word. A woman +rushed out and seeing Prince Andrew stopped, hesitating on the +threshold. He went into his wife's room. She was lying dead, in the +same position he had seen her in five minutes before and, despite +the fixed eyes and the pallor of the cheeks, the same expression was +on her charming childlike face with its upper lip covered with tiny +black hair. + +"I love you all, and have done no harm to anyone; and what have +you done to me?"--said her charming, pathetic, dead face. + +In a corner of the room something red and tiny gave a grunt and +squealed in Mary Bogdanovna's trembling white hands. + + +Two hours later Prince Andrew, stepping softly, went into his +father's room. The old man already knew everything. He was standing +close to the door and as soon as it opened his rough old arms closed +like a vise round his son's neck, and without a word he began to sob +like a child. + + +Three days later the little princess was buried, and Prince Andrew +went up the steps to where the coffin stood, to give her the +farewell kiss. And there in the coffin was the same face, though +with closed eyes. "Ah, what have you done to me?" it still seemed to +say, and Prince Andrew felt that something gave way in his soul and +that he was guilty of a sin he could neither remedy nor forget. He +could not weep. The old man too came up and kissed the waxen little +hands that lay quietly crossed one on the other on her breast, and +to him, too, her face seemed to say: "Ah, what have you done to me, +and why?" And at the sight the old man turned angrily away. + + +Another five days passed, and then the young Prince Nicholas +Andreevich was baptized. The wet nurse supported the coverlet with her +while the priest with a goose feather anointed the boy's little red +and wrinkled soles and palms. + +His grandfather, who was his godfather, trembling and afraid of +dropping him, carried the infant round the battered tin font and +handed him over to the godmother, Princess Mary. Prince Andrew sat +in another room, faint with fear lest the baby should be drowned in +the font, and awaited the termination of the ceremony. He looked up +joyfully at the baby when the nurse brought it to him and nodded +approval when she told him that the wax with the baby's hair had not +sunk in the font but had floated. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Rostov's share in Dolokhov's duel with Bezukhov was hushed up by the +efforts of the old count, and instead of being degraded to the ranks +as he expected he was appointed an adjutant to the governor general of +Moscow. As a result he could not go to the country with the rest of +the family, but was kept all summer in Moscow by his new duties. +Dolokhov recovered, and Rostov became very friendly with him during +his convalescence. Dolokhov lay ill at his mother's who loved him +passionately and tenderly, and old Mary Ivanovna, who had grown fond +of Rostov for his friendship to her Fedya, often talked to him about +her son. + +"Yes, Count," she would say, "he is too noble and pure-souled for +our present, depraved world. No one now loves virtue; it seems like +a reproach to everyone. Now tell me, Count, was it right, was it +honorable, of Bezukhov? And Fedya, with his noble spirit, loved him +and even now never says a word against him. Those pranks in Petersburg +when they played some tricks on a policeman, didn't they do it +together? And there! Bezukhov got off scotfree, while Fedya had to +bear the whole burden on his shoulders. Fancy what he had to go +through! It's true he has been reinstated, but how could they fail +to do that? I think there were not many such gallant sons of the +fatherland out there as he. And now--this duel! Have these people no +feeling, or honor? Knowing him to be an only son, to challenge him and +shoot so straight! It's well God had mercy on us. And what was it for? +Who doesn't have intrigues nowadays? Why, if he was so jealous, as I +see things he should have shown it sooner, but he lets it go on for +months. And then to call him out, reckoning on Fedya not fighting +because he owed him money! What baseness! What meanness! I know you +understand Fedya, my dear count; that, believe me, is why I am so fond +of you. Few people do understand him. He is such a lofty, heavenly +soul!" + +Dolokhov himself during his convalescence spoke to Rostov in a way +no one would have expected of him. + +"I know people consider me a bad man!" he said. "Let them! I don't +care a straw about anyone but those I love; but those I love, I love +so that I would give my life for them, and the others I'd throttle +if they stood in my way. I have an adored, a priceless mother, and two +or three friends--you among them--and as for the rest I only care +about them in so far as they are harmful or useful. And most of them +are harmful, especially the women. Yes, dear boy," he continued, "I +have met loving, noble, high-minded men, but I have not yet met any +women--countesses or cooks--who were not venal. I have not yet met +that divine purity and devotion I look for in women. If I found such a +one I'd give my life for her! But those!..." and he made a gesture of +contempt. "And believe me, if I still value my life it is only because +I still hope to meet such a divine creature, who will regenerate, +purify, and elevate me. But you don't understand it." + +"Oh, yes, I quite understand," answered Rostov, who was under his +new friend's influence. + +In the autumn the Rostovs returned to Moscow. Early in the winter +Denisov also came back and stayed with them. The first half of the +winter of 1806, which Nicholas Rostov spent in Moscow, was one of +the happiest, merriest times for him and the whole family. Nicholas +brought many young men to his parents' house. Vera was a handsome girl +of twenty; Sonya a girl of sixteen with all the charm of an opening +flower; Natasha, half grown up and half child, was now childishly +amusing, now girlishly enchanting. + +At that time in the Rostovs' house there prevailed an amorous +atmosphere characteristic of homes where there are very young and very +charming girls. Every young man who came to the house--seeing those +impressionable, smiling young faces (smiling probably at their own +happiness), feeling the eager bustle around him, and hearing the +fitful bursts of song and music and the inconsequent but friendly +prattle of young girls ready for anything and full of hope- +experienced the same feeling; sharing with the young folk of the +Rostovs' household a readiness to fall in love and an expectation of +happiness. + +Among the young men introduced by Rostov one of the first was +Dolokhov, whom everyone in the house liked except Natasha. She +almost quarreled with her brother about him. She insisted that he +was a bad man, and that in the duel with Bezukhov, Pierre was right +and Dolokhov wrong, and further that he was disagreeable and +unnatural. + +"There's nothing for me to understand," cried out with resolute +self-will, "he is wicked and heartless. There now, I like your Denisov +though he is a rake and all that, still I like him; so you see I do +understand. I don't know how to put it... with this one everything +is calculated, and I don't like that. But Denisov..." + +"Oh, Denisov is quite different," replied Nicholas, implying that +even Denisov was nothing compared to Dolokhov--"you must understand +what a soul there is in Dolokhov, you should see him with his +mother. What a heart!" + +"Well, I don't know about that, but I am uncomfortable with him. And +do you know he has fallen in love with Sonya?" + +"What nonsense..." + +"I'm certain of it; you'll see." + +Natasha's prediction proved true. Dolokhov, who did not usually care +for the society of ladies, began to come often to the house, and the +question for whose sake he came (though no one spoke of it) was soon +settled. He came because of Sonya. And Sonya, though she would never +have dared to say so, knew it and blushed scarlet every time +Dolokhov appeared. + +Dolokhov often dined at the Rostovs', never missed a performance +at which they were present, and went to Iogel's balls for young people +which the Rostovs always attended. He was pointedly attentive to Sonya +and looked at her in such a way that not only could she not bear his +glances without coloring, but even the old countess and Natasha +blushed when they saw his looks. + +It was evident that this strange, strong man was under the +irresistible influence of the dark, graceful girl who loved another. + +Rostov noticed something new in Dolokhov's relations with Sonya, but +he did not explain to himself what these new relations were. +"They're always in love with someone," he thought of Sonya and +Natasha. But he was not as much at ease with Sonya and Dolokhov as +before and was less frequently at home. + +In the autumn of 1806 everybody had again begun talking of the war +with Napoleon with even greater warmth than the year before. Orders +were given to raise recruits, ten men in every thousand for the +regular army, and besides this, nine men in every thousand for the +militia. Everywhere Bonaparte was anathematized and in Moscow +nothing but the coming war was talked of. For the Rostov family the +whole interest of these preparations for war lay in the fact that +Nicholas would not hear of remaining in Moscow, and only awaited the +termination of Denisov's furlough after Christmas to return with him +to their regiment. His approaching departure did not prevent his +amusing himself, but rather gave zest to his pleasures. He spent the +greater part of his time away from home, at dinners, parties, and +balls. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +On the third day after Christmas Nicholas dined at home, a thing +he had rarely done of late. It was a grand farewell dinner, as he +and Denisov were leaving to join their regiment after Epiphany. +About twenty people were present, including Dolokhov and Denisov. + +Never had love been so much in the air, and never had the amorous +atmosphere made itself so strongly felt in the Rostovs' house as at +this holiday time. "Seize the moments of happiness, love and be loved! +That is the only reality in the world, all else is folly. It is the +one thing we are interested in here," said the spirit of the place. + +Nicholas, having as usual exhausted two pairs of horses, without +visiting all the places he meant to go to and where he had been +invited, returned home just before dinner. As soon as he entered he +noticed and felt the tension of the amorous air in the house, and also +noticed a curious embarrassment among some of those present. Sonya, +Dolokhov, and the old countess were especially disturbed, and to a +lesser degree Natasha. Nicholas understood that something must have +happened between Sonya and Dolokhov before dinner, and with the kindly +sensitiveness natural to him was very gentle and wary with them both +at dinner. On that same evening there was to be one of the balls +that Iogel (the dancing master) gave for his pupils durings the +holidays. + +"Nicholas, will you come to Iogel's? Please do!" said Natasha. "He +asked you, and Vasili Dmitrich* is also going." + + +*Denisov. + + +"Where would I not go at the countess' command!" said Denisov, who +at the Rostovs' had jocularly assumed the role of Natasha's knight. +"I'm even weady to dance the pas de chale." + +"If I have time," answered Nicholas. "But I promised the +Arkharovs; they have a party." + +"And you?" he asked Dolokhov, but as soon as he had asked the +question he noticed that it should not have been put. + +"Perhaps," coldly and angrily replied Dolokhov, glancing at Sonya, +and, scowling, he gave Nicholas just such a look as he had given +Pierre at the Club dinner. + +"There is something up," thought Nicholas, and he was further +confirmed in this conclusion by the fact that Dolokhov left +immediately after dinner. He called Natasha and asked her what was the +matter. + +"And I was looking for you," said Natasha running out to him. "I +told you, but you would not believe it," she said triumphantly. "He +has proposed to Sonya!" + +Little as Nicholas had occupied himself with Sonya of late, +something seemed to give way within him at this news. Dolokhov was a +suitable and in some respects a brilliant match for the dowerless, +orphan girl. From the point of view of the old countess and of society +it was out of the question for her to refuse him. And therefore +Nicholas' first feeling on hearing the news was one of anger with +Sonya.... He tried to say, "That's capital; of course she'll forget +her childish promises and accept the offer," but before he had time to +say it Natasha began again. + +"And fancy! she refused him quite definitely!" adding, after a +pause, "she told him she loved another." + +"Yes, my Sonya could not have done otherwise!" thought Nicholas. + +"Much as Mamma pressed her, she refused, and I know she won't change +once she has said..." + +"And Mamma pressed her!" said Nicholas reproachfully. + +"Yes," said Natasha. "Do you know, Nicholas--don't be angry--but I +know you will not marry her. I know, heaven knows how, but I know +for certain that you won't marry her." + +"Now don't know that at all!" said Nicholas. "But I must talk to +her. What a darling Sonya is!" he added with a smile. + +"Ah, she is indeed a darling! I'll send her to you." + +And Natasha kissed her brother and ran away. + +A minute later Sonya came in with a frightened, guilty, and scared +look. Nicholas went up to her and kissed her hand. This was the +first time since his return that they had talked alone and about their +love. + +"Sophie," he began, timidly at first and then more and more +boldly, "if you wish to refuse one who is not only a brilliant and +advantageous match but a splendid, noble fellow... he is my friend..." + +Sonya interrupted him. + +"I have already refused," she said hurriedly. + +"If you are refusing for my sake, I am afraid that I..." + +Sonya again interrupted. She gave him an imploring, frightened look. + +"Nicholas, don't tell me that!" she said. + +"No, but I must. It may be arrogant of me, but still it is best to +say it. If you refuse him on my account, I must tell you the whole +truth. I love you, and I think I love you more than anyone else...." + +"That is enough for me," said Sonya, blushing. + +"No, but I have been in love a thousand times and shall fall in love +again, though for no one have I such a feeling of friendship, +confidence, and love as I have for you. Then I am young. Mamma does +not wish it. In a word, I make no promise. And I beg you to consider +Dolokhov's offer," he said, articulating his friend's name with +difficulty. + +"Don't say that to me! I want nothing. I love you as a brother and +always shall, and I want nothing more." + +"You are an angel: I am not worthy of you, but I am afraid of +misleading you." + +And Nicholas again kissed her hand. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +Iogel's were the most enjoyable balls in Moscow. So said the mothers +as they watched their young people executing their newly learned +steps, and so said the youths and maidens themselves as they danced +till they were ready to drop, and so said the grown-up young men and +women who came to these balls with an air of condescension and found +them most enjoyable. That year two marriages had come of these +balls. The two pretty young Princesses Gorchakov met suitors there and +were married and so further increased the fame of these dances. What +distinguished them from others was the absence of host or hostess +and the presence of the good-natured Iogel, flying about like a +feather and bowing according to the rules of his art, as he +collected the tickets from all his visitors. There was the fact that +only those came who wished to dance and amuse themselves as girls of +thirteen and fourteen do who are wearing long dresses for the first +time. With scarcely any exceptions they all were, or seemed to be, +pretty--so rapturous were their smiles and so sparkling their eyes. +Sometimes the best of the pupils, of whom Natasha, who was +exceptionally graceful, was first, even danced the pas de chale, but +at this last ball only the ecossaise, the anglaise, and the mazurka, +which was just coming into fashion, were danced. Iogel had taken a +ballroom in Bezukhov's house, and the ball, as everyone said, was a +great success. There were many pretty girls and the Rostov girls +were among the prettiest. They were both particularly happy and gay. +That evening, proud of Dolokhov's proposal, her refusal, and her +explanation with Nicholas, Sonya twirled about before she left home so +that the maid could hardly get her hair plaited, and she was +transparently radiant with impulsive joy. + +Natasha no less proud of her first long dress and of being at a real +ball was even happier. They were both dressed in white muslin with +pink ribbons. + +Natasha fell in love the very moment she entered the ballroom. She +was not in love with anyone in particular, but with everyone. Whatever +person she happened to look at she was in love with for that moment. + +"Oh, how delightful it is!" she kept saying, running up to Sonya. + +Nicholas and Denisov were walking up and down, looking with kindly +patronage at the dancers. + +"How sweet she is--she will be a weal beauty!" said Denisov. + +"Who?" + +"Countess Natasha," answered Denisov. + +"And how she dances! What gwace!" he said again after a pause. + +"Who are you talking about?" + +"About your sister," ejaculated Denisov testily. + +Rostov smiled. + +"My dear count, you were one of my best pupils--you must dance," +said little Iogel coming up to Nicholas. "Look how many charming young +ladies-" He turned with the same request to Denisov who was also a +former pupil of his. + +"No, my dear fellow, I'll be a wallflower," said Denisov. "Don't you +wecollect what bad use I made of your lessons?" + +"Oh no!" said Iogel, hastening to reassure him. "You were only +inattentive, but you had talent--oh yes, you had talent!" + + The band struck up the newly introduced mazurka. Nicholas could not +refuse Iogel and asked Sonya to dance. Denisov sat down by the old +ladies and, leaning on his saber and beating time with his foot, +told them something funny and kept them amused, while he watched the +young people dancing, Iogel with Natasha, his pride and his best +pupil, were the first couple. Noiselessly, skillfully stepping with +his little feet in low shoes, Iogel flew first across the hall with +Natasha, who, though shy, went on carefully executing her steps. +Denisov did not take his eyes off her and beat time with his saber +in a way that clearly indicated that if he was not dancing it was +because he would not and not because he could not. In the middle of +a figure he beckoned to Rostov who was passing: + +"This is not at all the thing," he said. "What sort of Polish +mazuwka is this? But she does dance splendidly." + +Knowing that Denisov had a reputation even in Poland for the +masterly way in which he danced the mazurka, Nicholas ran up to +Natasha: + +"Go and choose Denisov. He is a real dancer, a wonder!" he said. + +When it came to Natasha's turn to choose a partner, she rose and, +tripping rapidly across in her little shoes trimmed with bows, ran +timidly to the corner where Denisov sat. She saw that everybody was +looking at her and waiting. Nicholas saw that Denisov was refusing +though he smiled delightedly. He ran up to them. + +"Please, Vasili Dmitrich," Natasha was saying, "do come!" + +"Oh no, let me off, Countess," Denisov replied. + +"Now then, Vaska," said Nicholas. + +"They coax me as if I were Vaska the cat!" said Denisov jokingly. + +"I'll sing for you a whole evening," said Natasha. + +"Oh, the faiwy! She can do anything with me!" said Denisov, and he +unhooked his saber. He came out from behind the chairs, clasped his +partner's hand firmly, threw back his head, and advanced his foot, +waiting for the beat. Only on horse back and in the mazurka was +Denisov's short stature not noticeable and he looked the fine fellow +he felt himself to be. At the right beat of the music he looked +sideways at his partner with a merry and triumphant air, suddenly +stamped with one foot, bounded from the floor like a ball, and flew +round the room taking his partner with him. He glided silently on +one foot half across the room, and seeming not to notice the chairs +was dashing straight at them, when suddenly, clinking his spurs and +spreading out his legs, he stopped short on his heels, stood so a +second, stamped on the spot clanking his spurs, whirled rapidly round, +and, striking his left heel against his right, flew round again in a +circle. Natasha guessed what he meant to do, and abandoning herself to +him followed his lead hardly knowing how. First he spun her round, +holding her now with his left, now with his right hand, then falling +on one knee he twirled her round him, and again jumping up, dashed +so impetuously forward that it seemed as if he would rush through +the whole suite of rooms without drawing breath, and then he +suddenly stopped and performed some new and unexpected steps. When +at last, smartly whirling his partner round in front of her chair, +he drew up with a click of his spurs and bowed to her, Natasha did not +even make him a curtsy. She fixed her eyes on him in amazement, +smiling as if she did not recognize him. + +"What does this mean?" she brought out. + +Although Iogel did not acknowledge this to be the real mazurka, +everyone was delighted with Denisov's skill, he was asked again and +again as a partner, and the old men began smilingly to talk about +Poland and the good old days. Denisov, flushed after the mazurka and +mopping himself with his handkerchief, sat down by Natasha and did not +leave her for the rest of the evening. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +For two days after that Rostov did not see Dolokhov at his own or at +Dolokhov's home: on the third day he received a note from him: + + +As I do not intend to be at your house again for reasons you know +of, and am going to rejoin my regiment, I am giving a farewell +supper tonight to my friends--come to the English Hotel. + + +About ten o'clock Rostov went to the English Hotel straight from the +theater, where he had been with his family and Denisov. He was at once +shown to the best room, which Dolokhov had taken for that evening. +Some twenty men were gathered round a table at which Dolokhov sat +between two candles. On the table was a pile of gold and paper +money, and he was keeping the bank. Rostov had not seen him since +his proposal and Sonya's refusal and felt uncomfortable at the thought +of how they would meet. + +Dolokhov's clear, cold glance met Rostov as soon as he entered the +door, as though he had long expected him. + +"It's a long time since we met," he said. "Thanks for coming. I'll +just finish dealing, and then Ilyushka will come with his chorus." + +"I called once or twice at your house," said Rostov, reddening. + +Dolokhov made no reply. + +"You may punt," he said. + +Rostov recalled at that moment a strange conversation he had once +had with Dolokhov. "None but fools trust to luck in play," Dolokhov +had then said. + +"Or are you afraid to play with me?" Dolokhov now asked as if +guessing Rostov's thought. + +Beneath his smile Rostov saw in him the mood he had shown at the +Club dinner and at other times, when as if tired of everyday life he +had felt a need to escape from it by some strange, and usually +cruel, action. + +Rostov felt ill at ease. He tried, but failed, to find some joke +with which to reply to Dolokhov's words. But before he had thought +of anything, Dolokhov, looking straight in his face, said slowly and +deliberately so that everyone could hear: + +"Do you remember we had a talk about cards... 'He's a fool who +trusts to luck, one should make certain,' and I want to try." + +"To try his luck or the certainty?" Rostov asked himself. + +"Well, you'd better not play," Dolokhov added, and springing a new +pack of cards said: "Bank, gentlemen!" + +Moving the money forward he prepared to deal. Rostov sat down by his +side and at first did not play. Dolokhov kept glancing at him. + +"Why don't you play?" he asked. + +And strange to say Nicholas felt that he could not help taking up +a card, putting a small stake on it, and beginning to play. + +"I have no money with me," he said. + +"I'll trust you." + +Rostov staked five rubles on a card and lost, staked again, and +again lost. Dolokhov "killed," that is, beat, ten cards of Rostov's +running. + +"Gentlemen," said Dolokhov after he had dealt for some time. "Please +place your money on the cards or I may get muddled in the reckoning." + +One of the players said he hoped he might be trusted. + +"Yes, you might, but I am afraid of getting the accounts mixed. So I +ask you to put the money on your cards," replied Dolokhov. "Don't +stint yourself, we'll settle afterwards," he added, turning to Rostov. + +The game continued; a waiter kept handing round champagne. + +All Rostov's cards were beaten and he had eight hundred rubles +scored up against him. He wrote "800 rubles" on a card, but while +the waiter filled his glass he changed his mind and altered it to +his usual stake of twenty rubles. + +"Leave it," said Dolokhov, though he did not seem to be even looking +at Rostov, "you'll win it back all the sooner. I lose to the others +but win from you. Or are you afraid of me?" he asked again. + +Rostov submitted. He let the eight hundred remain and laid down a +seven of hearts with a torn corner, which he had picked up from the +floor. He well remembered that seven afterwards. He laid down the +seven of hearts, on which with a broken bit of chalk he had written +"800 rubles" in clear upright figures; he emptied the glass of warm +champagne that was handed him, smiled at Dolokhov's words, and with +a sinking heart, waiting for a seven to turn up, gazed at Dolokhov's +hands which held the pack. Much depended on Rostov's winning or losing +on that seven of hearts. On the previous Sunday the old count had +given his son two thousand rubles, and though he always disliked +speaking of money difficulties had told Nicholas that this was all +he could let him have till May, and asked him to be more economical +this time. Nicholas had replied that it would be more than enough +for him and that he gave his word of honor not to take anything more +till the spring. Now only twelve hundred rubles was left of that +money, so that this seven of hearts meant for him not only the loss of +sixteen hundred rubles, but the necessity of going back on his word. +With a sinking heart he watched Dolokhov's hands and thought, "Now +then, make haste and let me have this card and I'll take my cap and +drive home to supper with Denisov, Natasha, and Sonya, and will +certainly never touch a card again." At that moment his home life, +jokes with Petya, talks with Sonya, duets with Natasha, piquet with +his father, and even his comfortable bed in the house on the +Povarskaya rose before him with such vividness, clearness, and charm +that it seemed as if it were all a lost and unappreciated bliss, +long past. He could not conceive that a stupid chance, letting the +seven be dealt to the right rather than to the left, might deprive him +of all this happiness, newly appreciated and newly illumined, and +plunge him into the depths of unknown and undefined misery. That could +not be, yet he awaited with a sinking heart the movement of Dolokhov's +hands. Those broad, reddish hands, with hairy wrists visible from +under the shirt cuffs, laid down the pack and took up a glass and a +pipe that were handed him. + +"So you are not afraid to play with me?" repeated Dolokhov, and as +if about to tell a good story he put down the cards, leaned back in +his chair, and began deliberately with a smile: + +"Yes, gentlemen, I've been told there's a rumor going about Moscow +that I'm a sharper, so I advise you to be careful." + +"Come now, deal!" exclaimed Rostov. + +"Oh, those Moscow gossips!" said Dolokhov, and he took up the +cards with a smile. + +"Aah!" Rostov almost screamed lifting both hands to his head. The +seven he needed was lying uppermost, the first card in the pack. He +had lost more than he could pay. + +"Still, don't ruin yourself!" said Dolokhov with a side glance at +Rostov as he continued to deal. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +An hour and a half later most of the players were but little +interested in their own play. + +The whole interest was concentrated on Rostov. Instead of sixteen +hundred rubles he had a long column of figures scored against him, +which he had reckoned up to ten thousand, but that now, as he +vaguely supposed, must have risen to fifteen thousand. In reality it +already exceeded twenty thousand rubles. Dolokhov was no longer +listening to stories or telling them, but followed every movement of +Rostov's hands and occasionally ran his eyes over the score against +him. He had decided to play until that score reached forty-three +thousand. He had fixed on that number because forty-three was the +sum of his and Sonya's joint ages. Rostov, leaning his head on both +hands, sat at the table which was scrawled over with figures, wet with +spilled wine, and littered with cards. One tormenting impression did +not leave him: that those broad-boned reddish hands with hairy +wrists visible from under the shirt sleeves, those hands which he +loved and hated, held him in their power. + +"Six hundred rubles, ace, a corner, a nine... winning it back's +impossible... Oh, how pleasant it was at home!... The knave, double or +quits... it can't be!... And why is he doing this to me?" Rostov +pondered. Sometimes he staked a large sum, but Dolokhov refused to +accept it and fixed the stake himself. Nicholas submitted to him, +and at one moment prayed to God as he had done on the battlefield at +the bridge over the Enns, and then guessed that the card that came +first to hand from the crumpled heap under the table would save him, +now counted the cords on his coat and took a card with that number and +tried staking the total of his losses on it, then he looked round +for aid from the other players, or peered at the now cold face of +Dolokhov and tried to read what was passing in his mind. + +"He knows of course what this loss means to me. He can't want my +ruin. Wasn't he my friend? Wasn't I fond of him? But it's not his +fault. What's he to do if he has such luck?... And it's not my fault +either," he thought to himself, "I have done nothing wrong. Have I +killed anyone, or insulted or wished harm to anyone? Why such a +terrible misfortune? And when did it begin? Such a little while ago +I came to this table with the thought of winning a hundred rubles to +buy that casket for Mamma's name day and then going home. I was so +happy, so free, so lighthearted! And I did not realize how happy I +was! When did that end and when did this new, terrible state of things +begin? What marked the change? I sat all the time in this same place +at this table, chose and placed cards, and watched those broad-boned +agile hands in the same way. When did it happen and what has happened? +I am well and strong and still the same and in the same place. No, +it can't be! Surely it will all end in nothing!" + +He was flushed and bathed in perspiration, though the room was not +hot. His face was terrible and piteous to see, especially from its +helpless efforts to seem calm. + +The score against him reached the fateful sum of forty-three +thousand. Rostov had just prepared a card, by bending the corner of +which he meant to double the three thousand just put down to his +score, when Dolokhov, slamming down the pack of cards, put it aside +and began rapidly adding up the total of Rostov's debt, breaking the +chalk as he marked the figures in his clear, bold hand. + +"Supper, it's time for supper! And here are the gypsies!" + +Some swarthy men and women were really entering from the cold +outside and saying something in their gypsy accents. Nicholas +understood that it was all over; but he said in an indifferent tone: + +"Well, won't you go on? I had a splendid card all ready," as if it +were the fun of the game which interested him most. + +"It's all up! I'm lost!" thought he. "Now a bullet through my brain- +that's all that's left me!" And at the same time he said in a +cheerful voice: + +"Come now, just this one more little card!" + +"All right!" said Dolokhov, having finished the addition. "All +right! Twenty-one rubles," he said, pointing to the figure +twenty-one by which the total exceeded the round sum of forty-three +thousand; and taking up a pack he prepared to deal. Rostov +submissively unbent the corner of his card and, instead of the six +thousand he had intended, carefully wrote twenty-one. + +"It's all the same to me," he said. "I only want to see whether +you will let me win this ten, or beat it." + +Dolokhov began to deal seriously. Oh, how Rostov detested at that +moment those hands with their short reddish fingers and hairy +wrists, which held him in their power.... The ten fell to him. + +"You owe forty-three thousand, Count," said Dolokhov, and stretching +himself he rose from the table. "One does get tired sitting so +long," he added. + +"Yes, I'm tired too," said Rostov. + +Dolokhov cut him short, as if to remind him that it was not for +him to jest. + +"When am I to receive the money, Count?" + +Rostov, flushing, drew Dolokhov into the next room. + +"I cannot pay it all immediately. Will you take an I.O.U.?" he said. + +"I say, Rostov," said Dolokhov clearly, smiling and looking Nicholas +straight in the eyes, "you know the saying, 'Lucky in love, unlucky at +cards.' Your cousin is in love with you, I know." + +"Oh, it's terrible to feel oneself so in this man's power," +thought Rostov. He knew what a shock he would inflict on his father +and mother by the news of this loss, he knew what a relief it would be +to escape it all, and felt that Dolokhov knew that he could save him +from all this shame and sorrow, but wanted now to play with him as a +cat does with a mouse. + +"Your cousin..." Dolokhov started to say, but Nicholas interrupted +him. + +"My cousin has nothing to do with this and it's not necessary to +mention her!" he exclaimed fiercely. + +"Then when am I to have it?" + +"Tomorrow," replied Rostov and left the room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +To say "tomorrow" and keep up a dignified tone was not difficult, +but to go home alone, see his sisters, brother, mother, and father, +confess and ask for money he had no right to after giving his word +of honor, was terrible. + +At home, they had not yet gone to bed. The young people, after +returning from the theater, had had supper and were grouped round +the clavichord. As soon as Nicholas entered, he was enfolded in that +poetic atmosphere of love which pervaded the Rostov household that +winter and, now after Dolokhov's proposal and Iogel's ball, seemed +to have grown thicker round Sonya and Natasha as the air does before a +thunderstorm. Sonya and Natasha, in the light-blue dresses they had +worn at the theater, looking pretty and conscious of it, were standing +by the clavichord, happy and smiling. Vera was playing chess with +Shinshin in the drawing room. The old countess, waiting for the return +of her husband and son, sat playing patience with the old +gentlewoman who lived in their house. Denisov, with sparkling eyes and +ruffled hair, sat at the clavichord striking chords with his short +fingers, his legs thrown back and his eyes rolling as he sang, with +his small, husky, but true voice, some verses called "Enchantress," +which he had composed, and to which he was trying to fit music: + + Enchantress, say, to my forsaken lyre + What magic power is this recalls me still? + What spark has set my inmost soul on fire, + What is this bliss that makes my fingers thrill? + +He was singing in passionate tones, gazing with his +sparkling black-agate eyes at the frightened and happy Natasha. + +"Splendid! Excellent!" exclaimed Natasha. "Another verse," she +said, without noticing Nicholas. + +"Everything's still the same with them," thought Nicholas, +glancing into the drawing room, where he saw Vera and his mother +with the old lady. + +"Ah, and here's Nicholas!" cried Natasha, running up to him. + +"Is Papa at home?" he asked. + +"I am so glad you've come!" said Natasha, without answering him. "We +are enjoying ourselves! Vasili Dmitrich is staying a day longer for my +sake! Did you know?" + +"No, Papa is not back yet," said Sonya. + +"Nicholas, have you come? Come here, dear!" called the old +countess from the drawing room. + +Nicholas went to her, kissed her hand, and sitting down silently +at her table began to watch her hands arranging the cards. From the +dancing room, they still heard the laughter and merry voices trying to +persuade Natasha to sing. + +"All wight! All wight!" shouted Denisov. "It's no good making +excuses now! It's your turn to sing the ba'cawolla--I entweat you!" + +The countess glanced at her silent son. + +"What is the matter?" she asked. + +"Oh, nothing," said he, as if weary of being continually asked the +same question. "Will Papa be back soon?" + +"I expect so." + +"Everything's the same with them. They know nothing about it! +Where am I to go?" thought Nicholas, and went again into the dancing +room where the clavichord stood. + +Sonya was sitting at the clavichord, playing the prelude to +Denisov's favorite barcarolle. Natasha was preparing to sing. +Denisov was looking at her with enraptured eyes. + +Nicholas began pacing up and down the room. + +"Why do they want to make her sing? How can she sing? There's +nothing to be happy about!" thought he. + +Sonya struck the first chord of the prelude. + +"My God, I'm a ruined and dishonored man! A bullet through my +brain is the only thing left me--not singing!" his thoughts ran on. +"Go away? But where to? It's one--let them sing!" + +He continued to pace the room, looking gloomily at Denisov and the +girls and avoiding their eyes. + +"Nikolenka, what is the matter?" Sonya's eyes fixed on him seemed to +ask. She noticed at once that something had happened to him. + +Nicholas turned away from her. Natasha too, with her quick instinct, +had instantly noticed her brother's condition. But, though she noticed +it, she was herself in such high spirits at that moment, so far from +sorrow, sadness, or self-reproach, that she purposely deceived herself +as young people often do. "No, I am too happy now to spoil my +enjoyment by sympathy with anyone's sorrow," she felt, and she said to +herself: "No, I must be mistaken, he must be feeling happy, just as +I am." + +"Now, Sonya!" she said, going to the very middle of the room, +where she considered the resonance was best. + +Having lifted her head and let her arms droop lifelessly, as +ballet dancers do, Natasha, rising energetically from her heels to her +toes, stepped to the middle of the room and stood still. + +"Yes, that's me!" she seemed to say, answering the rapt gaze with +which Denisov followed her. + +"And what is she so pleased about?" thought Nicholas, looking at his +sister. "Why isn't she dull and ashamed?" + +Natasha took the first note, her throat swelled, her chest rose, her +eyes became serious. At that moment she was oblivious of her +surroundings, and from her smiling lips flowed sounds which anyone may +produce at the same intervals hold for the same time, but which +leave you cold a thousand times and the thousand and first time thrill +you and make you weep. + +Natasha, that winter, had for the first time begun to sing +seriously, mainly because Denisov so delighted in her singing. She +no longer sang as a child, there was no longer in her singing that +comical, childish, painstaking effect that had been in it before; +but she did not yet sing well, as all the connoisseurs who heard her +said: "It is not trained, but it is a beautiful voice that must be +trained." Only they generally said this some time after she had +finished singing. While that untrained voice, with its incorrect +breathing and labored transitions, was sounding, even the connoisseurs +said nothing, but only delighted in it and wished to hear it again. In +her voice there was a virginal freshness, an unconsciousness of her +own powers, and an as yet untrained velvety softness, which so mingled +with her lack of art in singing that it seemed as if nothing in that +voice could be altered without spoiling it. + +"What is this?" thought Nicholas, listening to her with widely +opened eyes. "What has happened to her? How she is singing today!" And +suddenly the whole world centered for him on anticipation of the +next note, the next phrase, and everything in the world was divided +into three beats: "Oh mio crudele affetto."... One, two, three... one, +two, three... One... "Oh mio crudele affetto."... One, two, three... +One. "Oh, this senseless life of ours!" thought Nicholas. "All this +misery, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor--it's all +nonsense... but this is real.... Now then, Natasha, now then, dearest! +Now then, darling! How will she take that si? She's taken it! Thank +God!" And without noticing that he was singing, to strengthen the si +he sung a second, a third below the high note. "Ah, God! How fine! Did +I really take it? How fortunate!" he thought. + +Oh, how that chord vibrated, and how moved was something that was +finest in Rostov's soul! And this something was apart from +everything else in the world and above everything in the world. +"What were losses, and Dolokhov, and words of honor?... All +nonsense! One might kill and rob and yet be happy..." + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +It was long since Rostov had felt such enjoyment from music as he +did that day. But no sooner had Natasha finished her barcarolle than +reality again presented itself. He got up without saying a word and +went downstairs to his own room. A quarter of an hour later the old +count came in from his Club, cheerful and contented. Nicholas, hearing +him drive up, went to meet him. + +"Well--had a good time?" said the old count, smiling gaily and +proudly at his son. + +Nicholas tried to say "Yes," but could not: and he nearly burst into +sobs. The count was lighting his pipe and did not notice his son's +condition. + +"Ah, it can't be avoided!" thought Nicholas, for the first and +last time. And suddenly, in the most casual tone, which made him +feel ashamed of himself, he said, as if merely asking his +father to let him have the carriage to drive to town: + +"Papa, I have come on a matter of business. I was nearly forgetting. +I need some money." + +"Dear me!" said his father, who was in a specially good humor. "I +told you it would not be enough. How much?" + +"Very much," said Nicholas flushing, and with a stupid careless +smile, for which he was long unable to forgive himself, "I have lost a +little, I mean a good deal, a great deal--forty three thousand." + +"What! To whom?... Nonsense!" cried the count, suddenly reddening +with an apoplectic flush over neck and nape as old people do. + +"I promised to pay tomorrow," said Nicholas. + +"Well!..." said the old count, spreading out his arms and sinking +helplessly on the sofa. + +"It can't be helped It happens to everyone!" said the son, with a +bold, free, and easy tone, while in his soul he regarded himself as +a worthless scoundrel whose whole life could not atone for his +crime. He longed to kiss his father's hands and kneel to beg his +forgiveness, but said, in a careless and even rude voice, that it +happens to everyone! + +The old count cast down his eyes on hearing his son's words and +began bustlingly searching for something. + +"Yes, yes," he muttered, "it will be difficult, I fear, difficult to +raise... happens to everybody! Yes, who has not done it?" + +And with a furtive glance at his son's face, the count went out of +the room.... Nicholas had been prepared for resistance, but had not at +all expected this. + +"Papa! Pa-pa!" he called after him, sobbing, "forgive me!" And +seizing his father's hand, he pressed it to his lips and burst into +tears. + +While father and son were having their explanation, the mother and +daughter were having one not less important. Natasha came running to +her mother, quite excited. + +"Mamma!... Mamma!... He has made me..." + +"Made what?" + +"Made, made me an offer, Mamma! Mamma!" she exclaimed. + +The countess did not believe her ears. Denisov had proposed. To +whom? To this chit of a girl, Natasha, who not so long ago was playing +with dolls and who was still having lessons. + +"Don't, Natasha! What nonsense!" she said, hoping it was a joke. + +"Nonsense, indeed! I am telling you the fact," said Natasha +indignantly. "I come to ask you what to do, and you call it +'nonsense!'" + +The countess shrugged her shoulders. + +"If it true that Monsieur Denisov has made you a proposal, tell +him he is a fool, that's all!" + +"No, he's not a fool!" replied Natasha indignantly and seriously. + +"Well then, what do you want? You're all in love nowadays. Well, +if you are in love, marry him!" said the countess, with a laugh of +annoyance. "Good luck to you!" + +"No, Mamma, I'm not in love with him, I suppose I'm not in love with +him." + +"Well then, tell him so." + +"Mamma, are you cross? Don't be cross, dear! Is it my fault?" + +"No, but what is it, my dear? Do you want me to go and tell him?" +said the countess smiling. + +"No, I will do it myself, only tell me what to say. It's all very +well for you," said Natasha, with a responsive smile. "You should have +seen how he said it! I know he did not mean to say it, but it came out +accidently." + +"Well, all the same, you must refuse him." + +"No, I mustn't. I am so sorry for him! He's so nice." + +"Well then, accept his offer. It's high time for you to be married," +answered the countess sharply and sarcastically. + +"No, Mamma, but I'm so sorry for him. I don't know how I'm to say +it." + +"And there's nothing for you to say. I shall speak to him myself," +said the countess, indignant that they should have dared to treat this +little Natasha as grown up. + +"No, not on any account! I will tell him myself, and you'll listen +at the door," and Natasha ran across the drawing room to the dancing +hall, where Denisov was sitting on the same chair by the clavichord +with his face in his hands. + +He jumped up at the sound of her light step. + +"Nataly," he said, moving with rapid steps toward her, "decide my +fate. It is in your hands." + +"Vasili Dmitrich, I'm so sorry for you!... No, but you are so +nice... but it won't do...not that... but as a friend, I shall +always love you." + +Denisov bent over her hand and she heard strange sounds she did +not understand. She kissed his rough curly black head. At this +instant, they heard the quick rustle of the countess' dress. She +came up to them. + +"Vasili Dmitrich, I thank you for the honor," she said, with an +embarrassed voice, though it sounded severe to Denisov--"but my +daughter is so young, and I thought that, as my son's friend, you +would have addressed yourself first to me. In that case you would +not have obliged me to give this refusal." + +"Countess..." said Denisov, with downcast eyes and a guilty face. He +tried to say more, but faltered. + +Natasha could not remain calm, seeing him in such a plight. She +began to sob aloud. + +"Countess, I have done w'ong," Denisov went on in an unsteady voice, +"but believe me, I so adore your daughter and all your family that I +would give my life twice over..." He looked at the countess, and +seeing her severe face said: "Well, good-by, Countess," and kissing +her hand, he left the room with quick resolute strides, without +looking at Natasha. + + +Next day Rostov saw Denisov off. He not wish to stay another day +in Moscow. All Denisov's Moscow friends gave him a farewell +entertainment at the gypsies', with the result that he had no +recollection of how he was put in the sleigh or of the first three +stages of his journey. + +After Denisov's departure, Rostov spent another fortnight in Moscow, +without going out of the house, waiting for the money his father could +not at once raise, and he spent most of his time in the girls' room. + +Sonya was more tender and devoted to him than ever. It was as if she +wanted to show him that his losses were an achievement that made her +love him all the more, but Nicholas now considered himself unworthy of +her. + +He filled the girls' albums with verses and music, and having at +last sent Dolokhov the whole forty-three thousand rubles and +received his receipt, he left at the end of November, without taking +leave of any of his acquaintances, to overtake his regiment which +was already in Poland. + + + + + +BOOK FIVE: 1806 --07 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +After his interview with his wife Pierre left for Petersburg. At the +Torzhok post station, either there were no horses or the postmaster +would not supply them. Pierre was obliged to wait. Without undressing, +he lay down on the leather sofa in front of a round table, put his big +feet in their overboots on the table, and began to reflect. + +"Will you have the portmanteaus brought in? And a bed got ready, and +tea?" asked his valet. + +Pierre gave no answer, for he neither heard nor saw anything. He had +begun to think of the last station and was still pondering on the same +question--one so important that he took no notice of what went on +around him. Not only was he indifferent as to whether he got to +Petersburg earlier or later, or whether he secured accommodation at +this station, but compared to the thoughts that now occupied him it +was a matter of indifference whether he remained there for a few hours +or for the rest of his life. + +The postmaster, his wife, the valet, and a peasant woman selling +Torzhok embroidery came into the room offering their services. Without +changing his careless attitude, Pierre looked at them over his +spectacles unable to understand what they wanted or how they could +go on living without having solved the problems that so absorbed +him. He had been engrossed by the same thoughts ever since the day +he returned from Sokolniki after the duel and had spent that first +agonizing, sleepless night. But now, in the solitude of the journey, +they seized him with special force. No matter what he thought about, +he always returned to these same questions which he could not solve +and yet could not cease to ask himself. It was as if the thread of the +chief screw which held his life together were stripped, so that the +screw could not get in or out, but went on turning uselessly in the +same place. + +The postmaster came in and began obsequiously to beg his +excellency to wait only two hours, when, come what might, he would let +his excellency have the courier horses. It was plain that he was lying +and only wanted to get more money from the traveler. + +"Is this good or bad?" Pierre asked himself. "It is good for me, bad +for another traveler, and for himself it's unavoidable, because he +needs money for food; the man said an officer had once given him a +thrashing for letting a private traveler have the courier horses. +But the officer thrashed him because he had to get on as quickly as +possible. And I," continued Pierre, "shot Dolokhov because I +considered myself injured, and Louis XVI was executed because they +considered him a criminal, and a year later they executed those who +executed him--also for some reason. What is bad? What is good? What +should one love and what hate? What does one live for? And what am +I? What is life, and what is death? What power governs all?" + +There was no answer to any of these questions, except one, and +that not a logical answer and not at all a reply to them. The answer +was: "You'll die and all will end. You'll die and know all, or cease +asking." But dying was also dreadful. + +The Torzhok peddler woman, in a whining voice, went on offering +her wares, especially a pair of goatskin slippers. "I have hundreds of +rubles I don't know what to do with, and she stands in her tattered +cloak looking timidly at me," he thought. "And what does she want +the money for? As if that money could add a hair's breadth to +happiness or peace of mind. Can anything in the world make her or me +less a prey to evil and death?--death which ends all and must come +today or tomorrow--at any rate, in an instant as compared with +eternity." And again he twisted the screw with the stripped thread, +and again it turned uselessly in the same place. + +His servant handed him a half-cut novel, in the form of letters, +by Madame de Souza. He began reading about the sufferings and virtuous +struggles of a certain Emilie de Mansfeld. "And why did she resist her +seducer when she loved him?" he thought. "God could not have put +into her heart an impulse that was against His will. My wife--as she +once was--did not struggle, and perhaps she was right. Nothing has +been found out, nothing discovered," Pierre again said to himself. +"All we can know is that we know nothing. And that's the height of +human wisdom." + +Everything within and around him seemed confused, senseless, and +repellent. Yet in this very repugnance to all his circumstances Pierre +found a kind of tantalizing satisfaction. + +"I make bold to ask your excellency to move a little for this +gentleman," said the postmaster, entering the room followed by another +traveler, also detained for lack of horses. + +The newcomer was a short, large-boned, yellow-faced, wrinkled old +man, with gray bushy eyebrows overhanging bright eyes of an indefinite +grayish color. + +Pierre took his feet off the table, stood up, and lay down on a +bed that had been got ready for him, glancing now and then at the +newcomer, who, with a gloomy and tired face, was wearily taking off +his wraps with the aid of his servant, and not looking at Pierre. With +a pair of felt boots on his thin bony legs, and keeping on a worn, +nankeen-covered, sheepskin coat, the traveler sat down on the sofa, +leaned back his big head with its broad temples and close-cropped +hair, and looked at Bezukhov. The stern, shrewd, and penetrating +expression of that look struck Pierre. He felt a wish to speak to +the stranger, but by the time he had made up his mind to ask him a +question about the roads, the traveler had closed his eyes. His +shriveled old hands were folded and on the finger of one of them +Pierre noticed a large cast iron ring with a seal representing a +death's head. The stranger sat without stirring, either resting or, as +it seemed to Pierre, sunk in profound and calm meditation. His servant +was also a yellow, wrinkled old man, without beard or mustache, +evidently not because he was shaven but because they had never +grown. This active old servant was unpacking the traveler's canteen +and preparing tea. He brought in a boiling samovar. When everything +was ready, the stranger opened his eyes, moved to the table, filled +a tumbler with tea for himself and one for the beardless old man to +whom he passed it. Pierre began to feel a sense of uneasiness, and the +need, even the inevitability, of entering into conversation with +this stranger. + +The servant brought back his tumbler turned upside down,* with an +unfinished bit of nibbled sugar, and asked if anything more would be +wanted. + + +*To indicate he did not want more tea. + + +"No. Give me the book," said the stranger. + +The servant handed him a book which Pierre took to be a devotional +work, and the traveler became absorbed in it. Pierre looked at him. +All at once the stranger closed the book, putting in a marker, and +again, leaning with his arms on the back of the sofa, sat in his +former position with his eyes shut. Pierre looked at him and had not +time to turn away when the old man, opening his eyes, fixed his steady +and severe gaze straight on Pierre's face. + +Pierre felt confused and wished to avoid that look, but the bright +old eyes attracted him irresistibly. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +"I have the pleasure of addressing Count Bezukhov, if I am not +mistaken," said the stranger in a deliberate and loud voice. + +Pierre looked silently and inquiringly at him over his spectacles. + +"I have heard of you, my dear sir," continued the stranger, "and +of your misfortune." He seemed to emphasize the last word, as if to +say--"Yes, misfortune! Call it what you please, I know that what +happened to you in Moscow was a misfortune."--"I regret it very +much, my dear sir." + +Pierre flushed and, hurriedly putting his legs down from the bed, +bent forward toward the old man with a forced and timid smile. + +"I have not referred to this out of curiosity, my dear sir, but +for greater reasons." + +He paused, his gaze still on Pierre, and moved aside on the sofa +by way of inviting the other to take a seat beside him. Pierre felt +reluctant to enter into conversation with this old man, but, +submitting to him involuntarily, came up and sat down beside him. + +"You are unhappy, my dear sir," the stranger continued. "You are +young and I am old. I should like to help you as far as lies in my +power." + +"Oh, yes!" said Pierre, with a forced smile. "I am very grateful +to you. Where are you traveling from?" + +The stranger's face was not genial, it was even cold and severe, but +in spite of this, both the face and words of his new acquaintance were +irresistibly attractive to Pierre. + +"But if for reason you don't feel inclined to talk to me," said +the old man, "say so, my dear sir." And he suddenly smiled, in an +unexpected and tenderly paternal way. + +"Oh no, not at all! On the contrary, I am very glad to make your +acquaintance," said Pierre. And again, glancing at the stranger's +hands, he looked more closely at the ring, with its skull--a Masonic +sign. + +"Allow me to ask," he said, "are you a Mason?" + +"Yes, I belong to the Brotherhood of the Freemasons," said the +stranger, looking deeper and deeper into Pierre's eyes. "And in +their name and my own I hold out a brotherly hand to you." + +"I am afraid," said Pierre, smiling, and wavering between the +confidence the personality of the Freemason inspired in him and his +own habit of ridiculing the Masonic beliefs--"I am afraid I am very +far from understanding--how am I to put it?--I am afraid my way of +looking at the world is so opposed to yours that we shall not +understand one another." + +"I know your outlook," said the Mason, "and the view of life you +mention, and which you think is the result of your own mental efforts, +is the one held by the majority of people, and is the invariable fruit +of pride, indolence, and ignorance. Forgive me, my dear sir, but if +I had not known it I should not have addressed you. Your view of +life is a regrettable delusion." + +"Just as I may suppose you to be deluded," said Pierre, with a faint +smile. + +"I should never dare to say that I know the truth," said the +Mason, whose words struck Pierre more and more by their precision +and firmness. "No one can attain to truth by himself. Only by laying +stone on stone with the cooperation of all, by the millions of +generations from our forefather Adam to our own times, is that +temple reared which is to be a worthy dwelling place of the Great +God," he added, and closed his eyes. + +"I ought to tell you that I do not believe... do not believe in God," +said Pierre, regretfully and with an effort, feeling it essential to +speak the whole truth. + +The Mason looked intently at Pierre and smiled as a rich man with +millions in hand might smile at a poor fellow who told him that he, +poor man, had not the five rubles that would make him happy. + +"Yes, you do not know Him, my dear sir," said the Mason. "You cannot +know Him. You do not know Him and that is why you are unhappy." + +"Yes, yes, I am unhappy," assented Pierre. "But what am I to do?" + +"You know Him not, my dear sir, and so you are very unhappy. You +do not know Him, but He is here, He is in me, He is in my words, He +is in thee, and even in those blasphemous words thou hast just +uttered!" pronounced the Mason in a stern and tremulous voice. + +He paused and sighed, evidently trying to calm himself. + +"If He were not," he said quietly, "you and I would not be +speaking of Him, my dear sir. Of what, of whom, are we speaking? +Whom hast thou denied?" he suddenly asked with exulting austerity +and authority in his voice. "Who invented Him, if He did not exist? +Whence came thy conception of the existence of such an +incomprehensible Being? didst thou, and why did the whole world, +conceive the idea of the existence of such an incomprehensible +Being, a Being all-powerful, eternal, and infinite in all His +attributes?..." + +He stopped and remained silent for a long time. + +Pierre could not and did not wish to break this silence. + +"He exists, but to understand Him is hard," the Mason began again, +looking not at Pierre but straight before him, and turning the +leaves of his book with his old hands which from excitement he could +not keep still. "If it were a man whose existence thou didst doubt I +could bring him to thee, could take him by the hand and show him to +thee. But how can I, an insignificant mortal, show His omnipotence, +His infinity, and all His mercy to one who is blind, or who shuts +his eyes that he may not see or understand Him and may not see or +understand his own vileness and sinfulness?" He paused again. "Who art +thou? Thou dreamest that thou art wise because thou couldst utter +those blasphemous words," he went on, with a somber and scornful +smile. "And thou art more foolish and unreasonable than a little +child, who, playing with the parts of a skillfully made watch, dares +to say that, as he does not understand its use, he does not believe in +the master who made it. To know Him is hard.... For ages, from our +forefather Adam to our own day, we labor to attain that knowledge +and are still infinitely far from our aim; but in our lack of +understanding we see only our weakness and His greatness...." + +Pierre listened with swelling heart, gazing into the Mason's face +with shining eyes, not interrupting or questioning him, but +believing with his whole soul what the stranger said. Whether he +accepted the wise reasoning contained in the Mason's words, or +believed as a child believes, in the speaker's tone of conviction +and earnestness, or the tremor of the speaker's voice--which sometimes +almost broke--or those brilliant aged eyes grown old in this +conviction, or the calm firmness and certainty of his vocation, +which radiated from his whole being (and which struck Pierre +especially by contrast with his own dejection and hopelessness)--at +any rate, Pierre longed with his whole soul to believe and he did +believe, and felt a joyful sense of comfort, regeneration, and +return to life. + +"He is not to be apprehended by reason, but by life," said the +Mason. + +"I do not understand," said Pierre, feeling with dismay doubts +reawakening. He was afraid of any want of clearness, any weakness, +in the Mason's arguments; he dreaded not to be able to believe in him. +"I don't understand," he said, "how it is that the mind of man +cannot attain the knowledge of which you speak." + +The Mason smiled with his gentle fatherly smile. + +"The highest wisdom and truth are like the purest liquid we may wish +to imbibe," he said. "Can I receive that pure liquid into an impure +vessel and judge of its purity? Only by the inner purification of +myself can I retain in some degree of purity the liquid I receive." + +"Yes, yes, that is so," said Pierre joyfully. + +"The highest wisdom is not founded on reason alone, not on those +worldly sciences of physics, history, chemistry, and the like, into +which intellectual knowledge is divided. The highest wisdom is one. +The highest wisdom has but one science--the science of the whole- +the science explaining the whole creation and man's place in it. To +receive that science it is necessary to purify and renew one's inner +self, and so before one can know, it is necessary to believe and to +perfect one's self. And to attain this end, we have the light called +conscience that God has implanted in our souls." + +"Yes, yes," assented Pierre. + +"Look then at thy inner self with the eyes of the spirit, and ask +thyself whether thou art content with thyself. What hast thou attained +relying on reason only? What art thou? You are young, you are rich, +you are clever, you are well educated. And what have you done with all +these good gifts? Are you content with yourself and with your life?" + +"No, I hate my life," Pierre muttered, wincing. + +"Thou hatest it. Then change it, purify thyself; and as thou art +purified, thou wilt gain wisdom. Look at your life, my dear sir. How +have you spent it? In riotous orgies and debauchery, receiving +everything from society and giving nothing in return. You have +become the possessor of wealth. How have you used it? What have you +done for your neighbor? Have you ever thought of your tens of +thousands of slaves? Have you helped them physically and morally? +No! You have profited by their toil to lead a profligate life. That is +what you have done. Have you chosen a post in which you might be of +service to your neighbor? No! You have spent your life in idleness. +Then you married, my dear sir--took on yourself responsibility for the +guidance of a young woman; and what have you done? You have not helped +her to find the way of truth, my dear sir, but have thrust her into an +abyss of deceit and misery. A man offended you and you shot him, and +you say you do not know God and hate your life. There is nothing +strange in that, my dear sir!" + +After these words, the Mason, as if tired by his long discourse, +again leaned his arms on the back of the sofa and closed his eyes. +Pierre looked at that aged, stern, motionless, almost lifeless face +and moved his lips without uttering a sound. He wished to say, "Yes, a +vile, idle, vicious life!" but dared not break the silence. + +The Mason cleared his throat huskily, as old men do, and called +his servant. + +"How about the horses?" he asked, without looking at Pierre. + +"The exchange horses have just come," answered the servant. "Will +you not rest here?" + +"No, tell them to harness." + +"Can he really be going away leaving me alone without having told me +all, and without promising to help me?" thought Pierre, rising with +downcast head; and he began to pace the room, glancing occasionally at +the Mason. "Yes, I never thought of it, but I have led a +contemptible and profligate life, though I did not like it and did not +want to," thought Pierre. "But this man knows the truth and, if he +wished to, could disclose it to me." + +Pierre wished to say this to the Mason, but did not dare to. The +traveler, having packed his things with his practiced hands, began +fastening his coat. When he had finished, he turned to Bezukhov, and +said in a tone of indifferent politeness: + +"Where are you going to now, my dear sir?" + +"I?... I'm going to Petersburg," answered Pierre, in a childlike, +hesitating voice. "I thank you. I agree with all you have said. But do +not suppose me to be so bad. With my whole soul I wish to be what +you would have me be, but I have never had help from anyone.... But it +is I, above all, who am to blame for everything. Help me, teach me, +and perhaps I may..." + +Pierre could not go on. He gulped and turned away. + +The Mason remained silent for a long time, evidently considering. + +"Help comes from God alone," he said, "but such measure of help as +our Order can bestow it will render you, my dear sir. You are going to +Petersburg. Hand this to Count Willarski" (he took out his notebook +and wrote a few words on a large sheet of paper folded in four). +"Allow me to give you a piece of advice. When you reach the capital, +first of all devote some time to solitude and self-examination and +do not resume your former way of life. And now I wish you a good +journey, my dear sir," he added, seeing that his servant had +entered... "and success." + +The traveler was Joseph Alexeevich Bazdeev, as Pierre saw from the +postmaster's book. Bazdeev had been one of the best-known Freemasons +and Martinists, even in Novikov's time. For a long while after he +had gone, Pierre did not go to bed or order horses but paced up and +down the room, pondering over his vicious past, and with a rapturous +sense of beginning anew pictured to himself the blissful, +irreproachable, virtuous future that seemed to him so easy. It +seemed to him that he had been vicious only because he had somehow +forgotten how good it is to be virtuous. Not a trace of his former +doubts remained in his soul. He firmly believed in the possibility +of the brotherhood of men united in the aim of supporting one +another in the path of virtue, and that is how Freemasonry presented +itself to him. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +On reaching Petersburg Pierre did not let anyone know of his +arrival, he went nowhere and spent whole days in reading Thomas a +Kempis, whose book had been sent him by someone unknown. One thing +he continually realized as he read that book: the joy, hitherto +unknown to him, of believing in the possibility of attaining +perfection, and in the possibility of active brotherly love among men, +which Joseph Alexeevich had revealed to him. A week after his arrival, +the young Polish count, Willarski, whom Pierre had known slightly in +Petersburg society, came into his room one evening in the official and +ceremonious manner in which Dolokhov's second had called on him, +and, having closed the door behind him and satisfied himself that +there was nobody else in the room, addressed Pierre. + +"I have come to you with a message and an offer, Count," he said +without sitting down. "A person of very high standing in our +Brotherhood has made application for you to be received into our Order +before the usual term and has proposed to me to be your sponsor. I +consider it a sacred duty to fulfill that person's wishes. Do you wish +to enter the Brotherhood of Freemasons under my sponsorship?" + + The cold, austere tone of this man, whom he had almost always +before met at balls, amiably smiling in the society of the most +brilliant women, surprised Pierre. + +"Yes, I do wish it," said he. + +Willarski bowed his head. + +"One more question, Count," he said, "which beg you to answer in all +sincerity--not as a future Mason but as an honest man: have you +renounced your former convictions--do you believe in God?" + +Pierre considered. + +"Yes... yes, I believe in God," he said. + +"In that case..." began Willarski, but Pierre interrupted him. + +"Yes, I do believe in God," he repeated. + +"In that case we can go," said Willarski. "My carriage is at your +service." + +Willarski was silent throughout the drive. To Pierre's inquiries +as to what he must do and how he should answer, Willarski only replied +that brothers more worthy than he would test him and that Pierre had +only to tell the truth. + +Having entered the courtyard of a large house where the Lodge had +its headquarters, and having ascended a dark staircase, they entered a +small well-lit anteroom where they took off their cloaks without the +aid of a servant. From there they passed into another room. A man in +strange attire appeared at the door. Willarski, stepping toward him, +said something to him in French in an undertone and then went up to +a small wardrobe in which Pierre noticed garments such as he had never +seen before. Having taken a kerchief from the cupboard, Willarski +bound Pierre's eyes with it and tied it in a knot behind, catching +some hairs painfully in the knot. Then he drew his face down, kissed +him, and taking him by the hand led him forward. The hairs tied in the +knot hurt Pierre and there were lines of pain on his face and a +shamefaced smile. His huge figure, with arms hanging down and with a +puckered, though smiling face, moved after Willarski with uncertain, +timid steps. + +Having led him about ten paces, Willarski stopped. + +"Whatever happens to you," he said, "you must bear it all manfully +if you have firmly resolved to join our Brotherhood." (Pierre nodded +affirmatively.) "When you hear a knock at the door, you will uncover +your eyes," added Willarski. "I wish you courage and success," and, +pressing Pierre's hand, he went out. + +Left alone, Pierre went on smiling in the same way. Once or twice he +shrugged his and raised his hand to the kerchief, as if wishing to +take it off, but let it drop again. The five minutes spent with his +eyes bandaged seemed to him an hour. His arms felt numb, his legs +almost gave way, it seemed to him that he was tired out. He +experienced a variety of most complex sensations. He felt afraid of +what would happen to him and still more afraid of showing his fear. He +felt curious to know what was going to happen and what would be +revealed to him; but most of all, he felt joyful that the moment had +come when he would at last start on that path of regeneration and on +the actively virtuous life of which he had been dreaming since he +met Joseph Alexeevich. Loud knocks were heard at the door. Pierre took +the bandage off his eyes and glanced around him. The room was in black +darkness, only a small lamp was burning inside something white. Pierre +went nearer and saw that the lamp stood on a black table on which +lay an open book. The book was the Gospel, and the white thing with +the lamp inside was a human skull with its cavities and teeth. After +reading the first words of the Gospel: "In the beginning was the +Word and the Word was with God," Pierre went round the table and saw a +large open box filled with something. It was a coffin with bones +inside. He was not at all surprised by what he saw. Hoping to enter on +an entirely new life quite unlike the old one, he expected +everything to be unusual, even more unusual than what he was seeing. A +skull, a coffin, the Gospel--it seemed to him that he had expected all +this and even more. Trying to stimulate his emotions he looked around. +"God, death, love, the brotherhood of man," he kept saying to himself, +associating these words with vague yet joyful ideas. The door opened +and someone came in. + +By the dim light, to which Pierre had already become accustomed, +he saw rather short man. Having evidently come from the light into the +darkness, the man paused, then moved with cautious steps toward the +table and placed on it his small leather-gloved hands. + +This short man had on a white leather apron which covered his +chest and part of his legs; he had on a kind of necklace above which +rose a high white ruffle, outlining his rather long face which was lit +up from below. + +"For what have you come hither?" asked the newcomer, turning in +Pierre's direction at a slight rustle made by the latter. "Why have +you, who do not believe in the truth of the light and who have not +seen the light, come here? What do you seek from us? Wisdom, virtue, +enlightenment?" + +At the moment the door opened and the stranger came in, Pierre +felt a sense of awe and veneration such as he had experienced in his +boyhood at confession; he felt himself in the presence of one socially +a complete stranger, yet nearer to him through the brotherhood of man. +With bated breath and beating heart he moved toward the Rhetor (by +which name the brother who prepared a seeker for entrance into the +Brotherhood was known). Drawing nearer, he recognized in the Rhetor +a man he knew, Smolyaninov, and it mortified him to think that the +newcomer was an acquaintance--he wished him simply a brother and a +virtuous instructor. For a long time he could not utter a word, so +that the Rhetor had to repeat his question. + +"Yes... I... I... desire regeneration," Pierre uttered with +difficulty. + +"Very well," said Smolyaninov, and went on at once: "Have you any +idea of the means by which our holy Order will help you to reach +your aim?" said he quietly and quickly. + +"I... hope... for guidance... help... in regeneration," said Pierre, +with a trembling voice and some difficulty in utterance due to his +excitement and to being unaccustomed to speak of abstract matters in +Russian. + +"What is your conception of Freemasonry?" + +"I imagine that Freemasonry is the fraternity and equality of men +who have virtuous aims," said Pierre, feeling ashamed of the +inadequacy of his words for the solemnity of the moment, as he +spoke. "I imagine..." + +"Good!" said the Rhetor quickly, apparently satisfied with this +answer. "Have you sought for means of attaining your aim in religion?" + +"No, I considered it erroneous and did not follow it," said +Pierre, so softly that the Rhetor did not hear him and asked him +what he was saying. "I have been an atheist," answered Pierre. + +"You are seeking for truth in order to follow its laws in your life, +therefore you seek wisdom and virtue. Is that not so?" said the +Rhetor, after a moment's pause. + +"Yes, yes," assented Pierre. + +The Rhetor cleared his throat, crossed his gloved hands on his +breast, and began to speak. + +"Now I must disclose to you the chief aim of our Order," he said, +"and if this aim coincides with yours, you may enter our Brotherhood +with profit. The first and chief object of our Order, the foundation +on which it rests and which no human power can destroy, is the +preservation and handing on to posterity of a certain important +mystery... which has come down to us from the remotest ages, even from +the first man--a mystery on which perhaps the fate of mankind depends. +But since this mystery is of such a nature that nobody can know or use +it unless he be prepared by long and diligent self-purification, not +everyone can hope to attain it quickly. Hence we have a secondary aim, +that of preparing our members as much as possible to reform their +hearts, to purify and enlighten their minds, by means handed on to +us by tradition from those who have striven to attain this mystery, +and thereby to render them capable of receiving it. + +"By purifying and regenerating our members we try, thirdly, to +improve the whole human race, offering it in our members an example of +piety and virtue, and thereby try with all our might to combat the +evil which sways the world. Think this over and I will come to you +again." + +"To combat the evil which sways the world..." Pierre repeated, and a +mental image of his future activity in this direction rose in his +mind. He imagined men such as he had himself been a fortnight ago, and +he addressed an edifying exhortation to them. He imagined to himself +vicious and unfortunate people whom he would assist by word and +deed, imagined oppressors whose victims he would rescue. Of the +three objects mentioned by the Rhetor, this last, that of improving +mankind, especially appealed to Pierre. The important mystery +mentioned by the Rhetor, though it aroused his curiosity, did not seem +to him essential, and the second aim, that of purifying and +regenerating himself, did not much interest him because at that moment +he felt with delight that he was already perfectly cured of his former +faults and was ready for all that was good. + +Half an hour later, the Rhetor returned to inform the seeker of +the seven virtues, corresponding to the seven steps of Solomon's +temple, which every Freemason should cultivate in himself. These +virtues were: 1. Discretion, the keeping of the secrets of the Order. + 2. Obedience to those of higher ranks in the Order. 3. Morality. 4. +Love of mankind. 5. Courage. 6. Generosity. 7. The love of death. + +"In the seventh place, try, by the frequent thought of death," the +Rhetor said, "to bring yourself to regard it not as a dreaded foe, but +as a friend that frees the soul grown weary in the labors of virtue +from this distressful life, and leads it to its place of recompense +and peace." + +"Yes, that must be so," thought Pierre, when after these words the +Rhetor went away, leaving him to solitary meditation. "It must be +so, but I am still so weak that I love my life, the meaning of which +is only now gradually opening before me." But five of the other +virtues which Pierre recalled, counting them on his fingers, he felt +already in his soul: courage, generosity, morality, love of mankind, +and especially obedience--which did not even seem to him a virtue, but +a joy. (He now felt so glad to be free from his own lawlessness and to +submit his will to those who knew the indubitable truth.) He forgot +what the seventh virtue was and could not recall it. + +The third time the Rhetor came back more quickly and asked Pierre +whether he was still firm in his intention and determined to submit to +all that would be required of him. + +"I am ready for everything," said Pierre. + +"I must also inform you," said the Rhetor, "that our Order +delivers its teaching not in words only but also by other means, which +may perhaps have a stronger effect on the sincere seeker after +wisdom and virtue than mere words. This chamber with what you see +therein should already have suggested to your heart, if it is sincere, +more than words could do. You will perhaps also see in your further +initiation a like method of enlightenment. Our Order imitates the +ancient societies that explained their teaching by hieroglyphics. A +hieroglyph," said the Rhetor, "is an emblem of something not +cognizable by the senses but which possesses qualities resembling +those of the symbol." + +Pierre knew very well what a hieroglyph was, but dared not speak. He +listened to the Rhetor in silence, feeling from all he said that his +ordeal was about to begin. + +"If you are resolved, I must begin your initiation," said the Rhetor +coming closer to Pierre. "In token of generosity I ask you to give +me all your valuables." + +"But I have nothing here," replied Pierre, supposing that he was +asked to give up all he possessed. + +"What you have with you: watch, money, rings...." + +Pierre quickly took out his purse and watch, but could not manage +for some time to get the wedding ring off his fat finger. When that +had been done, the Rhetor said: + +"In token of obedience, I ask you to undress." + +Pierre took off his coat, waistcoat, and left boot according to +the Rhetor's instructions. The Mason drew the shirt back from Pierre's +left breast, and stooping down pulled up the left leg of his +trousers to above the knee. Pierre hurriedly began taking off his +right boot also and was going to tuck up the other trouser leg to save +this stranger the trouble, but the Mason told him that was not +necessary and gave him a slipper for his left foot. With a childlike +smile of embarrassment, doubt, and self-derision, which appeared on +his face against his will, Pierre stood with his arms hanging down and +legs apart, before his brother Rhetor, and awaited his further +commands. + +"And now, in token of candor, I ask you to reveal to me your chief +passion," said the latter. + +"My passion! I have had so many," replied Pierre. + +"That passion which more than all others caused you to waver on +the path of virtue," said the Mason. + +Pierre paused, seeking a reply. + +"Wine? Gluttony? Idleness? Laziness? Irritability? Anger? Women?" He +went over his vices in his mind, not knowing to which of them to +give the pre-eminence. + +"Women," he said in a low, scarcely audible voice. + +The Mason did not move and for a long time said nothing after this +answer. At last he moved up to Pierre and, taking the kerchief that +lay on the table, again bound his eyes. + +"For the last time I say to you--turn all your attention upon +yourself, put a bridle on your senses, and seek blessedness, not in +passion but in your own heart. The source of blessedness is not +without us but within...." + +Pierre had already long been feeling in himself that refreshing +source of blessedness which now flooded his heart with glad emotion. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Soon after this there came into the dark chamber to fetch Pierre, +not the Rhetor but Pierre's sponsor, Willarski, whom he recognized +by his voice. To fresh questions as to the firmness of his +resolution Pierre replied: "Yes, yes, I agree," and with a beaming, +childlike smile, his fat chest uncovered, stepping unevenly and +timidly in one slippered and one booted foot, he advanced, while +Willarski held a sword to his bare chest. He was conducted from that +room along passages that turned backwards and forwards and was at last +brought to the doors of the Lodge. Willarski coughed, he was +answered by the Masonic knock with mallets, the doors opened before +them. A bass voice (Pierre was still blindfold) questioned him as to +who he was, when and where he was born, and so on. Then he was again +led somewhere still blindfold, and as they went along he was told +allegories of the toils of his pilgrimage, of holy friendship, of +the Eternal Architect of the universe, and of the courage with which +he should endure toils and dangers. During these wanderings, Pierre +noticed that he was spoken of now as the "Seeker," now as the +"Sufferer," and now as the "Postulant," to the accompaniment of +various knockings with mallets and swords. As he was being led up to +some object he noticed a hesitation and uncertainty among his +conductors. He heard those around him disputing in whispers and one of +them insisting that he should be led along a certain carpet. After +that they took his right hand, placed it on something, and told him to +hold a pair of compasses to his left breast with the other hand and to +repeat after someone who read aloud an oath of fidelity to the laws of +the Order. The candles were then extinguished and some spirit lighted, +as Pierre knew by the smell, and he was told that he would now see the +lesser light. The bandage was taken off his eyes and, by the faint +light of the burning spirit, Pierre, as in a dream, saw several men +standing before him, wearing aprons like the Rhetor's and holding +swords in their hands pointed at his breast. Among them stood a man +whose white shirt was stained with blood. On seeing this, Pierre moved +forward with his breast toward the swords, meaning them to pierce +it. But the swords were drawn back from him and he was at once +blindfolded again. + +"Now thou hast seen the lesser light," uttered a voice. Then the +candles were relit and he was told that he would see the full light; +the bandage was again removed and more than ten voices said +together: "Sic transit gloria mundi." + +Pierre gradually began to recover himself and looked about at the +room and at the people in it. Round a long table covered with black +sat some twelve men in garments like those he had already seen. Some +of them Pierre had met in Petersburg society. In the President's chair +sat a young man he did not know, with a peculiar cross hanging from +his neck. On his right sat the Italian abbe whom Pierre had met at +Anna Pavlovna's two years before. There were also present a very +distinguished dignitary and a Swiss who had formerly been tutor at the +Kuragins'. All maintained a solemn silence, listening to the words +of the President, who held a mallet in his hand. Let into the wall was +a star-shaped light. At one side of the table was a small carpet +with various figures worked upon it, at the other was something +resembling an altar on which lay a Testament and a skull. Round it +stood seven large candlesticks like those used in churches. Two of the +brothers led Pierre up to the altar, placed his feet at right +angles, and bade him lie down, saying that he must prostrate himself +at the Gates of the Temple. + +"He must first receive the trowel," whispered one of the brothers. + +"Oh, hush, please!" said another. + +Pierre, perplexed, looked round with his shortsighted eyes without +obeying, and suddenly doubts arose in his mind. "Where am I? What am I +doing? Aren't they laughing at me? Shan't I be ashamed to remember +this?" But these doubts only lasted a moment. Pierre glanced at the +serious faces of those around, remembered all he had already gone +through, and realized that he could not stop halfway. He was aghast at +his hesitation and, trying to arouse his former devotional feeling, +prostrated himself before the Gates of the Temple. And really, the +feeling of devotion returned to him even more strongly than before. +When he had lain there some time, he was told to get up, and a white +leather apron, such as the others wore, was put on him: he was given a +trowel and three pairs of gloves, and then the Grand Master +addressed him. He told him that he should try to do nothing to stain +the whiteness of that apron, which symbolized strength and purity; +then of the unexplained trowel, he told him to toil with it to cleanse +his own heart from vice, and indulgently to smooth with it the heart +of his neighbor. As to the first pair of gloves, a man's, he said that +Pierre could not know their meaning but must keep them. The second +pair of man's gloves he was to wear at the meetings, and finally of +the third, a pair of women's gloves, he said: "Dear brother, these +woman's gloves are intended for you too. Give them to the woman whom +you shall honor most of all. This gift will be a pledge of your purity +of heart to her whom you select to be your worthy helpmeet in +Masonry." And after a pause, he added: "But beware, dear brother, that +these gloves do not deck hands that are unclean." While the Grand +Master said these last words it seemed to Pierre that he grew +embarrassed. Pierre himself grew still more confused, blushed like a +child till tears came to his eyes, began looking about him uneasily, +and an awkward pause followed. + +This silence was broken by one of the brethren, who led Pierre up to +the rug and began reading to him from a manuscript book an explanation +of all the figures on it: the sun, the moon, a hammer, a plumb line, a +trowel, a rough stone and a squared stone, a pillar, three windows, +and so on. Then a place was assigned to Pierre, he was shown the signs +of the Lodge, told the password, and at last was permitted to sit +down. The Grand Master began reading the statutes. They were very +long, and Pierre, from joy, agitation, and embarrassment, was not in a +state to understand what was being read. He managed to follow only the +last words of the statutes and these remained in his mind. + +"In our temples we recognize no other distinctions," read the +Grand Master, "but those between virtue and vice. Beware of making any +distinctions which may infringe equality. Fly to a brother's aid +whoever he may be, exhort him who goeth astray, raise him that +falleth, never bear malice or enmity toward thy brother. Be kindly and +courteous. Kindle in all hearts the flame of virtue. Share thy +happiness with thy neighbor, and may envy never dim the purity of that +bliss. Forgive thy enemy, do not avenge thyself except by doing him +good. Thus fulfilling the highest law thou shalt regain traces of +the ancient dignity which thou hast lost." + +He finished and, getting up, embraced and kissed Pierre, who, with +tears of joy in his eyes, looked round him, not knowing how to +answer the congratulations and greetings from acquaintances that met +him on all sides. He acknowledged no acquaintances but saw in all +these men only brothers, and burned with impatience to set to work +with them. + +The Grand Master rapped with his mallet. All the Masons sat down +in their places, and one of them read an exhortation on the +necessity of humility. + +The Grand Master proposed that the last duty should be performed, +and the distinguished dignitary who bore the title of "Collector of +Alms" went round to all the brothers. Pierre would have liked to +subscribe all he had, but fearing that it might look like pride +subscribed the same amount as the others. + +The meeting was at an end, and on reaching home Pierre felt as if he +had returned from a long journey on which he had spent dozens of +years, had become completely changed, and had quite left behind his +former habits and way of life. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +The day after he had been received into the Lodge, Pierre was +sitting at home reading a book and trying to fathom the significance +of the Square, one side of which symbolized God, another moral things, +a third physical things, and the fourth a combination of these. Now +and then his attention wandered from the book and the Square and he +formed in imagination a new plan of life. On the previous evening at +the Lodge, he had heard that a rumor of his duel had reached the +Emperor and that it would be wiser for him to leave Petersburg. Pierre +proposed going to his estates in the south and there attending to +the welfare of his serfs. He was joyfully planning this new life, when +Prince Vasili suddenly entered the room. + +"My dear fellow, what have you been up to in Moscow? Why have you +quarreled with Helene, mon cher? You are under a delusion," said +Prince Vasili, as he entered. "I know all about it, and I can tell you +positively that Helene is as innocent before you as Christ was +before the Jews." + +Pierre was about to reply, but Prince Vasili interrupted him. + +"And why didn't you simply come straight to me as to a friend? I +know all about it and understand it all," he said. "You behaved as +becomes a man values his honor, perhaps too hastily, but we won't go +into that. But consider the position in which you are placing her +and me in the eyes of society, and even of the court," he added, +lowering his voice. "She is living in Moscow and you are here. +Remember, dear boy," and he drew Pierre's arm downwards, "it is simply +a misunderstanding. I expect you feel it so yourself. Let us write her +a letter at once, and she'll come here and all will be explained, or +else, my dear boy, let me tell you it's quite likely you'll have to +suffer for it." + +Prince Vasili gave Pierre a significant look. + +"I know from reliable sources that the Dowager Empress is taking a +keen interest in the whole affair. You know she is very gracious to +Helene." + +Pierre tried several times to speak, but, on one hand, Prince Vasili +did not let him and, on the other, Pierre himself feared to begin to +speak in the tone of decided refusal and disagreement in which he +had firmly resolved to answer his father-in-law. Moreover, the words +of the Masonic statutes, "be kindly and courteous," recurred to him. +He blinked, went red, got up and sat down again, struggling with +himself to do what was for him the most difficult thing in life--to +say an unpleasant thing to a man's face, to say what the other, +whoever he might be, did not expect. He was so used to submitting to +Prince Vasili's tone of careless self-assurance that he felt he +would be unable to withstand it now, but he also felt that on what +he said now his future depended--whether he would follow the same +old road, or that new path so attractively shown him by the Masons, on +which he firmly believed he would be reborn to a new life. + +"Now, dear boy," said Prince Vasili playfully, "say 'yes,' and +I'll write to her myself, and we will kill the fatted calf." + +But before Prince Vasili had finished his playful speech, Pierre, +without looking at him, and with a kind of fury that made him like his +father, muttered in a whisper: + +"Prince, I did not ask you here. Go, please go!" And he jumped up +and opened the door for him. + +"Go!" he repeated, amazed at himself and glad to see the look of +confusion and fear that showed itself on Prince Vasili's face. + +"What's the matter with you? Are you ill?" + +"Go!" the quivering voice repeated. And Prince Vasili had to go +without receiving any explanation. + +A week later, Pierre, having taken leave of his new friends, the +Masons, and leaving large sums of money with them for alms, went +away to his estates. His new brethren gave him letters to the Kiev and +Odessa Masons and promised to write to him and guide him in his new +activity. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +The duel between Pierre and Dolokhov was hushed up and, in spite +of the Emperor's severity regarding duels at that time, neither the +principals nor their seconds suffered for it. But the story of the +duel, confirmed by Pierre's rupture with his wife, was the talk of +society. Pierre who had been regarded with patronizing condescension +when he was an illegitimate son, and petted and extolled when he was +the best match in Russia, had sunk greatly in the esteem of society +after his marriage--when the marriageable daughters and their +mothers had nothing to hope from him--especially as he did not know +how, and did not wish, to court society's favor. Now he alone was +blamed for what had happened, he was said to be insanely jealous and +subject like his father to fits of bloodthirsty rage. And when after +Pierre's departure Helene returned to Petersburg, she was received +by all her acquaintances not only cordially, but even with a shade +of deference due to her misfortune. When conversation turned on her +husband Helene assumed a dignified expression, which with +characteristic tact she had acquired though she did not understand its +significance. This expression suggested that she had resolved to +endure her troubles uncomplainingly and that her husband was a cross +laid upon her by God. Prince Vasili expressed his opinion more openly. +He shrugged his shoulders when Pierre was mentioned and, pointing to +his forehead, remarked: + +"A bit touched--I always said so." + +"I said from the first," declared Anna Pavlovna referring to Pierre, +"I said at the time and before anyone else" (she insisted on her +priority) "that that senseless young man was spoiled by the depraved +ideas of these days. I said so even at the time when everybody was +in raptures about him, when he had just returned from abroad, and +when, if you remember, he posed as a sort of Marat at one of my +soirees. And how has it ended? I was against this marriage even then +and foretold all that has happened." + +Anna Pavlovna continued to give on free evenings the same kind of +soirees as before--such as she alone had the gift of arranging--at +which was to be found "the cream of really good society, the bloom +of the intellectual essence of Petersburg," as she herself put it. +Besides this refined selection of society Anna Pavlovna's receptions +were also distinguished by the fact that she always presented some new +and interesting person to the visitors and that nowhere else was the +state of the political thermometer of legitimate Petersburg court +society so dearly and distinctly indicated. + +Toward the end of 1806, when all the sad details of Napoleon's +destruction of the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstadt and the +surrender of most of the Prussian fortresses had been received, when +our troops had already entered Prussia and our second war with +Napoleon was beginning, Anna Pavlovna gave one of her soirees. The +"cream of really good society" consisted of the fascinating Helene, +forsaken by her husband, Mortemart, the delightful Prince Hippolyte +who had just returned from Vienna, two diplomatists, the old aunt, a +young man referred to in that drawing room as "a man of great merit" +(un homme de beaucoup de merite), a newly appointed maid of honor +and her mother, and several other less noteworthy persons. + +The novelty Anna Pavlovna was setting before her guests that evening +was Boris Drubetskoy, who had just arrived as a special messenger from +the Prussian army and was aide-de-camp to a very important personage. + +The temperature shown by the political thermometer to the company +that evening was this: + +"Whatever the European sovereigns and commanders may do to +countenance Bonaparte, and to cause me, and us in general, annoyance +and mortification, our opinion of Bonaparte cannot alter. We shall not +cease to express our sincere views on that subject, and can only say +to the King Prussia and others: 'So much the worse for you. Tu l'as +voulu, George Dandin,' that's all we have to say about it!" + +When Boris, who was to be served up to the guests, entered the +drawing room, almost all the company had assembled, and the +conversation, guided by Anna Pavlovna, was about our diplomatic +relations with Austria and the hope of an alliance with her. + +Boris, grown more manly and looking fresh, rosy and +self-possessed, entered the drawing room elegantly dressed in the +uniform of an aide-de-camp and was duly conducted to pay his +respects to the aunt and then brought back to the general circle. + +Anna Pavlovna gave him her shriveled hand to kiss and introduced him +to several persons whom he did not know, giving him a whispered +description of each. + +"Prince Hippolyte Kuragin, M. Krug, the charge d'affaires from +Copenhagen--a profound intellect," and simply, "Mr. Shitov--a +man of great merit"--this of the man usually so described. + +Thanks to Anna Mikhaylovna's efforts, his own tastes, and the +peculiarities of his reserved nature, Boris had managed during his +service to place himself very advantageously. He was aide-de-camp to a +very important personage, had been sent on a very important mission to +Prussia, and had just returned from there as a special messenger. He +had become thoroughly conversant with that unwritten code with which +he had been so pleased at Olmutz and according to which an ensign +might rank incomparably higher than a general, and according to +which what was needed for success in the service was not effort or +work, or courage, or perseverance, but only the knowledge of how to +get on with those who can grant rewards, and he was himself often +surprised at the rapidity of his success and at the inability of +others to understand these things. In consequence of this discovery +his whole manner of life, all his relations with old friends, all +his plans for his future, were completely altered. He was not rich, +but would spend his last groat to be better dressed than others, and +would rather deprive himself of many pleasures than allow himself to +be seen in a shabby equipage or appear in the streets of Petersburg in +an old uniform. He made friends with and sought the acquaintance of +only those above him in position and who could therefore be of use +to him. He liked Petersburg and despised Moscow. The remembrance of +the Rostovs' house and of his childish love for Natasha was unpleasant +to him and he had not once been to see the Rostovs since the day of +his departure for the army. To be in Anna Pavlovna's drawing room he +considered an important step up in the service, and he at once +understood his role, letting his hostess make use of whatever interest +he had to offer. He himself carefully scanned each face, appraising +the possibilities of establishing intimacy with each of those present, +and the advantages that might accrue. He took the seat indicated to +him beside the fair Helene and listened to the general conversation. + +"Vienna considers the bases of the proposed treaty so unattainable +that not even a continuity of most brilliant successes would secure +them, and she doubts the means we have of gaining them. That is the +actual phrase used by the Vienna cabinet," said the Danish charge +d'affaires. + +"The doubt is flattering," said "the man of profound intellect," +with a subtle smile. + +"We must distinguish between the Vienna cabinet and the Emperor of +Austria," said Mortemart. "The Emperor of Austria can never have +thought of such a thing, it is only the cabinet that says it." + +"Ah, my dear vicomte," put in Anna Pavlovna, "L'Urope" (for some +reason she called it Urope as if that were a specially refined +French pronunciation which she could allow herself when conversing +with a Frenchman), "L'Urope ne sera jamais notre alliee sincere."* + + +*"Europe will never be our sincere ally." + + +After that Anna Pavlovna led up to the courage and firmness of the +King of Prussia, in order to draw Boris into the conversation. + +Boris listened attentively to each of the speakers, awaiting his +turn, but managed meanwhile to look round repeatedly at his +neighbor, the beautiful Helene, whose eyes several times met those +of the handsome young aide-de-camp with a smile. + +Speaking of the position of Prussia, Anna Pavlovna very naturally +asked Boris to tell them about his journey to Glogau and in what state +he found the Prussian army. Boris, speaking with deliberation, told +them in pure, correct French many interesting details about the armies +and the court, carefully abstaining from expressing an opinion of +his own about the facts he was recounting. For some time he +engrossed the general attention, and Anna Pavlovna felt that the +novelty she had served up was received with pleasure by all her +visitors. The greatest attention of all to Boris' narrative was +shown by Helene. She asked him several questions about his journey and +seemed greatly interested in the state of the Prussian army. As soon +as he had finished she turned to him with her usual smile. + +"You absolutely must come and see me," she said in a tone that +implied that, for certain considerations he could not know of, this +was absolutely necessary. + +"On Tuesday between eight and nine. It will give me great pleasure." + +Boris promised to fulfill her wish and was about to begin a +conversation with her, when Anna Pavlovna called him away on the +pretext that her aunt wished to hear him. + +"You know her husband, of course?" said Anna Pavlovna, closing her +eyes and indicating Helene with a sorrowful gesture. "Ah, she is +such an unfortunate and charming woman! Don't mention him before +her--please don't! It is too painful for her!" + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +When Boris and Anna Pavlovna returned to the others Prince Hippolyte +had the ear of the company. + +Bending forward in his armchair he said: "Le Roi de Prusse!" and +having said this laughed. Everyone turned toward him. + +"Le Roi de Prusse?" Hippolyte said interrogatively, again +laughing, and then calmly and seriously sat back in his chair. Anna +Pavlovna waited for him to go on, but as he seemed quite decided to +say no more she began to tell of how at Potsdam the impious +Bonaparte had stolen the sword of Frederick the Great. + +"It is the sword of Frederick the Great which I..." she began, but +Hippolyte interrupted her with the words: "Le Roi de Prusse..." and +again, as soon as all turned toward him, excused himself and +said no more. + +Anna Pavlovna frowned. Mortemart, Hippolyte's friend, addressed +him firmly. + +"Come now, what about your Roi de Prusse?" + +Hippolyte laughed as if ashamed of laughing. + +"Oh, it's nothing. I only wished to say..." (he wanted to repeat a +joke he had heard in Vienna and which he had been trying all that +evening to get in) "I only wished to say that we are wrong to fight +pour le Roi de Prusse!" + +Boris smiled circumspectly, so that it might be taken as ironical or +appreciative according to the way the joke was received. Everybody +laughed. + +"Your joke is too bad, it's witty but unjust," said Anna Pavlovna, +shaking her little shriveled finger at him. + +"We are not fighting pour le Roi de Prusse, but for right +principles. Oh, that wicked Prince Hippolyte!" she said. + +The conversation did not flag all evening and turned chiefly on +the political news. It became particularly animated toward the end +of the evening when the rewards bestowed by the Emperor were +mentioned. + +"You know N--N--received a snuffbox with the portrait last year?" +said "the man of profound intellect." "Why shouldn't S--S--get the +same distinction?" + +"Pardon me! A snuffbox with the Emperor's portrait is a reward but +not a distinction," said the diplomatist--"a gift, rather." + +"There are precedents, I may mention Schwarzenberg." + +"It's impossible," replied another. + +"Will you bet? The ribbon of the order is a different matter...." + +When everybody rose to go, Helene who had spoken very little all the +evening again turned to Boris, asking him in a tone of caressing +significant command to come to her on Tuesday. + +"It is of great importance to me," she said, turning with a smile +toward Anna Pavlovna, and Anna Pavlovna, with the same sad smile +with which she spoke of her exalted patroness, supported Helene's +wish. + +It seemed as if from some words Boris had spoken that evening +about the Prussian army, Helene had suddenly found it necessary to see +him. She seemed to promise to explain that necessity to him when he +came on Tuesday. + +But on Tuesday evening, having come to Helene's splendid salon, +Boris received no clear explanation of why it had been necessary for +him to come. There were other guests and the countess talked little to +him, and only as he kissed her hand on taking leave said +unexpectedly and in a whisper, with a strangely unsmiling face: +"Come to dinner tomorrow... in the evening. You must come.... Come!" + +During that stay in Petersburg, Boris became an intimate in the +countess' house. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +The war was flaming up and nearing the Russian frontier. +Everywhere one heard curses on Bonaparte, "the enemy of mankind." +Militiamen and recruits were being enrolled in the villages, and +from the seat of war came contradictory news, false as usual and +therefore variously interpreted. The life of old Prince Bolkonski, +Prince Andrew, and Princess Mary had greatly changed since 1805. + +In 1806 the old prince was made one of the eight commanders in chief +then appointed to supervise the enrollment decreed throughout +Russia. Despite the weakness of age, which had become particularly +noticeable since the time when he thought his son had been killed, +he did not think it right to refuse a duty to which he had been +appointed by the Emperor himself, and this fresh opportunity for +action gave him new energy and strength. He was continually +traveling through the three provinces entrusted to him, was pedantic +in the fulfillment of his duties, severe to cruelty with his +subordinates, and went into everything down to the minutest details +himself. Princess Mary had ceased taking lessons in mathematics from +her father, and when the old prince was at home went to his study with +the wet nurse and little Prince Nicholas (as his grandfather called +him). The baby Prince Nicholas lived with his wet nurse and nurse +Savishna in the late princess' rooms and Princess Mary spent most of +the day in the nursery, taking a mother's place to her little nephew +as best she could. Mademoiselle Bourienne, too, seemed passionately +fond of the boy, and Princess Mary often deprived herself to give +her friend the pleasure of dandling the little angel--as she called +her nephew--and playing with him. + +Near the altar of the church at Bald Hills there was a chapel over +the tomb of the little princess, and in this chapel was a marble +monument brought from Italy, representing an angel with outspread +wings ready to fly upwards. The angel's upper lip was slightly +raised as though about to smile, and once on coming out of the +chapel Prince Andrew and Princess Mary admitted to one another that +the angel's face reminded them strangely of the little princess. But +what was still stranger, though of this Prince Andrew said nothing +to his sister, was that in the expression the sculptor had happened to +give the angel's face, Prince Andrew read the same mild reproach he +had read on the face of his dead wife: "Ah, why have you done this +to me?" + +Soon after Prince Andrew's return the old prince made over to him +a large estate, Bogucharovo, about twenty-five miles from Bald +Hills. Partly because of the depressing memories associated with +Bald Hills, partly because Prince Andrew did not always feel equal +to bearing with his father's peculiarities, and partly because he +needed solitude, Prince Andrew made use of Bogucharovo, began building +and spent most of his time there. + +After the Austerlitz campaign Prince Andrew had firmly resolved +not to continue his military service, and when the war recommenced and +everybody had to serve, he took a post under his father in the +recruitment so as to avoid active service. The old prince and his +son seemed to have changed roles since the campaign of 1805. The old +man, roused by activity, expected the best results from the new +campaign, while Prince Andrew on the contrary, taking no part in the +war and secretly regretting this, saw only the dark side. + +On February 26, 1807, the old prince set off on one of his circuits. +Prince Andrew remained at Bald Hills as usual during his father's +absence. Little Nicholas had been unwell for four days. The coachman +who had driven the old prince to town returned bringing papers and +letters for Prince Andrew. + +Not finding the young prince in his study the valet went with the +letters to Princess Mary's apartments, but did not find him there. +He was told that the prince had gone to the nursery. + +"If you please, your excellency, Petrusha has brought some +papers," said one of the nursemaids to Prince Andrew who was sitting +on a child's little chair while, frowning and with trembling hands, he +poured drops from a medicine bottle into a wineglass half full of +water. + +"What is it?" he said crossly, and, his hand shaking +unintentionally, he poured too many drops into the glass. He threw the +mixture onto the floor and asked for some more water. The maid brought +it. + +There were in the room a child's cot, two boxes, two armchairs, a +table, a child's table, and the little chair on which Prince Andrew +was sitting. The curtains were drawn, and a single candle was +burning on the table, screened by a bound music book so that the light +did not fall on the cot. + +"My dear," said Princess Mary, addressing her brother from beside +the cot where she was standing, "better wait a bit... later..." + +"Oh, leave off, you always talk nonsense and keep putting things +off--and this is what comes of it!" said Prince Andrew in an +exasperated whisper, evidently meaning to wound his sister. + +"My dear, really... it's better not to wake him... he's asleep," +said the princess in a tone of entreaty. + +Prince Andrew got up and went on tiptoe up to the little bed, +wineglass in hand. + +"Perhaps we'd really better not wake him," he said hesitating. + +"As you please... really... I think so... but as you please," said +Princess Mary, evidently intimidated and confused that her opinion had +prevailed. She drew her brother's attention to the maid who was +calling him in a whisper. + +It was the second night that neither of them had slept, watching the +boy who was in a high fever. These last days, mistrusting their +household doctor and expecting another for whom they had sent to town, +they had been trying first one remedy and then another. Worn out by +sleeplessness and anxiety they threw their burden of sorrow on one +another and reproached and disputed with each other. + +"Petrusha has come with papers from your father," whispered the +maid. + +Prince Andrew went out. + +"Devil take them!" he muttered, and after listening to the verbal +instructions his father had sent and taking the correspondence and his +father's letter, he returned to the nursery. + +"Well?" he asked. + +"Still the same. Wait, for heaven's sake. Karl Ivanich always says +that sleep is more important than anything," whispered Princess Mary +with a sigh. + +Prince Andrew went up to the child and felt him. He was burning hot. + +"Confound you and your Karl Ivanich!" He took the glass with the +drops and again went up to the cot. + +"Andrew, don't!" said Princess Mary. + +But he scowled at her angrily though also with suffering in his +eyes, and stooped glass in hand over the infant. + +"But I wish it," he said. "I beg you--give it him!" + +Princess Mary shrugged her shoulders but took the glass submissively +and calling the nurse began giving the medicine. The child screamed +hoarsely. Prince Andrew winced and, clutching his head, went out and +sat down on a sofa in the next room. + +He still had all the letters in his hand. Opening them +mechanically he began reading. The old prince, now and then using +abbreviations, wrote in his large elongated hand on blue paper as +follows: + + +Have just this moment received by special messenger very joyful +news--if it's not false. Bennigsen seems to have obtained a complete +victory over Buonaparte at Eylau. In Petersburg everyone is rejoicing, +and the rewards sent to the army are innumerable. Though he is a +German--I congratulate him! I can't make out what the commander at +Korchevo--a certain Khandrikov--is up to; till now the additional +men and provisions have not arrived. Gallop off to him at once and say +I'll have his head off if everything is not here in a week. Have +received another letter about the Preussisch-Eylau battle from +Petenka--he took part in it--and it's all true. When mischief-makers +don't meddle even a German beats Buonaparte. He is said to be +fleeing in great disorder. Mind you gallop off to Korchevo without +delay and carry out instructions! + + +Prince Andrew sighed and broke the seal of another envelope. It +was a closely written letter of two sheets from Bilibin. He folded +it up without reading it and reread his father's letter, ending with +the words: "Gallop off to Korchevo and carry out instructions!" + +"No, pardon me, I won't go now till the child is better," thought +he, going to the door and looking into the nursery. + +Princess Mary was still standing by the cot, gently rocking the +baby. + +"Ah yes, and what else did he say that's unpleasant?" thought Prince +Andrew, recalling his father's letter. "Yes, we have gained a +victory over Bonaparte, just when I'm not serving. Yes, yes, he's +always poking fun at me.... Ah, well! Let him!" And he began reading +Bilibin's letter which was written in French. He read without +understanding half of it, read only to forget, if but for a moment, +what he had too long been thinking of so painfully to the exclusion of +all else. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Bilibin was now at army headquarters in a diplomatic capacity, and +though he wrote in French and used French jests and French idioms, +he described the whole campaign with a fearless self-censure and +self-derision genuinely Russian. Bilibin wrote that the obligation +of diplomatic discretion tormented him, and he was happy to have in +Prince Andrew a reliable correspondent to whom he could pour out the +bile he had accumulated at the sight of all that was being done in the +army. The letter was old, having been written before the battle at +Preussisch-Eylau. + +"Since the day of our brilliant success at Austerlitz," wrote +Bilibin, "as you know, my dear prince, I never leave headquarters. I +have certainly acquired a taste for war, and it is just as well for +me; what I have seen during these last three months is incredible. + +"I begin ab ovo. 'The enemy of the human race,' as you know, attacks +the Prussians. The Prussians are our faithful allies who have only +betrayed us three times in three years. We take up their cause, but it +turns out that 'the enemy of the human race' pays no heed to our +fine speeches and in his rude and savage way throws himself on the +Prussians without giving them time to finish the parade they had +begun, and in two twists of the hand he breaks them to smithereens and +installs himself in the palace at Potsdam. + +"'I most ardently desire,' writes the King of Prussia to +Bonaparte, 'that Your Majesty should be received and treated in my +palace in a manner agreeable to yourself, and in so far as +circumstances allowed, I have hastened to take all steps to that +end. May I have succeeded!' The Prussian generals pride themselves +on being polite to the French and lay down their arms at the first +demand. + +"The head of the garrison at Glogau, with ten thousand men, asks the +King of Prussia what he is to do if he is summoned to surrender.... +All this is absolutely true. + +"In short, hoping to settle matters by taking up a warlike attitude, +it turns out that we have landed ourselves in war, and what is more, +in war on our own frontiers, with and for the King of Prussia. We have +everything in perfect order, only one little thing is lacking, namely, +a commander in chief. As it was considered that the Austerlitz success +might have been more decisive had the commander in chief not been so +young, all our octogenarians were reviewed, and of Prozorovski and +Kamenski the latter was preferred. The general comes to us, +Suvorov-like, in a kibitka, and is received with acclamations of joy +and triumph. + +"On the 4th, the first courier arrives from Petersburg. The mails +are taken to the field marshal's room, for he likes to do everything +himself. I am called in to help sort the letters and take those +meant for us. The field marshal looks on and waits for letters +addressed to him. We search, but none are to be found. The field +marshal grows impatient and sets to work himself and finds letters +from the Emperor to Count T., Prince V., and others. Then he bursts +into one of his wild furies and rages at everyone and everything, +seizes the letters, opens them, and reads those from the Emperor +addressed to others. 'Ah! So that's the way they treat me! No +confidence in me! Ah, ordered to keep an eye on me! Very well then! +Get along with you!' So he writes the famous order of the day to +General Bennigsen: + +'I am wounded and cannot ride and consequently cannot command the +army. You have brought your army corps to Pultusk, routed: here it +is exposed, and without fuel or forage, so something must be done, +and, as you yourself reported to Count Buxhowden yesterday, you must +think of retreating to our frontier--which do today.' + +"'From all my riding,' he writes to the Emperor, 'I have got a +saddle sore which, coming after all my previous journeys, quite +prevents my riding and commanding so vast an army, so I have passed on +the command to the general next in seniority, Count Buxhowden, +having sent him my whole staff and all that belongs to it, advising +him if there is a lack of bread, to move farther into the interior +of Prussia, for only one day's ration of bread remains, and in some +regiments none at all, as reported by the division commanders, +Ostermann and Sedmoretzki, and all that the peasants had has been +eaten up. I myself will remain in hospital at Ostrolenka till I +recover. In regard to which I humbly submit my report, with the +information that if the army remains in its present bivouac another +fortnight there will not be a healthy man left in it by spring. + +"'Grant leave to retire to his country seat to an old man who is +already in any case dishonored by being unable to fulfill the great +and glorious task for which he was chosen. I shall await your most +gracious permission here in hospital, that I may not have to play +the part of a secretary rather than commander in the army. My +removal from the army does not produce the slightest stir--a blind man +has left it. There are thousands such as I in Russia.' + +"The field marshal is angry with the Emperor and he punishes us all, +isn't it logical? + +"This is the first act. Those that follow are naturally increasingly +interesting and entertaining. After the field marshal's departure it +appears that we are within sight of the enemy and must give battle. +Buxhowden is commander in chief by seniority, but General Bennigsen +does not quite see it; more particularly as it is he and his corps who +are within sight of the enemy and he wishes to profit by the +opportunity to fight a battle 'on his own hand' as the Germans say. He +does so. This is the battle of Pultusk, which is considered a great +victory but in my opinion was nothing of the kind. We civilians, as +you know, have a very bad way of deciding whether a battle was won +or lost. Those who retreat after a battle have lost it is what we say; +and according to that it is we who lost the battle of Pultusk. In +short, we retreat after the battle but send a courier to Petersburg +with news of a victory, and General Bennigsen, hoping to receive +from Petersburg the post of commander in chief as a reward for his +victory, does not give up the command of the army to General +Buxhowden. During this interregnum we begin a very original and +interesting series of maneuvers. Our aim is no longer, as it should +be, to avoid or attack the enemy, but solely to avoid General +Buxhowden who by right of seniority should be our chief. So +energetically do we pursue this aim that after crossing an +unfordable river we burn the bridges to separate ourselves from our +enemy, who at the moment is not Bonaparte but Buxhowden. General +Buxhowden was all but attacked and captured by a superior enemy +force as a result of one of these maneuvers that enabled us to +escape him. Buxhowden pursues us--we scuttle. He hardly crosses the +river to our side before we recross to the other. At last our enemy. +Buxhowden, catches us and attacks. Both generals are angry, and the +result is a challenge on Buxhowden's part and an epileptic fit on +Bennigsen's. But at the critical moment the courier who carried the +news of our victory at Pultusk to Petersburg returns bringing our +appointment as commander in chief, and our first foe, Buxhowden, is +vanquished; we can now turn our thoughts to the second, Bonaparte. But +as it turns out, just at that moment a third enemy rises before us- +namely the Orthodox Russian soldiers, loudly demanding bread, meat, +biscuits, fodder, and whatnot! The stores are empty, the roads +impassable. The Orthodox begin looting, and in a way of which our last +campaign can give you no idea. Half the regiments form bands and scour +the countryside and put everything to fire and sword. The +inhabitants are totally ruined, the hospitals overflow with sick, +and famine is everywhere. Twice the marauders even attack our +headquarters, and the commander in chief has to ask for a battalion to +disperse them. During one of these attacks they carried off my empty +portmanteau and my dressing gown. The Emperor proposes to give all +commanders of divisions the right to shoot marauders, but I much +fear this will oblige one half the army to shoot the other." + +At first Prince Andrew read with his eyes only, but after a while, +in spite of himself (although he knew how far it was safe to trust +Bilibin), what he had read began to interest him more and more. When +he had read thus far, he crumpled the letter up and threw it away. +It was not what he had read that vexed him, but the fact that the life +out there in which he had now no part could perturb him. He shut his +eyes, rubbed his forehead as if to rid himself of all interest in what +he had read, and listened to what was passing in the nursery. Suddenly +he thought he heard a strange noise through the door. He was seized +with alarm lest something should have happened to the child while he +was reading the letter. He went on tiptoe to the nursery door and +opened it. + +Just as he went in he saw that the nurse was hiding something from +him with a scared look and that Princess Mary was no longer by the +cot. + +"My dear," he heard what seemed to him her despairing whisper behind +him. + +As often happens after long sleeplessness and long anxiety, he was +seized by an unreasoning panic--it occurred to him that the child +was dead. All that he saw and heard seemed to confirm this terror. + +"All is over," he thought, and a cold sweat broke out on his +forehead. He went to the cot in confusion, sure that he would find +it empty and that the nurse had been hiding the dead baby. He drew the +curtain aside and for some time his frightened, restless eyes could +not find the baby. At last he saw him: the rosy boy had tossed about +till he lay across the bed with his head lower than the pillow, and +was smacking his lips in his sleep and breathing evenly. + +Prince Andrew was as glad to find the boy like that, as if he had +already lost him. He bent over him and, as his sister had taught +him, tried with his lips whether the child was still feverish. The +soft forehead was moist. Prince Andrew touched the head with his hand; +even the hair was wet, so profusely had the child perspired. He was +not dead, but evidently the crisis was over and he was convalescent. +Prince Andrew longed to snatch up, to squeeze, to hold to his heart, +this helpless little creature, but dared not do so. He stood over him, +gazing at his head and at the little arms and legs which showed +under the blanket. He heard a rustle behind him and a shadow +appeared under the curtain of the cot. He did not look round, but +still gazing at the infant's face listened to his regular breathing. +The dark shadow was Princess Mary, who had come up to the cot with +noiseless steps, lifted the curtain, and dropped it again behind +her. Prince Andrew recognized her without looking and held out his +hand to her. She pressed it. + +"He has perspired," said Prince Andrew. + +"I was coming to tell you so." + +The child moved slightly in his sleep, smiled, and rubbed his +forehead against the pillow. + +Prince Andrew looked at his sister. In the dim shadow of the curtain +her luminous eyes shone more brightly than usual from the tears of joy +that were in them. She leaned over to her brother and kissed him, +slightly catching the curtain of the cot. Each made the other a +warning gesture and stood still in the dim light beneath the curtain +as if not wishing to leave that seclusion where they three were shut +off from all the world. Prince Andrew was the first to move away, +ruffling his hair against the muslin of the curtain. + +"Yes, this is the one thing left me now," he said with a sigh. + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Soon after his admission to the Masonic Brotherhood, Pierre went +to the Kiev province, where he had the greatest number of serfs, +taking with him full directions which he had written down for his +own guidance as to what he should do on his estates. + +When he reached Kiev he sent for all his stewards to the head office +and explained to them his intentions and wishes. He told them that +steps would be taken immediately to free his serfs--and that till then +they were not to be overburdened with labor, women while nursing their +babies were not to be sent to work, assistance was to be given to +the serfs, punishments were to be admonitory and not corporal, and +hospitals, asylums, and schools were to be established on all the +estates. Some of the stewards (there were semiliterate foremen among +them) listened with alarm, supposing these words to mean that the +young count was displeased with their management and embezzlement of +money, some after their first fright were amused by Pierre's lisp +and the new words they had not heard before, others simply enjoyed +hearing how the master talked, while the cleverest among them, +including the chief steward, understood from this speech how they +could best handle the master for their own ends. + +The chief steward expressed great sympathy with Pierre's intentions, +but remarked that besides these changes it would be necessary to go +into the general state of affairs which was far from satisfactory. + +Despite Count Bezukhov's enormous wealth, since he had come into +an income which was said to amount to five hundred thousand rubles a +year, Pierre felt himself far poorer than when his father had made him +an allowance of ten thousand rubles. He had a dim perception of the +following budget: + +About 80,000 went in payments on all the estates to the Land Bank, +about 30,000 went for the upkeep of the estate near Moscow, the town +house, and the allowance to the three princesses; about 15,000 was +given in pensions and the same amount for asylums; 150,000 alimony was +sent to the countess; about 70,00 went for interest on debts. The +building of a new church, previously begun, had cost about 10,000 in +each of the last two years, and he did not know how the rest, about +100,000 rubles, was spent, and almost every year he was obliged to +borrow. Besides this the chief steward wrote every year telling him of +fires and bad harvests, or of the necessity of rebuilding factories +and workshops. So the first task Pierre had to face was one for +which he had very little aptitude or inclination--practical business. + +He discussed estate affairs every day with his chief steward. But he +felt that this did not forward matters at all. He felt that these +consultations were detached from real affairs and did not link up with +them or make them move. On the one hand, the chief steward put the +state of things to him in the very worst light, pointing out the +necessity of paying off the debts and undertaking new activities +with serf labor, to which Pierre did not agree. On the other hand, +Pierre demanded that steps should be taken to liberate the serfs, +which the steward met by showing the necessity of first paying off the +loans from the Land Bank, and the consequent impossibility of a speedy +emancipation. + +The steward did not say it was quite impossible, but suggested +selling the forests in the province of Kostroma, the land lower down +the river, and the Crimean estate, in order to make it possible: all +of which operations according to him were connected with such +complicated measures--the removal of injunctions, petitions, +permits, and so on--that Pierre became quite bewildered and only +replied: + +"Yes, yes, do so." + +Pierre had none of the practical persistence that would have enabled +him to attend to the business himself and so he disliked it and only +tried to pretend to the steward that he was attending to it. The +steward for his part tried to pretend to the count that he +considered these consultations very valuable for the proprietor and +troublesome to himself. + +In Kiev Pierre found some people he knew, and strangers hastened +to make his acquaintance and joyfully welcomed the rich newcomer, +the largest landowner of the province. Temptations to Pierre's +greatest weakness--the one to which he had confessed when admitted +to the Lodge--were so strong that he could not resist them. Again +whole days, weeks, and months of his life passed in as great a rush +and were as much occupied with evening parties, dinners, lunches, +and balls, giving him no time for reflection, as in Petersburg. +Instead of the new life he had hoped to lead he still lived the old +life, only in new surroundings. + +Of the three precepts of Freemasonry Pierre realized that he did not +fulfill the one which enjoined every Mason to set an example of +moral life, and that of the seven virtues he lacked two--morality +and the love of death. He consoled himself with the thought that he +fulfilled another of the precepts--that of reforming the human race- +and had other virtues--love of his neighbor, and especially +generosity. + +In the spring of 1807 he decided to return to Petersburg. On the way +he intended to visit all his estates and see for himself how far his +orders had been carried out and in what state were the serfs whom +God had entrusted to his care and whom he intended to benefit. + +The chief steward, who considered the young count's attempts +almost insane--unprofitable to himself, to the count, and to the +serfs--made some concessions. Continuing to represent the liberation +of the serfs as impracticable, he arranged for the erection of large +buildings--schools, hospitals, and asylums--on all the estates +before the master arrived. Everywhere preparations were made not for +ceremonious welcomes (which he knew Pierre would not like), but for +just such gratefully religious ones, with offerings of icons and the +bread and salt of hospitality, as, according to his understanding of +his master, would touch and delude him. + +The southern spring, the comfortable rapid traveling in a Vienna +carriage, and the solitude of the road, all had a gladdening effect on +Pierre. The estates he had not before visited were each more +picturesque than the other; the serfs everywhere seemed thriving and +touchingly grateful for the benefits conferred on them. Everywhere +were receptions, which though they embarrassed Pierre awakened a +joyful feeling in the depth of his heart. In one place the peasants +presented him with bread and salt and an icon of Saint Peter and Saint +Paul, asking permission, as a mark of their gratitude for the benefits +he had conferred on them, to build a new chantry to the church at +their own expense in honor of Peter and Paul, his patron saints. In +another place the women with infants in arms met him to thank him +for releasing them from hard work. On a third estate the priest, +bearing a cross, came to meet him surrounded by children whom, by +the count's generosity, he was instructing in reading, writing, and +religion. On all his estates Pierre saw with his own eyes brick +buildings erected or in course of erection, all on one plan, for +hospitals, schools, and almshouses, which were soon to be opened. +Everywhere he saw the stewards' accounts, according to which the +serfs' manorial labor had been diminished, and heard the touching +thanks of deputations of serfs in their full-skirted blue coats. + +What Pierre did not know was that the place where they presented him +with bread and salt and wished to build a chantry in honor of Peter +and Paul was a market village where a fair was held on St. Peter's +day, and that the richest peasants (who formed the deputation) had +begun the chantry long before, but that nine tenths of the peasants in +that villages were in a state of the greatest poverty. He did not know +that since the nursing mothers were no longer sent to work on his +land, they did still harder work on their own land. He did not know +that the priest who met him with the cross oppressed the peasants by +his exactions, and that the pupils' parents wept at having to let +him take their children and secured their release by heavy payments. +He did not know that the brick buildings, built to plan, were being +built by serfs whose manorial labor was thus increased, though +lessened on paper. He did not know that where the steward had shown +him in the accounts that the serfs' payments had been diminished by +a third, their obligatory manorial work had been increased by a +half. And so Pierre was delighted with his visit to his estates and +quite recovered the philanthropic mood in which he had left +Petersburg, and wrote enthusiastic letters to his "brother-instructor" +as he called the Grand Master. + +"How easy it is, how little effort it needs, to do so much good," +thought Pierre, "and how little attention we pay to it!" + +He was pleased at the gratitude he received, but felt abashed at +receiving it. This gratitude reminded him of how much more he might do +for these simple, kindly people. + +The chief steward, a very stupid but cunning man who saw perfectly +through the naive and intelligent count and played with him as with +a toy, seeing the effect these prearranged receptions had on Pierre, +pressed him still harder with proofs of the impossibility and above +all the uselessness of freeing the serfs, who were quite happy as it +was. + +Pierre in his secret soul agreed with the steward that it would be +difficult to imagine happier people, and that God only knew what would +happen to them when they were free, but he insisted, though +reluctantly, on what he thought right. The steward promised to do +all in his power to carry out the count's wishes, seeing clearly +that not only would the count never be able to find out whether all +measures had been taken for the sale of the land and forests and to +release them from the Land Bank, but would probably never even inquire +and would never know that the newly erected buildings were standing +empty and that the serfs continued to give in money and work all +that other people's serfs gave--that is to say, all that could be +got out of them. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Returning from his journey through South Russia in the happiest +state of mind, Pierre carried out an intention he had long had of +visiting his friend Bolkonski, whom he had not seen for two years. + +Bogucharovo lay in a flat uninteresting part of the country among +fields and forests of fir and birch, which were partly cut down. The +house lay behind a newly dug pond filled with water to the brink and +with banks still bare of grass. It was at the end of a village that +stretched along the highroad in the midst of a young copse in which +were a few fir trees. + +The homestead consisted of a threshing floor, outhouses, stables, +a bathhouse, a lodge, and a large brick house with semicircular facade +still in course of construction. Round the house was a garden newly +laid out. The fences and gates were new and solid; two fire pumps +and a water cart, painted green, stood in a shed; the paths were +straight, the bridges were strong and had handrails. Everything bore +an impress of tidiness and good management. Some domestic serfs Pierre +met, in reply to inquiries as to where the prince lived, pointed out a +small newly built lodge close to the pond. Anton, a man who had looked +after Prince Andrew in his boyhood, helped Pierre out of his carriage, +said that the prince was at home, and showed him into a clean little +anteroom. + +Pierre was struck by the modesty of the small though clean house +after the brilliant surroundings in which he had last met his friend +in Petersburg. + +He quickly entered the small reception room with its +still-unplastered wooden walls redolent of pine, and would have gone +farther, but Anton ran ahead on tiptoe and knocked at a door. + +"Well, what is it?" came a sharp, unpleasant voice. + +"A visitor," answered Anton. + +"Ask him to wait," and the sound was heard of a chair being pushed +back. + +Pierre went with rapid steps to the door and suddenly came face to +face with Prince Andrew, who came out frowning and looking old. Pierre +embraced him and lifting his spectacles kissed his friend on the cheek +and looked at him closely. + +"Well, I did not expect you, I am very glad," said Prince Andrew. + +Pierre said nothing; he looked fixedly at his friend with +surprise. He was struck by the change in him. His words were kindly +and there was a smile on his lips and face, but his eyes were dull and +lifeless and in spite of his evident wish to do so he could not give +them a joyous and glad sparkle. Prince Andrew had grown thinner, +paler, and more manly-looking, but what amazed and estranged Pierre +till he got used to it were his inertia and a wrinkle on his brow +indicating prolonged concentration on some one thought. + +As is usually the case with people meeting after a prolonged +separation, it was long before their conversation could settle on +anything. They put questions and gave brief replies about things +they knew ought to be talked over at length. At last the +conversation gradually settled on some of the topics at first +lightly touched on: their past life, plans for the future, Pierre's +journeys and occupations, the war, and so on. The preoccupation and +despondency which Pierre had noticed in his friend's look was now +still more clearly expressed in the smile with which he listened to +Pierre, especially when he spoke with joyful animation of the past +or the future. It was as if Prince Andrew would have liked to +sympathize with what Pierre was saying, but could not. The latter +began to feel that it was in bad taste to speak of his enthusiasms, +dreams, and hopes of happiness or goodness, in Prince Andrew's +presence. He was ashamed to express his new Masonic views, which had +been particularly revived and strengthened by his late tour. He +checked himself, fearing to seem naive, yet he felt an irresistible +desire to show his friend as soon as possible that he was now a +quite different, and better, Pierre than he had been in Petersburg. + +"I can't tell you how much I have lived through since then. I hardly +know myself again." + +"Yes, we have altered much, very much, since then," said Prince +Andrew. + +"Well, and you? What are your plans?" + +"Plans!" repeated Prince Andrew ironically. "My plans?" he said, +as if astonished at the word. "Well, you see, I'm building. I mean +to settle here altogether next year...." + +Pierre looked silently and searchingly into Prince Andrew's face, +which had grown much older. + +"No, I meant to ask..." Pierre began, but Prince Andrew +interrupted him. + +"But why talk of me?... Talk to me, yes, tell me about your +travels and all you have been doing on your estates." + +Pierre began describing what he had done on his estates, trying as +far as possible to conceal his own part in the improvements that had +been made. Prince Andrew several times prompted Pierre's story of what +he had been doing, as though it were all an old-time story, and he +listened not only without interest but even as if ashamed of what +Pierre was telling him. + +Pierre felt uncomfortable and even depressed in his friend's company +and at last became silent. + +"I'll tell you what, my dear fellow," said Prince Andrew, who +evidently also felt depressed and constrained with his visitor, "I +am only bivouacking here and have just come to look round. I am +going back to my sister today. I will introduce you to her. But of +course you know her already," he said, evidently trying to entertain a +visitor with whom he now found nothing in common. "We will go after +dinner. And would you now like to look round my place?" + +They went out and walked about till dinnertime, talking of the +political news and common acquaintances like people who do not know +each other intimately. Prince Andrew spoke with some animation and +interest only of the new homestead he was constructing and its +buildings, but even here, while on the scaffolding, in the midst of +a talk explaining the future arrangements of the house, he interrupted +himself: + +"However, this is not at all interesting. Let us have dinner, and +then we'll set off." + +At dinner, conversation turned on Pierre's marriage. + +"I was very much surprised when I heard of it," said Prince Andrew. + +Pierre blushed, as he always did when it was mentioned, and said +hurriedly: "I will tell you some time how it all happened. But you +know it is all over, and forever." + +"Forever?" said Prince Andrew. "Nothing's forever." + +"But you know how it all ended, don't you? You heard of the duel?" + +"And so you had to go through that too!" + +"One thing I thank God for is that I did not kill that man," said +Pierre. + +"Why so?" asked Prince Andrew. "To kill a vicious dog is a very good +thing really." + +"No, to kill a man is bad--wrong." + +"Why is it wrong?" urged Prince Andrew. "It is not given to man to +know what is right and what is wrong. Men always did and always will +err, and in nothing more than in what they consider right and wrong." + +"What does harm to another is wrong," said Pierre, feeling with +pleasure that for the first time since his arrival Prince Andrew was +roused, had begun to talk, and wanted to express what had brought +him to his present state. + +"And who has told you what is bad for another man?" he asked. + +"Bad! Bad!" exclaimed Pierre. "We all know what is bad for +ourselves." + +"Yes, we know that, but the harm I am conscious of in myself is +something I cannot inflict on others," said Prince Andrew, growing +more and more animated and evidently wishing to express his new +outlook to Pierre. He spoke in French. "I only know two very real +evils in life: remorse and illness. The only good is the absence of +those evils. To live for myself avoiding those two evils is my whole +philosophy now." + +"And love of one's neighbor, and self-sacrifice?" began Pierre. "No, +I can't agree with you! To live only so as not to do evil and not to +have to repent is not enough. I lived like that, I lived for myself +and ruined my life. And only now when I am living, or at least trying" +(Pierre's modesty made him correct himself) "to live for others, +only now have I understood all the happiness of life. No, I shall +not agree with you, and you do not really believe what you are +saying." Prince Andrew looked silently at Pierre with an ironic smile. + +"When you see my sister, Princess Mary, you'll get on with her," +he said. "Perhaps you are right for yourself," he added after a +short pause, "but everyone lives in his own way. You lived for +yourself and say you nearly ruined your life and only found +happiness when you began living for others. I experienced just the +reverse. I lived for glory.--And after all what is glory? The same +love of others, a desire to do something for them, a desire for +their approval.--So I lived for others, and not almost, but quite, +ruined my life. And I have become calmer since I began to live only +for myself." + +"But what do you mean by living only for yourself?" asked Pierre, +growing excited. "What about your son, your sister, and your father?" + +"But that's just the same as myself--they are not others," explained +Prince Andrew. "The others, one's neighbors, le prochain, as you and +Princess Mary call it, are the chief source of all error and evil. +Le prochain--your Kiev peasants to whom you want to do good." + +And he looked at Pierre with a mocking, challenging expression. He +evidently wished to draw him on. + +"You are joking," replied Pierre, growing more and more excited. +"What error or evil can there be in my wishing to do good, and even +doing a little--though I did very little and did it very badly? What +evil can there be in it if unfortunate people, our serfs, people +like ourselves, were growing up and dying with no idea of God and +truth beyond ceremonies and meaningless prayers and are now instructed +in a comforting belief in future life, retribution, recompense, and +consolation? What evil and error are there in it, if people were dying +of disease without help while material assistance could so easily be +rendered, and I supplied them with a doctor, a hospital, and an asylum +for the aged? And is it not a palpable, unquestionable good if a +peasant, or a woman with a baby, has no rest day or night and I give +them rest and leisure?" said Pierre, hurrying and lisping. "And I have +done that though badly and to a small extent; but I have done +something toward it and you cannot persuade me that it was not a +good action, and more than that, you can't make me believe that you do +not think so yourself. And the main thing is," he continued, "that I +know, and know for certain, that the enjoyment of doing this good is +the only sure happiness in life." + +"Yes, if you put it like that it's quite a different matter," said +Prince Andrew. "I build a house and lay out a garden, and you build +hospitals. The one and the other may serve as a pastime. But what's +right and what's good must be judged by one who knows all, but not +by us. Well, you want an argument," he added, "come on then." + +They rose from the table and sat down in the entrance porch which +served as a veranda. + +"Come, let's argue then," said Prince Andrew, "You talk of schools," +he went on, crooking a finger, "education and so forth; that is, you +want to raise him" (pointing to a peasant who passed by them taking +off his cap) "from his animal condition and awaken in him spiritual +needs, while it seems to me that animal happiness is the only +happiness possible, and that is just what you want to deprive him +of. I envy him, but you want to make him what I am, without giving him +my means. Then you say, 'lighten his toil.' But as I see it, +physical labor is as essential to him, as much a condition of his +existence, as mental activity is to you or me. You can't help +thinking. I go to bed after two in the morning, thoughts come and I +can't sleep but toss about till dawn, because I think and can't help +thinking, just as he can't help plowing and mowing; if he didn't, he +would go to the drink shop or fall ill. Just as I could not stand +his terrible physical labor but should die of it in a week, so he +could not stand my physical idleness, but would grow fat and die. +The third thing--what else was it you talked about?" and Prince Andrew +crooked a third finger. "Ah, yes, hospitals, medicine. He has a fit, +he is dying, and you come and bleed him and patch him up. He will drag +about as a cripple, a burden to everybody, for another ten years. It +would be far easier and simpler for him to die. Others are being +born and there are plenty of them as it is. It would be different if +you grudged losing a laborer--that's how I regard him--but you want to +cure him from love of him. And he does not want that. And besides, +what a notion that medicine ever cured anyone! Killed them, yes!" said +he, frowning angrily and turning away from Pierre. + +Prince Andrew expressed his ideas so clearly and distinctly that +it was evident he had reflected on this subject more than once, and he +spoke readily and rapidly like a man who has not talked for a long +time. His glance became more animated as his conclusions became more +hopeless. + +"Oh, that is dreadful, dreadful!" said Pierre. "I don't understand +how one can live with such ideas. I had such moments myself not long +ago, in Moscow and when traveling, but at such times I collapsed so +that I don't live at all--everything seems hateful to me... myself +most of all. Then I don't eat, don't wash... and how is it with +you?..." + +"Why not wash? That is not cleanly," said Prince Andrew; "on the +contrary one must try to make one's life as pleasant as possible. +I'm alive, that is not my fault, so I must live out my life as best +I can without hurting others." + +"But with such ideas what motive have you for living? One would +sit without moving, undertaking nothing...." + +"Life as it is leaves one no peace. I should be thankful to do +nothing, but here on the one hand the local nobility have done me +the honor to choose me to be their marshal; it was all I could do to +get out of it. They could not understand that I have not the necessary +qualifications for it--the kind of good-natured, fussy shallowness +necessary for the position. Then there's this house, which must be +built in order to have a nook of one's own in which to be quiet. And +now there's this recruiting." + +"Why aren't you serving in the army?" + +"After Austerlitz!" said Prince Andrew gloomily. "No, thank you very +much! I have promised myself not to serve again in the active +Russian army. And I won't--not even if Bonaparte were here at Smolensk +threatening Bald Hills--even then I wouldn't serve in the Russian +army! Well, as I was saying," he continued, recovering his +composure, "now there's this recruiting. My father is chief in command +of the Third District, and my only way of avoiding active service is +to serve under him." + +"Then you are serving?" + +"I am." + +He paused a little while. + +"And why do you serve?" + +"Why, for this reason! My father is one of the most remarkable men +of his time. But he is growing old, and though not exactly cruel he +has too energetic a character. He is so accustomed to unlimited +power that he is terrible, and now he has this authority of a +commander in chief of the recruiting, granted by the Emperor. If I had +been two hours late a fortnight ago he would have had a paymaster's +clerk at Yukhnovna hanged," said Prince Andrew with a smile. "So I +am serving because I alone have any influence with my father, and +now and then can save him from actions which would torment him +afterwards." + +"Well, there you see!" + +"Yes, but it is not as you imagine," Prince Andrew continued. "I did +not, and do not, in the least care about that scoundrel of a clerk who +had stolen some boots from the recruits; I should even have been +very glad to see him hanged, but I was sorry for my father--that again +is for myself." + +Prince Andrew grew more and more animated. His eyes glittered +feverishly while he tried to prove to Pierre that in his actions there +was no desire to do good to his neighbor. + +"There now, you wish to liberate your serfs," he continued; "that is +a very good thing, but not for you--I don't suppose you ever had +anyone flogged or sent to Siberia--and still less for your serfs. If +they are beaten, flogged, or sent to Siberia, I don't suppose they are +any the worse off. In Siberia they lead the same animal life, and +the stripes on their bodies heal, and they are happy as before. But it +is a good thing for proprietors who perish morally, bring remorse upon +themselves, stifle this remorse and grow callous, as a result of being +able to inflict punishments justly and unjustly. It is those people +I pity, and for their sake I should like to liberate the serfs. You +may not have seen, but I have seen, how good men brought up in those +traditions of unlimited power, in time when they grow more +irritable, become cruel and harsh, are conscious of it, but cannot +restrain themselves and grow more and more miserable." + +Prince Andrew spoke so earnestly that Pierre could not help thinking +that these thoughts had been suggested to Prince Andrew by his +father's case. + +He did not reply. + +"So that's what I'm sorry for--human dignity, peace of mind, purity, +and not the serfs' backs and foreheads, which, beat and shave as you +may, always remain the same backs and foreheads." + +"No, no! A thousand times no! I shall never agree with you," said +Pierre. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +In the evening Andrew and Pierre got into the open carriage and +drove to Bald Hills. Prince Andrew, glancing at Pierre, broke the +silence now and then with remarks which showed that he was in a good +temper. + +Pointing to the fields, he spoke of the improvements he was making +in his husbandry. + +Pierre remained gloomily silent, answering in monosyllables and +apparently immersed in his own thoughts. + +He was thinking that Prince Andrew was unhappy, had gone astray, did +not see the true light, and that he, Pierre, ought to aid, +enlighten, and raise him. But as soon as he thought of what he +should say, he felt that Prince Andrew with one word, one argument, +would upset all his teaching, and he shrank from beginning, afraid +of exposing to possible ridicule what to him was precious and sacred. + +"No, but why do you think so?" Pierre suddenly began, lowering his +head and looking like a bull about to charge, "why do you think so? +You should not think so." + +"Think? What about?" asked Prince Andrew with surprise. + +"About life, about man's destiny. It can't be so. I myself thought +like that, and do you know what saved me? Freemasonry! No, don't +smile. Freemasonry is not a religious ceremonial sect, as I thought it +was: Freemasonry is the best expression of the best, the eternal, +aspects of humanity." + +And he began to explain Freemasonry as he understood it to Prince +Andrew. He said that Freemasonry is the teaching of Christianity freed +from the bonds of State and Church, a teaching of equality, +brotherhood, and love. + +"Only our holy brotherhood has the real meaning of life, all the +rest is a dream," said Pierre. "Understand, my dear fellow, that +outside this union all is filled with deceit and falsehood and I agree +with you that nothing is left for an intelligent and good man but to +live out his life, like you, merely trying not to harm others. But +make our fundamental convictions your own, join our brotherhood, +give yourself up to us, let yourself be guided, and you will at once +feel yourself, as I have felt myself, a part of that vast invisible +chain the beginning of which is hidden in heaven," said Pierre. + +Prince Andrew, looking straight in front of him, listened in silence +to Pierre's words. More than once, when the noise of the wheels +prevented his catching what Pierre said, he asked him to repeat it, +and by the peculiar glow that came into Prince Andrew's eyes and by +his silence, Pierre saw that his words were not in vain and that +Prince Andrew would not interrupt him or laugh at what he said. + +They reached a river that had overflowed its banks and which they +had to cross by ferry. While the carriage and horses were being placed +on it, they also stepped on the raft. + +Prince Andrew, leaning his arms on the raft railing, gazed +silently at the flooding waters glittering in the setting sun. + +"Well, what do you think about it?" Pierre asked. "Why are you +silent?" + +"What do I think about it? I am listening to you. It's all very +well.... You say: join our brotherhood and we will show you the aim of +life, the destiny of man, and the laws which govern the world. But who +are we? Men. How is it you know everything? Why do I alone not see +what you see? You see a reign of goodness and truth on earth, but I +don't see it." + +Pierre interrupted him. + +"Do you believe in a future life?" he asked. + +"A future life?" Prince Andrew repeated, but Pierre, giving him no +time to reply, took the repetition for a denial, the more readily as +he knew Prince Andrew's former atheistic convictions. + +"You say you can't see a reign of goodness and truth on earth. Nor +could I, and it cannot be seen if one looks on our life here as the +end of everything. On earth, here on this earth" (Pierre pointed to +the fields), "there is no truth, all is false and evil; but in the +universe, in the whole universe there is a kingdom of truth, and we +who are now the children of earth are--eternally--children of the +whole universe. Don't I feel in my soul that I am part of this vast +harmonious whole? Don't I feel that I form one link, one step, between +the lower and higher beings, in this vast harmonious multitude of +beings in whom the Deity--the Supreme Power if you prefer the term--is +manifest? If I see, clearly see, that ladder leading from plant to +man, why should I suppose it breaks off at me and does not go +farther and farther? I feel that I cannot vanish, since nothing +vanishes in this world, but that I shall always exist and always +have existed. I feel that beyond me and above me there are spirits, +and that in this world there is truth." + +"Yes, that is Herder's theory," said Prince Andrew, "but it is not +that which can convince me, dear friend--life and death are what +convince. What convinces is when one sees a being dear to one, bound +up with one's own life, before whom one was to blame and had hoped +to make it right" (Prince Andrew's voice trembled and he turned away), +"and suddenly that being is seized with pain, suffers, and ceases to +exist.... Why? It cannot be that there is no answer. And I believe +there is.... That's what convinces, that is what has convinced me," +said Prince Andrew. + +"Yes, yes, of course," said Pierre, "isn't that what I'm saying?" + +"No. All I say is that it is not argument that convinces me of the +necessity of a future life, but this: when you go hand in hand with +someone and all at once that person vanishes there, into nowhere, +and you yourself are left facing that abyss, and look in. And I have +looked in...." + +"Well, that's it then! You know that there is a there and there is a +Someone? There is the future life. The Someone is--God." + +Prince Andrew did not reply. The carriage and horses had long +since been taken off, onto the farther bank, and reharnessed. The +sun had sunk half below the horizon and an evening frost was +starring the puddles near the ferry, but Pierre and Andrew, to the +astonishment of the footmen, coachmen, and ferrymen, still stood on +the raft and talked. + +"If there is a God and future life, there is truth and good, and +man's highest happiness consists in striving to attain them. We must +live, we must love, and we must believe that we live not only today on +this scrap of earth, but have lived and shall live forever, there, +in the Whole," said Pierre, and he pointed to the sky. + +Prince Andrew stood leaning on the railing of the raft listening +to Pierre, and he gazed with his eyes fixed on the red reflection of +the sun gleaming on the blue waters. There was perfect stillness. +Pierre became silent. The raft had long since stopped and only the +waves of the current beat softly against it below. Prince Andrew +felt as if the sound of the waves kept up a refrain to Pierre's words, +whispering: + +"It is true, believe it." + +He sighed, and glanced with a radiant, childlike, tender look at +Pierre's face, flushed and rapturous, but yet shy before his +superior friend. + +"Yes, if it only were so!" said Prince Andrew. "However, it is +time to get on," he added, and, stepping off the raft, he looked up at +the sky to which Pierre had pointed, and for the first time since +Austerlitz saw that high, everlasting sky he had seen while lying on +that battlefield; and something that had long been slumbering, +something that was best within him, suddenly awoke, joyful and +youthful, in his soul. It vanished as soon as he returned to the +customary conditions of his life, but he knew that this feeling +which he did not know how to develop existed within him. His meeting +with Pierre formed an epoch in Prince Andrew's life. Though +outwardly he continued to live in the same old way, inwardly he +began a new life. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +It was getting dusk when Prince Andrew and Pierre drove up to the +front entrance of the house at Bald Hills. As they approached the +house, Prince Andrew with a smile drew Pierre's attention to a +commotion going on at the back porch. A woman, bent with age, with a +wallet on her back, and a short, long-haired, young man in a black +garment had rushed back to the gate on seeing the carriage driving up. +Two women ran out after them, and all four, looking round at the +carriage, ran in dismay up the steps of the back porch. + +"Those are Mary's 'God's folk,'" said Prince Andrew. "They have +mistaken us for my father. This is the one matter in which she +disobeys him. He orders these pilgrims to be driven away, but she +receives them." + +"But what are 'God's folk'?" asked Pierre. + +Prince Andrew had no time to answer. The servants came out to meet +them, and he asked where the old prince was and whether he was +expected back soon. + +The old prince had gone to the town and was expected back any +minute. + +Prince Andrew led Pierre to his own apartments, which were always +kept in perfect order and readiness for him in his father's house; +he himself went to the nursery. + +"Let us go and see my sister," he said to Pierre when he returned. +"I have not found her yet, she is hiding now, sitting with her +'God's folk.' It will serve her right, she will be confused, but you +will see her 'God's folk.' It's really very curious." + +"What are 'God's folk'?" asked Pierre. + +"Come, and you'll see for yourself." + +Princess Mary really was disconcerted and red patches came on her +face when they went in. In her snug room, with lamps burning before +the icon stand, a young lad with a long nose and long hair, wearing +a monk's cassock, sat on the sofa beside her, behind a samovar. Near +them, in an armchair, sat a thin, shriveled, old woman, with a meek +expression on her childlike face. + +"Andrew, why didn't you warn me?" said the princess, with mild +reproach, as she stood before her pilgrims like a hen before her +chickens. + +"Charmee de vous voir. Je suis tres contente de vous voir,"* she +said to Pierre as he kissed her hand. She had known him as a child, +and now his friendship with Andrew, his misfortune with his wife, +and above all his kindly, simple face disposed her favorably toward +him. She looked at him with her beautiful radiant eyes and seemed to +say, "I like you very much, but please don't laugh at my people." +After exchanging the first greetings, they sat down. + + +*"Delighted to see you. I am very glad to see you." + + +"Ah, and Ivanushka is here too!" said Prince Andrew, glancing with a +smile at the young pilgrim. + +"Andrew!" said Princess Mary, imploringly. "Il faut que vous sachiez +que c'est une femme,"* said Prince Andrew to Pierre. + +"Andrew, au nom de Dieu!"*[2] Princess Mary repeated. + + +*"You must know that this is a woman." + +*[2] "For heaven's sake." + + +It was evident that Prince Andrew's ironical tone toward the +pilgrims and Princess Mary's helpless attempts to protect them were +their customary long-established relations on the matter. + +"Mais, ma bonne amie," said Prince Andrew, "vous devriez au +contraire m'etre reconnaissante de ce que j'explique a Pierre votre +intimite avec ce jeune homme."* + + +*"But, my dear, you ought on the contrary to be grateful to me for +explaining to Pierre your intimacy with this young man." + + +"Really?" said Pierre, gazing over his spectacles with curiosity and +seriousness (for which Princess Mary was specially grateful to him) +into Ivanushka's face, who, seeing that she was being spoken about, +looked round at them all with crafty eyes. + +Princess Mary's embarrassment on her people's account was quite +unnecessary. They were not in the least abashed. The old woman, +lowering her eyes but casting side glances at the newcomers, had +turned her cup upside down and placed a nibbled bit of sugar beside +it, and sat quietly in her armchair, though hoping to be offered +another cup of tea. Ivanushka, sipping out of her saucer, looked +with sly womanish eyes from under her brows at the young men. + +"Where have you been? To Kiev?" Prince Andrew asked the old woman. + +"I have, good sir," she answered garrulously. "Just at Christmastime +I was deemed worthy to partake of the holy and heavenly sacrament at +the shrine of the saint. And now I'm from Kolyazin, master, where a +great and wonderful blessing has been revealed." + +"And was Ivanushka with you?" + +"I go by myself, benefactor," said Ivanushka, trying to speak in a +bass voice. "I only came across Pelageya in Yukhnovo..." + +Pelageya interrupted her companion; she evidently wished to tell +what she had seen. + +"In Kolyazin, master, a wonderful blessing has been revealed." + +"What is it? Some new relics?" asked Prince Andrew. + +"Andrew, do leave off," said Princess Mary. "Don't tell him, +Pelageya." + +"No... why not, my dear, why shouldn't I? I like him. He is kind, he +is one of God's chosen, he's a benefactor, he once gave me ten rubles, +I remember. When I was in Kiev, Crazy Cyril says to me (he's one of +God's own and goes barefoot summer and winter), he says, 'Why are +you not going to the right place? Go to Kolyazin where a +wonder-working icon of the Holy Mother of God has been revealed.' On +hearing those words I said good-by to the holy folk and went." + +All were silent, only the pilgrim woman went on in measured tones, +drawing in her breath. + +"So I come, master, and the people say to me: 'A great blessing +has been revealed, holy oil trickles from the cheeks of our blessed +Mother, the Holy Virgin Mother of God'...." + +"All right, all right, you can tell us afterwards," said Princess +Mary, flushing. + +"Let me ask her," said Pierre. "Did you see it yourselves?" he +inquired. + +"Oh, yes, master, I was found worthy. Such a brightness on the +face like the light of heaven, and from the blessed Mother's cheek +it drops and drops...." + +"But, dear me, that must be a fraud!" said Pierre, naively, who +had listened attentively to the pilgrim. + +"Oh, master, what are you saying?" exclaimed the horrified Pelageya, +turning to Princess Mary for support. + +"They impose on the people," he repeated. + +"Lord Jesus Christ!" exclaimed the pilgrim woman, crossing +herself. "Oh, don't speak so, master! There was a general who did +not believe, and said, 'The monks cheat,' and as soon as he'd said +it he went blind. And he dreamed that the Holy Virgin Mother of the +Kiev catacombs came to him and said, 'Believe in me and I will make +you whole.' So he begged: 'Take me to her, take me to her.' It's the +real truth I'm telling you, I saw it myself. So he was brought, +quite blind, straight to her, and he goes up to her and falls down and +says, 'Make me whole,' says he, 'and I'll give thee what the Tsar +bestowed on me.' I saw it myself, master, the star is fixed into the +icon. Well, and what do you think? He received his sight! It's a sin +to speak so. God will punish you," she said admonishingly, turning +to Pierre. + +"How did the star get into the icon?" Pierre asked. + +"And was the Holy Mother promoted to the rank of general?" said +Prince Andrew, with a smile. + +Pelageya suddenly grew quite pale and clasped her hands. + +"Oh, master, master, what a sin! And you who have a son!" she began, +her pallor suddenly turning to a vivid red. "Master, what have you +said? God forgive you!" And she crossed herself. "Lord forgive him! My +dear, what does it mean?..." she asked, turning to Princess Mary. +She got up and, almost crying, began to arrange her wallet. She +evidently felt frightened and ashamed to have accepted charity in a +house where such things could be said, and was at the same time +sorry to have now to forgo the charity of this house. + +"Now, why need you do it?" said Princess Mary. "Why did you come +to me?..." + +"Come, Pelageya, I was joking," said Pierre. "Princesse, ma +parole, je n'ai pas voulu l'offenser.* I did not mean anything, I +was only joking," he said, smiling shyly and trying to efface his +offense. "It was all my fault, and Andrew was only joking." + + +*"Princess, on my word, I did not wish to offend her." + + +Pelageya stopped doubtfully, but in Pierre's face there was such a +look of sincere penitence, and Prince Andrew glanced so meekly now +at her and now at Pierre, that she was gradually reassured. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +The pilgrim woman was appeased and, being encouraged to talk, gave a +long account of Father Amphilochus, who led so holy a life that his +hands smelled of incense, and how on her last visit to Kiev some monks +she knew let her have the keys of the catacombs, and how she, taking +some dried bread with her, had spent two days in the catacombs with +the saints. "I'd pray awhile to one, ponder awhile, then go on to +another. I'd sleep a bit and then again go and kiss the relics, and +there was such peace all around, such blessedness, that one don't want +to come out, even into the light of heaven again." + +Pierre listened to her attentively and seriously. Prince Andrew went +out of the room, and then, leaving "God's folk" to finish their tea, +Princess Mary took Pierre into the drawing room. + +"You are very kind," she said to him. + +"Oh, I really did not mean to hurt her feelings. I understand them +so well and have the greatest respect for them." + +Princess Mary looked at him silently and smiled affectionately. + +"I have known you a long time, you see, and am as fond of you as +of a brother," she said. "How do you find Andrew?" she added +hurriedly, not giving him time to reply to her affectionate words. +"I am very anxious about him. His health was better in the winter, but +last spring his wound reopened and the doctor said he ought to go away +for a cure. And I am also very much afraid for him spiritually. He has +not a character like us women who, when we suffer, can weep away our +sorrows. He keeps it all within him. Today he is cheerful and in +good spirits, but that is the effect of your visit--he is not often +like that. If you could persuade him to go abroad. He needs +activity, and this quiet regular life is very bad for him. Others +don't notice it, but I see it." + +Toward ten o'clock the men servants rushed to the front door, +hearing the bells of the old prince's carriage approaching. Prince +Andrew and Pierre also went out into the porch. + +"Who's that?" asked the old prince, noticing Pierre as he got out +of, the carriage. + +"Ah! Very glad! Kiss me," he said, having learned who the young +stranger was. + +The old prince was in a good temper and very gracious to Pierre. + +Before supper, Prince Andrew, coming back to his father's study, +found him disputing hotly with his visitor. Pierre was maintaining +that a time would come when there would be no more wars. The old +prince disputed it chaffingly, but without getting angry. + +"Drain the blood from men's veins and put in water instead, then +there will be no more war! Old women's nonsense--old women's +nonsense!" he repeated, but still he patted Pierre affectionately on +the shoulder, and then went up to the table where Prince Andrew, +evidently not wishing to join in the conversation, was looking over +the papers his father had brought from town. The old prince went up to +him and began to talk business. + +"The marshal, a Count Rostov, hasn't sent half his contingent. He +came to town and wanted to invite me to dinner--I gave him a pretty +dinner!... And there, look at this.... Well, my boy," the old prince +went on, addressing his son and patting Pierre on the shoulder. "A +fine fellow--your friend--I like him! He stirs me up. Another says +clever things and one doesn't care to listen, but this one talks +rubbish yet stirs an old fellow up. Well, go! Get along! Perhaps +I'll come and sit with you at supper. We'll have another dispute. Make +friends with my little fool, Princess Mary," he shouted after +Pierre, through the door. + +Only now, on his visit to Bald Hills, did Pierre fully realize the +strength and charm of his friendship with Prince Andrew. That charm +was not expressed so much in his relations with him as with all his +family and with the household. With the stern old prince and the +gentle, timid Princess Mary, though he had scarcely known them, Pierre +at once felt like an old friend. They were all fond of him already. +Not only Princess Mary, who had been won by his gentleness with the +pilgrims, gave him her most radiant looks, but even the one-year-old +"Prince Nicholas" (as his grandfather called him) smiled at Pierre and +let himself be taken in his arms, and Michael Ivanovich and +Mademoiselle Bourienne looked at him with pleasant smiles when he +talked to the old prince. + +The old prince came in to supper; this was evidently on Pierre's +account. And during the two days of the young man's visit he was +extremely kind to him and told him to visit them again. + +When Pierre had gone and the members of the household met +together, they began to express their opinions of him as people always +do after a new acquaintance has left, but as seldom happens, no one +said anything but what was good of him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +When returning from his leave, Rostov felt, for the first time, +how close was the bond that united him to Denisov and and the whole +regiment. + +On approaching it, Rostov felt as he had done when approaching his +home in Moscow. When he saw the first hussar with the unbuttoned +uniform of his regiment, when he recognized red-haired Dementyev and +saw the picket ropes of the roan horses, when Lavrushka gleefully +shouted to his master, "The count has come!" and Denisov, who had been +asleep on his bed, ran all disheveled out of the mud hut to embrace +him, and the officers collected round to greet the new arrival, Rostov +experienced the same feeling his mother, his father, and his sister +had embraced him, and tears of joy choked him so that he could not +speak. The regiment was also a home, and as unalterably dear and +precious as his parents' house. + +When he had reported himself to the commander of the regiment and +had been reassigned to his former squadron, had been on duty and had +gone out foraging, when he had again entered into all the little +interests of the regiment and felt himself deprived of liberty and +bound in one narrow, unchanging frame, he experienced the same sense +of peace, of moral support, and the same sense being at home here in +his own place, as he had felt under the parental roof. But here was +none of all that turmoil of the world at large, where he did not +know his right place and took mistaken decisions; here was no Sonya +with whom he ought, or ought not, to have an explanation; here was +no possibility of going there or not going there; here there were +not twenty-four hours in the day which could be spent in such a +variety of ways; there was not that innumerable crowd of people of +whom not one was nearer to him or farther from him than another; there +were none of those uncertain and undefined money relations with his +father, and nothing to recall that terrible loss to Dolokhov. Here, in +the regiment, all was clear and simple. The whole world was divided +into two unequal parts: one, our Pavlograd regiment; the other, all +the rest. And the rest was no concern of his. In the regiment, +everything was definite: who was lieutenant, who captain, who was a +good fellow, who a bad one, and most of all, who was a comrade. The +canteenkeeper gave one credit, one's pay came every four months, there +was nothing to think out or decide, you had only to do nothing that +was considered bad in the Pavlograd regiment and, when given an order, +to do what was clearly, distinctly, and definitely ordered--and all +would be well. + +Having once more entered into the definite conditions of this +regimental life, Rostov felt the joy and relief a tired man feels on +lying down to rest. Life in the regiment, during this campaign, was +all the pleasanter for him, because, after his loss to Dolokhov (for +which, in spite of all his family's efforts to console him, he could +not forgive himself), he had made up his mind to atone for his fault +by serving, not as he had done before, but really well, and by being a +perfectly first-rate comrade and officer--in a word, a splendid man +altogether, a thing which seemed so difficult out in the world, but so +possible in the regiment. + +After his losses, he had determined to pay back his debt to his +parents in five years. He received ten thousand rubles a year, but now +resolved to take only two thousand and leave the rest to repay the +debt to his parents. + +Our army, after repeated retreats and advances and battles at +Pultusk and Preussisch-Eylau, was concentrated near Bartenstein. It +was awaiting the Emperor's arrival and the beginning of a new +campaign. + +The Pavlograd regiment, belonging to that part of the army which had +served in the 1805 campaign, had been recruiting up to strength in +Russia, and arrived too late to take part in the first actions of +the campaign. It had been neither at Pultusk nor at Preussisch-Eylau +and, when it joined the army in the field in the second half of the +campaign, was attached to Platov's division. + +Platov's division was acting independently of the main army. Several +times parts of the Pavlograd regiment had exchanged shots with the +enemy, had taken prisoners, and once had even captured Marshal +Oudinot's carriages. In April the Pavlograds were stationed +immovably for some weeks near a totally ruined and deserted German +village. + +A thaw had set in, it was muddy and cold, the ice on the river +broke, and the roads became impassable. For days neither provisions +for the men nor fodder for the horses had been issued. As no +transports could arrive, the men dispersed about the abandoned and +deserted villages, searching for potatoes, but found few even of +these. + +Everything had been eaten up and the inhabitants had all fled--if +any remained, they were worse than beggars and nothing more could be +taken from them; even the soldiers, usually pitiless enough, instead +of taking anything from them, often gave them the last of their +rations. + +The Pavlograd regiment had had only two men wounded in action, but +had lost nearly half its men from hunger and sickness. In the +hospitals, death was so certain that soldiers suffering from fever, or +the swelling that came from bad food, preferred to remain on duty, and +hardly able to drag their legs went to the front rather than to the +hospitals. When spring came on, the soldiers found a plant just +showing out of the ground that looked like asparagus, which, for +some reason, they called "Mashka's sweet root." It was very bitter, +but they wandered about the fields seeking it and dug it out with +their sabers and ate it, though they were ordered not to do so, as +it was a noxious plant. That spring a new disease broke +out among the soldiers, a swelling of the arms, legs, and face, +which the doctors attributed to eating this root. But in spite of +all this, the soldiers of Denisov's squadron fed chiefly on +"Mashka's sweet root," because it was the second week that the last of +the biscuits were being doled out at the rate of half a pound a man +and the last potatoes received had sprouted and frozen. + +The horses also had been fed for a fortnight on straw from the +thatched roofs and had become terribly thin, though still covered with +tufts of felty winter hair. + +Despite this destitution, the soldiers and officers went on living +just as usual. Despite their pale swollen faces and tattered uniforms, +the hussars formed line for roll call, kept things in order, groomed +their horses, polished their arms, brought in straw from the +thatched roofs in place of fodder, and sat down to dine round the +caldrons from which they rose up hungry, joking about their nasty food +and their hunger. As usual, in their spare time, they lit bonfires, +steamed themselves before them naked; smoked, picked out and baked +sprouting rotten potatoes, told and listened to stories of +Potemkin's and Suvorov's campaigns, or to legends of Alesha the Sly, +or the priest's laborer Mikolka. + +The officers, as usual, lived in twos and threes in the roofless, +half-ruined houses. The seniors tried to collect straw and potatoes +and, in general, food for the men. The younger ones occupied +themselves as before, some playing cards (there was plenty of money, +though there was no food), some with more innocent games, such as +quoits and skittles. The general trend of the campaign was rarely +spoken of, partly because nothing certain was known about it, partly +because there was a vague feeling that in the main it was going badly. + +Rostov lived, as before, with Denisov, and since their furlough they +had become more friendly than ever. Denisov never spoke of Rostov's +family, but by the tender friendship his commander showed him, +Rostov felt that the elder hussar's luckless love for Natasha played a +part in strengthening their friendship. Denisov evidently tried to +expose Rostov to danger as seldom as possible, and after an action +greeted his safe return with evident joy. On one of his foraging +expeditions, in a deserted and ruined village to which he had come +in search of provisions, Rostov found a family consisting of an old +Pole and his daughter with an infant in arms. They were half clad, +hungry, too weak to get away on foot and had no means of obtaining a +conveyance. Rostov brought them to his quarters, placed them in his +own lodging, and kept them for some weeks while the old man was +recovering. One of his comrades, talking of women, began chaffing +Rostov, saying that he was more wily than any of them and that it +would not be a bad thing if he introduced to them the pretty Polish +girl he had saved. Rostov took the joke as an insult, flared up, and +said such unpleasant things to the officer that it was all Denisov +could do to prevent a duel. When the officer had gone away, Denisov, +who did not himself know what Rostov's relations with the Polish +girl might be, began to upbraid him for his quickness of temper, and +Rostov replied: + +"Say what you like.... She is like a sister to me, and I can't +tell you how it offended me... because... well, for that reason...." + +Denisov patted him on the shoulder and began rapidly pacing the room +without looking at Rostov, as was his way at moments of deep feeling. + +"Ah, what a mad bweed you Wostovs are!" he muttered, and Rostov +noticed tears in his eyes. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +In April the troops were enlivened by news of the Emperor's arrival, +but Rostov had no chance of being present at the review he held at +Bartenstein, as the Pavlograds were at the outposts far beyond that +place. + +They were bivouacking. Denisov and Rostov were living in an earth +hut, dug out for them by the soldiers and roofed with branches and +turf. The hut was made in the following manner, which had then come +into vogue. A trench was dug three and a half feet wide, four feet +eight inches deep, and eight feet long. At one end of the trench, +steps were cut out and these formed the entrance and vestibule. The +trench itself was the room, in which the lucky ones, such as the +squadron commander, had a board, lying on piles at the end opposite +the entrance, to serve as a table. On each side of the trench, the +earth was cut out to a breadth of about two and a half feet, and +this did duty for bedsteads and couches. The roof was so constructed +that one could stand up in the middle of the trench and could even sit +up on the beds if one drew close to the table. Denisov, who was living +luxuriously because the soldiers of his squadron liked him, had also a +board in the roof at the farther end, with a piece of (broken but +mended) glass in it for a window. When it was very cold, embers from +the soldiers' campfire were placed on a bent sheet of iron on the +steps in the "reception room"--as Denisov called that part of the hut- +and it was then so warm that the officers, of whom there were always +some with Denisov and Rostov, sat in their shirt sleeves. + +In April, Rostov was on orderly duty. One morning, between seven and +eight, returning after a sleepless night, he sent for embers, +changed his rain-soaked underclothes, said his prayers, drank tea, got +warm, then tidied up the things on the table and in his own corner, +and, his face glowing from exposure to the wind and with nothing on +but his shirt, lay down on his back, putting his arms under his +head. He was pleasantly considering the probability of being +promoted in a few days for his last reconnoitering expedition, and +was awaiting Denisov, who had gone out somewhere and with whom he +wanted a talk. + +Suddenly he heard Denisov shouting in a vibrating voice behind the +hut, evidently much excited. Rostov moved to the window to see whom he +was speaking to, and saw the quartermaster, Topcheenko. + +"I ordered you not to let them eat that Mashka woot stuff!" Denisov +was shouting. "And I saw with my own eyes how Lazarchuk bwought some +fwom the fields." + +"I have given the order again and again, your honor, but they +don't obey," answered the quartermaster. + +Rostov lay down again on his bed and thought complacently: "Let +him fuss and bustle now, my job's done and I'm lying down--capitally!" +He could hear that Lavrushka--that sly, bold orderly of Denisov's--was +talking, as well as the quartermaster. Lavrushka was saying +something about loaded wagons, biscuits, and oxen he had seen when +he had gone out for provisions. + +Then Denisov's voice was heard shouting farther and farther away. +"Saddle! Second platoon!" + +"Where are they off to now?" thought Rostov. + +Five minutes later, Denisov came into the hut, climbed with muddy +boots on the bed, lit his pipe, furiously scattered his things +about, took his leaded whip, buckled on his saber, and went out again. +In answer to Rostov's inquiry where he was going, he answered +vaguely and crossly that he had some business. + +"Let God and our gweat monarch judge me afterwards!" said Denisov +going out, and Rostov heard the hoofs of several horses splashing +through the mud. He did not even trouble to find out where Denisov had +gone. Having got warm in his corner, he fell asleep and did not +leave the hut till toward evening. Denisov had not yet returned. The +weather had cleared up, and near the next hut two officers and a cadet +were playing svayka, laughing as they threw their missiles which +buried themselves in the soft mud. Rostov joined them. In the middle +of the game, the officers saw some wagons approaching with fifteen +hussars on their skinny horses behind them. The wagons escorted by the +hussars drew up to the picket ropes and a crowd of hussars +surrounded them. + +"There now, Denisov has been worrying," said Rostov, "and here are +the provisions." + +"So they are!" said the officers. "Won't the soldiers be glad!" + +A little behind the hussars came Denisov, accompanied by two +infantry officers with whom he was talking. + +Rostov went to meet them. + +"I warn you, Captain," one of the officers, a short thin man, + +evidently very angry, was saying. + +"Haven't I told you I won't give them up?" replied Denisov. + +"You will answer for it, Captain. It is mutiny--seizing the +transport of one's own army. Our men have had nothing to eat for two +days." + +"And mine have had nothing for two weeks," said Denisov. + +"It is robbery! You'll answer for it, sir!" said the infantry +officer, raising his voice. + +"Now, what are you pestewing me for?" cried Denisov, suddenly losing +his temper. "I shall answer for it and not you, and you'd better not +buzz about here till you get hurt. Be off! Go!" he shouted at the +officers. + +"Very well, then!" shouted the little officer, undaunted and not +riding away. "If you are determined to rob, I'll..." + +"Go to the devil! quick ma'ch, while you're safe and sound!" and +Denisov turned his horse on the officer. + +"Very well, very well!" muttered the officer, threateningly, and +turning his horse he trotted away, jolting in his saddle. + +"A dog astwide a fence! A weal dog astwide a fence!" shouted Denisov +after him (the most insulting expression a cavalryman can address to a +mounted infantryman) and riding up to Rostov, he burst out laughing. + +"I've taken twansports from the infantwy by force!" he said. +"After all, can't let our men starve." + +The wagons that had reached the hussars had been consigned to an +infantry regiment, but learning from Lavrushka that the transport +was unescorted, Denisov with his hussars had seized it by force. The +soldiers had biscuits dealt out to them freely, and they even shared +them with the other squadrons. + +The next day the regimental commander sent for Denisov, and +holding his fingers spread out before his eyes said: + +"This is how I look at this affair: I know nothing about it and +won't begin proceedings, but I advise you to ride over to the staff +and settle the business there in the commissariat department and if +possible sign a receipt for such and such stores received. If not, +as the demand was booked against an infantry regiment, there will be a +row and the affair may end badly." + +From the regimental commander's, Denisov rode straight to the +staff with a sincere desire to act on this advice. In the evening he +came back to his dugout in a state such as Rostov had never yet seen +him in. Denisov could not speak and gasped for breath. When Rostov +asked what was the matter, he only uttered some incoherent oaths and +threats in a hoarse, feeble voice. + +Alarmed at Denisov's condition, Rostov suggested that he should +undress, drink some water, and send for the doctor. + +"Twy me for wobbewy... oh! Some more water... Let them twy me, but +I'll always thwash scoundwels... and I'll tell the Empewo'... +Ice..." he muttered. + +The regimental doctor, when he came, said it was absolutely +necessary to bleed Denisov. A deep saucer of black blood was taken +from his hairy arm and only then was he able to relate what had +happened to him. + +"I get there," began Denisov. "'Now then, where's your chief's +quarters?' They were pointed out. 'Please to wait.' 'I've widden +twenty miles and have duties to attend to and no time to wait. +Announce me.' Vewy well, so out comes their head chief--also took it +into his head to lecture me: 'It's wobbewy!'--'Wobbewy,' I say, 'is +not done by man who seizes pwovisions to feed his soldiers, but by him +who takes them to fill his own pockets!' 'Will you please be +silent?' 'Vewy good!' Then he says: 'Go and give a weceipt to the +commissioner, but your affair will be passed on to headquarters.' I go +to the commissioner. I enter, and at the table... who do you think? +No, but wait a bit!... Who is it that's starving us?" shouted Denisov, +hitting the table with the fist of his newly bled arm so violently +that the table nearly broke down and the tumblers on it jumped +about. "Telyanin! 'What? So it's you who's starving us to death! Is +it? Take this and this!' and I hit him so pat, stwaight on his +snout... 'Ah, what a... what...!' and I sta'ted fwashing him... +Well, I've had a bit of fun I can tell you!" cried Denisov, gleeful +and yet angry, his showing under his black mustache. "I'd have +killed him if they hadn't taken him away!" + +"But what are you shouting for? Calm yourself," said Rostov. "You've +set your arm bleeding afresh. Wait, we must tie it up again." + +Denisov was bandaged up again and put to bed. Next day he woke +calm and cheerful. + +But at noon the adjutant of the regiment came into Rostov's and +Denisov's dugout with a grave and serious face and regretfully +showed them a paper addressed to Major Denisov from the regimental +commander in which inquiries were made about yesterday's occurrence. +The adjutant told them that the affair was likely to take a very bad +turn: that a court-martial had been appointed, and that in view of the +severity with which marauding and insubordination were now regarded, +degradation to the ranks would be the best that could be hoped for. + +The case, as represented by the offended parties, was that, after +seizing the transports, Major Denisov, being drunk, went to the +chief quartermaster and without any provocation called him a thief, +threatened to strike him, and on being led out had rushed into the +office and given two officials a thrashing, and dislocated the arm +of one of them. + +In answer to Rostov's renewed questions, Denisov said, laughing, +that he thought he remembered that some other fellow had got mixed +up in it, but that it was all nonsense and rubbish, and he did not +in the least fear any kind of trial, and that if those scoundrels +dared attack him he would give them an answer that they would not +easily forget. + +Denisov spoke contemptuously of the whole matter, but Rostov knew +him too well not to detect that (while hiding it from others) at heart +he feared a court-martial and was worried over the affair, which was +evidently taking a bad turn. Every day, letters of inquiry and notices +from the court arrived, and on the first of May, Denisov was ordered +to hand the squadron over to the next in seniority and appear before +the staff of his division to explain his violence at the +commissariat office. On the previous day Platov reconnoitered with two +Cossack regiments and two squadrons of hussars. Denisov, as was his +wont, rode out in front of the outposts, parading his courage. A +bullet fired by a French sharpshooter hit him in the fleshy part of +his leg. Perhaps at another time Denisov would not have left the +regiment for so slight a wound, but now he took advantage of it to +excuse himself from appearing at the staff and went into hospital. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +In June the battle of Friedland was fought, in which the +Pavlograds did not take part, and after that an armistice was +proclaimed. Rostov, who felt his friend's absence very much, having no +news of him since he left and feeling very anxious about his wound and +the progress of his affairs, took advantage of the armistice to get +leave to visit Denisov in hospital. + +The hospital was in a small Prussian town that had been twice +devastated by Russian and French troops. Because it was summer, when +it is so beautiful out in the fields, the little town presented a +particularly dismal appearance with its broken roofs and fences, its +foul streets, tattered inhabitants, and the sick and drunken +soldiers wandering about. + +The hospital was in a brick building with some of the window +frames and panes broken and a courtyard surrounded by the remains of a +wooden fence that had been pulled to pieces. Several bandaged +soldiers, with pale swollen faces, were sitting or walking about in +the sunshine in the yard. + +Directly Rostov entered the door he was enveloped by a smell of +putrefaction and hospital air. On the stairs he met a Russian army +doctor smoking a cigar. The doctor was followed by a Russian +assistant. + +"I can't tear myself to pieces," the doctor was saying. "Come to +Makar Alexeevich in the evening. I shall be there." + +The assistant asked some further questions. + +"Oh, do the best you can! Isn't it all the same?" The doctor noticed +Rostov coming upstairs. + +"What do you want, sir?" said the doctor. "What do you want? The +bullets having spared you, do you want to try typhus? This is a +pesthouse, sir." + +"How so?" asked Rostov. + +"Typhus, sir. It's death to go in. Only we two, Makeev and I" (he +pointed to the assistant), "keep on here. Some five of us doctors have +died in this place.... When a new one comes he is done for in a week," +said the doctor with evident satisfaction. "Prussian doctors have been +invited here, but our allies don't like it at all." + +Rostov explained that he wanted to see Major Denisov of the hussars, +who was wounded. + +"I don't know. I can't tell you, sir. Only think! I am alone in +charge of three hospitals with more than four hundred patients! It's +well that the charitable Prussian ladies send us two pounds of +coffee and some lint each month or we should be lost!" he laughed. +"Four hundred, sir, and they're always sending me fresh ones. There +are four hundred? Eh?" he asked, turning to the assistant. + +The assistant looked fagged out. He was evidently vexed and +impatient for the talkative doctor to go. + +"Major Denisov," Rostov said again. "He was wounded at Molliten." + +"Dead, I fancy. Eh, Makeev?" queried the doctor, in a tone of +indifference. + +The assistant, however, did not confirm the doctor's words. + +"Is he tall and with reddish hair?" asked the doctor. + +Rostov described Denisov's appearance. + +"There was one like that," said the doctor, as if pleased. "That one +is dead, I fancy. However, I'll look up our list. We had a list. +Have you got it, Makeev?" + +"Makar Alexeevich has the list," answered the assistant. "But if +you'll step into the officers' wards you'll see for yourself," he +added, turning to Rostov. + +"Ah, you'd better not go, sir," said the doctor, "or you may have to +stay here yourself." + +But Rostov bowed himself away from the doctor and asked the +assistant to show him the way. + +"Only don't blame me!" the doctor shouted up after him. + +Rostov and the assistant went into the dark corridor. The smell +was so strong there that Rostov held his nose and had to pause and +collect his strength before he could go on. A door opened to the +right, and an emaciated sallow man on crutches, barefoot and in +underclothing, limped out and, leaning against the doorpost, looked +with glittering envious eyes at those who were passing. Glancing in at +the door, Rostov saw that the sick and wounded were lying on the floor +on straw and overcoats. + +"May I go in and look?" + +"What is there to see?" said the assistant. + +But, just because the assistant evidently did not want him to go in, +Rostov entered the soldiers' ward. The foul air, to which he had +already begun to get used in the corridor, was still stronger here. It +was a little different, more pungent, and one felt that this was where +it originated. + +In the long room, brightly lit up by the sun through the large +windows, the sick and wounded lay in two rows with their heads to +the walls, and leaving a passage in the middle. Most of them were +unconscious and paid no attention to the newcomers. Those who were +conscious raised themselves or lifted their thin yellow faces, and all +looked intently at Rostov with the same expression of hope, of relief, +reproach, and envy of another's health. Rostov went to the middle of +the room and looking through the open doors into the two adjoining +rooms saw the same thing there. He stood still, looking silently +around. He had not at all expected such a sight. Just before him, +almost across the middle of the passage on the bare floor, lay a +sick man, probably a Cossack to judge by the cut of his hair. The +man lay on his back, his huge arms and legs outstretched. His face was +purple, his eyes were rolled back so that only the whites were seen, +and on his bare legs and arms which were still red, the veins stood +out like cords. He was knocking the back of his head against the +floor, hoarsely uttering some word which he kept repeating. Rostov +listened and made out the word. It was "drink, drink, a drink!" Rostov +glanced round, looking for someone who would put this man back in +his place and bring him water. + +"Who looks after the sick here?" he asked the assistant. + +Just then a commissariat soldier, a hospital orderly, came in from +the next room, marching stiffly, and drew up in front of Rostov. + +"Good day, your honor!" he shouted, rolling his eyes at Rostov and +evidently mistaking him for one of the hospital authorities. + +"Get him to his place and give him some water," said Rostov, +pointing to the Cossack. + +"Yes, your honor," the soldier replied complacently, and rolling his +eyes more than ever he drew himself up still straighter, but did not +move. + +"No, it's impossible to do anything here," thought Rostov, +lowering his eyes, and he was going out, but became aware of an +intense look fixed on him on his right, and he turned. Close to the +corner, on an overcoat, sat an old, unshaven, gray-bearded soldier +as thin as a skeleton, with a stern sallow face and eyes intently +fixed on Rostov. The man's neighbor on one side whispered something to +him, pointing at Rostov, who noticed that the old man wanted to +speak to him. He drew nearer and saw that the old man had only one leg +bent under him, the other had been amputated above the knee. His +neighbor on the other side, who lay motionless some distance from +him with his head thrown back, was a young soldier with a snub nose. +His pale waxen face was still freckled and his eyes were rolled +back. Rostov looked at the young soldier and a cold chill ran down his +back. + +"Why, this one seems..." he began, turning to the assistant. + +"And how we've been begging, your honor," said the old soldier, +his jaw quivering. "He's been dead since morning. After all we're men, +not dogs." + +"I'll send someone at once. He shall be taken away--taken away at +once," said the assistant hurriedly. "Let us go, your honor." + +"Yes, yes, let us go," said Rostov hastily, and lowering his eyes +and shrinking, he tried to pass unnoticed between the rows of +reproachful envious eyes that were fixed upon him, and went out of the +room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Going along the corridor, the assistant led Rostov to the +officers' wards, consisting of three rooms, the doors of which stood +open. There were beds in these rooms and the sick and wounded officers +were lying or sitting on them. Some were walking about the rooms in +hospital dressing gowns. The first person Rostov met in the +officers' ward was a thin little man with one arm, who was walking +about the first room in a nightcap and hospital dressing gown, with +a pipe between his teeth. Rostov looked at him, trying to remember +where he had seen him before. + +"See where we've met again!" said the little man. "Tushin, Tushin, +don't you remember, who gave you a lift at Schon Grabern? And I've had +a bit cut off, you see..." he went on with a smile, pointing to the +empty sleeve of his dressing gown. "Looking for Vasili Dmitrich +Denisov? My neighbor," he added, when he heard who Rostov wanted. +"Here, here," and Tushin led him into the next room, from whence +came sounds of several laughing voices. + +"How can they laugh, or even live at all here?" thought Rostov, +still aware of that smell of decomposing flesh that had been so strong +in the soldiers' ward, and still seeming to see fixed on him those +envious looks which had followed him out from both sides, and the face +of that young soldier with eyes rolled back. + +Denisov lay asleep on his bed with his head under the blanket, +though it was nearly noon. + +"Ah, Wostov? How are you, how are you?" he called out, still in +the same voice as in the regiment, but Rostov noticed sadly that under +this habitual ease and animation some new, sinister, hidden feeling +showed itself in the expression of Denisov's face and the +intonations of his voice. + +His wound, though a slight one, had not yet healed even now, six +weeks after he had been hit. His face had the same swollen pallor as +the faces of the other hospital patients, but it was not this that +struck Rostov. What struck him was that Denisov did not seem glad to +see him, and smiled at him unnaturally. He did not ask about the +regiment, nor about the general state of affairs, and when Rostov +spoke of these matters did not listen. + +Rostov even noticed that Denisov did not like to be reminded of +the regiment, or in general of that other free life which was going on +outside the hospital. He seemed to try to forget that old life and was +only interested in the affair with the commissariat officers. On +Rostov's inquiry as to how the matter stood, he at once produced +from under his pillow a paper he had received from the commission +and the rough draft of his answer to it. He became animated when he +began reading his paper and specially drew Rostov's attention to the +stinging rejoinders he made to his enemies. His hospital companions, +who had gathered round Rostov--a fresh arrival from the world outside- +gradually began to disperse as soon as Denisov began reading his +answer. Rostov noticed by their faces that all those gentlemen had +already heard that story more than once and were tired of it. Only the +man who had the next bed, a stout Uhlan, continued to sit on his +bed, gloomily frowning and smoking a pipe, and little one-armed Tushin +still listened, shaking his head disapprovingly. In the middle of +the reading, the Uhlan interrupted Denisov. + +"But what I say is," he said, turning to Rostov, "it would be best +simply to petition the Emperor for pardon. They say great rewards will +now be distributed, and surely a pardon would be granted...." + +"Me petition the Empewo'!" exclaimed Denisov, in a voice to which he +tried hard to give the old energy and fire, but which sounded like +an expression of irritable impotence. "What for? If I were a wobber +I would ask mercy, but I'm being court-martialed for bwinging +wobbers to book. Let them twy me, I'm not afwaid of anyone. I've +served the Tsar and my countwy honowably and have not stolen! And am I +to be degwaded?... Listen, I'm w'iting to them stwaight. This is +what I say: 'If I had wobbed the Tweasuwy...'" + +"It's certainly well written," said Tushin, "but that's not the +point, Vasili Dmitrich," and he also turned to Rostov. "One has to +submit, and Vasili Dmitrich doesn't want to. You know the auditor told +you it was a bad business." + +"Well, let it be bad," said Denisov. + +"The auditor wrote out a petition for you," continued Tushin, "and +you ought to sign it and ask this gentleman to take it. No doubt he" +(indicating Rostov) "has connections on the staff. You won't find a +better opportunity." + +"Haven't I said I'm not going to gwovel?" Denisov interrupted him, +went on reading his paper. + +Rostov had not the courage to persuade Denisov, though he +instinctively felt that the way advised by Tushin and the other +officers was the safest, and though he would have been glad to be of +service to Denisov. He knew his stubborn will and straightforward +hasty temper. + +When the reading of Denisov's virulent reply, which took more than +an hour, was over, Rostov said nothing, and he spent the rest of the +day in a most dejected state of mind amid Denisov's hospital comrades, +who had round him, telling them what he knew and listening to their +stories. Denisov was moodily silent all the evening. + +Late in the evening, when Rostov was about to leave, he asked +Denisov whether he had no commission for him. + +"Yes, wait a bit," said Denisov, glancing round at the officers, and +taking his papers from under his pillow he went to the window, where +he had an inkpot, and sat down to write. + +"It seems it's no use knocking one's head against a wall!" he +said, coming from the window and giving Rostov a large envelope. In it +was the petition to the Emperor drawn up by the auditor, in which +Denisov, without alluding to the offenses of the commissariat +officials, simply asked for pardon. + +"Hand it in. It seems..." + +He did not finish, but gave a painfully unnatural smile. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +Having returned to the regiment and told the commander the state +of Denisov's affairs, Rostov rode to Tilsit with the letter to the +Emperor. + +On the thirteenth of June the French and Russian Emperors arrived in +Tilsit. Boris Drubetskoy had asked the important personage on whom +he was in attendance, to include him in the suite appointed for the +stay at Tilsit. + +"I should like to see the great man," he said, alluding to Napoleon, +whom hitherto he, like everyone else, had always called Buonaparte. + +"You are speaking of Buonaparte?" asked the general, smiling. + + +Boris looked at his general inquiringly and immediately saw that +he was being tested. + +"I am speaking, Prince, of the Emperor Napoleon," he replied. The +general patted him on the shoulder, with a smile. + +"You will go far," he said, and took him to Tilsit with him. + +Boris was among the few present at the Niemen on the day the two +Emperors met. He saw the raft, decorated with monograms, saw +Napoleon pass before the French Guards on the farther bank of the +river, saw the pensive face of the Emperor Alexander as he sat in +silence in a tavern on the bank of the Niemen awaiting Napoleon's +arrival, saw both Emperors get into boats, and saw how Napoleon- +reaching the raft first--stepped quickly forward to meet Alexander and +held out his hand to him, and how they both retired into the pavilion. +Since he had begun to move in the highest circles Boris had made it +his habit to watch attentively all that went on around him and to note +it down. At the time of the meeting at Tilsit he asked the names of +those who had come with Napoleon and about the uniforms they wore, and +listened attentively to words spoken by important personages. At the +moment the Emperors went into the pavilion he looked at his watch, and +did not forget to look at it again when Alexander came out. The +interview had lasted an hour and fifty-three minutes. He noted this +down that same evening, among other facts he felt to be of historic +importance. As the Emperor's suite was a very small one, it was a +matter of great importance, for a man who valued his success in the +service, to be at Tilsit on the occasion of this interview between the +two Emperors, and having succeeded in this, Boris felt that henceforth +his position was fully assured. He had not only become known, but +people had grown accustomed to him and accepted him. Twice he had +executed commissions to the Emperor himself, so that the latter knew +his face, and all those at court, far from cold-shouldering him as +at first when they considered him a newcomer, would now have been +surprised had he been absent. + +Boris lodged with another adjutant, the Polish Count Zhilinski. +Zhilinski, a Pole brought up in Paris, was rich, and passionately fond +of the French, and almost every day of the stay at Tilsit, French +officers of the Guard and from French headquarters were dining and +lunching with him and Boris. + +On the evening of the twenty-fourth of June, Count Zhilinski +arranged a supper for his French friends. The guest of honor was an +aide-de-camp of Napoleon's, there were also several French officers of +the Guard, and a page of Napoleon's, a young lad of an old +aristocratic French family. That same day, Rostov, profiting by the +darkness to avoid being recognized in civilian dress, came to Tilsit +and went to the lodging occupied by Boris and Zhilinski. + +Rostov, in common with the whole army from which he came, was far +from having experienced the change of feeling toward Napoleon and +the French--who from being foes had suddenly become friends--that +had taken place at headquarters and in Boris. In the army, Bonaparte +and the French were still regarded with mingled feelings of anger, +contempt, and fear. Only recently, talking with one of Platov's +Cossack officers, Rostov had argued that if Napoleon were taken +prisoner he would be treated not as a sovereign, but as a criminal. +Quite lately, happening to meet a wounded French colonel on the +road, Rostov had maintained with heat that peace was impossible +between a legitimate sovereign and the criminal Bonaparte. Rostov +was therefore unpleasantly struck by the presence of French officers +in Boris' lodging, dressed in uniforms he had been accustomed to see +from quite a different point of view from the outposts of the flank. +As soon as he noticed a French officer, who thrust his head out of the +door, that warlike feeling of hostility which he always experienced at +the sight of the enemy suddenly seized him. He stopped at the +threshold and asked in Russian whether Drubetskoy lived there. +Boris, hearing a strange voice in the anteroom, came out to meet +him. An expression of annoyance showed itself for a moment on his face +on first recognizing Rostov. + +"Ah, it's you? Very glad, very glad to see you," he said, however, +coming toward him with a smile. But Rostov had noticed his first +impulse. + +"I've come at a bad time I think. I should not have come, but I have +business," he said coldly. + +"No, I only wonder how you managed to get away from your regiment. +Dans un moment je suis a vous,"* he said, answering someone who called +him. + + +*"In a minute I shall be at your disposal." + + +"I see I'm intruding," Rostov repeated. + +The look of annoyance had already disappeared from Boris' face: +having evidently reflected and decided how to act, he very quietly +took both Rostov's hands and led him into the next room. His eyes, +looking serenely and steadily at Rostov, seemed to be veiled by +something, as if screened by blue spectacles of conventionality. So it +seemed to Rostov. + +"Oh, come now! As if you could come at a wrong time!" said Boris, +and he led him into the room where the supper table was laid and +introduced him to his guests, explaining that he was not a civilian, +but an hussar officer, and an old friend of his. + +"Count Zhilinski--le Comte N. N.--le Capitaine S. S.," said he, +naming his guests. Rostov looked frowningly at the Frenchmen, bowed +reluctantly, and remained silent. + +Zhilinski evidently did not receive this new Russian person very +willingly into his circle and did not speak to Rostov. Boris did not +appear to notice the constraint the newcomer produced and, with the +same pleasant composure and the same veiled look in his eyes with +which he had met Rostov, tried to enliven the conversation. One of the +Frenchmen, with the politeness characteristic of his countrymen, +addressed the obstinately taciturn Rostov, saying that the latter +had probably come to Tilsit to see the Emperor. + +"No, I came on business," replied Rostov, briefly. + +Rostov had been out of humor from the moment he noticed the look +of dissatisfaction on Boris' face, and as always happens to those in a +bad humor, it seemed to him that everyone regarded him with aversion +and that he was in everybody's way. He really was in their way, for he +alone took no part in the conversation which again became general. The +looks the visitors cast on him seemed to say: "And what is he +sitting here for?" He rose and went up to Boris. + +"Anyhow, I'm in your way," he said in a low tone. "Come and talk +over my business and I'll go away." + +"Oh, no, not at all," said Boris. "But if you are tired, come and +lie down in my room and have a rest." + +"Yes, really..." + +They went into the little room where Boris slept. Rostov, without +sitting down, began at once, irritably (as if Boris were to blame in +some way) telling him about Denisov's affair, asking him whether, +through his general, he could and would intercede with the Emperor +on Denisov's behalf and get Denisov's petition handed in. When he +and Boris were alone, Rostov felt for the first time that he could not +look Boris in the face without a sense of awkwardness. Boris, with one +leg crossed over the other and stroking his left hand with the slender +fingers of his right, listened to Rostov as a general listens to the +report of a subordinate, now looking aside and now gazing straight +into Rostov's eyes with the same veiled look. Each time this +happened Rostov felt uncomfortable and cast down his eyes. + +"I have heard of such cases and know that His Majesty is very severe +in such affairs. I think it would be best not to bring it before the +Emperor, but to apply to the commander of the corps.... But in +general, I think..." + +"So you don't want to do anything? Well then, say so!" Rostov almost +shouted, not looking Boris in the face. + +Boris smiled. + +"On the contrary, I will do what I can. Only I thought..." + +At that moment Zhilinski's voice was heard calling Boris. + +"Well then, go, go, go..." said Rostov, and refusing supper and +remaining alone in the little room, he walked up and down for a long +time, hearing the lighthearted French conversation from the next room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +Rostov had come to Tilsit the day least suitable for a petition on +Denisov's behalf. He could not himself go to the general in attendance +as he was in mufti and had come to Tilsit without permission to do so, +and Boris, even had he wished to, could not have done so on the +following day. On that day, June 27, the preliminaries of peace were +signed. The Emperors exchanged decorations: Alexander received the +Cross of the Legion of Honor and Napoleon the Order of St. Andrew of +the First Degree, and a dinner had been arranged for the evening, +given by a battalion of the French Guards to the Preobrazhensk +battalion. The Emperors were to be present at that banquet. + +Rostov felt so ill at ease and uncomfortable with Boris that, when +the latter looked in after supper, he pretended to be asleep, and +early next morning went away, avoiding Boris. In his civilian +clothes and a round hat, he wandered about the town, staring at the +French and their uniforms and at the streets and houses where the +Russian and French Emperors were staying. In a square he saw tables +being set up and preparations made for the dinner; he saw the +Russian and French colors draped from side to side of the streets, +with hugh monograms A and N. In the windows of the houses also flags +and bunting were displayed. + +"Boris doesn't want to help me and I don't want to ask him. That's +settled," thought Nicholas. "All is over between us, but I won't leave +here without having done all I can for Denisov and certainly not +without getting his letter to the Emperor. The Emperor!... He is +here!" thought Rostov, who had unconsciously returned to the house +where Alexander lodged. + +Saddled horses were standing before the house and the suite were +assembling, evidently preparing for the Emperor to come out. + +"I may see him at any moment," thought Rostov. "If only I were to +hand the letter direct to him and tell him all... could they really +arrest me for my civilian clothes? Surely not! He would understand +on whose side justice lies. He understands everything, knows +everything. Who can be more just, more magnanimous than he? And even +if they did arrest me for being here, what would it matter?" thought +he, looking at an officer who was entering the house the Emperor +occupied. "After all, people do go in.... It's all nonsense! I'll go +in and hand the letter to the Emperor myself so much the worse for +Drubetskoy who drives me to it!" And suddenly with a determination +he himself did not expect, Rostov felt for the letter in his pocket +and went straight to the house. + +"No, I won't miss my opportunity now, as I did after Austerlitz," he +thought, expecting every moment to meet the monarch, and conscious +of the blood that rushed to his heart at the thought. "I will fall +at his feet and beseech him. He will lift me up, will listen, and will +even thank me. 'I am happy when I can do good, but to remedy injustice +is the greatest happiness,'" Rostov fancied the sovereign saying. +And passing people who looked after him with curiosity, he entered the +porch of the Emperor's house. + +A broad staircase led straight up from the entry, and to the right +he saw a closed door. Below, under the staircase, was a door leading +to the lower floor. + +"Whom do you want?" someone inquired. + +"To hand in a letter, a petition, to His Majesty," said Nicholas, +with a tremor in his voice. + +"A petition? This way, to the officer on duty" (he was +shown the door leading downstairs), "only it won't be accepted." + +On hearing this indifferent voice, Rostov grew frightened at what he +was doing; the thought of meeting the Emperor at any moment was so +fascinating and consequently so alarming that he was ready to run +away, but the official who had questioned him opened the door, and +Rostov entered. + +A short stout man of about thirty, in white breeches and high +boots and a batiste shirt that he had evidently only just put on, +standing in that room, and his valet was buttoning on to the back of +his breeches a new pair of handsome silk-embroidered braces that, +for some reason, attracted Rostov's attention. This man was was +speaking to someone in the adjoining room. + +"A good figure and in her first bloom," he was saying, but on seeing +Rostov, he stopped short and frowned. + +"What is it? A petition?" + +"What is it?" asked the person in the other room. + +"Another petitioner," answered the man with the braces. + +"Tell him to come later. He'll be coming out directly, we must go." + +"Later... later! Tomorrow. It's too late..." + +Rostov turned and was about to go, but the man in the braces stopped +him. + +"Whom have you come from? Who are you?" + +"I come from Major Denisov," answered Rostov. + +"Are you an officer?" + +"Lieutenant Count Rostov." + +"What audacity! Hand it in through your commander. And go along with +you... go," and he continued to put on the uniform the valet handed +him. + +Rostov went back into the hall and noticed that in the porch there +were many officers and generals in full parade uniform, whom he had to +pass. + +Cursing his temerity, his heart sinking at the thought of finding +himself at any moment face to face with the Emperor and being put to +shame and arrested in his presence, fully alive now to the impropriety +of his conduct and repenting of it, Rostov, with downcast eyes, was +making his way out of the house through the brilliant suite when a +familiar voice called him and a hand detained him. + +"What are you doing here, sir, in civilian dress?" asked a deep +voice. + +It was a cavalry general who had obtained the Emperor's special +favor during this campaign, and who had formerly commanded the +division in which Rostov was serving. + +Rostov, in dismay, began justifying himself, but seeing the +kindly, jocular face of the general, he took him aside and in an +excited voice told him the whole affair, asking him to intercede for +Denisov, whom the general knew. Having heard Rostov to the end, the +general shook his head gravely. + +"I'm sorry, sorry for that fine fellow. Give me the letter." + +Hardly had Rostov handed him the letter and finished explaining +Denisov's case, when hasty steps and the jingling of spurs were +heard on the stairs, and the general, leaving him, went to the +porch. The gentlemen of the Emperor's suite ran down the stairs and +went to their horses. Hayne, the same groom who had been at +Austerlitz, led up the Emperor's horse, and the faint creak of a +footstep Rostov knew at once was heard on the stairs. Forgetting the +danger of being recognized, Rostov went close to the porch, together +with some inquisitive civilians, and again, after two years, saw those +features he adored: that same face and same look and step, and the +same union of majesty and mildness.... And the feeling of enthusiasm +and love for his sovereign rose again in Rostov's soul in all its +old force. In the uniform of the Preobrazhensk regiment--white +chamois-leather breeches and high boots--and wearing a star Rostov did +not know (it was that of the Legion d'honneur), the monarch came out +into the porch, putting on his gloves and carrying his hat under his +arm. He stopped and looked about him, brightening everything around by +his glance. He spoke a few words to some of the generals, and, +recognizing the former commander of Rostov's division, smiled and +beckoned to him. + +All the suite drew back and Rostov saw the general talking for +some time to the Emperor. + +The Emperor said a few words to him and took a step toward his +horse. Again the crowd of members of the suite and street gazers +(among whom was Rostov) moved nearer to the Emperor. Stopping beside +his horse, with his hand on the saddle, the Emperor turned to the +cavalry general and said in a loud voice, evidently wishing to be +heard by all: + +"I cannot do it, General. I cannot, because the law is stronger than +I," and he raised his foot to the stirrup. + +The general bowed his head respectfully, and the monarch mounted and +rode down the street at a gallop. Beside himself with enthusiasm, +Rostov ran after him with the crowd. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +The Emperor rode to the square where, facing one another, a +battalion of the Preobrazhensk regiment stood on the right and a +battalion of the French Guards in their bearskin caps on the left. + +As the Tsar rode up to one flank of the battalions, which +presented arms, another group of horsemen galloped up to the +opposite flank, and at the head of them Rostov recognized Napoleon. It +could be no one else. He came at a gallop, wearing a small hat, a blue +uniform open over a white vest, and the St. Andrew ribbon over his +shoulder. He was riding a very fine thoroughbred gray Arab horse +with a crimson gold-embroidered saddlecloth. On approaching +Alexander he raised his hat, and as he did so, Rostov, with his +cavalryman's eye, could not help noticing that Napoleon did not sit +well or firmly in the saddle. The battalions shouted "Hurrah!" and +"Vive l'Empereur!" Napoleon said something to Alexander, and both +Emperors dismounted and took each other's hands. Napoleon's face +wore an unpleasant and artificial smile. Alexander was saying +something affable to him. + +In spite of the trampling of the French gendarmes' horses, which +were pushing back the crowd, Rostov kept his eyes on every movement of +Alexander and Bonaparte. It struck him as a surprise that Alexander +treated Bonaparte as an equal and that the latter was quite at ease +with the Tsar, as if such relations with an Emperor were an everyday +matter to him. + +Alexander and Napoleon, with the long train of their suites, +approached the right flank of the Preobrazhensk battalion and came +straight up to the crowd standing there. The crowd unexpectedly +found itself so close to the Emperors that Rostov, standing in the +front row, was afraid he might be recognized. + +"Sire, I ask your permission to present the Legion of Honor to the +bravest of your soldiers," said a sharp, precise voice, articulating +every letter. + +This was said by the undersized Napoleon, looking up straight into +Alexander's eyes. Alexander listened attentively to what was said to +him and, bending his head, smiled pleasantly. + +"To him who has borne himself most bravely in this last war," +added Napoleon, accentuating each syllable, as with a composure and +assurance exasperating to Rostov, he ran his eyes over the Russian +ranks drawn up before him, who all presented arms with their eyes +fixed on their Emperor. + +"Will Your Majesty allow me to consult the colonel?" said +Alexander and took a few hasty steps toward Prince Kozlovski, the +commander of the battalion. + +Bonaparte meanwhile began taking the glove off his small white hand, +tore it in doing so, and threw it away. An aide-de-camp behind him +rushed forward and picked it up. + +"To whom shall it be given?" the Emperor Alexander asked +Koslovski, in Russian in a low voice. + +"To whomever Your Majesty commands." + +The Emperor knit his brows with dissatisfaction and, glancing +back, remarked: + +"But we must give him an answer." + +Kozlovski scanned the ranks resolutely and included Rostov in his +scrutiny. + +"Can it be me?" thought Rostov. + +"Lazarev!" the colonel called, with a frown, and Lazarev, the +first soldier in the rank, stepped briskly forward. + +"Where are you off to? Stop here!" voices whispered to Lazarev who +did not know where to go. Lazarev stopped, casting a sidelong look +at his colonel in alarm. His face twitched, as often happens to +soldiers called before the ranks. + +Napoleon slightly turned his head, and put his plump little hand out +behind him as if to take something. The members of his suite, guessing +at once what he wanted, moved about and whispered as they passed +something from one to another, and a page--the same one Rostov had +seen the previous evening at Boris'--ran forward and, bowing +respectfully over the outstretched hand and not keeping it waiting a +moment, laid in it an Order on a red ribbon. Napoleon, without +looking, pressed two fingers together and the badge was between +them. Then he approached Lazarev (who rolled his eyes and persistently +gazed at his own monarch), looked round at the Emperor Alexander to +imply that what he was now doing was done for the sake of his ally, +and the small white hand holding the Order touched one of Lazarev's +buttons. It was as if Napoleon knew that it was only necessary for his +hand to deign to touch that soldier's breast for the soldier to be +forever happy, rewarded, and distinguished from everyone else in the +world. Napoleon merely laid the cross on Lazarev's breast and, +dropping his hand, turned toward Alexander as though sure that the +cross would adhere there. And it really did. + +Officious hands, Russian and French, immediately seized the cross +and fastened it to the uniform. Lazarev glanced morosely at the little +man with white hands who was doing something to him and, still +standing motionless presenting arms, looked again straight into +Alexander's eyes, as if asking whether he should stand there, or go +away, or do something else. But receiving no orders, he remained for +some time in that rigid position. + +The Emperors remounted and rode away. The Preobrazhensk battalion, +breaking rank, mingled with the French Guards and sat down at the +tables prepared for them. + +Lazarev sat in the place of honor. Russian and French officers +embraced him, congratulated him, and pressed his hands. Crowds of +officers and civilians drew near merely to see him. A rumble of +Russian and French voices and laughter filled the air round the tables +in the square. Two officers with flushed faces, looking cheerful and +happy, passed by Rostov. + +"What d'you think of the treat? All on silver plate," one of them +was saying. "Have you seen Lazarev?" + +"I have." + +"Tomorrow, I hear, the Preobrazhenskis will give them a dinner." + +"Yes, but what luck for Lazarev! Twelve hundred francs' pension +for life." + +"Here's a cap, lads!" shouted a Preobrazhensk soldier, donning a +shaggy French cap. + +"It's a fine thing! First-rate!" + +"Have you heard the password?" asked one Guards' officer of another. +"The day before yesterday it was 'Napoleon, France, bravoure'; +yesterday, 'Alexandre, Russie, grandeur.' One day our Emperor gives it +and next day Napoleon. Tomorrow our Emperor will send a St. George's +Cross to the bravest of the French Guards. It has to be done. He +must respond in kind." + +Boris, too, with his friend Zhilinski, came to see the Preobrazhensk +banquet. On his way back, he noticed Rostov standing by the corner +of a house. + +"Rostov! How d'you do? We missed one another," he said, and could +not refrain from asking what was the matter, so strangely dismal and +troubled was Rostov's face. + +"Nothing, nothing," replied Rostov. + +"You'll call round?" + +"Yes, I will." + +Rostov stood at that corner for a long time, watching the feast from +a distance. In his mind, a painful process was going on +which he could not bring to a conclusion. Terrible doubts rose in +his soul. Now he remembered Denisov with his changed expression, his +submission, and the whole hospital, with arms and legs torn off and +its dirt and disease. So vividly did he recall that hospital stench of +dead flesh that he looked round to see where the smell came from. Next +he thought of that self-satisfied Bonaparte, with his small white +hand, who was now an Emperor, liked and respected by Alexander. Then +why those severed arms and legs and those dead men?... Then again he +thought of Lazarev rewarded and Denisov punished and unpardoned. He +caught himself harboring such strange thoughts that he was frightened. + +The smell of the food the Preobrazhenskis were eating and a sense of +hunger recalled him from these reflections; he had to get something to +eat before going away. He went to a hotel he had noticed that morning. +There he found so many people, among them officers who, like +himself, had come in civilian clothes, that he had difficulty in +getting a dinner. Two officers of his own division joined him. The +conversation naturally turned on the peace. The officers, his +comrades, like most of the army, were dissatisfied with the peace +concluded after the battle of Friedland. They said that had we held +out a little longer Napoleon would have been done for, as his troops +had neither provisions nor ammunition. Nicholas ate and drank (chiefly +the latter) in silence. He finished a couple of bottles of wine by +himself. The process in his mind went on tormenting him without +reaching a conclusion. He feared to give way to his thoughts, yet +could not get rid of them. Suddenly, on one of the officers' saying +that it was humiliating to look at the French, Rostov began shouting +with uncalled-for wrath, and therefore much to the surprise of the +officers: + +"How can you judge what's best?" he cried, the blood suddenly +rushing to his face. "How can you judge the Emperor's actions? What +right have we to argue? We cannot comprehend either the Emperor's or +his actions!" + +"But I never said a word about the Emperor!" said the officer, +justifying himself, and unable to understand Rostov's outburst, except +on the supposition that he was drunk. + +But Rostov did not listen to him. + +"We are not diplomatic officials, we are soldiers and nothing more," +he went on. "If we are ordered to die, we must die. If we're punished, +it means that we have deserved it, it's not for us to judge. If the +Emperor pleases to recognize Bonaparte as Emperor and to conclude an +alliance with him, it means that that is the right thing to do. If +once we begin judging and arguing about everything, nothing sacred +will be left! That way we shall be saying there is no God--nothing!" +shouted Nicholas, banging the table--very little to the point as it +seemed to his listeners, but quite relevantly to the course of his own +thoughts. + +"Our business is to do our duty, to fight and not to think! That's +all...." said he. + +"And to drink," said one of the officers, not wishing to quarrel. + +"Yes, and to drink," assented Nicholas. "Hullo there! Another +bottle!" he shouted. + +In 1808 the Emperor Alexander went to Erfurt for a fresh interview +with the Emperor Napoleon, and in the upper circles of Petersburg +there was much talk of the grandeur of this important meeting. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +In 1809 the intimacy between "the world's two arbiters," as Napoleon +and Alexander were called, was such that when Napoleon declared war on +Austria a Russian corps crossed the frontier to co-operate with our +old enemy Bonaparte against our old ally the Emperor of Austria, and +in court circles the possibility of marriage between Napoleon and +one of Alexander's sisters was spoken of. But besides considerations +of foreign policy, the attention of Russian society was at that time +keenly directed on the internal changes that were being undertaken +in all the departments of government. + +Life meanwhile--real life, with its essential interests of health +and sickness, toil and rest, and its intellectual interests in +thought, science, poetry, music, love, friendship, hatred, and +passions--went on as usual, independently of and apart from +political friendship or enmity with Napoleon Bonaparte and from all +the schemes of reconstruction. + + + + +BOOK SIX: 1808 --10 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Prince Andrew had spent two years continuously in the country. + +All the plans Pierre had attempted on his estates--and constantly +changing from one thing to another had never accomplished--were +carried out by Prince Andrew without display and without perceptible +difficulty. + +He had in the highest degree a practical tenacity which Pierre +lacked, and without fuss or strain on his part this set things going. + +On one of his estates the three hundred serfs were liberated and +became free agricultural laborers--this being one of the first +examples of the kind in Russia. On other estates the serfs' compulsory +labor was commuted for a quitrent. A trained midwife was engaged for +Bogucharovo at his expense, and a priest was paid to teach reading and +writing to the children of the peasants and household serfs. + +Prince Andrew spent half his time at Bald Hills with his father +and his son, who was still in the care of nurses. The other half he +spent in "Bogucharovo Cloister," as his father called Prince +Andrew's estate. Despite the indifference to the affairs of the +world he had expressed to Pierre, he diligently followed all that went +on, received many books, and to his surprise noticed that when he or +his father had visitors from Petersburg, the very vortex of life, +these people lagged behind himself--who never left the country--in +knowledge of what was happening in home and foreign affairs. + +Besides being occupied with his estates and reading a great +variety of books, Prince Andrew was at this time busy with a +critical of survey our last two unfortunate campaigns, and with +drawing up a proposal for a reform of the army rules and regulations. + +In the spring of 1809 he went to visit the Ryazan estates which +had been inherited by his son, whose guardian he was. + +Warmed by the spring sunshine he sat in the caleche looking at the +new grass, the first leaves on the birches, and the first puffs of +white spring clouds floating across the clear blue sky. He was not +thinking of anything, but looked absent-mindedly and cheerfully from +side to side. + +They crossed the ferry where he had talked with Pierre the year +before. They went through the muddy village, past threshing floors and +green fields of winter rye, downhill where snow still lodged near +the bridge, uphill where the clay had been liquefied by the rain, past +strips of stubble land and bushes touched with green here and there, +and into a birch forest growing on both sides of the road. In the +forest it was almost hot, no wind could be felt. The birches with +their sticky green leaves were motionless, and lilac-colored flowers +and the first blades of green grass were pushing up and lifting last +year's leaves. The coarse evergreen color of the small fir trees +scattered here and there among the birches was an unpleasant +reminder of winter. On entering the forest the horses began to snort +and sweated visibly. + +Peter the footman made some remark to the coachman; the latter +assented. But apparently the coachman's sympathy was not enough for +Peter, and he turned on the box toward his master. + +"How pleasant it is, your excellency!" he said with a respectful +smile. + +"What?" + +"It's pleasant, your excellency!" + +"What is he talking about?" thought Prince Andrew. "Oh, the +spring, I suppose," he thought as he turned round. "Yes, really +everything is green already.... How early! The birches and cherry +and alders too are coming out.... But the oaks show no sign yet. Ah, +here is one oak!" + + At the edge of the road stood an oak. Probably ten times the age of +the birches that formed the forest, it was ten times as thick and +twice as tall as they. It was an enormous tree, its girth twice as +great as a man could embrace, and evidently long ago some of its +branches had been broken off and its bark scarred. With its huge +ungainly limbs sprawling unsymmetrically, and its gnarled hands and +fingers, it stood an aged, stern, and scornful monster among the +smiling birch trees. Only the dead-looking evergreen firs dotted about +in the forest, and this oak, refused to yield to the charm of spring +or notice either the spring or the sunshine. + +"Spring, love, happiness!" this oak seemed to say. "Are you not +weary of that stupid, meaningless, constantly repeated fraud? Always +the same and always a fraud? There is no spring, no sun, no happiness! +Look at those cramped dead firs, ever the same, and at me too, +sticking out my broken and barked fingers just where they have +grown, whether from my back or my sides: as they have grown so I +stand, and I do not believe in your hopes and your lies." + +As he passed through the forest Prince Andrew turned several times +to look at that oak, as if expecting something from it. Under the oak, +too, were flowers and grass, but it stood among them scowling, +rigid, misshapen, and grim as ever. + +"Yes, the oak is right, a thousand times right," thought Prince +Andrew. "Let others--the young--yield afresh to that fraud, but we +know life, our life is finished!" + +A whole sequence of new thoughts, hopeless but mournfully +pleasant, rose in his soul in connection with that tree. During this +journey he, as it were, considered his life afresh and arrived at +his old conclusion, restful in its hopelessness: that it was not for +him to begin anything anew--but that he must live out his life, +content to do no harm, and not disturbing himself or desiring +anything. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +Prince Andrew had to see the Marshal of the Nobility for the +district in connection with the affairs of the Ryazan estate of +which he was trustee. This Marshal was Count Ilya Rostov, and in the +middle of May Prince Andrew went to visit him. + +It was now hot spring weather. The whole forest was already +clothed in green. It was dusty and so hot that on passing near water +one longed to bathe. + +Prince Andrew, depressed and preoccupied with the business about +which he had to speak to the Marshal, was driving up the avenue in the +grounds of the Rostovs' house at Otradnoe. He heard merry girlish +cries behind some trees on the right and saw a group of girls running to +cross the path of his caleche. Ahead of the rest and nearer to him ran +a dark-haired, remarkably slim, pretty girl in a yellow chintz +dress, with a white handkerchief on her head from under which loose +locks of hair escaped. The girl was shouting something but, seeing +that he was a stranger, ran back laughing without looking at him. + +Suddenly, he did not know why, he felt a pang. The day was so +beautiful, the sun so bright, everything around so gay, but that +slim pretty girl did not know, or wish to know, of his existence and +was contented and cheerful in her own separate--probably foolish- +but bright and happy life. "What is she so glad about? What is she +thinking of? Not of the military regulations or of the arrangement +of the Ryazan serfs' quitrents. Of what is she thinking? Why is she so +happy?" Prince Andrew asked himself with instinctive curiosity. + +In 1809 Count Ilya Rostov was living at Otradnoe just as he had done +in former years, that is, entertaining almost the whole province +with hunts, theatricals, dinners, and music. He was glad to see Prince +Andrew, as he was to see any new visitor, and insisted on his +staying the night. + +During the dull day, in the course of which he was entertained by +his elderly hosts and by the more important of the visitors (the old +count's house was crowded on account of an approaching name day), +Prince Andrew repeatedly glanced at Natasha, gay and laughing among +the younger members of the company, and asked himself each time, "What +is she thinking about? Why is she so glad?" + +That night, alone in new surroundings, he was long unable to +sleep. He read awhile and then put out his candle, but relit it. It +was hot in the room, the inside shutters of which were closed. He +was cross with the stupid old man (as he called Rostov), who had +made him stay by assuring him that some necessary documents had not +yet arrived from town, and he was vexed with himself for having +stayed. + +He got up and went to the window to open it. As soon as he opened +the shutters the moonlight, as if it had long been watching for +this, burst into the room. He opened the casement. The night was +fresh, bright, and very still. Just before the window was a row of +pollard trees, looking black on one side and with a silvery light on +the other. Beneath the trees grewsome kind of lush, wet, bushy +vegetation with silver-lit leaves and stems here and there. Farther +back beyond the dark trees a roof glittered with dew, to the right was +a leafy tree with brilliantly white trunk and branches, and above it +shone the moon, nearly at its full, in a pale, almost starless, spring +sky. Prince Andrew leaned his elbows on the window ledge and his +eyes rested on that sky. + +His room was on the first floor. Those in the rooms above were +also awake. He heard female voices overhead. + +"Just once more," said a girlish voice above him which Prince Andrew +recognized at once. + +"But when are you coming to bed?" replied another voice. + +"I won't, I can't sleep, what's the use? Come now for the last +time." + + Two girlish voices sang a musical passage--the end of some song. + +"Oh, how lovely! Now go to sleep, and there's an end of it." + +"You go to sleep, but I can't," said the first voice, coming +nearer to the window. She was evidently leaning right out, for the +rustle of her dress and even her breathing could be heard. +Everything was stone-still, like the moon and its light and the +shadows. Prince Andrew, too, dared not stir, for fear of betraying his +unintentional presence. + +"Sonya! Sonya!" he again heard the first speaker. "Oh, how can you +sleep? Only look how glorious it is! Ah, how glorious! Do wake up, +Sonya!" she said almost with tears in her voice. "There never, never +was such a lovely night before!" + +Sonya made some reluctant reply. + +"Do just come and see what a moon!... Oh, how lovely! Come +here.... Darling, sweetheart, come here! There, you see? I feel like +sitting down on my heels, putting my arms round my knees like this, +straining tight, as tight as possible, and flying away! Like this...." + +"Take care, you'll fall out." + +He heard the sound of a scuffle and Sonya's disapproving voice: +"It's past one o'clock." + +"Oh, you only spoil things for me. All right, go, go!" + +Again all was silent, but Prince Andrew knew she was still sitting +there. From time to time he heard a soft rustle and at times a sigh. + +"O God, O God! What does it mean?" she suddenly exclaimed. "To bed +then, if it must be!" and she slammed the casement. + +"For her I might as well not exist!" thought Prince Andrew while +he listened to her voice, for some reason expecting yet fearing that +she might say something about him. "There she is again! As if it +were on purpose," thought he. + +In his soul there suddenly arose such an unexpected turmoil of +youthful thoughts and hopes, contrary to the whole tenor of his +life, that unable to explain his condition to himself he lay down +and fell asleep at once. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +Next morning, having taken leave of no one but the count, and not +waiting for the ladies to appear, Prince Andrew set off for home. + +It was already the beginning of June when on his return journey he +drove into the birch forest where the gnarled old oak had made so +strange and memorable an impression on him. In the forest the +harness bells sounded yet more muffled than they had done six weeks +before, for now all was thick, shady, and dense, and the young firs +dotted about in the forest did not jar on the general beauty but, +lending themselves to the mood around, were delicately green with +fluffy young shoots. + +The whole day had been hot. Somewhere a storm was gathering, but +only a small cloud had scattered some raindrops lightly, sprinkling +the road and the sappy leaves. The left side of the forest was dark in +the shade, the right side glittered in the sunlight, wet and shiny and +scarcely swayed by the breeze. Everything was in blossom, the +nightingales trilled, and their voices reverberated now near, now +far away. + +"Yes, here in this forest was that oak with which I agreed," thought +Prince Andrew. "But where is it?" he again wondered, gazing at the +left side of the road, and without recognizing it he looked with +admiration at the very oak he sought. The old oak, quite transfigured, +spreading out a canopy of sappy dark-green foliage, stood rapt and +slightly trembling in the rays of the evening sun. Neither gnarled +fingers nor old scars nor old doubts and sorrows were any of them in +evidence now. Through the hard century-old bark, even where there were +no twigs, leaves had sprouted such as one could hardly believe the old +veteran could have produced. + +"Yes, it is the same oak," thought Prince Andrew, and all at once he +was seized by an unreasoning springtime feeling of joy and renewal. +All the best moments of his life suddenly rose to his memory. +Austerlitz with the lofty heavens, his wife's dead reproachful face, +Pierre at the ferry, that girl thrilled by the beauty of the night, +and that night itself and the moon, and.... all this rushed suddenly +to his mind. + +"No, life is not over at thirty-one!" Prince Andrew suddenly decided +finally and decisively. "It is not enough for me to know what I have +in me--everyone must know it: Pierre, and that young girl who wanted +to fly away into the sky, everyone must know me, so that my life may +not be lived for myself alone while others live so apart from it, +but so that it may be reflected in them all, and they and I may live +in harmony!" + + +On reaching home Prince Andrew decided to go to Petersburg that +autumn and found all sorts of reasons for this decision. A whole +serics of sensible and logical considerations showing it to be +essential for him to go to Petersburg, and even to re-enter the +service, kept springing up in his mind. He could not now understand +how he could ever even have doubted the necessity of taking an +active share in life, just as a month before he had not understood how +the idea of leaving the quiet country could ever enter his head. It +now seemed clear to him that all his experience of life must be +senselessly wasted unless he applied it to some kind of work and again +played an active part in life. He did not even remember how +formerly, on the strength of similar wretched logical arguments, it +had seemed obvious that he would be degrading himself if he now, after +the lessons he had had in life, allowed himself to believe in the +possibility of being useful and in the possibility of happiness or +love. Now reason suggested quite the opposite. After that journey to +Ryazan he found the country dull; his former pursuits no longer +interested him, and often when sitting alone in his study he got up, +went to the mirror, and gazed a long time at his own face. Then he +would turn away to the portrait of his dead Lise, who with hair curled +a la grecque looked tenderly and gaily at him out of the gilt frame. +She did not now say those former terrible words to him, but looked +simply, merrily, and inquisitively at him. And Prince Andrew, crossing +his arms behind him, long paced the room, now frowning, now smiling, +as he reflected on those irrational, inexpressible thoughts, secret as +a crime, which altered his whole life and were connected with +Pierre, with fame, with the girl at the window, the oak, and woman's +beauty and love. And if anyone came into his room at such moments he +was particularly cold, stern, and above all unpleasantly logical. + +"My dear," Princess Mary entering at such a moment would say, +"little Nicholas can't go out today, it's very cold." + +"If it were hot," Prince Andrew would reply at such times very dryly +to his sister, "he could go out in his smock, but as it is cold he +must wear warm clothes, which were designed for that purpose. That +is what follows from the fact that it is cold; and not that a child +who needs fresh air should remain at home," he would add with +extreme logic, as if punishing someone for those secret illogical +emotions that stirred within him. + +At such moments Princess Mary would think how intellectual work +dries men up. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Prince Andrew arrived in Petersburg in August, 1809. It was the time +when the youthful Speranski was at the zenith of his fame and his +reforms were being pushed forward with the greatest energy. That +same August the Emperor was thrown from his caleche, injured his +leg, and remained three weeks at Peterhof, receiving Speranski every +day and no one else. At that time the two famous decrees were being +prepared that so agitated society--abolishing court ranks and +introducing examinations to qualify for the grades of Collegiate +Assessor and State Councilor--and not merely these but a whole state +constitution, intended to change the existing order of government in +Russia: legal, administrative, and financial, from the Council of +State down to the district tribunals. Now those vague liberal dreams +with which the Emperor Alexander had ascended the throne, and which he +had tried to put into effect with the aid of his associates, +Czartoryski, Novosiltsev, Kochubey, and Strogonov--whom he himself +in jest had called his Comite de salut public--were taking shape and +being realized. + +Now all these men were replaced by Speranski on the civil side, +and Arakcheev on the military. Soon after his arrival Prince Andrew, +as a gentleman of the chamber, presented himself at court and at a +levee. The Emperor, though he met him twice, did not favor him with +a single word. It had always seemed to Prince Andrew before that he +was antipathetic to the Emperor and that the latter disliked his +face and personality generally, and in the cold, repellent glance +the Emperor gave him, he now found further confirmation of this +surmise. The courtiers explained the Emperor's neglect of him by His +Majesty's displeasure at Bolkonski's not having served since 1805. + +"I know myself that one cannot help one's sympathies and +antipathies," thought Prince Andrew, "so it will not do to present +my proposal for the reform of the army regulations to the Emperor +personally, but the project will speak for itself." + +He mentioned what he had written to an old field marshal, a friend +of his father's. The field marshal made an appointment to see him, +received him graciously, and promised to inform the Emperor. A few +days later Prince Andrew received notice that he was to go to see +the Minister of War, Count Arakcheev. + + +On the appointed day Prince Andrew entered Count Arakcheev's waiting +room at nine in the morning. + +He did not know Arakcheev personally, had never seen him, and all he +had heard of him inspired him with but little respect for the man. + +"He is Minister of War, a man trusted by the Emperor, and I need not +concern myself about his personal qualities: he has been +commissioned to consider my project, so he alone can get it +adopted," thought Prince Andrew as he waited among a number of +important and unimportant people in Count Arakcheev's waiting room. + +During his service, chiefly as an adjutant, Prince Andrew had seen +the anterooms of many important men, and the different types of such +rooms were well known to him. Count Arakcheev's anteroom had quite a +special character. The faces of the unimportant people awaiting +their turn for an audience showed embarrassment and servility; the +faces of those of higher rank expressed a common feeling of +awkwardness, covered by a mask of unconcern and ridicule of +themselves, their situation, and the person for whom they were +waiting. Some walked thoughtfully up and down, others whispered and +laughed. Prince Andrew heard the nickname "Sila Andreevich" and the +words, "Uncle will give it to us hot," in reference to Count +Arakcheev. One general (an important personage), evidently feeling +offended at having to wait so long, sat crossing and uncrossing his +legs and smiling contemptuously to himself. + +But the moment the door opened one feeling alone appeared on all +faces--that of fear. Prince Andrew for the second time asked the +adjutant on duty to take in his name, but received an ironical look +and was told that his turn would come in due course. After some others +had been shown in and out of the minister's room by the adjutant on +duty, an officer who struck Prince Andrew by his humiliated and +frightened air was admitted at that terrible door. This officer's +audience lasted a long time. Then suddenly the grating sound of a +harsh voice was heard from the other side of the door, and the +officer--with pale face and trembling lips--came out and passed +through the waiting room, clutching his head. + +After this Prince Andrew was conducted to the door and the officer +on duty said in a whisper, "To the right, at the window." + +Prince Andrew entered a plain tidy room and saw at the table a man +of forty with a long waist, a long closely cropped head, deep +wrinkles, scowling brows above dull greenish-hazel eyes and an +overhanging red nose. Arakcheev turned his head toward him without +looking at him. + +"What is your petition?" asked Arakcheev. + +"I am not petitioning, your excellency," returned Prince Andrew +quietly. + +Arakcheev's eyes turned toward him. + +"Sit down," said he. "Prince Bolkonski?" + +"I am not petitioning about anything. His Majesty the Emperor has +deigned to send your excellency a project submitted by me..." + +"You see, my dear sir, I have read your project," interrupted +Arakcheev, uttering only the first words amiably and then--again +without looking at Prince Andrew--relapsing gradually into a tone of +grumbling contempt. "You are proposing new military laws? There are +many laws but no one to carry out the old ones. Nowadays everybody +designs laws, it is easier writing than doing." + +"I came at His Majesty the Emperor's wish to learn from your +excellency how you propose to deal with the memorandum I have +presented," said Prince Andrew politely. + +"I have endorsed a resolution on your memorandum and sent it to +the committee. I do not approve of it," said Arakcheev, rising and +taking a paper from his writing table. "Here!" and he handed it to +Prince Andrew. + +Across the paper was scrawled in pencil, without capital letters, +misspelled, and without punctuation: "Unsoundly constructed because +resembles an imitation of the French military code and from the +Articles of War needlessly deviating." + +"To what committee has the memorandum been referred?" inquired +Prince Andrew. + +"To the Committee on Army Regulations, and I have recommended that +your honor should be appointed a member, but without a salary." + +Prince Andrew smiled. + +"I don't want one." + +"A member without salary," repeated Arakcheev. "I have the +honor... Eh! Call the next one! Who else is there?" he shouted, bowing +to Prince Andrew. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +While waiting for the announcement of his appointment to the +committee Prince Andrew looked up his former acquaintances, +particularly those he knew to be in power and whose aid he might need. +In Petersburg he now experienced the same feeling he had had on the +eve of a battle, when troubled by anxious curiosity and irresistibly +attracted to the ruling circles where the future, on which the fate of +millions depended, was being shaped. From the irritation of the +older men, the curiosity of the uninitiated, the reserve of the +initiated, the hurry and preoccupation of everyone, and the +innumerable committees and commissions of whose existence he learned +every day, he felt that now, in 1809, here in Petersburg a vast +civil conflict was in preparation, the commander in chief of which was +a mysterious person he did not know, but who was supposed to be a +man of genius--Speranski. And this movement of reconstruction of which +Prince Andrew had a vague idea, and Speranski its chief promoter, +began to interest him so keenly that the question of the army +regulations quickly receded to a secondary place in his consciousness. + +Prince Andrew was most favorably placed to secure good reception +in the highest and most diverse Petersburg circles of the day. The +reforming party cordially welcomed and courted him, the first place +because he was reputed to be clever and very well read, and secondly +because by liberating his serfs he had obtained the reputation of +being a liberal. The party of the old and dissatisfied, who censured +the innovations, turned to him expecting his sympathy in their +disapproval of the reforms, simply because he was the son of his +father. The feminine society world welcomed him gladly, because he was +rich, distinguished, a good match, and almost a newcomer, with a +halo of romance on account of his supposed death and the tragic loss +of his wife. Besides this the general opinion of all who had known him +previously was that he had greatly improved during these last five +years, having softened and grown more manly, lost his former +affectation, pride, and contemptuous irony, and acquired the +serenity that comes with years. People talked about him, were +interested in him, and wanted to meet him. + +The day after his interview with Count Arakcheev, Prince Andrew +spent the evening at Count Kochubey's. He told the count of his +interview with Sila Andreevich (Kochubey spoke of Arakcheev by that +nickname with the same vague irony Prince Andrew had noticed in the +Minister of War's anteroom). + +"Mon cher, even in this case you can't do without Michael +Mikhaylovich Speranski. He manages everything. I'll speak to him. He +has promised to come this evening." + +"What has Speranski to do with the army regulations?" asked Prince +Andrew. + +Kochubey shook his head smilingly, as if surprised at Bolkonski's +simplicity. + +"We were talking to him about you a few days ago," Kochubey +continued, "and about your freed plowmen." + +"Oh, is it you, Prince, who have freed your serfs?" said an old +man of Catherine's day, turning contemptuously toward Bolkonski. + +"It was a small estate that brought in no profit," replied Prince +Andrew, trying to extenuate his action so as not to irritate the old +man uselessly. + +"Afraid of being late..." said the old man, looking at Kochubey. + +"There's one thing I don't understand," he continued. "Who will plow +the land if they are set free? It is easy to write laws, but difficult +to rule.... Just the same as now--I ask you, Count--who will be +heads of the departments when everybody has to pass examinations?" + +"Those who pass the examinations, I suppose," replied Kochubey, +crossing his legs and glancing round. + +"Well, I have Pryanichnikov serving under me, a splendid man, a +priceless man, but he's sixty. Is he to go up for examination?" + +"Yes, that's a difficulty, as education is not at all general, +but..." + +Count Kochubey did not finish. He rose, took Prince Andrew by the +arm, and went to meet a tall, bald, fair man of about forty with a +large open forehead and a long face of unusual and peculiar whiteness, +who was just entering. The newcomer wore a blue swallow-tail coat with +a cross suspended from his neck and a star on his left breast. It +was Speranski. Prince Andrew recognized him at once, and felt a +throb within him, as happens at critical moments of life. Whether it +was from respect, envy, or anticipation, he did not know. +Speranski's whole figure was of a peculiar type that made him easily +recognizable. In the society in which Prince Andrew lived he had never +seen anyone who together with awkward and clumsy gestures possessed +such calmness and self-assurance; he had never seen so resolute yet +gentle an expression as that in those half-closed, rather humid +eyes, or so firm a smile that expressed nothing; nor had he heard such +a refined, smooth, soft voice; above all he had never seen such +delicate whiteness of face or hands--hands which were broad, but +very plump, soft, and white. Such whiteness and softness Prince Andrew +had only seen on the faces of soldiers who had been long in +hospital. This was Speranski, Secretary of State, reporter to the +Emperor and his companion at Erfurt, where he had more than once met +and talked with Napoleon. + +Speranski did not shift his eyes from one face to another as +people involuntarily do on entering a large company and was in no +hurry to speak. He spoke slowly, with assurance that he would be +listened to, and he looked only at the person with whom he was +conversing. + +Prince Andrew followed Speranski's every word and movement with +particular attention. As happens to some people, especially to men who +judge those near to them severely, he always on meeting anyone new- +especially anyone whom, like Speranski, he knew by reputation- +expected to discover in him the perfection of human qualities. + +Speranski told Kochubey he was sorry he had been unable to come +sooner as he had been detained at the palace. He did not say that +the Emperor had kept him, and Prince Andrew noticed this affectation +of modesty. When Kochubey introduced Prince Andrew, Speranski slowly +turned his eyes to Bolkonski with his customary smile and looked at +him in silence. + +"I am very glad to make your acquaintance. I had heard of you, as +everyone has," he said after a pause. + +Kochubey said a few words about the reception Arakcheev had given +Bolkonski. Speranski smiled more markedly. + +"The chairman of the Committee on Army Regulations is my good friend +Monsieur Magnitski," he said, fully articulating every word and +syllable, "and if you like I can put you in touch with him." He paused +at the full stop. "I hope you will find him sympathetic and ready to +co-operate in promoting all that is reasonable." + +A circle soon formed round Speranski, and the old man who had talked +about his subordinate Pryanichnikov addressed a question to him. + +Prince Andrew without joining in the conversation watched every +movement of Speranski's: this man, not long since an insignificant +divinity student, who now, Bolkonski thought, held in his hands--those +plump white hands--the fate of Russia. Prince Andrew was struck by the +extraordinarily disdainful composure with which Speranski answered the +old man. He appeared to address condescending words to him from an +immeasurable height. When the old man began to speak too loud, +Speranski smiled and said he could not judge of the advantage or +disadvantage of what pleased the sovereign. + +Having talked for a little while in the general circle, Speranski +rose and coming up to Prince Andrew took him along to the other end of +the room. It was clear that he thought it necessary to interest +himself in Bolkonski. + +"I had no chance to talk with you, Prince, during the animated +conversation in which that venerable gentleman involved me," he said +with a mildly contemptuous smile, as if intimating by that smile +that he and Prince Andrew understood the insignificance of the +people with whom he had just been talking. This flattered Prince +Andrew. "I have known of you for a long time: first from your action +with regard to your serfs, a first example, of which it is very +desirable that there should be more imitators; and secondly because +you are one of those gentlemen of the chamber who have not +considered themselves offended by the new decree concerning the +ranks allotted to courtiers, which is causing so much gossip and +tittle-tattle." + +"No," said Prince Andrew, "my father did not wish me to take +advantage of the privilege. I began the service from the lower grade." + +"Your father, a man of the last century, evidently stands above +our contemporaries who so condemn this measure which merely +reestablishes natural justice." + +"I think, however, that these condemnations have some ground," +returned Prince Andrew, trying to resist Speranski's influence, of +which he began to be conscious. He did not like to agree with him in +everything and felt a wish to contradict. Though he usually spoke +easily and well, he felt a difficulty in expressing himself now +while talking with Speranski. He was too much absorbed in observing +the famous man's personality. + +"Grounds of personal ambition maybe," Speranski put in quietly. + +"And of state interest to some extent," said Prince Andrew. + +"What do you mean?" asked Speranski quietly, lowering his eyes. + +"I am an admirer of Montesquieu," replied Prince Andrew, "and his +idea that le principe des monarchies est l'honneur me parait +incontestable. Certains droits et privileges de la noblesse me +paraissent etre des moyens de soutenir ce sentiment."* + + +*"The principle of monarchies is honor seems to me incontestable. +Certain rights and privileges for the aristocracy appear to me a means +of maintaining that sentiment." + + +The smile vanished from Speranski's white face, which was much +improved by the change. Probably Prince Andrew's thought interested +him. + +"Si vous envisagez la question sous ce point de vue,"* he began, +pronouncing French with evident difficulty, and speaking even slower +than in Russian but quite calmly. + + +*"If you regard the question from that point of view." + + +Speranski went on to say that honor, l'honeur, cannot be upheld by +privileges harmful to the service; that honor, l'honneur, is either +a negative concept of not doing what is blameworthy or it is a +source of emulation in pursuit of commendation and rewards, which +recognize it. His arguments were concise, simple, and clear. + +"An institution upholding honor, the source of emulation, is one +similar to the Legion d'honneur of the great Emperor Napoleon, not +harmful but helpful to the success of the service, but not a class +or court privilege." + +"I do not dispute that, but it cannot be denied that court +privileges have attained the same end," returned Prince Andrew. "Every +courtier considers himself bound to maintain his position worthily." + +"Yet you do not care to avail yourself of the privilege, Prince," +said Speranski, indicating by a smile that he wished to finish amiably +an argument which was embarrassing for his companion. "If you will +do me the honor of calling on me on Wednesday," he added, "I will, +after talking with Magnitski, let you know what may interest you, +and shall also have the pleasure of a more detailed chat with you." + +Closing his eyes, he bowed a la francaise, without taking leave, and +trying to attract as little attention as possible, he left the room. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +During the first weeks of his stay in Petersburg Prince Andrew +felt the whole trend of thought he had formed during his life of +seclusion quite overshadowed by the trifling cares that engrossed +him in that city. + +On returning home in the evening he would jot down in his notebook +four or five necessary calls or appointments for certain hours. The +mechanism of life, the arrangement of the day so as to be in time +everywhere, absorbed the greater part of his vital energy. He did +nothing, did not even think or find time to think, but only talked, +and talked successfully, of what he had thought while in the country. + +He sometimes noticed with dissatisfaction that he repeated the +same remark on the same day in different circles. But he was so busy +for whole days together that he had no time to notice that he was +thinking of nothing. + +As he had done on their first meeting at Kochubey's, Speranski +produced a strong impression on Prince Andrew on the Wednesday, when +he received him tete-a-tate at his own house and talked to him long +and confidentially. + +To Bolkonski so many people appeared contemptible and +insignificant creatures, and he so longed to find in someone the +living ideal of that perfection toward which he strove, that he +readily believed that in Speranski he had found this ideal of a +perfectly rational and virtuous man. Had Speranski sprung from the +same class as himself and possessed the same breeding and +traditions, Bolkonski would soon have discovered his weak, human, +unheroic sides; but as it was, Speranski's strange and logical turn of +mind inspired him with respect all the more because he did not quite +understand him. Moreover, Speranski, either because he appreciated the +other's capacity or because he considered it necessary to win him to +his side, showed off his dispassionate calm reasonableness before +Prince Andrew and flattered him with that subtle flattery which goes +hand in hand with self-assurance and consists in a tacit assumption +that one's companion is the only man besides oneself capable of +understanding the folly of the rest of mankind and the +reasonableness and profundity of one's own ideas. + +During their long conversation on Wednesday evening, Speranski +more than once remarked: "We regard everything that is above the +common level of rooted custom..." or, with a smile: "But we want the +wolves to be fed and the sheep to be safe..." or: "They cannot +understand this..." and all in a way that seemed to say: "We, you +and I, understand what they are and who we are." + +This first long conversation with Speranski only strengthened in +Prince Andrew the feeling he had experienced toward him at their first +meeting. He saw in him a remarkable, clear-thinking man of vast +intellect who by his energy and persistence had attained power, +which he was using solely for the welfare of Russia. In Prince +Andrew's eyes Speranski was the man he would himself have wished to +be--one who explained all the facts of life reasonably, considered +important only what was rational, and was capable of applying the +standard of reason to everything. Everything seemed so simple and +clear in Speranski's exposition that Prince Andrew involuntarily +agreed with him about everything. If he replied and argued, it was +only because he wished to maintain his independence and not submit +to Speranski's opinions entirely. Everything was right and +everything was as it should be: only one thing disconcerted Prince +Andrew. This was Speranski's cold, mirrorlike look, which did not +allow one to penetrate to his soul, and his delicate white hands, +which Prince Andrew involuntarily watched as one does watch the +hands of those who possess power. This mirrorlike gaze and those +delicate hands irritated Prince Andrew, he knew not why. He was +unpleasantly struck, too, by the excessive contempt for others that he +observed in Speranski, and by the diversity of lines of argument he +used to support his opinions. He made use of every kind of mental +device, except analogy, and passed too boldly, it seemed to Prince +Andrew, from one to another. Now he would take up the position of a +practical man and condemn dreamers; now that of a satirist, and +laugh ironically at his opponents; now grow severely logical, or +suddenly rise to the realm of metaphysics. (This last resource was one +he very frequently employed.) He would transfer a question to +metaphysical heights, pass on to definitions of space, time, and +thought, and, having deduced the refutation he needed, would again +descend to the level of the original discussion. + +In general the trait of Speranski's mentality which struck Prince +Andrew most was his absolute and unshakable belief in the power and +authority of reason. It was evident that the thought could never occur +to him which to Prince Andrew seemed so natural, namely, that it is +after all impossible to express all one thinks; and that he had +never felt the doubt, "Is not all I think and believe nonsense?" And +it was just this peculiarity of Speranski's mind that particularly +attracted Prince Andrew. + +During the first period of their acquaintance Bolkonski felt a +passionate admiration for him similar to that which he had once felt +for Bonaparte. The fact that Speranski was the son of a village +priest, and that stupid people might meanly despise him on account +of his humble origin (as in fact many did), caused Prince Andrew to +cherish his sentiment for him the more, and unconsciously to +strengthen it. + +On that first evening Bolkonski spent with him, having mentioned the +Commission for the Revision of the Code of Laws, Speranski told him +sarcastically that the Commission had existed for a hundred and +fifty years, had cost millions, and had done nothing except that +Rosenkampf had stuck labels on the corresponding paragraphs of the +different codes. + +"And that is all the state has for the millions it has spent," +said he. "We want to give the Senate new juridical powers, but we have +no laws. That is why it is a sin for men like you, Prince, not to +serve in these times!" + +Prince Andrew said that for that work an education in +jurisprudence was needed which he did not possess. + +"But nobody possesses it, so what would you have? It is a vicious +circle from which we must break a way out." + +A week later Prince Andrew was a member of the Committee on Army +Regulations and--what he had not at all expected--was chairman of a +section of the committee for the revision of the laws. At +Speranski's request he took the first part of the Civil Code that +was being drawn up and, with the aid of the Code Napoleon and the +Institutes of Justinian, he worked at formulating the section on +Personal Rights. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Nearly two years before this, in 1808, Pierre on returning to +Petersburg after visiting his estates had involuntarily found +himself in a leading position among the Petersburg Freemasons. He +arranged dining and funeral lodge meetings, enrolled new members, +and busied himself uniting various lodges and acquiring authentic +charters. He gave money for the erection of temples and supplemented +as far as he could the collection of alms, in regard to which the +majority of members were stingy and irregular. He supported almost +singlehanded a poorhouse the order had founded in Petersburg. + +His life meanwhile continued as before, with the same infatuations +and dissipations. He liked to dine and drink well, and though he +considered it immoral and humiliating could not resist the temptations +of the bachelor circles in which he moved. + +Amid the turmoil of his activities and distractions, however, Pierre +at the end of a year began to feel that the more firmly he tried to +rest upon it, the more Masonic ground on which he stood gave way under +him. At the same time he felt that the deeper the ground sank under +him the closer bound he involuntarily became to the order. When he had +joined the Freemasons he had experienced the feeling of one who +confidently steps onto the smooth surface of a bog. When he put his +foot down it sank in. To make quite sure of the firmness the ground, +he put his other foot down and sank deeper still, became stuck in +it, and involuntarily waded knee-deep in the bog. + +Joseph Alexeevich was not in Petersburg--he had of late stood +aside from the affairs of the Petersburg lodges, and lived almost +entirely in Moscow. All the members of the lodges were men Pierre knew +in ordinary life, and it was difficult for him to regard them merely +as Brothers in Freemasonry and not as Prince B. or Ivan Vasilevich D., +whom he knew in society mostly as weak and insignificant men. Under +the Masonic aprons and insignia he saw the uniforms and decorations at +which they aimed in ordinary life. Often after collecting alms, and +reckoning up twenty to thirty rubles received for the most part in +promises from a dozen members, of whom half were as well able to pay +as himself, Pierre remembered the Masonic vow in which each Brother +promised to devote all his belongings to his neighbor, and doubts on +which he tried not to dwell arose in his soul. + +He divided the Brothers he knew into four categories. In the first +he put those who did not take an active part in the affairs of the +lodges or in human affairs, but were exclusively occupied with the +mystical science of the order: with questions of the threefold +designation of God, the three primordial elements--sulphur, mercury, +and salt--or the meaning of the square and all the various figures +of the temple of Solomon. Pierre respected this class of Brothers to +which the elder ones chiefly belonged, including, Pierre thought, +Joseph Alexeevich himself, but he did not share their interests. His +heart was not in the mystical aspect of Freemasonry. + +In the second category Pierre reckoned himself and others like +him, seeking and vacillating, who had not yet found in Freemasonry a +straight and comprehensible path, but hoped to do so. + +In the third category he included those Brothers (the majority) +who saw nothing in Freemasonry but the external forms and +ceremonies, and prized the strict performance of these forms without +troubling about their purport or significance. Such were Willarski and +even the Grand Master of the principal lodge. + +Finally, to the fourth category also a great many Brothers belonged, +particularly those who had lately joined. These according to +Pierre's observations were men who had no belief in anything, nor +desire for anything, but joined the Freemasons merely to associate +with the wealthy young Brothers who were influential through their +connections or rank, and of whom there were very many in the lodge. + +Pierre began to feel dissatisfied with what he was doing. +Freemasonry, at any rate as he saw it here, sometimes seemed to him +based merely on externals. He did not think of doubting Freemasonry +itself, but suspected that Russian Masonry had taken a wrong path +and deviated from its original principles. And so toward the end of +the year he went abroad to be initiated into the higher secrets of the +order. + +In the summer of 1809 Pierre returned to Petersburg. Our +Freemasons knew from correspondence with those abroad that Bezukhov +had obtained the confidence of many highly placed persons, had been +initiated into many mysteries, had been raised to a higher grade, +and was bringing back with him much that might conduce to the +advantage of the Masonic cause in Russia. The Petersburg Freemasons +all came to see him, tried to ingratiate themselves with him, and it +seemed to them all that he was preparing something for them and +concealing it. + +A solemn meeting of the lodge of the second degree was convened, +at which Pierre promised to communicate to the Petersburg Brothers +what he had to deliver to them from the highest leaders of their +order. The meeting was a full one. After the usual ceremonies Pierre +rose and began his address. + +"Dear Brothers," he began, blushing and stammering, with a written +speech in his hand, "it is not sufficient to observe our mysteries +in the seclusion of our lodge--we must act--act! We are drowsing, +but we must act." Pierre raised his notebook and began to read. + +"For the dissemination of pure truth and to secure the triumph of +virtue," he read, "we must cleanse men from prejudice, diffuse +principles in harmony with the spirit of the times, undertake the +education of the young, unite ourselves in indissoluble bonds with the +wisest men, boldly yet prudently overcome superstitions, infidelity, +and folly, and form of those devoted to us a body linked together by +unity of purpose and possessed of authority and power. + +"To attain this end we must secure a preponderance of virtue over +vice and must endeavor to secure that the honest man may, even in this +world, receive a lasting reward for his virtue. But in these great +endeavors we are gravely hampered by the political institutions of +today. What is to be done in these circumstances? To favor +revolutions, overthrow everything, repel force by force?... No! We are +very far from that. Every violent reform deserves censure, for it +quite fails to remedy evil while men remain what they are, and also +because wisdom needs no violence. + +"The whole plan of our order should be based on the idea of +preparing men of firmness and virtue bound together by unity of +conviction--aiming at the punishment of vice and folly, and +patronizing talent and virtue: raising worthy men from the dust and +attaching them to our Brotherhood. Only then will our order have the +power unobtrusively to bind the hands of the protectors of disorder +and to control them without their being aware of it. In a word, we +must found a form of government holding universal sway, which should +be diffused over the whole world without destroying the bonds of +citizenship, and beside which all other governments can continue in +their customary course and do everything except what impedes the great +aim of our order, which is to obtain for virtue the victory over vice. +This aim was that of Christianity itself. It taught men to be wise and +good and for their own benefit to follow the example and instruction +of the best and wisest men. + +"At that time, when everything was plunged in darkness, preaching +alone was of course sufficient. The novelty of Truth endowed her +with special strength, but now we need much more powerful methods. +It is now necessary that man, governed by his senses, should find in +virtue a charm palpable to those senses. It is impossible to eradicate +the passions; but we must strive to direct them to a noble aim, and it +is therefore necessary that everyone should be able to satisfy his +passions within the limits of virtue. Our order should provide means +to that end. + +"As soon as we have a certain number of worthy men in every state, +each of them again training two others and all being closely united, +everything will be possible for our order, which has already in secret +accomplished much for the welfare of mankind." + +This speech not only made a strong impression, but created +excitement in the lodge. The majority of the Brothers, seeing in it +dangerous designs of Illuminism,* met it with a coldness that +surprised Pierre. The Grand Master began answering him, and Pierre +began developing his views with more and more warmth. It was long +since there had been so stormy a meeting. Parties were formed, some +accusing Pierre of Illuminism, others supporting him. At that +meeting he was struck for the first time by the endless variety of +men's minds, which prevents a truth from ever presenting itself +identically to two persons. Even those members who seemed to be on his +side understood him in their own way with limitations and +alterations he could not agree to, as what he always wanted most was +to convey his thought to others just as he himself understood it. + + +*The Illuminati sought to substitute republican for monarchical +institutions. + + +At the end of the meeting the Grand Master with irony and ill-will +reproved Bezukhov for his vehemence and said it was not love of virtue +alone, but also a love of strife that had moved him in the dispute. +Pierre did not answer him and asked briefly whether his proposal would +be accepted. He was told that it would not, and without waiting for +the usual formalities he left the lodge and went home. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Again Pierre was overtaken by the depression he so dreaded. For +three days after the delivery of his speech at the lodge he lay on a +sofa at home receiving no one and going nowhere. + +It was just then that he received a letter from his wife, who +implored him to see her, telling him how grieved she was about him and +how she wished to devote her whole life to him. + +At the end of the letter she informed him that in a few days she +would return to Petersburg from abroad. + +Following this letter one of the Masonic Brothers whom Pierre +respected less than the others forced his way in to see him and, +turning the conversation upon Pierre's matrimonial affairs, by way +of fraternal advice expressed the opinion that his severity to his +wife was wrong and that he was neglecting one of the first rules of +Freemasonry by not forgiving the penitent. + +At the same time his mother-in-law, Prince Vasili's wife, sent to +him imploring him to come if only for a few minutes to discuss a +most important matter. Pierre saw that there was a conspiracy +against him and that they wanted to reunite him with his wife, and +in the mood he then was, this was not even unpleasant to him. +Nothing mattered to him. Nothing in life seemed to him of much +importance, and under the influence of the depression that possessed +him he valued neither his liberty nor his resolution to punish his +wife. + +"No one is right and no one is to blame; so she too is not to +blame," he thought. + +If he did not at once give his consent to a reunion with his wife, +it was only because in his state of depression he did not feel able to +take any step. Had his wife come to him, he would not have turned +her away. Compared to what preoccupied him, was it not a matter of +indifference whether he lived with his wife or not? + +Without replying either to his wife or his mother-in-law, Pierre +late one night prepared for a journey and started for Moscow to see +Joseph Alexeevich. This is what he noted in his diary: + + +Moscow, 17th November + +I have just returned from my benefactor, and hasten to write down +what I have experienced. Joseph Alexeevich is living poorly and has +for three years been suffering from a painful disease of the +bladder. No one has ever heard him utter a groan or a word of +complaint. From morning till late at night, except when he eats his +very plain food, he is working at science. He received me graciously +and made me sit down on the bed on which he lay. I made the sign of +the Knights of the East and of Jerusalem, and he responded in the same +manner, asking me with a mild smile what I had learned and gained in +the Prussian and Scottish lodges. I told him everything as best I +could, and told him what I had proposed to our Petersburg lodge, of +the bad reception I had encountered, and of my rupture with the +Brothers. Joseph Alexeevich, having remained silent and thoughtful for +a good while, told me his view of the matter, which at once lit up for +me my whole past and the future path I should follow. He surprised +me by asking whether I remembered the threefold aim of the order: +(1) The preservation and study of the mystery. (2) The purification +and reformation of oneself for its reception, and (3) The +improvement of the human race by striving for such purification. Which +is the principal aim of these three? Certainly self-reformation and +self-purification. Only to this aim can we always strive independently +of circumstances. But at the same time just this aim demands the +greatest efforts of us; and so, led astray by pride, losing sight of +this aim, we occupy ourselves either with the mystery which in our +impurity we are unworthy to receive, or seek the reformation of the +human race while ourselves setting an example of baseness and +profligacy. Illuminism is not a pure doctrine, just because it is +attracted by social activity and puffed up by pride. On this ground +Joseph Alexeevich condemned my speech and my whole activity, and in +the depth of my soul I agreed with him. Talking of my family affairs +he said to me, "the chief duty of a true Mason, as I have told you, +lies in perfecting himself. We often think that by removing all the +difficulties of our life we shall more quickly reach our aim, but on +the contrary, my dear sir, it is only in the midst of worldly cares +that we can attain our three chief aims: (1) Self-knowledge--for man +can only know himself by comparison, (2) Self-perfecting, which can +only be attained by conflict, and (3) The attainment of the chief +virtue--love of death. Only the vicissitudes of life can show us its +vanity and develop our innate love of death or of rebirth to a new +life." These words are all the more remarkable because, in spite of +his great physical sufferings, Joseph Alexeevich is never weary of +life though he loves death, for which--in spite of the purity and +loftiness of his inner man--he does not yet feel himself +sufficiently prepared. My benefactor then explained to me fully the +meaning of the Great Square of creation and pointed out to me that the +numbers three and seven are the basis of everything. He advised me not +to avoid intercourse with the Petersburg Brothers, but to take up only +second-grade posts in the lodge, to try, while diverting the +Brothers from pride, to turn them toward the true path +self-knowledge and self-perfecting. Besides this he advised me for +myself personally above all to keep a watch over myself, and to that +end he gave me a notebook, the one I am now writing in and in which +I will in future note down all my actions. + + +Petersburg, 23rd November + +I am again living with my wife. My mother-in-law came to me in tears +and said that Helene was here and that she implored me to hear her; +that she was innocent and unhappy at my desertion, and much more. I +knew that if I once let myself see her I should not have strength to +go on refusing what she wanted. In my perplexity I did not know +whose aid and advice to seek. Had my benefactor been here he would +have told me what to do. I went to my room and reread Joseph +Alexeevich's letters and recalled my conversations with him, and +deduced from it all that I ought not to refuse a suppliant, and +ought to reach a helping hand to everyone--especially to one so +closely bound to me--and that I must bear my cross. But if I forgive +her for the sake of doing right, then let union with her have only a +spiritual aim. That is what I decided, and what I wrote to Joseph +Alexeevich. I told my wife that I begged her to forget the past, to +forgive me whatever wrong I may have done her, and that I had +nothing to forgive. It gave me joy to tell her this. She need not know +how hard it was for me to see her again. I have settled on the upper +floor of this big house and am experiencing a happy feeling of +regeneration. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +At that time, as always happens, the highest society that met at +court and at the grand balls was divided into several circles, each +with its own particular tone. The largest of these was the French +circle of the Napoleonic alliance, the circle of Count Rumyantsev +and Caulaincourt. In this group Helene, as soon as she had settled +in Petersburg with her husband, took a very prominent place. She was +visited by the members of the French embassy and by many belonging +to that circle and noted for their intellect and polished manners. + +Helene had been at Erfurt during the famous meeting of the +Emperors and had brought from there these connections with the +Napoleonic notabilities. At Erfurt her success had been brilliant. +Napoleon himself had noticed her in the theater and said of her: +"C'est un superbe animal."* Her success as a beautiful and elegant +woman did not surprise Pierre, for she had become even handsomer +than before. What did surprise him was that during these last two +years his wife had succeeded in gaining the reputation "d' une femme +charmante, aussi spirituelle que belle."*[2] The distinguished +Prince de Ligne wrote her eight-page letters. Bilibin saved up his +epigrams to produce them in Countess Bezukhova's presence. To be +received in the Countess Bezukhova's salon was regarded as a diploma +of intellect. Young men read books before attending Helene's evenings, +to have something to say in her salon, and secretaries of the embassy, +and even ambassadors, confided diplomatic secrets to her, so that in a +way Helene was a power. Pierre, who knew she was very stupid, +sometimes attended, with a strange feeling of perplexity and fear, her +evenings and dinner parties, where politics, poetry, and philosophy +were discussed. At these parties his feelings were like those of a +conjuror who always expects his trick to be found out at any moment. +But whether because stupidity was just what was needed to run such a +salon, or because those who were deceived found pleasure in the +deception, at any rate it remained unexposed and Helene Bezukhova's +reputation as a lovely and clever woman became so firmly established +that she could say the emptiest and stupidest things and everybody +would go into raptures over every word of hers and look for a profound +meaning in it of which she herself had no conception. + + +*"That's a superb animal." + +*[2] "Of a charming woman, as witty as she is lovely." + + +Pierre was just the husband needed for a brilliant society woman. He +was that absent-minded crank, a grand seigneur husband who was in no +one's way, and far from spoiling the high tone and general +impression of the drawing room, he served, by the contrast he +presented to her, as an advantageous background to his elegant and +tactful wife. Pierre during the last two years, as a result of his +continual absorption in abstract interests and his sincere contempt +for all else, had acquired in his wife's circle, which did not +interest him, that air of unconcern, indifference, and benevolence +toward all, which cannot be acquired artificially and therefore +inspires involuntary respect. He entered his wife's drawing room as +one enters a theater, was acquainted with everybody, equally pleased +to see everyone, and equally indifferent to them all. Sometimes he +joined in a conversation which interested him and, regardless of +whether any "gentlemen of the embassy" were present or not, +lispingly expressed his views, which were sometimes not at all in +accord with the accepted tone of the moment. But the general opinion +concerning the queer husband of "the most distinguished woman in +Petersburg" was so well established that no one took his freaks +seriously. + +Among the many young men who frequented her house every day, Boris +Drubetskoy, who had already achieved great success in the service, was +the most intimate friend of the Bezukhov household since Helene's +return from Erfurt. Helene spoke of him as "mon page" and treated +him like a child. Her smile for him was the same as for everybody, but +sometimes that smile made Pierre uncomfortable. Toward him Boris +behaved with a particularly dignified and sad deference. This shade of +deference also disturbed Pierre. He had suffered so painfully three +years before from the mortification to which his wife had subjected +him that he now protected himself from the danger of its repetition, +first by not being a husband to his wife, and secondly by not allowing +himself to suspect. + +"No, now that she has become a bluestocking she has finally +renounced her former infatuations," he told himself. "There has +never been an instance of a bluestocking being carried away by affairs +of the heart"--a statement which, though gathered from an unknown +source, he believed implicitly. Yet strange to say Boris' presence +in his wife's drawing room (and he was almost always there) had a +physical effect upon Pierre; it constricted his limbs and destroyed +the unconsciousness and freedom of his movements. + +"What a strange antipathy," thought Pierre, "yet I used to like +him very much." + +In the eyes of the world Pierre was a great gentleman, the rather +blind and absurd husband of a distinguished wife, a clever crank who +did nothing but harmed nobody and was a first-rate, good-natured +fellow. But a complex and difficult process of internal development +was taking place all this time in Pierre's soul, revealing much to him +and causing him many spiritual doubts and joys. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Pierre went on with his diary, and this is what he wrote in it +during that time: + + +24th November + +Got up at eight, read the Scriptures, then went to my duties. [By +Joseph Alexeevich's advice Pierre had entered the service of the state +and served on one of the committees.] Returned home for dinner and +dined alone--the countess had many visitors I do not like. I ate and +drank moderately and after dinner copied out some passages for the +Brothers. In the evening I went down to the countess and told a +funny story about B., and only remembered that I ought not to have +done so when everybody laughed loudly at it. + +I am going to bed with a happy and tranquil mind. Great God, help me +to walk in Thy paths, (1) to conquer anger by calmness and +deliberation, (2) to vanquish lust by self-restraint and repulsion, +(3) to withdraw from worldliness, but not avoid (a) the service of the +state, (b) family duties, (c) relations with my friends, and the +management of my affairs. + + +27th November + +I got up late. On waking I lay long in bed yielding to sloth. O God, +help and strengthen me that I may walk in Thy ways! Read the +Scriptures, but without proper feeling. Brother Urusov came and we +talked about worldly vanities. He told me of the Emperor's new +projects. I began to criticize them, but remembered my rules and my +benefactor's words--that a true Freemason should be a zealous worker +for the state when his aid is required and a quiet onlooker when not +called on to assist. My tongue is my enemy. Brothers G. V. and O. +visited me and we had a preliminary talk about the reception of a +new Brother. They laid on me the duty of Rhetor. I feel myself weak +and unworthy. Then our talk turned to the interpretation of the +seven pillars and steps of the Temple, the seven sciences, the seven +virtues, the seven vices, and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. +Brother O. was very eloquent. In the evening the admission took place. +The new decoration of the Premises contributed much to the +magnificence of the spectacle. It was Boris Drubetskoy who was +admitted. I nominated him and was the Rhetor. A strange feeling +agitated me all the time I was alone with him in the dark chamber. I +caught myself harboring a feeling of hatred toward him which I +vainly tried to overcome. That is why I should really like to save him +from evil and lead him into the path of truth, but evil thoughts of +him did not leave me. It seemed to me that his object in entering +the Brotherhood was merely to be intimate and in favor with members of +our lodge. Apart from the fact that he had asked me several times +whether N. and S. were members of our lodge (a question to which I +could not reply) and that according to my observation he is +incapable of feeling respect for our holy order and is too preoccupied +and satisfied with the outer man to desire spiritual improvement, I +had no cause to doubt him, but he seemed to me insincere, and all +the time I stood alone with him in the dark temple it seemed to me +that he was smiling contemptuously at my words, and I wished really to +stab his bare breast with the sword I held to it. I could not be +eloquent, nor could I frankly mention my doubts to the Brothers and to +the Grand Master. Great Architect of Nature, help me to find the +true path out of the labyrinth of lies! + + + After this, three pages were left blank in the diary, and then +the following was written: + + +I have had a long and instructive talk alone with Brother V., who +advised me to hold fast by brother A. Though I am unworthy, much was +revealed to me. Adonai is the name of the creator of the world. Elohim +is the name of the ruler of all. The third name is the name +unutterable which means the All. Talks with Brother V. strengthen, +refresh, and support me in the path of virtue. In his presence doubt +has no place. The distinction between the poor teachings of mundane +science and our sacred all-embracing teaching is clear to me. Human +sciences dissect everything to comprehend it, and kill everything to +examine it. In the holy science of our order all is one, all is +known in its entirety and life. The Trinity--the three elements of +matter--are sulphur, mercury, and salt. Sulphur is of an oily and +fiery nature; in combination with salt by its fiery nature it +arouses a desire in the latter by means of which it attracts +mercury, seizes it, holds it, and in combination produces other +bodies. Mercury is a fluid, volatile, spiritual essence. Christ, the +Holy Spirit, Him!... + + +3rd December + +Awoke late, read the Scriptures but was apathetic. Afterwards went +and paced up and down the large hall. I wished to meditate, but +instead my imagination pictured an occurrence of four years ago, +when Dolokhov, meeting me in Moscow after our duel, said he hoped I +was enjoying perfect peace of mind in spite of my wife's absence. At +the time I gave him no answer. Now I recalled every detail of that +meeting and in my mind gave him the most malevolent and bitter +replies. I recollected myself and drove away that thought only when +I found myself glowing with anger, but I did not sufficiently +repent. Afterwards Boris Drubetskoy came and began relating various +adventures. His coming vexed me from the first, and I said something +disagreeable to him. He replied. I flared up and said much that was +unpleasant and even rude to him. He became silent, and I recollected +myself only when it was too late. My God, I cannot get on with him +at all. The cause of this is my egotism. I set myself above him and so +become much worse than he, for he is lenient to my rudeness while I on +the contrary nourish contempt for him. O God, grant that in his +presence I may rather see my own vileness, and behave so that he too +may benefit. After dinner I fell asleep and as I was drowsing off I +clearly heard a voice saying in my left ear, "Thy day!" + +I dreamed that I was walking in the dark and was suddenly surrounded +by dogs, but I went on undismayed. Suddenly a smallish dog seized my +left thigh with its teeth and would not let go. I began to throttle it +with my hands. Scarcely had I torn it off before another, a bigger +one, began biting me. I lifted it up, but the higher I lifted it the +bigger and heavier it grew. And suddenly Brother A. came and, taking +my arm, led me to a building to enter which we had to pass along a +narrow plank. I stepped on it, but it bent and gave way and I began to +clamber up a fence which I could scarcely reach with my hands. After +much effort I dragged myself up, so that my leg hung down on one +side and my body on the other. I looked round and saw Brother A. +standing on the fence and pointing me to a broad avenue and garden, +and in the garden was a large and beautiful building. I woke up. O +Lord, great Architect of Nature, help me to tear from myself these +dogs--my passions especially the last, which unites in itself the +strength of all the former ones, and aid me to enter that temple of +virtue to a vision of which I attained in my dream. + + +7th December + +I dreamed that Joseph Alexeevich was sitting in my house, and that I +was very glad and wished to entertain him. It seemed as if I chattered +incessantly with other people and suddenly remembered that this +could not please him, and I wished to come close to him and embrace +him. But as soon as I drew near I saw that his face had changed and +grown young, and he was quietly telling me something about the +teaching of our order, but so softly that I could not hear it. Then it +seemed that we all left the room and something strange happened. We +were sitting or lying on the floor. He was telling me something, and I +wished to show him my sensibility, and not listening to what he was +saying I began picturing to myself the condition of my inner man and +the grace of God sanctifying me. And tears came into my eyes, and I +was glad he noticed this. But he looked at me with vexation and jumped +up, breaking off his remarks. I felt abashed and asked whether what he +had been saying did not concern me; but he did not reply, gave me a +kind look, and then we suddenly found ourselves in my bedroom where +there is a double bed. He lay down on the edge of it and I burned with +longing to caress him and lie down too. And he said, "Tell me +frankly what is your chief temptation? Do you know it? I think you +know it already." Abashed by this question, I replied that sloth was +my chief temptation. He shook his head incredulously; and even more +abashed, I said that though I was living with my wife as he advised, I +was not living with her as her husband. To this he replied that one +should not deprive a wife of one's embraces and gave me to +understand that that was my duty. But I replied that I should be +ashamed to do it, and suddenly everything vanished. And I awoke and +found in my mind the text from the Gospel: "The life was the light +of men. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness +comprehended it not." Joseph Alexeevich's face had looked young and +bright. That day I received a letter from my benefactor in which he +wrote about "conjugal duties." + + +9th December + +I had a dream from which I awoke with a throbbing heart. I saw +that I was in Moscow in my house, in the big sitting room, and +Joseph Alexeevich came in from the drawing room. I seemed to know at +once that the process of regeneration had already taken place in +him, and I rushed to meet him. I embraced him and kissed his hands, +and he said, "Hast thou noticed that my face is different?" I looked +at him, still holding him in my arms, and saw that his face was young, +but that he had no hair on his head and his features were quite +changed. And I said, "I should have known you had I met you by +chance," and I thought to myself, "Am I telling the truth?" And +suddenly I saw him lying like a dead body; then he gradually recovered +and went with me into my study carrying a large book of sheets of +drawing paper; I said, "I drew that," and he answered by bowing his +head. I opened the book, and on all the pages there were excellent +drawings. And in my dream I knew that these drawings represented the +love adventures of the soul with its beloved. And on its pages I saw a +beautiful representation of a maiden in transparent garments and +with a transparent body, flying up to the clouds. And I seemed to know +that this maiden was nothing else than a representation of the Song of +Songs. And looking at those drawings I dreamed I felt that I was doing +wrong, but could not tear myself away from them. Lord, help me! My +God, if Thy forsaking me is Thy doing, Thy will be done; but if I am +myself the cause, teach me what I should do! I shall perish of my +debauchery if Thou utterly desertest me! + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +The Rostovs' monetary affairs had not improved during the two +years they had spent in the country. + +Though Nicholas Rostov had kept firmly to his resolution and was +still serving modestly in an obscure regiment, spending +comparatively little, the way of life at Otradnoe--Mitenka's +management of affairs, in particular--was such that the debts +inevitably increased every year. The only resource obviously +presenting itself to the old count was to apply for an official +post, so he had come to Petersburg to look for one and also, as he +said, to let the lassies enjoy themselves for the last time. + +Soon after their arrival in Petersburg Berg proposed to Vera and was +accepted. + +Though in Moscow the Rostovs belonged to the best society without +themselves giving it a thought, yet in Petersburg their circle of +acquaintances was a mixed and indefinite one. In Petersburg they +were provincials, and the very people they had entertained in Moscow +without inquiring to what set they belonged, here looked down on them. + +The Rostovs lived in the same hospitable way in Petersburg as in +Moscow, and the most diverse people met at their suppers. Country +neighbors from Otradnoe, impoverished old squires and their daughters, +Peronskaya a maid of honor, Pierre Bezukhov, and the son of their +district postmaster who had obtained a post in Petersburg. Among the +men who very soon became frequent visitors at the Rostovs' house in +Petersburg were Boris, Pierre whom the count had met in the street and +dragged home with him, and Berg who spent whole days at the Rostovs' +and paid the eldest daughter, Countess Vera, the attentions a young +man pays when he intends to propose. + +Not in vain had Berg shown everybody his right hand wounded at +Austerlitz and held a perfectly unnecessary sword in his left. He +narrated that episode so persistently and with so important an air +that everyone believed in the merit and usefulness of his deed, and he +had obtained two decorations for Austerlitz. + +In the Finnish war he also managed to distinguish himself. He had +picked up the scrap of a grenade that had killed an aide-de-camp +standing near the commander in chief and had taken it to his +commander. Just as he had done after Austerlitz, he related this +occurrence at such length and so insistently that everyone again +believed it had been necessary to do this, and he received two +decorations for the Finnish war also. In 1809 he was a captain in +the Guards, wore medals, and held some special lucrative posts in +Petersburg. + +Though some skeptics smiled when told of Berg's merits, it could not +be denied that he was a painstaking and brave officer, on excellent +terms with his superiors, and a moral young man with a brilliant +career before him and an assured position in society. + +Four years before, meeting a German comrade in the stalls of a +Moscow theater, Berg had pointed out Vera Rostova to him and had +said in German, "das soll mein Weib werden,"* and from that moment had +made up his mind to marry her. Now in Petersburg, having considered +the Rostovs' position and his own, he decided that the time had come +to propose. + + +*"That girl shall be my wife." + + +Berg's proposal was at first received with a perplexity that was not +flattering to him. At first it seemed strange that the son of an +obscure Livonian gentleman should propose marriage to a Countess +Rostova; but Berg's chief characteristic was such a naive and good +natured egotism that the Rostovs involuntarily came to think it +would be a good thing, since he himself was so firmly convinced that +it was good, indeed excellent. Moreover, the Rostovs' affairs were +seriously embarrassed, as the suitor could not but know; and above +all, Vera was twenty-four, had been taken out everywhere, and though +she was certainly good-looking and sensible, no one up to now had +proposed to her. So they gave their consent. + +"You see," said Berg to his comrade, whom he called "friend" only +because he knew that everyone has friends, "you see, I have considered +it all, and should not marry if I had not thought it all out or if +it were in any way unsuitable. But on the contrary, my papa and +mamma are now provided for--I have arranged that rent for them in +the Baltic Provinces--and I can live in Petersburg on my pay, and with +her fortune and my good management we can get along nicely. I am not +marrying for money--I consider that dishonorable--but a wife should +bring her share and a husband his. I have my position in the +service, she has connections and some means. In our times that is +worth something, isn't it? But above all, she is a handsome, estimable +girl, and she loves me..." + +Berg blushed and smiled. + +"And I love her, because her character is sensible and very good. +Now the other sister, though they are the same family, is quite +different--an unpleasant character and has not the same +intelligence. She is so... you know?... Unpleasant... But my +fiancee!... Well, you will be coming," he was going to say, "to dine," +but changed his mind and said "to take tea with us," and quickly +doubling up his tongue he blew a small round ring of tobacco smoke, +perfectly embodying his dream of happiness. + +After the first feeling of perplexity aroused in the parents by +Berg's proposal, the holiday tone of joyousness usual at such times +took possession of the family, but the rejoicing was external and +insincere. In the family's feeling toward this wedding a certain +awkwardness and constraint was evident, as if they were ashamed of not +having loved Vera sufficiently and of being so ready to get her off +their hands. The old count felt this most. He would probably have been +unable to state the cause of his embarrassment, but it resulted from +the state of his affairs. He did not know at all how much he had, what +his debts amounted to, or what dowry he could give Vera. When his +daughters were born he had assigned to each of them, for her dowry, an +estate with three hundred serfs; but one of these estates had +already been sold, and the other was mortgaged and the interest so +much in arrears that it would have to be sold, so that it was +impossible to give it to Vera. Nor had he any money. + +Berg had already been engaged a month, and only a week remained +before the wedding, but the count had not yet decided in his own +mind the question of the dowry, nor spoken to his wife about it. At +one time the count thought of giving her the Ryazan estate or of +selling a forest, at another time of borrowing money on a note of +hand. A few days before the wedding Berg entered the count's study +early one morning and, with a pleasant smile, respectfully asked his +future father-in-law to let him know what Vera's dowry would be. The +count was so disconcerted by this long-foreseen inquiry that without +consideration he gave the first reply that came into his head. "I like +your being businesslike about it.... I like it. You shall be +satisfied...." + +And patting Berg on the shoulder he got up, wishing to end the +conversation. But Berg, smiling pleasantly, explained that if he did +not know for certain how much Vera would have and did not receive at +least part of the dowry in advance, he would have to break matters +off. + +"Because, consider, Count--if I allowed myself to marry now +without having definite means to maintain my wife, I should be +acting badly...." + +The conversation ended by the count, who wished to be generous and +to avoid further importunity, saying that he would give a note of hand +for eighty thousand rubles. Berg smiled meekly, kissed the count on +the shoulder, and said that he was very grateful, but that it was +impossible for him to arrange his new life without receiving thirty +thousand in ready money. "Or at least twenty thousand, Count," he +added, "and then a note of hand for only sixty thousand." + +"Yes, yes, all right!" said the count hurriedly. "Only excuse me, my + +dear fellow, I'll give you twenty thousand and a note of hand for +eighty thousand as well. Yes, yes! Kiss me." + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +Natasha was sixteen and it was the year 1809, the very year to which +she had counted on her fingers with Boris after they had kissed four +years ago. Since then she had not seen him. Before Sonya and her +mother, if Boris happened to be mentioned, she spoke quite freely of +that episode as of some childish, long-forgotten matter that was not +worth mentioning. But in the secret depths of her soul the question +whether her engagement to Boris was a jest or an important, binding +promise tormented her. + +Since Boris left Moscow in 1805 to join the army he had had not seen +the Rostovs. He had been in Moscow several times, and had passed +near Otradnoe, but had never been to see them. + +Sometimes it occurred to Natasha that he not wish to see her, and +this conjecture was confirmed by the sad tone in which her elders +spoke of him. + +"Nowadays old friends are not remembered," the countess would say +when Boris was mentioned. + +Anna Mikhaylovna also had of late visited them less frequently, +seemed to hold herself with particular dignity, and always spoke +rapturously and gratefully of the merits of her son and the +brilliant career on which he had entered. When the Rostovs came to +Petersburg Boris called on them. + +He drove to their house in some agitation. The memory of Natasha was +his most poetic recollection. But he went with the firm intention of +letting her and her parents feel that the childish relations between +himself and Natasha could not be binding either on her or on him. He +had a brilliant position in society thanks to his intimacy with +Countess Bezukhova, a brilliant position in the service thanks to +the patronage of an important personage whose complete confidence he +enjoyed, and he was beginning to make plans for marrying one of the +richest heiresses in Petersburg, plans which might very easily be +realized. When he entered the Rostovs' drawing room Natasha was in her +own room. When she heard of his arrival she almost ran into the +drawing room, flushed and beaming with a more than cordial smile. + +Boris remembered Natasha in a short dress, with dark eyes shining +from under her curls and boisterous, childish laughter, as he had +known her four years before; and so he was taken aback when quite a +different Natasha entered, and his face expressed rapturous +astonishment. This expression on his face pleased Natasha. + +"Well, do you recognize your little madcap playmate?" asked the +countess. + +Boris kissed Natasha's hand and said that he was astonished at the +change in her. + +"How handsome you have grown!" + +"I should think so!" replied Natasha's laughing eyes. + +"And is Papa older?" she asked. + +Natasha sat down and, without joining in Boris' conversation with +the countess, silently and minutely studied her childhood's suitor. He +felt the weight of that resolute and affectionate scrutiny and glanced +at her occasionally. + +Boris' uniform, spurs, tie, and the way his hair was brushed were +all comme il faut and in the latest fashion. This Natasha noticed at +once. He sat rather sideways in the armchair next to the countess, +arranging with his right hand the cleanest of gloves that fitted his +left hand like a skin, and he spoke with a particularly refined +compression of his lips about the amusements of the highest Petersburg +society, recalling with mild irony old times in Moscow and Moscow +acquaintances. It was not accidentally, Natasha felt, that he alluded, +when speaking of the highest aristocracy, to an ambassador's ball he +had attended, and to invitations he had received from N.N. and S.S. + +All this time Natasha sat silent, glancing up at him from under +her brows. This gaze disturbed and confused Boris more and more. He +looked round more frequently toward her, and broke off in what he +was saying. He did not stay more than ten minutes, then rose and +took his leave. The same inquisitive, challenging, and rather +mocking eyes still looked at him. After his first visit Boris said +to himself that Natasha attracted him just as much as ever, but that +he must not yield to that feeling, because to marry her, a girl almost +without fortune, would mean ruin to his career, while to renew their +former relations without intending to marry her would be dishonorable. +Boris made up his mind to avoid meeting Natasha, but despite that +resolution he called again a few days later and began calling often +and spending whole days at the Rostovs'. It seemed to him that he +ought to have an explanation with Natasha and tell her that the old +times must be forgotten, that in spite of everything... she could +not be his wife, that he had no means, and they would never let her +marry him. But he failed to do so and felt awkward about entering on +such an explanation. From day to day he became more and more +entangled. It seemed to her mother and Sonya that Natasha was in +love with Boris as of old. She sang him his favorite songs, showed him +her album, making him write in it, did not allow him to allude to +the past, letting it be understood how was the present; and every +day he went away in a fog, without having said what he meant to, and +not knowing what he was doing or why he came, or how it would all end. +He left off visiting Helene and received reproachful notes from her +every day, and yet he continued to spend whole days with the Rostovs. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +One night when the old countess, in nightcap and dressing jacket, +without her false curls, and with her poor little knob of hair showing +under her white cotton cap, knelt sighing and groaning on a rug and +bowing to the ground in prayer, her door creaked and Natasha, also +in a dressing jacket with slippers on her bare feet and her hair in +curlpapers, ran in. The countess--her prayerful mood dispelled--looked +round and frowned. She was finishing her last prayer: "Can it be +that this couch will be my grave?" Natasha, flushed and eager, +seeing her mother in prayer, suddenly checked her rush, half sat down, +and unconsciously put out her tongue as if chiding herself. Seeing +that her mother was still praying she ran on tiptoe to the bed and, +rapidly slipping one little foot against the other, pushed off her +slippers and jumped onto the bed the countess had feared might +become her grave. This couch was high, with a feather bed and five +pillows each smaller than the one below. Natasha jumped on it, sank +into the feather bed, rolled over to the wall, and began snuggling +up the bedclothes as she settled down, raising her knees to her +chin, kicking out and laughing almost inaudibly, now covering +herself up head and all, and now peeping at her mother. The countess +finished her prayers and came to the bed with a stern face, but +seeing, that Natasha's head was covered, she smiled in her kind, +weak way. + +"Now then, now then!" said she. + +"Mamma, can we have a talk? Yes?" said Natasha. "Now, just one on +your throat and another... that'll do!" And seizing her mother round +the neck, she kissed her on the throat. In her behavior to her +mother Natasha seemed rough, but she was so sensitive and tactful that +however she clasped her mother she always managed to do it without +hurting her or making her feel uncomfortable or displeased. + +"Well, what is it tonight?" said the mother, having arranged her +pillows and waited until Natasha, after turning over a couple of +times, had settled down beside her under the quilt, spread out her +arms, and assumed a serious expression. + +These visits of Natasha's at night before the count returned from +his club were one of the greatest pleasures of both mother, and +daughter. + +"What is it tonight?--But I have to tell you..." + +Natasha put her hand on her mother's mouth. + +"About Boris... I know," she said seriously; "that's what I have +come about. Don't say it--I know. No, do tell me!" and she removed her +hand. "Tell me, Mamma! He's nice?" + +"Natasha, you are sixteen. At your age I was married. You say +Boris is nice. He is very nice, and I love him like a son. But what +then?... What are you thinking about? You have quite turned his +head, I can see that...." + +As she said this the countess looked round at her daughter. +Natasha was lying looking steadily straight before her at one of the +mahogany sphinxes carved on the corners of the bedstead, so that the +countess only saw her daughter's face in profile. That face struck her +by its peculiarly serious and concentrated expression. + +Natasha was listening and considering. + +"Well, what then?" said she. + +"You have quite turned his head, and why? What do you want of him? +You know you can't marry him." + +"Why not?" said Natasha, without changing her position. + +"Because he is young, because he is poor, because he is a +relation... and because you yourself don't love him." + +"How do you know?" + +"I know. It is not right, darling!" + + "But if I want to..." said Natasha. + +"Leave off talking nonsense," said the countess. + +"But if I want to..." + +"Natasha, I am in earnest..." + +Natasha did not let her finish. She drew the countess' large hand to +her, kissed it on the back and then on the palm, then again turned +it over and began kissing first one knuckle, then the space between +the knuckles, then the next knuckle, whispering, "January, February, +March, April, May. Speak, Mamma, why don't you say anything? Speak!" +said she, turning to her mother, who was tenderly gazing at her +daughter and in that contemplation seemed to have forgotten all she +had wished to say. + +"It won't do, my love! Not everyone will understand this +friendship dating from your childish days, and to see him so +intimate with you may injure you in the eyes of other young men who +visit us, and above all it torments him for nothing. He may already +have found a suitable and wealthy match, and now he's half crazy." + +"Crazy?" repeated Natasha. + +"I'll tell you some things about myself. I had a cousin..." + +"I know! Cyril Matveich... but he is old." + +"He was not always old. But this is what I'll do, Natasha, I'll have +a talk with Boris. He need not come so often...." + +"Why not, if he likes to?" + +"Because I know it will end in nothing...." + +"How can you know? No, Mamma, don't speak to him! What nonsense!" +said Natasha in the tone of one being deprived of her property. "Well, +I won't marry, but let him come if he enjoys it and I enjoy it." +Natasha smiled and looked at her mother. "Not to marry, but just +so," she added. + +"How so, my pet?" + +"Just so. There's no need for me to marry him. But... just so." + +"Just so, just so," repeated the countess, and shaking all over, she +went off into a good humored, unexpected, elderly laugh. + +"Don't laugh, stop!" cried Natasha. "You're shaking the whole bed! +You're awfully like me, just such another giggler.... Wait..." and she +seized the countess' hands and kissed a knuckle of the little +finger, saying, "June," and continued, kissing, "July, August," on the +other hand. "But, Mamma, is he very much in love? What do you think? +Was anybody ever so much in love with you? And he's very nice, very, +very nice. Only not quite my taste--he is so narrow, like the +dining-room clock.... Don't you understand? Narrow, you know--gray, +light gray..." + +"What rubbish you're talking!" said the countess. + +Natasha continued: "Don't you really understand? Nicholas would +understand.... Bezukhov, now, is blue, dark-blue and red, and he is +square." + +"You flirt with him too," said the countess, laughing. + +"No, he is a Freemason, I have found out. He is fine, dark-blue +and red.... How can I explain it to you?" + +"Little countess!" the count's voice called from behind the door. +"You're not asleep?" Natasha jumped up, snatched up her slippers, +and ran barefoot to her own room. + +It was a long time before she could sleep. She kept thinking that no +one could understand all that she understood and all there was in her. + +"Sonya?" she thought, glancing at that curled-up, sleeping little +kitten with her enormous plait of hair. "No, how could she? She's +virtuous. She fell in love with Nicholas and does not wish to know +anything more. Even Mamma does not understand. It is wonderful how +clever I am and how... charming she is," she went on, speaking of +herself in the third person, and imagining it was some very wise +man--the wisest and best of men--who was saying it of her. "There is +everything, everything in her," continued this man. "She is +unusually intelligent, charming... and then she is pretty, +uncommonly pretty, and agile--she swims and rides splendidly... and +her voice! One can really say it's a wonderful voice!" + +She hummed a scrap from her favorite opera by Cherubini, threw +herself on her bed, laughed at the pleasant thought that she would +immediately fall asleep, called Dunyasha the maid to put out the +candle, and before Dunyasha had left the room had already passed +into yet another happier world of dreams, where everything was as +light and beautiful as in reality, and even more so because it was +different. + + +Next day the countess called Boris aside and had a talk with him, +after which he ceased coming to the Rostovs'. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +On the thirty-first of December, New Year's Eve, 1809 --10 an old +grandee of Catherine's day was giving a ball and midnight supper. +The diplomatic corps and the Emperor himself were to be present. + +The grandee's well-known mansion on the English Quay glittered +with innumerable lights. Police were stationed at the brightly lit +entrance which was carpeted with red baize, and not only gendarmes but +dozens of police officers and even the police master himself stood +at the porch. Carriages kept driving away and fresh ones arriving, +with red-liveried footmen and footmen in plumed hats. From the +carriages emerged men wearing uniforms, stars, and ribbons, while +ladies in satin and ermine cautiously descended the carriage steps +which were let down for them with a clatter, and then walked hurriedly +and noiselessly over the baize at the entrance. + +Almost every time a new carriage drove up a whisper ran through +the crowd and caps were doffed. + +"The Emperor?... No, a minister.... prince... ambassador. Don't +you see the plumes?..." was whispered among the crowd. + +One person, better dressed than the rest, seemed to know everyone +and mentioned by name the greatest dignitaries of the day. + +A third of the visitors had already arrived, but the Rostovs, who +were to be present, were still hurrying to get dressed. + +There had been many discussions and preparations for this ball in +the Rostov family, many fears that the invitation would not arrive, +that the dresses would not be ready, or that something would not be +arranged as it should be. + +Marya Ignatevna Peronskaya, a thin and shallow maid of honor at +the court of the Dowager Empress, who was a friend and relation of the +countess and piloted the provincial Rostovs in Petersburg high +society, was to accompany them to the ball. + +They were to call for her at her house in the Taurida Gardens at ten +o'clock, but it was already five minutes to ten, and the girls were +not yet dressed. + +Natasha was going to her first grand ball. She had got up at eight +that morning and had been in a fever of excitement and activity all +day. All her powers since morning had been concentrated on ensuring +that they all--she herself, Mamma, and Sonya--should be as well +dressed as possible. Sonya and her mother put themselves entirely in +her hands. The countess was to wear a claret-colored velvet dress, and +the two girls white gauze over pink silk slips, with roses on their +bodices and their hair dressed a la grecque. + +Everything essential had already been done; feet, hands, necks, +and ears washed, perfumed, and powdered, as befits a ball; the +openwork silk stockings and white satin shoes with ribbons were +already on; the hairdressing was almost done. Sonya was finishing +dressing and so was the countess, but Natasha, who had bustled about +helping them all, was behindhand. She was still sitting before a +looking-glass with a dressing jacket thrown over her slender +shoulders. Sonya stood ready dressed in the middle of the room and, +pressing the head of a pin till it hurt her dainty finger, was +fixing on a last ribbon that squeaked as the pin went through it. + +"That's not the way, that's not the way, Sonya!" cried Natasha +turning her head and clutching with both hands at her hair which the +maid who was dressing it had not time to release. "That bow is not +right. Come here!" + +Sonya sat down and Natasha pinned the ribbon on differently. + +"Allow me, Miss! I can't do it like that," said the maid who was +holding Natasha's hair. + +"Oh, dear! Well then, wait. That's right, Sonya." + +"Aren't you ready? It is nearly ten," came the countess' voice. + +"Directly! Directly! And you, Mamma?" + +"I have only my cap to pin on." + +"Don't do it without me!" called Natasha. "You won't do it right." + +"But it's already ten." + +They had decided to be at the ball by half past ten, and Natasha had +still to get dressed and they had to call at the Taurida Gardens. + +When her hair was done, Natasha, in her short petticoat from under +which her dancing shoes showed, and in her mother's dressing jacket, +ran up to Sonya, scrutinized her, and then ran to her mother. +Turning her mother's head this way and that, she fastened on the cap +and, hurriedly kissing her gray hair, ran back to the maids who were +turning up the hem of her skirt. + +The cause of the delay was Natasha's skirt, which was too long. +Two maids were turning up the hem and hurriedly biting off the ends of +thread. A third with pins in her mouth was running about between the +countess and Sonya, and a fourth held the whole of the gossamer +garment up high on one uplifted hand. + +"Mavra, quicker, darling!" + +"Give me my thimble, Miss, from there..." + +"Whenever will you be ready?" asked the count coming to the door. +"Here is here is some scent. Peronskaya must be tired of waiting." + +"It's ready, Miss," said the maid, holding up the shortened gauze +dress with two fingers, and blowing and shaking something off it, as +if by this to express a consciousness of the airiness and purity of +what she held. + +Natasha began putting on the dress. + +"In a minute! In a minute! Don't come in, Papa!" she cried to her +father as he opened the door--speaking from under the filmy skirt +which still covered her whole face. + +Sonya slammed the door to. A minute later they let the count in. +He was wearing a blue swallow-tail coat, shoes and stockings, and +was perfumed and his hair pomaded. + +"Oh, Papa! how nice you look! Charming!" cried Natasha, as she stood +in the middle of the room smoothing out the folds of the gauze. + +"If you please, Miss! allow me," said the maid, who on her knees was +pulling the skirt straight and shifting the pins from one side of +her mouth to the other with her tongue. + +"Say what you like," exclaimed Sonya, in a despairing voice as she +looked at Natasha, "say what you like, it's still too long." + +Natasha stepped back to look at herself in the pier glass. The dress +was too long. + +"Really, madam, it is not at all too long," said Mavra, crawling +on her knees after her young lady. + +"Well, if it's too long we'll take it up... we'll tack it up in +one minute," said the resolute Dunyasha taking a needle that was stuck +on the front of her little shawl and, still kneeling on the floor, set +to work once more. + +At that moment, with soft steps, the countess came in shyly, in +her cap and velvet gown. + +"Oo-oo, my beauty!" exclaimed the count, "she looks better than +any of you!" + +He would have embraced her but, blushing, she stepped aside +fearing to be rumpled. + +"Mamma, your cap, more to this side," said Natasha. "I'll arrange +it," and she rushed forward so that the maids who were tacking up +her skirt could not move fast enough and a piece of gauze was torn +off. + +"Oh goodness! What has happened? Really it was not my fault!" + +"Never mind, I'll run it up, it won't show," said Dunyasha. + +"What a beauty--a very queen!" said the nurse as she came to the +door. "And Sonya! They are lovely!" + +At a quarter past ten they at last got into their carriages and +started. But they had still to call at the Taurida Gardens. + +Peronskaya was quite ready. In spite of her age and plainness she +had gone through the same process as the Rostovs, but with less +flurry--for to her it was a matter of routine. Her ugly old body was +washed, perfumed, and powdered in just the same way. She had washed +behind her ears just as carefully, and when she entered her drawing +room in her yellow dress, wearing her badge as maid of honor, her +old lady's maid was as full of rapturous admiration as the Rostovs' +servants had been. + +She praised the Rostovs' toilets. They praised her taste and toilet, +and at eleven o'clock, careful of their coiffures and dresses, they +settled themselves in their carriages and drove off. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +Natasha had not had a moment free since early morning and had not +once had time to think of what lay before her. + +In the damp chill air and crowded closeness of the swaying carriage, +she for the first time vividly imagined what was in store for her +there at the ball, in those brightly lighted rooms--with music, +flowers, dances, the Emperor, and all the brilliant young people of +Petersburg. The prospect was so splendid that she hardly believed it +would come true, so out of keeping was it with the chill darkness +and closeness of the carriage. She understood all that awaited her +only when, after stepping over the red baize at the entrance, she +entered the hall, took off her fur cloak, and, beside Sonya and in +front of her mother, mounted the brightly illuminated stairs between +the flowers. Only then did she remember how she must behave at a ball, +and tried to assume the majestic air she considered indispensable +for a girl on such an occasion. But, fortunately for her, she felt her +eyes growing misty, she saw nothing clearly, her pulse beat a +hundred to the minute, and the blood throbbed at her heart. She +could not assume that pose, which would have made her ridiculous, +and she moved on almost fainting from excitement and trying with all +her might to conceal it. And this was the very attitude that became +her best. Before and behind them other visitors were entering, also +talking in low tones and wearing ball dresses. The mirrors on the +landing reflected ladies in white, pale-blue, and pink dresses, with +diamonds and pearls on their bare necks and arms. + +Natasha looked in the mirrors and could not distinguish her +reflection from the others. All was blended into one brilliant +procession. On entering the ballroom the regular hum of voices, +footsteps, and greetings deafened Natasha, and the light and glitter +dazzled her still more. The host and hostess, who had already been +standing at the door for half an hour repeating the same words to +the various arrivals, "Charme de vous voir,"* greeted the Rostovs +and Peronskaya in the same manner. + + +*"Delighted to see you." + + +The two girls in their white dresses, each with a rose in her +black hair, both curtsied in the same way, but the hostess' eye +involuntarily rested longer on the slim Natasha. She looked at her and +gave her alone a special smile in addition to her usual smile as +hostess. Looking at her she may have recalled the golden, +irrecoverable days of her own girlhood and her own first ball. The +host also followed Natasha with his eyes and asked the count which was +his daughter. + +"Charming!" said he, kissing the tips of his fingers. + +In the ballroom guests stood crowding at the entrance doors awaiting +the Emperor. The countess took up a position in one of the front +rows of that crowd. Natasha heard and felt that several people were +asking about her and looking at her. She realized that those +noticing her liked her, and this observation helped to calm her. + +"There are some like ourselves and some worse," she thought. + +Peronskaya was pointing out to the countess the most important +people at the ball. + +"That is the Dutch ambassador, do you see? That gray-haired man," +she said, indicating an old man with a profusion of silver-gray +curly hair, who was surrounded by ladies laughing at something he +said. + +"Ah, here she is, the Queen of Petersburg, Countess Bezukhova," said +Peronskaya, indicating Helene who had just entered. "How lovely! She +is quite equal to Marya Antonovna. See how the men, young and old, pay +court to her. Beautiful and clever... they say Prince--is quite mad +about her. But see, those two, though not good-looking, are even +more run after." + +She pointed to a lady who was crossing the room followed by a very +plain daughter. + +"She is a splendid match, a millionairess," said Peronskaya. "And +look, here come her suitors." + +"That is Bezukhova's brother, Anatole Kuragin," she said, indicating +a handsome officer of the Horse Guards who passed by them with head +erect, looking at something over the heads of the ladies. "He's +handsome, isn't he? I hear they will marry him to that rich girl. +But your cousin, Drubetskoy, is also very attentive to her. They say +she has millions. Oh yes, that's the French ambassador himself!" she +replied to the countess' inquiry about Caulaincourt. "Looks as if he +were a king! All the same, the French are charming, very charming. +No one more charming in society. Ah, here she is! Yes, she is still +the most beautiful of them all, our Marya Antonovna! And how simply +she is dressed! Lovely! And that stout one in spectacles is the +universal Freemason," she went on, indicating Pierre. "Put him +beside his wife and he looks a regular buffoon!" + +Pierre, swaying his stout body, advanced, making way through the +crowd and nodding to right and left as casually and good-naturedly +as if he were passing through a crowd at a fair. He pushed through, +evidently looking for someone. + +Natasha looked joyfully at the familiar face of Pierre, "the +buffoon," as Peronskaya had called him, and knew he was looking for +them, and for her in particular. He had promised to be at the ball and +introduce partners to her. + +But before he reached them Pierre stopped beside a very handsome, +dark man of middle height, and in a white uniform, who stood by a +window talking to a tall man wearing stars and a ribbon. Natasha at +once recognized the shorter and younger man in the white uniform: it +was Bolkonski, who seemed to her to have grown much younger, +happier, and better-looking. + +"There's someone else we know--Bolkonski, do you see, Mamma?" said +Natasha, pointing out Prince Andrew. "You remember, he stayed a +night with us at Otradnoe." + +"Oh, you know him?" said Peronskaya. "I can't bear him. Il fait a +present la pluie et le beau temps.* He's too proud for anything. +Takes after his father. And he's hand in glove with Speranski, writing +some project or other. Just look how he treats the ladies! There's one +talking to him and he has turned away," she said, pointing at him. +"I'd give it to him if he treated me as he does those ladies." + + +*"He is all the rage just now. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Suddenly everybody stirred, began talking, and pressed forward and +then back, and between the two rows, which separated, the Emperor +entered to the sounds of music that had immediately struck up. +Behind him walked his host and hostess. He walked in rapidly, bowing +to right and left as if anxious to get the first moments of the +reception over. The band played the polonaise in vogue at that time on +account of the words that had been set to it, beginning: "Alexander, +Elisaveta, all our hearts you ravish quite..." The Emperor passed on +to the drawing room, the crowd made a rush for the doors, and +several persons with excited faces hurried there and back again. +Then the crowd hastily retired from the drawing-room door, at which +the Emperor reappeared talking to the hostess. A young man, looking +distraught, pounced down on the ladies, asking them to move aside. +Some ladies, with faces betraying complete forgetfulness of all the +rules of decorum, pushed forward to the detriment of their toilets. +The men began to choose partners and take their places for the +polonaise. + +Everyone moved back, and the Emperor came smiling out of the drawing +room leading his hostess by the hand but not keeping time to the +music. The host followed with Marya Antonovna Naryshkina; then came +ambassadors, ministers, and various generals, whom Peronskaya +diligently named. More than half the ladies already had partners and +were taking up, or preparing to take up, their positions for the +polonaise. Natasha felt that she would be left with her mother and +Sonya among a minority of women who crowded near the wall, not +having been invited to dance. She stood with her slender arms +hanging down, her scarcely defined bosom rising and falling regularly, +and with bated breath and glittering, frightened eyes gazed straight +before her, evidently prepared for the height of joy or misery. She +was not concerned about the Emperor or any of those great people +whom Peronskaya was pointing out--she had but one thought: "Is it +possible no one will ask me, that I shall not be among the first to +dance? Is it possible that not one of all these men will notice me? +They do not even seem to see me, or if they do they look as if they +were saying, 'Ah, she's not the one I'm after, so it's not worth +looking at her!' No, it's impossible," she thought. "They must know +how I long to dance, how splendidly I dance, and how they would +enjoy dancing with me." + +The strains of the polonaise, which had continued for a considerable +time, had begun to sound like a sad reminiscence to Natasha's ears. +She wanted to cry. Peronskaya had left them. The count was at the +other end of the room. She and the countess and Sonya were standing by +themselves as in the depths of a forest amid that crowd of +strangers, with no one interested in them and not wanted by anyone. +Prince Andrew with a lady passed by, evidently not recognizing them. +The handsome Anatole was smilingly talking to a partner on his arm and +looked at Natasha as one looks at a wall. Boris passed them twice +and each time turned away. Berg and his wife, who were not dancing, +came up to them. + +This family gathering seemed humiliating to Natasha--as if there +were nowhere else for the family to talk but here at the ball. She did +not listen to or look at Vera, who was telling her something about her +own green dress. + +At last the Emperor stopped beside his last partner (he had danced +with three) and the music ceased. A worried aide-de-camp ran up to the +Rostovs requesting them to stand farther back, though as it was they +were already close to the wall, and from the gallery resounded the +distinct, precise, enticingly rhythmical strains of a waltz. The +Emperor looked smilingly down the room. A minute passed but no one had +yet begun dancing. An aide-de-camp, the Master of Ceremonies, went +up to Countess Bezukhova and asked her to dance. She smilingly +raised her hand and laid it on his shoulder without looking at him. +The aide-de-camp, an adept in his art, grasping his partner firmly +round her waist, with confident deliberation started smoothly, gliding +first round the edge of the circle, then at the corner of the room +he caught Helene's left hand and turned her, the only sound audible, +apart from the ever-quickening music, being the rhythmic click of +the spurs on his rapid, agile feet, while at every third beat his +partner's velvet dress spread out and seemed to flash as she whirled +round. Natasha gazed at them and was ready to cry because it was not +she who was dancing that first turn of the waltz. + +Prince Andrew, in the white uniform of a cavalry colonel, wearing +stockings and dancing shoes, stood looking animated and bright in +the front row of the circle not far from the Rostovs. Baron Firhoff +was talking to him about the first sitting of the Council of State +to be held next day. Prince Andrew, as one closely connected with +Speranski and participating in the work of the legislative commission, +could give reliable information about that sitting, concerning which +various rumors were current. But not listening to what Firhoff was +saying, he was gazing now at the sovereign and now at the men +intending to dance who had not yet gathered courage to enter the +circle. + +Prince Andrew was watching these men abashed by the Emperor's +presence, and the women who were breathlessly longing to be asked to +dance. + +Pierre came up to him and caught him by the arm. + +"You always dance. I have a protegee, the young Rostova, here. Ask +her," he said. + +"Where is she?" asked Bolkonski. "Excuse me!" he added, turning to +the baron, "we will finish this conversation elsewhere--at a ball +one must dance." He stepped forward in the direction Pierre indicated. +The despairing, dejected expression of Natasha's face caught his +eye. He recognized her, guessed her feelings, saw that it was her +debut, remembered her conversation at the window, and with an +expression of pleasure on his face approached Countess Rostova. + +"Allow me to introduce you to my daughter," said the countess, +with heightened color. + +"I have the pleasure of being already acquainted, if the countess +remembers me," said Prince Andrew with a low and courteous bow quite +belying Peronskaya's remarks about his rudeness, and approaching +Natasha he held out his arm to grasp her waist before he had completed +his invitation. He asked her to waltz. That tremulous expression on +Natasha's face, prepared either for despair or rapture, suddenly +brightened into a happy, grateful, childlike smile. + +"I have long been waiting for you," that frightened happy little +girl seemed to say by the smile that replaced the threatened tears, as +she raised her hand to Prince Andrew's shoulder. They were the +second couple to enter the circle. Prince Andrew was one of the best +dancers of his day and Natasha danced exquisitely. Her little feet +in their white satin dancing shoes did their work swiftly, lightly, +and independently of herself, while her face beamed with ecstatic +happiness. Her slender bare arms and neck were not beautiful--compared +to Helene's her shoulders looked thin and her bosom undeveloped. But +Helene seemed, as it were, hardened by a varnish left by the thousands +of looks that had scanned her person, while Natasha was like a girl +exposed for the first time, who would have felt very much ashamed +had she not been assured that this was absolutely necessary. + +Prince Andrew liked dancing, and wishing to escape as quickly as +possible from the political and clever talk which everyone addressed +to him, wishing also to break up the circle of restraint he +disliked, caused by the Emperor's presence, he danced, and had +chosen Natasha because Pierre pointed her out to him and because she +was the first pretty girl who caught his eye; but scarcely had he +embraced that slender supple figure and felt her stirring so close +to him and smiling so near him than the wine of her charm rose to +his head, and he felt himself revived and rejuvenated when after +leaving her he stood breathing deeply and watching the other dancers. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +After Prince Andrew, Boris came up to ask Natasha for dance, and +then the aide-de-camp who had opened the ball, and several other young +men, so that, flushed and happy, and passing on her superfluous +partners to Sonya, she did not cease dancing all the evening. She +noticed and saw nothing of what occupied everyone else. Not only did +she fail to notice that the Emperor talked a long time with the French +ambassador, and how particularly gracious he was to a certain lady, or +that Prince So-and-so and So-and-so did and said this and that, and +that Helene had great success and was honored was by the special +attention of So-and-so, but she did not even see the Emperor, and only +noticed that he had gone because the ball became livelier after his +departure. For one of the merry cotillions before supper Prince Andrew +was again her partner. He reminded her of their first encounter in the +Otradnoe avenue, and how she had been unable to sleep that moonlight +night, and told her how he had involuntarily overheard her. Natasha +blushed at that recollection and tried to excuse herself, as if +there had been something to be ashamed of in what Prince Andrew had +overheard. + +Like all men who have grown up in society, Prince Andrew liked +meeting someone there not of the conventional society stamp. And +such was Natasha, with her surprise, her delight, her shyness, and +even her mistakes in speaking French. With her he behaved with special +care and tenderness, sitting beside her and talking of the simplest +and most unimportant matters; he admired her shy grace. In the +middle of the cotillion, having completed one of the figures, Natasha, +still out of breath, was returning to her seat when another dancer +chose her. She was tired and panting and evidently thought of +declining, but immediately put her hand gaily on the man's shoulder, +smiling at Prince Andrew. + +"I'd be glad to sit beside you and rest: I'm tired; but you see +how they keep asking me, and I'm glad of it, I'm happy and I love +everybody, and you and I understand it all," and much, much more was +said in her smile. When her partner left her Natasha ran across the +room to choose two ladies for the figure. + +"If she goes to her cousin first and then to another lady, she +will be my wife," said Prince Andrew to himself quite to his own +surprise, as he watched her. She did go first to her cousin. + +"What rubbish sometimes enters one's head!" thought Prince Andrew, +"but what is certain is that that girl is so charming, so original, +that she won't be dancing here a month before she will be +married.... Such as she are rare here," he thought, as Natasha, +readjusting a rose that was slipping on her bodice, settled herself +beside him. + +When the cotillion was over the old count in his blue coat came up +to the dancers. He invited Prince Andrew to come and see them, and +asked his daughter whether she was enjoying herself. Natasha did not +answer at once but only looked up with a smile that said +reproachfully: "How can you ask such a question?" + +"I have never enjoyed myself so much before!" she said, and Prince +Andrew noticed how her thin arms rose quickly as if to embrace her +father and instantly dropped again. Natasha was happier than she had +ever been in her life. She was at that height of bliss when one +becomes completely kind and good and does not believe in the +possibility of evil, unhappiness, or sorrow. + +At that ball Pierre for the first time felt humiliated by the +position his wife occupied in court circles. He was gloomy and +absent-minded. A deep furrow ran across his forehead, and standing +by a window he stared over his spectacles seeing no one. + +On her way to supper Natasha passed him. + +Pierre's gloomy, unhappy look struck her. She stopped in front of +him. She wished to help him, to bestow on him the superabundance of +her own happiness. + +"How delightful it is, Count!" said she. "Isn't it?" + +Pierre smiled absent-mindedly, evidently not grasping what she said. + +"Yes, I am very glad," he said. + +"How can people be dissatisfied with anything?" thought Natasha. +"Especially such a capital fellow as Bezukhov!" In Natasha's eyes +all the people at the ball alike were good, kind, and splendid people, +loving one another; none of them capable of injuring another--and so +they ought all to be happy. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Next day Prince Andrew thought of the ball, but his mind did not +dwell on it long. "Yes, it was a very brilliant ball," and then... +"Yes, that little Rostova is very charming. There's something fresh, +original, un-Petersburg-like about her that distinguishes her." That +was all he thought about yesterday's ball, and after his morning tea +he set to work. + +But either from fatigue or want of sleep he was ill-disposed for +work and could get nothing done. He kept criticizing his own work, +as he often did, and was glad when he heard someone coming. + +The visitor was Bitski, who served on various committees, frequented +all the societies in Petersburg, and a passionate devotee of the new +ideas and of Speranski, and a diligent Petersburg newsmonger--one of +those men who choose their opinions like their clothes according to +the fashion, but who for that very reason appear to be the warmest +partisans. Hardly had he got rid of his hat before he ran into +Prince Andrew's room with a preoccupied air and at once began talking. +He had just heard particulars of that morning's sitting of the Council +of State opened by the Emperor, and he spoke of it enthusiastically. +The Emperor's speech had been extraordinary. It had been a speech such +as only constitutional monarchs deliver. "The Sovereign plainly said +that the Council and Senate are estates of the realm, he said that the +government must rest not on authority but on secure bases. The Emperor +said that the fiscal system must be reorganized and the accounts +published," recounted Bitski, emphasizing certain words and opening +his eyes significantly. + +"Ah, yes! Today's events mark an epoch, the greatest epoch in our +history," he concluded. + +Prince Andrew listened to the account of the opening of the +Council of State, which he had so impatiently awaited and to which +he had attached such importance, and was surprised that this event, +now that it had taken place, did not affect him, and even seemed quite +insignificant. He listened with quiet irony to Bitski's enthusiastic +account of it. A very simple thought occurred to him: "What does it +matter to me or to Bitski what the Emperor was pleased to say at the +Council? Can all that make me any happier or better?" + +And this simple reflection suddenly destroyed all the interest +Prince Andrew had felt in the impending reforms. He was going to +dine that evening at Speranski's, "with only a few friends," as the +host had said when inviting him. The prospect of that dinner in the +intimate home circle of the man he so admired had greatly interested +Prince Andrew, especially as he had not yet seen Speranski in his +domestic surroundings, but now he felt disinclined to go to it. + +At the appointed hour, however, he entered the modest house +Speranski owned in the Taurida Gardens. In the parqueted dining room +this small house, remarkable for its extreme cleanliness (suggesting +that of a monastery), Prince Andrew, who was rather late, found the +friendly gathering of Speranski's intimate acquaintances already +assembled at five o'clock. There were no ladies present except +Speranski's little daughter (long-faced like her father) and her +governess. The other guests were Gervais, Magnitski, and Stolypin. +While still in the anteroom Prince Andrew heard loud voices and a +ringing staccato laugh--a laugh such as one hears on the stage. +Someone--it sounded like Speranski--was distinctly ejaculating +ha-ha-ha. Prince Andrew had never before heard Speranski's famous +laugh, and this ringing, high pitched laughter from a statesman made a +strange impression on him. + +He entered the dining room. The whole company were standing +between two windows at a small table laid with hors-d'oeuvres. +Speranski, wearing a gray swallow-tail coat with a star on the breast, +and evidently still the same waistcoat and high white stock he had +worn at the meeting of the Council of State, stood at the table with a +beaming countenance. His guests surrounded him. Magnitski, +addressing himself to Speranski, was relating an anecdote, and +Speranski was laughing in advance at what Magnitski was going to +say. When Prince Andrew entered the room Magnitski's words were +again crowned by laughter. Stolypin gave a deep bass guffaw as he +munched a piece of bread and cheese. Gervais laughed softly with a +hissing chuckle, and Speranski in a high-pitched staccato manner. + +Still laughing, Speranski held out his soft white hand to Prince +Andrew. + +"Very pleased to see you, Prince," he said. "One moment..." he +went on, turning to Magnitski and interrupting his story. "We have +agreed that this is a dinner for recreation, with not a word about +business!" and turning again to the narrator he began to laugh afresh. + +Prince Andrew looked at the laughing Speranski with astonishment, +regret, and disillusionment. It seemed to him that this was not +Speranski but someone else. Everything that had formerly appeared +mysterious and fascinating in Speranski suddenly became plain and +unattractive. + +At dinner the conversation did not cease for a moment and seemed +to consist of the contents of a book of funny anecdotes. Before +Magnitski had finished his story someone else was anxious to relate +something still funnier. Most of the anecdotes, if not relating to the +state service, related to people in the service. It seemed that in +this company the insignificance of those people was so definitely +accepted that the only possible attitude toward them was one of good +humored ridicule. Speranski related how at the Council that morning +a deaf dignitary, when asked his opinion, replied that he thought so +too. Gervais gave a long account of an official revision, remarkable +for the stupidity of everybody concerned. Stolypin, stuttering, +broke into the conversation and began excitedly talking of the +abuses that existed under the former order of things--threatening to +give a serious turn to the conversation. Magnitski starting quizzing +Stolypin about his vehemence. Gervais intervened with a joke, and +the talk reverted to its former lively tone. + +Evidently Speranski liked to rest after his labors and find +amusement in a circle of friends, and his guests, understanding his +wish, tried to enliven him and amuse themselves. But their gaiety +seemed to Prince Andrew mirthless and tiresome. Speranski's +high-pitched voice struck him unpleasantly, and the incessant laughter +grated on him like a false note. Prince Andrew did not laugh and +feared that he would be a damper on the spirits of the company, but no +one took any notice of his being out of harmony with the general mood. +They all seemed very gay. + +He tried several times to join in the conversation, but his +remarks were tossed aside each time like a cork thrown out of the +water, and he could not jest with them. + +There was nothing wrong or unseemly in what they said, it was +witty and might have been funny, but it lacked just that something +which is the salt of mirth, and they were not even aware that such a +thing existed. + +After dinner Speranski's daughter and her governess rose. He +patted the little girl with his white hand and kissed her. And that +gesture, too, seemed unnatural to Prince Andrew. + +The men remained at table over their port--English fashion. In the +midst of a conversation that was started about Napoleon's Spanish +affairs, which they all agreed in approving, Prince Andrew began to +express a contrary opinion. Speranski smiled and, with an evident wish +to prevent the conversation from taking an unpleasant course, told a +story that had no connection with the previous conversation. For a few +moments all were silent. + +Having sat some time at table, Speranski corked a bottle of wine +and, remarking, "Nowadays good wine rides in a carriage and pair," +passed it to the servant and got up. All rose and continuing to talk +loudly went into the drawing room. Two letters brought by a courier +were handed to Speranski and he took them to his study. As soon as +he had left the room the general merriment stopped and the guests +began to converse sensibly and quietly with one another. + +"Now for the recitation!" said Speranski on returning from his +study. "A wonderful talent!" he said to Prince Andrew, and Magnitski +immediately assumed a pose and began reciting some humorous verses +in French which he had composed about various well-known Petersburg +people. He was interrupted several times by applause. When the +verses were finished Prince Andrew went up to Speranski and took his +leave. + +"Where are you off to so early?" asked Speranski. + +"I promised to go to a reception." + +They said no more. Prince Andrew looked closely into those +mirrorlike, impenetrable eyes, and felt that it had been ridiculous of +him to have expected anything from Speranski and from any of his own +activities connected with him, or ever to have attributed importance +to what Speranski was doing. That precise, mirthless laughter rang +in Prince Andrew's ears long after he had left the house. + +When he reached home Prince Andrew began thinking of his life in +Petersburg during those last four months as if it were something +new. He recalled his exertions and solicitations, and the history of +his project of army reform, which had been accepted for +consideration and which they were trying to pass over in silence +simply because another, a very poor one, had already been prepared and +submitted to the Emperor. He thought of the meetings of a committee of +which Berg was a member. He remembered how carefully and at what +length everything relating to form and procedure was discussed at +those meetings, and how sedulously and promptly all that related to +the gist of the business was evaded. He recalled his labors on the +Legal Code, and how painstakingly he had translated the articles of +the Roman and French codes into Russian, and he felt ashamed of +himself. Then he vividly pictured to himself Bogucharovo, his +occupations in the country, his journey to Ryazan; he remembered the +peasants and Dron the village elder, and mentally applying to them the +Personal Rights he had divided into paragraphs, he felt astonished +that he could have spent so much time on such useless work. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +Next day Prince Andrew called at a few houses he had not visited +before, and among them at the Rostovs' with whom he had renewed +acquaintance at the ball. Apart from considerations of politeness +which demanded the call, he wanted to see that original, eager girl +who had left such a pleasant impression on his mind, in her own home. + +Natasha was one of the first to meet him. She was wearing a +dark-blue house dress in which Prince Andrew thought her even prettier +than in her ball dress. She and all the Rostov family welcomed him +as an old friend, simply and cordially. The whole family, whom he +had formerly judged severely, now seemed to him to consist of +excellent, simple, and kindly people. The old count's hospitality +and good nature, which struck one especially in Petersburg as a +pleasant surprise, were such that Prince Andrew could not refuse to +stay to dinner. "Yes," he thought, "they are capital people, who of +course have not the slightest idea what a treasure they possess in +Natasha; but they are kindly folk and form the best possible setting +for this strikingly poetic, charming girl, overflowing with life!" + +In Natasha Prince Andrew was conscious of a strange world completely +alien to him and brimful of joys unknown to him, a different world, +that in the Otradnoe avenue and at the window that moonlight night had +already begun to disconcert him. Now this world disconcerted him no +longer and was no longer alien to him, but he himself having entered +it found in it a new enjoyment. + +After dinner Natasha, at Prince Andrew's request, went to the +clavichord and began singing. Prince Andrew stood by a window +talking to the ladies and listened to her. In the midst of a phrase he +ceased speaking and suddenly felt tears choking him, a thing he had +thought impossible for him. He looked at Natasha as she sang, and +something new and joyful stirred in his soul. He felt happy and at the +same time sad. He had absolutely nothing to weep about yet he was +ready to weep. What about? His former love? The little princess? His +disillusionments?... His hopes for the future?... Yes and no. The +chief reason was a sudden, vivid sense of the terrible contrast +between something infinitely great and illimitable within him and that +limited and material something that he, and even she, was. This +contrast weighed on and yet cheered him while she sang. + +As soon as Natasha had finished she went up to him and asked how +he liked her voice. She asked this and then became confused, feeling +that she ought not to have asked it. He smiled, looking at her, and +said he liked her singing as he liked everything she did. + +Prince Andrew left the Rostovs' late in the evening. He went to +bed from habit, but soon realized that he could not sleep. Having +lit his candle he sat up in bed, then got up, then lay down again +not at all troubled by his sleeplessness: his soul was as fresh and +joyful as if he had stepped out of a stuffy room into God's own +fresh air. It did not enter his head that he was in love with Natasha; +he was not thinking about her, but only picturing her to himself, +and in consequence all life appeared in a new light. "Why do I strive, +why do I toil in this narrow, confined frame, when life, all life with +all its joys, is open to me?" said he to himself. And for the first +time for a very long while he began making happy plans for the future. +He decided that he must attend to his son's education by finding a +tutor and putting the boy in his charge, then he ought to retire +from the service and go abroad, and see England, Switzerland and +Italy. "I must use my freedom while I feel so much strength and +youth in me," he said to himself. "Pierre was right when he said one +must believe in the possibility of happiness in order to be happy, and +now I do believe in it. Let the dead bury their dead, but while one +has life one must live and be happy!" thought he. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +One morning Colonel Berg, whom Pierre knew as he knew everybody in +Moscow and Petersburg, came to see him. Berg arrived in an +immaculate brand-new uniform, with his hair pomaded and brushed +forward over his temples as the Emperor Alexander wore his hair. + +"I have just been to see the countess, your wife. Unfortunately +she could not grant my request, but I hope, Count, I shall be more +fortunate with you," he said with a smile. + +"What is it you wish, Colonel? I am at your service." + +"I have now quite settled in my new rooms, Count" (Berg said this +with perfect conviction that this information could not but be +agreeable), "and so I wish to arrange just a small party for my own +and my wife's friends." (He smiled still more pleasantly.) "I wished +to ask the countess and you to do me the honor of coming to tea and to +supper." + +Only Countess Helene, considering the society of such people as +the Bergs beneath her, could be cruel enough to refuse such an +invitation. Berg explained so clearly why he wanted to collect at +his house a small but select company, and why this would give him +pleasure, and why though he grudged spending money on cards or +anything harmful, he was prepared to run into some expense for the +sake of good society--that Pierre could not refuse, and promised to +come. + +"But don't be late, Count, if I may venture to ask; about ten +minutes to eight, please. We shall make up a rubber. Our general is +coming. He is very good to me. We shall have supper, Count. So you +will do me the favor." + +Contrary to his habit of being late, Pierre on that day arrived at +the Bergs' house, not at ten but at fifteen minutes to eight. + +Having prepared everything necessary for the party, the Bergs were +ready for their guests' arrival. + +In their new, clean, and light study with its small busts and +pictures and new furniture sat Berg and his wife. Berg, closely +buttoned up in his new uniform, sat beside his wife explaining to +her that one always could and should be acquainted with people above +one, because only then does one get satisfaction from acquaintances. + +"You can get to know something, you can ask for something. See how I +managed from my first promotion." (Berg measured his life not by years +but by promotions.) "My comrades are still nobodies, while I am only +waiting for a vacancy to command a regiment, and have the happiness to +be your husband." (He rose and kissed Vera's hand, and on the way to +her straightened out a turned-up corner of the carpet.) "And how +have I obtained all this? Chiefly by knowing how to choose my +aquaintances. It goes without saying that one must be conscientious +and methodical." + +Berg smiled with a sense of his superiority over a weak woman, and +paused, reflecting that this dear wife of his was after all but a weak +woman who could not understand all that constitutes a man's dignity, +what it was ein Mann zu sein.* Vera at the same time smiling with a +sense of superiority over her good, conscientious husband, who all the +same understood life wrongly, as according to Vera all men did. +Berg, judging by his wife, thought all women weak and foolish. Vera, +judging only by her husband and generalizing from that observation, +supposed that all men, though they understand nothing and are +conceited and selfish, ascribe common sense to themselves alone. + + +*To be a man. + + +Berg rose and embraced his wife carefully, so as not to crush her +lace fichu for which he had paid a good price, kissing her straight on +the lips. + +"The only thing is, we mustn't have children too soon," he +continued, following an unconscious sequence of ideas. + +"Yes," answered Vera, "I don't at all want that. We must live for +society." + +"Princess Yusupova wore one exactly like this," said Berg, +pointing to the fichu with a happy and kindly smile. + +Just then Count Bezukhov was announced. Husband and wife glanced +at one another, both smiling with self-satisfaction, and each mentally +claiming the honor of this visit. + +"This is what what comes of knowing how to make acquaintances," +thought Berg. "This is what comes of knowing how to conduct oneself." + +"But please don't interrupt me when I am entertaining the guests," +said Vera, "because I know what interests each of them and what to say +to different people." + +Berg smiled again. + +"It can't be helped: men must sometimes have masculine +conversation," said he. + +They received Pierre in their small, new drawing-room, where it +was impossible to sit down anywhere without disturbing its symmetry, +neatness, and order; so it was quite comprehensible and not strange +that Berg, having generously offered to disturb the symmetry of an +armchair or of the sofa for his dear guest, but being apparently +painfully undecided on the matter himself, eventually left the visitor +to settle the question of selection. Pierre disturbed the symmetry +by moving a chair for himself, and Berg and Vera immediately began +their evening party, interrupting each other in their efforts to +entertain their guest. + +Vera, having decided in her own mind that Pierre ought to be +entertained with conversation about the French embassy, at once +began accordingly. Berg, having decided that masculine conversation +was required, interrupted his wife's remarks and touched on the +question of the war with Austria, and unconsciously jumped from the +general subject to personal considerations as to the proposals made +him to take part in the Austrian campaign and the reasons why he had +declined them. Though the conversation was very incoherent and Vera +was angry at the intrusion of the masculine element, both husband +and wife felt with satisfaction that, even if only one guest was +present, their evening had begun very well and was as like as two peas +to every other evening party with its talk, tea, and lighted candles. + +Before long Boris, Berg's old comrade, arrived. There was a shade of +condescension and patronage in his treatment of Berg and Vera. After +Boris came a lady with the colonel, then the general himself, then the +Rostovs, and the party became unquestionably exactly like all other +evening parties. Berg and Vera could not repress their smiles of +satisfaction at the sight of all this movement in their drawing +room, at the sound of the disconnected talk, the rustling of +dresses, and the bowing and scraping. Everything was just as everybody +always has it, especially so the general, who admired the apartment, +patted Berg on the shoulder, and with parental authority superintended +the setting out of the table for boston. The general sat down by Count +Ilya Rostov, who was next to himself the most important guest. The old +people sat with the old, the young with the young, and the hostess +at the tea table, on which stood exactly the same kind of cakes in a +silver cake basket as the Panins had at their party. Everything was +just as it was everywhere else. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +Pierre, as one of the principal guests, had to sit down to boston +with Count Rostov, the general, and the colonel. At the card table +he happened to be directly facing Natasha, and was struck by a curious +change that had come over her since the ball. She was silent, and +not only less pretty than at the ball, but only redeemed from +plainness by her look of gentle indifference to everything around. + +"What's the matter with her?" thought Pierre, glancing at her. She +was sitting by her sister at the tea table, and reluctantly, without +looking at him, made some reply to Boris who sat down beside her. +After playing out a whole suit and to his partner's delight taking +five tricks, Pierre, hearing greetings and the steps of someone who +had entered the room while he was picking up his tricks, glanced again +at Natasha. + +"What has happened to her?" he asked himself with still greater +surprise. + +Prince Andrew was standing before her, saying something to her +with a look of tender solicitude. She, having raised her head, was +looking up at him, flushed and evidently trying to master her rapid +breathing. And the bright glow of some inner fire that had been +suppressed was again alight in her. She was completely transformed and +from a plain girl had again become what she had been at the ball. + +Prince Andrew went up to Pierre, and the latter noticed a new and +youthful expression in his friend's face. + +Pierre changed places several times during the game, sitting now +with his back to Natasha and now facing her, but during the whole of +the six rubbers he watched her and his friend. + +"Something very important is happening between them," thought +Pierre, and a feeling that was both joyful and painful agitated him +and made him neglect the game. + +After six rubbers the general got up, saying that it was no use +playing like that, and Pierre was released. Natasha on one side was +talking with Sonya and Boris, and Vera with a subtle smile was +saying something to Prince Andrew. Pierre went up to his friend and, +asking whether they were talking secrets, sat down beside them. +Vera, having noticed Prince Andrew's attentions to Natasha, decided +that at a party, a real evening party, subtle allusions to the +tender passion were absolutely necessary and, seizing a moment when +Prince Andrew was alone, began a conversation with him about +feelings in general and about her sister. With so intellectual a guest +as she considered Prince Andrew to be, she felt that she had to employ +her diplomatic tact. + +When Pierre went up to them he noticed that Vera was being carried +away by her self-satisfied talk, but that Prince Andrew seemed +embarrassed, a thing that rarely happened with him. + +"What do you think?" Vera was saying with an arch smile. "You are so +discerning, Prince, and understand people's characters so well at a +glance. What do you think of Natalie? Could she be constant in her +attachments? Could she, like other women" (Vera meant herself), +"love a man once for all and remain true to him forever? That is +what I consider true love. What do you think, Prince?" + +"I know your sister too little," replied Prince Andrew, with a +sarcastic smile under which he wished to hide his embarrassment, "to +be able to solve so delicate a question, and then I have noticed +that the less attractive a woman is the more constant she is likely to +be," he added, and looked up Pierre who was just approaching them. + +"Yes, that is true, Prince. In our days," continued Vera--mentioning +"our days" as people of limited intelligence are fond of doing, +imagining that they have discovered and appraised the peculiarities of +"our days" and that human characteristics change with the times--"in +our days a girl has so much freedom that the pleasure of being courted +often stifles real feeling in her. And it must be confessed that +Natalie is very susceptible." This return to the subject of Natalie +caused Prince Andrew to knit his brows with discomfort: he was about +to rise, but Vera continued with a still more subtle smile: + +"I think no one has been more courted than she," she went on, "but +till quite lately she never cared seriously for anyone. Now you +know, Count," she said to Pierre, "even our dear cousin Boris, who, +between ourselves, was very far gone in the land of tenderness..." +(alluding to a map of love much in vogue at that time). + +Prince Andrew frowned and remained silent. + +"You are friendly with Boris, aren't you?" asked Vera. + +"Yes, I know him..." + +"I expect he has told you of his childish love for Natasha?" + +"Oh, there was childish love?" suddenly asked Prince Andrew, +blushing unexpectedly. + +"Yes, you know between cousins intimacy often leads to love. Le +cousinage est un dangereux voisinage.* Don't you think so?" + + +*"Cousinhood is a dangerous neighborhood." + + +"Oh, undoubtedly!" said Prince Andrew, and with sudden and unnatural +liveliness he began chaffing Pierre about the need to be very +careful with his fifty-year-old Moscow cousins, and in the midst of +these jesting remarks he rose, taking Pierre by the arm, and drew +him aside. + +"Well?" asked Pierre, seeing his friend's strange animation with +surprise, and noticing the glance he turned on Natasha as he rose. + +"I must... I must have a talk with you," said Prince Andrew. "You +know that pair of women's gloves?" (He referred to the Masonic +gloves given to a newly initiated Brother to present to the woman he +loved.) "I... but no, I will talk to you later on," and with a strange +light in his eyes and restlessness in his movements, Prince Andrew +approached Natasha and sat down beside her. Pierre saw how Prince +Andrew asked her something and how she flushed as she replied. + +But at that moment Berg came to Pierre and began insisting that he +should take part in an argument between the general and the colonel on +the affairs in Spain. + +Berg was satisfied and happy. The smile of pleasure never left his +face. The party was very successful and quite like other parties he +had seen. Everything was similar: the ladies' subtle talk, the +cards, the general raising his voice at the card table, and the +samovar and the tea cakes; only one thing was lacking that he had +always seen at the evening parties he wished to imitate. They had +not yet had a loud conversation among the men and a dispute about +something important and clever. Now the general had begun such a +discussion and so Berg drew Pierre to it. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +Next day, having been invited by the count, Prince Andrew dined with +the Rostovs and spent the rest of the day there. + +Everyone in the house realized for whose sake Prince Andrew came, +and without concealing it he tried to be with Natasha all day. Not +only in the soul of the frightened yet happy and enraptured Natasha, +but in the whole house, there was a feeling of awe at something +important that was bound to happen. The countess looked with sad and +sternly serious eyes at Prince Andrew when he talked to Natasha and +timidly started some artificial conversation about trifles as soon +as he looked her way. Sonya was afraid to leave Natasha and afraid +of being in the way when she was with them. Natasha grew pale, in a +panic of expectation, when she remained alone with him for a moment. +Prince Andrew surprised her by his timidity. She felt that he wanted +to say something to her but could not bring himself to do so. + +In the evening, when Prince Andrew had left, the countess went up to +Natasha and whispered: "Well, what?" + +"Mamma! For heaven's sake don't ask me anything now! One can't +talk about that," said Natasha. + +But all the same that night Natasha, now agitated and now +frightened, lay a long time in her mother's bed gazing straight +before her. She told her how he had complimented her, how he told +her he was going abroad, asked her where they were going to spend +the summer, and then how he had asked her about Boris. + +"But such a... such a... never happened to me before!" she said. +"Only I feel afraid in his presence. I am always afraid when I'm +with him. What does that mean? Does it mean that it's the real +thing? Yes? Mamma, are you asleep?" + +"No, my love; I am frightened myself," answered her mother. "Now +go!" + +"All the same I shan't sleep. What silliness, to sleep! Mummy! +Mummy! such a thing never happened to me before," she said, +surprised and alarmed at the feeling she was aware of in herself. "And +could we ever have thought!..." + +It seemed to Natasha that even at the time she first saw Prince +Andrew at Otradnoe she had fallen in love with him. It was as if she +feared this strange, unexpected happiness of meeting again the very +man she had then chosen (she was firmly convinced she had done so) and +of finding him, as it seemed, not indifferent to her. + +"And it had to happen that he should come specially to Petersburg +while we are here. And it had to happen that we should meet at that +ball. It is fate. Clearly it is fate that everything led up to this! +Already then, directly I saw him I felt something peculiar." + +"What else did he say to you? What are those verses? Read them..." +said her mother, thoughtfully, referring to some verses Prince +Andrew had written in Natasha's album. + +"Mamma, one need not be ashamed of his being a widower?" + +"Don't, Natasha! Pray to God. 'Marriages are made in heaven,'" +said her mother. + +"Darling Mummy, how I love you! How happy I am!" cried Natasha, +shedding tears of joy and excitement and embracing her mother. + +At that very time Prince Andrew was sitting with Pierre and +telling him of his love for Natasha and his firm resolve to make her +his wife. + +That day Countess Helene had a reception at her house. The French +ambassador was there, and a foreign prince of the blood who had of +late become a frequent visitor of hers, and many brilliant ladies +and gentlemen. Pierre, who had come downstairs, walked through the +rooms and struck everyone by his preoccupied, absent-minded, and +morose air. + +Since the ball he had felt the approach of a fit of nervous +depression and had made desperate efforts to combat it. Since the +intimacy of his wife with the royal prince, Pierre had unexpectedly +been made a gentleman of the bedchamber, and from that time he had +begun to feel oppressed and ashamed in court society, and dark +thoughts of the vanity of all things human came to him oftener than +before. At the same time the feeling he had noticed between his +protegee Natasha and Prince Andrew accentuated his gloom by the +contrast between his own position and his friend's. He tried equally +to avoid thinking about his wife, and about Natasha and Prince Andrew; +and again everything seemed to him insignificant in comparison with +eternity; again the question: for what? presented itself; and he +forced himself to work day and night at Masonic labors, hoping to +drive away the evil spirit that threatened him. Toward midnight, after +he had left the countess' apartments, he was sitting upstairs in a +shabby dressing gown, copying out the original transaction of the +Scottish lodge of Freemasons at a table in his low room cloudy with +tobacco smoke, when someone came in. It was Prince Andrew. + +"Ah, it's you!" said Pierre with a preoccupied, dissatisfied air. +"And I, you see, am hard at it." He pointed to his manuscript book +with that air of escaping from the ills of life with which unhappy +people look at their work. + +Prince Andrew, with a beaming, ecstatic expression of renewed life +on his face, paused in front of Pierre and, not noticing his sad look, +smiled at him with the egotism of joy. + +"Well, dear heart," said he, "I wanted to tell you about it +yesterday and I have come to do so today. I never experienced anything +like it before. I am in love, my friend!" + +Suddenly Pierre heaved a deep sigh and dumped his heavy person +down on the sofa beside Prince Andrew. + +"With Natasha Rostova, yes?" said he. + +"Yes, yes! Who else should it be? I should never have believed it, +but the feeling is stronger than I. Yesterday I tormented myself and +suffered, but I would not exchange even that torment for anything in +the world, I have not lived till now. At last I live, but I can't live +without her! But can she love me?... I am too old for her.... Why +don't you speak?" + +"I? I? What did I tell you?" said Pierre suddenly, rising and +beginning to pace up and down the room. "I always thought it.... +That girl is such a treasure... she is a rare girl.... My dear friend, +I entreat you, don't philosophize, don't doubt, marry, marry, +marry.... And I am sure there will not be a happier man than you." + +"But what of her?" + +"She loves you." + +"Don't talk rubbish..." said Prince Andrew, smiling and looking into +Pierre's eyes. + +"She does, I know," Pierre cried fiercely. + +"But do listen," returned Prince Andrew, holding him by the arm. "Do +you know the condition I am in? I must talk about it to someone." + +"Well, go on, go on. I am very glad," said Pierre, and his face +really changed, his brow became smooth, and he listened gladly to +Prince Andrew. Prince Andrew seemed, and really was, quite a +different, quite a new man. Where was his spleen, his contempt for +life, his disillusionment? Pierre was the only person to whom he +made up his mind to speak openly; and to him he told all that was in +his soul. Now he boldly and lightly made plans for an extended future, +said he could not sacrifice his own happiness to his father's caprice, +and spoke of how he would either make his father consent to this +marriage and love her, or would do without his consent; then he +marveled at the feeling that had mastered him as at something strange, +apart from and independent of himself. + +"I should not have believed anyone who told me that I was capable of +such love," said Prince Andrew. "It is not at all the same feeling +that I knew in the past. The whole world is now for me divided into +two halves: one half is she, and there all is joy, hope, light: the +other half is everything where she is not, and there is all gloom +and darkness...." + +"Darkness and gloom," reiterated Pierre: "yes, yes, I understand +that." + +"I cannot help loving the light, it is not my fault. And I am very +happy! You understand me? I know you are glad for my sake." + +"Yes, yes," Pierre assented, looking at his friend with a touched +and sad expression in his eyes. The brighter Prince Andrew's lot +appeared to him, the gloomier seemed his own. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + + +Prince Andrew needed his father's consent to his marriage, and to +obtain this he started for the country next day. + +His father received his son's communication with external composure, +but inward wrath. He could not comprehend how anyone could wish to +alter his life or introduce anything new into it, when his own life +was already ending. "If only they would let me end my days as I want +to," thought the old man, "then they might do as they please." With +his son, however, he employed the diplomacy he reserved for +important occasions and, adopting a quiet tone, discussed the whole +matter. + +In the first place the marriage was not a brilliant one as regards +birth, wealth, or rank. Secondly, Prince Andrew was no longer as young +as he had been and his health was poor (the old man laid special +stress on this), while she was very young. Thirdly, he had a son +whom it would be a pity to entrust to a chit of a girl. "Fourthly +and finally," the father said, looking ironically at his son, "I beg +you to put it off for a year: go abroad, take a cure, look out as +you wanted to for a German tutor for Prince Nicholas. Then if your +love or passion or obstinacy--as you please--is still as great, marry! +And that's my last word on it. Mind, the last..." concluded the +prince, in a tone which showed that nothing would make him alter his +decision. + +Prince Andrew saw clearly that the old man hoped that his +feelings, or his fiancee's, would not stand a year's test, or that +he (the old prince himself) would die before then, and he decided to +conform to his father's wish--to propose, and postpone the wedding for +a year. + +Three weeks after the last evening he had spent with the Rostovs, +Prince Andrew returned to Petersburg. + + +Next day after her talk with her mother Natasha expected Bolkonski +all day, but he did not come. On the second and third day it was the +same. Pierre did not come either and Natasha, not knowing that +Prince Andrew had gone to see his father, could not explain his +absence to herself. + +Three weeks passed in this way. Natasha had no desire to go out +anywhere and wandered from room to room like a shadow, idle and +listless; she wept secretly at night and did not go to her mother in +the evenings. She blushed continually and was irritable. It seemed +to her that everybody knew about her disappointment and was laughing +at her and pitying her. Strong as was her inward grief, this wound +to her vanity intensified her misery. + +Once she came to her mother, tried to say something, and suddenly +began to cry. Her tears were those of an offended child who does not +know why it is being punished. + +The countess began to soothe Natasha, who after first listening to +her mother's words, suddenly interrupted her: + +"Leave off, Mamma! I don't think, and don't want to think about +it! He just came and then left off, left off..." + +Her voice trembled, and she again nearly cried, but recovered and +went on quietly: + +"And I don't at all want to get married. And I am afraid of him; I +have now become quite calm, quite calm." + +The day after this conversation Natasha put on the old dress which +she knew had the peculiar property of conducing to cheerfulness in the +mornings, and that day she returned to the old way of life which she +had abandoned since the ball. Having finished her morning tea she went +to the ballroom, which she particularly liked for its loud +resonance, and began singing her solfeggio. When she had finished +her first exercise she stood still in the middle of the room and +sang a musical phrase that particularly pleased her. She listened +joyfully (as though she had not expected it) to the charm of the notes +reverberating, filling the whole empty ballroom, and slowly dying +away; and all at once she felt cheerful. "What's the good of making so +much of it? Things are nice as it is," she said to herself, and she +began walking up and down the room, not stepping simply on the +resounding parquet but treading with each step from the heel to the +toe (she had on a new and favorite pair of shoes) and listening to the +regular tap of the heel and creak of the toe as gladly as she had to +the sounds of her own voice. Passing a mirror she glanced into it. +"There, that's me!" the expression of her face seemed to say as she +caught sight of herself. "Well, and very nice too! I need nobody." + +A footman wanted to come in to clear away something in the room +but she would not let him, and having closed the door behind him +continued her walk. That morning she had returned to her favorite +mood--love of, and delight in, herself. "How charming that Natasha +is!" she said again, speaking as some third, collective, male +person. "Pretty, a good voice, young, and in nobody's way if only they +leave her in peace." But however much they left her in peace she could +not now be at peace, and immediately felt this. + +In the hall the porch door opened, and someone asked, "At home?" and +then footsteps were heard. Natasha was looking at the mirror, but +did not see herself. She listened to the sounds in the hall. When +she saw herself, her face was pale. It was he. She knew this for +certain, though she hardly heard his voice through the closed doors. + +Pale and agitated, Natasha ran into the drawing room. + +"Mamma! Bolkonski has come!" she said. "Mamma, it is awful, it is +unbearable! I don't want... to be tormented? What am I to do?..." + +Before the countess could answer, Prince Andrew entered the room +with an agitated and serious face. As soon as he saw Natasha his +face brightened. He kissed the countess' hand and Natasha's, and sat +down beside the sofa. + +"It is long since we had the pleasure..." began the countess, but +Prince Andrew interrupted her by answering her intended question, +obviously in haste to say what he had to. + +"I have not been to see all this time because I have been at my +father's. I had to talk over a very important matter with him. I +only got back last night," he said glancing at Natasha; "I want to +have a talk with you, Countess," he added after a moment's pause. + +The countess lowered her eyes, sighing deeply. + +"I am at your disposal," she murmured. + +Natasha knew that she ought to go away, but was unable to do so: +something gripped her throat, and regardless of manners she stared +straight at Prince Andrew with wide-open eyes. + +"At once? This instant!... No, it can't be!" she thought. + +Again he glanced at her, and that glance convinced her that she +was not mistaken. Yes, at once, that very instant, her fate would be +decided. + +"Go, Natasha! I will call you," said the countess in a whisper. + +Natasha glanced with frightened imploring eyes at Prince Andrew +and at her mother and went out. + +"I have come, Countess, to ask for your daughter's hand," said +Prince Andrew. + +The countess' face flushed hotly, but she said nothing. + +"Your offer..." she began at last sedately. He remained silent, +looking into her eyes. "Your offer..." (she grew confused) "is +agreeable to us, and I accept your offer. I am glad. And my husband... +I hope... but it will depend on her...." + +"I will speak to her when I have your consent.... Do you give it +to me?" said Prince Andrew. + +"Yes," replied the countess. She held out her hand to him, and +with a mixed feeling of estrangement and tenderness pressed her lips +to his forehead as he stooped to kiss her hand. She wished to love him +as a son, but felt that to her he was a stranger and a terrifying man. +"I am sure my husband will consent," said the countess, "but your +father..." + +"My father, to whom I have told my plans, has made it an express +condition of his consent that the wedding is not to take place for a +year. And I wished to tell you of that," said Prince Andrew. + +"It is true that Natasha is still young, but--so long as that?..." + +"It is unavoidable," said Prince Andrew with a sigh. + +"I will send her to you," said the countess, and left the room. + +"Lord have mercy upon us!" she repeated while seeking her daughter. + +Sonya said that Natasha was in her bedroom. Natasha was sitting on +the bed, pale and dry eyed, and was gazing at the icons and whispering +something as she rapidly crossed herself. Seeing her mother she jumped +up and flew to her. + +"Well, Mamma?... Well?..." + +"Go, go to him. He is asking for your hand," said the countess, +coldly it seemed to Natasha. "Go... go," said the mother, sadly and +reproachfully, with a deep sigh, as her daughter ran away. + +Natasha never remembered how she entered the drawing room. When +she came in and saw him she paused. "Is it possible that this stranger +has now become everything to me?" she asked herself, and immediately +answered, "Yes, everything! He alone is now dearer to me than +everything in the world." Prince Andrew came up to her with downcast +eyes. + +"I have loved you from the very first moment I saw you. May I hope?" + +He looked at her and was struck by the serious impassioned +expression of her face. Her face said: "Why ask? Why doubt what you +cannot but know? Why speak, when words cannot express what one feels?" + +She drew near to him and stopped. He took her hand and kissed it. + +"Do you love me?" + +"Yes, yes!" Natasha murmured as if in vexation. Then she sighed +loudly and, catching her breath more and more quickly, began to sob. + +"What is it? What's the matter?" + +"Oh, I am so happy!" she replied, smiled through her tears, bent +over closer to him, paused for an instant as if asking herself whether +she might, and then kissed him. + +Prince Andrew held her hands, looked into her eyes, and did not find +in his heart his former love for her. Something in him had suddenly +changed; there was no longer the former poetic and mystic charm of +desire, but there was pity for her feminine and childish weakness, +fear at her devotion and trustfulness, and an oppressive yet joyful +sense of the duty that now bound him to her forever. The present +feeling, though not so bright and poetic as the former, was stronger +and more serious. + +"Did your mother tell you that it cannot be for a year?" asked +Prince Andrew, still looking into her eyes. + +"Is it possible that I--the 'chit of a girl,' as everybody called +me," thought Natasha--"is it possible that I am now to be the wife and +the equal of this strange, dear, clever man whom even my father +looks up to? Can it be true? Can it be true that there can be no +more playing with life, that now I am grown up, that on me now lies +a responsibility for my every word and deed? Yes, but what did he +ask me?" + +"No," she replied, but she had not understood his question. + +"Forgive me!" he said. "But you are so young, and I have already +been through so much in life. I am afraid for you, you do not yet know +yourself." + +Natasha listened with concentrated attention, trying but failing +to take in the meaning of his words. + +"Hard as this year which delays my happiness will be," continued +Prince Andrew, "it will give you time to be sure of yourself. I ask +you to make me happy in a year, but you are free: our engagement shall +remain a secret, and should you find that you do not love me, or +should you come to love..." said Prince Andrew with an unnatural +smile. + +"Why do you say that?" Natasha interrupted him. "You know that +from the very day you first came to Otradnoe I have loved you," she +cried, quite convinced that she spoke the truth. + +"In a year you will learn to know yourself...." + +"A whole year!" Natasha repeated suddenly, only now realizing that +the marriage was to be postponed for a year. "But why a year? Why a +year?..." + +Prince Andrew began to explain to her the reasons for this delay. +Natasha did not hear him. + +"And can't it be helped?" she asked. Prince Andrew did not reply, +but his face expressed the impossibility of altering that decision. + +"It's awful! Oh, it's awful! awful!" Natasha suddenly cried, and +again burst into sobs. "I shall die, waiting a year: it's +impossible, it's awful!" She looked into her lover's face and saw in +it a look of commiseration and perplexity. + +"No, no! I'll do anything!" she said, suddenly checking her tears. +"I am so happy." + +The father and mother came into the room and gave the betrothed +couple their blessing. + +From that day Prince Andrew began to frequent the Rostovs' as +Natasha's affianced lover. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + +No betrothal ceremony took place and Natasha's engagement to +Bolkonski was not announced; Prince Andrew insisted on that. He said +that as he was responsible for the delay he ought to bear the whole +burden of it; that he had given his word and bound himself forever, +but that he did not wish to bind Natasha and gave her perfect freedom. +If after six months she felt that she did not love him she would +have full right to reject him. Naturally neither Natasha nor her +parents wished to hear of this, but Prince Andrew was firm. He came +every day to the Rostovs', but did not behave to Natasha as an +affianced lover: he did not use the familiar thou, but said you to +her, and kissed only her hand. After their engagement, quite +different, intimate, and natural relations sprang up between them. +It was as if they had not known each other till now. Both liked to +recall how they had regarded each other when as yet they were +nothing to one another; they felt themselves now quite different +beings: then they were artificial, now natural and sincere. At first +the family felt some constraint in intercourse with Prince Andrew; +he seemed a man from another world, and for a long time Natasha +trained the family to get used to him, proudly assuring them all +that he only appeared to be different, but was really just like all of +them, and that she was not afraid of him and no one else ought to +be. After a few days they grew accustomed to him, and without +restraint in his presence pursued their usual way of life, in which he +took his part. He could talk about rural economy with the count, +fashions with the countess and Natasha, and about albums and fancywork +with Sonya. Sometimes the household both among themselves and in his +presence expressed their wonder at how it had all happened, and at the +evident omens there had been of it: Prince Andrew's coming to Otradnoe +and their coming to Petersburg, and the likeness between Natasha and +Prince Andrew which her nurse had noticed on his first visit, and +Andrew's encounter with Nicholas in 1805, and many other incidents +betokening that it had to be. + +In the house that poetic dullness and quiet reigned which always +accompanies the presence of a betrothed couple. Often when all sitting +together everyone kept silent. Sometimes the others would get up and +go away and the couple, left alone, still remained silent. They rarely +spoke of their future life. Prince Andrew was afraid and ashamed to +speak of it. Natasha shared this as she did all his feelings, which +she constantly divined. Once she began questioning him about his +son. Prince Andrew blushed, as he often did now--Natasha +particularly liked it in him--and said that his son would not live +with them. + +"Why not?" asked Natasha in a frightened tone. + +"I cannot take him away from his grandfather, and besides..." + +"How I should have loved him!" said Natasha, immediately guessing +his thought; "but I know you wish to avoid any pretext for finding +fault with us." + +Sometimes the old count would come up, kiss Prince Andrew, and ask +his advice about Petya's education or Nicholas' service. The old +countess sighed as she looked at them; Sonya was always getting +frightened lest she should be in the way and tried to find excuses for +leaving them alone, even when they did not wish it. When Prince Andrew +spoke (he could tell a story very well), Natasha listened to him +with pride; when she spoke she noticed with fear and joy that he gazed +attentively and scrutinizingly at her. She asked herself in +perplexity: "What does he look for in me? He is trying to discover +something by looking at me! What if what he seeks in me is not there?" +Sometimes she fell into one of the mad, merry moods characteristic +of her, and then she particularly loved to hear and see how Prince +Andrew laughed. He seldom laughed, but when he did he abandoned +himself entirely to his laughter, and after such a laugh she always +felt nearer to him. Natasha would have been completely happy if the +thought of the separation awaiting her and drawing near had not +terrified her, just as the mere thought of it made him turn pale and +cold. + +On the eve of his departure from Petersburg Prince Andrew brought +with him Pierre, who had not been to the Rostovs' once since the ball. +Pierre seemed disconcerted and embarrassed. He was talking to the +countess, and Natasha sat down beside a little chess table with Sonya, +thereby inviting Prince Andrew to come too. He did so. + +"You have known Bezukhov a long time?" he asked. "Do you like him?" + +"Yes, he's a dear, but very absurd." + +And as usual when speaking of Pierre, she began to tell anecdotes of +his absent-mindedness, some of which had even been invented about him. + +"Do you know I have entrusted him with our secret? I have known +him from childhood. He has a heart of gold. I beg you, Natalie," +Prince Andrew said with sudden seriousness--"I am going away and +heaven knows what may happen. You may cease to... all right, I know +I am not to say that. Only this, then: whatever may happen to you when +I am not here..." + +"What can happen?" + +"Whatever trouble may come," Prince Andrew continued, "I beg you, +Mademoiselle Sophie, whatever may happen, to turn to him alone for +advice and help! He is a most absent-minded and absurd fellow, but +he has a heart of gold." + +Neither her father, nor her mother, nor Sonya, nor Prince Andrew +himself could have foreseen how the separation from her lover would +act on Natasha. Flushed and agitated she went about the house all that +day, dry-eyed, occupied with most trivial matters as if not +understanding what awaited her. She did not even cry when, on taking +leave, he kissed her hand for the last time. "Don't go!" she said in a +tone that made him wonder whether he really ought not to stay and +which he remembered long afterwards. Nor did she cry when he was gone; +but for several days she sat in her room dry-eyed, taking no +interest in anything and only saying now and then, "Oh, why did he +go away?" + +But a fortnight after his departure, to the surprise of those around +her, she recovered from her mental sickness just as suddenly and +became her old self again, but with a change in her moral physiognomy, +as a child gets up after a long illness with a changed expression of +face. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXV + + +During that year after his son's departure, Prince Nicholas +Bolkonski's health and temper became much worse. He grew still more +irritable, and it was Princess Mary who generally bore the brunt of +his frequent fits of unprovoked anger. He seemed carefully to seek out +her tender spots so as to torture her mentally as harshly as possible. +Princess Mary had two passions and consequently two joys--her +nephew, little Nicholas, and religion--and these were the favorite +subjects of the prince's attacks and ridicule. Whatever was spoken +of he would bring round to the superstitiousness of old maids, or +the petting and spoiling of children. "You want to make him"--little +Nicholas--"into an old maid like yourself! A pity! Prince Andrew wants +a son and not an old maid," he would say. Or, turning to +Mademoiselle Bourienne, he would ask her in Princess Mary's presence +how she liked our village priests and icons and would joke about them. + +He continually hurt Princess Mary's feelings and tormented her, +but it cost her no effort to forgive him. Could he be to blame +toward her, or could her father, whom she knew loved her in spite of +it all, be unjust? And what is justice? The princess never thought +of that proud word "justice." All the complex laws of man centered for +her in one clear and simple law--the law of love and self-sacrifice +taught us by Him who lovingly suffered for mankind though He Himself +was God. What had she to do with the justice or injustice of other +people? She had to endure and love, and that she did. + +During the winter Prince Andrew had come to Bald Hills and had +been gay, gentle, and more affectionate than Princess Mary had known +him for a long time past. She felt that something had happened to him, +but he said nothing to her about his love. Before he left he had a +long talk with his father about something, and Princess Mary noticed +that before his departure they were dissatisfied with one another. + +Soon after Prince Andrew had gone, Princess Mary wrote to her friend +Julie Karagina in Petersburg, whom she had dreamed (as all girls +dream) of marrying to her brother, and who was at that time in +mourning for her own brother, killed in Turkey. + + +Sorrow, it seems, is our common lot, my dear, tender friend Julie. + +Your loss is so terrible that I can only explain it to myself as a +special providence of God who, loving you, wishes to try you and +your excellent mother. Oh, my friend! Religion, and religion alone, +can--I will not say comfort us--but save us from despair. Religion +alone can explain to us what without its help man cannot comprehend: +why, for what cause, kind and noble beings able to find happiness in +life--not merely harming no one but necessary to the happiness of +others--are called away to God, while cruel, useless, harmful persons, +or such as are a burden to themselves and to others, are left +living. The first death I saw, and one I shall never forget--that of +my dear sister-in-law--left that impression on me. Just as you ask +destiny why your splendid brother had to die, so I asked why that +angel Lise, who not only never wronged anyone, but in whose soul there +were never any unkind thoughts, had to die. And what do you think, +dear friend? Five years have passed since then, and already I, with my +petty understanding, begin to see clearly why she had to die, and in +what way that death was but an expression of the infinite goodness +of the Creator, whose every action, though generally +incomprehensible to us, is but a manifestation of His infinite love +for His creatures. Perhaps, I often think, she was too angelically +innocent to have the strength to perform all a mother's duties. As a +young wife she was irreproachable; perhaps she could not have been +so as a mother. As it is, not only has she left us, and particularly +Prince Andrew, with the purest regrets and memories, but probably +she will there receive a place I dare not hope for myself. But not +to speak of her alone, that early and terrible death has had the +most beneficent influence on me and on my brother in spite of all +our grief. Then, at the moment of our loss, these thoughts could not +occur to me; I should then have dismissed them with horror, but now +they are very clear and certain. I write all this to you, dear friend, +only to convince you of the Gospel truth which has become for me a +principle of life: not a single hair of our heads will fall without +His will. And His will is governed only by infinite love for us, and +so whatever befalls us is for our good. + +You ask whether we shall spend next winter in Moscow. In spite of my +wish to see you, I do not think so and do not want to do so. You +will be surprised to hear that the reason for this is Buonaparte! +The case is this: my father's health is growing noticeably worse, he +cannot stand any contradiction and is becoming irritable. This +irritability is, as you know, chiefly directed to political questions. +He cannot endure the notion that Buonaparte is negotiating on equal +terms with all the sovereigns of Europe and particularly with our own, +the grandson of the Great Catherine! As you know, I am quite +indifferent to politics, but from my father's remarks and his talks +with Michael Ivanovich I know all that goes on in the world and +especially about the honors conferred on Buonaparte, who only at +Bald Hills in the whole world, it seems, is not accepted as a great +man, still less as Emperor of France. And my father cannot stand this. +It seems to me that it is chiefly because of his political views +that my father is reluctant to speak of going to Moscow; for he +foresees the encounters that would result from his way of expressing +his views regardless of anybody. All the benefit he might derive +from a course of treatment he would lose as a result of the disputes +about Buonaparte which would be inevitable. In any case it will be +decided very shortly. + +Our family life goes on in the old way except for my brother +Andrew's absence. He, as I wrote you before, has changed very much +of late. After his sorrow he only this year quite recovered his +spirits. He has again become as I used to know him when a child: kind, +affectionate, with that heart of gold to which I know no equal. He has +realized, it seems to me, that life is not over for him. But +together with this mental change he has grown physically much +weaker. He has become thinner and more nervous. I am anxious about him +and glad he is taking this trip abroad which the doctors recommended +long ago. I hope it will cure him. You write that in Petersburg he +is spoken of as one of the most active, cultivated, and capable of the +young men. Forgive my vanity as a relation, but I never doubted it. +The good he has done to everybody here, from his peasants up to the +gentry, is incalculable. On his arrival in Petersburg he received only +his due. I always wonder at the way rumors fly from Petersburg to +Moscow, especially such false ones as that you write about--I mean the +report of my brother's betrothal to the little Rostova. I do not think +my brother will ever marry again, and certainly not her; and this is +why: first, I know that though he rarely speaks about the wife he +has lost, the grief of that loss has gone too deep in his heart for +him ever to decide to give her a successor and our little angel a +stepmother. Secondly because, as far as I know, that girl is not the +kind of girl who could please Prince Andrew. I do not think he would +choose her for a wife, and frankly I do not wish it. But I am +running on too long and am at the end of my second sheet. Good-by, +my dear friend. May God keep you in His holy and mighty care. My +dear friend, Mademoiselle Bourienne, sends you kisses. + +MARY + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + + +In the middle of the summer Princess Mary received an unexpected +letter from Prince Andrew in Switzerland in which he gave her +strange and surprising news. He informed her of his engagement to +Natasha Rostova. The whole letter breathed loving rapture for his +betrothed and tender and confiding affection for his sister. He +wrote that he had never loved as he did now and that only now did he +understand and know what life was. He asked his sister to forgive +him for not having told her of his resolve when he had last visited +Bald Hills, though he had spoken of it to his father. He had not +done so for fear Princess Mary should ask her father to give his +consent, irritating him and having to bear the brunt of his +displeasure without attaining her object. "Besides," he wrote, "the +matter was not then so definitely settled as it is now. My father then +insisted on a delay of a year and now already six months, half of that +period, have passed, and my resolution is firmer than ever. If the +doctors did not keep me here at the spas I should be back in Russia, +but as it is I have to postpone my return for three months. You know +me and my relations with Father. I want nothing from him. I have +been and always shall be independent; but to go against his will and +arouse his anger, now that he may perhaps remain with us such a +short time, would destroy half my happiness. I am now writing to him +about the same question, and beg you to choose a good moment to hand +him the letter and to let me know how he looks at the whole matter and +whether there is hope that he may consent to reduce the term by four +months." + +After long hesitations, doubts, and prayers, Princess Mary gave +the letter to her father. The next day the old prince said to her +quietly: + +"Write and tell your brother to wait till I am dead.... It won't +be long--I shall soon set him free." + +The princess was about to reply, but her father would not let her +speak and, raising his voice more and more, cried: + +"Marry, marry, my boy!... A good family!... Clever people, eh? Rich, +eh? Yes, a nice stepmother little Nicholas will have! Write and tell +him that he may marry tomorrow if he likes. She will be little +Nicholas' stepmother and I'll marry Bourienne!... Ha, ha, ha! He +mustn't be without a stepmother either! Only one thing, no more +women are wanted in my house--let him marry and live by himself. +Perhaps you will go and live with him too?" he added, turning to +Princess Mary. "Go in heavens name! Go out into the frost... the +frost... the frost! + +After this outburst the prince did not speak any more about the +matter. But repressed vexation at his son's poor-spirited behavior +found expression in his treatment of his daughter. To his former +pretexts for irony a fresh one was now added--allusions to stepmothers +and amiabilities to Mademoiselle Bourienne. + +"Why shouldn't I marry her?" he asked his daughter. "She'll make a +splendid princess!" + +And latterly, to her surprise and bewilderment, Princess Mary +noticed that her father was really associating more and more with +the Frenchwoman. She wrote to Prince Andrew about the reception of his +letter, but comforted him with hopes of reconciling their father to +the idea. + +Little Nicholas and his education, her brother Andrew, and +religion were Princess Mary's joys and consolations; but besides that, +since everyone must have personal hopes, Princess Mary in the +profoundest depths of her heart had a hidden dream and hope that +supplied the chief consolation of her life. This comforting dream +and hope were given her by God's folk--the half-witted and other +pilgrims who visited her without the prince's knowledge. The longer +she lived, the more experience and observation she had of life, the +greater was her wonder at the short-sightedness of men who seek +enjoyment and happiness here on earth: toiling, suffering, struggling, +and harming one another, to obtain that impossible, visionary, +sinful happiness. Prince Andrew had loved his wife, she died, but that +was not enough: he wanted to bind his happiness to another woman. +Her father objected to this because he wanted a more distinguished and +wealthier match for Andrew. And they all struggled and suffered and +tormented one another and injured their souls, their eternal souls, +for the attainment of benefits which endure but for an instant. Not +only do we know this ourselves, but Christ, the Son of God, came +down to earth and told us that this life is but for a moment and is +a probation; yet we cling to it and think to find happiness in it. +"How is it that no one realizes this?" thought Princess Mary. "No +one except these despised God's folk who, wallet on back, come to me +by the back door, afraid of being seen by the prince, not for fear +of ill-usage by him but for fear of causing him to sin. To leave +family, home, and all the cares of worldly welfare, in order without +clinging to anything to wander in hempen rags from place to place +under an assumed name, doing no one any harm but praying for all- +for those who drive one away as well as for those who protect one: +higher than that life and truth there is no life or truth!" + +There was one pilgrim, a quiet pockmarked little woman of fifty +called Theodosia, who for over thirty years had gone about barefoot +and worn heavy chains. Princess Mary was particularly fond of her. +Once, when in a room with a lamp dimly lit before the icon Theodosia +was talking of her life, the thought that Theodosia alone had found +the true path of life suddenly came to Princess Mary with such force +that she resolved to become a pilgrim herself. When Theodosia had gone +to sleep Princess Mary thought about this for a long time, and at last +made up her mind that, strange as it might seem, she must go on a +pilgrimage. She disclosed this thought to no one but to her confessor, +Father Akinfi, the monk, and he approved of her intention. Under guise +of a present for the pilgrims, Princess Mary prepared a pilgrim's +complete costume for herself: a coarse smock, bast shoes, a rough +coat, and a black kerchief. Often, approaching the chest of drawers +containing this secret treasure, Princess Mary paused, uncertain +whether the time had not already come to put her project into +execution. + +Often, listening to the pilgrims' tales, she was so stimulated by +their simple speech, mechanical to them but to her so full of deep +meaning, that several times she was on the point of abandoning +everything and running away from home. In imagination she already +pictured herself by Theodosia's side, dressed in coarse rags, +walking with a staff, a wallet on her back, along the dusty road, +directing her wanderings from one saint's shrine to another, free from +envy, earthly love, or desire, and reaching at last the place where +there is no more sorrow or sighing, but eternal joy and bliss. + +"I shall come to a place and pray there, and before having time to +get used to it or getting to love it, I shall go farther. I will go on +till my legs fail, and I'll lie down and die somewhere, and shall at +last reach that eternal, quiet haven, where there is neither sorrow +nor sighing..." thought Princess Mary. + +But afterwards, when she saw her father and especially little Koko +(Nicholas), her resolve weakened. She wept quietly, and felt that +she was a sinner who loved her father and little nephew more than God. + + + + + +BOOK SEVEN: 1810 --11 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +The Bible legend tells us that the absence of labor--idleness--was a +condition of the first man's blessedness before the Fall. Fallen man +has retained a love of idleness, but the curse weighs on the race +not only because we have to seek our bread in the sweat of our +brows, but because our moral nature is such that we cannot be both +idle and at ease. An inner voice tells us we are in the wrong if we +are idle. If man could find a state in which he felt that though +idle he was fulfilling his duty, he would have found one of the +conditions of man's primitive blessedness. And such a state of +obligatory and irreproachable idleness is the lot of a whole class- +the military. The chief attraction of military service has consisted +and will consist in this compulsory and irreproachable idleness. + +Nicholas Rostov experienced this blissful condition to the full +when, after 1807, he continued to serve in the Pavlograd regiment, +in which he already commanded the squadron he had taken over from +Denisov. + +Rostov had become a bluff, good-natured fellow, whom his Moscow +acquaintances would have considered rather bad form, but who was liked +and respected by his comrades, subordinates, and superiors, and was +well contented with his life. Of late, in 1809, he found in letters +from home more frequent complaints from his mother that their +affairs were falling into greater and greater disorder, and that it +was time for him to come back to gladden and comfort his old parents. + +Reading these letters, Nicholas felt a dread of their wanting to +take him away from surroundings in which, protected from all the +entanglements of life, he was living so calmly and quietly. He felt +that sooner or later he would have to re-enter that whirlpool of life, +with its embarrassments and affairs to be straightened out, its +accounts with stewards, quarrels, and intrigues, its ties, society, +and with Sonya's love and his promise to her. It was all dreadfully +difficult and complicated; and he replied to his mother in cold, +formal letters in French, beginning: "My dear Mamma," and ending: +"Your obedient son," which said nothing of when he would return. In +1810 he received letters from his parents, in which they told him of +Natasha's engagement to Bolkonski, and that the wedding would be in +a year's time because the old prince made difficulties. This letter +grieved and mortified Nicholas. In the first place he was sorry that +Natasha, for whom he cared more than for anyone else in the family, +should be lost to the home; and secondly, from his hussar point of +view, he regretted not to have been there to show that fellow +Bolkonski that connection with him was no such great honor after +all, and that if he loved Natasha he might dispense with permission +from his dotard father. For a moment he hesitated whether he should +not apply for leave in order to see Natasha before she was married, +but then came the maneuvers, and considerations about Sonya and +about the confusion of their affairs, and Nicholas again put it off. +But in the spring of that year, he received a letter from his +mother, written without his father's knowledge, and that letter +persuaded him to return. She wrote that if he did not come and take +matters in hand, their whole property would be sold by auction and +they would all have to go begging. The count was so weak, and +trusted Mitenka so much, and was so good-natured, that everybody +took advantage of him and things were going from bad to worse. "For +God's sake, I implore you, come at once if you do not wish to make +me and the whole family wretched," wrote the countess. + +This letter touched Nicholas. He had that common sense of a +matter-of-fact man which showed him what he ought to do. + +The right thing now was, if not to retire from the service, at any +rate to go home on leave. Why he had to go he did not know; but +after his after-dinner nap he gave orders to saddle Mars, an extremely +vicious gray stallion that had not been ridden for a long time, and +when he returned with the horse all in a lather, he informed Lavrushka +(Denisov's servant who had remained with him) and his comrades who +turned up in the evening that he was applying for leave and was +going home. Difficult and strange as it was for him to reflect that he +would go away without having heard from the staff--and this interested +him extremely--whether he was promoted to a captaincy or would receive +the Order of St. Anne for the last maneuvers; strange as it was to +think that he would go away without having sold his three roans to the +Polish Count Golukhovski, who was bargaining for the horses Rostov had +betted he would sell for two thousand rubles; incomprehensible as it +seemed that the ball the hussars were giving in honor of the Polish +Mademoiselle Przazdziecka (out of rivalry to the Uhlans who had +given one in honor of their Polish Mademoiselle Borzozowska) would +take place without him--he knew he must go away from this good, bright +world to somewhere where everything was stupid and confused. A week +later he obtained his leave. His hussar comrades--not only those of +his own regiment, but the whole brigade--gave Rostov a dinner to which +the subscription was fifteen rubles a head, and at which there were +two bands and two choirs of singers. Rostov danced the Trepak with +Major Basov; the tipsy officers tossed, embraced, and dropped +Rostov; the soldiers of the third squadron tossed him too, and shouted +"hurrah!" and then they put him in his sleigh and escorted him as +far as the first post station. + +During the first half of the journey--from Kremenchug to Kiev--all +Rostov's thoughts, as is usual in such cases, were behind him, with +the squadron; but when he had gone more than halfway he began to +forget his three roans and Dozhoyveyko, his quartermaster, and to +wonder anxiously how things would be at Otradnoe and what he would +find there. Thoughts of home grew stronger the nearer he approached +it--far stronger, as though this feeling of his was subject to the law +by which the force of attraction is in inverse proportion to the +square of the distance. At the last post station before Otradnoe he +gave the driver a three-ruble tip, and on arriving he ran +breathlessly, like a boy, up the steps of his home. + +After the rapture of meeting, and after that odd feeling of +unsatisfied expectation--the feeling that "everything is just the +same, so why did I hurry?"--Nicholas began to settle down in his old +home world. His father and mother were much the same, only a little +older. What was new in them was a certain uneasiness and occasional +discord, which there used not to be, and which, as Nicholas soon found +out, was due to the bad state of their affairs. Sonya was nearly +twenty; she had stopped growing prettier and promised nothing more +than she was already, but that was enough. She exhaled happiness and +love from the time Nicholas returned, and the faithful, unalterable +love of this girl had a gladdening effect on him. Petya and Natasha +surprised Nicholas most. Petya was a big handsome boy of thirteen, +merry, witty, and mischievous, with a voice that was already breaking. +As for Natasha, for a long while Nicholas wondered and laughed +whenever he looked at her. + +"You're not the same at all," he said. + +"How? Am I uglier?" + +"On the contrary, but what dignity? A princess!" he whispered to +her. + +"Yes, yes, yes!" cried Natasha, joyfully. + +She told him about her romance with Prince Andrew and of his visit +to Otradnoe and showed him his last letter. + +"Well, are you glad?" Natasha asked. "I am so tranquil and happy +now." + +"Very glad," answered Nicholas. "He is an excellent fellow.... And +are you very much in love?" + +"How shall I put it?" replied Natasha. "I was in love with Boris, +with my teacher, and with Denisov, but this is quite different. I feel +at peace and settled. I know that no better man than he exists, and +I am calm and contented now. Not at all as before." + +Nicholas expressed his disapproval of the postponement of the +marriage for a year; but Natasha attacked her brother with +exasperation, proving to him that it could not be otherwise, and +that it would be a bad thing to enter a family against the father's +will, and that she herself wished it so. + +"You don't at all understand," she said. + +Nicholas was silent and agreed with her. + +Her brother often wondered as he looked at her. She did not seem +at all like a girl in love and parted from her affianced husband. +She was even-tempered and calm and quite as cheerful as of old. This +amazed Nicholas and even made him regard Bolkonski's courtship +skeptically. He could not believe that her fate was sealed, especially +as he had not seen her with Prince Andrew. It always seemed to him +that there was something not quite right about this intended marriage. + +"Why this delay? Why no betrothal?" he thought. Once, when he had +touched on this topic with his mother, he discovered, to his +surprise and somewhat to his satisfaction, that in the depth of her +soul she too had doubts about this marriage. + +"You see he writes," said she, showing her son a letter of Prince +Andrew's, with that latent grudge a mother always has in regard to a +daughter's future married happiness, "he writes that he won't come +before December. What can be keeping him? Illness, probably! His +health is very delicate. Don't tell Natasha. And don't attach +importance to her being so bright: that's because she's living through +the last days of her girlhood, but I know what she is like every +time we receive a letter from him! However, God grant that +everything turns out well!" (She always ended with these words.) "He +is an excellent man!" + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +After reaching home Nicholas was at first serious and even dull. +He was worried by the impending necessity of interfering in the stupid +business matters for which his mother had called him home. To throw +off this burden as quickly as possible, on the third day after his +arrival he went, angry and scowling and without answering questions as +to where he was going, to Mitenka's lodge and demanded an account of +everything. But what an account of everything might be Nicholas knew +even less than the frightened and bewildered Mitenka. The conversation +and the examination of the accounts with Mitenka did not last long. +The village elder, a peasant delegate, and the village clerk, who were +waiting in the passage, heard with fear and delight first the young +count's voice roaring and snapping and rising louder and louder, and +then words of abuse, dreadful words, ejaculated one after the other. + +"Robber!... Ungrateful wretch!... I'll hack the dog to pieces! I'm +not my father!... Robbing us!..." and so on. + +Then with no less fear and delight they saw how the young count, red +in the face and with bloodshot eyes, dragged Mitenka out by the scruff +of the neck and applied his foot and knee to his behind with great +agility at convenient moments between the words, shouting, "Be off! +Never let me see your face here again, you villain!" + +Mitenka flew headlong down the six steps and ran away into the +shrubbery. (This shrubbery was a well-known haven of refuge for +culprits at Otradnoe. Mitenka himself, returning tipsy from the +town, used to hide there, and many of the residents at Otradnoe, +hiding from Mitenka, knew of its protective qualities.) + +Mitenka's wife and sisters-in-law thrust their heads and +frightened faces out of the door of a room where a bright samovar +was boiling and where the steward's high bedstead stood with its +patchwork quilt. + +The young count paid no heed to them, but, breathing hard, passed by +with resolute strides and went into the house. + +The countess, who heard at once from the maids what had happened +at the lodge, was calmed by the thought that now their affairs would +certainly improve, but on the other hand felt anxious as to the effect +this excitement might have on her son. She went several times to his +door on tiptoe and listened, as he lighted one pipe after another. + +Next day the old count called his son aside and, with an embarrassed +smile, said to him: + +"But you know, my dear boy, it's a pity you got excited! Mitenka has +told me all about it." + +"I knew," thought Nicholas, "that I should never understand anything +in this crazy world." + +"You were angry that he had not entered those 700 rubles. But they +were carried forward--and you did not look at the other page." + +"Papa, he is a blackguard and a thief! I know he is! And what I have +done, I have done; but, if you like, I won't speak to him again." + +"No, my dear boy" (the count, too, felt embarrassed. He knew he +had mismanaged his wife's property and was to blame toward his +children, but he did not know how to remedy it). "No, I beg you to +attend to the business. I am old. I..." + +"No, Papa. Forgive me if I have caused you unpleasantness. I +understand it all less than you do." + +"Devil take all these peasants, and money matters, and carryings +forward from page to page," he thought. "I used to understand what a +'corner' and the stakes at cards meant, but carrying forward to +another page I don't understand at all," said he to himself, and after +that he did not meddle in business affairs. But once the countess +called her son and informed him that she had a promissory note from +Anna Mikhaylovna for two thousand rubles, and asked him what he +thought of doing with it. + +"This," answered Nicholas. "You say it rests with me. Well, I +don't like Anna Mikhaylovna and I don't like Boris, but they were +our friends and poor. Well then, this!" and he tore up the note, and +by so doing caused the old countess to weep tears of joy. After +that, young Rostov took no further part in any business affairs, but +devoted himself with passionate enthusiasm to what was to him a new +pursuit--the chase--for which his father kept a large establishment. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +The weather was already growing wintry and morning frosts +congealed an earth saturated by autumn rains. The verdure had +thickened and its bright green stood out sharply against the +brownish strips of winter rye trodden down by the cattle, and +against the pale-yellow stubble of the spring buckwheat. The wooded +ravines and the copses, which at the end of August had still been +green islands amid black fields and stubble, had become golden and +bright-red islands amid the green winter rye. The hares had already +half changed their summer coats, the fox cubs were beginning to +scatter, and the young wolves were bigger than dogs. It was the best +time of the year for the chase. The hounds of that ardent young +sportsman Rostov had not merely reached hard winter condition, but +were so jaded that at a meeting of the huntsmen it was decided to give +them a three days' rest and then, on the sixteenth of September, to go +on a distant expedition, starting from the oak grove where there was +an undisturbed litter of wolf cubs. + +All that day the hounds remained at home. It was frosty and the +air was sharp, but toward evening the sky became overcast and it began +to thaw. On the fifteenth, when young Rostov, in his dressing gown, +looked out of the window, he saw it was an unsurpassable morning for +hunting: it was as if the sky were melting and sinking to the earth +without any wind. The only motion in the air was that of the dripping, +microscopic particles of drizzling mist. The bare twigs in the +garden were hung with transparent drops which fell on the freshly +fallen leaves. The earth in the kitchen garden looked wet and black +and glistened like poppy seed and at a short distance merged into +the dull, moist veil of mist. Nicholas went out into the wet and muddy +porch. There was a smell of decaying leaves and of dog. Milka, a +black-spotted, broad-haunched bitch with prominent black eyes, got +up on seeing her master, stretched her hind legs, lay down like a +hare, and then suddenly jumped up and licked him right on his nose and +mustache. Another borzoi, a dog, catching sight of his master from the +garden path, arched his back and, rushing headlong toward the porch +with lifted tail, began rubbing himself against his legs. + +"O-hoy!" came at that moment, that inimitable huntsman's call +which unites the deepest bass with the shrillest tenor, and round +the corner came Daniel the head huntsman and head kennelman, a gray, +wrinkled old man with hair cut straight over his forehead, Ukrainian +fashion, a long bent whip in his hand, and that look of independence +and scorn of everything that is only seen in huntsmen. He doffed his +Circassian cap to his master and looked at him scornfully. This +scorn was not offensive to his master. Nicholas knew that this Daniel, +disdainful of everybody and who considered himself above them, was all +the same his serf and huntsman. + +"Daniel!" Nicholas said timidly, conscious at the sight of the +weather, the hounds, and the huntsman that he was being carried away +by that irresistible passion for sport which makes a man forget all +his previous resolutions, as a lover forgets in the presence of his +mistress. + +"What orders, your excellency?" said the huntsman in his deep +bass, deep as a proto-deacon's and hoarse with hallooing--and two +flashing black eyes gazed from under his brows at his master, who +was silent. "Can you resist it?" those eyes seemed to be asking. + +"It's a good day, eh? For a hunt and a gallop, eh?" asked +Nicholas, scratching Milka behind the ears. + +Daniel did not answer, but winked instead. + +"I sent Uvarka at dawn to listen," his bass boomed out after a +minute's pause. "He says she's moved them into the Otradnoe enclosure. +They were howling there." (This meant that the she-wolf, about whom +they both knew, had moved with her cubs to the Otradnoe copse, a small +place a mile and a half from the house.) + +"We ought to go, don't you think so?" said Nicholas. "Come to me +with Uvarka." + +"As you please." + +"Then put off feeding them." + +"Yes, sir." + +Five minutes later Daniel and Uvarka were standing in Nicholas' +big study. Though Daniel was not a big man, to see him in a room was +like seeing a horse or a bear on the floor among the furniture and +surroundings of human life. Daniel himself felt this, and as usual +stood just inside the door, trying to speak softly and not move, for +fear of breaking something in the master's apartment, and he +hastened to say all that was necessary so as to get from under that +ceiling, out into the open under the sky once more. + +Having finished his inquiries and extorted from Daniel an opinion +that the hounds were fit (Daniel himself wished to go hunting), +Nicholas ordered the horses to be saddled. But just as Daniel was +about to go Natasha came in with rapid steps, not having done up her +hair or finished dressing and with her old nurse's big shawl wrapped +round her. Petya ran in at the same time. + +"You are going?" asked Natasha. "I knew you would! Sonya said you +wouldn't go, but I knew that today is the sort of day when you +couldn't help going." + +"Yes, we are going," replied Nicholas reluctantly, for today, as +he intended to hunt seriously, he did not want to take Natasha and +Petya. "We are going, but only wolf hunting: it would be dull for +you." + +"You know it is my greatest pleasure," said Natasha. "It's not fair; +you are going by yourself, are having the horses saddled and said +nothing to us about it." + +"'No barrier bars a Russian's path'--we'll go!" shouted Petya. + +"But you can't. Mamma said you mustn't," said Nicholas to Natasha. + +"Yes, I'll go. I shall certainly go," said Natasha decisively. +"Daniel, tell them to saddle for us, and Michael must come with my +dogs," she added to the huntsman. + +It seemed to Daniel irksome and improper to be in a room at all, but +to have anything to do with a young lady seemed to him impossible. +He cast down his eyes and hurried out as if it were none of his +business, careful as he went not to inflict any accidental injury on +the young lady. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The old count, who had always kept up an enormous hunting +establishment but had now handed it all completely over to his son's +care, being in very good spirits on this fifteenth of September, +prepared to go out with the others. + +In an hour's time the whole hunting party was at the porch. +Nicholas, with a stern and serious air which showed that now was no +time for attending to trifles, went past Natasha and Petya who were +trying to tell him something. He had a look at all the details of +the hunt, sent a pack of hounds and huntsmen on ahead to find the +quarry, mounted his chestnut Donets, and whistling to his own leash of +borzois, set off across the threshing ground to a field leading to the +Otradnoe wood. The old count's horse, a sorrel gelding called +Viflyanka, was led by the groom in attendance on him, while the +count himself was to drive in a small trap straight to a spot reserved +for him. + +They were taking fifty-four hounds, with six hunt attendants and +whippers-in. Besides the family, there were eight borzoi kennelmen and +more than forty borzois, so that, with the borzois on the leash +belonging to members of the family, there were about a hundred and +thirty dogs and twenty horsemen. + +Each dog knew its master and its call. Each man in the hunt knew his +business, his place, what he had to do. As soon as they had passed the +fence they all spread out evenly and quietly, without noise or talk, +along the road and field leading to the Otradnoe covert. + +The horses stepped over the field as over a thick carpet, now and +then splashing into puddles as they crossed a road. The misty sky +still seemed to descend evenly and imperceptibly toward the earth, the +air was still, warm, and silent. Occasionally the whistle of a +huntsman, the snort of a horse, the crack of a whip, or the whine of a +straggling hound could be heard. + +When they had gone a little less than a mile, five more riders +with dogs appeared out of the mist, approaching the Rostovs. In +front rode a fresh-looking, handsome old man with a large gray +mustache. + +"Good morning, Uncle!" said Nicholas, when the old man drew near. + +"That's it. Come on!... I was sure of it," began "Uncle." (He was +a distant relative of the Rostovs', a man of small means, and their +neighbor.) "I knew you wouldn't be able to resist it and it's a good +thing you're going. That's it! Come on! (This was "Uncle's" favorite +expression.) "Take the covert at once, for my Girchik says the Ilagins +are at Korniki with their hounds. That's it. Come on!... They'll +take the cubs from under your very nose." + +"That's where I'm going. Shall we join up our packs?" asked +Nicholas. + +The hounds were joined into one pack, and "Uncle" and Nicholas +rode on side by side. Natasha, muffled up in shawls which did not hide +her eager face and shining eyes, galloped up to them. She was followed +by Petya who always kept close to her, by Michael, a huntsman, and +by a groom appointed to look after her. Petya, who was laughing, +whipped and pulled at his horse. Natasha sat easily and confidently on +her black Arabchik and reined him in without effort with a firm hand. + +"Uncle" looked round disapprovingly at Petya and Natasha. He did not +like to combine frivolity with the serious business of hunting. + +"Good morning, Uncle! We are going too!" shouted Petya. + +"Good morning, good morning! But don't go overriding the hounds," +said "Uncle" sternly. + +"Nicholas, what a fine dog Trunila is! He knew me," said Natasha, +referring to her favorite hound. + +"In the first place, Trunila is not a 'dog,' but a harrier," thought +Nicholas, and looked sternly at his sister, trying to make her feel +the distance that ought to separate them at that moment. Natasha +understood it. + +"You mustn't think we'll be in anyone's way, Uncle," she said. +"We'll go to our places and won't budge." + +"A good thing too, little countess," said "Uncle," "only mind you +don't fall off your horse," he added, "because--that's it, come on!- +you've nothing to hold on to." + +The oasis of the Otradnoe covert came in sight a few hundred yards +off, the huntsmen were already nearing it. Rostov, having finally +settled with "Uncle" where they should set on the hounds, and having +shown Natasha where she was to stand--a spot where nothing could +possibly run out--went round above the ravine. + +"Well, nephew, you're going for a big wolf," said "Uncle." "Mind and +don't let her slip!" + +"That's as may happen," answered Rostov. "Karay, here!" he +shouted, answering "Uncle's" remark by this call to his borzoi. +Karay was a shaggy old dog with a hanging jowl, famous for having +tackled a big wolf unaided. They all took up their places. + +The old count, knowing his son's ardor in the hunt, hurried so as +not to be late, and the huntsmen had not yet reached their places when +Count Ilya Rostov, cheerful, flushed, and with quivering cheeks, drove +up with his black horses over the winter rye to the place reserved for +him, where a wolf might come out. Having straightened his coat and +fastened on his hunting knives and horn, he mounted his good, sleek, +well-fed, and comfortable horse, Viflyanka, which was turning gray, +like himself. His horses and trap were sent home. Count Ilya Rostov, +though not at heart a keen sportsman, knew the rules of the hunt well, +and rode to the bushy edge of the road where he was to stand, arranged +his reins, settled himself in the saddle, and, feeling that he was +ready, looked about with a smile. + +Beside him was Simon Chekmar, his personal attendant, an old +horseman now somewhat stiff in the saddle. Chekmar held in leash three +formidable wolfhounds, who had, however, grown fat like their master +and his horse. Two wise old dogs lay down unleashed. Some hundred +paces farther along the edge of the wood stood Mitka, the count's +other groom, a daring horseman and keen rider to hounds. Before the +hunt, by old custom, the count had drunk a silver cupful of mulled +brandy, taken a snack, and washed it down with half a bottle of his +favorite Bordeaux. + +He was somewhat flushed with the wine and the drive. His eyes were +rather moist and glittered more than usual, and as he sat in his +saddle, wrapped up in his fur coat, he looked like a child taken out +for an outing. + +The thin, hollow-cheeked Chekmar, having got everything ready, +kept glancing at his master with whom he had lived on the best of +terms for thirty years, and understanding the mood he was in +expected a pleasant chat. A third person rode up circumspectly through +the wood (it was plain that he had had a lesson) and stopped behind +the count. This person was a gray-bearded old man in a woman's +cloak, with a tall peaked cap on his head. He was the buffoon, who +went by a woman's name, Nastasya Ivanovna. + +"Well, Nastasya Ivanovna!" whispered the count, winking at him. +"If you scare away the beast, Daniel'll give it you!" + +"I know a thing or two myself!" said Nastasya Ivanovna. + +"Hush!" whispered the count and turned to Simon. "Have you seen +the young countess?" he asked. "Where is she?" + +"With young Count Peter, by the Zharov rank grass," answered +Simon, smiling. "Though she's a lady, she's very fond of hunting." + +"And you're surprised at the way she rides, Simon, eh?" said the +count. "She's as good as many a man!" + +"Of course! It's marvelous. So bold, so easy!" + +"And Nicholas? Where is he? By the Lyadov upland, isn't he?" + +"Yes, sir. He knows where to stand. He understands the matter so +well that Daniel and I are often quite astounded," said Simon, well +knowing what would please his master. + +"Rides well, eh? And how well he looks on his horse, eh?" + +"A perfect picture! How he chased a fox out of the rank grass by the +Zavarzinsk thicket the other day! Leaped a fearful place; what a sight +when they rushed from the covert... the horse worth a thousand +rubles and the rider beyond all price! Yes, one would have to search +far to find another as smart." + +"To search far..." repeated the count, evidently sorry Simon had not +said more. "To search far," he said, turning back the skirt of his +coat to get at his snuffbox. + +"The other day when he came out from Mass in full uniform, Michael +Sidorych..." Simon did not finish, for on the still air he had +distinctly caught the music of the hunt with only two or three +hounds giving tongue. He bent down his head and listened, shaking a +warning finger at his master. "They are on the scent of the cubs..." +he whispered, "straight to the Lyadov uplands." + +The count, forgetting to smooth out the smile on his face, looked +into the distance straight before him, down the narrow open space, +holding the snuffbox in his hand but not taking any. After the cry +of the hounds came the deep tones of the wolf call from Daniel's +hunting horn; the pack joined the first three hounds and they could be +heard in full cry, with that peculiar lift in the note that +indicates that they are after a wolf. The whippers-in no longer set on +the hounds, but changed to the cry of ulyulyu, and above the others +rose Daniel's voice, now a deep bass, now piercingly shrill. His voice +seemed to fill the whole wood and carried far beyond out into the open +field. + +After listening a few moments in silence, the count and his +attendant convinced themselves that the hounds had separated into +two packs: the sound of the larger pack, eagerly giving tongue, +began to die away in the distance, the other pack rushed by the wood +past the count, and it was with this that Daniel's voice was heard +calling ulyulyu. The sounds of both packs mingled and broke apart +again, but both were becoming more distant. + +Simon sighed and stooped to straighten the leash a young borzoi +had entangled; the count too sighed and, noticing the snuffbox in +his hand, opened it and took a pinch. "Back!" cried Simon to a +borzoi that was pushing forward out of the wood. The count started and +dropped the snuffbox. Nastasya Ivanovna dismounted to pick it up. +The count and Simon were looking at him. + +Then, unexpectedly, as often happens, the sound of the hunt suddenly +approached, as if the hounds in full cry and Daniel ulyulyuing were +just in front of them. + +The count turned and saw on his right Mitka staring at him with eyes +starting out of his head, raising his cap and pointing before him to +the other side. + +"Look out!" he shouted, in a voice plainly showing that he had +long fretted to utter that word, and letting the borzois slip he +galloped toward the count. + +The count and Simon galloped out of the wood and saw on their left a +wolf which, softly swaying from side to side, was coming at a quiet +lope farther to the left to the very place where they were standing. +The angry borzois whined and getting free of the leash rushed past the +horses' feet at the wolf. + +The wolf paused, turned its heavy forehead toward the dogs +awkwardly, like a man suffering from the quinsy, and, still slightly +swaying from side to side, gave a couple of leaps and with a swish +of its tail disappeared into the skirt of the wood. At the same +instant, with a cry like a wail, first one hound, then another, and +then another, sprang helter-skelter from the wood opposite and the +whole pack rushed across the field toward the very spot where the wolf +had disappeared. The hazel bushes parted behind the hounds and +Daniel's chestnut horse appeared, dark with sweat. On its long back +sat Daniel, hunched forward, capless, his disheveled gray hair hanging +over his flushed, perspiring face. + +"Ulyulyulyu! ulyulyu!..." he cried. When he caught sight of the +count his eyes flashed lightning. + +"Blast you!" he shouted, holding up his whip threateningly at the +count. + +"You've let the wolf go!... What sportsmen!" and as if scorning to +say more to the frightened and shamefaced count, he lashed the heaving +flanks of his sweating chestnut gelding with all the anger the count +had aroused and flew off after the hounds. The count, like a +punished schoolboy, looked round, trying by a smile to win Simon's +sympathy for his plight. But Simon was no longer there. He was +galloping round by the bushes while the field was coming up on both +sides, all trying to head the wolf, but it vanished into the wood +before they could do so. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Nicholas Rostov meanwhile remained at his post, waiting for the +wolf. By the way the hunt approached and receded, by the cries of +the dogs whose notes were familiar to him, by the way the voices of +the huntsmen approached, receded, and rose, he realized what was +happening at the copse. He knew that young and old wolves were +there, that the hounds had separated into two packs, that somewhere +a wolf was being chased, and that something had gone wrong. He +expected the wolf to come his way any moment. He made thousands of +different conjectures as to where and from what side the beast would +come and how he would set upon it. Hope alternated with despair. +Several times he addressed a prayer to God that the wolf should come +his way. He prayed with that passionate and shame-faced feeling with +which men pray at moments of great excitement arising from trivial +causes. "What would it be to Thee to do this for me?" he said to +God. "I know Thou art great, and that it is a sin to ask this of Thee, +but for God's sake do let the old wolf come my way and let Karay +spring at it--in sight of 'Uncle' who is watching from over there--and +seize it by the throat in a death grip!" A thousand times during +that half-hour Rostov cast eager and restless glances over the edge of +the wood, with the two scraggy oaks rising above the aspen undergrowth +and the gully with its water-worn side and "Uncle's" cap just +visible above the bush on his right. + +"No, I shan't have such luck," thought Rostov, "yet what wouldn't it +be worth! It is not to be! Everywhere, at cards and in war, I am +always unlucky." Memories of Austerlitz and of Dolokhov flashed +rapidly and clearly through his mind. "Only once in my life to get +an old wolf, I want only that!" thought he, straining eyes and ears +and looking to the left and then to the right and listening to the +slightest variation of note in the cries of the dogs. + +Again he looked to the right and saw something running toward him +across the deserted field. "No, it can't be!" thought Rostov, taking a +deep breath, as a man does at the coming of something long hoped +for. The height of happiness was reached--and so simply, without +warning, or noise, or display, that Rostov could not believe his +eyes and remained in doubt for over a second. The wolf ran forward and +jumped heavily over a gully that lay in her path. She was an old +animal with a gray back and big reddish belly. She ran without +hurry, evidently feeling sure that no one saw her. Rostov, holding his +breath, looked round at the borzois. They stood or lay not seeing +the wolf or understanding the situation. Old Karay had turned his head +and was angrily searching for fleas, baring his yellow teeth and +snapping at his hind legs. + +"Ulyulyulyu!" whispered Rostov, pouting his lips. The borzois jumped +up, jerking the rings of the leashes and pricking their ears. Karay +finished scratching his hindquarters and, cocking his ears, got up +with quivering tail from which tufts of matted hair hung down. + +"Shall I loose them or not?" Nicholas asked himself as the wolf +approached him coming from the copse. Suddenly the wolf's whole +physiognomy changed: she shuddered, seeing what she had probably never +seen before--human eyes fixed upon her--and turning her head a +little toward Rostov, she paused. + +"Back or forward? Eh, no matter, forward..." the wolf seemed to +say to herself, and she moved forward without again looking round +and with a quiet, long, easy yet resolute lope. + +"Ulyulyu!" cried Nicholas, in a voice not his own, and of its own +accord his good horse darted headlong downhill, leaping over gullies +to head off the wolf, and the borzois passed it, running faster still. +Nicholas did not hear his own cry nor feel that he was galloping, +nor see the borzois, nor the ground over which he went: he saw only +the wolf, who, increasing her speed, bounded on in the same +direction along the hollow. The first to come into view was Milka, +with her black markings and powerful quarters, gaining upon the +wolf. Nearer and nearer... now she was ahead of it; but the wolf +turned its head to face her, and instead of putting on speed as she +usually did Milka suddenly raised her tail and stiffened her forelegs. + +"Ulyulyulyulyu!" shouted Nicholas. + +The reddish Lyubim rushed forward from behind Milka, sprang +impetuously at the wolf, and seized it by its hindquarters, but +immediately jumped aside in terror. The wolf crouched, gnashed her +teeth, and again rose and bounded forward, followed at the distance of +a couple of feet by all the borzois, who did not get any closer to +her. + +"She'll get away! No, it's impossible!" thought Nicholas, still +shouting with a hoarse voice. + +"Karay, ulyulyu!..." he shouted, looking round for the old borzoi +who was now his only hope. Karay, with all the strength age had left +him, stretched himself to the utmost and, watching the wolf, +galloped heavily aside to intercept it. But the quickness of the +wolf's lope and the borzoi's slower pace made it plain that Karay +had miscalculated. Nicholas could already see not far in front of +him the wood where the wolf would certainly escape should she reach +it. But, coming toward him, he saw hounds and a huntsman galloping +almost straight at the wolf. There was still hope. A long, yellowish + +young borzoi, one Nicholas did not know, from another leash, rushed +impetuously at the wolf from in front and almost knocked her over. But +the wolf jumped up more quickly than anyone could have expected and, +gnashing her teeth, flew at the yellowish borzoi, which, with a +piercing yelp, fell with its head on the ground, bleeding from a +gash in its side. + +"Karay? Old fellow!..." wailed Nicholas. + +Thanks to the delay caused by this crossing of the wolf's path, +the old dog with its felted hair hanging from its thigh was within +five paces of it. As if aware of her danger, the wolf turned her +eyes on Karay, tucked her tail yet further between her legs, and +increased her speed. But here Nicholas only saw that something +happened to Karay--the borzoi was suddenly on the wolf, and they +rolled together down into a gully just in front of them. + +That instant, when Nicholas saw the wolf struggling in the gully +with the dogs, while from under them could be seen her gray hair and +outstretched hind leg and her frightened choking head, with her ears +laid back (Karay was pinning her by the throat), was the happiest +moment of his life. With his hand on his saddlebow, he was ready to +dismount and stab the wolf, when she suddenly thrust her head up +from among that mass of dogs, and then her forepaws were on the edge +of the gully. She clicked her teeth (Karay no longer had her by the +throat), leaped with a movement of her hind legs out of the gully, and +having disengaged herself from the dogs, with tail tucked in again, +went forward. Karay, his hair bristling, and probably bruised or +wounded, climbed with difficulty out of the gully. + +"Oh my God! Why?" Nicholas cried in despair. + +"Uncle's" huntsman was galloping from the other side across the +wolf's path and his borzois once more stopped the animal's advance. +She was again hemmed in. + +Nicholas and his attendant, with "Uncle" and his huntsman, were +all riding round the wolf, crying "ulyulyu!" shouting and preparing to +dismount each moment that the wolf crouched back, and starting forward +again every time she shook herself and moved toward the wood where she +would be safe. + +Already, at the beginning of this chase, Daniel, hearing the +ulyulyuing, had rushed out from the wood. He saw Karay seize the wolf, +and checked his horse, supposing the affair to be over. But when he +saw that the horsemen did not dismount and that the wolf shook herself +and ran for safety, Daniel set his chestnut galloping, not at the wolf +but straight toward the wood, just as Karay had run to cut the +animal off. As a result of this, he galloped up to the wolf just +when she had been stopped a second time by "Uncle's" borzois. + +Daniel galloped up silently, holding a naked dagger in his left hand +and thrashing the laboring sides of his chestnut horse with his whip +as if it were a flail. + +Nicholas neither saw nor heard Daniel until the chestnut, +breathing heavily, panted past him, and he heard the fall of a body +and saw Daniel lying on the wolf's back among the dogs, trying to +seize her by the ears. It was evident to the dogs, the hunters, and to +the wolf herself that all was now over. The terrified wolf pressed +back her ears and tried to rise, but the borzois stuck to her. +Daniel rose a little, took a step, and with his whole weight, as if +lying down to rest, fell on the wolf, seizing her by the ears. +Nicholas was about to stab her, but Daniel whispered, "Don't! We'll +gag her!" and, changing his position, set his foot on the wolf's neck. +A stick was thrust between her jaws and she was fastened with a leash, +as if bridled, her legs were bound together, and Daniel rolled her +over once or twice from side to side. + +With happy, exhausted faces, they laid the old wolf, alive, on a +shying and snorting horse and, accompanied by the dogs yelping at her, +took her to the place where they were all to meet. The hounds had +killed two of the cubs and the borzois three. The huntsmen assembled +with their booty and their stories, and all came to look at the +wolf, which, with her broad-browed head hanging down and the bitten +stick between her jaws, gazed with great glassy eyes at this crowd +of dogs and men surrounding her. When she was touched, she jerked +her bound legs and looked wildly yet simply at everybody. Old Count +Rostov also rode up and touched the wolf. + +"Oh, what a formidable one!" said he. "A formidable one, eh?" he +asked Daniel, who was standing near. + +"Yes, your excellency," answered Daniel, quickly doffing his cap. + +The count remembered the wolf he had let slip and his encounter with +Daniel. + +"Ah, but you are a crusty fellow, friend!" said the count. + +For sole reply Daniel gave him a shy, childlike, meek, and amiable +smile. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +The old count went home, and Natasha and Petya promised to return +very soon, but as it was still early the hunt went farther. At +midday they put the hounds into a ravine thickly overgrown with +young trees. Nicholas standing in a fallow field could see all his +whips. + +Facing him lay a field of winter rye, there his own huntsman stood +alone in a hollow behind a hazel bush. The hounds had scarcely been +loosed before Nicholas heard one he knew, Voltorn, giving tongue at +intervals; other hounds joined in, now pausing and now again giving +tongue. A moment later he heard a cry from the wooded ravine that a +fox had been found, and the whole pack, joining together, rushed along +the ravine toward the ryefield and away from Nicholas. + +He saw the whips in their red caps galloping along the edge of the +ravine, he even saw the hounds, and was expecting a fox to show itself +at any moment on the ryefield opposite. + +The huntsman standing in the hollow moved and loosed his borzois, +and Nicholas saw a queer, short-legged red fox with a fine brush going +hard across the field. The borzois bore down on it.... Now they drew +close to the fox which began to dodge between the field in sharper and +sharper curves, trailing its brush, when suddenly a strange white +borzoi dashed in followed by a black one, and everything was in +confusion; the borzois formed a star-shaped figure, scarcely swaying +their bodies and with tails turned away from the center of the +group. Two huntsmen galloped up to the dogs; one in a red cap, the +other, a stranger, in a green coat. + +"What's this?" thought Nicholas. "Where's that huntsman from? He +is not 'Uncle's' man." + +The huntsmen got the fox, but stayed there a long time without +strapping it to the saddle. Their horses, bridled and with high +saddles, stood near them and there too the dogs were lying. The +huntsmen waved their arms and did something to the fox. Then from that +spot came the sound of a horn, with the signal agreed on in case of +a fight. + +"That's Ilagin's huntsman having a row with our Ivan," said +Nicholas' groom. + +Nicholas sent the man to call Natasha and Petya to him, and rode +at a footpace to the place where the whips were getting the hounds +together. Several of the field galloped to the spot where the fight +was going on. + +Nicholas dismounted, and with Natasha and Petya, who had ridden +up, stopped near the hounds, waiting to see how the matter would +end. Out of the bushes came the huntsman who had been fighting and +rode toward his young master, with the fox tied to his crupper. +While still at a distance he took off his cap and tried to speak +respectfully, but he was pale and breathless and his face was angry. +One of his eyes was black, but he probably was not even aware of it. + +"What has happened?" asked Nicholas. + +"A likely thing, killing a fox our dogs had hunted! And it was my +gray bitch that caught it! Go to law, indeed!... He snatches at the +fox! I gave him one with the fox. Here it is on my saddle! Do you want +a taste of this?..." said the huntsman, pointing to his dagger and +probably imagining himself still speaking to his foe. + +Nicholas, not stopping to talk to the man, asked his sister and +Petya to wait for him and rode to the spot where the enemy's, +Ilagin's, hunting party was. + +The victorious huntsman rode off to join the field, and there, +surrounded by inquiring sympathizers, recounted his exploits. + +The facts were that Ilagin, with whom the Rostovs had a quarrel +and were at law, hunted over places that belonged by custom to the +Rostovs, and had now, as if purposely, sent his men to the very +woods the Rostovs were hunting and let his man snatch a fox their dogs +had chased. + +Nicholas, though he had never seen Ilagin, with his usual absence of +moderation in judgment, hated him cordially from reports of his +arbitrariness and violence, and regarded him as his bitterest foe. +He rode in angry agitation toward him, firmly grasping his whip and +fully prepared to take the most resolute and desperate steps to punish +his enemy. + +Hardly had he passed an angle of the wood before a stout gentleman +in a beaver cap came riding toward him on a handsome raven-black +horse, accompanied by two hunt servants. + +Instead of an enemy, Nicholas found in Ilagin a stately and +courteous gentleman who was particularly anxious to make the young +count's acquaintance. Having ridden up to Nicholas, Ilagin raised +his beaver cap and said he much regretted what had occurred and +would have the man punished who had allowed himself to seize a fox +hunted by someone else's borzois. He hoped to become better acquainted +with the count and invited him to draw his covert. + +Natasha, afraid that her brother would do something dreadful, had +followed him in some excitement. Seeing the enemies exchanging +friendly greetings, she rode up to them. Ilagin lifted his beaver +cap still higher to Natasha and said, with a pleasant smile, that +the young countess resembled Diana in her passion for the chase as +well as in her beauty, of which he had heard much. + +To expiate his huntsman's offense, Ilagin pressed the Rostovs to +come to an upland of his about a mile away which he usually kept for +himself and which, he said, swarmed with hares. Nicholas agreed, and +the hunt, now doubled, moved on. + +The way to Iligin's upland was across the fields. The hunt +servants fell into line. The masters rode together. "Uncle," Rostov, +and Ilagin kept stealthily glancing at one another's dogs, trying +not to be observed by their companions and searching uneasily for +rivals to their own borzois. + +Rostov was particularly struck by the beauty of a small, +pure-bred, red-spotted bitch on Ilagin's leash, slender but with +muscles like steel, a delicate muzzle, and prominent black eyes. He +had heard of the swiftness of Ilagin's borzois, and in that +beautiful bitch saw a rival to his own Milka. + +In the middle of a sober conversation begun by Ilagin about the +year's harvest, Nicholas pointed to the red-spotted bitch. + +"A fine little bitch, that!" said he in a careless tone. "Is she +swift?" + +"That one? Yes, she's a good dog, gets what she's after," answered +Ilagin indifferently, of the red-spotted bitch Erza, for which, a year +before, he had given a neighbor three families of house serfs. "So +in your parts, too, the harvest is nothing to boast of, Count?" he +went on, continuing the conversation they had begun. And considering +it polite to return the young count's compliment, Ilagin looked at his +borzois and picked out Milka who attracted his attention by her +breadth. "That black-spotted one of yours is fine--well shaped!" +said he. + +"Yes, she's fast enough," replied Nicholas, and thought: "If only +a full-grown hare would cross the field now I'd show you what sort +of borzoi she is," and turning to his groom, he said he would give a +ruble to anyone who found a hare. + +"I don't understand," continued Ilagin, "how some sportsmen can be +so jealous about game and dogs. For myself, I can tell you, Count, I +enjoy riding in company such as this... what could be better?" (he +again raised his cap to Natasha) "but as for counting skins and what +one takes, I don't care about that." + +"Of course not!" + +"Or being upset because someone else's borzoi and not mine catches +something. All I care about is to enjoy seeing the chase, is it not +so, Count? For I consider that..." + +"A-tu!" came the long-drawn cry of one of the borzoi whippers-in, +who had halted. He stood on a knoll in the stubble, holding his whip +aloft, and again repeated his long-drawn cry, "A-tu!" (This call and +the uplifted whip meant that he saw a sitting hare.) + +"Ah, he has found one, I think," said Ilagin carelessly. "Yes, we +must ride up.... Shall we both course it?" answered Nicholas, seeing +in Erza and "Uncle's" red Rugay two rivals he had never yet had a +chance of pitting against his own borzois. "And suppose they outdo +my Milka at once!" he thought as he rode with "Uncle" and Ilagin +toward the hare. + +"A full-grown one?" asked Ilagin as he approached the whip who had +sighted the hare--and not without agitation he looked round and +whistled to Erza. + +"And you, Michael Nikanorovich?" he said, addressing "Uncle." + +The latter was riding with a sullen expression on his face. + +"How can I join in? Why, you've given a village for each of your +borzois! That's it, come on! Yours are worth thousands. Try yours +against one another, you two, and I'll look on!" + +"Rugay, hey, hey!" he shouted. "Rugayushka!" he added, involuntarily +by this diminutive expressing his affection and the hopes he placed on +this red borzoi. Natasha saw and felt the agitation the two elderly +men and her brother were trying to conceal, and was herself excited by +it. + +The huntsman stood halfway up the knoll holding up his whip and +the gentlefolk rode up to him at a footpace; the hounds that were +far off on the horizon turned away from the hare, and the whips, but +not the gentlefolk, also moved away. All were moving slowly and +sedately. + +"How is it pointing?" asked Nicholas, riding a hundred paces +toward the whip who had sighted the hare. + +But before the whip could reply, the hare, scenting the frost coming +next morning, was unable to rest and leaped up. The pack on leash +rushed downhill in full cry after the hare, and from all sides the +borzois that were not on leash darted after the hounds and the hare. +All the hunt, who had been moving slowly, shouted, "Stop!" calling +in the hounds, while the borzoi whips, with a cry of "A-tu!" galloped +across the field setting the borzois on the hare. The tranquil Ilagin, +Nicholas, Natasha, and "Uncle" flew, reckless of where and how they +went, seeing only the borzois and the hare and fearing only to lose +sight even for an instant of the chase. The hare they had started +was a strong and swift one. When he jumped up he did not run at +once, but pricked his ears listening to the shouting and trampling +that resounded from all sides at once. He took a dozen bounds, not +very quickly, letting the borzois gain on him, and, finally having +chosen his direction and realized his danger, laid back his ears and +rushed off headlong. He had been lying in the stubble, but in front of +him was the autumn sowing where the ground was soft. The two borzois +of the huntsman who had sighted him, having been the nearest, were the +first to see and pursue him, but they had not gone far before Ilagin's +red-spotted Erza passed them, got within a length, flew at the hare +with terrible swiftness aiming at his scut, and, thinking she had +seized him, rolled over like a ball. The hare arched his back and +bounded off yet more swiftly. From behind Erza rushed the +broad-haunched, black-spotted Milka and began rapidly gaining on the +hare. + +"Milashka, dear!" rose Nicholas' triumphant cry. It looked as if +Milka would immediately pounce on the hare, but she overtook him and +flew past. The hare had squatted. Again the beautiful Erza reached +him, but when close to the hare's scut paused as if measuring the +distance, so as not to make a mistake this time but seize his hind +leg. + +"Erza, darling!" Ilagin wailed in a voice unlike his own. Erza did +not hearken to his appeal. At the very moment when she would have +seized her prey, the hare moved and darted along the balk between +the winter rye and the stubble. Again Erza and Milka were abreast, +running like a pair of carriage horses, and began to overtake the +hare, but it was easier for the hare to run on the balk and the +borzois did not overtake him so quickly. + +"Rugay, Rugayushka! That's it, come on!" came a third voice just +then, and "Uncle's" red borzoi, straining and curving its back, caught +up with the two foremost borzois, pushed ahead of them regardless of +the terrible strain, put on speed close to the hare, knocked it off +the balk onto the ryefield, again put on speed still more viciously, +sinking to his knees in the muddy field, and all one could see was +how, muddying his back, he rolled over with the hare. A ring of +borzois surrounded him. A moment later everyone had drawn up round the +crowd of dogs. Only the delighted "Uncle" dismounted, and cut off a +pad, shaking the hare for the blood to drip off, and anxiously +glancing round with restless eyes while his arms and legs twitched. He +spoke without himself knowing whom to or what about. "That's it, +come on! That's a dog!... There, it has beaten them all, the +thousand-ruble as well as the one-ruble borzois. That's it, come +on!" said he, panting and looking wrathfully around as if he were +abusing someone, as if they were all his enemies and had insulted him, +and only now had he at last succeeded in justifying himself. "There +are your thousand-ruble ones.... That's it, come on!..." + +"Rugay, here's a pad for you!" he said, throwing down the hare's +muddy pad. "You've deserved it, that's it, come on!" + +"She'd tired herself out, she'd run it down three times by herself," +said Nicholas, also not listening to anyone and regardless of +whether he were heard or not. + +"But what is there in running across it like that?" said Ilagin's +groom. + +"Once she had missed it and turned it away, any mongrel could take +it," Ilagin was saying at the same time, breathless from his gallop +and his excitement. At the same moment Natasha, without drawing +breath, screamed joyously, ecstatically, and so piercingly that it set +everyone's ear tingling. By that shriek she expressed what the +others expressed by all talking at once, and it was so strange that +she must herself have been ashamed of so wild a cry and everyone +else would have been amazed at it at any other time. "Uncle" himself +twisted up the hare, threw it neatly and smartly across his horse's +back as if by that gesture he meant to rebuke everybody, and, with +an air of not wishing to speak to anyone, mounted his bay and rode +off. The others all followed, dispirited and shamefaced, and only much +later were they able to regain their former affectation of +indifference. For a long time they continued to look at red Rugay who, +his arched back spattered with mud and clanking the ring of his leash, +walked along just behind "Uncle's" horse with the serene air of a +conqueror. + +"Well, I am like any other dog as long as it's not a question of +coursing. But when it is, then look out!" his appearance seemed to +Nicholas to be saying. + +When, much later, "Uncle" rode up to Nicholas and began talking to +him, he felt flattered that, after what had happened, "Uncle" +deigned to speak to him. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Toward evening Ilagin took leave of Nicholas, who found that they +were so far from home that he accepted "Uncle's" offer that the +hunting party should spend the night in his little village of +Mikhaylovna. + +"And if you put up at my house that will be better still. That's it, +come on!" said "Uncle." "You see it's damp weather, and you could +rest, and the little countess could be driven home in a trap." + +"Uncle's" offer was accepted. A huntsman was sent to Otradnoe for +a trap, while Nicholas rode with Natasha and Petya to "Uncle's" house. + +Some five male domestic serfs, big and little, rushed out to the +front porch to meet their master. A score of women serfs, old and +young, as well as children, popped out from the back entrance to +have a look at the hunters who were arriving. The presence of Natasha- +a woman, a lady, and on horseback--raised the curiosity of the serfs +to such a degree that many of them came up to her, stared her in the +face, and unabashed by her presence made remarks about her as though +she were some prodigy on show and not a human being able to hear or +understand what was said about her. + +"Arinka! Look, she sits sideways! There she sits and her skirt +dangles.... See, she's got a little hunting horn!" + +"Goodness gracious! See her knife?..." + +"Isn't she a Tartar!" + +"How is it you didn't go head over heels?" asked the boldest of all, +addressing Natasha directly. + +"Uncle" dismounted at the porch of his little wooden house which +stood in the midst of an overgrown garden and, after a glance at his +retainers, shouted authoritatively that the superfluous ones should +take themselves off and that all necessary preparations should be made +to receive the guests and the visitors. + +The serfs all dispersed. "Uncle" lifted Natasha off her horse and +taking her hand led her up the rickety wooden steps of the porch. +The house, with its bare, unplastered log walls, was not overclean--it +did not seem that those living in it aimed at keeping it spotless--but +neither was it noticeably neglected. In the entry there was a smell of +fresh apples, and wolf and fox skins hung about. + +"Uncle" led the visitors through the anteroom into a small hall with +a folding table and red chairs, then into the drawing room with a +round birchwood table and a sofa, and finally into his private room +where there was a tattered sofa, a worn carpet, and portraits of +Suvorov, of the host's father and mother, and of himself in military +uniform. The study smelt strongly of tobacco and dogs. "Uncle" asked +his visitors to sit down and make themselves at home, and then went +out of the room. Rugay, his back still muddy, came into the room and +lay down on the sofa, cleaning himself with his tongue and teeth. +Leading from the study was a passage in which a partition with +ragged curtains could be seen. From behind this came women's +laughter and whispers. Natasha, Nicholas, and Petya took off their +wraps and sat down on the sofa. Petya, leaning on his elbow, fell +asleep at once. Natasha and Nicholas were silent. Their faces +glowed, they were hungry and very cheerful. They looked at one another +(now that the hunt was over and they were in the house, Nicholas no +longer considered it necessary to show his manly superiority over +his sister), Natasha gave him a wink, and neither refrained long +from bursting into a peal of ringing laughter even before they had a +pretext ready to account for it. + +After a while "Uncle" came in, in a Cossack coat, blue trousers, and +small top boots. And Natasha felt that this costume, the very one +she had regarded with surprise and amusement at Otradnoe, was just the +right thing and not at all worse than a swallow-tail or frock coat. +"Uncle" too was in high spirits and far from being offended by the +brother's and sister's laughter (it could never enter his head that +they might be laughing at his way of life) he himself joined in the +merriment. + +"That's right, young countess, that's it, come on! I never saw +anyone like her!" said he, offering Nicholas a pipe with a long stem +and, with a practiced motion of three fingers, taking down another +that had been cut short. "She's ridden all day like a man, and is as +fresh as ever!" + +Soon after "Uncle's" reappearance the door was opened, evidently +from the sound by a barefooted girl, and a stout, rosy, good-looking +woman of about forty, with a double chin and full red lips, entered +carrying a large loaded tray. With hospitable dignity and cordiality +in her glance and in every motion, she looked at the visitors and, +with a pleasant smile, bowed respectfully. In spite of her exceptional +stoutness, which caused her to protrude her chest and stomach and +throw back her head, this woman (who was "Uncle's" housekeeper) trod +very lightly. She went to the table, set down the tray, and with her +plump white hands deftly took from it the bottles and various hors +d'oeuvres and dishes and arranged them on the table. When she had +finished, she stepped aside and stopped at the door with a smile on +her face. "Here I am. I am she! Now do you understand 'Uncle'?" her +expression said to Rostov. How could one help understanding? Not +only Nicholas, but even Natasha understood the meaning of his puckered +brow and the happy complacent smile that slightly puckered his lips +when Anisya Fedorovna entered. On the tray was a bottle of herb +wine, different kinds of vodka, pickled mushrooms, rye cakes made with +buttermilk, honey in the comb, still mead and sparkling mead, +apples, nuts (raw and roasted), and nut-and-honey sweets. Afterwards +she brought a freshly roasted chicken, ham, preserves made with honey, +and preserves made with sugar. + +All this was the fruit of Anisya Fedorovna's housekeeping, +gathered and prepared by her. The smell and taste of it all had a +smack of Anisya Fedorovna herself: a savor of juiciness, +cleanliness, whiteness, and pleasant smiles. + +"Take this, little Lady-Countess!" she kept saying, as she offered +Natasha first one thing and then another. + +Natasha ate of everything and thought she had never seen or eaten +such buttermilk cakes, such aromatic jam, such honey-and-nut sweets, +or such a chicken anywhere. Anisya Fedorovna left the room. + +After supper, over their cherry brandy, Rostov and "Uncle" talked of +past and future hunts, of Rugay and Ilagin's dogs, while Natasha sat +upright on the sofa and listened with sparkling eyes. She tried +several times to wake Petya that he might eat something, but he only +muttered incoherent words without waking up. Natasha felt so +lighthearted and happy in these novel surroundings that she only +feared the trap would come for her too soon. After a casual pause, +such as often occurs when receiving friends for the first time in +one's own house, "Uncle," answering a thought that was in his +visitors' mind, said: + +"This, you see, is how I am finishing my days... Death will come. +That's it, come on! Nothing will remain. Then why harm anyone?" + +"Uncle's" face was very significant and even handsome as he said +this. Involuntarily Rostov recalled all the good he had heard about +him from his father and the neighbors. Throughout the whole province +"Uncle" had the reputation of being the most honorable and +disinterested of cranks. They called him in to decide family disputes, +chose him as executor, confided secrets to him, elected him to be a +justice and to other posts; but he always persistently refused +public appointments, passing the autumn and spring in the fields on +his bay gelding, sitting at home in winter, and lying in his overgrown +garden in summer. + +"Why don't you enter the service, Uncle?" + +"I did once, but gave it up. I am not fit for it. That's it, come +on! I can't make head or tail of it. That's for you--I haven't +brains enough. Now, hunting is another matter--that's it, come on! +Open the door, there!" he shouted. "Why have you shut it?" + +The door at the end of the passage led to the huntsmen's room, as +they called the room for the hunt servants. + +There was a rapid patter of bare feet, and an unseen hand opened the +door into the huntsmen's room, from which came the clear sounds of a +balalayka on which someone, who was evidently a master of the art, was +playing. Natasha had been listening to those strains for some time and +now went out into the passage to hear better. + +"That's Mitka, my coachman.... I have got him a good balalayka. +I'm fond of it," said "Uncle." + +It was the custom for Mitka to play the balalayka in the +huntsmen's room when "Uncle" returned from the chase. "Uncle" was fond +of such music. + +"How good! Really very good!" said Nicholas with some +unintentional superciliousness, as if ashamed to confess that the +sounds pleased him very much. + +"Very good?" said Natasha reproachfully, noticing her brother's +tone. "Not 'very good' it's simply delicious!" + +Just as "Uncle's" pickled mushrooms, honey, and cherry brandy had +seemed to her the best in the world, so also that song, at that +moment, seemed to her the acme of musical delight. + +"More, please, more!" cried Natasha at the door as soon as the +balalayka ceased. Mitka tuned up afresh, and recommenced thrumming the +balalayka to the air of My Lady, with trills and variations. "Uncle" +sat listening, slightly smiling, with his head on one side. The air +was repeated a hundred times. The balalayka was retuned several +times and the same notes were thrummed again, but the listeners did +not grow weary of it and wished to hear it again and again. Anisya +Fedorovna came in and leaned her portly person against the doorpost. + +"You like listening?" she said to Natasha, with a smile extremely +like "Uncle's." "That's a good player of ours," she added. + +"He doesn't play that part right!" said "Uncle" suddenly, with an +energetic gesture. "Here he ought to burst out--that's it, come on!- +ought to burst out." + +"Do you play then?" asked Natasha. + +"Uncle" did not answer, but smiled. + +"Anisya, go and see if the strings of my guitar are all right. I +haven't touched it for a long time. That's it--come on! I've given +it up." + +Anisya Fedorovna, with her light step, willingly went to fulfill her +errand and brought back the guitar. + +Without looking at anyone, "Uncle" blew the dust off it and, tapping +the case with his bony fingers, tuned the guitar and settled himself +in his armchair. He took the guitar a little above the fingerboard, +arching his left elbow with a somewhat theatrical gesture, and, with a +wink at Anisya Fedorovna, struck a single chord, pure and sonorous, +and then quietly, smoothly, and confidently began playing in very slow +time, not My Lady, but the well-known song: Came a maiden down the +street. The tune, played with precision and in exact time, began to +thrill in the hearts of Nicholas and Natasha, arousing in them the +same kind of sober mirth as radiated from Anisya Fedorovna's whole +being. Anisya Fedorovna flushed, and drawing her kerchief over her +face went laughing out of the room. "Uncle" continued to play +correctly, carefully, with energetic firmness, looking with a +changed and inspired expression at the spot where Anisya Fedorovna had +just stood. Something seemed to be laughing a little on one side of +his face under his gray mustaches, especially as the song grew brisker +and the time quicker and when, here and there, as he ran his fingers +over the strings, something seemed to snap. + +"Lovely, lovely! Go on, Uncle, go on!" shouted Natasha as soon as he +had finished. She jumped up and hugged and kissed him. "Nicholas, +Nicholas!" she said, turning to her brother, as if asking him: "What +is it moves me so?" + +Nicholas too was greatly pleased by "Uncle's" playing, and "Uncle" +played the piece over again. Anisya Fedorovna's smiling face +reappeared in the doorway and behind hers other faces... + + Fetching water clear and sweet, + Stop, dear maiden, I entreat- + +played "Uncle" once more, running his fingers skillfully over the +strings, and then he stopped short and jerked his shoulders. + +"Go on, Uncle dear," Natasha wailed in an imploring tone as if her +life depended on it. + +"Uncle" rose, and it was as if there were two men in him: one of +them smiled seriously at the merry fellow, while the merry fellow +struck a naive and precise attitude preparatory to a folk dance. + +"Now then, niece!" he exclaimed, waving to Natasha the hand that had +just struck a chord. + +Natasha threw off the shawl from her shoulders, ran forward to +face "Uncle," and setting her arms akimbo also made a motion with +her shoulders and struck an attitude. + +Where, how, and when had this young countess, educated by an emigree +French governess, imbibed from the Russian air she breathed that +spirit and obtained that manner which the pas de chale* would, one +would have supposed, long ago have effaced? But the spirit and the +movements were those inimitable and unteachable Russian ones that +"Uncle" had expected of her. As soon as she had struck her pose, and +smiled triumphantly, proudly, and with sly merriment, the fear that +had at first seized Nicholas and the others that she might not do +the right thing was at an end, and they were already admiring her. + + +*The French shawl dance. + + +She did the right thing with such precision, such complete +precision, that Anisya Fedorovna, who had at once handed her the +handkerchief she needed for the dance, had tears in her eyes, though +she laughed as she watched this slim, graceful countess, reared in +silks and velvets and so different from herself, who yet was able to +understand all that was in Anisya and in Anisya's father and mother +and aunt, and in every Russian man and woman. + +"Well, little countess; that's it--come on!" cried "Uncle," with a +joyous laugh, having finished the dance. "Well done, niece! Now a fine +young fellow must be found as husband for you. That's it--come on!" + +"He's chosen already," said Nicholas smiling. + +"Oh?" said "Uncle" in surprise, looking inquiringly at Natasha, +who nodded her head with a happy smile. + +"And such a one!" she said. But as soon as she had said it a new +train of thoughts and feelings arose in her. "What did Nicholas' smile +mean when he said 'chosen already'? Is he glad of it or not? It is +as if he thought my Bolkonski would not approve of or understand our +gaiety. But he would understand it all. Where is he now?" she thought, +and her face suddenly became serious. But this lasted only a second. +"Don't dare to think about it," she said to herself, and sat down +again smilingly beside "Uncle," begging him to play something more. + +"Uncle" played another song and a valse; then after a pause he +cleared his throat and sang his favorite hunting song: + + As 'twas growing dark last night + Fell the snow so soft and light... + + +"Uncle" sang as peasants sing, with full and naive conviction that +the whole meaning of a song lies in the words and that the tune +comes of itself, and that apart from the words there is no tune, which +exists only to give measure to the words. As a result of this the +unconsidered tune, like the song of a bird, was extraordinarily +good. Natasha was in ecstasies over "Uncle's" singing. She resolved to +give up learning the harp and to play only the guitar. She asked +"Uncle" for his guitar and at once found the chords of the song. + +After nine o'clock two traps and three mounted men, who had been +sent to look for them, arrived to fetch Natasha and Petya. The count +and countess did not know where they were and were very anxious, +said one of the men. + +Petya was carried out like a log and laid in the larger of the two +traps. Natasha and Nicholas got into the other. "Uncle" wrapped +Natasha up warmly and took leave of her with quite a new tenderness. +He accompanied them on foot as far as the bridge that could not be +crossed, so that they had to go round by the ford, and he sent +huntsmen to ride in front with lanterns. + +"Good-by, dear niece," his voice called out of the darkness--not the +voice Natasha had known previously, but the one that had sung As 'twas +growing dark last night. + +In the village through which they passed there were red lights and a +cheerful smell of smoke. + +"What a darling Uncle is!" said Natasha, when they had come out onto +the highroad. + +"Yes," returned Nicholas. "You're not cold?" + +"No. I'm quite, quite all right. I feel so comfortable!" answered +Natasha, almost perplexed by her feelings. They remained silent a long +while. The night was dark and damp. They could not see the horses, but +only heard them splashing through the unseen mud. + +What was passing in that receptive childlike soul that so eagerly +caught and assimilated all the diverse impressions of life? How did +they all find place in her? But she was very happy. As they were +nearing home she suddenly struck up the air of As 'twas growing dark +last night--the tune of which she had all the way been trying to get +and had at last caught. + +"Got it?" said Nicholas. + +"What were you thinking about just now, Nicholas?" inquired Natasha. + +They were fond of asking one another that question. + +"I?" said Nicholas, trying to remember. "Well, you see, first I +thought that Rugay, the red hound, was like Uncle, and that if he were +a man he would always keep Uncle near him, if not for his riding, then +for his manner. What a good fellow Uncle is! Don't you think so?... +Well, and you?" + +"I? Wait a bit, wait.... Yes, first I thought that we are driving +along and imagining that we are going home, but that heaven knows +where we are really going in the darkness, and that we shall arrive +and suddenly find that we are not in Otradnoe, but in Fairyland. And +then I thought... No, nothing else." + +"I know, I expect you thought of him," said Nicholas, smiling as +Natasha knew by the sound of his voice. + +"No," said Natasha, though she had in reality been thinking about +Prince Andrew at the same time as of the rest, and of how he would +have liked "Uncle." "And then I was saying to myself all the way, 'How +well Anisya carried herself, how well!'" And Nicholas heard her +spontaneous, happy, ringing laughter. "And do you know," she +suddenly said, "I know that I shall never again be as happy and +tranquil as I am now." + +"Rubbish, nonsense, humbug!" exclaimed Nicholas, and he thought: +"How charming this Natasha of mine is! I have no other friend like her +and never shall have. Why should she marry? We might always drive +about together!" + +"What a darling this Nicholas of mine is!" thought Natasha. + +"Ah, there are still lights in the drawingroom!" she said, +pointing to the windows of the house that gleamed invitingly in the +moist velvety darkness of the night. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Count Ilya Rostov had resigned the position of Marshal of the +Nobility because it involved him in too much expense, but still his +affairs did not improve. Natasha and Nicholas often noticed their +parents conferring together anxiously and privately and heard +suggestions of selling the fine ancestral Rostov house and estate near +Moscow. It was not necessary to entertain so freely as when the +count had been Marshal, and life at Otradnoe was quieter than in +former years, but still the enormous house and its lodges were full of +people and more than twenty sat down to table every day. These were +all their own people who had settled down in the house almost as +members of the family, or persons who were, it seemed, obliged to live +in the count's house. Such were Dimmler the musician and his wife, +Vogel the dancing master and his family, Belova, an old maiden lady, +an inmate of the house, and many others such as Petya's tutors, the +girls' former governess, and other people who simply found it +preferable and more advantageous to live in the count's house than +at home. They had not as many visitors as before, but the old habits +of life without which the count and countess could not conceive of +existence remained unchanged. There was still the hunting +establishment which Nicholas had even enlarged, the same fifty +horses and fifteen grooms in the stables, the same expensive +presents and dinner parties to the whole district on name days; +there were still the count's games of whist and boston, at which- +spreading out his cards so that everybody could see them--he let +himself be plundered of hundreds of rubles every day by his neighbors, +who looked upon an opportunity to play a rubber with Count Rostov as a +most profitable source of income. + +The count moved in his affairs as in a huge net, trying not to +believe that he was entangled but becoming more and more so at every +step, and feeling too feeble to break the meshes or to set to work +carefully and patiently to disentangle them. The countess, with her +loving heart, felt that her children were being ruined, that it was +not the count's fault for he could not help being what he was--that +(though he tried to hide it) he himself suffered from the +consciousness of his own and his children's ruin, and she tried to +find means of remedying the position. From her feminine point of +view she could see only one solution, namely, for Nicholas to marry +a rich heiress. She felt this to be their last hope and that if +Nicholas refused the match she had found for him, she would have to +abandon the hope of ever getting matters right. This match was with +Julie Karagina, the daughter of excellent and virtuous parents, a girl +the Rostovs had known from childhood, and who had now become a wealthy +heiress through the death of the last of her brothers. + +The countess had written direct to Julie's mother in Moscow +suggesting a marriage between their children and had received a +favorable answer from her. Karagina had replied that for her part +she was agreeable, and everything depend on her daughter's +inclination. She invited Nicholas to come to Moscow. + +Several times the countess, with tears in her eyes, told her son +that now both her daughters were settled, her only wish was to see him +married. She said she could lie down in her grave peacefully if that +were accomplished. Then she told him that she knew of a splendid +girl and tried to discover what he thought about marriage. + +At other times she praised Julie to him and advised him to go to +Moscow during the holidays to amuse himself. Nicholas guessed what his +mother's remarks were leading to and during one of these conversations +induced her to speak quite frankly. She told him that her only hope of +getting their affairs disentangled now lay in his marrying Julie +Karagina. + +"But, Mamma, suppose I loved a girl who has no fortune, would you +expect me to sacrifice my feelings and my honor for the sake of +money?" he asked his mother, not realizing the cruelty of his question +and only wishing to show his noble-mindedness. + +"No, you have not understood me," said his mother, not knowing how +to justify herself. "You have not understood me, Nikolenka. It is your +happiness I wish for," she added, feeling that she was telling an +untruth and was becoming entangled. She began to cry. + +"Mamma, don't cry! Only tell me that you wish it, and you know I +will give my life, anything, to put you at ease," said Nicholas. "I +would sacrifice anything for you--even my feelings." + +But the countess did not want the question put like that: she did +not want a sacrifice from her son, she herself wished to make a +sacrifice for him. + +"No, you have not understood me, don't let us talk about it," she +replied, wiping away her tears. + +"Maybe I do love a poor girl," said Nicholas to himself. "Am I to +sacrifice my feelings and my honor for money? I wonder how Mamma could +speak so to me. Because Sonya is poor I must not love her," he +thought, "must not respond to her faithful, devoted love? Yet I should +certainly be happier with her than with some doll-like Julie. I can +always sacrifice my feelings for my family's welfare," he said to +himself, "but I can't coerce my feelings. If I love Sonya, that +feeling is for me stronger and higher than all else." + +Nicholas did not go to Moscow, and the countess did not renew the +conversation with him about marriage. She saw with sorrow, and +sometimes with exasperation, symptoms of a growing attachment +between her son and the portionless Sonya. Though she blamed herself +for it, she could not refrain from grumbling at and worrying Sonya, +often pulling her up without reason, addressing her stiffly as "my +dear," and using the formal "you" instead of the intimate "thou" in +speaking to her. The kindhearted countess was the more vexed with +Sonya because that poor, dark-eyed niece of hers was so meek, so kind, +so devotedly grateful to her benefactors, and so faithfully, +unchangingly, and unselfishly in love with Nicholas, that there were +no grounds for finding fault with her. + +Nicholas was spending the last of his leave at home. A fourth letter +had come from Prince Andrew, from Rome, in which he wrote that he +would have been on his way back to Russia long ago had not his wound +unexpectedly reopened in the warm climate, which obliged him to +defer his return till the beginning of the new year. Natasha was still +as much in love with her betrothed, found the same comfort in that +love, and was still as ready to throw herself into all the pleasures +of life as before; but at the end of the fourth month of their +separation she began to have fits of depression which she could not +master. She felt sorry for herself: sorry that she was being wasted +all this time and of no use to anyone--while she felt herself so +capable of loving and being loved. + +Things were not cheerful in the Rostovs' home. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Christmas came and except for the ceremonial Mass, the solemn and +wearisome Christmas congratulations from neighbors and servants, and +the new dresses everyone put on, there were no special festivities, +though the calm frost of twenty degrees Reaumur, the dazzling sunshine +by day, and the starlight of the winter nights seemed to call for some +special celebration of the season. + +On the third day of Christmas week, after the midday dinner, all the +inmates of the house dispersed to various rooms. It was the dullest +time of the day. Nicholas, who had been visiting some neighbors that +morning, was asleep on the sitting-room sofa. The old count was +resting in his study. Sonya sat in the drawing room at the round +table, copying a design for embroidery. The countess was playing +patience. Nastasya Ivanovna the buffoon sat with a sad face at the +window with two old ladies. Natasha came into the room, went up to +Sonya, glanced at what she was doing, and then went up to her mother +and stood without speaking. + +"Why are you wandering about like an outcast?" asked her mother. +"What do you want?" + +"Him... I want him... now, this minute! I want him!" said Natasha, +with glittering eyes and no sign of a smile. + +The countess lifted her head and looked attentively at her daughter. + +"Don't look at me, Mamma! Don't look; I shall cry directly." + +"Sit down with me a little," said the countess. + +"Mamma, I want him. Why should I be wasted like this, Mamma?" + +Her voice broke, tears gushed from her eyes, and she turned +quickly to hide them and left the room. + +She passed into the sitting room, stood there thinking awhile, and +then went into the maids' room. There an old maidservant was grumbling +at a young girl who stood panting, having just run in through the cold +from the serfs' quarters. + +"Stop playing--there's a time for everything," said the old woman. + +"Let her alone, Kondratevna," said Natasha. "Go, Mavrushka, go." + +Having released Mavrushka, Natasha crossed the dancing hall and went +to the vestibule. There an old footman and two young ones were playing +cards. They broke off and rose as she entered. + +"What can I do with them?" thought Natasha. + +"Oh, Nikita, please go... where can I send him?... Yes, go to the +yard and fetch a fowl, please, a cock, and you, Misha, bring me some +oats." + +"Just a few oats?" said Misha, cheerfully and readily. + +"Go, go quickly," the old man urged him. + +"And you, Theodore, get me a piece of chalk." + +On her way past the butler's pantry she told them to set a +samovar, though it was not at all the time for tea. + +Foka, the butler, was the most ill-tempered person in the house. +Natasha liked to test her power over him. He distrusted the order +and asked whether the samovar was really wanted. + +"Oh dear, what a young lady!" said Foka, pretending to frown at +Natasha. + +No one in the house sent people about or gave them as much trouble +as Natasha did. She could not see people unconcernedly, but had to +send them on some errand. She seemed to be trying whether any of +them would get angry or sulky with her; but the serfs fulfilled no +one's orders so readily as they did hers. "What can I do, where can +I go?" thought she, as she went slowly along the passage. + +"Nastasya Ivanovna, what sort of children shall I have?" she asked +the buffoon, who was coming toward her in a woman's jacket. + +"Why, fleas, crickets, grasshoppers," answered the buffoon. + +"O Lord, O Lord, it's always the same! Oh, where am I to go? What am +I to do with myself?" And tapping with her heels, she ran quickly +upstairs to see Vogel and his wife who lived on the upper story. + +Two governesses were sitting with the Vogels at a table, on which +were plates of raisins, walnuts, and almonds. The governesses were +discussing whether it was cheaper to live in Moscow or Odessa. Natasha +sat down, listened to their talk with a serious and thoughtful air, +and then got up again. + +"The island of Madagascar," she said, "Ma-da-gas-car," she repeated, +articulating each syllable distinctly, and, not replying to Madame +Schoss who asked her what she was saying, she went out of the room. + +Her brother Petya was upstairs too; with the man in attendance on +him he was preparing fireworks to let off that night. + +"Petya! Petya!" she called to him. "Carry me downstairs." + +Petya ran up and offered her his back. She jumped on it, putting her +arms round his neck, and he pranced along with her. + +"No, don't... the island of Madagascar!" she said, and jumping off +his back she went downstairs. + +Having as it were reviewed her kingdom, tested her power, and made +sure that everyone was submissive, but that all the same it was +dull, Natasha betook herself to the ballroom, picked up her guitar, +sat down in a dark corner behind a bookcase, and began to run her +fingers over the strings in the bass, picking out a passage she +recalled from an opera she had heard in Petersburg with Prince Andrew. +What she drew from the guitar would have had no meaning for other +listeners, but in her imagination a whole series of reminiscences +arose from those sounds. She sat behind the bookcase with her eyes +fixed on a streak of light escaping from the pantry door and +listened to herself and pondered. She was in a mood for brooding on +the past. + +Sonya passed to the pantry with a glass in her hand. Natasha glanced +at her and at the crack in the pantry door, and it seemed to her +that she remembered the light failing through that crack once before +and Sonya passing with a glass in her hand. "Yes it was exactly the +same," thought Natasha. + +"Sonya, what is this?" she cried, twanging a thick string. + +"Oh, you are there!" said Sonya with a start, and came near and +listened. "I don't know. A storm?" she ventured timidly, afraid of +being wrong. + +"There! That's just how she started and just how she came up smiling +timidly when all this happened before," thought Natasha, "and in +just the same way I thought there was something lacking in her." + +"No, it's the chorus from The Water-Carrier, listen!" and Natasha +sang the air of the chorus so that Sonya should catch it. "Where +were you going?" she asked. + +"To change the water in this glass. I am just finishing the design." + +"You always find something to do, but I can't," said Natasha. "And +where's Nicholas?" + +"Asleep, I think." + +"Sonya, go and wake him," said Natasha. "Tell him I want him to come +and sing." + +She sat awhile, wondering what the meaning of it all having happened +before could be, and without solving this problem, or at all +regretting not having done so, she again passed in fancy to the time +when she was with him and he was looking at her with a lover's eyes. + +"Oh, if only he would come quicker! I am so afraid it will never be! +And, worst of all, I am growing old--that's the thing! There won't +then be in me what there is now. But perhaps he'll come today, will +come immediately. Perhaps he has come and is sitting in the drawing +room. Perhaps he came yesterday and I have forgotten it." She rose, +put down the guitar, and went to the drawing room. + +All the domestic circle, tutors, governesses, and guests, were +already at the tea table. The servants stood round the table--but +Prince Andrew was not there and life was going on as before. + +"Ah, here she is!" said the old count, when he saw Natasha enter. +"Well, sit down by me." But Natasha stayed by her mother and glanced +round as if looking for something. + +"Mamma!" she muttered, "give him to me, give him, Mamma, quickly, +quickly!" and she again had difficulty in repressing her sobs. + +She sat down at the table and listened to the conversation between +the elders and Nicholas, who had also come to the table. "My God, my +God! The same faces, the same talk, Papa holding his cup and blowing +in the same way!" thought Natasha, feeling with horror a sense of +repulsion rising up in her for the whole household, because they +were always the same. + +After tea, Nicholas, Sonya, and Natasha went to the sitting room, to +their favorite corner where their most intimate talks always began. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +"Does it ever happen to you," said Natasha to her brother, when +they settled down in the sitting room, "does it ever happen to you +to feel as if there were nothing more to come--nothing; that +everything good is past? And to feel not exactly dull, but sad?" + +"I should think so!" he replied. "I have felt like that when +everything was all right and everyone was cheerful. The thought has +come into my mind that I was already tired of it all, and that we must +all die. Once in the regiment I had not gone to some merrymaking where +there was music... and suddenly I felt so depressed..." + +"Oh yes, I know, I know, I know!" Natasha interrupted him. "When I +was quite little that used to be so with me. Do you remember when I +was punished once about some plums? You were all dancing, and I sat +sobbing in the schoolroom? I shall never forget it: I felt sad and +sorry for everyone, for myself, and for everyone. And I was +innocent--that was the chief thing," said Natasha. "Do you remember?" + +"I remember," answered Nicholas. "I remember that I came to you +afterwards and wanted to comfort you, but do you know, I felt +ashamed to. We were terribly absurd. I had a funny doll then and +wanted to give it to you. Do you remember?" + +"And do you remember," Natasha asked with a pensive smile, "how +once, long, long ago, when we were quite little, Uncle called us +into the study--that was in the old house--and it was dark--we went in +and suddenly there stood..." + +"A Negro," chimed in Nicholas with a smile of delight. "Of course +I remember. Even now I don't know whether there really was a Negro, or +if we only dreamed it or were told about him." + +"He was gray, you remember, and had white teeth, and stood and +looked at us..." + +"Sonya, do you remember?" asked Nicholas. + +"Yes, yes, I do remember something too," Sonya answered timidly. + +"You know I have asked Papa and Mamma about that Negro," said +Natasha, "and they say there was no Negro at all. But you see, you +remember!" + +"Of course I do, I remember his teeth as if I had just seen them." + +"How strange it is! It's as if it were a dream! I like that." + +"And do you remember how we rolled hard-boiled eggs in the ballroom, +and suddenly two old women began spinning round on the carpet? Was +that real or not? Do you remember what fun it was?" + +"Yes, and you remember how Papa in his blue overcoat fired a gun +in the porch?" + +So they went through their memories, smiling with pleasure: not +the sad memories of old age, but poetic, youthful ones--those +impressions of one's most distant past in which dreams and realities +blend--and they laughed with quiet enjoyment. + +Sonya, as always, did not quite keep pace with them, though they +shared the same reminiscences. + +Much that they remembered had slipped from her mind, and what she +recalled did not arouse the same poetic feeling as they experienced. +She simply enjoyed their pleasure and tried to fit in with it. + +She only really took part when they recalled Sonya's first +arrival. She told them how afraid she had been of Nicholas because +he had on a corded jacket and her nurse had told her that she, too, +would be sewn up with cords. + +"And I remember their telling me that you had been born under a +cabbage," said Natasha, "and I remember that I dared not disbelieve +it then, but knew that it was not true, and I felt so uncomfortable." + +While they were talking a maid thrust her head in at the other +door of the sitting room. + +"They have brought the cock, Miss," she said in a whisper. + +"It isn't wanted, Petya. Tell them to take it away," replied +Natasha. + +In the middle of their talk in the sitting room, Dimmler came in and +went up to the harp that stood there in a corner. He took off its +cloth covering, and the harp gave out a jarring sound. + +"Mr. Dimmler, please play my favorite nocturne by Field," came the +old countess' voice from the drawing room. + +Dimmler struck a chord and, turning to Natasha, Nicholas, and Sonya, +remarked: "How quiet you young people are!" + +"Yes, we're philosophizing," said Natasha, glancing round for a +moment and then continuing the conversation. They were now +discussing dreams. + +Dimmler began to play; Natasha went on tiptoe noiselessly to the +table, took up a candle, carried it out, and returned, seating herself +quietly in her former place. It was dark in the room especially +where they were sitting on the sofa, but through the big windows the +silvery light of the full moon fell on the floor. Dimmler had finished +the piece but still sat softly running his fingers over the strings, +evidently uncertain whether to stop or to play something else. + +"Do you know," said Natasha in a whisper, moving closer to +Nicholas and Sonya, "that when one goes on and on recalling +memories, one at last begins to remember what happened before one +was in the world..." + +"That is metempsychosis," said Sonya, who had always learned well, +and remembered everything. "The Egyptians believed that our souls have +lived in animals, and will go back into animals again." + +"No, I don't believe we ever were in animals," said Natasha, still +in a whisper though the music had ceased. "But I am certain that we +were angels somewhere there, and have been here, and that is why we +remember...." + +"May I join you?" said Dimmler who had come up quietly, and he sat +down by them. + +"If we have been angels, why have we fallen lower?" said Nicholas. +"No, that can't be!" + +"Not lower, who said we were lower?... How do I know what I was +before?" Natasha rejoined with conviction. "The soul is immortal--well +then, if I shall always live I must have lived before, lived for a +whole eternity." + +"Yes, but it is hard for us to imagine eternity," remarked +Dimmler, who had joined the young folk with a mildly condescending +smile but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they. + +"Why is it hard to imagine eternity?" said Natasha. "It is now +today, and it will be tomorrow, and always; and there was yesterday, +and the day before..." + +"Natasha! Now it's your turn. Sing me something," they heard the +countess say. "Why are you sitting there like conspirators?" + +"Mamma, I don't at all want to," replied Natasha, but all the same +she rose. + +None of them, not even the middle-aged Dimmler, wanted to break +off their conversation and quit that corner in the sitting room, but +Natasha got up and Nicholas sat down at the clavichord. Standing as +usual in the middle of the hall and choosing the place where the +resonance was best, Natasha began to sing her mother's favorite song. + +She had said she did not want to sing, but it was long since she had +sung, and long before she again sang, as she did that evening. The +count, from his study where he was talking to Mitenka, heard her +and, like a schoolboy in a hurry to run out to play, blundered in +his talk while giving orders to the steward, and at last stopped, +while Mitenka stood in front of him also listening and smiling. +Nicholas did not take his eyes off his sister and drew breath in +time with her. Sonya, as she listened, thought of the immense +difference there was between herself and her friend, and how +impossible it was for her to be anything like as bewitching as her +cousin. The old countess sat with a blissful yet sad smile and with +tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought of +Natasha and of her own youth, and of how there was something unnatural +and dreadful in this impending marriage of Natasha and Prince Andrew. + +Dimmler, who had seated himself beside the countess, listened with +closed eyes. + +"Ah, Countess," he said at last, "that's a European talent, she +has nothing to learn--what softness, tenderness, and strength...." + +"Ah, how afraid I am for her, how afraid I am!" said the countess, +not realizing to whom she was speaking. Her maternal instinct told her +that Natasha had too much of something, and that because of this she +would not be happy. Before Natasha had finished singing, +fourteen-year-old Petya rushed in delightedly, to say that some +mummers had arrived. + +Natasha stopped abruptly. + +"Idiot!" she screamed at her brother and, running to a chair, +threw herself on it, sobbing so violently that she could not stop +for a long time. + +"It's nothing, Mamma, really it's nothing; only Petya startled +me," she said, trying to smile, but her tears still flowed and sobs +still choked her. + +The mummers (some of the house serfs) dressed up as bears, Turks, +innkeepers, and ladies--frightening and funny--bringing in with them +the cold from outside and a feeling of gaiety, crowded, at first +timidly, into the anteroom, then hiding behind one another they pushed +into the ballroom where, shyly at first and then more and more merrily +and heartily, they started singing, dancing, and playing Christmas +games. The countess, when she had identified them and laughed at their +costumes, went into the drawing room. The count sat in the ballroom, +smiling radiantly and applauding the players. The young people had +disappeared. + +Half an hour later there appeared among the other mummers in the +ballroom an old lady in a hooped skirt--this was Nicholas. A Turkish +girl was Petya. A clown was Dimmler. An hussar was Natasha, and a +Circassian was Sonya with burnt-cork mustache and eyebrows. + +After the condescending surprise, nonrecognition, and praise, from +those who were not themselves dressed up, the young people decided +that their costumes were so good that they ought to be shown +elsewhere. + +Nicholas, who, as the roads were in splendid condition, wanted to +take them all for a drive in his troyka, proposed to take with them +about a dozen of the serf mummers and drive to "Uncle's." + +"No, why disturb the old fellow?" said the countess. "Besides, you +wouldn't have room to turn round there. If you must go, go to the +Melyukovs'." + +Melyukova was a widow, who, with her family and their tutors and +governesses, lived three miles from the Rostovs. + +"That's right, my dear," chimed in the old count, thoroughly +aroused. "I'll dress up at once and go with them. I'll make Pashette +open her eyes." + +But the countess would not agree to his going; he had had a bad +leg all these last days. It was decided that the count must not go, +but that if Louisa Ivanovna (Madame Schoss) would go with them, the +young ladies might go to the Melyukovs', Sonya, generally so timid and +shy, more urgently than anyone begging Louisa Ivanovna not to refuse. + +Sonya's costume was the best of all. Her mustache and eyebrows +were extraordinarily becoming. Everyone told her she looked very +handsome, and she was in a spirited and energetic mood unusual with +her. Some inner voice told her that now or never her fate would be +decided, and in her male attire she seemed quite a different person. +Louisa Ivanovna consented to go, and in half an hour four troyka +sleighs with large and small bells, their runners squeaking and +whistling over the frozen snow, drove up to the porch. + +Natasha was foremost in setting a merry holiday tone, which, passing +from one to another, grew stronger and reached its climax +when they all came out into the frost and got into the sleighs, +talking, calling to one another, laughing, and shouting. + +Two of the troykas were the usual household sleighs, the third was +the old count's with a trotter from the Orlov stud as shaft horse, the +fourth was Nicholas' own with a short shaggy black shaft horse. +Nicholas, in his old lady's dress over which he had belted his +hussar overcoat, stood in the middle of the sleigh, reins in hand. + +It was so light that he could see the moonlight reflected from the +metal harness disks and from the eyes of the horses, who looked +round in alarm at the noisy party under the shadow of the porch roof. + +Natasha, Sonya, Madame Schoss, and two maids got into Nicholas' +sleigh; Dimmler, his wife, and Petya, into the old count's, and the +rest of the mummers seated themselves in the other two sleighs. + +"You go ahead, Zakhar!" shouted Nicholas to his father's coachman, +wishing for a chance to race past him. + +The old count's troyka, with Dimmler and his party, started forward, +squeaking on its runners as though freezing to the snow, its +deep-toned bell clanging. The side horses, pressing against the shafts +of the middle horse, sank in the snow, which was dry and glittered +like sugar, and threw it up. + +Nicholas set off, following the first sleigh; behind him the +others moved noisily, their runners squeaking. At first they drove +at a steady trot along the narrow road. While they drove past the +garden the shadows of the bare trees often fell across the road and +hid the brilliant moonlight, but as soon as they were past the +fence, the snowy plain bathed in moonlight and motionless spread out +before them glittering like diamonds and dappled with bluish +shadows. Bang, bang! went the first sleigh over a cradle hole in the +snow of the road, and each of the other sleighs jolted in the same +way, and rudely breaking the frost-bound stillness, the troykas +began to speed along the road, one after the other. + +"A hare's track, a lot of tracks!" rang out Natasha's voice +through the frost-bound air. + +"How light it is, Nicholas!" came Sonya's voice. + +Nicholas glanced round at Sonya, and bent down to see her face +closer. Quite a new, sweet face with black eyebrows and mustaches +peeped up at him from her sable furs--so close and yet so distant- +in the moonlight. + +"That used to be Sonya," thought he, and looked at her closer and +smiled. + +"What is it, Nicholas?" + +"Nothing," said he and turned again to the horses. + +When they came out onto the beaten highroad--polished by sleigh +runners and cut up by rough-shod hoofs, the marks of which were +visible in the moonlight--the horses began to tug at the reins of +their own accord and increased their pace. The near side horse, +arching his head and breaking into a short canter, tugged at his +traces. The shaft horse swayed from side to side, moving his ears as +if asking: "Isn't it time to begin now?" In front, already far ahead +the deep bell of the sleigh ringing farther and farther off, the black +horses driven by Zakhar could be clearly seen against the white +snow. From that sleigh one could hear the shouts, laughter, and voices +of the mummers. + +"Gee up, my darlings!" shouted Nicholas, pulling the reins to one +side and flourishing the whip. + +It was only by the keener wind that met them and the jerks given +by the side horses who pulled harder--ever increasing their gallop- +that one noticed how fast the troyka was flying. Nicholas looked back. +With screams squeals, and waving of whips that caused even the shaft +horses to gallop--the other sleighs followed. The shaft horse swung +steadily beneath the bow over its head, with no thought of +slackening pace and ready to put on speed when required. + +Nicholas overtook the first sleigh. They were driving downhill and +coming out upon a broad trodden track across a meadow, near a river. + +"Where are we?" thought he. "It's the Kosoy meadow, I suppose. But +no--this is something new I've never seen before. This isn't the Kosoy +meadow nor the Demkin hill, and heaven only knows what it is! It is +something new and enchanted. Well, whatever it may be..." And shouting +to his horses, he began to pass the first sleigh. + +Zakhar held back his horses and turned his face, which was already +covered with hoarfrost to his eyebrows. + +Nicholas gave the horses the rein, and Zakhar, stretching out his +arms, clucked his tongue and let his horses go. + +"Now, look out, master!" he cried. + +Faster still the two troykas flew side by side, and faster moved the +feet of the galloping side horses. Nicholas began to draw ahead. +Zakhar, while still keeping his arms extended, raised one hand with +the reins. + +"No you won't, master!" he shouted. + +Nicholas put all his horses to a gallop and passed Zakhar. The +horses showered the fine dry snow on the faces of those in the sleigh- +beside them sounded quick ringing bells and they caught confused +glimpses of swiftly moving legs and the shadows of the troyka they +were passing. The whistling sound of the runners on the snow and the +voices of girls shrieking were heard from different sides. + +Again checking his horses, Nicholas looked around him. They were +still surrounded by the magic plain bathed in moonlight and spangled +with stars. + +"Zakhar is shouting that I should turn to the left, but why to the +left?" thought Nicholas. "Are we getting to the Melyukovs'? Is this +Melyukovka? Heaven only knows where we are going, and heaven knows +what is happening to us--but it is very strange and pleasant +whatever it is." And he looked round in the sleigh. + +"Look, his mustache and eyelashes are all white!" said one of the +strange, pretty, unfamiliar people--the one with fine eyebrows and +mustache. + +"I think this used to be Natasha," thought Nicholas, "and that was +Madame Schoss, but perhaps it's not, and this Circassian with the +mustache I don't know, but I love her." + +"Aren't you cold?" he asked. + +They did not answer but began to laugh. Dimmler from the sleigh +behind shouted something--probably something funny--but they could not +make out what he said. + +"Yes, yes!" some voices answered, laughing. + +"But here was a fairy forest with black moving shadows, and a +glitter of diamonds and a flight of marble steps and the silver +roofs of fairy buildings and the shrill yells of some animals. And +if this is really Melyukovka, it is still stranger that we drove +heaven knows where and have come to Melyukovka," thought Nicholas. + +It really was Melyukovka, and maids and footmen with merry faces +came running, out to the porch carrying candles. + +"Who is it?" asked someone in the porch. + +"The mummers from the count's. I know by the horses," replied some +voices. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Pelageya Danilovna Melyukova, a broadly built, energetic woman +wearing spectacles, sat in the drawing room in a loose dress, +surrounded by her daughters whom she was trying to keep from feeling +dull. They were quietly dropping melted wax into snow and looking at +the shadows the wax figures would throw on the wall, when they heard +the steps and voices of new arrivals in the vestibule. + +Hussars, ladies, witches, clowns, and bears, after clearing their +throats and wiping the hoarfrost from their faces in the vestibule, +came into the ballroom where candles were hurriedly lighted. The +clown--Dimmler--and the lady--Nicholas--started a dance. Surrounded by +the screaming children the mummers, covering their faces and +disguising their voices, bowed to their hostess and arranged +themselves about the room. + +"Dear me! there's no recognizing them! And Natasha! See whom she +looks like! She really reminds me of somebody. But Herr Dimmler--isn't +he good! I didn't know him! And how he dances. Dear me, there's a +Circassian. Really, how becoming it is to dear Sonya. And who is that? +Well, you have cheered us up! Nikita and Vanya--clear away the tables! +And we were sitting so quietly. Ha, ha, ha!... The hussar, the hussar! +Just like a boy! And the legs!... I can't look at him..." different +voices were saying. + +Natasha, the young Melyukovs' favorite, disappeared with them into +the back rooms where a cork and various dressing gowns and male +garments were called for and received from the footman by bare girlish +arms from behind the door. Ten minutes later, all the young +Melyukovs joined the mummers. + +Pelageya Danilovna, having given orders to clear the rooms for the +visitors and arranged about refreshments for the gentry and the serfs, +went about among the mummers without removing her spectacles, +peering into their faces with a suppressed smile and failing to +recognize any of them. It was not merely Dimmler and the Rostovs she +failed to recognize, she did not even recognize her own daughters, +or her late husband's, dressing gowns and uniforms, which they had put +on. + +"And who is is this?" she asked her governess, peering into the face +of her own daughter dressed up as a Kazan-Tartar. "I suppose it is one +of the Rostovs! Well, Mr. Hussar, and what regiment do you serve +in?" she asked Natasha. "Here, hand some fruit jelly to the Turk!" she +ordered the butler who was handing things round. "That's not forbidden +by his law." + +Sometimes, as she looked at the strange but amusing capers cut by +the dancers, who--having decided once for all that being disguised, no +one would recognize them--were not at all shy, Pelageya Danilovna +hid her face in her handkerchief, and her whole stout body shook +with irrepressible, kindly, elderly laughter. + +"My little Sasha! Look at Sasha!" she said. + +After Russian country dances and chorus dances, Pelageya Danilovna +made the serfs and gentry join in one large circle: a ring, a +string, and a silver ruble were fetched and they all played games +together. + +In an hour, all the costumes were crumpled and disordered. The +corked eyebrows and mustaches were smeared over the perspiring, +flushed, and merry faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the +mummers, admired their cleverly contrived costumes, and particularly +how they suited the young ladies, and she thanked them all for +having entertained her so well. The visitors were invited to supper in +the drawing room, and the serfs had something served to them in the +ballroom. + +"Now to tell one's fortune in the empty bathhouse is frightening!" +said an old maid who lived with the Melyukovs, during supper. + +"Why?" said the eldest Melyukov girl. + +"You wouldn't go, it takes courage..." + +"I'll go," said Sonya. + +"Tell what happened to the young lady!" said the second Melyukov +girl. + +"Well," began the old maid, "a young lady once went out, took a +cock, laid the table for two, all properly, and sat down. After +sitting a while, she suddenly hears someone coming... a sleigh +drives up with harness bells; she hears him coming! He comes in, +just in the shape of a man, like an officer--comes in and sits down to +table with her." + +"Ah! ah!" screamed Natasha, rolling her eyes with horror. + +"Yes? And how... did he speak?" + +"Yes, like a man. Everything quite all right, and he began +persuading her; and she should have kept him talking till cockcrow, +but she got frightened, just got frightened and hid her face in her +hands. Then he caught her up. It was lucky the maids ran in just +then..." + +"Now, why frighten them?" said Pelageya Danilovna. + +"Mamma, you used to try your fate yourself..." said her daughter. + +"And how does one do it in a barn?" inquired Sonya. + +"Well, say you went to the barn now, and listened. It depends on +what you hear; hammering and knocking--that's bad; but a sound of +shifting grain is good and one sometimes hears that, too." + +"Mamma, tell us what happened to you in the barn." + +Pelageya Danilovna smiled. + +"Oh, I've forgotten..." she replied. "But none of you would go?" + +"Yes, I will; Pelageya Danilovna, let me! I'll go," said Sonya. + +"Well, why not, if you're not afraid?" + +"Louisa Ivanovna, may I?" asked Sonya. + +Whether they were playing the ring and string game or the ruble game +or talking as now, Nicholas did not leave Sonya's side, and gazed at +her with quite new eyes. It seemed to him that it was only today, +thanks to that burnt-cork mustache, that he had fully learned to +know her. And really, that evening, Sonya was brighter, more animated, +and prettier than Nicholas had ever seen her before. + +"So that's what she is like; what a fool I have been!" he thought +gazing at her sparkling eyes, and under the mustache a happy rapturous +smile dimpled her cheeks, a smile he had never seen before. + +"I'm not afraid of anything," said Sonya. "May I go at once?" She +got up. + +They told her where the barn was and how she should stand and +listen, and they handed her a fur cloak. She threw this over her +head and shoulders and glanced at Nicholas. + +"What a darling that girl is!" thought he. "And what have I been +thinking of till now?" + +Sonya went out into the passage to go to the barn. Nicholas went +hastily to the front porch, saying he felt too hot. The crowd of +people really had made the house stuffy. + +Outside, there was the same cold stillness and the same moon, but +even brighter than before. The light was so strong and the snow +sparkled with so many stars that one did not wish to look up at the +sky and the real stars were unnoticed. The sky was black and dreary, +while the earth was gay. + +"I am a fool, a fool! what have I been waiting for?" thought +Nicholas, and running out from the porch he went round the corner of +the house and along the path that led to the back porch. He knew Sonya +would pass that way. Halfway lay some snow-covered piles of firewood +and across and along them a network of shadows from the bare old +lime trees fell on the snow and on the path. This path led to the +barn. The log walls of the barn and its snow-covered roof, that looked +as if hewn out of some precious stone, sparkled in the moonlight. A +tree in the garden snapped with the frost, and then all was again +perfectly silent. His bosom seemed to inhale not air but the +strength of eternal youth and gladness. + +From the back porch came the sound of feet descending the steps, the +bottom step upon which snow had fallen gave a ringing creak and he +heard the voice of an old maidservant saying, "Straight, straight, +along the path, Miss. Only, don't look back." + +"I am not afraid," answered Sonya's voice, and along the path toward +Nicholas came the crunching, whistling sound of Sonya's feet in her +thin shoes. + +Sonya came along, wrapped in her cloak. She was only a couple of +paces away when she saw him, and to her too he was not the Nicholas +she had known and always slightly feared. He was in a woman's dress, +with tousled hair and a happy smile new to Sonya. She ran rapidly +toward him. + +"Quite different and yet the same," thought Nicholas, looking at her +face all lit up by the moonlight. He slipped his arms under the +cloak that covered her head, embraced her, pressed her to him, and +kissed her on the lips that wore a mustache and had a smell of burnt +cork. Sonya kissed him full on the lips, and disengaging her little +hands pressed them to his cheeks. + +"Sonya!... Nicholas!"... was all they said. They ran to the barn and +then back again, re-entering, he by the front and she by the back +porch. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +When they all drove back from Pelageya Danilovna's, Natasha, who +always saw and noticed everything, arranged that she and Madame Schoss +should go back in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya with Nicholas and +the maids. + +On the way back Nicholas drove at a steady pace instead of racing +and kept peering by that fantastic all-transforming light into Sonya's +face and searching beneath the eyebrows and mustache for his former +and his present Sonya from whom he had resolved never to be parted +again. He looked and recognizing in her both the old and the new +Sonya, and being reminded by the smell of burnt cork of the +sensation of her kiss, inhaled the frosty air with a full breast +and, looking at the ground flying beneath him and at the sparkling +sky, felt himself again in fairyland. + +"Sonya, is it well with thee?" he asked from time to time. + +"Yes!" she replied. "And with thee?" + +When halfway home Nicholas handed the reins to the coachman and +ran for a moment to Natasha's sleigh and stood on its wing. + +"Natasha!" he whispered in French, "do you know I have made up my +mind about Sonya?" + +"Have you told her?" asked Natasha, suddenly beaming all over with +joy. + +"Oh, how strange you are with that mustache and those eyebrows!... +Natasha--are you glad?" + +"I am so glad, so glad! I was beginning to be vexed with you. I +did not tell you, but you have been treating her badly. What a heart +she has, Nicholas! I am horrid sometimes, but I was ashamed to be +happy while Sonya was not," continued Natasha. "Now I am so glad! +Well, run back to her." + +"No, wait a bit.... Oh, how funny you look!" cried Nicholas, peering +into her face and finding in his sister too something new, unusual, +and bewitchingly tender that he had not seen in her before. +"Natasha, it's magical, isn't it?" + +"Yes," she replied. "You have done splendidly." + +"Had I seen her before as she is now," thought Nicholas, "I should +long ago have asked her what to do and have done whatever she told me, +and all would have been well." + +"So you are glad and I have done right?" + +"Oh, quite right! I had a quarrel with Mamma some time ago about it. +Mamma said she was angling for you. How could she say such a thing! +I nearly stormed at Mamma. I will never let anyone say anything bad of +Sonya, for there is nothing but good in her." + +"Then it's all right?" said Nicholas, again scrutinizing the +expression of his sister's face to see if she was in earnest. Then +he jumped down and, his boots scrunching the snow, ran back to his +sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with mustache and +beaming eyes looking up from under a sable hood, was still sitting +there, and that Circassian was Sonya, and that Sonya was certainly his +future happy and loving wife. + +When they reached home and had told their mother how they had +spent the evening at the Melyukovs', the girls went to their +bedroom. When they had undressed, but without washing off the cork +mustaches, they sat a long time talking of their happiness. They +talked of how they would live when they were married, how their +husbands would be friends, and how happy they would be. On Natasha's +table stood two looking glasses which Dunyasha had prepared +beforehand. + +"Only when will all that be? I am afraid never.... It would be too +good!" said Natasha, rising and going to the looking glasses. + +"Sit down, Natasha; perhaps you'll see him," said Sonya. + +Natasha lit the candles, one on each side of one of the looking +glasses, and sat down. + +"I see someone with a mustache," said Natasha, seeing her own face. + +"You mustn't laugh, Miss," said Dunyasha. + +With Sonya's help and the maid's, Natasha got the glass she held +into the right position opposite the other; her face assumed a serious +expression and she sat silent. She sat a long time looking at the +receding line of candles reflected in the glasses and expecting +(from tales she had heard) to see a coffin, or him, Prince Andrew, +in that last dim, indistinctly outlined square. But ready as she was +to take the smallest speck for the image of a man or of a coffin, +she saw nothing. She began blinking rapidly and moved away from the +looking glasses. + +"Why is it others see things and I don't?" she said. "You sit down +now, Sonya. You absolutely must, tonight! Do it for me.... Today I +feel so frightened!" + +Sonya sat down before the glasses, got the right position, and began +looking. + +"Now, Miss Sonya is sure to see something," whispered Dunyasha; +"while you do nothing but laugh." + +Sonya heard this and Natasha's whisper: + +"I know she will. She saw something last year." + +For about three minutes all were silent. + +"Of course she will!" whispered Natasha, but did not finish... +suddenly Sonya pushed away the glass she was holding and covered her +eyes with her hand. + +"Oh, Natasha!" she cried. + +"Did you see? Did you? What was it?" exclaimed Natasha, holding up +the looking glass. + +Sonya had not seen anything, she was just wanting to blink and to +get up when she heard Natasha say, "Of course she will!" She did not +wish to disappoint either Dunyasha or Natasha, but it was hard to +sit still. She did not herself know how or why the exclamation escaped +her when she covered her eyes. + +"You saw him?" urged Natasha, seizing her hand. + +"Yes. Wait a bit... I... saw him," Sonya could not help saying, +not yet knowing whom Natasha meant by him, Nicholas or Prince Andrew. + +"But why shouldn't I say I saw something? Others do see! Besides who +can tell whether I saw anything or not?" flashed through Sonya's mind. + +"Yes, I saw him," she said. + +"How? Standing or lying?" + +"No, I saw... At first there was nothing, then I saw him lying +down." + +"Andrew lying? Is he ill?" asked Natasha, her frightened eyes +fixed on her friend. + +"No, on the contrary, on the contrary! His face was cheerful, and he +turned to me." And when saying this she herself fancied she had really +seen what she described. + +"Well, and then, Sonya?..." + +"After that, I could not make out what there was; something blue and +red..." + +"Sonya! When will he come back? When shall I see him! O, God, how +afraid I am for him and for myself and about everything!..." Natasha +began, and without replying to Sonya's words of comfort she got into +bed, and long after her candle was out lay open-eyed and motionless, +gazing at the moonlight through the frosty windowpanes. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +Soon after the Christmas holidays Nicholas told his mother of his +love for Sonya and of his firm resolve to marry her. The countess, who +had long noticed what was going on between them and was expecting this +declaration, listened to him in silence and then told her son that +he might marry whom he pleased, but that neither she nor his father +would give their blessing to such a marriage. Nicholas, for the +first time, felt that his mother was displeased with him and that, +despite her love for him, she would not give way. Coldly, without +looking at her son, she sent for her husband and, when he came, +tried briefly and coldly to inform him of the facts, in her son's +presence, but unable to restrain herself she burst into tears of +vexation and left the room. The old count began irresolutely to +admonish Nicholas and beg him to abandon his purpose. Nicholas replied +that he could not go back on his word, and his father, sighing and +evidently disconcerted, very soon became silent and went in to the +countess. In all his encounters with his son, the count was always +conscious of his own guilt toward him for having wasted the family +fortune, and so he could not be angry with him for refusing to marry +an heiress and choosing the dowerless Sonya. On this occasion, he +was only more vividly conscious of the fact that if his affairs had +not been in disorder, no better wife for Nicholas than Sonya could +have been wished for, and that no one but himself with his Mitenka and +his uncomfortable habits was to blame for the condition of the +family finances. + +The father and mother did not speak of the matter to their son +again, but a few days later the countess sent for Sonya and, with a +cruelty neither of them expected, reproached her niece for trying to +catch Nicholas and for ingratitude. Sonya listened silently with +downcast eyes to the countess' cruel words, without understanding what +was required of her. She was ready to sacrifice everything for her +benefactors. Self-sacrifice was her most cherished idea but in this +case she could not see what she ought to sacrifice, or for whom. She +could not help loving the countess and the whole Rostov family, but +neither could she help loving Nicholas and knowing that his +happiness depended on that love. She was silent and sad and did not +reply. Nicholas felt the situation to be intolerable and went to +have an explanation with his mother. He first implored her to +forgive him and Sonya and consent to their marriage, then he +threatened that if she molested Sonya he would at once marry her +secretly. + +The countess, with a coldness her son had never seen in her +before, replied that he was of age, that Prince Andrew was marrying +without his father's consent, and he could do the same, but that she +would never receive that intriguer as her daughter. + +Exploding at the word intriguer, Nicholas, raising his voice, told +his mother he had never expected her to try to force him to sell his +feelings, but if that were so, he would say for the last time.... +But he had no time to utter the decisive word which the expression +of his face caused his mother to await with terror, and which would +perhaps have forever remained a cruel memory to them both. He had +not time to say it, for Natasha, with a pale and set face, entered the +room from the door at which she had been listening. + +"Nicholas, you are talking nonsense! Be quiet, be quiet, be quiet, I +tell you!..." she almost screamed, so as to drown his voice. + +"Mamma darling, it's not at all so... my poor, sweet darling," she +said to her mother, who conscious that they had been on the brink of a +rupture gazed at her son with terror, but in the obstinacy and +excitement of the conflict could not and would not give way. + +"Nicholas, I'll explain to you. Go away! Listen, Mamma darling," +said Natasha. + +Her words were incoherent, but they attained the purpose at which +she was aiming. + +The countess, sobbing heavily, hid her face on her daughter's +breast, while Nicholas rose, clutching his head, and left the room. + +Natasha set to work to effect a reconciliation, and so far succeeded +that Nicholas received a promise from his mother that Sonya should not +be troubled, while he on his side promised not to undertake anything +without his parents' knowledge. + +Firmly resolved, after putting his affairs in order in the regiment, +to retire from the army and return and marry Sonya, Nicholas, serious, +sorrowful, and at variance with his parents, but, as it seemed to him, +passionately in love, left at the beginning of January to rejoin his +regiment. + +After Nicholas had gone things in the Rostov household were more +depressing than ever, and the countess fell ill from mental agitation. + +Sonya was unhappy at the separation from Nicholas and still more +so on account of the hostile tone the countess could not help adopting +toward her. The count was more perturbed than ever by the condition of +his affairs, which called for some decisive action. Their town house +and estate near Moscow had inevitably to be sold, and for this they +had to go to Moscow. But the countess' health obliged them to delay +their departure from day to day. + +Natasha, who had borne the first period of separation from her +betrothed lightly and even cheerfully, now grew more agitated and +impatient every day. The thought that her best days, which she would +have employed in loving him, were being vainly wasted, with no +advantage to anyone, tormented her incessantly. His letters for the +most part irritated her. It hurt her to think that while she lived +only in the thought of him, he was living a real life, seeing new +places and new people that interested him. The more interesting his +letters were the more vexed she felt. Her letters to him, far from +giving her any comfort, seemed to her a wearisome and artificial +obligation. She could not write, because she could not conceive the +possibility of expressing sincerely in a letter even a thousandth part +of what she expressed by voice, smile, and glance. She wrote to him +formal, monotonous, and dry letters, to which she attached no +importance herself, and in the rough copies of which the countess +corrected her mistakes in spelling. + +There was still no improvement in the countess' health, but it was +impossible to defer the journey to Moscow any longer. Natasha's +trousseau had to be ordered and the house sold. Moreover, Prince +Andrew was expected in Moscow, where old Prince Bolkonski was spending +the winter, and Natasha felt sure he had already arrived. + +So the countess remained in the country, and the count, taking Sonya +and Natasha with him, went to Moscow at the end of January. + + + + +BOOK EIGHT: 1811 --12 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +After Prince Andrews engagement to Natasha, Pierre without any +apparent cause suddenly felt it impossible to go on living as +before. Firmly convinced as he was of the truths revealed to him by +his benefactor, and happy as he had been in perfecting his inner +man, to which he had devoted himself with such ardor--all the zest +of such a life vanished after the engagement of Andrew and Natasha and +the death of Joseph Alexeevich, the news of which reached him almost +at the same time. Only the skeleton of life remained: his house, a +brilliant wife who now enjoyed the favors of a very important +personage, acquaintance with all Petersburg, and his court service +with its dull formalities. And this life suddenly seemed to Pierre +unexpectedly loathsome. He ceased keeping a diary, avoided the company +of the Brothers, began going to the Club again, drank a great deal, +and came once more in touch with the bachelor sets, leading such a +life that the Countess Helene thought it necessary to speak severely +to him about it. Pierre felt that she right, and to avoid compromising +her went away to Moscow. + +In Moscow as soon as he entered his huge house in which the faded +and fading princesses still lived, with its enormous retinue; as +soon as, driving through the town, he saw the Iberian shrine with +innumerable tapers burning before the golden covers of the icons, +the Kremlin Square with its snow undisturbed by vehicles, the sleigh +drivers and hovels of the Sivtsev Vrazhok, those old Moscovites who +desired nothing, hurried nowhere, and were ending their days +leisurely; when he saw those old Moscow ladies, the Moscow balls, +and the English Club, he felt himself at home in a quiet haven. In +Moscow he felt at peace, at home, warm and dirty as in an old dressing +gown. + +Moscow society, from the old women down to the children, received +Pierre like a long-expected guest whose place was always ready +awaiting him. For Moscow society Pierre was the nicest, kindest, +most intellectual, merriest, and most magnanimous of cranks, a +heedless, genial nobleman of the old Russian type. His purse was +always empty because it was open to everyone. + +Benefit performances, poor pictures, statues, benevolent +societies, gypsy choirs, schools, subscription dinners, sprees, +Freemasons, churches, and books--no one and nothing met with a refusal +from him, and had it not been for two friends who had borrowed large +sums from him and taken him under their protection, he would have +given everything away. There was never a dinner or soiree at the +Club without him. As soon as he sank into his place on the sofa +after two bottles of Margaux he was surrounded, and talking, +disputing, and joking began. When there were quarrels, his kindly +smile and well-timed jests reconciled the antagonists. The Masonic +dinners were dull and dreary when he was not there. + +When after a bachelor supper he rose with his amiable and kindly +smile, yielding to the entreaties of the festive company to drive +off somewhere with them, shouts of delight and triumph arose among the +young men. At balls he danced if a partner was needed. Young ladies, +married and unmarried, liked him because without making love to any of +them, he was equally amiable to all, especially after supper. "Il +est charmant; il n'a pas de sexe,"* they said of him. + + +*"He is charming; he has no sex." + + +Pierre was one of those retired gentlemen-in-waiting of whom there +were hundreds good-humoredly ending their days in Moscow. + +How horrified he would have been seven years before, when he first +arrived from abroad, had he been told that there was no need for him +to seek or plan anything, that his rut had long been shaped, eternally +predetermined, and that wriggle as he might, he would be what all in +his position were. He could not have believed it! Had he not at one +time longed with all his heart to establish a republic in Russia; then +himself to be a Napoleon; then to be a philosopher; and then a +strategist and the conqueror of Napoleon? Had he not seen the +possibility of, and passionately desired, the regeneration of the +sinful human race, and his own progress to the highest degree of +perfection? Had he not established schools and hospitals and liberated +his serfs? + +But instead of all that--here he was, the wealthy husband of an +unfaithful wife, a retired gentleman-in-waiting, fond of eating and +drinking and, as he unbuttoned his waistcoat, of abusing the +government a bit, a member of the Moscow English Club, and a universal +favorite in Moscow society. For a long time he could not reconcile +himself to the idea that he was one of those same retired Moscow +gentlemen-in-waiting he had so despised seven years before. + +Sometimes he consoled himself with the thought that he was only +living this life temporarily; but then he was shocked by the thought +of how many, like himself, had entered that life and that Club +temporarily, with all their teeth and hair, and had only left it +when not a single tooth or hair remained. + +In moments of pride, when he thought of his position it seemed to +him that he was quite different and distinct from those other +retired gentlemen-in-waiting he had formerly despised: they were +empty, stupid, contented fellows, satisfied with their position, +"while I am still discontented and want to do something for mankind. +But perhaps all these comrades of mine struggled just like me and +sought something new, a path in life of their own, and like me were +brought by force of circumstances, society, and race--by that +elemental force against which man is powerless--to the condition I +am in," said he to himself in moments of humility; and after living +some time in Moscow he no longer despised, but began to grow fond +of, to respect, and to pity his comrades in destiny, as he pitied +himself. + +Pierre longer suffered moments of despair, hypochondria, and disgust +with life, but the malady that had formerly found expression in such +acute attacks was driven inwards and never left him for a moment. +"What for? Why? What is going on in the world?" he would ask himself +in perplexity several times a day, involuntarily beginning to +reflect anew on the meaning of the phenomena of life; but knowing by +experience that there were no answers to these questions he made haste +to turn away from them, and took up a book, or hurried of to the +Club or to Apollon Nikolaevich's, to exchange the gossip of the town. + +"Helene, who has never cared for anything but her own body and is +one of the stupidest women in the world," thought Pierre, "is regarded +by people as the acme of intelligence and refinement, and they pay +homage to her. Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by all as long as he +was great, but now that he has become a wretched comedian the +Emperor Francis wants to offer him his daughter in an illegal +marriage. The Spaniards, through the Catholic clergy, offer praise +to God for their victory over the French on the fourteenth of June, +and the French, also through the Catholic clergy, offer praise because +on that same fourteenth of June they defeated the Spaniards. My +brother Masons swear by the blood that they are ready to sacrifice +everything for their neighbor, but they do not give a ruble each to +the collections for the poor, and they intrigue, the Astraea Lodge +against the Manna Seekers, and fuss about an authentic Scotch carpet +and a charter that nobody needs, and the meaning of which the very man +who wrote it does not understand. We all profess the Christian law +of forgiveness of injuries and love of our neighbors, the law in honor +of which we have built in Moscow forty times forty churches--but +yesterday a deserter was knouted to death and a minister of that +same law of love and forgiveness, a priest, gave the soldier a cross +to kiss before his execution." So thought Pierre, and the whole of +this general deception which everyone accepts, accustomed as he was to +it, astonished him each time as if it were something new. "I +understand the deception and confusion," he thought, "but how am I +to tell them all that I see? I have tried, and have always found +that they too in the depths of their souls understand it as I do, +and only try not to see it. So it appears that it must be so! But I- +what is to become of me?" thought he. He had the unfortunate +capacity many men, especially Russians, have of seeing and believing +in the possibility of goodness and truth, but of seeing the evil and +falsehood of life too clearly to be able to take a serious part in it. +Every sphere of work was connected, in his eyes, with evil and +deception. Whatever he tried to be, whatever he engaged in, the evil +and falsehood of it repulsed him and blocked every path of activity. +Yet he had to live and to find occupation. It was too dreadful to be +under the burden of these insoluble problems, so he abandoned +himself to any distraction in order to forget them. He frequented +every kind of society, drank much, bought pictures, engaged in +building, and above all--read. + +He read, and read everything that came to hand. On coming home, +while his valets were still taking off his things, he picked up a book +and began to read. From reading he passed to sleeping, from sleeping +to gossip in drawing rooms of the Club, from gossip to carousals and +women; from carousals back to gossip, reading, and wine. Drinking +became more and more a physical and also a moral necessity. Though the +doctors warned him that with his corpulence wine was dangerous for +him, he drank a great deal. He was only quite at ease when having +poured several glasses of wine mechanically into his large mouth he +felt a pleasant warmth in his body, an amiability toward all his +fellows, and a readiness to respond superficially to every idea +without probing it deeply. Only after emptying a bottle or two did +he feel dimly that the terribly tangled skein of life which previously +had terrified him was not as dreadful as he had thought. He was always +conscious of some aspect of that skein, as with a buzzing in his +head after dinner or supper he chatted or listened to conversation +or read. But under the influence of wine he said to himself: "It +doesn't matter. I'll get it unraveled. I have a solution ready, but +have no time now--I'll think it all out later on!" But the later on +never came. + +In the morning, on an empty stomach, all the old questions +appeared as insoluble and terrible as ever, and Pierre hastily +picked up a book, and if anyone came to see him he was glad. + +Sometimes he remembered how he had heard that soldiers in war when +entrenched under the enemy's fire, if they have nothing to do, try +hard to find some occupation the more easily to bear the danger. To +Pierre all men seemed like those soldiers, seeking refuge from life: +some in ambition, some in cards, some in framing laws, some in +women, some in toys, some in horses, some in politics, some in +sport, some in wine, and some in governmental affairs. "Nothing is +trivial, and nothing is important, it's all the same--only to save +oneself from it as best one can," thought Pierre. "Only not to see it, +that dreadful it!" + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +At the beginning of winter Prince Nicholas Bolkonski and his +daughter moved to Moscow. At that time enthusiasm for the Emperor +Alexander's regime had weakened and a patriotic and anti-French +tendency prevailed there, and this, together with his past and his +intellect and his originality, at once made Prince Nicholas +Bolkonski an object of particular respect to the Moscovites and the +center of the Moscow opposition to the government. + +The prince had aged very much that year. He showed marked signs of +senility by a tendency to fall asleep, forgetfulness of quite recent +events, remembrance of remote ones, and the childish vanity with which +he accepted the role of head of the Moscow opposition. In spite of +this the old man inspired in all his visitors alike a feeling of +respectful veneration--especially of an evening when he came in to tea +in his old-fashioned coat and powdered wig and, aroused by anyone, +told his abrupt stories of the past, or uttered yet more abrupt and +scathing criticisms of the present. For them all, that old-fashioned +house with its gigantic mirrors, pre-Revolution furniture, powdered +footmen, and the stern shrewd old man (himself a relic of the past +century) with his gentle daughter and the pretty Frenchwoman who +were reverently devoted to him presented a majestic and agreeable +spectacle. But the visitors did not reflect that besides the couple of +hours during which they saw their host, there were also twenty-two +hours in the day during which the private and intimate life of the +house continued. + +Latterly that private life had become very trying for Princess Mary. +There in Moscow she was deprived of her greatest pleasures--talks with +the pilgrims and the solitude which refreshed her at Bald Hills--and +she had none of the advantages and pleasures of city life. She did not +go out into society; everyone knew that her father would not let her +go anywhere without him, and his failing health prevented his going +out himself, so that she was not invited to dinners and evening +parties. She had quite abandoned the hope of getting married. She +saw the coldness and malevolence with which the old prince received +and dismissed the young men, possible suitors, who sometimes +appeared at their house. She had no friends: during this visit to +Moscow she had been disappointed in the two who had been nearest to +her. Mademoiselle Bourienne, with whom she had never been able to be +quite frank, had now become unpleasant to her, and for various reasons +Princess Mary avoided her. Julie, with whom she had corresponded for +the last five years, was in Moscow, but proved to be quite alien to +her when they met. Just then Julie, who by the death of her brothers +had become one of the richest heiresses in Moscow, was in the full +whirl of society pleasures. She was surrounded by young men who, she +fancied, had suddenly learned to appreciate her worth. Julie was at +that stage in the life of a society woman when she feels that her last +chance of marrying has come and that her fate must be decided now or +never. On Thursdays Princess Mary remembered with a mournful smile +that she now had no one to write to, since Julie--whose presence +gave her no pleasure was here and they met every week. Like the old +emigre who declined to marry the lady with whom he had spent his +evenings for years, she regretted Julie's presence and having no one +to write to. In Moscow Princess Mary had no one to talk to, no one +to whom to confide her sorrow, and much sorrow fell to her lot just +then. The time for Prince Andrew's return and marriage was +approaching, but his request to her to prepare his father for it had +not been carried out; in fact, it seemed as if matters were quite +hopeless, for at every mention of the young Countess Rostova the old +prince (who apart from that was usually in a bad temper) lost +control of himself. Another lately added sorrow arose from the lessons +she gave her six year-old nephew. To her consternation she detected in +herself in relation to little Nicholas some symptoms of her father's +irritability. However often she told herself that she must not get +irritable when teaching her nephew, almost every time that, pointer in +hand, she sat down to show him the French alphabet, she so longed to +pour her own knowledge quickly and easily into the child--who was +already afraid that Auntie might at any moment get angry--that at +his slightest inattention she trembled, became flustered and heated, +raised her voice, and sometimes pulled him by the arm and put him in +the corner. Having put him in the corner she would herself begin to +cry over her cruel, evil nature, and little Nicholas, following her +example, would sob, and without permission would leave his corner, +come to her, pull her wet hands from her face, and comfort her. But +what distressed the princess most of all was her father's +irritability, which was always directed against her and had of late +amounted to cruelty. Had he forced her to prostrate herself to the +ground all night, had he beaten her or made her fetch wood or water, +it would never have entered her mind to think her position hard; but +this loving despot--the more cruel because he loved her and for that +reason tormented himself and her--knew how not merely to hurt and +humiliate her deliberately, but to show her that she was always to +blame for everything. Of late he had exhibited a new trait that +tormented Princess Mary more than anything else; this was his +ever-increasing intimacy with Mademoiselle Bourienne. The idea that at +the first moment of receiving the news of his son's intentions had +occurred to him in jest--that if Andrew got married he himself would +marry Bourienne--had evidently pleased him, and latterly he had +persistently, and as it seemed to Princess Mary merely to offend +her, shown special endearments to the companion and expressed his +dissatisfaction with his daughter by demonstrations of love of +Bourienne. + +One day in Moscow in Princess Mary's presence (she thought her +father did it purposely when she was there) the old prince kissed +Mademoiselle Bourienne's hand and, drawing her to him, embraced her +affectionately. Princess Mary flushed and ran out of the room. A few +minutes later Mademoiselle Bourienne came into Princess Mary's room +smiling and making cheerful remarks in her agreeable voice. Princess +Mary hastily wiped away her tears, went resolutely up to +Mademoiselle Bourienne, and evidently unconscious of what she was +doing began shouting in angry haste at the Frenchwoman, her voice +breaking: "It's horrible, vile, inhuman, to take advantage of the +weakness..." She did not finish. "Leave my room," she exclaimed, and +burst into sobs. + +Next day the prince did not say a word to his daughter, but she +noticed that at dinner he gave orders that Mademoiselle Bourienne +should be served first. After dinner, when the footman handed coffee +and from habit began with the princess, the prince suddenly grew +furious, threw his stick at Philip, and instantly gave instructions to +have him conscripted for the army. + +"He doesn't obey... I said it twice... and he doesn't obey! She is +the first person in this house; she's my best friend," cried the +prince. "And if you allow yourself," he screamed in a fury, addressing +Princess Mary for the first time, "to forget yourself again before her +as you dared to do yesterday, I will show you who is master in this +house. Go! Don't let me set eyes on you; beg her pardon!" + +Princess Mary asked Mademoiselle Bourienne's pardon, and also her +father's pardon for herself and for Philip the footman, who had begged +for her intervention. + +At such moments something like a pride of sacrifice gathered in +her soul. And suddenly that father whom she had judged would look +for his spectacles in her presence, fumbling near them and not +seeing them, or would forget something that had just occurred, or take +a false step with his failing legs and turn to see if anyone had +noticed his feebleness, or, worst of all, at dinner when there were no +visitors to excite him would suddenly fall asleep, letting his +napkin drop and his shaking head sink over his plate. "He is old and +feeble, and I dare to condemn him!" she thought at such moments, +with a feeling of revulsion against herself. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +In 1811 there was living in Moscow a French doctor--Metivier--who +had rapidly become the fashion. He was enormously tall, handsome, +amiable as Frenchmen are, and was, as all Moscow said, an +extraordinarily clever doctor. He was received in the best houses +not merely as a doctor, but as an equal. + +Prince Nicholas had always ridiculed medicine, but latterly on +Mademoiselle Bourienne's advice had allowed this doctor to visit him +and had grown accustomed to him. Metivier came to see the prince about +twice a week. + +On December 6--St. Nicholas' Day and the prince's name day--all +Moscow came to the prince's front door but he gave orders to admit +no one and to invite to dinner only a small number, a list of whom +he gave to Princess Mary. + +Metivier, who came in the morning with his felicitations, considered +it proper in his quality of doctor de forcer la consigne,* as he +told Princess Mary, and went in to see the prince. It happened that on +that morning of his name day the prince was in one of his worst moods. +He had been going about the house all the morning finding fault with +everyone and pretending not to understand what was said to him and not +to be understood himself. Princess Mary well knew this mood of quiet +absorbed querulousness, which generally culminated in a burst of rage, +and she went about all that morning as though facing a cocked and +loaded gun and awaited the inevitable explosion. Until the doctor's +arrival the morning had passed off safely. After admitting the doctor, +Princess Mary sat down with a book in the drawing room near the door +through which she could hear all that passed in the study. + + +*To force the guard. + + +At first she heard only Metivier's voice, then her father's, then +both voices began speaking at the same time, the door was flung +open, and on the threshold appeared the handsome figure of the +terrified Metivier with his shock of black hair, and the prince in his +dressing gown and fez, his face distorted with fury and the pupils +of his eyes rolled downwards. + +"You don't understand?" shouted the prince, "but I do! French spy, +slave of Buonaparte, spy, get out of my house! Be off, I tell you..." + +Metivier, shrugging his shoulders, went up to Mademoiselle Bourienne +who at the sound of shouting had run in from an adjoining room. + +"The prince is not very well: bile and rush of blood to the head. +Keep calm, I will call again tomorrow," said Metivier; and putting his +fingers to his lips he hastened away. + +Through the study door came the sound of slippered feet and the cry: +"Spies, traitors, traitors everywhere! Not a moment's peace in my +own house!" + +After Metivier's departure the old prince called his daughter in, +and the whole weight of his wrath fell on her. She was to blame that a +spy had been admitted. Had he not told her, yes, told her to make a +list, and not to admit anyone who was not on that list? Then why was +that scoundrel admitted? She was the cause of it all. With her, he +said, he could not have a moment's peace and could not die quietly. + +"No, ma'am! We must part, we must part! Understand that, +understand it! I cannot endure any more," he said, and left the +room. Then, as if afraid she might find some means of consolation, +he returned and trying to appear calm added: "And don't imagine I have +said this in a moment of anger. I am calm. I have thought it over, and +it will be carried out--we must part; so find some place for +yourself...." But he could not restrain himself and with the virulence +of which only one who loves is capable, evidently suffering himself, +he shook his fists at her and screamed: + +"If only some fool would marry her!" Then he slammed the door, +sent for Mademoiselle Bourienne, and subsided into his study. + +At two o'clock the six chosen guests assembled for dinner. + +These guests--the famous Count Rostopchin, Prince Lopukhin with +his nephew, General Chatrov an old war comrade of the prince's, and of +the younger generation Pierre and Boris Drubetskoy--awaited the prince +in the drawing room. + +Boris, who had come to Moscow on leave a few days before, had been +anxious to be presented to Prince Nicholas Bolkonski, and had +contrived to ingratiate himself so well that the old prince in his +case made an exception to the rule of not receiving bachelors in his +house. + +The prince's house did not belong to what is known as fashionable +society, but his little circle--though not much talked about in +town--was one it was more flattering to be received in than any other. +Boris had realized this the week before when the commander in chief in +his presence invited Rostopchin to dinner on St. Nicholas' Day, and +Rostopchin had replied that he could not come: + +"On that day I always go to pay my devotions to the relics of Prince +Nicholas Bolkonski." + +"Oh, yes, yes!" replied the commander in chief. "How is he?..." + +The small group that assembled before dinner in the lofty +old-fashioned drawing room with its old furniture resembled the solemn +gathering of a court of justice. All were silent or talked in low +tones. Prince Nicholas came in serious and taciturn. Princess Mary +seemed even quieter and more diffident than usual. The guests were +reluctant to address her, feeling that she was in no mood for their +conversation. Count Rostopchin alone kept the conversation going, +now relating the latest town news, and now the latest political +gossip. + +Lopukhin and the old general occasionally took part in the +conversation. Prince Bolkonski listened as a presiding judge +receives a report, only now and then, silently or by a brief word, +showing that he took heed of what was being reported to him. The +tone of the conversation was such as indicated that no one approved of +what was being done in the political world. Incidents were related +evidently confirming the opinion that everything was going from bad to +worse, but whether telling a story or giving an opinion the speaker +always stopped, or was stopped, at the point beyond which his +criticism might touch the sovereign himself. + +At dinner the talk turned on the latest political news: Napoleon's +seizure of the Duke of Oldenburg's territory, and the Russian Note, +hostile to Napoleon, which had been sent to all the European courts. + +"Bonaparte treats Europe as a pirate does a captured vessel," said +Count Rostopchin, repeating a phrase he had uttered several times +before. "One only wonders at the long-suffering or blindness of the +crowned heads. Now the Pope's turn has come and Bonaparte doesn't +scruple to depose the head of the Catholic Church--yet all keep +silent! Our sovereign alone has protested against the seizure of the +Duke of Oldenburg's territory, and even..." Count Rostopchin paused, +feeling that he had reached the limit beyond which censure was +impossible. + +"Other territories have been offered in exchange for the Duchy of +Oldenburg," said Prince Bolkonski. "He shifts the Dukes about as I +might move my serfs from Bald Hills to Bogucharovo or my Ryazan +estates." + +"The Duke of Oldenburg bears his misfortunes with admirable strength +of character and resignation," remarked Boris, joining in +respectfully. + +He said this because on his journey from Petersburg he had had the +honor of being presented to the Duke. Prince Bolkonski glanced at +the young man as if about to say something in reply, but changed his +mind, evidently considering him too young. + +"I have read our protests about the Oldenburg affair and was +surprised how badly the Note was worded," remarked Count Rostopchin in +the casual tone of a man dealing with a subject quite familiar to him. + +Pierre looked at Rostopchin with naive astonishment, not +understanding why he should be disturbed by the bad composition of the +Note. + +"Does it matter, Count, how the Note is worded," he asked, "so +long as its substance is forcible?" + +"My dear fellow, with our five hundred thousand troops it should +be easy to have a good style," returned Count Rostopchin. + +Pierre now understood the count's dissatisfaction with the wording +of the Note. + +"One would have thought quill drivers enough had sprung up," +remarked the old prince. "There in Petersburg they are always writing- +not notes only but even new laws. My Andrew there has written a +whole volume of laws for Russia. Nowadays they are always writing!" +and he laughed unnaturally. + +There was a momentary pause in the conversation; the old general +cleared his throat to draw attention. + +"Did you hear of the last event at the review in Petersburg? The +figure cut by the new French ambassador." + +"Eh? Yes, I heard something: he said something awkward in His +Majesty's presence." + +"His Majesty drew attention to the Grenadier division and to the +march past," continued the general, "and it seems the ambassador +took no notice and allowed himself to reply that: 'We in France pay no +attention to such trifles!' The Emperor did not condescend to reply. +At the next review, they say, the Emperor did not once deign to +address him." + +All were silent. On this fact relating to the Emperor personally, it +was impossible to pass any judgment. + +"Impudent fellows!" said the prince. "You know Metivier? I turned +him out of my house this morning. He was here; they admitted him spite +of my request that they should let no one in," he went on, glancing +angrily at his daughter. + +And he narrated his whole conversation with the French doctor and +the reasons that convinced him that Metivier was a spy. Though these +reasons were very insufficient and obscure, no one made any rejoinder. + +After the roast, champagne was served. The guests rose to +congratulate the old prince. Princess Mary, too, went round to him. + +He gave her a cold, angry look and offered her his wrinkled, +clean-shaven cheek to kiss. The whole expression of his face told +her that he had not forgotten the morning's talk, that his decision +remained in force, and only the presence of visitors hindered his +speaking of it to her now. + +When they went into the drawing room where coffee was served, the +old men sat together. + +Prince Nicholas grew more animated and expressed his views on the +impending war. + +He said that our wars with Bonaparte would be disastrous so long +as we sought alliances with the Germans and thrust ourselves into +European affairs, into which we had been drawn by the Peace of Tilsit. +"We ought not to fight either for or against Austria. Our political +interests are all in the East, and in regard to Bonaparte the only +thing is to have an armed frontier and a firm policy, and he will +never dare to cross the Russian frontier, as was the case in 1807!" + +"How can we fight the French, Prince?" said Count Rostopchin. "Can +we arm ourselves against our teachers and divinities? Look at our +youths, look at our ladies! The French are our Gods: Paris is our +Kingdom of Heaven." + +He began speaking louder, evidently to be heard by everyone. + +"French dresses, French ideas, French feelings! There now, you +turned Metivier out by the scruff of his neck because he is a +Frenchman and a scoundrel, but our ladies crawl after him on their +knees. I went to a party last night, and there out of five ladies +three were Roman Catholics and had the Pope's indulgence for doing +woolwork on Sundays. And they themselves sit there nearly naked, +like the signboards at our Public Baths if I may say so. Ah, when +one looks at our young people, Prince, one would like to take Peter +the Great's old cudgel out of the museum and belabor them in the +Russian way till all the nonsense jumps out of them." + +All were silent. The old prince looked at Rostopchin with a smile +and wagged his head approvingly. + +"Well, good-by, your excellency, keep well!" said Rostopchin, +getting up with characteristic briskness and holding out his hand to +the prince. + +"Good-by, my dear fellow.... His words are music, I never tire of +hearing him!" said the old prince, keeping hold of the hand and +offering his cheek to be kissed. + +Following Rostopchin's example the others also rose. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Princess Mary as she sat listening to the old men's talk and +faultfinding, understood nothing of what she heard; she only +wondered whether the guests had all observed her father's hostile +attitude toward her. She did not even notice the special attentions +and amiabilities shown her during dinner by Boris Drubetskoy, who +was visiting them for the third time already. + +Princess Mary turned with absent-minded questioning look to +Pierre, who hat in hand and with a smile on his face was the last of +the guests to approach her after the old prince had gone out and +they were left alone in the drawing room. + +"May I stay a little longer?" he said, letting his stout body sink +into an armchair beside her. + +"Oh yes," she answered. "You noticed nothing?" her look asked. + +Pierre was in an agreeable after-dinner mood. He looked straight +before him and smiled quietly. + +"Have you known that young man long, Princess?" he asked. + +"Who?" + +"Drubetskoy." + +"No, not long..." + +"Do you like him?" + +"Yes, he is an agreeable young man.... Why do you ask me that?" said +Princess Mary, still thinking of that morning's conversation with +her father. + +"Because I have noticed that when a young man comes on leave from +Petersburg to Moscow it is usually with the object of marrying an +heiress." + +"You have observed that?" said Princess Mary. + +"Yes," returned Pierre with a smile, "and this young man now manages +matters so that where there is a wealthy heiress there he is too. I +can read him like a book. At present he is hesitating whom to lay +siege to--you or Mademoiselle Julie Karagina. He is very attentive +to her." + +"He visits them?" + +"Yes, very often. And do you know the new way of courting?" said +Pierre with an amused smile, evidently in that cheerful mood of good +humored raillery for which he so often reproached himself in his +diary. + +"No," replied Princess Mary. + +"To please Moscow girls nowadays one has to be melancholy. He is +very melancholy with Mademoiselle Karagina," said Pierre. + +"Really?" asked Princess Mary, looking into Pierre's kindly face and +still thinking of her own sorrow. "It would be a relief," thought she, +"if I ventured to confide what I am feeling to someone. I should +like to tell everything to Pierre. He is kind and generous. It would +be a relief. He would give me advice." + +"Would you marry him?" + +"Oh, my God, Count, there are moments when I would marry anybody!" +she cried suddenly to her own surprise and with tears in her voice. +"Ah, how bitter it is to love someone near to you and to feel that..." +she went on in a trembling voice, "that you can do nothing for him but +grieve him, and to know that you cannot alter this. Then there is only +one thing left--to go away, but where could I go?" + +"What is wrong? What is it, Princess?" + +But without finishing what she was saying, Princess Mary burst +into tears. + +"I don't know what is the matter with me today. Don't take any +notice--forget what I have said!" + +Pierre's gaiety vanished completely. He anxiously questioned the +princess, asked her to speak out fully and confide her grief to him; +but she only repeated that she begged him to forget what she had said, +that she did not remember what she had said, and that she had no +trouble except the one he knew of--that Prince Andrew's marriage +threatened to cause a rupture between father and son. + +"Have you any news of the Rostovs?" she asked, to change the +subject. "I was told they are coming soon. I am also expecting +Andrew any day. I should like them to meet here." + +"And how does he now regard the matter?" asked Pierre, referring +to the old prince. + +Princess Mary shook her head. + +"What is to be done? In a few months the year will be up. The +thing is impossible. I only wish I could spare my brother the first +moments. I wish they would come sooner. I hope to be friends with her. +You have known them a long time," said Princess Mary. "Tell me +honestly the whole truth: what sort of girl is she, and what do you +think of her?--The real truth, because you know Andrew is risking so +much doing this against his father's will that I should like to +know..." + +An undefined instinct told Pierre that these explanations, and +repeated requests to be told the whole truth, expressed ill-will on +the princess' part toward her future sister-in-law and a wish that +he should disapprove of Andrew's choice; but in reply he said what +he felt rather than what he thought. + +"I don't know how to answer your question," he said, blushing +without knowing why. "I really don't know what sort of girl she is; +I can't analyze her at all. She is enchanting, but what makes her so I +don't know. That is all one can say about her." + +Princess Mary sighed, and the expression on her face said: "Yes, +that's what I expected and feared." + +"Is she clever?" she asked. + +Pierre considered. + +"I think not," he said, "and yet--yes. She does not deign to be +clever.... Oh no, she is simply enchanting, and that is all." + +Princess Mary again shook her head disapprovingly. + +"Ah, I so long to like her! Tell her so if you see her before I do." + +"I hear they are expected very soon," said Pierre. + +Princess Mary told Pierre of her plan to become intimate with her +future sister-in-law as soon as the Rostovs arrived and to try to +accustom the old prince to her. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Boris had not succeeded in making a wealthy match in Petersburg, +so with the same object in view he came to Moscow. There he wavered +between the two richest heiresses, Julie and Princess Mary. Though +Princess Mary despite her plainness seemed to him more attractive than +Julie, he, without knowing why, felt awkward about paying court to +her. When they had last met on the old prince's name day, she had +answered at random all his attempts to talk sentimentally, evidently +not listening to what he was saying. + +Julie on the contrary accepted his attentions readily, though in a +manner peculiar to herself. + +She was twenty-seven. After the death of her brothers she had become +very wealthy. She was by now decidedly plain, but thought herself +not merely as good-looking as before but even far more attractive. She +was confirmed in this delusion by the fact that she had become a +very wealthy heiress and also by the fact that the older she grew +the less dangerous she became to men, and the more freely they could +associate with her and avail themselves of her suppers, soirees, and +the animated company that assembled at her house, without incurring +any obligation. A man who would have been afraid ten years before of +going every day to the house when there was a girl of seventeen there, +for fear of compromising her and committing himself, would now go +boldly every day and treat her not as a marriageable girl but as a +sexless acquaintance. + +That winter the Karagins' house was the most agreeable and +hospitable in Moscow. In addition to the formal evening and dinner +parties, a large company, chiefly of men, gathered there every day, +supping at midnight and staying till three in the morning. Julie never +missed a ball, a promenade, or a play. Her dresses were always of +the latest fashion. But in spite of that she seemed to be +disillusioned about everything and told everyone that she did not +believe either in friendship or in love, or any of the joys of life, +and expected peace only "yonder." She adopted the tone of one who +has suffered a great disappointment, like a girl who has either lost +the man she loved or been cruelly deceived by him. Though nothing of +the kind had happened to her she was regarded in that light, and had +even herself come to believe that she had suffered much in life. +This melancholy, which did not prevent her amusing herself, did not +hinder the young people who came to her house from passing the time +pleasantly. Every visitor who came to the house paid his tribute to +the melancholy mood of the hostess, and then amused himself with +society gossip, dancing, intellectual games, and bouts rimes, which +were in vogue at the Karagins'. Only a few of these young men, among +them Boris, entered more deeply into Julie's melancholy, and with +these she had prolonged conversations in private on the vanity of +all worldly things, and to them she showed her albums filled with +mournful sketches, maxims, and verses. + +To Boris, Julie was particularly gracious: she regretted his early +disillusionment with life, offered him such consolation of +friendship as she who had herself suffered so much could render, and +showed him her album. Boris sketched two trees in the album and wrote: +"Rustic trees, your dark branches shed gloom and melancholy upon me." + +On another page he drew a tomb, and wrote: + + La mort est secourable et la mort est tranquille. + Ah! contre les douleurs il n'y a pas d'autre asile.* + + +*Death gives relief and death is peaceful. + + Ah! from suffering there is no other refuge. + +Julia said this was charming + +"There is something so enchanting in the smile of melancholy," she +said to Boris, repeating word for word a passage she had copied from a +book. "It is a ray of light in the darkness, a shade between sadness +and despair, showing the possibility of consolation." + +In reply Boris wrote these lines: + + Aliment de poison d'une ame trop sensible, + Toi, sans qui le bonheur me serait impossible, + Tendre melancholie, ah, viens me consoler, + Viens calmer les tourments de ma sombre retraite, + Et mele une douceur secrete + A ces pleurs que je sens couler.* + + +*Poisonous nourishment of a too sensitive soul, + + Thou, without whom happiness would for me be impossible, + + Tender melancholy, ah, come to console me, + + Come to calm the torments of my gloomy retreat, + + And mingle a secret sweetness + + With these tears that I feel to be flowing. + + +For Boris, Julie played most doleful nocturnes on her harp. Boris +read Poor Liza aloud to her, and more than once interrupted the +reading because of the emotions that choked him. Meeting at large +gatherings Julie and Boris looked on one another as the only souls who +understood one another in a world of indifferent people. + +Anna Mikhaylovna, who often visited the Karagins, while playing +cards with the mother made careful inquiries as to Julie's dowry +(she was to have two estates in Penza and the Nizhegorod forests). +Anna Mikhaylovna regarded the refined sadness that united her son to +the wealthy Julie with emotion, and resignation to the Divine will. + +"You are always charming and melancholy, my dear Julie," she said to +the daughter. "Boris says his soul finds repose at your house. He +has suffered so many disappointments and is so sensitive," said she to +the mother. "Ah, my dear, I can't tell you how fond I have grown of +Julie latterly," she said to her son. "But who could help loving +her? She is an angelic being! Ah, Boris, Boris!"--she paused. "And how +I pity her mother," she went on; "today she showed me her accounts and +letters from Penza (they have enormous estates there), and she, poor +thing, has no one to help her, and they do cheat her so!" + +Boris smiled almost imperceptibly while listening to his mother. +He laughed blandly at her naive diplomacy but listened to what she had +to say, and sometimes questioned her carefully about the Penza and +Nizhegorod estates. + +Julie had long been expecting a proposal from her melancholy +adorer and was ready to accept it; but some secret feeling of +repulsion for her, for her passionate desire to get married, for her +artificiality, and a feeling of horror at renouncing the possibility +of real love still restrained Boris. His leave was expiring. He +spent every day and whole days at the Karagins', and every day on +thinking the matter over told himself that he would propose +tomorrow. But in Julie's presence, looking at her red face and chin +(nearly always powdered), her moist eyes, and her expression of +continual readiness to pass at once from melancholy to an unnatural +rapture of married bliss, Boris could not utter the decisive words, +though in imagination he had long regarded himself as the possessor of +those Penza and Nizhegorod estates and had apportioned the use of +the income from them. Julie saw Boris' indecision, and sometimes the +thought occurred to her that she was repulsive to him, but her +feminine self-deception immediately supplied her with consolation, and +she told herself that he was only shy from love. Her melancholy, +however, began to turn to irritability, and not long before Boris' +departure she formed a definite plan of action. Just as Boris' leave +of absence was expiring, Anatole Kuragin made his appearance in +Moscow, and of course in the Karagins' drawing room, and Julie, +suddenly abandoning her melancholy, became cheerful and very attentive +to Kuragin. + +"My dear," said Anna Mikhaylovna to her son, "I know from a reliable +source that Prince Vasili has sent his son to Moscow to get him +married to Julie. I am so fond of Julie that I should be sorry for +her. What do you think of it, my dear?" + +The idea of being made a fool of and of having thrown away that +whole month of arduous melancholy service to Julie, and of seeing +all the revenue from the Penza estates which he had already mentally +apportioned and put to proper use fall into the hands of another, +and especially into the hands of that idiot Anatole, pained Boris. +He drove to the Karagins' with the firm intention of proposing. +Julie met him in a gay, careless manner, spoke casually of how she had +enjoyed yesterday's ball, and asked when he was leaving. Though +Boris had come intentionally to speak of his love and therefore +meant to be tender, he began speaking irritably of feminine +inconstancy, of how easily women can turn from sadness to joy, and how +their moods depend solely on who happens to be paying court to them. +Julie was offended and replied that it was true that a woman needs +variety, and the same thing over and over again would weary anyone. + +"Then I should advise you..." Boris began, wishing to sting her; but +at that instant the galling thought occurred to him that he might have +to leave Moscow without having accomplished his aim, and have vainly +wasted his efforts--which was a thing he never allowed to happen. + +He checked himself in the middle of the sentence, lowered his eyes +to avoid seeing her unpleasantly irritated and irresolute face, and +said: + +"I did not come here at all to quarrel with you. On the contrary..." + +He glanced at her to make sure that he might go on. Her irritability +had suddenly quite vanished, and her anxious, imploring eyes were +fixed on him with greedy expectation. "I can always arrange so as +not to see her often," thought Boris. "The affair has been begun and +must be finished!" He blushed hotly, raised his eyes to hers, and +said: + +"You know my feelings for you!" + +There was no need to say more: Julie's face shone with triumph and +self-satisfaction; but she forced Boris to say all that is said on +such occasions--that he loved her and had never loved any other +woman more than her. She knew that for the Penza estates and +Nizhegorod forests she could demand this, and she received what she +demanded. + +The affianced couple, no longer alluding to trees that shed gloom +and melancholy upon them, planned the arrangements of a splendid house +in Petersburg, paid calls, and prepared everything for a brilliant +wedding. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +At the end of January old Count Rostov went to Moscow with Natasha +and Sonya. The countess was still unwell and unable to travel but it +was impossible to wait for her recovery. Prince Andrew was expected in +Moscow any day, the trousseau had to be ordered and the estate near +Moscow had to be sold, besides which the opportunity of presenting his +future daughter-in-law to old Prince Bolkonski while he was in +Moscow could not be missed. The Rostovs' Moscow house had not been +heated that winter and, as they had come only for a short time and the +countess was not with them, the count decided to stay with Marya +Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, who had long been pressing her hospitality +on them. + +Late one evening the Rostovs' four sleighs drove into Marya +Dmitrievna's courtyard in the old Konyusheny street. Marya +Dmitrievna lived alone. She had already married off her daughter, +and her sons were all in the service. + +She held herself as erect, told everyone her opinion as candidly, +loudly, and bluntly as ever, and her whole bearing seemed a reproach +to others for any weakness, passion, or temptation--the possibility of +which she did not admit. From early in the morning, wearing a dressing +jacket, she attended to her household affairs, and then she drove out: +on holy days to church and after the service to jails and prisons on +affairs of which she never spoke to anyone. On ordinary days, after +dressing, she received petitioners of various classes, of whom there +were always some. Then she had dinner, a substantial and appetizing +meal at which there were always three or four guests; after dinner she +played a game of boston, and at night she had the newspapers or a +new book read to her while she knitted. She rarely made an exception +and went out to pay visits, and then only to the most important +persons in the town. + +She had not yet gone to bed when the Rostovs arrived and the +pulley of the hall door squeaked from the cold as it let in the +Rostovs and their servants. Marya Dmitrievna, with her spectacles +hanging down on her nose and her head flung back, stood in the hall +doorway looking with a stern, grim face at the new arrivals. One might +have thought she was angry with the travelers and would immediately +turn them out, had she not at the same time been giving careful +instructions to the servants for the accommodation of the visitors and +their belongings. + +"The count's things? Bring them here," she said, pointing to the +portmanteaus and not greeting anyone. "The young ladies'? There to the +left. Now what are you dawdling for?" she cried to the maids. "Get the +samovar ready!... You've grown plumper and prettier," she remarked, +drawing Natasha (whose cheeks were glowing from the cold) to her by +the hood. "Foo! You are cold! Now take off your things, quick!" she +shouted to the count who was going to kiss her hand. "You're half +frozen, I'm sure! Bring some rum for tea!... Bonjour, Sonya dear!" she +added, turning to Sonya and indicating by this French greeting her +slightly contemptuous though affectionate attitude toward her. + +When they came in to tea, having taken off their outdoor things +and tidied themselves up after their journey, Marya Dmitrievna +kissed them all in due order. + +"I'm heartily glad you have come and are staying with me. It was +high time," she said, giving Natasha a significant look. "The old +man is here and his son's expected any day. You'll have to make his +acquaintance. But we'll speak of that later on," she added, glancing at +Sonya with a look that showed she did not want to speak of it in her +presence. "Now listen," she said to the count. "What do you want +tomorrow? Whom will you send for? Shinshin?" she crooked one of her +fingers. "The sniveling Anna Mikhaylovna? That's two. She's here +with her son. The son is getting married! Then Bezukhov, eh? He is +here too, with his wife. He ran away from her and she came galloping +after him. He dined with me on Wednesday. As for them"--and she +pointed to the girls--"tomorrow I'll take them first to the Iberian +shrine of the Mother of God, and then we'll drive to the +Super-Rogue's. I suppose you'll have everything new. Don't judge by +me: sleeves nowadays are this size! The other day young Princess Irina +Vasilevna came to see me; she was an awful sight--looked as if she had +put two barrels on her arms. You know not a day passes now without +some new fashion.... And what have you to do yourself?" she asked +the count sternly. + +"One thing has come on top of another: her rags to buy, and now a +purchaser has turned up for the Moscow estate and for the house. If +you will be so kind, I'll fix a time and go down to the estate just +for a day, and leave my lassies with you." + +"All right. All right. They'll be safe with me, as safe as in +Chancery! I'll take them where they must go, scold them a bit, and pet +them a bit," said Marya Dmitrievna, touching her goddaughter and +favorite, Natasha, on the cheek with her large hand. + +Next morning Marya Dmitrievna took the young ladies to the Iberian +shrine of the Mother of God and to Madame Suppert-Roguet, who was so +afraid of Marya Dmitrievna that she always let her have costumes at +a loss merely to get rid of her. Marya Dmitrievna ordered almost the +whole trousseau. When they got home she turned everybody out of the +room except Nataisha, and then called her pet to her armchair. + +"Well, now we'll talk. I congratulate you on your betrothed. +You've hooked a fine fellow! I am glad for your sake and I've known +him since he was so high." She held her hand a couple of feet from the +ground. Natasha blushed happily. "I like him and all his family. Now +listen! You know that old Prince Nicholas much dislikes his son's +marrying. The old fellow's crotchety! Of course Prince Andrew is not a +child and can shift without him, but it's not nice to enter a family +against a father's will. One wants to do it peacefully and lovingly. +You're a clever girl and you'll know how to manage. Be kind, and use +your wits. Then all will be well." + +Natasha remained silent, from shyness Marya Dmitrievna supposed, but +really because she disliked anyone interfering in what touched her +love of Prince Andrew, which seemed to her so apart from all human +affairs that no one could understand it. She loved and knew Prince +Andrew, he loved her only, and was to come one of these days and +take her. She wanted nothing more. + +"You see I have known him a long time and am also fond of Mary, your +future sister-in-law. 'Husbands' sisters bring up blisters,' but +this one wouldn't hurt a fly. She has asked me to bring you two +together. Tomorrow you'll go with your father to see her. Be very nice +and affectionate to her: you're younger than she. When he comes, he'll +find you already know his sister and father and are liked by them. +Am I right or not? Won't that be best?" + +"Yes, it will," Natasha answered reluctantly. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Next day, by Marya Dmitrievna's advice, Count Rostov took Natasha to +call on Prince Nicholas Bolkonski. The count did not set out +cheerfully on this visit, at heart he felt afraid. He well +remembered the last interview he had had with the old prince at the +time of the enrollment, when in reply to an invitation to dinner he +had had to listen to an angry reprimand for not having provided his +full quota of men. Natasha, on the other hand, having put on her +best gown, was in the highest spirits. "They can't help liking me," +she thought. "Everybody always has liked me, and I am so willing to do +anything they wish, so ready to be fond of him--for being his +father--and of her--for being his sister--that there is no reason +for them not to like me..." + +They drove up to the gloomy old house on the Vozdvizhenka and +entered the vestibule. + +"Well, the Lord have mercy on us!" said the count, half in jest, +half in earnest; but Natasha noticed that her father was flurried on +entering the anteroom and inquired timidly and softly whether the +prince and princess were at home. + +When they had been announced a perturbation was noticeable among the +servants. The footman who had gone to announce them was stopped by +another in the large hall and they whispered to one another. Then a +maidservant ran into the hall and hurriedly said something, mentioning +the princess. At last an old, cross looking footman came and announced +to the Rostovs that the prince was not receiving, but that the +princess begged them to walk up. The first person who came to meet the +visitors was Mademoiselle Bourienne. She greeted the father and +daughter with special politeness and showed them to the princess' +room. The princess, looking excited and nervous, her face flushed in +patches, ran in to meet the visitors, treading heavily, and vainly +trying to appear cordial and at ease. From the first glance Princess +Mary did not like Natasha. She thought her too fashionably dressed, +frivolously gay and vain. She did not at all realize that before +having seen her future sister-in-law she was prejudiced against her by +involuntary envy of her beauty, youth, and happiness, as well as by +jealousy of her brother's love for her. Apart from this insuperable +antipathy to her, Princess Mary was agitated just then because on +the Rostovs' being announced, the old prince had shouted that he did +not wish to see them, that Princess Mary might do so if she chose, but +they were not to be admitted to him. She had decided to receive +them, but feared lest the prince might at any moment indulge in some +freak, as he seemed much upset by the Rostovs' visit. + +"There, my dear princess, I've brought you my songstress," said +the count, bowing and looking round uneasily as if afraid the old +prince might appear. "I am so glad you should get to know one +another... very sorry the prince is still ailing," and after a few +more commonplace remarks he rose. "If you'll allow me to leave my +Natasha in your hands for a quarter of an hour, Princess, I'll drive +round to see Anna Semenovna, it's quite near in the Dogs' Square, +and then I'll come back for her." + +The count had devised this diplomatic ruse (as he afterwards told +his daughter) to give the future sisters-in-law an opportunity to talk +to one another freely, but another motive was to avoid the danger of +encountering the old prince, of whom he was afraid. He did not mention +this to his daughter, but Natasha noticed her father's nervousness and +anxiety and felt mortified by it. She blushed for him, grew still +angrier at having blushed, and looked at the princess with a bold +and defiant expression which said that she was not afraid of +anybody. The princess told the count that she would be delighted, +and only begged him to stay longer at Anna Semenovna's, and he +departed. + +Despite the uneasy glances thrown at her by Princess Mary--who +wished to have a tete-a-tete with Natasha--Mademoiselle Bourienne +remained in the room and persistently talked about Moscow amusements +and theaters. Natasha felt offended by the hesitation she had +noticed in the anteroom, by her father's nervousness, and by the +unnatural manner of the princess who--she thought--was making a +favor of receiving her, and so everything displeased her. She did +not like Princess Mary, whom she thought very plain, affected, and +dry. Natasha suddenly shrank into herself and involuntarily assumed an +offhand air which alienated Princess Mary still more. After five +minutes of irksome, constrained conversation, they heard the sound +of slippered feet rapidly approaching. Princess Mary looked +frightened. + +The door opened and the old prince, in a dress, ing gown and a white +nightcap, came in. + +"Ah, madam!" he began. "Madam, Countess... Countess Rostova, if I am +not mistaken... I beg you to excuse me, to excuse me... I did not +know, madam. God is my witness, I did not know you had honored us with +a visit, and I came in such a costume only to see my daughter. I beg +you to excuse me... God is my witness, I didn't know-" he repeated, +stressing the word "God" so unnaturally and so unpleasantly that +Princess Mary stood with downcast eyes not daring to look either at +her father or at Natasha. + +Nor did the latter, having risen and curtsied, know what to do. +Mademoiselle Bourienne alone smiled agreeably. + +"I beg you to excuse me, excuse me! God is my witness, I did not +know," muttered the old man, and after looking Natasha over from +head to foot he went out. + +Mademoiselle Bourienne was the first to recover herself after this +apparition and began speaking about the prince's indisposition. +Natasha and Princess Mary looked at one another in silence, and the +longer they did so without saying what they wanted to say, the greater +grew their antipathy to one another. + +When the count returned, Natasha was impolitely pleased and hastened +to get away: at that moment she hated the stiff, elderly princess, who +could place her in such an embarrassing position and had spent half an +hour with her without once mentioning Prince Andrew. "I couldn't begin +talking about him in the presence of that Frenchwoman," thought +Natasha. The same thought was meanwhile tormenting Princess Mary. +She knew what she ought to have said to Natasha, but she had been +unable to say it because Mademoiselle Bourienne was in the way, and +because, without knowing why, she felt it very difficult to speak of +the marriage. When the count was already leaving the room, Princess +Mary went up hurriedly to Natasha, took her by the hand, and said with +a deep sigh: + +"Wait, I must..." + +Natasha glanced at her ironically without knowing why. + +"Dear Natalie," said Princess Mary, "I want you to know that I am +glad my brother has found happiness...." + +She paused, feeling that she was not telling the truth. Natasha +noticed this and guessed its reason. + +"I think, Princess, it is not convenient to speak of that now," +she said with external dignity and coldness, though she felt the tears +choking her. + +"What have I said and what have I done?" thought she, as soon as she +was out of the room. + +They waited a long time for Natasha to come to dinner that day. +She sat in her room crying like a child, blowing her nose and sobbing. +Sonya stood beside her, kissing her hair. + +"Natasha, what is it about?" she asked. "What do they matter to you? +It will all pass, Natasha." + +"But if you only knew how offensive it was... as if I..." + +"Don't talk about it, Natasha. It wasn't your fault so why should +you mind? Kiss me," said Sonya. + +Natasha raised her head and, kissing her friend on the lips, pressed +her wet face against her. + +"I can't tell you, I don't know. No one's to blame," said Natasha- +"It's my fault. But it all hurts terribly. Oh, why doesn't he +come?..." + +She came in to dinner with red eyes. Marya Dmitrievna, who knew +how the prince had received the Rostovs, pretended not to notice how +upset Natasha was and jested resolutely and loudly at table with the +count and the other guests. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +That evening the Rostovs went to the Opera, for which Marya +Dmitrievna had taken a box. + +Natasha did not want to go, but could not refuse Marya +Dmitrievna's kind offer which was intended expressly for her. When she +came ready dressed into the ballroom to await her father, and +looking in the large mirror there saw that she was pretty, very +pretty, she felt even more sad, but it was a sweet, tender sadness. + +"O God, if he were here now I would not behave as I did then, but +differently. I would not be silly and afraid of things, I would simply +embrace him, cling to him, and make him look at me with those +searching inquiring eyes with which he has so often looked at me, +and then I would make him laugh as he used to laugh. And his eyes--how +I see those eyes!" thought Natasha. "And what do his father and sister +matter to me? I love him alone, him, him, with that face and those +eyes, with his smile, manly and yet childlike.... No, I had better not +think of him; not think of him but forget him, quite forget him for +the present. I can't bear this waiting and I shall cry in a minute!" +and she turned away from the glass, making an effort not to cry. +"And how can Sonya love Nicholas so calmly and quietly and wait so +long and so patiently?" thought she, looking at Sonya, who also came +in quite ready, with a fan in her hand. "No, she's altogether +different. I can't!" + +Natasha at that moment felt so softened and tender that it was not +enough for her to love and know she was beloved, she wanted now, at +once, to embrace the man she loved, to speak and hear from him words +of love such as filled her heart. While she sat in the carriage beside +her father, pensively watching the lights of the street lamps +flickering on the frozen window, she felt still sadder and more in +love, and forgot where she was going and with whom. Having fallen into +the line of carriages, the Rostovs' carriage drove up to the +theater, its wheels squeaking over the snow. Natasha and Sonya, +holding up their dresses, jumped out quickly. The count got out helped +by the footmen, and, passing among men and women who were entering and +the program sellers, they all three went along the corridor to the +first row of boxes. Through the closed doors the music was already +audible. + +"Natasha, your hair!..." whispered Sonya. + +An attendant deferentially and quickly slipped before the ladies and +opened the door of their box. The music sounded louder and through the +door rows of brightly lit boxes in which ladies sat with bare arms and +shoulders, and noisy stalls brilliant with uniforms, glittered +before their eyes. A lady entering the next box shot a glance of +feminine envy at Natasha. The curtain had not yet risen and the +overture was being played. Natasha, smoothing her gown, went in with +Sonya and sat down, scanning the brilliant tiers of boxes opposite. +A sensation she had not experienced for a long time--that of +hundreds of eyes looking at her bare arms and neck--suddenly +affected her both agreeably and disagreeably and called up a whole +crowd of memories, desires and emotions associated with that feeling. + +The two remarkably pretty girls, Natasha and Sonya, with Count +Rostov who had not been seen in Moscow for a long time, attracted +general attention. Moreover, everybody knew vaguely of Natasha's +engagement to Prince Andrew, and knew that the Rostovs had lived in +the country ever since, and all looked with curiosity at a fiancee who +was making one of the best matches in Russia. + +Natasha's looks, as everyone told her, had improved in the +country, and that evening thanks to her agitation she was particularly +pretty. She struck those who saw her by her fullness of life and +beauty, combined with her indifference to everything about her. Her +black eyes looked at the crowd without seeking anyone, and her +delicate arm, bare to above the elbow, lay on the velvet edge of the +box, while, evidently unconsciously, she opened and closed her hand in +time to the music, crumpling her program. "Look, there's Alenina," +said Sonya, "with her mother, isn't it?" + +"Dear me, Michael Kirilovich has grown still stouter!" remarked +the count. + +"Look at our Anna Mikhaylovna--what a headdress she has on!" + +"The Karagins, Julie--and Boris with them. One can see at once +that they're engaged...." + +"Drubetskoy has proposed?" + +"Oh yes, I heard it today," said Shinshin, coming into the +Rostovs' box. + +Natasha looked in the direction in which her father's eyes were +turned and saw Julie sitting beside her mother with a happy look on +her face and a string of pearls round her thick red neck--which +Natasha knew was covered with powder. Behind them, wearing a smile and +leaning over with an ear to Julie's mouth, was Boris' handsome +smoothly brushed head. He looked the Rostovs from under his brows +and said something, smiling, to his betrothed. + +"They are talking about us, about me and him!" thought Natasha. "And +he no doubt is calming her jealousy of me. They needn't trouble +themselves! If only they knew how little I am concerned about any of +them." + +Behind them sat Anna Mikhaylovna wearing a green headdress and +with a happy look of resignation to the will of God on her face. Their +box was pervaded by that atmosphere of an affianced couple which +Natasha knew so well and liked so much. She turned away and suddenly +remembered all that had been so humiliating in her morning's visit. + +"What right has he not to wish to receive me into his family? Oh, +better not think of it--not till he comes back!" she told herself, and +began looking at the faces, some strange and some familiar, in the +stalls. In the front, in the very center, leaning back against the +orchestra rail, stood Dolokhov in a Persian dress, his curly hair +brushed up into a huge shock. He stood in full view of the audience, +well aware that he was attracting everyone's attention, yet as much at +ease as though he were in his own room. Around him thronged Moscow's +most brilliant young men, whom he evidently dominated. + +The count, laughing, nudged the blushing Sonya and pointed to her +former adorer. + +"Do you recognize him?" said he. "And where has he sprung from?" +he asked, turning to Shinshin. "Didn't he vanish somewhere?" + +"He did," replied Shinshin. "He was in the Caucasus and ran away +from there. They say he has been acting as minister to some ruling +prince in Persia, where he killed the Shah's brother. Now all the +Moscow ladies are mad about him! It's 'Dolokhov the Persian' that does +it! We never hear a word but Dolokhov is mentioned. They swear by him, +they offer him to you as they would a dish of choice sterlet. Dolokhov +and Anatole Kuragin have turned all our ladies' heads." + +A tall, beautiful woman with a mass of plaited hair and much exposed +plump white shoulders and neck, round which she wore a double string +of large pearls, entered the adjoining box rustling her heavy silk +dress and took a long time settling into her place. + +Natasha involuntarily gazed at that neck, those shoulders, and +pearls and coiffure, and admired the beauty of the shoulders and the +pearls. While Natasha was fixing her gaze on her for the second time +the lady looked round and, meeting the count's eyes, nodded to him and +smiled. She was the Countess Bezukhova, Pierre's wife, and the +count, who knew everyone in society, leaned over and spoke to her. + +"Have you been here long, Countess?" he inquired. "I'll call, I'll +call to kiss your hand. I'm here on business and have brought my girls +with me. They say Semenova acts marvelously. Count Pierre never used +to forget us. Is he here?" + +"Yes, he meant to look in," answered Helene, and glanced attentively +at Natasha. + +Count Rostov resumed his seat. + +"Handsome, isn't she?" he whispered to Natasha. + +"Wonderful!" answered Natasha. "She's a woman one could easily +fall in love with." + +Just then the last chords of the overture were heard and the +conductor tapped with his stick. Some latecomers took their seats in +the stalls, and the curtain rose. + +As soon as it rose everyone in the boxes and stalls became silent, +and all the men, old and young, in uniform and evening dress, and +all the women with gems on their bare flesh, turned their whole +attention with eager curiosity to the stage. Natasha too began to look +at it. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +The floor of the stage consisted of smooth boards, at the sides +was some painted cardboard representing trees, and at the back was a +cloth stretched over boards. In the center of the stage sat some girls +in red bodices and white skirts. One very fat girl in a white silk +dress sat apart on a low bench, to the back of which a piece of +green cardboard was glued. They all sang something. When they had +finished their song the girl in white went up to the prompter's box +and a man with tight silk trousers over his stout legs, and holding +a plume and a dagger, went up to her and began singing, waving his +arms about. + +First the man in the tight trousers sang alone, then she sang, +then they both paused while the orchestra played and the man +fingered the hand of the girl in white, obviously awaiting the beat to +start singing with her. They sang together and everyone in the theater +began clapping and shouting, while the man and woman on the stage--who +represented lovers--began smiling, spreading out their arms, and +bowing. + +After her life in the country, and in her present serious mood, +all this seemed grotesque and amazing to Natasha. She could not follow +the opera nor even listen to the music; she saw only the painted +cardboard and the queerly dressed men and women who moved, spoke, +and sang so strangely in that brilliant light. She knew what it was +all meant to represent, but it was so pretentiously false and +unnatural that she first felt ashamed for the actors and then amused +at them. She looked at the faces of the audience, seeking in them +the same sense of ridicule and perplexity she herself experienced, but +they all seemed attentive to what was happening on the stage, and +expressed delight which to Natasha seemed feigned. "I suppose it has +to be like this!" she thought. She kept looking round in turn at the +rows of pomaded heads in the stalls and then at the seminude women +in the boxes, especially at Helene in the next box, who--apparently +quite unclothed--sat with a quiet tranquil smile, not taking her +eyes off the stage. And feeling the bright light that flooded the +whole place and the warm air heated by the crowd, Natasha little by +little began to pass into a state of intoxication she had not +experienced for a long while. She did not realize who and where she +was, nor what was going on before her. As she looked and thought, +the strangest fancies unexpectedly and disconnectedly passed through +her mind: the idea occurred to her of jumping onto the edge of the box +and singing the air the actress was singing, then she wished to +touch with her fan an old gentleman sitting not far from her, then +to lean over to Helene and tickle her. + +At a moment when all was quiet before the commencement of a song, +a door leading to the stalls on the side nearest the Rostovs' box +creaked, and the steps of a belated arrival were heard. "There's +Kuragin!" whispered Shinshin. Countess Bezukhova turned smiling to the +newcomer, and Natasha, following the direction of that look, saw an +exceptionally handsome adjutant approaching their box with a +self-assured yet courteous bearing. This was Anatole Kuragin whom +she had seen and noticed long ago at the ball in Petersburg. He was +now in an adjutant's uniform with one epaulet and a shoulder knot. +He moved with a restrained swagger which would have been ridiculous +had he not been so good-looking and had his handsome face not worn +such an expression of good-humored complacency and gaiety. Though +the performance was proceeding, he walked deliberately down the +carpeted gangway, his sword and spurs slightly jingling and his +handsome perfumed head held high. Having looked at Natasha he +approached his sister, laid his well gloved hand on the edge of her +box, nodded to her, and leaning forward asked a question, with a +motion toward Natasha. + +"Mais charmante!" said he, evidently referring to Natasha, who did +not exactly hear his words but understood them from the movement of +his lips. Then he took his place in the first row of the stalls and +sat down beside Dolokhov, nudging with his elbow in a friendly and +offhand way that Dolokhov whom others treated so fawningly. He +winked at him gaily, smiled, and rested his foot against the orchestra +screen. + +"How like the brother is to the sister," remarked the count. "And +how handsome they both are!" + +Shinshin, lowering his voice, began to tell the count of some +intrigue of Kuragin's in Moscow, and Natasha tried to overhear it just +because he had said she was "charmante." + +The first act was over. In the stalls everyone began moving about, +going out and coming in. + +Boris came to the Rostovs' box, received their congratulations +very simply, and raising his eyebrows with an absent-minded smile +conveyed to Natasha and Sonya his fiancee's invitation to her wedding, +and went away. Natasha with a gay, coquettish smile talked to him, and +congratulated on his approaching wedding that same Boris with whom she +had formerly been in love. In the state of intoxication she was in, +everything seemed simple and natural. + +The scantily clad Helene smiled at everyone in the same way, and +Natasha gave Boris a similar smile. + +Helene's box was filled and surrounded from the stalls by the most +distinguished and intellectual men, who seemed to vie with one another +in their wish to let everyone see that they knew her. + +During the whole of that entr'acte Kuragin stood with Dolokhov in +front of the orchestra partition, looking at the Rostovs' box. Natasha +knew he was talking about her and this afforded her pleasure. She even +turned so that he should see her profile in what she thought was its +most becoming aspect. Before the beginning of the second act Pierre +appeared in the stalls. The Rostovs had not seen him since their +arrival. His face looked sad, and he had grown still stouter since +Natasha last saw him. He passed up to the front rows, not noticing +anyone. Anatole went up to him and began speaking to him, looking at +and indicating the Rostovs' box. On seeing Natasha Pierre grew +animated and, hastily passing between the rows, came toward their box. +When he got there he leaned on his elbows and, smiling, talked to +her for a long time. While conversing with Pierre, Natasha heard a +man's voice in Countess Bezukhova's box and something told her it +was Kuragin. She turned and their eyes met. Almost smiling, he gazed +straight into her eyes with such an enraptured caressing look that +it seemed strange to be so near him, to look at him like that, to be +so sure he admired her, and not to be acquainted with him. + +In the second act there was scenery representing tombstones, there +was a round hole in the canvas to represent the moon, shades were +raised over the footlights, and from horns and contrabass came deep +notes while many people appeared from right and left wearing black +cloaks and holding things like daggers in their hands. They began +waving their arms. Then some other people ran in and began dragging +away the maiden who had been in white and was now in light blue. +They did not drag her away at once, but sang with her for a long +time and then at last dragged her off, and behind the scenes something +metallic was struck three times and everyone knelt down and sang a +prayer. All these things were repeatedly interrupted by the +enthusiastic shouts of the audience. + +During this act every time Natasha looked toward the stalls she +saw Anatole Kuragin with an arm thrown across the back of his chair, +staring at her. She was pleased to see that he was captivated by her +and it did not occur to her that there was anything wrong in it. + +When the second act was over Countess Bezukhova rose, turned to +the Rostovs' box--her whole bosom completely exposed--beckoned the old +count with a gloved finger, and paying no attention to those who had +entered her box began talking to him with an amiable smile. + +"Do make me acquainted with your charming daughters," said she. "The +whole town is singing their praises and I don't even know then!" + +Natasha rose and curtsied to the splendid countess. She was so +pleased by praise from this brilliant beauty that she blushed with +pleasure. + +"I want to become a Moscovite too, now," said Helene. "How is it +you're not ashamed to bury such pearls in the country?" + +Countess Bezukhova quite deserved her reputation of being a +fascinating woman. She could say what she did not think--especially +what was flattering--quite simply and naturally. + +"Dear count, you must let me look after your daughters! Though I +am not staying here long this time--nor are you--I will try to amuse +them. I have already heard much of you in Petersburg and wanted to get +to know you," said she to Natasha with her stereotyped and lovely +smile. "I had heard about you from my page, Drubetskoy. Have you heard +he is getting married? And also from my husband's friend Bolkonski, +Prince Andrew Bolkonski," she went on with special emphasis, +implying that she knew of his relation to Natasha. To get better +acquainted she asked that one of the young ladies should come into her +box for the rest of the performance, and Natasha moved over to it. + +The scene of the third act represented a palace in which many +candles were burning and pictures of knights with short beards hung on +the walls. In the middle stood what were probably a king and a +queen. The king waved his right arm and, evidently nervous, sang +something badly and sat down on a crimson throne. The maiden who had +been first in white and then in light blue, now wore only a smock, and +stood beside the throne with her hair down. She sang something +mournfully, addressing the queen, but the king waved his arm severely, +and men and women with bare legs came in from both sides and began +dancing all together. Then the violins played very shrilly and merrily +and one of the women with thick bare legs and thin arms, separating +from the others, went behind the wings, adjusted her bodice, +returned to the middle of the stage, and began jumping and striking +one foot rapidly against the other. In the stalls everyone clapped and +shouted "bravo!" Then one of the men went into a corner of the +stage. The cymbals and horns in the orchestra struck up more loudly, +and this man with bare legs jumped very high and waved his feet +about very rapidly. (He was Duport, who received sixty thousand rubles +a year for this art.) Everybody in the stalls, boxes, and galleries +began clapping and shouting with all their might, and the man +stopped and began smiling and bowing to all sides. Then other men +and women danced with bare legs. Then the king again shouted to the +sound of music, and they all began singing. But suddenly a storm +came on, chromatic scales and diminished sevenths were heard in the +orchestra, everyone ran off, again dragging one of their number +away, and the curtain dropped. Once more there was a terrible noise +and clatter among the audience, and with rapturous faces everyone +began shouting: "Duport! Duport! Duport!" Natasha no longer thought +this strange. She look about with pleasure, smiling joyfully. + +"Isn't Duport delightful?" Helene asked her. + +"Oh, yes," replied Natasha. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +During the entr'acte a whiff of cold air came into Helene's box, the +door opened, and Anatole entered, stooping and trying not to brush +against anyone. + +"Let me introduce my brother to you," said Helene, her eyes shifting +uneasily from Natasha to Anatole. + +Natasha turned her pretty little head toward the elegant young +officer and smiled at him over her bare shoulder. Anatole, who was +as handsome at close quarters as at a distance, sat down beside her +and told her he had long wished to have this happiness--ever since the +Naryshkins' ball in fact, at which he had had the well-remembered +pleasure of seeing her. Kuragin was much more sensible and simple with +women than among men. He talked boldly and naturally, and Natasha +was strangely and agreeably struck by the fact that there was +nothing formidable in this man about whom there was so much talk, +but that on the contrary his smile was most naive, cheerful, and +good-natured. + +Kuragin asked her opinion of the performance and told her how at a +previous performance Semenova had fallen down on the stage. + +"And do you know, Countess," he said, suddenly addressing her as +an old, familiar acquaintance, "we are getting up a costume +tournament; you ought to take part in it! It will be great fun. We +shall all meet at the Karagins'! Please come! No! Really, eh?" said +he. + +While saying this he never removed his smiling eyes from her face, +her neck, and her bare arms. Natasha knew for certain that he was +enraptured by her. This pleased her, yet his presence made her feel +constrained and oppressed. When she was not looking at him she felt +that he was looking at her shoulders, and she involuntarily caught his +eye so that he should look into hers rather than this. But looking +into his eyes she was frightened, realizing that there was not that +barrier of modesty she had always felt between herself and other +men. She did not know how it was that within five minutes she had come +to feel herself terribly near to this man. When she turned away she +feared he might seize her from behind by her bare arm and kiss her +on the neck. They spoke of most ordinary things, yet she felt that +they were closer to one another than she had ever been to any man. +Natasha kept turning to Helene and to her father, as if asking what it +all meant, but Helene was engaged in conversation with a general and +did not answer her look, and her father's eyes said nothing but what +they always said: "Having a good time? Well, I'm glad of it!" + +During one of these moments of awkward silence when Anatole's +prominent eyes were gazing calmly and fixedly at her, Natasha, to +break the silence, asked him how he liked Moscow. She asked the +question and blushed. She felt all the time that by talking to him she +was doing something improper. Anatole smiled as though to encourage +her. + +"At first I did not like it much, because what makes a town pleasant +ce sont les jolies femmes,* isn't that so? But now I like it very much +indeed," he said, looking at her significantly. "You'll come to the +costume tournament, Countess? Do come!" and putting out his hand to +her bouquet and dropping his voice, he added, "You will be the +prettiest there. Do come, dear countess, and give me this flower as +a pledge!" + + +*Are the pretty women. + + +Natasha did not understand what he was saying any more than he did +himself, but she felt that his incomprehensible words had an +improper intention. She did not know what to say and turned away as if +she had not heard his remark. But as soon as she had turned away she +felt that he was there, behind, so close behind her. + +"How is he now? Confused? Angry? Ought I to put it right?" she asked +herself, and she could not refrain from turning round. She looked +straight into his eyes, and his nearness, self-assurance, and the +good-natured tenderness of his smile vanquished her. She smiled just +as he was doing, gazing straight into his eyes. And again she felt +with horror that no barrier lay between him and her. + +The curtain rose again. Anatole left the box, serene and gay. +Natasha went back to her father in the other box, now quite submissive +to the world she found herself in. All that was going on before her +now seemed quite natural, but on the other hand all her previous +thoughts of her betrothed, of Princess Mary, or of life in the country +did not once recur to her mind and were as if belonging to a remote +past. + +In the fourth act there was some sort of devil who sang waving his +arm about, till the boards were withdrawn from under him and he +disappeared down below. That was the only part of the fourth act +that Natasha saw. She felt agitated and tormented, and the cause of +this was Kuragin whom she could not help watching. As they were +leaving the theater Anatole came up to them, called their carriage, +and helped them in. As he was putting Natasha in he pressed her arm +above the elbow. Agitated and flushed she turned round. He was looking +at her with glittering eyes, smiling tenderly. + + +Only after she had reached home was Natasha able clearly to think +over what had happened to her, and suddenly remembering Prince +Andrew she was horrified, and at tea to which all had sat down after +the opera, she gave a loud exclamation, flushed, and ran out of the +room. + +"O God! I am lost!" she said to herself. "How could I let him?" +She sat for a long time hiding her flushed face in her hands trying to +realize what had happened to her, but was unable either to +understand what had happened or what she felt. Everything seemed dark, +obscure, and terrible. There in that enormous, illuminated theater +where the bare-legged Duport, in a tinsel-decorated jacket, jumped +about to the music on wet boards, and young girls and old men, and the +nearly naked Helene with her proud, calm smile, rapturously cried +"bravo!"--there in the presence of that Helene it had all seemed clear +and simple; but now, alone by herself, it was incomprehensible. +"What is it? What was that terror I felt of him? What is this +gnawing of conscience I am feeling now?" she thought. + +Only to the old countess at night in bed could Natasha have told all +she was feeling. She knew that Sonya with her severe and simple +views would either not understand it at all or would be horrified at +such a confession. So Natasha tried to solve what was torturing her by +herself. + +"Am I spoiled for Andrew's love or not?" she asked herself, and with +soothing irony replied: "What a fool I am to ask that! What did happen +to me? Nothing! I have done nothing, I didn't lead him on at all. +Nobody will know and I shall never see him again," she told herself. +"So it is plain that nothing has happened and there is nothing to +repent of, and Andrew can love me still. But why 'still?' O God, why +isn't he here?" Natasha quieted herself for a moment, but again some +instinct told her that though all this was true, and though nothing +had happened, yet the former purity of her love for Prince Andrew +had perished. And again in imagination she went over her whole +conversation with Kuragin, and again saw the face, gestures, and +tender smile of that bold handsome man when he pressed her arm. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +Anatole Kuragin was staying in Moscow because his father had sent +him away from Petersburg, where he had been spending twenty thousand +rubles a year in cash, besides running up debts for as much more, +which his creditors demanded from his father. + +His father announced to him that he would now pay half his debts for +the last time, but only on condition that he went to Moscow as +adjutant to the commander in chief--a post his father had procured for +him--and would at last try to make a good match there. He indicated to +him Princess Mary and Julie Karagina. + +Anatole consented and went to Moscow, where he put up at Pierre's +house. Pierre received him unwillingly at first, but got used to him +after a while, sometimes even accompanied him on his carousals, and +gave him money under the guise of loans. + +As Shinshin had remarked, from the time of his arrival Anatole had +turned the heads of the Moscow ladies, especially by the fact that +he slighted them and plainly preferred the gypsy girls and French +actresses--with the chief of whom, Mademoiselle George, he was said to +be on intimate relations. He had never missed a carousal at +Danilov's or other Moscow revelers', drank whole nights through, +outvying everyone else, and was at all the balls and parties of the +best society. There was talk of his intrigues with some of the ladies, +and he flirted with a few of them at the balls. But he did not run +after the unmarried girls, especially the rich heiresses who were most +of them plain. There was a special reason for this, as he had got +married two years before--a fact known only to his most intimate +friends. At that time while with his regiment in Poland, a Polish +landowner of small means had forced him to marry his daughter. Anatole +had very soon abandoned his wife and, for a payment which he agreed to +send to his father-in-law, had arranged to be free to pass himself off +as a bachelor. + +Anatole was always content with his position, with himself, and with +others. He was instinctively and thoroughly convinced that was +impossible for him to live otherwise than as he did and that he had +never in his life done anything base. He was incapable of +considering how his actions might affect others or what the +consequences of this or that action of his might be. He was +convinced that, as a duck is so made that it must live in water, so +God had made him such that he must spend thirty thousand rubles a year +and always occupy a prominent position in society. He believed this so +firmly that others, looking at him, were persuaded of it too and did +not refuse him either a leading place in society or money, which he +borrowed from anyone and everyone and evidently would not repay. + +He was not a gambler, at any rate he did not care about winning. +He was not vain. He did not mind what people thought of him. Still +less could he be accused of ambition. More than once he had vexed +his father by spoiling his own career, and he laughed at +distinctions of all kinds. He was not mean, and did not refuse +anyone who asked of him. All he cared about was gaiety and women, +and as according to his ideas there was nothing dishonorable in +these tastes, and he was incapable of considering what the +gratification of his tastes entailed for others, he honestly +considered himself irreproachable, sincerely despised rogues and bad +people, and with a tranquil conscience carried his head high. + +Rakes, those male Magdalenes, have a secret feeling of innocence +similar to that which female Magdalenes have, based on the same hope +of forgiveness. "All will be forgiven her, for she loved much; and all +will be forgiven him, for he enjoyed much." + +Dolokhov, who had reappeared that year in Moscow after his exile and +his Persian adventures, and was leading a life of luxury, gambling, +and dissipation, associated with his old Petersburg comrade Kuragin +and made use of him for his own ends. + +Anatole was sincerely fond of Dolokhov for his cleverness and +audacity. Dolokhov, who needed Anatole Kuragin's name, position, and +connections as a bait to draw rich young men into his gambling set, +made use of him and amused himself at his expense without letting +the other feel it. Apart from the advantage he derived from Anatole, +the very process of dominating another's will was in itself a +pleasure, a habit, and a necessity to Dolokhov. + +Natasha had made a strong impression on Kuragin. At supper after the +opera he described to Dolokhov with the air of a connoisseur the +attractions of her arms, shoulders, feet, and hair and expressed his +intention of making love to her. Anatole had no notion and was +incapable of considering what might come of such love-making, as he +never had any notion of the outcome of any of his actions. + +"She's first-rate, my dear fellow, but not for us," replied +Dolokhov. + +"I will tell my sister to ask her to dinner," said Anatole. "Eh?" + +"You'd better wait till she's married...." + +"You know, I adore little girls, they lose their heads at once," +pursued Anatole. + +"You have been caught once already by a 'little girl,'" said +Dolokhov who knew of Kuragin's marriage. "Take care!" + +"Well, that can't happen twice! Eh?" said Anatole, with a +good-humored laugh. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +The day after the opera the Rostovs went nowhere and nobody came +to see them. Marya Dmitrievna talked to the count about something +which they concealed from Natasha. Natasha guessed they were talking +about the old prince and planning something, and this disquieted and +offended her. She was expecting Prince Andrew any moment and twice +that day sent a manservant to the Vozdvizhenka to ascertain whether he +had come. He had not arrived. She suffered more now than during her +first days in Moscow. To her impatience and pining for him were now +added the unpleasant recollection of her interview with Princess +Mary and the old prince, and a fear and anxiety of which she did not +understand the cause. She continually fancied that either he would +never come or that something would happen to her before he came. She +could no longer think of him by herself calmly and continuously as she +had done before. As soon as she began to think of him, the +recollection of the old prince, of Princess Mary, of the theater, +and of Kuragin mingled with her thoughts. The question again presented +itself whether she was not guilty, whether she had not already +broken faith with Prince Andrew, and again she found herself recalling +to the minutest detail every word, every gesture, and every shade in +the play of expression on the face of the man who had been able to +arouse in her such an incomprehensible and terrifying feeling. To +the family Natasha seemed livelier than usual, but she was far less +tranquil and happy than before. + +On Sunday morning Marya Dmitrievna invited her visitors to Mass at +her parish church--the Church of the Assumption built over the +graves of victims of the plague. + +"I don't like those fashionable churches," she said, evidently +priding herself on her independence of thought. "God is the same every +where. We have an excellent priest, he conducts the service decently +and with dignity, and the deacon is the same. What holiness is there +in giving concerts in the choir? I don't like it, it's just +self-indulgence!" + +Marya Dmitrievna liked Sundays and knew how to keep them. Her +whole house was scrubbed and cleaned on Saturdays; neither she nor the +servants worked, and they all wore holiday dress and went to church. +At her table there were extra dishes at dinner, and the servants had +vodka and roast goose or suckling pig. But in nothing in the house was +the holiday so noticeable as in Marya Dmitrievna's broad, stern +face, which on that day wore an invariable look of solemn festivity. + +After Mass, when they had finished their coffee in the dining room +where the loose covers had been removed from the furniture, a +servant announced that the carriage was ready, and Marya Dmitrievna +rose with a stern air. She wore her holiday shawl, in which she paid +calls, and announced that she was going to see Prince Nicholas +Bolkonski to have an explanation with him about Natasha. + +After she had gone, a dressmaker from Madame Suppert-Roguet waited +on the Rostovs, and Natasha, very glad of this diversion, having +shut herself into a room adjoining the drawing room, occupied +herself trying on the new dresses. Just as she had put on a bodice +without sleeves and only tacked together, and was turning her head +to see in the glass how the back fitted, she heard in the drawing room +the animated sounds of her father's voice and another's--a woman's- +that made her flush. It was Helene. Natasha had not time to take off +the bodice before the door opened and Countess Bezukhova, dressed in a +purple velvet gown with a high collar, came into the room beaming with +good-humored amiable smiles. + +"Oh, my enchantress!" she cried to the blushing Natasha. +"Charming! No, this is really beyond anything, my dear count," said +she to Count Rostov who had followed her in. "How can you live in +Moscow and go nowhere? No, I won't let you off! Mademoiselle George +will recite at my house tonight and there'll be some people, and if +you don't bring your lovely girls--who are prettier than +Mademoiselle George--I won't know you! My husband is away in Tver or I +would send him to fetch you. You must come. You positively must! +Between eight and nine." + +She nodded to the dressmaker, whom she knew and who had curtsied +respectfully to her, and seated herself in an armchair beside the +looking glass, draping the folds of her velvet dress picturesquely. +She did not cease chattering good-naturedly and gaily, continually +praising Natasha's beauty. She looked at Natasha's dresses and praised +them, as well as a new dress of her own made of "metallic gauze," +which she had received from Paris, and advised Natasha to have one +like it. + +"But anything suits you, my charmer!" she remarked. + +A smile of pleasure never left Natasha's face. She felt happy and as +if she were blossoming under the praise of this dear Countess +Bezukhova who had formerly seemed to her so unapproachable and +important and was now so kind to her. Natasha brightened up and felt +almost in love with this woman, who was so beautiful and so kind. +Helene for her part was sincerely delighted with Natasha and wished to +give her a good time. Anatole had asked her to bring him and Natasha +together, and she was calling on the Rostovs for that purpose. The +idea of throwing her brother and Natasha together amused her. + +Though at one time, in Petersburg, she had been annoyed with Natasha +for drawing Boris away, she did not think of that now, and in her +own way heartily wished Natasha well. As she was leaving the Rostovs +she called her protegee aside. + +"My brother dined with me yesterday--we nearly died of laughter- +he ate nothing and kept sighing for you, my charmer! He is madly, +quite madly, in love with you, my dear." + +Natasha blushed scarlet when she heard this. + +"How she blushes, how she blushes, my pretty!" said Helene. "You +must certainly come. If you love somebody, my charmer, that is not a +reason to shut yourself up. Even if you are engaged, I am sure your +fiance would wish you to go into society rather than be bored to +death." + +"So she knows I am engaged, and she and her husband Pierre--that +good Pierre--have talked and laughed about this. So it's all right." +And again, under Helene's influence, what had seemed terrible now +seemed simple and natural. "And she is such a grande dame, so kind, +and evidently likes me so much. And why not enjoy myself?" thought +Natasha, gazing at Helene with wide-open, wondering eyes. + +Marya Dmitrievna came back to dinner taciturn and serious, having +evidently suffered a defeat at the old prince's. She was still too +agitated by the encounter to be able to talk of the affair calmly. +In answer to the count's inquiries she replied that things were all +right and that she would tell about it next day. On hearing of +Countess Bezukhova's visit and the invitation for that evening, +Marya Dmitrievna remarked: + +"I don't care to have anything to do with Bezukhova and don't advise +you to; however, if you've promised--go. It will divert your +thoughts," she added, addressing Natasha. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +Count Rostov took the girls to Countess Bezukhova's. There were a +good many people there, but nearly all strangers to Natasha. Count +Rostov was displeased to see that the company consisted almost +entirely of men and women known for the freedom of their conduct. +Mademoiselle George was standing in a corner of the drawing room +surrounded by young men. There were several Frenchmen present, among +them Metivier who from the time Helene reached Moscow had been an +intimate in her house. The count decided not to sit down to cards or +let his girls out of his sight and to get away as soon as Mademoiselle +George's performance was over. + +Anatole was at the door, evidently on the lookout for the Rostovs. +Immediately after greeting the count he went up to Natasha and +followed her. As soon as she saw him she was seized by the same +feeling she had had at the opera--gratified vanity at his admiration +of her and fear at the absence of a moral barrier between them. + +Helene welcomed Natasha delightedly and was loud in admiration of +her beauty and her dress. Soon after their arrival Mademoiselle George +went out of the room to change her costume. In the drawing room people +began arranging the chairs and taking their seats. Anatole moved a +chair for Natasha and was about to sit down beside her, but the count, +who never lost sight of her, took the seat himself. Anatole sat down +behind her. + +Mademoiselle George, with her bare, fat, dimpled arms, and a red +shawl draped over one shoulder, came into the space left vacant for +her, and assumed an unnatural pose. Enthusiastic whispering was +audible. + +Mademoiselle George looked sternly and gloomily at the audience +and began reciting some French verses describing her guilty love for +her son. In some places she raised her voice, in others she whispered, +lifting her head triumphantly; sometimes she paused and uttered hoarse +sounds, rolling her eyes. + +"Adorable! divine! delicious!" was heard from every side. + +Natasha looked at the fat actress, but neither saw nor heard nor +understood anything of what went on before her. She only felt +herself again completely borne away into this strange senseless world- +so remote from her old world--a world in which it was impossible to +know what was good or bad, reasonable or senseless. Behind her sat +Anatole, and conscious of his proximity she experienced a frightened +sense of expectancy. + +After the first monologue the whole company rose and surrounded +Mademoiselle George, expressing their enthusiasm. + +"How beautiful she is!" Natasha remarked to her father who had +also risen and was moving through the crowd toward the actress. + +"I don't think so when I look at you!" said Anatole, following +Natasha. He said this at a moment when she alone could hear him. +"You are enchanting... from the moment I saw you I have never +ceased..." + +"Come, come, Natasha!" said the count, as he turned back for his +daughter. "How beautiful she is!" Natasha without saying anything +stepped up to her father and looked at him with surprised inquiring +eyes. + +After giving several recitations, Mademoiselle George left, and +Countess Bezukhova asked her visitors into the ballroom. + +The count wished to go home, but Helene entreated him not to spoil +her improvised ball, and the Rostovs stayed on. Anatole asked +Natasha for a valse and as they danced he pressed her waist and hand +and told her she was bewitching and that he loved her. During the +ecossaise, which she also danced with him, Anatole said nothing when +they happened to be by themselves, but merely gazed at her. Natasha +lifted her frightened eyes to him, but there was such confident +tenderness in his affectionate look and smile that she could not, +whilst looking at him, say what she had to say. She lowered her eyes. + +"Don't say such things to me. I am betrothed and love another," +she said rapidly.... She glanced at him. + +Anatole was not upset or pained by what she had said. + +"Don't speak to me of that! What can I do?" said he. "I tell you I +am madly, madly, in love with you! Is it my fault that you are +enchanting?... It's our turn to begin." + +Natasha, animated and excited, looked about her with wide-open +frightened eyes and seemed merrier than usual. She understood hardly +anything that went on that evening. They danced the ecossaise and +the Grossvater. Her father asked her to come home, but she begged to +remain. Wherever she went and whomever she was speaking to, she felt +his eyes upon her. Later on she recalled how she had asked her +father to let her go to the dressing room to rearrange her dress, that +Helene had followed her and spoken laughingly of her brother's love, +and that she again met Anatole in the little sitting room. Helene +had disappeared leaving them alone, and Anatole had taken her hand and +said in a tender voice: + +"I cannot come to visit you but is it possible that I shall never +see you? I love you madly. Can I never...?" and, blocking her path, he +brought his face close to hers. + +His large, glittering, masculine eyes were so close to hers that she +saw nothing but them. + +"Natalie?" he whispered inquiringly while she felt her hands being +painfully pressed. "Natalie?" + +"I don't understand. I have nothing to say," her eyes replied. + +Burning lips were pressed to hers, and at the same instant she +felt herself released, and Helene's footsteps and the rustle of her +dress were heard in the room. Natasha looked round at her, and then, +red and trembling, threw a frightened look of inquiry at Anatole and +moved toward the door. + +"One word, just one, for God's sake!" cried Anatole. + +She paused. She so wanted a word from him that would explain to +her what had happened and to which she could find no answer. + +"Natalie, just a word, only one!" he kept repeating, evidently not +knowing what to say and he repeated it till Helene came up to them. + +Helene returned with Natasha to the drawing room. The Rostovs went +away without staying for supper. + +After reaching home Natasha did not sleep all night. She was +tormented by the insoluble question whether she loved Anatole or +Prince Andrew. She loved Prince Andrew--she remembered distinctly +how deeply she loved him. But she also loved Anatole, of that there +was no doubt. "Else how could all this have happened?" thought she. +"If, after that, I could return his smile when saying good-by, if I +was able to let it come to that, it means that I loved him from the +first. It means that he is kind, noble, and splendid, and I could +not help loving him. What am I to do if I love him and the other one +too?" she asked herself, unable to find an answer to these terrible +questions. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +Morning came with its cares and bustle. Everyone got up and began to +move about and talk, dressmakers came again. Marya Dmitrievna +appeared, and they were called to breakfast. Natasha kept looking +uneasily at everybody with wide-open eyes, as if wishing to +intercept every glance directed toward her, and tried to appear the +same as usual. + +After breakfast, which was her best time, Marya Dmitrievna sat +down in her armchair and called Natasha and the count to her. + +"Well, friends, I have now thought the whole matter over and this is +my advice," she began. "Yesterday, as you know, I went to see Prince +Bolkonski. Well, I had a talk with him.... He took it into his head to +begin shouting, but I am not one to be shouted down. I said what I had +to say!" + +"Well, and he?" asked the count. + +"He? He's crazy... he did not want to listen. But what's the use +of talking? As it is we have worn the poor girl out," said Marya +Dmitrievna. "My advice to you is finish your business and go back home +to Otradnoe... and wait there." + +"Oh, no!" exclaimed Natasha. + +"Yes, go back," said Marya Dmitrievna, "and wait there. If your +betrothed comes here now--there will be no avoiding a quarrel; but +alone with the old man he will talk things over and then come on to +you." + +Count Rostov approved of this suggestion, appreciating its +reasonableness. If the old man came round it would be all the better +to visit him in Moscow or at Bald Hills later on; and if not, the +wedding, against his wishes, could only be arranged at Otradnoe. + +"That is perfectly true. And I am sorry I went to see him and took +her," said the old count. + +"No, why be sorry? Being here, you had to pay your respects. But +if he won't--that's his affair," said Marya Dmitrievna, looking for +something in her reticule. "Besides, the trousseau is ready, so +there is nothing to wait for; and what is not ready I'll send after +you. Though I don't like letting you go, it is the best way. So go, +with God's blessing!" + +Having found what she was looking for in the reticule she handed +it to Natasha. It was a letter from Princess Mary. + +"She has written to you. How she torments herself, poor thing! She's +afraid you might think that she does not like you." + +"But she doesn't like me," said Natasha. + +"Don't talk nonsense!" cried Marya Dmitrievna. + +"I shan't believe anyone, I know she doesn't like me," replied +Natasha boldly as she took the letter, and her face expressed a cold +and angry resolution that caused Marya Dmitrievna to look at her +more intently and to frown. + +"Don't answer like that, my good girl!" she said. "What I say is +true! Write an answer!" Natasha did not reply and went to her own room +to read Princess Mary's letter. + +Princess Mary wrote that she was in despair at the +misunderstanding that had occurred between them. Whatever her father's +feelings might be, she begged Natasha to believe that she could not +help loving her as the one chosen by her brother, for whose +happiness she was ready to sacrifice everything. + +"Do not think, however," she wrote, "that my father is +ill-disposed toward you. He is an invalid and an old man who must be +forgiven; but he is good and magnanimous and will love her who makes +his son happy." Princess Mary went on to ask Natasha to fix a time +when she could see her again. + +After reading the letter Natasha sat down at the writing table to +answer it. "Dear Princess," she wrote in French quickly and +mechanically, and then paused. What more could she write after all +that had happened the evening before? "Yes, yes! All that has +happened, and now all is changed," she thought as she sat with the +letter she had begun before her. "Must I break off with him? Must I +really? That's awful..." and to escape from these dreadful thoughts +she went to Sonya and began sorting patterns with her. + +After dinner Natasha went to her room and again took up Princess +Mary's letter. "Can it be that it is all over?" she thought. "Can it +be that all this has happened so quickly and has destroyed all that +went before?" She recalled her love for Prince Andrew in all its +former strength, and at the same time felt that she loved Kuragin. She +vividly pictured herself as Prince Andrew's wife, and the scenes of +happiness with him she had so often repeated in her imagination, and +at the same time, aglow with excitement, recalled every detail of +yesterday's interview with Anatole. + +"Why could that not be as well?" she sometimes asked herself in +complete bewilderment. "Only so could I be completely happy; but now I +have to choose, and I can't be happy without either of them. Only," +she thought, "to tell Prince Andrew what has happened or to hide it +from him are both equally impossible. But with that one nothing is +spoiled. But am I really to abandon forever the joy of Prince Andrew's +love, in which I have lived so long?" + +"Please, Miss!" whispered a maid entering the room with a mysterious +air. "A man told me to give you this-" and she handed Natasha a +letter. + +"Only, for Christ's sake..." the girl went on, as Natasha, without +thinking, mechanically broke the seal and read a love letter from +Anatole, of which, without taking in a word, she understood only +that it was a letter from him--from the man she loved. Yes, she +loved him, or else how could that have happened which had happened? +And how could she have a love letter from him in her hand? + +With trembling hands Natasha held that passionate love letter +which Dolokhov had composed for Anatole, and as she read it she +found in it an echo of all that she herself imagined she was feeling. + +"Since yesterday evening my fate has been sealed; to be loved by you +or to die. There is no other way for me," the letter began. Then he +went on to say that he knew her parents would not give her to him--for +this there were secret reasons he could reveal only to her--but that +if she loved him she need only say the word yes, and no human power +could hinder their bliss. Love would conquer all. He would steal her +away and carry her off to the ends of the earth. + +"Yes, yes! I love him!" thought Natasha, reading the letter for +the twentieth time and finding some peculiarly deep meaning in each +word of it. + +That evening Marya Dmitrievna was going to the Akharovs' and +proposed to take the girls with her. Natasha, pleading a headache, +remained at home. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +On returning late in the evening Sonya went to Natasha's room, and +to her surprise found her still dressed and asleep on the sofa. Open +on the table, beside her lay Anatole's letter. Sonya picked it up +and read it. + +As she read she glanced at the sleeping Natasha, trying to find in +her face an explanation of what she was reading, but did not find +it. Her face was calm, gentle, and happy. Clutching her breast to keep +herself from choking, Sonya, pale and trembling with fear and +agitation, sat down in an armchair and burst into tears. + +"How was it I noticed nothing? How could it go so far? Can she +have left off loving Prince Andrew? And how could she let Kuragin go +to such lengths? He is a deceiver and a villain, that's plain! What +will Nicholas, dear noble Nicholas, do when he hears of it? So this is +the meaning of her excited, resolute, unnatural look the day before +yesterday, yesterday, and today," thought Sonya. "But it can't be that +she loves him! She probably opened the letter without knowing who it +was from. Probably she is offended by it. She could not do such a +thing!" + +Sonya wiped away her tears and went up to Natasha, again scanning +her face. + +"Natasha!" she said, just audibly. + +Natasha awoke and saw Sonya. + +"Ah, you're back?" + +And with the decision and tenderness that often come at the moment +of awakening, she embraced her friend, but noticing Sonya's look of +embarrassment, her own face expressed confusion and suspicion. + +"Sonya, you've read that letter?" she demanded. + +"Yes," answered Sonya softly. + +Natasha smiled rapturously. + +"No, Sonya, I can't any longer!" she said. "I can't hide it from you +any longer. You know, we love one another! Sonya, darling, he +writes... Sonya..." + +Sonya stared open-eyed at Natasha, unable to believe her ears. + +"And Bolkonski?" she asked. + +"Ah, Sonya, if you only knew how happy I am!" cried Natasha. "You +don't know what love is...." + +"But, Natasha, can that be all over?" + +Natasha looked at Sonya with wide-open eyes as if she could not +grasp the question. + +"Well, then, are you refusing Prince Andrew?" said Sonya. + +"Oh, you don't understand anything! Don't talk nonsense, just +listen!" said Natasha, with momentary vexation. + +"But I can't believe it," insisted Sonya. "I don't understand. How +is it you have loved a man for a whole year and suddenly... Why, you +have only seen him three times! Natasha, I don't believe you, you're +joking! In three days to forget everything and so..." + +"Three days?" said Natasha. "It seems to me I've loved him a hundred +years. It seems to me that I have never loved anyone before. You can't +understand it.... Sonya, wait a bit, sit here," and Natasha embraced +and kissed her. + +"I had heard that it happens like this, and you must have heard it +too, but it's only now that I feel such love. It's not the same as +before. As soon as I saw him I felt he was my master and I his +slave, and that I could not help loving him. Yes, his slave! +Whatever he orders I shall do. You don't understand that. What can I +do? What can I do, Sonya?" cried Natasha with a happy yet frightened +expression. + +"But think what you are doing," cried Sonya. "I can't leave it +like this. This secret correspondence... How could you let him go so +far?" she went on, with a horror and disgust she could hardly conceal. + +"I told you that I have no will," Natasha replied. "Why can't you +understand? I love him!" + +"Then I won't let it come to that... I shall tell!" cried Sonya, +bursting into tears. + +"What do you mean? For God's sake... If you tell, you are my enemy!" +declared Natasha. "You want me to be miserable, you want us to be +separated...." + +When she saw Natasha's fright, Sonya shed tears of shame and pity +for her friend. + +"But what has happened between you?" she asked. "What has he said to +you? Why doesn't he come to the house?" + +Natasha did not answer her questions. + +"For God's sake, Sonya, don't tell anyone, don't torture me," +Natasha entreated. "Remember no one ought to interfere in such +matters! I have confided in you...." + +"But why this secrecy? Why doesn't he come to the house?" asked +Sonya. "Why doesn't he openly ask for your hand? You know Prince +Andrew gave you complete freedom--if it is really so; but I don't +believe it! Natasha, have you considered what these secret reasons can +be?" + +Natasha looked at Sonya with astonishment. Evidently this question +presented itself to her mind for the first time and she did not know +how to answer it. + +"I don't know what the reasons are. But there must be reasons!" + +Sonya sighed and shook her head incredulously. + +"If there were reasons..." she began. + +But Natasha, guessing her doubts, interrupted her in alarm. + +"Sonya, one can't doubt him! One can't, one can't! Don't you +understand?" she cried. + +"Does he love you?" + +"Does he love me?" Natasha repeated with a smile of pity at her +friend's lack of comprehension. "Why, you have read his letter and you +have seen him." + +"But if he is dishonorable?" + +"He! dishonorable? If you only knew!" exclaimed Natasha. + +"If he is an honorable man he should either declare his intentions +or cease seeing you; and if you won't do this, I will. I will write to +him, and I will tell Papa!" said Sonya resolutely. + +"But I can't live without him!" cried Natasha. + +"Natasha, I don't understand you. And what are you saying! Think +of your father and of Nicholas." + +"I don't want anyone, I don't love anyone but him. How dare you +say he is dishonorable? Don't you know that I love him?" screamed +Natasha. "Go away, Sonya! I don't want to quarrel with you, but go, +for God's sake go! You see how I am suffering!" Natasha cried angrily, +in a voice of despair and repressed irritation. Sonya burst into +sobs and ran from the room. + +Natasha went to the table and without a moment's reflection wrote +that answer to Princess Mary which she had been unable to write all +the morning. In this letter she said briefly that all their +misunderstandings were at an end; that availing herself of the +magnanimity of Prince Andrew who when he went abroad had given her her +freedom, she begged Princess Mary to forget everything and forgive her +if she had been to blame toward her, but that she could not be his wife. +At that moment this all seemed quite easy, simple, and clear to Natasha. + + +On Friday the Rostovs were to return to the country, but on +Wednesday the count went with the prospective purchaser to his +estate near Moscow. + +On the day the count left, Sonya and Natasha were invited to a big +dinner party at the Karagins', and Marya Dmitrievna took them there. +At that party Natasha again met Anatole, and Sonya noticed that she +spoke to him, trying not to be overheard, and that all through +dinner she was more agitated than ever. When they got home Natasha was +the first to begin the explanation Sonya expected. + +"There, Sonya, you were talking all sorts of nonsense about him," +Natasha began in a mild voice such as children use when they wish to +be praised. "We have had an explanation today." + +"Well, what happened? What did he say? Natasha, how glad I am you're +not angry with me! Tell me everything--the whole truth. What did he +say?" + +Natasha became thoughtful. + +"Oh, Sonya, if you knew him as I do! He said... He asked me what I +had promised Bolkonski. He was glad I was free to refuse him." + +Sonya sighed sorrowfully. + +"But you haven't refused Bolkonski?" said she. + +"Perhaps I have. Perhaps all is over between me and Bolkonski. Why +do you think so badly of me?" + +"I don't think anything, only I don't understand this..." + +"Wait a bit, Sonya, you'll understand everything. You'll see what +a man he is! Now don't think badly of me or of him. I don't think +badly of anyone: I love and pity everybody. But what am I to do?" + +Sonya did not succumb to the tender tone Natasha used toward her. +The more emotional and ingratiating the expression of Natasha's face +became, the more serious and stern grew Sonya's. + +"Natasha," said she, "you asked me not to speak to you, and I +haven't spoken, but now you yourself have begun. I don't trust him, +Natasha. Why this secrecy?" + +"Again, again!" interrupted Natasha. + +"Natasha, I am afraid for you!" + +"Afraid of what?" + +"I am afraid you're going to your ruin," said Sonya resolutely, +and was herself horrified at what she had said. + +Anger again showed in Natasha's face. + +"And I'll go to my ruin, I will, as soon as possible! It's not +your business! It won't be you, but I, who'll suffer. Leave me +alone, leave me alone! I hate you!" + +"Natasha!" moaned Sonya, aghast. + +"I hate you, I hate you! You're my enemy forever!" And Natasha ran +out of the room. + +Natasha did not speak to Sonya again and avoided her. With the +same expression of agitated surprise and guilt she went about the +house, taking up now one occupation, now another, and at once +abandoning them. + +Hard as it was for Sonya, she watched her friend and did not let her +out of her sight. + +The day before the count was to return, Sonya noticed that Natasha +sat by the drawingroom window all the morning as if expecting +something and that she made a sign to an officer who drove past, +whom Sonya took to be Anatole. + +Sonya began watching her friend still more attentively and noticed +that at dinner and all that evening Natasha was in a strange and +unnatural state. She answered questions at random, began sentences she +did not finish, and laughed at everything. + +After tea Sonya noticed a housemaid at Natasha's door timidly +waiting to let her pass. She let the girl go in, and then listening at +the door learned that another letter had been delivered. + +Then suddenly it became clear to Sonya that Natasha had some +dreadful plan for that evening. Sonya knocked at her door. Natasha did +not let her in. + +"She will run away with him!" thought Sonya. "She is capable of +anything. There was something particularly pathetic and resolute in +her face today. She cried as she said good-by to Uncle," Sonya +remembered. "Yes, that's it, she means to elope with him, but what +am I to do?" thought she, recalling all the signs that clearly +indicated that Natasha had some terrible intention. "The count is +away. What am I to do? Write to Kuragin demanding an explanation? +But what is there to oblige him to reply? Write to Pierre, as Prince +Andrew asked me to in case of some misfortune?... But perhaps she +really has already refused Bolkonski--she sent a letter to Princess +Mary yesterday. And Uncle is away...." To tell Marya Dmitrievna who +had such faith in Natasha seemed to Sonya terrible. "Well, anyway," +thought Sonya as she stood in the dark passage, "now or never I must +prove that I remember the family's goodness to me and that I love +Nicholas. Yes! If I don't sleep for three nights I'll not leave this +passage and will hold her back by force and will and not let the +family be disgraced," thought she. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Anatole had lately moved to Dolokhov's. The plan for Natalie +Rostova's abduction had been arranged and the preparations made by +Dolokhov a few days before, and on the day that Sonya, after listening +at Natasha's door, resolved to safeguard her, it was to have been +put into execution. Natasha had promised to come out to Kuragin at the +back porch at ten that evening. Kuragin was to put her into a troyka +he would have ready and to drive her forty miles to the village of +Kamenka, where an unfrocked priest was in readiness to perform a +marriage ceremony over them. At Kamenka a relay of horses was to +wait which would take them to the Warsaw highroad, and from there they +would hasten abroad with post horses. + +Anatole had a passport, an order for post horses, ten thousand +rubles he had taken from his sister and another ten thousand +borrowed with Dolokhov's help. + +Two witnesses for the mock marriage--Khvostikov, a retired petty +official whom Dolokhov made use of in his gambling transactions, and +Makarin, a retired hussar, a kindly, weak fellow who had an +unbounded affection for Kuragin--were sitting at tea in Dolokhov's +front room. + +In his large study, the walls of which were hung to the ceiling with +Persian rugs, bearskins, and weapons, sat Dolokhov in a traveling +cloak and high boots, at an open desk on which lay abacus and some +bundles of paper money. Anatole, with uniform unbuttoned, walked to +and fro from the room where the witnesses were sitting, through the +study to the room behind, where his French valet and others were +packing the last of his things. Dolokhov was counting the money and +noting something down. + +"Well," he said, "Khvostikov must have two thousand." + +"Give it to him, then," said Anatole. + +"Makarka" (their name for Makarin) "will go through fire and water +for you for nothing. So here are our accounts all settled," said +Dolokhov, showing him the memorandum. "Is that right?" + +"Yes, of course," returned Anatole, evidently not listening to +Dolokhov and looking straight before him with a smile that did not +leave his face. + +Dolokhov banged down the or of his and turned to Anatole with an +ironic smile: + +"Do you know? You'd really better drop it all. There's still time!" + +"Fool," retorted Anatole. "Don't talk nonsense! If you only +knew... it's the devil knows what!" + +"No, really, give it up!" said Dolokhov. "I am speaking seriously. +It's no joke, this plot you've hatched." + +"What, teasing again? Go to the devil! Eh?" said Anatole, making a +grimace. "Really it's no time for your stupid jokes," and he left +the room. + +Dolokhov smiled contemptuously and condescendingly when Anatole +had gone out. + +"You wait a bit," he called after him. "I'm not joking, I'm +talking sense. Come here, come here!" + +Anatole returned and looked at Dolokhov, trying to give him his +attention and evidently submitting to him involuntarily. + +"Now listen to me. I'm telling you this for the last time. Why +should I joke about it? Did I hinder you? Who arranged everything +for you? Who found the priest and got the passport? Who raised the +money? I did it all." + +"Well, thank you for it. Do you think I am not grateful?" And +Anatole sighed and embraced Dolokhov. + +"I helped you, but all the same I must tell you the truth; it is a +dangerous business, and if you think about it--a stupid business. +Well, you'll carry her off--all right! Will they let it stop at +that? It will come out that you're already married. Why, they'll +have you in the criminal court...." + +"Oh, nonsense, nonsense!" Anatole ejaculated and again made a +grimace. "Didn't I explain to you? What?" And Anatole, with the +partiality dull-witted people have for any conclusion they have +reached by their own reasoning, repeated the argument he had already +put to Dolokhov a hundred times. "Didn't I explain to you that I +have come to this conclusion: if this marriage is invalid," he went +on, crooking one finger, "then I have nothing to answer for; but if it +is valid, no matter! Abroad no one will know anything about it. +Isn't that so? And don't talk to me, don't, don't." + +"Seriously, you'd better drop it! You'll only get yourself into a +mess!" + +"Go to the devil!" cried Anatole and, clutching his hair, left the +room, but returned at once and dropped into an armchair in front of +Dolokhov with his feet turned under him. "It's the very devil! What? +Feel how it beats!" He took Dolokhov's hand and put it on his heart. +"What a foot, my dear fellow! What a glance! A goddess!" he added in +French. "What?" + +Dolokhov with a cold smile and a gleam in his handsome insolent eyes +looked at him--evidently wishing to get some more amusement out of +him. + +"Well and when the money's gone, what then?" + +"What then? Eh?" repeated Anatole, sincerely perplexed by a +thought of the future. "What then?... Then, I don't know.... But why +talk nonsense!" He glanced at his watch. "It's time!" + +Anatole went into the back room. + +"Now then! Nearly ready? You're dawdling!" he shouted to the +servants. + +Dolokhov put away the money, called a footman whom he ordered to +bring something for them to eat and drink before the journey, and went +into the room where Khvostikov and Makarin were sitting. + +Anatole lay on the sofa in the study leaning on his elbow and +smiling pensively, while his handsome lips muttered tenderly to +himself. + +"Come and eat something. Have a drink!" Dolokhov shouted to him from +the other room. + +"I don't want to," answered Anatole continuing to smile. + +"Come! Balaga is here." + +Anatole rose and went into the dining room. Balaga was a famous +troyka driver who had known Dolokhov and Anatole some six years and +had given them good service with his troykas. More than once when +Anatole's regiment was stationed at Tver he had taken him from Tver in +the evening, brought him to Moscow by daybreak, and driven him back +again the next night. More than once he had enabled Dolokhov to escape +when pursued. More than once he had driven them through the town +with gypsies and "ladykins" as he called the cocottes. More than +once in their service he had run over pedestrians and upset vehicles +in the streets of Moscow and had always been protected from the +consequences by "my gentlemen" as he called them. He had ruined more +than one horse in their service. More than once they had beaten him, +and more than once they had made him drunk on champagne and Madeira, +which he loved; and he knew more than one thing about each of them +which would long ago have sent an ordinary man to Siberia. They +often called Balaga into their orgies and made him drink and dance +at the gypsies', and more than one thousand rubles of their money +had passed through his hands. In their service he risked his skin +and his life twenty times a year, and in their service had lost more +horses than the money he had from them would buy. But he liked them; +liked that mad driving at twelve miles an hour, liked upsetting a +driver or running down a pedestrian, and flying at full gallop through +the Moscow streets. He liked to hear those wild, tipsy shouts behind +him: "Get on! Get on!" when it was impossible to go any faster. He +liked giving a painful lash on the neck to some peasant who, more dead +than alive, was already hurrying out of his way. "Real gentlemen!" +he considered them. + +Anatole and Dolokhov liked Balaga too for his masterly driving and +because he liked the things they liked. With others Balaga +bargained, charging twenty-five rubles for a two hours' drive, and +rarely drove himself, generally letting his young men do so. But +with "his gentlemen" he always drove himself and never demanded +anything for his work. Only a couple of times a year--when he knew +from their valets that they had money in hand--he would turn up of a +morning quite sober and with a deep bow would ask them to help him. +The gentlemen always made him sit down. + +"Do help me out, Theodore Ivanych, sir," or "your excellency," he +would say. "I am quite out of horses. Let me have what you can to go +to the fair." + +And Anatole and Dolokhov, when they had money, would give him a +thousand or a couple of thousand rubles. + +Balaga was a fair-haired, short, and snub-nosed peasant of about +twenty-seven; red-faced, with a particularly red thick neck, +glittering little eyes, and a small beard. He wore a fine, +dark-blue, silk-lined cloth coat over a sheepskin. + +On entering the room now he crossed himself, turning toward the +front corner of the room, and went up to Dolokhov, holding out a +small, black hand. + +"Theodore Ivanych!" he said, bowing. + +"How d'you do, friend? Well, here he is!" + +"Good day, your excellency!" he said, again holding out his hand +to Anatole who had just come in. + +"I say, Balaga," said Anatole, putting his hands on the man's +shoulders, "do you care for me or not? Eh? Now, do me a service.... +What horses have you come with? Eh?" + +"As your messenger ordered, your special beasts," replied Balaga. + +"Well, listen, Balaga! Drive all three to death but get me there +in three hours. Eh?" + +"When they are dead, what shall I drive?" said Balaga with a wink. + +"Mind, I'll smash your face in! Don't make jokes!" cried Anatole, +suddenly rolling his eyes. + +"Why joke?" said the driver, laughing. "As if I'd grudge my +gentlemen anything! As fast as ever the horses can gallop, so fast +we'll go!" + +"Ah!" said Anatole. "Well, sit down." + +"Yes, sit down!" said Dolokhov. + +"I'll stand, Theodore Ivanych." + +"Sit down; nonsense! Have a drink!" said Anatole, and filled a large +glass of Madeira for him. + +The driver's eyes sparkled at the sight of the wine. After +refusing it for manners' sake, he drank it and wiped his mouth with +a red silk handkerchief he took out of his cap. + +"And when are we to start, your excellency?" + +"Well..." Anatole looked at his watch. "We'll start at once. Mind, +Balaga! You'll get there in time? Eh?" + +"That depends on our luck in starting, else why shouldn't we be +there in time?" replied Balaga. "Didn't we get you to Tver in seven +hours? I think you remember that, your excellency?" + +"Do you know, one Christmas I drove from Tver," said Anatole, +smilingly at the recollection and turning to Makarin who gazed +rapturously at him with wide-open eyes. "Will you believe it, Makarka, +it took one's breath away, the rate we flew. We came across a train of +loaded sleighs and drove right over two of them. Eh?" + +"Those were horses!" Balaga continued the tale. "That time I'd +harnessed two young side horses with the bay in the shafts," he went +on, turning to Dolokhov. "Will you believe it, Theodore Ivanych, those +animals flew forty miles? I couldn't hold them in, my hands grew +numb in the sharp frost so that I threw down the reins--'Catch hold +yourself, your excellency!' says I, and I just tumbled on the bottom +of the sleigh and sprawled there. It wasn't a case of urging them +on, there was no holding them in till we reached the place. The devils +took us there in three hours! Only the near one died of it." + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Anatole went out of the room and returned a few minutes later +wearing a fur coat girt with a silver belt, and a sable cap jauntily +set on one side and very becoming to his handsome face. Having +looked in a mirror, and standing before Dolokhov in the same pose he +had assumed before it, he lifted a glass of wine. + +"Well, good-by, Theodore. Thank you for everything and farewell!" +said Anatole. "Well, comrades and friends..." he considered for a +moment "...of my youth, farewell!" he said, turning to Makarin and the +others. + +Though they were all going with him, Anatole evidently wished to +make something touching and solemn out of this address to his +comrades. He spoke slowly in a loud voice and throwing out his chest +slightly swayed one leg. + +"All take glasses; you too, Balaga. Well, comrades and friends of my +youth, we've had our fling and lived and reveled. Eh? And now, when +shall we meet again? I am going abroad. We have had a good time--now +farewell, lads! To our health! Hurrah!..." he cried, and emptying +his glass flung it on the floor. + +"To your health!" said Balaga who also emptied his glass, and +wiped his mouth with his handkerchief. + +Makarin embraced Anatole with tears in his eyes. + +"Ah, Prince, how sorry I am to part from you! + +"Let's go. Let's go!" cried Anatole. + +Balaga was about to leave the room. + +"No, stop!" said Anatole. "Shut the door; we have first to sit down. +That's the way." + +They shut the door and all sat down. + +"Now, quick march, lads!" said Anatole, rising. + +Joseph, his valet, handed him his sabretache and saber, and they all +went out into the vestibule. + +"And where's the fur cloak?" asked Dolokhov. "Hey, Ignatka! Go to +Matrena Matrevna and ask her for the sable cloak. I have heard what +elopements are like," continued Dolokhov with a wink. "Why, she'll +rush out more dead than alive just in the things she is wearing; if +you delay at all there'll be tears and 'Papa' and 'Mamma,' and she's +frozen in a minute and must go back--but you wrap the fur cloak +round her first thing and carry her to the sleigh." + +The valet brought a woman's fox-lined cloak. + +"Fool, I told you the sable one! Hey, Matrena, the sable!" he +shouted so that his voice rang far through the rooms. + +A handsome, slim, and pale-faced gypsy girl with glittering black +eyes and curly blue-black hair, wearing a red shawl, ran out with a +sable mantle on her arm. + +"Here, I don't grudge it--take it!" she said, evidently afraid of +her master and yet regretful of her cloak. + +Dolokhov, without answering, took the cloak, threw it over +Matrena, and wrapped her up in it. + +"That's the way," said Dolokhov, "and then so!" and he turned the +collar up round her head, leaving only a little of the face uncovered. +"And then so, do you see?" and he pushed Anatole's head forward to +meet the gap left by the collar, through which Matrena's brilliant +smile was seen. + +"Well, good-by, Matrena," said Anatole, kissing her. "Ah, my +revels here are over. Remember me to Steshka. There, good-by! Good-by, +Matrena, wish me luck!" + +"Well, Prince, may God give you great luck!" said Matrena in her +gypsy accent. + +Two troykas were standing before the porch and two young drivers +were holding the horses. Balaga took his seat in the front one and +holding his elbows high arranged the reins deliberately. Anatole and +Dolokhov got in with him. Makarin, Khvostikov, and a valet seated +themselves in the other sleigh. + +"Well, are you ready?" asked Balaga. + +"Go!" he cried, twisting the reins round his hands, and the troyka +tore down the Nikitski Boulevard. + +"Tproo! Get out of the way! Hi!... Tproo!..." The shouting of Balaga +and of the sturdy young fellow seated on the box was all that could be +heard. On the Arbat Square the troyka caught against a carriage; +something cracked, shouts were heard, and the troyka flew along the +Arbat Street. + +After taking a turn along the Podnovinski Boulevard, Balaga began to +rein in, and turning back drew up at the crossing of the old +Konyusheny Street. + +The young fellow on the box jumped down to hold the horses and +Anatole and Dolokhov went along the pavement. When they reached the +gate Dolokhov whistled. The whistle was answered, and a maidservant +ran out. + +"Come into the courtyard or you'll be seen; she'll come out +directly," said she. + +Dolokhov stayed by the gate. Anatole followed the maid into the +courtyard, turned the corner, and ran up into the porch. + +He was met by Gabriel, Marya Dmitrievna's gigantic footman. + +"Come to the mistress, please," said the footman in his deep bass, +intercepting any retreat. + +"To what Mistress? Who are you?" asked Anatole in a breathless +whisper. + +"Kindly step in, my orders are to bring you in." + +"Kuragin! Come back!" shouted Dolokhov. "Betrayed! Back!" + +Dolokhov, after Anatole entered, had remained at the wicket gate and +was struggling with the yard porter who was trying to lock it. With +a last desperate effort Dolokhov pushed the porter aside, and when +Anatole ran back seized him by the arm, pulled him through the wicket, +and ran back with him to the troyka. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +Marya Dmitrievna, having found Sonya weeping in the corridor, made +her confess everything, and intercepting the note to Natasha she +read it and went into Natasha's room with it in her hand. + +"You shameless good-for-nothing!" said she. "I won't hear a word." + +Pushing back Natasha who looked at her with astonished but +tearless eyes, she locked her in; and having given orders to the +yard porter to admit the persons who would be coming that evening, but +not to let them out again, and having told the footman to bring them +up to her, she seated herself in the drawing room to await the +abductors. + +When Gabriel came to inform her that the men who had come had run +away again, she rose frowning, and clasping her hands behind her paced +through the rooms a long time considering what she should do. Toward +midnight she went to Natasha's room fingering the key in her pocket. +Sonya was sitting sobbing in the corridor. "Marya Dmitrievna, for +God's sake let me in to her!" she pleaded, but Marya Dmitrievna +unlocked the door and went in without giving her an answer.... +"Disgusting, abominable... In my house... horrid girl, hussy! I'm only +sorry for her father!" thought she, trying to restrain her wrath. +"Hard as it may be, I'll tell them all to hold their tongues and +will hide it from the count." She entered the room with resolute +steps. Natasha lying on the sofa, her head hidden in her hands, and +she did not stir. She was in just the same position in which Marya +Dmitrievna had left her. + +"A nice girl! Very nice!" said Marya Dmitrievna. "Arranging meetings +with lovers in my house! It's no use pretending: you listen when I +speak to you!" And Marya Dmitrievna touched her arm. "Listen when when +I speak! You've disgraced yourself like the lowest of hussies. I'd +treat you differently, but I'm sorry for your father, so I will +conceal it." + +Natasha did not change her position, but her whole body heaved +with noiseless, convulsive sobs which choked her. Marya Dmitrievna +glanced round at Sonya and seated herself on the sofa beside Natasha. + +"It's lucky for him that he escaped me; but I'll find him!" she said +in her rough voice. "Do you hear what I am saying or not?" she added. + +She put her large hand under Natasha's face and turned it toward +her. Both Marya Dmitrievna and Sonya were amazed when they saw how +Natasha looked. Her eyes were dry and glistening, her lips compressed, +her cheeks sunken. + +"Let me be!... What is it to me?... I shall die!" she muttered, +wrenching herself from Marya Dmitrievna's hands with a vicious +effort and sinking down again into her former position. + +"Natalie!" said Marya Dmitrievna. "I wish for your good. Lie +still, stay like that then, I won't touch you. But listen. I won't +tell you how guilty you are. You know that yourself. But when your +father comes back tomorrow what am I to tell him? Eh?" + +Again Natasha's body shook with sobs. + +"Suppose he finds out, and your brother, and your betrothed?" + +"I have no betrothed: I have refused him!" cried Natasha. + +"That's all the same," continued Dmitrievna. "If they hear of +this, will they let it pass? He, your father, I know him... if he +challenges him to a duel will that be all right? Eh?" + +"Oh, let me be! Why have you interfered at all? Why? Why? Who +asked you to?" shouted Natasha, raising herself on the sofa and +looking malignantly at Marya Dmitrievna. + +"But what did you want?" cried Marya Dmitrievna, growing angry +again. "Were you kept under lock and key? Who hindered his coming to +the house? Why carry you off as if you were some gypsy singing +girl?... Well, if he had carried you off... do you think they wouldn't +have found him? Your father, or brother, or your betrothed? And he's a +scoundrel, a wretch--that's a fact!" + +"He is better than any of you!" exclaimed Natasha getting up. "If +you hadn't interfered... Oh, my God! What is it all? What is it? +Sonya, why?... Go away!" + +And she burst into sobs with the despairing vehemence with which +people bewail disasters they feel they have themselves occasioned. +Marya Dmitrievna was to speak again but Natasha cried out: + +"Go away! Go away! You all hate and despise me!" and she threw +herself back on the sofa. + +Marya Dmitrievna went on admonishing her for some time, enjoining on +her that it must all be kept from her father and assuring her that +nobody would know anything about it if only Natasha herself would +undertake to forget it all and not let anyone see that something had +happened. Natasha did not reply, nor did she sob any longer, but she +grew cold and had a shivering fit. Marya Dmitrievna put a pillow under +her head, covered her with two quilts, and herself brought her some +lime-flower water, but Natasha did not respond to her. + +"Well, let her sleep," said Marya Dmitrievna as she went of the room +supposing Natasha to be asleep. + +But Natasha was not asleep; with pale face and fixed wide-open +eyes she looked straight before her. All that night she did not +sleep or weep and did not speak to Sonya who got up and went to her +several times. + +Next day Count Rostov returned from his estate near Moscow in time +for lunch as he had promised. He was in very good spirits; the +affair with the purchaser was going on satisfactorily, and there was +nothing to keep him any longer in Moscow, away from the countess +whom he missed. Marya Dmitrievna met him and told him that Natasha had +been very unwell the day before and that they had sent for the doctor, +but that she was better now. Natasha had not left her room that +morning. With compressed and parched lips and dry fixed eyes, she +sat at the window, uneasily watching the people who drove past and +hurriedly glancing round at anyone who entered the room. She was +evidently expecting news of him and that he would come or would +write to her. + +When the count came to see her she turned anxiously round at the +sound of a man's footstep, and then her face resumed its cold and +malevolent expression. She did not even get up to greet him. "What +is the matter with you, my angel? Are you ill?" asked the count. + +After a moment's silence Natasha answered: "Yes, ill." + +In reply to the count's anxious inquiries as to why she was so +dejected and whether anything had happened to her betrothed, she +assured him that nothing had happened and asked him not to worry. +Marya Dmitrievna confirmed Natasha's assurances that nothing had +happened. From the pretense of illness, from his daughter's +distress, and by the embarrassed faces of Sonya and Marya +Dmitrievna, the count saw clearly that something had gone wrong during +his absence, but it was so terrible for him to think that anything +disgraceful had happened to his beloved daughter, and he so prized his +own cheerful tranquillity, that he avoided inquiries and tried to +assure himself that nothing particularly had happened; and he was only +dissatisfied that her indisposition delayed their return to the +country. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +From the day his wife arrived in Moscow Pierre had been intending to +go away somewhere, so as not to be near her. Soon after the Rostovs +came to Moscow the effect Natasha had on him made him hasten to +carry out his intention. He went to Tver to see Joseph Alexeevich's +widow, who had long since promised to hand over to him some papers +of her deceased husband's. + +When he returned to Moscow Pierre was handed a letter from Marya +Dmitrievna asking him to come and see her on a matter of great +importance relating to Andrew Bolkonski and his betrothed. Pierre +had been avoiding Natasha because it seemed to him that his feeling +for her was stronger than a married man's should be for his friend's +fiancee. Yet some fate constantly threw them together. + +"What can have happened? And what can they want with me?" thought he +as he dressed to go to Marya Dmitrievna's. "If only Prince Andrew +would hurry up and come and marry her!" thought he on his way to the +house. + +On the Tverskoy Boulevard a familiar voice called to him. + +"Pierre! Been back long?" someone shouted. Pierre raised his head. +In a sleigh drawn by two gray trotting-horses that were bespattering +the dashboard with snow, Anatole and his constant companion Makarin +dashed past. Anatole was sitting upright in the classic pose of +military dandies, the lower part of his face hidden by his beaver +collar and his head slightly bent. His face was fresh and rosy, his +white-plumed hat, tilted to one side, disclosed his curled and pomaded +hair besprinkled with powdery snow. + +"Yes, indeed, that's a true sage," thought Pierre. "He sees +nothing beyond the pleasure of the moment, nothing troubles him and so +he is always cheerful, satisfied, and serene. What wouldn't I give +to be like him!" he thought enviously. + +In Marya Dmitrievna's anteroom the footman who helped him off with +his fur coat said that the mistress asked him to come to her bedroom. + +When he opened the ballroom door Pierre saw Natasha sitting at the +window, with a thin, pale, and spiteful face. She glanced round at +him, frowned, and left the room with an expression of cold dignity. + +"What has happened?" asked Pierre, entering Marya Dmitrievna's room. + +"Fine doings!" answered Dmitrievna. "For fifty-eight years have I +lived in this world and never known anything so disgraceful!" + +And having put him on his honor not to repeat anything she told him, +Marya Dmitrievna informed him that Natasha had refused Prince Andrew +without her parents' knowledge and that the cause of this was +Anatole Kuragin into whose society Pierre's wife had thrown her and +with whom Natasha had tried to elope during her father's absence, in +order to be married secretly. + +Pierre raised his shoulders and listened open-mouthed to what was +told him, scarcely able to believe his own ears. That Prince +Andrew's deeply loved affianced wife--the same Natasha Rostova who +used to be so charming--should give up Bolkonski for that fool Anatole +who was already secretly married (as Pierre knew), and should be so in +love with him as to agree to run away with him, was something Pierre +could not conceive and could not imagine. + +He could not reconcile the charming impression he had of Natasha, +whom he had known from a child, with this new conception of her +baseness, folly, and cruelty. He thought of his wife. "They are all +alike!" he said to himself, reflecting that he was not the only man +unfortunate enough to be tied to a bad woman. But still he pitied +Prince Andrew to the point of tears and sympathized with his wounded +pride, and the more he pitied his friend the more did he think with +contempt and even with disgust of that Natasha who had just passed him +in the ballroom with such a look of cold dignity. He did not know that +Natasha's soul was overflowing with despair, shame, and humiliation, +and that it was not her fault that her face happened to assume an +expression of calm dignity and severity. + +"But how get married?" said Pierre, in answer to Marya Dmitrievna. +"He could not marry--he is married!" + +"Things get worse from hour to hour!" ejaculated Marya Dmitrievna. +"A nice youth! What a scoundrel! And she's expecting him--expecting +him since yesterday. She must be told! Then at least she won't go on +expecting him." + +After hearing the details of Anatole's marriage from Pierre, and +giving vent to her anger against Anatole in words of abuse, Marya +Dmitrievna told Pierre why she had sent for him. She was afraid that +the count or Bolkonski, who might arrive at any moment, if they knew +of this affair (which she hoped to hide from them) might challenge +Anatole to a duel, and she therefore asked Pierre to tell his +brother-in-law in her name to leave Moscow and not dare to let her set +eyes on him again. Pierre--only now realizing the danger to the old +count, Nicholas, and Prince Andrew--promised to do as she wished. +Having briefly and exactly explained her wishes to him, she let him go +to the drawing room. + +"Mind, the count knows nothing. Behave as if you know nothing +either," she said. "And I will go and tell her it is no use +expecting him! And stay to dinner if you care to!" she called after +Pierre. + +Pierre met the old count, who seemed nervous and upset. That morning +Natasha had told him that she had rejected Bolkonski. + +"Troubles, troubles, my dear fellow!" he said to Pierre. "What +troubles one has with these girls without their mother! I do so regret +having come here.... I will be frank with you. Have you heard she +has broken off her engagement without consulting anybody? It's true +this engagement never was much to my liking. Of course he is an +excellent man, but still, with his father's disapproval they +wouldn't have been happy, and Natasha won't lack suitors. Still, it +has been going on so long, and to take such a step without father's or +mother's consent! And now she's ill, and God knows what! It's hard, +Count, hard to manage daughters in their mother's absence...." + +Pierre saw that the count was much upset and tried to change the +subject, but the count returned to his troubles. + +Sonya entered the room with an agitated face. + +"Natasha is not quite well; she's in her room and would like to +see you. Marya Dmitrievna is with her and she too asks you to come." + +"Yes, you are a great friend of Bolkonski's, no doubt she wants to +send him a message," said the count. "Oh dear! Oh dear! How happy it +all was!" + +And clutching the spare gray locks on his temples the count left the +room. + +When Marya Dmitrievna told Natasha that Anatole was married, Natasha +did not wish to believe it and insisted on having it confirmed by +Pierre himself. Sonya told Pierre this as she led him along the +corridor to Natasha's room. + +Natasha, pale and stern, was sitting beside Marya Dmitrievna, and +her eyes, glittering feverishly, met Pierre with a questioning look +the moment he entered. She did not smile or nod, but only gazed +fixedly at him, and her look asked only one thing: was he a friend, or +like the others an enemy in regard to Anatole? As for Pierre, he +evidently did not exist for her. + +"He knows all about it," said Marya Dmitrievna pointing to Pierre +and addressing Natasha. "Let him tell you whether I have told the +truth." + +Natasha looked from one to the other as a hunted and wounded +animal looks at the approaching dogs and sportsmen. + +"Natalya Ilynichna," Pierre began, dropping his eyes with a +feeling of pity for her and loathing for the thing he had to do, +"whether it is true or not should make no difference to you, +because..." + +"Then it is not true that he's married!" + +"Yes, it is true." + +"Has he been married long?" she asked. "On your honor?..." + +Pierre gave his word of honor. + +"Is he still here?" she asked, quickly. + +"Yes, I have just seen him." + +She was evidently unable to speak and made a sign with her hands +that they should leave her alone. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +Pierre did not stay for dinner, but left the room and went away at +once. He drove through the town seeking Anatole Kuragin, at the +thought of whom now the blood rushed to his heart and he felt a +difficulty in breathing. He was not at the ice hills, nor at the +gypsies', nor at Komoneno's. Pierre drove to the Club. In the Club all +was going on as usual. The members who were assembling for dinner were +sitting about in groups; they greeted Pierre and spoke of the town +news. The footman having greeted him, knowing his habits and his +acquaintances, told him there was a place left for him in the small +dining room and that Prince Michael Zakharych was in the library, +but Paul Timofeevich had not yet arrived. One of Pierre's +acquaintances, while they were talking about the weather, asked if +he had heard of Kuragin's abduction of Rostova which was talked of +in the town, and was it true? Pierre laughed and said it was +nonsense for he had just come from the Rostovs'. He asked everyone +about Anatole. One man told him he had not come yet, and another +that he was coming to dinner. Pierre felt it strange to see this calm, +indifferent crowd of people unaware of what was going on in his +soul. He paced through the ballroom, waited till everyone had come, +and as Anatole had not turned up did not stay for dinner but drove +home. + +Anatole, for whom Pierre was looking, dined that day with +Dolokhov, consulting him as to how to remedy this unfortunate +affair. It seemed to him essential to see Natasha. In the evening he +drove to his sister's to discuss with her how to arrange a meeting. +When Pierre returned home after vainly hunting all over Moscow, his +valet informed him that Prince Anatole was with the countess. The +countess' drawing room was full of guests. + +Pierre without greeting his wife whom he had not seen since his +return--at that moment she was more repulsive to him than ever- +entered the drawing room and seeing Anatole went up to him. + +"Ah, Pierre," said the countess going up to her husband. "You +don't know what a plight our Anatole..." + +She stopped, seeing in the forward thrust of her husband's head, +in his glowing eyes and his resolute gait, the terrible indications of +that rage and strength which she knew and had herself experienced +after his duel with Dolokhov. + +"Where you are, there is vice and evil!" said Pierre to his wife. +"Anatole, come with me! I must speak to you," he added in French. + +Anatole glanced round at his sister and rose submissively, ready +to follow Pierre. Pierre, taking him by the arm, pulled him toward +himself and was leading him from the room. + +"If you allow yourself in my drawing room..." whispered Helene, +but Pierre did not reply and went out of the room. + +Anatole followed him with his usual jaunty step but his face +betrayed anxiety. + +Having entered his study Pierre closed the door and addressed +Anatole without looking at him. + +"You promised Countess Rostova to marry her and were about to +elope with her, is that so?" + +"Mon cher," answered Anatole (their whole conversation was in +French), "I don't consider myself bound to answer questions put to +me in that tone." + +Pierre's face, already pale, became distorted by fury. He seized +Anatole by the collar of his uniform with his big hand and shook him +from side to side till Anatole's face showed a sufficient degree of +terror. + +"When I tell you that I must talk to you!..." repeated Pierre. + +"Come now, this is stupid. What?" said Anatole, fingering a button +of his collar that had been wrenched loose with a bit of the cloth. + +"You're a scoundrel and a blackguard, and I don't know what deprives +me from the pleasure of smashing your head with this!" said Pierre, +expressing himself so artificially because he was talking French. + +He took a heavy paperweight and lifted it threateningly, but at once +put it back in its place. + +"Did you promise to marry her?" + +"I... I didn't think of it. I never promised, because..." + +Pierre interrupted him. + +"Have you any letters of hers? Any letters?" he said, moving +toward Anatole. + +Anatole glanced at him and immediately thrust his hand into his +pocket and drew out his pocketbook. + +Pierre took the letter Anatole handed him and, pushing aside a table +that stood in his way, threw himself on the sofa. + +"I shan't be violent, don't be afraid!" said Pierre in answer to a +frightened gesture of Anatole's. "First, the letters," said he, as +if repeating a lesson to himself. "Secondly," he continued after a +short pause, again rising and again pacing the room, "tomorrow you +must get out of Moscow." + +"But how can I?..." + +"Thirdly," Pierre continued without listening to him, "you must +never breathe a word of what has passed between you and Countess +Rostova. I know I can't prevent your doing so, but if you have a spark +of conscience..." Pierre paced the room several times in silence. + +Anatole sat at a table frowning and biting his lips. + +"After all, you must understand that besides your pleasure there +is such a thing as other people's happiness and peace, and that you +are ruining a whole life for the sake of amusing yourself! Amuse +yourself with women like my wife--with them you are within your +rights, for they know what you want of them. They are armed against +you by the same experience of debauchery; but to promise a maid to +marry her... to deceive, to kidnap.... Don't you understand that it is +as mean as beating an old man or a child?..." + +Pierre paused and looked at Anatole no longer with an angry but with +a questioning look. + +"I don't know about that, eh?" said Anatole, growing more +confident as Pierre mastered his wrath. "I don't know that and don't +want to," he said, not looking at Pierre and with a slight tremor of +his lower jaw, "but you have used such words to me--'mean' and so +on--which as a man of honor I can't allow anyone to use." + +Pierre glanced at him with amazement, unable to understand what he +wanted. + +"Though it was tete-a-tete," Anatole continued, "still I can't..." + +"Is it satisfaction you want?" said Pierre ironically. + +"You could at least take back your words. What? If you want me to do +as you wish, eh?" + +"I take them back, I take them back!" said Pierre, "and I ask you to +forgive me." Pierre involuntarily glanced at the loose button. "And if +you require money for your journey..." + +Anatole smiled. The expression of that base and cringing smile, +which Pierre knew so well in his wife, revolted him. + +"Oh, vile and heartless brood!" he exclaimed, and left the room. + +Next day Anatole left for Petersburg. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +Pierre drove to Marya Dmitrievna's to tell her of the fulfillment of +her wish that Kuragin should be banished from Moscow. The whole +house was in a state of alarm and commotion. Natasha was very ill, +having, as Marya Dmitrievna told him in secret, poisoned herself the +night after she had been told that Anatole was married, with some +arsenic she had stealthily procured. After swallowing a little she had +been so frightened that she woke Sonya and told her what she had done. +The necessary antidotes had been administered in time and she was +now out of danger, though still so weak that it was out of the +question to move her to the country, and so the countess had been sent +for. Pierre saw the distracted count, and Sonya, who had a +tear-stained face, but he could not see Natasha. + +Pierre dined at the club that day and heard on all sides gossip +about the attempted abduction of Rostova. He resolutely denied these +rumors, assuring everyone that nothing had happened except that his +brother-in-law had proposed to her and been refused. It seemed to +Pierre that it was his duty to conceal the whole affair and +re-establish Natasha's reputation. + +He was awaiting Prince Andrew's return with dread and went every day +to the old prince's for news of him. + +Old Prince Bolkonski heard all the rumors current in the town from +Mademoiselle Bourienne and had read the note to Princess Mary in which +Natasha had broken off her engagement. He seemed in better spirits +than usual and awaited his son with great impatience. + +Some days after Anatole's departure Pierre received a note from +Prince Andrew, informing him of his arrival and asking him to come +to see him. + +As soon as he reached Moscow, Prince Andrew had received from his +father Natasha's note to Princess Mary breaking off her engagement +(Mademoiselle Bourienne had purloined it from Princess Mary and +given it to the old prince), and he heard from him the story of +Natasha's elopement, with additions. + +Prince Andrew had arrived in the evening and Pierre came to see +him next morning. Pierre expected to find Prince Andrew in almost +the same state as Natasha and was therefore surprised on entering +the drawing room to hear him in the study talking in a loud animated +voice about some intrigue going on in Petersburg. The old prince's +voice and another now and then interrupted him. Princess Mary came out +to meet Pierre. She sighed, looking toward the door of the room +where Prince Andrew was, evidently intending to express her sympathy +with his sorrow, but Pierre saw by her face that she was glad both +at what had happened and at the way her brother had taken the news +of Natasha's faithlessness. + +"He says he expected it," she remarked. "I know his pride will not +let him express his feelings, but still he has taken it better, far +better, than I expected. Evidently it had to be...." + +"But is it possible that all is really ended?" asked Pierre. + +Princess Mary looked at him with astonishment. She did not +understand how he could ask such a question. Pierre went into the +study. Prince Andrew, greatly changed and plainly in better health, +but with a fresh horizontal wrinkle between his brows, stood in +civilian dress facing his father and Prince Meshcherski, warmly +disputing and vigorously gesticulating. The conversation was about +Speranski--the news of whose sudden exile and alleged treachery had +just reached Moscow. + +"Now he is censured and accused by all who were enthusiastic about +him a month ago," Prince Andrew was saying, "and by those who were +unable to understand his aims. To judge a man who is in disfavor and +to throw on him all the blame of other men's mistakes is very easy, +but I maintain that if anything good has been accomplished in this +reign it was done by him, by him alone." + +He paused at the sight of Pierre. His face quivered and +immediately assumed a vindictive expression. + +"Posterity will do him justice," he concluded, and at once turned to +Pierre. + +"Well, how are you? Still getting stouter?" he said with +animation, but the new wrinkle on his forehead deepened. "Yes, I am +well," he said in answer to Pierre's question, and smiled. + +To Pierre that smile said plainly: "I am well, but my health is +now of no use to anyone." + +After a few words to Pierre about the awful roads from the Polish +frontier, about people he had met in Switzerland who knew Pierre, +and about M. Dessalles, whom he had brought from abroad to be his +son's tutor, Prince Andrew again joined warmly in the conversation +about Speranski which was still going on between the two old men. + +"If there were treason, or proofs of secret relations with Napoleon, +they would have been made public," he said with warmth and haste. "I +do not, and never did, like Speranski personally, but I like justice!" + +Pierre now recognized in his friend a need with which he was only +too familiar, to get excited and to have arguments about extraneous +matters in order to stifle thoughts that were too oppressive and too +intimate. When Prince Meshcherski had left, Prince Andrew took +Pierre's arm and asked him into the room that had been assigned him. A +bed had been made up there, and some open portmanteaus and trunks +stood about. Prince Andrew went to one and took out a small casket, +from which he drew a packet wrapped in paper. He did it all silently +and very quickly. He stood up and coughed. His face was gloomy and his +lips compressed. + +"Forgive me for troubling you..." + +Pierre saw that Prince Andrew was going to speak of Natasha, and his +broad face expressed pity and sympathy. This expression irritated +Prince Andrew, and in a determined, ringing, and unpleasant tone he +continued: + +"I have received a refusal from Countess Rostova and have heard +reports of your brother-in-law having sought her hand, or something of +that kind. Is that true?" + +"Both true and untrue," Pierre began; but Prince Andrew +interrupted him. + +"Here are her letters and her portrait," said he. + +He took the packet from the table and handed it to Pierre. + +"Give this to the countess... if you see her." + +"She is very ill," said Pierre. + +"Then she is here still?" said Prince Andrew. "And Prince +Kuragin?" he added quickly. + +"He left long ago. She has been at death's door." + +"I much regret her illness," said Prince Andrew; and he smiled +like his father, coldly, maliciously, and unpleasantly. + +"So Monsieur Kuragin has not honored Countess Rostova with his +hand?" said Prince Andrew, and he snorted several times. + +"He could not marry, for he was married already," said Pierre. + +Prince Andrew laughed disagreeably, again reminding one of his +father. + +"And where is your brother-in-law now, if I may ask?" he said. + +"He has gone to Peters... But I don't know," said Pierre. + +"Well, it doesn't matter," said Prince Andrew. "Tell Countess +Rostova that she was and is perfectly free and that I wish her all +that is good." + +Pierre took the packet. Prince Andrew, as if trying to remember +whether he had something more to say, or waiting to see if Pierre +would say anything, looked fixedly at him. + +"I say, do you remember our discussion in Petersburg?" asked Pierre, +"about..." + +"Yes," returned Prince Andrew hastily. "I said that a fallen woman +should be forgiven, but I didn't say I could forgive her. I can't." + +"But can this be compared...?" said Pierre. + +Prince Andrew interrupted him and cried sharply: "Yes, ask her +hand again, be magnanimous, and so on?... Yes, that would be very +noble, but I am unable to follow in that gentleman's footsteps. If you +wish to be my friend never speak to me of that... of all that! Well, +good-by. So you'll give her the packet?" + +Pierre left the room and went to the old prince and Princess Mary. + +The old man seemed livelier than usual. Princess Mary was the same +as always, but beneath her sympathy for her brother, Pierre noticed +her satisfaction that the engagement had been broken off. Looking at +them Pierre realized what contempt and animosity they all felt for the +Rostovs, and that it was impossible in their presence even to +mention the name of her who could give up Prince Andrew for anyone +else. + +At dinner the talk turned on the war, the approach of which was +becoming evident. Prince Andrew talked incessantly, arguing now with +his father, now with the Swiss tutor Dessalles, and showing an +unnatural animation, the cause of which Pierre so well understood. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +That same evening Pierre went to the Rostovs' to fulfill the +commission entrusted to him. Natasha was in bed, the count at the +Club, and Pierre, after giving the letters to Sonya, went to Marya +Dmitrievna who was interested to know how Prince Andrew had taken +the news. Ten minutes later Sonya came to Marya Dmitrievna. + +"Natasha insists on seeing Count Peter Kirilovich," said she. + +"But how? Are we to take him up to her? The room there has not +been tidied up." + +"No, she has dressed and gone into the drawing room," said Sonya. + +Marya Dmitrievna only shrugged her shoulders. + +"When will her mother come? She has worried me to death! Now mind, +don't tell her everything!" said she to Pierre. "One hasn't the +heart to scold her, she is so much to be pitied, so much to be +pitied." + +Natasha was standing in the middle of the drawing room, emaciated, +with a pale set face, but not at all shamefaced as Pierre expected +to find her. When he appeared at the door she grew flurried, evidently +undecided whether to go to meet him or to wait till he came up. + +Pierre hastened to her. He thought she would give him her hand as +usual; but she, stepping up to him, stopped, breathing heavily, her +arms hanging lifelessly just in the pose she used to stand in when she +went to the middle of the ballroom to sing, but with quite a different +expression of face. + +"Peter Kirilovich," she began rapidly, "Prince Bolkonski was your +friend--is your friend," she corrected herself. (It seemed to her that +everything that had once been must now be different.) "He told me once +to apply to you..." + +Pierre sniffed as he looked at her, but did not speak. Till then +he had reproached her in his heart and tried to despise her, but he +now felt so sorry for her that there was no room in his soul for +reproach. + +"He is here now: tell him... to for... forgive me!" She stopped +and breathed still more quickly, but did not shed tears. + +"Yes... I will tell him," answered Pierre; "but..." + +He did not know what to say. + +Natasha was evidently dismayed at the thought of what he might think +she had meant. + +"No, I know all is over," she said hurriedly. "No, that can never +be. I'm only tormented by the wrong I have done him. Tell him only +that I beg him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything...." + +She trembled all over and sat down on a chair. + +A sense of pity he had never before known overflowed Pierre's heart. + +"I will tell him, I will tell him everything once more," said +Pierre. "But... I should like to know one thing...." + +"Know what?" Natasha's eyes asked. + +"I should like to know, did you love..." Pierre did not know how +to refer to Anatole and flushed at the thought of him--"did you love +that bad man?" + +"Don't call him bad!" said Natasha. "But I don't know, don't know at +all...." + +She began to cry and a still greater sense of pity, tenderness, +and love welled up in Pierre. He felt the tears trickle under his +spectacles and hoped they would not be noticed. + +"We won't speak of it any more, my dear," said Pierre, and his +gentle, cordial tone suddenly seemed very strange to Natasha. + +"We won't speak of it, my dear--I'll tell him everything; but one +thing I beg of you, consider me your friend and if you want help, +advice, or simply to open your heart to someone--not now, but when +your mind is clearer think of me!" He took her hand and kissed it. +"I shall be happy if it's in my power..." + +Pierre grew confused. + +"Don't speak to me like that. I am not worth it!" exclaimed +Natasha and turned to leave the room, but Pierre held her hand. + +He knew he had something more to say to her. But when he said it +he was amazed at his own words. + +"Stop, stop! You have your whole life before you," said he to her. + +"Before me? No! All is over for me," she replied with shame and +self-abasement. + + "All over?" he repeated. "If I were not myself, but the handsomest, +cleverest, and best man in the world, and were free, I would this +moment ask on my knees for your hand and your love!" + +For the first time for many days Natasha wept tears of gratitude and +tenderness, and glancing at Pierre she went out of the room. + +Pierre too when she had gone almost ran into the anteroom, +restraining tears of tenderness and joy that choked him, and without +finding the sleeves of his fur cloak threw it on and got into his +sleigh. + +"Where to now, your excellency?" asked the coachman. + +"Where to?" Pierre asked himself. "Where can I go now? Surely not to +the Club or to pay calls?" All men seemed so pitiful, so poor, in +comparison with this feeling of tenderness and love he experienced: in +comparison with that softened, grateful, last look she had given him +through her tears. + +"Home!" said Pierre, and despite twenty-two degrees of frost +Fahrenheit he threw open the bearskin cloak from his broad chest and +inhaled the air with joy. + +It was clear and frosty. Above the dirty, ill-lit streets, above the +black roofs, stretched the dark starry sky. Only looking up at the sky +did Pierre cease to feel how sordid and humiliating were all mundane +things compared with the heights to which his soul had just been +raised. At the entrance to the Arbat Square an immense expanse of dark +starry sky presented itself to his eyes. Almost in the center of it, +above the Prechistenka Boulevard, surrounded and sprinkled on all +sides by stars but distinguished from them all by its nearness to +the earth, its white light, and its long uplifted tail, shone the +enormous and brilliant comet of 1812--the comet which was said to +portend all kinds of woes and the end of the world. In Pierre, +however, that comet with its long luminous tail aroused no feeling +of fear. On the contrary he gazed joyfully, his eyes moist with tears, +at this bright comet which, having traveled in its orbit with +inconceivable velocity through immeasurable space, seemed suddenly- +like an arrow piercing the earth--to remain fixed in a chosen spot, +vigorously holding its tail erect, shining and displaying its white +light amid countless other scintillating stars. It seemed to Pierre +that this comet fully responded to what was passing in his own +softened and uplifted soul, now blossoming into a new life. + + + + + +BOOK NINE: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +From the close of the year 1811 intensified arming and concentrating +of the forces of Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces- +millions of men, reckoning those transporting and feeding the army- +moved from the west eastwards to the Russian frontier, toward which +since 1811 Russian forces had been similarly drawn. On the twelfth +of June, 1812, the forces of Western Europe crossed the Russian +frontier and war began, that is, an event took place opposed to +human reason and to human nature. Millions of men perpetrated +against one another such innumerable crimes, frauds, treacheries, +thefts, forgeries, issues of false money, burglaries, incendiarisms, +and murders as in whole centuries are not recorded in the annals of +all the law courts of the world, but which those who committed them +did not at the time regard as being crimes. + +What produced this extraordinary occurrence? What were its causes? +The historians tell us with naive assurance that its causes were the +wrongs inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, the nonobservance of the +Continental System, the ambition of Napoleon, the firmness of +Alexander, the mistakes of the diplomatists, and so on. + +Consequently, it would only have been necessary for Metternich, +Rumyantsev, or Talleyrand, between a levee and an evening party, to +have taken proper pains and written a more adroit note, or for +Napoleon to have written to Alexander: "My respected Brother, I +consent to restore the duchy to the Duke of Oldenburg"--and there +would have been no war. + +We can understand that the matter seemed like that to +contemporaries. It naturally seemed to Napoleon that the war was +caused by England's intrigues (as in fact he said on the island of St. +Helena). It naturally seemed to members of the English Parliament that +the cause of the war was Napoleon's ambition; to the Duke of +Oldenburg, that the cause of the war was the violence done to him; +to businessmen that the cause of the way was the Continental System +which was ruining Europe; to the generals and old soldiers that the +chief reason for the war was the necessity of giving them +employment; to the legitimists of that day that it was the need of +re-establishing les bons principes, and to the diplomatists of that +time that it all resulted from the fact that the alliance between +Russia and Austria in 1809 had not been sufficiently well concealed +from Napoleon, and from the awkward wording of Memorandum No. 178. +It is natural that these and a countless and infinite quantity of +other reasons, the number depending on the endless diversity of points +of view, presented themselves to the men of that day; but to us, to +posterity who view the thing that happened in all its magnitude and +perceive its plain and terrible meaning, these causes seem +insufficient. To us it is incomprehensible that millions of +Christian men killed and tortured each other either because Napoleon +was ambitious or Alexander was firm, or because England's policy was +astute or the Duke of Oldenburg wronged. We cannot grasp what +connection such circumstances have with the actual fact of slaughter +and violence: why because the Duke was wronged, thousands of men +from the other side of Europe killed and ruined the people of Smolensk +and Moscow and were killed by them. + +To us, their descendants, who are not historians and are not carried +away by the process of research and can therefore regard the event +with unclouded common sense, an incalculable number of causes +present themselves. The deeper we delve in search of these causes +the more of them we find; and each separate cause or whole series of +causes appears to us equally valid in itself and equally false by +its insignificance compared to the magnitude of the events, and by its +impotence--apart from the cooperation of all the other coincident +causes--to occasion the event. To us, the wish or objection of this or +that French corporal to serve a second term appears as much a cause as +Napoleon's refusal to withdraw his troops beyond the Vistula and to +restore the duchy of Oldenburg; for had he not wished to serve, and +had a second, a third, and a thousandth corporal and private also +refused, there would have been so many less men in Napoleon's army and +the war could not have occurred. + +Had Napoleon not taken offense at the demand that he should withdraw +beyond the Vistula, and not ordered his troops to advance, there would +have been no war; but had all his sergeants objected to serving a +second term then also there could have been no war. Nor could there +have been a war had there been no English intrigues and no Duke of +Oldenburg, and had Alexander not felt insulted, and had there not been +an autocratic government in Russia, or a Revolution in France and a +subsequent dictatorship and Empire, or all the things that produced +the French Revolution, and so on. Without each of these causes nothing +could have happened. So all these causes--myriads of causes--coincided +to bring it about. And so there was no one cause for that +occurrence, but it had to occur because it had to. Millions of men, +renouncing their human feelings and reason, had to go from west to +east to slay their fellows, just as some centuries previously hordes +of men had come from the east to the west, slaying their fellows. + +The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose words the event +seemed to hang, were as little voluntary as the actions of any soldier +who was drawn into the campaign by lot or by conscription. This +could not be otherwise, for in order that the will of Napoleon and +Alexander (on whom the event seemed to depend) should be carried +out, the concurrence of innumerable circumstances was needed without +any one of which the event could not have taken place. It was +necessary that millions of men in whose hands lay the real power- +the soldiers who fired, or transported provisions and guns--should +consent to carry out the will of these weak individuals, and should +have been induced to do so by an infinite number of diverse and +complex causes. + +We are forced to fall back on fatalism as an explanation of +irrational events (that is to say, events the reasonableness of +which we do not understand). The more we try to explain such events in +history reasonably, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible do they +become to us. + +Each man lives for himself, using his freedom to attain his personal +aims, and feels with his whole being that he can now do or abstain +from doing this or that action; but as soon as he has done it, that +action performed at a certain moment in time becomes irrevocable and +belongs to history, in which it has not a free but a predestined +significance. + +There are two sides to the life of every man, his individual life, +which is the more free the more abstract its interests, and his +elemental hive life in which he inevitably obeys laws laid down for +him. + +Man lives consciously for himself, but is an unconscious +instrument in the attainment of the historic, universal, aims of +humanity. A deed done is irrevocable, and its result coinciding in +time with the actions of millions of other men assumes an historic +significance. The higher a man stands on the social ladder, the more +people he is connected with and the more power he has over others, the +more evident is the predestination and inevitability of his every +action. + +"The king's heart is in the hands of the Lord." + +A king is history's slave. + +History, that is, the unconscious, general, hive life of mankind, +uses every moment of the life of kings as a tool for its own purposes. + +Though Napoleon at that time, in 1812, was more convinced than +ever that it depended on him, verser (ou ne pas verser) le sang de ses +peuples*--as Alexander expressed it in the last letter he wrote him- +he had never been so much in the grip of inevitable laws, which +compelled him, while thinking that he was acting on his own +volition, to perform for the hive life--that is to say, for history- +whatever had to be performed. + + +*"To shed (or not to shed) the blood of his peoples." + + +The people of the west moved eastwards to slay their fellow men, and +by the law of coincidence thousands of minute causes fitted in and +co-ordinated to produce that movement and war: reproaches for the +nonobservance of the Continental System, the Duke of Oldenburg's +wrongs, the movement of troops into Prussia--undertaken (as it +seemed to Napoleon) only for the purpose of securing an armed peace, +the French Emperor's love and habit of war coinciding with his +people's inclinations, allurement by the grandeur of the preparations, +and the expenditure on those preparations and the need of obtaining +advantages to compensate for that expenditure, the intoxicating honors +he received in Dresden, the diplomatic negotiations which, in the +opinion of contemporaries, were carried on with a sincere desire to +attain peace, but which only wounded the self-love of both sides, +and millions of other causes that adapted themselves to +the event that was happening or coincided with it. + +When an apple has ripened and falls, why does it fall? Because of +its attraction to the earth, because its stalk withers, because it +is dried by the sun, because it grows heavier, because the wind shakes +it, or because the boy standing below wants to eat it? + +Nothing is the cause. All this is only the coincidence of conditions +in which all vital organic and elemental events occur. And the +botanist who finds that the apple falls because the cellular tissue +decays and so forth is equally right with the child who stands under +the tree and says the apple fell because he wanted to eat it and +prayed for it. Equally right or wrong is he who says that Napoleon +went to Moscow because he wanted to, and perished because Alexander +desired his destruction, and he who says that an undermined hill +weighing a million tons fell because the last navvy struck it for +the last time with his mattock. In historic events the so-called great +men are labels giving names to events, and like labels they have but +the smallest connection with the event itself. + +Every act of theirs, which appears to them an act of their own will, +is in an historical sense involuntary and is related to the whole +course of history and predestined from eternity. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +On the twenty-ninth of May Napoleon left Dresden, where he had spent +three weeks surrounded by a court that included princes, dukes, kings, +and even an emperor. Before leaving, Napoleon showed favor to the +emperor, kings, and princes who had deserved it, reprimanded the kings +and princes with whom he was dissatisfied, presented pearls and +diamonds of his own--that is, which he had taken from other kings- +to the Empress of Austria, and having, as his historian tells us, +tenderly embraced the Empress Marie Louise--who regarded him as her +husband, though he had left another wife in Paris--left her grieved by +the parting which she seemed hardly able to bear. Though the +diplomatists still firmly believed in the possibility of peace and +worked zealously to that end, and though the Emperor Napoleon +himself wrote a letter to Alexander, calling him Monsieur mon frere, +and sincerely assured him that he did not want war and would always +love and honor him--yet he set off to join his army, and at every +station gave fresh orders to accelerate the movement of his troops +from west to east. He went in a traveling coach with six horses, +surrounded by pages, aides-de-camp, and an escort, along the road to +Posen, Thorn, Danzig, and Konigsberg. At each of these towns thousands +of people met him with excitement and enthusiasm. + +The army was moving from west to east, and relays of six horses +carried him in the same direction. On the tenth of June,* coming up +with the army, he spent the night in apartments prepared for him on +the estate of a Polish count in the Vilkavisski forest. + + +*Old style. + + +Next day, overtaking the army, he went in a carriage to the +Niemen, and, changing into a Polish uniform, he drove to the riverbank +in order to select a place for the crossing. + +Seeing, on the other side, some Cossacks (les Cosaques) and the +wide-spreading steppes in the midst of which lay the holy city of +Moscow (Moscou, la ville sainte), the capital of a realm such as the +Scythia into which Alexander the Great had marched--Napoleon +unexpectedly, and contrary alike to strategic and diplomatic +considerations, ordered an advance, and the next day his army began to +cross the Niemen. + +Early in the morning of the twelfth of June he came out of his tent, +which was pitched that day on the steep left bank of the Niemen, and +looked through a spyglass at the streams of his troops pouring out +of the Vilkavisski forest and flowing over the three bridges thrown +across the river. The troops, knowing of the Emperor's presence, +were on the lookout for him, and when they caught sight of a figure in +an overcoat and a cocked hat standing apart from his suite in front of +his tent on the hill, they threw up their caps and shouted: "Vive +l'Empereur!" and one after another poured in a ceaseless stream out of +the vast forest that had concealed them and, separating, flowed on and +on by the three bridges to the other side. + +"Now we'll go into action. Oh, when he takes it in hand himself, +things get hot... by heaven!... There he is!... Vive l'Empereur! So +these are the steppes of Asia! It's a nasty country all the same. Au +revoir, Beauche; I'll keep the best palace in Moscow for you! Au +revoir. Good luck!... Did you see the Emperor? Vive l'Empereur!... +preur!--If they make me Governor of India, Gerard, I'll make you +Minister of Kashmir--that's settled. Vive l'Empereur! Hurrah! +hurrah! hurrah! The Cossacks--those rascals--see how they run! Vive +l'Empereur! There he is, do you see him? I've seen him twice, as I see +you now. The little corporal... I saw him give the cross to one of the +veterans.... Vive l'Empereur!" came the voices of men, old and +young, of most diverse characters and social positions. On the faces +of all was one common expression of joy at the commencement of the +long-expected campaign and of rapture and devotion to the man in the +gray coat who was standing on the hill. + +On the thirteenth of June a rather small, thoroughbred Arab horse +was brought to Napoleon. He mounted it and rode at a gallop to one +of the bridges over the Niemen, deafened continually by incessant +and rapturous acclamations which he evidently endured only because +it was impossible to forbid the soldiers to express their love of +him by such shouting, but the shouting which accompanied him +everywhere disturbed him and distracted him from the military cares +that had occupied him from the time he joined the army. He rode across +one of the swaying pontoon bridges to the farther side, turned sharply +to the left, and galloped in the direction of Kovno, preceded by +enraptured, mounted chasseurs of the Guard who, breathless with +delight, galloped ahead to clear a path for him through the troops. On +reaching the broad river Viliya, he stopped near a regiment of +Polish Uhlans stationed by the river. + +"Vivat!" shouted the Poles, ecstatically, breaking their ranks and +pressing against one another to see him. + +Napoleon looked up and down the river, dismounted, and sat down on a +log that lay on the bank. At a mute sign from him, a telescope was +handed him which he rested on the back of a happy page who had run +up to him, and he gazed at the opposite bank. Then he became +absorbed in a map laid out on the logs. Without lifting his head he +said something, and two of his aides-de-camp galloped off to the +Polish Uhlans. + +"What? What did he say?" was heard in the ranks of the Polish Uhlans +when one of the aides-de-camp rode up to them. + +The order was to find a ford and to cross the river. The colonel +of the Polish Uhlans, a handsome old man, flushed and, fumbling in his +speech from excitement, asked the aide-de-camp whether he would be +permitted to swim the river with his Uhlans instead of seeking a ford. +In evident fear of refusal, like a boy asking for permission to get on +a horse, he begged to be allowed to swim across the river before the +Emperor's eyes. The aide-de-camp replied that probably the Emperor +would not be displeased at this excess of zeal. + +As soon as the aide-de-camp had said this, the old mustached +officer, with happy face and sparkling eyes, raised his saber, shouted +"Vivat!" and, commanding the Uhlans to follow him, spurred his horse +and galloped into the river. He gave an angry thrust to his horse, +which had grown restive under him, and plunged into the water, heading +for the deepest part where the current was swift. Hundreds of Uhlans +galloped in after him. It was cold and uncanny in the rapid current in +the middle of the stream, and the Uhlans caught hold of one another as +they fell off their horses. Some of the horses were drowned and some +of the men; the others tried to swim on, some in the saddle and some +clinging to their horses' manes. They tried to make their way +forward to the opposite bank and, though there was a ford one third of +a mile away, were proud that they were swimming and drowning in this +river under the eyes of the man who sat on the log and was not even +looking at what they were doing. When the aide-de-camp, having +returned and choosing an opportune moment, ventured to draw the +Emperor's attention to the devotion of the Poles to his person, the +little man in the gray overcoat got up and, having summoned +Berthier, began pacing up and down the bank with him, giving him +instructions and occasionally glancing disapprovingly at the +drowning Uhlans who distracted his attention. + +For him it was no new conviction that his presence in any part of +the world, from Africa to the steppes of Muscovy alike, was enough +to dumfound people and impel them to insane self-oblivion. He called +for his horse and rode to his quarters. + +Some forty Uhlans were drowned in the river, though boats were +sent to their assistance. The majority struggled back to the bank from +which they had started. The colonel and some of his men got across and +with difficulty clambered out on the further bank. And as soon as they +had got out, in their soaked and streaming clothes, they shouted +"Vivat!" and looked ecstatically at the spot where Napoleon had been +but where he no longer was and at that moment considered themselves +happy. + +That evening, between issuing one order that the forged Russian +paper money prepared for use in Russia should be delivered as +quickly as possible and another that a Saxon should be shot, on whom a +letter containing information about the orders to the French army +had been found, Napoleon also gave instructions that the Polish +colonel who had needlessly plunged into the river should be enrolled +in the Legion d'honneur of which Napoleon was himself the head. + +Quos vult perdere dementat.* + + +*Those whom (God) wishes to destroy he drives mad. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +The Emperor of Russia had, meanwhile, been in Vilna for more than +a month, reviewing troops and holding maneuvers. Nothing was ready for +the war that everyone expected and to prepare for which the Emperor +had come from Petersburg. There was no general plan of action. The +vacillation between the various plans that were proposed had even +increased after the Emperor had been at headquarters for a month. Each +of the three armies had its own commander in chief, but there was no +supreme commander of all the forces, and the Emperor did not assume +that responsibility himself. + +The longer the Emperor remained in Vilna the less did everybody- +tired of waiting--prepare for the war. All the efforts of those who +surrounded the sovereign seemed directed merely to making him spend +his time pleasantly and forget that war was impending. + +In June, after many balls and fetes given by the Polish magnates, by +the courtiers, and by the Emperor himself, it occurred to one of the +Polish aides-de-camp in attendance that a dinner and ball should be +given for the Emperor by his aides-de-camp. This idea was eagerly +received. The Emperor gave his consent. The aides-de-camp collected +money by subscription. The lady who was thought to be most pleasing to +the Emperor was invited to act as hostess. Count Bennigsen, being a +landowner in the Vilna province, offered his country house for the +fete, and the thirteenth of June was fixed for a ball, dinner, +regatta, and fireworks at Zakret, Count Bennigsen's country seat. + + +The very day that Napoleon issued the order to cross the Niemen, and +his vanguard, driving off the Cossacks, crossed the Russian +frontier, Alexander spent the evening at the entertainment given by +his aides-de-camp at Bennigsen's country house. + +It was a gay and brilliant fete. Connoisseurs of such matters +declared that rarely had so many beautiful women been assembled in one +place. Countess Bezukhova was present among other Russian ladies who +had followed the sovereign from Petersburg to Vilna and eclipsed the +refined Polish ladies by her massive, so called Russian type of +beauty. The Emperor noticed her and honored her with a dance. + +Boris Drubetskoy, having left his wife in Moscow and being for the +present en garcon (as he phrased it), was also there and, though not +an aide-de-camp, had subscribed a large sum toward the expenses. Boris +was now a rich man who had risen to high honors and no longer sought +patronage but stood on an equal footing with the highest of those of +his own age. He was meeting Helene in Vilna after not having seen +her for a long time and did not recall the past, but as Helene was +enjoying the favors of a very important personage and Boris had only +recently married, they met as good friends of long standing. + +At midnight dancing was still going on. Helene, not having a +suitable partner, herself offered to dance the mazurka with Boris. +They were the third couple. Boris, coolly looking at Helene's dazzling +bare shoulders which emerged from a dark, gold-embroidered, gauze +gown, talked to her of old acquaintances and at the same time, unaware +of it himself and unnoticed by others, never for an instant ceased +to observe the Emperor who was in the same room. The Emperor was not +dancing, he stood in the doorway, stopping now one pair and now +another with gracious words which he alone knew how to utter. + +As the mazurka began, Boris saw that Adjutant General Balashev, +one of those in closest attendance on the Emperor, went up to him +and contrary to court etiquette stood near him while he was talking to +a Polish lady. Having finished speaking to her, the Emperor looked +inquiringly at Balashev and, evidently understanding that he only +acted thus because there were important reasons for so doing, nodded +slightly to the lady and turned to him. Hardly had Balashev begun to +speak before a look of amazement appeared on the Emperor's face. He +took Balashev by the arm and crossed the room with him, +unconsciously clearing a path seven yards wide as the people on both +sides made way for him. Boris noticed Arakcheev's excited face when +the sovereign went out with Balashev. Arakcheev looked at the +Emperor from under his brow and, sniffing with his red nose, stepped +forward from the crowd as if expecting the Emperor to address him. +(Boris understood that Arakcheev envied Balashev and was displeased +that evidently important news had reached the Emperor otherwise than +through himself.) + +But the Emperor and Balashev passed out into the illuminated +garden without noticing Arakcheev who, holding his sword and +glancing wrathfully around, followed some twenty paces behind them. + +All the time Boris was going through the figures of the mazurka, +he was worried by the question of what news Balashev had brought and +how he could find it out before others. In the figure in which he +had to choose two ladies, he whispered to Helene that he meant to +choose Countess Potocka who, he thought, had gone out onto the +veranda, and glided over the parquet to the door opening into the +garden, where, seeing Balashev and the Emperor returning to the +veranda, he stood still. They were moving toward the door. Boris, +fluttering as if he had not had time to withdraw, respectfully pressed +close to the doorpost with bowed head. + +The Emperor, with the agitation of one who has been personally +affronted, was finishing with these words: + +"To enter Russia without declaring war! I will not make peace as +long as a single armed enemy remains in my country!" It seemed to +Boris that it gave the Emperor pleasure to utter these words. He was +satisfied with the form in which he had expressed his thoughts, but +displeased that Boris had overheard it. + +"Let no one know of it!" the Emperor added with a frown. + +Boris understood that this was meant for him and, closing his +eyes, slightly bowed his head. The Emperor re-entered the ballroom and +remained there about another half-hour. + +Boris was thus the first to learn the news that the French army +had crossed the Niemen and, thanks to this, was able to show certain +important personages that much that was concealed from others was +usually known to him, and by this means he rose higher in their +estimation. + + +The unexpected news of the French having crossed the Niemen was +particularly startling after a month of unfulfilled expectations, +and at a ball. On first receiving the news, under the influence of +indignation and resentment the Emperor had found a phrase that pleased +him, fully expressed his feelings, and has since become famous. On +returning home at two o'clock that night he sent for his secretary, +Shishkov, and told him to write an order to the troops and a +rescript to Field Marshal Prince Saltykov, in which he insisted on the +words being inserted that he would not make peace so long as a +single armed Frenchman remained on Russian soil. + +Next day the following letter was sent to Napoleon: + + +Monsieur mon frere, + +Yesterday I learned that, despite the loyalty which I have kept my +engagements with Your Majesty, your troops have crossed the Russian +frontier, and I have this moment received from Petersburg a note, in +which Count Lauriston informs me, as a reason for this aggression, +that Your Majesty has considered yourself to be in a state of war with +me from the time Prince Kuragin asked for his passports. The reasons +on which the Duc de Bassano based his refusal to deliver them to him +would never have led me to suppose that that could serve as a +pretext for aggression. In fact, the ambassador, as he himself has +declared, was never authorized to make that demand, and as soon as I +was informed of it I let him know how much I disapproved of it and +ordered him to remain at his post. If Your Majesty does not intend +to shed the blood of our peoples for such a misunderstanding, and +consents to withdraw your troops from Russian territory, I will regard +what has passed as not having occurred and an understanding between us +will be possible. In the contrary case, Your Majesty, I shall see +myself forced to repel an attack that nothing on my part has provoked. +It still depends on Your Majesty to preserve humanity from the +calamity of another war. I am, etc., + (signed) Alexander + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +At two in the morning of the fourteenth of June, the Emperor, having +sent for Balashev and read him his letter to Napoleon, ordered him +to take it and hand it personally to the French Emperor. When +dispatching Balashev, the Emperor repeated to him the words that he +would not make peace so long as a single armed enemy remained on +Russian soil and told him to transmit those words to Napoleon. +Alexander did not insert them in his letter to Napoleon, because +with his characteristic tact he felt it would be injudicious to use +them at a moment when a last attempt at reconciliation was being made, +but he definitely instructed Balashev to repeat them personally to +Napoleon. + +Having set off in the small hours of the fourteenth, accompanied +by a bugler and two Cossacks, Balashev reached the French outposts +at the village of Rykonty, on the Russian side of the Niemen, by dawn. +There he was stopped by French cavalry sentinels. + +A French noncommissioned officer of hussars, in crimson uniform +and a shaggy cap, shouted to the approaching Balashev to halt. +Balashev did not do so at once, but continued to advance along the +road at a walking pace. + +The noncommissioned officer frowned and, muttering words of abuse, +advanced his horse's chest against Balashev, put his hand to his +saber, and shouted rudely at the Russian general, asking: was he +deaf that he did not do as he was told? Balashev mentioned who he was. +The noncommissioned officer began talking with his comrades about +regimental matters without looking at the Russian general. + +After living at the seat of the highest authority and power, after +conversing with the Emperor less than three hours before, and in +general being accustomed to the respect due to his rank in the +service, Balashev found it very strange here on Russian soil to +encounter this hostile, and still more this disrespectful, application +of brute force to himself. + +The sun was only just appearing from behind the clouds, the air +was fresh and dewy. A herd of cattle was being driven along the road +from the village, and over the fields the larks rose trilling, one +after another, like bubbles rising in water. + +Balashev looked around him, awaiting the arrival of an officer +from the village. The Russian Cossacks and bugler and the French +hussars looked silently at one another from time to time. + +A French colonel of hussars, who had evidently just left his bed, +came riding from the village on a handsome sleek gray horse, +accompanied by two hussars. The officer, the soldiers, and their +horses all looked smart and well kept. + +It was that first period of a campaign when troops are still in full +trim, almost like that of peacetime maneuvers, but with a shade of +martial swagger in their clothes, and a touch of the gaiety and spirit +of enterprise which always accompany the opening of a campaign. + +The French colonel with difficulty repressed a yawn, but was +polite and evidently understood Balashev's importance. He led him past +his soldiers and behind the outposts and told him that his wish to +be presented to the Emperor would most likely be satisfied +immediately, as the Emperor's quarters were, he believed, not far off. + +They rode through the village of Rykonty, past tethered French +hussar horses, past sentinels and men who saluted their colonel and +stared with curiosity at a Russian uniform, and came out at the +other end of the village. The colonel said that the commander of the +division was a mile and a quarter away and would receive Balashev +and conduct him to his destination. + +The sun had by now risen and shone gaily on the bright verdure. + +They had hardly ridden up a hill, past a tavern, before they saw a +group of horsemen coming toward them. In front of the group, on a +black horse with trappings that glittered in the sun, rode a tall +man with plumes in his hat and black hair curling down to his +shoulders. He wore a red mantle, and stretched his long legs forward +in French fashion. This man rode toward Balashev at a gallop, his +plumes flowing and his gems and gold lace glittering in the bright +June sunshine. + +Balashev was only two horses' length from the equestrian with the +bracelets, plunies, necklaces, and gold embroidery, who was +galloping toward him with a theatrically solemn countenance, when +Julner, the French colonel, whispered respectfully: "The King of +Naples!" It was, in fact, Murat, now called "King of Naples." Though +it was quite incomprehensible why he should be King of Naples, he +was called so, and was himself convinced that he was so, and therefore +assumed a more solemn and important air than formerly. He was so +sure that he really was the King of Naples that when, on the eve of +his departure from that city, while walking through the streets with +his wife, some Italians called out to him: "Viva il re!"* he turned to +his wife with a pensive smile and said: "Poor fellows, they don't know +that I am leaving them tomorrow!" + + +*"Long live the king." + + +But though he firmly believed himself to be King of Naples and +pitied the grief felt by the subjects he was abandoning, latterly, +after he had been ordered to return to military service--and +especially since his last interview with Napoleon in Danzig, when +his august brother-in-law had told him: "I made you King that you +should reign in my way, but not in yours!"--he had cheerfully taken up +his familiar business, and--like a well-fed but not overfat horse that +feels himself in harness and grows skittish between the shafts--he +dressed up in clothes as variegated and expensive as possible, and +gaily and contentedly galloped along the roads of Poland, without +himself knowing why or whither. + +On seeing the Russian general he threw back his head, with its +long hair curling to his shoulders, in a majestically royal manner, +and looked inquiringly at the French colonel. The colonel respectfully +informed His Majesty of Balashev's mission, whose name he could not +pronounce. + +"De Bal-macheve!" said the King (overcoming by his assurance the +difficulty that had presented itself to the colonel). "Charmed to make +your acquaintance, General!" he added, with a gesture of kingly +condescension. + +As soon as the King began to speak loud and fast his royal dignity +instantly forsook him, and without noticing it he passed into his +natural tone of good-natured familiarity. He laid his hand on the +withers of Balashev's horse and said: + +"Well, General, it all looks like war," as if regretting a +circumstance of which he was unable to judge. + +"Your Majesty," replied Balashev, "my master, the Emperor, does +not desire war and as Your Majesty sees..." said Balashev, using the +words Your Majesty at every opportunity, with the affectation +unavoidable in frequently addressing one to whom the title was still a +novelty. + +Murat's face beamed with stupid satisfaction as he listened to +"Monsieur de Bal-macheve." But royaute oblige!* and he felt it +incumbent on him, as a king and an ally, to confer on state affairs +with Alexander's envoy. He dismounted, took Balashev's arm, and moving +a few steps away from his suite, which waited respectfully, began to +pace up and down with him, trying to speak significantly. He +referred to the fact that the Emperor Napoleon had resented the demand +that he should withdraw his troops from Prussia, especially when +that demand became generally known and the dignity of France was +thereby offended. + + +*"Royalty has its obligations." + + +Balashev replied that there was "nothing offensive in the demand, +because..." but Murat interrupted him. + +"Then you don't consider the Emperor Alexander the aggressor?" he +asked unexpectedly, with a kindly and foolish smile. + +Balashev told him why he considered Napoleon to be the originator of +the war. + +"Oh, my dear general!" Murat again interrupted him, "with all my +heart I wish the Emperors may arrange the affair between them, and +that the war begun by no wish of mine may finish as quickly as +possible!" said he, in the tone of a servant who wants to remain +good friends with another despite a quarrel between their masters. + +And he went on to inquiries about the Grand Duke and the state of +his health, and to reminiscences of the gay and amusing times he had +spent with him in Naples. Then suddenly, as if remembering his royal +dignity, Murat solemnly drew himself up, assumed the pose in which +he had stood at his coronation, and, waving his right arm, said: + +"I won't detain you longer, General. I wish success to your +mission," and with his embroidered red mantle, his flowing feathers, +and his glittering ornaments, he rejoined his suite who were +respectfully awaiting him. + +Balashev rode on, supposing from Murat's words that he would very +soon be brought before Napoleon himself. But instead of that, at the +next village the sentinels of Davout's infantry corps detained him +as the pickets of the vanguard had done, and an adjutant of the +corps commander, who was fetched, conducted him into the village to +Marshal Davout. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Davout was to Napoleon what Arakcheev was to Alexander--though not a +coward like Arakcheev, he was as precise, as cruel, and as unable to +express his devotion to his monarch except by cruelty. + +In the organism of states such men are necessary, as wolves are +necessary in the organism of nature, and they always exist, always +appear and hold their own, however incongruous their presence and +their proximity to the head of the government may be. This +inevitability alone can explain how the cruel Arakcheev, who tore +out a grenadier's mustache with his own hands, whose weak nerves +rendered him unable to face danger, and who was neither an educated +man nor a courtier, was able to maintain his powerful position with +Alexander, whose own character was chivalrous, noble, and gentle. + +Balashev found Davout seated on a barrel in the shed of a +peasant's hut, writing--he was auditing accounts. Better quarters +could have been found him, but Marshal Davout was one of those men who +purposely put themselves in most depressing conditions to have a +justification for being gloomy. For the same reason they are always +hard at work and in a hurry. "How can I think of the bright side of +life when, as you see, I am sitting on a barrel and working in a dirty +shed?" the expression of his face seemed to say. The chief pleasure +and necessity of such men, when they encounter anyone who shows +animation, is to flaunt their own dreary, persistent activity. +Davout allowed himself that pleasure when Balashev was brought in. +He became still more absorbed in his task when the Russian general +entered, and after glancing over his spectacles at Balashev's face, +which was animated by the beauty of the morning and by his talk with +Murat, he did not rise or even stir, but scowled still more and +sneered malevolently. + +When he noticed in Balashev's face the disagreeable impression +this reception produced, Davout raised his head and coldly asked +what he wanted. + +Thinking he could have been received in such a manner only because +Davout did not know that he was adjutant general to the Emperor +Alexander and even his envoy to Napoleon, Balashev hastened to +inform him of his rank and mission. Contrary to his expectation, +Davout, after hearing him, became still surlier and ruder. + +"Where is your dispatch?" he inquired. "Give it to me. I will send +it to the Emperor." + +Balashev replied that he had been ordered to hand it personally to +the Emperor. + +"Your Emperor's orders are obeyed in your army, but here," said +Davout, "you must do as you're told." + +And, as if to make the Russian general still more conscious of his +dependence on brute force, Davout sent an adjutant to call the officer +on duty. + +Balashev took out the packet containing the Emperor's letter and +laid it on the table (made of a door with its hinges still hanging +on it, laid across two barrels). Davout took the packet and read the +inscription. + +"You are perfectly at liberty to treat me with respect or not," +protested Balashev, "but permit me to observe that I have the honor to +be adjutant general to His Majesty...." + +Davout glanced at him silently and plainly derived pleasure from the +signs of agitation and confusion which appeared on Balashev's face. + +"You will be treated as is fitting," said he and, putting the packet +in his pocket, left the shed. + +A minute later the marshal's adjutant, de Castres, came in and +conducted Balashev to the quarters assigned him. + +That day he dined with the marshal, at the same board on the +barrels. + +Next day Davout rode out early and, after asking Balashev to come to +him, peremptorily requested him to remain there, to move on with the +baggage train should orders come for it to move, and to talk to no one +except Monsieur de Castres. + +After four days of solitude, ennui, and consciousness of his +impotence and insignificance--particularly acute by contrast with +the sphere of power in which he had so lately moved--and after several +marches with the marshal's baggage and the French army, which occupied +the whole district, Balashev was brought to Vilna--now occupied by the +French--through the very gate by which he had left it four days +previously. + +Next day the imperial gentleman-in-waiting, the Comte de Turenne, +came to Balashev and informed him of the Emperor Napoleon's wish to +honor him with an audience. + +Four days before, sentinels of the Preobrazhensk regiment had +stood in front of the house to which Balashev was conducted, and now +two French grenadiers stood there in blue uniforms unfastened in front +and with shaggy caps on their heads, and an escort of hussars and +Uhlans and a brilliant suite of aides-de-camp, pages, and generals, +who were waiting for Napoleon to come out, were standing at the porch, +round his saddle horse and his Mameluke, Rustan. Napoleon received +Balashev in the very house in Vilna from which Alexander had +dispatched him on his mission. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Though Balashev was used to imperial pomp, he was amazed at the +luxury and magnificence of Napoleon's court. + +The Comte de Turenne showed him into a big reception room where many +generals, gentlemen-in-waiting, and Polish magnates--several of whom +Balashev had seen at the court of the Emperor of Russia--were waiting. +Duroc said that Napoleon would receive the Russian general before +going for his ride. + +After some minutes, the gentleman-in-waiting who was on duty came +into the great reception room and, bowing politely, asked Balashev +to follow him. + +Balashev went into a small reception room, one door of which led +into a study, the very one from which the Russian Emperor had +dispatched him on his mission. He stood a minute or two, waiting. He +heard hurried footsteps beyond the door, both halves of it were opened +rapidly; all was silent and then from the study the sound was heard of +other steps, firm and resolute--they were those of Napoleon. He had +just finished dressing for his ride, and wore a blue uniform, +opening in front over a white waistcoat so long that it covered his +rotund stomach, white leather breeches tightly fitting the fat +thighs of his short legs, and Hessian boots. His short hair had +evidently just been brushed, but one lock hung down in the middle of +his broad forehead. His plump white neck stood out sharply above the +black collar of his uniform, and he smelled of Eau de Cologne. His +full face, rather young-looking, with its prominent chin, wore a +gracious and majestic expression of imperial welcome. + +He entered briskly, with a jerk at every step and his head +slightly thrown back. His whole short corpulent figure with broad +thick shoulders, and chest and stomach involuntarily protruding, had +that imposing and stately appearance one sees in men of forty who live +in comfort. It was evident, too, that he was in the best of spirits +that day. + +He nodded in answer to Balashav's low and respectful bow, and coming +up to him at once began speaking like a man who values every moment of +his time and does not condescend to prepare what he has to say but +is sure he will always say the right thing and say it well. + +"Good day, General!" said he. "I have received the letter you +brought from the Emperor Alexander and am very glad to see you." He +glanced with his large eyes into Balashav's face and immediately +looked past him. + +It was plain that Balashev's personality did not interest him at +all. Evidently only what took place within his own mind interested +him. Nothing outside himself had any significance for him, because +everything in the world, it seemed to him, depended entirely on his +will. + +"I do not, and did not, desire war," he continued, "but it has +been forced on me. Even now" (he emphasized the word) "I am ready to +receive any explanations you can give me." + +And he began clearly and concisely to explain his reasons for +dissatisfaction with the Russian government. Judging by the calmly +moderate and amicable tone in which the French Emperor spoke, Balashev +was firmly persuaded that he wished for peace and intended to enter +into negotiations. + +When Napoleon, having finished speaking, looked inquiringly at the +Russian envoy, Balashev began a speech he had prepared long before: +"Sire! The Emperor, my master..." but the sight of the Emperor's +eyes bent on him confused him. "You are flurried--compose yourself!" +Napoleon seemed to say, as with a scarcely perceptible smile he looked +at Balashev's uniform and sword. + +Balashev recovered himself and began to speak. He said that the +Emperor Alexander did not consider Kurakin's demand for his +passports a sufficient cause for war; that Kurakin had acted on his +own initiative and without his sovereign's assent, that the Emperor +Alexander did not desire war, and had no relations with England. + +"Not yet!" interposed Napoleon, and, as if fearing to give vent to +his feelings, he frowned and nodded slightly as a sign that Balashev +might proceed. + +After saying all he had been instructed to say, Balashev added +that the Emperor Alexander wished for peace, but would not enter +into negotiations except on condition that... Here Balashev hesitated: +he remembered the words the Emperor Alexander had not written in his +letter, but had specially inserted in the rescript to Saltykov and had +told Balashev to repeat to Napoleon. Balashev remembered these +words, "So long as a single armed foe remains on Russian soil," but +some complex feeling restrained him. He could not utter them, though +he wished to do so. He grew confused and said: "On condition that +the French army retires beyond the Niemen." + +Napoleon noticed Balashev's embarrassment when uttering these last +words; his face twitched and the calf of his left leg began to +quiver rhythmically. Without moving from where he stood he began +speaking in a louder tone and more hurriedly than before. During the +speech that followed, Balashev, who more than once lowered his eyes, +involuntarily noticed the quivering of Napoleon's left leg which +increased the more Napoleon raised his voice. + +"I desire peace, no less than the Emperor Alexander," he began. +"Have I not for eighteen months been doing everything to obtain it? +I have waited eighteen months for explanations. But in order to +begin negotiations, what is demanded of me?" he said, frowning and +making an energetic gesture of inquiry with his small white plump +hand. + +"The withdrawal of your army beyond the Niemen, sire," replied +Balashev. + +"The Niemen?" repeated Napoleon. "So now you want me to retire +beyond the Niemen--only the Niemen?" repeated Napoleon, looking +straight at Balashev. + +The latter bowed his head respectfully. + +Instead of the demand of four months earlier to withdraw from +Pomerania, only a withdrawal beyond the Niemen was now demanded. +Napoleon turned quickly and began to pace the room. + +"You say the demand now is that I am to withdraw beyond the Niemen +before commencing negotiations, but in just the same way two months +ago the demand was that I should withdraw beyond the Vistula and the +Oder, and yet you are willing to negotiate." + +He went in silence from one corner of the room to the other and +again stopped in front of Balashev. Balashev noticed that his left leg +was quivering faster than before and his face seemed petrified in +its stern expression. This quivering of his left leg was a thing +Napoleon was conscious of. "The vibration of my left calf is a great +sign with me," he remarked at a later date. + +"Such demands as to retreat beyond the Vistula and Oder may be +made to a Prince of Baden, but not to me!" Napoleon almost screamed, +quite to his own surprise. "If you gave me Petersburg and Moscow I +could not accept such conditions. You say I have begun this war! But +who first joined his army? The Emperor Alexander, not I! And you offer +me negotiations when I have expended millions, when you are in +alliance with England, and when your position is a bad one. You +offer me negotiations! But what is the aim of your alliance with +England? What has she given you?" he continued hurriedly, evidently no +longer trying to show the advantages of peace and discuss its +possibility, but only to prove his own rectitude and power and +Alexander's errors and duplicity. + +The commencement of his speech had obviously been made with the +intention of demonstrating the advantages of his position and +showing that he was nevertheless willing to negotiate. But he had +begun talking, and the more he talked the less could he control his +words. + +The whole purport of his remarks now was evidently to exalt +himself and insult Alexander--just what he had least desired at the +commencement of the interview. + +"I hear you have made peace with Turkey?" + +Balashev bowed his head affirmatively. + +"Peace has been concluded..." he began. + +But Napoleon did not let him speak. He evidently wanted to do all +the talking himself, and continued to talk with the sort of +eloquence and unrestrained irritability to which spoiled people are so +prone. + +"Yes, I know you have made peace with the Turks without obtaining +Moldavia and Wallachia; I would have given your sovereign those +provinces as I gave him Finland. Yes," he went on, "I promised and +would have given the Emperor Alexander Moldavia and Wallachia, and now +he won't have those splendid provinces. Yet he might have united +them to his empire and in a single reign would have extended Russia +from the Gulf of Bothnia to the mouths of the Danube. Catherine the +Great could not have done more," said Napoleon, growing more and +more excited as he paced up and down the room, repeating to Balashev +almost the very words he had used to Alexander himself at Tilsit. "All +that, he would have owed to my friendship. Oh, what a splendid reign!" +he repeated several times, then paused, drew from his pocket a gold +snuffbox, lifted it to his nose, and greedily sniffed at it. + +"What a splendid reign the Emperor Alexander's might have been!" + +He looked compassionately at Balashev, and as soon as the latter +tried to make some rejoinder hastily interrupted him. + +"What could he wish or look for that he would not have obtained +through my friendship?" demanded Napoleon, shrugging his shoulders +in perplexity. "But no, he has preferred to surround himself with my +enemies, and with whom? With Steins, Armfeldts, Bennigsens, and +Wintzingerodes! Stein, a traitor expelled from his own country; +Armfeldt, a rake and an intriguer; Wintzingerode, a fugitive French +subject; Bennigsen, rather more of a soldier than the others, but +all the same an incompetent who was unable to do anything in 1807 +and who should awaken terrible memories in the Emperor Alexander's +mind.... Granted that were they competent they might be made use +of," continued Napoleon--hardly able to keep pace in words with the +rush of thoughts that incessantly sprang up, proving how right and +strong he was (in his perception the two were one and the same)- +"but they are not even that! They are neither fit for war nor peace! +Barclay is said to be the most capable of them all, but I cannot say +so, judging by his first movements. And what are they doing, all these +courtiers? Pfuel proposes, Armfeldt disputes, Bennigsen considers, and +Barclay, called on to act, does not know what to decide on, and time +passes bringing no result. Bagration alone is a military man. He's +stupid, but he has experience, a quick eye, and resolution.... And +what role is your young monarch playing in that monstrous crowd? +They compromise him and throw on him the responsibility for all that +happens. A sovereign should not be with the army unless he is a +general!" said Napoleon, evidently uttering these words as a direct +challenge to the Emperor. He knew how Alexander desired to be a +military commander. + +"The campaign began only a week ago, and you haven't even been +able to defend Vilna. You are cut in two and have been driven out of +the Polish provinces. Your army is grumbling." + +"On the contrary, Your Majesty," said Balashev, hardly able to +remember what had been said to him and following these verbal +fireworks with difficulty, "the troops are burning with eagerness..." + +"I know everything!" Napoleon interrupted him. "I know everything. I +know the number of your battalions as exactly as I know my own. You +have not two hundred thousand men, and I have three times that number. +I give you my word of honor," said Napoleon, forgetting that his +word of honor could carry no weight--"I give you my word of honor that +I have five hundred and thirty thousand men this side of the +Vistula. The Turks will be of no use to you; they are worth nothing +and have shown it by making peace with you. As for the Swedes--it is +their fate to be governed by mad kings. Their king was insane and they +changed him for another--Bernadotte, who promptly went mad--for no +Swede would ally himself with Russia unless he were mad." + +Napoleon grinned maliciously and again raised his snuffbox to his +nose. + +Balashev knew how to reply to each of Napoleon's remarks, and +would have done so; he continually made the gesture of a man wishing +to say something, but Napoleon always interrupted him. To the +alleged insanity of the Swedes, Balashev wished to reply that when +Russia is on her side Sweden is practically an island: but Napoleon +gave an angry exclamation to drown his voice. Napoleon was in that +state of irritability in which a man has to talk, talk, and talk, +merely to convince himself that he is in the right. Balashev began +to feel uncomfortable: as envoy he feared to demean his dignity and +felt the necessity of replying; but, as a man, he shrank before the +transport of groundless wrath that had evidently seized Napoleon. He +knew that none of the words now uttered by Napoleon had any +significance, and that Napoleon himself would be ashamed of them +when he came to his senses. Balashev stood with downcast eyes, looking +at the movements of Napoleon's stout legs and trying to avoid +meeting his eyes. + +"But what do I care about your allies?" said Napoleon. "I have +allies--the Poles. There are eighty thousand of them and they fight +like lions. And there will be two hundred thousand of them." + +And probably still more perturbed by the fact that he had uttered +this obvious falsehood, and that Balashev still stood silently +before him in the same attitude of submission to fate, Napoleon +abruptly turned round, drew close to Balashev's face, and, +gesticulating rapidly and energetically with his white hands, almost +shouted: + +"Know that if you stir up Prussia against me, I'll wipe it off the +map of Europe!" he declared, his face pale and distorted by anger, and +he struck one of his small hands energetically with the other. "Yes, I +will throw you back beyond the Dvina and beyond the Dnieper, and +will re-erect against you that barrier which it was criminal and blind +of Europe to allow to be destroyed. Yes, that is what will happen to +you. That is what you have gained by alienating me!" And he walked +silently several times up and down the room, his fat shoulders +twitching. + +He put his snuffbox into his waistcoat pocket, took it out again, +lifted it several times to his nose, and stopped in front of Balashev. +He paused, looked ironically straight into Balashev's eyes, and said +in a quiet voice: + +"And yet what a splendid reign your master might have had!" + +Balashev, feeling it incumbent on him to reply, said that from the +Russian side things did not appear in so gloomy a light. Napoleon +was silent, still looking derisively at him and evidently not +listening to him. Balashev said that in Russia the best results were +expected from the war. Napoleon nodded condescendingly, as if to +say, "I know it's your duty to say that, but you don't believe it +yourself. I have convinced you." + +When Balashev had ended, Napoleon again took out his snuffbox, +sniffed at it, and stamped his foot twice on the floor as a signal. +The door opened, a gentleman-in-waiting, bending respectfully, +handed the Emperor his hat and gloves; another brought him a pocket +handkerchief. Napoleon, without giving them a glance, turned to +Balashev: + +"Assure the Emperor Alexander from me," said he, taking his hat, +"that I am as devoted to him as before: I know him thoroughly and very +highly esteem his lofty qualities. I will detain you no longer, +General; you shall receive my letter to the Emperor." + +And Napoleon went quickly to the door. Everyone in the reception +room rushed forward and descended the staircase. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +After all that Napoleon had said to him--those bursts of anger and +the last dryly spoken words: "I will detain you no longer, General; +you shall receive my letter," Balashev felt convinced that Napoleon +would not wish to see him, and would even avoid another meeting with +him--an insulted envoy--especially as he had witnessed his unseemly +anger. But, to his surprise, Balashev received, through Duroc, an +invitation to dine with the Emperor that day. + +Bessieres, Caulaincourt, and Berthier were present at that dinner. + +Napoleon met Balashev cheerfully and amiably. He not only showed +no sign of constraint or self-reproach on account of his outburst that +morning, but, on the contrary, tried to reassure Balashev. It was +evident that he had long been convinced that it was impossible for him +to make a mistake, and that in his perception whatever he did was +right, not because it harmonized with any idea of right and wrong, but +because he did it. + +The Emperor was in very good spirits after his ride through Vilna, +where crowds of people had rapturously greeted and followed him. +From all the windows of the streets through which he rode, rugs, +flags, and his monogram were displayed, and the Polish ladies, +welcoming him, waved their handkerchiefs to him. + +At dinner, having placed Balashev beside him, Napoleon not only +treated him amiably but behaved as if Balashev were one of his own +courtiers, one of those who sympathized with his plans and ought to +rejoice at his success. In the course of conversation he mentioned +Moscow and questioned Balashev about the Russian capital, not merely +as an interested traveler asks about a new city he intends to visit, +but as if convinced that Balashev, as a Russian, must be flattered +by his curiosity. + +"How many inhabitants are there in Moscow? How many houses? Is it +true that Moscow is called 'Holy Moscow'? How many churches are +there in Moscow?" he asked. + +And receiving the reply that there were more than two hundred +churches, he remarked: + +"Why such a quantity of churches?" + +"The Russians are very devout," replied Balashev. + +"But a large number of monasteries and churches is always a sign +of the backwardness of a people," said Napoleon, turning to +Caulaincourt for appreciation of this remark. + +Balashev respectfully ventured to disagree with the French Emperor. + +"Every country has its own character," said he. + +"But nowhere in Europe is there anything like that," said Napoleon. + +"I beg your Majesty's pardon," returned Balashev, "besides Russia +there is Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries." + +This reply of Balashev's, which hinted at the recent defeats of +the French in Spain, was much appreciated when he related it at +Alexander's court, but it was not much appreciated at Napoleon's +dinner, where it passed unnoticed. + +The uninterested and perplexed faces of the marshals showed that +they were puzzled as to what Balashev's tone suggested. "If there is a +point we don't see it, or it is not at all witty," their expressions +seemed to say. So little was his rejoinder appreciated that Napoleon +did not notice it at all and naively asked Balashev through what towns +the direct road from there to Moscow passed. Balashev, who was on +the alert all through the dinner, replied that just as "all roads lead +to Rome," so all roads lead to Moscow: there were many roads, and +"among them the road through Poltava, which Charles XII chose." +Balashev involuntarily flushed with pleasure at the aptitude of this +reply, but hardly had he uttered the word Poltava before +Caulaincourt began speaking of the badness of the road from Petersburg +to Moscow and of his Petersburg reminiscences. + +After dinner they went to drink coffee in Napoleon's study, which +four days previously had been that of the Emperor Alexander. +Napoleon sat down, toying with his Sevres coffee cup, and motioned +Balashev to a chair beside him. + +Napoleon was in that well-known after-dinner mood which, more than +any reasoned cause, makes a man contented with himself and disposed to +consider everyone his friend. It seemed to him that he was +surrounded by men who adored him: and he felt convinced that, after +his dinner, Balashev too was his friend and worshiper. Napoleon turned +to him with a pleasant, though slightly ironic, smile. + +"They tell me this is the room the Emperor Alexander occupied? +Strange, isn't it, General?" he said, evidently not doubting that this +remark would be agreeable to his hearer since it went to prove his, +Napoleon's, superiority to Alexander. + +Balashev made no reply and bowed his head in silence. + +"Yes. Four days ago in this room, Wintzingerode and Stein were +deliberating," continued Napoleon with the same derisive and +self-confident smile. "What I can't understand," he went on, "is +that the Emperor Alexander has surrounded himself with my personal +enemies. That I do not... understand. Has he not thought that I may +the same?" and he turned inquiringly to Balashev, and evidently this +thought turned him back on to the track of his morning's anger, +which was still fresh in him. + +"And let him know that I will do so!" said Napoleon, rising and +pushing his cup away with his hand. "I'll drive all his Wurttemberg, +Baden, and Weimar relations out of Germany.... Yes. I'll drive them +out. Let him prepare an asylum for them in Russia!" + +Balashev bowed his head with an air indicating that he would like to +make his bow and leave, and only listened because he could not help +hearing what was said to him. Napoleon did not notice this expression; +he treated Balashev not as an envoy from his enemy, but as a man now +fully devoted to him and who must rejoice at his former master's +humiliation. + +"And why has the Emperor Alexander taken command of the armies? What +is the good of that? War is my profession, but his business is to +reign and not to command armies! Why has he taken on himself such a +responsibility?" + +Again Napoleon brought out his snuffbox, paced several times up +and down the room in silence, and then, suddenly and unexpectedly, +went up to Balashev and with a slight smile, as confidently, +quickly, and simply as if he were doing something not merely +important but pleasing to Balashev, he raised his hand to the +forty-year-old Russian general's face and, taking him by the ear, +pulled it gently, smiling with his lips only. + +To have one's ear pulled by the Emperor was considered the +greatest honor and mark of favor at the French court. + +"Well, adorer and courtier of the Emperor Alexander, why don't you +say anything?" said he, as if it was ridiculous, in his presence, to +be the adorer and courtier of anyone but himself, Napoleon. "Are the +horses ready for the general?" he added, with a slight inclination +of his head in reply to Balashev's bow. "Let him have mine, he has a +long way to go!" + +The letter taken by Balashev was the last Napoleon sent to +Alexander. Every detail of the interview was communicated to the +Russian monarch, and the war began... + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +After his interview with Pierre in Moscow, Prince Andrew went to +Petersburg, on business as he told his family, but really to meet +Anatole Kuragin whom he felt it necessary to encounter. On reaching +Petersburg he inquired for Kuragin but the latter had already left the +city. Pierre had warned his brother-in-law that Prince Andrew was on +his track. Anatole Kuragin promptly obtained an appointment from the +Minister of War and went to join the army in Moldavia. While in +Petersburg Prince Andrew met Kutuzov, his former commander who was +always well disposed toward him, and Kutuzov suggested that he +should accompany him to the army in Moldavia, to which the old general +had been appointed commander in chief. So Prince Andrew, having +received an appointment on the headquarters staff, left for Turkey. + +Prince Andrew did not think it proper to write and challenge +Kuragin. He thought that if he challenged him without some fresh cause +it might compromise the young Countess Rostova and so he wanted to +meet Kuragin personally in order to find a fresh pretext for a duel. +But he again failed to meet Kuragin in Turkey, for soon after Prince +Andrew arrived, the latter returned to Russia. In a new country, +amid new conditions, Prince Andrew found life easier to bear. After +his betrothed had broken faith with him--which he felt the more +acutely the more he tried to conceal its effects--the surroundings +in which he had been happy became trying to him, and the freedom and +independence he had once prized so highly were still more so. Not only +could he no longer think the thoughts that had first come to him as he +lay gazing at the sky on the field of Austerlitz and had later +enlarged upon with Pierre, and which had filled his solitude at +Bogucharovo and then in Switzerland and Rome, but he even dreaded to +recall them and the bright and boundless horizons they had +revealed. He was now concerned only with the nearest practical matters +unrelated to his past interests, and he seized on these the more +eagerly the more those past interests were closed to him. It was as if +that lofty, infinite canopy of heaven that had once towered above +him had suddenly turned into a low, solid vault that weighed him down, +in which all was clear, but nothing eternal or mysterious. + +Of the activities that presented themselves to him, army service was +the simplest and most familiar. As a general on duty on Kutuzov's +staff, he applied himself to business with zeal and perseverance and +surprised Kutuzov by his willingness and accuracy in work. Not +having found Kuragin in Turkey, Prince Andrew did not think it +necessary to rush back to Russia after him, but all the same he knew +that however long it might be before he met Kuragin, despite his +contempt for him and despite all the proofs he deduced to convince +himself that it was not worth stooping to a conflict with him--he knew +that when he did meet him he would not be able to resist calling him +out, any more than a ravenous man can help snatching at food. And +the consciousness that the insult was not yet avenged, that his rancor +was still unspent, weighed on his heart and poisoned the artificial +tranquillity which he managed to obtain in Turkey by means of +restless, plodding, and rather vainglorious and ambitious activity. + +In the year 1812, when news of the war with Napoleon reached +Bucharest--where Kutuzov had been living for two months, passing his +days and nights with a Wallachian woman--Prince Andrew asked Kutuzov +to transfer him to the Western Army. Kutuzov, who was already weary of +Bolkonski's activity which seemed to reproach his own idleness, very +readily let him go and gave him a mission to Barclay de Tolly. + +Before joining the Western Army which was then, in May, encamped +at Drissa, Prince Andrew visited Bald Hills which was directly on +his way, being only two miles off the Smolensk highroad. During the +last three years there had been so many changes in his life, he had +thought, felt, and seen so much (having traveled both in the east +and the west), that on reaching Bald Hills it struck him as strange +and unexpected to find the way of life there unchanged and still the +same in every detail. He entered through the gates with their stone +pillars and drove up the avenue leading to the house as if he were +entering an enchanted, sleeping castle. The same old stateliness, +the same cleanliness, the same stillness reigned there, and inside +there was the same furniture, the same walls, sounds, and smell, and +the same timid faces, only somewhat older. Princess Mary was still the +same timid, plain maiden getting on in years, uselessly and +joylessly passing the best years of her life in fear and constant +suffering. Mademoiselle Bourienne was the same coquettish, +self-satisfied girl, enjoying every moment of her existence and full +of joyous hopes for the future. She had merely become more +self-confident, Prince Andrew thought. Dessalles, the tutor he had +brought from Switzerland, was wearing a coat of Russian cut and +talking broken Russian to the servants, but was still the same +narrowly intelligent, conscientious, and pedantic preceptor. The old +prince had changed in appearance only by the loss of a tooth, which +left a noticeable gap on one side of his mouth; in character he was +the same as ever, only showing still more irritability and +skepticism as to what was happening in the world. Little Nicholas +alone had changed. He had grown, become rosier, had curly dark hair, +and, when merry and laughing, quite unconsciously lifted the upper lip +of his pretty little mouth just as the little princess used to do. +He alone did not obey the law of immutability in the enchanted, +sleeping castle. But though externally all remained as of old, the +inner relations of all these people had changed since Prince Andrew +had seen them last. The household was divided into two alien and +hostile camps, who changed their habits for his sake and only met +because he was there. To the one camp belonged the old prince, +Madmoiselle Bourienne, and the architect; to the other Princess +Mary, Dessalles, little Nicholas, and all the old nurses and maids. + +During his stay at Bald Hills all the family dined together, but +they were ill at ease and Prince Andrew felt that he was a visitor for +whose sake an exception was being made and that his presence made them +all feel awkward. Involuntarily feeling this at dinner on the first +day, he was taciturn, and the old prince noticing this also became +morosely dumb and retired to his apartments directly after dinner. +In the evening, when Prince Andrew went to him and, trying to rouse +him, began to tell him of the young Count Kamensky's campaign, the old +prince began unexpectedly to talk about Princess Mary, blaming her for +her superstitions and her dislike of Mademoiselle Bourienne, who, he +said, was the only person really attached to him. + +The old prince said that if he was ill it was only because of +Princess Mary: that she purposely worried and irritated him, and +that by indulgence and silly talk she was spoiling little Prince +Nicholas. The old prince knew very well that he tormented his daughter +and that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not +help tormenting her and that she deserved it. "Why does Prince Andrew, +who sees this, say nothing to me about his sister? Does he think me +a scoundrel, or an old fool who, without any reason, keeps his own +daughter at a distance and attaches this Frenchwoman to himself? He +doesn't understand, so I must explain it, and he must hear me out," +thought the old prince. And he began explaining why he could not put +up with his daughter's unreasonable character. + +"If you ask me," said Prince Andrew, without looking up (he was +censuring his father for the first time in his life), "I did not +wish to speak about it, but as you ask me I will give you my frank +opinion. If there is any misunderstanding and discord between you +and Mary, I can't blame her for it at all. I know how she loves and +respects you. Since you ask me," continued Prince Andrew, becoming +irritable--as he was always liable to do of late--"I can only say that +if there are any misunderstandings they are caused by that worthless +woman, who is not fit to be my sister's companion." + +The old man at first stared fixedly at his son, and an unnatural +smile disclosed the fresh gap between his teeth to which Prince Andrew +could not get accustomed. + +"What companion, my dear boy? Eh? You've already been talking it +over! Eh?" + +"Father, I did not want to judge," said Prince Andrew, in a hard and +bitter tone, "but you challenged me, and I have said, and always shall +say, that Mary is not to blame, but those to blame--the one to +blame--is that Frenchwoman." + +"Ah, he has passed judgment... passed judgement!" said the old man +in a low voice and, as it seemed to Prince Andrew, with some +embarrassment, but then he suddenly jumped up and cried: "Be off, be +off! Let not a trace of you remain here!..." + + +Prince Andrew wished to leave at once, but Princess Mary persuaded +him to stay another day. That day he did not see his father, who did +not leave his room and admitted no one but Mademoiselle Bourienne +and Tikhon, but asked several times whether his son had gone. Next +day, before leaving, Prince Andrew went to his son's rooms. The boy, +curly-headed like his mother and glowing with health, sat on his knee, +and Prince Andrew began telling him the story of Bluebeard, but fell +into a reverie without finishing the story. He thought not of this +pretty child, his son whom he held on his knee, but of himself. He +sought in himself either remorse for having angered his father or +regret at leaving home for the first time in his life on bad terms +with him, and was horrified to find neither. What meant still more +to him was that he sought and did not find in himself the former +tenderness for his son which he had hoped to reawaken by caressing the +boy and taking him on his knee. + +"Well, go on!" said his son. + +Prince Andrew, without replying, put him down from his knee and went +out of the room. + +As soon as Prince Andrew had given up his daily occupations, and +especially on returning to the old conditions of life amid which he +had been happy, weariness of life overcame him with its former +intensity, and he hastened to escape from these memories and to find +some work as soon as possible. + +"So you've decided to go, Andrew?" asked his sister. + +"Thank God that I can," replied Prince Andrew. "I am very sorry +you can't." + +"Why do you say that?" replied Princess Mary. "Why do you say +that, when you are going to this terrible war, and he is so old? +Mademoiselle Bourienne says he has been asking about you...." + +As soon as she began to speak of that, her lips trembled and her +tears began to fall. Prince Andrew turned away and began pacing the +room. + +"Ah, my God! my God! When one thinks who and what--what trash--can +cause people misery!" he said with a malignity that alarmed Princess +Mary. + +She understood that when speaking of "trash" he referred not only to +Mademoiselle Bourienne, the cause of her misery, but also to the man +who had ruined his own happiness. + +"Andrew! One thing I beg, I entreat of you!" she said, touching +his elbow and looking at him with eyes that shone through her tears. +"I understand you" (she looked down). "Don't imagine that sorrow is +the work of men. Men are His tools." She looked a little above +Prince Andrew's head with the confident, accustomed look with which +one looks at the place where a familiar portrait hangs. "Sorrow is +sent by Him, not by men. Men are His instruments, they are not to +blame. If you think someone has wronged you, forget it and forgive! We +have no right to punish. And then you will know the happiness of +forgiving." + +"If I were a woman I would do so, Mary. That is a woman's virtue. +But a man should not and cannot forgive and forget," he replied, and +though till that moment he had not been thinking of Kuragin, all his +unexpended anger suddenly swelled up in his heart. + +"If Mary is already persuading me forgive, it means that I ought +long ago to have punished him," he thought. And giving her no +further reply, he began thinking of the glad vindictive moment when he +would meet Kuragin who he knew was now in the army. + +Princess Mary begged him to stay one day more, saying that she +knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrew left without being +reconciled to him, but Prince Andrew replied that he would probably +soon be back again from the army and would certainly write to his +father, but that the longer he stayed now the more embittered their +differences would become. + +"Good-by, Andrew! Remember that misfortunes come from God, and men +are never to blame," were the last words he heard from his sister when +he took leave of her. + +"Then it must be so!" thought Prince Andrew as he drove out of the +avenue from the house at Bald Hills. "She, poor innocent creature, +is left to be victimized by an old man who has outlived his wits. +The old man feels he is guilty, but cannot change himself. My boy is +growing up and rejoices in life, in which like everybody else he +will deceive or be deceived. And I am off to the army. Why? I myself +don't know. I want to meet that man whom I despise, so as to give +him a chance to kill and laugh at me!" + +These conditions of life had been the same before, but then they +were all connected, while now they had all tumbled to pieces. Only +senseless things, lacking coherence, presented themselves one after +another to Prince Andrew's mind. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Prince Andrew reached the general headquarters of the army at the +end of June. The first army, with which was the Emperor, occupied +the fortified camp at Drissa; the second army was retreating, trying +to effect a junction with the first one from which it was said to be +cut off by large French forces. Everyone was dissatisfied with the +general course of affairs in the Russian army, but no one +anticipated any danger of invasion of the Russian provinces, and no +one thought the war would extend farther than the western, the Polish, +provinces. + +Prince Andrew found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he had been +assigned, on the bank of the Drissa. As there was not a single town or +large village in the vicinity of the camp, the immense number of +generals and courtiers accompanying the army were living in the best +houses of the villages on both sides of the river, over a radius of +six miles. Barclay de Tolly was quartered nearly three miles from +the Emperor. He received Bolkonski stiffly and coldly and told him +in his foreign accent that he would mention him to the Emperor for a +decision as to his employment, but asked him meanwhile to remain on +his staff. Anatole Kuragin, whom Prince Andrew had hoped to find +with the army, was not there. He had gone to Petersburg, but Prince +Andrew was glad to hear this. His mind was occupied by the interests +of the center that was conducting a gigantic war, and he was glad to +be free for a while from the distraction caused by the thought of +Kuragin. During the first four days, while no duties were required +of him, Prince Andrew rode round the whole fortified camp and, by +the aid of his own knowledge and by talks with experts, tried to +form a definite opinion about it. But the question whether the camp +was advantageous or disadvantageous remained for him undecided. +Already from his military experience and what he had seen in the +Austrian campaign, he had come to the conclusion that in war the +most deeply considered plans have no significance and that all depends +on the way unexpected movements of the enemy--that cannot be foreseen- +are met, and on how and by whom the whole matter is handled. To +clear up this last point for himself, Prince Andrew, utilizing his +position and acquaintances, tried to fathom the character of the +control of the army and of the men and parties engaged in it, and he +deduced for himself the following of the state of affairs. + +While the Emperor had still been at Vilna, the forces had been +divided into three armies. First, the army under Barclay de Tolly, +secondly, the army under Bagration, and thirdly, the one commanded +by Tormasov. The Emperor was with the first army, but not as commander +in chief. In the orders issued it was stated, not that the Emperor +would take command, but only that he would be with the army. The +Emperor, moreover, had with him not a commander in chief's staff but +the imperial headquarters staff. In attendance on him was the head +of the imperial staff, Quartermaster General Prince Volkonski, as well +as generals, imperial aides-de-camp, diplomatic officials, and a large +number of foreigners, but not the army staff. Besides these, there +were in attendance on the Emperor without any definite appointments: +Arakcheev, the ex-Minister of War; Count Bennigsen, the senior general +in rank; the Grand Duke Tsarevich Constantine Pavlovich; Count +Rumyantsev, the Chancellor; Stein, a former Prussian minister; +Armfeldt, a Swedish general; Pfuel, the chief author of the plan of +campaign; Paulucci, an adjutant general and Sardinian emigre; +Wolzogen--and many others. Though these men had no military +appointment in the army, their position gave them influence, and often +a corps commander, or even the commander in chief, did not know in +what capacity he was questioned by Bennigsen, the Grand Duke, +Arakcheev, or Prince Volkonski, or was given this or that advice and +did not know whether a certain order received in the form of advice +emanated from the man who gave it or from the Emperor and whether it +had to be executed or not. But this was only the external condition; +the essential significance of the presence of the Emperor and of all +these people, from a courtier's point of view (and in an Emperor's +vicinity all became courtiers), was clear to everyone. It was this: +the Emperor did not assume the title of commander in chief, but +disposed of all the armies; the men around him were his assistants. +Arakcheev was a faithful custodian to enforce order and acted as the +sovereign's bodyguard. Bennigsen was a landlord in the Vilna +province who appeared to be doing the honors of the district, but +was in reality a good general, useful as an adviser and ready at +hand to replace Barclay. The Grand Duke was there because it suited +him to be. The ex-Minister Stein was there because his advice was +useful and the Emperor Alexander held him in high esteem personally. +Armfeldt virulently hated Napoleon and was a general full of +self-confidence, a quality that always influenced Alexander. +Paulucci was there because he was bold and decided in speech. The +adjutants general were there because they always accompanied the +Emperor, and lastly and chiefly Pfuel was there because he had drawn +up the plan of campaign against Napoleon and, having induced Alexander +to believe in the efficacy of that plan, was directing the whole +business of the war. With Pfuel was Wolzogen, who expressed Pfuel's +thoughts in a more comprehensible way than Pfuel himself (who was a +harsh, bookish theorist, self-confident to the point of despising +everyone else) was able to do. + +Besides these Russians and foreigners who propounded new and +unexpected ideas every day--especially the foreigners, who did so with +a boldness characteristic of people employed in a country not their +own--there were many secondary personages accompanying the army +because their principals were there. + +Among the opinions and voices in this immense, restless, +brilliant, and proud sphere, Prince Andrew noticed the following +sharply defined subdivisions of and parties: + +The first party consisted of Pfuel and his adherents--military +theorists who believed in a science of war with immutable laws--laws +of oblique movements, outflankings, and so forth. Pfuel and his +adherents demanded a retirement into the depths of the country in +accordance with precise laws defined by a pseudo-theory of war, and +they saw only barbarism, ignorance, or evil intention in every +deviation from that theory. To this party belonged the foreign nobles, +Wolzogen, Wintzingerode, and others, chiefly Germans. + +The second party was directly opposed to the first; one extreme, +as always happens, was met by representatives of the other. The +members of this party were those who had demanded an advance from +Vilna into Poland and freedom from all prearranged plans. Besides +being advocates of bold action, this section also represented +nationalism, which made them still more one-sided in the dispute. They +were Russians: Bagration, Ermolov (who was beginning to come to the +front), and others. At that time a famous joke of Ermolov's was +being circulated, that as a great favor he had petitioned the +Emperor to make him a German. The men of that party, remembering +Suvorov, said that what one had to do was not to reason, or stick pins +into maps, but to fight, beat the enemy, keep him out of Russia, and +not let the army get discouraged. + +To the third party--in which the Emperor had most confidence- +belonged the courtiers who tried to arrange compromises between the +other two. The members of this party, chiefly civilians and to whom +Arakcheev belonged, thought and said what men who have no +convictions but wish to seem to have some generally say. They said +that undoubtedly war, particularly against such a genius as +Bonaparte (they called him Bonaparte now), needs most deeply devised +plans and profound scientific knowledge and in that respect Pfuel +was a genius, but at the same time it had to be acknowledged that +the theorists are often one sided, and therefore one should not +trust them absolutely, but should also listen to what Pfuel's +opponents and practical men of experience in warfare had to say, and +then choose a middle course. They insisted on the retention of the +camp at Drissa, according to Pfuel's plan, but on changing the +movements of the other armies. Though, by this course, neither one aim +nor the other could be attained, yet it seemed best to the adherents +of this third party. + +Of a fourth opinion the most conspicuous representative was the +Tsarevich, who could not forget his disillusionment at Austerlitz, +where he had ridden out at the head of the Guards, in his casque and +cavalry uniform as to a review, expecting to crush the French +gallantly; but unexpectedly finding himself in the front line had +narrowly escaped amid the general confusion. The men of this party had +both the quality and the defect of frankness in their opinions. They +feared Napoleon, recognized his strength and their own weakness, and +frankly said so. They said: "Nothing but sorrow, shame, and ruin +will come of all this! We have abandoned Vilna and Vitebsk and shall +abandon Drissa. The only reasonable thing left to do is to conclude +peace as soon as possible, before we are turned out of Petersburg." + +This view was very general in the upper army circles and found +support also in Petersburg and from the chancellor, Rumyantsev, who, +for other reasons of state, was in favor of peace. + +The fifth party consisted of those who were adherents of Barclay +de Tolly, not so much as a man but as minister of war and commander in +chief. "Be he what he may" (they always began like that), "he is an +honest, practical man and we have nobody better. Give him real +power, for war cannot be conducted successfully without unity of +command, and he will show what he can do, as he did in Finland. If our +army is well organized and strong and has withdrawn to Drissa +without suffering any defeats, we owe this entirely to Barclay. If +Barclay is now to be superseded by Bennigsen all will be lost, for +Bennigsen showed his incapacity already in 1807." + +The sixth party, the Bennigsenites, said, on the contrary, that at +any rate there was no one more active and experienced than +Bennigsen: "and twist about as you may, you will have to come to +Bennigsen eventually. Let the others make mistakes now!" said they, +arguing that our retirement to Drissa was a most shameful reverse +and an unbroken series of blunders. "The more mistakes that are made +the better. It will at any rate be understood all the sooner that +things cannot go on like this. What is wanted is not some Barclay or +other, but a man like Bennigsen, who made his mark in 1807, and to +whom Napoleon himself did justice--a man whose authority would be +willingly recognized, and Bennigsen is the only such man." + +The seventh party consisted of the sort of people who are always +to be found, especially around young sovereigns, and of whom there +were particularly many round Alexander--generals and imperial +aides-de-camp passionately devoted to the Emperor, not merely as a +monarch but as a man, adoring him sincerely and disinterestedly, as +Rostov had done in 1805, and who saw in him not only all the virtues +but all human capabilities as well. These men, though enchanted with +the sovereign for refusing the command of the army, yet blamed him for +such excessive modesty, and only desired and insisted that their +adored sovereign should abandon his diffidence and openly announce +that he would place himself at the head of the army, gather round +him a commander in chief's staff, and, consulting experienced +theoreticians and practical men where necessary, would himself lead +the troops, whose spirits would thereby be raised to the highest +pitch. + +The eighth and largest group, which in its enormous numbers was to +the others as ninety-nine to one, consisted of men who desired neither +peace nor war, neither an advance nor a defensive camp at the Drissa +or anywhere else, neither Barclay nor the Emperor, neither Pfuel nor +Bennigsen, but only the one most essential thing--as much advantage +and pleasure for themselves as possible. In the troubled waters of +conflicting and intersecting intrigues that eddied about the Emperor's +headquarters, it was possible to succeed in many ways unthinkable at +other times. A man who simply wished to retain his lucrative post +would today agree with Pfuel, tomorrow with his opponent, and the +day after, merely to avoid responsibility or to please the Emperor, +would declare that he had no opinion at all on the matter. Another who +wished to gain some advantage would attract the Emperor's attention by +loudly advocating the very thing the Emperor had hinted at the day +before, and would dispute and shout at the council, beating his breast +and challenging those who did not agree with him to duels, thereby +proving that he was prepared to sacrifice himself for the common good. +A third, in the absence of opponents, between two councils would +simply solicit a special gratuity for his faithful services, well +knowing that at that moment people would be too busy to refuse him. +A fourth while seemingly overwhelmed with work would often come +accidentally under the Emperor's eye. A fifth, to achieve his +long-cherished aim of dining with the Emperor, would stubbornly insist +on the correctness or falsity of some newly emerging opinion and for +this object would produce arguments more or less forcible and correct. + +All the men of this party were fishing for rubles, decorations, +and promotions, and in this pursuit watched only the weathercock of +imperial favor, and directly they noticed it turning in any direction, +this whole drone population of the army began blowing hard that way, +so that it was all the harder for the Emperor to turn it elsewhere. +Amid the uncertainties of the position, with the menace of serious +danger giving a peculiarly threatening character to everything, amid +this vortex of intrigue, egotism, conflict of views and feelings, +and the diversity of race among these people--this eighth and +largest party of those preoccupied with personal interests imparted +great confusion and obscurity to the common task. Whatever question +arose, a swarm of these drones, without having finished their +buzzing on a previous theme, flew over to the new one and by their hum +drowned and obscured the voices of those who were disputing honestly. + +From among all these parties, just at the time Prince Andrew reached +the army, another, a ninth party, was being formed and was beginning +to raise its voice. This was the party of the elders, reasonable men +experienced and capable in state affairs, who, without sharing any +of those conflicting opinions, were able to take a detached view of +what was going on at the staff at headquarters and to consider means +of escape from this muddle, indecision, intricacy, and weakness. + +The men of this party said and thought that what was wrong +resulted chiefly from the Emperor's presence in the army with his +military court and from the consequent presence there of an +indefinite, conditional, and unsteady fluctuation of relations, +which is in place at court but harmful in an army; that a sovereign +should reign but not command the army, and that the only way out of +the position would be for the Emperor and his court to leave the army; +that the mere presence of the Emperor paralyzed the action of fifty +thousand men required to secure his personal safety, and that the +worst commander in chief if independent would be better than the +very best one trammeled by the presence and authority of the monarch. + +Just at the time Prince Andrew was living unoccupied at Drissa, +Shishkov, the Secretary of State and one of the chief +representatives of this party, wrote a letter to the Emperor which +Arakcheev and Balashev agreed to sign. In this letter, availing +himself of permission given him by the Emperor to discuss the +general course of affairs, he respectfully suggested--on the plea that +it was necessary for the sovereign to arouse a warlike spirit in the +people of the capital--that the Emperor should leave the army. + +That arousing of the people by their sovereign and his call to +them to defend their country--the very incitement which was the +chief cause of Russia's triumph in so far as it was produced by the +Tsar's personal presence in Moscow--was suggested to the Emperor, +and accepted by him, as a pretext for quitting the army. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +This letter had not yet been presented to the Emperor when +Barclay, one day at dinner, informed Bolkonski that the sovereign +wished to see him personally, to question him about Turkey, and that +Prince Andrew was to present himself at Bennigsen's quarters at six +that evening. + +News was received at the Emperor's quarters that very day of a fresh +movement by Napoleon which might endanger the army--news +subsequently found to be false. And that morning Colonel Michaud had +ridden round the Drissa fortifications with the Emperor and had +pointed out to him that this fortified camp constructed by Pfuel, +and till then considered a chef-d'oeuvre of tactical science which +would ensure Napoleon's destruction, was an absurdity, threatening the +destruction of the Russian army. + +Prince Andrew arrived at Bennigsen's quarters--a country gentleman's +house of moderate size, situated on the very banks of the river. +Neither Bennigsen nor the Emperor was there, but Chernyshev, the +Emperor's aide-de-camp, received Bolkonski and informed him that the +Emperor, accompanied by General Bennigsen and Marquis Paulucci, had +gone a second time that day to inspect the fortifications of the +Drissa camp, of the suitability of which serious doubts were beginning +to be felt. + +Chernyshev was sitting at a window in the first room with a French +novel in his hand. This room had probably been a music room; there was +still an organ in it on which some rugs were piled, and in one +corner stood the folding bedstead of Bennigsen's adjutant. This +adjutant was also there and sat dozing on the rolled-up bedding, +evidently exhausted by work or by feasting. Two doors led from the +room, one straight on into what had been the drawing room, and +another, on the right, to the study. Through the first door came the +sound of voices conversing in German and occasionally in French. In +that drawing room were gathered, by the Emperor's wish, not a military +council (the Emperor preferred indefiniteness), but certain persons +whose opinions he wished to know in view of the impending +difficulties. It was not a council of war, but, as it were, a +council to elucidate certain questions for the Emperor personally. +To this semicouncil had been invited the Swedish General Armfeldt, +Adjutant General Wolzogen, Wintzingerode (whom Napoleon had referred +to as a renegade French subject), Michaud, Toll, Count Stein who was +not a military man at all, and Pfuel himself, who, as Prince Andrew +had heard, was the mainspring of the whole affair. Prince Andrew had +an opportunity of getting a good look at him, for Pfuel arrived soon +after himself and, in passing through to the drawing room, stopped a +minute to speak to Chernyshev. + +At first sight, Pfuel, in his ill-made uniform of a Russian general, +which fitted him badly like a fancy costume, seemed familiar to Prince +Andrew, though he saw him now for the first time. There was about +him something of Weyrother, Mack, and Schmidt, and many other German +theorist-generals whom Prince Andrew had seen in 1805, but he was more +typical than any of them. Prince Andrew had never yet seen a German +theorist in whom all the characteristics of those others were united +to such an extent. + +Pfuel was short and very thin but broad-boned, of coarse, robust +build, broad in the hips, and with prominent shoulder blades. His face +was much wrinkled and his eyes deep set. His hair had evidently been +hastily brushed smooth in front of the temples, but stuck up behind in +quaint little tufts. He entered the room, looking restlessly and +angrily around, as if afraid of everything in that large apartment. +Awkwardly holding up his sword, he addressed Chernyshev and asked in +German where the Emperor was. One could see that he wished to pass +through the rooms as quickly as possible, finish with the bows and +greetings, and sit down to business in front of a map, where he +would feel at home. He nodded hurriedly in reply to Chernyshev, and +smiled ironically on hearing that the sovereign was inspecting the +fortifications that he, Pfuel, had planned in accord with his +theory. He muttered something to himself abruptly and in a bass voice, +as self-assured Germans do--it might have been "stupid fellow"... or +"the whole affair will be ruined," or "something absurd will come of +it."... Prince Andrew did not catch what he said and would have passed +on, but Chernyshev introduced him to Pfuel, remarking that Prince +Andrew was just back from Turkey where the war had terminated so +fortunately. Pfuel barely glanced--not so much at Prince Andrew as +past him--and said, with a laugh: "That must have been a fine tactical +war"; and, laughing contemptuously, went on into the room from which +the sound of voices was heard. + +Pfuel, always inclined to be irritably sarcastic, was particularly +disturbed that day, evidently by the fact that they had dared to +inspect and criticize his camp in his absence. From this short +interview with Pfuel, Prince Andrew, thanks to his Austerlitz +experiences, was able to form a clear conception of the man. Pfuel was +one of those hopelessly and immutably self-confident men, +self-confident to the point of martyrdom as only Germans are, +because only Germans are self-confident on the basis of an abstract +notion--science, that is, the supposed knowledge of absolute truth. +A Frenchman is self-assured because he regards himself personally, +both in mind and body, as irresistibly attractive to men and women. An +Englishman is self-assured, as being a citizen of the best-organized +state in the world, and therefore as an Englishman always knows what +he should do and knows that all he does as an Englishman is +undoubtedly correct. An Italian is self-assured because he is +excitable and easily forgets himself and other people. A Russian is +self-assured just because he knows nothing does not want to know +anything, since he does not believe that anything can be known. The +German's self-assurance is worst of all, stronger and more repulsive +than any other, because he imagines that he knows the truth- +science--which he himself has invented but which is for him the +absolute truth. + +Pfuel was evidently of that sort. He had a science--the theory of +oblique movements deduced by him from the history of Frederick the +Great's wars, and all he came across in the history of more recent +warfare seemed to him absurd and barbarous--monstrous collisions in +which so many blunders were committed by both sides that these wars +could not be called wars, they did not accord with the theory, and +therefore could not serve as material for science. + +In 1806 Pfuel had been one of those responsible, for the plan of +campaign that ended in Jena and Auerstadt, but he did not see the +least proof of the fallibility of his theory in the disasters of +that war. On the contrary, the deviations made from his theory were, +in his opinion, the sole cause of the whole disaster, and with +characteristically gleeful sarcasm he would remark, "There, I said the +whole affair would go to the devil!" Pfuel was one of those +theoreticians who so love their theory that they lose sight of the +theory's object--its practical application. His love of theory made +him hate everything practical, and he would not listen to it. He was +even pleased by failures, for failures resulting from deviations in +practice from the theory only proved to him the accuracy of his +theory. + +He said a few words to Prince Andrew and Chernyshev about the +present war, with the air of a man who knows beforehand that all +will go wrong, and who is not displeased that it should be so. The +unbrushed tufts of hair sticking up behind and the hastily brushed +hair on his temples expressed this most eloquently. + +He passed into the next room, and the deep, querulous sounds of +his voice were at once heard from there. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Prince Andrew's eyes were still following Pfuel out of the room when +Count Bennigsen entered hurriedly, and nodding to Bolkonski, but not +pausing, went into the study, giving instructions to his adjutant as +he went. The Emperor was following him, and Bennigsen had hastened +on to make some preparations and to be ready to receive the sovereign. +Chernyshev and Prince Andrew went out into the porch, where the +Emperor, who looked fatigued, was dismounting. Marquis Paulucci was +talking to him with particular warmth and the Emperor, with his head +bent to the left, was listening with a dissatisfied air. The Emperor +moved forward evidently wishing to end the conversation, but the +flushed and excited Italian, oblivious of decorum, followed him and +continued to speak. + +"And as for the man who advised forming this camp--the Drissa camp," +said Paulucci, as the Emperor mounted the steps and noticing Prince +Andrew scanned his unfamiliar face, "as to that person, sire..." +continued Paulucci, desperately, apparently unable to restrain +himself, "the man who advised the Drissa camp--I see no alternative +but the lunatic asylum or the gallows!" + +Without heeding the end of the Italian's remarks, and as though +not hearing them, the Emperor, recognizing Bolkonski, addressed him +graciously. + +"I am very glad to see you! Go in there where they are meeting, +and wait for me." + +The Emperor went into the study. He was followed by Prince Peter +Mikhaylovich Volkonski and Baron Stein, and the door closed behind +them. Prince Andrew, taking advantage of the Emperor's permission, +accompanied Paulucci, whom he had known in Turkey, into the drawing +room where the council was assembled. + +Prince Peter Mikhaylovich Volkonski occupied the position, as it +were, of chief of the Emperor's staff. He came out of the study into +the drawing room with some maps which he spread on a table, and put +questions on which he wished to hear the opinion of the gentlemen +present. What had happened was that news (which afterwards proved to +be false) had been received during the night of a movement by the +French to outflank the Drissa camp. + +The first to speak was General Armfeldt who, to meet the +difficulty that presented itself, unexpectedly proposed a perfectly +new position away from the Petersburg and Moscow roads. The reason for +this was inexplicable (unless he wished to show that he, too, could +have an opinion), but he urged that at this point the army should +unite and there await the enemy. It was plain that Armfeldt had +thought out that plan long ago and now expounded it not so much to +answer the questions put--which, in fact, his plan did not answer- +as to avail himself of the opportunity to air it. It was one of the +millions of proposals, one as good as another, that could be made as +long as it was quite unknown what character the war would take. Some +disputed his arguments, others defended them. Young Count Toll +objected to the Swedish general's views more warmly than anyone +else, and in the course of the dispute drew from his side pocket a +well-filled notebook, which he asked permission to read to them. In +these voluminous notes Toll suggested another scheme, totally +different from Armfeldt's or Pfuel's plan of campaign. In answer to +Toll, Paulucci suggested an advance and an attack, which, he urged, +could alone extricate us from the present uncertainty and from the +trap (as he called the Drissa camp) in which we were situated. + +During all these discussions Pfuel and his interpreter, Wolzogen +(his "bridge" in court relations), were silent. Pfuel only snorted +contemptuously and turned away, to show that he would never demean +himself by replying to such nonsense as he was now hearing. So when +Prince Volkonski, who was in the chair, called on him to give his +opinion, he merely said: + +"Why ask me? General Armfeldt has proposed a splendid position +with an exposed rear, or why not this Italian gentleman's attack--very +fine, or a retreat, also good! Why ask me?" said he. "Why, you +yourselves know everything better than I do." + +But when Volkonski said, with a frown, that it was in the +Emperor's name that he asked his opinion, Pfuel rose and, suddenly +growing animated, began to speak: + +"Everything has been spoiled, everything muddled, everybody +thought they knew better than I did, and now you come to me! How +mend matters? There is nothing to mend! The principles laid down by me +must be strictly adhered to," said he, drumming on the table with +his bony fingers. "What is the difficulty? Nonsense, childishness!" + +He went up to the map and speaking rapidly began proving that no +eventuality could alter the efficiency of the Drissa camp, that +everything had been foreseen, and that if the enemy were really +going to outflank it, the enemy would inevitably be destroyed. + +Paulucci, who did not know German, began questioning him in +French. Wolzogen came to the assistance of his chief, who spoke French +badly, and began translating for him, hardly able to keep pace with +Pfuel, who was rapidly demonstrating that not only all that had +happened, but all that could happen, had been foreseen in his +scheme, and that if there were now any difficulties the whole fault +lay in the fact that his plan had not been precisely executed. He kept +laughing sarcastically, he demonstrated, and at last contemptuously +ceased to demonstrate, like a mathematician who ceases to prove in +various ways the accuracy of a problem that has already been proved. +Wolzogen took his place and continued to explain his views in +French, every now and then turning to Pfuel and saying, "Is it not so, +your excellency?" But Pfuel, like a man heated in a fight who + +strikes those on his own side, shouted angrily at his own supporter, +Wolzogen: + +"Well, of course, what more is there to explain?" + +Paulucci and Michaud both attacked Wolzogen simultaneously in +French. Armfeldt addressed Pfuel in German. Toll explained to +Volkonski in Russian. Prince Andrew listened and observed in silence. + +Of all these men Prince Andrew sympathized most with Pfuel, angry, +determined, and absurdly self-confident as he was. Of all those +present, evidently he alone was not seeking anything for himself, +nursed no hatred against anyone, and only desired that the plan, +formed on a theory arrived at by years of toil, should be carried out. +He was ridiculous, and unpleasantly sarcastic, but yet he inspired +involuntary respect by his boundless devotion to an idea. Besides +this, the remarks of all except Pfuel had one common trait that had +not been noticeable at the council of war in 1805: there was now a +panic fear of Napoleon's genius, which, though concealed, was +noticeable in every rejoinder. Everything was assumed to be possible +for Napoleon, they expected him from every side, and invoked his +terrible name to shatter each other's proposals. Pfuel alone seemed to +consider Napoleon a barbarian like everyone else who opposed his +theory. But besides this feeling of respect, Pfuel evoked pity in +Prince Andrew. From the tone in which the courtiers addressed him +and the way Paulucci had allowed himself to speak of him to the +Emperor, but above all from a certain desperation in Pfuel's own +expressions, it was clear that the others knew, and Pfuel himself +felt, that his fall was at hand. And despite his self-confidence and +grumpy German sarcasm he was pitiable, with his hair smoothly +brushed on the temples and sticking up in tufts behind. Though he +concealed the fact under a show of irritation and contempt, he was +evidently in despair that the sole remaining chance of verifying his +theory by a huge experiment and proving its soundness to the whole +world was slipping away from him. + +The discussions continued a long time, and the longer they lasted +the more heated became the disputes, culminating in shouts and +personalities, and the less was it possible to arrive at any general +conclusion from all that had been said. Prince Andrew, listening to +this polyglot talk and to these surmises, plans, refutations, and +shouts, felt nothing but amazement at what they were saying. A thought +that had long since and often occurred to him during his military +activities--the idea that there is not and cannot be any science of +war, and that therefore there can be no such thing as a military +genius--now appeared to him an obvious truth. "What theory and science +is possible about a matter the conditions and circumstances of which +are unknown and cannot be defined, especially when the strength of the +acting forces cannot be ascertained? No one was or is able to +foresee in what condition our or the enemy's armies will be in a day's +time, and no one can gauge the force of this or that detachment. +Sometimes--when there is not a coward at the front to shout, 'We are +cut off!' and start running, but a brave and jolly lad who shouts, +'Hurrah!'--a detachment of five thousand is worth thirty thousand, +as at Schon Grabern, while at times fifty thousand run from eight +thousand, as at Austerlitz. What science can there be in a matter in +which, as in all practical matters, nothing can be defined and +everything depends on innumerable conditions, the significance of +which is determined at a particular moment which arrives no one +knows when? Armfeldt says our army is cut in half, and Paulucci says +we have got the French army between two fires; Michaud says that the +worthlessness of the Drissa camp lies in having the river behind it, +and Pfuel says that is what constitutes its strength; Toll proposes +one plan, Armfeldt another, and they are all good and all bad, and the +advantages of any suggestions can be seen only at the moment of trial. +And why do they all speak of a 'military genius'? Is a man a genius +who can order bread to be brought up at the right time and say who +is to go to the right and who to the left? It is only because military +men are invested with pomp and power and crowds of sychophants flatter +power, attributing to it qualities of genius it does not possess. +The best generals I have known were, on the contrary, stupid or +absent-minded men. Bagration was the best, Napoleon himself admitted +that. And of Bonaparte himself! I remember his limited, self-satisfied +face on the field of Austerlitz. Not only does a good army commander +not need any special qualities, on the contrary he needs the absence +of the highest and best human attributes--love, poetry, tenderness, +and philosophic inquiring doubt. He should be limited, firmly +convinced that what he is doing is very important (otherwise he will +not have sufficient patience), and only then will he be a brave +leader. God forbid that he should be humane, should love, or pity, +or think of what is just and unjust. It is understandable that a +theory of their 'genius' was invented for them long ago because they +have power! The success of a military action depends not on them, +but on the man in the ranks who shouts, 'We are lost!' or who +shouts, 'Hurrah!' And only in the ranks can one serve with assurance +of being useful." + +So thought Prince Andrew as he listened to the talking, and he +roused himself only when Paulucci called him and everyone was leaving. + +At the review next day the Emperor asked Prince Andrew where he +would like to serve, and Prince Andrew lost his standing in court +circles forever by not asking to remain attached to the sovereign's +person, but for permission to serve in the army. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +Before the beginning of the campaign, Rostov had received a letter +from his parents in which they told him briefly of Natasha's illness +and the breaking off of her engagement to Prince Andrew (which they +explained by Natasha's having rejected him) and again asked Nicholas +to retire from the army and return home. On receiving this letter, +Nicholas did not even make any attempt to get leave of absence or to +retire from the army, but wrote to his parents that he was sorry +Natasha was ill and her engagement broken off, and that he would do +all he could to meet their wishes. To Sonya he wrote separately. + +"Adored friend of my soul!" he wrote. "Nothing but honor could +keep me from returning to the country. But now, at the commencement of +the campaign, I should feel dishonored, not only in my comrades' +eyes but in my own, if I preferred my own happiness to my love and +duty to the Fatherland. But this shall be our last separation. Believe +me, directly the war is over, if I am still alive and still loved by +you, I will throw up everything and fly to you, to press you forever +to my ardent breast." + +It was, in fact, only the commencement of the campaign that +prevented Rostov from returning home as he had promised and marrying +Sonya. The autumn in Otradnoe with the hunting, and the winter with +the Christmas holidays and Sonya's love, had opened out to him a vista +of tranquil rural joys and peace such as he had never known before, +and which now allured him. "A splendid wife, children, a good pack +of hounds, a dozen leashes of smart borzois, agriculture, neighbors, +service by election..." thought he. But now the campaign was +beginning, and he had to remain with his regiment. And since it had to +be so, Nicholas Rostov, as was natural to him, felt contented with the +life he led in the regiment and was able to find pleasure in that +life. + +On his return from his furlough Nicholas, having been joyfully +welcomed by his comrades, was sent to obtain remounts and brought back +from the Ukraine excellent horses which pleased him and earned him +commendation from his commanders. During his absence he had been +promoted captain, and when the regiment was put on war footing with an +increase in numbers, he was again allotted his old squadron. + +The campaign began, the regiment was moved into Poland on double +pay, new officers arrived, new men and horses, and above all everybody +was infected with the merrily excited mood that goes with the +commencement of a war, and Rostov, conscious of his advantageous +position in the regiment, devoted himself entirely to the pleasures +and interests of military service, though he knew that sooner or later +he would have to relinquish them. + +The troops retired from Vilna for various complicated reasons of +state, political and strategic. Each step of the retreat was +accompanied by a complicated interplay of interests, arguments, and +passions at headquarters. For the Pavlograd hussars, however, the +whole of this retreat during the finest period of summer and with +sufficient supplies was a very simple and agreeable business. + +It was only at headquarters that there was depression, uneasiness, +and intriguing; in the body of the army they did not ask themselves +where they were going or why. If they regretted having to retreat, +it was only because they had to leave billets they had grown +accustomed to, or some pretty young Polish lady. If the thought that +things looked bad chanced to enter anyone's head, he tried to be as +cheerful as befits a good soldier and not to think of the general +trend of affairs, but only of the task nearest to hand. First they +camped gaily before Vilna, making acquaintance with the Polish +landowners, preparing for reviews and being reviewed by the Emperor +and other high commanders. Then came an order to retreat to Sventsyani +and destroy any provisions they could not carry away with them. +Sventsyani was remembered by the hussars only as the drunken camp, a +name the whole army gave to their encampment there, and because many +complaints were made against the troops, who, taking advantage of +the order to collect provisions, took also horses, carriages, and +carpets from the Polish proprietors. Rostov remembered Sventsyani, +because on the first day of their arrival at that small town he +changed his sergeant major and was unable to manage all the drunken +men of his squadron who, unknown to him, had appropriated five barrels +of old beer. From Sventsyani they retired farther and farther to +Drissa, and thence again beyond Drissa, drawing near to the frontier +of Russia proper. + +On the thirteenth of July the Pavlograds took part in a serious +action for the first time. + +On the twelfth of July, on the eve of that action, there was a heavy +storm of rain and hail. In general, the summer of 1812 was +remarkable for its storms. + +The two Pavlograd squadrons were bivouacking on a field of rye, +which was already in ear but had been completely trodden down by +cattle and horses. The rain was descending in torrents, and Rostov, +with a young officer named Ilyin, his protege, was sitting in a +hastily constructed shelter. An officer of their regiment, with long +mustaches extending onto his cheeks, who after riding to the staff had +been overtaken by the rain, entered Rostov's shelter. + +"I have come from the staff, Count. Have you heard of Raevski's +exploit?" + +And the officer gave them details of the Saltanov battle, which he +had heard at the staff. + +Rostov, smoking his pipe and turning his head about as the water +trickled down his neck, listened inattentively, with an occasional +glance at Ilyin, who was pressing close to him. This officer, a lad of +sixteen who had recently joined the regiment, was now in the same +relation to Nicholas that Nicholas had been to Denisov seven years +before. Ilyin tried to imitate Rostov in everything and adored him +as a girl might have done. + +Zdrzhinski, the officer with the long mustache, spoke +grandiloquently of the Saltanov dam being "a Russian Thermopylae," and +of how a deed worthy of antiquity had been performed by General +Raevski. He recounted how Raevski had led his two sons onto the dam +under terrific fire and had charged with them beside him. Rostov heard +the story and not only said nothing to encourage Zdrzhinski's +enthusiasm but, on the contrary, looked like a man ashamed of what +he was hearing, though with no intention of contradicting it. Since +the campaigns of Austerlitz and of 1807 Rostov knew by experience that +men always lie when describing military exploits, as he himself had +done when recounting them; besides that, he had experience enough to +know that nothing happens in war at all as we can imagine or relate +it. And so he did not like Zdrzhinski's tale, nor did he like +Zdrzhinski himself who, with his mustaches extending over his +cheeks, bent low over the face of his hearer, as was his habit, and +crowded Rostov in the narrow shanty. Rostov looked at him in +silence. "In the first place, there must have been such a confusion +and crowding on the dam that was being attacked that if Raevski did +lead his sons there, it could have had no effect except perhaps on +some dozen men nearest to him," thought he, "the rest could not have +seen how or with whom Raevski came onto the dam. And even those who +did see it would not have been much stimulated by it, for what had +they to do with Raevski's tender paternal feelings when their own +skins were in danger? And besides, the fate of the Fatherland did +not depend on whether they took the Saltanov dam or not, as we are +told was the case at Thermopylae. So why should he have made such a +sacrifice? And why expose his own children in the battle? I would +not have taken my brother Petya there, or even Ilyin, who's a stranger +to me but a nice lad, but would have tried to put them somewhere under +cover," Nicholas continued to think, as he listened to Zdrzhinski. But +he did not express his thoughts, for in such matters, too, he had +gained experience. He knew that this tale redounded to the glory of +our arms and so one had to pretend not to doubt it. And he acted +accordingly. + +"I can't stand this any more," said Ilyin, noticing that Rostov +did not relish Zdrzhinski's conversation. "My stockings and shirt... +and the water is running on my seat! I'll go and look for shelter. The +rain seems less heavy." + +Ilyin went out and Zdrzhinski rode away. + +Five minutes later Ilyin, splashing through the mud, came running +back to the shanty. + +"Hurrah! Rostov, come quick! I've found it! About two hundred +yards away there's a tavern where ours have already gathered. We can +at least get dry there, and Mary Hendrikhovna's there." + +Mary Hendrikhovna was the wife of the regimental doctor, a pretty +young German woman he had married in Poland. The doctor, whether +from lack of means or because he did not like to part from his young +wife in the early days of their marriage, took her about with him +wherever the hussar regiment went and his jealousy had become a +standing joke among the hussar officers. + +Rostov threw his cloak over his shoulders, shouted to Lavrushka to +follow with the things, and--now slipping in the mud, now splashing +right through it--set off with Ilyin in the lessening rain and the +darkness that was occasionally rent by distant lightning. + +"Rostov, where are you?" + +"Here. What lightning!" they called to one another. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +In the tavern, before which stood the doctor's covered cart, there +were already some five officers. Mary Hendrikhovna, a plump little +blonde German, in a dressing jacket and nightcap, was sitting on a +broad bench in the front corner. Her husband, the doctor, lay asleep +behind her. Rostov and Ilyin, on entering the room, were welcomed with +merry shouts and laughter. + +"Dear me, how jolly we are!" said Rostov laughing. + +"And why do you stand there gaping?" + +"What swells they are! Why, the water streams from them! Don't +make our drawing room so wet." + +"Don't mess Mary Hendrikhovna's dress!" cried other voices. + +Rostov and Ilyin hastened to find a corner where they could change +into dry clothes without offending Mary Hendrikhovna's modesty. They +were going into a tiny recess behind a partition to change, but +found it completely filled by three officers who sat playing cards +by the light of a solitary candle on an empty box, and these +officers would on no account yield their position. Mary Hendrikhovna +obliged them with the loan of a petticoat to be used as a curtain, and +behind that screen Rostov and Ilyin, helped by Lavrushka who had +brought their kits, changed their wet things for dry ones. + +A fire was made up in the dilapidated brick stove. A board was +found, fixed on two saddles and covered with a horsecloth, a small +samovar was produced and a cellaret and half a bottle of rum, and +having asked Mary Hendrikhovna to preside, they all crowded round her. +One offered her a clean handkerchief to wipe her charming hands, +another spread a jacket under her little feet to keep them from the +damp, another hung his coat over the window to keep out the draft, and +yet another waved the flies off her husband's face, lest he should +wake up. + +"Leave him alone," said Mary Hendrikhovna, smiling timidly and +happily. "He is sleeping well as it is, after a sleepless night." + +"Oh, no, Mary Hendrikhovna," replied the officer, "one must look +after the doctor. Perhaps he'll take pity on me someday, when it comes +to cutting off a leg or an arm for me." + +There were only three tumblers, the water was so muddy that one +could not make out whether the tea was strong or weak, and the samovar +held only six tumblers of water, but this made it all the pleasanter +to take turns in order of seniority to receive one's tumbler from Mary +Hendrikhovna's plump little hands with their short and not overclean +nails. All the officers appeared to be, and really were, in love +with her that evening. Even those playing cards behind the partition +soon left their game and came over to the samovar, yielding to the +general mood of courting Mary Hendrikhovna. She, seeing herself +surrounded by such brilliant and polite young men, beamed with +satisfaction, try as she might to hide it, and perturbed as she +evidently was each time her husband moved in his sleep behind her. + +There was only one spoon, sugar was more plentiful than anything +else, but it took too long to dissolve, so it was decided that Mary +Hendrikhovna should stir the sugar for everyone in turn. Rostov +received his tumbler, and adding some rum to it asked Mary +Hendrikhovna to stir it. + +"But you take it without sugar?" she said, smiling all the time, +as if everything she said and everything the others said was very +amusing and had a double meaning. + +"It is not the sugar I want, but only that your little hand should +stir my tea." + +Mary Hendrikhovna assented and began looking for the spoon which +someone meanwhile had pounced on. + +"Use your finger, Mary Hendrikhovna, it will be still nicer," said +Rostov. + +"Too hot!" she replied, blushing with pleasure. + +Ilyin put a few drops of rum into the bucket of water and brought it +to Mary Hendrikhovna, asking her to stir it with her finger. + +"This is my cup," said he. "Only dip your finger in it and I'll +drink it all up." + +When they had emptied the samovar, Rostov took a pack of cards and +proposed that they should play "Kings" with Mary Hendrikhovna. They +drew lots to settle who should make up her set. At Rostov's suggestion +it was agreed that whoever became "King" should have the right to kiss +Mary Hendrikhovna's hand, and that the "Booby" should go to refill and +reheat the samovar for the doctor when the latter awoke. + +"Well, but supposing Mary Hendrikhovna is 'King'?" asked Ilyin. + +"As it is, she is Queen, and her word is law!" + +They had hardly begun to play before the doctor's disheveled head +suddenly appeared from behind Mary Hendrikhovna. He had been awake for +some time, listening to what was being said, and evidently found +nothing entertaining or amusing in what was going on. His face was sad +and depressed. Without greeting the officers, he scratched himself and +asked to be allowed to pass as they were blocking the way. As soon +as he had left the room all the officers burst into loud laughter +and Mary Hendrikhovna blushed till her eyes filled with tears and +thereby became still more attractive to them. Returning from the yard, +the doctor told his wife (who had ceased to smile so happily, and +looked at him in alarm, awaiting her sentence) that the rain had +ceased and they must go to sleep in their covered cart, or +everything in it would be stolen. + +"But I'll send an orderly.... Two of them!" said Rostov. "What an +idea, doctor!" + +"I'll stand guard on it myself!" said Ilyin. + +"No, gentlemen, you have had your sleep, but I have not slept for +two nights," replied the doctor, and he sat down morosely beside his +wife, waiting for the game to end. + +Seeing his gloomy face as he frowned at his wife, the officers +grew still merrier, and some of them could not refrain from +laughter, for which they hurriedly sought plausible pretexts. When +he had gone, taking his wife with him, and had settled down with her +in their covered cart, the officers lay down in the tavern, covering +themselves with their wet cloaks, but they did not sleep for a long +time; now they exchanged remarks, recalling the doctor's uneasiness +and his wife's delight, now they ran out into the porch and reported +what was taking place in the covered trap. Several times Rostov, +covering his head, tried to go to sleep, but some remark would +arouse him and conversation would be resumed, to the accompaniment +of unreasoning, merry, childlike laughter. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +It was nearly three o'clock but no one was yet asleep, when the +quartermaster appeared with an order to move on to the little town +of Ostrovna. Still laughing and talking, the officers began +hurriedly getting ready and again boiled some muddy water +in the samovar. But Rostov went off to his squadron without waiting +for tea. Day was breaking, the rain had ceased, and the clouds were +dispersing. It felt damp and cold, especially in clothes that were +still moist. As they left the tavern in the twilight of the dawn, +Rostov and Ilyin both glanced under the wet and glistening leather +hood of the doctor's cart, from under the apron of which his feet were +sticking out, and in the middle of which his wife's nightcap was +visible and her sleepy breathing audible. + +"She really is a dear little thing," said Rostov to Ilyin, who was +following him. + +"A charming woman!" said Ilyin, with all the gravity of a boy of +sixteen. + +Half an hour later the squadron was lined up on the road. The +command was heard to "mount" and the soldiers crossed themselves and +mounted. Rostov riding in front gave the order "Forward!" and the +hussars, with clanking sabers and subdued talk, their horses' hoofs +splashing in the mud, defiled in fours and moved along the broad +road planted with birch trees on each side, following the infantry and +a battery that had gone on in front. + +Tattered, blue-purple clouds, reddening in the east, were scudding +before the wind. It was growing lighter and lighter. That curly +grass which always grows by country roadsides became clearly +visible, still wet with the night's rain; the drooping branches of the +birches, also wet, swayed in the wind and flung down bright drops of +water to one side. The soldiers' faces were more and more clearly +visible. Rostov, always closely followed by Ilyin, rode along the side +of the road between two rows of birch trees. + +When campaigning, Rostov allowed himself the indulgence of riding +not a regimental but a Cossack horse. A judge of horses and a +sportsman, he had lately procured himself a large, fine, mettlesome, +Donets horse, dun-colored, with light mane and tail, and when he +rode it no one could outgallop him. To ride this horse was a +pleasure to him, and he thought of the horse, of the morning, of the +doctor's wife, but not once of the impending danger. + +Formerly, when going into action, Rostov had felt afraid; now he had +not the least feeling of fear. He was fearless, not because he had +grown used to being under fire (one cannot grow used to danger), but +because he had learned how to manage his thoughts when in danger. He +had grown accustomed when going into action to think about anything +but what would seem most likely to interest him--the impending danger. +During the first period of his service, hard as he tried and much as +he reproached himself with cowardice, he had not been able to do this, +but with time it had come of itself. Now he rode beside Ilyin under +the birch trees, occasionally plucking leaves from a branch that met +his hand, sometimes touching his horse's side with his foot, or, +without turning round, handing a pipe he had finished to an hussar +riding behind him, with as calm and careless an air as though he +were merely out for a ride. He glanced with pity at the excited face +of Ilyin, who talked much and in great agitation. He knew from +experience the tormenting expectation of terror and death the cornet +was suffering and knew that only time could help him. + +As soon as the sun appeared in a clear strip of sky beneath the +clouds, the wind fell, as if it dared not spoil the beauty of the +summer morning after the storm; drops still continued to fall, but +vertically now, and all was still. The whole sun appeared on the +horizon and disappeared behind a long narrow cloud that hung above it. +A few minutes later it reappeared brighter still from behind the top +of the cloud, tearing its edge. Everything grew bright and +glittered. And with that light, and as if in reply to it, came the +sound of guns ahead of them. + +Before Rostov had had time to consider and determine the distance of +that firing, Count Ostermann-Tolstoy's adjutant came galloping from +Vitebsk with orders to advance at a trot along the road. + +The squadron overtook and passed the infantry and the battery--which +had also quickened their pace--rode down a hill, and passing through +an empty and deserted village again ascended. The horses began to +lather and the men to flush. + +"Halt! Dress your ranks!" the order of the regimental commander +was heard ahead. "Forward by the left. Walk, march!" came the order +from in front. + +And the hussars, passing along the line of troops on the left +flank of our position, halted behind our Uhlans who were in the +front line. To the right stood our infantry in a dense column: they +were the reserve. Higher up the hill, on the very horizon, our guns +were visible through the wonderfully clear air, brightly illuminated +by slanting morning sunbeams. In front, beyond a hollow dale, could be +seen the enemy's columns and guns. Our advanced line, already in +action, could be heard briskly exchanging shots with the enemy in +the dale. + +At these sounds, long unheard, Rostov's spirits rose, as at the +strains of the merriest music. Trap-ta-ta-tap! cracked the shots, +now together, now several quickly one after another. Again all was +silent and then again it sounded as if someone were walking on +detonators and exploding them. + +The hussars remained in the same place for about an hour. A +cannonade began. Count Ostermann with his suite rode up behind the +squadron, halted, spoke to the commander of the regiment, and rode +up the hill to the guns. + +After Ostermann had gone, a command rang out to the Uhlans. + +"Form column! Prepare to charge!" + +The infantry in front of them parted into platoons to allow the +cavalry to pass. The Uhlans started, the streamers on their spears +fluttering, and trotted downhill toward the French cavalry which was +seen below to the left. + +As soon as the Uhlans descended the hill, the hussars were ordered +up the hill to support the battery. As they took the places vacated by +the Uhlans, bullets came from the front, whining and whistling, but +fell spent without taking effect. + +The sounds, which he had not heard for so long, had an even more +pleasurable and exhilarating effect on Rostov than the previous sounds +of firing. Drawing himself up, he viewed the field of battle opening +out before him from the hill, and with his whole soul followed the +movement of the Uhlans. They swooped down close to the French +dragoons, something confused happened there amid the smoke, and five +minutes later our Uhlans were galloping back, not to the place they +had occupied but more to the left, and among the orange-colored Uhlans +on chestnut horses and behind them, in a large group, blue French +dragoons on gray horses could be seen. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +Rostov, with his keen sportsman's eye, was one of the first to catch +sight of these blue French dragoons pursuing our Uhlans. Nearer and +nearer in disorderly crowds came the Uhlans and the French dragoons +pursuing them. He could already see how these men, who looked so small +at the foot of the hill, jostled and overtook one another, waving +their arms and their sabers in the air. + +Rostov gazed at what was happening before him as at a hunt. He +felt instinctively that if the hussars struck at the French dragoons +now, the latter could not withstand them, but if a charge was to be +made it must be done now, at that very moment, or it would be too +late. He looked around. A captain, standing beside him, was gazing +like himself with eyes fixed on the cavalry below them. + +"Andrew Sevastyanych!" said Rostov. "You know, we could crush +them...." + +"A fine thing too!" replied the captain, "and really..." + +Rostov, without waiting to hear him out, touched his horse, galloped +to the front of his squadron, and before he had time to finish +giving the word of command, the whole squadron, sharing his feeling, +was following him. Rostov himself did not know how or why he did it. +He acted as he did when hunting, without reflecting or considering. He +saw the dragoons near and that they were galloping in disorder; he +knew they could not withstand an attack--knew there was only that +moment and that if he let it slip it would not return. The bullets +were whining and whistling so stimulatingly around him and his horse +was so eager to go that he could not restrain himself. He touched +his horse, gave the word of command, and immediately, hearing behind +him the tramp of the horses of his deployed squadron, rode at full +trot downhill toward the dragoons. Hardly had they reached the +bottom of the hill before their pace instinctively changed to a +gallop, which grew faster and faster as they drew nearer to our Uhlans +and the French dragoons who galloped after them. The dragoons were now +close at hand. On seeing the hussars, the foremost began to turn, +while those behind began to halt. With the same feeling with which +he had galloped across the path of a wolf, Rostov gave rein to his +Donets horse and galloped to intersect the path of the dragoons' +disordered lines. One Uhlan stopped, another who was on foot flung +himself to the ground to avoid being knocked over, and a riderless +horse fell in among the hussars. Nearly all the French dragoons were +galloping back. Rostov, picking out one on a gray horse, dashed +after him. On the way he came upon a bush, his gallant horse cleared +it, and almost before he had righted himself in his saddle he saw that +he would immediately overtake the enemy he had selected. That +Frenchman, by his uniform an officer, was going at a gallop, crouching +on his gray horse and urging it on with his saber. In another moment +Rostov's horse dashed its breast against the hindquarters of the +officer's horse, almost knocking it over, and at the same instant +Rostov, without knowing why, raised his saber and struck the Frenchman +with it. + +The instant he had done this, all Rostov's animation vanished. The +officer fell, not so much from the blow--which had but slightly cut +his arm above the elbow--as from the shock to his horse and from +fright. Rostov reined in his horse, and his eyes sought his foe to see +whom he had vanquished. The French dragoon officer was hopping with +one foot on the ground, the other being caught in the stirrup. His +eyes, screwed up with fear as if he every moment expected another +blow, gazed up at Rostov with shrinking terror. His pale and +mud-stained face--fair and young, with a dimple in the chin and +light-blue eyes--was not an enemy's face at all suited to a +battlefield, but a most ordinary, homelike face. Before Rostov had +decided what to do with him, the officer cried, "I surrender!" He +hurriedly but vainly tried to get his foot out of the stirrup and +did not remove his frightened blue eyes from Rostov's face. Some +hussars who galloped up disengaged his foot and helped him into the +saddle. On all sides, the hussars were busy with the dragoons; one was +wounded, but though his face was bleeding, he would not give up his +horse; another was perched up behind an hussar with his arms round +him; a third was being helped by an hussar to mount his horse. In +front, the French infantry were firing as they ran. The hussars +galloped hastily back with their prisoners. Rostov galloped back +with the rest, aware of an unpleasant feeling of depression in his +heart. Something vague and confused, which he could not at all account +for, had come over him with the capture of that officer and the blow +he had dealt him. + +Count Ostermann-Tolstoy met the returning hussars, sent for +Rostov, thanked him, and said he would report his gallant deed to +the Emperor and would recommend him for a St. George's Cross. When +sent for by Count Ostermann, Rostov, remembering that he had charged +without orders, felt sure his commander was sending for him to +punish him for breach of discipline. Ostermann's flattering words +and promise of a reward should therefore have struck him all the +more pleasantly, but he still felt that same vaguely disagreeable +feeling of moral nausea. "But what on earth is worrying me?" he +asked himself as he rode back from the general. "Ilyin? No, he's safe. +Have I disgraced myself in any way? No, that's not it." Something +else, resembling remorse, tormented him. "Yes, oh yes, that French +officer with the dimple. And I remember how my arm paused when I +raised it." + +Rostov saw the prisoners being led away and galloped after them to +have a look at his Frenchman with the dimple on his chin. He was +sitting in his foreign uniform on an hussar packhorse and looked +anxiously about him; The sword cut on his arm could scarcely be called +a wound. He glanced at Rostov with a feigned smile and waved his +hand in greeting. Rostov still had the same indefinite feeling, as +of shame. + +All that day and the next his friends and comrades noticed that +Rostov, without being dull or angry, was silent, thoughtful, and +preoccupied. He drank reluctantly, tried to remain alone, and kept +turning something over in his mind. + +Rostov was always thinking about that brilliant exploit of his, +which to his amazement had gained him the St. George's Cross and +even given him a reputation for bravery, and there was something he +could not at all understand. "So others are even more afraid than I +am!" he thought. "So that's all there is in what is called heroism! +And heroism! And did I do it for my country's sake? And how was he +to blame, with his dimple and blue eyes? And how frightened he was! He +thought that I should kill him. Why should I kill him? My hand +trembled. And they have given me a St. George's Cross.... I can't make +it out at all." + +But while Nicholas was considering these questions and still could +reach no clear solution of what puzzled him so, the wheel of fortune +in the service, as often happens, turned in his favor. After the +affair at Ostrovna he was brought into notice, received command of +an hussar battalion, and when a brave officer was needed he was +chosen. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +On receiving news of Natasha's illness, the countess, though not +quite well yet and still weak, went to Moscow with Petya and the +rest of the household, and the whole family moved from Marya +Dmitrievna's house to their own and settled down in town. + +Natasha's illness was so serious that, fortunately for her and for +her parents, the consideration of all that had caused the illness, her +conduct and the breaking off of her engagement, receded into the +background. She was so ill that it was impossible for them to consider +in how far she was to blame for what had happened. She could not eat +or sleep, grew visibly thinner, coughed, and, as the doctors made them +feel, was in danger. They could not think of anything but how to +help her. Doctors came to see her singly and in consultation, talked +much in French, German, and Latin, blamed one another, and +prescribed a great variety of medicines for all the diseases known +to them, but the simple idea never occurred to any of them that they +could not know the disease Natasha was suffering from, as no disease +suffered by a live man can be known, for every living person has his +own peculiarities and always has his own peculiar, personal, novel, +complicated disease, unknown to medicine--not a disease of the +lungs, liver, skin, heart, nerves, and so on mentioned in medical +books, but a disease consisting of one of the innumerable combinations +of the maladies of those organs. This simple thought could not occur +to the doctors (as it cannot occur to a wizard that he is unable to +work his charms) because the business of their lives was to cure, +and they received money for it and had spent the best years of their +lives on that business. But, above all, that thought was kept out of +their minds by the fact that they saw they were really useful, as in +fact they were to the whole Rostov family. Their usefulness did not +depend on making the patient swallow substances for the most part +harmful (the harm was scarcely perceptible, as they were given in +small doses), but they were useful, necessary, and indispensable +because they satisfied a mental need of the invalid and of those who +loved her--and that is why there are, and always will be, +pseudo-healers, wise women, homeopaths, and allopaths. They +satisfied that eternal human need for hope of relief, for sympathy, +and that something should be done, which is felt by those who are +suffering. They satisfied the need seen in its most elementary form in +a child, when it wants to have a place rubbed that has been hurt. A +child knocks itself and runs at once to the arms of its mother or +nurse to have the aching spot rubbed or kissed, and it feels better +when this is done. The child cannot believe that the strongest and +wisest of its people have no remedy for its pain, and the hope of +relief and the expression of its mother's sympathy while she rubs +the bump comforts it. The doctors were of use to Natasha because +they kissed and rubbed her bump, assuring her that it would soon +pass if only the coachman went to the chemist's in the Arbat and got a +powder and some pills in a pretty box of a ruble and seventy kopeks, +and if she took those powders in boiled water at intervals of +precisely two hours, neither more nor less. + +What would Sonya and the count and countess have done, how would +they have looked, if nothing had been done, if there had not been +those pills to give by the clock, the warm drinks, the chicken +cutlets, and all the other details of life ordered by the doctors, the +carrying out of which supplied an occupation and consolation to the +family circle? How would the count have borne his dearly loved +daughter's illness had he not known that it was costing him a thousand +rubles, and that he would not grudge thousands more to benefit her, or +had he not known that if her illness continued he would not grudge yet +other thousands and would take her abroad for consultations there, and +had he not been able to explain the details of how Metivier and Feller +had not understood the symptoms, but Frise had, and Mudrov had +diagnosed them even better? What would the countess have done had +she not been able sometimes to scold the invalid for not strictly +obeying the doctor's orders? + +"You'll never get well like that," she would say, forgetting her +grief in her vexation, "if you won't obey the doctor and take your +medicine at the right time! You mustn't trifle with it, you know, or +it may turn to pneumonia," she would go on, deriving much comfort from +the utterance of that foreign word, incomprehensible to others as well +as to herself. + +What would Sonya have done without the glad consciousness that she +had not undressed during the first three nights, in order to be +ready to carry out all the doctor's injunctions with precision, and +that she still kept awake at night so as not to miss the proper time +when the slightly harmful pills in the little gilt box had to be +administered? Even to Natasha herself it was pleasant to see that so +many sacrifices were being made for her sake, and to know that she had +to take medicine at certain hours, though she declared that no +medicine would cure her and that it was all nonsense. And it was +even pleasant to be able to show, by disregarding the orders, that she +did not believe in medical treatment and did not value her life. + +The doctor came every day, felt her pulse, looked at her tongue, and +regardless of her grief-stricken face joked with her. But when he +had gone into another room, to which the countess hurriedly followed +him, he assumed a grave air and thoughtfully shaking his head said +that though there was danger, he had hopes of the effect of this +last medicine and one must wait and see, that the malady was chiefly +mental, but... And the countess, trying to conceal the action from +herself and from him, slipped a gold coin into his hand and always +returned to the patient with a more tranquil mind. + +The symptoms of Natasha's illness were that she ate little, slept +little, coughed, and was always low-spirited. The doctors said that +she could not get on without medical treatment, so they kept her in +the stifling atmosphere of the town, and the Rostovs did not move to +the country that summer of 1812. + +In spite of the many pills she swallowed and the drops and powders +out of the little bottles and boxes of which Madame Schoss who was +fond of such things made a large collection, and in spite of being +deprived of the country life to which she was accustomed, youth +prevailed. Natasha's grief began to be overlaid by the impressions +of daily life, it ceased to press so painfully on her heart, it +gradually faded into the past, and she began to recover physically. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Natasha was calmer but no happier. She not merely avoided all +external forms of pleasure--balls, promenades, concerts, and theaters- +but she never laughed without a sound of tears in her laughter. She +could not sing. As soon as she began to laugh, or tried to sing by +herself, tears choked her: tears of remorse, tears at the recollection +of those pure times which could never return, tears of vexation that +she should so uselessly have ruined her young life which might have +been so happy. Laughter and singing in particular seemed to her like a +blasphemy, in face of her sorrow. Without any need of +self-restraint, no wish to coquet ever entered her head. She said +and felt at that time that no man was more to her than Nastasya +Ivanovna, the buffoon. Something stood sentinel within her and forbade +her every joy. Besides, she had lost all the old interests of her +carefree girlish life that had been so full of hope. The previous +autumn, the hunting, "Uncle," and the Christmas holidays spent with +Nicholas at Otradnoe were what she recalled oftenest and most +painfully. What would she not have given to bring back even a single +day of that time! But it was gone forever. Her presentiment at the +time had not deceived her--that that state of freedom and readiness +for any enjoyment would not return again. Yet it was necessary to live +on. + +It comforted her to reflect that she was not better as she had +formerly imagined, but worse, much worse, than anybody else in the +world. But this was not enough. She knew that, and asked herself, +"What next?" But there was nothing to come. There was no joy in +life, yet life was passing. Natasha apparently tried not to be a +burden or a hindrance to anyone, but wanted nothing for herself. She +kept away from everyone in the house and felt at ease only with her +brother Petya. She liked to be with him better than with the others, +and when alone with him she sometimes laughed. She hardly ever left +the house and of those who came to see them was glad to see only one +person, Pierre. It would have been impossible to treat her with more +delicacy, greater care, and at the same time more seriously than did +Count Bezukhov. Natasha unconsciously felt this delicacy and so +found great pleasure in his society. But she was not even grateful +to him for it; nothing good on Pierre's part seemed to her to be an +effort, it seemed so natural for him to be kind to everyone that there +was no merit in his kindness. Sometimes Natasha noticed +embarrassment and awkwardness on his part in her presence, +especially when he wanted to do something to please her, or feared +that something they spoke of would awaken memories distressing to her. +She noticed this and attributed it to his general kindness and +shyness, which she imagined must be the same toward everyone as it was +to her. After those involuntary words--that if he were free he would +have asked on his knees for her hand and her love--uttered at a moment +when she was so strongly agitated, Pierre never spoke to Natasha of +his feelings; and it seemed plain to her that those words, which had +then so comforted her, were spoken as all sorts of meaningless words +are spoken to comfort a crying child. It was not because Pierre was +a married man, but because Natasha felt very strongly with him that +moral barrier the absence of which she had experienced with Kuragin +that it never entered her head that the relations between him and +herself could lead to love on her part, still less on his, or even +to the kind of tender, self-conscious, romantic friendship between a +man and a woman of which she had known several instances. + +Before the end of the fast of St. Peter, Agrafena Ivanovna Belova, a +country neighbor of the Rostovs, came to Moscow to pay her devotions +at the shrines of the Moscow saints. She suggested that Natasha should +fast and prepare for Holy Communion, and Natasha gladly welcomed the +idea. Despite the doctor's orders that she should not go out early +in the morning, Natasha insisted on fasting and preparing for the +sacrament, not as they generally prepared for it in the Rostov +family by attending three services in their own house, but as Agrafena +Ivanovna did, by going to church every day for a week and not once +missing Vespers, Matins, or Mass. + +The countess was pleased with Natasha's zeal; after the poor results +of the medical treatment, in the depths of her heart she hoped that +prayer might help her daughter more than medicines and, though not +without fear and concealing it from the doctor, she agreed to +Natasha's wish and entrusted her to Belova. Agrafena Ivanovna used +to come to wake Natasha at three in the morning, but generally found +her already awake. She was afraid of being late for Matins. Hastily +washing, and meekly putting on her shabbiest dress and an old +mantilla, Natasha, shivering in the fresh air, went out into the +deserted streets lit by the clear light of dawn. By Agrafena +Ivanovna's advice Natasha prepared herself not in their own parish, +but at a church where, according to the devout Agrafena Ivanovna, +the priest was a man of very severe and lofty life. There were never +many people in the church; Natasha always stood beside Belova in the +customary place before an icon of the Blessed Virgin, let into the +screen before the choir on the left side, and a feeling, new to her, +of humility before something great and incomprehensible, seized her +when at that unusual morning hour, gazing at the dark face of the +Virgin illuminated by the candles burning before it and by the morning +light falling from the window, she listened to the words of the +service which she tried to follow with understanding. When she +understood them her personal feeling became interwoven in the +prayers with shades of its own. When she did not understand, it was +sweeter still to think that the wish to understand everything is +pride, that it is impossible to understand all, that it is only +necessary to believe and to commit oneself to God, whom she felt +guiding her soul at those moments. She crossed herself, bowed low, and +when she did not understand, in horror at her own vileness, simply +asked God to forgive her everything, everything, to have mercy upon +her. The prayers to which she surrendered herself most of all were +those of repentance. On her way home at an early hour when she met +no one but bricklayers going to work or men sweeping the street, and +everybody within the houses was still asleep, Natasha experienced a +feeling new to her, a sense of the possibility of correcting her +faults, the possibility of a new, clean life, and of happiness. + +During the whole week she spent in this way, that feeling grew every +day. And the happiness of taking communion, or "communing" as Agrafena +Ivanovna, joyously playing with the word, called it, seemed to Natasha +so great that she felt she should never live till that blessed Sunday. + +But the happy day came, and on that memorable Sunday, when, +dressed in white muslin, she returned home after communion, for the +first time for many months she felt calm and not oppressed by the +thought of the life that lay before her. + +The doctor who came to see her that day ordered her to continue +the powders he had prescribed a fortnight previously. + +"She must certainly go on taking them morning and evening," said he, +evidently sincerely satisfied with his success. "Only, please be +particular about it. + +"Be quite easy," he continued playfully, as he adroitly took the +gold coin in his palm. "She will soon be singing and frolicking about. +The last medicine has done her a very great deal of good. She has +freshened up very much." + +The countess, with a cheerful expression on her face, looked down at +her nails and spat a little for luck as she returned to the drawing +room. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +At the beginning of July more and more disquieting reports about the +war began to spread in Moscow; people spoke of an appeal by the +Emperor to the people, and of his coming himself from the army to +Moscow. And as up to the eleventh of July no manifesto or appeal had +been received, exaggerated reports became current about them and about +the position of Russia. It was said that the Emperor was leaving the +army because it was in danger, it was said that Smolensk had +surrendered, that Napoleon had an army of a million and only a miracle +could save Russia. + +On the eleventh of July, which was Saturday, the manifesto was +received but was not yet in print, and Pierre, who was at the +Rostovs', promised to come to dinner next day, Sunday, and bring a +copy of the manifesto and appeal, which he would obtain from Count +Rostopchin. + +That Sunday, the Rostovs went to Mass at the Razumovskis' private +chapel as usual. It was a hot July day. Even at ten o'clock, when +the Rostovs got out of their carriage at the chapel, the sultry air, +the shouts of hawkers, the light and gay summer clothes of the +crowd, the dusty leaves of the trees on the boulevard, the sounds of +the band and the white trousers of a battalion marching to parade, the +rattling of wheels on the cobblestones, and the brilliant, hot +sunshine were all full of that summer languor, that content and +discontent with the present, which is most strongly felt on a +bright, hot day in town. All the Moscow notabilities, all the Rostovs' +acquaintances, were at the Razumovskis' chapel, for, as if expecting +something to happen, many wealthy families who usually left town for +their country estates had not gone away that summer. As Natasha, at +her mother's side, passed through the crowd behind a liveried +footman who cleared the way for them, she heard a young man speaking +about her in too loud a whisper. + +"That's Rostova, the one who..." + +"She's much thinner, but all the same she's pretty!" + +She heard, or thought she heard, the names of Kuragin and Bolkonski. +But she was always imagining that. It always seemed to her that +everyone who looked at her was thinking only of what had happened to +her. With a sinking heart, wretched as she always was now when she +found herself in a crowd, Natasha in her lilac silk dress trimmed with +black lace walked--as women can walk--with the more repose and +stateliness the greater the pain and shame in her soul. She knew for +certain that she was pretty, but this no longer gave her +satisfaction as it used to. On the contrary it tormented her more than +anything else of late, and particularly so on this bright, hot +summer day in town. "It's Sunday again--another week past," she +thought, recalling that she had been here the Sunday before, "and +always the same life that is no life, and the same surroundings in +which it used to be so easy to live. I'm pretty, I'm young, and I know +that now I am good. I used to be bad, but now I know I am good," she +thought, "but yet my best years are slipping by and are no good to +anyone." She stood by her mother's side and exchanged nods with +acquaintances near her. From habit she scrutinized the ladies' +dresses, condemned the bearing of a lady standing close by who was not +crossing herself properly but in a cramped manner, and again she +thought with vexation that she was herself being judged and was +judging others, and suddenly, at the sound of the service, she felt +horrified at her own vileness, horrified that the former purity of her +soul was again lost to her. + +A comely, fresh-looking old man was conducting the service with that +mild solemnity which has so elevating and soothing an effect on the +souls of the worshipers. The gates of the sanctuary screen were +closed, the curtain was slowly drawn, and from behind it a soft +mysterious voice pronounced some words. Tears, the cause of which +she herself did not understand, made Natasha's breast heave, and a +joyous but oppressive feeling agitated her. + +"Teach me what I should do, how to live my life, how I may grow good +forever, forever!" she pleaded. + +The deacon came out onto the raised space before the altar screen +and, holding his thumb extended, drew his long hair from under his +dalmatic and, making the sign of the cross on his breast, began in a +loud and solemn voice to recite the words of the prayer... + +"In peace let us pray unto the Lord." + +"As one community, without distinction of class, without enmity, +united by brotherly love--let us pray!" thought Natasha. + +"For the peace that is from above, and for the salvation of our +souls." + +"For the world of angels and all the spirits who dwell above us," +prayed Natasha. + +When they prayed for the warriors, she thought of her brother and +Denisov. When they prayed for all traveling by land and sea, she +remembered Prince Andrew, prayed for him, and asked God to forgive her +all the wrongs she had done him. When they prayed for those who love +us, she prayed for the members of her own family, her father and +mother and Sonya, realizing for the first time how wrongly she had +acted toward them, and feeling all the strength of her love for +them. When they prayed for those who hate us, she tried to think of +her enemies and people who hated her, in order to pray for them. She +included among her enemies the creditors and all who had business +dealings with her father, and always at the thought of enemies and +those who hated her she remembered Anatole who had done her so much +harm--and though he did not hate her she gladly prayed for him as +for an enemy. Only at prayer did she feel able to think clearly and +calmly of Prince Andrew and Anatole, as men for whom her feelings were +as nothing compared with her awe and devotion to God. When they prayed +for the Imperial family and the Synod, she bowed very low and made the +sign of the cross, saying to herself that even if she did not +understand, still she could not doubt, and at any rate loved the +governing Synod and prayed for it. + +When he had finished the Litany the deacon crossed the stole over +his breast and said, "Let us commit ourselves and our whole lives to +Christ the Lord!" + +"Commit ourselves to God," Natasha inwardly repeated. "Lord God, I +submit myself to Thy will!" she thought. "I want nothing, wish for +nothing; teach me what to do and how to use my will! Take me, take +me!" prayed Natasha, with impatient emotion in her heart, not crossing +herself but letting her slender arms hang down as if expecting some +invisible power at any moment to take her and deliver her from +herself, from her regrets, desires, remorse, hopes, and sins. + +The countess looked round several times at her daughter's softened +face and shining eyes and prayed God to help her. + +Unexpectedly, in the middle of the service, and not in the usual +order Natasha knew so well, the deacon brought out a small stool, +the one he knelt on when praying on Trinity Sunday, and placed it +before the doors of the sanctuary screen. The priest came out with his +purple velvet biretta on his head, adjusted his hair, and knelt down +with an effort. Everybody followed his example and they looked at +one another in surprise. Then came the prayer just received from the +Synod--a prayer for the deliverance of Russia from hostile invasion. + +"Lord God of might, God of our salvation!" began the priest in +that voice, clear, not grandiloquent but mild, in which only the +Slav clergy read and which acts so irresistibly on a Russian heart. + +"Lord God of might, God of our salvation! Look this day in mercy and +blessing on Thy humble people, and graciously hear us, spare us, and +have mercy upon us! This foe confounding Thy land, desiring to lay +waste the whole world, rises against us; these lawless men are +gathered together to overthrow Thy kingdom, to destroy Thy dear +Jerusalem, Thy beloved Russia; to defile Thy temples, to overthrow +Thine altars, and to desecrate our holy shrines. How long, O Lord, how +long shall the wicked triumph? How long shall they wield unlawful +power? + +"Lord God! Hear us when we pray to Thee; strengthen with Thy might +our most gracious sovereign lord, the Emperor Alexander Pavlovich; +be mindful of his uprightness and meekness, reward him according to +his righteousness, and let it preserve us, Thy chosen Israel! Bless +his counsels, his undertakings, and his work; strengthen his kingdom +by Thine almighty hand, and give him victory over his enemy, even as +Thou gavest Moses the victory over Amalek, Gideon over Midian, and +David over Goliath. Preserve his army, put a bow of brass in the hands +of those who have armed themselves in Thy Name, and gird their loins +with strength for the fight. Take up the spear and shield and arise to +help us; confound and put to shame those who have devised evil against +us, may they be before the faces of Thy faithful warriors as dust +before the wind, and may Thy mighty Angel confound them and put them +to flight; may they be ensnared when they know it not, and may the +plots they have laid in secret be turned against them; let them fall +before Thy servants' feet and be laid low by our hosts! Lord, Thou art +able to save both great and small; Thou art God, and man cannot +prevail against Thee! + +"God of our fathers! Remember Thy bounteous mercy and +loving-kindness which are from of old; turn not Thy face from us, +but be gracious to our unworthiness, and in Thy great goodness and Thy +many mercies regard not our transgressions and iniquities! Create in +us a clean heart and renew a right spirit within us, strengthen us all +in Thy faith, fortify our hope, inspire us with true love one for +another, arm us with unity of spirit in the righteous defense of the +heritage Thou gavest to us and to our fathers, and let not the scepter +of the wicked be exalted against the destiny of those Thou hast +sanctified. + +"O Lord our God, in whom we believe and in whom we put our trust, +let us not be confounded in our hope of Thy mercy, and give us a token +of Thy blessing, that those who hate us and our Orthodox faith may see +it and be put to shame and perish, and may all the nations know that +Thou art the Lord and we are Thy people. Show Thy mercy upon us this +day, O Lord, and grant us Thy salvation; make the hearts of Thy +servants to rejoice in Thy mercy; smite down our enemies and destroy +them swiftly beneath the feet of Thy faithful servants! For Thou art +the defense, the succor, and the victory of them that put their +trust in Thee, and to Thee be all glory, to Father, Son, and Holy +Ghost, now and forever, world without end. Amen." + +In Natasha's receptive condition of soul this prayer affected her +strongly. She listened to every word about the victory of Moses over +Amalek, of Gideon over Midian, and of David over Goliath, and about +the destruction of "Thy Jerusalem," and she prayed to God with the +tenderness and emotion with which her heart was overflowing, but +without fully understanding what she was asking of God in that prayer. +She shared with all her heart in the prayer for the spirit of +righteousness, for the strengthening of the heart by faith and hope, +and its animation by love. But she could not pray that her enemies +might be trampled under foot when but a few minutes before she had +been wishing she had more of them that she might pray for them. But +neither could she doubt the righteousness of the prayer that was being +read on bended knees. She felt in her heart a devout and tremulous awe +at the thought of the punishment that overtakes men for their sins, +and especially of her own sins, and she prayed to God to forgive +them all, and her too, and to give them all, and her too, peace and +happiness. And it seemed to her that God heard her prayer. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +From the day when Pierre, after leaving the Rostovs' with +Natasha's grateful look fresh in his mind, had gazed at the comet that +seemed to be fixed in the sky and felt that something new was +appearing on his own horizon--from that day the problem of the +vanity and uselessness of all earthly things, that had incessantly +tormented him, no longer presented itself. That terrible question +"Why?" "Wherefore?" which had come to him amid every occupation, was +now replaced, not by another question or by a reply to the former +question, but by her image. When he listened to, or himself took +part in, trivial conversations, when he read or heard of human +baseness or folly, he was not horrified as formerly, and did not ask +himself why men struggled so about these things when all is so +transient and incomprehensible--but he remembered her as he had last +seen her, and all his doubts vanished--not because she had answered +the questions that had haunted him, but because his conception of +her transferred him instantly to another, a brighter, realm of +spiritual activity in which no one could be justified or guilty--a +realm of beauty and love which it was worth living for. Whatever +worldly baseness presented itself to him, he said to himself: + +"Well, supposing N. N. swindled the country and the Tsar, and the +country and the Tsar confer honors upon him, what does that matter? +She smiled at me yesterday and asked me to come again, and I love her, +and no one will ever know it." And his soul felt calm and peaceful. + +Pierre still went into society, drank as much and led the same +idle and dissipated life, because besides the hours he spent at the +Rostovs' there were other hours he had to spend somehow, and the +habits and acquaintances he had made in Moscow formed a current that +bore him along irresistibly. But latterly, when more and more +disquieting reports came from the seat of war and Natasha's health +began to improve and she no longer aroused in him the former feeling +of careful pity, an ever-increasing restlessness, which he could not +explain, took possession of him. He felt that the condition he was +in could not continue long, that a catastrophe was coming which +would change his whole life, and he impatiently sought everywhere +for signs of that approaching catastrophe. One of his brother Masons +had revealed to Pierre the following prophecy concerning Napoleon, +drawn from the Revelation of St. John. + +In chapter 13, verse 18, of the Apocalypse, it is said: + + +Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number +of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six +hundred threescore and six. + +And in the fifth verse of the same chapter: + + +And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and +blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two +months. + + +The French alphabet, written out with the same numerical values as +the Hebrew, in which the first nine letters denote units and the +others tens, will have the following significance: + + a b c d e f g h i k + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + l m n o p q r s + 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 + t u v w x y + 100 110 120 130 140 150 + z + 160 + + +Writing the words L'Empereur Napoleon in numbers, it appears that +the sum of them is 666, and that Napoleon therefore the beast foretold +in the Apocalypse. Moreover, by applying the same system to the +words quarante-deux,* which was the term allowed to the beast that +"spoke great things and blasphemies," the same number 666 was +obtained; from which it followed that the limit fixed for Napoleon's +power had come in the year 1812 when the French emperor was forty-two. +This prophecy pleased Pierre very much and he often asked himself what +would put an end to the power of the beast, that is, of Napoleon, +and tried by the same system of using letters as numbers and adding +them up, to find an answer to the question that engrossed him. He +wrote the words L'Empereur Alexandre, La nation russe and added up +their numbers, but the sums were either more or less than 666. Once +when making such calculations he wrote down his own name in French, +Comte Pierre Besouhoff, but the sum of the numbers did not come right. +Then he changed the spelling, substituting a z for the s and adding de +and the article le, still without obtaining the desired result. Then +it occurred to him: if the answer to the question were contained in +his name, his nationality would also be given in the answer. So he +wrote Le russe Besuhof and adding up the numbers got 671. This was +only five too much, and five was represented by e, the very letter +elided from the article le before the word Empereur. By omitting the +e, though incorrectly, Pierre got the answer he sought. L'russe +Besuhof made 666. This discovery excited him. How, or by what means, +he was connected with the great event foretold in the Apocalypse he +did not know, but he did not doubt that connection for a moment. His +love for Natasha, Antichrist, Napoleon, the invasion, the comet, +666, L'Empereur Napoleon, and L'russe Besuhof--all this had to +mature and culminate, to lift him out of that spellbound, petty sphere +of Moscow habits in which he felt himself held captive and lead him to +a great achievement and great happiness. + + +*Forty-two. + + + +On the eve of the Sunday when the special prayer was read, Pierre +had promised the Rostovs to bring them, from Count Rostopchin whom +he knew well, both the appeal to the people and the news from the +army. In the morning, when he went to call at Rostopchin's he met +there a courier fresh from the army, an acquaintance of his own, who +often danced at Moscow balls. + +"Do, please, for heaven's sake, relieve me of something!" said the +courier. "I have a sackful of letters to parents." + +Among these letters was one from Nicholas Rostov to his father. +Pierre took that letter, and Rostopchin also gave him the Emperor's +appeal to Moscow, which had just been printed, the last army orders, +and his own most recent bulletin. Glancing through the army orders, +Pierre found in one of them, in the lists of killed, wounded, and +rewarded, the name of Nicholas Rostov, awarded a St. George's Cross of +the Fourth Class for courage shown in the Ostrovna affair, and in +the same order the name of Prince Andrew Bolkonski, appointed to the +command of a regiment of Chasseurs. Though he did not want to remind +the Rostovs of Bolkonski, Pierre could not refrain from making them +happy by the news of their son's having received a decoration, so he +sent that printed army order and Nicholas' letter to the Rostovs, +keeping the appeal, the bulletin, and the other orders to take with +him when he went to dinner. + +His conversation with Count Rostopchin and the latter's tone of +anxious hurry, the meeting with the courier who talked casually of how +badly things were going in the army, the rumors of the discovery of +spies in Moscow and of a leaflet in circulation stating that +Napoleon promised to be in both the Russian capitals by the autumn, +and the talk of the Emperor's being expected to arrive next day--all +aroused with fresh force that feeling of agitation and expectation +in Pierre which he had been conscious of ever since the appearance +of the comet, and especially since the beginning of the war. + +He had long been thinking of entering the army and would have done +so had he not been hindered, first, by his membership of the Society +of Freemasons to which he was bound by oath and which preached +perpetual peace and the abolition of war, and secondly, by the fact +that when he saw the great mass of Muscovites who had donned uniform +and were talking patriotism, he somehow felt ashamed to take the step. +But the chief reason for not carrying out his intention to enter the +army lay in the vague idea that he was L'russe Besuhof who had the +number of the beast, 666; that his part in the great affair of setting +a limit to the power of the beast that spoke great and blasphemous +things had been predestined from eternity, and that therefore he ought +not to undertake anything, but wait for what was bound to come to +pass. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +A few intimate friends were dining with the Rostovs that day, as +usual on Sundays. + +Pierre came early so as to find them alone. + +He had grown so stout this year that he would have been abnormal had +he not been so tall, so broad of limb, and so strong that he carried +his bulk with evident ease. + +He went up the stairs, puffing and muttering something. His coachman +did not even ask whether he was to wait. He knew that when his +master was at the Rostovs' he stayed till midnight. The Rostovs' +footman rushed eagerly forward to help him off with his cloak and take +his hat and stick. Pierre, from club habit, always left both hat and +stick in the anteroom. + +The first person he saw in the house was Natasha. Even before he saw +her, while taking off his cloak, he heard her. She was practicing +solfa exercises in the music room. He knew that she had not sung since +her illness, and so the sound of her voice surprised and delighted +him. He opened the door softly and saw her, in the lilac dress she had +worn at church, walking about the room singing. She had her back to +him when he opened the door, but when, turning quickly, she saw his +broad, surprised face, she blushed and came rapidly up to him. + +"I want to try to sing again," she said, adding as if by way of +excuse, "it is, at least, something to do." + +"That's capital!" + +"How glad I am you've come! I am so happy today," she said, with the +old animation Pierre had not seen in her for along time. "You know +Nicholas has received a St. George's Cross? I am so proud of him." + +"Oh yes, I sent that announcement. But I don't want to interrupt +you," he added, and was about to go to the drawing room. + +Natasha stopped him. + +"Count, is it wrong of me to sing?" she said blushing, and fixing +her eyes inquiringly on him. + +"No... Why should it be? On the contrary... But why do you ask me?" + +"I don't know myself," Natasha answered quickly, "but I should not +like to do anything you disapproved of. I believe in you completely. +You don't know how important you are to me, how much you've done for +me...." She spoke rapidly and did not notice how Pierre flushed at her +words. "I saw in that same army order that he, Bolkonski" (she +whispered the name hastily), "is in Russia, and in the army again. +What do you think?"--she was speaking hurriedly, evidently afraid +her strength might fail her--"Will he ever forgive me? Will he not +always have a bitter feeling toward me? What do you think? What do you +think?" + +"I think..." Pierre replied, "that he has nothing to forgive.... +If I were in his place..." + +By association of ideas, Pierre was at once carried back to the +day when, trying to comfort her, he had said that if he were not +himself but the best man in the world and free, he would ask on his +knees for her hand; and the same feeling of pity, tenderness, and love +took possession of him and the same words rose to his lips. But she +did not give him time to say them. + +"Yes, you... you..." she said, uttering the word you rapturously- +"that's a different thing. I know no one kinder, more generous, or +better than you; nobody could be! Had you not been there then, and now +too, I don't know what would have become of me, because..." + +Tears suddenly rose in her eyes, she turned away, lifted her music +before her eyes, began singing again, and again began walking up and +down the room. + +Just then Petya came running in from the drawing room. + +Petya was now a handsome rosy lad of fifteen with full red lips +and resembled Natasha. He was preparing to enter the university, but +he and his friend Obolenski had lately, in secret, agreed to join +the hussars. + +Petya had come rushing out to talk to his namesake about this +affair. He had asked Pierre to find out whether he would be accepted +in the hussars. + +Pierre walked up and down the drawing room, not listening to what +Petya was saying. + +Petya pulled him by the arm to attract his attention. + +"Well, what about my plan? Peter Kirilych, for heaven's sake! You +are my only hope," said Petya. + +"Oh yes, your plan. To join the hussars? I'll mention it, I'll bring +it all up today." + +"Well, mon cher, have you got the manifesto?" asked the old count. +"The countess has been to Mass at the Razumovskis' and heard the new +prayer. She says it's very fine." + +"Yes, I've got it," said Pierre. "The Emperor is to be here +tomorrow... there's to be an Extraordinary Meeting of the nobility, +and they are talking of a levy of ten men per thousand. Oh yes, let me +congratulate you!" + +"Yes, yes, thank God! Well, and what news from the army?" + +"We are again retreating. They say we're already near Smolensk," +replied Pierre. + +"O Lord, O Lord!" exclaimed the count. "Where is the manifesto?" + +"The Emperor's appeal? Oh yes!" + +Pierre began feeling in his pockets for the papers, but could not +find them. Still slapping his pockets, he kissed the hand of the +countess who entered the room and glanced uneasily around, evidently +expecting Natasha, who had left off singing but had not yet come +into the drawing room. + +"On my word, I don't know what I've done with it," he said. + +"There he is, always losing everything!" remarked the countess. + +Natasha entered with a softened and agitated expression of face +and sat down looking silently at Pierre. As soon as she entered, +Pierre's features, which had been gloomy, suddenly lighted up, and +while still searching for the papers he glanced at her several times. + +"No, really! I'll drive home, I must have left them there. I'll +certainly..." + +"But you'll be late for dinner." + +"Oh! And my coachman has gone." + +But Sonya, who had gone to look for the papers in the anteroom, +had found them in Pierre's hat, where he had carefully tucked them +under the lining. Pierre was about to begin reading. + +"No, after dinner," said the old count, evidently expecting much +enjoyment from that reading. + +At dinner, at which champagne was drunk to the health of the new +chevalier of St. George, Shinshin told them the town news, of the +illness of the old Georgian princess, of Metivier's disappearance from +Moscow, and of how some German fellow had been brought to Rostopchin +and accused of being a French "spyer" (so Count Rostopchin had told +the story), and how Rostopchin let him go and assured the people +that he was "not a spire at all, but only an old German ruin." + +"People are being arrested..." said the count. "I've told the +countess she should not speak French so much. It's not the time for it +now." + +"And have you heard?" Shinshin asked. "Prince Golitsyn has engaged a +master to teach him Russian. It is becoming dangerous to speak +French in the streets." + +"And how about you, Count Peter Kirilych? If they call up the +militia, you too will have to mount a horse," remarked the old +count, addressing Pierre. + +Pierre had been silent and preoccupied all through dinner, seeming +not to grasp what was said. He looked at the count. + +"Oh yes, the war," he said. "No! What sort of warrior should I make? +And yet everything is so strange, so strange! I can't make it out. I +don't know, I am very far from having military tastes, but in these +times no one can answer for himself." + +After dinner the count settled himself comfortably in an easy +chair and with a serious face asked Sonya, who was considered an +excellent reader, to read the appeal. + + +"To Moscow, our ancient Capital! + +"The enemy has entered the borders of Russia with immense forces. He +comes to despoil our beloved country," + + +Sonya read painstakingly in her high-pitched voice. The count +listened with closed eyes, heaving abrupt sighs at certain passages. + +Natasha sat erect, gazing with a searching look now at her father +and now at Pierre. + +Pierre felt her eyes on him and tried not to look round. The +countess shook her head disapprovingly and angrily at every solemn +expression in the manifesto. In all these words she saw only that +the danger threatening her son would not soon be over. Shinshin, +with a sarcastic smile on his lips, was evidently preparing to make +fun of anything that gave him the opportunity: Sonya's reading, any +remark of the count's, or even the manifesto itself should no better +pretext present itself. + +After reading about the dangers that threatened Russia, the hopes +the Emperor placed on Moscow and especially on its illustrious +nobility, Sonya, with a quiver in her voice due chiefly to the +attention that was being paid to her, read the last words: + + +"We ourselves will not delay to appear among our people in that +Capital and in others parts of our realm for consultation, and for the +direction of all our levies, both those now barring the enemy's path +and those freshly formed to defeat him wherever he may appear. May the +ruin he hopes to bring upon us recoil on his own head, and may +Europe delivered from bondage glorify the name of Russia!" + + +"Yes, that's it!" cried the count, opening his moist eyes and +sniffing repeatedly, as if a strong vinaigrette had been held to his +nose; and he added, "Let the Emperor but say the word and we'll +sacrifice everything and begrudge nothing." + +Before Shinshin had time to utter the joke he was ready to make on +the count's patriotism, Natasha jumped up from her place and ran to +her father. + +"What a darling our Papa is!" she cried, kissing him, and she +again looked at Pierre with the unconscious coquetry that had returned +to her with her better spirits. + +"There! Here's a patriot for you!" said Shinshin. + +"Not a patriot at all, but simply..." Natasha replied in an +injured tone. "Everything seems funny to you, but this isn't at all +a joke...." + +"A joke indeed!" put in the count. "Let him but say the word and +we'll all go.... We're not Germans!" + +"But did you notice, it says, 'for consultation'?" said Pierre. + +"Never mind what it's for...." + +At this moment, Petya, to whom nobody was paying any attention, came +up to his father with a very flushed face and said in his breaking +voice that was now deep and now shrill: + +"Well, Papa, I tell you definitely, and Mamma too, it's as you +please, but I say definitely that you must let me enter the army, +because I can't... that's all...." + +The countess, in dismay, looked up to heaven, clasped her hands, and +turned angrily to her husband. + +"That comes of your talking!" said she. + +But the count had already recovered from his excitement. + +"Come, come!" said he. "Here's a fine warrior! No! Nonsense! You +must study." + +"It's not nonsense, Papa. Fedya Obolenski is younger than I, and +he's going too. Besides, all the same I can't study now when..." Petya +stopped short, flushed till he perspired, but still got out the words, +"when our Fatherland is in danger." + +"That'll do, that'll do--nonsense...." + +"But you said yourself that we would sacrifice everything." + +"Petya! Be quiet, I tell you!" cried the count, with a glance at his +wife, who had turned pale and was staring fixedly at her son. + +"And I tell you--Peter Kirilych here will also tell you..." + +"Nonsense, I tell you. Your mother's milk has hardly dried on your +lips and you want to go into the army! There, there, I tell you," +and the count moved to go out of the room, taking the papers, probably +to reread them in his study before having a nap. + +"Well, Peter Kirilych, let's go and have a smoke," he said. + +Pierre was agitated and undecided. Natasha's unwontedly brilliant +eyes, continually glancing at him with a more than cordial look, had +reduced him to this condition. + +"No, I think I'll go home." + +"Home? Why, you meant to spend the evening with us.... You don't +often come nowadays as it is, and this girl of mine," said the count +good-naturedly, pointing to Natasha, "only brightens up when you're +here." + +"Yes, I had forgotten... I really must go home... business..." +said Pierre hurriedly. + +"Well, then, au revoir!" said the count, and went out of the room. + +"Why are you going? Why are you upset?" asked Natasha, and she +looked challengingly into Pierre's eyes. + +"Because I love you!" was what he wanted to say, but he did not +say it, and only blushed till the tears came, and lowered his eyes. + +"Because it is better for me to come less often... because... No, +simply I have business...." + +"Why? No, tell me!" Natasha began resolutely and suddenly stopped. + +They looked at each other with dismayed and embarrassed faces. He +tried to smile but could not: his smile expressed suffering, and he +silently kissed her hand and went out. + +Pierre made up his mind not to go to the Rostovs' any more. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +After the definite refusal he had received, Petya went to his room +and there locked himself in and wept bitterly. When he came in to tea, +silent, morose, and with tear-stained face, everybody pretended not to +notice anything. + +Next day the Emperor arrived in Moscow, and several of the +Rostovs' domestic serfs begged permission to go to have a look at him. +That morning Petya was a long time dressing and arranging his hair and +collar to look like a grown-up man. He frowned before his looking +glass, gesticulated, shrugged his shoulders, and finally, without +saying a word to anyone, took his cap and left the house by the back +door, trying to avoid notice. Petya decided to go straight to where +the Emperor was and to explain frankly to some gentleman-in-waiting +(he imagined the Emperor to be always surrounded by +gentlemen-in-waiting) that he, Count Rostov, in spite of his youth +wished to serve his country; that youth could be no hindrance to +loyalty, and that he was ready to... While dressing, Petya had +prepared many fine things he meant to say to the gentleman-in-waiting. + +It was on the very fact of being so young that Petya counted for +success in reaching the Emperor--he even thought how surprised +everyone would be at his youthfulness--and yet in the arrangement of +his collar and hair and by his sedate deliberate walk he wished to +appear a grown-up man. But the farther he went and the more his +attention was diverted by the ever-increasing crowds moving toward the +Kremlin, the less he remembered to walk with the sedateness and +deliberation of a man. As he approached the Kremlin he even began to +avoid being crushed and resolutely stuck out his elbows in a +menacing way. But within the Trinity Gateway he was so pressed to +the wall by people who probably were unaware of the patriotic +intentions with which he had come that in spite of all his +determination he had to give in, and stop while carriages passed in, +rumbling beneath the archway. Beside Petya stood a peasant woman, a +footman, two tradesmen, and a discharged soldier. After standing +some time in the gateway, Petya tried to move forward in front of +the others without waiting for all the carriages to pass, and he began +resolutely working his way with his elbows, but the woman just in +front of him, who was the first against whom he directed his +efforts, angrily shouted at him: + +"What are you shoving for, young lordling? Don't you see we're all +standing still? Then why push?" + +"Anybody can shove," said the footman, and also began working his +elbows to such effect that he pushed Petya into a very filthy corner +of the gateway. + +Petya wiped his perspiring face with his hands and pulled up the +damp collar which he had arranged so well at home to seem like a +man's. + +He felt that he no longer looked presentable, and feared that if +he were now to approach the gentlemen-in-waiting in that plight he +would not be admitted to the Emperor. But it was impossible to smarten +oneself up or move to another place, because of the crowd. One of +the generals who drove past was an acquaintance of the Rostovs', and +Petya thought of asking his help, but came to the conclusion that that +would not be a manly thing to do. When the carriages had all passed +in, the crowd, carrying Petya with it, streamed forward into the +Kremlin Square which was already full of people. There were people not +only in the square, but everywhere--on the slopes and on the roofs. As +soon as Petya found himself in the square he clearly heard the sound +of bells and the joyous voices of the crowd that filled the whole +Kremlin. + +For a while the crowd was less dense, but suddenly all heads were +bared, and everyone rushed forward in one direction. Petya was being +pressed so that he could scarcely breathe, and everybody shouted, +"Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah!" Petya stood on tiptoe and pushed and +pinched, but could see nothing except the people about him. + +All the faces bore the same expression of excitement and enthusiasm. +A tradesman's wife standing beside Petya sobbed, and the tears ran +down her cheeks. + +"Father! Angel! Dear one!" she kept repeating, wiping away her tears +with her fingers. + +"Hurrah!" was heard on all sides. + +For a moment the crowd stood still, but then it made another rush +forward. + +Quite beside himself, Petya, clinching his teeth and rolling his +eyes ferociously, pushed forward, elbowing his way and shouting +"hurrah!" as if he were prepared that instant to kill himself and +everyone else, but on both sides of him other people with similarly +ferocious faces pushed forward and everybody shouted "hurrah!" + +"So this is what the Emperor is!" thought Petya. "No, I can't +petition him myself--that would be too bold." But in spite of this +he continued to struggle desperately forward, and from between the +backs of those in front he caught glimpses of an open space with a +strip of red cloth spread out on it; but just then the crowd swayed +back--the police in front were pushing back those who had pressed +too close to the procession: the Emperor was passing from the palace +to the Cathedral of the Assumption--and Petya unexpectedly received +such a blow on his side and ribs and was squeezed so hard that +suddenly everything grew dim before his eyes and he lost +consciousness. When he came to himself, a man of clerical appearance +with a tuft of gray hair at the back of his head and wearing a +shabby blue cassock--probably a church clerk and chanter--was +holding him under the arm with one hand while warding off the pressure +of the crowd with the other. + +"You've crushed the young gentleman!" said the clerk. "What are +you up to? Gently!... They've crushed him, crushed him!" + +The Emperor entered the Cathedral of the Assumption. The crowd +spread out again more evenly, and the clerk led Petya--pale and +breathless--to the Tsar-cannon. Several people were sorry for Petya, +and suddenly a crowd turned toward him and pressed round him. Those +who stood nearest him attended to him, unbuttoned his coat, seated him +on the raised platform of the cannon, and reproached those others +(whoever they might be) who had crushed him. + +"One might easily get killed that way! What do they mean by it? +Killing people! Poor dear, he's as white as a sheet!"--various +voices were heard saying. + +Petya soon came to himself, the color returned to his face, the pain +had passed, and at the cost of that temporary unpleasantness he had +obtained a place by the cannon from where he hoped to see the +Emperor who would be returning that way. Petya no longer thought of +presenting his petition. If he could only see the Emperor he would +be happy! + +While the service was proceeding in the Cathedral of the Assumption- +it was a combined service of prayer on the occasion of the Emperor's +arrival and of thanksgiving for the conclusion of peace with the +Turks--the crowd outside spread out and hawkers appeared, selling +kvas, gingerbread, and poppyseed sweets (of which Petya was +particularly fond), and ordinary conversation could again be heard. +A tradesman's wife was showing a rent in her shawl and telling how +much the shawl had cost; another was saying that all silk goods had +now got dear. The clerk who had rescued Petya was talking to a +functionary about the priests who were officiating that day with the +bishop. The clerk several times used the word "plenary" (of the +service), a word Petya did not understand. Two young citizens were +joking with some serf girls who were cracking nuts. All these +conversations, especially the joking with the girls, were such as +might have had a particular charm for Petya at his age, but they did +not interest him now. He sat on his elevation--the pedestal of the +cannon--still agitated as before by the thought of the Emperor and +by his love for him. The feeling of pain and fear he had experienced +when he was being crushed, together with that of rapture, still +further intensified his sense of the importance of the occasion. + +Suddenly the sound of a firing of cannon was heard from the +embankment, to celebrate the signing of peace with the Turks, and +the crowd rushed impetuously toward the embankment to watch the +firing. Petya too would have run there, but the clerk who had taken +the young gentleman under his protection stopped him. The firing was +still proceeding when officers, generals, and gentlemen-in-waiting +came running out of the cathedral, and after them others in a more +leisurely manner: caps were again raised, and those who had run to +look at the cannon ran back again. At last four men in uniforms and +sashes emerged from the cathedral doors. "Hurrah! hurrah!" shouted the +crowd again. + +"Which is he? Which?" asked Petya in a tearful voice, of those +around him, but no one answered him, everybody was too excited; and +Petya, fixing on one of those four men, whom he could not clearly +see for the tears of joy that filled his eyes, concentrated all his +enthusiasm on him--though it happened not to be the Emperor- +frantically shouted "Hurrah!" and resolved that tomorrow, come what +might, he would join the army. + +The crowd ran after the Emperor, followed him to the palace, and +began to disperse. It was already late, and Petya had not eaten +anything and was drenched with perspiration, yet he did not go home +but stood with that diminishing, but still considerable, crowd +before the palace while the Emperor dined--looking in at the palace +windows, expecting he knew not what, and envying alike the notables he +saw arriving at the entrance to dine with the Emperor and the court +footmen who served at table, glimpses of whom could be seen through +the windows. + +While the Emperor was dining, Valuev, looking out of the window, +said: + +"The people are still hoping to see Your Majesty again." + +The dinner was nearly over, and the Emperor, munching a biscuit, +rose and went out onto the balcony. The people, with Petya among them, +rushed toward the balcony. + +"Angel! Dear one! Hurrah! Father!..." cried the crowd, and Petya +with it, and again the women and men of weaker mold, Petya among them, +wept with joy. + +A largish piece of the biscuit the Emperor was holding in his hand +broke off, fell on the balcony parapet, and then to the ground. A +coachman in a jerkin, who stood nearest, sprang forward and snatched +it up. Several people in the crowd rushed at the coachman. Seeing this +the Emperor had a plateful of biscuits brought him and began +throwing them down from the balcony. Petya's eyes grew bloodshot, +and still more excited by the danger of being crushed, he rushed at +the biscuits. He did not know why, but he had to have a biscuit from +the Tsar's hand and he felt that he must not give way. He sprang +forward and upset an old woman who was catching at a biscuit; the +old woman did not consider herself defeated though she was lying on +the ground--she grabbed at some biscuits but her hand did not reach +them. Petya pushed her hand away with his knee, seized a biscuit, +and as if fearing to be too late, again shouted "Hurrah!" with a voice +already hoarse. + +The Emperor went in, and after that the greater part of the crowd +began to disperse. + +"There! I said if only we waited--and so it was!" was being joyfully +said by various people. + +Happy as Petya was, he felt sad at having to go home knowing that +all the enjoyment of that day was over. He did not go straight home +from the Kremlin, but called on his friend Obolenski, who was +fifteen and was also entering the regiment. On returning home Petya +announced resolutely and firmly that if he was not allowed to enter +the service he would run away. And next day, Count Ilya Rostov--though +he had not yet quite yielded--went to inquire how he could arrange for +Petya to serve where there would be least danger. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +Two days later, on the fifteenth of July, an immense number of +carriages were standing outside the Sloboda Palace. + +The great halls were full. In the first were the nobility and gentry +in their uniforms, in the second bearded merchants in full-skirted +coats of blue cloth and wearing medals. In the noblemen's hall there +was an incessant movement and buzz of voices. The chief magnates sat +on high-backed chairs at a large table under the portrait of the +Emperor, but most of the gentry were strolling about the room. + +All these nobles, whom Pierre met every day at the Club or in +their own houses, were in uniform--some in that of Catherine's day, +others in that of Emperor Paul, others again in the new uniforms of +Alexander's time or the ordinary uniform of the nobility, and the +general characteristic of being in uniform imparted something +strange and fantastic to these diverse and familiar personalities, +both old and young. The old men, dim-eyed, toothless, bald, sallow, +and bloated, or gaunt and wrinkled, were especially striking. For +the most part they sat quietly in their places and were silent, or, if +they walked about and talked, attached themselves to someone +younger. On all these faces, as on the faces of the crowd Petya had +seen in the Square, there was a striking contradiction: the general +expectation of a solemn event, and at the same time the everyday +interests in a boston card party, Peter the cook, Zinaida Dmitrievna's +health, and so on. + +Pierre was there too, buttoned up since early morning in a +nobleman's uniform that had become too tight for him. He was agitated; +this extraordinary gathering not only of nobles but also of the +merchant-class--les etats generaux (States-General)--evoked in him a +whole series of ideas he had long laid aside but which were deeply +graven in his soul: thoughts of the Contrat social and the French +Revolution. The words that had struck him in the Emperor's appeal- +that the sovereign was coming to the capital for consultation with his +people--strengthened this idea. And imagining that in this direction +something important which he had long awaited was drawing near, he +strolled about watching and listening to conversations, but nowhere +finding any confirmation of the ideas that occupied him. + +The Emperor's manifesto was read, evoking enthusiasm, and then all +moved about discussing it. Besides the ordinary topics of +conversation, Pierre heard questions of where the marshals of the +nobility were to stand when the Emperor entered, when a ball should be +given in the Emperor's honor, whether they should group themselves +by districts or by whole provinces... and so on; but as soon as the +war was touched on, or what the nobility had been convened for, the +talk became undecided and indefinite. Then all preferred listening +to speaking. + +A middle-aged man, handsome and virile, in the uniform of a +retired naval officer, was speaking in one of the rooms, and a small +crowd was pressing round him. Pierre went up to the circle that had +formed round the speaker and listened. Count Ilya Rostov, in a +military uniform of Catherine's time, was sauntering with a pleasant +smile among the crowd, with all of whom he was acquainted. He too +approached that group and listened with a kindly smile and nods of +approval, as he always did, to what the speaker was saying. The +retired naval man was speaking very boldly, as was evident from the +expression on the faces of the listeners and from the fact that some +people Pierre knew as the meekest and quietest of men walked away +disapprovingly or expressed disagreement with him. Pierre pushed his +way into the middle of the group, listened, and convinced himself that +the man was indeed a liberal, but of views quite different from his +own. The naval officer spoke in a particularly sonorous, musical, +and aristocratic baritone voice, pleasantly swallowing his r's and +generally slurring his consonants: the voice of a man calling out to +his servant, "Heah! Bwing me my pipe!" It was indicative of +dissipation and the exercise of authority. + +"What if the Smolensk people have offahd to waise militia for the +Empewah? Ah we to take Smolensk as our patte'n? If the noble +awistocwacy of the pwovince of Moscow thinks fit, it can show its +loyalty to our sov'weign the Empewah in other ways. Have we +fo'gotten the waising of the militia in the yeah 'seven? All that +did was to enwich the pwiests' sons and thieves and wobbahs...." + +Count Ilya Rostov smiled blandly and nodded approval. + +"And was our militia of any use to the Empia? Not at all! It only +wuined our farming! Bettah have another conscwiption... o' ou' men +will wetu'n neithah soldiers no' peasants, and we'll get only +depwavity fwom them. The nobility don't gwudge theah lives--evewy +one of us will go and bwing in more wecwuits, and the sov'weign" (that +was the way he referred to the Emperor) "need only say the word and +we'll all die fo' him!" added the orator with animation. + +Count Rostov's mouth watered with pleasure and he nudged Pierre, but +Pierre wanted to speak himself. He pushed forward, feeling stirred, +but not yet sure what stirred him or what he would say. Scarcely had +he opened his mouth when one of the senators, a man without a tooth in +his head, with a shrewd though angry expression, standing near the +first speaker, interrupted him. Evidently accustomed to managing +debates and to maintaining an argument, he began in low but distinct +tones: + +"I imagine, sir," said he, mumbling with his toothless mouth, +"that we have been summoned here not to discuss whether it's best +for the empire at the present moment to adopt conscription or to +call out the militia. We have been summoned to reply to the appeal +with which our sovereign the Emperor has honored us. But to judge what +is best--conscription or the militia--we can leave to the supreme +authority...." + +Pierre suddenly saw an outlet for his excitement. He hardened his +heart against the senator who was introducing this set and narrow +attitude into the deliberations of the nobility. Pierre stepped +forward and interrupted him. He himself did not yet know what he would +say, but he began to speak eagerly, occasionally lapsing into French +or expressing himself in bookish Russian. + +"Excuse me, your excellency," he began. (He was well acquainted with +the senator, but thought it necessary on this occasion to address +him formally.) "Though I don't agree with the gentleman..." (he +hesitated: he wished to say, "Mon tres honorable preopinant"--"My very +honorable opponent") "with the gentleman... whom I have not the +honor of knowing, I suppose that the nobility have been summoned not +merely to express their sympathy and enthusiasm but also to consider +the means by which we can assist our Fatherland! I imagine," he went +on, warming to his subject, "that the Emperor himself would not be +satisfied to find in us merely owners of serfs whom we are willing +to devote to his service, and chair a canon* we are ready to make of +ourselves--and not to obtain from us any co-co-counsel." + + +*"Food for cannon." + + +Many persons withdrew from the circle, noticing the senator's +sarcastic smile and the freedom of Pierre's remarks. Only Count Rostov +was pleased with them as he had been pleased with those of the naval +officer, the senator, and in general with whatever speech he had +last heard. + +"I think that before discussing these questions," Pierre +continued, "we should ask the Emperor--most respectfully ask His +Majesty--to let us know the number of our troops and the position in +which our army and our forces now are, and then..." + +But scarcely had Pierre uttered these words before he was attacked +from three sides. The most vigorous attack came from an old +acquaintance, a boston player who had always been well disposed toward +him, Stepan Stepanovich Adraksin. Adraksin was in uniform, and whether +as a result of the uniform or from some other cause Pierre saw +before him quite a different man. With a sudden expression of +malevolence on his aged face, Adraksin shouted at Pierre: + +"In the first place, I tell you we have no right to question the +Emperor about that, and secondly, if the Russian nobility had that +right, the Emperor could not answer such a question. The troops are +moved according to the enemy's movements and the number of men +increases and decreases..." + +Another voice, that of a nobleman of medium height and about forty +years of age, whom Pierre had formerly met at the gypsies' and knew as +a bad cardplayer, and who, also transformed by his uniform, came up to +Pierre, interrupted Adraksin. + +"Yes, and this is not a time for discussing," he continued, "but for +acting: there is war in Russia! The enemy is advancing to destroy +Russia, to desecrate the tombs of our fathers, to carry off our +wives and children." The nobleman smote his breast. "We will all +arise, every one of us will go, for our father the Tsar!" he +shouted, rolling his bloodshot eyes. Several approving voices were +heard in the crowd. "We are Russians and will not grudge our blood +in defense of our faith, the throne, and the Fatherland! We must cease +raving if we are sons of our Fatherland! We will show Europe how +Russia rises to the defense of Russia!" + +Pierre wished to reply, but could not get in a word. He felt that +his words, apart from what meaning they conveyed, were less audible +than the sound of his opponent's voice. + +Count Rostov at the back of the crowd was expressing approval; +several persons, briskly turning a shoulder to the orator at the end +of a phrase, said: + +"That's right, quite right! Just so!" + +Pierre wished to say that he was ready to sacrifice his money, his +serfs, or himself, only one ought to know the state of affairs in +order to be able to improve it, but he was unable to speak. Many +voices shouted and talked at the same time, so that Count Rostov had +not time to signify his approval of them all, and the group increased, +dispersed, re-formed, and then moved with a hum of talk into the +largest hall and to the big table. Not only was Pierre's attempt to +speak unsuccessful, but he was rudely interrupted, pushed aside, and +people turned away from him as from a common enemy. This happened +not because they were displeased by the substance of his speech, which +had even been forgotten after the many subsequent speeches, but to +animate it the crowd needed a tangible object to love and a tangible +object to hate. Pierre became the latter. Many other orators spoke +after the excited nobleman, and all in the same tone. Many spoke +eloquently and with originality. + +Glinka, the editor of the Russian Messenger, who was recognized +(cries of "author! author!" were heard in the crowd), said that +"hell must be repulsed by hell," and that he had seen a child +smiling at lightning flashes and thunderclaps, but "we will not be +that child." + +"Yes, yes, at thunderclaps!" was repeated approvingly in the back +rows of the crowd. + +The crowd drew up to the large table, at which sat gray-haired or +bald seventy-year-old magnates, uniformed and besashed almost all of +whom Pierre had seen in their own homes with their buffoons, or +playing boston at the clubs. With an incessant hum of voices the crowd +advanced to the table. Pressed by the throng against the high backs of +the chairs, the orators spoke one after another and sometimes two +together. Those standing behind noticed what a speaker omitted to +say and hastened to supply it. Others in that heat and crush racked +their brains to find some thought and hastened to utter it. The old +magnates, whom Pierre knew, sat and turned to look first at one and +then at another, and their faces for the most part only expressed +the fact that they found it very hot. Pierre, however, felt excited, +and the general desire to show that they were ready to go to all +lengths--which found expression in the tones and looks more than in +the substance of the speeches--infected him too. He did not renounce +his opinions, but felt himself in some way to blame and wished to +justify himself. + +"I only said that it would be more to the purpose to make sacrifices +when we know what is needed!" said he, trying to be heard above the +other voices. + +One of the old men nearest to him looked round, but his attention +was immediately diverted by an exclamation at the other side of the +table. + +"Yes, Moscow will be surrendered! She will be our expiation!" +shouted one man. + +"He is the enemy of mankind!" cried another. "Allow me to speak...." +"Gentlemen, you are crushing me!..." + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + + +At that moment Count Rostopchin with his protruding chin and alert +eyes, wearing the uniform of a general with sash over his shoulder, +entered the room, stepping briskly to the front of the crowd of +gentry. + +"Our sovereign the Emperor will be here in a moment," said +Rostopchin. "I am straight from the palace. Seeing the position we are +in, I think there is little need for discussion. The Emperor has +deigned to summon us and the merchants. Millions will pour forth +from there"--he pointed to the merchants' hall--"but our business is +to supply men and not spare ourselves... That is the least we can do!" + +A conference took place confined to the magnates sitting at the +table. The whole consultation passed more than quietly. After all +the preceding noise the sound of their old voices saying one after +another, "I agree," or for variety, "I too am of that opinion," and so +on had even a mournful effect. + +The secretary was told to write down the resolution of the Moscow +nobility and gentry, that they would furnish ten men, fully +equipped, out of every thousand serfs, as the Smolensk gentry had +done. Their chairs made a scraping noise as the gentlemen who had +conferred rose with apparent relief, and began walking up and down, +arm in arm, to stretch their legs and converse in couples. + +"The Emperor! The Emperor!" a sudden cry resounded through the halls +and the whole throng hurried to the entrance. + +The Emperor entered the hall through a broad path between two +lines of nobles. Every face expressed respectful, awe-struck +curiosity. Pierre stood rather far off and could not hear all that the +Emperor said. From what he did hear he understood that the Emperor +spoke of the danger threatening the empire and of the hopes he +placed on the Moscow nobility. He was answered by a voice which +informed him of the resolution just arrived at. + +"Gentlemen!" said the Emperor with a quivering voice. + +There was a rustling among the crowd and it again subsided, so +that Pierre distinctly heard the pleasantly human voice of the Emperor +saying with emotion: + +"I never doubted the devotion of the Russian nobles, but today it +has surpassed my expectations. I thank you in the name of the +Fatherland! Gentlemen, let us act! Time is most precious..." + +The Emperor ceased speaking, the crowd began pressing round him, and +rapturous exclamations were heard from all sides. + +"Yes, most precious... a royal word," said Count Rostov, with a sob. +He stood at the back, and, though he had heard hardly anything, +understood everything in his own way. + +From the hall of the nobility the Emperor went to that of the +merchants. There he remained about ten minutes. Pierre was among those +who saw him come out from the merchants' hall with tears of emotion in +his eyes. As became known later, he had scarcely begun to address +the merchants before tears gushed from his eyes and he concluded in +a trembling voice. When Pierre saw the Emperor he was coming out +accompanied by two merchants, one of whom Pierre knew, a fat +otkupshchik. The other was the mayor, a man with a thin sallow face +and narrow beard. Both were weeping. Tears filled the thin man's eyes, +and the fat otkupshchik sobbed outright like a child and kept +repeating: + +"Our lives and property--take them, Your Majesty!" + +Pierre's one feeling at the moment was a desire to show that he +was ready to go all lengths and was prepared to sacrifice +everything. He now felt ashamed of his speech with its +constitutional tendency and sought an opportunity of effacing it. +Having heard that Count Mamonov was furnishing a regiment, Bezukhov at +once informed Rostopchin that he would give a thousand men and their +maintenance. + +Old Rostov could not tell his wife of what had passed without tears, +and at once consented to Petya's request and went himself to enter his +name. + +Next day the Emperor left Moscow. The assembled nobles all took +off their uniforms and settled down again in their homes and clubs, +and not without some groans gave orders to their stewards about the +enrollment, feeling amazed themselves at what they had done. + + + + + +BOOK TEN: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Napoleon began the war with Russia because he could not resist going +to Dresden, could not help having his head turned by the homage he +received, could not help donning a Polish uniform and yielding to +the stimulating influence of a June morning, and could not refrain +from bursts of anger in the presence of Kurakin and then of Balashev. + +Alexander refused negotiations because he felt himself to be +personally insulted. Barclay de Tolly tried to command the army in the +best way, because he wished to fulfill his duty and earn fame as a +great commander. Rostov charged the French because he could not +restrain his wish for a gallop across a level field; and in the same +way the innumerable people who took part in the war acted in accord +with their personal characteristics, habits, circumstances, and +aims. They were moved by fear or vanity, rejoiced or were indignant, +reasoned, imagining that they knew what they were doing and did it +of their own free will, but they all were involuntary tools of +history, carrying on a work concealed from them but comprehensible +to us. Such is the inevitable fate of men of action, and the higher +they stand in the social hierarchy the less are they free. + +The actors of 1812 have long since left the stage, their personal +interests have vanished leaving no trace, and nothing remains of +that time but its historic results. + +Providence compelled all these men, striving to attain personal +aims, to further the accomplishment of a stupendous result no one of +them at all expected--neither Napoleon, nor Alexander, nor still +less any of those who did the actual fighting. + +The cause of the destruction of the French army in 1812 is clear +to us now. No one will deny that that cause was, on the one hand, +its advance into the heart of Russia late in the season without any +preparation for a winter campaign and, on the other, the character +given to the war by the burning of Russian towns and the hatred of the +foe this aroused among the Russian people. But no one at the time +foresaw (what now seems so evident) that this was the only way an army +of eight hundred thousand men--the best in the world and led by the +best general--could be destroyed in conflict with a raw army of half +its numerical strength, and led by inexperienced commanders as the +Russian army was. Not only did no one see this, but on the Russian +side every effort was made to hinder the only thing that could save +Russia, while on the French side, despite Napoleon's experience and +so-called military genius, every effort was directed to pushing on +to Moscow at the end of the summer, that is, to doing the very thing +that was bound to lead to destruction. + +In historical works on the year 1812 French writers are very fond of +saying that Napoleon felt the danger of extending his line, that he +sought a battle and that his marshals advised him to stop at Smolensk, +and of making similar statements to show that the danger of the +campaign was even then understood. Russian authors are still fonder of +telling us that from the commencement of the campaign a Scythian war +plan was adopted to lure Napoleon into the depths of Russia, and +this plan some of them attribute to Pfuel, others to a certain +Frenchman, others to Toll, and others again to Alexander himself- +pointing to notes, projects, and letters which contain hints of such a + +line of action. But all these hints at what happened, both from the +French side and the Russian, are advanced only because they fit in +with the event. Had that event not occurred these hints would have +been forgotten, as we have forgotten the thousands and millions of +hints and expectations to the contrary which were current then but +have now been forgotten because the event falsified them. There are +always so many conjectures as to the issue of any event that however +it may end there will always be people to say: "I said then that it +would be so," quite forgetting that amid their innumerable conjectures +many were to quite the contrary effect. + +Conjectures as to Napoleon's awareness of the danger of extending +his line, and (on the Russian side) as to luring the enemy into the +depths of Russia, are evidently of that kind, and only by much +straining can historians attribute such conceptions to Napoleon and +his marshals, or such plans to the Russian commanders. All the facts +are in flat contradiction to such conjectures. During the whole period +of the war not only was there no wish on the Russian side to draw +the French into the heart of the country, but from their first entry +into Russia everything was done to stop them. And not only was +Napoleon not afraid to extend his line, but he welcomed every step +forward as a triumph and did not seek battle as eagerly as in former +campaigns, but very lazily. + +At the very beginning of the war our armies were divided, and our +sole aim was to unite them, though uniting the armies was no advantage +if we meant to retire and lure the enemy into the depths of the +country. Our Emperor joined the army to encourage it to defend every +inch of Russian soil and not to retreat. The enormous Drissa camp +was formed on Pfuel's plan, and there was no intention of retiring +farther. The Emperor reproached the commanders in chief for every step +they retired. He could not bear the idea of letting the enemy even +reach Smolensk, still less could he contemplate the burning of Moscow, +and when our armies did unite he was displeased that Smolensk was +abandoned and burned without a general engagement having been fought +under its walls. + +So thought the Emperor, and the Russian commanders and people were +still more provoked at the thought that our forces were retreating +into the depths of the country. + +Napoleon having cut our armies apart advanced far into the country +and missed several chances of forcing an engagement. In August he +was at Smolensk and thought only of how to advance farther, though +as we now see that advance was evidently ruinous to him. + +The facts clearly show that Napoleon did not foresee the danger of +the advance on Moscow, nor did Alexander and the Russian commanders +then think of luring Napoleon on, but quite the contrary. The luring +of Napoleon into the depths of the country was not the result of any +plan, for no one believed it to be possible; it resulted from a most +complex interplay of intrigues, aims, and wishes among those who +took part in the war and had no perception whatever of the inevitable, +or of the one way of saving Russia. Everything came about +fortuitously. The armies were divided at the commencement of the +campaign. We tried to unite them, with the evident intention of giving +battle and checking the enemy's advance, and by this effort to unite +them while avoiding battle with a much stronger enemy, and necessarily +withdrawing the armies at an acute angle--we led the French on to +Smolensk. But we withdrew at an acute angle not only because the +French advanced between our two armies; the angle became still more +acute and we withdrew still farther, because Barclay de Tolly was an +unpopular foreigner disliked by Bagration (who would come his +command), and Bagration--being in command of the second army--tried to +postpone joining up and coming under Barclay's command as long as he +could. Bagration was slow in effecting the junction--though that was +the chief aim of all at headquarters--because, as he alleged, he +exposed his army to danger on this march, and it was best for him to +retire more to the left and more to the south, worrying the enemy from +flank and rear and securing from the Ukraine recruits for his army; +and it looks as if he planned this in order not to come under the +command of the detested foreigner Barclay, whose rank was inferior +to his own. + +The Emperor was with the army to encourage it, but his presence +and ignorance of what steps to take, and the enormous number of +advisers and plans, destroyed the first army's energy and it retired. + +The intention was to make a stand at the Drissa camp, but +Paulucci, aiming at becoming commander in chief, unexpectedly employed +his energy to influence Alexander, and Pfuel's whole plan was +abandoned and the command entrusted to Barclay. But as Barclay did not +inspire confidence his power was limited. The armies were divided, +there was no unity of command, and Barclay was unpopular; but from +this confusion, division, and the unpopularity of the foreign +commander in chief, there resulted on the one hand indecision and +the avoidance of a battle (which we could not have refrained from +had the armies been united and had someone else, instead of Barclay, +been in command) and on the other an ever-increasing indignation +against the foreigners and an increase in patriotic zeal. + +At last the Emperor left the army, and as the most convenient and +indeed the only pretext for his departure it was decided that it was +necessary for him to inspire the people in the capitals and arouse the +nation in general to a patriotic war. And by this visit of the Emperor +to Moscow the strength of the Russian army was trebled. + +He left in order not to obstruct the commander in chief's +undivided control of the army, and hoping that more decisive action +would then be taken, but the command of the armies became still more +confused and enfeebled. Bennigsen, the Tsarevich, and a swarm of +adjutants general remained with the army to keep the commander in +chief under observation and arouse his energy, and Barclay, feeling +less free than ever under the observation of all these "eyes of the +Emperor," became still more cautious of undertaking any decisive +action and avoided giving battle. + +Barclay stood for caution. The Tsarevich hinted at treachery and +demanded a general engagement. Lubomirski, Bronnitski, Wlocki, and the +others of that group stirred up so much trouble that Barclay, under +pretext of sending papers to the Emperor, dispatched these Polish +adjutants general to Petersburg and plunged into an open struggle with +Bennigsen and the Tsarevich. + +At Smolensk the armies at last reunited, much as Bagration +disliked it. + +Bagration drove up in a carriage to to the house occupied by +Barclay. Barclay donned his sash and came out to meet and report to +his senior officer Bagration. + +Despite his seniority in rank Bagration, in this contest of +magnanimity, took his orders from Barclay, but, having submitted, +agreed with him less than ever. By the Emperor's orders Bagration +reported direct to him. He wrote to Arakcheev, the Emperor's +confidant: "It must be as my sovereign pleases, but I cannot work with +the Minister (meaning Barclay). For God's sake send me somewhere +else if only in command of a regiment. I cannot stand it here. +Headquarters are so full of Germans that a Russian cannot exist and +there is no sense in anything. I thought I was really serving my +sovereign and the Fatherland, but it turns out that I am serving +Barclay. I confess I do not want to." + +The swarm of Bronnitskis and Wintzingerodes and their like still +further embittered the relations between the commanders in chief, +and even less unity resulted. Preparations were made to fight the +French before Smolensk. A general was sent to survey the position. +This general, hating Barclay, rode to visit a friend of his own, a +corps commander, and, having spent the day with him, returned to +Barclay and condemned, as unsuitable from every point of view, the +battleground he had not seen. + +While disputes and intrigues were going on about the future field of +battle, and while we were looking for the French--having lost touch +with them--the French stumbled upon Neverovski's division and +reached the walls of Smolensk. + +It was necessary to fight an unexpected battle at Smolensk to save +our lines of communication. The battle was fought and thousands were +killed on both sides. + +Smolensk was abandoned contrary to the wishes of the Emperor and +of the whole people. But Smolensk was burned by its own +inhabitants-who had been misled by their governor. And these ruined +inhabitants, setting an example to other Russians, went to Moscow +thinking only of their own losses but kindling hatred of the foe. +Napoleon advanced farther and we retired, thus arriving at the very +result which caused his destruction. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +The day after his son had left, Prince Nicholas sent for Princess +Mary to come to his study. + +"Well? Are you satisfied now?" said he. "You've made me quarrel with +my son! Satisfied, are you? That's all you wanted! Satisfied?... It +hurts me, it hurts. I'm old and weak and this is what you wanted. Well +then, gloat over it! Gloat over it!" + +After that Princess Mary did not see her father for a whole week. He +was ill and did not leave his study. + +Princess Mary noticed to her surprise that during this illness the +old prince not only excluded her from his room, but did not admit +Mademoiselle Bourienne either. Tikhon alone attended him. + +At the end of the week the prince reappeared and resumed his +former way of life, devoting himself with special activity to building +operations and the arrangement of the gardens and completely +breaking off his relations with Mademoiselle Bourienne. His looks +and cold tone to his daughter seemed to say: "There, you see? You +plotted against me, you lied to Prince Andrew about my relations +with that Frenchwoman and made me quarrel with him, but you see I need +neither her nor you!" + +Princess Mary spent half of every day with little Nicholas, watching +his lessons, teaching him Russian and music herself, and talking to +Dessalles; the rest of the day she spent over her books, with her +old nurse, or with "God's folk" who sometimes came by the back door to +see her. + +Of the war Princess Mary thought as women do think about wars. She +feared for her brother who was in it, was horrified by and amazed at +the strange cruelty that impels men to kill one another, but she did +not understand the significance of this war, which seemed to her +like all previous wars. She did not realize the significance of this +war, though Dessalles with whom she constantly conversed was +passionately interested in its progress and tried to explain his own +conception of it to her, and though the "God's folk" who came to see +her reported, in their own way, the rumors current among the people of +an invasion by Antichrist, and though Julie (now Princess +Drubetskaya), who had resumed correspondence with her, wrote patriotic +letters from Moscow. + +"I write you in Russian, my good friend," wrote Julie in her +Frenchified Russian, "because I have a detestation for all the French, +and the same for their language which I cannot support to hear +spoken.... We in Moscow are elated by enthusiasm for our adored +Emperor. + +"My poor husband is enduring pains and hunger in Jewish taverns, but +the news which I have inspires me yet more. + +"You heard probably of the heroic exploit of Raevski, embracing +his two sons and saying: 'I will perish with them but we will not be +shaken!' And truly though the enemy was twice stronger than we, we +were unshakable. We pass the time as we can, but in war as in war! The +princesses Aline and Sophie sit whole days with me, and we, unhappy +widows of live men, make beautiful conversations over our charpie, +only you, my friend, are missing..." and so on. + +The chief reason Princess Mary did not realize the full significance +of this war was that the old prince never spoke of it, did not +recognize it, and laughed at Dessalles when he mentioned it at dinner. +The prince's tone was so calm and confident that Princess Mary +unhesitatingly believed him. + +All that July the old prince was exceedingly active and even +animated. He planned another garden and began a new building for the +domestic serfs. The only thing that made Princess Mary anxious about +him was that he slept very little and, instead of sleeping in his +study as usual, changed his sleeping place every day. One day he would +order his camp bed to be set up in the glass gallery, another day he +remained on the couch or on the lounge chair in the drawing room and +dozed there without undressing, while--instead of Mademoiselle +Bourienne--a serf boy read to him. Then again he would spend a night +in the dining room. + +On August 1, a second letter was received from Prince Andrew. In his +first letter which came soon after he had left home, Prince Andrew had +dutifully asked his father's forgiveness for what he had allowed +himself to say and begged to be restored to his favor. To this +letter the old prince had replied affectionately, and from that time +had kept the Frenchwoman at a distance. Prince Andrew's second letter, +written near Vitebsk after the French had occupied that town, gave a +brief account of the whole campaign, enclosed for them a plan he had +drawn and forecasts as to the further progress of the war. In this +letter Prince Andrew pointed out to his father the danger of staying +at Bald Hills, so near the theater of war and on the army's direct +line of march, and advised him to move to Moscow. + +At dinner that day, on Dessalles' mentioning that the French were +said to have already entered Vitebsk, the old prince remembered his +son's letter. + +"There was a letter from Prince Andrew today," he said to Princess +Mary--"Haven't you read it?" + +"No, Father," she replied in a frightened voice. + +She could not have read the letter as she did not even know it had +arrived. + +"He writes about this war," said the prince, with the ironic smile +that had become habitual to him in speaking of the present war. + +"That must be very interesting," said Dessalles. "Prince Andrew is +in a position to know..." + +"Oh, very interesting!" said Mademoiselle Bourienne. + +"Go and get it for me," said the old prince to Mademoiselle +Bourienne. "You know--under the paperweight on the little table." + +Mademoiselle Bourienne jumped up eagerly. + +"No, don't!" he exclaimed with a frown. "You go, Michael Ivanovich." + +Michael Ivanovich rose and went to the study. But as soon as he +had left the room the old prince, looking uneasily round, threw down +his napkin and went himself. + +"They can't do anything... always make some muddle," he muttered. + +While he was away Princess Mary, Dessalles, Mademoiselle +Bourienne, and even little Nicholas exchanged looks in silence. The +old prince returned with quick steps, accompanied by Michael +Ivanovich, bringing the letter and a plan. These he put down beside +him--not letting anyone read them at dinner. + +On moving to the drawing room he handed the letter to Princess +Mary and, spreading out before him the plan of the new building and +fixing his eyes upon it, told her to read the letter aloud. When she +had done so Princess Mary looked inquiringly at her father. He was +examining the plan, evidently engrossed in his own ideas. + +"What do you think of it, Prince?" Dessalles ventured to ask. + +"I? I?..." said the prince as if unpleasantly awakened, and not +taking his eyes from the plan of the building. + +"Very possibly the theater of war will move so near to us that..." + +"Ha ha ha! The theater of war!" said the prince. "I have said and +still say that the theater of war is Poland and the enemy will never +get beyond the Niemen." + +Dessalles looked in amazement at the prince, who was talking of +the Niemen when the enemy was already at the Dnieper, but Princess +Mary, forgetting the geographical position of the Niemen, thought that +what her father was saying was correct. + +"When the snow melts they'll sink in the Polish swamps. Only they +could fail to see it," the prince continued, evidently thinking of the +campaign of 1807 which seemed to him so recent. "Bennigsen should have +advanced into Prussia sooner, then things would have taken a different +turn..." + +"But, Prince," Dessalles began timidly, "the letter mentions +Vitebsk...." + +"Ah, the letter? Yes..." replied the prince peevishly. "Yes... +yes..." His face suddenly took on a morose expression. He paused. +"Yes, he writes that the French were beaten at... at... what river +is it?" + +Dessalles dropped his eyes. + +"The prince says nothing about that," he remarked gently. + +"Doesn't he? But I didn't invent it myself." + +No one spoke for a long time. + +"Yes... yes... Well, Michael Ivanovich," he suddenly went on, +raising his head and pointing to the plan of the building, "tell me +how you mean to alter it...." + +Michael Ivanovich went up to the plan, and the prince after speaking +to him about the building looked angrily at Princess Mary and +Dessalles and went to his own room. + +Princess Mary saw Dessalles' embarrassed and astonished look fixed +on her father, noticed his silence, and was struck by the fact that +her father had forgotten his son's letter on the drawing-room table; +but she was not only afraid to speak of it and ask Dessalles the +reason of his confusion and silence, but was afraid even to think +about it. + +In the evening Michael Ivanovich, sent by the prince, came to +Princess Mary for Prince Andrew's letter which had been forgotten in +the drawing room. She gave it to him and, unpleasant as it was to +her to do so, ventured to ask him what her father was doing. + +"Always busy," replied Michael Ivanovich with a respectfully +ironic smile which caused Princess Mary to turn pale. "He's worrying +very much about the new building. He has been reading a little, but +now"--Michael Ivanovich went on, lowering his voice--"now he's at +his desk, busy with his will, I expect." (One of the prince's favorite +occupations of late had been the preparation of some papers he meant +to leave at his death and which he called his "will.") + +"And Alpatych is being sent to Smolensk?" asked Princess Mary. + +"Oh, yes, he has been waiting to start for some time." + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +When Michael Ivanovich returned to the study with the letter, the +old prince, with spectacles on and a shade over his eyes, was +sitting at his open bureau with screened candles, holding a paper in +his outstretched hand, and in a somewhat dramatic attitude was reading +his manuscript--his "Remarks" as he termed it--which was to be +transmitted to the Emperor after his death. + +When Michael Ivanovich went in there were tears in the prince's eyes +evoked by the memory of the time when the paper he was now reading had +been written. He took the letter from Michael Ivanovich's hand, put it +in his pocket, folded up his papers, and called in Alpatych who had +long been waiting. + +The prince had a list of things to be bought in Smolensk and, +walking up and down the room past Alpatych who stood by the door, he +gave his instructions. + +"First, notepaper--do you hear? Eight quires, like this sample, +gilt-edged... it must be exactly like the sample. Varnish, sealing +wax, as in Michael Ivanovich's list." + +He paced up and down for a while and glanced at his notes. + +"Then hand to the governor in person a letter about the deed." + +Next, bolts for the doors of the new building were wanted and had to +be of a special shape the prince had himself designed, and a leather +case had to be ordered to keep the "will" in. + +The instructions to Alpatych took over two hours and still the +prince did not let him go. He sat down, sank into thought, closed +his eyes, and dozed off. Alpatych made a slight movement. + +"Well, go, go! If anything more is wanted I'll send after you." + +Alpatych went out. The prince again went to his bureau, glanced into +it, fingered his papers, closed the bureau again, and sat down at +the table to write to the governor. + +It was already late when he rose after sealing the letter. He wished +to sleep, but he knew he would not be able to and that most depressing +thoughts came to him in bed. So he called Tikhon and went through +the rooms with him to show him where to set up the bed for that night. + +He went about looking at every corner. Every place seemed +unsatisfactory, but worst of all was his customary couch in the study. +That couch was dreadful to him, probably because of the oppressive +thoughts he had had when lying there. It was unsatisfactory +everywhere, but the corner behind the piano in the sitting room was +better than other places: he had never slept there yet. + +With the help of a footman Tikhon brought in the bedstead and +began putting it up. + +"That's not right! That's not right!" cried the prince, and +himself pushed it a few inches from the corner and then closer in +again. + +"Well, at last I've finished, now I'll rest," thought the prince, +and let Tikhon undress him. + +Frowning with vexation at the effort necessary to divest himself +of his coat and trousers, the prince undressed, sat down heavily on +the bed, and appeared to be meditating as he looked contemptuously +at his withered yellow legs. He was not meditating, but only deferring +the moment of making the effort to lift those legs up and turn over on +the bed. "Ugh, how hard it is! Oh, that this toil might end and you +would release me!" thought he. Pressing his lips together he made that +effort for the twenty-thousandth time and lay down. But hardly had +he done so before he felt the bed rocking backwards and forwards +beneath him as if it were breathing heavily and jolting. This happened +to him almost every night. He opened his eyes as they were closing. + +"No peace, damn them!" he muttered, angry he knew not with whom. "Ah +yes, there was something else important, very important, that I was +keeping till I should be in bed. The bolts? No, I told him about them. +No, it was something, something in the drawing room. Princess Mary +talked some nonsense. Dessalles, that fool, said something. +Something in my pocket--can't remember..." + +"Tikhon, what did we talk about at dinner?" + +"About Prince Michael..." + +"Be quiet, quiet!" The prince slapped his hand on the table. "Yes, I +know, Prince Andrew's letter! Princess Mary read it. Dessalles said +something about Vitebsk. Now I'll read it." + +He had the letter taken from his pocket and the table--on which +stood a glass of lemonade and a spiral wax candle--moved close to +the bed, and putting on his spectacles he began reading. Only now in +the stillness of the night, reading it by the faint light under the +green shade, did he grasp its meaning for a moment. + +"The French at Vitebsk, in four days' march they may be at Smolensk; +perhaps are already there! Tikhon!" Tikhon jumped up. "No, no, I don't +want anything!" he shouted. + +He put the letter under the candlestick and closed his eyes. And +there rose before him the Danube at bright noonday: reeds, the Russian +camp, and himself a young general without a wrinkle on his ruddy face, +vigorous and alert, entering Potemkin's gaily colored tent, and a +burning sense of jealousy of "the favorite" agitated him now as +strongly as it had done then. He recalled all the words spoken at that +first meeting with Potemkin. And he saw before him a plump, rather +sallow-faced, short, stout woman, the Empress Mother, with her smile +and her words at her first gracious reception of him, and then that +same face on the catafalque, and the encounter he had with Zubov +over her coffin about his right to kiss her hand. + +"Oh, quicker, quicker! To get back to that time and have done with +all the present! Quicker, quicker--and that they should leave me in +peace!" + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Bald Hills, Prince Nicholas Bolkonski's estate, lay forty miles east +from Smolensk and two miles from the main road to Moscow. + +The same evening that the prince gave his instructions to +Alpatych, Dessalles, having asked to see Princess Mary, told her that, +as the prince was not very well and was taking no steps to secure +his safety, though from Prince Andrew's letter it was evident that +to remain at Bald Hills might be dangerous, he respectfully advised +her to send a letter by Alpatych to the Provincial Governor at +Smolensk, asking him to let her know the state of affairs and the +extent of the danger to which Bald Hills was exposed. Dessalles +wrote this letter to the Governor for Princess Mary, she signed it, +and it was given to Alpatych with instructions to hand it to the +Governor and to come back as quickly as possible if there was danger. + +Having received all his orders Alpatych, wearing a white beaver hat- +a present from the prince--and carrying a stick as the prince did, +went out accompanied by his family. Three well-fed roans stood ready +harnessed to a small conveyance with a leather hood. + +The larger bell was muffled and the little bells on the harness +stuffed with paper. The prince allowed no one at Bald Hills to drive +with ringing bells; but on a long journey Alpatych liked to have them. +His satellites--the senior clerk, a countinghouse clerk, a scullery +maid, a cook, two old women, a little pageboy, the coachman, and +various domestic serfs--were seeing him off. + +His daughter placed chintz-covered down cushions for him to sit on +and behind his back. His old sister-in-law popped in a small bundle, +and one of the coachmen helped him into the vehicle. + +"There! There! Women's fuss! Women, women!" said Alpatych, puffing +and speaking rapidly just as the prince did, and he climbed into the +trap. + +After giving the clerk orders about the work to be done, Alpatych, +not trying to imitate the prince now, lifted the hat from his bald +head and crossed himself three times. + +"If there is anything... come back, Yakov Alpatych! For Christ's +sake think of us!" cried his wife, referring to the rumors of war +and the enemy. + +"Women, women! Women's fuss!" muttered Alpatych to himself and +started on his journey, looking round at the fields of yellow rye +and the still-green, thickly growing oats, and at other quite black +fields just being plowed a second time. + +As he went along he looked with pleasure at the year's splendid crop +of corn, scrutinized the strips of ryefield which here and there +were already being reaped, made his calculations as to the sowing +and the harvest, and asked himself whether he had not forgotten any of +the prince's orders. + +Having baited the horses twice on the way, he arrived at the town +toward evening on the fourth of August. + +Alpatych kept meeting and overtaking baggage trains and troops on +the road. As he approached Smolensk he heard the sounds of distant +firing, but these did not impress him. What struck him most was the +sight of a splendid field of oats in which a camp had been pitched and +which was being mown down by the soldiers, evidently for fodder. +This fact impressed Alpatych, but in thinking about his own business +he soon forgot it. + +All the interests of his life for more than thirty years had been +bounded by the will of the prince, and he never went beyond that +limit. Everything not connected with the execution of the prince's +orders did not interest and did not even exist for Alpatych. + +On reaching Smolensk on the evening of the fourth of August he put +up in the Gachina suburb across the Dnieper, at the inn kept by +Ferapontov, where he had been in the habit of putting up for the +last thirty years. Some thirty years ago Ferapontov, by Alpatych's +advice, had bought a wood from the prince, had begun to trade, and now +had a house, an inn, and a corn dealer's shop in that province. He was +a stout, dark, red-faced peasant in the forties, with thick lips, a +broad knob of a nose, similar knobs over his black frowning brows, and +a round belly. + +Wearing a waistcoat over his cotton shirt, Ferapontov was standing +before his shop which opened onto the street. On seeing Alpatych he +went up to him. + +"You're welcome, Yakov Alpatych. Folks are leaving the town, but you +have come to it," said he. + +"Why are they leaving the town?" asked Alpatych. + +"That's what I say. Folks are foolish! Always afraid of the French." + +"Women's fuss, women's fuss!" said Alpatych. + +"Just what I think, Yakov Alpatych. What I say is: orders have +been given not to let them in, so that must be right. And the peasants +are asking three rubles for carting--it isn't Christian!" + +Yakov Alpatych heard without heeding. He asked for a samovar and for +hay for his horses, and when he had had his tea he went to bed. + +All night long troops were moving past the inn. Next morning +Alpatych donned a jacket he wore only in town and went out on +business. It was a sunny morning and by eight o'clock it was already +hot. "A good day for harvesting," thought Alpatych. + +From beyond the town firing had been heard since early morning. At +eight o'clock the booming of cannon was added to the sound of +musketry. Many people were hurrying through the streets and there were +many soldiers, but cabs were still driving about, tradesmen stood at +their shops, and service was being held in the churches as usual. +Alpatych went to the shops, to government offices, to the post office, +and to the Governor's. In the offices and shops and at the post office +everyone was talking about the army and about the enemy who was +already attacking the town, everybody was asking what should be +done, and all were trying to calm one another. + +In front of the Governor's house Alpatych found a large number of +people, Cossacks, and a traveling carriage of the Governor's. At the +porch he met two of the landed gentry, one of whom he knew. This +man, an ex-captain of police, was saying angrily: + +"It's no joke, you know! It's all very well if you're single. 'One +man though undone is but one,' as the proverb says, but with +thirteen in your family and all the property... They've brought us +to utter ruin! What sort of governors are they to do that? They +ought to be hanged--the brigands!..." + +"Oh come, that's enough!" said the other. + +"What do I care? Let him hear! We're not dogs," said the +ex-captain of police, and looking round he noticed Alpatych. + +"Oh, Yakov Alpatych! What have you come for?" + +"To see the Governor by his excellency's order," answered +Alpatych, lifting his head and proudly thrusting his hand into the +bosom of his coat as he always did when he mentioned the prince.... +"He has ordered me to inquire into the position of affairs," he added. + +"Yes, go and find out!" shouted the angry gentleman. "They've +brought things to such a pass that there are no carts or +anything!... There it is again, do you hear?" said he, pointing +in the direction whence came the sounds of firing. + +"They've brought us all to ruin... the brigands!" he repeated, and +descended the porch steps. + +Alpatych swayed his head and went upstairs. In the waiting room were +tradesmen, women, and officials, looking silently at one another. +The door of the Governor's room opened and they all rose and moved +forward. An official ran out, said some words to a merchant, called +a stout official with a cross hanging on his neck to follow him, and +vanished again, evidently wishing to avoid the inquiring looks and +questions addressed to him. Alpatych moved forward and next time the +official came out addressed him, one hand placed in the breast of +his buttoned coat, and handed him two letters. + +"To his Honor Baron Asch, from General-in-Chief Prince Bolkonski," +he announced with such solemnity and significance that the official +turned to him and took the letters. + +A few minutes later the Governor received Alpatych and hurriedly +said to him: + +"Inform the prince and princess that I knew nothing: I acted on +the highest instructions--here..." and he handed a paper to +Alpatych. "Still, as the prince is unwell my advice is that they +should go to Moscow. I am just starting myself. Inform them..." + +But the Governor did not finish: a dusty perspiring officer ran into +the room and began to say something in French. The Governor's face +expressed terror. + +"Go," he said, nodding his head to Alpatych, and began questioning +the officer. + +Eager, frightened, helpless glances were turned on Alpatych when +he came out of the Governor's room. Involuntarily listening now to the +firing, which had drawn nearer and was increasing in strength, +Alpatych hurried to his inn. The paper handed to him by the Governor +said this: + + +"I assure you that the town of Smolensk is not in the slightest +danger as yet and it is unlikely that it will be threatened with +any. I from the one side and Prince Bagration from the other are +marching to unite our forces before Smolensk, which junction will be +effected on the 22nd instant, and both armies with their united forces +will defend our compatriots of the province entrusted to your care +till our efforts shall have beaten back the enemies of our Fatherland, +or till the last warrior in our valiant ranks has perished. From +this you will see that you have a perfect right to reassure the +inhabitants of Smolensk, for those defended by two such brave armies +may feel assured of victory." (Instructions from Barclay de Tolly to +Baron Asch, the civil governor of Smolensk, 1812.) + + +People were anxiously roaming about the streets. + +Carts piled high with household utensils, chairs, and cupboards kept +emerging from the gates of the yards and moving along the streets. +Loaded carts stood at the house next to Ferapontov's and women were +wailing and lamenting as they said good-by. A small watchdog ran round +barking in front of the harnessed horses. + +Alpatych entered the innyard at a quicker pace than usual and went +straight to the shed where his horses and trap were. The coachman +was asleep. He woke him up, told him to harness, and went into the +passage. From the host's room came the sounds of a child crying, the +despairing sobs of a woman, and the hoarse angry shouting of +Ferapontov. The cook began running hither and thither in the passage +like a frightened hen, just as Alpatych entered. + +"He's done her to death. Killed the mistress!... Beat her... dragged +her about so!..." + +"What for?" asked Alpatych. + +"She kept begging to go away. She's a woman! 'Take me away,' says +she, 'don't let me perish with my little children! Folks,' she says, +'are all gone, so why,' she says, 'don't we go?' And he began +beating and pulling her about so!" + +At these words Alpatych nodded as if in approval, and not wishing to +hear more went to the door of the room opposite the innkeeper's, where +he had left his purchases. + +"You brute, you murderer!" screamed a thin, pale woman who, with a +baby in her arms and her kerchief torn from her head, burst through +the door at that moment and down the steps into the yard. + +Ferapontov came out after her, but on seeing Alpatych adjusted his +waistcoat, smoothed his hair, yawned, and followed Alpatych into the +opposite room. + +"Going already?" said he. + +Alpatych, without answering or looking at his host, sorted his +packages and asked how much he owed. + +"We'll reckon up! Well, have you been to the Governor's?" asked +Ferapontov. "What has been decided?" + +Alpatych replied that the Governor had not told him anything +definite. + +"With our business, how can we get away?" said Ferapontov. "We'd +have to pay seven rubles a cartload to Dorogobuzh and I tell them +they're not Christians to ask it! Selivanov, now, did a good stroke +last Thursday--sold flour to the army at nine rubles a sack. Will +you have some tea?" he added. + +While the horses were being harnessed Alpatych and Ferapontov over +their tea talked of the price of corn, the crops, and the good weather +for harvesting. + +"Well, it seems to be getting quieter," remarked Ferapontov, +finishing his third cup of tea and getting up. "Ours must have got the +best of it. The orders were not to let them in. So we're in force, +it seems.... They say the other day Matthew Ivanych Platov drove +them into the river Marina and drowned some eighteen thousand in one +day." + +Alpatych collected his parcels, handed them to the coachman who +had come in, and settled up with the innkeeper. The noise of wheels, +hoofs, and bells was heard from the gateway as a little trap passed +out. + +It was by now late in the afternoon. Half the street was in +shadow, the other half brightly lit by the sun. Alpatych looked out of +the window and went to the door. Suddenly the strange sound of a +far-off whistling and thud was heard, followed by a boom of cannon +blending into a dull roar that set the windows rattling. + +He went out into the street: two men were running past toward the +bridge. From different sides came whistling sounds and the thud of +cannon balls and bursting shells falling on the town. But these sounds +were hardly heard in comparison with the noise of the firing outside +the town and attracted little attention from the inhabitants. The town +was being bombarded by a hundred and thirty guns which Napoleon had +ordered up after four o'clock. The people did not at once realize +the meaning of this bombardment. + +At first the noise of the falling bombs and shells only aroused +curiosity. Ferapontov's wife, who till then had not ceased wailing +under the shed, became quiet and with the baby in her arms went to the +gate, listening to the sounds and looking in silence at the people. + +The cook and a shop assistant came to the gate. With lively +curiosity everyone tried to get a glimpse of the projectiles as they +flew over their heads. Several people came round the corner talking +eagerly. + +"What force!" remarked one. "Knocked the roof and ceiling all to +splinters!" + +"Routed up the earth like a pig," said another. + +"That's grand, it bucks one up!" laughed the first. "Lucky you +jumped aside, or it would have wiped you out!" + +Others joined those men and stopped and told how cannon balls had +fallen on a house close to them. Meanwhile still more projectiles, now +with the swift sinister whistle of a cannon ball, now with the +agreeable intermittent whistle of a shell, flew over people's heads +incessantly, but not one fell close by, they all flew over. Alpatych +was getting into his trap. The innkeeper stood at the gate. + +"What are you staring at?" he shouted to the cook, who in her red +skirt, with sleeves rolled up, swinging her bare elbows, had stepped +to the corner to listen to what was being said. + +"What marvels!" she exclaimed, but hearing her master's voice she +turned back, pulling down her tucked-up skirt. + +Once more something whistled, but this time quite close, swooping +downwards like a little bird; a flame flashed in the middle of the +street, something exploded, and the street was shrouded in smoke. + +"Scoundrel, what are you doing?" shouted the innkeeper, rushing to +the cook. + +At that moment the pitiful wailing of women was heard from different +sides, the frightened baby began to cry, and people crowded silently +with pale faces round the cook. The loudest sound in that crowd was +her wailing. + +"Oh-h-h! Dear souls, dear kind souls! Don't let me die! My good +souls!..." + +Five minutes later no one remained in the street. The cook, with her +thigh broken by a shell splinter, had been carried into the kitchen. +Alpatych, his coachman, Ferapontov's wife and children and the house +porter were all sitting in the cellar, listening. The roar of guns, +the whistling of projectiles, and the piteous moaning of the cook, +which rose above the other sounds, did not cease for a moment. The +mistress rocked and hushed her baby and when anyone came into the +cellar asked in a pathetic whisper what had become of her husband +who had remained in the street. A shopman who entered told her that +her husband had gone with others to the cathedral, whence they were +fetching the wonder-working icon of Smolensk. + +Toward dusk the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych left the cellar +and stopped in the doorway. The evening sky that had been so clear was +clouded with smoke, through which, high up, the sickle of the new moon +shone strangely. Now that the terrible din of the guns had ceased a +hush seemed to reign over the town, broken only by the rustle of +footsteps, the moaning, the distant cries, and the crackle of fires +which seemed widespread everywhere. The cook's moans had now subsided. +On two sides black curling clouds of smoke rose and spread from the +fires. Through the streets soldiers in various uniforms walked or +ran confusedly in different directions like ants from a ruined +ant-hill. Several of them ran into Ferapontov's yard before Alpatych's +eyes. Alpatych went out to the gate. A retreating regiment, +thronging and hurrying, blocked the street. + +Noticing him, an officer said: "The town is being abandoned. Get +away, get away!" and then, turning to the soldiers, shouted: + +"I'll teach you to run into the yards!" + +Alpatych went back to the house, called the coachman, and told him +to set off. Ferapontov's whole household came out too, following +Alpatych and the coachman. The women, who had been silent till then, +suddenly began to wail as they looked at the fires--the smoke and even +the flames of which could be seen in the failing twilight--and as if +in reply the same kind of lamentation was heard from other parts of +the street. Inside the shed Alpatych and the coachman arranged the +tangled reins and traces of their horses with trembling hands. + +As Alpatych was driving out of the gate he saw some ten soldiers +in Ferapontov's open shop, talking loudly and filling their bags and +knapsacks with flour and sunflower seeds. Just then Ferapontov +returned and entered his shop. On seeing the soldiers he was about +to shout at them, but suddenly stopped and, clutching at his hair, +burst into sobs and laughter: + +"Loot everything, lads! Don't let those devils get it!" he cried, +taking some bags of flour himself and throwing them into the street. + +Some of the soldiers were frightened and ran away, others went on +filling their bags. On seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him: + +"Russia is done for!" he cried. "Alpatych, I'll set the place on +fire myself. We're done for!..." and Ferapontov ran into the yard. + +Soldiers were passing in a constant stream along the street blocking +it completely, so that Alpatych could not pass out and had to wait. +Ferapontov's wife and children were also sitting in a cart waiting +till it was possible to drive out. + +Night had come. There were stars in the sky and the new moon shone +out amid the smoke that screened it. On the sloping descent to the +Dnieper Alpatych's cart and that of the innkeeper's wife, which were +slowly moving amid the rows of soldiers and of other vehicles, had +to stop. In a side street near the crossroads where the vehicles had +stopped, a house and some shops were on fire. This fire was already +burning itself out. The flames now died down and were lost in the +black smoke, now suddenly flared up again brightly, lighting up with +strange distinctness the faces of the people crowding at the +crossroads. Black figures flitted about before the fire, and through +the incessant crackling of the flames talking and shouting could be +heard. Seeing that his trap would not be able to move on for some +time, Alpatych got down and turned into the side street to look at the +fire. Soldiers were continually rushing backwards and forwards near +it, and he saw two of them and a man in a frieze coat dragging burning +beams into another yard across the street, while others carried +bundles of hay. + +Alpatych went up to a large crowd standing before a high barn +which was blazing briskly. The walls were all on fire and the back +wall had fallen in, the wooden roof was collapsing, and the rafters +were alight. The crowd was evidently watching for the roof to fall in, +and Alpatych watched for it too. + +"Alpatych!" a familiar voice suddenly hailed the old man. + +"Mercy on us! Your excellency!" answered Alpatych, immediately +recognizing the voice of his young prince. + +Prince Andrew in his riding cloak, mounted on a black horse, was +looking at Alpatych from the back of the crowd. + +"Why are you here?" he asked. + +"Your... your excellency," stammered Alpatych and broke into sobs. +"Are we really lost? Master!..." + +"Why are you here?" Prince Andrew repeated. + +At that moment the flames flared up and showed his young master's +pale worn face. Alpatych told how he had been sent there and how +difficult it was to get away. + +"Are we really quite lost, your excellency?" he asked again. + +Prince Andrew without replying took out a notebook and raising his +knee began writing in pencil on a page he tore out. He wrote to his +sister: + + +"Smolensk is being abandoned. Bald Hills will be occupied by the +enemy within a week. Set off immediately for Moscow. Let me know at +once when you will start. Send by special messenger to Usvyazh." + + +Having written this and given the paper to Alpatych, he told him how +to arrange for departure of the prince, the princess, his son, and the +boy's tutor, and how and where to let him know immediately. Before +he had had time to finish giving these instructions, a chief of +staff followed by a suite galloped up to him. + +"You are a colonel?" shouted the chief of staff with a German +accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrew. "Houses are set on +fire in your presence and you stand by! What does this mean? You +will answer for it!" shouted Berg, who was now assistant to the +chief of staff of the commander of the left flank of the infantry of +the first army, a place, as Berg said, "very agreeable and well en +evidence." + +Prince Andrew looked at him and without replying went on speaking to +Alpatych. + +"So tell them that I shall await a reply till the tenth, and if by +the tenth I don't receive news that they have all got away I shall +have to throw up everything and come myself to Bald Hills." + +"Prince," said Berg, recognizing Prince Andrew, "I only spoke +because I have to obey orders, because I always do obey exactly.... +You must please excuse me," he went on apologetically. + +Something cracked in the flames. The fire died down for a moment and +wreaths of black smoke rolled from under the roof. There was another +terrible crash and something huge collapsed. + +"Ou-rou-rou!" yelled the crowd, echoing the crash of the +collapsing roof of the barn, the burning grain in which diffused a +cakelike aroma all around. The flames flared up again, lighting the +animated, delighted, exhausted faces of the spectators. + +The man in the frieze coat raised his arms and shouted: + +"It's fine, lads! Now it's raging... It's fine!" + +"That's the owner himself," cried several voices. + +"Well then," continued Prince Andrew to Alpatych, "report to them as +I have told you"; and not replying a word to Berg who was now mute +beside him, he touched his horse and rode down the side street. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +From Smolensk the troops continued to retreat, followed by the +enemy. On the tenth of August the regiment Prince Andrew commanded was +marching along the highroad past the avenue leading to Bald Hills. +Heat and drought had continued for more than three weeks. Each day +fleecy clouds floated across the sky and occasionally veiled the +sun, but toward evening the sky cleared again and the sun set in +reddish-brown mist. Heavy night dews alone refreshed the earth. The +unreaped corn was scorched and shed its grain. The marshes dried up. +The cattle lowed from hunger, finding no food on the sun-parched +meadows. Only at night and in the forests while the dew lasted was +there any freshness. But on the road, the highroad along which the +troops marched, there was no such freshness even at night or when +the road passed through the forest; the dew was imperceptible on the +sandy dust churned up more than six inches deep. As soon as day dawned +the march began. The artillery and baggage wagons moved noiselessly +through the deep dust that rose to the very hubs of the wheels, and +the infantry sank ankle-deep in that soft, choking, hot dust that +never cooled even at night. Some of this dust was kneaded by the +feet and wheels, while the rest rose and hung like a cloud over the +troops, settling in eyes, ears, hair, and nostrils, and worst of all +in the lungs of the men and beasts as they moved along that road. +The higher the sun rose the higher rose that cloud of dust, and +through the screen of its hot fine particles one could look with naked +eye at the sun, which showed like a huge crimson ball in the unclouded +sky. There was no wind, and the men choked in that motionless +atmosphere. They marched with handkerchiefs tied over their noses +and mouths. When they passed through a village they all rushed to +the wells and fought for the water and drank it down to the mud. + +Prince Andrew was in command of a regiment, and the management of +that regiment, the welfare of the men and the necessity of receiving +and giving orders, engrossed him. The burning of Smolensk and its +abandonment made an epoch in his life. A novel feeling of anger +against the foe made him forget his own sorrow. He was entirely +devoted to the affairs of his regiment and was considerate and kind to +his men and officers. In the regiment they called him "our prince," +were proud of him and loved him. But he was kind and gentle only to +those of his regiment, to Timokhin and the like--people quite new to +him, belonging to a different world and who could not know and +understand his past. As soon as he came across a former acquaintance +or anyone from the staff, he bristled up immediately and grew +spiteful, ironical, and contemptuous. Everything that reminded him +of his past was repugnant to him, and so in his relations with that +former circle he confined himself to trying to do his duty and not +to be unfair. + +In truth everything presented itself in a dark and gloomy light to +Prince Andrew, especially after the abandonment of Smolensk on the +sixth of August (he considered that it could and should have been +defended) and after his sick father had had to flee to Moscow, +abandoning to pillage his dearly beloved Bald Hills which he had built +and peopled. But despite this, thanks to his regiment, Prince Andrew +had something to think about entirely apart from general questions. +Two days previously he had received news that his father, son, and +sister had left for Moscow; and though there was nothing for him to do +at Bald Hills, Prince Andrew with a characteristic desire to foment +his own grief decided that he must ride there. + +He ordered his horse to be saddled and, leaving his regiment on +the march, rode to his father's estate where he had been born and +spent his childhood. Riding past the pond where there used always to +be dozens of women chattering as they rinsed their linen or beat it +with wooden beetles, Prince Andrew noticed that there was not a soul +about and that the little washing wharf, torn from its place and +half submerged, was floating on its side in the middle of the pond. He +rode to the keeper's lodge. No one at the stone entrance gates of +the drive and the door stood open. Grass had already begun to grow +on the garden paths, and horses and calves were straying in the +English park. Prince Andrew rode up to the hothouse; some of the glass +panes were broken, and of the trees in tubs some were overturned and +others dried up. He called for Taras the gardener, but no one replied. +Having gone round the corner of the hothouse to the ornamental garden, +he saw that the carved garden fence was broken and branches of the +plum trees had been torn off with the fruit. An old peasant whom +Prince Andrew in his childhood had often seen at the gate was +sitting on a green garden seat, plaiting a bast shoe. + +He was deaf and did not hear Prince Andrew ride up. He was sitting +on the seat the old prince used to like to sit on, and beside him +strips of bast were hanging on the broken and withered branch of a +magnolia. + +Prince Andrew rode up to the house. Several limes in the old +garden had been cut down and a piebald mare and her foal were +wandering in front of the house among the rosebushes. The shutters +were all closed, except at one window which was open. A little serf +boy, seeing Prince Andrew, ran into the house. Alpatych, having sent +his family away, was alone at Bald Hills and was sitting indoors +reading the Lives of the Saints. On hearing that Prince Andrew had +come, he went out with his spectacles on his nose, buttoning his coat, +and, hastily stepping up, without a word began weeping and kissing +Prince Andrew's knee. + +Then, vexed at his own weakness, he turned away and began to +report on the position of affairs. Everything precious and valuable +had been removed to Bogucharovo. Seventy quarters of grain had also +been carted away. The hay and the spring corn, of which Alpatych +said there had been a remarkable crop that year, had been commandeered +by the troops and mown down while still green. The peasants were +ruined; some of them too had gone to Bogucharovo, only a few remained. + +Without waiting to hear him out, Prince Andrew asked: + +"When did my father and sister leave?" meaning when did they leave +for Moscow. + +Alpatych, understanding the question to refer to their departure for +Bogucharovo, replied that they had left on the seventh and again +went into details concerning the estate management, asking for +instructions. + +"Am I to let the troops have the oats, and to take a receipt for +them? We have still six hundred quarters left," he inquired. + +"What am I to say to him?" thought Prince Andrew, looking down on +the old man's bald head shining in the sun and seeing by the +expression on his face that the old man himself understood how +untimely such questions were and only asked them to allay his grief. + +"Yes, let them have it," replied Prince Andrew. + +"If you noticed some disorder in the garden," said Alpatych, "it was +impossible to prevent it. Three regiments have been here and spent the +night, dragoons mostly. I took down the name and rank of their +commanding officer, to hand in a complaint about it." + +"Well, and what are you going to do? Will you stay here if the enemy +occupies the place?" asked Prince Andrew. + +Alpatych turned his face to Prince Andrew, looked at him, and +suddenly with a solemn gesture raised his arm. + +"He is my refuge! His will be done!" he exclaimed. + +A group of bareheaded peasants was approaching across the meadow +toward the prince. + +"Well, good-by!" said Prince Andrew, bending over to Alpatych. +"You must go away too, take away what you can and tell the serfs to go +to the Ryazan estate or to the one near Moscow." + +Alpatych clung to Prince Andrew's leg and burst into sobs. Gently +disengaging himself, the prince spurred his horse and rode down the +avenue at a gallop. + +The old man was still sitting in the ornamental garden, like a fly +impassive on the face of a loved one who is dead, tapping the last +on which he was making the bast shoe, and two little girls, running +out from the hot house carrying in their skirts plums they had plucked +from the trees there, came upon Prince Andrew. On seeing the young +master, the elder one frightened look clutched her younger companion +by the hand and hid with her behind a birch tree, not stopping to pick +up some green plums they had dropped. + +Prince Andrew turned away with startled haste, unwilling to let them +see that they had been observed. He was sorry for the pretty +frightened little girl, was afraid of looking at her, and yet felt +an irresistible desire to do so. A new sensation of comfort and relief +came over him when, seeing these girls, he realized the existence of +other human interests entirely aloof from his own and just as +legitimate as those that occupied him. Evidently these girls +passionately desired one thing--to carry away and eat those green +plums without being caught--and Prince Andrew shared their wish for +the success of their enterprise. He could not resist looking at them +once more. Believing their danger past, they sprang from their +ambush and, chirruping something in their shrill little voices and +holding up their skirts, their bare little sunburned feet scampered +merrily and quickly across the meadow grass. + +Prince Andrew was somewhat refreshed by having ridden off the +dusty highroad along which the troops were moving. But not far from +Bald Hills he again came out on the road and overtook his regiment +at its halting place by the dam of a small pond. It was past one +o'clock. The sun, a red ball through the dust, burned and scorched his +back intolerably through his black coat. The dust always hung +motionless above the buzz of talk that came from the resting troops. +There was no wind. As he crossed the dam Prince Andrew smelled the +ooze and freshness of the pond. He longed to get into that water, +however dirty it might be, and he glanced round at the pool from +whence came sounds of shrieks and laughter. The small, muddy, green +pond had risen visibly more than a foot, flooding the dam, because +it was full of the naked white bodies of soldiers with brick-red +hands, necks, and faces, who were splashing about in it. All this +naked white human flesh, laughing and shrieking, floundered about in +that dirty pool like carp stuffed into a watering can, and the +suggestion of merriment in that floundering mass rendered it specially +pathetic. + +One fair-haired young soldier of the third company, whom Prince +Andrew knew and who had a strap round the calf of one leg, crossed +himself, stepped back to get a good run, and plunged into the water; +another, a dark noncommissioned officer who was always shaggy, stood +up to his waist in the water joyfully wriggling his muscular figure +and snorted with satisfaction as he poured the water over his head +with hands blackened to the wrists. There were sounds of men +slapping one another, yelling, and puffing. + +Everywhere on the bank, on the dam, and in the pond, there was +healthy, white, muscular flesh. The officer, Timokhin, with his red +little nose, standing on the dam wiping himself with a towel, felt +confused at seeing the prince, but made up his mind to address him +nevertheless. + +"It's very nice, your excellency! Wouldn't you like to?" said he. + +"It's dirty," replied Prince Andrew, making a grimace. + +"We'll clear it out for you in a minute," said Timokhin, and, +still undressed, ran off to clear the men out of the pond. + +"The prince wants to bathe." + +"What prince? Ours?" said many voices, and the men were in such +haste to clear out that the prince could hardly stop them. He +decided that he would rather wash himself with water in the barn. + +"Flesh, bodies, cannon fodder!" he thought, and he looked at his own +naked body and shuddered, not from cold but from a sense of disgust +and horror he did not himself understand, aroused by the sight of that +immense number of bodies splashing about in the dirty pond. + + +On the seventh of August Prince Bagration wrote as follows from +his quarters at Mikhaylovna on the Smolensk road: + + +Dear Count Alexis Andreevich--(He was writing to Arakcheev but +knew that his letter would be read by the Emperor, and therefore +weighed every word in it to the best of his ability.) + +I expect the Minister [Barclay de Tolly] has already reported the +abandonment of Smolensk to the enemy. It is pitiable and sad, and +the whole army is in despair that this most important place has been +wantonly abandoned. I, for my part, begged him personally most +urgently and finally wrote him, but nothing would induce him to +consent. I swear to you on my honor that Napoleon was in such a fix as +never before and might have lost half his army but could not have +taken Smolensk. Our troops fought, and are fighting, as never +before. With fifteen thousand men I held the enemy at bay for +thirty-five hours and beat him; but he would not hold out even for +fourteen hours. It is disgraceful, a stain on our army, and as for +him, he ought, it seems to me, not to live. If he reports that our +losses were great, it is not true; perhaps about four thousand, not +more, and not even that; but even were they ten thousand, that's +war! But the enemy has lost masses... + +What would it have cost him to hold out for another two days? They +would have had to retire of their own accord, for they had no water +for men or horses. He gave me his word he would not retreat, but +suddenly sent instructions that he was retiring that night. We +cannot fight in this way, or we may soon bring the enemy to Moscow... + +There is a rumor that you are thinking of peace. God forbid that you +should make peace after all our sacrifices and such insane retreats! +You would set all Russia against you and every one of us would feel +ashamed to wear the uniform. If it has come to this--we must fight +as long as Russia can and as long as there are men able to stand... + +One man ought to be in command, and not two. Your Minister may +perhaps be good as a Minister, but as a general he is not merely bad +but execrable, yet to him is entrusted the fate of our whole +country.... I am really frantic with vexation; forgive my writing +boldly. It is clear that the man who advocates the conclusion of a +peace, and that the Minister should command the army, does not love +our sovereign and desires the ruin of us all. So I write you +frankly: call out the militia. For the Minister is leading these +visitors after him to Moscow in a most masterly way. The whole army +feels great suspicion of the Imperial aide-de-camp Wolzogen. He is +said to be more Napoleon's man than ours, and he is always advising +the Minister. I am not merely civil to him but obey him like a +corporal, though I am his senior. This is painful, but, loving my +benefactor and sovereign, I submit. Only I am sorry for the Emperor +that he entrusts our fine army to such as he. Consider that on our +retreat we have lost by fatigue and left in the hospital more than +fifteen thousand men, and had we attacked this would not have +happened. Tell me, for God's sake, what will Russia, our mother +Russia, say to our being so frightened, and why are we abandoning +our good and gallant Fatherland to such rabble and implanting feelings +of hatred and shame in all our subjects? What are we scared at and +of whom are we afraid? I am not to blame that the Minister is +vacillating, a coward, dense, dilatory, and has all bad qualities. The +whole army bewails it and calls down curses upon him... + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Among the innumerable categories applicable to the phenomena of +human life one may discriminate between those in which substance +prevails and those in which form prevails. To the latter--as +distinguished from village, country, provincial, or even Moscow +life--we may allot Petersburg life, and especially the life of its +salons. That life of the salons is unchanging. Since the year 1805 +we had made peace and had again quarreled with Bonaparte and had +made constitutions and unmade them again, but the salons of Anna +Pavlovna Helene remained just as they had been--the one seven and +the other five years before. At Anna Pavlovna's they talked with +perplexity of Bonaparte's successes just as before and saw in them and +in the subservience shown to him by the European sovereigns a +malicious conspiracy, the sole object of which was to cause +unpleasantness and anxiety to the court circle of which Anna +Pavlovna was the representative. And in Helene's salon, which +Rumyantsev himself honored with his visits, regarding Helene as a +remarkably intelligent woman, they talked with the same ecstasy in +1812 as in 1808 of the "great nation" and the "great man," and +regretted our rupture with France, a rupture which, according to them, +ought to be promptly terminated by peace. + +Of late, since the Emperor's return from the army, there had been +some excitement in these conflicting salon circles and some +demonstrations of hostility to one another, but each camp retained its +own tendency. In Anna Pavlovna's circle only those Frenchmen were +admitted who were deep-rooted legitimists, and patriotic views were +expressed to the effect that one ought not to go to the French theater +and that to maintain the French troupe was costing the government as +much as a whole army corps. The progress of the war was eagerly +followed, and only the reports most flattering to our army were +circulated. In the French circle of Helene and Rumyantsev the +reports of the cruelty of the enemy and of the war were contradicted +and all Napoleon's attempts at conciliation were discussed. In that +circle they discountenanced those who advised hurried preparations for +a removal to Kazan of the court and the girls' educational +establishments under the patronage of the Dowager Empress. In Helene's +circle the war in general was regarded as a series of formal +demonstrations which would very soon end in peace, and the view +prevailed expressed by Bilibin--who now in Petersburg was quite at +home in Helene's house, which every clever man was obliged to visit- +that not by gunpowder but by those who invented it would matters be +settled. In that circle the Moscow enthusiasm--news of which had +reached Petersburg simultaneously with the Emperor's return--was +ridiculed sarcastically and very cleverly, though with much caution. + +Anna Pavlovna's circle on the contrary was enraptured by this +enthusiasm and spoke of it as Plutarch speaks of the deeds of the +ancients. Prince Vasili, who still occupied his former important +posts, formed a connecting link between these two circles. He +visited his "good friend Anna Pavlovna" as well as his daughter's +"diplomatic salon," and often in his constant comings and goings +between the two camps became confused and said at Helene's what he +should have said at Anna Pavlovna's and vice versa. + +Soon after the Emperor's return Prince Vasili in a conversation +about the war at Anna Pavlovna's severely condemned Barclay de +Tolly, but was undecided as to who ought to be appointed commander +in chief. One of the visitors, usually spoken of as "a man of great +merit," having described how he had that day seen Kutuzov, the newly +chosen chief of the Petersburg militia, presiding over the +enrollment of recruits at the Treasury, cautiously ventured to suggest +that Kutuzov would be the man to satisfy all requirements. + +Anna Pavlovna remarked with a melancholy smile that Kutuzov had done +nothing but cause the Emperor annoyance. + +"I have talked and talked at the Assembly of the Nobility," Prince +Vasili interrupted, "but they did not listen to me. I told them his +election as chief of the militia would not please the Emperor. They +did not listen to me. + +"It's all this mania for opposition," he went on. "And who for? It +is all because we want to ape the foolish enthusiasm of those +Muscovites," Prince Vasili continued, forgetting for a moment that +though at Helene's one had to ridicule the Moscow enthusiasm, at +Anna Pavlovna's one had to be ecstatic about it. But he retrieved +his mistake at once. "Now, is it suitable that Count Kutuzov, the +oldest general in Russia, should preside at that tribunal? He will get +nothing for his pains! How could they make a man commander in chief +who cannot mount a horse, who drops asleep at a council, and has the +very worst morals! A good reputation he made for himself at Bucharest! +I don't speak of his capacity as a general, but at a time like this +how they appoint a decrepit, blind old man, positively +blind? A fine idea to have a blind general! He can't see anything. +To play blindman's bluff? He can't see at all!" + +No one replied to his remarks. + +This was quite correct on the twenty-fourth of July. But on the +twenty-ninth of July Kutuzov received the title of Prince. This +might indicate a wish to get rid of him, and therefore Prince Vasili's +opinion continued to be correct though he was not now in any hurry +to express it. But on the eighth of August a committee, consisting +of Field Marshal Saltykov, Arakcheev, Vyazmitinov, Lopukhin, and +Kochubey met to consider the progress of the war. This committee +came to the conclusion that our failures were due to a want of unity +in the command and though the members of the committee were aware of +the Emperor's dislike of Kutuzov, after a short deliberation they +agreed to advise his appointment as commander in chief. That same +day Kutuzov was appointed commander in chief with full powers over the +armies and over the whole region occupied by them. + +On the ninth of August Prince Vasili at Anna Pavlovna's again met +the "man of great merit." The latter was very attentive to Anna +Pavlovna because he wanted to be appointed director of one of the +educational establishments for young ladies. Prince Vasili entered the +room with the air of a happy conqueror who has attained the object +of his desires. + +"Well, have you heard the great news? Prince Kutuzov is field +marshal! All dissensions are at an end! I am so glad, so delighted! At +last we have a man!" said he, glancing sternly and significantly round +at everyone in the drawing room. + +The "man of great merit," despite his desire to obtain the post of +director, could not refrain from reminding Prince Vasili of his former +opinion. Though this was impolite to Prince Vasili in Anna +Pavlovna's drawing room, and also to Anna Pavlovna herself who had +received the news with delight, he could not resist the temptation. + +"But, Prince, they say he is blind!" said he, reminding Prince +Vasili of his own words. + +"Eh? Nonsense! He sees well enough," said Prince Vasili rapidly, +in a deep voice and with a slight cough--the voice and cough with +which he was wont to dispose of all difficulties. + +"He sees well enough," he added. "And what I am so pleased about," +he went on, "is that our sovereign has given him full powers over +all the armies and the whole region--powers no commander in chief ever +had before. He is a second autocrat," he concluded with a victorious +smile. + +"God grant it! God grant it!" said Anna Pavlovna. + +The "man of great merit," who was still a novice in court circles, +wishing to flatter Anna Pavlovna by defending her former position on +this question, observed: + +"It is said that the Emperor was reluctant to give Kutuzov those +powers. They say he blushed like a girl to whom Joconde is read, +when he said to Kutuzov: 'Your Emperor and the Fatherland award you +this honor.'" + +"Perhaps the heart took no part in that speech," said Anna Pavlovna. + +"Oh, no, no!" warmly rejoined Prince Vasili, who would not now yield +Kutuzov to anyone; in his opinion Kutuzov was not only admirable +himself, but was adored by everybody. "No, that's impossible," said +he, "for our sovereign appreciated him so highly before." + +"God grant only that Prince Kutuzov assumes real power and does +not allow anyone to put a spoke in his wheel," observed Anna Pavlovna. + +Understanding at once to whom she alluded, Prince Vasili said in a +whisper: + +"I know for a fact that Kutuzov made it an absolute condition that +the Tsarevich should not be with the army. Do you know what he said to +the Emperor?" + +And Prince Vasili repeated the words supposed to have been spoken by +Kutuzov to the Emperor. "I can neither punish him if he does wrong nor +reward him if he does right." + +"Oh, a very wise man is Prince Kutuzov! I have known him a long +time!" + +"They even say," remarked the "man of great merit" who did not yet +possess courtly tact, "that his excellency made it an express +condition that the sovereign himself should not be with the army." + +As soon as he said this both Prince Vasili and Anna Pavlovna +turned away from him and glanced sadly at one another with a sigh at +his naivete. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +While this was taking place in Petersburg the French had already +passed Smolensk and were drawing nearer and nearer to Moscow. +Napoleon's historian Thiers, like other of his historians, trying to +justify his hero says that he was drawn to the walls of Moscow against +his will. He is as right as other historians who look for the +explanation of historic events in the will of one man; he is as +right as the Russian historians who maintain that Napoleon was drawn +to Moscow by the skill of the Russian commanders. Here besides the law +of retrospection, which regards all the past as a preparation for +events that subsequently occur, the law of reciprocity comes in, +confusing the whole matter. A good chessplayer having lost a game is +sincerely convinced that his loss resulted from a mistake he made +and looks for that mistake in the opening, but forgets that at each +stage of the game there were similar mistakes and that none of his +moves were perfect. He only notices the mistake to which he pays +attention, because his opponent took advantage of it. How much more +complex than this is the game of war, which occurs under certain +limits of time, and where it is not one will that manipulates lifeless +objects, but everything results from innumerable conflicts of +various wills! + +After Smolensk Napoleon sought a battle beyond Dorogobuzh at Vyazma, +and then at Tsarevo-Zaymishche, but it happened that owing to a +conjunction of innumerable circumstances the Russians could not give +battle till they reached Borodino, seventy miles from Moscow. From +Vyazma Napoleon ordered a direct advance on Moscow. + +Moscou, la capitale asiatique de ce grand empire, la ville sacree +des peuples d'Alexandre, Moscou avec ses innombrables eglises en forme +de pagodes chinoises,* this Moscow gave Napoleon's imagination no +rest. On the march from Vyazma to Tsarevo-Zaymishche he rode his light +bay bobtailed ambler accompanied by his Guards, his bodyguard, his +pages, and aides-de-camp. Berthier, his chief of staff, dropped behind +to question a Russian prisoner captured by the cavalry. Followed by +Lelorgne d'Ideville, an interpreter, he overtook Napoleon at a +gallop and reined in his horse with an amused expression. + + +*"Moscow, the Asiatic capital of this great empire, the sacred +city of Alexander's people, Moscow with its innumerable churches +shaped like Chinese pagodas." + + +"Well?" asked Napoleon. + +"One of Platov's Cossacks says that Platov's corps is joining up +with the main army and that Kutuzov has been appointed commander in +chief. He is a very shrewd and garrulous fellow." + +Napoleon smiled and told them to give the Cossack a horse and +bring the man to him. He wished to talk to him himself. Several +adjutants galloped off, and an hour later, Lavrushka, the serf Denisov +had handed over to Rostov, rode up to Napoleon in an orderly's +jacket and on a French cavalry saddle, with a merry, and tipsy face. +Napoleon told him to ride by his side and began questioning him. + +"You are a Cossack?" + +"Yes, a Cossack, your Honor." + +"The Cossack, not knowing in what company he was, for Napoleon's +plain appearance had nothing about it that would reveal to an Oriental +mind the presence of a monarch, talked with extreme familiarity of the +incidents of the war," says Thiers, narrating this episode. In reality +Lavrushka, having got drunk the day before and left his master +dinnerless, had been whipped and sent to the village in quest of +chickens, where he engaged in looting till the French took him +prisoner. Lavrushka was one of those coarse, bare-faced lackeys who +have seen all sorts of things, consider it necessary to do +everything in a mean and cunning way, are ready to render any sort +of service to their master, and are keen at guessing their master's +baser impulses, especially those prompted by vanity and pettiness. + +Finding himself in the company of Napoleon, whose identity he had +easily and surely recognized, Lavrushka was not in the least abashed +but merely did his utmost to gain his new master's favor. + +He knew very well that this was Napoleon, but Napoleon's presence +could no more intimidate him than Rostov's, or a sergeant major's with +the rods, would have done, for he had nothing that either the sergeant +major or Napoleon could deprive him of. + +So he rattled on, telling all the gossip he had heard among the +orderlies. Much of it true. But when Napoleon asked him whether the +Russians thought they would beat Bonaparte or not, Lavrushka screwed +up his eyes and considered. + +In this question he saw subtle cunning, as men of his type see +cunning in everything, so he frowned and did not answer immediately. + +"It's like this," he said thoughtfully, "if there's a battle soon, +yours will win. That's right. But if three days pass, then after that, +well, then that same battle will not soon be over." + +Lelorgne d'Ideville smilingly interpreted this speech to Napoleon +thus: "If a battle takes place within the next three days the French +will win, but if later, God knows what will happen." Napoleon did +not smile, though he was evidently in high good humor, and he +ordered these words to be repeated. + +Lavrushka noticed this and to entertain him further, pretending +not to know who Napoleon was, added: + +"We know that you have Bonaparte and that he has beaten everybody in +the world, but we are a different matter..."--without knowing why or +how this bit of boastful patriotism slipped out at the end. + +The interpreter translated these words without the last phrase, +and Bonaparte smiled. "The young Cossack made his mighty +interlocutor smile," says Thiers. After riding a few paces in silence, +Napoleon turned to Berthier and said he wished to see how the news +that he was talking to the Emperor himself, to that very Emperor who +had written his immortally victorious name on the Pyramids, would +affect this enfant du Don.* + + +*"Child of the Don." + + +The fact was accordingly conveyed to Lavrushka. + +Lavrushka, understanding that this was done to perplex him and +that Napoleon expected him to be frightened, to gratify his new +masters promptly pretended to be astonished and awe-struck, opened his +eyes wide, and assumed the expression he usually put on when taken +to be whipped. "As soon as Napoleon's interpreter had spoken," says +Thiers, "the Cossack, seized by amazement, did not utter another word, +but rode on, his eyes fixed on the conqueror whose fame had reached +him across the steppes of the East. All his loquacity was suddenly +arrested and replaced by a naive and silent feeling of admiration. +Napoleon, after making the Cossack a present, had him set free like +a bird restored to its native fields." + +Napoleon rode on, dreaming of the Moscow that so appealed to his +imagination, and "the bird restored to its native fields" galloped +to our outposts, inventing on the way all that had not taken place but +that he meant to relate to his comrades. What had really taken place +he did not wish to relate because it seemed to him not worth +telling. He found the Cossacks, inquired for the regiment operating +with Platov's detachment and by evening found his master, Nicholas +Rostov, quartered at Yankovo. Rostov was just mounting to go for a +ride round the neighboring villages with Ilyin; he let Lavrushka +have another horse and took him along with him. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Princess Mary was not in Moscow and out of danger as Prince Andrew +supposed. + +After the return of Alpatych from Smolensk the old prince suddenly +seemed to awake as from a dream. He ordered the militiamen to be +called up from the villages and armed, and wrote a letter to the +commander in chief informing him that he had resolved to remain at +Bald Hills to the last extremity and to defend it, leaving to the +commander in chief's discretion to take measures or not for the +defense of Bald Hills, where one of Russia's oldest generals would +be captured or killed, and he announced to his household that he would +remain at Bald Hills. + +But while himself remaining, he gave instructions for the +departure of the princess and Dessalles with the little prince to +Bogucharovo and thence to Moscow. Princess Mary, alarmed by her +father's feverish and sleepless activity after his previous apathy, +could not bring herself to leave him alone and for the first time in +her life ventured to disobey him. She refused to go away and her +father's fury broke over her in a terrible storm. He repeated every +injustice he had ever inflicted on her. Trying to convict her, he told +her she had worn him out, had caused his quarrel with his son, had +harbored nasty suspicions of him, making it the object of her life +to poison his existence, and he drove her from his study telling her +that if she did not go away it was all the same to him. He declared +that he did not wish to remember her existence and warned her not to +dare to let him see her. The fact that he did not, as she had +feared, order her to be carried away by force but only told her not to +let him see her cheered Princess Mary. She knew it was a proof that in +the depth of his soul he was glad she was remaining at home and had +not gone away. + +The morning after little Nicholas had left, the old prince donned +his full uniform and prepared to visit the commander in chief. His +caleche was already at the door. Princess Mary saw him walk out of the +house in his uniform wearing all his orders and go down the garden +to review his armed peasants and domestic serfs. She sat by the window +listening to his voice which reached her from the garden. Suddenly +several men came running up the avenue with frightened faces. + +Princess Mary ran out to the porch, down the flower-bordered path, +and into the avenue. A large crowd of militiamen and domestics were +moving toward her, and in their midst several men were supporting by +the armpits and dragging along a little old man in a uniform and +decorations. She ran up to him and, in the play of the sunlight that +fell in small round spots through the shade of the lime-tree avenue, +could not be sure what change there was in his face. All she could see +was that his former stern and determined expression had altered to one +of timidity and submission. On seeing his daughter he moved his +helpless lips and made a hoarse sound. It was impossible to make out +what he wanted. He was lifted up, carried to his study, and laid on +the very couch he had so feared of late. + +The doctor, who was fetched that same night, bled him and said +that the prince had had a seizure paralyzing his right side. + +It was becoming more and more dangerous to remain at Bald Hills, and +next day they moved the prince to Bogucharovo, the doctor accompanying +him. + +By the time they reached Bogucharovo, Dessalles and the little +prince had already left for Moscow. + +For three weeks the old prince lay stricken by paralysis in the +new house Prince Andrew had built at Bogucharovo, ever in the same +state, getting neither better nor worse. He was unconscious and lay +like a distorted corpse. He muttered unceasingly, his eyebrows and +lips twitching, and it was impossible to tell whether he understood +what was going on around him or not. One thing was certain--that he +was suffering and wished to say something. But what it was, no one +could tell: it might be some caprice of a sick and half-crazy man, +or it might relate to public affairs, or possibly to family concerns. + +The doctor said this restlessness did not mean anything and was +due to physical causes; but Princess Mary thought he wished to tell +her something, and the fact that her presence always increased his +restlessness confirmed her opinion. + +He was evidently suffering both physically and mentally. There was +no hope of recovery. It was impossible for him to travel, it would not +do to let him die on the road. "Would it not be better if the end +did come, the very end?" Princess Mary sometimes thought. Night and +day, hardly sleeping at all, she watched him and, terrible to say, +often watched him not with hope of finding signs of improvement but +wishing to find symptoms of the approach of the end. + +Strange as it was to her to acknowledge this feeling in herself, yet +there it was. And what seemed still more terrible to her was that +since her father's illness began (perhaps even sooner, when she stayed +with him expecting something to happen), all the personal desires +and hopes that had been forgotten or sleeping within her had awakened. +Thoughts that had not entered her mind for years--thoughts of a life +free from the fear of her father, and even the possibility of love and +of family happiness--floated continually in her imagination like +temptations of the devil. Thrust them aside as she would, questions +continually recurred to her as to how she would order her life now, +after that. These were temptations of the devil and Princess Mary knew +it. She knew that the sole weapon against him was prayer, and she +tried to pray. She assumed an attitude of prayer, looked at the icons, +repeated the words of a prayer, but she could not pray. She felt +that a different world had now taken possession of her--the life of +a world of strenuous and free activity, quite opposed to the spiritual +world in which till now she had been confined and in which her +greatest comfort had been prayer. She could not pray, could not +weep, and worldly cares took possession of her. + +It was becoming dangerous to remain in Bogucharovo. News of the +approach of the French came from all sides, and in one village, ten +miles from Bogucharovo, a homestead had been looted by French +marauders. + +The doctor insisted on the necessity of moving the prince; the +provincial Marshal of the Nobility sent an official to Princess Mary +to persuade her to get away as quickly as possible, and the head of +the rural police having come to Bogucharovo urged the same thing, +saying that the French were only some twenty-five miles away, that +French proclamations were circulating in the villages, and that if the +princess did not take her father away before the fifteenth, he could +not answer for the consequences. + +The princess decided to leave on the fifteenth. The cares of +preparation and giving orders, for which everyone came to her, +occupied her all day. She spent the night of the fourteenth as +usual, without undressing, in the room next to the one where the +prince lay. Several times, waking up, she heard his groans and +muttering, the creak of his bed, and the steps of Tikhon and the +doctor when they turned him over. Several times she listened at the +door, and it seemed to her that his mutterings were louder than +usual and that they turned him over oftener. She could not sleep and +several times went to the door and listened, wishing to enter but +not deciding to do so. Though he did not speak, Princess Mary saw +and knew how unpleasant every sign of anxiety on his account was to +him. She had noticed with what dissatisfaction he turned from the look +she sometimes involuntarily fixed on him. She knew that her going in +during the night at an unusual hour would irritate him. + +But never had she felt so grieved for him or so much afraid of +losing him. She recalled all her life with him and in every word and +act of his found an expression of his love of her. Occasionally amid +these memories temptations of the devil would surge into her +imagination: thoughts of how things would be after his death, and +how her new, liberated life would be ordered. But she drove these +thoughts away with disgust. Toward morning he became quiet and she +fell asleep. + +She woke late. That sincerity which often comes with waking showed +her clearly what chiefly concerned her about her father's illness. +On waking she listened to what was going on behind the door and, +hearing him groan, said to herself with a sigh that things were +still the same. + +"But what could have happened? What did I want? I want his death!" +she cried with a feeling of loathing for herself. + +She washed, dressed, said her prayers, and went out to the porch. In +front of it stood carriages without horses and things were being +packed into the vehicles. + +It was a warm, gray morning. Princess Mary stopped at the porch, +still horrified by her spiritual baseness and trying to arrange her +thoughts before going to her father. The doctor came downstairs and +went out to her. + +"He is a little better today," said he. "I was looking for you. +One can make out something of what he is saying. His head is +clearer. Come in, he is asking for you..." + +Princess Mary's heart beat so violently at this news that she grew +pale and leaned against the wall to keep from falling. To see him, +talk to him, feel his eyes on her now that her whole soul was +overflowing with those dreadful, wicked temptations, was a torment +of joy and terror. + +"Come," said the doctor. + +Princess Mary entered her father's room and went up to his bed. He +was lying on his back propped up high, and his small bony hands with +their knotted purple veins were lying on the quilt; his left eye gazed +straight before him, his right eye was awry, and his brows and lips +motionless. He seemed altogether so thin, small, and pathetic. His +face seemed to have shriveled or melted; his features had grown +smaller. Princess Mary went up and kissed his hand. His left hand +pressed hers so that she understood that he had long been waiting +for her to come. He twitched her hand, and his brows and lips quivered +angrily. + +She looked at him in dismay trying to guess what he wanted of her. +When she changed her position so that his left eye could see her +face he calmed down, not taking his eyes off her for some seconds. +Then his lips and tongue moved, sounds came, and he began to speak, +gazing timidly and imploringly at her, evidently afraid that she might +not understand. + +Straining all her faculties Princess Mary looked at him. The comic +efforts with which he moved his tongue made her drop her eyes and with +difficulty repress the sobs that rose to her throat. He said +something, repeating the same words several times. She could not +understand them, but tried to guess what he was saying and inquiringly +repeated the words he uttered. + +"Mmm...ar...ate...ate..." he repeated several times. + +It was quite impossible to understand these sounds. The doctor +thought he had guessed them, and inquiringly repeated: "Mary, are +you afraid?" The prince shook his head, again repeated the same +sounds. + +"My mind, my mind aches?" questioned Princess Mary. + +He made a mumbling sound in confirmation of this, took her hand, and +began pressing it to different parts of his breast as if trying to +find the right place for it. + +"Always thoughts... about you... thoughts..." he then uttered much +more clearly than he had done before, now that he was sure of being +understood. + +Princess Mary pressed her head against his hand, trying to hide +her sobs and tears. + +He moved his hand over her hair. + +"I have been calling you all night..." he brought out. + +"If only I had known..." she said through her tears. "I was afraid +to come in." + +He pressed her hand. + +"Weren't you asleep?" + +"No, I did not sleep," said Princess Mary, shaking her head. + +Unconsciously imitating her father, she now tried to express herself +as he did, as much as possible by signs, and her tongue too seemed +to move with difficulty. + +"Dear one... Dearest..." Princess Mary could not quite make out what +he had said, but from his look it was clear that he had uttered a +tender caressing word such as he had never used to her before. "Why +didn't you come in?" + +"And I was wishing for his death!" thought Princess Mary. + +He was silent awhile. + +"Thank you... daughter dear!... for all, for all... forgive!... +thank you!... forgive!... thank you!..." and tears began to flow +from his eyes. "Call Andrew!" he said suddenly, and a childish, +timid expression of doubt showed itself on his face as he spoke. + +He himself seemed aware that his demand was meaningless. So at least +it seemed to Princess Mary. + +"I have a letter from him," she replied. + +He glanced at her with timid surprise. + +"Where is he?" + +"He's with the army, Father, at Smolensk." + +He closed his eyes and remained silent a long time. Then as if in +answer to his doubts and to confirm the fact that now he understood +and remembered everything, he nodded his head and reopened his eyes. + +"Yes," he said, softly and distinctly. "Russia has perished. They've +destroyed her." + +And he began to sob, and again tears flowed from his eyes. +Princess Mary could no longer restrain herself and wept while she +gazed at his face. + +Again he closed his eyes. His sobs ceased, he pointed to his eyes, +and Tikhon, understanding him, wiped away the tears. + +Then he again opened his eyes and said something none of them +could understand for a long time, till at last Tikhon understood and +repeated it. Princess Mary had sought the meaning of his words in +the mood in which he had just been speaking. She thought he was +speaking of Russia, or Prince Andrew, of herself, of his grandson, +or of his own death, and so she could not guess his words. + +"Put on your white dress. I like it," was what he said. + +Having understood this Princess Mary sobbed still louder, and the +doctor taking her arm led her out to the veranda, soothing her and +trying to persuade her to prepare for her journey. When she had left +the room the prince again began speaking about his son, about the war, +and about the Emperor, angrily twitching his brows and raising his +hoarse voice, and then he had a second and final stroke. + +Princess Mary stayed on the veranda. The day had cleared, it was hot +and sunny. She could understand nothing, think of nothing and feel +nothing, except passionate love for her father, love such as she +thought she had never felt till that moment. She ran out sobbing +into the garden and as far as the pond, along the avenues of young +lime trees Prince Andrew had planted. + +"Yes... I... I... I wished for his death! Yes, I wanted it to end +quicker.... I wished to be at peace.... And what will become of me? +What use will peace be when he is no longer here?" Princess Mary +murmured, pacing the garden with hurried steps and pressing her +hands to her bosom which heaved with convulsive sobs. + +When she had completed the tour of the garden, which brought her +again to the house, she saw Mademoiselle Bourienne--who had remained +at Bogucharovo and did not wish to leave it--coming toward her with +a stranger. This was the Marshal of the Nobility of the district, +who had come personally to point out to the princess the necessity for +her prompt departure. Princess Mary listened without understanding +him; she led him to the house, offered him lunch, and sat down with +him. Then, excusing herself, she went to the door of the old +prince's room. The doctor came out with an agitated face and said +she could not enter. + +"Go away, Princess! Go away... go away!" + +She returned to the garden and sat down on the grass at the foot +of the slope by the pond, where no one could see her. She did not know +how long she had been there when she was aroused by the sound of a +woman's footsteps running along the path. She rose and saw Dunyasha +her maid, who was evidently looking for her, and who stopped +suddenly as if in alarm on seeing her mistress. + +"Please come, Princess... The Prince," said Dunyasha in a breaking +voice. + +"Immediately, I'm coming, I'm coming!" replied the princess +hurriedly, not giving Dunyasha time to finish what she was saying, and +trying to avoid seeing the girl she ran toward the house. + +"Princess, it's God's will! You must be prepared for everything," +said the Marshal, meeting her at the house door. + +"Let me alone; it's not true!" she cried angrily to him. + +The doctor tried to stop her. She pushed him aside and ran to her +father's door. "Why are these people with frightened faces stopping +me? I don't want any of them! And what are they doing here?" she +thought. She opened the door and the bright daylight in that +previously darkened room startled her. In the room were her nurse +and other women. They all drew back from the bed, making way for +her. He was still lying on the bed as before, but the stern expression +of his quiet face made Princess Mary stop short on the threshold. + +"No, he's not dead--it's impossible!" she told herself and +approached him, and repressing the terror that seized her, she pressed +her lips to his cheek. But she stepped back immediately. All the force +of the tenderness she had been feeling for him vanished instantly +and was replaced by a feeling of horror at what lay there before +her. "No, he is no more! He is not, but here where he was is something +unfamiliar and hostile, some dreadful, terrifying, and repellent +mystery!" And hiding her face in her hands, Princess Mary sank into +the arms of the doctor, who held her up. + + +In the presence of Tikhon and the doctor the women washed what had +been the prince, tied his head up with a handkerchief that the mouth +should not stiffen while open, and with another handkerchief tied +together the legs that were already spreading apart. Then they dressed +him in uniform with his decorations and placed his shriveled little +body on a table. Heaven only knows who arranged all this and when, but +it all got done as if of its own accord. Toward night candles were +burning round his coffin, a pall was spread over it, the floor was +strewn with sprays of juniper, a printed band was tucked in under +his shriveled head, and in a corner of the room sat a chanter +reading the psalms. + +Just as horses shy and snort and gather about a dead horse, so the +inmates of the house and strangers crowded into the drawing room round +the coffin--the Marshal, the village Elder, peasant women--and all +with fixed and frightened eyes, crossing themselves, bowed and +kissed the old prince's cold and stiffened hand. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Until Prince Andrew settled in Bogucharovo its owners had always +been absentees, and its peasants were of quite a different character +from those of Bald Hills. They differed from them in speech, dress, +and disposition. They were called steppe peasants. The old prince used +to approve of them for their endurance at work when they came to +Bald Hills to help with the harvest or to dig ponds, and ditches, +but he disliked them for their boorishness. + +Prince Andrew's last stay at Bogucharovo, when he introduced +hospitals and schools and reduced the quitrent the peasants had to +pay, had not softened their disposition but had on the contrary +strengthened in them the traits of character the old prince called +boorishness. Various obscure rumors were always current among them: at +one time a rumor that they would all be enrolled as Cossacks; at +another of a new religion to which they were all to be converted; then +of some proclamation of the Tsar's and of an oath to the Tsar Paul +in 1797 (in connection with which it was rumored that freedom had been +granted them but the landowners had stopped it), then of Peter +Fedorovich's return to the throne in seven years' time, when +everything would be made free and so "simple" that there would be no +restrictions. Rumors of the war with Bonaparte and his invasion were +connected in their minds with the same sort of vague notions of +Antichrist, the end of the world, and "pure freedom." + +In the vicinity of Bogucharovo were large villages belonging to +the crown or to owners whose serfs paid quitrent and could work +where they pleased. There were very few resident landlords in the +neighborhood and also very few domestic or literate serfs, and in +the lives of the peasantry of those parts the mysterious undercurrents +in the life of the Russian people, the causes and meaning of which are +so baffling to contemporaries, were more clearly and strongly +noticeable than among others. One instance, which had occurred some +twenty years before, was a movement among the peasants to emigrate +to some unknown "warm rivers." Hundreds of peasants, among them the +Bogucharovo folk, suddenly began selling their cattle and moving in +whole families toward the southeast. As birds migrate to somewhere +beyond the sea, so these men with their wives and children streamed to +the southeast, to parts where none of them had ever been. They set off +in caravans, bought their freedom one by one or ran away, and drove or +walked toward the "warm rivers." Many of them were punished, some sent +to Siberia, many died of cold and hunger on the road, many returned of +their own accord, and the movement died down of itself just as it +had sprung up, without apparent reason. But such undercurrents still +existed among the people and gathered new forces ready to manifest +themselves just as strangely, unexpectedly, and at the same time +simply, naturally, and forcibly. Now in 1812, to anyone living in +close touch with these people it was apparent that these undercurrents +were acting strongly and nearing an eruption. + +Alpatych, who had reached Bogucharovo shortly before the old +prince's death, noticed an agitation among the peasants, and that +contrary to what was happening in the Bald Hills district, where +over a radius of forty miles all the peasants were moving away and +leaving their villages to be devastated by the Cossacks, the +peasants in the steppe region round Bogucharovo were, it was +rumored, in touch with the French, received leaflets from them that +passed from hand to hand, and did not migrate. He learned from +domestic serfs loyal to him that the peasant Karp, who possessed great +influence in the village commune and had recently been away driving +a government transport, had returned with news that the Cossacks +were destroying deserted villages, but that the French did not harm +them. Alpatych also knew that on the previous day another peasant +had even brought from the village of Visloukhovo, which was occupied +by the French, a proclamation by a French general that no harm would +be done to the inhabitants, and if they remained they would be paid +for anything taken from them. As proof of this the peasant had brought +from Visloukhovo a hundred rubles in notes (he did not know that +they were false) paid to him in advance for hay. + +More important still, Alpatych learned that on the morning of the +very day he gave the village Elder orders to collect carts to move the +princess' luggage from Bogucharovo, there had been a village meeting +at which it had been decided not to move but to wait. Yet there was no +time to waste. On the fifteenth, the day of the old prince's death, +the Marshal had insisted on Princess Mary's leaving at once, as it was +becoming dangerous. He had told her that after the sixteenth he +could not be responsible for what might happen. On the evening of +the day the old prince died the Marshal went away, promising to return +next day for the funeral. But this he was unable to do, for he +received tidings that the French had unexpectedly advanced, and had +barely time to remove his own family and valuables from his estate. + +For some thirty years Bogucharovo had been managed by the village +Elder, Dron, whom the old prince called by the diminutive "Dronushka." + +Dron was one of those physically and mentally vigorous peasants +who grow big beards as soon as they are of age and go on unchanged +till they are sixty or seventy, without a gray hair or the loss of a +tooth, as straight and strong at sixty as at thirty. + +Soon after the migration to the "warm rivers," in which he had taken +part like the rest, Dron was made village Elder and overseer of +Bogucharovo, and had since filled that post irreproachably for +twenty-three years. The peasants feared him more than they did their +master. The masters, both the old prince and the young, and the +steward respected him and jestingly called him "the Minister." +During the whole time of his service Dron had never been drunk or ill, +never after sleepless nights or the hardest tasks had he shown the +least fatigue, and though he could not read he had never forgotten a +single money account or the number of quarters of flour in any of +the endless cartloads he sold for the prince, nor a single shock of +the whole corn crop on any single acre of the Bogucharovo fields. + +Alpatych, arriving from the devastated Bald Hills estate, sent for +his Dron on the day of the prince's funeral and told him to have +twelve horses got ready for the princess' carriages and eighteen carts +for the things to be removed from Bogucharovo. Though the peasants +paid quitrent, Alpatych thought no difficulty would be made about +complying with this order, for there were two hundred and thirty +households at work in Bogucharovo and the peasants were well to do. +But on hearing the order Dron lowered his eyes and remained silent. +Alpatych named certain peasants he knew, from whom he told him to take +the carts. + +Dron replied that the horses of these peasants were away carting. +Alpatych named others, but they too, according to Dron, had no +horses available: some horses were carting for the government, +others were too weak, and others had died for want of fodder. It +seemed that no horses could be had even for the carriages, much less +for the carting. + +Alpatych looked intently at Dron and frowned. Just as Dron was a +model village Elder, so Alpatych had not managed the prince's +estates for twenty years in vain. He a model steward, possessing in +the highest degree the faculty of divining the needs and instincts +of those he dealt with. Having glanced at Dron he at once understood +that his answers did not express his personal views but the general +mood of the Bogucharovo commune, by which the Elder had already been +carried away. But he also knew that Dron, who had acquired property +and was hated by the commune, must be hesitating between the two +camps: the masters' and the serfs'. He noticed this hesitation in +Dron's look and therefore frowned and moved closer up to him. + +"Now just listen, Dronushka," said he. "Don't talk nonsense to me. +His excellency Prince Andrew himself gave me orders to move all the +people away and not leave them with the enemy, and there is an order +from the Tsar about it too. Anyone who stays is a traitor to the Tsar. +Do you hear?" + +"I hear," Dron answered without lifting his eyes. + +Alpatych was not satisfied with this reply. + +"Eh, Dron, it will turn out badly!" he said, shaking his head. + +"The power is in your hands," Dron rejoined sadly. + +"Eh, Dron, drop it!" Alpatych repeated, withdrawing his hand from +his bosom and solemnly pointing to the floor at Dron's feet. "I can +see through you and three yards into the ground under you," he +continued, gazing at the floor in front of Dron. + +Dron was disconcerted, glanced furtively at Alpatych and again +lowered his eyes. + +"You drop this nonsense and tell the people to get ready to leave +their homes and go to Moscow and to get carts ready for tomorrow +morning for the princess' things. And don't go to any meeting +yourself, do you hear?" + +Dron suddenly fell on his knees. + +"Yakov Alpatych, discharge me! Take the keys from me and discharge +me, for Christ's sake!" + +"Stop that!" cried Alpatych sternly. "I see through you and three +yards under you," he repeated, knowing that his skill in beekeeping, +his knowledge of the right time to sow the oats, and the fact that +he had been able to retain the old prince's favor for twenty years had +long since gained him the reputation of being a wizard, and that the +power of seeing three yards under a man is considered an attribute +of wizards. + +Dron got up and was about to say something, but Alpatych interrupted +him. + +"What is it you have got into your heads, eh?... What are you +thinking of, eh?" + +"What am I to do with the people?" said Dron. "They're quite +beside themselves; I have already told them..." + +"'Told them,' I dare say!" said Alpatych. "Are they drinking?" he +asked abruptly. + +"Quite beside themselves, Yakov Alpatych; they've fetched another +barrel." + +"Well, then, listen! I'll go to the police officer, and you tell +them so, and that they must stop this and the carts must be got +ready." + +"I understand." + +Alpatych did not insist further. He had managed people for a long +time and knew that the chief way to make them obey is to show no +suspicion that they can possibly disobey. Having wrung a submissive "I +understand" from Dron, Alpatych contented himself with that, though he +not only doubted but felt almost certain that without the help of +troops the carts would not be forthcoming. + +And so it was, for when evening came no carts had been provided. +In the village, outside the drink shop, another meeting was being +held, which decided that the horses should be driven out into the +woods and the carts should not be provided. Without saying anything of +this to the princess, Alpatych had his own belongings taken out of the +carts which had arrived from Bald Hills and had those horses got ready +for the princess' carriages. Meanwhile he went himself to the police +authorities. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +After her father's funeral Princess Mary shut herself up in her room +and did not admit anyone. A maid came to the door to say that Alpatych +was asking for orders about their departure. (This was before his talk +with Dron.) Princess Mary raised herself on the sofa on which she +had been lying and replied through the closed door that she did not +mean to go away and begged to be left in peace. + +The windows of the room in which she was lying looked westward. +She lay on the sofa with her face to the wall, fingering the buttons +of the leather cushion and seeing nothing but that cushion, and her +confused thoughts were centered on one subject--the irrevocability +of death and her own spiritual baseness, which she had not +suspected, but which had shown itself during her father's illness. She +wished to pray but did not dare to, dared not in her present state +of mind address herself to God. She lay for a long time in that +position. + +The sun had reached the other side of the house, and its slanting +rays shone into the open window, lighting up the room and part of +the morocco cushion at which Princess Mary was looking. The flow of +her thoughts suddenly stopped. Unconsciously she sat up, smoothed +her hair, got up, and went to the window, involuntarily inhaling the +freshness of the clear but windy evening. + +"Yes, you can well enjoy the evening now! He is gone and no one will +hinder you," she said to herself, and sinking into a chair she let her +head fall on the window sill. + +Someone spoke her name in a soft and tender voice from the garden +and kissed her head. She looked up. It was Mademoiselle Bourienne in a +black dress and weepers. She softly approached Princess Mary, +sighed, kissed her, and immediately began to cry. The princess +looked up at her. All their former disharmony and her own jealousy +recurred to her mind. But she remembered too how he had changed of +late toward Mademoiselle Bourienne and could not bear to see her, +thereby showing how unjust were the reproaches Princess Mary had +mentally addressed to her. "Besides, is it for me, for me who +desired his death, to condemn anyone?" she thought. + +Princess Mary vividly pictured to herself the position of +Mademoiselle Bourienne, whom she had of late kept at a distance, but +who yet was dependent on her and living in her house. She felt sorry +for her and held out her hand with a glance of gentle inquiry. +Mademoiselle Bourienne at once began crying again and kissed that +hand, speaking of the princess' sorrow and making herself a partner in +it. She said her only consolation was the fact that the princess +allowed her to share her sorrow, that all the old misunderstandings +should sink into nothing but this great grief; that she felt herself +blameless in regard to everyone, and that he, from above, saw her +affection and gratitude. The princess heard her, not heeding her words +but occasionally looking up at her and listening to the sound of her +voice. + +"Your position is doubly terrible, dear princess," said Mademoiselle +Bourienne after a pause. "I understand that you could not, and cannot, +think of yourself, but with my love for you I must do so.... Has +Alpatych been to you? Has he spoken to you of going away?" she asked. + +Princess Mary did not answer. She did not understand who was to go +or where to. "Is it possible to plan or think of anything now? Is it +not all the same?" she thought, and did not reply. + +"You know, chere Marie," said Mademoiselle Bourienne, "that we are +in danger--are surrounded by the French. It would be dangerous to move +now. If we go we are almost sure to be taken prisoners, and God +knows..." + +Princess Mary looked at her companion without understanding what she +was talking about. + +"Oh, if anyone knew how little anything matters to me now," she +said. "Of course I would on no account wish to go away from him.... +Alpatych did say something about going.... Speak to him; I can do +nothing, nothing, and don't want to...." + +"I've spoken to him. He hopes we should be in time to get away +tomorrow, but I think it would now be better to stay here," said +Mademoiselle Bourienne. "Because, you will agree, chere Marie, to fall +into the hands of the soldiers or of riotous peasants would be +terrible." + +Mademoiselle Bourienne took from her reticule a proclamation (not +printed on ordinary Russian paper) of General Rameau's, telling people +not to leave their homes and that the French authorities would +afford them proper protection. She handed this to the princess. + +"I think it would be best to appeal to that general," she continued, +"and and am sure that all due respect would be shown you." + +Princess Mary read the paper, and her face began to quiver with +stifled sobs. + +"From whom did you get this?" she asked. + +"They probably recognized that I am French, by my name," replied +Mademoiselle Bourienne blushing. + +Princess Mary, with the paper in her hand, rose from the window +and with a pale face went out of the room and into what had been +Prince Andrew's study. + +"Dunyasha, send Alpatych, or Dronushka, or somebody to me!" she +said, "and tell Mademoiselle Bourienne not to come to me," she +added, hearing Mademoiselle Bourienne's voice. "We must go at once, at +once!" she said, appalled at the thought of being left in the hands of +the French. + +"If Prince Andrew heard that I was in the power of the French! +That I, the daughter of Prince Nicholas Bolkonski, asked General +Rameau for protection and accepted his favor!" This idea horrified +her, made her shudder, blush, and feel such a rush of anger and +pride as she had never experienced before. All that was distressing, +and especially all that was humiliating, in her position rose +vividly to her mind. "They, the French, would settle in this house: M. +le General Rameau would occupy Prince Andrew's study and amuse himself +by looking through and reading his letters and papers. Mademoiselle +Bourienne would do the honors of Bogucharovo for him. I should be +given a small room as a favor, the soldiers would violate my +father's newly dug grave to steal his crosses and stars, they would +tell me of their victories over the Russians, and would pretend to +sympathize with my sorrow..." thought Princess Mary, not thinking +her own thoughts but feeling bound to think like her father and her +brother. For herself she did not care where she remained or what +happened to her, but she felt herself the representative of her dead +father and of Prince Andrew. Involuntarily she thought their +thoughts and felt their feelings. What they would have said and what +they would have done she felt bound to say and do. She went into +Prince Andrew's study, trying to enter completely into his ideas, +and considered her position. + +The demands of life, which had seemed to her annihilated by her +father's death, all at once rose before her with a new, previously +unknown force and took possession of her. + +Agitated and flushed she paced the room, sending now for Michael +Ivanovich and now for Tikhon or Dron. Dunyasha, the nurse, and the +other maids could not say in how far Mademoiselle Bourienne's +statement was correct. Alpatych was not at home, he had gone to the +police. Neither could the architect Michael Ivanovich, who on being +sent for came in with sleepy eyes, tell Princess Mary anything. With +just the same smile of agreement with which for fifteen years he had +been accustomed to answer the old prince without expressing views of +his own, he now replied to Princess Mary, so that nothing definite +could be got from his answers. The old valet Tikhon, with sunken, +emaciated face that bore the stamp of inconsolable grief, replied: +"Yes, Princess" to all Princess Mary's questions and hardly +refrained from sobbing as he looked at her. + +At length Dron, the village Elder, entered the room and with a +deep bow to Princess Mary came to a halt by the doorpost. + +Princess Mary walked up and down the room and stopped in front of +him. + +"Dronushka," she said, regarding as a sure friend this Dronushka who +always used to bring a special kind of gingerbread from his visit to +the fair at Vyazma every year and smilingly offer it to her, +"Dronushka, now since our misfortune..." she began, but could not go +on. + +"We are all in God's hands," said he, with a sigh. + +They were silent for a while. + +"Dronushka, Alpatych has gone off somewhere and I have no one to +turn to. Is true, as they tell me, that I can't even go away?" + +"Why shouldn't you go away, your excellency? You can go," said Dron. + +"I was told it would be dangerous because of the enemy. Dear friend, +I can do nothing. I understand nothing. I have nobody! I want to go +away tonight or early tomorrow morning." + +Dron paused. He looked askance at Princess Mary and said: "There are +no horses; I told Yakov Alpatych so." + +"Why are there none?" asked the princess. + +"It's all God's scourge," said Dron. "What horses we had have been +taken for the army or have died--this is such a year! It's not a +case of feeding horses--we may die of hunger ourselves! As it is, some +go three days without eating. We've nothing, we've been ruined." + +Princess Mary listened attentively to what he told her. + +"The peasants are ruined? They have no bread?" she asked. + +"They're dying of hunger," said Dron. "It's not a case of carting." + +"But why didn't you tell me, Dronushka? Isn't it possible to help +them? I'll do all I can...." + +To Princess Mary it was strange that now, at a moment when such +sorrow was filling her soul, there could be rich people and poor, +and the rich could refrain from helping the poor. She had heard +vaguely that there was such a thing as "landlord's corn" which was +sometimes given to the peasants. She also knew that neither her father +nor her brother would refuse to help the peasants in need, she only +feared to make some mistake in speaking about the distribution of +the grain she wished to give. She was glad such cares presented +themselves, enabling her without scruple to forget her own grief. +She began asking Dron about the peasants' needs and what there was +in Bogucharovo that belonged to the landlord. + +"But we have grain belonging to my brother?" she said. + +"The landlord's grain is all safe," replied Dron proudly. "Our +prince did not order it to be sold." + +"Give it to the peasants, let them have all they need; I give you +leave in my brother's name," said she. + +Dron made no answer but sighed deeply. + +"Give them that corn if there is enough of it. Distribute it all. +I give this order in my brother's name; and tell them that what is +ours is theirs. We do not grudge them anything. Tell them so." + +Dron looked intently at the princess while she was speaking. + +"Discharge me, little mother, for God's sake! Order the keys to be +taken from me," said he. "I have served twenty-three years and have +done no wrong. Discharge me, for God's sake!" + +Princess Mary did not understand what he wanted of her or why he was +asking to be discharged. She replied that she had never doubted his +devotion and that she was ready to do anything for him and for the +peasants. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +An hour later Dunyasha came to tell the princess that Dron had come, +and all the peasants had assembled at the barn by the princess' +order and wished to have word with their mistress. + +"But I never told them to come," said Princess Mary. "I only told +Dron to let them have the grain." + +"Only, for God's sake, Princess dear, have them sent away and +don't go out to them. It's all a trick," said Dunyasha, "and when +Yakov Alpatych returns let us get away... and please don't..." + +"What is a trick?" asked Princess Mary in surprise. + +"I know it is, only listen to me for God's sake! Ask nurse too. They +say they don't agree to leave Bogucharovo as you ordered." + +"You're making some mistake. I never ordered them to go away," +said Princess Mary. "Call Dronushka." + +Dron came and confirmed Dunyasha's words; the peasants had come by +the princess' order. + +"But I never sent for them," declared the princess. "You must have +given my message wrong. I only said that you were to give them the +grain." + +Dron only sighed in reply. + +"If you order it they will go away," said he. + +"No, no. I'll go out to them," said Princess Mary, and in spite of +the nurse's and Dunyasha's protests she went out into the porch; Dron, +Dunyasha, the nurse, and Michael Ivanovich following her. + +"They probably think I am offering them the grain to bribe them to +remain here, while I myself go away leaving them to the mercy of the +French," thought Princess Mary. "I will offer them monthly rations and +housing at our Moscow estate. I am sure Andrew would do even more in +my place," she thought as she went out in the twilight toward the +crowd standing on the pasture by the barn. + +The men crowded closer together, stirred, and rapidly took off their +hats. Princess Mary lowered her eyes and, tripping over her skirt, +came close up to them. So many different eyes, old and young, were +fixed on her, and there were so many different faces, that she could +not distinguish any of them and, feeling that she must speak to them +all at once, did not know how to do it. But again the sense that she +represented her father and her brother gave her courage, and she +boldly began her speech. + +"I am very glad you have come," she said without raising her eyes, +and feeling her heart beating quickly and violently. "Dronushka +tells me that the war has ruined you. That is our common misfortune, +and I shall grudge nothing to help you. I am myself going away because +it is dangerous here... the enemy is near... because... I am giving +you everything, my friends, and I beg you to take everything, all +our grain, so that you may not suffer want! And if you have been +told that I am giving you the grain to keep you here--that is not +true. On the contrary, I ask you to go with all your belongings to our +estate near Moscow, and I promise you I will see to it that there +you shall want for nothing. You shall be given food and lodging." + +The princess stopped. Sighs were the only sound heard in the crowd. + +"I am not doing this on my own account," she continued, "I do it +in the name of my dead father, who was a good master to you, and of my +brother and his son." + +Again she paused. No one broke the silence. + +"Ours is a common misfortune and we will share it together. All that +is mine is yours," she concluded, scanning the faces before her. + +All eyes were gazing at her with one and the same expression. She +could not fathom whether it was curiosity, devotion, gratitude, or +apprehension and distrust--but the expression on all the faces was +identical. + +"We are all very thankful for your bounty, but it won't do for us to +take the landlord's grain," said a voice at the back of the crowd. + +"But why not?" asked the princess. + +No one replied and Princess Mary, looking round at the crowd, +found that every eye she met now was immediately dropped. + +"But why don't you want to take it?" she asked again. + +No one answered. + +The silence began to oppress the princess and she tried to catch +someone's eye. + +"Why don't you speak?" she inquired of a very old man who stood just +in front of her leaning on his stick. "If you think something more +is wanted, tell me! I will do anything," said she, catching his eye. + +But as if this angered him, he bent his head quite low and muttered: + +"Why should we agree? We don't want the grain." + +"Why should we give up everything? We don't agree. Don't agree.... +We are sorry for you, but we're not willing. Go away yourself, +alone..." came from various sides of the crowd. + +And again all the faces in that crowd bore an identical +expression, though now it was certainly not an expression of curiosity +or gratitude, but of angry resolve. + +"But you can't have understood me," said Princess Mary with a sad +smile. "Why don't you want to go? I promise to house and feed you, +while here the enemy would ruin you..." + +But her voice was drowned by the voices of the crowd. + +"We're not willing. Let them ruin us! We won't take your grain. We +don't agree." + +Again Princess Mary tried to catch someone's eye, but not a single +eye in the crowd was turned to her; evidently they were all trying +to avoid her look. She felt strange and awkward. + +"Oh yes, an artful tale! Follow her into slavery! Pull down your +houses and go into bondage! I dare say! 'I'll give you grain, indeed!' +she says," voices in the crowd were heard saying. + +With drooping head Princess Mary left the crowd and went back to the +house. Having repeated her order to Dron to have horses ready for +her departure next morning, she went to her room and remained alone +with her own thoughts. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +For a long time that night Princess Mary sat by the open window of +her room hearing the sound of the peasants' voices that reached her +from the village, but it was not of them she was thinking. She felt +that she could not understand them however much she might think +about them. She thought only of one thing, her sorrow, which, after +the break caused by cares for the present, seemed already to belong to +the past. Now she could remember it and weep or pray. + +After sunset the wind had dropped. The night was calm and fresh. +Toward midnight the voices began to subside, a cock crowed, the full +moon began to show from behind the lime trees, a fresh white dewy mist +began to rise, and stillness reigned over the village and the house. + +Pictures of the near past--her father's illness and last moments- +rose one after another to her memory. With mournful pleasure she now +lingered over these images, repelling with horror only the last one, +the picture of his death, which she felt she could not contemplate +even in imagination at this still and mystic hour of night. And +these pictures presented themselves to her so clearly and in such +detail that they seemed now present, now past, and now future. + +She vividly recalled the moment when he had his first stroke and was +being dragged along by his armpits through the garden at Bald Hills, +muttering something with his helpless tongue, twitching his gray +eyebrows and looking uneasily and timidly at her. + +"Even then he wanted to tell me what he told me the day he died," +she thought. "He had always thought what he said then." And she +recalled in all its detail the night at Bald Hills before he had the +last stroke, when with a foreboding of disaster she had remained at +home against his will. She had not slept and had stolen downstairs +on tiptoe, and going to the door of the conservatory where he slept +that night had listened at the door. In a suffering and weary voice he +was saying something to Tikhon, speaking of the Crimea and its warm +nights and of the Empress. Evidently he had wanted to talk. "And why +didn't he call me? Why didn't he let me be there instead of Tikhon?" +Princess Mary had thought and thought again now. "Now he will never +tell anyone what he had in his soul. Never will that moment return for +him or for me when he might have said all he longed to say, and not +Tikhon but I might have heard and understood him. Why didn't I enter +the room?" she thought. "Perhaps he would then have said to me what he +said the day he died. While talking to Tikhon he asked about me twice. +He wanted to see me, and I was standing close by, outside the door. It +was sad and painful for him to talk to Tikhon who did not understand +him. I remember how he began speaking to him about Lise as if she were +alive--he had forgotten she was dead--and Tikhon reminded him that she +was no more, and he shouted, 'Fool!' He was greatly depressed. From +behind the door I heard how he lay down on his bed groaning and loudly +exclaimed, 'My God!' Why didn't I go in then? What could he have +done to me? What could I have lost? And perhaps he would then have +been comforted and would have said that word to me." And Princess Mary +uttered aloud the caressing word he had said to her on the day of +his death. "Dear-est!" she repeated, and began sobbing, with tears +that relieved her soul. She now saw his face before her. And not the +face she had known ever since she could remember and had always seen +at a distance, but the timid, feeble face she had seen for the first +time quite closely, with all its wrinkles and details, when she +stooped near to his mouth to catch what he said. + +"Dear-est!" she repeated again. + +"What was he thinking when he uttered that word? What is he thinking +now?" This question suddenly presented itself to her, and in answer +she saw him before her with the expression that was on his face as +he lay in his coffin with his chin bound up with a white handkerchief. +And the horror that had seized her when she touched him and +convinced herself that that was not he, but something mysterious and +horrible, seized her again. She tried to think of something else and +to pray, but could do neither. With wide-open eyes she gazed at the +moonlight and the shadows, expecting every moment to see his dead +face, and she felt that the silence brooding over the house and within +it held her fast. + +"Dunyasha," she whispered. "Dunyasha!" she screamed wildly, and +tearing herself out of this silence she ran to the servants' +quarters to meet her old nurse and the maidservants who came running +toward her. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +On the seventeenth of August Rostov and Ilyin, accompanied by +Lavrushka who had just returned from captivity and by an hussar +orderly, left their quarters at Yankovo, ten miles from Bogucharovo, +and went for a ride--to try a new horse Ilyin had bought and to find +out whether there was any hay to be had in the villages. + +For the last three days Bogucharovo had lain between the two hostile +armies, so that it was as easy for the Russian rearguard to get to +it as for the French vanguard; Rostov, as a careful squadron +commander, wished to take such provisions as remained at Bogucharovo +before the French could get them. + +Rostov and Ilyin were in the merriest of moods. On the way to +Bogucharovo, a princely estate with a dwelling house and farm where +they hoped to find many domestic serfs and pretty girls, they +questioned Lavrushka about Napoleon and laughed at his stories, and +raced one another to try Ilyin's horse. + +Rostov had no idea that the village he was entering was the property +of that very Bolkonski who had been engaged to his sister. + +Rostov and Ilyin gave rein to their horses for a last race along the +incline before reaching Bogucharovo, and Rostov, outstripping Ilyin, +was the first to gallop into the village street. + +"You're first!" cried Ilyin, flushed. + +"Yes, always first both on the grassland and here," answered Rostov, +stroking his heated Donets horse. + +"And I'd have won on my Frenchy, your excellency," said Lavrushka +from behind, alluding to his shabby cart horse, "only I didn't wish to +mortify you." + +They rode at a footpace to the barn, where a large crowd of peasants +was standing. + +Some of the men bared their heads, others stared at the new arrivals +without doffing their caps. Two tall old peasants with wrinkled +faces and scanty beards emerged from the tavern, smiling, +staggering, and singing some incoherent song, and approached the +officers. + +"Fine fellows!" said Rostov laughing. "Is there any hay here?" + +"And how like one another," said Ilyin. + +"A mo-o-st me-r-r-y co-o-m-pa...!" sang one of the peasants with a +blissful smile. + +One of the men came out of the crowd and went up to Rostov. + +"Who do you belong to?" he asked. + +"The French," replied Ilyin jestingly, "and here is Napoleon +himself"--and he pointed to Lavrushka. + +"Then you are Russians?" the peasant asked again. + +"And is there a large force of you here?" said another, a short man, +coming up. + +"Very large," answered Rostov. "But why have you collected here?" he +added. "Is it a holiday?" + +"The old men have met to talk over the business of the commune," +replied the peasant, moving away. + +At that moment, on the road leading from the big house, two women +and a man in a white hat were seen coming toward the officers. + +"The one in pink is mine, so keep off!" said Ilyin on seeing +Dunyasha running resolutely toward him. + +"She'll be ours!" said Lavrushka to Ilyin, winking. + +"What do you want, my pretty?" said Ilyin with a smile. + +"The princess ordered me to ask your regiment and your name." + +"This is Count Rostov, squadron commander, and I am your humble +servant." + +"Co-o-om-pa-ny!" roared the tipsy peasant with a beatific smile as +he looked at Ilyin talking to the girl. Following Dunyasha, Alpatych +advanced to Rostov, having bared his head while still at a distance. + +"May I make bold to trouble your honor?" said he respectfully, but +with a shade of contempt for the youthfulness of this officer and with +a hand thrust into his bosom. "My mistress, daughter of General in +Chief Prince Nicholas Bolkonski who died on the fifteenth of this +month, finding herself in difficulties owing to the boorishness of +these people"--he pointed to the peasants--"asks you to come up to the +house.... Won't you, please, ride on a little farther," said +Alpatych with a melancholy smile, "as it is not convenient in the +presence of...?" He pointed to the two peasants who kept as close to +him as horseflies to a horse. + +"Ah!... Alpatych... Ah, Yakov Alpatych... Grand! Forgive us for +Christ's sake, eh?" said the peasants, smiling joyfully at him. + +Rostov looked at the tipsy peasants and smiled. + +"Or perhaps they amuse your honor?" remarked Alpatych with a staid +air, as he pointed at the old men with his free hand. + +"No, there's not much to be amused at here," said Rostov, and rode +on a little way. "What's the matter?" he asked. + +"I make bold to inform your honor that the rude peasants here +don't wish to let the mistress leave the estate, and threaten to +unharness her horses, so that though everything has been packed up +since morning, her excellency cannot get away." + +"Impossible!" exclaimed Rostov. + +"I have the honor to report to you the actual truth," said Alpatych. + +Rostov dismounted, gave his horse to the orderly, and followed +Alpatych to the house, questioning him as to the state of affairs. +It appeared that the princess' offer of corn to the peasants the +previous day, and her talk with Dron and at the meeting, had +actually had so bad an effect that Dron had finally given up the +keys and joined the peasants and had not appeared when Alpatych sent +for him; and that in the morning when the princess gave orders to +harness for her journey, the peasants had come in a large crowd to the +barn and sent word that they would not let her leave the village: that +there was an order not to move, and that they would unharness the +horses. Alpatych had gone out to admonish them, but was told (it was +chiefly Karp who did the talking, Dron not showing himself in the +crowd) that they could not let the princess go, that there was an +order to the contrary, but that if she stayed they would serve her +as before and obey her in everything. + +At the moment when Rostov and Ilyin were galloping along the road, +Princess Mary, despite the dissuasions of Alpatych, her nurse, and the +maids, had given orders to harness and intended to start, but when the +cavalrymen were espied they were taken for Frenchmen, the coachman ran +away, and the women in the house began to wail. + +"Father! Benefactor! God has sent you!" exclaimed deeply moved +voices as Rostov passed through the anteroom. + +Princess Mary was sitting helpless and bewildered in the large +sitting room, when Rostov was shown in. She could not grasp who he was +and why he had come, or what was happening to her. When she saw his +Russian face, and by his walk and the first words he uttered +recognized him as a man of her own class, she glanced at him with +her deep radiant look and began speaking in a voice that faltered +and trembled with emotion. This meeting immediately struck Rostov as a +romantic event. "A helpless girl overwhelmed with grief, left to the +mercy of coarse, rioting peasants! And what a strange fate sent me +here! What gentleness and nobility there are in her features and +expression!" thought he as he looked at her and listened to her +timid story. + +When she began to tell him that all this had happened the day +after her father's funeral, her voiced trembled. She turned away, +and then, as if fearing he might take her words as meant to move him +to pity, looked at him with an apprehensive glance of inquiry. There +were tears in Rostov's eyes. Princess Mary noticed this and glanced +gratefully at him with that radiant look which caused the plainness of +her face to be forgotten. + +"I cannot express, Princess, how glad I am that I happened to ride +here and am able to show my readiness to serve you," said Rostov, +rising. "Go when you please, and I give you my word of honor that no +one shall dare to cause you annoyance if only you will allow me to act +as your escort." And bowing respectfully, as if to a lady of royal +blood, he moved toward the door. + +Rostov's deferential tone seemed to indicate that though he would +consider himself happy to be acquainted with her, he did not wish to +take advantage of her misfortunes to intrude upon her. + +Princess Mary understood this and appreciated his delicacy. + +"I am very, very grateful to you," she said in French, "but I hope +it was all a misunderstanding and that no one is to blame for it." She +suddenly began to cry. + +"Excuse me!" she said. + +Rostov, knitting his brows, left the room with another low bow. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +"Well, is she pretty? Ah, friend--my pink one is delicious; her +name is Dunyasha...." + +But on glancing at Rostov's face Ilyin stopped short. He saw that +his hero and commander was following quite a different train of +thought. + +Rostov glanced angrily at Ilyin and without replying strode off with +rapid steps to the village. + +"I'll show them; I'll give it to them, the brigands!" said he to +himself. + +Alpatych at a gliding trot, only just managing not to run, kept up +with him with difficulty. + +"What decision have you been pleased to come to?" said he. + +Rostov stopped and, clenching his fists, suddenly and sternly turned +on Alpatych. + +"Decision? What decision? Old dotard!..." cried he. "What have you +been about? Eh? The peasants are rioting, and you can't manage them? +You're a traitor yourself! I know you. I'll flay you all alive!..." +And as if afraid of wasting his store of anger, he left Alpatych and +went rapidly forward. Alpatych, mastering his offended feelings, +kept pace with Rostov at a gliding gait and continued to impart his +views. He said the peasants were obdurate and that at the present +moment it would be imprudent to "overresist" them without an armed +force, and would it not be better first to send for the military? + +"I'll give them armed force... I'll 'overresist' them!" uttered +Rostov meaninglessly, breathless with irrational animal fury and the +need to vent it. + +Without considering what he would do he moved unconciously with +quick, resolute steps toward the crowd. And the nearer he drew to it +the more Alpatych felt that this unreasonable action might produce +good results. The peasants in the crowd were similarly impressed +when they saw Rostov's rapid, firm steps and resolute, frowning face. + +After the hussars had come to the village and Rostov had gone to see +the princess, a certain confusion and dissension had arisen among +the crowd. Some of the peasants said that these new arrivals were +Russians and might take it amiss that the mistress was being detained. +Dron was of this opinion, but as soon as he expressed it Karp and +others attacked their ex-Elder. + +"How many years have you been fattening on the commune?" Karp +shouted at him. "It's all one to you! You'll dig up your pot of +money and take it away with you.... What does it matter to you whether +our homes are ruined or not?" + +"We've been told to keep order, and that no one is to leave their +homes or take away a single grain, and that's all about it!" cried +another. + +"It was your son's turn to be conscripted, but no fear! You +begrudged your lump of a son," a little old man suddenly began +attacking Dron--"and so they took my Vanka to be shaved for a soldier! +But we all have to die." + +"To be sure, we all have to die. I'm not against the commune," +said Dron. + +"That's it--not against it! You've filled your belly...." + +The two tall peasants had their say. As soon as Rostov, followed +by Ilyin, Lavrushka, and Alpatych, came up to the crowd, Karp, +thrusting his fingers into his belt and smiling a little, walked to +the front. Dron on the contrary retired to the rear and the crowd drew +closer together. + +"Who is your Elder here? Hey?" shouted Rostov, coming up to the +crowd with quick steps. + +"The Elder? What do you want with him?..." asked Karp. + +But before the words were well out of his mouth, his cap flew off +and a fierce blow jerked his head to one side. + +"Caps off, traitors!" shouted Rostov in a wrathful voice. "Where's +the Elder?" he cried furiously. + +"The Elder.... He wants the Elder!... Dron Zakharych, you!" meek and +flustered voices here and there were heard calling and caps began to +come off their heads. + +"We don't riot, we're following the orders," declared Karp, and at +that moment several voices began speaking together. + +"It's as the old men have decided--there's too many of you giving +orders." + +"Arguing? Mutiny!... Brigands! Traitors!" cried Rostov unmeaningly +in a voice not his own, gripping Karp by the collar. "Bind him, bind +him!" he shouted, though there was no one to bind him but Lavrushka +and Alpatych. + +Lavrushka, however, ran up to Karp and seized him by the arms from +behind. + +"Shall I call up our men from beyond the hill?" he called out. + +Alpatych turned to the peasants and ordered two of them by name to +come and bind Karp. The men obediently came out of the crowd and began +taking off their belts. + +"Where's the Elder?" demanded Rostov in a loud voice. + +With a pale and frowning face Dron stepped out of the crowd. + +"Are you the Elder? Bind him, Lavrushka!" shouted Rostov, as if that +order, too, could not possibly meet with any opposition. + +And in fact two more peasants began binding Dron, who took off his +own belt and handed it to them, as if to aid them. + +"And you all listen to me!" said Rostov to the peasants. "Be off +to your houses at once, and don't let one of your voices be heard!" + +"Why, we've not done any harm! We did it just out of foolishness. +It's all nonsense... I said then that it was not in order," voices +were heard bickering with one another. + +"There! What did I say?" said Alpatych, coming into his own again. +"It's wrong, lads!" + + "All our stupidity, Yakov Alpatych," came the answers, and the +crowd began at once to disperse through the village. + +The two bound men were led off to the master's house. The two +drunken peasants followed them. + +"Aye, when I look at you!..." said one of them to Karp. + +"How can one talk to the masters like that? What were you thinking +of, you fool?" added the other--"A real fool!" + +Two hours later the carts were standing in the courtyard of the +Bogucharovo house. The peasants were briskly carrying out the +proprietor's goods and packing them on the carts, and Dron, +liberated at Princess Mary's wish from the cupboard where he had +been confined, was standing in the yard directing the men. + +"Don't put it in so carelessly," said one of the peasants, a man +with a round smiling face, taking a casket from a housemaid. "You know +it has cost money! How can you chuck it in like that or shove it under +the cord where it'll get rubbed? I don't like that way of doing +things. Let it all be done properly, according to rule. Look here, put +it under the bast matting and cover it with hay--that's the way!" + +"Eh, books, books!" said another peasant, bringing out Prince +Andrew's library cupboards. "Don't catch up against it! It's heavy, +lads--solid books." + +"Yes, they worked all day and didn't play!" remarked the tall, +round-faced peasant gravely, pointing with a significant wink at the +dictionaries that were on the top. + + +Unwilling to obtrude himself on the princess, Rostov did not go back +to the house but remained in the village awaiting her departure. +When her carriage drove out of the house, he mounted and accompanied +her eight miles from Bogucharovo to where the road was occupied by our +troops. At the inn at Yankovo he respectfully took leave of her, for +the first time permitting himself to kiss her hand. + +"How can you speak so!" he blushingly replied to Princess Mary's +expressions of gratitude for her deliverance, as she termed what had +occurred. "Any police officer would have done as much! If we had had +only peasants to fight, we should not have let the enemy come so far," +said he with a sense of shame and wishing to change the subject. "I am +only happy to have had the opportunity of making your acquaintance. +Good-by, Princess. I wish you happiness and consolation and hope to +meet you again in happier circumstances. If you don't want to make +me blush, please don't thank me!" + +But the princess, if she did not again thank him in words, thanked +him with the whole expression of her face, radiant with gratitude +and tenderness. She could not believe that there was nothing to +thank him for. On the contrary, it seemed to her certain that had he +not been there she would have perished at the hands of the mutineers +and of the French, and that he had exposed himself to terrible and +obvious danger to save her, and even more certain was it that he was a +man of lofty and noble soul, able to understand her position and her +sorrow. His kind, honest eyes, with the tears rising in them when +she herself had begun to cry as she spoke of her loss, did leave her +memory. + +When she had taken leave of him and remained alone she suddenly felt +her eyes filling with tears, and then not for the first time the +strange question presented itself to her: did she love him? + +On the rest of the way to Moscow, though the princess' position +was not a cheerful one, Dunyasha, who went with her in the carriage, +more than once noticed that her mistress leaned out of the window +and smiled at something with an expression of mingled joy and sorrow. + +"Well, supposing I do love him?" thought Princess Mary. + +Ashamed as she was of acknowledging to herself that she had fallen +in love with a man who would perhaps never love her, she comforted +herself with the thought that no one would ever know it and that she +would not be to blame if, without ever speaking of it to anyone, she +continued to the end of her life to love the man with whom she had +fallen in love for the first and last time in her life. + +Sometimes when she recalled his looks, his sympathy, and his +words, happiness did not appear impossible to her. It was at those +moments that Dunyasha noticed her smiling as she looked out of the +carriage window. + +"Was it not fate that brought him to Bogucharovo, and at that very +moment?" thought Princess Mary. "And that caused his sister to +refuse my brother?" And in all this Princess Mary saw the hand of +Providence. + +The impression the princess made on Rostov was a very agreeable one. +To remember her gave him pleasure, and when his comrades, hearing of +his adventure at Bogucharovo, rallied him on having gone to look for +hay and having picked up one of the wealthiest heiresses in Russia, he +grew angry. It made him angry just because the idea of marrying the +gentle Princess Mary, who was attractive to him and had an enormous +fortune, had against his will more than once entered his head. For +himself personally Nicholas could not wish for a better wife: by +marrying her he would make the countess his mother happy, would be +able to put his father's affairs in order, and would even--he felt it- +ensure Princess Mary's happiness. + +But Sonya? And his plighted word? That was why Rostov grew angry +when he was rallied about Princess Bolkonskaya. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +On receiving command of the armies Kutuzov remembered Prince +Andrew and sent an order for him to report at headquarters. + +Prince Andrew arrived at Tsarevo-Zaymishche on the very day and at +the very hour that Kutuzov was reviewing the troops for the first +time. He stopped in the village at the priest's house in front of +which stood the commander in chief's carriage, and he sat down on +the bench at the gate awaiting his Serene Highness, as everyone now +called Kutuzov. From the field beyond the village came now sounds of +regimental music and now the roar of many voices shouting "Hurrah!" to +the new commander in chief. Two orderlies, a courier and a major-domo, +stood near by, some ten paces from Prince Andrew, availing +themselves of Kutuzov's absence and of the fine weather. A short, +swarthy lieutenant colonel of hussars with thick mustaches and +whiskers rode up to the gate and, glancing at Prince Andrew, +inquired whether his Serene Highness was putting up there and +whether he would soon be back. + +Prince Andrew replied that he was not on his Serene Highness' +staff but was himself a new arrival. The lieutenant colonel turned +to a smart orderly, who, with the peculiar contempt with which a +commander in chief's orderly speaks to officers, replied: + +"What? His Serene Highness? I expect he'll be here soon. What do you +want?" + +The lieutenant colonel of hussars smiled beneath his mustache at the +orderly's tone, dismounted, gave his horse to a dispatch runner, and +approached Bolkonski with a slight bow. Bolkonski made room for him on +the bench and the lieutenant colonel sat down beside him. + +"You're also waiting for the commander in chief?" said he. "They say +he weceives evewyone, thank God!... It's awful with those sausage +eaters! Ermolov had weason to ask to be pwomoted to be a German! Now +p'waps Wussians will get a look in. As it was, devil only knows what +was happening. We kept wetweating and wetweating. Did you take part in +the campaign?" he asked. + +"I had the pleasure," replied Prince Andrew, "not only of taking +part in the retreat but of losing in that retreat all I held dear--not +to mention the estate and home of my birth--my father, who died of +grief. I belong to the province of Smolensk." + +"Ah? You're Pwince Bolkonski? Vewy glad to make your acquaintance! +I'm Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, better known as 'Vaska,'" said +Denisov, pressing Prince Andrew's hand and looking into his face +with a particularly kindly attention. "Yes, I heard," said he +sympathetically, and after a short pause added: "Yes, it's Scythian +warfare. It's all vewy well--only not for those who get it in the +neck. So you are Pwince Andwew Bolkonski?" He swayed his head. "Vewy +pleased, Pwince, to make your acquaintance!" he repeated again, +smiling sadly, and he again pressed Prince Andrew's hand. + +Prince Andrew knew Denisov from what Natasha had told him of her +first suitor. This memory carried him sadly and sweetly back to +those painful feelings of which he had not thought lately, but which +still found place in his soul. Of late he had received so many new and +very serious impressions--such as the retreat from Smolensk, his visit +to Bald Hills, and the recent news of his father's death--and had +experienced so many emotions, that for a long time past those memories +had not entered his mind, and now that they did, they did not act on +him with nearly their former strength. For Denisov, too, the +memories awakened by the name of Bolkonski belonged to a distant, +romantic past, when after supper and after Natasha's singing he had +proposed to a little girl of fifteen without realizing what he was +doing. He smiled at the recollection of that time and of his love +for Natasha, and passed at once to what now interested him +passionately and exclusively. This was a plan of campaign he had +devised while serving at the outposts during the retreat. He had +proposed that plan to Barclay de Tolly and now wished to propose it to +Kutuzov. The plan was based on the fact that the French line of +operation was too extended, and it proposed that instead of, or +concurrently with, action on the front to bar the advance of the +French, we should attack their line of communication. He began +explaining his plan to Prince Andrew. + +"They can't hold all that line. It's impossible. I will undertake to +bweak thwough. Give me five hundwed men and I will bweak the line, +that's certain! There's only one way--guewilla warfare!" + +Denisov rose and began gesticulating as he explained his plan to +Bolkonski. In the midst of his explanation shouts were heard from +the army, growing more incoherent and more diffused, mingling with +music and songs and coming from the field where the review was held. +Sounds of hoofs and shouts were nearing the village. + +"He's coming! He's coming!" shouted a Cossack standing at the gate. + +Bolkonski and Denisov moved to the gate, at which a knot of soldiers +(a guard of honor) was standing, and they saw Kutuzov coming down +the street mounted on a rather small sorrel horse. A huge suite of +generals rode behind him. Barclay was riding almost beside him, and +a crowd of officers ran after and around them shouting, "Hurrah!" + +His adjutants galloped into the yard before him. Kutuzov was +impatiently urging on his horse, which ambled smoothly under his +weight, and he raised his hand to his white Horse Guard's cap with a +red band and no peak, nodding his head continually. When he came up to +the guard of honor, a fine set of Grenadiers mostly wearing +decorations, who were giving him the salute, he looked at them +silently and attentively for nearly a minute with the steady gaze of a +commander and then turned to the crowd of generals and officers +surrounding him. Suddenly his face assumed a subtle expression, he +shrugged his shoulders with an air of perplexity. + +"And with such fine fellows to retreat and retreat! Well, good-by, +General," he added, and rode into the yard past Prince Andrew and +Denisov. + +"Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah!" shouted those behind him. + +Since Prince Andrew had last seen him Kutuzov had grown still more +corpulent, flaccid, and fat. But the bleached eyeball, the scar, and +the familiar weariness of his expression were still the same. He was +wearing the white Horse Guard's cap and a military overcoat with a +whip hanging over his shoulder by a thin strap. He sat heavily and +swayed limply on his brisk little horse. + +"Whew... whew... whew!" he whistled just audibly as he rode into the +yard. His face expressed the relief of relaxed strain felt by a man +who means to rest after a ceremony. He drew his left foot out of the +stirrup and, lurching with his whole body and puckering his face +with the effort, raised it with difficulty onto the saddle, leaned +on his knee, groaned, and slipped down into the arms of the Cossacks +and adjutants who stood ready to assist him. + +He pulled himself together, looked round, screwing up his eyes, +glanced at Prince Andrew, and, evidently not recognizing him, moved +with his waddling gait to the porch. "Whew... whew... whew!" he +whistled, and again glanced at Prince Andrew. As often occurs with old +men, it was only after some seconds that the impression produced by +Prince Andrew's face linked itself up with Kutuzov's remembrance of +his personality. + +"Ah, how do you do, my dear prince? How do you do, my dear boy? Come +along..." said he, glancing wearily round, and he stepped onto the +porch which creaked under his weight. + +He unbuttoned his coat and sat down on a bench in the porch. + +"And how's your father?" + +"I received news of his death, yesterday," replied Prince Andrew +abruptly. + +Kutuzov looked at him with eyes wide open with dismay and then +took off his cap and crossed himself: + +"May the kingdom of Heaven be his! God's will be done to us all!" He +sighed deeply, his whole chest heaving, and was silent for a while. "I +loved him and respected him, and sympathize with you with all my +heart." + +He embraced Prince Andrew, pressing him to his fat breast, and for +some time did not let him go. When he released him Prince Andrew saw +that Kutuzov's flabby lips were trembling and that tears were in his +eyes. He sighed and pressed on the bench with both hands to raise +himself. + +"Come! Come with me, we'll have a talk," said he. + +But at that moment Denisov, no more intimidated by his superiors +than by the enemy, came with jingling spurs up the steps of the porch, +despite the angry whispers of the adjutants who tried to stop him. +Kutuzov, his hands still pressed on the seat, glanced at him glumly. +Denisov, having given his name, announced that he had to communicate +to his Serene Highness a matter of great importance for their +country's welfare. Kutuzov looked wearily at him and, lifting his +hands with a gesture of annoyance, folded them across his stomach, +repeating the words: "For our country's welfare? Well, what is it? +Speak!" Denisov blushed like a girl (it was strange to see the color +rise in that shaggy, bibulous, time-worn face) and boldly began to +expound his plan of cutting the enemy's lines of communication between +Smolensk and Vyazma. Denisov came from those parts and knew the +country well. His plan seemed decidedly a good one, especially from +the strength of conviction with which he spoke. Kutuzov looked down at +his own legs, occasionally glancing at the door of the adjoining hut +as if expecting something unpleasant to emerge from it. And from +that hut, while Denisov was speaking, a general with a portfolio under +his arm really did appear. + +"What?" said Kutuzov, in the midst of Denisov's explanations, "are +you ready so soon?" + +"Ready, your Serene Highness," replied the general. + +Kutuzov swayed his head, as much as to say: "How is one man to +deal with it all?" and again listened to Denisov. + +"I give my word of honor as a Wussian officer," said Denisov, +"that I can bweak Napoleon's line of communication!" + +"What relation are you to Intendant General Kiril Andreevich +Denisov?" asked Kutuzov, interrupting him. + +"He is my uncle, your Sewene Highness." + +"Ah, we were friends," said Kutuzov cheerfully. "All right, all +right, friend, stay here at the staff and tomorrow we'll have a talk." + +With a nod to Denisov he turned away and put out his hand for the +papers Konovnitsyn had brought him. + +"Would not your Serene Highness like to come inside?" said the +general on duty in a discontented voice, "the plans must be examined +and several papers have to be signed." + +An adjutant came out and announced that everything was in +readiness within. But Kutuzov evidently did not wish to enter that +room till he was disengaged. He made a grimace... + +"No, tell them to bring a small table out here, my dear boy. I'll +look at them here," said he. "Don't go away," he added, turning to +Prince Andrew, who remained in the porch and listened to the general's +report. + +While this was being given, Prince Andrew heard the whisper of a +woman's voice and the rustle of a silk dress behind the door. +Several times on glancing that way he noticed behind that door a +plump, rosy, handsome woman in a pink dress with a lilac silk kerchief +on her head, holding a dish and evidently awaiting the entrance of the +commander in chief. Kutuzov's adjutant whispered to Prince Andrew +that this was the wife of the priest whose home it was, and that she +intended to offer his Serene Highness bread and salt. "Her husband has +welcomed his Serene Highness with the cross at the church, and she +intends to welcome him in the house.... She's very pretty," added +the adjutant with a smile. At those words Kutuzov looked round. He was +listening to the general's report--which consisted chiefly of a +criticism of the position at Tsarevo-Zaymishche--as he had listened to +Denisov, and seven years previously had listened to the discussion +at the Austerlitz council of war. He evidently listened only because +he had ears which, though there was a piece of tow in one of them, +could not help hearing; but it was evident that nothing the general +could say would surprise or even interest him, that he knew all that +would be said beforehand, and heard it all only because he had to, +as one has to listen to the chanting of a service of prayer. All +that Denisov had said was clever and to the point. What the general +was saying was even more clever and to the point, but it was evident +that Kutuzov despised knowledge and cleverness, and knew of +something else that would decide the matter--something independent +of cleverness and knowledge. Prince Andrew watched the commander +in chief's face attentively, and the only expression he could see +there was one of boredom, curiosity as to the meaning of the +feminine whispering behind the door, and a desire to observe +propriety. It was evident that Kutuzov despised cleverness and +learning and even the patriotic feeling shown by Denisov, but despised +them not because of his own intellect, feelings, or knowledge--he +did not try to display any of these--but because of something else. He +despised them because of his old age and experience of life. The +only instruction Kutuzov gave of his own accord during that report +referred to looting by the Russian troops. At the end of the report +the general put before him for signature a paper relating to the +recovery of payment from army commanders for green oats mown down by +the soldiers, when landowners lodged petitions for compensation. + +After hearing the matter, Kutuzov smacked his lips together and +shook his head. + +"Into the stove... into the fire with it! I tell you once for all, +my dear fellow," said he, "into the fire with all such things! Let +them cut the crops and burn wood to their hearts' content. I don't +order it or allow it, but I don't exact compensation either. One can't +get on without it. 'When wood is chopped the chips will fly.'" He +looked at the paper again. "Oh, this German precision!" he muttered, +shaking his head. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +"Well, that's all!" said Kutuzov as he signed the last of the +documents, and rising heavily and smoothing out the folds in his fat +white neck he moved toward the door with a more cheerful expression. + +The priest's wife, flushing rosy red, caught up the dish she had +after all not managed to present at the right moment, though she had +so long been preparing for it, and with a low bow offered it to +Kutuzov. + +He screwed up his eyes, smiled, lifted her chin with his hand, and +said: + +"Ah, what a beauty! Thank you, sweetheart!" + +He took some gold pieces from his trouser pocket and put them on the +dish for her. "Well, my dear, and how are we getting on?" he asked, +moving to the door of the room assigned to him. The priest's wife +smiled, and with dimples in her rosy cheeks followed him into the +room. The adjutant came out to the porch and asked Prince Andrew to +lunch with him. Half an hour later Prince Andrew was again called to +Kutuzov. He found him reclining in an armchair, still in the same +unbuttoned overcoat. He had in his hand a French book which he +closed as Prince Andrew entered, marking the place with a knife. +Prince Andrew saw by the cover that it was Les Chevaliers du Cygne +by Madame de Genlis. + +"Well, sit down, sit down here. Let's have a talk," said Kutuzov. +"It's sad, very sad. But remember, my dear fellow, that I am a +father to you, a second father...." + +Prince Andrew told Kutuzov all he knew of his father's death, and +what he had seen at Bald Hills when he passed through it. + +"What... what they have brought us to!" Kutuzov suddenly cried in an +agitated voice, evidently picturing vividly to himself from Prince +Andrew's story the condition Russia was in. "But give me time, give me +time!" he said with a grim look, evidently not wishing to continue +this agitating conversation, and added: "I sent for you to keep you +with me." + +"I thank your Serene Highness, but I fear I am no longer fit for the +staff," replied Prince Andrew with a smile which Kutuzov noticed. + +Kutuzov glanced inquiringly at him. + +"But above all," added Prince Andrew, "I have grown used to my +regiment, am fond of the officers, and I fancy the men also like me. I +should be sorry to leave the regiment. If I decline the honor of being +with you, believe me..." + +A shrewd, kindly, yet subtly derisive expression lit up Kutuzov's +podgy face. He cut Bolkonski short. + +"I am sorry, for I need you. But you're right, you're right! It's +not here that men are needed. Advisers are always plentiful, but men +are not. The regiments would not be what they are if the would-be +advisers served there as you do. I remember you at Austerlitz.... I +remember, yes, I remember you with the standard!" said Kutuzov, and +a flush of pleasure suffused Prince Andrew's face at this +recollection. + +Taking his hand and drawing him downwards, Kutuzov offered his cheek +to be kissed, and again Prince Andrew noticed tears in the old man's +eyes. Though Prince Andrew knew that Kutuzov's tears came easily, +and that he was particularly tender to and considerate of him from a +wish to show sympathy with his loss, yet this reminder of Austerlitz +was both pleasant and flattering to him. + +"Go your way and God be with you. I know your path is the path of +honor!" He paused. "I missed you at Bucharest, but I needed someone to +send." And changing the subject, Kutuzov began to speak of the Turkish +war and the peace that had been concluded. "Yes, I have been much +blamed," he said, "both for that war and the peace... but everything +came at the right time. Tout vient a point a celui qui sait attendre.* +And there were as many advisers there as here..." he went on, +returning to the subject of "advisers" which evidently occupied him. +"Ah, those advisers!" said he. "If we had listened to them all we +should not have made peace with Turkey and should not have been +through with that war. Everything in haste, but more haste, less +speed. Kamenski would have been lost if he had not died. He stormed +fortresses with thirty thousand men. It is not difficult to capture +a fortress but it is difficult to win a campaign. For that, storming +and attacking but patience and time are wanted. Kamenski sent soldiers +to Rustchuk, but I only employed these two things and took more +fortresses than Kamenski and made them but eat horseflesh!" He swayed +his head. "And the French shall too, believe me," he went on, +growing warmer and beating his chest, "I'll make them eat horseflesh!" +And tears again dimmed his eyes. + + +*"Everything comes in time to him who knows how to wait." + + +"But shan't we have to accept battle?" remarked Prince Andrew. + +"We shall if everybody wants it; it can't be helped.... But +believe me, my dear boy, there is nothing stronger than those two: +patience and time, they will do it all. But the advisers n'entendent +pas de cette oreille, voila le mal.* Some want a thing--others +don't. What's one to do?" he asked, evidently expecting an answer. +"Well, what do you want us to do?" he repeated and his eye shone +with a deep, shrewd look. "I'll tell you what to do," he continued, as +Prince Andrew still did not reply: "I will tell you what to do, and +what I do. Dans le doute, mon cher," he paused, "abstiens-toi"*[2]--he +articulated the French proverb deliberately. + + +*"Don't see it that way, that's the trouble." + +*[2] "When in doubt, my dear fellow, do nothing." + + +"Well, good-by, my dear fellow; remember that with all my heart I +share your sorrow, and that for you I am not a Serene Highness, nor +a prince, nor a commander in chief, but a father! If you want anything +come straight to me. Good-by, my dear boy." + +Again he embraced and kissed Prince Andrew, but before the latter +had left the room Kutuzov gave a sigh of relief and went on with his +unfinished novel, Les Chevaliers du Cygne by Madame de Genlis. + +Prince Andrew could not have explained how or why it was, but +after that interview with Kutuzov he went back to his regiment +reassured as to the general course of affairs and as to the man to +whom it had been entrusted. The more he realized the absence of all +personal motive in that old man--in whom there seemed to remain only +the habit of passions, and in place of an intellect (grouping events +and drawing conclusions) only the capacity calmly to contemplate the +course of events--the more reassured he was that everything would be +as it should. "He will not bring in any plan of his own. He will not +devise or undertake anything," thought Prince Andrew, "but he will +hear everything, remember everything, and put everything in its place. +He will not hinder anything useful nor allow anything harmful. He +understands that there is something stronger and more important than +his own will--the inevitable course of events, and he can see them and +grasp their significance, and seeing that significance can refrain +from meddling and renounce his personal wish directed to something +else. And above all," thought Prince Andrew, "one believes in him +because he's Russian, despite the novel by Genlis and the French +proverbs, and because his voice shook when he said: 'What they have +brought us to!' and had a sob in it when he said he would 'make them +eat horseflesh!'" + +On such feelings, more or less dimly shared by all, the unanimity +and general approval were founded with which, despite court +influences, the popular choice of Kutuzov as commander in chief was +received. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +After the Emperor had left Moscow, life flowed on there in its usual +course, and its course was so very usual that it was difficult to +remember the recent days of patriotic elation and ardor, hard to +believe that Russia was really in danger and that the members of the +English Club were also sons of the Fatherland ready to sacrifice +everything for it. The one thing that recalled the patriotic fervor +everyone had displayed during the Emperor's stay was the call for +contributions of men and money, a necessity that as soon as the +promises had been made assumed a legal, official form and became +unavoidable. + +With the enemy's approach to Moscow, the Moscovites' view of their +situation did not grow more serious but on the contrary became even +more frivolous, as always happens with people who see a great danger +approaching. At the approach of danger there are always two voices +that speak with equal power in the human soul: one very reasonably +tells a man to consider the nature of the danger and the means of +escaping it; the other, still more reasonably, says that it is too +depressing and painful to think of the danger, since it is not in +man's power to foresee everything and avert the general course of +events, and it is therefore better to disregard what is painful till +it comes, and to think about what is pleasant. In solitude a man +generally listens to the first voice, but in society to the second. So +it was now with the inhabitants of Moscow. It was long since people +had been as gay in Moscow as that year. + +Rostopchin's broadsheets, headed by woodcuts of a drink shop, a +potman, and a Moscow burgher called Karpushka Chigirin, "who--having +been a militiaman and having had rather too much at the pub--heard +that Napoleon wished to come to Moscow, grew angry, abused the +French in very bad language, came out of the drink shop, and, under +the sign of the eagle, began to address the assembled people," were +read and discussed, together with the latest of Vasili Lvovich +Pushkin's bouts rimes. + +In the corner room at the Club, members gathered to read these +broadsheets, and some liked the way Karpushka jeered at the French, +saying: "They will swell up with Russian cabbage, burst with our +buckwheat porridge, and choke themselves with cabbage soup. They are +all dwarfs and one peasant woman will toss three of them with a +hayfork." Others did not like that tone and said it was stupid and +vulgar. It was said that Rostopchin had expelled all Frenchmen and +even all foreigners from Moscow, and that there had been some spies +and agents of Napoleon among them; but this was told chiefly to +introduce Rostopchin's witty remark on that occasion. The foreigners +were deported to Nizhni by boat, and Rostopchin had said to them in +French: "Rentrez en vousmemes; entrez dans la barque, et n'en faites +pas une barque de Charon."* There was talk of all the government +offices having been already removed from Moscow, and to this +Shinshin's witticism was added--that for that alone Moscow ought to be +grateful to Napoleon. It was said that Mamonov's regiment would cost +him eight hundred thousand rubles, and that Bezukhov had spent even +more on his, but that the best thing about Bezukhov's action was +that he himself was going to don a uniform and ride at the head of his +regiment without charging anything for the show. + + +*"Think it over; get into the barque, and take care not to make it a +barque of Charon." + + +"You don't spare anyone," said Julie Drubetskaya as she collected +and pressed together a bunch of raveled lint with her thin, beringed +fingers. + +Julie was preparing to leave Moscow next day and was giving a +farewell soiree. + +"Bezukhov est ridicule, but he is so kind and good-natured. What +pleasure is there to be so caustique?" + +"A forfeit!" cried a young man in militia uniform whom Julie +called "mon chevalier," and who was going with her to Nizhni. + +In Julie's set, as in many other circles in Moscow, it had been +agreed that they would speak nothing but Russian and that those who +made a slip and spoke French should pay fines to the Committee of +Voluntary Contributions. + +"Another forfeit for a Gallicism," said a Russian writer who was +present. "'What pleasure is there to be' is not Russian!" + +"You spare no one," continued Julie to the young man without heeding +the author's remark. + +"For caustique--I am guilty and will pay, and I am prepared to pay +again for the pleasure of telling you the truth. For Gallicisms I +won't be responsible," she remarked, turning to the author: "I have +neither the money nor the time, like Prince Galitsyn, to engage a +master to teach me Russian!" + +"Ah, here he is!" she added. "Quand on... No, no," she said to the +militia officer, "you won't catch me. Speak of the sun and you see its +rays!" and she smiled amiably at Pierre. "We were just talking of +you," she said with the facility in lying natural to a society +woman. "We were saying that your regiment would be sure to be better +than Mamonov's." + +"Oh, don't talk to me of my regiment," replied Pierre, kissing his +hostess' hand and taking a seat beside her. "I am so sick of it." + +"You will, of course, command it yourself?" said Julie, directing +a sly, sarcastic glance toward the militia officer. + +The latter in Pierre's presence had ceased to be caustic, and his +face expressed perplexity as to what Julie's smile might mean. In +spite of his absent-mindedness and good nature, Pierre's personality +immediately checked any attempt to ridicule him to his face. + +"No," said Pierre, with a laughing glance at his big, stout body. "I +should make too good a target for the French, besides I am afraid I +should hardly be able to climb onto a horse." + +Among those whom Julie's guests happened to choose to gossip about +were the Rostovs. + +"I hear that their affairs are in a very bad way," said Julie. +"And he is so unreasonable, the count himself I mean. The +Razumovskis wanted to buy his house and his estate near Moscow, but it +drags on and on. He asks too much." + +"No, I think the sale will come off in a few days," said someone. +"Though it is madness to buy anything in Moscow now." + +"Why?" asked Julie. "You don't think Moscow is in danger?" + +"Then why are you leaving?" + +"I? What a question! I am going because... well, because everyone is +going: and besides--I am not Joan of Arc or an Amazon." + +"Well, of course, of course! Let me have some more strips of linen." + +"If he manages the business properly he will be able to pay off +all his debts," said the militia officer, speaking of Rostov. + +"A kindly old man but not up to much. And why do they stay on so +long in Moscow? They meant to leave for the country long ago. +Natalie is quite well again now, isn't she?" Julie asked Pierre with a +knowing smile. + +"They are waiting for their younger son," Pierre replied. "He joined +Obolenski's Cossacks and went to Belaya Tserkov where the regiment +is being formed. But now they have had him transferred to my +regiment and are expecting him every day. The count wanted to leave +long ago, but the countess won't on any account leave Moscow till +her son returns." + +"I met them the day before yesterday at the Arkharovs'. Natalie +has recovered her looks and is brighter. She sang a song. How easily +some people get over everything!" + +"Get over what?" inquired Pierre, looking displeased. + +Julie smiled. + +"You know, Count, such knights as you are only found in Madame de +Souza's novels." + +"What knights? What do you mean?" demanded Pierre, blushing. + +"Oh, come, my dear count! C'est la fable de tout Moscou. Je vous +admire, ma parole d'honneur!"* + + +*"It is the talk of all Moscow. My word, I admire you!" + + +"Forfeit, forfeit!" cried the militia officer. + +"All right, one can't talk--how tiresome!" + +"What is 'the talk of all Moscow'?" Pierre asked angrily, rising +to his feet. + +"Come now, Count, you know!" + +"I don't know anything about it," said Pierre. + +"I know you were friendly with Natalie, and so... but I was always +more friendly with Vera--that dear Vera." + +"No, madame!" Pierre continued in a tone of displeasure, "I have not +taken on myself the role of Natalie Rostova's knight at all, and +have not been their house for nearly a month. But I cannot +understand the cruelty..." + +"Qui s'excuse s'accuse,"* said Julie, smiling and waving the lint +triumphantly, and to have the last word she promptly changed the +subject. "Do you know what I heard today? Poor Mary Bolkonskaya +arrived in Moscow yesterday. Do you know that she has lost her +father?" + + +*"Who excuses himself, accuses himself." + + +"Really? Where is she? I should like very much to see her," said +Pierre. + +"I spent the evening with her yesterday. She is going to their +estate near Moscow either today or tomorrow morning, with her nephew." + +"Well, and how is she?" asked Pierre. + +"She is well, but sad. But do you know who rescued her? It is +quite a romance. Nicholas Rostov! She was surrounded, and they +wanted to kill her and had wounded some of her people. He rushed in +and saved her...." + +"Another romance," said the militia officer. "Really, this general +flight has been arranged to get all the old maids married off. Catiche +is one and Princess Bolkonskaya another." + +"Do you know, I really believe she is un petit peu amoureuse du +jeune homme."* + + +*"A little bit in love with the young man." + + +"Forfeit, forfeit, forfeit!" + +"But how could one say that in Russian?" + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +When Pierre returned home he was handed two of Rostopchin's +broadsheets that had been brought that day. + +The first declared that the report that Count Rostopchin had +forbidden people to leave Moscow was false; on the contrary he was +glad that ladies and tradesmen's wives were leaving the city. "There +will be less panic and less gossip," ran the broadsheet "but I will +stake my life on it that that will not enter Moscow." These words +showed Pierre clearly for the first time that the French would enter +Moscow. The second broadsheet stated that our headquarters were at +Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein had defeated the French, but that as +many of the inhabitants of Moscow wished to be armed, weapons were +ready for them at the arsenal: sabers, pistols, and muskets which +could be had at a low price. The tone of the proclamation was not as +jocose as in the former Chigirin talks. Pierre pondered over these +broadsheets. Evidently the terrible stormcloud he had desired with the +whole strength of his soul but which yet aroused involuntary horror in +him was drawing near. + +"Shall I join the army and enter the service, or wait?" he asked +himself for the hundredth time. He took a pack of cards that lay on +the table and began to lay them out for a game of patience. + +"If this patience comes out," he said to himself after shuffling the +cards, holding them in his hand, and lifting his head, "if it comes +out, it means... what does it mean?" + +He had not decided what it should mean when he heard the voice of +the eldest princess at the door asking whether she might come in. + +"Then it will mean that I must go to the army," said Pierre to +himself. "Come in, come in!" he added to the princess. + +Only the eldest princess, the one with the stony face and long +waist, was still living in Pierre's house. The two younger ones had +both married. + +"Excuse my coming to you, cousin," she said in a reproachful and +agitated voice. "You know some decision must be come to. What is going +to happen? Everyone has left Moscow and the people are rioting. How is +it that we are staying on?" + +"On the contrary, things seem satisfactory, ma cousine," said Pierre +in the bantering tone he habitually adopted toward her, always feeling +uncomfortable in the role of her benefactor. + +"Satisfactory, indeed! Very satisfactory! Barbara Ivanovna told me +today how our troops are distinguishing themselves. It certainly +does them credit! And the people too are quite mutinous--they no +longer obey, even my maid has taken to being rude. At this rate they +will soon begin beating us. One can't walk in the streets. But, +above all, the French will be here any day now, so what are we waiting +for? I ask just one thing of you, cousin," she went on, "arrange for +me to be taken to Petersburg. Whatever I may be, I can't live under +Bonaparte's rule." + +"Oh, come, ma cousine! Where do you get your information from? On +the contrary..." + +"I won't submit to your Napoleon! Others may if they please.... If +you don't want to do this..." + +"But I will, I'll give the order at once." + +The princess was apparently vexed at not having anyone to be angry +with. Muttering to herself, she sat down on a chair. + +"But you have been misinformed," said Pierre. "Everything is quiet +in the city and there is not the slightest danger. See! I've just been +reading..." He showed her the broadsheet. "Count Rostopchin writes +that he will stake his life on it that the enemy will not enter +Moscow." + +"Oh, that count of yours!" said the princess malevolently. "He is +a hypocrite, a rascal who has himself roused the people to riot. +Didn't he write in those idiotic broadsheets that anyone, 'whoever +it might be, should be dragged to the lockup by his hair'? (How +silly!) 'And honor and glory to whoever captures him,' he says. This +is what his cajolery has brought us to! Barbara Ivanovna told me the +mob near killed her because she said something in French." + +"Oh, but it's so... You take everything so to heart," said Pierre, +and began laying out his cards for patience. + +Although that patience did come out, Pierre did not join the army, +but remained in deserted Moscow ever in the same state of agitation, +irresolution, and alarm, yet at the same time joyfully expecting +something terrible. + +Next day toward evening the princess set off, and Pierre's head +steward came to inform him that the money needed for the equipment +of his regiment could not be found without selling one of the estates. +In general the head steward made out to Pierre that his project of +raising a regiment would ruin him. Pierre listened to him, scarcely +able to repress a smile. + +"Well then, sell it," said he. "What's to be done? I can't draw back +now!" + +The worse everything became, especially his own affairs, the +better was Pierre pleased and the more evident was it that the +catastrophe he expected was approaching. Hardly anyone he knew was +left in town. Julie had gone, and so had Princess Mary. Of his +intimate friends only the Rostovs remained, but he did not go to see +them. + +To distract his thoughts he drove that day to the village of +Vorontsovo to see the great balloon Leppich was constructing to +destroy the foe, and a trial balloon that was to go up next day. The +balloon was not yet ready, but Pierre learned that it was being +constructed by the Emperor's desire. The Emperor had written to +Count Rostopchin as follows: + + +As soon as Leppich is ready, get together a crew of reliable and +intelligent men for his car and send a courier to General Kutuzov to +let him know. I have informed him of the matter. + +Please impress upon Leppich to be very careful where he descends for +the first time, that he may not make a mistake and fall into the +enemy's hands. It is essential for him to combine his movements with +those of the commander in chief. + + +On his way home from Vorontsovo, as he was passing the Bolotnoe +Place Pierre, seeing a large crowd round the Lobnoe Place, stopped and +got out of his trap. A French cook accused of being a spy was being +flogged. The flogging was only just over, and the executioner was +releasing from the flogging bench a stout man with red whiskers, in +blue stockings and a green jacket, who was moaning piteously. +Another criminal, thin and pale, stood near. Judging by their faces +they were both Frenchmen. With a frightened and suffering look +resembling that on the thin Frenchman's face, Pierre pushed his way in +through the crowd. + +"What is it? Who is it? What is it for?" he kept asking. + +But the attention of the crowd--officials, burghers, shopkeepers, +peasants, and women in cloaks and in pelisses--was so eagerly centered +on what was passing in Lobnoe Place that no one answered him. The +stout man rose, frowned, shrugged his shoulders, and evidently +trying to appear firm began to pull on his jacket without looking +about him, but suddenly his lips trembled and he began to cry, in +the way full-blooded grown-up men cry, though angry with himself for +doing so. In the crowd people began talking loudly, to stifle their +feelings of pity as it seemed to Pierre. + +"He's cook to some prince." + +"Eh, mounseer, Russian sauce seems to be sour to a Frenchman... sets +his teeth on edge!" said a wrinkled clerk who was standing behind +Pierre, when the Frenchman began to cry. + +The clerk glanced round, evidently hoping that his joke would be +appreciated. Some people began to laugh, others continued to watch +in dismay the executioner who was undressing the other man. + +Pierre choked, his face puckered, and he turned hastily away, went +back to his trap muttering something to himself as he went, and took +his seat. As they drove along he shuddered and exclaimed several times +so audibly that the coachman asked him: + +"What is your pleasure?" + +"Where are you going?" shouted Pierre to the man, who was driving to +Lubyanka Street. + +"To the Governor's, as you ordered," answered the coachman. + +"Fool! Idiot!" shouted Pierre, abusing his coachman--a thing he +rarely did. "Home, I told you! And drive faster, blockhead!" "I must +get away this very day," he murmured to himself. + +At the sight of the tortured Frenchman and the crowd surrounding the +Lobnoe Place, Pierre had so definitely made up his mind that he +could no longer remain in Moscow and would leave for the army that +very day that it seemed to him that either he had told the coachman +this or that the man ought to have known it for himself. + +On reaching home Pierre gave orders to Evstafey--his head coachman +who knew everything, could do anything, and was known to all Moscow- +that he would leave that night for the army at Mozhaysk, and that +his saddle horses should be sent there. This could not all be arranged +that day, so on Evstafey's representation Pierre had to put off his +departure till next day to allow time for the relay horses to be +sent on in advance. + +On the twenty-fourth the weather cleared up after a spell of rain, +and after dinner Pierre left Moscow. When changing horses that night +in Perkhushkovo, he learned that there had been a great battle that +evening. (This was the battle of Shevardino.) He was told that there +in Perkhushkovo the earth trembled from the firing, but nobody could +answer his questions as to who had won. At dawn next day Pierre was +approaching Mozhaysk. + +Every house in Mozhaysk had soldiers quartered in it, and at the +hostel where Pierre was met by his groom and coachman there was no +room to be had. It was full of officers. + +Everywhere in Mozhaysk and beyond it, troops were stationed or on +the march. Cossacks, foot and horse soldiers, wagons, caissons, and +cannon were everywhere. Pierre pushed forward as fast as he could, and +the farther he left Moscow behind and the deeper he plunged into +that sea of troops the more was he overcome by restless agitation +and a new and joyful feeling he had not experienced before. It was a +feeling akin to what he had felt at the Sloboda Palace during the +Emperor's visit--a sense of the necessity of undertaking something and +sacrificing something. He now experienced a glad consciousness that +everything that constitutes men's happiness--the comforts of life, +wealth, even life itself--is rubbish it is pleasant to throw away, +compared with something... With what? Pierre could not say, and he did +not try to determine for whom and for what he felt such particular +delight in sacrificing everything. He was not occupied with the +question of what to sacrifice for; the fact of sacrificing in itself +afforded him a new and joyous sensation. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +On the twenty-fourth of August the battle of the Shevardino +Redoubt was fought, on the twenty-fifth not a shot was fired by either +side, and on the twenty-sixth the battle of Borodino itself took +place. + +Why and how were the battles of Shevardino and Borodino given and +accepted? Why was the battle of Borodino fought? There was not the +least sense in it for either the French or the Russians. Its immediate +result for the Russians was, and was bound to be, that we were brought +nearer to the destruction of Moscow--which we feared more than +anything in the world; and for the French its immediate result was +that they were brought nearer to the destruction of their whole +army--which they feared more than anything in the world. What the +result must be was quite obvious, and yet Napoleon offered and Kutuzov +accepted that battle. + +If the commanders had been guided by reason, it would seem that it +must have been obvious to Napoleon that by advancing thirteen +hundred miles and giving battle with a probability of losing a quarter +of his army, he was advancing to certain destruction, and it must have +been equally clear to Kutuzov that by accepting battle and risking the +loss of a quarter of his army he would certainly lose Moscow. For +Kutuzov this was mathematically clear, as it is that if when playing +draughts I have one man less and go on exchanging, I shall certainly +lose, and therefore should not exchange. When my opponent has +sixteen men and I have fourteen, I am only one eighth weaker than +he, but when I have exchanged thirteen more men he will be three times +as strong as I am. + +Before the battle of Borodino our strength in proportion to the +French was about as five to six, but after that battle it was little +more than one to two: previously we had a hundred thousand against a +hundred and twenty thousand; afterwards little more than fifty +thousand against a hundred thousand. Yet the shrewd and experienced +Kutuzov accepted the battle, while Napoleon, who was said to be a +commander of genius, gave it, losing a quarter of his army and +lengthening his lines of communication still more. If it is said +that he expected to end the campaign by occupying Moscow as he had +ended a previous campaign by occupying Vienna, there is much +evidence to the contrary. Napoleon's historians themselves tell us +that from Smolensk onwards he wished to stop, knew the danger of his +extended position, and knew that the occupation of Moscow would not be +the end of the campaign, for he had seen at Smolensk the state in +which Russian towns were left to him, and had not received a single +reply to his repeated announcements of his wish to negotiate. + +In giving and accepting battle at Borodino, Kutuzov acted +involuntarily and irrationally. But later on, to fit what had +occurred, the historians provided cunningly devised evidence of the +foresight and genius the generals who, of all the blind tools of +history were the most enslaved and involuntary. + +The ancients have left us model heroic poems in which the heroes +furnish the whole interest of the story, and we are still unable to +accustom ourselves to the fact that for our epoch histories of that +kind are meaningless. + +On the other question, how the battle of Borodino and the +preceding battle of Shevardino were fought, there also exists a +definite and well-known, but quite false, conception. All the +historians describe the affair as follows: + +The Russian army, they say, in its retreat from Smolensk sought +out for itself the best position for a general engagement and found +such a position at Borodino. + +The Russians, they say, fortified this position in advance on the +left of the highroad (from Moscow to Smolensk) and almost at a right +angle to it, from Borodino to Utitsa, at the very place where the +battle was fought. + +In front of this position, they say, a fortified outpost was set +up on the Shevardino mound to observe the enemy. On the twenty-fourth, +we are told, Napoleon attacked this advanced post and took it, and, on +the twenty-sixth, attacked the whole Russian army, which was in +position on the field of Borodino. + +So the histories say, and it is all quite wrong, as anyone who cares +to look into the matter can easily convince himself. + +The Russians did not seek out the best position but, on the +contrary, during the retreat passed many positions better than +Borodino. They did not stop at any one of these positions because +Kutuzov did not wish to occupy a position he had not himself chosen, +because the popular demand for a battle had not yet expressed itself +strongly enough, and because Miloradovich had not yet arrived with the +militia, and for many other reasons. The fact is that other +positions they had passed were stronger, and that the position at +Borodino (the one where the battle was fought), far from being strong, +was no more a position than any other spot one might find in the +Russian Empire by sticking a pin into the map at hazard. + +Not only did the Russians not fortify the position on the field of +Borodino to the left of, and at a right angle to, the highroad (that +is, the position on which the battle took place), but never till the +twenty-fifth of August, 1812, did they think that a battle might be +fought there. This was shown first by the fact that there were no +entrenchments there by the twenty fifth and that those begun on the +twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth were not completed, and secondly, by the +position of the Shevardino Redoubt. That redoubt was quite senseless +in front of the position where the battle was accepted. Why was it +more strongly fortified than any other post? And why were all +efforts exhausted and six thousand men sacrificed to defend it till +late at night on the twenty-fourth? A Cossack patrol would have +sufficed to observe the enemy. Thirdly, as proof that the position +on which the battle was fought had not been foreseen and that the +Shevardino Redoubt was not an advanced post of that position, we +have the fact that up to the twenty-fifth, Barclay de Tolly and +Bagration were convinced that the Shevardino Redoubt was the left +flank of the position, and that Kutuzov himself in his report, written +in hot haste after the battle, speaks of the Shevardino Redoubt as the +left flank of the position. It was much later, when reports on the +battle of Borodino were written at leisure, that the incorrect and +extraordinary statement was invented (probably to justify the mistakes +of a commander in chief who had to be represented as infallible) +that the Shevardino Redoubt was an advanced post--whereas in reality +it was simply a fortified point on the left flank--and that the battle +of Borodino was fought by us on an entrenched position previously +selected, where as it was fought on a quite unexpected spot which +was almost unentrenched. + +The case was evidently this: a position was selected along the river +Kolocha--which crosses the highroad not at a right angle but at an +acute angle--so that the left flank was at Shevardino, the right flank +near the village of Novoe, and the center at Borodino at the +confluence of the rivers Kolocha and Voyna. + +To anyone who looks at the field of Borodino without thinking of how +the battle was actually fought, this position, protected by the +river Kolocha, presents itself as obvious for an army whose object was +to prevent an enemy from advancing along the Smolensk road to Moscow. + +Napoleon, riding to Valuevo on the twenty-fourth, did not see (as +the history books say he did) the position of the Russians from Utitsa +to Borodino (he could not have seen that position because it did not +exist), nor did he see an advanced post of the Russian army, but while +pursuing the Russian rearguard he came upon the left flank of the +Russian position--at the Shevardino Redoubt--and unexpectedly for +the Russians moved his army across the Kolocha. And the Russians, +not having time to begin a general engagement, withdrew their left +wing from the position they had intended to occupy and took up a new +position which had not been foreseen and was not fortified. By +crossing to the other side of the Kolocha to the left of the highroad, +Napoleon shifted the whole forthcoming battle from right to left +(looking from the Russian side) and transferred it to the plain +between Utitsa, Semenovsk, and Borodino--a plain no more +advantageous as a position than any other plain in Russia--and there +the whole battle of the twenty-sixth of August took place. + +Had Napoleon not ridden out on the evening of the twenty-fourth to +the Kolocha, and had he not then ordered an immediate attack on the +redoubt but had begun the attack next morning, no one would have +doubted that the Shevardino Redoubt was the left flank of our and +the battle would have taken place where we expected it. In that case +we should probably have defended the Shevardino Redoubt--our left +flank--still more obstinately. We should have attacked Napoleon in the +center or on the right, and the engagement would have taken place on +the twenty-fifth, in the position we intended and had fortified. But +as the attack on our left flank took place in the evening after the +retreat of our rear guard (that is, immediately after the fight at +Gridneva), and as the Russian commanders did not wish, or were not +in time, to begin a general engagement then on the evening of the +twenty-fourth, the first and chief action of the battle of Borodino +was already lost on the twenty-fourth, and obviously led to the loss +of the one fought on the twenty-sixth. + +After the loss of the Shevardino Redoubt, we found ourselves on +the morning of the twenty-fifth without a position for our left flank, +and were forced to bend it back and hastily entrench it where it +chanced to be. + +Not only was the Russian army on the twenty-sixth defended by +weak, unfinished entrenchments, but the disadvantage of that +position was increased by the fact that the Russian commanders--not +having fully realized what had happened, namely the loss of our +position on the left flank and the shifting of the whole field of +the forthcoming battle from right to left--maintained their extended +position from the village of Novoe to Utitsa, and consequently had +to move their forces from right to left during the battle. So it +happened that throughout the whole battle the Russians opposed the +entire French army launched against our left flank with but half as +many men. (Poniatowski's action against Utitsa, and Uvarov's on the +right flank against the French, were actions distinct from the main +course of the battle.) So the battle of Borodino did not take place at +all as (in an effort to conceal our commanders' mistakes even at the +cost of diminishing the glory due to the Russian army and people) it +has been described. The battle of Borodino was not fought on a +chosen and entrenched position with forces only slightly weaker than +those of the enemy, but, as a result of the loss of the Shevardino +Redoubt, the Russians fought the battle of Borodino on an open and +almost unentrenched position, with forces only half as numerous as the +French; that is to say, under conditions in which it was not merely +unthinkable to fight for ten hours and secure an indecisive result, +but unthinkable to keep an army even from complete disintegration +and flight. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +On the morning of the twenty-fifth Pierre was leaving Mozhaysk. At +the descent of the high steep hill, down which a winding road led +out of the town past the cathedral on the right, where a service was +being held and the bells were ringing, Pierre got out of his vehicle +and proceeded on foot. Behind him a cavalry regiment was coming down +the hill preceded by its singers. Coming up toward him was a train +of carts carrying men who had been wounded in the engagement the day +before. The peasant drivers, shouting and lashing their horses, kept +crossing from side to side. The carts, in each of which three or +four wounded soldiers were lying or sitting, jolted over the stones +that had been thrown on the steep incline to make it something like +a road. The wounded, bandaged with rags, with pale cheeks, +compressed lips, and knitted brows, held on to the sides of the +carts as they were jolted against one another. Almost all of them +stared with naive, childlike curiosity at Pierre's white hat and green +swallow-tail coat. + +Pierre's coachman shouted angrily at the convoy of wounded to keep +to one side of the road. The cavalry regiment, as it descended the +hill with its singers, surrounded Pierre's carriage and blocked the +road. Pierre stopped, being pressed against the side of the cutting in +which the road ran. The sunshine from behind the hill did not +penetrate into the cutting and there it was cold and damp, but above +Pierre's head was the bright August sunshine and the bells sounded +merrily. One of the carts with wounded stopped by the side of the road +close to Pierre. The driver in his bast shoes ran panting up to it, +placed a stone under one of its tireless hind wheels, and began +arranging the breech-band on his little horse. + +One of the wounded, an old soldier with a bandaged arm who was +following the cart on foot, caught hold of it with his sound hand +and turned to look at Pierre. + +"I say, fellow countryman! Will they set us down here or take us +on to Moscow?" he asked. + +Pierre was so deep in thought that he did not hear the question. +He was looking now at the cavalry regiment that had met the convoy +of wounded, now at the cart by which he was standing, in which two +wounded men were sitting and one was lying. One of those sitting up in +the cart had probably been wounded in the cheek. His whole head was +wrapped in rags and one cheek was swollen to the size of a baby's +head. His nose and mouth were twisted to one side. This soldier was +looking at the cathedral and crossing himself. Another, a young lad, a +fair-haired recruit as white as though there was no blood in his +thin face, looked at Pierre kindly, with a fixed smile. The third +lay prone so that his face was not visible. The cavalry singers were +passing close by: + + Ah lost, quite lost... is my head so keen, + Living in a foreign land. + +they sang their soldiers' dance song. + +As if responding to them but with a different sort of merriment, the +metallic sound of the bells reverberated high above and the hot rays +of the sun bathed the top of the opposite slope with yet another +sort of merriment. But beneath the slope, by the cart with the wounded +near the panting little nag where Pierre stood, it was damp, somber, +and sad. + +The soldier with the swollen cheek looked angrily at the cavalry +singers. + +"Oh, the coxcombs!" he muttered reproachfully. + +"It's not the soldiers only, but I've seen peasants today, too.... +The peasants--even they have to go," said the soldier behind the cart, +addressing Pierre with a sad smile. "No distinctions made nowadays.... +They want the whole nation to fall on them--in a word, it's Moscow! +They want to make an end of it." + +In spite of the obscurity of the soldier's words Pierre understood +what he wanted to say and nodded approval. + +The road was clear again; Pierre descended the hill and drove on. + +He kept looking to either side of the road for familiar faces, but +only saw everywhere the unfamiliar faces of various military men of +different branches of the service, who all looked with astonishment at +his white hat and green tail coat. + +Having gone nearly three miles he at last met an acquaintance and +eagerly addressed him. This was one of the head army doctors. He was +driving toward Pierre in a covered gig, sitting beside a young +surgeon, and on recognizing Pierre he told the Cossack who occupied +the driver's seat to pull up. + +"Count! Your excellency, how come you to be here?" asked the doctor. + +"Well, you know, I wanted to see..." + +"Yes, yes, there will be something to see...." + +Pierre got out and talked to the doctor, explaining his intention of +taking part in a battle. + +The doctor advised him to apply direct to Kutuzov. + +"Why should you be God knows where out of sight, during the battle?" +he said, exchanging glances with his young companion. "Anyhow his +Serene Highness knows you and will receive you graciously. That's what +you must do." + +The doctor seemed tired and in a hurry. + +"You think so?... Ah, I also wanted to ask you where our position is +exactly?" said Pierre. + +"The position?" repeated the doctor. "Well, that's not my line. +Drive past Tatarinova, a lot of digging is going on there. Go up the +hillock and you'll see." + +"Can one see from there?... If you would..." + +But the doctor interrupted him and moved toward his gig. + +"I would go with you but on my honor I'm up to here"--and he pointed +to his throat. "I'm galloping to the commander of the corps. How do +matters stand?... You know, Count, there'll be a battle tomorrow. +Out of an army of a hundred thousand we must expect at least twenty +thousand wounded, and we haven't stretchers, or bunks, or dressers, or +doctors enough for six thousand. We have ten thousand carts, but we +need other things as well--we must manage as best we can!" + +The strange thought that of the thousands of men, young and old, who +had stared with merry surprise at his hat (perhaps the very men he had +noticed), twenty thousand were inevitably doomed to wounds and death +amazed Pierre. + +"They may die tomorrow; why are they thinking of anything but +death?" And by some latent sequence of thought the descent of the +Mozhaysk hill, the carts with the wounded, the ringing bells, the +slanting rays of the sun, and the songs of the cavalrymen vividly +recurred to his mind. + +"The cavalry ride to battle and meet the wounded and do not for a +moment think of what awaits them, but pass by, winking at the wounded. +Yet from among these men twenty thousand are doomed to die, and they +wonder at my hat! Strange!" thought Pierre, continuing his way to +Tatarinova. + +In front of a landowner's house to the left of the road stood +carriages, wagons, and crowds of orderlies and sentinels. The +commander in chief was putting up there, but just when Pierre +arrived he was not in and hardly any of the staff were there--they had +gone to the church service. Pierre drove on toward Gorki. + +When he had ascended the hill and reached the little village street, +he saw for the first time peasant militiamen in their white shirts and +with crosses on their caps, who, talking and laughing loudly, animated +and perspiring, were at work on a huge knoll overgrown with grass to +the right of the road. + +Some of them were digging, others were wheeling barrowloads of earth +along planks, while others stood about doing nothing. + +Two officers were standing on the knoll, directing the men. On +seeing these peasants, who were evidently still amused by the +novelty of their position as soldiers, Pierre once more thought of the +wounded men at Mozhaysk and understood what the soldier had meant when +he said: "They want the whole nation to fall on them." The sight of +these bearded peasants at work on the battlefield, with their queer, +clumsy boots and perspiring necks, and their shirts opening from the +left toward the middle, unfastened, exposing their sunburned +collarbones, impressed Pierre more strongly with the solemnity and +importance of the moment than anything he had yet seen or heard. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +Pierre stepped out of his carriage and, passing the toiling +militiamen, ascended the knoll from which, according to the doctor, +the battlefield could be seen. + +It was about eleven o'clock. The sun shone somewhat to the left +and behind him and brightly lit up the enormous panorama which, rising +like an amphitheater, extended before him in the clear rarefied +atmosphere. + +From above on the left, bisecting that amphitheater, wound the +Smolensk highroad, passing through a village with a white church +some five hundred paces in front of the knoll and below it. This was +Borodino. Below the village the road crossed the river by a bridge +and, winding down and up, rose higher and higher to the village of +Valuevo visible about four miles away, where Napoleon was then +stationed. Beyond Valuevo the road disappeared into a yellowing forest +on the horizon. Far in the distance in that birch and fir forest to +the right of the road, the cross and belfry of the Kolocha Monastery +gleamed in the sun. Here and there over the whole of that blue +expanse, to right and left of the forest and the road, smoking +campfires could be seen and indefinite masses of troops--ours and +the enemy's. The ground to the right--along the course of the +Kolocha and Moskva rivers--was broken and hilly. Between the hollows +the villages of Bezubova and Zakharino showed in the distance. On +the left the ground was more level; there were fields of grain, and +the smoking ruins of Semenovsk, which had been burned down, could be +seen. + +All that Pierre saw was so indefinite that neither the left nor +the right side of the field fully satisfied his expectations. +Nowhere could he see the battlefield he had expected to find, but only +fields, meadows, troops, woods, the smoke of campfires, villages, +mounds, and streams; and try as he would he could descry no military +"position" in this place which teemed with life, nor could he even +distinguish our troops from the enemy's. + +"I must ask someone who knows," he thought, and addressed an officer +who was looking with curiosity at his huge unmilitary figure. + +"May I ask you," said Pierre, "what village that is in front?" + +"Burdino, isn't it?" said the officer, turning to his companion. + +"Borodino," the other corrected him. + +The officer, evidently glad of an opportunity for a talk, moved up +to Pierre. + +"Are those our men there?" Pierre inquired. + +"Yes, and there, further on, are the French," said the officer. +"There they are, there... you can see them." + +"Where? Where?" asked Pierre. + +"One can see them with the naked eye... Why, there!" + +The officer pointed with his hand to the smoke visible on the left +beyond the river, and the same stern and serious expression that +Pierre had noticed on many of the faces he had met came into his face. + +"Ah, those are the French! And over there?..." Pierre pointed to a +knoll on the left, near which some troops could be seen. + +"Those are ours." + +"Ah, ours! And there?..." Pierre pointed to another knoll in the +distance with a big tree on it, near a village that lay in a hollow +where also some campfires were smoking and something black was +visible. + +"That's his again," said the officer. (It was the Shevardino +Redoubt.) "It was ours yesterday, but now it is his." + +"Then how about our position?" + +"Our position?" replied the officer with a smile of satisfaction. "I +can tell you quite clearly, because I constructed nearly all our +entrenchments. There, you see? There's our center, at Borodino, just +there," and he pointed to the village in front of them with the +white church. "That's where one crosses the Kolocha. You see down +there where the rows of hay are lying in the hollow, there's the +bridge. That's our center. Our right flank is over there"--he +pointed sharply to the right, far away in the broken ground--"That's +where the Moskva River is, and we have thrown up three redoubts there, +very strong ones. The left flank..." here the officer paused. "Well, +you see, that's difficult to explain.... Yesterday our left flank +was there at Shevardino, you see, where the oak is, but now we have +withdrawn our left wing--now it is over there, do you see that village +and the smoke? That's Semenovsk, yes, there," he pointed to +Raevski's knoll. "But the battle will hardly be there. His having +moved his troops there is only a ruse; he will probably pass round +to the right of the Moskva. But wherever it may be, many a man will be +missing tomorrow!" he remarked. + +An elderly sergeant who had approached the officer while he was +giving these explanations had waited in silence for him to finish +speaking, but at this point, evidently not liking the officer's +remark, interrupted him. + +"Gabions must be sent for," said he sternly. + +The officer appeared abashed, as though he understood that one might +think of how many men would be missing tomorrow but ought not to speak +to speak of it. + +"Well, send number three company again," the officer replied +hurriedly. + +"And you, are you one of the doctors?" + +"No, I've come on my own," answered Pierre, and he went down the +hill again, passing the militiamen. + +"Oh, those damned fellows!" muttered the officer who followed him, +holding his nose as he ran past the men at work. + +"There they are... bringing her, coming... There they are... They'll +be here in a minute..." voices were suddenly heard saying; and +officers, soldiers, and militiamen began running forward along the +road. + +A church procession was coming up the hill from Borodino. First +along the dusty road came the infantry in ranks, bareheaded and with +arms reversed. From behind them came the sound of church singing. + +Soldiers and militiamen ran bareheaded past Pierre toward the +procession. + +"They are bringing her, our Protectress!... The Iberian Mother of +God!" someone cried. + +"The Smolensk Mother of God," another corrected him. + +The militiamen, both those who had been in the village and those who +had been at work on the battery, threw down their spades and ran to +meet the church procession. Following the battalion that marched along +the dusty road came priests in their vestments--one little old man +in a hood with attendants and singers. Behind them soldiers and +officers bore a large, dark-faced icon with an embossed metal cover. +This was the icon that had been brought from and had since accompanied +the army. Behind, before, and on both sides, crowds of militiamen with +bared heads walked, ran, and bowed to the ground. + +At the summit of the hill they stopped with the icon; the men who +had been holding it up by the linen bands attached to it were relieved +by others, the chanters relit their censers, and service began. The +hot rays of the sun beat down vertically and a fresh soft wind +played with the hair of the bared heads and with the ribbons +decorating the icon. The singing did not sound loud under the open +sky. An immense crowd of bareheaded officers, soldiers, and militiamen +surrounded the icon. Behind the priest and a chanter stood the +notabilities on a spot reserved for them. A bald general with +general with a St. George's Cross on his neck stood just behind the +priest's back, and without crossing himself (he was evidently a +German) patiently awaited the end of the service, which he +considered it necessary to hear to the end, probably to arouse the +patriotism of the Russian people. Another general stood in a martial +pose, crossing himself by shaking his hand in front of his chest while +looking about him. Standing among the crowd of peasants, Pierre +recognized several acquaintances among these notables, but did not +look at them--his whole attention was absorbed in watching the serious +expression on the faces of the crowd of soldiers and militiamen who +were all gazing eagerly at the icon. As soon as the tired chanters, +who were singing the service for the twentieth time that day, began +lazily and mechanically to sing: "Save from calamity Thy servants, O +Mother of God," and the priest and deacon chimed in: "For to Thee +under God we all flee as to an inviolable bulwark and protection," +there again kindled in all those faces the same expression of +consciousness of the solemnity of the impending moment that Pierre had +seen on the faces at the foot of the hill at Mozhaysk and +momentarily on many and many faces he had met that morning; and +heads were bowed more frequently and hair tossed back, and sighs and +the sound men made as they crossed themselves were heard. + +The crowd round the icon suddenly parted and pressed against Pierre. +Someone, a very important personage judging by the haste with which +way was made for him, was approaching the icon. + +It was Kutuzov, who had been riding round the position and on his +way back to Tatarinova had stopped where the service was being held. +Pierre recognized him at once by his peculiar figure, which +distinguished him from everybody else. + +With a long overcoat on his his exceedingly stout, +round-shouldered body, with uncovered white head and puffy face +showing the white ball of the eye he had lost, Kutuzov walked with +plunging, swaying gait into the crowd and stopped behind the priest. +He crossed himself with an accustomed movement, bent till he touched +the ground with his hand, and bowed his white head with a deep sigh. +Behind Kutuzov was Bennigsen and the suite. Despite the presence of +the commander in chief, who attracted the attention of all the +superior officers, the militiamen and soldiers continued their prayers +without looking at him. + +When the service was over, Kutuzov stepped up to the icon, sank +heavily to his knees, bowed to the ground, and for a long time tried +vainly to rise, but could not do so on account of his weakness and +weight. His white head twitched with the effort. At last he rose, +kissed the icon as a child does with naively pouting lips, and again +bowed till he touched the ground with his hand. The other generals +followed his example, then the officers, and after them with excited +faces, pressing on one another, crowding, panting, and pushing, +scrambled the soldiers and militiamen. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +Staggering amid the crush, Pierre looked about him. + +"Count Peter Kirilovich! How did you get here?" said a voice. + +Pierre looked round. Boris Drubetskoy, brushing his knees with his +hand (he had probably soiled them when he, too, had knelt before the +icon), came up to him smiling. Boris was elegantly dressed, with a +slightly martial touch appropriate to a campaign. He wore a long +coat and like Kutuzov had a whip slung across his shoulder. + +Meanwhile Kutuzov had reached the village and seated himself in +the shade of the nearest house, on a bench which one Cossack had run +to fetch and another had hastily covered with a rug. An immense and +brilliant suite surrounded him. + +The icon was carried further, accompanied by the throng. Pierre +stopped some thirty paces from Kutuzov, talking to Boris. + +He explained his wish to be present at the battle and to see the +position. + +"This is what you must do," said Boris. "I will do the honors of the +camp to you. You will see everything best from where Count Bennigsen +will be. I am in attendance on him, you know; I'll mention it to +him. But if you want to ride round the position, come along with us. +We are just going to the left flank. Then when we get back, do spend +the night with me and we'll arrange a game of cards. Of course you +know Dmitri Sergeevich? Those are his quarters," and he pointed to the +third house in the village of Gorki. + +"But I should like to see the right flank. They say it's very +strong," said Pierre. "I should like to start from the Moskva River +and ride round the whole position." + +"Well, you can do that later, but the chief thing is the left +flank." + +"Yes, yes. But where is Prince Bolkonski's regiment? Can you point +it out to me?" + +"Prince Andrew's? We shall pass it and I'll take you to him." + +"What about the left flank?" asked Pierre + +"To tell you the truth, between ourselves, God only knows what state +our left flank is in," said Boris confidentially lowering his voice. +"It is not at all what Count Bennigsen intended. He meant to fortify +that knoll quite differently, but..." Boris shrugged his shoulders, +"his Serene Highness would not have it, or someone persuaded him. +You see..." but Boris did not finish, for at that moment Kaysarov, +Kutuzov's adjutant, came up to Pierre. "Ah, Kaysarov!" said Boris, +addressing him with an unembarrassed smile, "I was just trying to +explain our position to the count. It is amazing how his Serene +Highness could so the intentions of the French!" + +"You mean the left flank?" asked Kaysarov. + + +"Yes, exactly; the left flank is now extremely strong." + +Though Kutuzov had dismissed all unnecessary men from the staff, +Boris had contrived to remain at headquarters after the changes. He +had established himself with Count Bennigsen, who, like all on whom +Boris had been in attendance, considered young Prince Drubetskoy an +invaluable man. + +In the higher command there were two sharply defined parties: +Kutuzov's party and that of Bennigsen, the chief of staff. Boris +belonged to the latter and no one else, while showing servile +respect to Kutuzov, could so create an impression that the old +fellow was not much good and that Bennigsen managed everything. Now +the decisive moment of battle had come when Kutuzov would be destroyed +and the power pass to Bennigsen, or even if Kutuzov won the battle +it would be felt that everything was done by Bennigsen. In any case +many great rewards would have to be given for tomorrow's action, and +new men would come to the front. So Boris was full of nervous vivacity +all day. + +After Kaysarov, others whom Pierre knew came up to him, and he had +not time to reply to all the questions about Moscow that were showered +upon him, or to listen to all that was told him. The faces all +expressed animation and apprehension, but it seemed to Pierre that the +cause of the excitement shown in some of these faces lay chiefly in +questions of personal success; his mind, however, was occupied by +the different expression he saw on other faces--an expression that +spoke not of personal matters but of the universal questions of life +and death. Kutuzov noticed Pierre's figure and the group gathered +round him. + +"Call him to me," said Kutuzov. + +An adjutant told Pierre of his Serene Highness' wish, and Pierre +went toward Kutuzov's bench. But a militiaman got there before him. It +was Dolokhov. + +"How did that fellow get here?" asked Pierre. + +"He's a creature that wriggles in anywhere!" was the answer. "He has +been degraded, you know. Now he wants to bob up again. He's been +proposing some scheme or other and has crawled into the enemy's picket +line at night.... He's a brave fellow." + +Pierre took off his hat and bowed respectfully to Kutuzov. + +"I concluded that if I reported to your Serene Highness you might +send me away or say that you knew what I was reporting, but then I +shouldn't lose anything..." Dolokhov was saying. + +"Yes, yes." + +"But if I were right, I should be rendering a service to my +Fatherland for which I am ready to die." + +"Yes, yes." + +"And should your Serene Highness require a man who will not spare +his skin, please think of me.... Perhaps I may prove useful to your +Serene Highness." + +"Yes... Yes..." Kutuzov repeated, his laughing eye narrowing more +and more as he looked at Pierre. + +Just then Boris, with his courtierlike adroitness, stepped up to +Pierre's side near Kutuzov and in a most natural manner, without +raising his voice, said to Pierre, as though continuing an interrupted +conversation: + +"The militia have put on clean white shirts to be ready to die. What +heroism, Count!" + +Boris evidently said this to Pierre in order to be overheard by +his Serene Highness. He knew Kutuzov's attention would be caught by +those words, and so it was. + +"What are you saying about the militia?" he asked Boris. + +"Preparing for tomorrow, your Serene Highness--for death--they +have put on clean shirts." + +"Ah... a wonderful, a matchless people!" said Kutuzov; and he closed +his eyes and swayed his head. "A matchless people!" he repeated with a +sigh. + +"So you want to smell gunpowder?" he said to Pierre. "Yes, it's a +pleasant smell. I have the honor to be one of your wife's adorers. +Is she well? My quarters are at your service." + +And as often happens with old people, Kutuzov began looking about +absent-mindedly as if forgetting all he wanted to say or do. + +Then, evidently remembering what he wanted, he beckoned to Andrew +Kaysarov, his adjutant's brother. + +"Those verses... those verses of Marin's... how do they go, eh? +Those he wrote about Gerakov: 'Lectures for the corps inditing'... +Recite them, recite them!" said he, evidently preparing to laugh. + +Kaysarov recited.... Kutuzov smilingly nodded his head to the rhythm +of the verses. + +When Pierre had left Kutuzov, Dolokhov came up to him and took his +hand. + +"I am very glad to meet you here, Count," he said aloud, +regardless of the presence of strangers and in a particularly resolute +and solemn tone. "On the eve of a day when God alone knows who of us +is fated to survive, I am glad of this opportunity to tell you that +I regret the misunderstandings that occurred between us and should +wish you not to have any ill feeling for me. I beg you to forgive me." + +Pierre looked at Dolokhov with a smile, not knowing what to say to +him. With tears in his eyes Dolokhov embraced Pierre and kissed him. + +Boris said a few words to his general, and Count Bennigsen turned to +Pierre and proposed that he should ride with him along the line. + +"It will interest you," said he. + +"Yes, very much," replied Pierre. + +Half an hour later Kutuzov left for Tatarinova, and Bennigsen and +his suite, with Pierre among them, set out on their ride along the +line. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + + +From Gorki, Bennigsen descended the highroad to the bridge which, +when they had looked it from the hill, the officer had pointed out +as being the center of our position and where rows of fragrant +new-mown hay lay by the riverside. They rode across that bridge into +the village of Borodino and thence turned to the left, passing an +enormous number of troops and guns, and came to a high knoll where +militiamen were digging. This was the redoubt, as yet unnamed, which +afterwards became known as the Raevski Redoubt, or the Knoll +Battery, but Pierre paid no special attention to it. He did not know +that it would become more memorable to him than any other spot on +the plain of Borodino. + +They then crossed the hollow to Semenovsk, where the soldiers were +dragging away the last logs from the huts and barns. Then they rode +downhill and uphill, across a ryefield trodden and beaten down as if +by hail, following a track freshly made by the artillery over the +furrows of the plowed land, and reached some fleches* which were still +being dug. + + +*A kind of entrenchment. + + +At the fleches Bennigsen stopped and began looking at the Shevardino +Redoubt opposite, which had been ours the day before and where several +horsemen could be descried. The officers said that either Napoleon +or Murat was there, and they all gazed eagerly at this little group of +horsemen. Pierre also looked at them, trying to guess which of the +scarcely discernible figures was Napoleon. At last those mounted men +rode away from the mound and disappeared. + +Bennigsen spoke to a general who approached him, and began +explaining the whole position of our troops. Pierre listened to him, +straining each faculty to understand the essential points of the +impending battle, but was mortified to feel that his mental capacity +was inadequate for the task. He could make nothing of it. Bennigsen +stopped speaking and, noticing that Pierre was listening, suddenly +said to him: + +"I don't think this interests you?" + +"On the contrary it's very interesting!" replied Pierre not quite +truthfully. + +From the fleches they rode still farther to the left, along a road +winding through a thick, low-growing birch wood. In the middle of +the wood a brown hare with white feet sprang out and, scared by the +tramp of the many horses, grew so confused that it leaped along the +road in front of them for some time, arousing general attention and +laughter, and only when several voices shouted at it did it dart to +one side and disappear in the thicket. After going through the wood +for about a mile and a half they came out on a glade where troops of +Tuchkov's corps were stationed to defend the left flank. + +Here, at the extreme left flank, Bennigsen talked a great deal and +with much heat, and, as it seemed to Pierre, gave orders of great +military importance. In front of Tuchkov's troops was some high ground +not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, +saying that it was madness to leave a height which commanded the +country around unoccupied and to place troops below it. Some of the +generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular declared with +martial heat that they were put there to be slaughtered. Bennigsen +on his own authority ordered the troops to occupy the high ground. +This disposition on the left flank increased Pierre's doubt of his own +capacity to understand military matters. Listening to Bennigsen and +the generals criticizing the position of the troops behind the hill, +he quite understood them and shared their opinion, but for that very +reason he could not understand how the man who put them there behind +the hill could have made so gross and palpable a blunder. + +Pierre did not know that these troops were not, as Bennigsen +supposed, put there to defend the position, but were in a concealed +position as an ambush, that they should not be seen and might be +able to strike an approaching enemy unexpectedly. Bennigsen did not +know this and moved the troops forward according to his own ideas +without mentioning the matter to the commander in chief. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + + +On that bright evening of August 25, Prince Andrew lay leaning on +his elbow in a broken-down shed in the village of Knyazkovo at the +further end of his regiment's encampment. Through a gap in the +broken wall he could see, beside the wooden fence, a row of thirty +year-old birches with their lower branches lopped off, a field on +which shocks of oats were standing, and some bushes near which rose +the smoke of campfires--the soldiers' kitchens. + +Narrow and burdensome and useless to anyone as his life now seemed +to him, Prince Andrew on the eve of battle felt agitated and irritable +as he had done seven years before at Austerlitz. + +He had received and given the orders for next day's battle and had +nothing more to do. But his thoughts--the simplest, clearest, and +therefore most terrible thoughts--would give him no peace. He knew +that tomorrow's battle would be the most terrible of all he had +taken part in, and for the first time in his life the possibility of +death presented itself to him--not in relation to any worldly matter +or with reference to its effect on others, but simply in relation to +himself, to his own soul--vividly, plainly, terribly, and almost as +a certainty. And from the height of this perception all that had +previously tormented and preoccupied him suddenly became illumined +by a cold white light without shadows, without perspective, without +distinction of outline. All life appeared to him like magic-lantern +pictures at which he had long been gazing by artificial light +through a glass. Now he suddenly saw those badly daubed pictures in +clear daylight and without a glass. "Yes, yes! There they are, those +false images that agitated, enraptured, and tormented me," said he +to himself, passing in review the principal pictures of the magic +lantern of life and regarding them now in the cold white daylight of +his clear perception of death. "There they are, those rudely painted +figures that once seemed splendid and mysterious. Glory, the good of +society, love of a woman, the Fatherland itself--how important these +pictures appeared to me, with what profound meaning they seemed to +be filled! And it is all so simple, pale, and crude in the cold +white light of this morning which I feel is dawning for me." The three +great sorrows of his life held his attention in particular: his love +for a woman, his father's death, and the French invasion which had +overrun half Russia. "Love... that little girl who seemed to me +brimming over with mystic forces! Yes, indeed, I loved her. I made +romantic plans of love and happiness with her! Oh, what a boy I +was!" he said aloud bitterly. "Ah me! I believed in some ideal love +which was to keep her faithful to me for the whole year of my absence! +Like the gentle dove in the fable she was to pine apart from me.... +But it was much simpler really.... It was all very simple and +horrible." + +"When my father built Bald Hills he thought the place was his: his +land, his air, his peasants. But Napoleon came and swept him aside, +unconscious of his existence, as he might brush a chip from his +path, and his Bald Hills and his whole life fell to pieces. Princess +Mary says it is a trial sent from above. What is the trial for, when +he is not here and will never return? He is not here! For whom then is +the trial intended? The Fatherland, the destruction of Moscow! And +tomorrow I shall be killed, perhaps not even by a Frenchman but by one +of our own men, by a soldier discharging a musket close to my ear as +one of them did yesterday, and the French will come and take me by +head and heels and fling me into a hole that I may not stink under +their noses, and new conditions of life will arise, which will seem +quite ordinary to others and about which I shall know nothing. I shall +not exist..." + +He looked at the row of birches shining in the sunshine, with +their motionless green and yellow foliage and white bark. "To die... +to be killed tomorrow... That I should not exist... That all this +should still be, but no me...." + +And the birches with their light and shade, the curly clouds, the +smoke of the campfires, and all that was around him changed and seemed +terrible and menacing. A cold shiver ran down his spine. He rose +quickly, went out of the shed, and began to walk about. + +After he had returned, voices were heard outside the shed. "Who's +that?" he cried. + +The red-nosed Captain Timokhin, formerly Dolokhov's squadron +commander, but now from lack of officers a battalion commander, + +shyly entered the shed followed by an adjutant and the regimental +paymaster. + +Prince Andrew rose hastily, listened to the business they had come +about, gave them some further instructions, and was about to dismiss +them when he heard a familiar, lisping, voice behind the shed. + +"Devil take it!" said the voice of a man stumbling over something. + +Prince Andrew looked out of the shed and saw Pierre, who had tripped +over a pole on the ground and had nearly fallen, coming his way. It +was unpleasant to Prince Andrew to meet people of his own set in +general, and Pierre especially, for he reminded him of all the painful +moments of his last visit to Moscow. + +"You? What a surprise!" said he. "What brings you here? This is +unexpected!" + +As he said this his eyes and face expressed more than coldness--they +expressed hostility, which Pierre noticed at once. He had approached +the shed full of animation, but on seeing Prince Andrew's face he felt +constrained and ill at ease. + +"I have come... simply... you know... come... it interests me," said +Pierre, who had so often that day senselessly repeated that word +"interesting." "I wish to see the battle." + +"Oh yes, and what do the Masonic brothers say about war? How would +they stop it?" said Prince Andrew sarcastically. "Well, and how's +Moscow? And my people? Have they reached Moscow at last?" he asked +seriously. + +"Yes, they have. Julie Drubetskaya told me so. I went to see them, +but missed them. They have gone to your estate near Moscow." + + + + + +CHAPTER XXV + + +The officers were about to take leave, but Prince Andrew, apparently +reluctant to be left alone with his friend, asked them to stay and +have tea. Seats were brought in and so was the tea. The officers gazed +with surprise at Pierre's huge stout figure and listened to his talk +of Moscow and the position of our army, round which he had ridden. +Prince Andrew remained silent, and his expression was so forbidding +that Pierre addressed his remarks chiefly to the good-natured +battalion commander. + +"So you understand the whole position of our troops?" Prince +Andrew interrupted him. + +"Yes--that is, how do you mean?" said Pierre. "Not being a +military man I can't say I have understood it fully, but I +understand the general position." + +"Well, then, you know more than anyone else, be it who it may," said +Prince Andrew. + +"Oh!" said Pierre, looking over his spectacles in perplexity at +Prince Andrew. "Well, and what do think of Kutuzov's appointment?" +he asked. + +"I was very glad of his appointment, that's all I know," replied +Prince Andrew. + +"And tell me your opinion of Barclay de Tolly. In Moscow they are +saying heaven knows what about him.... What do you think of him?" + +"Ask them," replied Prince Andrew, indicating the officers. + +Pierre looked at Timokhin with the condescendingly interrogative +smile with which everybody involuntarily addressed that officer. + +"We see light again, since his Serenity has been appointed, your +excellency," said Timokhin timidly, and continually turning to +glance at his colonel. + +"Why so?" asked Pierre. + +"Well, to mention only firewood and fodder, let me inform you. +Why, when we were retreating from Sventsyani we dare not touch a stick +or a wisp of hay or anything. You see, we were going away, so he would +get it all; wasn't it so, your excellency?" and again Timokhin +turned to the prince. "But we daren't. In our regiment two officers +were court-martialed for that kind of thing. But when his Serenity +took command everything became straight forward. Now we see light..." + +"Then why was it forbidden?" + +Timokhin looked about in confusion, not knowing what or how to +answer such a question. Pierre put the same question to Prince Andrew. + +"Why, so as not to lay waste the country we were abandoning to the +enemy," said Prince Andrew with venomous irony. "It is very sound: one +can't permit the land to be pillaged and accustom the troops to +marauding. At Smolensk too he judged correctly that the French might +outflank us, as they had larger forces. But he could not understand +this," cried Prince Andrew in a shrill voice that seemed to escape him +involuntarily: "he could not understand that there, for the first +time, we were fighting for Russian soil, and that there was a spirit +in the men such as I had never seen before, that we had held the +French for two days, and that that success had increased our +strength tenfold. He ordered us to retreat, and all our efforts and +losses went for nothing. He had no thought of betraying us, he tried +to do the best he could, he thought out everything, and that is why he +is unsuitable. He is unsuitable now, just because he plans out +everything very thoroughly and accurately as every German has to. +How can I explain?... Well, say your father has a German valet, and he +is a splendid valet and satisfies your father's requirements better +than you could, then it's all right to let him serve. But if your +father is mortally sick you'll send the valet away and attend to +your father with your own unpracticed, awkward hands, and will +soothe him better than a skilled man who is a stranger could. So it +has been with Barclay. While Russia was well, a foreigner could +serve her and be a splendid minister; but as soon as she is in +danger she needs one of her own kin. But in your Club they have been +making him out a traitor! They slander him as a traitor, and the +only result will be that afterwards, ashamed of their false +accusations, they will make him out a hero or a genius instead of a +traitor, and that will be still more unjust. He is an honest and +very punctilious German." + +"And they say he's a skillful commander," rejoined Pierre. + +"I don't understand what is meant by 'a skillful commander,'" +replied Prince Andrew ironically. + +"A skillful commander?" replied Pierre. "Why, one who foresees all +contingencies... and foresees the adversary's intentions." + +"But that's impossible," said Prince Andrew as if it were a matter +settled long ago. + +Pierre looked at him in surprise. + +"And yet they say that war is like a game of chess?" he remarked. + +"Yes," replied Prince Andrew, "but with this little difference, that +in chess you may think over each move as long as you please and are +not limited for time, and with this difference too, that a knight is +always stronger than a pawn, and two pawns are always stronger than +one, while in war a battalion is sometimes stronger than a division +and sometimes weaker than a company. The relative strength of bodies +of troops can never be known to anyone. Believe me," he went on, "if +things depended on arrangements made by the staff, I should be there +making arrangements, but instead of that I have the honor to serve +here in the regiment with these gentlemen, and I consider that on us +tomorrow's battle will depend and not on those others.... Success +never depends, and never will depend, on position, or equipment, or +even on numbers, and least of all on position." + +"But on what then?" + +"On the feeling that is in me and in him," he pointed to Timokhin, +"and in each soldier." + +Prince Andrew glanced at Timokhin, who looked at his commander in +alarm and bewilderment. In contrast to his former reticent taciturnity +Prince Andrew now seemed excited. He could apparently not refrain from +expressing the thoughts that had suddenly occurred to him. + +"A battle is won by those who firmly resolve to win it! Why did we +lose the battle at Austerlitz? The French losses were almost equal +to ours, but very early we said to ourselves that we were losing the +battle, and we did lose it. And we said so because we had nothing to +fight for there, we wanted to get away from the battlefield as soon as +we could. 'We've lost, so let us run,' and we ran. If we had not +said that till the evening, heaven knows what might not have happened. +But tomorrow we shan't say it! You talk about our position, the left +flank weak and the right flank too extended," he went on. "That's +all nonsense, there's nothing of the kind. But what awaits us +tomorrow? A hundred million most diverse chances which will be decided +on the instant by the fact that our men or theirs run or do not run, +and that this man or that man is killed, but all that is being done at +present is only play. The fact is that those men with whom you have +ridden round the position not only do not help matters, but hinder. +They are only concerned with their own petty interests." + +"At such a moment?" said Pierre reproachfully. + +"At such a moment!" Prince Andrew repeated. "To them it is only a +moment affording opportunities to undermine a rival and obtain an +extra cross or ribbon. For me tomorrow means this: a Russian army of a +hundred thousand and a French army of a hundred thousand have met to +fight, and the thing is that these two hundred thousand men will fight +and the side that fights more fiercely and spares itself least will +win. And if you like I will tell you that whatever happens and +whatever muddles those at the top may make, we shall win tomorrow's +battle. Tomorrow, happen what may, we shall win!" + +"There now, your excellency! That's the truth, the real truth," said +Timokhin. "Who would spare himself now? The soldiers in my +battalion, believe me, wouldn't drink their vodka! 'It's not the day +for that!' they say." + +All were silent. The officers rose. Prince Andrew went out of the +shed with them, giving final orders to the adjutant. After they had +gone Pierre approached Prince Andrew and was about to start a +conversation when they heard the clatter of three horses' hoofs on the +road not far from the shed, and looking in that direction Prince +Andrew recognized Wolzogen and Clausewitz accompanied by a Cossack. +They rode close by continuing to converse, and Prince Andrew +involuntarily heard these words: + +"Der Krieg muss in Raum verlegt werden. Der Ansicht kann ich nicht +genug Preis geben,"* said one of them. + + +*"The war must be extended widely. I cannot sufficiently commend +that view." + + +"Oh, ja," said the other, "der Zweck ist nur den Feind zu schwachen, +so kann man gewiss nicht den Verlust der Privat-Personen in Achtung +nehmen."* + + +*"Oh, yes, the only aim is to weaken the enemy, so of course one +cannot take into account the loss of private individuals." + + +"Oh, no," agreed the other. + +"Extend widely!" said Prince Andrew with an angry snort, when they +had ridden past. "In that 'extend' were my father, son, and sister, at +Bald Hills. That's all the same to him! That's what I was saying to +you--those German gentlemen won't win the battle tomorrow but will +only make all the mess they can, because they have nothing in their +German heads but theories not worth an empty eggshell and haven't in +their hearts the one thing needed tomorrow--that which Timokhin has. +They have yielded up all Europe to him, and have now come to teach us. +Fine teachers!" and again his voice grew shrill. + +"So you think we shall win tomorrow's battle?" asked Pierre. + +"Yes, yes," answered Prince Andrew absently. "One thing I would do + +if I had the power," he began again, "I would not take prisoners. +Why take prisoners? It's chivalry! The French have destroyed my home +and are on their way to destroy Moscow, they have outraged and are +outraging me every moment. They are my enemies. In my opinion they are +all criminals. And so thinks Timokhin and the whole army. They +should be executed! Since they are my foes they cannot be my +friends, whatever may have been said at Tilsit." + +"Yes, yes," muttered Pierre, looking with shining eyes at Prince +Andrew. "I quite agree with you!" + +The question that had perturbed Pierre on the Mozhaysk hill and +all that day now seemed to him quite clear and completely solved. He +now understood the whole meaning and importance of this war and of the +impending battle. All he had seen that day, all the significant and +stern expressions on the faces he had seen in passing, were lit up for +him by a new light. He understood that latent heat (as they say in +physics) of patriotism which was present in all these men he had seen, +and this explained to him why they all prepared for death calmly, +and as it were lightheartedly. + +"Not take prisoners," Prince Andrew continued: "That by itself would +quite change the whole war and make it less cruel. As it is we have +played at war--that's what's vile! We play at magnanimity and all that +stuff. Such magnanimity and sensibility are like the magnanimity and +sensibility of a lady who faints when she sees a calf being killed: +she is so kind-hearted that she can't look at blood, but enjoys eating +the calf served up with sauce. They talk to us of the rules of war, of +chivalry, of flags of truce, of mercy to the unfortunate and so on. +It's all rubbish! I saw chivalry and flags of truce in 1805; they +humbugged us and we humbugged them. They plunder other people's +houses, issue false paper money, and worst of all they kill my +children and my father, and then talk of rules of war and +magnanimity to foes! Take no prisoners, but kill and be killed! He who +has come to this as I have through the same sufferings..." + +Prince Andrew, who had thought it was all the same to him whether or +not Moscow was taken as Smolensk had been, was suddenly checked in his +speech by an unexpected cramp in his throat. He paced up and down a +few times in silence, but his eyes glittered feverishly and his lips +quivered as he began speaking. + +"If there was none of this magnanimity in war, we should go to war +only when it was worth while going to certain death, as now. Then +there would not be war because Paul Ivanovich had offended Michael +Ivanovich. And when there was a war, like this one, it would be war! +And then the determination of the troops would be quite different. +Then all these Westphalians and Hessians whom Napoleon is leading +would not follow him into Russia, and we should not go to fight in +Austria and Prussia without knowing why. War is not courtesy but the +most horrible thing in life; and we ought to understand that and not +play at war. We ought to accept this terrible necessity sternly and +seriously. It all lies in that: get rid of falsehood and let war be +war and not a game. As it is now, war is the favorite pastime of the +idle and frivolous. The military calling is the most highly honored. + +"But what is war? What is needed for success in warfare? What are +the habits of the military? The aim of war is murder; the methods of +war are spying, treachery, and their encouragement, the ruin of a +country's inhabitants, robbing them or stealing to provision the army, +and fraud and falsehood termed military craft. The habits of the +military class are the absence of freedom, that is, discipline, +idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, and drunkenness. And in +spite of all this it is the highest class, respected by everyone. +All the kings, except the Chinese, wear military uniforms, and he +who kills most people receives the highest rewards. + +"They meet, as we shall meet tomorrow, to murder one another; they +kill and maim tens of thousands, and then have thanksgiving services +for having killed so many people (they even exaggerate the number), +and they announce a victory, supposing that the more people they +have killed the greater their achievement. How does God above look +at them and hear them?" exclaimed Prince Andrew in a shrill, +piercing voice. "Ah, my friend, it has of late become hard for me to +live. I see that I have begun to understand too much. And it doesn't +do for man to taste of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.... +Ah, well, it's not for long!" he added. + +"However, you're sleepy, and it's time for me to sleep. Go back to +Gorki!" said Prince Andrew suddenly. + +"Oh no!" Pierre replied, looking at Prince Andrew with frightened, +compassionate eyes. + +"Go, go! Before a battle one must have one's sleep out," repeated +Prince Andrew. + +He came quickly up to Pierre and embraced and kissed him. +"Good-by, be off!" he shouted. "Whether we meet again or not..." +and turning away hurriedly he entered the shed. + +It was already dark, and Pierre could not make out whether the +expression of Prince Andrew's face was angry or tender. + +For some time he stood in silence considering whether he should +follow him or go away. "No, he does not want it!" Pierre concluded. +"And I know that this is our last meeting!" He sighed deeply and +rode back to Gorki. + +On re-entering the shed Prince Andrew lay down on a rug, but he +could not sleep. + +He closed his eyes. One picture succeeded another in his +imagination. On one of them he dwelt long and joyfully. He vividly +recalled an evening in Petersburg. Natasha with animated and excited +face was telling him how she had gone to look for mushrooms the +previous summer and had lost her way in the big forest. She +incoherently described the depths of the forest, her feelings, and a +talk with a beekeeper she met, and constantly interrupted her story to +say: "No, I can't! I'm not telling it right; no, you don't +understand," though he encouraged her by saying that he did +understand, and he really had understood all she wanted to say. But +Natasha was not satisfied with her own words: she felt that they did +not convey the passionately poetic feeling she had experienced that +day and wished to convey. "He was such a delightful old man, and it +was so dark in the forest... and he had such kind... No, I can't +describe it," she had said, flushed and excited. Prince Andrew +smiled now the same happy smile as then when he had looked into her +eyes. "I understood her," he thought. "I not only understood her, +but it was just that inner, spiritual force, that sincerity, that +frankness of soul--that very soul of hers which seemed to be +fettered by her body--it was that soul I loved in her... loved so +strongly and happily..." and suddenly he remembered how his love had +ended. "He did not need anything of that kind. He neither saw nor +understood anything of the sort. He only saw in her a pretty and fresh +young girl, with whom he did not deign to unite his fate. And I?... +and he is still alive and gay!" + +Prince Andrew jumped up as if someone had burned him, and again +began pacing up and down in front of the shed. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + + +On August 25, the eve of the battle of Borodino, M. de Beausset, +prefect of the French Emperor's palace, arrived at Napoleon's quarters +at Valuevo with Colonel Fabvier, the former from Paris and the +latter from Madrid. + +Donning his court uniform, M. de Beausset ordered a box he had +brought for the Emperor to be carried before him and entered the first +compartment of Napoleon's tent, where he began opening the box while +conversing with Napoleon's aides-de-camp who surrounded him. + +Fabvier, not entering the tent, remained at the entrance talking +to some generals of his acquaintance. + +The Emperor Napoleon had not yet left his bedroom and was +finishing his toilet. Slightly snorting and grunting, he presented now +his back and now his plump hairy chest to the brush with which his +valet was rubbing him down. Another valet, with his finger over the +mouth of a bottle, was sprinkling Eau de Cologne on the Emperor's +pampered body with an expression which seemed to say that he alone +knew where and how much Eau de Cologne should be sprinkled. Napoleon's +short hair was wet and matted on the forehead, but his face, though +puffy and yellow, expressed physical satisfaction. "Go on, harder, +go on!" he muttered to the valet who was rubbing him, slightly +twitching and grunting. An aide-de-camp, who had entered the bedroom +to report to the Emperor the number of prisoners taken in +yesterday's action, was standing by the door after delivering his +message, awaiting permission to withdraw. Napoleon, frowning, looked +at him from under his brows. + +"No prisoners!" said he, repeating the aide-de-camp's words. "They +are forcing us to exterminate them. So much the worse for the +Russian army.... Go on... harder, harder!" he muttered, hunching his +back and presenting his fat shoulders. + +"All right. Let Monsieur de Beausset enter, and Fabvier too," he +said, nodding to the aide-de-camp. + +"Yes, sire," and the aide-de-camp disappeared through the door of +the tent. + +Two valets rapidly dressed His Majesty, and wearing the blue uniform +of the Guards he went with firm quick steps to the reception room. + +De Beausset's hands meanwhile were busily engaged arranging the +present he had brought from the Empress, on two chairs directly in +front of the entrance. But Napoleon had dressed and come out with such +unexpected rapidity that he had not time to finish arranging the +surprise. + +Napoleon noticed at once what they were about and guessed that +they were not ready. He did not wish to deprive them of the pleasure +of giving him a surprise, so he pretended not to see de Beausset and +called Fabvier to him, listening silently and with a stern frown to +what Fabvier told him of the heroism and devotion of his troops +fighting at Salamanca, at the other end of Europe, with but one +thought--to be worthy of their Emperor--and but one fear--to fail to +please him. The result of that battle had been deplorable. Napoleon +made ironic remarks during Fabvier's account, as if he had not +expected that matters could go otherwise in his absence. + +"I must make up for that in Moscow," said Napoleon. "I'll see you +later," he added, and summoned de Beausset, who by that time had +prepared the surprise, having placed something on the chairs and +covered it with a cloth. + +De Beausset bowed low, with that courtly French bow which only the +old retainers of the Bourbons knew how to make, and approached him, +presenting an envelope. + +Napoleon turned to him gaily and pulled his ear. + +"You have hurried here. I am very glad. Well, what is Paris saying?" +he asked, suddenly changing his former stern expression for a most +cordial tone. + +"Sire, all Paris regrets your absence," replied de Beausset as was +proper. + +But though Napoleon knew that de Beausset had to say something of +this kind, and though in his lucid moments he knew it was untrue, he +was pleased to hear it from him. Again he honored him by touching +his ear. + +"I am very sorry to have made you travel so far," said he. + +"Sire, I expected nothing less than to find you at the gates of +Moscow," replied de Beausset. + +Napoleon smiled and, lifting his head absentmindedly, glanced to the +right. An aide-de-camp approached with gliding steps and offered him a +gold snuffbox, which he took. + +"Yes, it has happened luckily for you," he said, raising the open +snuffbox to his nose. "You are fond of travel, and in three days you +will see Moscow. You surely did not expect to see that Asiatic +capital. You will have a pleasant journey." + +De Beausset bowed gratefully at this regard for his taste for travel +(of which he had not till then been aware). + +"Ha, what's this?" asked Napoleon, noticing that all the courtiers +were looking at something concealed under a cloth. + +With courtly adroitness de Beausset half turned and without +turning his back to the Emperor retired two steps, twitching off the +cloth at the same time, and said: + +"A present to Your Majesty from the Empress." + +It was a portrait, painted in bright colors by Gerard, of the son +borne to Napoleon by the daughter of the Emperor of Austria, the boy +whom for some reason everyone called "The King of Rome." + +A very pretty curly-headed boy with a look of the Christ in the +Sistine Madonna was depicted playing at stick and ball. The ball +represented the terrestrial globe and the stick in his other hand a +scepter. + +Though it was not clear what the artist meant to express by +depicting the so-called King of Rome spiking the earth with a stick, +the allegory apparently seemed to Napoleon, as it had done to all +who had seen it in Paris, quite clear and very pleasing. + +"The King of Rome!" he said, pointing to the portrait with a +graceful gesture. "Admirable!" + +With the natural capacity of an Italian for changing the +expression of his face at will, he drew nearer to the portrait and +assumed a look of pensive tenderness. He felt that what he now said +and did would be historical, and it seemed to him that it would now be +best for him--whose grandeur enabled his son to play stick and ball +with the terrestrial globe--to show, in contrast to that grandeur, the +simplest paternal tenderness. His eyes grew dim, he moved forward, +glanced round at a chair (which seemed to place itself under him), and +sat down on it before the portrait. At a single gesture from him +everyone went out on tiptoe, leaving the great man to himself and +his emotion. + +Having sat still for a while he touched--himself not knowing why- +the thick spot of paint representing the highest light in the +portrait, rose, and recalled de Beausset and the officer on duty. He +ordered the portrait to be carried outside his tent, that the Old +Guard, stationed round it, might not be deprived of the pleasure of +seeing the King of Rome, the son and heir of their adored monarch. + +And while he was doing M. de Beausset the honor of breakfasting with +him, they heard, as Napoleon had anticipated, the rapturous cries of +the officers and men of the Old Guard who had run up to see the +portrait. + +"Vive l'Empereur! Vive le roi de Rome! Vive l'Empereur!" came +those ecstatic cries. + +After breakfast Napoleon in de Beausset's presence dictated his +order of the day to the army. + +"Short and energetic!" he remarked when he had read over the +proclamation which he had dictated straight off without corrections. +It ran: + + +Soldiers! This is the battle you have so longed for. Victory depends +on you. It is essential for us; it will give us all we need: +comfortable quarters and a speedy return to our country. Behave as you +did at Austerlitz, Friedland, Vitebsk, and Smolensk. Let our +remotest posterity recall your achievements this day with pride. Let +it be said of each of you: "He was in the great battle before Moscow!" + + +"Before Moscow!" repeated Napoleon, and inviting M. de Beausset, who +was so fond of travel, to accompany him on his ride, he went out of +the tent to where the horses stood saddled. + +"Your Majesty is too kind!" replied de Beausset to the invitation to +accompany the Emperor; he wanted to sleep, did not know how to ride +and was afraid of doing so. + +But Napoleon nodded to the traveler, and de Beausset had to mount. +When Napoleon came out of the tent the shouting of the Guards before +his son's portrait grew still louder. Napoleon frowned. + +"Take him away!" he said, pointing with a gracefully majestic +gesture to the portrait. "It is too soon for him to see a field of +battle." + +De Beausset closed his eyes, bowed his head, and sighed deeply, to +indicate how profoundly he valued and comprehended the Emperor's +words. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII + + +On the twenty-fifth of August, so his historians tell us, Napoleon +spent the whole day on horseback inspecting the locality, +considering plans submitted to him by his marshals, and personally +giving commands to his generals. + +The original line of the Russian forces along the river Kolocha +had been dislocated by the capture of the Shevardino Redoubt on the +twenty-fourth, and part of the line--the left flank--had been drawn +back. That part of the line was not entrenched and in front of it +the ground was more open and level than elsewhere. It was evident to +anyone, military or not, that it was here the French should attack. It +would seem that not much consideration was needed to reach this +conclusion, nor any particular care or trouble on the part of the +Emperor and his marshals, nor was there any need of that special and +supreme quality called genius that people are so apt to ascribe to +Napoleon; yet the historians who described the event later and the men +who then surrounded Napoleon, and he himself, thought otherwise. + +Napoleon rode over the plain and surveyed the locality with a +profound air and in silence, nodded with approval or shook his head +dubiously, and without communicating to the generals around him the +profound course of ideas which guided his decisions merely gave them +his final conclusions in the form of commands. Having listened to a +suggestion from Davout, who was now called Prince d'Eckmuhl, to turn +the Russian left wing, Napoleon said it should not be done, without +explaining why not. To a proposal made by General Campan (who was to +attack the fleches) to lead his division through the woods, Napoleon +agreed, though the so-called Duke of Elchingen (Ney) ventured to +remark that a movement through the woods was dangerous and might +disorder the division. + +Having inspected the country opposite the Shevardino Redoubt, +Napoleon pondered a little in silence and then indicated the spots +where two batteries should be set up by the morrow to act against +the Russian entrenchments, and the places where, in line with them, +the field artillery should be placed. + +After giving these and other commands he returned to his tent, and +the dispositions for the battle were written down from his dictation. + +These dispositions, of which the French historians write with +enthusiasm and other historians with profound respect, were as +follows: + + +At dawn the two new batteries established during the night on the +plain occupied by the Prince d'Eckmuhl will open fire on the +opposing batteries of the enemy. + +At the same time the commander of the artillery of the 1st Corps, +General Pernetti, with thirty cannon of Campan's division and all +the howitzers of Dessaix's and Friant's divisions, will move +forward, open fire, and overwhelm with shellfire the enemy's +battery, against which will operate: + + 24 guns of the artillery of the Guards + 30 guns of Campan's division + +and 8 guns of Friant's and Dessaix's divisions + -- + +in all 62 guns. + + +The commander of the artillery of the 3rd Corps, General Fouche, +will place the howitzers of the 3rd and 8th Corps, sixteen in all, +on the flanks of the battery that is to bombard the entrenchment on +the left, which will have forty guns in all directed against it. + +General Sorbier must be ready at the first order to advance with all +the howitzers of the Guard's artillery against either one or other +of the entrenchments. + +During the cannonade Prince Poniatowski is to advance through the +wood on the village and turn the enemy's position. + +General Campan will move through the wood to seize the first +fortification. + +After the advance has begun in this manner, orders will be given +in accordance with the enemy's movements. + +The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the guns of +the right wing are heard. The sharpshooters of Morand's division and +of the vice-King's division will open a heavy fire on seeing the +attack commence on the right wing. + +The vice-King will occupy the village and cross by its three +bridges, advancing to the same heights as Morand's and Gibrard's +divisions, which under his leadership will be directed against the +redoubt and come into line with the rest of the forces. + +All this must be done in good order (le tout se fera avec ordre et +methode) as far as possible retaining troops in reserve. + The Imperial Camp near Mozhaysk, + September, 6, 1812. + + +These dispositions, which are very obscure and confused if one +allows oneself to regard the arrangements without religious awe of his +genius, related to Napoleon's orders to deal with four points--four +different orders. Not one of these was, or could be, carried out. + +In the disposition it is said first that the batteries placed on the +spot chosen by Napoleon, with the guns of Pernetti and Fouche; which +were to come in line with them, 102 guns in all, were to open fire and +shower shells on the Russian fleches and redoubts. This could not be +done, as from the spots selected by Napoleon the projectiles did not +carry to the Russian works, and those 102 guns shot into the air until +the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon's instructions, moved them +forward. + +The second order was that Poniatowski, moving to the village through +the wood, should turn the Russian left flank. This could not be done +and was not done, because Poniatowski, advancing on the village +through the wood, met Tuchkov there barring his way, and could not and +did not turn the Russian position. + +The third order was: General Campan will move through the wood to +seize the first fortification. General Campan's division did not seize +the first fortification but was driven back, for on emerging from +the wood it had to reform under grapeshot, of which Napoleon was +unaware. + +The fourth order was: The vice-King will occupy the village +(Borodino) and cross by its three bridges, advancing to the same +heights as Morand's and Gdrard's divisions (for whose movements no +directions are given), which under his leadership will be directed +against the redoubt and come into line with the rest of the forces. + +As far as one can make out, not so much from this unintelligible +sentence as from the attempts the vice-King made to execute the orders +given him, he was to advance from the left through Borodino to the +redoubt while the divisions of Morand and Gerard were to advance +simultaneously from the front. + +All this, like the other parts of the disposition, was not and could +not be executed. After passing through Borodino the vice-King was +driven back to the Kolocha and could get no farther; while the +divisions of Morand and Gerard did not take the redoubt but were +driven back, and the redoubt was only taken at the end of the battle +by the cavalry (a thing probably unforeseen and not heard of by +Napoleon). So not one of the orders in the disposition was, or could +be, executed. But in the disposition it is said that, after the +fight has commenced in this manner, orders will be given in accordance +with the enemy's movements, and so it might be supposed that all +necessary arrangements would be made by Napoleon during the battle. +But this was not and could not be done, for during the whole battle +Napoleon was so far away that, as appeared later, he could not know +the course of the battle and not one of his orders during the fight +could be executed. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII + + +Many historians say that the French did not win the battle of +Borodino because Napoleon had a cold, and that if he had not had a +cold the orders he gave before and during the battle would have been +still more full of genius and Russia would have been lost and the face +of the world have been changed. To historians who believe that +Russia was shaped by the will of one man--Peter the Great--and that +France from a republic became an empire and French armies went to +Russia at the will of one man--Napoleon--to say that Russia remained a +power because Napoleon had a bad cold on the twenty-fourth of August +may seem logical and convincing. + +If it had depended on Napoleon's will to fight or not to fight the +battle of Borodino, and if this or that other arrangement depended +on his will, then evidently a cold affecting the manifestation of +his will might have saved Russia, and consequently the valet who +omitted to bring Napoleon his waterproof boots on the twenty-fourth +would have been the savior of Russia. Along that line of thought +such a deduction is indubitable, as indubitable as the deduction +Voltaire made in jest (without knowing what he was jesting at) when he +saw that the Massacre of St. Bartholomew was due to Charles IX's +stomach being deranged. But to men who do not admit that Russia was +formed by the will of one man, Peter I, or that the French Empire +was formed and the war with Russia begun by the will of one man, +Napoleon, that argument seems not merely untrue and irrational, but +contrary to all human reality. To the question of what causes historic +events another answer presents itself, namely, that the course of +human events is predetermined from on high--depends on the coincidence +of the wills of all who take part in the events, and that a Napoleon's +influence on the course of these events is purely external and +fictitious. + +Strange as at first glance it may seem to suppose that the +Massacre of St. Bartholomew was not due to Charles IX's will, though +he gave the order for it and thought it was done as a result of that +order; and strange as it may seem to suppose that the slaughter of +eighty thousand men at Borodino was not due to Napoleon's will, though +he ordered the commencement and conduct of the battle and thought it +was done because he ordered it; strange as these suppositions +appear, yet human dignity--which tells me that each of us is, if not +more at least not less a man than the great Napoleon--demands the +acceptance of that solution of the question, and historic +investigation abundantly confirms it. + +At the battle of Borodino Napoleon shot at no one and killed no one. +That was all done by the soldiers. Therefore it was not he who +killed people. + +The French soldiers went to kill and be killed at the battle of +Borodino not because of Napoleon's orders but by their own volition. +The whole army--French, Italian, German, Polish, and Dutch--hungry, +ragged, and weary of the campaign, felt at the sight of an army +blocking their road to Moscow that the wine was drawn and must be +drunk. Had Napoleon then forbidden them to fight the Russians, they +would have killed him and have proceeded to fight the Russians because +it was inevitable. + +When they heard Napoleon's proclamation offering them, as +compensation for mutilation and death, the words of posterity about +their having been in the battle before Moscow, they cried "Vive +l'Empereur!" just as they had cried "Vive l'Empereur!" at the sight of +the portrait of the boy piercing the terrestrial globe with a toy +stick, and just as they would have cried "Vive l'Empereur!" at any +nonsense that might be told them. There was nothing left for them to +do but cry "Vive l'Empereur!" and go to fight, in order to get food +and rest as conquerors in Moscow. So it was not because of +Napoleon's commands that they killed their fellow men. + +And it was not Napoleon who directed the course of the battle, for +none of his orders were executed and during the battle he did not know +what was going on before him. So the way in which these people +killed one another was not decided by Napoleon's will but occurred +independently of him, in accord with the will of hundreds of thousands +of people who took part in the common action. It only seemed to +Napoleon that it all took place by his will. And so the question +whether he had or had not a cold has no more historic interest than +the cold of the least of the transport soldiers. + +Moreover, the assertion made by various writers that his cold was +the cause of his dispositions not being as well planned as on former +occasions, and of his orders during the battle not being as good as +previously, is quite baseless, which again shows that Napoleon's +cold on the twenty-sixth of August was unimportant. + +The dispositions cited above are not at all worse, but are even +better, than previous dispositions by which he had won victories. +His pseudo-orders during the battle were also no worse than +formerly, but much the same as usual. These dispositions and orders +only seem worse than previous ones because the battle of Borodino +was the first Napoleon did not win. The profoundest and most excellent +dispositions and orders seem very bad, and every learned militarist +criticizes them with looks of importance, when they relate to a +battle that has been lost, and the very worst dispositions and +orders seem very good, and serious people fill whole volumes to +demonstrate their merits, when they relate to a battle that has been +won. + +The dispositions drawn up by Weyrother for the battle of +Austerlitz were a model of perfection for that kind of composition, +but still they were criticized--criticized for their very +perfection, for their excessive minuteness. + +Napoleon at the battle of Borodino fulfilled his office as +representative of authority as well as, and even better than, at other +battles. He did nothing harmful to the progress of the battle; he +inclined to the most reasonable opinions, he made no confusion, did +not contradict himself, did not get frightened or run away from the +field of battle, but with his great tact and military experience +carried out his role of appearing to command, calmly and with dignity. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIX + + +On returning from a second inspection of the lines, Napoleon +remarked: + +"The chessmen are set up, the game will begin tomorrow!" + +Having ordered punch and summoned de Beausset, he began to talk to +him about Paris and about some changes he meant to make the Empress' +household, surprising the prefect by his memory of minute details +relating to the court. + +He showed an interest in trifles, joked about de Beausset's love +of travel, and chatted carelessly, as a famous, self-confident surgeon +who knows his job does when turning up his sleeves and putting on +his apron while a patient is being strapped to the operating table. +"The matter is in my hands and is clear and definite in my head. +When the times comes to set to work I shall do it as no one else +could, but now I can jest, and the more I jest and the calmer I am the +more tranquil and confident you ought to be, and the more amazed at my +genius." + +Having finished his second glass of punch, Napoleon went to rest +before the serious business which, he considered, awaited him next +day. He was so much interested in that task that he was unable to +sleep, and in spite of his cold which had grown worse from the +dampness of the evening, he went into the large division of the tent +at three o'clock in the morning, loudly blowing his nose. He asked +whether the Russians had not withdrawn, and was told that the +enemy's fires were still in the same places. He nodded approval. + +The adjutant in attendance came into the tent. + +"Well, Rapp, do you think we shall do good business today?" Napoleon +asked him. + +"Without doubt, sire," replied Rapp. + +Napoleon looked at him. + +"Do you remember, sire, what you did me the honor to say at +Smolensk?" continued Rapp. "The wine is drawn and must be drunk." + +Napoleon frowned and sat silent for a long time leaning his head +on his hand. + +"This poor army!" he suddenly remarked. "It has diminished greatly +since Smolensk. Fortune is frankly a courtesan, Rapp. I have always +said so and I am beginning to experience it. But the Guards, Rapp, the +Guards are intact?" he remarked interrogatively. + +"Yes, sire," replied Rapp. + +Napoleon took a lozenge, put it in his mouth, and glanced at his +watch. He was not sleepy and it was still not nearly morning. It was +impossible to give further orders for the sake of killing time, for +the orders had all been given and were now being executed. + +"Have the biscuits and rice been served out to the regiments of +the Guards?" asked Napoleon sternly. + +"Yes, sire." + +"The rice too?" + +Rapp replied that he had given the Emperor's order about the rice, +but Napoleon shook his head in dissatisfaction as if not believing +that his order had been executed. An attendant came in with punch. +Napoleon ordered another glass to be brought for Rapp, and silently +sipped his own. + +"I have neither taste nor smell," he remarked, sniffing at his +glass. "This cold is tiresome. They talk about medicine--what is the +good of medicine when it can't cure a cold! Corvisart gave me these +lozenges but they don't help at all. What can doctors cure? One +can't cure anything. Our body is a machine for living. It is organized +for that, it is its nature. Let life go on in it unhindered and let it +defend itself, it will do more than if you paralyze it by +encumbering it with remedies. Our body is like a perfect watch that +should go for a certain time; watchmaker cannot open it, he can only +adjust it by fumbling, and that blindfold.... Yes, our body is just +a machine for living, that is all." + +And having entered on the path of definition, of which he was +fond, Napoleon suddenly and unexpectedly gave a new one. + +"Do you know, Rapp, what military art is?" asked he. "It is the +art of being stronger than the enemy at a given moment. That's all." + +Rapp made no reply. + +"Tomorrow we shall have to deal with Kutuzov!" said Napoleon. "We +shall see! Do you remember at Braunau he commanded an army for three +weeks and did not once mount a horse to inspect his +entrenchments.... We shall see!" + +He looked at his watch. It was still only four o'clock. He did not +feel sleepy. The punch was finished and there was still nothing to do. +He rose, walked to and fro, put on a warm overcoat and a hat, and went +out of the tent. The night was dark and damp, a scarcely perceptible +moisture was descending from above. Near by, the campfires were +dimly burning among the French Guards, and in the distance those of +the Russian line shone through the smoke. The weather was calm, and +the rustle and tramp of the French troops already beginning to move to +take up their positions were clearly audible. + +Napoleon walked about in front of his tent, looked at the fires +and listened to these sounds, and as he was passing a tall guardsman +in a shaggy cap, who was standing sentinel before his tent and had +drawn himself up like a black pillar at sight of the Emperor, Napoleon +stopped in front of him. + +"What year did you enter the service?" he asked with that +affectation of military bluntness and geniality with which he always +addressed the soldiers. + +The man answered the question. + +"Ah! One of the old ones! Has your regiment had its rice?" + +"It has, Your Majesty." + +Napoleon nodded and walked away. + + +At half-past five Napoleon rode to the village of Shevardino. + +It was growing light, the sky was clearing, only a single cloud +lay in the east. The abandoned campfires were burning themselves out +in the faint morning light. + +On the right a single deep report of a cannon resounded and died +away in the prevailing silence. Some minutes passed. A second and a +third report shook the air, then a fourth and a fifth boomed +solemnly near by on the right. + +The first shots had not yet ceased to reverberate before others rang +out and yet more were heard mingling with and overtaking one another. + +Napoleon with his suite rode up to the Shevardino Redoubt where he +dismounted. The game had begun. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXX + + +On returning to Gorki after having seen Prince Andrew, Pierre +ordered his groom to get the horses ready and to call him early in the +morning, and then immediately fell asleep behind a partition in a +corner Boris had given up to him. + +Before he was thoroughly awake next morning everybody had already +left the hut. The panes were rattling in the little windows and his +groom was shaking him. + +"Your excellency! Your excellency! Your excellency!" he kept +repeating pertinaciously while he shook Pierre by the shoulder without +looking at him, having apparently lost hope of getting him to wake up. + +"What? Has it begun? Is it time?" Pierre asked, waking up. + +"Hear the firing," said the groom, a discharged soldier. "All the +gentlemen have gone out, and his Serene Highness himself rode past +long ago." + +Pierre dressed hastily and ran out to the porch. Outside all was +bright, fresh, dewy, and cheerful. The sun, just bursting forth from +behind a cloud that had concealed it, was shining, with rays still +half broken by the clouds, over the roofs of the street opposite, on +the dew-besprinkled dust of the road, on the walls of the houses, on +the windows, the fence, and on Pierre's horses standing before the +hut. The roar of guns sounded more distinct outside. An adjutant +accompanied by a Cossack passed by at a sharp trot. + +"It's time, Count; it's time!" cried the adjutant. + +Telling the groom to follow him with the horses, Pierre went down +the street to the knoll from which he had looked at the field of +battle the day before. A crowd of military men was assembled there, +members of the staff could be heard conversing in French, and +Kutuzov's gray head in a white cap with a red band was visible, his +gray nape sunk between his shoulders. He was looking through a field +glass down the highroad before him. + +Mounting the steps to the knoll Pierre looked at the scene before +him, spellbound by beauty. It was the same panorama he had admired +from that spot the day before, but now the whole place was full of +troops and covered by smoke clouds from the guns, and the slanting +rays of the bright sun, rising slightly to the left behind Pierre, +cast upon it through the clear morning air penetrating streaks of +rosy, golden tinted light and long dark shadows. The forest at the +farthest extremity of the panorama seemed carved in some precious +stone of a yellowish-green color; its undulating outline was +silhouetted against the horizon and was pierced beyond Valuevo by +the Smolensk highroad crowded with troops. Nearer at hand glittered +golden cornfields interspersed with copses. There were troops to be +seen everywhere, in front and to the right and left. All this was +vivid, majestic, and unexpected; but what impressed Pierre most of all +was the view of the battlefield itself, of Borodino and the hollows on +both sides of the Kolocha. + +Above the Kolocha, in Borodino and on both sides of it, especially +to the left where the Voyna flowing between its marshy banks falls +into the Kolocha, a mist had spread which seemed to melt, to dissolve, +and to become translucent when the brilliant sun appeared and +magically colored and outlined everything. The smoke of the guns +mingled with this mist, and over the whole expanse and through that +mist the rays of the morning sun were reflected, flashing back like +lightning from the water, from the dew, and from the bayonets of the +troops crowded together by the riverbanks and in Borodino. A white +church could be seen through the mist, and here and there the roofs of +huts in Borodino as well as dense masses of soldiers, or green +ammunition chests and ordnance. And all this moved, or seemed to move, +as the smoke and mist spread out over the whole space. Just as in +the mist-enveloped hollow near Borodino, so along the entire line +outside and above it and especially in the woods and fields to the +left, in the valleys and on the summits of the high ground, clouds +of powder smoke seemed continually to spring up out of nothing, now +singly, now several at a time, some translucent, others dense, +which, swelling, growing, rolling, and blending, extended over the +whole expanse. + +These puffs of smoke and (strange to say) the sound of +the firing produced the chief beauty of the spectacle. + +"Puff!"--suddenly a round compact cloud of smoke was seen merging +from violet into gray and milky white, and "boom!" came the report a +second later. + +"Puff! puff!"--and two clouds arose pushing one another and blending +together; and "boom, boom!" came the sounds confirming what the eye +had seen. + +Pierre glanced round at the first cloud, which he had seen as a +round compact ball, and in its place already were balloons of smoke +floating to one side, and--"puff" (with a pause)--"puff, puff!" +three and then four more appeared and then from each, with the same +interval--"boom--boom, boom!" came the fine, firm, precise sounds in +reply. It seemed as if those smoke clouds sometimes ran and +sometimes stood still while woods, fields, and glittering bayonets ran +past them. From the left, over fields and bushes, those large balls of +smoke were continually appearing followed by their solemn reports, +while nearer still, in the hollows and woods, there burst from the +muskets small cloudlets that had no time to become balls, but had +their little echoes in just the same way. "Trakh-ta-ta-takh!" came the +frequent crackle of musketry, but it was irregular and feeble in +comparison with the reports of the cannon. + +Pierre wished to be there with that smoke, those shining bayonets, +that movement, and those sounds. He turned to look at Kutuzov and +his suite, to compare his impressions with those of others. They +were all looking at the field of battle as he was, and, as it seemed +to him, with the same feelings. All their faces were now shining +with that latent warmth of feeling Pierre had noticed the day before +and had fully understood after his talk with Prince Andrew. + +"Go, my dear fellow, go... and Christ be with you!" Kutuzov was +saying to a general who stood beside him, not taking his eye from +the battlefield. + +Having received this order the general passed by Pierre on his way +down the knoll. + +"To the crossing!" said the general coldly and sternly in reply to +one of the staff who asked where he was going. + +"I'll go there too, I too!" thought Pierre, and followed the +general. + +The general mounted a horse a Cossack had brought him. Pierre went +to his groom who was holding his horses and, asking which was the +quietest, clambered onto it, seized it by the mane, and turning out +his toes pressed his heels against its sides and, feeling that his +spectacles were slipping off but unable to let go of the mane and +reins, he galloped after the general, causing the staff officers to +smile as they watched him from the knoll. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXI + + +Having descended the hill the general after whom Pierre was +galloping turned sharply to the left, and Pierre, losing sight of him, +galloped in among some ranks of infantry marching ahead of him. He +tried to pass either in front of them or to the right or left, but +there were soldiers everywhere, all with expression and busy with some +unseen but evidently important task. They all gazed with the same +dissatisfied and inquiring expression at this stout man in a white +hat, who for some unknown reason threatened to trample them under +his horse's hoofs. + +"Why ride into the middle of the battalion?" one of them shouted +at him. + +Another prodded his horse with the butt end of a musket, and Pierre, +bending over his saddlebow and hardly able to control his shying +horse, galloped ahead of the soldiers where there was a free space. + +There was a bridge ahead of him, where other soldiers stood +firing. Pierre rode up to them. Without being aware of it he had +come to the bridge across the Kolocha between Gorki and Borodino, +which the French (having occupied Borodino) were attacking in the +first phase of the battle. Pierre saw that there was a bridge in front +of him and that soldiers were doing something on both sides of it +and in the meadow, among the rows of new-mown hay which he had taken +no notice of amid the smoke of the campfires the day before; but +despite the incessant firing going on there he had no idea that this +was the field of battle. He did not notice the sound of the bullets +whistling from every side, or the projectiles that flew over him, +did not see the enemy on the other side of the river, and for a long +time did not notice the killed and wounded, though many fell near him. +He looked about him with a smile which did not leave his face. + +"Why's that fellow in front of the line?" shouted somebody at him +again. + +"To the left!... Keep to the right!" the men shouted to him. + +Pierre went to the right, and unexpectedly encountered one of +Raevski's adjutants whom he knew. The adjutant looked angrily at +him, evidently also intending to shout at him, but on recognizing +him he nodded. + +"How have you got here?" he said, and galloped on. + +Pierre, feeling out of place there, having nothing to do, and afraid +of getting in someone's way again, galloped after the adjutant. + +"What's happening here? May I come with you?" he asked. + +"One moment, one moment!" replied the adjutant, and riding up to a +stout colonel who was standing in the meadow, he gave him some message +and then addressed Pierre. + +"Why have you come here, Count?" he asked with a smile. "Still +inquisitive?" + +"Yes, yes," assented Pierre. + +But the adjutant turned his horse about and rode on. + +"Here it's tolerable," said he, "but with Bagration on the left +flank they're getting it frightfully hot." + +"Really?" said Pierre. "Where is that?" + +"Come along with me to our knoll. We can get a view from there and +in our battery it is still bearable," said the adjutant. "Will you +come?" + +"Yes, I'll come with you," replied Pierre, looking round for his +groom. + +It was only now that he noticed wounded men staggering along or +being carried on stretchers. On that very meadow he had ridden over +the day before, a soldier was lying athwart the rows of scented hay, +with his head thrown awkwardly back and his shako off. + +"Why haven't they carried him away?" Pierre was about to ask, but +seeing the stern expression of the adjutant who was also looking +that way, he checked himself. + +Pierre did not find his groom and rode along the hollow with the +adjutant to Raevski's Redoubt. His horse lagged behind the +adjutant's and jolted him at every step. + +"You don't seem to be used to riding, Count?" remarked the adjutant. + +"No it's not that, but her action seems so jerky," said Pierre in +a puzzled tone. + +"Why... she's wounded!" said the adjutant. "In the off foreleg above +the knee. A bullet, no doubt. I congratulate you, Count, on your +baptism of fire!" + +Having ridden in the smoke past the Sixth Corps, behind the +artillery which had been moved forward and was in action, deafening +them with the noise of firing, they came to a small wood. There it was +cool and quiet, with a scent of autumn. Pierre and the adjutant +dismounted and walked up the hill on foot. + +"Is the general here?" asked the adjutant on reaching the knoll. + +"He was here a minute ago but has just gone that way," someone +told him, pointing to the right. + +The adjutant looked at Pierre as if puzzled what to do with him now. + +"Don't trouble about me," said Pierre. "I'll go up onto the knoll if +I may?" + +"Yes, do. You'll see everything from there and it's less +dangerous, and I'll come for you." + +Pierre went to the battery and the adjutant rode on. They did not +meet again, and only much later did Pierre learn that he lost an arm +that day. + +The knoll to which Pierre ascended was that famous one afterwards +known to the Russians as the Knoll Battery or Raevski's Redoubt, and +to the French as la grande redoute, la fatale redoute, la redoute du +centre, around which tens of thousands fell, and which the French +regarded as the key to the whole position. + +This redoubt consisted of a knoll, on three sides of which +trenches had been dug. Within the entrenchment stood ten guns that +were being fired through openings in the earthwork. + +In line with the knoll on both sides stood other guns which also +fired incessantly. A little behind the guns stood infantry. When +ascending that knoll Pierre had no notion that this spot, on which +small trenches had been dug and from which a few guns were firing, was +the most important point of the battle. + +On the contrary, just because he happened to be there he thought +it one of the least significant parts of the field. + +Having reached the knoll, Pierre sat down at one end of a trench +surrounding the battery and gazed at what was going on around him with +an unconsciously happy smile. Occasionally he rose and walked about +the battery still with that same smile, trying not to obstruct the +soldiers who were loading, hauling the guns, and continually running +past him with bags and charges. The guns of that battery were being +fired continually one after another with a deafening roar, +enveloping the whole neighborhood in powder smoke. + +In contrast with the dread felt by the infantrymen placed in +support, here in the battery where a small number of men busy at their +work were separated from the rest by a trench, everyone experienced +a common and as it were family feeling of animation. + +The intrusion of Pierre's nonmilitary figure in a white hat made +an unpleasant impression at first. The soldiers looked askance at +him with surprise and even alarm as they went past him. The senior +artillery officer, a tall, long-legged, pockmarked man, moved over +to Pierre as if to see the action of the farthest gun and looked at +him with curiosity. + +A young round-faced officer, quite a boy still and evidently only +just out of the Cadet College, who was zealously commanding the two +guns entrusted to him, addressed Pierre sternly. + +"Sir," he said, "permit me to ask you to stand aside. You must not +be here." + +The soldiers shook their heads disapprovingly as they looked at +Pierre. But when they had convinced themselves that this man in the +white hat was doing no harm, but either sat quietly on the slope of +the trench with a shy smile or, politely making way for the +soldiers, paced up and down the battery under fire as calmly as if +he were on a boulevard, their feeling of hostile distrust gradually +began to change into a kindly and bantering sympathy, such as soldiers +feel for their dogs, cocks, goats, and in general for the animals that +live with the regiment. The men soon accepted Pierre into their +family, adopted him, gave him a nickname ("our gentleman"), and made +kindly fun of him among themselves. + +A shell tore up the earth two paces from Pierre and he looked around +with a smile as he brushed from his clothes some earth it had thrown +up. + +"And how's it you're not afraid, sir, really now?" a red-faced, +broad-shouldered soldier asked Pierre, with a grin that disclosed a +set of sound, white teeth. + +"Are you afraid, then?" said Pierre. + +"What else do you expect?" answered the soldier. "She has no +mercy, you know! When she comes spluttering down, out go your innards. +One can't help being afraid," he said laughing. + +Several of the men, with bright kindly faces, stopped beside Pierre. +They seemed not to have expected him to talk like anybody else, and +the discovery that he did so delighted them. + +"It's the business of us soldiers. But in a gentleman it's +wonderful! There's a gentleman for you!" + +"To your places!" cried the young officer to the men gathered +round Pierre. + +The young officer was evidently exercising his duties for the +first or second time and therefore treated both his superiors and +the men with great precision and formality. + +The booming cannonade and the fusillade of musketry were growing +more intense over the whole field, especially to the left where +Bagration's fleches were, but where Pierre was the smoke of the firing +made it almost impossible to distinguish anything. Moreover, his whole +attention was engrossed by watching the family circle--separated +from all else--formed by the men in the battery. His first unconscious +feeling of joyful animation produced by the sights and sounds of the +battlefield was now replaced by another, especially since he had +seen that soldier lying alone in the hayfield. Now, seated on the +slope of the trench, he observed the faces of those around him. + +By ten o'clock some twenty men had already been carried away from +the battery; two guns were smashed and cannon balls fell more and more +frequently on the battery and spent bullets buzzed and whistled +around. But the men in the battery seemed not to notice this, and +merry voices and jokes were heard on all sides. + +"A live one!" shouted a man as a whistling shell approached. + +"Not this way! To the infantry!" added another with loud laughter, +seeing the shell fly past and fall into the ranks of the supports. + +"Are you bowing to a friend, eh?" remarked another, chaffing a +peasant who ducked low as a cannon ball flew over. + +Several soldiers gathered by the wall of the trench, looking out +to see what was happening in front. + +"They've withdrawn the front line, it has retired," said they, +pointing over the earthwork. + +"Mind your own business," an old sergeant shouted at them. "If +they've retired it's because there's work for them to do farther +back." + +And the sergeant, taking one of the men by the shoulders, gave him a +shove with his knee. This was followed by a burst of laughter. + +"To the fifth gun, wheel it up!" came shouts from one side. + +"Now then, all together, like bargees!" rose the merry voices of +those who were moving the gun. + +"Oh, she nearly knocked our gentleman's hat off!" cried the +red-faced humorist, showing his teeth chaffing Pierre. "Awkward +baggage!" he added reproachfully to a cannon ball that struck a cannon +wheel and a man's leg. + +"Now then, you foxes!" said another, laughing at some militiamen +who, stooping low, entered the battery to carry away the wounded man. + +"So this gruel isn't to your taste? Oh, you crows! You're scared!" +they shouted at the militiamen who stood hesitating before the man +whose leg had been torn off. + +"There, lads... oh, oh!" they mimicked the peasants, "they don't +like it at all!" + +Pierre noticed that after every ball that hit the redoubt, and after +every loss, the liveliness increased more and more. + +As the flames of the fire hidden within come more and more vividly +and rapidly from an approaching thundercloud, so, as if in +opposition to what was taking place, the lightning of hidden fire +growing more and more intense glowed in the faces of these men. + +Pierre did not look out at the battlefield and was not concerned +to know what was happening there; he was entirely absorbed in watching +this fire which burned ever more brightly and which he felt was +flaming up in the same way in his own soul. + +At ten o'clock the infantry that had been among the bushes in +front of the battery and along the Kamenka streamlet retreated. From +the battery they could be seen running back past it carrying their +wounded on their muskets. A general with his suite came to the +battery, and after speaking to the colonel gave Pierre an angry look +and went away again having ordered the infantry supports behind the +battery to lie down, so as to be less exposed to fire. After this from +amid the ranks of infantry to the right of the battery came the +sound of a drum and shouts of command, and from the battery one saw +how those ranks of infantry moved forward. + +Pierre looked over the wall of the trench and was particularly +struck by a pale young officer who, letting his sword hang down, was +walking backwards and kept glancing uneasily around. + +The ranks of the infantry disappeared amid the smoke but their +long-drawn shout and rapid musketry firing could still be heard. A few +minutes later crowds of wounded men and stretcher-bearers came back +from that direction. Projectiles began to fall still more frequently +in the battery. Several men were lying about who had not been removed. +Around the cannon the men moved still more briskly and busily. No +one any longer took notice of Pierre. Once or twice he was shouted +at for being in the way. The senior officer moved with big, rapid +strides from one gun to another with a frowning face. The young +officer, with his face still more flushed, commanded the men more +scrupulously than ever. The soldiers handed up the charges, turned, +loaded, and did their business with strained smartness. They gave +little jumps as they walked, as though they were on springs. + +The stormcloud had come upon them, and in every face the fire +which Pierre had watched kindle burned up brightly. Pierre standing +beside the commanding officer. The young officer, his hand to his +shako, ran up to his superior. + +"I have the honor to report, sir, that only eight rounds are left. +Are we to continue firing?" he asked. + +"Grapeshot!" the senior shouted, without answering the question, +looking over the wall of the trench. + +Suddenly something happened: the young officer gave a gasp and +bending double sat down on the ground like a bird shot on the wing. +Everything became strange, confused, and misty in Pierre's eyes. + +One cannon ball after another whistled by and struck the +earthwork, a soldier, or a gun. Pierre, who had not noticed these +sounds before, now heard nothing else. On the right of the battery +soldiers shouting "Hurrah!" were running not forwards but backwards, +it seemed to Pierre. + +A cannon ball struck the very end of the earth work by which he +was standing, crumbling down the earth; a black ball flashed before +his eyes and at the same instant plumped into something. Some +militiamen who were entering the battery ran back. + +"All with grapeshot!" shouted the officer. + +The sergeant ran up to the officer and in a frightened whisper +informed him (as a butler at dinner informs his master that there is +no more of some wine asked for) that there were no more charges. + +"The scoundrels! What are they doing?" shouted the officer, +turning to Pierre. + +The officer's face was red and perspiring and his eyes glittered +under his frowning brow. + +"Run to the reserves and bring up the ammunition boxes!" he +yelled, angrily avoiding Pierre with his eyes and speaking to his men. + +"I'll go," said Pierre. + +The officer, without answering him, strode across to the opposite +side. + +"Don't fire.... Wait!" he shouted. + +The man who had been ordered to go for ammunition stumbled against +Pierre. + +"Eh, sir, this is no place for you," said he, and ran down the +slope. + +Pierre ran after him, avoiding the spot where the young officer +was sitting. + +One cannon ball, another, and a third flew over him, falling in +front, beside, and behind him. Pierre ran down the slope. "Where am +I going?" he suddenly asked himself when he was already near the green +ammunition wagons. He halted irresolutely, not knowing whether to +return or go on. Suddenly a terrible concussion threw him backwards to +the ground. At the same instant he was dazzled by a great flash of +flame, and immediately a deafening roar, crackling, and whistling made +his ears tingle. + +When he came to himself he was sitting on the ground leaning on +his hands; the ammunition wagons he had been approaching no longer +existed, only charred green boards and rags littered the scorched +grass, and a horse, dangling fragments of its shaft behind it, +galloped past, while another horse lay, like Pierre, on the ground, +uttering prolonged and piercing cries. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXII + + +Beside himself with terror Pierre jumped up and ran back to the +battery, as to the only refuge from the horrors that surrounded him. + +On entering the earthwork he noticed that there were men doing +something there but that no shots were being fired from the battery. +He had no time to realize who these men were. He saw the senior +officer lying on the earth wall with his back turned as if he were +examining something down below and that one of the soldiers he had +noticed before was struggling forward shouting "Brothers!" and +trying to free himself from some men who were holding him by the +arm. He also saw something else that was strange. + +But he had not time to realize that the colonel had been killed, +that the soldier shouting "Brothers!" was a prisoner, and that another +man had been bayoneted in the back before his eyes, for hardly had +he run into the redoubt before a thin, sallow-faced, perspiring man in +a blue uniform rushed on him sword in hand, shouting something. +Instinctively guarding against the shock--for they had been running +together at full speed before they saw one another--Pierre put out his +hands and seized the man (a French officer) by the shoulder with one +hand and by the throat with the other. The officer, dropping his +sword, seized Pierre by his collar. + +For some seconds they gazed with frightened eyes at one another's +unfamiliar faces and both were perplexed at what they had done and +what they were to do next. "Am I taken prisoner or have I taken him +prisoner?" each was thinking. But the French officer was evidently +more inclined to think he had been taken prisoner because Pierre's +strong hand, impelled by instinctive fear, squeezed his throat ever +tighter and tighter. The Frenchman was about to say something, when +just above their heads, terrible and low, a cannon ball whistled, +and it seemed to Pierre that the French officer's head had been torn +off, so swiftly had he ducked it. + +Pierre too bent his head and let his hands fall. Without further +thought as to who had taken whom prisoner, the Frenchman ran back to +the battery and Pierre ran down the slope stumbling over the dead +and wounded who, it seemed to him, caught at his feet. But before he +reached the foot of the knoll he was met by a dense crowd of Russian +soldiers who, stumbling, tripping up, and shouting, ran merrily and +wildly toward the battery. (This was the attack for which Ermolov +claimed the credit, declaring that only his courage and good luck made +such a feat possible: it was the attack in which he was said to have +thrown some St. George's Crosses he had in his pocket into the battery +for the first soldiers to take who got there.) + +The French who had occupied the battery fled, and our troops +shouting "Hurrah!" pursued them so far beyond the battery that it +was difficult to call them back. + +The prisoners were brought down from the battery and among them +was a wounded French general, whom the officers surrounded. Crowds +of wounded--some known to Pierre and some unknown--Russians and +French, with faces distorted by suffering, walked, crawled, and were +carried on stretchers from the battery. Pierre again went up onto +the knoll where he had spent over an hour, and of that family circle +which had received him as a member he did not find a single one. There +were many dead whom he did not know, but some he recognized. The young +officer still sat in the same way, bent double, in a pool of blood +at the edge of the earth wall. The red-faced man was still +twitching, but they did not carry him away. + +Pierre ran down the slope once more. + +"Now they will stop it, now they will be horrified at what they have +done!" he thought, aimlessly going toward a crowd of stretcher bearers +moving from the battlefield. + +But behind the veil of smoke the sun was still high, and in front +and especially to the left, near Semenovsk, something seemed to be +seething in the smoke, and the roar of cannon and musketry did not +diminish, but even increased to desperation like a man who, +straining himself, shrieks with all his remaining strength. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII + + +The chief action of the battle of Borodino was fought within the +seven thousand feet between Borodino and Bagration's fleches. Beyond +that space there was, on the one side, a demonstration made by the +Russians with Uvarov's cavalry at midday, and on the other side, +beyond Utitsa, Poniatowski's collision with Tuchkov; but these two +were detached and feeble actions in comparison with what took place in +the center of the battlefield. On the field between Borodino and the +fleches, beside the wood, the chief action of the day took place on an +open space visible from both sides and was fought in the simplest +and most artless way. + +The battle began on both sides with a cannonade from several hundred +guns. + +Then when the whole field was covered with smoke, two divisions, +Campan's and Dessaix's, advanced from the French right, while +Murat's troops advanced on Borodino from their left. + +From the Shevardino Redoubt where Napoleon was standing the +fleches were two thirds of a mile away, and it was more than a mile as +the crow flies to Borodino, so that Napoleon could not see what was +happening there, especially as the smoke mingling with the mist hid +the whole locality. The soldiers of Dessaix's division advancing +against the fleches could only be seen till they had entered the +hollow that lay between them and the fleches. As soon as they had +descended into that hollow, the smoke of the guns and musketry on +the fleches grew so dense that it covered the whole approach on that +side of it. Through the smoke glimpses could be caught of something +black--probably men--and at times the glint of bayonets. But whether +they were moving or stationary, whether they were French or Russian, +could not be discovered from the Shevardino Redoubt. + +The sun had risen brightly and its slanting rays struck straight +into Napoleon's face as, shading his eyes with his hand, he looked +at the fleches. The smoke spread out before them, and at times it +looked as if the smoke were moving, at times as if the troops moved. +Sometimes shouts were heard through the firing, but it was +impossible to tell what was being done there. + +Napoleon, standing on the knoll, looked through a field glass, and +in its small circlet saw smoke and men, sometimes his own and +sometimes Russians, but when he looked again with the naked eye, he +could not tell where what he had seen was. + +He descended the knoll and began walking up and down before it. + +Occasionally he stopped, listened to the firing, and gazed +intently at the battlefield. + +But not only was it impossible to make out what was happening from +where he was standing down below, or from the knoll above on which +some of his generals had taken their stand, but even from the +fleches themselves--in which by this time there were now Russian and +now French soldiers, alternately or together, dead, wounded, alive, +frightened, or maddened--even at those fleches themselves it was +impossible to make out what was taking place. There for several +hours amid incessant cannon and musketry fire, now Russians were +seen alone, now Frenchmen alone, now infantry, and now cavalry: they +appeared, fired, fell, collided, not knowing what to do with one +another, screamed, and ran back again. + +From the battlefield adjutants he had sent out, and orderlies from +his marshals, kept galloping up to Napoleon with reports of the +progress of the action, but all these reports were false, both because +it was impossible in the heat of battle to say what was happening at +any given moment and because many of the adjutants did not go to the +actual place of conflict but reported what they had heard from others; +and also because while an adjutant was riding more than a mile to +Napoleon circumstances changed and the news he brought was already +becoming false. Thus an adjutant galloped up from Murat with tidings +that Borodino had been occupied and the bridge over the Kolocha was in +the hands of the French. The adjutant asked whether Napoleon wished +the troops to cross it? Napoleon gave orders that the troops should +form up on the farther side and wait. But before that order was given- +almost as soon in fact as the adjutant had left Borodino--the bridge +had been retaken by the Russians and burned, in the very skirmish at +which Pierre had been present at the beginning of the battle. + +An adjutant galloped up from the fleches with a pale and +frightened face and reported to Napoleon that their attack had been +repulsed, Campan wounded, and Davout killed; yet at the very time +the adjutant had been told that the French had been repulsed, the +fleches had in fact been recaptured by other French troops, and Davout +was alive and only slightly bruised. On the basis of these necessarily +untrustworthy reports Napoleon gave his orders, which had either +been executed before he gave them or could not be and were not +executed. + +The marshals and generals, who were nearer to the field of battle +but, like Napoleon, did not take part in the actual fighting and +only occasionally went within musket range, made their own +arrangements without asking Napoleon and issued orders where and in +what direction to fire and where cavalry should gallop and infantry +should run. But even their orders, like Napoleon's, were seldom +carried out, and then but partially. For the most part things happened +contrary to their orders. Soldiers ordered to advance ran back on +meeting grapeshot; soldiers ordered to remain where they were, +suddenly, seeing Russians unexpectedly before them, sometimes rushed +back and sometimes forward, and the cavalry dashed without orders in +pursuit of the flying Russians. In this way two cavalry regiments +galloped through the Semenovsk hollow and as soon as they reached +the top of the incline turned round and galloped full speed back +again. The infantry moved in the same way, sometimes running to +quite other places than those they were ordered to go to. All orders +as to where and when to move the guns, when to send infantry to +shoot or horsemen to ride down the Russian infantry--all such orders +were given by the officers on the spot nearest to the units concerned, +without asking either Ney, Davout, or Murat, much less Napoleon. +They did not fear getting into trouble for not fulfilling orders or +for acting on their own initiative, for in battle what is at stake +is what is dearest to man--his own life--and it sometimes seems that +safety lies in running back, sometimes in running forward; and these +men who were right in the heat of the battle acted according to the +mood of the moment. In reality, however, all these movements forward +and backward did not improve or alter the position of the troops. +All their rushing and galloping at one another did little harm, the +harm of disablement and death was caused by the balls and bullets that +flew over the fields on which these men were floundering about. As +soon as they left the place where the balls and bullets were flying +about, their superiors, located in the background, re-formed them +and brought them under discipline and under the influence of that +discipline led them back to the zone of fire, where under the +influence of fear of death they lost their discipline and rushed about +according to the chance promptings of the throng. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV + + +Napoleon's generals--Davout, Ney, and Murat, who were near that +region of fire and sometimes even entered it--repeatedly led into it +huge masses of well-ordered troops. But contrary to what had always +happened in their former battles, instead of the news they expected of +the enemy's flight, these orderly masses returned thence as +disorganized and terrified mobs. The generals re-formed them, but +their numbers constantly decreased. In the middle of the day Murat +sent his adjutant to Napoleon to demand reinforcements. + +Napoleon sat at the foot of the knoll, drinking punch, when +Murat's adjutant galloped up with an assurance that the Russians would +be routed if His Majesty would let him have another division. + +"Reinforcements?" said Napoleon in a tone of stern surprise, looking +at the adjutant--a handsome lad with long black curls arranged like +Murat's own--as though he did not understand his words. + +"Reinforcements!" thought Napoleon to himself. "How can they need +reinforcements when they already have half the army directed against a +weak, unentrenched Russian wing?" + +"Tell the King of Naples," said he sternly, "that it is not noon +yet, and I don't yet see my chessboard clearly. Go!..." + +The handsome boy adjutant with the long hair sighed deeply without +removing his hand from his hat and galloped back to where men were +being slaughtered. + +Napoleon rose and having summoned Caulaincourt and Berthier began +talking to them about matters unconnected with the battle. + +In the midst of this conversation, which was beginning to interest +Napoleon, Berthier's eyes turned to look at a general with a suite, +who was galloping toward the knoll on a lathering horse. It was +Belliard. Having dismounted he went up to the Emperor with rapid +strides and in a loud voice began boldly demonstrating the necessity +of sending reinforcements. He swore on his honor that the Russians +were lost if the Emperor would give another division. + +Napoleon shrugged his shoulders and continued to pace up and down +without replying. Belliard began talking loudly and eagerly to the +generals of the suite around him. + +"You are very fiery, Belliard," said Napoleon, when he again came up +to the general. "In the heat of a battle it is easy to make a mistake. +Go and have another look and then come back to me." + +Before Belliard was out of sight, a messenger from another part of +the battlefield galloped up. + +"Now then, what do you want?" asked Napoleon in the tone of a man +irritated at being continually disturbed. + +"Sire, the prince..." began the adjutant. + +"Asks for reinforcements?" said Napoleon with an angry gesture. + +The adjutant bent his head affirmatively and began to report, but +the Emperor turned from him, took a couple of steps, stopped, came +back, and called Berthier. + +"We must give reserves," he said, moving his arms slightly apart. +"Who do you think should be sent there?" he asked of Berthier (whom he +subsequently termed "that gosling I have made an eagle"). + +"Send Claparede's division, sire," replied Berthier, who knew all +the divisions regiments, and battalions by heart. + +Napoleon nodded assent. + +The adjutant galloped to Claparede's division and a few minutes +later the Young Guards stationed behind the knoll moved forward. +Napoleon gazed silently in that direction. + +"No!" he suddenly said to Berthier. "I can't send Claparede. Send +Friant's division." + +Though there was no advantage in sending Friant's division instead +of Claparede's, and even in obvious inconvenience and delay in +stopping Claparede and sending Friant now, the order was carried out +exactly. Napoleon did not notice that in regard to his army he was +playing the part of a doctor who hinders by his medicines--a role he +so justly understood and condemned. + +Friant's division disappeared as the others had done into the +smoke of the battlefield. From all sides adjutants continued to arrive +at a gallop and as if by agreement all said the same thing. They all +asked for reinforcements and all said that the Russians were holding +their positions and maintaining a hellish fire under which the +French army was melting away. + +Napoleon sat on a campstool, wrapped in thought. + +M. de Beausset, the man so fond of travel, having fasted since +morning, came up to the Emperor and ventured respectfully to suggest +lunch to His Majesty. + +"I hope I may now congratulate Your Majesty on a victory?" said he. + +Napoleon silently shook his head in negation. Assuming the +negation to refer only to the victory and not to the lunch, M. de +Beausset ventured with respectful jocularity to remark that there is +no reason for not having lunch when one can get it. + +"Go away..." exclaimed Napoleon suddenly and morosely, and turned +aside. + +A beatific smile of regret, repentance, and ecstasy beamed on M. +de Beausset's face and he glided away to the other generals. + +Napoleon was experiencing a feeling of depression like that of an +ever-lucky gambler who, after recklessly flinging money about and +always winning, suddenly just when he has calculated all the chances +of the game, finds that the more he considers his play the more surely +he loses. + +His troops were the same, his generals the same, the same +preparations had been made, the same dispositions, and the same +proclamation courte et energique, he himself was still the same: he +knew that and knew that he was now even more experienced and +skillful than before. Even the enemy was the same as at Austerlitz and +Friedland--yet the terrible stroke of his arm had supernaturally +become impotent. + +All the old methods that had been unfailingly crowned with +success: the concentration of batteries on one point, an attack by +reserves to break the enemy's line, and a cavalry attack by "the men +of iron," all these methods had already been employed, yet not only +was there no victory, but from all sides came the same news of +generals killed and wounded, of reinforcements needed, of the +impossibility of driving back the Russians, and of disorganization +among his own troops. + +Formerly, after he had given two or three orders and uttered a few +phrases, marshals and adjutants had come galloping up with +congratulations and happy faces, announcing the trophies taken, the +corps of prisoners, bundles of enemy eagles and standards, cannon +and stores, and Murat had only begged leave to loose the cavalry to +gather in the baggage wagons. So it had been at Lodi, Marengo, Arcola, +Jena, Austerlitz, Wagram, and so on. But now something strange was +happening to his troops. + +Despite news of the capture of the fleches, Napoleon saw that this +was not the same, not at all the same, as what had happened in his +former battles. He saw that what he was feeling was felt by all the +men about him experienced in the art of war. All their faces looked +dejected, and they all shunned one another's eyes--only a de +Beausset could fail to grasp the meaning of what was happening. + +But Napoleon with his long experience of war well knew the meaning +of a battle not gained by the attacking side in eight hours, after all +efforts had been expended. He knew that it was a lost battle and +that the least accident might now--with the fight balanced on such a +strained center--destroy him and his army. + +When he ran his mind over the whole of this strange Russian campaign +in which not one battle had been won, and in which not a flag, or +cannon, or army corps had been captured in two months, when he +looked at the concealed depression on the faces around him and heard +reports of the Russians still holding their ground--a terrible feeling +like a nightmare took possession of him, and all the unlucky accidents +that might destroy him occurred to his mind. The Russians might fall +on his left wing, might break through his center, he himself might +be killed by a stray cannon ball. All this was possible. In former +battles he had only considered the possibilities of success, but now +innumerable unlucky chances presented themselves, and he expected them +all. Yes, it was like a dream in which a man fancies that a ruffian is +coming to attack him, and raises his arm to strike that ruffian a +terrible blow which he knows should annihilate him, but then feels +that his arm drops powerless and limp like a rag, and the horror of +unavoidable destruction seizes him in his helplessness. + +The news that the Russians were attacking the left flank of the +French army aroused that horror in Napoleon. He sat silently on a +campstool below the knoll, with head bowed and elbows on his knees. +Berthier approached and suggested that they should ride along the line +to ascertain the position of affairs. + +"What? What do you say?" asked Napoleon. "Yes, tell them to bring me +my horse." + +He mounted and rode toward Semenovsk. + +Amid the powder smoke, slowly dispersing over the whole space +through which Napoleon rode, horses and men were lying in pools of +blood, singly or in heaps. Neither Napoleon nor any of his generals +had ever before seen such horrors or so many slain in such a small +area. The roar of guns, that had not ceased for ten hours, wearied the +ear and gave a peculiar significance to the spectacle, as music does +to tableaux vivants. Napoleon rode up the high ground at Semenovsk, +and through the smoke saw ranks of men in uniforms of a color +unfamiliar to him. They were Russians. + +The Russians stood in serried ranks behind Semenovsk village and its +knoll, and their guns boomed incessantly along their line and sent +forth clouds of smoke. It was no longer a battle: it was a +continuous slaughter which could be of no avail either to the French +or the Russians. Napoleon stopped his horse and again fell into the +reverie from which Berthier had aroused him. He could not stop what +was going on before him and around him and was supposed to be directed +by him and to depend on him, and from its lack of success this affair, +for the first time, seemed to him unnecessary and horrible. + +One of the generals rode up to Napoleon and ventured to offer to +lead the Old Guard into action. Ney and Berthier, standing near +Napoleon, exchanged looks and smiled contemptuously at this +general's senseless offer. + +Napoleon bowed his head and remained silent a long time. + +"At eight hundred leagues from France, I will not have my Guard +destroyed!" he said, and turning his horse rode back to Shevardino. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXV + + +On the rug-covered bench where Pierre had seen him in the morning +sat Kutuzov, his gray head hanging, his heavy body relaxed. He gave no +orders, but only assented to or dissented from what others suggested. + +"Yes, yes, do that," he replied to various proposals. "Yes, yes: go, +dear boy, and have a look," he would say to one or another of those +about him; or, "No, don't, we'd better wait!" He listened to the +reports that were brought him and gave directions when his +subordinates demanded that of him; but when listening to the reports +it seemed as if he were not interested in the import of the words +spoken, but rather in something else--in the expression of face and +tone of voice of those who were reporting. By long years of military +experience he knew, and with the wisdom of age understood, that it +is impossible for one man to direct hundreds of thousands of others +struggling with death, and he knew that the result of a battle is +decided not by the orders of a commander in chief, nor the place where +the troops are stationed, nor by the number of cannon or of +slaughtered men, but by that intangible force called the spirit of the +army, and he watched this force and guided it in as far as that was in +his power. + +Kutuzov's general expression was one of concentrated quiet +attention, and his face wore a strained look as if he found it +difficult to master the fatigue of his old and feeble body. + +At eleven o'clock they brought him news that the fleches captured by +the French had been retaken, but that Prince Bagration was wounded. +Kutuzov groaned and swayed his head. + +"Ride over to Prince Peter Ivanovich and find out about it exactly," +he said to one of his adjutants, and then turned to the Duke of +Wurttemberg who was standing behind him. + +"Will Your Highness please take command of the first army?" + +Soon after the duke's departure--before he could possibly have +reached Semenovsk--his adjutant came back from him and told Kutuzov +that the duke asked for more troops. + +Kutuzov made a grimace and sent an order to Dokhturov to take over +the command of the first army, and a request to the duke--whom he said +he could not spare at such an important moment--to return to him. When +they brought him news that Murat had been taken prisoner, and the +staff officers congratulated him, Kutuzov smiled. + +"Wait a little, gentlemen," said he. "The battle is won, and there +is nothing extraordinary in the capture of Murat. Still, it is +better to wait before we rejoice." + +But he sent an adjutant to take the news round the army. + +When Scherbinin came galloping from the left flank with news that +the French had captured the fleches and the village of Semenovsk, +Kutuzov, guessing by the sounds of the battle and by Scherbinin's +looks that the news was bad, rose as if to stretch his legs and, +taking Scherbinin's arm, led him aside. + +"Go, my dear fellow," he said to Ermolov, "and see whether something +can't be done." + +Kutuzov was in Gorki, near the center of the Russian position. The +attack directed by Napoleon against our left flank had been several +times repulsed. In the center the French had not got beyond +Borodino, and on their left flank Uvarov's cavalry had put the +French to flight. + +Toward three o'clock the French attacks ceased. On the faces of +all who came from the field of battle, and of those who stood around +him, Kutuzov noticed an expression of extreme tension. He was +satisfied with the day's success--a success exceeding his +expectations, but the old man's strength was failing him. Several +times his head dropped low as if it were falling and he dozed off. +Dinner was brought him. + +Adjutant General Wolzogen, the man who when riding past Prince +Andrew had said, "the war should be extended widely," and whom +Bagration so detested, rode up while Kutuzov was at dinner. Wolzogen +had come from Barclay de Tolly to report on the progress of affairs on +the left flank. The sagacious Barclay de Tolly, seeing crowds of +wounded men running back and the disordered rear of the army, +weighed all the circumstances, concluded that the battle was lost, and +sent his favorite officer to the commander in chief with that news. + +Kutuzov was chewing a piece of roast chicken with difficulty and +glanced at Wolzogen with eyes that brightened under their puckering +lids. + +Wolzogen, nonchalantly stretching his legs, approached Kutuzov +with a half-contemptuous smile on his lips, scarcely touching the peak +of his cap. + +He treated his Serene Highness with a somewhat affected +nonchalance intended to show that, as a highly trained military man, +he left it to Russians to make an idol of this useless old man, but +that he knew whom he was dealing with. "Der alte Herr" (as in their +own set the Germans called Kutuzov) "is making himself very +comfortable," thought Wolzogen, and looking severely at the dishes +in front of Kutuzov he began to report to "the old gentleman" the +position of affairs on the left flank as Barclay had ordered him to +and as he himself had seen and understood it. + +"All the points of our position are in the enemy's hands and we +cannot dislodge them for lack of troops, the men are running away +and it is impossible to stop them," he reported. + +Kutuzov ceased chewing and fixed an astonished gaze on Wolzogen, +as if not understand what was said to him. Wolzogen, noticing "the old +gentleman's" agitation, said with a smile: + +"I have not considered it right to conceal from your Serene Highness +what I have seen. The troops are in complete disorder..." + +"You have seen? You have seen?..." Kutuzov shouted frowning, and +rising quickly he went up to Wolzogen. + +"How... how dare you!..." he shouted, choking and making a +threatening gesture with his trembling arms: "How dare you, sir, say +that to me? You know nothing about it. Tell General Barclay from me +that his information is incorrect and that the real course of the +battle is better known to me, the commander in chief, than to him." + +Wolzogen was about to make a rejoinder, but Kutuzov interrupted him. + +"The enemy has been repulsed on the left and defeated on the right +flank. If you have seen amiss, sir, do not allow yourself to say +what you don't know! Be so good as to ride to General Barclay and +inform him of my firm intention to attack the enemy tomorrow," said +Kutuzov sternly. + +All were silent, and the only sound audible was the heavy +breathing of the panting old general. + +"They are repulsed everywhere, for which I thank God and our brave +army! The enemy is beaten, and tomorrow we shall drive him from the +sacred soil of Russia," said Kutuzov crossing himself, and he suddenly +sobbed as his eyes filled with tears. + +Wolzogen, shrugging his shoulders and curling his lips, stepped +silently aside, marveling at "the old gentleman's" conceited +stupidity. + +"Ah, here he is, my hero!" said Kutuzov to a portly, handsome, +dark-haired general who was just ascending the knoll. + +This was Raevski, who had spent the whole day at the most +important part of the field of Borodino. + +Raevski reported that the troops were firmly holding their ground +and that the French no longer ventured to attack. + +After hearing him, Kutuzov said in French: + +"Then you do not think, like some others, that we must retreat?" + +"On the contrary, your Highness, in indecisive actions it is +always the most stubborn who remain victors," replied Raevski, "and in +my opinion..." + +"Kaysarov!" Kutuzov called to his adjutant. "Sit down and write +out the order of the day for tomorrow. And you," he continued, +addressing another, "ride along the line and that tomorrow we attack." + +While Kutuzov was talking to Raevski and dictating the order of +the day, Wolzogen returned from Barclay and said that General +Barclay wished to have written confirmation of the order the field +marshal had given. + +Kutuzov, without looking at Wolzogen, gave directions for the +order to be written out which the former commander in chief, to +avoid personal responsibility, very judiciously wished to receive. + +And by means of that mysterious indefinable bond which maintains +throughout an army one and the same temper, known as "the spirit of +the army," and which constitutes the sinew of war, Kutuzov's words, +his order for a battle next day, immediately became known from one end +of the army to the other. + +It was far from being the same words or the same order that +reached the farthest links of that chain. The tales passing from mouth +to mouth at different ends of the army did not even resemble what +Kutuzov had said, but the sense of his words spread everywhere because +what he said was not the outcome of cunning calculations, but of a +feeling that lay in the commander in chief's soul as in that of +every Russian. + +And on learning that tomorrow they were to attack the enemy, and +hearing from the highest quarters a confirmation of what they wanted +to believe, the exhausted, wavering men felt comforted and inspirited. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVI + + +Prince Andrew's regiment was among the reserves which till after one +o'clock were stationed inactive behind Semenovsk, under heavy +artillery fire. Toward two o'clock the regiment, having already lost +more than two hundred men, was moved forward into a trampled +oatfield in the gap between Semenovsk and the Knoll Battery, where +thousands of men perished that day and on which an intense, +concentrated fire from several hundred enemy guns was directed between +one and two o'clock. + +Without moving from that spot or firing a single shot the regiment +here lost another third of its men. From in front and especially +from the right, in the unlifting smoke the guns boomed, and out of the +mysterious domain of smoke that overlay the whole space in front, +quick hissing cannon balls and slow whistling shells flew unceasingly. +At times, as if to allow them a respite, a quarter of an hour passed +during which the cannon balls and shells all flew overhead, but +sometimes several men were torn from the regiment in a minute and +the slain were continually being dragged away and the wounded +carried off. + +With each fresh blow less and less chance of life remained for those +not yet killed. The regiment stood in columns of battalion, three +hundred paces apart, but nevertheless the men were always in one and +the same mood. All alike were taciturn and morose. Talk was rarely +heard in the ranks, and it ceased altogether every time the thud of +a successful shot and the cry of "stretchers!" was heard. Most of +the time, by their officers' order, the men sat on the ground. One, +having taken off his shako, carefully loosened the gathers of its +lining and drew them tight again; another, rubbing some dry clay +between his palms, polished his bayonet; another fingered the strap +and pulled the buckle of his bandolier, while another smoothed and +refolded his leg bands and put his boots on again. Some built little +houses of the tufts in the plowed ground, or plaited baskets from +the straw in the cornfield. All seemed fully absorbed in these +pursuits. When men were killed or wounded, when rows of stretchers +went past, when some troops retreated, and when great masses of the +enemy came into view through the smoke, no one paid any attention to +these things. But when our artillery or cavalry advanced or some of +our infantry were seen to move forward, words of approval were heard +on all sides. But the liveliest attention was attracted by occurrences +quite apart from, and unconnected with, the battle. It was as if the +minds of these morally exhausted men found relief in everyday, +commonplace occurrences. A battery of artillery was passing in front +of the regiment. The horse of an ammunition cart put its leg over a +trace. "Hey, look at the trace horse!... Get her leg out! She'll +fall.... Ah, they don't see it!" came identical shouts from the +ranks all along the regiment. Another time, general attention was +attracted by a small brown dog, coming heaven knows whence, which +trotted in a preoccupied manner in front of the ranks with tail +stiffly erect till suddenly a shell fell close by, when it yelped, +tucked its tail between its legs, and darted aside. Yells and +shrieks of laughter rose from the whole regiment. But such +distractions lasted only a moment, and for eight hours the men had +been inactive, without food, in constant fear of death, and their pale +and gloomy faces grew ever paler and gloomier. + +Prince Andrew, pale and gloomy like everyone in the regiment, +paced up and down from the border of one patch to another, at the edge +of the meadow beside an oatfield, with head bowed and arms behind +his back. There was nothing for him to do and no orders to be given. +Everything went on of itself. The killed were dragged from the +front, the wounded carried away, and the ranks closed up. If any +soldiers ran to the rear they returned immediately and hastily. At +first Prince Andrew, considering it his duty to rouse the courage of +the men and to set them an example, walked about among the ranks, +but he soon became convinced that this was unnecessary and that +there was nothing he could teach them. All the powers of his soul, +as of every soldier there, were unconsciously bent on avoiding the +contemplation of the horrors of their situation. He walked along the +meadow, dragging his feet, rustling the grass, and gazing at the +dust that covered his boots; now he took big strides trying to keep to +the footprints left on the meadow by the mowers, then he counted his +steps, calculating how often he must walk from one strip to another to +walk a mile, then he stripped the flowers from the wormwood that +grew along a boundary rut, rubbed them in his palms, and smelled their +pungent, sweetly bitter scent. Nothing remained of the previous +day's thoughts. He thought of nothing. He listened with weary ears +to the ever-recurring sounds, distinguishing the whistle of flying +projectiles from the booming of the reports, glanced at the tiresomely +familiar faces of the men of the first battalion, and waited. "Here it +comes... this one is coming our way again!" he thought, listening to +an approaching whistle in the hidden region of smoke. "One, another! +Again! It has hit...." He stopped and looked at the ranks. "No, it has +gone over. But this one has hit!" And again he started trying to reach +the boundary strip in sixteen paces. A whizz and a thud! Five paces +from him, a cannon ball tore up the dry earth and disappeared. A chill +ran down his back. Again he glanced at the ranks. Probably many had +been hit--a large crowd had gathered near the second battalion. + +"Adjutant!" he shouted. "Order them not to crowd together." + +The adjutant, having obeyed this instruction, approached Prince +Andrew. From the other side a battalion commander rode up. + +"Look out!" came a frightened cry from a soldier and, like a bird +whirring in rapid flight and alighting on the ground, a shell +dropped with little noise within two steps of Prince Andrew and +close to the battalion commander's horse. The horse first, +regardless of whether it was right or wrong to show fear, snorted, +reared almost throwing the major, and galloped aside. The horse's +terror infected the men. + +"Lie down!" cried the adjutant, throwing himself flat on the ground. + +Prince Andrew hesitated. The smoking shell spun like a top between +him and the prostrate adjutant, near a wormwood plant between the +field and the meadow. + +"Can this be death?" thought Prince Andrew, looking with a quite +new, envious glance at the grass, the wormwood, and the streamlet of +smoke that curled up from the rotating black ball. "I cannot, I do not +wish to die. I love life--I love this grass, this earth, this air...." +He thought this, and at the same time remembered that people were +looking at him. + +"It's shameful, sir!" he said to the adjutant. "What..." + +He did not finish speaking. At one and the same moment came the +sound of an explosion, a whistle of splinters as from a breaking +window frame, a suffocating smell of powder, and Prince Andrew started +to one side, raising his arm, and fell on his chest. Several +officers ran up to him. From the right side of his abdomen, blood +was welling out making a large stain on the grass. + +The militiamen with stretchers who were called up stood behind the +officers. Prince Andrew lay on his chest with his face in the grass, +breathing heavily and noisily. + +"What are you waiting for? Come along!" + +The peasants went up and took him by his shoulders and legs, but +he moaned piteously and, exchanging looks, they set him down again. + +"Pick him up, lift him, it's all the same!" cried someone. + +They again took him by the shoulders and laid him on the stretcher. + +"Ah, God! My God! What is it? The stomach? That means death! My +God!"--voices among the officers were heard saying. + +"It flew a hair's breadth past my ear," said the adjutant. + +The peasants, adjusting the stretcher to their shoulders, started +hurriedly along the path they had trodden down, to the dressing +station. + +"Keep in step! Ah... those peasants!" shouted an officer, seizing by +their shoulders and checking the peasants, who were walking unevenly +and jolting the stretcher. + +"Get into step, Fedor... I say, Fedor!" said the foremost peasant. + +"Now that's right!" said the one behind joyfully, when he had got +into step. + +"Your excellency! Eh, Prince!" said the trembling voice of Timokhin, +who had run up and was looking down on the stretcher. + +Prince Andrew opened his eyes and looked up at the speaker from +the stretcher into which his head had sunk deep and again his +eyelids drooped. + + +The militiamen carried Prince Andrew to dressing station by the +wood, where wagons were stationed. The dressing station consisted of +three tents with flaps turned back, pitched at the edge of a birch +wood. In the wood, wagons and horses were standing. The horses were +eating oats from their movable troughs and sparrows flew down and +pecked the grains that fell. Some crows, scenting blood, flew among +the birch trees cawing impatiently. Around the tents, over more than +five acres, bloodstained men in various garbs stood, sat, or lay. +Around the wounded stood crowds of soldier stretcher-bearers with +dismal and attentive faces, whom the officers keeping order tried in +vain to drive from the spot. Disregarding the officers' orders, the +soldiers stood leaning against their stretchers and gazing intently, +as if trying to comprehend the difficult problem of what was taking +place before them. From the tents came now loud angry cries and now +plaintive groans. Occasionally dressers ran out to fetch water, or +to point out those who were to be brought in next. The wounded men +awaiting their turn outside the tents groaned, sighed, wept, screamed, +swore, or asked for vodka. Some were delirious. Prince Andrew's +bearers, stepping over the wounded who had not yet been bandaged, took +him, as a regimental commander, close up to one of the tents and there +stopped, awaiting instructions. Prince Andrew opened his eyes and +for a long time could not make out what was going on around him. He +remembered the meadow, the wormwood, the field, the whirling black +ball, and his sudden rush of passionate love of life. Two steps from +him, leaning against a branch and talking loudly and attracting +general attention, stood a tall, handsome, black-haired +noncommissioned officer with a bandaged head. He had been wounded in +the head and leg by bullets. Around him, eagerly listening to his +talk, a crowd of wounded and stretcher-bearers was gathered. + +"We kicked him out from there so that he chucked everything, we +grabbed the King himself!" cried he, looking around him with eyes that +glittered with fever. "If only reserves had come up just then, lads, +there wouldn't have been nothing left of him! I tell you surely..." + +Like all the others near the speaker, Prince Andrew looked at him +with shining eyes and experienced a sense of comfort. "But isn't it +all the same now?" thought he. "And what will be there, and what has +there been here? Why was I so reluctant to part with life? There was +something in this life I did not and do not understand." + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVII + + +One of the doctors came out of the tent in a bloodstained apron, +holding a cigar between the thumb and little finger of one of his +small bloodstained hands, so as not to smear it. He raised his head +and looked about him, but above the level of the wounded men. He +evidently wanted a little respite. After turning his head from right +to left for some time, he sighed and looked down. + +"All right, immediately," he replied to a dresser who pointed Prince +Andrew out to him, and he told them to carry him into the tent. + +Murmurs arose among the wounded who were waiting. + +"It seems that even in the next world only the gentry are to have +a chance!" remarked one. + +Prince Andrew was carried in and laid on a table that had only +just been cleared and which a dresser was washing down. Prince +Andrew could not make out distinctly what was in that tent. The +pitiful groans from all sides and the torturing pain in his thigh, +stomach, and back distracted him. All he saw about him merged into a +general impression of naked, bleeding human bodies that seemed to fill +the whole of the low tent, as a few weeks previously, on that hot +August day, such bodies had filled the dirty pond beside the +Smolensk road. Yes, it was the same flesh, the same chair a canon, the +sight of which had even then filled him with horror, as by a +presentiment. + +There were three operating tables in the tent. Two were occupied, +and on the third they placed Prince Andrew. For a little while he +was left alone and involuntarily witnessed what was taking place on +the other two tables. On the nearest one sat a Tartar, probably a +Cossack, judging by the uniform thrown down beside him. Four +soldiers were holding him, and a spectacled doctor was cutting into +his muscular brown back. + +"Ooh, ooh, ooh!" grunted the Tartar, and suddenly lifting up his +swarthy snub-nosed face with its high cheekbones, and baring his white +teeth, he began to wriggle and twitch his body and utter piercing, +ringing, and prolonged yells. On the other table, round which many +people were crowding, a tall well-fed man lay on his back with his +head thrown back. His curly hair, its color, and the shape of his head +seemed strangely familiar to Prince Andrew. Several dressers were +pressing on his chest to hold him down. One large, white, plump leg +twitched rapidly all the time with a feverish tremor. The man was +sobbing and choking convulsively. Two doctors--one of whom was pale +and trembling--were silently doing something to this man's other, gory +leg. When he had finished with the Tartar, whom they covered with an +overcoat, the spectacled doctor came up to Prince Andrew, wiping his +hands. + +He glanced at Prince Andrew's face and quickly turned away. + +"Undress him! What are you waiting for?" he cried angrily to the +dressers. + +His very first, remotest recollections of childhood came back to +Prince Andrew's mind when the dresser with sleeves rolled up began +hastily to undo the buttons of his clothes and undressed him. The +doctor bent down over the wound, felt it, and sighed deeply. Then he +made a sign to someone, and the torturing pain in his abdomen caused +Prince Andrew to lose consciousness. When he came to himself the +splintered portions of his thighbone had been extracted, the torn +flesh cut away, and the wound bandaged. Water was being sprinkled on +his face. As soon as Prince Andrew opened his eyes, the doctor bent +over, kissed him silently on the lips, and hurried away. + +After the sufferings he had been enduring, Prince Andrew enjoyed a +blissful feeling such as he had not experienced for a long time. All +the best and happiest moments of his life--especially his earliest +childhood, when he used to be undressed and put to bed, and when +leaning over him his nurse sang him to sleep and he, burying his +head in the pillow, felt happy in the mere consciousness of life- +returned to his memory, not merely as something past but as +something present. + +The doctors were busily engaged with the wounded man the shape of +whose head seemed familiar to Prince Andrew: they were lifting him +up and trying to quiet him. + +"Show it to me.... Oh, ooh... Oh! Oh, ooh!" his frightened moans +could be heard, subdued by suffering and broken by sobs. + +Hearing those moans Prince Andrew wanted to weep. +Whether because he was dying without glory, or because he was sorry to +part with life, or because of those memories of a childhood that could +not return, or because he was suffering and others were suffering +and that man near him was groaning so piteously--he felt like +weeping childlike, kindly, and almost happy tears. + +The wounded man was shown his amputated leg stained with clotted +blood and with the boot still on. + +"Oh! Oh, ooh!" he sobbed, like a woman. + +The doctor who had been standing beside him, preventing Prince +Andrew from seeing his face, moved away. + +"My God! What is this? Why is he here?" said Prince Andrew to +himself. + +In the miserable, sobbing, enfeebled man whose leg had just been +amputated, he recognized Anatole Kuragin. Men were supporting him in +their arms and offering him a glass of water, but his trembling, +swollen lips could not grasp its rim. Anatole was sobbing painfully. +"Yes, it is he! Yes, that man is somehow closely and painfully +connected with me," thought Prince Andrew, not yet clearly grasping +what he saw before him. "What is the connection of that man with my +childhood and life?" he asked himself without finding an answer. And +suddenly a new unexpected memory from that realm of pure and loving +childhood presented itself to him. He remembered Natasha as he had +seen her for the first time at the ball in 1810, with her slender neck +and arms and with a frightened happy face ready for rapture, and +love and tenderness for her, stronger and more vivid than ever, +awoke in his soul. He now remembered the connection that existed +between himself and this man who was dimly gazing at him through tears +that filled his swollen eyes. He remembered everything, and ecstatic +pity and love for that man overflowed his happy heart. + +Prince Andrew could no longer restrain himself and wept tender +loving tears for his fellow men, for himself, and for his own and +their errors. + +"Compassion, love of our brothers, for those who love us and for +those who hate us, love of our enemies; yes, that love which God +preached on earth and which Princess Mary taught me and I did not +understand--that is what made me sorry to part with life, that is what +remained for me had I lived. But now it is too late. I know it!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVIII + + +The terrible spectacle of the battlefield covered with dead and +wounded, together with the heaviness of his head and the news that +some twenty generals he knew personally had been killed or wounded, +and the consciousness of the impotence of his once mighty arm, +produced an unexpected impression on Napoleon who usually liked to +look at the killed and wounded, thereby, he considered, testing his +strength of mind. This day the horrible appearance of the +battlefield overcame that strength of mind which he thought +constituted his merit and his greatness. He rode hurriedly from the +battlefield and returned to the Shevardino knoll, where he sat on +his campstool, his sallow face swollen and heavy, his eyes dim, his +nose red, and his voice hoarse, involuntarily listening, with downcast +eyes, to the sounds of firing. With painful dejection he awaited the +end of this action, in which he regarded himself as a participant +and which he was unable to arrest. A personal, human feeling for a +brief moment got the better of the artificial phantasm of life he +had served so long. He felt in his own person the sufferings and death +he had witnessed on the battlefield. The heaviness of his head and +chest reminded him of the possibility of suffering and death for +himself. At that moment he did not desire Moscow, or victory, or glory +(what need had he for any more glory?). The one thing he wished for +was rest, tranquillity, and freedom. But when he had been on the +Semenovsk heights the artillery commander had proposed to him to bring +several batteries of artillery up to those heights to strengthen the +fire on the Russian troops crowded in front of Knyazkovo. Napoleon had +assented and had given orders that news should be brought to him of +the effect those batteries produced. + +An adjutant came now to inform him that the fire of two hundred guns +had been concentrated on the Russians, as he had ordered, but that +they still held their ground. + +"Our fire is mowing them down by rows, but still they hold on," said +the adjutant. + +"They want more!..." said Napoleon in a hoarse voice. + +"Sire?" asked the adjutant who had not heard the remark. + +"They want more!" croaked Napoleon frowning. "Let them have it!" + +Even before he gave that order the thing he did not desire, and +for which he gave the order only because he thought it was expected of +him, was being done. And he fell back into that artificial realm of +imaginary greatness, and again--as a horse walking a treadmill +thinks it is doing something for itself--he submissively fulfilled the +cruel, sad, gloomy, and inhuman role predestined for him. + +And not for that day and hour alone were the mind and conscience +darkened of this man on whom the responsibility for what was happening +lay more than on all the others who took part in it. Never to the +end of his life could he understand goodness, beauty, or truth, or the +significance of his actions which were too contrary to goodness and +truth, too remote from everything human, for him ever to be able to +grasp their meaning. He could not disavow his actions, belauded as +they were by half the world, and so he had to repudiate truth, +goodness, and all humanity. + +Not only on that day, as he rode over the battlefield strewn with +men killed and maimed (by his will as he believed), did he reckon as +he looked at them how many Russians there were for each Frenchman and, +deceiving himself, find reason for rejoicing in the calculation that +there were five Russians for every Frenchman. Not on that day alone +did he write in a letter to Paris that "the battle field was +superb," because fifty thousand corpses lay there, but even on the +island of St. Helena in the peaceful solitude where he said he +intended to devote his leisure to an account of the great deeds he had +done, he wrote: + + +The Russian war should have been the most popular war of modern +times: it was a war of good sense, for real interests, for the +tranquillity and security of all; it was purely pacific and +conservative. + +It was a war for a great cause, the end of uncertainties and the +beginning of security. A new horizon and new labors were opening +out, full of well-being and prosperity for all. The European system +was already founded; all that remained was to organize it. + +Satisfied on these great points and with tranquility everywhere, I +too should have had my Congress and my Holy Alliance. Those ideas were +stolen from me. In that reunion of great sovereigns we should have +discussed our interests like one family, and have rendered account +to the peoples as clerk to master. + +Europe would in this way soon have been, in fact, but one people, +and anyone who traveled anywhere would have found himself always in +the common fatherland. I should have demanded the freedom of all +navigable rivers for everybody, that the seas should be common to all, +and that the great standing armies should be reduced henceforth to +mere guards for the sovereigns. + +On returning to France, to the bosom of the great, strong, +magnificent, peaceful, and glorious fatherland, I should have +proclaimed her frontiers immutable; all future wars purely +defensive, all aggrandizement antinational. I should have associated +my son in the Empire; my dictatorship would have been finished, and +his constitutional reign would have begun. + +Paris would have been the capital of the world, and the French the +envy of the nations! + +My leisure then, and my old age, would have been devoted, in company +with the Empress and during the royal apprenticeship of my son, to +leisurely visiting, with our own horses and like a true country +couple, every corner of the Empire, receiving complaints, redressing +wrongs, and scattering public buildings and benefactions on all +sides and everywhere. + + +Napoleon, predestined by Providence for the gloomy role of +executioner of the peoples, assured himself that the aim of his +actions had been the peoples' welfare and that he could control the +fate of millions and by the employment of power confer benefactions. + + +"Of four hundred thousand who crossed the Vistula," he wrote further +of the Russian war, "half were Austrians, Prussians, Saxons, Poles, +Bavarians, Wurttembergers, Mecklenburgers, Spaniards, Italians, and +Neapolitans. The Imperial army, strictly speaking, was one third +composed of Dutch, Belgians, men from the borders of the Rhine, +Piedmontese, Swiss, Genevese, Tuscans, Romans, inhabitants of the +Thirty-second Military Division, of Bremen, of Hamburg, and so on: +it included scarcely a hundred and forty thousand who spoke French. +The Russian expedition actually cost France less than fifty thousand +men; the Russian army in its retreat from Vilna to Moscow lost in +the various battles four times more men than the French army; the +burning of Moscow cost the lives of a hundred thousand Russians who +died of cold and want in the woods; finally, in its march from +Moscow to the Oder the Russian army also suffered from the severity of +the season; so that by the the time it reached Vilna it numbered +only fifty thousand, and at Kalisch less than eighteen thousand." + + +He imagined that the war with Russia came about by his will, and the +horrors that occurred did not stagger his soul. He boldly took the +whole responsibility for what happened, and his darkened mind found +justification in the belief that among the hundreds of thousands who +perished there were fewer Frenchmen than Hessians and Bavarians. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIX + + +Several tens of thousands of the slain lay in diverse postures and +various uniforms on the fields and meadows belonging to the Davydov +family and to the crown serfs--those fields and meadows where for +hundreds of years the peasants of Borodino, Gorki, Shevardino, and +Semenovsk had reaped their harvests and pastured their cattle. At +the dressing stations the grass and earth were soaked with blood for a +space of some three acres around. Crowds of men of various arms, +wounded and unwounded, with frightened faces, dragged themselves +back to Mozhaysk from the one army and back to Valuevo from the other. +Other crowds, exhausted and hungry, went forward led by their +officers. Others held their ground and continued to fire. + +Over the whole field, previously so gaily beautiful with the glitter +of bayonets and cloudlets of smoke in the morning sun, there now +spread a mist of damp and smoke and a strange acid smell of +saltpeter and blood. Clouds gathered and drops of rain began to fall +on the dead and wounded, on the frightened, exhausted, and +hesitating men, as if to say: "Enough, men! Enough! Cease... bethink +yourselves! What are you doing?" + +To the men of both sides alike, worn out by want of food and rest, +it began equally to appear doubtful whether they should continue to +slaughter one another; all the faces expressed hesitation, and the +question arose in every soul: "For what, for whom, must I kill and +be killed?... You may go and kill whom you please, but I don't want to +do so anymore!" By evening this thought had ripened in every soul. +At any moment these men might have been seized with horror at what +they were doing and might have thrown up everything and run away +anywhere. + +But though toward the end of the battle the men felt all the +horror of what they were doing, though they would have been glad to +leave off, some incomprehensible, mysterious power continued to +control them, and they still brought up the charges, loaded, aimed, +and applied the match, though only one artilleryman survived out of +every three, and though they stumbled and panted with fatigue, +perspiring and stained with blood and powder. The cannon balls flew +just as swiftly and cruelly from both sides, crushing human bodies, +and that terrible work which was not done by the will of a man but +at the will of Him who governs men and worlds continued. + +Anyone looking at the disorganized rear of the Russian army would +have said that, if only the French made one more slight effort, it +would disappear; and anyone looking at the rear of the French army +would have said that the Russians need only make one more slight +effort and the French would be destroyed. But neither the French nor +the Russians made that effort, and the flame of battle burned slowly +out. + +The Russians did not make that effort because they were not +attacking the French. At the beginning of the battle they stood +blocking the way to Moscow and they still did so at the end of the +battle as at the beginning. But even had the aim of the Russians +been to drive the French from their positions, they could not have +made this last effort, for all the Russian troops had been broken +up, there was no part of the Russian army that had not suffered in the +battle, and though still holding their positions they had lost ONE +HALF of their army. + +The French, with the memory of all their former victories during +fifteen years, with the assurance of Napoleon's invincibility, with +the consciousness that they had captured part of the battlefield and +had lost only a quarter of their men and still had their Guards +intact, twenty thousand strong, might easily have made that effort. +The French had attacked the Russian army in order to drive it from its +position ought to have made that effort, for as long as the Russians +continued to block the road to Moscow as before, the aim of the French +had not been attained and all their efforts and losses were in vain. +But the French did not make that effort. Some historians say that +Napoleon need only have used his Old Guards, who were intact, and +the battle would have been won. To speak of what would have happened +had Napoleon sent his Guards is like talking of what would happen if +autumn became spring. It could not be. Napoleon did not give his +Guards, not because he did not want to, but because it could not be +done. All the generals, officers, and soldiers of the French army knew +it could not be done, because the flagging spirit of the troops +would not permit it. + +It was not Napoleon alone who had experienced that nightmare feeling +of the mighty arm being stricken powerless, but all the generals and +soldiers of his army whether they had taken part in the battle or not, +after all their experience of previous battles--when after one tenth +of such efforts the enemy had fled--experienced a similar feeling of +terror before an enemy who, after losing HALF his men, stood as +threateningly at the end as at the beginning of the battle. The +moral force of the attacking French army was exhausted. Not that +sort of victory which is defined by the capture of pieces of +material fastened to sticks, called standards, and of the ground on +which the troops had stood and were standing, but a moral victory that +convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his opponent and of +his own impotence was gained by the Russians at Borodino. The French +invaders, like an infuriated animal that has in its onslaught received +a mortal wound, felt that they were perishing, but could not stop, any +more than the Russian army, weaker by one half, could help swerving. +By impetus gained, the French army was still able to roll forward to +Moscow, but there, without further effort on the part of the Russians, +it had to perish, bleeding from the mortal wound it had received at +Borodino. The direct consequence of the battle of Borodino was +Napoleon's senseless flight from Moscow, his retreat along the old +Smolensk road, the destruction of the invading army of five hundred +thousand men, and the downfall of Napoleonic France, on which at +Borodino for the first time the hand of an opponent of stronger spirit +had been laid. + + + + + +BOOK ELEVEN: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Absolute continuity of motion is not comprehensible to the human +mind. Laws of motion of any kind become comprehensible to man only +when he examines arbitrarily selected elements of that motion; but +at the same time, a large proportion of human error comes from the +arbitrary division of continuous motion into discontinuous elements. +There is a well known, so-called sophism of the ancients consisting in +this, that Achilles could never catch up with a tortoise he was +following, in spite of the fact that he traveled ten times as fast +as the tortoise. By the time Achilles has covered the distance that +separated him from the tortoise, the tortoise has covered one tenth of +that distance ahead of him: when Achilles has covered that tenth, +the tortoise has covered another one hundredth, and so on forever. +This problem seemed to the ancients insoluble. The absurd answer (that +Achilles could never overtake the tortoise) resulted from this: that +motion was arbitrarily divided into discontinuous elements, whereas +the motion both of Achilles and of the tortoise was continuous. + +By adopting smaller and smaller elements of motion we only +approach a solution of the problem, but never reach it. Only when we +have admitted the conception of the infinitely small, and the +resulting geometrical progression with a common ratio of one tenth, +and have found the sum of this progression to infinity, do we reach +a solution of the problem. + +A modern branch of mathematics having achieved the art of dealing +with the infinitely small can now yield solutions in other more +complex problems of motion which used to appear insoluble. + +This modern branch of mathematics, unknown to the ancients, when +dealing with problems of motion admits the conception of the +infinitely small, and so conforms to the chief condition of motion +(absolute continuity) and thereby corrects the inevitable error +which the human mind cannot avoid when it deals with separate elements +of motion instead of examining continuous motion. + +In seeking the laws of historical movement just the same thing +happens. The movement of humanity, arising as it does from innumerable +arbitrary human wills, is continuous. + +To understand the laws of this continuous movement is the aim of +history. But to arrive at these laws, resulting from the sum of all +those human wills, man's mind postulates arbitrary and disconnected +units. The first method of history is to take an arbitrarily +selected series of continuous events and examine it apart from others, +though there is and can be no beginning to any event, for one event +always flows uninterruptedly from another. + +The second method is to consider the actions of some one man--a king +or a commander--as equivalent to the sum of many individual wills; +whereas the sum of individual wills is never expressed by the activity +of a single historic personage. + +Historical science in its endeavor to draw nearer to truth +continually takes smaller and smaller units for examination. But +however small the units it takes, we feel that to take any unit +disconnected from others, or to assume a beginning of any +phenomenon, or to say that the will of many men is expressed by the +actions of any one historic personage, is in itself false. + +It needs no critical exertion to reduce utterly to dust any +deductions drawn from history. It is merely necessary to select some +larger or smaller unit as the subject of observation--as criticism has +every right to do, seeing that whatever unit history observes must +always be arbitrarily selected. + +Only by taking infinitesimally small units for observation (the +differential of history, that is, the individual tendencies of men) +and attaining to the art of integrating them (that is, finding the sum +of these infinitesimals) can we hope to arrive at the laws of history. + +The first fifteen years of the nineteenth century in Europe +present an extraordinary movement of millions of people. Men leave +their customary pursuits, hasten from one side of Europe to the other, +plunder and slaughter one another, triumph and are plunged in despair, +and for some years the whole course of life is altered and presents an +intensive movement which first increases and then slackens. What was +the cause of this movement, by what laws was it governed? asks the +mind of man. + +The historians, replying to this question, lay before us the sayings +and doings of a few dozen men in a building in the city of Paris, +calling these sayings and doings "the Revolution"; then they give a +detailed biography of Napoleon and of certain people favorable or +hostile to him; tell of the influence some of these people had on +others, and say: that is why this movement took place and those are +its laws. + +But the mind of man not only refuses to believe this explanation, +but plainly says that this method of explanation is fallacious, +because in it a weaker phenomenon is taken as the cause of a stronger. +The sum of human wills produced the Revolution and Napoleon, and +only the sum of those wills first tolerated and then destroyed them. + +"But every time there have been conquests there have been +conquerors; every time there has been a revolution in any state +there have been great men," says history. And, indeed, human reason +replies: every time conquerors appear there have been wars, but this +does not prove that the conquerors caused the wars and that it is +possible to find the laws of a war in the personal activity of a +single man. Whenever I look at my watch and its hands point to ten, +I hear the bells of the neighboring church; but because the bells +begin to ring when the hands of the clock reach ten, I have no right +to assume that the movement of the bells is caused by the position +of the hands of the watch. + +Whenever I see the movement of a locomotive I hear the whistle and +see the valves opening and wheels turning; but I have no right to +conclude that the whistling and the turning of wheels are the cause of +the movement of the engine. + +The peasants say that a cold wind blows in late spring because the +oaks are budding, and really every spring cold winds do blow when +the oak is budding. But though I do not know what causes the cold +winds to blow when the oak buds unfold, I cannot agree with the +peasants that the unfolding of the oak buds is the cause of the cold +wind, for the force of the wind is beyond the influence of the buds. I +see only a coincidence of occurrences such as happens with all the +phenomena of life, and I see that however much and however carefully I +observe the hands of the watch, and the valves and wheels of the +engine, and the oak, I shall not discover the cause of the bells +ringing, the engine moving, or of the winds of spring. To that I +must entirely change my point of view and study the laws of the +movement of steam, of the bells, and of the wind. History must do +the same. And attempts in this direction have already been made. + +To study the laws of history we must completely change the subject +of our observation, must leave aside kings, ministers, and generals, +and the common, infinitesimally small elements by which the masses are +moved. No one can say in how far it is possible for man to advance +in this way toward an understanding of the laws of history; but it +is evident that only along that path does the possibility of +discovering the laws of history lie, and that as yet not a millionth +part as much mental effort has been applied in this direction by +historians as has been devoted to describing the actions of various +kings, commanders, and ministers and propounding the historians' own +reflections concerning these actions. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +The forces of a dozen European nations burst into Russia. The +Russian army and people avoided a collision till Smolensk was reached, +and again from Smolensk to Borodino. The French army pushed on to +Moscow, its goal, its impetus ever increasing as it neared its aim, +just as the velocity of a falling body increases as it approaches +the earth. Behind it were seven hundred miles of hunger-stricken, +hostile country; ahead were a few dozen miles separating it from its +goal. Every soldier in Napoleon's army felt this and the invasion +moved on by its own momentum. + +The more the Russian army retreated the more fiercely a spirit of +hatred of the enemy flared up, and while it retreated the army +increased and consolidated. At Borodino a collision took place. +Neither army was broken up, but the Russian army retreated immediately +after the collision as inevitably as a ball recoils after colliding +with another having a greater momentum, and with equal inevitability +the ball of invasion that had advanced with such momentum rolled on +for some distance, though the collision had deprived it of all its +force. + +The Russians retreated eighty miles--to beyond Moscow--and the +French reached Moscow and there came to a standstill. For five weeks +after that there was not a single battle. The French did not move. +As a bleeding, mortally wounded animal licks its wounds, they remained +inert in Moscow for five weeks, and then suddenly, with no fresh +reason, fled back: they made a dash for the Kaluga road, and (after +a victory--for at Malo-Yaroslavets the field of conflict again +remained theirs) without undertaking a single serious battle, they +fled still more rapidly back to Smolensk, beyond Smolensk, beyond +the Berezina, beyond Vilna, and farther still. + +On the evening of the twenty-sixth of August, Kutuzov and the +whole Russian army were convinced that the battle of Borodino was a +victory. Kutuzov reported so to the Emperor. He gave orders to prepare +for a fresh conflict to finish the enemy and did this not to deceive +anyone, but because he knew that the enemy was beaten, as everyone who +had taken part in the battle knew it. + +But all that evening and next day reports came in one after +another of unheard-of losses, of the loss of half the army, and a +fresh battle proved physically impossible. + +It was impossible to give battle before information had been +collected, the wounded gathered in, the supplies of ammunition +replenished, the slain reckoned up, new officers appointed to +replace those who had been killed, and before the men had had food and +sleep. And meanwhile, the very next morning after the battle, the +French army advanced of itself upon the Russians, carried forward by +the force of its own momentum now seemingly increased in inverse +proportion to the square of the distance from its aim. Kutuzov's +wish was to attack next day, and the whole army desired to do so. +But to make an attack the wish to do so is not sufficient, there +must also be a possibility of doing it, and that possibility did not +exist. It was impossible not to retreat a day's march, and then in the +same way it was impossible not to retreat another and a third day's +march, and at last, on the first of September when the army drew +near Moscow--despite the strength of the feeling that had arisen in +all ranks--the force of circumstances compelled it to retire beyond +Moscow. And the troops retired one more, last, day's march, and +abandoned Moscow to the enemy. + +For people accustomed to think that plans of campaign and battles +are made by generals--as any one of us sitting over a map in his study +may imagine how he would have arranged things in this or that +battle--the questions present themselves: Why did Kutuzov during the +retreat not do this or that? Why did he not take up a position +before reaching Fili? Why did he not retire at once by the Kaluga +road, abandoning Moscow? and so on. People accustomed to think in that +way forget, or do not know, the inevitable conditions which always +limit the activities of any commander in chief. The activity of a +commander in chief does not all resemble the activity we imagine to +ourselves when we sit at case in our studies examining some campaign +on the map, with a certain number of troops on this and that side in a +certain known locality, and begin our plans from some given moment. +A commander in chief is never dealing with the beginning of any event- +the position from which we always contemplate it. The commander in +chief is always in the midst of a series of shifting events and so +he never can at any moment consider the whole import of an event +that is occurring. Moment by moment the event is imperceptibly shaping +itself, and at every moment of this continuous, uninterrupted +shaping of events the commander in chief is in the midst of a most +complex play of intrigues, worries, contingencies, authorities, +projects, counsels, threats, and deceptions and is continually obliged +to reply to innumerable questions addressed to him, which constantly +conflict with one another. + +Learned military authorities quite seriously tell us that Kutuzov +should have moved his army to the Kaluga road long before reaching +Fili, and that somebody actually submitted such a proposal to him. But +a commander in chief, especially at a difficult moment, has always +before him not one proposal but dozens simultaneously. And all these +proposals, based on strategics and tactics, contradict each other. + +A commander in chief's business, it would seem, is simply to +choose one of these projects. But even that he cannot do. Events and +time do not wait. For instance, on the twenty-eighth it is suggested +to him to cross to the Kaluga road, but just then an adjutant +gallops up from Miloradovich asking whether he is to engage the French +or retire. An order must be given him at once, that instant. And the +order to retreat carries us past the turn to the Kaluga road. And +after the adjutant comes the commissary general asking where the +stores are to be taken, and the chief of the hospitals asks where +the wounded are to go, and a courier from Petersburg brings a letter +from the sovereign which does not admit of the possibility of +abandoning Moscow, and the commander in chief's rival, the man who +is undermining him (and there are always not merely one but several +such), presents a new project diametrically opposed to that of turning +to the Kaluga road, and the commander in chief himself needs sleep and +refreshment to maintain his energy and a respectable general who has +been overlooked in the distribution of rewards comes to complain, +and the inhabitants of the district pray to be defended, and an +officer sent to inspect the locality comes in and gives a report quite +contrary to what was said by the officer previously sent; and a spy, a +prisoner, and a general who has been on reconnaissance, all describe +the position of the enemy's army differently. People accustomed to +misunderstand or to forget these inevitable conditions of a +commander in chief's actions describe to us, for instance, the +position of the army at Fili and assume that the commander in chief +could, on the first of September, quite freely decide whether to +abandon Moscow or defend it; whereas, with the Russian army less +than four miles from Moscow, no such question existed. When had that +question been settled? At Drissa and at Smolensk and most palpably +of all on the twenty-fourth of August at Shevardino and on the +twenty-sixth at Borodino, and each day and hour and minute of the +retreat from Borodino to Fili. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +When Ermolov, having been sent by Kutuzov to inspect the position, +told the field marshal that it was impossible to fight there before +Moscow and that they must retreat, Kutuzov looked at him in silence. + +"Give me your hand," said he and, turning it over so as to feel +the pulse, added: "You are not well, my dear fellow. Think what you +are saying!" + +Kutuzov could not yet admit the possibility of retreating beyond +Moscow without a battle. + +On the Poklonny Hill, four miles from the Dorogomilov gate of +Moscow, Kutuzov got out of his carriage and sat down on a bench by the +roadside. A great crowd of generals gathered round him, and Count +Rostopchin, who had come out from Moscow, joined them. This +brilliant company separated into several groups who all discussed +the advantages and disadvantages of the position, the state of the +army, the plans suggested, the situation of Moscow, and military +questions generally. Though they had not been summoned for the +purpose, and though it was not so called, they all felt that this +was really a council of war. The conversations all dealt with public +questions. If anyone gave or asked for personal news, it was done in a +whisper and they immediately reverted to general matters. No jokes, or +laughter, or smiles even, were seen among all these men. They +evidently all made an effort to hold themselves at the height the +situation demanded. And all these groups, while talking among +themselves, tried to keep near the commander in chief (whose bench +formed the center of the gathering) and to speak so that he might +overhear them. The commander in chief listened to what was being +said and sometimes asked them to repeat their remarks, but did not +himself take part in the conversations or express any opinion. After +hearing what was being said by one or other of these groups he +generally turned away with an air of disappointment, as though they +were not speaking of anything he wished to hear. Some discussed the +position that had been chosen, criticizing not the position itself +so much as the mental capacity of those who had chosen it. Others +argued that a mistake had been made earlier and that a battle should +have been fought two days before. Others again spoke of the battle +of Salamanca, which was described by Crosart, a newly arrived +Frenchman in a Spanish uniform. (This Frenchman and one of the +German princes serving with the Russian army were discussing the siege +of Saragossa and considering the possibility of defending Moscow in +a similar manner.) Count Rostopchin was telling a fourth group that he +was prepared to die with the city train bands under the walls of the +capital, but that he still could not help regretting having been +left in ignorance of what was happening, and that had he known it +sooner things would have been different.... A fifth group, +displaying the profundity of their strategic perceptions, discussed +the direction the troops would now have to take. A sixth group was +talking absolute nonsense. Kutuzov's expression grew more and more +preoccupied and gloomy. From all this talk he saw only one thing: that +to defend Moscow was a physical impossibility in the full meaning of +those words, that is to say, so utterly impossible that if any +senseless commander were to give orders to fight, confusion would +result but the battle would still not take place. It would not take +place because the commanders not merely all recognized the position to +be impossible, but in their conversations were only discussing what +would happen after its inevitable abandonment. How could the +commanders lead their troops to a field of battle they considered +impossible to hold? The lower-grade officers and even the soldiers +(who too reason) also considered the position impossible and therefore +could not go to fight, fully convinced as they were of defeat. If +Bennigsen insisted on the position being defended and others still +discussed it, the question was no longer important in itself but +only as a pretext for disputes and intrigue. This Kutuzov knew well. + +Bennigsen, who had chosen the position, warmly displayed his Russian +patriotism (Kutuzov could not listen to this without wincing) by +insisting that Moscow must be defended. His aim was as clear as +daylight to Kutuzov: if the defense failed, to throw the blame on +Kutuzov who had brought the army as far as the Sparrow Hills without +giving battle; if it succeeded, to claim the success as his own; or if +battle were not given, to clear himself of the crime of abandoning +Moscow. But this intrigue did not now occupy the old man's mind. One +terrible question absorbed him and to that question he heard no +reply from anyone. The question for him now was: "Have I really +allowed Napoleon to reach Moscow, and when did I do so? When was it +decided? Can it have been yesterday when I ordered Platov to +retreat, or was it the evening before, when I had a nap and told +Bennigsen to issue orders? Or was it earlier still?... When, when +was this terrible affair decided? Moscow must be abandoned. The army +must retreat and the order to do so must be given." To give that +terrible order seemed to him equivalent to resigning the command of +the army. And not only did he love power to which he was accustomed +(the honours awarded to Prince Prozorovski, under whom he had served +in Turkey, galled him), but he was convinced that he was destined to +save Russia and that that was why, against the Emperor's wish and by +the will of the people, he had been chosen commander in chief. He +was convinced that he alone could maintain command of the army in +these difficult circumstances, and that in all the world he alone +could encounter the invincible Napoleon without fear, and he was +horrified at the thought of the order he had to issue. But something +had to be decided, and these conversations around him which were +assuming too free a character must be stopped. + +He called the most important generals to him. + +"My head, be it good or bad, must depend on itself," said he, rising +from the bench, and he rode to Fili where his carriages were waiting. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The Council of War began to assemble at two in the afternoon in +the better and roomier part of Andrew Savostyanov's hut. The men, +women, and children of the large peasant family crowded into the +back room across the passage. Only Malasha, Andrew's six-year-old +granddaughter whom his Serene Highness had petted and to whom he had +given a lump of sugar while drinking his tea, remained on the top of +the brick oven in the larger room. Malasha looked down from the oven +with shy delight at the faces, uniforms, and decorations of the +generals, who one after another came into the room and sat down on the +broad benches in the corner under the icons. "Granddad" himself, as +Malasha in her own mind called Kutuzov, sat apart in a dark corner +behind the oven. He sat, sunk deep in a folding armchair, and +continually cleared his throat and pulled at the collar of his coat +which, though it was unbuttoned, still seemed to pinch his neck. Those +who entered went up one by one to the field marshal; he pressed the +hands of some and nodded to others. His adjutant Kaysarov was about to +draw back the curtain of the window facing Kutuzov, but the latter +moved his hand angrily and Kaysarov understood that his Serene +Highness did not wish his face to be seen. + +Round the peasant's deal table, on which lay maps, plans, pencils, +and papers, so many people gathered that the orderlies brought in +another bench and put it beside the table. Ermolov, Kaysarov, and +Toll, who had just arrived, sat down on this bench. In the foremost +place, immediately under the icons, sat Barclay de Tolly, his high +forehead merging into his bald crown. He had a St. George's Cross +round his neck and looked pale and ill. He had been feverish for two +days and was now shivering and in pain. Beside him sat Uvarov, who +with rapid gesticulations was giving him some information, speaking in +low tones as they all did. Chubby little Dokhturov was listening +attentively with eyebrows raised and arms folded on his stomach. On +the other side sat Count Ostermann-Tolstoy, seemingly absorbed in +his own thoughts. His broad head with its bold features and glittering +eyes was resting on his hand. Raevski, twitching forward the black +hair on his temples as was his habit, glanced now at Kutuzov and now +at the door with a look of impatience. Konovnitsyn's firm, handsome, +and kindly face was lit up by a tender, sly smile. His glance met +Malasha's, and the expression of his eyes caused the little girl to +smile. + +They were all waiting for Bennigsen, who on the pretext of +inspecting the position was finishing his savory dinner. They waited +for him from four till six o'clock and did not begin their +deliberations all that time talked in low tones of other matters. + +Only when Bennigsen had entered the hut did Kutuzov leave his corner +and draw toward the table, but not near enough for the candles that +had been placed there to light up his face. + +Bennigsen opened the council with the question: "Are we to abandon +Russia's ancient and sacred capital without a struggle, or are we to +defend it?" A prolonged and general silence followed. There was a +frown on every face and only Kutuzov's angry grunts and occasional +cough broke the silence. All eyes were gazing at him. Malasha too +looked at "Granddad." She was nearest to him and saw how his face +puckered; he seemed about to cry, but this did not last long. + +"Russia's ancient and sacred capital!" he suddenly said, repeating +Bennigsen's words in an angry voice and thereby drawing attention to +the false note in them. "Allow me to tell you, your excellency, that +that question has no meaning for a Russian." (He lurched his heavy +body forward.) "Such a question cannot be put; it is senseless! The +question I have asked these gentlemen to meet to discuss is a military +one. The question is that of saving Russia. Is it better to give up +Moscow without a battle, or by accepting battle to risk losing the +army as well as Moscow? That is the question on which I want your +opinion," and he sank back in his chair. + +The discussion began. Bennigsen did not yet consider his game +lost. Admitting the view of Barclay and others that a defensive battle +at Fili was impossible, but imbued with Russian patriotism and the +love of Moscow, he proposed to move troops from the right to the +left flank during the night and attack the French right flank the +following day. Opinions were divided, and arguments were advanced +for and against that project. Ermolov, Dokhturov, and Raevski agreed +with Bennigsen. Whether feeling it necessary to make a sacrifice +before abandoning the capital or guided by other, personal +considerations, these generals seemed not to understand that this +council could not alter the inevitable course of events and that +Moscow was in effect already abandoned. The other generals, however, +understood it and, leaving aside the question of Moscow, of the +direction the army should take in its retreat. Malasha, who kept her +eyes fixed on what was going on before her, understood the meaning +of the council differently. It seemed to her that it was only a +personal struggle between "Granddad" and "Long-coat" as she termed +Bennigsen. She saw that they grew spiteful when they spoke to one +another, and in her heart she sided with "Granddad." In the midst of +the conversation she noticed "Granddad" give Bennigsen a quick, subtle +glance, and then to her joys he saw that "Granddad" said something +to "Long-coat" which settled him. Bennigsen suddenly reddened and +paced angrily up and down the room. What so affected him was Kutuzov's +calm and quiet comment on the advantage or disadvantage of Bennigsen's +proposal to move troops by night from the right to the left flank to +attack the French right wing. + +"Gentlemen," said Kutuzov, "I cannot approve of the count's plan. +Moving troops in close proximity to an enemy is always dangerous, +and military history supports that view. For instance..." Kutuzov +seemed to reflect, searching for an example, then with a clear, +naive look at Bennigsen he added: "Oh yes; take the battle of +Friedland, which I think the count well remembers, and which was... +not fully successful, only because our troops were rearranged too near +the enemy..." + +There followed a momentary pause, which seemed very long to them +all. + +The discussion recommenced, but pauses frequently occurred and +they all felt that there was no more to be said. + +During one of these pauses Kutuzov heaved a deep sigh as if +preparing to speak. They all looked at him. + +"Well, gentlemen, I see that it is I who will have to pay for the +broken crockery," said he, and rising slowly he moved to the table. +"Gentlemen, I have heard your views. Some of you will not agree with +me. But I," he paused, "by the authority entrusted to me by my +Sovereign and country, order a retreat." + +After that the generals began to disperse with the solemnity and +circumspect silence of people who are leaving, after a funeral. + +Some of the generals, in low tones and in a strain very different +from the way they had spoken during the council, communicated +something to their commander in chief. + +Malasha, who had long been expected for supper, climbed carefully +backwards down from the oven, her bare little feet catching at its +projections, and slipping between the legs of the generals she +darted out of the room. + +When he had dismissed the generals Kutuzov sat a long time with +his elbows on the table, thinking always of the same terrible +question: "When, when did the abandonment of Moscow become inevitable? +When was that done which settled the matter? And who was to blame +for it?" + +"I did not expect this," said he to his adjutant Schneider when +the latter came in late that night. "I did not expect this! I did +not think this would happen." + +"You should take some rest, your Serene Highness," replied +Schneider. + +"But no! They shall eat horseflesh yet, like the Turks!" exclaimed +Kutuzov without replying, striking the table with his podgy fist. +"They shall too, if only..." + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +At that very time, in circumstances even more important than +retreating without a battle, namely the evacuation and burning of +Moscow, Rostopchin, who is usually represented as being the instigator +of that event, acted in an altogether different manner from Kutuzov. + +After the battle of Borodino the abandonment and burning of Moscow +was as inevitable as the retreat of the army beyond Moscow without +fighting. + +Every Russian might have predicted it, not by reasoning but by the +feeling implanted in each of us and in our fathers. + +The same thing that took place in Moscow had happened in all the +towns and villages on Russian soil beginning with Smolensk, without +the participation of Count Rostopchin and his broadsheets. The +people awaited the enemy unconcernedly, did not riot or become excited +or tear anyone to pieces, but faced its fate, feeling within it the +strength to find what it should do at that most difficult moment. +And as soon as the enemy drew near the wealthy classes went away +abandoning their property, while the poorer remained and burned and +destroyed what was left. + +The consciousness that this would be so and would always be so was +and is present in the heart of every Russian. And a consciousness of +this, and a foreboding that Moscow would be taken, was present in +Russian Moscow society in 1812. Those who had quitted Moscow already +in July and at the beginning of August showed that they expected this. +Those who went away, taking what they could and abandoning their +houses and half their belongings, did so from the latent patriotism +which expresses itself not by phrases or by giving one's children to +save the fatherland and similar unnatural exploits, but unobtrusively, +simply, organically, and therefore in the way that always produces the +most powerful results. + +"It is disgraceful to run away from danger; only cowards are running +away from Moscow," they were told. In his broadsheets Rostopchin +impressed on them that to leave Moscow was shameful. They were ashamed +to be called cowards, ashamed to leave, but still they left, knowing +it had to be done. Why did they go? It is impossible to suppose that +Rostopchin had scared them by his accounts of horrors Napoleon had +committed in conquered countries. The first people to go away were the +rich educated people who knew quite well that Vienna and Berlin had +remained intact and that during Napoleon's occupation the +inhabitants had spent their time pleasantly in the company of the +charming Frenchmen whom the Russians, and especially the Russian +ladies, then liked so much. + +They went away because for Russians there could be no question as to +whether things would go well or ill under French rule in Moscow. It +was out of the question to be under French rule, it would be the worst +thing that could happen. They went away even before the battle of +Borodino and still more rapidly after it, despite Rostopchin's calls +to defend Moscow or the announcement of his intention to take the +wonder-working icon of the Iberian Mother of God and go to fight, or +of the balloons that were to destroy the French, and despite all the +nonsense Rostopchin wrote in his broadsheets. They knew that it was +for the army to fight, and that if it could not succeed it would not +do to take young ladies and house serfs to the Three Hills quarter +of Moscow to fight Napoleon, and that they must go away, sorry as they +were to abandon their property to destruction. They went away +without thinking of the tremendous significance of that immense and +wealthy city being given over to destruction, for a great city with +wooden buildings was certain when abandoned by its inhabitants to be +burned. They went away each on his own account, and yet it was only in +consequence of their going away that the momentous event was +accomplished that will always remain the greatest glory of the Russian +people. The lady who, afraid of being stopped by Count Rostopchin's +orders, had already in June moved with her Negroes and her women +jesters from Moscow to her Saratov estate, with a vague +consciousness that she was not Bonaparte's servant, was really, +simply, and truly carrying out the great work which saved Russia. +But Count Rostopchin, who now taunted those who left Moscow and now +had the government offices removed; now distributed quite useless +weapons to the drunken rabble; now had processions displaying the +icons, and now forbade Father Augustin to remove icons or the relics +of saints; now seized all the private carts in Moscow and on one +hundred and thirty-six of them removed the balloon that was being +constructed by Leppich; now hinted that he would burn Moscow and +related how he had set fire to his own house; now wrote a proclamation +to the French solemnly upbraiding them for having destroyed his +Orphanage; now claimed the glory of having hinted that he would burn +Moscow and now repudiated the deed; now ordered the people to catch +all spies and bring them to him, and now reproached them for doing so; +now expelled all the French residents from Moscow, and now allowed +Madame Aubert-Chalme (the center of the whole French colony in Moscow) +to remain, but ordered the venerable old postmaster Klyucharev to be +arrested and exiled for no particular offense; now assembled the +people at the Three Hills to fight the French and now, to get rid of +them, handed over to them a man to be killed and himself drove away by +a back gate; now declared that he would not survive the fall of +Moscow, and now wrote French verses in albums concerning his share +in the affair--this man did not understand the meaning of what was +happening but merely wanted to do something himself that would +astonish people, to perform some patriotically heroic feat; and like a +child he made sport of the momentous, and unavoidable event--the +abandonment and burning of Moscow--and tried with his puny hand now to +speed and now to stay the enormous, popular tide that bore him along +with it. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Helene, having returned with the court from Vilna to Petersburg, +found herself in a difficult position. + +In Petersburg she had enjoyed the special protection of a grandee +who occupied one of the highest posts in the Empire. In Vilna she +had formed an intimacy with a young foreign prince. When she +returned to Petersburg both the magnate and the prince were there, and +both claimed their rights. Helene was faced by a new problem--how to +preserve her intimacy with both without offending either. + +What would have seemed difficult or even impossible to another woman +did not cause the least embarrassment to Countess Bezukhova, who +evidently deserved her reputation of being a very clever woman. Had +she attempted concealment, or tried to extricate herself from her +awkward position by cunning, she would have spoiled her case by +acknowledging herself guilty. But Helene, like a really great man +who can do whatever he pleases, at once assumed her own position to be +correct, as she sincerely believed it to be, and that everyone else +was to blame. + +The first time the young foreigner allowed himself to reproach +her, she lifted her beautiful head and, half turning to him, said +firmly: "That's just like a man--selfish and cruel! I expected nothing +else. A woman sacrifices herself for you, she suffers, and this is her +reward! What right have you, monseigneur, to demand an account of my +attachments and friendships? He is a man who has been more than a +father to me!" The prince was about to say something, but Helene +interrupted him. + +"Well, yes," said she, "it may be that he has other sentiments for +me than those of a father, but that is not a reason for me to shut +my door on him. I am not a man, that I should repay kindness with +ingratitude! Know, monseigneur, that in all that relates to my +intimate feelings I render account only to God and to my +conscience," she concluded, laying her hand on her beautiful, fully +expanded bosom and looking up to heaven. + +"But for heaven's sake listen to me!" + +"Marry me, and I will be your slave!" + +"But that's impossible." + +"You won't deign to demean yourself by marrying me, you..." said +Helene, beginning to cry. + +The prince tried to comfort her, but Helene, as if quite distraught, +said through her tears that there was nothing to prevent her marrying, +that there were precedents (there were up to that time very few, but +she mentioned Napoleon and some other exalted personages), that she +had never been her husband's wife, and that she had been sacrificed. + +"But the law, religion..." said the prince, already yielding. + +"The law, religion... What have they been invented for if they can't +arrange that?" said Helene. + +The prince was surprised that so simple an idea had not occurred +to him, and he applied for advice to the holy brethren of the +Society of Jesus, with whom he was on intimate terms. + +A few days later at one of those enchanting fetes which Helene +gave at her country house on the Stone Island, the charming Monsieur +de Jobert, a man no longer young, with snow white hair and brilliant +black eyes, a Jesuit a robe courte* was presented to her, and in the +garden by the light of the illuminations and to the sound of music +talked to her for a long time of the love of God, of Christ, of the +Sacred Heart, and of the consolations the one true Catholic religion +affords in this world and the next. Helene was touched, and more +than once tears rose to her eyes and to those of Monsieur de Jobert +and their voices trembled. A dance, for which her partner came to seek +her, put an end to her discourse with her future directeur de +conscience, but the next evening Monsieur de Jobert came to see Helene +when she was alone, and after that often came again. + + +*Lay member of the Society of Jesus. + + +One day he took the countess to a Roman Catholic church, where she +knelt down before the altar to which she was led. The enchanting, +middle-aged Frenchman laid his hands on her head and, as she herself +afterward described it, she felt something like a fresh breeze +wafted into her soul. It was explained to her that this was la grace. + +After that a long-frocked abbe was brought to her. She confessed +to him, and he absolved her from her sins. Next day she received a box +containing the Sacred Host, which was left at her house for her to +partake of. A few days later Helene learned with pleasure that she had +now been admitted to the true Catholic Church and that in a few days +the Pope himself would hear of her and would send her a certain +document. + +All that was done around her and to her at this time, all the +attention devoted to her by so many clever men and expressed in such +pleasant, refined ways, and the state of dove-like purity she was +now in (she wore only white dresses and white ribbons all that time) +gave her pleasure, but her pleasure did not cause her for a moment +to forget her aim. And as it always happens in contests of cunning +that a stupid person gets the better of cleverer ones, Helene- +having realized that the main object of all these words and all this +trouble was, after converting her to Catholicism, to obtain money from +her for Jesuit institutions (as to which she received indications)- +before parting with her money insisted that the various operations +necessary to free her from her husband should be performed. In her +view the aim of every religion was merely to preserve certain +proprieties while affording satisfaction to human desires. And with +this aim, in one of her talks with her Father Confessor, she +insisted on an answer to the question, in how far was she bound by her +marriage? + +They were sitting in the twilight by a window in the drawing room. +The scent of flowers came in at the window. Helene was wearing a white +dress, transparent over her shoulders and bosom. The abbe, a +well-fed man with a plump, clean-shaven chin, a pleasant firm mouth, +and white hands meekly folded on his knees, sat close to Helene and, +with a subtle smile on his lips and a peaceful look of delight at +her beauty, occasionally glanced at her face as he explained his +opinion on the subject. Helene with an uneasy smile looked at his +curly hair and his plump, clean-shaven, blackish cheeks and every +moment expected the conversation to take a fresh turn. But the abbe, +though he evidently enjoyed the beauty of his companion, was +absorbed in his mastery of the matter. + +The course of the Father Confessor's arguments ran as follows: +"Ignorant of the import of what you were undertaking, you made a vow +of conjugal fidelity to a man who on his part, by entering the married +state without faith in the religious significance of marriage, +committed an act of sacrilege. That marriage lacked the dual +significance it should have had. Yet in spite of this your vow was +binding. You swerved from it. What did you commit by so acting? A +venial, or a mortal, sin? A venial sin, for you acted without evil +intention. If now you married again with the object of bearing +children, your sin might be forgiven. But the question is again a +twofold one: firstly..." + +But suddenly Helene, who was getting bored, said with one of her +bewitching smiles: "But I think that having espoused the true religion +I cannot be bound by what a false religion laid upon me." + +The director of her conscience was astounded at having the case +presented to him thus with the simplicity of Columbus' egg. He was +delighted at the unexpected rapidity of his pupil's progress, but +could not abandon the edifice of argument he had laboriously +constructed. + +"Let us understand one another, Countess," said he with a smile, and +began refuting his spiritual daughter's arguments. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Helene understood that the question was very simple and easy from +the ecclesiastical point of view, and that her directors were making +difficulties only because they were apprehensive as to how the +matter would be regarded by the secular authorities. + +So she decided that it was necessary to prepare the opinion of +society. She provoked the jealousy of the elderly magnate and told him +what she had told her other suitor; that is, she put the matter so +that the only way for him to obtain a right over her was to marry her. +The elderly magnate was at first as much taken aback by this +suggestion of marriage with a woman whose husband was alive, as the +younger man had been, but Helene's imperturbable conviction that it +was as simple and natural as marrying a maiden had its effect on him +too. Had Helene herself shown the least sign of hesitation, shame, +or secrecy, her cause would certainly have been lost; but not only did +she show no signs of secrecy or shame, on the contrary, with +good-natured naivete she told her intimate friends (and these were all +Petersburg) that both the prince and the magnate had proposed to her +and that she loved both and was afraid of grieving either. + +A rumor immediately spread in Petersburg, not that Helene wanted +to be divorced from her husband (had such a report spread many would +have opposed so illegal an intention) but simply that the +unfortunate and interesting Helene was in doubt which of the two men +she should marry. The question was no longer whether this was +possible, but only which was the better match and how the matter would +be regarded at court. There were, it is true, some rigid individuals +unable to rise to the height of such a question, who saw in the +project a desecration of the sacrament of marriage, but there were not +many such and they remained silent, while the majority were interested +in Helene's good fortune and in the question which match would be +the more advantageous. Whether it was right or wrong to remarry +while one had a husband living they did not discuss, for that question +had evidently been settled by people "wiser than you or me," as they +said, and to doubt the correctness of that decision would be to risk +exposing one's stupidity and incapacity to live in society. + +Only Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, had come to Petersburg that +summer to see one of her sons, allowed herself plainly to express an +opinion contrary to the general one. Meeting Helene at a ball she +stopped her in the middle of the room and, amid general silence, +said in her gruff voice: "So wives of living men have started marrying +again! Perhaps you think you have invented a novelty? You have been +forestalled, my dear! It was thought of long ago. It is done in all +the brothels," and with these words Marya Dmitrievna, turning up her +wide sleeves with her usual threatening gesture and glancing sternly +round, moved across the room. + +Though people were afraid of Marya Dmitrievna she was regarded in +Petersburg as a buffoon, and so of what she had said they only +noticed, and repeated in a whisper, the one coarse word she had +used, supposing the whole sting of her remark to lie in that word. + +Prince Vasili, who of late very often forgot what he had said and +repeated one and the same thing a hundred times, remarked to his +daughter whenever he chanced to see her: + +"Helene, I have a word to say to you," and he would lead her +aside, drawing her hand downward. "I have heard of certain projects +concerning... you know. Well my dear child, you know how your father's +heart rejoices to know that you... You have suffered so much.... +But, my dear child, consult only your own heart. That is all I have to +say," and concealing his unvarying emotion he would press his cheek +against his daughter's and move away. + +Bilibin, who had not lost his reputation of an exceedingly clever +man, and who was one of the disinterested friends so +brilliant a woman as Helene always has--men friends who can never +change into lovers--once gave her his view of the matter at a small +and intimate gathering. + +"Listen, Bilibin," said Helene (she always called friends of that +sort by their surnames), and she touched his coat sleeve with her +white, beringed fingers. "Tell me, as you would a sister, what I ought +to do. Which of the two?" + +Bilibin wrinkled up the skin over his eyebrows and pondered, with +a smile on his lips. + +"You are not taking me unawares, you know," said he. "As a true +friend, I have thought and thought again about your affair. You see, +if you marry the prince"--he meant the younger man--and he crooked one +finger, "you forever lose the chance of marrying the other, and you +will displease the court besides. (You know there is some kind of +connection.) But if you marry the old count you will make his last +days happy, and as widow of the Grand... the prince would no longer be +making a mesalliance by marrying you," and Bilibin smoothed out his +forehead. + +"That's a true friend!" said Helene beaming, and again touching +Bilibin's sleeve. "But I love them, you know, and don't want to +distress either of them. I would give my life for the happiness of +them both." + +Bilibin shrugged his shoulders, as much as to say that not even he +could help in that difficulty. + +"Une maitresse-femme!* That's what is called putting things +squarely. She would like to be married to all three at the same time," +thought he. + + +*A masterly woman. + + +"But tell me, how will your husband look at the matter?" Bilibin +asked, his reputation being so well established that he did not fear +to ask so naive a question. "Will he agree?" + +"Oh, he loves me so!" said Helene, who for some reason imagined that +Pierre too loved her. "He will do anything for me." + +Bilibin puckered his skin in preparation for something witty. + +"Even divorce you?" said he. + +Helene laughed. + +Among those who ventured to doubt the justifiability of the proposed +marriage was Helene's mother, Princess Kuragina. She was continually +tormented by jealousy of her daughter, and now that jealousy concerned +a subject near to her own heart, she could not reconcile herself to +the idea. She consulted a Russian priest as to the possibility of +divorce and remarriage during a husband's lifetime, and the priest +told her that it was impossible, and to her delight showed her a +text in the Gospel which (as it seemed to him) plainly remarriage +while the husband is alive. + +Armed with these arguments, which appeared to her unanswerable, +she drove to her daughter's early one morning so as to find her alone. + +Having listened to her mother's objections, Helene smiled blandly +and ironically. + +"But it says plainly: 'Whosoever shall marry her that is +divorced...'" said the old princess. + +"Ah, Maman, ne dites pas de betises. Vous ne comprenez rein. Dans ma +position j'ai des devoirs,"* said Helene changing from Russian, in +which language she always felt that her case did not sound quite +clear, into French which suited it better. + + +*"Oh, Mamma, don't talk nonsense! You don't understand anything. +In my position I have obligations. + + +"But, my dear...." + +"Oh, Mamma, how is it you don't understand that the Holy Father, who +has the right to grant dispensations..." + +Just then the lady companion who lived with Helene came in to +announce that His Highness was in the ballroom and wished to see her. + +"Non, dites-lui que je ne veux pas le voir, que je suis furieuse +contre lui, parce qu'il m' a manque parole."* + + +*"No, tell him I don't wish to see him, I am furious with him for +not keeping his word to me." + + +"Comtesse, a tout peche misericorde,"* said a fair-haired young +man with a long face and nose, as he entered the room. + + +*"Countess, there is mercy for every sin." + + +The old princess rose respectfully and curtsied. The young man who +had entered took no notice of her. The princess nodded to her daughter +and sidled out of the room. + +"Yes, she is right," thought the old princess, all her convictions +dissipated by the appearance of His Highness. "She is right, but how +is it that we in our irrecoverable youth did not know it? Yet it is so +simple," she thought as she got into her carriage. + + +By the beginning of August Helene's affairs were clearly defined and +she wrote a letter to her husband--who, as she imagined, loved her +very much--informing him of her intention to marry N.N. and of her +having embraced the one true faith, and asking him to carry out all +the formalities necessary for a divorce, which would be explained to +him by the bearer of the letter. + + +And so I pray God to have you, my friend, in His holy and powerful +keeping--Your friend Helene. + + +This letter was brought to Pierre's house when he was on the field +of Borodino. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Toward the end of the battle of Borodino, Pierre, having run down +from Raevski's battery a second time, made his way through a gully +to Knyazkovo with a crowd of soldiers, reached the dressing station, +and seeing blood and hearing cries and groans hurried on, still +entangled in the crowds of soldiers. + +The one thing he now desired with his whole soul was to get away +quickly from the terrible sensations amid which he had lived that +day and return to ordinary conditions of life and sleep quietly in a +room in his own bed. He felt that only in the ordinary conditions of +life would he be able to understand himself and all he had seen and +felt. But such ordinary conditions of life were nowhere to be found. + +Though shells and bullets did not whistle over the road along +which he was going, still on all sides there was what there had been +on the field of battle. There were still the same suffering, +exhausted, and sometimes strangely indifferent faces, the same +blood, the same soldiers' overcoats, the same sounds of firing +which, though distant now, still aroused terror, and besides this +there were the foul air and the dust. + +Having gone a couple of miles along the Mozhaysk road, Pierre sat +down by the roadside. + +Dusk had fallen, and the roar of guns died away. Pierre lay +leaning on his elbow for a long time, gazing at the shadows that moved +past him in the darkness. He was continually imagining that a cannon +ball was flying toward him with a terrific whizz, and then he +shuddered and sat up. He had no idea how long he had been there. In +the middle of the night three soldiers, having brought some +firewood, settled down near him and began lighting a fire. + +The soldiers, who threw sidelong glances at Pierre, got the fire +to burn and placed an iron pot on it into which they broke some +dried bread and put a little dripping. The pleasant odor of greasy +viands mingled with the smell of smoke. Pierre sat up and sighed. +The three soldiers were eating and talking among themselves, taking no +notice of him. + +"And who may you be?" one of them suddenly asked Pierre, evidently +meaning what Pierre himself had in mind, namely: "If you want to eat +we'll give you some food, only let us know whether you are an honest +man." + +"I, I..." said Pierre, feeling it necessary to minimize his social +position as much as possible so as to be nearer to the soldiers and +better understood by them. "By rights I am a militia officer, but my +men are not here. I came to the battle and have lost them." + +"There now!" said one of the soldiers. + +Another shook his head. + +"Would you like a little mash?" the first soldier asked, and +handed Pierre a wooden spoon after licking it clean. + +Pierre sat down by the fire and began eating the mash, as they +called the food in the cauldron, and he thought it more delicious than +any food he had ever tasted. As he sat bending greedily over it, +helping himself to large spoonfuls and chewing one after another, +his was lit up by the fire and the soldiers looked at him in silence. + +"Where have you to go to? Tell us!" said one of them. + +"To Mozhaysk." + +"You're a gentleman, aren't you?" + +"Yes." + +"And what's your name?" + +"Peter Kirilych." + +"Well then, Peter Kirilych, come along with us, we'll take you +there." + +In the total darkness the soldiers walked with Pierre to Mozhaysk. + +By the time they got near Mozhaysk and began ascending the steep +hill into the town, the cocks were already crowing. Pierre went on +with the soldiers, quite forgetting that his inn was at the bottom +of the hill and that he had already passed it. He would not soon +have remembered this, such was his state of forgetfulness, had he +not halfway up the hill stumbled upon his groom, who had been to +look for him in the town and was returning to the inn. The groom +recognized Pierre in the darkness by his white hat. + +"Your excellency!" he said. "Why, we were beginning to despair! +How is it you are on foot? And where are you going, please?" + +"Oh, yes!" said Pierre. + +The soldiers stopped. + +"So you've found your folk?" said one of them. "Well, good-by, Peter +Kirilych--isn't it?" + +"Good-by, Peter Kirilych!" Pierre heard the other voices repeat. + +"Good-by!" he said and turned with his groom toward the inn. + +"I ought to give them something!" he thought, and felt in his +pocket. "No, better not!" said another, inner voice. + +There was not a room to be had at the inn, they were all occupied. +Pierre went out into the yard and, covering himself up head and all, +lay down in his carriage. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Scarcely had Pierre laid his head on the pillow before he felt +himself falling asleep, but suddenly, almost with the distinctness +of reality, he heard the boom, boom, boom of firing, the thud of +projectiles, groans and cries, and smelled blood and powder, and a +feeling of horror and dread of death seized him. Filled with fright he +opened his eyes and lifted his head from under his cloak. All was +tranquil in the yard. Only someone's orderly passed through the +gateway, splashing through the mud, and talked to the innkeeper. Above +Pierre's head some pigeons, disturbed by the movement he had made in +sitting up, fluttered under the dark roof of the penthouse. The +whole courtyard was permeated by a strong peaceful smell of stable +yards, delightful to Pierre at that moment. He could see the clear +starry sky between the dark roofs of two penthouses. + +"Thank God, there is no more of that!" he thought, covering up his +head again. "Oh, what a terrible thing is fear, and how shamefully I +yielded to it! But they... they were steady and calm all the time, +to the end..." thought he. + +They, in Pierre's mind, were the soldiers, those who had been at the +battery, those who had given him food, and those who had prayed before +the icon. They, those strange men he had not previously known, stood +out clearly and sharply from everyone else. + +"To be a soldier, just a soldier!" thought Pierre as he fell asleep, +"to enter communal life completely, to be imbued by what makes them +what they are. But how cast off all the superfluous, devilish burden +of my outer man? There was a time when I could have done it. I could +have run away from my father, as I wanted to. Or I might have been +sent to serve as a soldier after the duel with Dolokhov." And the +memory of the dinner at the English Club when he had challenged +Dolokhov flashed through Pierre's mind, and then he remembered his +benefactor at Torzhok. And now a picture of a solemn meeting of the +lodge presented itself to his mind. It was taking place at the English +Club and someone near and dear to him sat at the end of the table. +"Yes, that is he! It is my benefactor. But he died!" thought Pierre. +"Yes, he died, and I did not know he was alive. How sorry I am that he +died, and how glad I am that he is alive again!" On one side of the +table sat Anatole, Dolokhov, Nesvitski, Denisov, and others like +them (in his dream the category to which these men belonged was as +clearly defined in his mind as the category of those he termed +they), and he heard those people, Anatole and Dolokhov, shouting and +singing loudly; yet through their shouting the voice of his benefactor +was heard speaking all the time and the sound of his words was as +weighty and uninterrupted as the booming on the battlefield, but +pleasant and comforting. Pierre did not understand what his benefactor +was saying, but he knew (the categories of thoughts were also quite +distinct in his dream) that he was talking of goodness and the +possibility of being what they were. And they with their simple, kind, +firm faces surrounded his benefactor on all sides. But though they +were kindly they did not look at Pierre and did not know him. +Wishing to speak and to attract their attention, he got up, but at +that moment his legs grew cold and bare. + +He felt ashamed, and with one arm covered his legs from which his +cloak had in fact slipped. For a moment as he was rearranging his +cloak Pierre opened his eyes and saw the same penthouse roofs, +posts, and yard, but now they were all bluish, lit up, and +glittering with frost or dew. + +"It is dawn," thought Pierre. "But that's not what I want. I want to +hear and understand my benefactor's words." Again he covered himself +up with his cloak, but now neither the lodge nor his benefactor was +there. There were only thoughts clearly expressed in words, thoughts +that someone was uttering or that he himself was formulating. + +Afterwards when he recalled those thoughts Pierre was convinced that +someone outside himself had spoken them, though the impressions of +that day had evoked them. He had never, it seemed to him, been able to +think and express his thoughts like that when awake. + +"To endure war is the most difficult subordination of man's +freedom to the law of God," the voice had said. "Simplicity is +submission to the will of God; you cannot escape from Him. And they +are simple. They do not talk, but act. The spoken word is silver but +the unspoken is golden. Man can be master of nothing while he fears +death, but he who does not fear it possesses all. If there were no +suffering, man would not know his limitations, would not know himself. +The hardest thing [Pierre went on thinking, or hearing, in his +dream] is to be able in your soul to unite the meaning of all. To +unite all?" he asked himself. "No, not to unite. Thoughts cannot be +united, but to harness all these thoughts together is what we need! +Yes, one must harness them, must harness them!" he repeated to himself +with inward rapture, feeling that these words and they alone expressed +what he wanted to say and solved the question that tormented him. + +"Yes, one must harness, it is time to harness." + +"Time to harness, time to harness, your excellency! Your +excellency!" some voice was repeating. "We must harness, it is time to +harness...." + +It was the voice of the groom, trying to wake him. The sun shone +straight into Pierre's face. He glanced at the dirty innyard in the +middle of which soldiers were watering their lean horses at the pump +while carts were passing out of the gate. Pierre turned away with +repugnance, and closing his eyes quickly fell back on the carriage +seat. "No, I don't want that, I don't want to see and understand that. +I want to understand what was revealing itself to me in my dream. +One second more and I should have understood it all! But what am I +to do? Harness, but how can I harness everything?" and Pierre felt +with horror that the meaning of all he had seen and thought in the +dream had been destroyed. + +The groom, the coachman, and the innkeeper told Pierre that an +officer had come with news that the French were already near +Mozhaysk and that our men were leaving it. + +Pierre got up and, having told them to harness and overtake him, +went on foot through the town. + +The troops were moving on, leaving about ten thousand wounded behind +them. There were wounded in the yards, at the windows of the houses, +and the streets were crowded with them. In the streets, around carts +that were to take some of the wounded away, shouts, curses, and +blows could be heard. Pierre offered the use of his carriage, which +had overtaken him, to a wounded general he knew, and drove with him +to Moscow. On the way Pierre was told of the death of his +brother-in-law Anatole and of that of Prince Andrew. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +On the thirteenth of August Pierre reached Moscow. Close to the +gates of the city he was met by Count Rostopchin's adjutant. + +"We have been looking for you everywhere," said the adjutant. "The +count wants to see you particularly. He asks you to come to him at +once on a very important matter." + +Without going home, Pierre took a cab and drove to see the Moscow +commander in chief. + +Count Rostopchin had only that morning returned to town from his +summer villa at Sokolniki. The anteroom and reception room of his +house were full of officials who had been summoned or had come for +orders. Vasilchikov and Platov had already seen the count and +explained to him that it was impossible to defend Moscow and that it +would have to be surrendered. Though this news was being concealed +from the inhabitants, the officials--the heads of the various +government departments--knew that Moscow would soon be in the +enemy's hands, just as Count Rostopchin himself knew it, and to escape +personal responsibility they had all come to the governor to ask how +they were to deal with their various departments. + +As Pierre was entering the reception room a courier from the army +came out of Rostopchin's private room. + +In answer to questions with which he was greeted, the courier made a +despairing gesture with his hand and passed through the room. + +While waiting in the reception room Pierre with weary eyes watched +the various officials, old and young, military and civilian, who +were there. They all seemed dissatisfied and uneasy. Pierre went up to +a group of men, one of whom he knew. After greeting Pierre they +continued their conversation. + +"If they're sent out and brought back again later on it will do no +harm, but as things are now one can't answer for anything." + +"But you see what he writes..." said another, pointing to a +printed sheet he held in his hand. + +"That's another matter. That's necessary for the people," said the +first. + +"What is it?" asked Pierre. + +"Oh, it's a fresh broadsheet." + +Pierre took it and began reading. + + +His Serene Highness has passed through Mozhaysk in order to join +up with the troops moving toward him and has taken up a strong +position where the enemy will not soon attack him. Forty eight guns +with ammunition have been sent him from here, and his Serene +Highness says he will defend Moscow to the last drop of blood and is +even ready to fight in the streets. Do not be upset, brothers, that +the law courts are closed; things have to be put in order, and we will +deal with villains in our own way! When the time comes I shall want +both town and peasant lads and will raise the cry a day or two +beforehand, but they are not wanted yet so I hold my peace. An ax will +be useful, a hunting spear not bad, but a three-pronged fork will be +best of all: a Frenchman is no heavier than a sheaf of rye. Tomorrow +after dinner I shall take the Iberian icon of the Mother of God to the +wounded in the Catherine Hospital where we will have some water +blessed. That will help them to get well quicker. I, too, am well now: +one of my eyes was sore but now I am on the lookout with both. + + +"But military men have told me that it is impossible to fight in the +town," said Pierre, "and that the position..." + +"Well, of course! That's what we were saying," replied the first +speaker. + +"And what does he mean by 'One of my eyes was sore but now I am on +the lookout with both'?" asked Pierre. + +"The count had a sty," replied the adjutant smiling, "and was very +much upset when I told him people had come to ask what was the +matter with him. By the by, Count," he added suddenly, addressing +Pierre with a smile, "we heard that you have family troubles and +that the countess, your wife..." + +"I have heard nothing," Pierre replied unconcernedly. "But what have +you heard?" + +"Oh, well, you know people often invent things. I only say what I +heard." + +"But what did you hear?" + +"Well, they say," continued the adjutant with the same smile, +"that the countess, your wife, is preparing to go abroad. I expect +it's nonsense...." + +"Possibly," remarked Pierre, looking about him absent-mindedly. "And +who is that?" he asked, indicating a short old man in a clean blue +peasant overcoat, with a big snow-white beard and eyebrows and a ruddy +face. + +"He? That's a tradesman, that is to say, he's the restaurant keeper, +Vereshchagin. Perhaps you have heard of that affair with the +proclamation." + +"Oh, so that is Vereshchagin!" said Pierre, looking at the firm, +calm face of the old man and seeking any indication of his being a +traitor. + +"That's not he himself, that's the father of the fellow who wrote +the proclamation," said the adjutant. "The young man is in prison +and I expect it will go hard with him." + +An old gentleman wearing a star and another official, a German +wearing a cross round his neck, approached the speaker. + +"It's a complicated story, you know," said the adjutant. "That +proclamation appeared about two months ago. The count was informed +of it. He gave orders to investigate the matter. Gabriel Ivanovich +here made the inquiries. The proclamation had passed through exactly +sixty-three hands. He asked one, 'From whom did you get it?' 'From +so-and-so.' He went to the next one. 'From whom did you get it?' and +so on till he reached Vereshchagin, a half educated tradesman, you +know, 'a pet of a trader,'" said the adjutant smiling. "They asked +him, 'Who gave it you?' And the point is that we knew whom he had it +from. He could only have had it from the Postmaster. But evidently +they had come to some understanding. He replied: 'From no one; I +made it up myself.' They threatened and questioned him, but he stuck +to that: 'I made it up myself.' And so it was reported to the count, +who sent for the man. 'From whom did you get the proclamation?' 'I +wrote it myself.' Well, you know the count," said the adjutant +cheerfully, with a smile of pride, "he flared up dreadfully--and +just think of the fellow's audacity, lying, and obstinacy!" + + "And the count wanted him to say it was from Klyucharev? I +understand!" said Pierre. + +"Not at all," rejoined the adjutant in dismay. "Klyucharev had his +own sins to answer for without that and that is why he has been +banished. But the point is that the count was much annoyed. 'How could +you have written it yourself?' said he, and he took up the Hamburg +Gazette that was lying on the table. 'Here it is! You did not write it +yourself but translated it, and translated it abominably, because +you don't even know French, you fool.' And what do you think? 'No,' +said he, 'I have not read any papers, I made it up myself.' 'If that's +so, you're a traitor and I'll have you tried, and you'll be hanged! +Say from whom you had it.' 'I have seen no papers, I made it up +myself.' And that was the end of it. The count had the father fetched, +but the fellow stuck to it. He was sent for trial and condemned to +hard labor, I believe. Now the father has come to intercede for him. +But he's a good-for-nothing lad! You know that sort of tradesman's +son, a dandy and lady-killer. He attended some lectures somewhere +and imagines that the devil is no match for him. That's the sort of +fellow he is. His father keeps a cookshop here by the Stone Bridge, +and you know there was a large icon of God Almighty painted with a +scepter in one hand and an orb in the other. Well, he took that icon +home with him for a few days and what did he do? He found some +scoundrel of a painter..." + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +In the middle of this fresh tale Pierre was summoned to the +commander in chief. + +When he entered the private room Count Rostopchin, puckering his +face, was rubbing his forehead and eyes with his hand. A short man was +saying something, but when Pierre entered he stopped speaking and went +out. + +"Ah, how do you do, great warrior?" said Rostopchin as soon as the +short man had left the room. "We have heard of your prowess. But +that's not the point. Between ourselves, mon cher, do you belong to +the Masons?" he went on severely, as though there were something wrong +about it which he nevertheless intended to pardon. Pierre remained +silent. "I am well informed, my friend, but I am aware that there +are Masons and I hope that you are not one of those who +on pretense of saving mankind wish to ruin Russia." + +"Yes, I am a Mason," Pierre replied. + +"There, you see, mon cher! I expect you know that Messrs. +Speranski and Magnitski have been deported to their proper place. +Mr. Klyucharev has been treated in the same way, and so have others +who on the plea of building up the temple of Solomon have tried to +destroy the temple of their fatherland. You can understand that +there are reasons for this and that I could not have exiled the +Postmaster had he not been a harmful person. It has now come to my +knowledge that you lent him your carriage for his removal from town, +and that you have even accepted papers from him for safe custody. I +like you and don't wish you any harm and--as you are only half my age- +I advise you, as a father would, to cease all communication with men +of that stamp and to leave here as soon as possible." + +"But what did Klyucharev do wrong, Count?" asked Pierre. + +"That is for me to know, but not for you to ask," shouted +Rostopchin. + +"If he is accused of circulating Napoleon's proclamation it is not +proved that he did so," said Pierre without looking at Rostopchin, +"and Vereshchagin..." + +"There we are!" Rostopchin shouted at Pierre louder than before, +frowning suddenly. "Vereshchagin is a renegade and a traitor who +will be punished as he deserves," said he with the vindictive heat +with which people speak when recalling an insult. "But I did not +summon you to discuss my actions, but to give you advice--or an +order if you prefer it. I beg you to leave the town and break off +all communication with such men as Klyucharev. And I will knock the +nonsense out of anybody"--but probably realizing that he was +shouting at Bezukhov who so far was not guilty of anything, he +added, taking Pierre's hand in a friendly manner, "We are on the eve +of a public disaster and I haven't time to be polite to everybody +who has business with me. My head is sometimes in a whirl. Well, mon +cher, what are you doing personally?" + +"Why, nothing," answered Pierre without raising his eyes or changing +the thoughtful expression of his face. + +The count frowned. + +"A word of friendly advice, mon cher. Be off as soon as you can, +that's all I have to tell you. Happy he who has ears to hear. Good-by, +my dear fellow. Oh, by the by!" he shouted through the doorway after +Pierre, "is it true that the countess has fallen into the clutches +of the holy fathers of the Society of Jesus?" + +Pierre did not answer and left Rostopchin's room more sullen and +angry than he had ever before shown himself. + +When he reached home it was already getting dark. Some eight +people had come to see him that evening: the secretary of a committee, +the colonel of his battalion, his steward, his major-domo, and various +petitioners. They all had business with Pierre and wanted decisions +from him. Pierre did not understand and was not interested in any of +these questions and only answered them in order to get rid of these +people. When left alone at last he opened and read his wife's letter. + +"They, the soldiers at the battery, Prince Andrew killed... that old +man... Simplicity is submission to God. Suffering is necessary... +the meaning of all... one must harness... my wife is getting +married... One must forget and understand..." And going to his bed +he threw himself on it without undressing and immediately fell asleep. + +When he awoke next morning the major-domo came to inform him that +a special messenger, a police officer, had come from Count +Rostopchin to know whether Count Bezukhov had left or was leaving +the town. + +A dozen persons who had business with Pierre were awaiting him in +the drawing room. Pierre dressed hurriedly and, instead of going to +see them, went to the back porch and out through the gate. + +From that time till the end of the destruction of Moscow no one of +Bezukhov's household, despite all the search they made, saw Pierre +again or knew where he was. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +The Rostovs remained in Moscow till the first of September, that is, +till the eve of the enemy's entry into the city. + +After Petya had joined Obolenski's regiment of Cossacks and left for +Belaya Tserkov where that regiment was forming, the countess was +seized with terror. The thought that both her sons were at the war, +had both gone from under her wing, that today or tomorrow either or +both of them might be killed like the three sons of one of her +acquaintances, struck her that summer for the first time with cruel +clearness. She tried to get Nicholas back and wished to go herself +to join Petya, or to get him an appointment somewhere in Petersburg, +but neither of these proved possible. Petya could not return unless +his regiment did so or unless he was transferred to another regiment +on active service. Nicholas was somewhere with the army and had not +sent a word since his last letter, in which he had given a detailed +account of his meeting with Princess Mary. The countess did not +sleep at night, or when she did fall asleep dreamed that she saw her +sons lying dead. After many consultations and conversations, the count +at last devised means to tranquillize her. He got Petya transferred +from Obolenski's regiment to Bezukhov's, which was in training near +Moscow. Though Petya would remain in the service, this transfer +would give the countess the consolation of seeing at least one of +her sons under her wing, and she hoped to arrange matters for her +Petya so as not to let him go again, but always get him appointed to +places where he could not possibly take part in a battle. As long as +Nicholas alone was in danger the countess imagined that she loved +her first-born more than all her other children and even reproached +herself for it; but when her youngest: the scapegrace who had been bad +at lessons, was always breaking things in the house and making himself +a nuisance to everybody, that snub-nosed Petya with his merry black +eyes and fresh rosy cheeks where soft down was just beginning to show- +when he was thrown amid those big, dreadful, cruel men who were +fighting somewhere about something and apparently finding pleasure +in it--then his mother thought she loved him more, much more, than all +her other children. The nearer the time came for Petya to return, +the more uneasy grew the countess. She began to think she would +never live to see such happiness. The presence of Sonya, of her +beloved Natasha, or even of her husband irritated her. "What do I want +with them? I want no one but Petya," she thought. + +At the end of August the Rostovs received another letter from +Nicholas. He wrote from the province of Voronezh where he had been +sent to procure remounts, but that letter did not set the countess +at ease. Knowing that one son was out of danger she became the more +anxious about Petya. + +Though by the twentieth of August nearly all the Rostovs' +acquaintances had left Moscow, and though everybody tried to +persuade the countess to get away as quickly as possible, she would +not bear of leaving before her treasure, her adored Petya, returned. +On the twenty-eighth of August he arrived. The passionate tenderness +with which his mother received him did not please the sixteen-year-old +officer. Though she concealed from him her intention of keeping him +under her wing, Petya guessed her designs, and instinctively fearing +that he might give way to emotion when with her--might "become +womanish" as he termed it to himself--he treated her coldly, avoided +her, and during his stay in Moscow attached himself exclusively to +Natasha for whom he had always had a particularly brotherly +tenderness, almost lover-like. + +Owing to the count's customary carelessness nothing was ready for +their departure by the twenty-eighth of August and the carts that were +to come from their Ryazan and Moscow estates to remove their household +belongings did not arrive till the thirtieth. + +From the twenty-eighth till the thirty-first all Moscow was in a +bustle and commotion. Every day thousands of men wounded at Borodino +were brought in by the Dorogomilov gate and taken to various parts +of Moscow, and thousands of carts conveyed the inhabitants and their +possessions out by the other gates. In spite of Rostopchin's +broadsheets, or because of them or independently of them, the +strangest and most contradictory rumors were current in the town. Some +said that no one was to be allowed to leave the city, others on the +contrary said that all the icons had been taken out of the churches +and everybody was to be ordered to leave. Some said there had been +another battle after Borodino at which the French had been routed, +while others on the contrary reported that the Russian army bad been +destroyed. Some talked about the Moscow militia which, preceded by the +clergy, would go to the Three Hills; others whispered that Augustin +had been forbidden to leave, that traitors had been seized, that the +peasants were rioting and robbing people on their way from Moscow, and +so on. But all this was only talk; in reality (though the Council of +Fili, at which it was decided to abandon Moscow, had not yet been +held) both those who went away and those who remained behind felt, +though they did not show it, that Moscow would certainly be abandoned, +and that they ought to get away as quickly as possible and save +their belongings. It was felt that everything would suddenly break +up and change, but up to the first of September nothing had done so. +As a criminal who is being led to execution knows that he must die +immediately, but yet looks about him and straightens the cap that is +awry on his head, so Moscow involuntarily continued its wonted life, +though it knew that the time of its destruction was near when the +conditions of life to which its people were accustomed to submit would +be completely upset. + +During the three days preceding the occupation of Moscow the whole +Rostov family was absorbed in various activities. The head of the +family, Count Ilya Rostov, continually drove about the city collecting +the current rumors from all sides and gave superficial and hasty +orders at home about the preparations for their departure. + +The countess watched the things being packed, was dissatisfied +with everything, was constantly in pursuit of Petya who was always +running away from her, and was jealous of Natasha with whom he spent +all his time. Sonya alone directed the practical side of matters by +getting things packed. But of late Sonya had been particularly sad and +silent. Nicholas' letter in which he mentioned Princess Mary had +elicited, in her presence, joyous comments from the countess, who +saw an intervention of Providence in this meeting of the princess +and Nicholas. + +"I was never pleased at Bolkonski's engagement to Natasha," said the +countess, "but I always wanted Nicholas to marry the princess, and had +a presentiment that it would happen. What a good thing it would be!" + +Sonya felt that this was true: that the only possibility of +retrieving the Rostovs' affairs was by Nicholas marrying a rich woman, +and that the princess was a good match. It was very bitter for her. +But despite her grief, or perhaps just because of it, she took on +herself all the difficult work of directing the storing and packing of +their things and was busy for whole days. The count and countess +turned to her when they had any orders to give. Petya and Natasha on +the contrary, far from helping their parents, were generally a +nuisance and a hindrance to everyone. Almost all day long the house +resounded with their running feet, their cries, and their +spontaneous laughter. They laughed and were gay not because there +was any reason to laugh, but because gaiety and mirth were in their +hearts and so everything that happened was a cause for gaiety and +laughter to them. Petya was in high spirits because having left home a +boy he had returned (as everybody told him) a fine young man, +because he was at home, because he had left Belaya Tserkov where there +was no hope of soon taking part in a battle and had come to Moscow +where there was to be fighting in a few days, and chiefly because +Natasha, whose lead he always followed, was in high spirits. Natasha +was gay because she had been sad too long and now nothing reminded her +of the cause of her sadness, and because she was feeling well. She was +also happy because she had someone to adore her: the adoration of +others was a lubricant the wheels of her machine needed to make them +run freely--and Petya adored her. Above all, they were gay because +there was a war near Moscow, there would be fighting at the town +gates, arms were being given out, everybody was escaping--going away +somewhere, and in general something extraordinary was happening, and +that is always exciting, especially to the young. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +On Saturday, the thirty-first of August, everything in the +Rostovs' house seemed topsy-turvy. All the doors were open, all the +furniture was being carried out or moved about, and the mirrors and +pictures had been taken down. There were trunks in the rooms, and hay, +wrapping paper, and ropes were scattered about. The peasants and house +serfs carrying out the things were treading heavily on the parquet +floors. The yard was crowded with peasant carts, some loaded high +and already corded up, others still empty. + +The voices and footsteps of the many servants and of the peasants +who had come with the carts resounded as they shouted to one another +in the yard and in the house. The count bad been out since morning. +The countess had a headache brought on by all the noise and turmoil +and was lying down in the new sitting room with a vinegar compress +on her head. Petya was not at home, he had gone to visit a friend with +whom he meant to obtain a transfer from the militia to the active +army. Sonya was in the ballroom looking after the packing of the glass +and china. Natasha was sitting on the floor of her dismantled room +with dresses, ribbons, and scarves strewn all about her, gazing +fixedly at the floor and holding in her hands the old ball dress +(already out of fashion) which she had worn at her first Petersburg +ball. + +Natasha was ashamed of doing nothing when everyone else was so busy, +and several times that morning had tried to set to work, but her heart +was not in it, and she could not and did not know how to do anything +except with all her heart and all her might. For a while she had stood +beside Sonya while the china was being packed and tried to help, but +soon gave it up and went to her room to pack her own things. At +first she found it amusing to give away dresses and ribbons to the +maids, but when that was done and what was left had still to be +packed, she found it dull. + +"Dunyasha, you pack! You will, won't you, dear?" And when Dunyasha +willingly promised to do it all for her, Natasha sat down on the +floor, took her old ball dress, and fell into a reverie quite +unrelated to what ought to have occupied her thoughts now. She was +roused from her reverie by the talk of the maids in the next room +(which was theirs) and by the sound of their hurried footsteps going +to the back porch. Natasha got up and looked out of the window. An +enormously long row of carts full of wounded men had stopped in the +street. + +The housekeeper, the old nurse, the cooks, coachmen, maids, footmen, +postilions, and scullions stood at the gate, staring at the wounded. + +Natasha, throwing a clean pocket handkerchief over her hair and +holding an end of it in each hand, went out into the street. + +The former housekeeper, old Mavra Kuzminichna, had stepped out of +the crowd by the gate, gone up to a cart with a hood constructed of +bast mats, and was speaking to a pale young officer who lay inside. +Natasha moved a few steps forward and stopped shyly, still holding her +handkerchief, and listened to what the housekeeper was saying. + +"Then you have nobody in Moscow?" she was saying. "You would be more +comfortable somewhere in a house... in ours, for instance... the +family are leaving." + +"I don't know if it would be allowed," replied the officer in a weak +voice. "Here is our commanding officer... ask him," and he pointed +to a stout major who was walking back along the street past the row of +carts. + +Natasha glanced with frightened eyes at the face of the wounded +officer and at once went to meet the major. + +"May the wounded men stay in our house?" she asked. + +The major raised his hand to his cap with a smile. + +"Which one do you want, Ma'am'selle?" said he, screwing up his +eyes and smiling. + +Natasha quietly repeated her question, and her face and whole manner +were so serious, though she was still holding the ends of her +handkerchief, that the major ceased smiling and after some reflection- +as if considering in how far the thing was possible--replied in the +affirmative. + +"Oh yes, why not? They may," he said. + +With a slight inclination of her head, Natasha stepped back +quickly to Mavra Kuzminichna, who stood talking compassionately to the +officer. + +"They may. He says they may!" whispered Natasha. + +The cart in which the officer lay was turned into the Rostovs' yard, +and dozens of carts with wounded men began at the invitation of the +townsfolk to turn into the yards and to draw up at the entrances of +the houses in Povarskaya Street. Natasha was evidently pleased to be +dealing with new people outside the ordinary routine of her life. +She and Mavra Kuzminichna tried to get as many of the wounded as +possible into their yard. + +"Your Papa must be told, though," said Mavra Kuzminichna. + +"Never mind, never mind, what does it matter? For one day we can +move into the drawing room. They can have all our half of the house." + +"There now, young lady, you do take things into your head! Even if +we put them into the wing, the men's room, or the nurse's room, we +must ask permission." + +"Well, I'll ask." + +Natasha ran into the house and went on tiptoe through the +half-open door into the sitting room, where there was a smell of +vinegar and Hoffman's drops. + +"Are you asleep, Mamma?" + +"Oh, what sleep-?" said the countess, waking up just as she was +dropping into a doze. + +"Mamma darling!" said Natasha, kneeling by her mother and bringing +her face close to her mother's, "I am sorry, forgive me, I'll never do +it again; I woke you up! Mavra Kuzminichna has sent me: they have +brought some wounded here--officers. Will you let them come? They have +nowhere to go. I knew you'd let them come!" she said quickly all in +one breath. + +"What officers? Whom have they brought? I don't understand +anything about it," said the countess. + +Natasha laughed, and the countess too smiled slightly. + +"I knew you'd give permission... so I'll tell them," and, having +kissed her mother, Natasha got up and went to the door. + +In the hall she met her father, who had returned with bad news. + +"We've stayed too long!" said the count with involuntary vexation. +"The Club is closed and the police are leaving." + +"Papa, is it all right--I've invited some of the wounded into the +house?" said Natasha. + +"Of course it is," he answered absently. "That's not the point. I +beg you not to indulge in trifles now, but to help to pack, and +tomorrow we must go, go, go!...." + +And the count gave a similar order to the major-domo and the +servants. + +At dinner Petya having returned home told them the news he had +heard. He said the people had been getting arms in the Kremlin, and +that though Rostopchin's broadsheet had said that he would sound a +call two or three days in advance, the order had certainly already +been given for everyone to go armed to the Three Hills tomorrow, and +that there would be a big battle there. + +The countess looked with timid horror at her son's eager, excited +face as he said this. She realized that if she said a word about his +not going to the battle (she knew he enjoyed the thought of the +impending engagement) he would say something about men, honor, and the +fatherland--something senseless, masculine, and obstinate which +there would be no contradicting, and her plans would be spoiled; and +so, hoping to arrange to leave before then and take Petya with her +as their protector and defender, she did not answer him, but after +dinner called the count aside and implored him with tears to take +her away quickly, that very night if possible. With a woman's +involuntary loving cunning she, who till then had not shown any alarm, +said that she would die of fright if they did not leave that very +night. Without any pretense she was now afraid of everything. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +Madame Schoss, who had been out to visit her daughter, increased the +countess' fears still more by telling what she had seen at a spirit +dealer's in Myasnitski Street. When returning by that street she had +been unable to pass because of a drunken crowd rioting in front of the +shop. She had taken a cab and driven home by a side street and the +cabman had told her that the people were breaking open the barrels +at the drink store, having received orders to do so. + +After dinner the whole Rostov household set to work with +enthusiastic haste packing their belongings and preparing for their +departure. The old count, suddenly setting to work, kept passing +from the yard to the house and back again, shouting confused +instructions to the hurrying people, and flurrying them still more. +Petya directed things in the yard. Sonya, owing to the count's +contradictory orders, lost her head and did not know what to do. The +servants ran noisily about the house and yard, shouting and disputing. +Natasha, with the ardor characteristic of all she did suddenly set +to work too. At first her intervention in the business of packing +was received skeptically. Everybody expected some prank from her and +did not wish to obey her; but she resolutely and passionately demanded +obedience, grew angry and nearly cried because they did not heed +her, and at last succeeded in making them believe her. Her first +exploit, which cost her immense effort and established her +authority, was the packing of the carpets. The count had valuable +Gobelin tapestries and Persian carpets in the house. When Natasha +set to work two cases were standing open in the ballroom, one almost +full up with crockery, the other with carpets. There was also much +china standing on the tables, and still more was being brought in from +the storeroom. A third case was needed and servants had gone to +fetch it. + +"Sonya, wait a bit--we'll pack everything into these," said Natasha. + +"You can't, Miss, we have tried to," said the butler's assistant. + +"No, wait a minute, please." + +And Natasha began rapidly taking out of the case dishes and plates +wrapped in paper. + +"The dishes must go in here among the carpets," said she. + +"Why, it's a mercy if we can get the carpets alone into three +cases," said the butler's assistant. + +"Oh, wait, please!" And Natasha began rapidly and deftly sorting out +the things. "These aren't needed," said she, putting aside some plates +of Kiev ware. "These--yes, these must go among the carpets," she said, +referring to the Saxony china dishes. + +"Don't, Natasha! Leave it alone! We'll get it all packed," urged +Sonya reproachfully. + +"What a young lady she is!" remarked the major-domo. + +But Natasha would not give in. She turned everything out and began +quickly repacking, deciding that the inferior Russian carpets and +unnecessary crockery should not be taken at all. When everything had +been taken out of the cases, they recommenced packing, and it turned +out that when the cheaper things not worth taking had nearly all +been rejected, the valuable ones really did all go into the two cases. +Only the lid of the case containing the carpets would not shut down. A +few more things might have been taken out, but Natasha insisted on +having her own way. She packed, repacked, pressed, made the butler's +assistant and Petya--whom she had drawn into the business of +packing--press on the lid, and made desperate efforts herself. + +"That's enough, Natasha," said Sonya. "I see you were right, but +just take out the top one." + +"I won't!" cried Natasha, with one hand bolding back the hair that +hung over her perspiring face, while with the other she pressed down +the carpets. "Now press, Petya! Press, Vasilich, press hard!" she +cried. + +The carpets yielded and the lid closed; Natasha, clapping her hands, +screamed with delight and tears fell from her eyes. But this only +lasted a moment. She at once set to work afresh and they now trusted +her completely. The count was not angry even when they told him that +Natasha had countermanded an order of his, and the servants now came +to her to ask whether a cart was sufficiently loaded, and whether it +might be corded up. Thanks to Natasha's directions the work now went +on expeditiously, unnecessary things were left, and the most +valuable packed as compactly as possible. + +But hard as they all worked till quite late that night, they could +not get everything packed. The countess had fallen asleep and the +count, having put off their departure till next morning, went to bed. + +Sonya and Natasha slept in the sitting room without undressing. + +That night another wounded man was driven down the Povarskaya, and +Mavra Kuzminichna, who was standing at the gate, had him brought +into the Rostovs' yard. Mavra Kuzminichna concluded that he was a very +important man. He was being conveyed in a caleche with a raised +hood, and was quite covered by an apron. On the box beside the +driver sat a venerable old attendant. A doctor and two soldiers +followed the carriage in a cart. + +"Please come in here. The masters are going away and the whole house +will be empty," said the old woman to the old attendant. + +"Well, perhaps," said he with a sigh. "We don't expect to get him +home alive! We have a house of our own in Moscow, but it's a long +way from here, and there's nobody living in it." + +"Do us the honor to come in, there's plenty of everything in the +master's house. Come in," said Mavra Kuzminichna. "Is he very ill?" +she asked. + +The attendant made a hopeless gesture. + +"We don't expect to get him home! We must ask the doctor." + +And the old servant got down from the box and went up to the cart. + +"All right!" said the doctor. + +The old servant returned to the caleche, looked into it, shook his +head disconsolately, told the driver to turn into the yard, and +stopped beside Mavra Kuzminichna. + +"O, Lord Jesus Christ!" she murmured. + +She invited them to take the wounded man into the house. + +"The masters won't object..." she said. + +But they had to avoid carrying the man upstairs, and so they took +him into the wing and put him in the room that had been Madame +Schoss'. + +This wounded man was Prince Andrew Bolkonski. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +Moscow's last day had come. It was a clear bright autumn day, a +Sunday. The church bells everywhere were ringing for service, just +as usual on Sundays. Nobody seemed yet to realize what awaited the +city. + +Only two things indicated the social condition of Moscow--the +rabble, that is the poor people, and the price of commodities. An +enormous crowd of factory hands, house serfs, and peasants, with +whom some officials, seminarists, and gentry were mingled, had gone +early that morning to the Three Hills. Having waited there for +Rostopchin who did not turn up, they became convinced that Moscow +would be surrendered, and then dispersed all about the town to the +public houses and cookshops. Prices too that day indicated the state +of affairs. The price of weapons, of gold, of carts and horses, kept +rising, but the value of paper money and city articles kept falling, +so that by midday there were instances of carters removing valuable +goods, such as cloth, and receiving in payment a half of what they +carted, while peasant horses were fetching five hundred rubles each, +and furniture, mirrors, and bronzes were being given away for nothing. + +In the Rostovs' staid old-fashioned house the dissolution of +former conditions of life was but little noticeable. As to the serfs +the only indication was that three out of their huge retinue +disappeared during the night, but nothing was stolen; and as to the +value of their possessions, the thirty peasant carts that had come +in from their estates and which many people envied proved to be +extremely valuable and they were offered enormous sums of money for +them. Not only were huge sums offered for the horses and carts, but on +the previous evening and early in the morning of the first of +September, orderlies and servants sent by wounded officers came to the +Rostovs' and wounded men dragged themselves there from the Rostovs' +and from neighboring houses where they were accommodated, entreating +the servants to try to get them a lift out of Moscow. The major-domo +to whom these entreaties were addressed, though he was sorry for the +wounded, resolutely refused, saying that he dare not even mention +the matter to the count. Pity these wounded men as one might, it was +evident that if they were given one cart there would be no reason to +refuse another, or all the carts and one's own carriages as well. +Thirty carts could not save all the wounded and in the general +catastrophe one could not disregard oneself and one's own family. So +thought the major-domo on his master's behalf. + +On waking up that morning Count Ilya Rostov left his bedroom softly, +so as not to wake the countess who had fallen asleep only toward +morning, and came out to the porch in his lilac silk dressing gown. In +the yard stood the carts ready corded. The carriages were at the front +porch. The major-domo stood at the porch talking to an elderly orderly +and to a pale young officer with a bandaged arm. On seeing the count +the major-domo made a significant and stern gesture to them both to go +away. + +"Well, Vasilich, is everything ready?" asked the count, and stroking +his bald head he looked good-naturedly at the officer and the +orderly and nodded to them. (He liked to see new faces.) + +"We can harness at once, your excellency." + +"Well, that's right. As soon as the countess wakes we'll be off, God +willing! What is it, gentlemen?" he added, turning to the officer. +"Are you staying in my house?" + +The officer came nearer and suddenly his face flushed crimson. + +"Count, be so good as to allow me... for God's sake, to get into +some corner of one of your carts! I have nothing here with me.... I +shall be all right on a loaded cart..." + +Before the officer had finished speaking the orderly made the same +request on behalf of his master. + +"Oh, yes, yes, yes!" said the count hastily. "I shall be very +pleased, very pleased. Vasilich, you'll see to it. Just unload one +or two carts. Well, what of it... do what's necessary..." said the +count, muttering some indefinite order. + +But at the same moment an expression of warm gratitude on the +officer's face had already sealed the order. The count looked around +him. In the yard, at the gates, at the window of the wings, wounded +officers and their orderlies were to be seen. They were all looking at +the count and moving toward the porch. + +"Please step into the gallery, your excellency," said the +major-domo. "What are your orders about the pictures?" + +The count went into the house with him, repeating his order not to +refuse the wounded who asked for a lift. + +"Well, never mind, some of the things can be unloaded," he added +in a soft, confidential voice, as though afraid of being overheard. + +At nine o'clock the countess woke up, and Matrena Timofeevna, who +had been her lady's maid before her marriage and now performed a +sort of chief gendarme's duty for her, came to say that Madame +Schoss was much offended and the young ladies' summer dresses could +not be left behind. On inquiry, the countess learned that Madame +Schoss was offended because her trunk had been taken down from its +cart, and all the loads were being uncorded and the luggage taken +out of the carts to make room for wounded men whom the count in the +simplicity of his heart had ordered that they should take with them. +The countess sent for her husband. + +"What is this, my dear? I hear that the luggage is being unloaded." + +"You know, love, I wanted to tell you... Countess dear... an officer +came to me to ask for a few carts for the wounded. After all, ours are +things that can be bought but think what being left behind means to +them!... Really now, in our own yard--we asked them in ourselves and +there are officers among them.... You know, I think, my dear... let +them be taken... where's the hurry?" + +The count spoke timidly, as he always did when talking of money +matters. The countess was accustomed to this tone as a precursor of +news of something detrimental to the children's interests, such as the +building of a new gallery or conservatory, the inauguration of a +private theater or an orchestra. She was accustomed always to oppose +anything announced in that timid tone and considered it her duty to do +so. + +She assumed her dolefully submissive manner and said to her husband: +"Listen to me, Count, you have managed matters so that we are +getting nothing for the house, and now you wish to throw away all our- +all the children's property! You said yourself that we have a +hundred thousand rubles' worth of things in the house. I don't +consent, my dear, I don't! Do as you please! It's the government's +business to look after the wounded; they know that. Look at the +Lopukhins opposite, they cleared out everything two days ago. That's +what other people do. It's only we who are such fools. If you have +no pity on me, have some for the children." + +Flourishing his arms in despair the count left the room without +replying. + +"Papa, what are you doing that for?" asked Natasha, who had followed +him into her mother's room. + +"Nothing! What business is it of yours?" muttered the count angrily. + +"But I heard," said Natasha. "Why does Mamma object?" + +"What business is it of yours?" cried the count. + +Natasha stepped up to the window and pondered. + +"Papa! Here's Berg coming to see us," said she, looking out of the +window. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Berg, the Rostovs' son-in-law, was already a colonel wearing the +orders of Vladimir and Anna, and he still filled the quiet and +agreeable post of assistant to the head of the staff of the +assistant commander of the first division of the Second Army. + +On the first of September he had come to Moscow from the army. + +He had nothing to do in Moscow, but he had noticed that everyone +in the army was asking for leave to visit Moscow and had something +to do there. So he considered it necessary to ask for leave of absence +for family and domestic reasons. + +Berg drove up to his father-in-law's house in his spruce little trap +with a pair of sleek roans, exactly like those of a certain prince. He +looked attentively at the carts in the yard and while going up to +the porch took out a clean pocket handkerchief and tied a knot in it. + +From the anteroom Berg ran with smooth though impatient steps into +the drawing room, where he embraced the count, kissed the hands of +Natasha and Sonya, and hastened to inquire after "Mamma's" health. + +"Health, at a time like this?" said the count. "Come, tell us the +news! Is the army retreating or will there be another battle?" + +"God Almighty alone can decide the fate of our fatherland, Papa," +said Berg. "The army is burning with a spirit of heroism and the +leaders, so to say, have now assembled in council. No one knows what +is coming. But in general I can tell you, Papa, that such a heroic +spirit, the truly antique valor of the Russian army, which they--which +it" (he corrected himself) "has shown or displayed in the battle of +the twenty-sixth--there are no words worthy to do it justice! I tell +you, Papa" (he smote himself on the breast as a general he had heard +speaking had done, but Berg did it a trifle late for he should have +struck his breast at the words "Russian army"), "I tell you frankly +that we, the commanders, far from having to urge the men on or +anything of that kind, could hardly restrain those... those... yes, +those exploits of antique valor," he went on rapidly. "General Barclay +de Tolly risked his life everywhere at the head of the troops, I can +assure you. Our corps was stationed on a hillside. You can imagine!" + +And Berg related all that he remembered of the various tales he +had heard those days. Natasha watched him with an intent gaze that +confused him, as if she were trying to find in his face the answer +to some question. + +"Altogether such heroism as was displayed by the Russian warriors +cannot be imagined or adequately praised!" said Berg, glancing round +at Natasha, and as if anxious to conciliate her, replying to her +intent look with a smile. "'Russia is not in Moscow, she lives in +the hearts of her sons!' Isn't it so, Papa?" said he. + +Just then the countess came in from the sitting room with a weary +and dissatisfied expression. Berg hurriedly jumped up, kissed her +hand, asked about her health, and, swaying his head from side to +side to express sympathy, remained standing beside her. + +"Yes, Mamma, I tell you sincerely that these are hard and sad +times for every Russian. But why are you so anxious? You have still +time to get away...." + +"I can't think what the servants are about," said the countess, +turning to her husband. "I have just been told that nothing is ready +yet. Somebody after all must see to things. One misses Mitenka at such +times. There won't be any end to it." + +The count was about to say something, but evidently restrained +himself. He got up from his chair and went to the door. + +At that moment Berg drew out his handkerchief as if to blow his nose +and, seeing the knot in it, pondered, shaking his head sadly and +significantly. + +"And I have a great favor to ask of you, Papa," said he. + +"Hm..." said the count, and stopped. + +"I was driving past Yusupov's house just now," said Berg with a +laugh, "when the steward, a man I know, ran out and asked me whether I +wouldn't buy something. I went in out of curiosity, you know, and +there is a small chiffonier and a dressing table. You know how dear +Vera wanted a chiffonier like that and how we had a dispute about it." +(At the mention of the chiffonier and dressing table Berg +involuntarily changed his tone to one of pleasure at his admirable +domestic arrangements.) "And it's such a beauty! It pulls out and +has a secret English drawer, you know! And dear Vera has long wanted +one. I wish to give her a surprise, you see. I saw so many of those +peasant carts in your yard. Please let me have one, I will pay the man +well, and..." + +The count frowned and coughed. + +"Ask the countess, I don't give orders." + +"If it's inconvenient, please don't," said Berg. "Only I so wanted +it, for dear Vera's sake." + +"Oh, go to the devil, all of you! To the devil, the devil, the +devil..." cried the old count. "My head's in a whirl!" + +And he left the room. The countess began to cry. + +"Yes, Mamma! Yes, these are very hard times!" said Berg. + +Natasha left the room with her father and, as if finding it +difficult to reach some decision, first followed him and then ran +downstairs. + +Petya was in the porch, engaged in giving out weapons to the +servants who were to leave Moscow. The loaded carts were still +standing in the yard. Two of them had been uncorded and a wounded +officer was climbing into one of them helped by an orderly. + +"Do you know what it's about?" Petya asked Natasha. + +She understood that he meant what were their parents quarreling +about. She did not answer. + +"It's because Papa wanted to give up all the carts to the +wounded," said Petya. "Vasilich told me. I consider..." + +"I consider," Natasha suddenly almost shouted, turning her angry +face to Petya, "I consider it so horrid, so abominable, so... I +don't know what. Are we despicable Germans?" + +Her throat quivered with convulsive sobs and, afraid of weakening +and letting the force of her anger run to waste, she turned and rushed +headlong up the stairs. + +Berg was sitting beside the countess consoling her with the +respectful attention of a relative. The count, pipe in hand, was +pacing up and down the room, when Natasha, her face distorted by +anger, burst in like a tempest and approached her mother with rapid +steps. + +"It's horrid! It's abominable!" she screamed. "You can't possibly +have ordered it!" + +Berg and the countess looked at her, perplexed and frightened. The +count stood still at the window and listened. + +"Mamma, it's impossible: see what is going on in the yard!" she +cried. "They will be left!..." + +"What's the matter with you? Who are 'they'? What do you want?" + +"Why, the wounded! It's impossible, Mamma. It's monstrous!... No, +Mamma darling, it's not the thing. Please forgive me, darling.... +Mamma, what does it matter what we take away? Only look what is +going on in the yard... Mamma!... It's impossible!" + +The count stood by the window and listened without turning round. +Suddenly he sniffed and put his face closer to the window. + +The countess glanced at her daughter, saw her face full of shame for +her mother, saw her agitation, and understood why her husband did +not turn to look at her now, and she glanced round quite disconcerted. + +"Oh, do as you like! Am I hindering anyone?" she said, not +surrendering at once. + +"Mamma, darling, forgive me!" + +But the countess pushed her daughter away and went up to her +husband. + +"My dear, you order what is right.... You know I don't understand +about it," said she, dropping her eyes shamefacedly. + +"The eggs... the eggs are teaching the hen," muttered the count +through tears of joy, and he embraced his wife who was glad to hide +her look of shame on his breast. + +"Papa! Mamma! May I see to it? May I?..." asked Natasha. "We will +still take all the most necessary things." + +The count nodded affirmatively, and Natasha, at the rapid pace at +which she used to run when playing at tag, ran through the ballroom to +the anteroom and downstairs into the yard. + +The servants gathered round Natasha, but could not believe the +strange order she brought them until the count himself, in his +wife's name, confirmed the order to give up all the carts to the +wounded and take the trunks to the storerooms. When they understood +that order the servants set to work at this new task with pleasure and +zeal. It no longer seemed strange to them but on the contrary it +seemed the only thing that could be done, just as a quarter of an hour +before it had not seemed strange to anyone that the wounded should +be left behind and the goods carted away but that had seemed the +only thing to do. + +The whole household, as if to atone for not having done it sooner, +set eagerly to work at the new task of placing the wounded in the +carts. The wounded dragged themselves out of their rooms and stood +with pale but happy faces round the carts. The news that carts were to +be had spread to the neighboring houses, from which wounded men +began to come into the Rostovs' yard. Many of the wounded asked them +not to unload the carts but only to let them sit on the top of the +things. But the work of unloading, once started, could not be +arrested. It seemed not to matter whether all or only half the +things were left behind. Cases full of china, bronzes, pictures, and +mirrors that had been so carefully packed the night before now lay +about the yard, and still they went on searching for and finding +possibilities of unloading this or that and letting the wounded have +another and yet another cart. + +"We can take four more men," said the steward. "They can have my +trap, or else what is to become of them?" + +"Let them have my wardrobe cart," said the countess. "Dunyasha can +go with me in the carriage." + +They unloaded the wardrobe cart and sent it to take wounded men from +a house two doors off. The whole household, servants included, was +bright and animated. Natasha was in a state of rapturous excitement +such as she had not known for a long time. + +"What could we fasten this onto?" asked the servants, trying to +fix a trunk on the narrow footboard behind a carriage. "We must keep +at least one cart." + +"What's in it?" asked Natasha. + +"The count's books." + +"Leave it, Vasilich will put it away. It's not wanted." + +The phaeton was full of people and there was a doubt as to where +Count Peter could sit. + +"On the box. You'll sit on the box, won't you, Petya?" cried +Natasha. + +Sonya too was busy all this time, but the aim of her efforts was +quite different from Natasha's. She was putting away the things that +had to be left behind and making a list of them as the countess +wished, and she tried to get as much taken away with them as possible. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Before two o'clock in the afternoon the Rostovs' four carriages, +packed full and with the horses harnessed, stood at the front door. +One by one the carts with the wounded had moved out of the yard. + +The caleche in which Prince Andrew was being taken attracted Sonya's +attention as it passed the front porch. With the help of a maid she +was arranging a seat for the countess in the huge high coach that +stood at the entrance. + +"Whose caleche is that?" she inquired, leaning out of the carriage +window. + +"Why, didn't you know, Miss?" replied the maid. "The wounded prince: +he spent the night in our house and is going with us." + +"But who is it? What's his name?" + +"It's our intended that was--Prince Bolkonski himself! They say he +is dying," replied the maid with a sigh. + +Sonya jumped out of the coach and ran to the countess. The countess, +tired out and already dressed in shawl and bonnet for her journey, was +pacing up and down the drawing room, waiting for the household to +assemble for the usual silent prayer with closed doors before +starting. Natasha was not in the room. + +"Mamma," said Sonya, "Prince Andrew is here, mortally wounded. He is +going with us." + +The countess opened her eyes in dismay and, seizing Sonya's arm, +glanced around. + +"Natasha?" she murmured. + +At that moment this news had only one significance for both of them. +They knew their Natasha, and alarm as to what would happen if she +heard this news stifled all sympathy for the man they both liked. + +"Natasha does not know yet, but he is going with us," said Sonya. + +"You say he is dying?" + +Sonya nodded. + +The countess put her arms around Sonya and began to cry. + +"The ways of God are past finding out!" she thought, feeling that +the Almighty Hand, hitherto unseen, was becoming manifest in all +that was now taking place. + +"Well, Mamma? Everything is ready. What's the matter?" asked +Natasha, as with animated face she ran into the room. + +"Nothing," answered the countess. "If everything is ready let us +start." + +And the countess bent over her reticule to hide her agitated face. +Sonya embraced Natasha and kissed her. + +Natasha looked at her inquiringly. + +"What is it? What has happened?" + +"Nothing... No..." + +"Is it something very bad for me? What is it?" persisted Natasha +with her quick intuition. + +Sonya sighed and made no reply. The count, Petya, Madame Schoss, +Mavra Kuzminichna, and Vasilich came into the drawing room and, having +closed the doors, they all sat down and remained for some moments +silently seated without looking at one another. + +The count was the first to rise, and with a loud sigh crossed +himself before the icon. All the others did the same. Then the count +embraced Mavra Kuzminichna and Vasilich, who were to remain in Moscow, +and while they caught at his hand and kissed his shoulder he patted +their backs lightly with some vaguely affectionate and comforting +words. The countess went into the oratory and there Sonya found her on +her knees before the icons that had been left here and there hanging +on the wall. (The most precious ones, with which some family tradition +was connected, were being taken with them.) + +In the porch and in the yard the men whom Petya had armed with +swords and daggers, with trousers tucked inside their high boots and +with belts and girdles tightened, were taking leave of those remaining +behind. + +As is always the case at a departure, much had been forgotten or put +in the wrong place, and for a long time two menservants stood one on +each side of the open door and the carriage steps waiting to help +the countess in, while maids rushed with cushions and bundles from the +house to the carriages, the caleche, the phaeton, and back again. + +"They always will forget everything!" said the countess. "Don't +you know I can't sit like that?" + +And Dunyasha, with clenched teeth, without replying but with an +aggrieved look on her face, hastily got into the coach to rearrange +the seat. + +"Oh, those servants!" said the count, swaying his head. + +Efim, the old coachman, who was the only one the countess trusted to +drive her, sat perched up high on the box and did not so much as +glance round at what was going on behind him. From thirty years' +experience he knew it would be some time yet before the order, "Be +off, in God's name!" would be given him: and he knew that even when it +was said he would be stopped once or twice more while they sent back +to fetch something that had been forgotten, and even after that he +would again be stopped and the countess herself would lean out of +the window and beg him for the love of heaven to drive carefully +down the hill. He knew all this and therefore waited calmly for what +would happen, with more patience than the horses, especially the +near one, the chestnut Falcon, who was pawing the ground and +champing his bit. At last all were seated, the carriage steps were +folded and pulled up, the door was shut, somebody was sent for a +traveling case, and the countess leaned out and said what she had to +say. Then Efim deliberately doffed his hat and began crossing himself. +The postilion and all the other servants did the same. "Off, in +God's name!" said Efim, putting on his hat. "Start!" The postilion +started the horses, the off pole horse tugged at his collar, the +high springs creaked, and the body of the coach swayed. The footman +sprang onto the box of the moving coach which jolted as it passed +out of the yard onto the uneven roadway; the other vehicles jolted +in their turn, and the procession of carriages moved up the street. In +the carriages, the caleche, and the phaeton, all crossed themselves as +they passed the church opposite the house. Those who were to remain in +Moscow walked on either side of the vehicles seeing the travelers off. + +Rarely had Natasha experienced so joyful a feeling as now, sitting +in the carriage beside the countess and gazing at the slowly +receding walls of forsaken, agitated Moscow. Occasionally she leaned +out of the carriage window and looked back and then forward at the +long train of wounded in front of them. Almost at the head of the line +she could see the raised hood of Prince Andrew's caleche. She did +not know who was in it, but each time she looked at the procession her +eyes sought that caleche. She knew it was right in front. + +In Kudrino, from the Nikitski, Presnya, and Podnovinsk Streets +came several other trains of vehicles similar to the Rostovs', and +as they passed along the Sadovaya Street the carriages and carts +formed two rows abreast. + +As they were going round the Sukharev water tower Natasha, who was +inquisitively and alertly scrutinizing the people driving or walking +past, suddenly cried out in joyful surprise: + +"Dear me! Mamma, Sonya, look, it's he!" + +"Who? Who?" + +"Look! Yes, on my word, it's Bezukhov!" said Natasha, putting her +head out of the carriage and staring at a tall, stout man in a +coachman's long coat, who from his manner of walking and moving was +evidently a gentleman in disguise, and who was passing under the +arch of the Sukharev tower accompanied by a small, sallow-faced, +beardless old man in a frieze coat. + +"Yes, it really is Bezukhov in a coachman's coat, with a +queer-looking old boy. Really," said Natasha, "look, look!" + +"No, it's not he. How can you talk such nonsense?" + +"Mamma," screamed Natasha, "I'll stake my head it's he! I assure +you! Stop, stop!" she cried to the coachman. + +But the coachman could not stop, for from the Meshchanski Street +came more carts and carriages, and the Rostovs were being shouted at +to move on and not block the way. + +In fact, however, though now much farther off than before, the +Rostovs all saw Pierre--or someone extraordinarily like him--in a +coachman's coat, going down the street with head bent and a serious +face beside a small, beardless old man who looked like a footman. That +old man noticed a face thrust out of the carriage window gazing at +them, and respectfully touching Pierre's elbow said something to him +and pointed to the carriage. Pierre, evidently engrossed in thought, +could not at first understand him. At length when he had understood +and looked in the direction the old man indicated, he recognized +Natasha, and following his first impulse stepped instantly and rapidly +toward the coach. But having taken a dozen steps he seemed to remember +something and stopped. + +Natasha's face, leaning out of the window, beamed with quizzical +kindliness. + +"Peter Kirilovich, come here! We have recognized you! This is +wonderful!" she cried, holding out her hand to him. "What are you +doing? Why are you like this?" + +Pierre took her outstretched hand and kissed it awkwardly as he +walked along beside her while the coach still moved on. + +"What is the matter, Count?" asked the countess in a surprised and +commiserating tone. + +"What? What? Why? Don't ask me," said Pierre, and looked round at +Natasha whose radiant, happy expression--of which he was conscious +without looking at her--filled him with enchantment. + +"Are you remaining in Moscow, then?" + +Pierre hesitated. + +"In Moscow?" he said in a questioning tone. "Yes, in Moscow. +Goodby!" + +"Ah, if only I were a man? I'd certainly stay with you. How +splendid!" said Natasha. "Mamma, if you'll let me, I'll stay!" + +Pierre glanced absently at Natasha and was about to say something, +but the countess interrupted him. + +"You were at the battle, we heard." + +"Yes, I was," Pierre answered. "There will be another battle +tomorrow..." he began, but Natasha interrupted him. + +"But what is the matter with you, Count? You are not like +yourself...." + +"Oh, don't ask me, don't ask me! I don't know myself. Tomorrow... +But no! Good-by, good-by!" he muttered. "It's an awful time!" and +dropping behind the carriage he stepped onto the pavement. + +Natasha continued to lean out of the window for a long time, beaming +at him with her kindly, slightly quizzical, happy smile. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +For the last two days, ever since leaving home, Pierre had been +living in the empty house of his deceased benefactor, Bazdeev. This is +how it happened. + +When he woke up on the morning after his return to Moscow and his +interview with Count Rostopchin, he could not for some time make out +where he was and what was expected of him. When he was informed that +among others awaiting him in his reception room there was a +Frenchman who had brought a letter from his wife, the Countess Helene, +he felt suddenly overcome by that sense of confusion and +hopelessness to which he was apt to succumb. He felt that everything +was now at an end, all was in confusion and crumbling to pieces, +that nobody was right or wrong, the future held nothing, and there was +no escape from this position. Smiling unnaturally and muttering to +himself, he first sat down on the sofa in an attitude of despair, then +rose, went to the door of the reception room and peeped through the +crack, returned flourishing his arms, and took up a book. His +major-domo came in a second time to say that the Frenchman who had +brought the letter from the countess was very anxious to see him if +only for a minute, and that someone from Bazdeev's widow had called to +ask Pierre to take charge of her husband's books, as she herself was +leaving for the country. + +"Oh, yes, in a minute; wait... or no! No, of course... go and say +I will come directly," Pierre replied to the major-domo. + +But as soon as the man had left the room Pierre took up his hat +which was lying on the table and went out of his study by the other +door. There was no one in the passage. He went along the whole +length of this passage to the stairs and, frowning and rubbing his +forehead with both hands, went down as far as the first landing. The +hall porter was standing at the front door. From the landing where +Pierre stood there was a second staircase leading to the back +entrance. He went down that staircase and out into the yard. No one +had seen him. But there were some carriages waiting, and as soon as +Pierre stepped out of the gate the coachmen and the yard porter +noticed him and raised their caps to him. When he felt he was being +looked at he behaved like an ostrich which hides its head in a bush in +order not to be seen: he hung his head and quickening his pace went +down the street. + +Of all the affairs awaiting Pierre that day the sorting of Joseph +Bazdeev's books and papers appeared to him the most necessary. + + +He hired the first cab he met and told the driver to go to the +Patriarch's Ponds, where the widow Bazdeev's house was. + +Continually turning round to look at the rows of loaded carts that +were making their way from all sides out of Moscow, and balancing +his bulky body so as not to slip out of the ramshackle old vehicle, +Pierre, experiencing the joyful feeling of a boy escaping from school, +began to talk to his driver. + +The man told him that arms were being distributed today at the +Kremlin and that tomorrow everyone would be sent out beyond the +Three Hills gates and a great battle would be fought there. + +Having reached the Patriarch's Ponds Pierre found the Bazdeevs' +house, where he had not been for a long time past. He went up to the +gate. Gerasim, that sallow beardless old man Pierre had seen at +Torzhok five years before with Joseph Bazdeev, came out in answer to +his knock. + +"At home?" asked Pierre. + +"Owing to the present state of things Sophia Danilovna has gone to +the Torzhok estate with the children, your excellency." + +"I will come in all the same, I have to look through the books," +said Pierre. + +"Be so good as to step in. Makar Alexeevich, the brother of my +late master--may the kingdom of heaven be his--has remained here, +but he is in a weak state as you know," said the old servant. + +Pierre knew that Makar Alexeevich was Joseph Bazdeev's half-insane +brother and a hard drinker. + +"Yes, yes, I know. Let us go in..." said Pierre and entered the +house. + +A tall, bald-headed old man with a red nose, wearing a dressing gown +and with galoshes on his bare feet, stood in the anteroom. On seeing +Pierre he muttered something angrily and went away along the passage. + +"He was a very clever man but has now grown quite feeble, as your +honor sees," said Gerasim. "Will you step into the study?" Pierre +nodded. "As it was sealed up so it has remained, but Sophia +Danilovna gave orders that if anyone should come from you they were to +have the books." + +Pierre went into that gloomy study which he had entered with such +trepidation in his benefactor's lifetime. The room, dusty and +untouched since the death of Joseph Bazdeev was now even gloomier. + +Gerasim opened one of the shutters and left the room on tiptoe. +Pierre went round the study, approached the cupboard in which the +manuscripts were kept, and took out what had once been one of the most +important, the holy of holies of the order. This was the authentic +Scotch Acts with Bazdeev's notes and explanations. He sat down at +the dusty writing table, and, having laid the manuscripts before +him, opened them out, closed them, finally pushed them away, and +resting his head on his hand sank into meditation. + +Gerasim looked cautiously into the study several times and saw +Pierre always sitting in the same attitude. + +More than two hours passed and Gerasim took the liberty of making +a slight noise at the door to attract his attention, but Pierre did +not hear him. + +"Is the cabman to be discharged, your honor?" + +"Oh yes!" said Pierre, rousing himself and rising hurriedly. "Look +here," he added, taking Gerasim by a button of his coat and looking +down at the old man with moist, shining, and ecstatic eyes, "I say, do +you know that there is going to be a battle tomorrow?" + +"We heard so," replied the man. + +"I beg you not to tell anyone who I am, and to do what I ask you." + +"Yes, your excellency," replied Gerasim. "Will you have something to +eat?" + +"No, but I want something else. I want peasant clothes and a +pistol," said Pierre, unexpectedly blushing. + +"Yes, your excellency," said Gerasim after thinking for a moment. + +All the rest of that day Pierre spent alone in his benefactor's +study, and Gerasim heard him pacing restlessly from one corner to +another and talking to himself. And he spent the night on a bed made +up for him there. + +Gerasim, being a servant who in his time had seen many strange +things, accepted Pierre's taking up his residence in the house without +surprise, and seemed pleased to have someone to wait on. That same +evening--without even asking himself what they were wanted for--he +procured a coachman's coat and cap for Pierre, and promised to get him +the pistol next day. Makar Alexeevich came twice that evening +shuffling along in his galoshes as far as the door and stopped and +looked ingratiatingly at Pierre. But as soon as Pierre turned toward +him he wrapped his dressing gown around him with a shamefaced and +angry look and hurried away. It was when Pierre (wearing the +coachman's coat which Gerasim had procured for him and had disinfected +by steam) was on his way with the old man to buy the pistol at the +Sukharev market that he met the Rostovs. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +Kutuzov's order to retreat through Moscow to the Ryazan road was +issued at night on the first of September. + +The first troops started at once, and during the night they +marched slowly and steadily without hurry. At daybreak, however, those +nearing the town at the Dorogomilov bridge saw ahead of them masses of +soldiers crowding and hurrying across the bridge, ascending on the +opposite side and blocking the streets and alleys, while endless +masses of troops were bearing down on them from behind, and an +unreasoning hurry and alarm overcame them. They all rushed forward +to the bridge, onto it, and to the fords and the boats. Kutuzov +himself had driven round by side streets to the other side of Moscow. + +By ten o'clock in the morning of the second of September, only the +rear guard remained in the Dorogomilov suburb, where they had ample +room. The main army was on the other side of Moscow or beyond it. + +At that very time, at ten in the morning of the second of September, +Napoleon was standing among his troops on the Poklonny Hill looking at +the panorama spread out before him. From the twenty-sixth of August to +the second of September, that is from the battle of Borodino to the +entry of the French into Moscow, during the whole of that agitating, +memorable week, there had been the extraordinary autumn weather that +always comes as a surprise, when the sun hangs low and gives more heat +than in spring, when everything shines so brightly in the rare clear +atmosphere that the eyes smart, when the lungs are strengthened and +refreshed by inhaling the aromatic autumn air, when even the nights +are warm, and when in those dark warm nights, golden stars startle and +delight us continually by falling from the sky. + +At ten in the morning of the second of September this weather +still held. + +The brightness of the morning was magical. Moscow seen from the +Poklonny Hill lay spaciously spread out with her river, her gardens, +and her churches, and she seemed to be living her usual life, her +cupolas glittering like stars in the sunlight. + +The view of the strange city with its peculiar architecture, such as +he had never seen before, filled Napoleon with the rather envious +and uneasy curiosity men feel when they see an alien form of life that +has no knowledge of them. This city was evidently living with the full +force of its own life. By the indefinite signs which, even at a +distance, distinguish a living body from a dead one, Napoleon from the +Poklonny Hill perceived the throb of life in the town and felt, as +it were, the breathing of that great and beautiful body. + +Every Russian looking at Moscow feels her to be a mother; every +foreigner who sees her, even if ignorant of her significance as the +mother city, must feel her feminine character, and Napoleon felt it. + +"Cette ville asiatique aux innombrables eglises, Moscou la sainte. +La voila done enfin, cette fameuse ville! Il etait temps,"* said he, +and dismounting he ordered a plan of Moscow to be spread out before +him, and summoned Lelorgne d'Ideville, the interpreter. + + +*"That Asiatic city of the innumerable churches, holy Moscow! Here +it is then at last, that famous city. It was high time." + + +"A town captured by the enemy is like a maid who has lost her +honor," thought he (he had said so to Tuchkov at Smolensk). From +that point of view he gazed at the Oriental beauty he had not seen +before. It seemed strange to him that his long-felt wish, which had +seemed unattainable, had at last been realized. In the clear morning +light he gazed now at the city and now at the plan, considering its +details, and the assurance of possessing it agitated and awed him. + +"But could it be otherwise?" he thought. "Here is this capital at my +feet. Where is Alexander now, and of what is he thinking? A strange, +beautiful, and majestic city; and a strange and majestic moment! In +what light must I appear to them!" thought he, thinking of his troops. +"Here she is, the reward for all those fainthearted men," he +reflected, glancing at those near him and at the troops who were +approaching and forming up. "One word from me, one movement of my +hand, and that ancient capital of the Tsars would perish. But my +clemency is always ready to descend upon the vanquished. I must be +magnanimous and truly great. But no, it can't be true that I am in +Moscow," he suddenly thought. "Yet here she is lying at my feet, +with her golden domes and crosses scintillating and twinkling in the +sunshine. But I shall spare her. On the ancient monuments of barbarism +and despotism I will inscribe great words of justice and mercy.... +It is just this which Alexander will feel most painfully, I know him." +(It seemed to Napoleon that the chief import of what was taking +place lay in the personal struggle between himself and Alexander.) +"From the height of the Kremlin--yes, there is the Kremlin, yes--I +will give them just laws; I will teach them the meaning of true +civilization, I will make generations of boyars remember their +conqueror with love. I will tell the deputation that I did not, and do +not, desire war, that I have waged war only against the false policy +of their court; that I love and respect Alexander and that in Moscow I +will accept terms of peace worthy of myself and of my people. I do not +wish to utilize the fortunes of war to humiliate an honored monarch. +'Boyars,' I will say to them, 'I do not desire war, I desire the peace +and welfare of all my subjects.' However, I know their presence will +inspire me, and I shall speak to them as I always do: clearly, +impressively, and majestically. But can it be true that I am in +Moscow? Yes, there she lies." + +"Qu'on m'amene les boyars,"* said he to his suite. + + +*"Bring the boyars to me." + + +A general with a brilliant suite galloped off at once to fetch the +boyars. + +Two hours passed. Napoleon had lunched and was again standing in the +same place on the Poklonny Hill awaiting the deputation. His speech to +the boyars had already taken definite shape in his imagination. That +speech was full of dignity and greatness as Napoleon understood it. + +He was himself carried away by the tone of magnanimity he intended +to adopt toward Moscow. In his imagination he appointed days for +assemblies at the palace of the Tsars, at which Russian notables and +his own would mingle. He mentally appointed a governor, one who +would win the hearts of the people. Having learned that there were +many charitable institutions in Moscow he mentally decided that he +would shower favors on them all. He thought that, as in Africa he +had to put on a burnoose and sit in a mosque, so in Moscow he must +be beneficent like the Tsars. And in order finally to touch the hearts +of the Russians--and being like all Frenchmen unable to imagine +anything sentimental without a reference to ma chere, ma tendre, ma +pauvre mere* --he decided that he would place an inscription on all +these establishments in large letters: "This establishment is +dedicated to my dear mother." Or no, it should be simply: Maison de ma +Mere,*[2] he concluded. "But am I really in Moscow? Yes, here it +lies before me, but why is the deputation from the city so long in +appearing?" he wondered. + + +*"My dear, my tender, my poor mother." + +*[2] "House of my Mother." + + +Meanwhile an agitated consultation was being carried on in +whispers among his generals and marshals at the rear of his suite. +Those sent to fetch the deputation had returned with the news that +Moscow was empty, that everyone had left it. The faces of those who +were not conferring together were pale and perturbed. They were not +alarmed by the fact that Moscow had been abandoned by its +inhabitants (grave as that fact seemed), but by the question how to +tell the Emperor--without putting him in the terrible position of +appearing ridiculous--that he had been awaiting the boyars so long +in vain: that there were drunken mobs left in Moscow but no one +else. Some said that a deputation of some sort must be scraped +together, others disputed that opinion and maintained that the Emperor +should first be carefully and skillfully prepared, and then told the +truth. + +"He will have to be told, all the same," said some gentlemen of +the suite. "But, gentlemen..." + +The position was the more awkward because the Emperor, meditating +upon his magnanimous plans, was pacing patiently up and down before +the outspread map, occasionally glancing along the road to Moscow from +under his lifted hand with a bright and proud smile. + +"But it's impossible..." declared the gentlemen of the suite, +shrugging their shoulders but not venturing to utter the implied word- +le ridicule... + +At last the Emperor, tired of futile expectation, his actor's +instinct suggesting to him that the sublime moment having been too +long drawn out was beginning to lose its sublimity, gave a sign with +his hand. A single report of a signaling gun followed, and the troops, +who were already spread out on different sides of Moscow, moved into +the city through Tver, Kaluga, and Dorogomilov gates. Faster and +faster, vying with one another, they moved at the double or at a trot, +vanishing amid the clouds of dust they raised and making the air +ring with a deafening roar of mingling shouts. + +Drawn on by the movement of his troops Napoleon rode with them as +far as the Dorogomilov gate, but there again stopped and, +dismounting from his horse, paced for a long time by the +Kammer-Kollezski rampart, awaiting the deputation. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + +Meanwhile Moscow was empty. There were still people in it, perhaps a +fiftieth part of its former inhabitants had remained, but it was +empty. It was empty in the sense that a dying queenless hive is empty. + +In a queenless hive no life is left though to a superficial glance +it seems as much alive as other hives. + +The bees circle round a queenless hive in the hot beams of the +midday sun as gaily as around the living hives; from a distance it +smells of honey like the others, and bees fly in and out in the same +way. But one has only to observe that hive to realize that there is no +longer any life in it. The bees do not fly in the same way, the +smell and the sound that meet the beekeeper are not the same. To the +beekeeper's tap on the wall of the sick hive, instead of the former +instant unanimous humming of tens of thousands of bees with their +abdomens threateningly compressed, and producing by the rapid +vibration of their wings an aerial living sound, the only reply is a +disconnected buzzing from different parts of the deserted hive. From +the alighting board, instead of the former spirituous fragrant smell +of honey and venom, and the warm whiffs of crowded life, comes an odor +of emptiness and decay mingling with the smell of honey. There are +no longer sentinels sounding the alarm with their abdomens raised, and +ready to die in defense of the hive. There is no longer the measured +quiet sound of throbbing activity, like the sound of boiling water, +but diverse discordant sounds of disorder. In and out of the hive long +black robber bees smeared with honey fly timidly and shiftily. They do +not sting, but crawl away from danger. Formerly only bees laden with +honey flew into the hive, and they flew out empty; now they fly out +laden. The beekeeper opens the lower part of the hive and peers in. +Instead of black, glossy bees--tamed by toil, clinging to one +another's legs and drawing out the wax, with a ceaseless hum of labor- +that used to hang in long clusters down to the floor of the hive, +drowsy shriveled bees crawl about separately in various directions +on the floor and walls of the hive. Instead of a neatly glued floor, +swept by the bees with the fanning of their wings, there is a floor +littered with bits of wax, excrement, dying bees scarcely moving their +legs, and dead ones that have not been cleared away. + +The beekeeper opens the upper part of the hive and examines the +super. Instead of serried rows of bees sealing up every gap in the +combs and keeping the brood warm, he sees the skillful complex +structures of the combs, but no longer in their former state of +purity. All is neglected and foul. Black robber bees are swiftly and +stealthily prowling about the combs, and the short home bees, +shriveled and listless as if they were old, creep slowly about without +trying to hinder the robbers, having lost all motive and all sense +of life. Drones, bumblebees, wasps, and butterflies knock awkwardly +against the walls of the hive in their flight. Here and there among +the cells containing dead brood and honey an angry buzzing can +sometimes be heard. Here and there a couple of bees, by force of habit +and custom cleaning out the brood cells, with efforts beyond their +strength laboriously drag away a dead bee or bumblebee without knowing +why they do it. In another corner two old bees are languidly fighting, +or cleaning themselves, or feeding one another, without themselves +knowing whether they do it with friendly or hostile intent. In a third +place a crowd of bees, crushing one another, attack some victim and +fight and smother it, and the victim, enfeebled or killed, drops +from above slowly and lightly as a feather, among the heap of corpses. +The keeper opens the two center partitions to examine the brood cells. +In place of the former close dark circles formed by thousands of +bees sitting back to back and guarding the high mystery of generation, +he sees hundreds of dull, listless, and sleepy shells of bees. They +have almost all died unawares, sitting in the sanctuary they had +guarded and which is now no more. They reek of decay and death. Only a +few of them still move, rise, and feebly fly to settle on the +enemy's hand, lacking the spirit to die stinging him; the rest are +dead and fall as lightly as fish scales. The beekeeper closes the +hive, chalks a mark on it, and when he has time tears out its contents +and burns it clean. + +So in the same way Moscow was empty when Napoleon, weary, uneasy, +and morose, paced up and down in front of the Kammer-Kollezski +rampart, awaiting what to his mind was a necessary, if but formal, +observance of the proprieties--a deputation. + +In various corners of Moscow there still remained a few people +aimlessly moving about, following their old habits and hardly aware of +what they were doing. + +When with due circumspection Napoleon was informed that Moscow was +empty, he looked angrily at his informant, turned away, and silently +continued to walk to and fro. + +"My carriage!" he said. + +He took his seat beside the aide-de-camp on duty and drove into +the suburb. "Moscow deserted!" he said to himself. "What an incredible +event!" + +He did not drive into the town, but put up at an inn in the +Dorogomilov suburb. + +The coup de theatre had not come off. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXI + + +The Russian troops were passing through Moscow from two o'clock at +night till two in the afternoon and bore away with them the wounded +and the last of the inhabitants who were leaving. + +The greatest crush during the movement of the troops took place at +the Stone, Moskva, and Yauza bridges. + +While the troops, dividing into two parts when passing around the +Kremlin, were thronging the Moskva and the Stone bridges, a great many +soldiers, taking advantage of the stoppage and congestion, turned back +from the bridges and slipped stealthily and silently past the church +of Vasili the Beatified and under the Borovitski gate, back up the +hill to the Red Square where some instinct told them they could easily +take things not belonging to them. Crowds of the kind seen at cheap +sales filled all the passages and alleys of the Bazaar. But there were +no dealers with voices of ingratiating affability inviting customers +to enter; there were no hawkers, nor the usual motley crowd of +female purchasers--but only soldiers, in uniforms and overcoats though +without muskets, entering the Bazaar empty-handed and silently +making their way out through its passages with bundles. Tradesmen +and their assistants (of whom there were but few) moved about among +the soldiers quite bewildered. They unlocked their shops and locked +them up again, and themselves carried goods away with the help their +assistants. On the square in front of the Bazaar were drummers beating +the muster call. But the roll of the drums did not make the looting +soldiers run in the direction of the drum as formerly, but made +them, on the contrary, run farther away. Among the soldiers in the +shops and passages some men were to be seen in gray coats, with +closely shaven heads. Two officers, one with a scarf over his +uniform and mounted on a lean, dark-gray horse, the other in an +overcoat and on foot, stood at the corner of Ilyinka Street, +talking. A third officer galloped up to them. + +"The general orders them all to be driven out at once, without fail. +This is outrageous! Half the men have dispersed." + +"Where are you off to?... Where?..." he shouted to three infantrymen +without muskets who, holding up the skirts of their overcoats, were +slipping past him into the Bazaar passage. "Stop, you rascals!" + +"But how are you going to stop them?" replied another officer. +"There is no getting them together. The army should push on before the +rest bolt, that's all!" + +"How can one push on? They are stuck there, wedged on the bridge, +and don't move. Shouldn't we put a cordon round to prevent the rest +from running away?" + +"Come, go in there and drive them out!" shouted the senior officer. + +The officer in the scarf dismounted, called up a drummer, and went +with him into the arcade. Some soldiers started running away in a +group. A shopkeeper with red pimples on his cheeks near the nose, +and a calm, persistent, calculating expression on his plump face, +hurriedly and ostentatiously approached the officer, swinging his +arms. + +"Your honor!" said he. "Be so good as to protect us! We won't grudge +trifles, you are welcome to anything--we shall be delighted! +Pray!... I'll fetch a piece of cloth at once for such an honorable +gentleman, or even two pieces with pleasure. For we feel how it is; +but what's all this--sheer robbery! If you please, could not guards be +placed if only to let us close the shop...." + +Several shopkeepers crowded round the officer. + +"Eh, what twaddle!" said one of them, a thin, stern-looking man. +"When one's head is gone one doesn't weep for one's hair! Take what +any of you like!" And flourishing his arm energetically he turned +sideways to the officer. + +"It's all very well for you, Ivan Sidorych, to talk," said the first +tradesman angrily. "Please step inside, your honor!" + +"Talk indeed!" cried the thin one. "In my three shops here I have +a hundred thousand rubles' worth of goods. Can they be saved when +the army has gone? Eh, what people! 'Against God's might our hands +can't fight.'" + +"Come inside, your honor!" repeated the tradesman, bowing. + +The officer stood perplexed and his face showed indecision. + +"It's not my business!" he exclaimed, and strode on quickly down one +of the passages. + +From one open shop came the sound of blows and vituperation, and +just as the officer came up to it a man in a gray coat with a shaven +head was flung out violently. + +This man, bent double, rushed past the tradesman and the officer. +The officer pounced on the soldiers who were in the shops, but at that +moment fearful screams reached them from the huge crowd on the +Moskva bridge and the officer ran out into the square. + +"What is it? What is it?" he asked, but his comrade was already +galloping off past Vasili the Beatified in the direction from which +the screams came. + +The officer mounted his horse and rode after him. When he reached +the bridge he saw two unlimbered guns, the infantry crossing the +bridge, several overturned carts, and frightened and laughing faces +among the troops. Beside the cannon a cart was standing to which two +horses were harnessed. Four borzois with collars were pressing close +to the wheels. The cart was loaded high, and at the very top, beside a +child's chair with its legs in the air, sat a peasant woman uttering +piercing and desperate shrieks. He was told by his fellow officers +that the screams of the crowd and the shrieks of the woman were due to +the fact that General Ermolov, coming up to the crowd and learning +that soldiers were dispersing among the shops while crowds of +civilians blocked the bridge, had ordered two guns to be unlimbered +and made a show of firing at the bridge. The crowd, crushing one +another, upsetting carts, and shouting and squeezing desperately, +had cleared off the bridge and the troops were now moving forward. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXII + + +Meanwhile, the city itself was deserted. There was hardly anyone +in the streets. The gates and shops were all closed, only here and +there round the taverns solitary shouts or drunken songs could be +heard. Nobody drove through the streets and footsteps were rarely +heard. The Povarskaya was quite still and deserted. The huge courtyard +of the Rostovs' house was littered with wisps of hay and with dung +from the horses, and not a soul was to be seen there. In the great +drawing room of the house, which had been left with all it +contained, were two people. They were the yard porter Ignat, and the +page boy Mishka, Vasilich's grandson who had stayed in Moscow with his +grandfather. Mishka had opened the clavichord and was strumming on +it with one finger. The yard porter, his arms akimbo, stood smiling +with satisfaction before the large mirror. + +"Isn't it fine, eh, Uncle Ignat?" said the boy, suddenly beginning +to strike the keyboard with both hands. + +"Only fancy!" answered Ignat, surprised at the broadening grin on +his face in the mirror. + +"Impudence! Impudence!" they heard behind them the voice of Mavra +Kuzminichna who had entered silently. "How he's grinning, the fat mug! +Is that what you're here for? Nothing's cleared away down there and +Vasilich is worn out. Just you wait a bit!" + +Ignat left off smiling, adjusted his belt, and went out of the +room with meekly downcast eyes. + +"Aunt, I did it gently," said the boy. + +"I'll give you something gently, you monkey you!" cried Mavra +Kuzminichna, raising her arm threateningly. "Go and get the samovar to +boil for your grandfather." + +Mavra Kuzminichna flicked the dust off the clavichord and closed it, +and with a deep sigh left the drawing room and locked its main door. + +Going out into the yard she paused to consider where she should go +next--to drink tea in the servants' wing with Vasilich, or into the +storeroom to put away what still lay about. + +She heard the sound of quick footsteps in the quiet street. +Someone stopped at the gate, and the latch rattled as someone tried to +open it. Mavra Kuzminichna went to the gate. + +"Who do you want?" + +"The count--Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov." + +"And who are you?" + +"An officer, I have to see him," came the reply in a pleasant, +well-bred Russian voice. + +Mavra Kuzminichna opened the gate and an officer of eighteen, with +the round face of a Rostov, entered the yard. + +"They have gone away, sir. Went away yesterday at vespertime," +said Mavra Kuzminichna cordially. + +The young officer standing in the gateway, as if hesitating +whether to enter or not, clicked his tongue. + +"Ah, how annoying!" he muttered. "I should have come yesterday.... +Ah, what a pity." + +Meanwhile, Mavra Kuzminichna was attentively and sympathetically +examining the familiar Rostov features of the young man's face, his +tattered coat and trodden-down boots. + +"What did you want to see the count for?" she asked. + +"Oh well... it can't be helped!" said he in a tone of vexation and +placed his hand on the gate as if to leave. + +He again paused in indecision. + +"You see," he suddenly said, "I am a kinsman of the count's and he +has been very kind to me. As you see" (he glanced with an amused air +and good-natured smile at his coat and boots) "my things are worn +out and I have no money, so I was going to ask the count..." + +Mavra Kuzminichna did not let him finish. + +"Just wait a minute, sir. One little moment," said she. + +And as soon as the officer let go of the gate handle she turned and, +hurrying away on her old legs, went through the back yard to the +servants' quarters. + +While Mavra Kuzminichna was running to her room the officer walked +about the yard gazing at his worn-out boots with lowered head and a +faint smile on his lips. "What a pity I've missed Uncle! What a nice +old woman! Where has she run off to? And how am I to find the +nearest way to overtake my regiment, which must by now be getting near +the Rogozhski gate?" thought he. Just then Mavra Kuzminichna +appeared from behind the corner of the house with a frightened yet +resolute look, carrying a rolled-up check kerchief in her hand. +While still a few steps from the officer she unfolded the kerchief and +took out of it a white twenty-five-ruble assignat and hastily handed +it to him. + +"If his excellency had been at home, as a kinsman he would of +course... but as it is..." + +Mavra Kuzminichna grew abashed and confused. The officer did not +decline, but took the note quietly and thanked her. + +"If the count had been at home..." Mavra Kuzminichna went on +apologetically. "Christ be with you, sir! May God preserve you!" +said she, bowing as she saw him out. + +Swaying his head and smiling as if amused at himself, the officer +ran almost at a trot through the deserted streets toward the Yauza +bridge to overtake his regiment. + +But Mavra Kuzminichna stood at the closed gate for some time with +moist eyes, pensively swaying her head and feeling an unexpected +flow of motherly tenderness and pity for the unknown young officer. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + + +From an unfinished house on the Varvarka, the ground floor of +which was a dramshop, came drunken shouts and songs. On benches +round the tables in a dirty little room sat some ten factory hands. +Tipsy and perspiring, with dim eyes and wide-open mouths, they were +all laboriously singing some song or other. They were singing +discordantly, arduously, and with great effort, evidently not +because they wished to sing, but because they wanted to show they were +drunk and on a spree. One, a tall, fair-haired lad in a clean blue +coat, was standing over the others. His face with its fine straight +nose would have been handsome had it not been for his thin, +compressed, twitching lips and dull, gloomy, fixed eyes. Evidently +possessed by some idea, he stood over those who were singing, and +solemnly and jerkily flourished above their heads his white arm with +the sleeve turned up to the elbow, trying unnaturally to spread out +his dirty fingers. The sleeve of his coat kept slipping down and he +always carefully rolled it up again with his left hand, as if it +were most important that the sinewy white arm he was flourishing +should be bare. In the midst of the song cries were heard, and +fighting and blows in the passage and porch. The tall lad waved his +arm. + +"Stop it!" he exclaimed peremptorily. "There's a fight, lads!" +And, still rolling up his sleeve, he went out to the porch. + +The factory hands followed him. These men, who under the +leadership of the tall lad were drinking in the dramshop that morning, +had brought the publican some skins from the factory and for this +had had drink served them. The blacksmiths from a neighboring +smithy, hearing the sounds of revelry in the tavern and supposing it +to have been broken into, wished to force their way in too and a fight +in the porch had resulted. + +The publican was fighting one of the smiths at the door, and when +the workmen came out the smith, wrenching himself free from the tavern +keeper, fell face downward on the pavement. + +Another smith tried to enter the doorway, pressing against the +publican with his chest. + +The lad with the turned-up sleeve gave the smith a blow in the +face and cried wildly: "They're fighting us, lads!" + +At that moment the first smith got up and, scratching his bruised +face to make it bleed, shouted in a tearful voice: "Police! Murder!... +They've killed a man, lads!" + +"Oh, gracious me, a man beaten to death--killed!..." screamed a +woman coming out of a gate close by. + +A crowd gathered round the bloodstained smith. + +"Haven't you robbed people enough--taking their last shirts?" said a +voice addressing the publican. "What have you killed a man for, you +thief?" + +The tall lad, standing in the porch, turned his bleared eyes from +the publican to the smith and back again as if considering whom he +ought to fight now. + +"Murderer!" he shouted suddenly to the publican. "Bind him, lads!" + +"I daresay you would like to bind me!" shouted the publican, pushing +away the men advancing on him, and snatching his cap from his head +he flung it on the ground. + +As if this action had some mysterious and menacing significance, the +workmen surrounding the publican paused in indecision. + +"I know the law very well, mates! I'll take the matter to the +captain of police. You think I won't get to him? Robbery is not +permitted to anybody now a days!" shouted the publican, picking up his +cap. + +"Come along then! Come along then!" the publican and the tall +young fellow repeated one after the other, and they moved up the +street together. + +The bloodstained smith went beside them. The factory hands and +others followed behind, talking and shouting. + +At the corner of the Moroseyka, opposite a large house with closed +shutters and bearing a bootmaker's signboard, stood a score of thin, +worn-out, gloomy-faced bootmakers, wearing overalls and long +tattered coats. + +"He should pay folks off properly," a thin workingman, with frowning +brows and a straggly beard, was saying. + +"But he's sucked our blood and now he thinks he's quit of us. He's +been misleading us all the week and now that he's brought us to this +pass he's made off." + +On seeing the crowd and the bloodstained man the workman ceased +speaking, and with eager curiosity all the bootmakers joined the +moving crowd. + +"Where are all the folks going?" + +"Why, to the police, of course!" + +"I say, is it true that we have been beaten?" "And what did you +think? Look what folks are saying." + +Questions and answers were heard. The publican, taking advantage +of the increased crowd, dropped behind and returned to his tavern. + +The tall youth, not noticing the disappearance of his foe, waved his +bare arm and went on talking incessantly, attracting general attention +to himself. It was around him that the people chiefly crowded, +expecting answers from him to the questions that occupied all their +minds. + +"He must keep order, keep the law, that's what the government is +there for. Am I not right, good Christians?" said the tall youth, with +a scarcely perceptible smile. "He thinks there's no government! How +can one do without government? Or else there would be plenty who'd rob +us." + +"Why talk nonsense?" rejoined voices in the crowd. "Will they give +up Moscow like this? They told you that for fun, and you believed +it! Aren't there plenty of troops on the march? Let him in, indeed! +That's what the government is for. You'd better listen to what +people are saying," said some of the mob pointing to the tall youth. + +By the wall of China-Town a smaller group of people were gathered +round a man in a frieze coat who held a paper in his hand. + +"An ukase, they are reading an ukase! Reading an ukase!" cried +voices in the crowd, and the people rushed toward the reader. + +The man in the frieze coat was reading the broadsheet of August 31 +When the crowd collected round him he seemed confused, but at the +demand of the tall lad who had pushed his way up to him, he began in a +rather tremulous voice to read the sheet from the beginning. + +"Early tomorrow I shall go to his Serene Highness," he read +("Sirin Highness," said the tall fellow with a triumphant smile on his +lips and a frown on his brow), "to consult with him to act, and to aid +the army to exterminate these scoundrels. We too will take part..." +the reader went on, and then paused ("Do you see," shouted the youth +victoriously, "he's going to clear up the whole affair for +you...."), "in destroying them, and will send these visitors to the +devil. I will come back to dinner, and we'll set to work. We will +do, completely do, and undo these scoundrels." + +The last words were read out in the midst of complete silence. The +tall lad hung his head gloomily. It was evident that no one had +understood the last part. In particular, the words "I will come back +to dinner," evidently displeased both reader and audience. The +people's minds were tuned to a high pitch and this was too simple +and needlessly comprehensible--it was what any one of them might +have said and therefore was what an ukase emanating from the highest +authority should not say. + +They all stood despondent and silent. The tall youth moved his +lips and swayed from side to side. + +"We should ask him... that's he himself?"... "Yes, ask him +indeed!... Why not? He'll explain"... voices in the rear of the +crowd were suddenly heard saying, and the general attention turned +to the police superintendent's trap which drove into the square +attended by two mounted dragoons. + +The superintendent of police, who had that morning by Count +Rostopchin's orders to burn the barges and had in connection with that +matter acquired a large sum of money which was at that moment in his +pocket, on seeing a crowd bearing down upon him told his coachman to +stop. + +"What people are these?" he shouted to the men, who were moving +singly and timidly in the direction of his trap. + +"What people are these?" he shouted again, receiving no answer. + +"Your honor..." replied the shopman in the frieze coat, "your honor, +in accord with the proclamation of his highest excellency the count, +they desire to serve, not sparing their lives, and it is not any +kind of riot, but as his highest excellence said..." + +"The count has not left, he is here, and an order will be issued +concerning you," said the superintendent of police. "Go on!" he +ordered his coachman. + +The crowd halted, pressing around those who had heard what the +superintendent had said, and looking at the departing trap. + +The superintendent of police turned round at that moment with a +scared look, said something to his coachman, and his horses +increased their speed. + +"It's a fraud, lads! Lead the way to him, himself!" shouted the tall +youth. "Don't let him go, lads! Let him answer us! Keep him!" +shouted different people and the people dashed in pursuit of the trap. + +Following the superintendent of police and talking loudly the +crowd went in the direction of the Lubyanka Street. + +"There now, the gentry and merchants have gone away and left us to +perish. Do they think we're dogs?" voices in the crowd were heard +saying more and more frequently. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + + +On the evening of the first of September, after his interview with +Kutuzov, Count Rostopchin had returned to Moscow mortified and +offended because he had not been invited to attend the council of war, +and because Kutuzov had paid no attention to his offer to take part in +the defense of the city; amazed also at the novel outlook revealed +to him at the camp, which treated the tranquillity of the capital +and its patriotic fervor as not merely secondary but quite +irrelevant and unimportant matters. Distressed, offended, and +surprised by all this, Rostopchin had returned to Moscow. After supper +he lay down on a sofa without undressing, and was awakened soon +after midnight by a courier bringing him a letter from Kutuzov. This +letter requested the count to send police officers to guide the troops +through the town, as the army was retreating to the Ryazan road beyond +Moscow. This was not news to Rostopchin. He had known that Moscow +would be abandoned not merely since his interview the previous day +with Kutuzov on the Poklonny Hill but ever since the battle of +Borodino, for all the generals who came to Moscow after that battle +had said unanimously that it was impossible to fight another battle, +and since then the government property had been removed every night, +and half the inhabitants had left the city with Rostopchin's own +permission. Yet all the same this information astonished and irritated +the count, coming as it did in the form of a simple note with an order +from Kutuzov, and received at night, breaking in on his beauty sleep. + +When later on in his memoirs Count Rostopchin explained his +actions at this time, he repeatedly says that he was then actuated +by two important considerations: to maintain tranquillity in Moscow +and expedite the departure of the inhabitants. If one accepts this +twofold aim all Rostopchin's actions appear irreproachable. "Why +were the holy relics, the arms, ammunition, gunpowder, and stores of +corn not removed? Why were thousands of inhabitants deceived into +believing that Moscow would not be given up--and thereby ruined?" +"To presence the tranquillity of the city," explains Count Rostopchin. +"Why were bundles of useless papers from the government offices, and +Leppich's balloon and other articles removed?" "To leave the town +empty," explains Count Rostopchin. One need only admit that public +tranquillity is in danger and any action finds a justification. + +All the horrors of the reign of terror were based only on solicitude +for public tranquillity. + +On what, then, was Count Rostopchin's fear for the tranquillity of +Moscow based in 1812? What reason was there for assuming any +probability of an uprising in the city? The inhabitants were leaving +it and the retreating troops were filling it. Why should that cause +the masses to riot? + +Neither in Moscow nor anywhere in Russia did anything resembling +an insurrection ever occur when the enemy entered a town. More than +ten thousand people were still in Moscow on the first and second of +September, and except for a mob in the governor's courtyard, assembled +there at his bidding, nothing happened. It is obvious that there would +have been even less reason to expect a disturbance among the people if +after the battle of Borodino, when the surrender of Moscow became +certain or at least probable, Rostopchin instead of exciting the +people by distributing arms and broadsheets had taken steps to +remove all the holy relics, the gunpowder, munitions, and money, and +had told the population plainly that the town would be abandoned. + +Rostopchin, though he had patriotic sentiments, was a sanguine and +impulsive man who had always moved in the highest administrative +circles and had no understanding at all of the people he supposed +himself to be guiding. Ever since the enemy's entry into Smolensk he +had in imagination been playing the role of director of the popular +feeling of "the heart of Russia." Not only did it seem to him (as to +all administrators) that he controlled the external actions of +Moscow's inhabitants, but he also thought he controlled their mental +attitude by means of his broadsheets and posters, written in a +coarse tone which the people despise in their own class and do not +understand from those in authority. Rostopchin was so pleased with the +fine role of leader of popular feeling, and had grown so used to it, +that the necessity of relinquishing that role and abandoning Moscow +without any heroic display took him unawares and he suddenly felt +the ground slip away from under his feet, so that he positively did +not know what to do. Though he knew it was coming, he did not till the +last moment wholeheartedly believe that Moscow would be abandoned, and +did not prepare for it. The inhabitants left against his wishes. If +the government offices were removed, this was only done on the +demand of officials to whom the count yielded reluctantly. He was +absorbed in the role he had created for himself. As is often the +case with those gifted with an ardent imagination, though he had +long known that Moscow would be abandoned he knew it only with his +intellect, he did not believe it in his heart and did not adapt +himself mentally to this new position of affairs. + +All his painstaking and energetic activity (in how far it was useful +and had any effect on the people is another question) had been +simply directed toward arousing in the masses his own feeling of +patriotic hatred of the French. + +But when events assumed their true historical character, when +expressing hatred for the French in words proved insufficient, when it +was not even possible to express that hatred by fighting a battle, +when self-confidence was of no avail in relation to the one question +before Moscow, when the whole population streamed out of Moscow as one +man, abandoning their belongings and proving by that negative action +all the depth of their national feeling, then the role chosen by +Rostopchin suddenly appeared senseless. He unexpectedly felt himself +ridiculous, weak, and alone, with no ground to stand on. + +When, awakened from his sleep, he received that cold, peremptory +note from Kutuzov, he felt the more irritated the more he felt himself +to blame. All that he had been specially put in charge of, the state +property which he should have removed, was still in Moscow and it +was no longer possible to take the whole of it away. + +"Who is to blame for it? Who has let things come to such a pass?" he +ruminated. "Not I, of course. I had everything ready. I had Moscow +firmly in hand. And this is what they have let it come to! Villains! +Traitors!" he thought, without clearly defining who the villains and +traitors were, but feeling it necessary to hate those traitors whoever +they might be who were to blame for the false and ridiculous +position in which he found himself. + +All that night Count Rostopchin issued orders, for which people came +to him from all parts of Moscow. Those about him had never seen the +count so morose and irritable. + +"Your excellency, the Director of the Registrar's Department has +sent for instructions... From the Consistory, from the Senate, from +the University, from the Foundling Hospital, the Suffragan has sent... +asking for information.... What are your orders about the Fire +Brigade? From the governor of the prison... from the superintendent of +the lunatic asylum..." All night long such announcements were +continually being received by the count. + +To all these inquiries he gave brief and angry replies indicating +that orders from him were not now needed, that the whole affair, +carefully prepared by him, had now been ruined by somebody, and that +that somebody would have to bear the whole responsibility for all that +might happen. + +"Oh, tell that blockhead," he said in reply to the question from the +Registrar's Department, "that he should remain to guard his documents. +Now why are you asking silly questions about the Fire Brigade? They +have horses, let them be off to Vladimir, and not leave them to the +French." + +"Your excellency, the superintendent of the lunatic asylum has come: +what are your commands?" + +"My commands? Let them go away, that's all.... And let the +lunatics out into the town. When lunatics command our armies God +evidently means these other madmen to be free." + +In reply to an inquiry about the convicts in the prison, Count +Rostopchin shouted angrily at the governor: + +"Do you expect me to give you two battalions--which we have not got- +for a convoy? Release them, that's all about it!" + +"Your excellency, there are some political prisoners, Meshkov, +Vereshchagin..." + +"Vereshchagin! Hasn't he been hanged yet?" shouted Rostopchin. +"Bring him to me!" + + + + + +CHAPTER XXV + + +Toward nine o'clock in the morning, when the troops were already +moving through Moscow, nobody came to the count any more for +instructions. Those who were able to get away were going of their +own accord, those who remained behind decided for themselves what they +must do. + +The count ordered his carriage that he might drive to Sokolniki, and +sat in his study with folded hands, morose, sallow, and taciturn. + +In quiet and untroubled times it seems to every administrator that +it is only by his efforts that the whole population under his rule +is kept going, and in this consciousness of being indispensable +every administrator finds the chief reward of his labor and efforts. +While the sea of history remains calm the ruler-administrator in his +frail bark, holding on with a boat hook to the ship of the people +and himself moving, naturally imagines that his efforts move the +ship he is holding on to. But as soon as a storm arises and the sea +begins to heave and the ship to move, such a delusion is no longer +possible. The ship moves independently with its own enormous motion, +the boat hook no longer reaches the moving vessel, and suddenly the +administrator, instead of appearing a ruler and a source of power, +becomes an insignificant, useless, feeble man. + +Rostopchin felt this, and it was this which exasperated him. + +The superintendent of police, whom the crowd had stopped, went in to +see him at the same time as an adjutant who informed the count that +the horses were harnessed. They were both pale, and the superintendent +of police, after reporting that he had executed the instructions he +had received, informed the count that an immense crowd had collected +in the courtyard and wished to see him. + +Without saying a word Rostopchin rose and walked hastily to his +light, luxurious drawing room, went to the balcony door, took hold +of the handle, let it go again, and went to the window from which he +had a better view of the whole crowd. The tall lad was standing in +front, flourishing his arm and saying something with a stern look. The +blood stained smith stood beside him with a gloomy face. A drone of +voices was audible through the closed window. + +"Is my carriage ready?" asked Rostopchin, stepping back from the +window. + +"It is, your excellency," replied the adjutant. + +Rostopchin went again to the balcony door. + +"But what do they want?" he asked the superintendent of police. + +"Your excellency, they say they have got ready, according to your +orders, to go against the French, and they shouted something about +treachery. But it is a turbulent crowd, your excellency--I hardly +managed to get away from it. Your excellency, I venture to suggest..." + +"You may go. I don't need you to tell me what to do!" exclaimed +Rostopchin angrily. + +He stood by the balcony door looking at the crowd. + +"This is what they have done with Russia! This is what they have +done with me!" thought he, full of an irrepressible fury that welled +up within him against the someone to whom what was happening might +be attributed. As often happens with passionate people, he was +mastered by anger but was still seeking an object on which to vent it. +"Here is that mob, the dregs of the people," he thought as he gazed at +the crowd: "this rabble they have roused by their folly! They want a +victim," he thought as he looked at the tall lad flourishing his +arm. And this thought occurred to him just because he himself +desired a victim, something on which to vent his rage. + +"Is the carriage ready?" he asked again. + +"Yes, your excellency. What are your orders about Vereshchagin? He +is waiting at the porch," said the adjutant. + +"Ah!" exclaimed Rostopchin, as if struck by an unexpected +recollection. + +And rapidly opening the door he went resolutely out onto the +balcony. The talking instantly ceased, hats and caps were doffed, +and all eyes were raised to the count. + +"Good morning, lads!" said the count briskly and loudly. "Thank +you for coming. I'll come out to you in a moment, but we must first +settle with the villain. We must punish the villain who has caused the +ruin of Moscow. Wait for me!" + +And the count stepped as briskly back into the room and slammed +the door behind him. + +A murmur of approbation and satisfaction ran through the crowd. +"He'll settle with all the villains, you'll see! And you said the +French... He'll show you what law is!" the mob were saying as if +reproving one another for their lack of confidence. + +A few minutes later an officer came hurriedly out of the front door, +gave an order, and the dragoons formed up in line. The crowd moved +eagerly from the balcony toward the porch. Rostopchin, coming out +there with quick angry steps, looked hastily around as if seeking +someone. + +"Where is he?" he inquired. And as he spoke he saw a young man +coming round the corner of the house between two dragoons. He had a +long thin neck, and his head, that had been half shaved, was again +covered by short hair. This young man was dressed in a threadbare blue +cloth coat lined with fox fur, that had once been smart, and dirty +hempen convict trousers, over which were pulled his thin, dirty, +trodden-down boots. On his thin, weak legs were heavy chains which +hampered his irresolute movements. + +"Ah!" said Rostopchin, hurriedly turning away his eyes from the +young man in the fur-lined coat and pointing to the bottom step of the +porch. "Put him there." + +The young man in his clattering chains stepped clumsily to the +spot indicated, holding away with one finger the coat collar which +chafed his neck, turned his long neck twice this way and that, sighed, +and submissively folded before him his thin hands, unused to work. + +For several seconds while the young man was taking his place on +the step the silence continued. Only among the back rows of the +people, who were all pressing toward the one spot, could sighs, +groans, and the shuffling of feet be heard. + +While waiting for the young man to take his place on the step +Rostopchin stood frowning and rubbing his face with his hand. + +"Lads!" said he, with a metallic ring in his voice. "This man, +Vereshchagin, is the scoundrel by whose doing Moscow is perishing." + +The young man in the fur-lined coat, stooping a little, stood in a +submissive attitude, his fingers clasped before him. His emaciated +young face, disfigured by the half-shaven head, hung down +hopelessly. At the count's first words he raised it slowly and +looked up at him as if wishing to say something or at least to meet +his eye. But Rostopchin did not look at him. A vein in the young man's +long thin neck swelled like a cord and went blue behind the ear, and +suddenly his face flushed. + +All eyes were fixed on him. He looked at the crowd, and rendered +more hopeful by the expression he read on the faces there, he smiled +sadly and timidly, and lowering his head shifted his feet on the step. + +"He has betrayed his Tsar and his country, he had gone over to +Bonaparte. He alone of all the Russians has disgraced the Russian +name, he has caused Moscow to perish," said Rostopchin in a sharp, +even voice, but suddenly he glanced down at Vereshchagin who continued +to stand in the same submissive attitude. As if inflamed by the sight, +he raised his arm and addressed the people, almost shouting: + +"Deal with him as you think fit! I hand him over to you." + +The crowd remained silent and only pressed closer and closer to +one another. To keep one another back, to breathe in that stifling +atmosphere, to be unable to stir, and to await something unknown, +uncomprehended, and terrible, was becoming unbearable. Those +standing in front, who had seen and heard what had taken place +before them, all stood with wide open eyes and mouths, straining +with all their strength, and held back the crowd that was pushing +behind them. + +"Beat him!... Let the traitor perish and not disgrace the Russian +name!" shouted Rostopchin. "Cut him down. I command it." + +Hearing not so much the words as the angry tone of Rostopchin's +voice, the crowd moaned and heaved forward, but again paused. + +"Count!" exclaimed the timid yet theatrical voice of Vereshchagin in +the midst of the momentary silence that ensued, "Count! One God is +above us both...." He lifted his head and again the thick vein in +his thin neck filled with blood and the color rapidly came and went in +his face. + +He did not finish what he wished to say. + +"Cut him down! I command it..." shouted Rostopchin, suddenly growing +pale like Vereshchagin. + +"Draw sabers!" cried the dragoon officer, drawing his own. + +Another still stronger wave flowed through the crowd and reaching +the front ranks carried it swaying to the very steps of the porch. The +tall youth, with a stony look on his face, and rigid and uplifted arm, +stood beside Vereshchagin. + +"Saber him!" the dragoon officer almost whispered. + +And one of the soldiers, his face all at once distorted with fury, +struck Vereshchagin on the head with the blunt side of his saber. + +"Ah!" cried Vereshchagin in meek surprise, looking round with a +frightened glance as if not understanding why this was done to him. +A similar moan of surprise and horror ran through the crowd. "O Lord!" +exclaimed a sorrowful voice. + +But after the exclamation of surprise that had escaped from +Vereshchagin he uttered a plaintive cry of pain, and that cry was +fatal. The barrier of human feeling, strained to the utmost, that +had held the crowd in check suddenly broke. The crime had begun and +must now be completed. The plaintive moan of reproach was drowned by +the threatening and angry roar of the crowd. Like the seventh and last +wave that shatters a ship, that last irresistible wave burst from +the rear and reached the front ranks, carrying them off their feet and +engulfing them all. The dragoon was about to repeat his blow. +Vereshchagin with a cry of horror, covering his head with his hands, +rushed toward the crowd. The tall youth, against whom he stumbled, +seized his thin neck with his hands and, yelling wildly, fell with him +under the feet of the pressing, struggling crowd. + +Some beat and tore at Vereshchagin, others at the tall youth. And +the screams of those that were being trampled on and of those who +tried to rescue the tall lad only increased the fury of the crowd. +It was a long time before the dragoons could extricate the bleeding +youth, beaten almost to death. And for a long time, despite the +feverish haste with which the mob tried to end the work that had +been begun, those who were hitting, throttling, and tearing at +Vereshchagin were unable to kill him, for the crowd pressed from all +sides, swaying as one mass with them in the center and rendering it +impossible for them either to kill him or let him go. + +"Hit him with an ax, eh!... Crushed?... Traitor, he sold +Christ.... Still alive... tenacious... serves him right! Torture +serves a thief right. Use the hatchet!... What--still alive?" + +Only when the victim ceased to struggle and his cries changed to a +long-drawn, measured death rattle did the crowd around his +prostrate, bleeding corpse begin rapidly to change places. Each one +came up, glanced at what had been done, and with horror, reproach, and +astonishment pushed back again. + +"O Lord! The people are like wild beasts! How could he be alive?" +voices in the crowd could be heard saying. "Quite a young fellow +too... must have been a merchant's son. What men!... and they say he's +not the right one.... How not the right one?... O Lord! And there's +another has been beaten too--they say he's nearly done for.... Oh, the +people... Aren't they afraid of sinning?..." said the same mob now, +looking with pained distress at the dead body with its long, thin, +half-severed neck and its livid face stained with blood and dust. + +A painstaking police officer, considering the presence of a corpse +in his excellency's courtyard unseemly, told the dragoons to take it +away. Two dragoons took it by its distorted legs and dragged it +along the ground. The gory, dust-stained, half-shaven head with its +long neck trailed twisting along the ground. The crowd shrank back +from it. + +At the moment when Vereshchagin fell and the crowd closed in with +savage yells and swayed about him, Rostopchin suddenly turned pale +and, instead of going to the back entrance where his carriage +awaited him, went with hurried steps and bent head, not knowing +where and why, along the passage leading to the rooms on the ground +floor. The count's face was white and he could not control the +feverish twitching of his lower jaw. + + +"This way, your excellency... Where are you going?... This way, +please..." said a trembling, frightened voice behind him. + +Count Rostopchin was unable to reply and, turning obediently, went +in the direction indicated. At the back entrance stood his caleche. +The distant roar of the yelling crowd was audible even there. He +hastily took his seat and told the coachman to drive him to his +country house in Sokolniki. + +When they reached the Myasnitski Street and could no longer hear the +shouts of the mob, the count began to repent. He remembered with +dissatisfaction the agitation and fear he had betrayed before his +subordinates. "The mob is terrible--disgusting," he said to himself in +French. "They are like wolves whom nothing but flesh can appease." +"Count! One God is above us both!"--Vereshchagin's words suddenly +recurred to him, and a disagreeable shiver ran down his back. But this +was only a momentary feeling and Count Rostopchin smiled +disdainfully at himself. "I had other duties," thought he. "The people +had to be appeased. Many other victims have perished and are perishing +for the public good"--and he began thinking of his social duties to +his family and to the city entrusted to him, and of himself--not +himself as Theodore Vasilyevich Rostopchin (he fancied that Theodore +Vasilyevich Rostopchin was sacrificing himself for the public good) +but himself as governor, the representative of authority and of the +Tsar. "Had I been simply Theodore Vasilyevich my course of action +would have been quite different, but it was my duty to safeguard my +life and dignity as commander in chief." + +Lightly swaying on the flexible springs of his carriage and no +longer hearing the terrible sounds of the crowd, Rostopchin grew +physically calm and, as always happens, as soon as he became +physically tranquil his mind devised reasons why he should be mentally +tranquil too. The thought which tranquillized Rostopchin was not a new +one. Since the world began and men have killed one another no one +has ever committed such a crime against his fellow man without +comforting himself with this same idea. This idea is le bien public, +the hypothetical welfare of other people. + +To a man not swayed by passion that welfare is never certain, but he +who commits such a crime always knows just where that welfare lies. +And Rostopchin now knew it. + +Not only did his reason not reproach him for what he had done, but +he even found cause for self-satisfaction in having so successfully +contrived to avail himself of a convenient opportunity to punish a +criminal and at the same time pacify the mob. + +"Vereshchagin was tried and condemned to death," thought +Rostopchin (though the Senate had only condemned Vereshchagin to +hard labor), "he was a traitor and a spy. I could not let him go +unpunished and so I have killed two birds with one stone: to appease +the mob I gave them a victim and at the same time punished a +miscreant." + +Having reached his country house and begun to give orders about +domestic arrangements, the count grew quite tranquil. + +Half an hour later he was driving with his fast horses across the +Sokolniki field, no longer thinking of what had occurred but +considering what was to come. He was driving to the Yauza bridge where +he had heard that Kutuzov was. Count Rostopchin was mentally preparing +the angry and stinging reproaches he meant to address to Kutuzov for +his deception. He would make that foxy old courtier feel that the +responsibility for all the calamities that would follow the +abandonment of the city and the ruin of Russia (as Rostopchin regarded +it) would fall upon his doting old head. Planning beforehand what he +would say to Kutuzov, Rostopchin turned angrily in his caleche and +gazed sternly from side to side. + +The Sokolniki field was deserted. Only at the end of it, in front of +the almshouse and the lunatic asylum, could be seen some people in +white and others like them walking singly across the field shouting +and gesticulating. + +One of these was running to cross the path of Count Rostopchin's +carriage, and the count himself, his coachman, and his dragoons looked +with vague horror and curiosity at these released lunatics and +especially at the one running toward them. + +Swaying from side to side on his long, thin legs in his fluttering +dressing gown, this lunatic was running impetuously, his gaze fixed on +Rostopchin, shouting something in a hoarse voice and making signs to +him to stop. The lunatic's solemn, gloomy face was thin and yellow, +with its beard growing in uneven tufts. His black, agate pupils with +saffron-yellow whites moved restlessly near the lower eyelids. + +"Stop! Pull up, I tell you!" he cried in a piercing voice, and again +shouted something breathlessly with emphatic intonations and gestures. + +Coming abreast of the caleche he ran beside it. + +"Thrice have they slain me, thrice have I risen from the dead. +They stoned me, crucified me... I shall rise... shall rise... shall +rise. They have torn my body. The kingdom of God will be overthrown... +Thrice will I overthrow it and thrice re-establish it!" he cried, +raising his voice higher and higher. + +Count Rostopchin suddenly grew pale as he had done when the crowd +closed in on Vereshchagin. He turned away. "Go fas... faster!" he +cried in a trembling voice to his coachman. The caleche flew over +the ground as fast as the horses could draw it, but for a long time +Count Rostopchin still heard the insane despairing screams growing +fainter in the distance, while his eyes saw nothing but the +astonished, frightened, bloodstained face of "the traitor" in the +fur-lined coat. + +Recent as that mental picture was, Rostopchin already felt that it +had cut deep into his heart and drawn blood. Even now he felt +clearly that the gory trace of that recollection would not pass with +time, but that the terrible memory would, on the contrary, dwell in +his heart ever more cruelly and painfully to the end of his life. He +seemed still to hear the sound of his own words: "Cut him down! I +command it...." + +"Why did I utter those words? It was by some accident I said +them.... I need not have said them," he thought. "And then nothing +would have happened." He saw the frightened and then infuriated face +of the dragoon who dealt the blow, the look of silent, timid +reproach that boy in the fur-lined coat had turned upon him. "But I +did not do it for my own sake. I was bound to act that way.... The +mob, the traitor... the public welfare," thought he. + +Troops were still crowding at the Yauza bridge. It was hot. Kutuzov, +dejected and frowning, sat on a bench by the bridge toying with his +whip in the sand when a caleche dashed up noisily. A man in a +general's uniform with plumes in his hat went up to Kutuzov and said +something in French. It was Count Rostopchin. He told Kutuzov that +he had come because Moscow, the capital, was no more and only the army +remained. + +"Things would have been different if your Serene Highness had not +told me that you would not abandon Moscow without another battle; +all this would not have happened," he said. + +Kutuzov looked at Rostopchin as if, not grasping what was said to +him, he was trying to read something peculiar written at that moment +on the face of the man addressing him. Rostopchin grew confused and +became silent. Kutuzov slightly shook his head and not taking his +penetrating gaze from Rostopchin's face muttered softly: + +"No! I shall not give up Moscow without a battle!" + +Whether Kutuzov was thinking of something entirely different when he +spoke those words, or uttered them purposely, knowing them to be +meaningless, at any rate Rostopchin made no reply and hastily left +him. And strange to say, the Governor of Moscow, the proud Count +Rostopchin, took up a Cossack whip and went to the bridge where he +began with shouts to drive on the carts that blocked the way. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + + +Toward four o'clock in the afternoon Murat's troops were entering +Moscow. In front rode a detachment of Wurttemberg hussars and behind +them rode the King of Naples himself accompanied by a numerous suite. + +About the middle of the Arbat Street, near the Church of the +Miraculous Icon of St. Nicholas, Murat halted to await news from the +advanced detachment as to the condition in which they had found the +citadel, le Kremlin. + +Around Murat gathered a group of those who had remained in Moscow. +They all stared in timid bewilderment at the strange, long-haired +commander dressed up in feathers and gold. + +"Is that their Tsar himself? He's not bad!" low voices could be +heard saying. + +An interpreter rode up to the group. + +"Take off your cap... your caps!" These words went from one to +another in the crowd. The interpreter addressed an old porter and +asked if it was far to the Kremlin. The porter, listening in +perplexity to the unfamiliar Polish accent and not realizing that +the interpreter was speaking Russian, did not understand what was +being said to him and slipped behind the others. + +Murat approached the interpreter and told him to ask where the +Russian army was. One of the Russians understood what was asked and +several voices at once began answering the interpreter. A French +officer, returning from the advanced detachment, rode up to Murat +and reported that the gates of the citadel had been barricaded and +that there was probably an ambuscade there. + +"Good!" said Murat and, turning to one of the gentlemen in his +suite, ordered four light guns to be moved forward to fire at the +gates. + +The guns emerged at a trot from the column following Murat and +advanced up the Arbat. When they reached the end of the Vozdvizhenka +Street they halted and drew in the Square. Several French officers +superintended the placing of the guns and looked at the Kremlin +through field glasses. + +The bells in the Kremlin were ringing for vespers, and this sound +troubled the French. They imagined it to be a call to arms. A few +infantrymen ran to the Kutafyev Gate. Beams and wooden screens had +been put there, and two musket shots rang out from under the gate as +soon as an officer and men began to run toward it. A general who was +standing by the guns shouted some words of command to the officer, and +the latter ran back again with his men. + +The sound of three more shots came from the gate. + +One shot struck a French soldier's foot, and from behind the screens +came the strange sound of a few voices shouting. Instantly as at a +word of command the expression of cheerful serenity on the faces of +the French general, officers, and men changed to one of determined +concentrated readiness for strife and suffering. To all of them from +the marshal to the least soldier, that place was not the Vozdvizhenka, +Mokhavaya, or Kutafyev Street, nor the Troitsa Gate (places familiar +in Moscow), but a new battlefield which would probably prove +sanguinary. And all made ready for that battle. The cries from the +gates ceased. The guns were advanced, the artillerymen blew the ash +off their linstocks, and an officer gave the word "Fire!" This was +followed by two whistling sounds of canister shot, one after +another. The shot rattled against the stone of the gate and upon the +wooden beams and screens, and two wavering clouds of smoke rose over +the Square. + +A few instants after the echo of the reports resounding over the +stone-built Kremlin had died away the French heard a strange sound +above their head. Thousands of crows rose above the walls and +circled in the air, cawing and noisily flapping their wings. +Together with that sound came a solitary human cry from the gateway +and amid the smoke appeared the figure of a bareheaded man in a +peasant's coat. He grasped a musket and took aim at the French. +"Fire!" repeated the officer once more, and the reports of a musket +and of two cannon shots were heard simultaneously. The gate again +hidden by smoke. + +Nothing more stirred behind the screens and the French infantry +soldiers and officers advanced to the gate. In the gateway lay three +wounded and four dead. Two men in peasant coats ran away at the foot +of the wall, toward the Znamenka. + +"Clear that away!" said the officer, pointing to the beams and the +corpses, and the French soldiers, after dispatching the wounded, threw +the corpses over the parapet. + +Who these men were nobody knew. "Clear that away!" was all that +was said of them, and they were thrown over the parapet and removed +later on that they might not stink. Thiers alone dedicates a few +eloquent lines to their memory: "These wretches had occupied the +sacred citadel, having supplied themselves with guns from the arsenal, +and fired" (the wretches) "at the French. Some of them were sabered +and the Kremlin was purged of their presence." + +Murat was informed that the way had been cleared. The French entered +the gates and began pitching their camp in the Senate Square. Out of +the windows of the Senate House the soldiers threw chairs into the +Square for fuel and kindled fires there. + +Other detachments passed through the Kremlin and encamped along +the Moroseyka, the Lubyanka, and Pokrovka Streets. Others quartered +themselves along the Vozdvizhenka, the Nikolski, and the Tverskoy +Streets. No masters of the houses being found anywhere, the French +were not billeted on the inhabitants as is usual in towns but lived in +it as in a camp. + +Though tattered, hungry, worn out, and reduced to a third of their +original number, the French entered Moscow in good marching order. +It was a weary and famished, but still a fighting and menacing army. +But it remained an army only until its soldiers had dispersed into +their different lodgings. As soon as the men of the various +regiments began to disperse among the wealthy and deserted houses, the +army was lost forever and there came into being something nondescript, +neither citizens nor soldiers but what are known as marauders. When +five weeks later these same men left Moscow, they no longer formed +an army. They were a mob of marauders, each carrying a quantity of +articles which seemed to him valuable or useful. The aim of each man +when he left Moscow was no longer, as it had been, to conquer, but +merely to keep what he had acquired. Like a monkey which puts its +paw into the narrow neck of a jug, and having seized a handful of nuts +will not open its fist for fear of losing what it holds, and therefore +perishes, the French when they left Moscow had inevitably to perish +because they carried their loot with them, yet to abandon what they +had stolen was as impossible for them as it is for the monkey to +open its paw and let go of its nuts. Ten minutes after each regiment +had entered a Moscow district, not a soldier or officer was left. +Men in military uniforms and Hessian boots could be seen through the +windows, laughing and walking through the rooms. In cellars and +storerooms similar men were busy among the provisions, and in the +yards unlocking or breaking open coach house and stable doors, +lighting fires in kitchens and kneading and baking bread with +rolled-up sleeves, and cooking; or frightening, amusing, or +caressing women and children. There were many such men both in the +shops and houses--but there was no army. + +Order after order was issued by the French commanders that day +forbidding the men to disperse about the town, sternly forbidding +any violence to the inhabitants or any looting, and announcing a +roll call for that very evening. But despite all these measures the +men, who had till then constituted an army, flowed all over the +wealthy, deserted city with its comforts and plentiful supplies. As +a hungry herd of cattle keeps well together when crossing a barren +field, but gets out of hand and at once disperses uncontrollably as +soon as it reaches rich pastures, so did the army disperse all over +the wealthy city. + +No residents were left in Moscow, and the soldiers--like water +percolating through sand--spread irresistibly through the city in +all directions from the Kremlin into which they had first marched. The +cavalry, on entering a merchant's house that had been abandoned and +finding there stabling more than sufficient for their horses, went on, +all the same, to the next house which seemed to them better. Many of +them appropriated several houses, chalked their names on them, and +quarreled and even fought with other companies for them. Before they +had had time to secure quarters the soldiers ran out into the +streets to see the city and, hearing that everything had been +abandoned, rushed to places where valuables were to be had for the +taking. The officers followed to check the soldiers and were +involuntarily drawn into doing the same. In Carriage Row carriages had +been left in the shops, and generals flocked there to select +caleches and coaches for themselves. The few inhabitants who had +remained invited commanding officers to their houses, hoping thereby +to secure themselves from being plundered. There were masses of wealth +and there seemed no end to it. All around the quarters occupied by the +French were other regions still unexplored and unoccupied where, +they thought, yet greater riches might be found. And Moscow engulfed +the army ever deeper and deeper. When water is spilled on dry ground +both the dry ground and the water disappear and mud results; and in +the same way the entry of the famished army into the rich and deserted +city resulted in fires and looting and the destruction of both the +army and the wealthy city. + + +The French attributed the Fire of Moscow au patriotisme feroce de +Rostopchine,* the Russians to the barbarity of the French. In reality, +however, it was not, and could not be, possible to explain the burning +of Moscow by making any individual, or any group of people, +responsible for it. Moscow was burned because it found itself in a +position in which any town built of wood was bound to burn, quite +apart from whether it had, or had not, a hundred and thirty inferior +fire engines. Deserted Moscow had to burn as inevitably as a heap of +shavings has to burn on which sparks continually fall for several +days. A town built of wood, where scarcely a day passes without +conflagrations when the house owners are in residence and a police +force is present, cannot help burning when its inhabitants have left +it and it is occupied by soldiers who smoke pipes, make campfires of +the Senate chairs in the Senate Square, and cook themselves meals +twice a day. In peacetime it is only necessary to billet troops in the +villages of any district and the number of fires in that district +immediately increases. How much then must the probability of fire be +increased in an abandoned, wooden town where foreign troops are +quartered. "Le patriotisme feroce de Rostopchine" and the barbarity of +the French were not to blame in the matter. Moscow was set on fire +by the soldiers' pipes, kitchens, and campfires, and by the +carelessness of enemy soldiers occupying houses they did not own. Even +if there was any arson (which is very doubtful, for no one had any +reason to burn the houses--in any case a troublesome and dangerous +thing to do), arson cannot be regarded as the cause, for the same +thing would have happened without any incendiarism. + + +*To Rostopchin's ferocious patriotism. + + +However tempting it might be for the French to blame Rostopchin's +ferocity and for Russians to blame the scoundrel Bonaparte, or later +on to place an heroic torch in the hands of their own people, it is +impossible not to see that there could be no such direct cause of +the fire, for Moscow had to burn as every village, factory, or house +must burn which is left by its owners and in which strangers are +allowed to live and cook their porridge. Moscow was burned by its +inhabitants, it is true, but by those who had abandoned it and not +by those who remained in it. Moscow when occupied by the enemy did not +remain intact like Berlin, Vienna, and other towns, simply because its +inhabitants abandoned it and did not welcome the French with bread and +salt, nor bring them the keys of the city. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII + + +The absorption of the French by Moscow, radiating starwise as it +did, only reached the quarter where Pierre was staying by the +evening of the second of September. + +After the last two days spent in solitude and unusual circumstances, +Pierre was in a state bordering on insanity. He was completely +obsessed by one persistent thought. He did not know how or when this +thought had taken such possession of him, but he remembered nothing of +the past, understood nothing of the present, and all he saw and +heard appeared to him like a dream. + +He had left home only to escape the intricate tangle of life's +demands that enmeshed him, and which in his present condition he was +unable to unravel. He had gone to Joseph Alexeevich's house, on the +plea of sorting the deceased's books and papers, only in search of +rest from life's turmoil, for in his mind the memory of Joseph +Alexeevich was connected with a world of eternal, solemn, and calm +thoughts, quite contrary to the restless confusion into which he +felt himself being drawn. He sought a quiet refuge, and in Joseph +Alexeevich's study he really found it. When he sat with his elbows +on the dusty writing table in the deathlike stillness of the study, +calm and significant memories of the last few days rose one after +another in his imagination, particularly of the battle of Borodino and +of that vague sense of his own insignificance and insincerity compared +with the truth, simplicity, and strength of the class of men he +mentally classed as they. When Gerasim roused him from his reverie the +idea occurred to him of taking part in the popular defense of Moscow +which he knew was projected. And with that object he had asked Gerasim +to get him a peasant's coat and a pistol, confiding to him his +intentions of remaining in Joseph Alexeevich's house and keeping his +name secret. Then during the first day spent in inaction and +solitude (he tried several times to fix his attention on the Masonic +manuscripts, but was unable to do so) the idea that had previously +occurred to him of the cabalistic significance of his name in +connection with Bonaparte's more than once vaguely presented itself. +But the idea that he, L'russe Besuhof, was destined to set a limit +to the power of the Beast was as yet only one of the fancies that +often passed through his mind and left no trace behind. + +When, having bought the coat merely with the object of taking part +among the people in the defense of Moscow, Pierre had met the +Rostovs and Natasha had said to him: "Are you remaining in +Moscow?... How splendid!" the thought flashed into his mind that it +really would be a good thing, even if Moscow were taken, for him to +remain there and do what he was predestined to do. + +Next day, with the sole idea of not sparing himself and not +lagging in any way behind them, Pierre went to the Three Hills gate. +But when he returned to the house convinced that Moscow would not be +defended, he suddenly felt that what before had seemed to him merely a +possibility had now become absolutely necessary and inevitable. He +must remain in Moscow, concealing his name, and must meet Napoleon and +kill him, and either perish or put an end to the misery of all Europe- +which it seemed to him was solely due to Napoleon. + +Pierre knew all the details of the attempt on Bonaparte's life in +1809 by a German student in Vienna, and knew that the student had been +shot. And the risk to which he would expose his life by carrying out +his design excited him still more. + +Two equally strong feelings drew Pierre irresistibly to this +purpose. The first was a feeling of the necessity of sacrifice and +suffering in view of the common calamity, the same feeling that had +caused him to go to Mozhaysk on the twenty-fifth and to make his way +to the very thick of the battle and had now caused him to run away +from his home and, in place of the luxury and comfort to which he +was accustomed, to sleep on a hard sofa without undressing and eat the +same food as Gerasim. The other was that vague and quite Russian +feeling of contempt for everything conventional, artificial, and +human--for everything the majority of men regard as the greatest +good in the world. Pierre had first experienced this strange and +fascinating feeling at the Sloboda Palace, when he had suddenly felt +that wealth, power, and life--all that men so painstakingly acquire +and guard--if it has any worth has so only by reason the joy with +which it can all be renounced. + +It was the feeling that induces a volunteer recruit to spend his +last penny on drink, and a drunken man to smash mirrors or glasses for +no apparent reason and knowing that it will cost him all the money +he possesses: the feeling which causes a man to perform actions +which from an ordinary point of view are insane, to test, as it +were, his personal power and strength, affirming the existence of a +higher, nonhuman criterion of life. + +From the very day Pierre had experienced this feeling for the +first time at the Sloboda Palace he had been continuously under its +influence, but only now found full satisfaction for it. Moreover, at +this moment Pierre was supported in his design and prevented from +renouncing it by what he had already done in that direction. If he +were now to leave Moscow like everyone else, his flight from home, the +peasant coat, the pistol, and his announcement to the Rostovs that +he would remain in Moscow would all become not merely meaningless +but contemptible and ridiculous, and to this Pierre was very +sensitive. + +Pierre's physical condition, as is always the case, corresponded +to his mental state. The unaccustomed coarse food, the vodka he +drank during those days, the absence of wine and cigars, his dirty +unchanged linen, two almost sleepless nights passed on a short sofa +without bedding--all this kept him in a state of excitement +bordering on insanity. + +It was two o'clock in the afternoon. The French had already +entered Moscow. Pierre knew this, but instead of acting he only +thought about his undertaking, going over its minutest details in +his mind. In his fancy he did not clearly picture to himself either +the striking of the blow or the death of Napoleon, but with +extraordinary vividness and melancholy enjoyment imagined his own +destruction and heroic endurance. + +"Yes, alone, for the sake of all, I must do it or perish!" he +thought. "Yes, I will approach... and then suddenly... with pistol +or dagger? But that is all the same! 'It is not I but the hand of +Providence that punishes thee,' I shall say," thought he, imagining +what he would say when killing Napoleon. "Well then, take me and +execute me!" he went on, speaking to himself and bowing his head +with a sad but firm expression. + +While Pierre, standing in the middle of the room, was talking to +himself in this way, the study door opened and on the threshold +appeared the figure of Makar Alexeevich, always so timid before but +now quite transformed. + +His dressing gown was unfastened, his face red and distorted. He was +obviously drunk. On seeing Pierre he grew confused at first, but +noticing embarrassment on Pierre's face immediately grew bold and, +staggering on his thin legs, advanced into the middle of the room. + +"They're frightened," he said confidentially in a hoarse voice. "I +say I won't surrender, I say... Am I not right, sir?" + +He paused and then suddenly seeing the pistol on the table seized it +with unexpected rapidity and ran out into the corridor. + +Gerasim and the porter, who had followed Makar Alexeevich, stopped +him in the vestibule and tried to take the pistol from him. Pierre, +coming out into the corridor, looked with pity and repulsion at the +half-crazy old man. Makar Alexeevich, frowning with exertion, held +on to the pistol and screamed hoarsely, evidently with some heroic +fancy in his head. + +"To arms! Board them! No, you shan't get it," he yelled. + +"That will do, please, that will do. Have the goodness--please, sir, +to let go! Please, sir..." pleaded Gerasim, trying carefully to +steer Makar Alexeevich by the elbows back to the door. + +"Who are you? Bonaparte!..." shouted Makar Alexeevich. + +"That's not right, sir. Come to your room, please, and rest. Allow +me to have the pistol." + +"Be off, thou base slave! Touch me not! See this?" shouted Makar +Alexeevich, brandishing the pistol. "Board them!" + +"Catch hold!" whispered Gerasim to the porter. + +They seized Makar Alexeevich by the arms and dragged him to the +door. + +The vestibule was filled with the discordant sounds of a struggle +and of a tipsy, hoarse voice. + +Suddenly a fresh sound, a piercing feminine scream, reverberated +from the porch and the cook came running into the vestibule. + +"It's them! Gracious heavens! O Lord, four of them, horsemen!" she +cried. + +Gerasim and the porter let Makar Alexeevich go, and in the now +silent corridor the sound of several hands knocking at the front +door could be heard. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII + + +Pierre, having decided that until he had carried out his design he +would disclose neither his identity nor his knowledge of French, stood +at the half-open door of the corridor, intending to conceal himself as +soon as the French entered. But the French entered and still Pierre +did not retire--an irresistible curiosity kept him there. + +There were two of them. One was an officer--a tall, soldierly, +handsome man--the other evidently a private or an orderly, +sunburned, short, and thin, with sunken cheeks and a dull +expression. The officer walked in front, leaning on a stick and +slightly limping. When he had advanced a few steps he stopped, +having apparently decided that these were good quarters, turned +round to the soldiers standing at the entrance, and in a loud voice of +command ordered them to put up the horses. Having done that, the +officer, lifting his elbow with a smart gesture, stroked his +mustache and lightly touched his hat. + +"Bonjour, la compagnie!"* said he gaily, smiling and looking about +him. + + +*"Good day, everybody!" + + +No one gave any reply. + +"Vous etes le bourgeois?"* the officer asked Gerasim. + + +*"Are you the master here?" + + +Gerasim gazed at the officer with an alarmed and inquiring look. + +"Quartier, quartier, logement!" said the officer, looking down at +the little man with a condescending and good-natured smile. "Les +francais sont de bons enfants. Que diable! Voyons! Ne nous fachons +pas, mon vieux!"* added he, clapping the scared and silent Gerasim +on the shoulder. "Well, does no one speak French in this +establishment?" he asked again in French, looking around and meeting +Pierre's eyes. Pierre moved away from the door. + + +*"Quarters, quarters, lodgings! The French are good fellows. What +the devil! There, don't let us be cross, old fellow!" + + +Again the officer turned to Gerasim and asked him to show him the +rooms in the house. + +"Master, not here--don't understand... me, you..." said Gerasim, +trying to render his words more comprehensible by contorting them. + +Still smiling, the French officer spread out his hands before +Gerasim's nose, intimating that he did not understand him either, +and moved, limping, to the door at which Pierre was standing. Pierre +wished to go away and conceal himself, but at that moment he saw Makar +Alexeevich appearing at the open kitchen door with the pistol in his +hand. With a madman's cunning, Makar Alexeevich eyed the Frenchman, +raised his pistol, and took aim. + +"Board them!" yelled the tipsy man, trying to press the trigger. +Hearing the yell the officer turned round, and at the same moment +Pierre threw himself on the drunkard. Just when Pierre snatched at and +struck up the pistol Makar Alexeevich at last got his fingers on the +trigger, there was a deafening report, and all were enveloped in a +cloud of smoke. The Frenchman turned pale and rushed to the door. + +Forgetting his intention of concealing his knowledge of French, +Pierre, snatching away the pistol and throwing it down, ran up to +the officer and addressed him in French. + +"You are not wounded?" he asked. + +"I think not," answered the Frenchman, feeling himself over. "But +I have had a lucky escape this time," he added, pointing to the +damaged plaster of the wall. "Who is that man?" said he, looking +sternly at Pierre. + +"Oh, I am really in despair at what has occurred," said Pierre +rapidly, quite forgetting the part he had intended to play. "He is +an unfortunate madman who did not know what he was doing." + +The officer went up to Makar Alexeevich and took him by the collar. + +Makar Alexeevich was standing with parted lips, swaying, as if about +to fall asleep, as he leaned against the wall. + +"Brigand! You shall pay for this," said the Frenchman, letting go of +him. "We French are merciful after victory, but we do not pardon +traitors," he added, with a look of gloomy dignity and a fine +energetic gesture. + +Pierre continued, in French, to persuade the officer not to hold +that drunken imbecile to account. The Frenchman listened in silence +with the same gloomy expression, but suddenly turned to Pierre with +a smile. For a few seconds he looked at him in silence. His handsome +face assumed a melodramatically gentle expression and he held out +his hand. + +"You have saved my life. You are French," said he. + +For a Frenchman that deduction was indubitable. Only a Frenchman +could perform a great deed, and to save his life--the life of M. +Ramballe, captain of the 13th Light Regiment--was undoubtedly a very +great deed. + +But however indubitable that conclusion and the officer's conviction +based upon it, Pierre felt it necessary to disillusion him. + +"I am Russian," he said quickly. + +"Tut, tut, tut! Tell that to others," said the officer, waving his +finger before his nose and smiling. "You shall tell me all about +that presently. I am delighted to meet a compatriot. Well, and what +are we to do with this man?" he added, addressing himself to Pierre as +to a brother. + +Even if Pierre were not a Frenchman, having once received that +loftiest of human appellations he could not renounce it, said the +officer's look and tone. In reply to his last question Pierre again +explained who Makar Alexeevich was and how just before their arrival +that drunken imbecile had seized the loaded pistol which they had +not had time to recover from him, and begged the officer to let the +deed go unpunished. + +The Frenchman expanded his chest and made a majestic gesture with +his arm. + +"You have saved my life! You are French. You ask his pardon? I grant +it you. Lead that man away!" said he quickly and energetically, and +taking the arm of Pierre whom he had promoted to be a Frenchman for +saving his life, he went with him into the room. + +The soldiers in the yard, hearing the shot, came into the passage +asking what had happened, and expressed their readiness to punish +the culprits, but the officer sternly checked them. + +"You will be called in when you are wanted," he said. + +The soldiers went out again, and the orderly, who had meanwhile +had time to visit the kitchen, came up to his officer. + +"Captain, there is soup and a leg of mutton in the kitchen," said +he. "Shall I serve them up?" + +"Yes, and some wine," answered the captain. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXIX + + +When the French officer went into the room with Pierre the latter +again thought it his duty to assure him that he was not French and +wished to go away, but the officer would not hear of it. He was so +very polite, amiable, good-natured, and genuinely grateful to Pierre +for saving his life that Pierre had not the heart to refuse, and sat +down with him in the parlor--the first room they entered. To +Pierre's assurances that he was not a Frenchman, the captain, +evidently not understanding how anyone could decline so flattering +an appellation, shrugged his shoulders and said that if Pierre +absolutely insisted on passing for a Russian let it be so, but for all +that he would be forever bound to Pierre by gratitude for saving his +life. + +Had this man been endowed with the slightest capacity for perceiving +the feelings of others, and had he at all understood what Pierre's +feelings were, the latter would probably have left him, but the +man's animated obtuseness to everything other than himself disarmed +Pierre. + +"A Frenchman or a Russian prince incognito," said the officer, +looking at Pierre's fine though dirty linen and at the ring on his +finger. "I owe my life to you and offer you my friendship. A Frenchman +never forgets either an insult or a service. I offer you my +friendship. That is all I can say." + +There was so much good nature and nobility (in the French sense of +the word) in the officer's voice, in the expression of his face and in +his gestures, that Pierre, unconsciously smiling in response to the +Frenchman's smile, pressed the hand held out to him. + +"Captain Ramballe, of the 13th Light Regiment, Chevalier of the +Legion of Honor for the affair on the seventh of September," he +introduced himself, a self-satisfied irrepressible smile puckering his +lips under his mustache. "Will you now be so good as to tell me with +whom I have the honor of conversing so pleasantly, instead of being in +the ambulance with that maniac's bullet in my body?" + +Pierre replied that he could not tell him his name and, blushing, +began to try to invent a name and to say something about his reason +for concealing it, but the Frenchman hastily interrupted him. + +"Oh, please!" said he. "I understand your reasons. You are an +officer... a superior officer perhaps. You have borne arms against us. +That's not my business. I owe you my life. That is enough for me. I am +quite at your service. You belong to the gentry?" he concluded with +a shade of inquiry in his tone. Pierre bent his head. "Your +baptismal name, if you please. That is all I ask. Monsieur Pierre, you +say.... That's all I want to know." + +When the mutton and an omelet had been served and a samovar and +vodka brought, with some wine which the French had taken from a +Russian cellar and brought with them, Ramballe invited Pierre to share +his dinner, and himself began to eat greedily and quickly like a +healthy and hungry man, munching his food rapidly with his strong +teeth, continually smacking his lips, and repeating--"Excellent! +Delicious!" His face grew red and was covered with perspiration. +Pierre was hungry and shared the dinner with pleasure. Morel, the +orderly, brought some hot water in a saucepan and placed a bottle of +claret in it. He also brought a bottle of kvass, taken from the +kitchen for them to try. That beverage was already known to the French +and had been given a special name. They called it limonade de cochon +(pig's lemonade), and Morel spoke well of the limonade de cochon he +had found in the kitchen. But as the captain had the wine they had +taken while passing through Moscow, he left the kvass to Morel and +applied himself to the bottle of Bordeaux. He wrapped the bottle up to +its neck in a table napkin and poured out wine for himself and for +Pierre. The satisfaction of his hunger and the wine rendered the +captain still more lively and he chatted incessantly all through +dinner. + +"Yes, my dear Monsieur Pierre, I owe you a fine votive candle for +saving me from that maniac.... You see, I have bullets enough in my +body already. Here is one I got at Wagram" (he touched his side) +"and a second at Smolensk"--he showed a scar on his cheek--"and this +leg which as you see does not want to march, I got that on the seventh +at the great battle of la Moskowa. Sacre Dieu! It was splendid! That +deluge of fire was worth seeing. It was a tough job you set us +there, my word! You may be proud of it! And on my honor, in spite of +the cough I caught there, I should be ready to begin again. I pity +those who did not see it." + +"I was there," said Pierre. + +"Bah, really? So much the better! You are certainly brave foes. +The great redoubt held out well, by my pipe!" continued the Frenchman. +"And you made us pay dear for it. I was at it three times--sure as I +sit here. Three times we reached the guns and three times we were +thrown back like cardboard figures. Oh, it was beautiful, Monsieur +Pierre! Your grenadiers were splendid, by heaven! I saw them close +up their ranks six times in succession and march as if on parade. Fine +fellows! Our King of Naples, who knows what's what, cried 'Bravo!' Ha, +ha! So you are one of us soldiers!" he added, smiling, after a +momentary pause. "So much the better, so much the better, Monsieur +Pierre! Terrible in battle... gallant... with the fair" (he winked and +smiled), "that's what the French are, Monsieur Pierre, aren't they?" + +The captain was so naively and good-humoredly gay, so real, and so +pleased with himself that Pierre almost winked back as he looked +merrily at him. Probably the word "gallant" turned the captain's +thoughts to the state of Moscow. + +"Apropos, tell me please, is it true that the women have all left +Moscow? What a queer idea! What had they to be afraid of?" + +"Would not the French ladies leave Paris if the Russians entered +it?" asked Pierre. + +"Ha, ha, ha!" The Frenchman emitted a merry, sanguine chuckle, +patting Pierre on the shoulder. "What a thing to say!" he exclaimed. +"Paris?... But Paris, Paris..." + +"Paris--the capital of the world," Pierre finished his remark for +him. + +The captain looked at Pierre. He had a habit of stopping short in +the middle of his talk and gazing intently with his laughing, kindly +eyes. + +"Well, if you hadn't told me you were Russian, I should have wagered +that you were Parisian! You have that... I don't know what, that..." +and having uttered this compliment, he again gazed at him in silence. + +"I have been in Paris. I spent years there," said Pierre. + +"Oh yes, one sees that plainly. Paris!... A man who doesn't know +Paris is a savage. You can tell a Parisian two leagues off. Paris is +Talma, la Duchenois, Potier, the Sorbonne, the boulevards," and +noticing that his conclusion was weaker than what had gone before, +he added quickly: "There is only one Paris in the world. You have been +to Paris and have remained Russian. Well, I don't esteem you the +less for it." + +Under the influence of the wine he had drunk, and after the days +he had spent alone with his depressing thoughts, Pierre +involuntarily enjoyed talking with this cheerful and good-natured man. + +"To return to your ladies--I hear they are lovely. What a wretched +idea to go and bury themselves in the steppes when the French army +is in Moscow. What a chance those girls have missed! Your peasants, +now--that's another thing; but you civilized people, you ought to know +us better than that. We took Vienna, Berlin, Madrid, Naples, Rome, +Warsaw, all the world's capitals.... We are feared, but we are +loved. We are nice to know. And then the Emperor..." he began, but +Pierre interrupted him. + +"The Emperor," Pierre repeated, and his face suddenly became sad and +embarrassed, "is the Emperor...?" + +"The Emperor? He is generosity, mercy, justice, order, genius- +that's what the Emperor is! It is I, Ramballe, who tell you so.... I +assure you I was his enemy eight years ago. My father was an +emigrant count.... But that man has vanquished me. He has taken hold +of me. I could not resist the sight of the grandeur and glory with +which he has covered France. When I understood what he wanted--when +I saw that he was preparing a bed of laurels for us, you know, I +said to myself: 'That is a monarch,' and I devoted myself to him! So +there! Oh yes, mon cher, he is the greatest man of the ages past or +future." + +"Is he in Moscow?" Pierre stammered with a guilty look. + +The Frenchman looked at his guilty face and smiled. + +"No, he will make his entry tomorrow," he replied, and continued his +talk. + +Their conversation was interrupted by the cries of several voices at +the gate and by Morel, who came to say that some Wurttemberg hussars +had come and wanted to put up their horses in the yard where the +captain's horses were. This difficulty had arisen chiefly because +the hussars did not understand what was said to them in French. + +The captain had their senior sergeant called in, and in a stern +voice asked him to what regiment he belonged, who was his commanding +officer, and by what right he allowed himself to claim quarters that +were already occupied. The German who knew little French, answered the +two first questions by giving the names of his regiment and of his +commanding officer, but in reply to the third question which he did +not understand said, introducing broken French into his own German, +that he was the quartermaster of the regiment and his commander had +ordered him to occupy all the houses one after another. Pierre, who +knew German, translated what the German said to the captain and gave +the captain's reply to the Wurttemberg hussar in German. When he had +understood what was said to him, the German submitted and took his men +elsewhere. The captain went out into the porch and gave some orders in +a loud voice. + +When he returned to the room Pierre was sitting in the same place as +before, with his head in his hands. His face expressed suffering. He +really was suffering at that moment. When the captain went out and +he was left alone, suddenly he came to himself and realized the +position he was in. It was not that Moscow had been taken or that +the happy conquerors were masters in it and were patronizing him. +Painful as that was it was not that which tormented Pierre at the +moment. He was tormented by the consciousness of his own weakness. The +few glasses of wine he had drunk and the conversation with this +good-natured man had destroyed the mood of concentrated gloom in which +he had spent the last few days and which was essential for the +execution of his design. The pistol, dagger, and peasant coat were +ready. Napoleon was to enter the town next day. Pierre still +considered that it would be a useful and worthy action to slay the +evildoer, but now he felt that he would not do it. He did not know +why, but he felt a foreboding that he would not carry out his +intention. He struggled against the confession of his weakness but +dimly felt that he could not overcome it and that his former gloomy +frame of mind, concerning vengeance, killing, and self-sacrifice, +had been dispersed like dust by contact with the first man he met. + +The captain returned to the room, limping slightly and whistling a +tune. + +The Frenchman's chatter which had previously amused Pierre now +repelled him. The tune he was whistling, his gait, and the gesture +with which he twirled his mustache, all now seemed offensive. "I +will go away immediately. I won't say another word to him," thought +Pierre. He thought this, but still sat in the same place. A strange +feeling of weakness tied him to the spot; he wished to get up and go +away, but could not do so. + +The captain, on the other hand, seemed very cheerful. He paced up +and down the room twice. His eyes shone and his mustache twitched as +if he were smiling to himself at some amusing thought. + +"The colonel of those Wurttembergers is delightful," he suddenly +said. "He's a German, but a nice fellow all the same.... But he's a +German." He sat down facing Pierre. "By the way, you know German, +then?" + +Pierre looked at him in silence. + +"What is the German for 'shelter'?" + +"Shelter?" Pierre repeated. "The German for shelter is Unterkunft." + +"How do you say it?" the captain asked quickly and doubtfully. + +"Unterkunft," Pierre repeated. + +"Onterkoff," said the captain and looked at Pierre for some +seconds with laughing eyes. "These Germans are first-rate fools, don't +you think so, Monsieur Pierre?" he concluded. + +"Well, let's have another bottle of this Moscow Bordeaux, shall +we? Morel will warm us up another little bottle. Morel!" he called out +gaily. + +Morel brought candles and a bottle of wine. The captain looked at +Pierre by the candlelight and was evidently struck by the troubled +expression on his companion's face. Ramballe, with genuine distress +and sympathy in his face, went up to Pierre and bent over him. + +"There now, we're sad," said he, touching Pierre's hand. "Have I +upset you? No, really, have you anything against me?" he asked Pierre. +"Perhaps it's the state of affairs?" + +Pierre did not answer, but looked cordially into the Frenchman's +eyes whose expression of sympathy was pleasing to him. + +"Honestly, without speaking of what I owe you, I feel friendship for +you. Can I do anything for you? Dispose of me. It is for life and +death. I say it with my hand on my heart!" said he, striking his +chest. + +"Thank you," said Pierre. + +The captain gazed intently at him as he had done when he learned +that "shelter" was Unterkunft in German, and his face suddenly +brightened. + +"Well, in that case, I drink to our friendship!" he cried gaily, +filling two glasses with wine. + +Pierre took one of the glasses and emptied it. Ramballe emptied +his too, again pressed Pierre's hand, and leaned his elbows on the +table in a pensive attitude. + +"Yes, my dear friend," he began, "such is fortune's caprice. Who +would have said that I should be a soldier and a captain of dragoons +in the service of Bonaparte, as we used to call him? Yet here I am +in Moscow with him. I must tell you, mon cher," he continued in the +sad and measured tones of a man who intends to tell a long story, +"that our name is one of the most ancient in France." + +And with a Frenchman's easy and naive frankness the captain told +Pierre the story of his ancestors, his childhood, youth, and +manhood, and all about his relations and his financial and family +affairs, "ma pauvre mere" playing of course an important part in the +story. + +"But all that is only life's setting, the real thing is love- +love! Am I not right, Monsieur Pierre?" said he, growing animated. +"Another glass?" + +Pierre again emptied his glass and poured himself out a third. + +"Oh, women, women!" and the captain, looking with glistening eyes at +Pierre, began talking of love and of his love affairs. + +There were very many of these, as one could easily believe, +looking at the officer's handsome, self-satisfied face, and noting the +eager enthusiasm with which he spoke of women. Though all Ramballe's +love stories had the sensual character which Frenchmen regard as the +special charm and poetry of love, yet he told his story with such +sincere conviction that he alone had experienced and known all the +charm of love and he described women so alluringly that Pierre +listened to him with curiosity. + +It was plain that l'amour which the Frenchman was so fond of was not +that low and simple kind that Pierre had once felt for his wife, nor +was it the romantic love stimulated by himself that he experienced for +Natasha. (Ramballe despised both these kinds of love equally: the +one he considered the "love of clodhoppers" and the other the "love of +simpletons.") L'amour which the Frenchman worshiped consisted +principally in the unnaturalness of his relation to the woman and in a +combination of incongruities giving the chief charm to the feeling. + +Thus the captain touchingly recounted the story of his love for a +fascinating marquise of thirty-five and at the same time for a +charming, innocent child of seventeen, daughter of the bewitching +marquise. The conflict of magnanimity between the mother and the +daughter, ending in the mother's sacrificing herself and offering +her daughter in marriage to her lover, even now agitated the +captain, though it was the memory of a distant past. Then he recounted +an episode in which the husband played the part of the lover, and +he--the lover--assumed the role of the husband, as well as several +droll incidents from his recollections of Germany, where "shelter" +is called Unterkunft and where the husbands eat sauerkraut and the +young girls are "too blonde." + +Finally, the latest episode in Poland still fresh in the captain's +memory, and which he narrated with rapid gestures and glowing face, +was of how he had saved the life of a Pole (in general, the saving +of life continually occurred in the captain's stories) and the Pole +had entrusted to him his enchanting wife (parisienne de coeur) while +himself entering the French service. The captain was happy, the +enchanting Polish lady wished to elope with him, but, prompted by +magnanimity, the captain restored the wife to the husband, saying as +he did so: "I have saved your life, and I save your honor!" Having +repeated these words the captain wiped his eyes and gave himself a +shake, as if driving away the weakness which assailed him at this +touching recollection. + +Listening to the captain's tales, Pierre--as often happens late in +the evening and under the influence of wine--followed all that was +told him, understood it all, and at the same time followed a train +of personal memories which, he knew not why, suddenly arose in his +mind. While listening to these love stories his own love for Natasha +unexpectedly rose to his mind, and going over the pictures of that +love in his imagination he mentally compared them with Ramballe's +tales. Listening to the story of the struggle between love and duty, +Pierre saw before his eyes every minutest detail of his last meeting +with the object of his love at the Sukharev water tower. At the time +of that meeting it had not produced an effect upon him--he had not +even once recalled it. But now it seemed to him that that meeting +had had in it something very important and poetic. + +"Peter Kirilovich, come here! We have recognized you," he now seemed +to hear the words she had uttered and to see before him her eyes, +her smile, her traveling hood, and a stray lock of her hair... and +there seemed to him something pathetic and touching in all this. + +Having finished his tale about the enchanting Polish lady, the +captain asked Pierre if he had ever experienced a similar impulse to +sacrifice himself for love and a feeling of envy of the legitimate +husband. + +Challenged by this question Pierre raised his head and felt a need +to express the thoughts that filled his mind. He began to explain that +he understood love for a women somewhat differently. He said that in +all his life he had loved and still loved only one woman, and that she +could never be his. + +"Tiens!" said the captain. + +Pierre then explained that he had loved this woman from his earliest +years, but that he had not dared to think of her because she was too +young, and because he had been an illegitimate son without a name. +Afterwards when he had received a name and wealth he dared not think +of her because he loved her too well, placing her far above everything +in the world, and especially therefore above himself. + +When he had reached this point, Pierre asked the captain whether +he understood that. + +The captain made a gesture signifying that even if he did not +understand it he begged Pierre to continue. + +"Platonic love, clouds..." he muttered. + +Whether it was the wine he had drunk, or an impulse of frankness, or +the thought that this man did not, and never would, know any of +those who played a part in his story, or whether it was all these +things together, something loosened Pierre's tongue. Speaking +thickly and with a faraway look in his shining eyes, he told the whole +story of his life: his marriage, Natasha's love for his best friend, +her betrayal of him, and all his own simple relations with her. +Urged on by Ramballe's questions he also told what he had at first +concealed--his own position and even his name. + +More than anything else in Pierre's story the captain was +impressed by the fact that Pierre was very rich, had two mansions in +Moscow, and that he had abandoned everything and not left the city, +but remained there concealing his name and station. + +When it was late at night they went out together into the street. +The night was warm and light. To the left of the house on the Pokrovka +a fire glowed--the first of those that were beginning in Moscow. To +the right and high up in the sky was the sickle of the waning moon and +opposite to it hung that bright comet which was connected in +Pierre's heart with his love. At the gate stood Gerasim, the cook, and +two Frenchmen. Their laughter and their mutually incomprehensible +remarks in two languages could be heard. They were looking at the glow +seen in the town. + +There was nothing terrible in the one small, distant fire in the +immense city. + +Gazing at the high starry sky, at the moon, at the comet, and at the +glow from the fire, Pierre experienced a joyful emotion. "There now, +how good it is, what more does one need?" thought he. And suddenly +remembering his intention he grew dizzy and felt so faint that he +leaned against the fence to save himself from falling. + +Without taking leave of his new friend, Pierre left the gate with +unsteady steps and returning to his room lay down on the sofa and +immediately fell asleep. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXX + + +The glow of the first fire that began on the second of September was +watched from the various roads by the fugitive Muscovites and by the +retreating troops, with many different feelings. + +The Rostov party spent the night at Mytishchi, fourteen miles from +Moscow. They had started so late on the first of September, the road +had been so blocked by vehicles and troops, so many things had been +forgotten for which servants were sent back, that they had decided +to spend that night at a place three miles out of Moscow. The next +morning they woke late and were again delayed so often that they +only got as far as Great Mytishchi. At ten o'clock that evening the +Rostov family and the wounded traveling with them were all distributed +in the yards and huts of that large village. The Rostovs' servants and +coachmen and the orderlies of the wounded officers, after attending to +their masters, had supper, fed the horses, and came out into the +porches. + +In a neighboring hut lay Raevski's adjutant with a fractured +wrist. The awful pain he suffered made him moan incessantly and +piteously, and his moaning sounded terrible in the darkness of the +autumn night. He had spent the first night in the same yard as the +Rostovs. The countess said she had been unable to close her eyes on +account of his moaning, and at Mytishchi she moved into a worse hut +simply to be farther away from the wounded man. + +In the darkness of the night one of the servants noticed, above +the high body of a coach standing before the porch, the small glow +of another fire. One glow had long been visible and everybody knew +that it was Little Mytishchi burning--set on fire by Mamonov's +Cossacks. + +"But look here, brothers, there's another fire!" remarked an +orderly. + +All turned their attention to the glow. + +"But they told us Little Mytishchi had been set on fire by Mamonov's +Cossacks." + +"But that's not Mytishchi, it's farther away." + +"Look, it must be in Moscow!" + +Two of the gazers went round to the other side of the coach and +sat down on its steps. + +"It's more to the left, why, Little Mytishchi is over there, and +this is right on the other side." + +Several men joined the first two. + +"See how it's flaring," said one. "That's a fire in Moscow: either +in the Sushchevski or the Rogozhski quarter." + +No one replied to this remark and for some time they all gazed +silently at the spreading flames of the second fire in the distance. + +Old Daniel Terentich, the count's valet (as he was called), came +up to the group and shouted at Mishka. + +"What are you staring at, you good-for-nothing?... The count will be +calling and there's nobody there; go and gather the clothes together." + +"I only ran out to get some water," said Mishka. + +"But what do you think, Daniel Terentich? Doesn't it look as if that +glow were in Moscow?" remarked one of the footmen. + +Daniel Terentich made no reply, and again for a long time they +were all silent. The glow spread, rising and failing, farther and +farther still. + +"God have mercy.... It's windy and dry..." said another voice. + +"Just look! See what it's doing now. O Lord! You can even see the +crows flying. Lord have mercy on us sinners!" + +"They'll put it out, no fear!" + +"Who's to put it out?" Daniel Terentich, who had hitherto been +silent, was heard to say. His voice was calm and deliberate. "Moscow +it is, brothers," said he. "Mother Moscow, the white..." his voice +faltered, and he gave way to an old man's sob. + +And it was as if they had all only waited for this to realize the +significance for them of the glow they were watching. Sighs were +heard, words of prayer, and the sobbing of the count's old valet. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXI + + +The valet, returning to the cottage, informed the count that +Moscow was burning. The count donned his dressing gown and went out to +look. Sonya and Madame Schoss, who had not yet undressed, went out +with him. Only Natasha and the countess remained in the room. Petya +was no longer with the family, he had gone on with his regiment +which was making for Troitsa. + +The countess, on hearing that Moscow was on fire, began to cry. +Natasha, pale, with a fixed look, was sitting on the bench under the +icons just where she had sat down on arriving and paid no attention to +her father's words. She was listening to the ceaseless moaning of +the adjutant, three houses off. + +"Oh, how terrible," said Sonya returning from the yard chilled and +frightened. "I believe the whole of Moscow will burn, there's an awful +glow! Natasha, do look! You can see it from the window," she said to +her cousin, evidently wishing to distract her mind. + +But Natasha looked at her as if not understanding what was said to +her and again fixed her eyes on the corner of the stove. She had +been in this condition of stupor since the morning, when Sonya, to the +surprise and annoyance of the countess, had for some unaccountable +reason found it necessary to tell Natasha of Prince Andrew's wound and +of his being with their party. The countess had seldom been so angry +with anyone as she was with Sonya. Sonya had cried and begged to be +forgiven and now, as if trying to atone for her fault, paid +unceasing attention to her cousin. + +"Look, Natasha, how dreadfully it is burning!" said she. + +"What's burning?" asked Natasha. "Oh, yes, Moscow." + +And as if in order not to offend Sonya and to get rid of her, she +turned her face to the window, looked out in such a way that it was +evident that she could not see anything, and again settled down in her +former attitude. + +"But you didn't see it!" + +"Yes, really I did," Natasha replied in a voice that pleaded to be +left in peace. + +Both the countess and Sonya understood that, naturally, neither +Moscow nor the burning of Moscow nor anything else could seem of +importance to Natasha. + +The count returned and lay down behind the partition. The countess +went up to her daughter and touched her head with the back of her hand +as she was wont to do when Natasha was ill, then touched her +forehead with her lips as if to feel whether she was feverish, and +finally kissed her. + +"You are cold. You are trembling all over. You'd better lie down," +said the countess. + +"Lie down? All right, I will. I'll lie down at once," said Natasha. + +When Natasha had been told that morning that Prince Andrew was +seriously wounded and was traveling with their party, she had at first +asked many questions: Where was he going? How was he wounded? Was it +serious? And could she see him? But after she had been told that she +could not see him, that he was seriously wounded but that his life was +not in danger, she ceased to ask questions or to speak at all, +evidently disbelieving what they told her, and convinced that say what +she might she would still be told the same. All the way she had sat +motionless in a corner of the coach with wide open eyes, and the +expression in them which the countess knew so well and feared so much, +and now she sat in the same way on the bench where she had seated +herself on arriving. She was planning something and either deciding or +had already decided something in her mind. The countess knew this, but +what it might be she did not know, and this alarmed and tormented her. + +"Natasha, undress, darling; lie down on my bed." + +A bed had been made on a bedstead for the countess only. Madame +Schoss and the two girls were to sleep on some hay on the floor. + +"No, Mamma, I will lie down here on the floor," Natasha replied +irritably and she went to the window and opened it. Through the open +window the moans of the adjutant could be heard more distinctly. She +put her head out into the damp night air, and the countess saw her +slim neck shaking with sobs and throbbing against the window frame. +Natasha knew it was not Prince Andrew who was moaning. She knew Prince +Andrew was in the same yard as themselves and in a part of the hut +across the passage; but this dreadful incessant moaning made her +sob. The countess exchanged a look with Sonya. + +"Lie down, darling; lie down, my pet," said the countess, softly +touching Natasha's shoulders. "Come, lie down." + +"Oh, yes... I'll lie down at once," said Natasha, and began +hurriedly undressing, tugging at the tapes of her petticoat. + +When she had thrown off her dress and put on a dressing jacket, +she sat down with her foot under her on the bed that had been made +up on the floor, jerked her thin and rather short plait of hair to the +front, and began replaiting it. Her long, thin, practiced fingers +rapidly unplaited, replaited, and tied up her plait. Her head moved +from side to side from habit, but her eyes, feverishly wide, looked +fixedly before her. When her toilet for the night was finished she +sank gently onto the sheet spread over the hay on the side nearest the +door. + +"Natasha, you'd better lie in the middle," said Sonya. + +"I'll stay here," muttered Natasha. "Do lie down," she added +crossly, and buried her face in the pillow. + +The countess, Madame Schoss, and Sonya undressed hastily and lay +down. The small lamp in front of the icons was the only light left +in the room. But in the yard there was a light from the fire at Little +Mytishchi a mile and a half away, and through the night came the noise +of people shouting at a tavern Mamonov's Cossacks had set up across +the street, and the adjutant's unceasing moans could still be heard. + +For a long time Natasha listened attentively to the sounds that +reached her from inside and outside the room and did not move. First +she heard her mother praying and sighing and the creaking of her bed +under her, then Madame Schoss' familiar whistling snore and Sonya's +gentle breathing. Then the countess called to Natasha. Natasha did not +answer. + +"I think she's asleep, Mamma," said Sonya softly. + +After short silence the countess spoke again but this time no one +replied. + +Soon after that Natasha heard her mother's even breathing. Natasha +did not move, though her little bare foot, thrust out from under the +quilt, was growing cold on the bare floor. + +As if to celebrate a victory over everybody, a cricket chirped in +a crack in the wall. A cock crowed far off and another replied near +by. The shouting in the tavern had died down; only the moaning of +the adjutant was heard. Natasha sat up. + +"Sonya, are you asleep? Mamma?" she whispered. + +No one replied. Natasha rose slowly and carefully, crossed +herself, and stepped cautiously on the cold and dirty floor with her +slim, supple, bare feet. The boards of the floor creaked. Stepping +cautiously from one foot to the other she ran like a kitten the few +steps to the door and grasped the cold door handle. + +It seemed to her that something heavy was beating rhythmically +against all the walls of the room: it was her own heart, sinking +with alarm and terror and overflowing with love. + +She opened the door and stepped across the threshold and onto the +cold, damp earthen floor of the passage. The cold she felt refreshed +her. With her bare feet she touched a sleeping man, stepped over +him, and opened the door into the part of the hut where Prince +Andrew lay. It was dark in there. In the farthest corner, on a bench +beside a bed on which something was lying, stood a tallow candle +with a long, thick, and smoldering wick. + +From the moment she had been told that of Prince Andrew's wound +and his presence there, Natasha had resolved to see him. She did not +know why she had to, she knew the meeting would be painful, but felt +the more convinced that it was necessary. + +All day she had lived only in hope of seeing him that night. But now +that the moment had come she was filled with dread of what she might +see. How was he maimed? What was left of him? Was he like that +incessant moaning of the adjutant's? Yes, he was altogether like that. +In her imagination he was that terrible moaning personified. When +she saw an indistinct shape in the corner, and mistook his knees +raised under the quilt for his shoulders, she imagined a horrible body +there, and stood still in terror. But an irresistible impulse drew her +forward. She cautiously took one step and then another, and found +herself in the middle of a small room containing baggage. Another man- +Timokhin--was lying in a corner on the benches beneath the icons, +and two others--the doctor and a valet--lay on the floor. + +The valet sat up and whispered something. Timokhin, kept awake by +the pain in his wounded leg, gazed with wide-open eyes at this strange +apparition of a girl in a white chemise, dressing jacket, and +nightcap. The valet's sleepy, frightened exclamation, "What do you +want? What's the matter?" made Natasha approach more swiftly to what +was lying in the corner. Horribly unlike a man as that body looked, +she must see him. She passed the valet, the snuff fell from the candle +wick, and she saw Prince Andrew clearly with his arms outside the +quilt, and such as she had always seen him. + +He was the same as ever, but the feverish color of his face, his +glittering eyes rapturously turned toward her, and especially his +neck, delicate as a child's, revealed by the turn-down collar of his +shirt, gave him a peculiarly innocent, childlike look, such as she had +never seen on him before. She went up to him and with a swift, +flexible, youthful movement dropped on her knees. + +He smiled and held out his hand to her. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXII + + +Seven days had passed since Prince Andrew found himself in the +ambulance station on the field of Borodino. His feverish state and the +inflammation of his bowels, which were injured, were in the doctor's + +opinion sure to carry him off. But on the seventh day he ate with +pleasure a piece of bread with some tea, and the doctor noticed that +his temperature was lower. He had regained consciousness that morning. +The first night after they left Moscow had been fairly warm and he had +remained in the caleche, but at Mytishchi the wounded man himself +asked to be taken out and given some tea. The pain caused by his +removal into the hut had made him groan aloud and again lose +consciousness. When he had been placed on his camp bed he lay for a +long time motionless with closed eyes. Then he opened them and +whispered softly: "And the tea?" His remembering such a small detail +of everyday life astonished the doctor. He felt Prince Andrew's pulse, +and to his surprise and dissatisfaction found it had improved. He +was dissatisfied because he knew by experience that if his patient did +not die now, he would do so a little later with greater suffering. +Timokhin, the red-nosed major of Prince Andrew's regiment, had +joined him in Moscow and was being taken along with him, having been +wounded in the leg at the battle of Borodino. They were accompanied by +a doctor, Prince Andrew's valet, his coachman, and two orderlies. + +They gave Prince Andrew some tea. He drank it eagerly, looking +with feverish eyes at the door in front of him as if trying to +understand and remember something. + +"I don't want any more. Is Timokhin here?" he asked. + +Timokhin crept along the bench to him. + +"I am here, your excellency." + +"How's your wound?" + +"Mine, sir? All right. But how about you?" + +Prince Andrew again pondered as if trying to remember something. + +"Couldn't one get a book?" he asked. + +"What book?" + +"The Gospels. I haven't one." + +The doctor promised to procure it for him and began to ask how he +was feeling. Prince Andrew answered all his questions reluctantly +but reasonably, and then said he wanted a bolster placed under him +as he was uncomfortable and in great pain. The doctor and valet lifted +the cloak with which he was covered and, making wry faces at the +noisome smell of mortifying flesh that came from the wound, began +examining that dreadful place. The doctor was very much displeased +about something and made a change in the dressings, turning the +wounded man over so that he groaned again and grew unconscious and +delirious from the agony. He kept asking them to get him the book +and put it under him. + +"What trouble would it be to you?" he said. "I have not got one. +Please get it for me and put it under for a moment," he pleaded in a +piteous voice. + +The doctor went into the passage to wash his hands. + +"You fellows have no conscience," said he to the valet who was +pouring water over his hands. "For just one moment I didn't look after +you... It's such pain, you know, that I wonder how he can bear it." + +"By the Lord Jesus Christ, I thought we had put something under +him!" said the valet. + +The first time Prince Andrew understood where he was and what was +the matter with him and remembered being wounded and how was when he +asked to be carried into the hut after his caleche had stopped at +Mytishchi. After growing confused from pain while being carried into +the hut he again regained consciousness, and while drinking tea once +more recalled all that had happened to him, and above all vividly +remembered the moment at the ambulance station when, at the sight of +the sufferings of a man he disliked, those new thoughts had come to +him which promised him happiness. And those thoughts, though now vague +and indefinite, again possessed his soul. He remembered that he had +now a new source of happiness and that this happiness had something to +do with the Gospels. That was why he asked for a copy of them. The +uncomfortable position in which they had put him and turned him over +again confused his thoughts, and when he came to himself a third +time it was in the complete stillness of the night. Everybody near him +was sleeping. A cricket chirped from across the passage; someone was +shouting and singing in the street; cockroaches rustled on the +table, on the icons, and on the walls, and a big fly flopped at the +head of the bed and around the candle beside him, the wick of which +was charred and had shaped itself like a mushroom. + +His mind was not in a normal state. A healthy man usually thinks of, +feels, and remembers innumerable things simultaneously, but has the +power and will to select one sequence of thoughts or events on which +to fix his whole attention. A healthy man can tear himself away from +the deepest reflections to say a civil word to someone who comes in +and can then return again to his own thoughts. But Prince Andrew's +mind was not in a normal state in that respect. All the powers of +his mind were more active and clearer than ever, but they acted +apart from his will. Most diverse thoughts and images occupied him +simultaneously. At times his brain suddenly began to work with a +vigor, clearness, and depth it had never reached when he was in +health, but suddenly in the midst of its work it would turn to some +unexpected idea and he had not the strength to turn it back again. + +"Yes, a new happiness was revealed to me of which man cannot be +deprived," he thought as he lay in the semi-darkness of the quiet hut, +gazing fixedly before him with feverish wide open eyes. "A happiness +lying beyond material forces, outside the material influences that act +on man--a happiness of the soul alone, the happiness of loving. +Every man can understand it, but to conceive it and enjoin it was +possible only for God. But how did God enjoin that law? And why was +the Son...?" + +And suddenly the sequence of these thoughts broke off, and Prince +Andrew heard (without knowing whether it was a delusion or reality) +a soft whispering voice incessantly and rhythmically repeating +"piti-piti-piti," and then "titi," and then again "piti-piti-piti," +and "ti-ti" once more. At the same time he felt that above his face, +above the very middle of it, some strange airy structure was being +erected out of slender needles or splinters, to the sound of this +whispered music. He felt that he had to balance carefully (though it +was difficult) so that this airy structure should not collapse; but +nevertheless it kept collapsing and again slowly rising to the sound +of whispered rhythmic music--"it stretches, stretches, spreading out +and stretching," said Prince Andrew to himself. While listening to +this whispering and feeling the sensation of this drawing out and +the construction of this edifice of needles, he also saw by glimpses a +red halo round the candle, and heard the rustle of the cockroaches and +the buzzing of the fly that flopped against his pillow and his face. +Each time the fly touched his face it gave him a burning sensation and +yet to his surprise it did not destroy the structure, though it +knocked against the very region of his face where it was rising. But +besides this there was something else of importance. It was +something white by the door--the statue of a sphinx, which also +oppressed him. + +"But perhaps that's my shirt on the table," he thought, "and +that's my legs, and that is the door, but why is it always +stretching and drawing itself out, and 'piti-piti-piti' and 'ti-ti' +and 'piti-piti-piti'...? That's enough, please leave off!" Prince +Andrew painfully entreated someone. And suddenly thoughts and feelings +again swam to the surface of his mind with peculiar clearness and +force. + +"Yes--love," he thought again quite clearly. "But not love which +loves for something, for some quality, for some purpose, or for some +reason, but the love which I--while dying--first experienced when I +saw my enemy and yet loved him. I experienced that feeling of love +which is the very essence of the soul and does not require an +object. Now again I feel that bliss. To love one's neighbors, to +love one's enemies, to love everything, to love God in all His +manifestations. It is possible to love someone dear to you with +human love, but an enemy can only be loved by divine love. That is why +I experienced such joy when I felt that I loved that man. What has +become of him? Is he alive?... + +"When loving with human love one may pass from love to hatred, but +divine love cannot change. No, neither death nor anything else can +destroy it. It is the very essence of the soul. Yet how many people +have I hated in my life? And of them all, I loved and hated none as +I did her." And he vividly pictured to himself Natasha, not as he +had done in the past with nothing but her charms which gave him +delight, but for the first time picturing to himself her soul. And +he understood her feelings, her sufferings, shame, and remorse. He now +understood for the first time all the cruelty of his rejection of her, +the cruelty of his rupture with her. "If only it were possible for +me to see her once more! Just once, looking into those eyes to say..." + + +"Piti-piti-piti and ti-ti and piti-piti-piti boom!" flopped the +fly... And his attention was suddenly carried into another world, a +world of reality and delirium in which something particular was +happening. In that world some structure was still being erected and +did not fall, something was still stretching out, and the candle +with its red halo was still burning, and the same shirtlike sphinx lay +near the door; but besides all this something creaked, there was a +whiff of fresh air, and a new white sphinx appeared, standing at the +door. And that sphinx had the pale face and shining eyes of the very +Natasha of whom he had just been thinking. + +"Oh, how oppressive this continual delirium is," thought Prince +Andrew, trying to drive that face from his imagination. But the face +remained before him with the force of reality and drew nearer. +Prince Andrew wished to return that former world of pure thought, +but he could not, and delirium drew him back into its domain. The soft +whispering voice continued its rhythmic murmur, something oppressed +him and stretched out, and the strange face was before him. Prince +Andrew collected all his strength in an effort to recover his +senses, he moved a little, and suddenly there was a ringing in his +ears, a dimness in his eyes, and like a man plunged into water he lost +consciousness. When he came to himself, Natasha, that same living +Natasha whom of all people he most longed to love with this new pure +divine love that had been revealed to him, was kneeling before him. He +realized that it was the real living Natasha, and he was not surprised +but quietly happy. Natasha, motionless on her knees (she was unable to +stir), with frightened eyes riveted on him, was restraining her +sobs. Her face was pale and rigid. Only in the lower part of it +something quivered. + +Prince Andrew sighed with relief, smiled, and held out his hand. + +"You?" he said. "How fortunate!" + +With a rapid but careful movement Natasha drew nearer to him on +her knees and, taking his hand carefully, bent her face over it and +began kissing it, just touching it lightly with her lips. + +"Forgive me!" she whispered, raising her head and glancing at him. +"Forgive me!" + +"I love you," said Prince Andrew. + +"Forgive...!" + +"Forgive what?" he asked. + +"Forgive me for what I ha-ve do-ne!" faltered Natasha in a +scarcely audible, broken whisper, and began kissing his hand more +rapidly, just touching it with her lips. + +"I love you more, better than before," said Prince Andrew, lifting +her face with his hand so as to look into her eyes. + +Those eyes, filled with happy tears, gazed at him timidly, +compassionately, and with joyous love. Natasha's thin pale face, +with its swollen lips, was more than plain--it was dreadful. But +Prince Andrew did not see that, he saw her shining eyes which were +beautiful. They heard the sound of voices behind them. + +Peter the valet, who was now wide awake, had roused the doctor. +Timokhin, who had not slept at all because of the pain in his leg, had +long been watching all that was going on, carefully covering his +bare body with the sheet as he huddled up on his bench. + +"What's this?" said the doctor, rising from his bed. "Please go +away, madam!" + +At that moment a maid sent by the countess, who had noticed her +daughter's absence, knocked at the door. + +Like a somnambulist aroused from her sleep Natasha went out of the +room and, returning to her hut, fell sobbing on her bed. + + +From that time, during all the rest of the Rostovs' journey, at +every halting place and wherever they spent a night, Natasha never +left the wounded Bolkonski, and the doctor had to admit that he had +not expected from a young girl either such firmness or such skill in +nursing a wounded man. + +Dreadful as the countess imagined it would be should Prince Andrew +die in her daughter's arms during the journey--as, judging by what the +doctor said, it seemed might easily happen--she could not oppose +Natasha. Though with the intimacy now established between the +wounded man and Natasha the thought occurred that should he recover +their former engagement would be renewed, no one--least of all Natasha +and Prince Andrew--spoke of this: the unsettled question of life and +death, which hung not only over Bolkonski but over all Russia, shut +out all other considerations. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII + + +On the third of September Pierre awoke late. His head was aching, +the clothes in which he had slept without undressing felt +uncomfortable on his body, and his mind had a dim consciousness of +something shameful he had done the day before. That something shameful +was his yesterday's conversation with Captain Ramballe. + +It was eleven by the clock, but it seemed peculiarly dark out of +doors. Pierre rose, rubbed his eyes, and seeing the pistol with an +engraved stock which Gerasim had replaced on the writing table, he +remembered where he was and what lay before him that very day. + +"Am I not too late?" he thought. "No, probably he won't make his +entry into Moscow before noon." + +Pierre did not allow himself to reflect on what lay before him, +but hastened to act. + +After arranging his clothes, he took the pistol and was about to +go out. But it then occurred to him for the first time that he +certainly could not carry the weapon in his hand through the +streets. It was difficult to hide such a big pistol even under his +wide coat. He could not carry it unnoticed in his belt or under his +arm. Besides, it had been discharged, and he had not had time to +reload it. "No matter, dagger will do," he said to himself, though +when planning his design he had more than once come to the +conclusion that the chief mistake made by the student in 1809 had been +to try to kill Napoleon with a dagger. But as his chief aim +consisted not in carrying out his design, but in proving to himself +that he would not abandon his intention and was doing all he could +to achieve it, Pierre hastily took the blunt jagged dagger in a +green sheath which he had bought at the Sukharev market with the +pistol, and hid it under his waistcoat. + +Having tied a girdle over his coat and pulled his cap low on his +head, Pierre went down the corridor, trying to avoid making a noise or +meeting the captain, and passed out into the street. + +The conflagration, at which he had looked with so much +indifference the evening before, had greatly increased during the +night. Moscow was on fire in several places. The buildings in Carriage +Row, across the river, in the Bazaar and the Povarskoy, as well as the +barges on the Moskva River and the timber yards by the Dorogomilov +Bridge, were all ablaze. + +Pierre's way led through side streets to the Povarskoy and from +there to the church of St. Nicholas on the Arbat, where he had long +before decided that the deed should should be done. The gates of +most of the houses were locked and the shutters up. The streets and +lanes were deserted. The air was full of smoke and the smell of +burning. Now and then he met Russians with anxious and timid faces, +and Frenchmen with an air not of the city but of the camp, walking +in the middle of the streets. Both the Russians and the French +looked at Pierre with surprise. Besides his height and stoutness, +and the strange morose look of suffering in his face and whole figure, +the Russians stared at Pierre because they could not make out to +what class he could belong. The French followed him with +astonishment in their eyes chiefly because Pierre, unlike all the +other Russians who gazed at the French with fear and curiosity, paid +no attention to them. At the gate of one house three Frenchmen, who +were explaining something to some Russians who did not understand +them, stopped Pierre asking if he did not know French. + +Pierre shook his head and went on. In another side street a sentinel +standing beside a green caisson shouted at him, but only when the +shout was threateningly repeated and he heard the click of the man's +musket as he raised it did Pierre understand that he had to pass on +the other side of the street. He heard nothing and saw nothing of what +went on around him. He carried his resolution within himself in terror +and haste, like something dreadful and alien to him, for, after the +previous night's experience, he was afraid of losing it. But he was +not destined to bring his mood safely to his destination. And even had +he not been hindered by anything on the way, his intention could not +now have been carried out, for Napoleon had passed the Arbat more than +four hours previously on his way from the Dorogomilov suburb to the +Kremlin, and was now sitting in a very gloomy frame of mind in a royal +study in the Kremlin, giving detailed and exact orders as to +measures to be taken immediately to extinguish the fire, to prevent +looting, and to reassure the inhabitants. But Pierre did not know +this; he was entirely absorbed in what lay before him, and was +tortured--as those are who obstinately undertake a task that is +impossible for them not because of its difficulty but because of its +incompatibility with their natures--by the fear of weakening at the +decisive moment and so losing his self-esteem. + +Though he heard and saw nothing around him he found his way by +instinct and did not go wrong in the side streets that led to the +Povarskoy. + +As Pierre approached that street the smoke became denser and denser- +he even felt the heat of the fire. Occasionally curly tongues of flame +rose from under the roofs of the houses. He met more people in the +streets and they were more excited. But Pierre, though he felt that +something unusual was happening around him, did not realize that he +was approaching the fire. As he was going along a foot path across a +wide-open space adjoining the Povarskoy on one side and the gardens of +Prince Gruzinski's house on the other, Pierre suddenly heard the +desperate weeping of a woman close to him. He stopped as if +awakening from a dream and lifted his head. + +By the side of the path, on the dusty dry grass, all sorts of +household goods lay in a heap: featherbeds, a samovar, icons, and +trunks. On the ground, beside the trunks, sat a thin woman no longer +young, with long, prominent upper teeth, and wearing a black cloak and +cap. This woman, swaying to and fro and muttering something, was +choking with sobs. Two girls of about ten and twelve, dressed in dirty +short frocks and cloaks, were staring at their mother with a look of +stupefaction on their pale frightened faces. The youngest child, a boy +of about seven, who wore an overcoat and an immense cap evidently +not his own, was crying in his old nurse's arms. A dirty, barefooted +maid was sitting on a trunk, and, having undone her pale-colored +plait, was pulling it straight and sniffing at her singed hair. The +woman's husband, a short, round-shouldered man in the undress +uniform of a civilian official, with sausage-shaped whiskers and +showing under his square-set cap the hair smoothly brushed forward +over his temples, with expressionless face was moving the trunks, +which were placed one on another, and was dragging some garments +from under them. + +As soon as she saw Pierre, the woman almost threw herself at his +feet. + +"Dear people, good Christians, save me, help me, dear friends... +help us, somebody," she muttered between her sobs. "My girl... My +daughter! My youngest daughter is left behind. She's burned! Ooh! +Was it for this I nursed you.... Ooh!" + +"Don't, Mary Nikolievna!" said her husband to her in a low voice, +evidently only to justify himself before the stranger. "Sister must +have taken her, or else where can she be?" he added. + +"Monster! Villain!" shouted the woman angrily, suddenly ceasing to +weep. "You have no heart, you don't feel for your own child! Another +man would have rescued her from the fire. But this is a monster and +neither a man nor a father! You, honored sir, are a noble man," she +went on, addressing Pierre rapidly between her sobs. "The fire broke +out alongside, and blew our way, the maid called out 'Fire!' and we +rushed to collect our things. We ran out just as we were.... This is +what we have brought away.... The icons, and my dowry bed, all the +rest is lost. We seized the children. But not Katie! Ooh! O +Lord!..." and again she began to sob. "My child, my dear one! +Burned, burned!" + +"But where was she left?" asked Pierre. + +From the expression of his animated face the woman saw that this man +might help her. + +"Oh, dear sir!" she cried, seizing him by the legs. "My +benefactor, set my heart at ease.... Aniska, go, you horrid girl, show +him the way!" she cried to the maid, angrily opening her mouth and +still farther exposing her long teeth. + +"Show me the way, show me, I... I'll do it," gasped Pierre rapidly. + +The dirty maidservant stepped from behind the trunk, put up her +plait, sighed, and went on her short, bare feet along the path. Pierre +felt as if he had come back to life after a heavy swoon. He held his +head higher, his eyes shone with the light of life, and with swift +steps he followed the maid, overtook her, and came out on the +Povarskoy. The whole street was full of clouds of black smoke. Tongues +of flame here and there broke through that cloud. A great number of +people crowded in front of the conflagration. In the middle of the +street stood a French general saying something to those around him. +Pierre, accompanied by the maid, was advancing to the spot where the +general stood, but the French soldiers stopped him. + +"On ne passe pas!"* cried a voice. + + +*"You can't pass! + + +"This way, uncle," cried the girl. "We'll pass through the side +street, by the Nikulins'!" + +Pierre turned back, giving a spring now and then to keep up with +her. She ran across the street, turned down a side street to the left, +and, passing three houses, turned into a yard on the right. + +"It's here, close by," said she and, running across the yard, opened +a gate in a wooden fence and, stopping, pointed out to him a small +wooden wing of the house, which was burning brightly and fiercely. One +of its sides had fallen in, another was on fire, and bright flames +issued from the openings of the windows and from under the roof. + +As Pierre passed through the fence gate, he was enveloped by hot air +and involuntarily stopped. + +"Which is it? Which is your house?" he asked. + +"Ooh!" wailed the girl, pointing to the wing. "That's it, that was +our lodging. You've burned to death, our treasure, Katie, my +precious little missy! Ooh!" lamented Aniska, who at the sight of +the fire felt that she too must give expression to her feelings. + +Pierre rushed to the wing, but the heat was so great that he +involuntarily passed round in a curve and came upon the large house +that was as yet burning only at one end, just below the roof, and +around which swarmed a crowd of Frenchmen. At first Pierre did not +realize what these men, who were dragging something out, were about; +but seeing before him a Frenchman hitting a peasant with a blunt saber +and trying to take from him a fox-fur coat, he vaguely understood that +looting was going on there, but he had no time to dwell on that idea. + +The sounds of crackling and the din of falling walls and ceilings, +the whistle and hiss of the flames, the excited shouts of the +people, and the sight of the swaying smoke, now gathering into thick +black clouds and now soaring up with glittering sparks, with here +and there dense sheaves of flame (now red and now like golden fish +scales creeping along the walls), and the heat and smoke and +rapidity of motion, produced on Pierre the usual animating effects +of a conflagration. It had a peculiarly strong effect on him because +at the sight of the fire he felt himself suddenly freed from the ideas +that had weighed him down. He felt young, bright, adroit, and +resolute. He ran round to the other side of the lodge and was about to +dash into that part of it which was still standing, when just above +his head he heard several voices shouting and then a cracking sound +and the ring of something heavy falling close beside him. + +Pierre looked up and saw at a window of the large house some +Frenchmen who had just thrown out the drawer of a chest, filled with +metal articles. Other French soldiers standing below went up to the +drawer. + +"What does this fellow want?" shouted one of them referring to +Pierre. + +"There's a child in that house. Haven't you seen a child?" cried +Pierre. + +"What's he talking about? Get along!" said several voices, and one +of the soldiers, evidently afraid that Pierre might want to take +from them some of the plate and bronzes that were in the drawer, moved +threateningly toward him. + +"A child?" shouted a Frenchman from above. "I did hear something +squealing in the garden. Perhaps it's his brat that the fellow is +looking for. After all, one must be human, you know...." + +"Where is it? Where?" said Pierre. + +"There! There!" shouted the Frenchman at the window, pointing to the +garden at the back of the house. "Wait a bit--I'm coming down." + +And a minute or two later the Frenchman, a black-eyed fellow with +a spot on his cheek, in shirt sleeves, really did jump out of a window +on the ground floor, and clapping Pierre on the shoulder ran with +him into the garden. + +"Hurry up, you others!" he called out to his comrades. "It's getting +hot." + +When they reached a gravel path behind the house the Frenchman +pulled Pierre by the arm and pointed to a round, graveled space +where a three-year-old girl in a pink dress was lying under a seat. + +"There is your child! Oh, a girl, so much the better!" said the +Frenchman. "Good-by, Fatty. We must be human, we are all mortal you +know!" and the Frenchman with the spot on his cheek ran back to his +comrades. + +Breathless with joy, Pierre ran to the little girl and was going +to take her in his arms. But seeing a stranger the sickly, +scrofulous-looking child, unattractively like her mother, began to +yell and run away. Pierre, however, seized her and lifted her in his +arms. She screamed desperately and angrily and tried with her little +hands to pull Pierre's hands away and to bite them with her slobbering +mouth. Pierre was seized by a sense of horror and repulsion such as he +had experienced when touching some nasty little animal. But he made an +effort not to throw the child down and ran with her to the large +house. It was now, however, impossible to get back the way he had +come; the maid, Aniska, was no longer there, and Pierre with a feeling +of pity and disgust pressed the wet, painfully sobbing child to +himself as tenderly as he could and ran with her through the garden +seeking another way out. + + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV + + +Having run through different yards and side streets, Pierre got back +with his little burden to the Gruzinski garden at the corner of the +Povarskoy. He did not at first recognize the place from which he had +set out to look for the child, so crowded was it now with people and +goods that had been dragged out of the houses. Besides Russian +families who had taken refuge here from the fire with their +belongings, there were several French soldiers in a variety of +clothing. Pierre took no notice of them. He hurried to find the family +of that civil servant in order to restore the daughter to her mother +and go to save someone else. Pierre felt that he had still much to +do and to do quickly. Glowing with the heat and from running, he +felt at that moment more strongly than ever the sense of youth, +animation, and determination that had come on him when he ran to +save the child. She had now become quiet and, clinging with her little +hands to Pierre's coat, sat on his arm gazing about her like some +little wild animal. He glanced at her occasionally with a slight +smile. He fancied he saw something pathetically innocent in that +frightened, sickly little face. + +He did not find the civil servant or his wife where he had left +them. He walked among the crowd with rapid steps, scanning the various +faces he met. Involuntarily he noticed a Georgian or Armenian family +consisting of a very handsome old man of Oriental type, wearing a new, +cloth-covered, sheepskin coat and new boots, an old woman of similar +type, and a young woman. That very young woman seemed to Pierre the +perfection of Oriental beauty, with her sharply outlined, arched, +black eyebrows and the extraordinarily soft, bright color of her long, +beautiful, expressionless face. Amid the scattered property and the +crowd on the open space, she, in her rich satin cloak with a bright +lilac shawl on her head, suggested a delicate exotic plant thrown +out onto the snow. She was sitting on some bundles a little behind the +old woman, and looked from under her long lashes with motionless, +large, almond-shaped eyes at the ground before her. Evidently she +was aware of her beauty and fearful because of it. Her face struck +Pierre and, hurrying along by the fence, he turned several times to +look at her. When he had reached the fence, still without finding +those he sought, he stopped and looked about him. + +With the child in his arms his figure was now more conspicuous +than before, and a group of Russians, both men and women, gathered +about him. + +"Have you lost anyone, my dear fellow? You're of the gentry +yourself, aren't you? Whose child is it?" they asked him. + +Pierre replied that the child belonged to a woman in a black coat +who had been sitting there with her other children, and he asked +whether anyone knew where she had gone. + +"Why, that must be the Anferovs," said an old deacon, addressing a +pockmarked peasant woman. "Lord have mercy, Lord have mercy!" he added +in his customary bass. + +"The Anferovs? No," said the woman. "They left in the morning. +That must be either Mary Nikolievna's or the Ivanovs'!" + +"He says 'a woman,' and Mary Nikolievna is a lady," remarked a house +serf. + +"Do you know her? She's thin, with long teeth," said Pierre. + +"That's Mary Nikolievna! They went inside the garden when these +wolves swooped down," said the woman, pointing to the French soldiers. + +"O Lord, have mercy!" added the deacon. + +"Go over that way, they're there. It's she! She kept on lamenting +and crying," continued the woman. "It's she. Here, this way!" + +But Pierre was not listening to the woman. He had for some seconds +been intently watching what was going on a few steps away. He was +looking at the Armenian family and at two French soldiers who had gone +up to them. One of these, a nimble little man, was wearing a blue coat +tied round the waist with a rope. He had a nightcap on his head and +his feet were bare. The other, whose appearance particularly struck +Pierre, was a long, lank, round-shouldered, fair-haired man, slow in +his movements and with an idiotic expression of face. He wore a +woman's loose gown of frieze, blue trousers, and large torn Hessian +boots. The little barefooted Frenchman in the blue coat went up to the +Armenians and, saying something, immediately seized the old man by his +legs and the old man at once began pulling off his boots. The other in +the frieze gown stopped in front of the beautiful Armenian girl and +with his hands in his pockets stood staring at her, motionless and +silent. + +"Here, take the child!" said Pierre peremptorily and hurriedly to +the woman, handing the little girl to her. "Give her back to them, +give her back!" he almost shouted, putting the child, who began +screaming, on the ground, and again looking at the Frenchman and the +Armenian family. + +The old man was already sitting barefoot. The little Frenchman had +secured his second boot and was slapping one boot against the other. +The old man was saying something in a voice broken by sobs, but Pierre +caught but a glimpse of this, his whole attention was directed to +the Frenchman in the frieze gown who meanwhile, swaying slowly from +side to side, had drawn nearer to the young woman and taking his hands +from his pockets had seized her by the neck. + +The beautiful Armenian still sat motionless and in the same +attitude, with her long lashes drooping as if she did not see or +feel what the soldier was doing to her. + +While Pierre was running the few steps that separated him from the +Frenchman, the tall marauder in the frieze gown was already tearing +from her neck the necklace the young Armenian was wearing, and the +young woman, clutching at her neck, screamed piercingly. + +"Let that woman alone!" exclaimed Pierre hoarsely in a furious +voice, seizing the soldier by his round shoulders and throwing him +aside. + +The soldier fell, got up, and ran away. But his comrade, throwing +down the boots and drawing his sword, moved threateningly toward +Pierre. + +"Voyons, Pas de betises!"* he cried. + + +*"Look here, no nonsense!" + + +Pierre was in such a transport of rage that he remembered nothing +and his strength increased tenfold. He rushed at the barefooted +Frenchman and, before the latter had time to draw his sword, knocked +him off his feet and hammered him with his fists. Shouts of approval +were heard from the crowd around, and at the same moment a mounted +patrol of French Uhlans appeared from round the corner. The Uhlans +came up at a trot to Pierre and the Frenchman and surrounded them. +Pierre remembered nothing of what happened after that. He only +remembered beating someone and being beaten and finally feeling that +his hands were bound and that a crowd of French soldiers stood +around him and were searching him. + +"Lieutenant, he has a dagger," were the first words Pierre +understood. + +"Ah, a weapon?" said the officer and turned to the barefooted +soldier who had been arrested with Pierre. "All right, you can tell +all about it at the court-martial." Then he turned to Pierre. "Do +you speak French?" + +Pierre looked around him with bloodshot eyes and did not reply. +His face probably looked very terrible, for the officer said something +in a whisper and four more Uhlans left the ranks and placed themselves +on both sides of Pierre. + +"Do you speak French?" the officer asked again, keeping at a +distance from Pierre. "Call the interpreter." + +A little man in Russian civilian clothes rode out from the ranks, +and by his clothes and manner of speaking Pierre at once knew him to +be a French salesman from one of the Moscow shops. + +"He does not look like a common man," said the interpreter, after +a searching look at Pierre. + +"Ah, he looks very much like an incendiary," remarked the officer. +"And ask him who he is," he added. + +"Who are you?" asked the interpreter in poor Russian. "You must +answer the chief." + +"I will not tell you who I am. I am your prisoner--take me!" +Pierre suddenly replied in French. + +"Ah, ah!" muttered the officer with a frown. "Well then, march!" + +A crowd had collected round the Uhlans. Nearest to Pierre stood +the pockmarked peasant woman with the little girl, and when the patrol +started she moved forward. + +"Where are they taking you to, you poor dear?" said she. "And the +little girl, the little girl, what am I to do with her if she's not +theirs?" said the woman. + +"What does that woman want?" asked the officer. + +Pierre was as if intoxicated. His elation increased at the sight +of the little girl he had saved. + +"What does she want?" he murmured. "She is bringing me my daughter +whom I have just saved from the flames," said he. "Good-by!" And +without knowing how this aimless lie had escaped him, he went along +with resolute and triumphant steps between the French soldiers. + +The French patrol was one of those sent out through the various +streets of Moscow by Durosnel's order to put a stop to the pillage, +and especially to catch the incendiaries who, according to the general +opinion which had that day originated among the higher French +officers, were the cause of the conflagrations. After marching through +a number of streets the patrol arrested five more Russian suspects: +a small shopkeeper, two seminary students, a peasant, and a house +serf, besides several looters. But of all these various suspected +characters, Pierre was considered to be the most suspicious of all. +When they had all been brought for the night to a large house on the +Zubov Rampart that was being used as a guardhouse, Pierre was placed +apart under strict guard. + + + + + +BOOK TWELVE: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +In Petersburg at that time a complicated struggle was being +carried on with greater heat than ever in the highest circles, between +the parties of Rumyantsev, the French, Marya Fedorovna, the Tsarevich, +and others, drowned as usual by the buzzing of the court drones. But +the calm, luxurious life of Petersburg, concerned only about +phantoms and reflections of real life, went on in its old way and made +it hard, except by a great effort, to realize the danger and the +difficult position of the Russian people. There were the same +receptions and balls, the same French theater, the same court +interests and service interests and intrigues as usual. Only in the +very highest circles were attempts made to keep in mind the +difficulties of the actual position. Stories were whispered of how +differently the two Empresses behaved in these difficult +circumstances. The Empress Marya, concerned for the welfare of the +charitable and educational institutions under her patronage, had given +directions that they should all be removed to Kazan, and the things +belonging to these institutions had already been packed up. The +Empress Elisabeth, however, when asked what instructions she would +be pleased to give--with her characteristic Russian patriotism had +replied that she could give no directions about state institutions for +that was the affair of the sovereign, but as far as she personally was +concerned she would be the last to quit Petersburg. + +At Anna Pavlovna's on the twenty-sixth of August, the very day of +the battle of Borodino, there was a soiree, the chief feature of which +was to be the reading of a letter from His Lordship the Bishop when +sending the Emperor an icon of the Venerable Sergius. It was +regarded as a model of ecclesiastical, patriotic eloquence. Prince +Vasili himself, famed for his elocution, was to read it. (He used to +read at the Empress'.) The art of his reading was supposed to lie in +rolling out the words, quite independently of their meaning, in a loud +and singsong voice alternating between a despairing wail and a +tender murmur, so that the wail fell quite at random on one word and +the murmur on another. This reading, as was always the case at Anna +Pavlovna's soirees, had a political significance. That evening she +expected several important personages who had to be made ashamed of +their visits to the French theater and aroused to a patriotic +temper. A good many people had already arrived, but Anna Pavlovna, not +yet seeing all those whom she wanted in her drawing room, did not +let the reading begin but wound up the springs of a general +conversation. + +The news of the day in Petersburg was the illness of Countess +Bezukhova. She had fallen ill unexpectedly a few days previously, +had missed several gatherings of which she was usually ornament, and +was said to be receiving no one, and instead of the celebrated +Petersburg doctors who usually attended her had entrusted herself to +some Italian doctor who was treating her in some new and unusual way. + +They all knew very well that the enchanting countess' illness +arose from an inconvenience resulting from marrying two husbands at +the same time, and that the Italian's cure consisted in removing +such inconvenience; but in Anna Pavlovna's presence no one dared to +think of this or even appear to know it. + +"They say the poor countess is very ill. The doctor says it is +angina pectoris." + +"Angina? Oh, that's a terrible illness!" + +"They say that the rivals are reconciled, thanks to the angina..." +and the word angina was repeated with great satisfaction. + +"The count is pathetic, they say. He cried like a child when the +doctor told him the case was dangerous." + +"Oh, it would be a terrible loss, she is an enchanting woman." + +"You are speaking of the poor countess?" said Anna Pavlovna, +coming up just then. "I sent to ask for news, and hear that she is a +little better. Oh, she is certainly the most charming woman in the +world," she went on, with a smile at her own enthusiasm. "We belong to +different camps, but that does not prevent my esteeming her as she +deserves. She is very unfortunate!" added Anna Pavlovna. + +Supposing that by these words Anna Pavlovna was somewhat lifting the +veil from the secret of the countess' malady, an unwary young man +ventured to express surprise that well known doctors had not been +called in and that the countess was being attended by a charlatan +who might employ dangerous remedies. + +"Your information maybe better than mine," Anna Pavlovna suddenly +and venomously retorted on the inexperienced young man, "but I know on +good authority that this doctor is a very learned and able man. He +is private physician to the Queen of Spain." + +And having thus demolished the young man, Anna Pavlovna turned to +another group where Bilibin was talking about the Austrians: having +wrinkled up his face he was evidently preparing to smooth it out again +and utter one of his mots. + +"I think it is delightful," he said, referring to a diplomatic +note that had been sent to Vienna with some Austrian banners +captured from the French by Wittgenstein, "the hero of Petropol" as he +was then called in Petersburg. + +"What? What's that?" asked Anna Pavlovna, securing silence for the +mot, which she had heard before. + +And Bilibin repeated the actual words of the diplomatic dispatch, +which he had himself composed. + +"The Emperor returns these Austrian banners," said Bilibin, +"friendly banners gone astray and found on a wrong path," and his brow +became smooth again. + +"Charming, charming!" observed Prince Vasili. + +"The path to Warsaw, perhaps," Prince Hippolyte remarked loudly +and unexpectedly. Everybody looked at him, understanding what he +meant. Prince Hippolyte himself glanced around with amused surprise. +He knew no more than the others what his words meant. During his +diplomatic career he had more than once noticed that such utterances +were received as very witty, and at every opportunity he uttered in +that way the first words that entered his head. "It may turn out +very well," he thought, "but if not, they'll know how to arrange +matters." And really, during the awkward silence that ensued, that +insufficiently patriotic person entered whom Anna Pavlovna had been +waiting for and wished to convert, and she, smiling and shaking a +finger at Hippolyte, invited Prince Vasili to the table and bringing +him two candles and the manuscript begged him to begin. Everyone +became silent. + + +"Most Gracious Sovereign and Emperor!" Prince Vasili sternly +declaimed, looking round at his audience as if to inquire whether +anyone had anything to say to the contrary. But no one said +anything. "Moscow, our ancient capital, the New Jerusalem, receives +her Christ"--he placed a sudden emphasis on the word her--"as a mother +receives her zealous sons into her arms, and through the gathering +mists, foreseeing the brilliant glory of thy rule, sings in +exultation, 'Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh!'" + + +Prince Vasili pronounced these last words in a tearful voice. + +Bilibin attentively examined his nails, and many of those present +appeared intimidated, as if asking in what they were to blame. Anna +Pavlovna whispered the next words in advance, like an old woman +muttering the prayer at Communion: "Let the bold and insolent +Goliath..." she whispered. + +Prince Vasili continued. + + +"Let the bold and insolent Goliath from the borders of France +encompass the realms of Russia with death-bearing terrors; humble +Faith, the sling of the Russian David, shall suddenly smite his head +in his blood-thirsty pride. This icon of the Venerable Sergius, the +servant of God and zealous champion of old of our country's weal, is +offered to Your Imperial Majesty. I grieve that my waning strength +prevents rejoicing in the sight of your most gracious presence. I +raise fervent prayers to Heaven that the Almighty may exalt the race +of the just, and mercifully fulfill the desires of Your Majesty." + + +"What force! What a style!" was uttered in approval both of reader +and of author. + +Animated by that address Anna Pavlovna's guests talked for a long +time of the state of the fatherland and offered various conjectures as +to the result of the battle to be fought in a few days. + +"You will see," said Anna Pavlovna, "that tomorrow, on the Emperor's +birthday, we shall receive news. I have a favorable presentiment!" + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +Anna Pavlovna's presentiment was in fact fulfilled. Next day +during the service at the palace church in honor of the Emperor's +birthday, Prince Volkonski was called out of the church and received a +dispatch from Prince Kutuzov. It was Kutuzov's report, written from +Tatarinova on the day of the battle. Kutuzov wrote that the Russians +had not retreated a step, that the French losses were much heavier +than ours, and that he was writing in haste from the field of battle +before collecting full information. It followed that there must have +been a victory. And at once, without leaving the church, thanks were +rendered to the Creator for His help and for the victory. + +Anna Pavlovna's presentiment was justified, and all that morning a +joyously festive mood reigned in the city. Everyone believed the +victory to have been complete, and some even spoke of Napoleon's +having been captured, of his deposition, and of the choice of a new +ruler for France. + +It is very difficult for events to be reflected in their real +strength and completeness amid the conditions of court life and far +from the scene of action. General events involuntarily group +themselves around some particular incident. So now the courtiers' +pleasure was based as much on the fact that the news had arrived on +the Emperor's birthday as on the fact of the victory itself. It was +like a successfully arranged surprise. Mention was made in Kutuzov's +report of the Russian losses, among which figured the names of +Tuchkov, Bagration, and Kutaysov. In the Petersburg world this sad +side of the affair again involuntarily centered round a single +incident: Kutaysov's death. Everybody knew him, the Emperor liked him, +and he was young and interesting. That day everyone met with the +words: + +"What a wonderful coincidence! Just during the service. But what a +loss Kutaysov is! How sorry I am!" + +"What did I tell about Kutuzov?" Prince Vasili now said with a +prophet's pride. "I always said he was the only man capable of +defeating Napoleon." + +But next day no news arrived from the army and the public mood +grew anxious. The courtiers suffered because of the suffering the +suspense occasioned the Emperor. + +"Fancy the Emperor's position!" said they, and instead of +extolling Kutuzov as they had done the day before, they condemned +him as the cause of the Emperor's anxiety. That day Prince Vasili no +longer boasted of his protege Kutuzov, but remained silent when the +commander in chief was mentioned. Moreover, toward evening, as if +everything conspired to make Petersburg society anxious and uneasy, +a terrible piece of news was added. Countess Helene Bezukhova had +suddenly died of that terrible malady it had been so agreeable to +mention. Officially, at large gatherings, everyone said that +Countess Bezukhova had died of a terrible attack of angina pectoris, +but in intimate circles details were mentioned of how the private +physician of the Queen of Spain had prescribed small doses of a +certain drug to produce a certain effect; but Helene, tortured by +the fact that the old count suspected her and that her husband to whom +she had written (that wretched, profligate Pierre) had not replied, +had suddenly taken a very large dose of the drug, and had died in +agony before assistance could be rendered her. It was said that Prince +Vasili and the old count had turned upon the Italian, but the latter +had produced such letters from the unfortunate deceased that they +had immediately let the matter drop. + +Talk in general centered round three melancholy facts: the Emperor's +lack of news, the loss of Kutuzov, and the death of Helene. + +On the third day after Kutuzov's report a country gentleman +arrived from Moscow, and news of the surrender of Moscow to the French +spread through the whole town. This was terrible! What a position +for the Emperor to be in! Kutuzov was a traitor, and Prince Vasili +during the visits of condolence paid to him on the occasion of his +daughter's death said of Kutuzov, whom he had formerly praised (it was +excusable for him in his grief to forget what he had said), that it +was impossible to expect anything else from a blind and depraved old +man. + +"I only wonder that the fate of Russia could have been entrusted +to such a man." + +As long as this news remained unofficial it was possible to doubt +it, but the next day the following communication was received from +Count Rostopchin: + + +Prince Kutuzov's adjutant has brought me a letter in which he +demands police officers to guide the army to the Ryazan road. He +writes that he is regretfully abandoning Moscow. Sire! Kutuzov's +action decides the fate of the capital and of your empire! Russia will +shudder to learn of the abandonment of the city in which her greatness +is centered and in which lie the ashes of your ancestors! I shall +follow the army. I have had everything removed, and it only remains +for me to weep over the fate of my fatherland. + + +On receiving this dispatch the Emperor sent Prince Volkonski to +Kutuzov with the following rescript: + + +Prince Michael Ilarionovich! Since the twenty-ninth of August I have +received no communication from you, yet on the first of September I +received from the commander in chief of Moscow, via Yaroslavl, the sad +news that you, with the army, have decided to abandon Moscow. You +can yourself imagine the effect this news has had on me, and your +silence increases my astonishment. I am sending this by +Adjutant-General Prince Volkonski, to hear from you the situation of +the army and the reasons that have induced you to take this melancholy +decision. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +Nine days after the abandonment of Moscow, a messenger from +Kutuzov reached Petersburg with the official announcement of that +event. This messenger was Michaud, a Frenchman who did not know +Russian, but who was quoique etranger, russe de coeur et d'ame,* as he +said of himself. + + +*Though a foreigner, Russian in heart and soul. + + +The Emperor at once received this messenger in his study at the +palace on Stone Island. Michaud, who had never seen Moscow before +the campaign and who did not know Russian, yet felt deeply moved (as +he wrote) when he appeared before notre tres gracieux souverain* +with the news of the burning of Moscow, dont les flammes eclairaient +sa route.*[2] + + +*Our most gracious sovereign. + +*[2] Whose flames illumined his route. + + +Though the source of M. Michaud's chagrin must have been different +from that which caused Russians to grieve, he had such a sad face when +shown into the Emperor's study that the latter at once asked: + +"Have you brought me sad news, Colonel?" + +"Very sad, sire," replied Michaud, lowering his eyes with a sigh. +"The abandonment of Moscow." + +"Have they surrendered my ancient capital without a battle?" asked +the Emperor quickly, his face suddenly flushing. + +Michaud respectfully delivered the message Kutuzov had entrusted +to him, which was that it had been impossible to fight before +Moscow, and that as the only remaining choice was between losing the +army as well as Moscow, or losing Moscow alone, the field marshal +had to choose the latter. + +The Emperor listened in silence, not looking at Michaud. + +"Has the enemy entered the city?" he asked. + +"Yes, sire, and Moscow is now in ashes. I left it all in flames," +replied Michaud in a decided tone, but glancing at the Emperor he +was frightened by what he had done. + +The Emperor began to breathe heavily and rapidly, his lower lip +trembled, and tears instantly appeared in his fine blue eyes. + +But this lasted only a moment. He suddenly frowned, as if blaming +himself for his weakness, and raising his head addressed Michaud in +a firm voice: + +"I see, Colonel, from all that is happening, that Providence +requires great sacrifices of us... I am ready to submit myself in +all things to His will; but tell me, Michaud, how did you leave the +army when it saw my ancient capital abandoned without a battle? Did +you not notice discouragement?..." + +Seeing that his most gracious ruler was calm once more, Michaud also +grew calm, but was not immediately ready to reply to the Emperor's +direct and relevant question which required a direct answer. + +"Sire, will you allow me to speak frankly as befits a loyal +soldier?" he asked to gain time. + +"Colonel, I always require it," replied the Emperor. "Conceal +nothing from me, I wish to know absolutely how things are." + +"Sire!" said Michaud with a subtle, scarcely perceptible smile on +his lips, having now prepared a well-phrased reply, "sire, I left +the whole army, from its chiefs to the lowest soldier, without +exception in desperate and agonized terror..." + +"How is that?" the Emperor interrupted him, frowning sternly. "Would +misfortune make my Russians lose heart?... Never!" + +Michaud had only waited for this to bring out the phrase he had +prepared. + +"Sire," he said, with respectful playfulness, "they are only +afraid lest Your Majesty, in the goodness of your heart, should +allow yourself to be persuaded to make peace. They are burning for the +combat," declared this representative of the Russian nation, "and to +prove to Your Majesty by the sacrifice of their lives how devoted they +are...." + +"Ah!" said the Emperor reassured, and with a kindly gleam in his +eyes, he patted Michaud on the shoulder. "You set me at ease, +Colonel." + +He bent his head and was silent for some time. + +"Well, then, go back to the army," he said, drawing himself up to +his full height and addressing Michaud with a gracious and majestic +gesture, "and tell our brave men and all my good subjects wherever you +go that when I have not a soldier left I shall put myself at the +head of my beloved nobility and my good peasants and so use the last +resources of my empire. It still offers me more than my enemies +suppose," said the Emperor growing more and more animated; "but should +it ever be ordained by Divine Providence," he continued, raising to +heaven his fine eyes shining with emotion, "that my dynasty should +cease to reign on the throne of my ancestors, then after exhausting +all the means at my command, I shall let my beard grow to here" (he +pointed halfway down his chest) "and go and eat potatoes with the +meanest of my peasants, rather than sign the disgrace of my country +and of my beloved people whose sacrifices I know how to appreciate." + +Having uttered these words in an agitated voice the Emperor suddenly +turned away as if to hide from Michaud the tears that rose to his +eyes, and went to the further end of his study. Having stood there a +few moments, he strode back to Michaud and pressed his arm below the +elbow with a vigorous movement. The Emperor's mild and handsome face +was flushed and his eyes gleamed with resolution and anger. + +"Colonel Michaud, do not forget what I say to you here, perhaps we +may recall it with pleasure someday... Napoleon or I," said the +Emperor, touching his breast. "We can no longer both reign together. I +have learned to know him, and he will not deceive me any more...." + +And the Emperor paused, with a frown. + +When he heard these words and saw the expression of firm +resolution in the Emperor's eyes, Michaud--quoique etranger, russe +de coeur et d'ame--at that solemn moment felt himself enraptured by +all that he had heard (as he used afterwards to say), and gave +expression to his own feelings and those of the Russian people whose +representative he considered himself to be, in the following words: + +"Sire!" said he, "Your Majesty is at this moment signing the glory +of the nation and the salvation of Europe!" + +With an inclination of the head the Emperor dismissed him. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +It is natural for us who were not living in those days to imagine +that when half Russia had been conquered and the inhabitants were +fleeing to distant provinces, and one levy after another was being +raised for the defense of the fatherland, all Russians from the +greatest to the least were solely engaged in sacrificing themselves, +saving their fatherland, or weeping over its downfall. The tales and +descriptions of that time without exception speak only of the +self-sacrifice, patriotic devotion, despair, grief, and the heroism of +the Russians. But it was not really so. It appears so to us because we +see only the general historic interest of that time and do not see all +the personal human interests that people had. Yet in reality those +personal interests of the moment so much transcend the general +interests that they always prevent the public interest from being felt +or even noticed. Most of the people at that time paid no attention +to the general progress of events but were guided only by their +private interests, and they were the very people whose activities at +that period were most useful. + +Those who tried to understand the general course of events and to +take part in it by self-sacrifice and heroism were the most useless +members of society, they saw everything upside down, and all they +did for the common good turned out to be useless and foolish--like +Pierre's and Mamonov's regiments which looted Russian villages, and +the lint the young ladies prepared and that never reached the wounded, +and so on. Even those, fond of intellectual talk and of expressing +their feelings, who discussed Russia's position at the time +involuntarily introduced into their conversation either a shade of +pretense and falsehood or useless condemnation and anger directed +against people accused of actions no one could possibly be guilty +of. In historic events the rule forbidding us to eat of the fruit of +the Tree of Knowledge is specially applicable. Only unconscious action +bears fruit, and he who plays a part in an historic event never +understands its significance. If he tries to realize it his efforts +are fruitless. + +The more closely a man was engaged in the events then taking place +in Russia the less did he realize their significance. In Petersburg +and in the provinces at a distance from Moscow, ladies, and +gentlemen in militia uniforms, wept for Russia and its ancient capital +and talked of self-sacrifice and so on; but in the army which +retired beyond Moscow there was little talk or thought of Moscow, +and when they caught sight of its burned ruins no one swore to be +avenged on the French, but they thought about their next pay, their +next quarters, of Matreshka the vivandiere, and like matters. + +As the war had caught him in the service, Nicholas Rostov took a +close and prolonged part in the defense of his country, but did so +casually, without any aim at self-sacrifice, and he therefore looked +at what was going on in Russia without despair and without dismally +racking his brains over it. Had he been asked what he thought of the +state of Russia, he would have said that it was not his business to +think about it, that Kutuzov and others were there for that purpose, +but that he had heard that the regiments were to be made up to their +full strength, that fighting would probably go on for a long time yet, +and that things being so it was quite likely he might be in command of +a regiment in a couple of years' time. + +As he looked at the matter in this way, he learned that he was being +sent to Voronezh to buy remounts for his division, not only without +regret at being prevented from taking part in the coming battle, but +with the greatest pleasure--which he did not conceal and which his +comrades fully understood. + +A few days before the battle of Borodino, Nicholas received the +necessary money and warrants, and having sent some hussars on in +advance, he set out with post horses for Voronezh. + +Only a man who has experienced it--that is, has passed some months +continuously in an atmosphere of campaigning and war--can understand +the delight Nicholas felt when he escaped from the region covered by +the army's foraging operations, provision trains, and hospitals. When- +free from soldiers, wagons, and the filthy traces of a camp--he saw +villages with peasants and peasant women, gentlemen's country +houses, fields where cattle were grazing, posthouses with +stationmasters asleep in them, he rejoiced as though seeing all this +for the first time. What for a long while specially surprised and +delighted him were the women, young and healthy, without a dozen +officers making up to each of them; women, too, who were pleased and +flattered that a passing officer should joke with them. + +In the highest spirits Nicholas arrived at night at a hotel in +Voronezh, ordered things he had long been deprived of in camp, and +next day, very clean-shaven and in a full-dress uniform he had not +worn for a long time, went to present himself to the authorities. + +The commander of the militia was a civilian general, an old man +who was evidently pleased with his military designation and rank. He +received Nicholas brusquely (imagining this to be characteristically +military) and questioned him with an important air, as if +considering the general progress of affairs and approving and +disapproving with full right to do so. Nicholas was in such good +spirits that this merely amused him. + +From the commander of the militia he drove to the governor. The +governor was a brisk little man, very simple and affable. He indicated +the stud farms at which Nicholas might procure horses, recommended +to him a horse dealer in the town and a landowner fourteen miles out +of town who had the best horses, and promised to assist him in every +way. + +"You are Count Ilya Rostov's son? My wife was a great friend of your +mother's. We are at home on Thursdays--today is Thursday, so please +come and see us quite informally," said the governor, taking leave +of him. + +Immediately on leaving the governor's, Nicholas hired post horses +and, taking his squadron quartermaster with him, drove at a gallop +to the landowner, fourteen miles away, who had the stud. Everything +seemed to him pleasant and easy during that first part of his stay +in Voronezh and, as usually happens when a man is in a pleasant +state of mind, everything went well and easily. + +The landowner to whom Nicholas went was a bachelor, an old +cavalryman, a horse fancier, a sportsman, the possessor of some +century-old brandy and some old Hungarian wine, who had a snuggery +where he smoked, and who owned some splendid horses. + +In very few words Nicholas bought seventeen picked stallions for six +thousand rubles--to serve, as he said, as samples of his remounts. +After dining and taking rather too much of the Hungarian wine, +Nicholas--having exchanged kisses with the landowner, with whom he was +already on the friendliest terms--galloped back over abominable roads, +in the brightest frame of mind, continually urging on the driver so as +to be in time for the governor's party. + +When he had changed, poured water over his head, and scented +himself, Nicholas arrived at the governor's rather late, but with +the phrase "better late than never" on his lips. + +It was not a ball, nor had dancing been announced, but everyone knew +that Catherine Petrovna would play valses and the ecossaise on the +clavichord and that there would be dancing, and so everyone had come +as to a ball. + +Provincial life in 1812 went on very much as usual, but with this +difference, that it was livelier in the towns in consequence of the +arrival of many wealthy families from Moscow, and as in everything +that went on in Russia at that time a special recklessness was +noticeable, an "in for a penny, in for a pound--who cares?" spirit, +and the inevitable small talk, instead of turning on the weather and +mutual acquaintances, now turned on Moscow, the army, and Napoleon. + +The society gathered together at the governor's was the best in +Voronezh. + +There were a great many ladies and some of Nicholas' Moscow +acquaintances, but there were no men who could at all vie with the +cavalier of St. George, the hussar remount officer, the good-natured +and well-bred Count Rostov. Among the men was an Italian prisoner, +an officer of the French army; and Nicholas felt that the presence +of that prisoner enhanced his own importance as a Russian hero. The +Italian was, as it were, a war trophy. Nicholas felt this, it seemed +to him that everyone regarded the Italian in the same light, and he +treated him cordially though with dignity and restraint. + +As soon as Nicholas entered in his hussar uniform, diffusing +around him a fragrance of perfume and wine, and had uttered the +words "better late than never" and heard them repeated several times +by others, people clustered around him; all eyes turned on him, and he +felt at once that he had entered into his proper position in the +province--that of a universal favorite: a very pleasant position, +and intoxicatingly so after his long privations. At posting +stations, at inns, and in the landowner's snuggery, maidservants had +been flattered by his notice, and here too at the governor's party +there were (as it seemed to Nicholas) an inexhaustible number of +pretty young women, married and unmarried, impatiently awaiting his +notice. The women and girls flirted with him and, from the first +day, the people concerned themselves to get this fine young +daredevil of an hussar married and settled down. Among these was the +governor's wife herself, who welcomed Rostov as a near relative and +called him "Nicholas." + +Catherine Petrovna did actually play valses and the ecossaise, and +dancing began in which Nicholas still further captivated the +provincial society by his agility. His particularly free manner of +dancing even surprised them all. Nicholas was himself rather surprised +at the way he danced that evening. He had never danced like that in +Moscow and would even have considered such a very free and easy manner +improper and in bad form, but here he felt it incumbent on him to +astonish them all by something unusual, something they would have to +accept as the regular thing in the capital though new to them in the +provinces. + +All the evening Nicholas paid attention to a blue-eyed, plump and +pleasing little blonde, the wife of one of the provincial officials. +With the naive conviction of young men in a merry mood that other +men's wives were created for them, Rostov did not leave the lady's +side and treated her husband in a friendly and conspiratorial style, +as if, without speaking of it, they knew how capitally Nicholas and +the lady would get on together. The husband, however, did not seem +to share that conviction and tried to behave morosely with Rostov. But +the latter's good-natured naivete was so boundless that sometimes even +he involuntarily yielded to Nicholas' good humor. Toward the end of +the evening, however, as the wife's face grew more flushed and +animated, the husband's became more and more melancholy and solemn, as +though there were but a given amount of animation between them and +as the wife's share increased the husband's diminished. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Nicholas sat leaning slightly forward in an armchair, bending +closely over the blonde lady and paying her mythological compliments +with a smile that never left his face. Jauntily shifting the +position of his legs in their tight riding breeches, diffusing an odor +of perfume, and admiring his partner, himself, and the fine outlines +of his legs in their well-fitting Hessian boots, Nicholas told the +blonde lady that he wished to run away with a certain lady here in +Voronezh. + +"Which lady?" + +"A charming lady, a divine one. Her eyes" (Nicholas looked at his +partner) "are blue, her mouth coral and ivory; her figure" (he glanced +at her shoulders) "like Diana's...." + +The husband came up and sullenly asked his wife what she was talking +about. + +"Ah, Nikita Ivanych!" cried Nicholas, rising politely, and as if +wishing Nikita Ivanych to share his joke, he began to tell him of +his intention to elope with a blonde lady. + +The husband smiled gloomily, the wife gaily. The governor's +good-natured wife came up with a look of disapproval. + +"Anna Ignatyevna wants to see you, Nicholas," said she, +pronouncing the name so that Nicholas at once understood that Anna +Ignatyevna was a very important person. "Come, Nicholas! You know +you let me call you so?" + +"Oh, yes, Aunt. Who is she?" + +"Anna Ignatyevna Malvintseva. She has heard from her niece how you +rescued her... Can you guess?" + +"I rescued such a lot of them!" said Nicholas. + +"Her niece, Princess Bolkonskaya. She is here in Voronezh with her +aunt. Oho! How you blush. Why, are...?" + +"Not a bit! Please don't, Aunt!" + +"Very well, very well!... Oh, what a fellow you are!" + +The governor's wife led him up to a tall and very stout old lady +with a blue headdress, who had just finished her game of cards with +the most important personages of the town. This was Malvintseva, +Princess Mary's aunt on her mother's side, a rich, childless widow who +always lived in Voronezh. When Rostov approached her she was +standing settling up for the game. She looked at him and, screwing +up her eyes sternly, continued to upbraid the general who had won from +her. + +"Very pleased, mon cher," she then said, holding out her hand to +Nicholas. "Pray come and see me." + +After a few words about Princess Mary and her late father, whom +Malvintseva had evidently not liked, and having asked what Nicholas +knew of Prince Andrew, who also was evidently no favorite of hers, the +important old lady dismissed Nicholas after repeating her invitation +to come to see her. + +Nicholas promised to come and blushed again as he bowed. At the +mention of Princess Mary he experienced a feeling of shyness and +even of fear, which he himself did not understand. + +When he had parted from Malvintseva Nicholas wished to return to the +dancing, but the governor's little wife placed her plump hand on his +sleeve and, saying that she wanted to have a talk with him, led him to +her sitting room, from which those who were there immediately withdrew +so as not to be in her way. + +"Do you know, dear boy," began the governor's wife with a serious +expression on her kind little face, "that really would be the match +for you: would you like me to arrange it?" + +"Whom do you mean, Aunt?" asked Nicholas. + +"I will make a match for you with the princess. Catherine Petrovna +speaks of Lily, but I say, no--the princess! Do you want me to do +it? I am sure your mother will be grateful to me. What a charming girl +she is, really! And she is not at all so plain, either." + +"Not at all," replied Nicholas as if offended at the idea. "As +befits a soldier, Aunt, I don't force myself on anyone or refuse +anything," he said before he had time to consider what he was saying. + +"Well then, remember, this is not a joke!" + +"Of course not!" + +"Yes, yes," the governor's wife said as if talking to herself. "But, +my dear boy, among other things you are too attentive to the other, +the blonde. One is sorry for the husband, really...." + +"Oh no, we are good friends with him," said Nicholas in the +simplicity of his heart; it did not enter his head that a pastime so +pleasant to himself might not be pleasant to someone else. + +"But what nonsense I have been saying to the governor's wife!" +thought Nicholas suddenly at supper. "She will really begin to arrange +a match... and Soyna...?" And on taking leave of the governor's +wife, when she again smilingly said to him, "Well then, remember!" +he drew her aside. + +"But see here, to tell the truth, Aunt..." + +"What is it, my dear? Come, let's sit down here," said she. + +Nicholas suddenly felt a desire and need to tell his most intimate +thoughts (which he would not have told to his mother, his sister, or +his friend) to this woman who was almost a stranger. When he +afterwards recalled that impulse to unsolicited and inexplicable +frankness which had very important results for him, it seemed to +him--as it seems to everyone in such cases--that it was merely some +silly whim that seized him: yet that burst of frankness, together with +other trifling events, had immense consequences for him and for all +his family. + +"You see, Aunt, Mamma has long wanted me to marry an heiress, but +the very idea of marrying for money is repugnant to me." + +"Oh yes, I understand," said the governor's wife. + +"But Princess Bolkonskaya--that's another matter. I will tell you +the truth. In the first place I like her very much, I feel drawn to +her; and then, after I met her under such circumstances--so strangely, +the idea often occurred to me: 'This is fate.' Especially if you +remember that Mamma had long been thinking of it; but I had never +happened to meet her before, somehow it had always happened that we +did not meet. And as long as my sister Natasha was engaged to her +brother it was of course out of the question for me to think of +marrying her. And it must needs happen that I should meet her just +when Natasha's engagement had been broken off... and then +everything... So you see... I never told this to anyone and never +will, only to you." + +The governor's wife pressed his elbow gratefully. + +"You know Sonya, my cousin? I love her, and promised to marry her, +and will do so.... So you see there can be no question about-" said +Nicholas incoherently and blushing. + +"My dear boy, what a way to look at it! You know Sonya has nothing +and you yourself say your Papa's affairs are in a very bad way. And +what about your mother? It would kill her, that's one thing. And +what sort of life would it be for Sonya--if she's a girl with a heart? +Your mother in despair, and you all ruined.... No, my dear, you and +Sonya ought to understand that." + +Nicholas remained silent. It comforted him to hear these arguments. + +"All the same, Aunt, it is impossible," he rejoined with a sigh, +after a short pause. "Besides, would the princess have me? And +besides, she is now in mourning. How can one think of it!" + +"But you don't suppose I'm going to get you married at once? There +is always a right way of doing things," replied the governor's wife. + +"What a matchmaker you are, Aunt..." said Nicholas, kissing her +plump little hand. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +On reaching Moscow after her meeting with Rostov, Princess Mary +had found her nephew there with his tutor, and a letter from Prince +Andrew giving her instructions how to get to her Aunt Malvintseva at +Voronezh. That feeling akin to temptation which had tormented her +during her father's illness, since his death, and especially since her +meeting with Rostov was smothered by arrangements for the journey, +anxiety about her brother, settling in a new house, meeting new +people, and attending to her nephew's education. She was sad. Now, +after a month passed in quiet surroundings, she felt more and more +deeply the loss of her father which was associated in her mind with +the ruin of Russia. She was agitated and incessantly tortured by the +thought of the dangers to which her brother, the only intimate +person now remaining to her, was exposed. She was worried too about +her nephew's education for which she had always felt herself +incompetent, but in the depths of her soul she felt at peace--a +peace arising from consciousness of having stifled those personal +dreams and hopes that had been on the point of awakening within her +and were related to her meeting with Rostov. + +The day after her party the governor's wife came to see +Malvintseva and, after discussing her plan with the aunt, remarked +that though under present circumstances a formal betrothal was, of +course, not to be thought of, all the same the young people might be +brought together and could get to know one another. Malvintseva +expressed approval, and the governor's wife began to speak of Rostov +in Mary's presence, praising him and telling how he had blushed when +Princess Mary's name was mentioned. But Princess Mary experienced a +painful rather than a joyful feeling--her mental tranquillity was +destroyed, and desires, doubts, self-reproach, and hopes reawoke. + +During the two days that elapsed before Rostov called, Princess Mary +continually thought of how she ought to behave to him. First she +decided not to come to the drawing room when he called to see her +aunt--that it would not be proper for her, in her deep mourning, to +receive visitors; then she thought this would be rude after what he +had done for her; then it occurred to her that her aunt and the +governor's wife had intentions concerning herself and Rostov--their +looks and words at times seemed to confirm this supposition--then +she told herself that only she, with her sinful nature, could think +this of them: they could not forget that situated as she was, while +still wearing deep mourning, such matchmaking would be an insult to +her and to her father's memory. Assuming that she did go down to see +him, Princess Mary imagined the words he would say to her and what she +would say to him, and these words sometimes seemed undeservedly cold +and then to mean too much. More than anything she feared lest the +confusion she felt might overwhelm her and betray her as soon as she +saw him. + +But when on Sunday after church the footman announced in the drawing +room that Count Rostov had called, the princess showed no confusion, +only a slight blush suffused her cheeks and her eyes lit up with a new +and radiant light. + +"You have met him, Aunt?" said she in a calm voice, unable herself +to understand that she could be outwardly so calm and natural. + +When Rostov entered the room, the princess dropped her eyes for an +instant, as if to give the visitor time to greet her aunt, and then +just as Nicholas turned to her she raised her head and met his look +with shining eyes. With a movement full of dignity and grace she +half rose with a smile of pleasure, held out her slender, delicate +hand to him, and began to speak in a voice in which for the first time +new deep womanly notes vibrated. Mademoiselle Bourienne, who was in +the drawing room, looked at Princess Mary in bewildered surprise. +Herself a consummate coquette, she could not have maneuvered better on +meeting a man she wished to attract. + +"Either black is particularly becoming to her or she really has +greatly improved without my having noticed it. And above all, what +tact and grace!" thought Mademoiselle Bourienne. + +Had Princess Mary been capable of reflection at that moment, she +would have been more surprised than Mademoiselle Bourienne at the +change that had taken place in herself. From the moment she recognized +that dear, loved face, a new life force took possession of her and +compelled her to speak and act apart from her own will. From the +time Rostov entered, her face became suddenly transformed. It was as +if a light had been kindled in a carved and painted lantern and the +intricate, skillful, artistic work on its sides, that previously +seemed dark, coarse, and meaningless, was suddenly shown up in +unexpected and striking beauty. For the first time all that pure, +spiritual, inward travail through which she had lived appeared on +the surface. All her inward labor, her dissatisfaction with herself, +her sufferings, her strivings after goodness, her meekness, love, +and self-sacrifice--all this now shone in those radiant eyes, in her +delicate smile, and in every trait of her gentle face. + +Rostov saw all this as clearly as if he had known her whole life. He +felt that the being before him was quite different from, and better +than, anyone he had met before, and above all better than himself. + +Their conversation was very simple and unimportant. They spoke of +the war, and like everyone else unconsciously exaggerated their sorrow +about it; they spoke of their last meeting--Nicholas trying to +change the subject--they talked of the governor's kind wife, of +Nicholas' relations, and of Princess Mary's. + +She did not talk about her brother, diverting the conversation as +soon as her aunt mentioned Andrew. Evidently she could speak of +Russia's misfortunes with a certain artificiality, but her brother was +too near her heart and she neither could nor would speak lightly of +him. Nicholas noticed this, as he noticed every shade of Princess +Mary's character with an observation unusual to him, and everything +confirmed his conviction that she was a quite unusual and +extraordinary being. Nicholas blushed and was confused when people +spoke to him about the princess (as she did when he was mentioned) and +even when he thought of her, but in her presence he felt quite at +ease, and said not at all what he had prepared, but what, quite +appropriately, occurred to him at the moment. + +When a pause occurred during his short visit, Nicholas, as is +usual when there are children, turned to Prince Andrew's little son, +caressing him and asking whether he would like to be an hussar. He +took the boy on his knee, played with him, and looked round at +Princess Mary. With a softened, happy, timid look she watched the +boy she loved in the arms of the man she loved. Nicholas also +noticed that look and, as if understanding it, flushed with pleasure +and began to kiss the boy with good natured playfulness. + +As she was in mourning Princess Mary did not go out into society, +and Nicholas did not think it the proper thing to visit her again; but +all the same the governor's wife went on with her matchmaking, passing +on to Nicholas the flattering things Princess Mary said of him and +vice versa, and insisting on his declaring himself to Princess Mary. +For this purpose she arranged a meeting between the young people at +the bishop's house before Mass. + +Though Rostov told the governeor's wife that he would not make any +declaration to Princess Mary, he promised to go. + +As at Tilsit Rostov had not allowed himself to doubt that what +everybody considered right was right, so now, after a short but +sincere struggle between his effort to arrange his life by his own +sense of justice, and in obedient submission to circumstances, he +chose the latter and yielded to the power he felt irresistibly +carrying him he knew not where. He knew that after his promise to +Sonya it would be what he deemed base to declare his feelings to +Princess Mary. And he knew that he would never act basely. But he also +knew (or rather felt at the bottom of his heart) that by resigning +himself now to the force of circumstances and to those who were +guiding him, he was not only doing nothing wrong, but was doing +something very important--more important than anything he had ever +done in his life. + +After meeting Princess Mary, though the course of his life went on +externally as before, all his former amusements lost their charm for +him and he often thought about her. But he never thought about her +as he had thought of all the young ladies without exception whom he +had met in society, nor as he had for a long time, and at one time +rapturously, thought about Sonya. He had pictured each of those +young ladies as almost all honest-hearted young men do, that is, as +a possible wife, adapting her in his imagination to all the conditions +of married life: a white dressing gown, his wife at the tea table, his +wife's carriage, little ones, Mamma and Papa, their relations to +her, and so on--and these pictures of the future had given him +pleasure. But with Princess Mary, to whom they were trying to get +him engaged, he could never picture anything of future married life. +If he tried, his pictures seemed incongruous and false. It made him +afraid. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +The dreadful news of the battle of Borodino, of our losses in killed +and wounded, and the still more terrible news of the loss of Moscow +reached Voronezh in the middle of September. Princess Mary, having +learned of her brother's wound only from the Gazette and having no +definite news of him, prepared (so Nicholas heard, he had not seen her +again himself) to set off in search of Prince Andrew. + +When he received the news of the battle of Borodino and the +abandonment of Moscow, Rostov was not seized with despair, anger, +the desire for vengeance, or any feeling of that kind, but +everything in Voronezh suddenly seemed to him dull and tiresome, and +he experienced an indefinite feeling of shame and awkwardness. The +conversations he heard seemed to him insincere; he did not know how to +judge all these affairs and felt that only in the regiment would +everything again become clear to him. He made haste to finish buying +the horses, and often became unreasonably angry with his servant and +squadron quartermaster. + +A few days before his departure a special thanksgiving, at which +Nicholas was present, was held in the cathedral for the Russian +victory. He stood a little behind the governor and held himself with +military decorum through the service, meditating on a great variety of +subjects. When the service was over the governor's wife beckoned him +to her. + +"Have you seen the princess?" she asked, indicating with a +movement of her head a lady standing on the opposite side, beyond +the choir. + +Nicholas immediately recognized Princess Mary not so much by the +profile he saw under her bonnet as by the feeling of solicitude, +timidity, and pity that immediately overcame him. Princess Mary, +evidently engrossed by her thoughts, was crossing herself for the last +time before leaving the church. + +Nicholas looked at her face with surprise. It was the same face he +had seen before, there was the same general expression of refined, +inner, spiritual labor, but now it was quite differently lit up. There +was a pathetic expression of sorrow, prayer, and hope in it. As had +occurred before when she was present, Nicholas went up to her +without waiting to be prompted by the governor's wife and not asking +himself whether or not it was right and proper to address her here +in church, and told her he had heard of her trouble and sympathized +with his whole soul. As soon as she heard his voice a vivid glow +kindled in her face, lighting up both her sorrow and her joy. + +"There is one thing I wanted to tell you, Princess," said Rostov. +"It is that if your brother, Prince Andrew Nikolievich, were not +living, it would have been at once announced in the Gazette, as he +is a colonel." + +The princess looked at him, not grasping what he was saying, but +cheered by the expression of regretful sympathy on his face. + +"And I have known so many cases of a splinter wound" (the Gazette +said it was a shell) "either proving fatal at once or being very +slight," continued Nicholas. "We must hope for the best, and I am +sure..." + +Princess Mary interrupted him. + +"Oh, that would be so dread..." she began and, prevented by +agitation from finishing, she bent her head with a movement as +graceful as everything she did in his presence and, looking up at +him gratefully, went out, following her aunt. + +That evening Nicholas did not go out, but stayed at home to settle +some accounts with the horse dealers. When he had finished that +business it was already too late to go anywhere but still too early to +go to bed, and for a long time he paced up and down the room, +reflecting on his life, a thing he rarely did. + +Princess Mary had made an agreeable impression on him when he had +met her in Smolensk province. His having encountered her in such +exceptional circumstances, and his mother having at one time mentioned +her to him as a good match, had drawn his particular attention to her. +When he met her again in Voronezh the impression she made on him was +not merely pleasing but powerful. Nicholas had been struck by the +peculiar moral beauty he observed in her at this time. He was, +however, preparing to go away and it had not entered his head to +regret that he was thus depriving himself of chances of meeting her. +But that day's encounter in church had, he felt, sunk deeper than +was desirable for his peace of mind. That pale, sad, refined face, +that radiant look, those gentle graceful gestures, and especially +the deep and tender sorrow expressed in all her features agitated +him and evoked his sympathy. In men Rostov could not bear to see the +expression of a higher spiritual life (that was why he did not like +Prince Andrew) and he referred to it contemptuously as philosophy +and dreaminess, but in Princess Mary that very sorrow which revealed +the depth of a whole spiritual world foreign to him was an +irresistible attraction. + +"She must be a wonderful woman. A real angel!" he said to himself. +"Why am I not free? Why was I in such a hurry with Sonya?" And he +involuntarily compared the two: the lack of spirituality in the one +and the abundance of it in the other--a spirituality he himself lacked +and therefore valued most highly. He tried to picture what would +happen were he free. How he would propose to her and how she would +become his wife. But no, he could not imagine that. He felt awed, +and no clear picture presented itself to his mind. He had long ago +pictured to himself a future with Sonya, and that was all clear and +simple just because it had all been thought out and he knew all +there was in Sonya, but it was impossible to picture a future with +Princess Mary, because he did not understand her but simply loved her. + +Reveries about Sonya had had something merry and playful in them, +but to dream of Princess Mary was always difficult and a little +frightening. + +"How she prayed!" he thought. "It was plain that her whole soul +was in her prayer. Yes, that was the prayer that moves mountains, +and I am sure her prayer will be answered. Why don't I pray for what I +want?" he suddenly thought. "What do I want? To be free, released from +Sonya... She was right," he thought, remembering what the governor's +wife had said: "Nothing but misfortune can come of marrying Sonya. +Muddles, grief for Mamma... business difficulties... muddles, terrible +muddles! Besides, I don't love her--not as I should. O, God! release +me from this dreadful, inextricable position!" he suddenly began to +pray. "Yes, prayer can move mountains, but one must have faith and not +pray as Natasha and I used to as children, that the snow might turn +into sugar--and then run out into the yard to see whether it had +done so. No, but I am not praying for trifles now," he thought as he +put his pipe down in a corner, and folding his hands placed himself +before the icon. Softened by memories of Princess Mary he began to +pray as he had not done for a long time. Tears were in his eyes and in +his throat when the door opened and Lavrushka came in with some +papers. + +"Blockhead! Why do you come in without being called?" cried +Nicholas, quickly changing his attitude. + +"From the governor," said Lavrushka in a sleepy voice. "A courier +has arrived and there's a letter for you." + +"Well, all right, thanks. You can go!" + +Nicholas took the two letters, one of which was from his mother +and the other from Sonya. He recognized them by the handwriting and +opened Sonya's first. He had read only a few lines when he turned pale +and his eyes opened wide with fear and joy. + +"No, it's not possible!" he cried aloud. + +Unable to sit still he paced up and down the room holding the letter +and reading it. He glanced through it, then read it again, and then +again, and standing still in the middle of the room he raised his +shoulders, stretching out his hands, with his mouth wide open and +his eyes fixed. What he had just been praying for with confidence that +God would hear him had come to pass; but Nicholas was as much +astonished as if it were something extraordinary and unexpected, and +as if the very fact that it had happened so quickly proved that it had +not come from God to whom he had prayed, but by some ordinary +coincidence. + +This unexpected and, as it seemed to Nicholas, quite voluntary +letter from Sonya freed him from the knot that fettered him and from +which there had seemed no escape. She wrote that the last +unfortunate events--the loss of almost the whole of the Rostovs' +Moscow property--and the countess' repeatedly expressed wish that +Nicholas should marry Princess Bolkonskaya, together with his +silence and coldness of late, had all combined to make her decide to +release him from his promise and set him completely free. + + +It would be too painful to me to think that I might be a cause of +sorrow or discord in the family that has been so good to me (she +wrote), and my love has no aim but the happiness of those I love; +so, Nicholas, I beg you to consider yourself free, and to be assured +that, in spite of everything, no one can love you more than does + +Your Sonya + + +Both letters were written from Troitsa. The other, from the +countess, described their last days in Moscow, their departure, the +fire, and the destruction of all their property. In this letter the +countess also mentioned that Prince Andrew was among the wounded +traveling with them; his state was very critical, but the doctor +said there was now more hope. Sonya and Natasha were nursing him. + +Next day Nicholas took his mother's letter and went to see +Princess Mary. Neither he nor she said a word about what "Natasha +nursing him" might mean, but thanks to this letter Nicholas suddenly +became almost as intimate with the princess as if they were relations. + +The following day he saw Princess Mary off on her journey to +Yaroslavl, and a few days later left to rejoin his regiment. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Sonya's letter written from Troitsa, which had come as an answer +to Nicholas' prayer, was prompted by this: the thought of getting +Nicholas married to an heiress occupied the old countess' mind more +and more. She knew that Sonya was the chief obstacle to this +happening, and Sonya's life in the countess' house had grown harder +and harder, especially after they had received a letter from +Nicholas telling of his meeting with Princess Mary in Bogucharovo. The +countess let no occasion slip of making humiliating or cruel allusions +to Sonya. + +But a few days before they left Moscow, moved and excited by all +that was going on, she called Sonya to her and, instead of reproaching +and making demands on her, tearfully implored her to sacrifice herself +and repay all that the family had done for her by breaking off her +engagement with Nicholas. + +"I shall not be at peace till you promise me this." + +Sonya burst into hysterical tears and replied through her sobs +that she would do anything and was prepared for anything, but gave +no actual promise and could not bring herself to decide to do what was +demanded of her. She must sacrifice herself for the family that had +reared and brought her up. To sacrifice herself for others was Sonya's +habit. Her position in the house was such that only by sacrifice could +she show her worth, and she was accustomed to this and loved doing it. +But in all her former acts of self-sacrifice she had been happily +conscious that they raised her in her own esteem and in that of +others, and so made her more worthy of Nicholas whom she loved more +than anything in the world. But now they wanted her to sacrifice the +very thing that constituted the whole reward for her self-sacrifice +and the whole meaning of her life. And for the first time she felt +bitterness against those who had been her benefactors only to +torture her the more painfully; she felt jealous of Natasha who had +never experienced anything of this sort, had never needed to sacrifice +herself, but made others sacrifice themselves for her and yet was +beloved by everybody. And for the first time Sonya felt that out of +her pure, quiet love for Nicholas a passionate feeling was beginning +to grow up which was stronger than principle, virtue, or religion. +Under the influence of this feeling Sonya, whose life of dependence +had taught her involuntarily to be secretive, having answered the +countess in vague general terms, avoided talking with her and resolved +to wait till she should see Nicholas, not in order to set him free but +on the contrary at that meeting to bind him to her forever. + +The bustle and terror of the Rostovs' last days in Moscow stifled +the gloomy thoughts that oppressed Sonya. She was glad to find +escape from them in practical activity. But when she heard of Prince +Andrew's presence in their house, despite her sincere pity for him and +for Natasha, she was seized by a joyful and superstitious feeling that +God did not intend her to be separated from Nicholas. She knew that +Natasha loved no one but Prince Andrew and had never ceased to love +him. She knew that being thrown together again under such terrible +circumstances they would again fall in love with one another, and that +Nicholas would then not be able to marry Princess Mary as they would +be within the prohibited degrees of affinity. Despite all the terror +of what had happened during those last days and during the first +days of their journey, this feeling that Providence was intervening in +her personal affairs cheered Sonya. + +At the Troitsa monastery the Rostovs first broke their journey for a +whole day. + +Three large rooms were assigned to them in the monastery hostelry, +one of which was occupied by Prince Andrew. The wounded man was much +better that day and Natasha was sitting with him. In the next room sat +the count and countess respectfully conversing with the prior, who was +calling on them as old acquaintances and benefactors of the monastery. +Sonya was there too, tormented by curiosity as to what Prince Andrew +and Natasha were talking about. She heard the sound of their voices +through the door. That door opened and Natasha came out, looking +excited. Not noticing the monk, who had risen to greet her and was +drawing back the wide sleeve on his right arm, she went up to Sonya +and took her hand. + +"Natasha, what are you about? Come here!" said the countess. + +Natasha went up to the monk for his blessing, and advised her to +pray for aid to God and His saint. + +As soon as the prior withdrew, Natasha took her friend by the hand +and went with her into the unoccupied room. + +"Sonya, will he live?" she asked. "Sonya, how happy I am, and how +unhappy!... Sonya, dovey, everything is as it used to be. If only he +lives! He cannot... because... because... of" and Natasha burst into +tears. + +"Yes! I knew it! Thank God!" murmured Sonya. "He will live." + +Sonya was not less agitated than her friend by the latter's fear and +grief and by her own personal feelings which she shared with no one. +Sobbing, she kissed and comforted Natasha. "If only he lives!" she +thought. Having wept, talked, and wiped away their tears, the two +friends went together to Prince Andrew's door. Natasha opened it +cautiously and glanced into the room, Sonya standing beside her at the +half-open door. + +Prince Andrew was lying raised high on three pillows. His pale +face was calm, his eyes closed, and they could see his regular +breathing. + +"O, Natasha!" Sonya suddenly almost screamed, catching her +companion's arm and stepping back from the door. + +"What? What is it?" asked Natasha. + +"It's that, that..." said Sonya, with a white face and trembling +lips. + +Natasha softly closed the door and went with Sonya to the window, +not yet understanding what the latter was telling her. + +"You remember," said Sonya with a solemn and frightened +expression. "You remember when I looked in the mirror for you... at +Otradnoe at Christmas? Do you remember what I saw?" + +"Yes, yes!" cried Natasha opening her eyes wide, and vaguely +recalling that Sonya had told her something about Prince Andrew whom +she had seen lying down. + +"You remember?" Sonya went on. "I saw it then and told everybody, +you and Dunyasha. I saw him lying on a bed," said she, making a +gesture with her hand and a lifted finger at each detail, "and that he +had his eyes closed and was covered just with a pink quilt, and that +his hands were folded," she concluded, convincing herself that the +details she had just seen were exactly what she had seen in the +mirror. + +She had in fact seen nothing then but had mentioned the first +thing that came into her head, but what she had invented then seemed +to her now as real as any other recollection. She not only +remembered what she had then said--that he turned to look at her and +smiled and was covered with something red--but was firmly convinced +that she had then seen and said that he was covered with a pink +quilt and that his eyes were closed. + +"Yes, yes, it really was pink!" cried Natasha, who now thought she +too remembered the word pink being used, and saw in this the most +extraordinary and mysterious part of the prediction. + +"But what does it mean?" she added meditatively. + +"Oh, I don't know, it is all so strange," replied Sonya, clutching +at her head. + +A few minutes later Prince Andrew rang and Natasha went to him, +but Sonya, feeling unusually excited and touched, remained at the +window thinking about the strangeness of what had occurred. + + +They had an opportunity that day to send letters to the army, and +the countess was writing to her son. + +"Sonya!" said the countess, raising her eyes from her letter as +her niece passed, "Sonya, won't you write to Nicholas?" She spoke in a +soft, tremulous voice, and in the weary eyes that looked over her +spectacles Sonya read all that the countess meant to convey with these +words. Those eyes expressed entreaty, shame at having to ask, fear +of a refusal, and readiness for relentless hatred in case of such +refusal. + +Sonya went up to the countess and, kneeling down, kissed her hand. + +"Yes, Mamma, I will write," said she. + +Sonya was softened, excited, and touched by all that had occurred +that day, especially by the mysterious fulfillment she had just seen +of her vision. Now that she knew that the renewal of Natasha's +relations with Prince Andrew would prevent Nicholas from marrying +Princess Mary, she was joyfully conscious of a return of that +self-sacrificing spirit in which she was accustomed to live and +loved to live. So with a joyful consciousness of performing a +magnanimous deed--interrupted several times by the tears that dimmed +her velvety black eyes--she wrote that touching letter the arrival +of which had so amazed Nicholas. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +The officer and soldiers who had arrested Pierre treated him with +hostility but yet with respect, in the guardhouse to which he was +taken. In their attitude toward him could still be felt both +uncertainty as to who he might be--perhaps a very important person- +and hostility as a result of their recent personal conflict with him. + +But when the guard was relieved next morning, Pierre felt that for +the new guard--both officers and men--he was not as interesting as +he had been to his captors; and in fact the guard of the second day +did not recognize in this big, stout man in a peasant coat the +vigorous person who had fought so desperately with the marauder and +the convoy and had uttered those solemn words about saving a child; +they saw in him only No. 17 of the captured Russians, arrested and +detained for some reason by order of the Higher Command. If they +noticed anything remarkable about Pierre, it was only his unabashed, +meditative concentration and thoughtfulness, and the way he spoke +French, which struck them as surprisingly good. In spite of this he +was placed that day with the other arrested suspects, as the +separate room he had occupied was required by an officer. + +All the Russians confined with Pierre were men of the lowest class +and, recognizing him as a gentleman, they all avoided him, more +especially as he spoke French. Pierre felt sad at hearing them +making fun of him. + +That evening he learned that all these prisoners (he, probably, +among them) were to be tried for incendiarism. On the third day he was +taken with the others to a house where a French general with a white +mustache sat with two colonels and other Frenchmen with scarves on +their arms. With the precision and definiteness customary in +addressing prisoners, and which is supposed to preclude human frailty, +Pierre like the others was questioned as to who he was, where he had +been, with what object, and so on. + +These questions, like questions put at trials generally, left the +essence of the matter aside, shut out the possibility of that +essence's being revealed, and were designed only to form a channel +through which the judges wished the answers of the accused to flow +so as to lead to the desired result, namely a conviction. As soon as +Pierre began to say anything that did not fit in with that aim, the +channel was removed and the water could flow to waste. Pierre felt, +moreover, what the accused always feel at their trial, perplexity as +to why these questions were put to him. He had a feeling that it was +only out of condescension or a kind of civility that this device of +placing a channel was employed. He knew he was in these men's power, +that only by force had they brought him there, that force alone gave +them the right to demand answers to their questions, and that the sole +object of that assembly was to inculpate him. And so, as they had +the power and wish to inculpate him, this expedient of an inquiry +and trial seemed unnecessary. It was evident that any answer would +lead to conviction. When asked what he was doing when he was arrested, +Pierre replied in a rather tragic manner that he was restoring to +its parents a child he had saved from the flames. Why had he fought +the marauder? Pierre answered that he "was protecting a woman," and +that "to protect a woman who was being insulted was the duty of +every man; that..." They interrupted him, for this was not to the +point. Why was he in the yard of a burning house where witnesses had +seen him? He replied that he had gone out to see what was happening in +Moscow. Again they interrupted him: they had not asked where he was +going, but why he was found near the fire? Who was he? they asked, +repeating their first question, which he had declined to answer. Again +he replied that he could not answer it. + +"Put that down, that's bad... very bad," sternly remarked the +general with the white mustache and red flushed face. + + +On the fourth day fires broke out on the Zubovski rampart. + +Pierre and thirteen others were moved to the coach house of a +merchant's house near the Crimean bridge. On his way through the +streets Pierre felt stifled by the smoke which seemed to hang over the +whole city. Fires were visible on all sides. He did not then realize +the significance of the burning of Moscow, and looked at the fires +with horror. + +He passed four days in the coach house near the Crimean bridge and +during that time learned, from the talk of the French soldiers, that +all those confined there were awaiting a decision which might come any +day from the marshal. What marshal this was, Pierre could not learn +from the soldiers. Evidently for them "the marshal" represented a very +high and rather mysterious power. + +These first days, before the eighth of September when the +prisoners were had up for a second examination, were the hardest of +all for Pierre. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +On the eighth of September an officer--a very important one +judging by the respect the guards showed him--entered the coach +house where the prisoners were. This officer, probably someone on +the staff, was holding a paper in his hand, and called over all the +Russians there, naming Pierre as "the man who does not give his name." +Glancing indolently and indifferently at all the prisoners, he ordered +the officer in charge to have them decently dressed and tidied up +before taking them to the marshal. An hour later a squad of soldiers +arrived and Pierre with thirteen others was led to the Virgin's Field. +It was a fine day, sunny after rain, and the air was unusually pure. +The smoke did not hang low as on the day when Pierre had been taken +from the guardhouse on the Zubovski rampart, but rose through the pure +air in columns. No flames were seen, but columns of smoke rose on +all sides, and all Moscow as far as Pierre could see was one vast +charred ruin. On all sides there were waste spaces with only stoves +and chimney stacks still standing, and here and there the blackened +walls of some brick houses. Pierre gazed at the ruins and did not +recognize districts he had known well. Here and there he could see +churches that had not been burned. The Kremlin, which was not +destroyed, gleamed white in the distance with its towers and the +belfry of Ivan the Great. The domes of the New Convent of the Virgin +glittered brightly and its bells were ringing particularly clearly. +These bells reminded Pierre that it was Sunday and the feast of the +Nativity of the Virgin. But there seemed to be no one to celebrate +this holiday: everywhere were blackened ruins, and the few Russians to +be seen were tattered and frightened people who tried to hide when +they saw the French. + +It was plain that the Russian nest was ruined and destroyed, but +in place of the Russian order of life that had been destroyed, +Pierre unconsciously felt that a quite different, firm, French order +had been established over this ruined nest. He felt this in the +looks of the soldiers who, marching in regular ranks briskly and +gaily, were escorting him and the other criminals; he felt it in the +looks of an important French official in a carriage and pair driven by +a soldier, whom they met on the way. He felt it in the merry sounds of +regimental music he heard from the left side of the field, and felt +and realized it especially from the list of prisoners the French +officer had read out when he came that morning. Pierre had been +taken by one set of soldiers and led first to one and then to +another place with dozens of other men, and it seemed that they +might have forgotten him, or confused him with the others. But no: the +answers he had given when questioned had come back to him in his +designation as "the man who does not give his name," and under that +appellation, which to Pierre seemed terrible, they were now leading +him somewhere with unhesitating assurance on their faces that he and +all the other prisoners were exactly the ones they wanted and that +they were being taken to the proper place. Pierre felt himself to be +an insignificant chip fallen among the wheels of a machine whose +action he did not understand but which was working well. + +He and the other prisoners were taken to the right side of the +Virgin's Field, to a large white house with an immense garden not +far from the convent. This was Prince Shcherbitov's house, where +Pierre had often been in other days, and which, as he learned from the +talk of the soldiers, was now occupied by the marshal, the Duke of +Eckmuhl (Davout). + +They were taken to the entrance and led into the house one by one. +Pierre was the sixth to enter. He was conducted through a glass +gallery, an anteroom, and a hall, which were familiar to him, into a +long low study at the door of which stood an adjutant. + +Davout, spectacles on nose, sat bent over a table at the further end +of the room. Pierre went close up to him, but Davout, evidently +consulting a paper that lay before him, did not look up. Without +raising his eyes, he said in a low voice: + +"Who are you?" + +Pierre was silent because he was incapable of uttering a word. To +him Davout was not merely a French general, but a man notorious for +his cruelty. Looking at his cold face, as he sat like a stern +schoolmaster who was prepared to wait awhile for an answer, Pierre +felt that every instant of delay might cost him his life; but he did +not know what to say. He did not venture to repeat what he had said at +his first examination, yet to disclose his rank and position was +dangerous and embarrassing. So he was silent. But before he had +decided what to do, Davout raised his head, pushed his spectacles back +on his forehead, screwed up his eyes, and looked intently at him. + +"I know that man," he said in a cold, measured tone, evidently +calculated to frighten Pierre. + +The chill that had been running down Pierre's back now seized his +head as in a vise. + +"You cannot know me, General, I have never seen you..." + +"He is a Russian spy," Davout interrupted, addressing another +general who was present, but whom Pierre had not noticed. + +Davout turned away. With an unexpected reverberation in his voice +Pierre rapidly began: + +"No, monseigneur," he said, suddenly remembering that Davout was a +duke. "No, monseigneur, you cannot have known me. I am a militia +officer and have not quitted Moscow." + +"Your name?" asked Davout. + +"Bezukhov." + +"What proof have I that you are not lying?" + +"Monseigneur!" exclaimed Pierre, not in an offended but in a +pleading voice. + +Davout looked up and gazed intently at him. For some seconds they +looked at one another, and that look saved Pierre. Apart from +conditions of war and law, that look established human relations +between the two men. At that moment an immense number of things passed +dimly through both their minds, and they realized that they were +both children of humanity and were brothers. + +At the first glance, when Davout had only raised his head from the +papers where human affairs and lives were indicated by numbers, Pierre +was merely a circumstance, and Davout could have shot him without +burdening his conscience with an evil deed, but now he saw in him a +human being. He reflected for a moment. + +"How can you show me that you are telling the truth?" said Davout +coldly. + +Pierre remembered Ramballe, and named him and his regiment and the +street where the house was. + +"You are not what you say," returned Davout. + +In a trembling, faltering voice Pierre began adducing proofs of +the truth of his statements. + +But at that moment an adjutant entered and reported something to +Davout. + +Davout brightened up at the news the adjutant brought, and began +buttoning up his uniform. It seemed that he had quite forgotten +Pierre. + +When the adjutant reminded him of the prisoner, he jerked his head +in Pierre's direction with a frown and ordered him to be led away. But +where they were to take him Pierre did not know: back to the coach +house or to the place of execution his companions had pointed out to +him as they crossed the Virgin's Field. + +He turned his head and saw that the adjutant was putting another +question to Davout. + +"Yes, of course!" replied Davout, but what this "yes" meant, +Pierre did not know. + +Pierre could not afterwards remember how he went, whether it was +far, or in which direction. His faculties were quite numbed, he was +stupefied, and noticing nothing around him went on moving his legs +as the others did till they all stopped and he stopped too. The only +thought in his mind at that time was: who was it that had really +sentenced him to death? Not the men on the commission that had first +examined him--not one of them wished to or, evidently, could have done +it. It was not Davout, who had looked at him in so human a way. In +another moment Davout would have realized that he was doing wrong, but +just then the adjutant had come in and interrupted him. The +adjutant, also, had evidently had no evil intent though he might +have refrained from coming in. Then who was executing him, killing +him, depriving him of life--him, Pierre, with all his memories, +aspirations, hopes, and thoughts? Who was doing this? And Pierre +felt that it was no one. + +It was a system--a concurrence of circumstances. + +A system of some sort was killing him--Pierre--depriving him of +life, of everything, annihilating him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +From Prince Shcherbatov's house the prisoners were led straight down +the Virgin's Field, to the left of the nunnery, as far as a kitchen +garden in which a post had been set up. Beyond that post a fresh pit +had been dug in the ground, and near the post and the pit a large +crowd stood in a semicircle. The crowd consisted of a few Russians and +many of Napoleon's soldiers who were not on duty--Germans, Italians, +and Frenchmen, in a variety of uniforms. To the right and left of +the post stood rows of French troops in blue uniforms with red +epaulets and high boots and shakos. + +The prisoners were placed in a certain order, according to the +list (Pierre was sixth), and were led to the post. Several drums +suddenly began to beat on both sides of them, and at that sound Pierre +felt as if part of his soul had been torn away. He lost the power of +thinking or understanding. He could only hear and see. And he had only +one wish--that the frightful thing that had to happen should happen +quickly. Pierre looked round at his fellow prisoners and scrutinized +them. + +The two first were convicts with shaven heads. One was tall and +thin, the other dark, shaggy, and sinewy, with a flat nose. The +third was a domestic serf, about forty-five years old, with grizzled +hair and a plump, well-nourished body. The fourth was a peasant, a +very handsome man with a broad, light-brown beard and black eyes. +The fifth was a factory hand, a thin, sallow-faced lad of eighteen +in a loose coat. + +Pierre heard the French consulting whether to shoot them +separately or two at a time. "In couples," replied the officer in +command in a calm voice. There was a stir in the ranks of the soldiers +and it was evident that they were all hurrying--not as men hurry to do +something they understand, but as people hurry to finish a necessary +but unpleasant and incomprehensible task. + +A French official wearing a scarf came up to the right of the row of +prisoners and read out the sentence in Russian and in French. + +Then two pairs of Frenchmen approached the criminals and at the +officer's command took the two convicts who stood first in the row. +The convicts stopped when they reached the post and, while sacks +were being brought, looked dumbly around as a wounded beast looks at +an approaching huntsman. One crossed himself continually, the other +scratched his back and made a movement of the lips resembling a smile. +With hurried hands the soldiers blindfolded them, drawing the sacks +over their heads, and bound them to the post. + +Twelve sharpshooters with muskets stepped out of the ranks with a +firm regular tread and halted eight paces from the post. Pierre turned +away to avoid seeing what was going to happen. Suddenly a crackling, +rolling noise was heard which seemed to him louder than the most +terrific thunder, and he looked round. There was some smoke, and the +Frenchmen were doing something near the pit, with pale faces and +trembling hands. Two more prisoners were led up. In the same way and +with similar looks, these two glanced vainly at the onlookers with +only a silent appeal for protection in their eyes, evidently unable to +understand or believe what was going to happen to them. They could not +believe it because they alone knew what their life meant to them, +and so they neither understood nor believed that it could be taken +from them. + +Again Pierre did not wish to look and again turned away; but again +the sound as of a frightful explosion struck his ear, and at the +same moment he saw smoke, blood, and the pale, scared faces of the +Frenchmen who were again doing something by the post, their +trembling hands impeding one another. Pierre, breathing heavily, +looked around as if asking what it meant. The same question was +expressed in all the looks that met his. + +On the faces of all the Russians and of the French soldiers and +officers without exception, he read the same dismay, horror, and +conflict that were in his own heart. "But who, after all, is doing +this? They are all suffering as I am. Who then is it? Who?" flashed +for an instant through his mind. + +"Sharpshooters of the 86th, forward!" shouted someone. The fifth +prisoner, the one next to Pierre, was led away--alone. Pierre did +not understand that he was saved, that he and the rest had been +brought there only to witness the execution. With ever-growing horror, +and no sense of joy or relief, he gazed at what was taking place. +The fifth man was the factory lad in the loose cloak. The moment +they laid hands on him he sprang aside in terror and clutched at +Pierre. (Pierre shuddered and shook himself free.) The lad was +unable to walk. They dragged him along, holding him up under the arms, +and he screamed. When they got him to the post he grew quiet, as if he +suddenly understood something. Whether he understood that screaming +was useless or whether he thought it incredible that men should kill +him, at any rate he took his stand at the post, waiting to be +blindfolded like the others, and like a wounded animal looked around +him with glittering eyes. + +Pierre was no longer able to turn away and close his eyes. His +curiosity and agitation, like that of the whole crowd, reached the +highest pitch at this fifth murder. Like the others this fifth man +seemed calm; he wrapped his loose cloak closer and rubbed one bare +foot with the other. + +When they began to blindfold him he himself adjusted the knot +which hurt the back of his head; then when they propped him against +the bloodstained post, he leaned back and, not being comfortable in +that position, straightened himself, adjusted his feet, and leaned +back again more comfortably. Pierre did not take his eyes from him and +did not miss his slightest movement. + +Probably a word of command was given and was followed by the reports +of eight muskets; but try as he would Pierre could not afterwards +remember having heard the slightest sound of the shots. He only saw +how the workman suddenly sank down on the cords that held him, how +blood showed itself in two places, how the ropes slackened under the +weight of the hanging body, and how the workman sat down, his head +hanging unnaturally and one leg bent under him. Pierre ran up to the +post. No one hindered him. Pale, frightened people were doing +something around the workman. The lower jaw of an old Frenchman with a +thick mustache trembled as he untied the ropes. The body collapsed. +The soldiers dragged it awkwardly from the post and began pushing it +into the pit. + +They all plainly and certainly knew that they were criminals who +must hide the traces of their guilt as quickly as possible. + +Pierre glanced into the pit and saw that the factory lad was lying +with his knees close up to his head and one shoulder higher than the +other. That shoulder rose and fell rhythmically and convulsively, +but spadefuls of earth were already being thrown over the whole +body. One of the soldiers, evidently suffering, shouted gruffly and +angrily at Pierre to go back. But Pierre did not understand him and +remained near the post, and no one drove him away. + +When the pit had been filled up a command was given. Pierre was +taken back to his place, and the rows of troops on both sides of the +post made a half turn and went past it at a measured pace. The +twenty-four sharpshooters with discharged muskets, standing in the +center of the circle, ran back to their places as the companies passed +by. + +Pierre gazed now with dazed eyes at these sharpshooters who ran in +couples out of the circle. All but one rejoined their companies. +This one, a young soldier, his face deadly pale, his shako pushed +back, and his musket resting on the ground, still stood near the pit +at the spot from which he had fired. He swayed like a drunken man, +taking some steps forward and back to save himself from falling. An +old, noncommissioned officer ran out of the ranks and taking him by +the elbow dragged him to his company. The crowd of Russians and +Frenchmen began to disperse. They all went away silently and with +drooping heads. + +"That will teach them to start fires," said one of the Frenchmen. + +Pierre glanced round at the speaker and saw that it was a soldier +who was trying to find some relief after what had been done, but was +not able to do so. Without finishing what he had begun to say he +made a hopeless movement with his arm and went away. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +After the execution Pierre was separated from the rest of the +prisoners and placed alone in a small, ruined, and befouled church. + +Toward evening a noncommissioned officer entered with two soldiers +and told him that he had been pardoned and would now go to the +barracks for the prisoners of war. Without understanding what was said +to him, Pierre got up and went with the soldiers. They took him to the +upper end of the field, where there were some sheds built of charred +planks, beams, and battens, and led him into one of them. In the +darkness some twenty different men surrounded Pierre. He looked at +them without understanding who they were, why they were there, or what +they wanted of him. He heard what they said, but did not understand +the meaning of the words and made no kind of deduction from or +application of them. He replied to questions they put to him, but +did not consider who was listening to his replies, nor how they +would understand them. He looked at their faces and figures, but +they all seemed to him equally meaningless. + +From the moment Pierre had witnessed those terrible murders +committed by men who did not wish to commit them, it was as if the +mainspring of his life, on which everything depended and which made +everything appear alive, had suddenly been wrenched out and everything +had collapsed into a heap of meaningless rubbish. Though he did not +acknowledge it to himself, his faith in the right ordering of the +universe, in humanity, in his own soul, and in God, had been +destroyed. He had experienced this before, but never so strongly as +now. When similar doubts had assailed him before, they had been the +result of his own wrongdoing, and at the bottom of his heart he had +felt that relief from his despair and from those doubts was to be +found within himself. But now he felt that the universe had crumbled +before his eyes and only meaningless ruins remained, and this not by +any fault of his own. He felt that it was not in his power to regain +faith in the meaning of life. + +Around him in the darkness men were standing and evidently something +about him interested them greatly. They were telling him something and +asking him something. Then they led him away somewhere, and at last he +found himself in a corner of the shed among men who were laughing +and talking on all sides. + +"Well, then, mates... that very prince who..." some voice at the +other end of the shed was saying, with a strong emphasis on the word +who. + +Sitting silent and motionless on a heap of straw against the wall, +Pierre sometimes opened and sometimes closed his eyes. But as soon +as he closed them he saw before him the dreadful face of the factory +lad--especially dreadful because of its simplicity--and the faces of +the murderers, even more dreadful because of their disquiet. And he +opened his eyes again and stared vacantly into the darkness around +him. + +Beside him in a stooping position sat a small man of whose +presence he was first made aware by a strong smell of perspiration +which came from him every time he moved. This man was doing +something to his legs in the darkness, and though Pierre could not see +his face he felt that the man continually glanced at him. On growing +used to the darkness Pierre saw that the man was taking off his leg +bands, and the way he did it aroused Pierre's interest. + +Having unwound the string that tied the band on one leg, he +carefully coiled it up and immediately set to work on the other leg, +glancing up at Pierre. While one hand hung up the first string the +other was already unwinding the band on the second leg. In this way, +having carefully removed the leg bands by deft circular motions of his +arm following one another uninterruptedly, the man hung the leg +bands up on some pegs fixed above his head. Then he took out a +knife, cut something, closed the knife, placed it under the head of +his bed, and, seating himself comfortably, clasped his arms round +his lifted knees and fixed his eyes on Pierre. The latter was +conscious of something pleasant, comforting, and well rounded in these +deft movements, in the man's well-ordered arrangements in his +corner, and even in his very smell, and he looked at the man without +taking his eyes from him. + +"You've seen a lot of trouble, sir, eh?" the little man suddenly +said. + +And there was so much kindliness and simplicity in his singsong +voice that Pierre tried to reply, but his jaw trembled and he felt +tears rising to his eyes. The little fellow, giving Pierre no time +to betray his confusion, instantly continued in the same pleasant +tones: + +"Eh, lad, don't fret!" said he, in the tender singsong caressing +voice old Russian peasant women employ. "Don't fret, friend--'suffer +an hour, live for an age!' that's how it is, my dear fellow. And +here we live, thank heaven, without offense. Among these folk, too, +there are good men as well as bad," said he, and still speaking, he +turned on his knees with a supple movement, got up, coughed, and +went off to another part of the shed. + +"Eh, you rascal!" Pierre heard the same kind voice saying at the +other end of the shed. "So you've come, you rascal? She remembers... +Now, now, that'll do!" + +And the soldier, pushing away a little dog that was jumping up at +him, returned to his place and sat down. In his hands he had something +wrapped in a rag. + +"Here, eat a bit, sir," said he, resuming his former respectful tone +as he unwrapped and offered Pierre some baked potatoes. "We had soup +for dinner and the potatoes are grand!" + +Pierre had not eaten all day and the smell of the potatoes seemed +extremely pleasant to him. He thanked the soldier and began to eat. + +"Well, are they all right?" said the soldier with a smile. "You +should do like this." + +He took a potato, drew out his clasp knife, cut the potato into +two equal halves on the palm of his hand, sprinkled some salt on it +from the rag, and handed it to Pierre. + +"The potatoes are grand!" he said once more. "Eat some like that!" + +Pierre thought he had never eaten anything that tasted better. + +"Oh, I'm all right," said he, "but why did they shoot those poor +fellows? The last one was hardly twenty." + +"Tss, tt...!" said the little man. "Ah, what a sin... what a sin!" +he added quickly, and as if his words were always waiting ready in his +mouth and flew out involuntarily he went on: "How was it, sir, that +you stayed in Moscow?" + +"I didn't think they would come so soon. I stayed accidentally," +replied Pierre. + +"And how did they arrest you, dear lad? At your house?" + +"No, I went to look at the fire, and they arrested me there, and +tried me as an incendiary." + +"Where there's law there's injustice," put in the little man. + +"And have you been here long?" Pierre asked as he munched the last +of the potato. + +"I? It was last Sunday they took me, out of a hospital in Moscow." + +"Why, are you a soldier then?" + +"Yes, we are soldiers of the Apsheron regiment. I was dying of +fever. We weren't told anything. There were some twenty of us lying +there. We had no idea, never guessed at all." + +"And do you feel sad here?" Pierre inquired. + +"How can one help it, lad? My name is Platon, and the surname is +Karataev," he added, evidently wishing to make it easier for Pierre to +address him. "They call me 'little falcon' in the regiment. How is one +to help feeling sad? Moscow--she's the mother of cities. How can one +see all this and not feel sad? But 'the maggot gnaws the cabbage, +yet dies first'; that's what the old folks used to tell us," he +added rapidly. + +"What? What did you say?" asked Pierre. + +"Who? I?" said Karataev. "I say things happen not as we plan but +as God judges," he replied, thinking that he was repeating what he had +said before, and immediately continued: + +"Well, and you, have you a family estate, sir? And a house? So you +have abundance, then? And a housewife? And your old parents, are +they still living?" he asked. + +And though it was too dark for Pierre to see, he felt that a +suppressed smile of kindliness puckered the soldier's lips as he put +these questions. He seemed grieved that Pierre had no parents, +especially that he had no mother. + +"A wife for counsel, a mother-in-law for welcome, but there's none +as dear as one's own mother!" said he. "Well, and have you little +ones?" he went on asking. + +Again Pierre's negative answer seemed to distress him, and he +hastened to add: + +"Never mind! You're young folks yet, and please God may still have +some. The great thing is to live in harmony...." + +"But it's all the same now," Pierre could not help saying. + +"Ah, my dear fellow!" rejoined Karataev, "never decline a prison +or a beggar's sack!" + +He seated himself more comfortably and coughed, evidently +preparing to tell a long story. + +"Well, my dear fellow, I was still living at home," he began. "We +had a well-to-do homestead, plenty of land, we peasants lived well and +our house was one to thank God for. When Father and we went out mowing +there were seven of us. We lived well. We were real peasants. It so +happened..." + +And Platon Karataev told a long story of how he had gone into +someone's copse to take wood, how he had been caught by the keeper, +had been tried, flogged, and sent to serve as a soldier. + +"Well, lad," and a smile changed the tone of his voice "we thought +it was a misfortune but it turned out a blessing! If it had not been +for my sin, my brother would have had to go as a soldier. But he, my +younger brother, had five little ones, while I, you see, only left a +wife behind. We had a little girl, but God took her before I went as a +soldier. I come home on leave and I'll tell you how it was, I look and +see that they are living better than before. The yard full of +cattle, the women at home, two brothers away earning wages, and only +Michael the youngest, at home. Father, he says, 'All my children are +the same to me: it hurts the same whichever finger gets bitten. But if +Platon hadn't been shaved for a soldier, Michael would have had to +go.' called us all to him and, will you believe it, placed us in front +of the icons. 'Michael,' he says, 'come here and bow down to his feet; +and you, young woman, you bow down too; and you, grandchildren, also +bow down before him! Do you understand?' he says. That's how it is, +dear fellow. Fate looks for a head. But we are always judging, 'that's +not well--that's not right!' Our luck is like water in a dragnet: +you pull at it and it bulges, but when you've drawn it out it's empty! +That's how it is." + +And Platon shifted his seat on the straw. + +After a short silence he rose. + +"Well, I think you must be sleepy," said he, and began rapidly +crossing himself and repeating: + +"Lord Jesus Christ, holy Saint Nicholas, Frola and Lavra! Lord Jesus +Christ, holy Saint Nicholas, Frola and Lavra! Lord Jesus Christ, +have mercy on us and save us!" he concluded, then bowed to the ground, +got up, sighed, and sat down again on his heap of straw. "That's the +way. Lay me down like a stone, O God, and raise me up like a loaf," he +muttered as he lay down, pulling his coat over him. + +"What prayer was that you were saying?" asked Pierre. + +"Eh?" murmured Platon, who had almost fallen asleep. "What was I +saying? I was praying. Don't you pray?" + +"Yes, I do," said Pierre. "But what was that you said: Frola and +Lavra?" + +"Well, of course," replied Platon quickly, "the horses' saints. +One must pity the animals too. Eh, the rascal! Now you've curled up +and got warm, you daughter of a bitch!" said Karataev, touching the +dog that lay at his feet, and again turning over he fell asleep +immediately. + +Sounds of crying and screaming came from somewhere in the distance +outside, and flames were visible through the cracks of the shed, but +inside it was quiet and dark. For a long time Pierre did not sleep, +but lay with eyes open in the darkness, listening to the regular +snoring of Platon who lay beside him, and he felt that the world +that had been shattered was once more stirring in his soul with a +new beauty and on new and unshakable foundations. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +Twenty-three soldiers, three officers, and two officials were +confined in the shed in which Pierre had been placed and where he +remained for four weeks. + +When Pierre remembered them afterwards they all seemed misty figures +to him except Platon Karataev, who always remained in his mind a +most vivid and precious memory and the personification of everything +Russian, kindly, and round. When Pierre saw his neighbor next +morning at dawn the first impression of him, as of something round, +was fully confirmed: Platon's whole figure--in a French overcoat +girdled with a cord, a soldier's cap, and bast shoes--was round. His +head was quite round, his back, chest, shoulders, and even his arms, +which he held as if ever ready to embrace something, were rounded, his +pleasant smile and his large, gentle brown eyes were also round. + +Platon Karataev must have been fifty, judging by his stories of +campaigns he had been in, told as by an old soldier. He did not +himself know his age and was quite unable to determine it. But his +brilliantly white, strong teeth which showed in two unbroken +semicircles when he laughed--as he often did--were all sound and good, +there was not a gray hair in his beard or on his head, and his whole +body gave an impression of suppleness and especially of firmness and +endurance. + +His face, despite its fine, rounded wrinkles, had an expression of +innocence and youth, his voice was pleasant and musical. But the chief +peculiarity of his speech was its directness and appositeness. It +was evident that he never considered what he had said or was going +to say, and consequently the rapidity and justice of his intonation +had an irresistible persuasiveness. + +His physical strength and agility during the first days of his +imprisonment were such that he seemed not to know what fatigue and +sickness meant. Every night before lying down, he said: "Lord, lay +me down as a stone and raise me up as a loaf!" and every morning on +getting up, he said: "I lay down and curled up, I get up and shake +myself." And indeed he only had to lie down, to fall asleep like a +stone, and he only had to shake himself, to be ready without a +moment's delay for some work, just as children are ready to play +directly they awake. He could do everything, not very well but not +badly. He baked, cooked, sewed, planed, and mended boots. He was +always busy, and only at night allowed himself conversation--of +which he was fond--and songs. He did not sing like a trained singer +who knows he is listened to, but like the birds, evidently giving vent +to the sounds in the same way that one stretches oneself or walks +about to get rid of stiffness, and the sounds were always +high-pitched, mournful, delicate, and almost feminine, and his face at +such times was very serious. + +Having been taken prisoner and allowed his beard to grow, he +seemed to have thrown off all that had been forced upon him- +everything military and alien to himself--and had returned to his +former peasant habits. + +"A soldier on leave--a shirt outside breeches," he would say. + +He did not like talking about his life as a soldier, though he did +not complain, and often mentioned that he had not been flogged once +during the whole of his army service. When he related anything it +was generally some old and evidently precious memory of his +"Christian" life, as he called his peasant existence. The proverbs, of +which his talk was full, were for the most part not the coarse and +indecent saws soldiers employ, but those folk sayings which taken +without a context seem so insignificant, but when used appositely +suddenly acquire a significance of profound wisdom. + +He would often say the exact opposite of what he had said on a +previous occasion, yet both would be right. He liked to talk and he +talked well, adorning his speech with terms of endearment and with +folk sayings which Pierre thought he invented himself, but the chief +charm of his talk lay in the fact that the commonest events--sometimes +just such as Pierre had witnessed without taking notice of them- +assumed in Karataev's a character of solemn fitness. He liked to +hear the folk tales one of the soldiers used to tell of an evening +(they were always the same), but most of all he liked to hear +stories of real life. He would smile joyfully when listening to such +stories, now and then putting in a word or asking a question to make +the moral beauty of what he was told clear to himself. Karataev had no +attachments, friendships, or love, as Pierre understood them, but +loved and lived affectionately with everything life brought him in +contact with, particularly with man--not any particular man, but those +with whom he happened to be. He loved his dog, his comrades, the +French, and Pierre who was his neighbor, but Pierre felt that in spite +of Karataev's affectionate tenderness for him (by which he +unconsciously gave Pierre's spiritual life its due) he would not +have grieved for a moment at parting from him. And Pierre began to +feel in the same way toward Karataev. + +To all the other prisoners Platon Karataev seemed a most ordinary +soldier. They called him "little falcon" or "Platosha," chaffed him +good-naturedly, and sent him on errands. But to Pierre he always +remained what he had seemed that first night: an unfathomable, +rounded, eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and +truth. + +Platon Karataev knew nothing by heart except his prayers. When he +began to speak he seemed not to know how he would conclude. + +Sometimes Pierre, struck by the meaning of his words, would ask +him to repeat them, but Platon could never recall what he had said a +moment before, just as he never could repeat to Pierre the words of +his favorite song: native and birch tree and my heart is sick occurred +in it, but when spoken and not sung, no meaning could be got out of +it. He did not, and could not, understand the meaning of words apart +from their context. Every word and action of his was the manifestation +of an activity unknown to him, which was his life. But his life, as he +regarded it, had no meaning as a separate thing. It had meaning only +as part of a whole of which he was always conscious. His words and +actions flowed from him as evenly, inevitably, and spontaneously as +fragrance exhales from a flower. He could not understand the value +or significance of any word or deed taken separately. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +When Princess Mary heard from Nicholas that her brother was with the +Rostovs at Yaroslavl she at once prepared to go there, in spite of her +aunt's efforts to dissuade her--and not merely to go herself but to +take her nephew with her. Whether it were difficult or easy, +possible or impossible, she did not ask and did not want to know: it +was her duty not only herself to be near her brother who was perhaps +dying, but to do everything possible to take his son to him, and so +she prepared to set off. That she had not heard from Prince Andrew +himself, Princess Mary attributed to his being too weak to write or to +his considering the long journey too hard and too dangerous for her +and his son. + +In a few days Princess Mary was ready to start. Her equipages were +the huge family coach in which she had traveled to Voronezh, a +semiopen trap, and a baggage cart. With her traveled Mademoiselle +Bourienne, little Nicholas and his tutor, her old nurse, three +maids, Tikhon, and a young footman and courier her aunt had sent to +accompany her. + +The usual route through Moscow could not be thought of, and the +roundabout way Princess Mary was obliged to take through Lipetsk, +Ryazan, Vladimir, and Shuya was very long and, as post horses were not +everywhere obtainable, very difficult, and near Ryazan where the +French were said to have shown themselves was even dangerous. + +During this difficult journey Mademoiselle Bourienne, Dessalles, and +Princess Mary's servants were astonished at her energy and firmness of +spirit. She went to bed later and rose earlier than any of them, and +no difficulties daunted her. Thanks to her activity and energy, +which infected her fellow travelers, they approached Yaroslavl by +the end of the second week. + +The last days of her stay in Voronezh had been the happiest of her +life. Her love for Rostov no longer tormented or agitated her. It +filled her whole soul, had become an integral part of herself, and she +no longer struggled against it. Latterly she had become convinced that +she loved and was beloved, though she never said this definitely to +herself in words. She had become convinced of it at her last interview +with Nicholas, when he had come to tell her that her brother was +with the Rostovs. Not by a single word had Nicholas alluded to the +fact that Prince Andrew's relations with Natasha might, if he +recovered, be renewed, but Princess Mary saw by his face that he +knew and thought of this. + +Yet in spite of that, his relation to her--considerate, delicate, +and loving--not only remained unchanged, but it sometimes seemed to +Princess Mary that he was even glad that the family connection between +them allowed him to express his friendship more freely. She knew +that she loved for the first and only time in her life and felt that +she was beloved, and was happy in regard to it. + +But this happiness on one side of her spiritual nature did not +prevent her feeling grief for her brother with full force; on the +contrary, that spiritual tranquility on the one side made it the +more possible for her to give full play to her feeling for her +brother. That feeling was so strong at the moment of leaving +Voronezh that those who saw her off, as they looked at her careworn, +despairing face, felt sure she would fall ill on the journey. But +the very difficulties and preoccupations of the journey, which she +took so actively in hand, saved her for a while from her grief and +gave her strength. + +As always happens when traveling, Princess Mary thought only of +the journey itself, forgetting its object. But as she approached +Yaroslavl the thought of what might await her there--not after many +days, but that very evening--again presented itself to her and her +agitation increased to its utmost limit. + +The courier who had been sent on in advance to find out where the +Rostovs were staying in Yaroslavl, and in what condition Prince Andrew +was, when he met the big coach just entering the town gates was +appalled by the terrible pallor of the princess' face that looked +out at him from the window. + +"I have found out everything, your excellency: the Rostovs are +staying at the merchant Bronnikov's house, in the Square not far +from here, right above the Volga," said the courier. + +Princess Mary looked at him with frightened inquiry, not +understanding why he did not reply to what she chiefly wanted to know: +how was her brother? Mademoiselle Bourienne put that question for her. + +"How is the prince?" she asked. + +"His excellency is staying in the same house with them." + +"Then he is alive," thought Princess Mary, and asked in a low voice: +"How is he?" + +"The servants say he is still the same." + +What "still the same" might mean Princess Mary did not ask, but with +an unnoticed glance at little seven-year-old Nicholas, who was sitting +in front of her looking with pleasure at the town, she bowed her +head and did not raise it again till the heavy coach, rumbling, +shaking and swaying, came to a stop. The carriage steps clattered as +they were let down. + +The carriage door was opened. On the left there was water--a great +river--and on the right a porch. There were people at the entrance: +servants, and a rosy girl with a large plait of black hair, smiling as +it seemed to Princess Mary in an unpleasantly affected way. (This +was Sonya.) Princess Mary ran up the steps. "This way, this way!" said +the girl, with the same artificial smile, and the princess found +herself in the hall facing an elderly woman of Oriental type, who came +rapidly to meet her with a look of emotion. This was the countess. She +embraced Princess Mary and kissed her. + +"Mon enfant!" she muttered, "je vous aime et vous connais depuis +longtemps."* + + +*"My child! I love you and have known you a long time." + + Despite her excitement, Princess Mary realized that this was the +countess and that it was necessary to say something to her. Hardly +knowing how she did it, she contrived to utter a few polite phrases in +French in the same tone as those that had been addressed to her, and +asked: "How is he?" + +"The doctor says that he is not in danger," said the countess, but +as she spoke she raised her eyes with a sigh, and her gesture conveyed +a contradiction of her words. + +"Where is he? Can I see him--can I?" asked the princess. + +"One moment, Princess, one moment, my dear! Is this his son?" said +the countess, turning to little Nicholas who was coming in with +Dessalles. "There will be room for everybody, this is a big house. Oh, +what a lovely boy!" + +The countess took Princess Mary into the drawing room, where Sonya +was talking to Mademoiselle Bourienne. The countess caressed the +boy, and the old count came in and welcomed the princess. He had +changed very much since Princess Mary had last seen him. Then he had +been a brisk, cheerful, self-assured old man; now he seemed a pitiful, +bewildered person. While talking to Princess Mary he continually +looked round as if asking everyone whether he was doing the right +thing. After the destruction of Moscow and of his property, thrown out +of his accustomed groove he seemed to have lost the sense of his own +significance and to feel that there was no longer a place for him in +life. + +In spite of her one desire to see her brother as soon as possible, +and her vexation that at the moment when all she wanted was to see him +they should be trying to entertain her and pretending to admire her +nephew, the princess noticed all that was going on around her and felt +the necessity of submitting, for a time, to this new order of things +which she had entered. She knew it to be necessary, and though it +was hard for her she was not vexed with these people. + +"This is my niece," said the count, introducing Sonya--"You don't +know her, Princess?" + +Princess Mary turned to Sonya and, trying to stifle the hostile +feeling that arose in her toward the girl, she kissed her. But she +felt oppressed by the fact that the mood of everyone around her was so +far from what was in her own heart. + +"Where is he?" she asked again, addressing them all. + +"He is downstairs. Natasha is with him," answered Sonya, flushing. +"We have sent to ask. I think you must be tired, Princess." + +Tears of vexation showed themselves in Princess Mary's eyes. She +turned away and was about to ask the countess again how to go to +him, when light, impetuous, and seemingly buoyant steps were heard +at the door. The princess looked round and saw Natasha coming in, +almost running--that Natasha whom she had liked so little at their +meeting in Moscow long since. + +But hardly had the princess looked at Natasha's face before she +realized that here was a real comrade in her grief, and consequently a +friend. She ran to meet her, embraced her, and began to cry on her +shoulder. + +As soon as Natasha, sitting at the head of Prince Andrew's bed, +heard of Princess Mary's arrival, she softly left his room and +hastened to her with those swift steps that had sounded buoyant to +Princess Mary. + +There was only one expression on her agitated face when she ran into +the drawing room--that of love--boundless love for him, for her, and +for all that was near to the man she loved; and of pity, suffering for +others, and passionate desire to give herself entirely to helping +them. It was plain that at that moment there was in Natasha's heart no +thought of herself or of her own relations with Prince Andrew. + +Princess Mary, with her acute sensibility, understood all this at +the first glance at Natasha's face, and wept on her shoulder with +sorrowful pleasure. + +"Come, come to him, Mary," said Natasha, leading her into the +other room. + +Princess Mary raised her head, dried her eyes, and turned to +Natasha. She felt that from her she would be able to understand and +learn everything. + +"How..." she began her question but stopped short. + +She felt that it was impossible to ask, or to answer, in words. +Natasha's face eyes would have to tell her all more clearly +and profoundly. + +Natasha was gazing at her, but seemed afraid and in doubt whether to +say all she knew or not; she seemed to feel that before those luminous +eyes which penetrated into the very depths of her heart, it was +impossible not to tell the whole truth which she saw. And suddenly, +Natasha's lips twitched, ugly wrinkles gathered round her mouth, and +covering her face with her hands she burst into sobs. + +Princess Mary understood. + +But she still hoped, and asked, in words she herself did not trust: + +"But how is his wound? What is his general condition?" + +"You, you... will see," was all Natasha could say. + +They sat a little while downstairs near his room till they had +left off crying and were able to go to him with calm faces. + +"How has his whole illness gone? Is it long since he grew worse? +When did this happen?" Princess Mary inquired. + +Natasha told her that at first there had been danger from his +feverish condition and the pain he suffered, but at Troitsa that had +passed and the doctor had only been afraid of gangrene. That danger +had also passed. When they reached Yaroslavl the wound had begun to +fester (Natasha knew all about such things as festering) and the +doctor had said that the festering might take a normal course. Then +fever set in, but the doctor had said the fever was not very serious. + +"But two days ago this suddenly happened," said Natasha, +struggling with her sobs. "I don't know why, but you will see what +he is like." + +"Is he weaker? Thinner?" asked the princess. + +"No, it's not that, but worse. You will see. O, Mary, he is too +good, he cannot, cannot live, because..." + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +When Natasha opened Prince Andrew's door with a familiar movement +and let Princess Mary pass into the room before her, the princess felt +the sobs in her throat. Hard as she had tried to prepare herself, +and now tried to remain tranquil, she knew that she would be unable to +look at him without tears. + +The princess understood what Natasha had meant by the words: "two +days ago this suddenly happened." She understood those words to mean +that he had suddenly softened and that this softening and gentleness +were signs of approaching death. As she stepped to the door she +already saw in imagination Andrew's face as she remembered it in +childhood, a gentle, mild, sympathetic face which he had rarely shown, +and which therefore affected her very strongly. She was sure he +would speak soft, tender words to her such as her father had uttered +before his death, and that she would not be able to bear it and +would burst into sobs in his presence. Yet sooner or later it had to +be, and she went in. The sobs rose higher and higher in her throat +as she more and more clearly distinguished his form and her +shortsighted eyes tried to make out his features, and then she saw his +face and met his gaze. + +He was lying in a squirrel-fur dressing gown on a divan, +surrounded by pillows. He was thin and pale. In one thin, +translucently white hand he held a handkerchief, while with the +other he stroked the delicate mustache he had grown, moving his +fingers slowly. His eyes gazed at them as they entered. + +On seeing his face and meeting his eyes Princess Mary's pace +suddenly slackened, she felt her tears dry up and her sobs ceased. She +suddenly felt guilty and grew timid on catching the expression of +his face and eyes. + +"But in what am I to blame?" she asked herself. And his cold, +stern look replied: "Because you are alive and thinking of the living, +while I..." + +In the deep gaze that seemed to look not outwards but +inwards there was an almost hostile expression as he slowly regarded +his sister and Natasha. + +He kissed his sister, holding her hand in his as was their wont. + +"How are you, Mary? How did you manage to get here?" said he in a +voice as calm and aloof as his look. + +Had he screamed in agony, that scream would not have struck such +horror into Princess Mary's heart as the tone of his voice. + +"And have you brought little Nicholas?" he asked in the same slow, +quiet manner and with an obvious effort to remember. + +"How are you now?" said Princess Mary, herself surprised at what she +was saying. + +"That, my dear, you must ask the doctor," he replied, and again +making an evident effort to be affectionate, he said with his lips +only (his words clearly did not correspond to his thoughts): + +"Merci, chere amie, d'etre venue."* + + +*"Thank you for coming, my dear." + + +Princess Mary pressed his hand. The pressure made him wince just +perceptibly. He was silent, and she did not know what to say. She +now understood what had happened to him two days before. In his words, +his tone, and especially in that calm, almost antagonistic look +could be felt an estrangement from everything belonging to this world, +terrible in one who is alive. Evidently only with an effort did he +understand anything living; but it was obvious that he failed to +understand, not because he lacked the power to do so but because he +understood something else--something the living did not and could +not understand--and which wholly occupied his mind. + +"There, you see how strangely fate has brought us together," said +he, breaking the silence and pointing to Natasha. "She looks after +me all the time." + +Princess Mary heard him and did not understand how he could say such +a thing. He, the sensitive, tender Prince Andrew, how could he say +that, before her whom he loved and who loved him? Had he expected to +live he could not have said those words in that offensively cold tone. +If he had not known that he was dying, how could he have failed to +pity her and how could he speak like that in her presence? The only +explanation was that he was indifferent, because something else, +much more important, had been revealed to him. + +The conversation was cold and disconnected and continually broke +off. + +"Mary came by way of Ryazan," said Natasha. + +Prince Andrew did not notice that she called his sister Mary, and +only after calling her so in his presence did Natasha notice it +herself. + +"Really?" he asked. + +"They told her that all Moscow has been burned down, and that..." + +Natasha stopped. It was impossible to talk. It was plain that he was +making an effort to listen, but could not do so. + +"Yes, they say it's burned," he said. "It's a great pity," and he +gazed straight before him, absently stroking his mustache with his +fingers. + +"And so you have met Count Nicholas, Mary?" Prince Andrew suddenly +said, evidently wishing to speak pleasantly to them. "He wrote here +that he took a great liking to you," he went on simply and calmly, +evidently unable to understand all the complex significance his +words had for living people. "If you liked him too, it would be a good +thing for you to get married," he added rather more quickly, as if +pleased at having found words he had long been seeking. + +Princess Mary heard his words but they had no meaning for her, +except as a proof of how far away he now was from everything living. + +"Why talk of me?" she said quietly and glanced at Natasha. + +Natasha, who felt her glance, did not look at her. All three were +again silent. + +"Andrew, would you like..." Princess Mary suddenly said in a +trembling voice, "would you like to see little Nicholas? He is +always talking about you!" + +Prince Andrew smiled just perceptibly and for the first time, but +Princess Mary, who knew his face so well, saw with horror that he +did not smile with pleasure or affection for his son, but with +quiet, gentle irony because he thought she was trying what she +believed to be the last means of arousing him. + +"Yes, I shall be very glad to see him. Is he quite well?" + +When little Nicholas was brought into Prince Andrew's room he looked +at his father with frightened eyes, but did not cry, because no one +else was crying. Prince Andrew kissed him and evidently did not know +what to say to him. + +When Nicholas had been led away, Princess Mary again went up to +her brother, kissed him, and unable to restrain her tears any longer +began to cry. + +He looked at her attentively. + +"Is it about Nicholas?" he asked. + +Princess Mary nodded her head, weeping. + +"Mary, you know the Gosp..." but he broke off. + +"What did you say?" + +"Nothing. You mustn't cry here," he said, looking at her with the +same cold expression. + + +When Princess Mary began to cry, he understood that she was crying +at the thought that little Nicholas would be left without a father. +With a great effort he tried to return to life and to see things +from their point of view. + +"Yes, to them it must seem sad!" he thought. "But how simple it is. + +"The fowls of the air sow not, neither do they reap, yet your Father +feedeth them," he said to himself and wished to say to Princess +Mary; "but no, they will take it their own way, they won't understand! +They can't understand that all those feelings they prize so--all our +feelings, all those ideas that seem so important to us, are +unnecessary. We cannot understand one another," and he remained +silent. + + +Prince Andrew's little son was seven. He could scarcely read, and +knew nothing. After that day he lived through many things, gaining +knowledge, observation, and experience, but had he possessed all the +faculties he afterwards acquired, he could not have had a better or +more profound understanding of the meaning of the scene he had +witnessed between his father, Mary, and Natasha, than he had then. +He understood it completely, and, leaving the room without crying, +went silently up to Natasha who had come out with him and looked shyly +at her with his beautiful, thoughtful eyes, then his uplifted, rosy +upper lip trembled and leaning his head against her he began to cry. + +After that he avoided Dessalles and the countess who caressed him +and either sat alone or came timidly to Princess Mary, or to Natasha +of whom he seemed even fonder than of his aunt, and clung to them +quietly and shyly. + +When Princess Mary had left Prince Andrew she fully understood +what Natasha's face had told her. She did not speak any more to +Natasha of hopes of saving his life. She took turns with her beside +his sofa, and did not cry any more, but prayed continually, turning in +soul to that Eternal and Unfathomable, whose presence above the +dying man was now so evident. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Not only did Prince Andrew know he would die, but he felt that he +was dying and was already half dead. He was conscious of an +aloofness from everything earthly and a strange and joyous lightness +of existence. Without haste or agitation he awaited what was coming. +That inexorable, eternal, distant, and unknown the presence of which +he had felt continually all his life--was now near to him and, by +the strange lightness he experienced, almost comprehensible and +palpable... + + +Formerly he had feared the end. He had twice experienced that +terribly tormenting fear of death--the end--but now he no longer +understood that fear. + + He had felt it for the first time when the shell spun like a top +before him, and he looked at the fallow field, the bushes, and the +sky, and knew that he was face to face with death. When he came to +himself after being wounded and the flower of eternal, unfettered love +had instantly unfolded itself in his soul as if freed from the bondage +of life that had restrained it, he no longer feared death and ceased +to think about it. + +During the hours of solitude, suffering, and partial delirium he +spent after he was wounded, the more deeply he penetrated into the new +principle of eternal love revealed to him, the more he unconsciously +detached himself from earthly life. To love everything and everybody +and always to sacrifice oneself for love meant not to love anyone, not +to live this earthly life. And the more imbued he became with that +principle of love, the more he renounced life and the more +completely he destroyed that dreadful barrier which--in the absence of +such love--stands between life and death. When during those first days +he remembered that he would have to die, he said to himself: "Well, +what of it? So much the better!" + +But after the night in Mytishchi when, half delirious, he had seen +her for whom he longed appear before him and, having pressed her +hand to his lips, had shed gentle, happy tears, love for a +particular woman again crept unobserved into his heart and once more +bound him to life. And joyful and agitating thoughts began to occupy +his mind. Recalling the moment at the ambulance station when he had +seen Kuragin, he could not now regain the feeling he then had, but was +tormented by the question whether Kuragin was alive. And he dared +not inquire. + +His illness pursued its normal physical course, but what Natasha +referred to when she said: "This suddenly happened," had occurred +two days before Princess Mary arrived. It was the last spiritual +struggle between life and death, in which death gained the victory. It +was the unexpected realization of the fact that he still valued life +as presented to him in the form of his love for Natasha, and a last, +though ultimately vanquished, attack of terror before the unknown. + +It was evening. As usual after dinner he was slightly feverish, +and his thoughts were preternaturally clear. Sonya was sitting by +the table. He began to doze. Suddenly a feeling of happiness seized +him. + +"Ah, she has come!" thought he. + +And so it was: in Sonya's place sat Natasha who had just come in +noiselessly. + +Since she had begun looking after him, he had always experienced +this physical consciousness of her nearness. She was sitting in an +armchair placed sideways, screening the light of the candle from +him, and was knitting a stocking. She had learned to knit stockings +since Prince Andrew had casually mentioned that no one nursed the sick +so well as old nurses who knit stockings, and that there is +something soothing in the knitting of stockings. The needles clicked +lightly in her slender, rapidly moving hands, and he could clearly see +the thoughtful profile of her drooping face. She moved, and the ball +rolled off her knees. She started, glanced round at him, and screening +the candle with her hand stooped carefully with a supple and exact +movement, picked up the ball, and regained her former position. + +He looked at her without moving and saw that she wanted to draw a +deep breath after stooping, but refrained from doing so and breathed +cautiously. + +At the Troitsa monastery they had spoken of the past, and he had +told her that if he lived he would always thank God for his wound +which had brought them together again, but after that they never spoke +of the future. + +"Can it or can it not be?" he now thought as he looked at her and +listened to the light click of the steel needles. "Can fate have +brought me to her so strangely only for me to die?... Is it possible +that the truth of life has been revealed to me only to show me that +I have spent my life in falsity? I love her more than anything in +the world! But what am I to do if I love her?" he thought, and he +involuntarily groaned, from a habit acquired during his sufferings. + +On hearing that sound Natasha put down the stocking, leaned nearer +to him, and suddenly, noticing his shining eyes, stepped lightly up to +him and bent over him. + +"You are not asleep?" + +"No, I have been looking at you a long time. I felt you come in. +No one else gives me that sense of soft tranquillity that you do... +that light. I want to weep for joy." + +Natasha drew closer to him. Her face shone with rapturous joy. + +"Natasha, I love you too much! More than anything in the world." + +"And I!"--She turned away for an instant. "Why too much?" she asked. + +"Why too much?... Well, what do you, what do you feel in your +soul, your whole soul--shall I live? What do you think?" + +"I am sure of it, sure!" Natasha almost shouted, taking hold of both +his hands with a passionate movement. + +He remained silent awhile. + +"How good it would be!" and taking her hand he kissed it. + +Natasha felt happy and agitated, but at once remembered that this +would not do and that he had to be quiet. + +"But you have not slept," she said, repressing her joy. "Try to +sleep... please!" + +He pressed her hand and released it, and she went back to the candle +and sat down again in her former position. Twice she turned and looked +at him, and her eyes met his beaming at her. She set herself a task on +her stocking and resolved not to turn round till it was finished. + +Soon he really shut his eyes and fell asleep. He did not sleep +long and suddenly awoke with a start and in a cold perspiration. + +As he fell asleep he had still been thinking of the subject that now +always occupied his mind--about life and death, and chiefly about +death. He felt himself nearer to it. + +"Love? What is love?" he thought. + +"Love hinders death. Love is life. All, everything that I +understand, I understand only because I love. Everything is, +everything exists, only because I love. Everything is united by it +alone. Love is God, and to die means that I, a particle of love, shall +return to the general and eternal source." These thoughts seemed to +him comforting. But they were only thoughts. Something was lacking +in them, they were not clear, they were too one-sidedly personal and +brain-spun. And there was the former agitation and obscurity. He +fell asleep. + +He dreamed that he was lying in the room he really was in, but +that he was quite well and unwounded. Many various, indifferent, and +insignificant people appeared before him. He talked to them and +discussed something trivial. They were preparing to go away somewhere. +Prince Andrew dimly realized that all this was trivial and that he had +more important cares, but he continued to speak, surprising them by +empty witticisms. Gradually, unnoticed, all these persons began to +disappear and a single question, that of the closed door, superseded +all else. He rose and went to the door to bolt and lock it. Everything +depended on whether he was, or was not, in time to lock it. He went, +and tried to hurry, but his legs refused to move and he knew he +would not be in time to lock the door though he painfully strained all +his powers. He was seized by an agonizing fear. And that fear was +the fear of death. It stood behind the door. But just when he was +clumsily creeping toward the door, that dreadful something on the +other side was already pressing against it and forcing its way in. +Something not human--death--was breaking in through that door, and had +to be kept out. He seized the door, making a final effort to hold it +back--to lock it was no longer possible--but his efforts were weak and +clumsy and the door, pushed from behind by that terror, opened and +closed again. + +Once again it pushed from outside. His last superhuman efforts +were vain and both halves of the door noiselessly opened. It +entered, and it was death, and Prince Andrew died. + +But at the instant he died, Prince Andrew remembered that he was +asleep, and at the very instant he died, having made an effort, he +awoke. + +"Yes, it was death! I died--and woke up. Yes, death is an +awakening!" And all at once it grew light in his soul and the veil +that had till then concealed the unknown was lifted from his spiritual +vision. He felt as if powers till then confined within him had been +liberated, and that strange lightness did not again leave him. + +When, waking in a cold perspiration, he moved on the divan, +Natasha went up and asked him what was the matter. He did not answer +and looked at her strangely, not understanding. + +That was what had happened to him two days before Princess Mary's +arrival. From that day, as the doctor expressed it, the wasting +fever assumed a malignant character, but what the doctor said did +not interest Natasha, she saw the terrible moral symptoms which to her +were more convincing. + +From that day an awakening from life came to Prince Andrew +together with his awakening from sleep. And compared to the duration +of life it did not seem to him slower than an awakening from sleep +compared to the duration of a dream. + +There was nothing terrible or violent in this comparatively slow +awakening. + +His last days and hours passed in an ordinary and simple way. Both +Princess Mary and Natasha, who did not leave him, felt this. They +did not weep or shudder and during these last days they themselves +felt that they were not attending on him (he was no longer there, he +had left them) but on what reminded them most closely of him--his +body. Both felt this so strongly that the outward and terrible side of +death did not affect them and they did not feel it necessary to foment +their grief. Neither in his presence nor out of it did they weep, +nor did they ever talk to one another about him. They felt that they +could not express in words what they understood. + +They both saw that he was sinking slowly and quietly, deeper and +deeper, away from them, and they both knew that this had to be so +and that it was right. + +He confessed, and received communion: everyone came to take leave of +him. When they brought his son to him, he pressed his lips to the +boy's and turned away, not because he felt it hard and sad (Princess +Mary and Natasha understood that) but simply because he thought it was +all that was required of him, but when they told him to bless the boy, +he did what was demanded and looked round as if asking whether there +was anything else he should do. + +When the last convulsions of the body, which the spirit was leaving, +occurred, Princess Mary and Natasha were present. + +"Is it over?" said Princess Mary when his body had for a few minutes +lain motionless, growing cold before them. Natasha went up, looked +at the dead eyes, and hastened to close them. She closed them but +did not kiss them, but clung to that which reminded her most nearly of +him--his body. + +"Where has he gone? Where is he now?..." + +When the body, washed and dressed, lay in the coffin on a table, +everyone came to take leave of him and they all wept. + +Little Nicholas cried because his heart was rent by painful +perplexity. The countess and Sonya cried from pity for Natasha and +because he was no more. The old count cried because he felt that +before long, he, too, must take the same terrible step. + +Natasha and Princess Mary also wept now, but not because of their +own personal grief; they wept with a reverent and softening emotion +which had taken possession of their souls at the consciousness of +the simple and solemn mystery of death that had been accomplished in +their presence. + + + + + +BOOK THIRTEEN: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Man's mind cannot grasp the causes of events in their +completeness, but the desire to find those causes is implanted in +man's soul. And without considering the multiplicity and complexity of +the conditions any one of which taken separately may seem to be the +cause, he snatches at the first approximation to a cause that seems to +him intelligible and says: "This is the cause!" In historical events +(where the actions of men are the subject of observation) the first +and most primitive approximation to present itself was the will of the +gods and, after that, the will of those who stood in the most +prominent position--the heroes of history. But we need only +penetrate to the essence of any historic event--which lies in the +activity of the general mass of men who take part in it--to be +convinced that the will of the historic hero does not control the +actions of the mass but is itself continually controlled. It may +seem to be a matter of indifference whether we understand the +meaning of historical events this way or that; yet there is the same +difference between a man who says that the people of the West moved on +the East because Napoleon wished it and a man who says that this +happened because it had to happen, as there is between those who +declared that the earth was stationary and that the planets moved +round it and those who admitted that they did not know what upheld the +earth, but knew there were laws directing its movement and that of the +other planets. There is, and can be, no cause of an historical event +except the one cause of all causes. But there are laws directing +events, and some of these laws are known to us while we are +conscious of others we cannot comprehend. The discovery of these +laws is only possible when we have quite abandoned the +attempt to find the cause in the will of some one man, just as the +discovery of the laws of the motion of the planets was possible only +when men abandoned the conception of the fixity of the earth. + +The historians consider that, next to the battle of Borodino and the +occupation of Moscow by the enemy and its destruction by fire, the +most important episode of the war of 1812 was the movement of the +Russian army from the Ryazana to the Kaluga road and to the Tarutino +camp--the so-called flank march across the Krasnaya Pakhra River. They +ascribe the glory of that achievement of genius to different men and +dispute as to whom the honor is due. Even foreign historians, +including the French, acknowledge the genius of the Russian commanders +when they speak of that flank march. But it is hard to understand +why military writers, and following them others, consider this flank +march to be the profound conception of some one man who saved Russia +and destroyed Napoleon. In the first place it is hard to understand +where the profundity and genius of this movement lay, for not much +mental effort was needed to see that the best position for an army +when it is not being attacked is where there are most provisions; +and even a dull boy of thirteen could have guessed that the best +position for an army after its retreat from Moscow in 1812 was on +the Kaluga road. So it is impossible to understand by what reasoning +the historians reach the conclusion that this maneuver was a +profound one. And it is even more difficult to understand just why +they think that this maneuver was calculated to save Russia and +destroy the French; for this flank march, had it been preceded, +accompanied, or followed by other circumstances, might have proved +ruinous to the Russians and salutary for the French. If the position +of the Russian army really began to improve from the time of that +march, it does not at all follow that the march was the cause of it. + +That flank march might not only have failed to give any advantage to +the Russian army, but might in other circumstances have led to its +destruction. What would have happened had Moscow not burned down? If +Murat had not lost sight of the Russians? If Napoleon had not remained +inactive? If the Russian army at Krasnaya Pakhra had given battle as +Bennigsen and Barclay advised? What would have happened had the French +attacked the Russians while they were marching beyond the Pakhra? What +would have happened if on approaching Tarutino, Napoleon had +attacked the Russians with but a tenth of the energy he had shown when +he attacked them at Smolensk? What would have happened had the +French moved on Petersburg?... In any of these eventualities the flank +march that brought salvation might have proved disastrous. + +The third and most incomprehensible thing is that people studying +history deliberately avoid seeing that this flank march cannot be +attributed to any one man, that no one ever foresaw it, and that in +reality, like the retreat from Fili, it did not suggest itself to +anyone in its entirety, but resulted--moment by moment, step by +step, event by event--from an endless number of most diverse +circumstances and was only seen in its entirety when it had been +accomplished and belonged to the past. + +At the council at Fili the prevailing thought in the minds of the +Russian commanders was the one naturally suggesting itself, namely, +a direct retreat by the Nizhni road. In proof of this there is the +fact that the majority of the council voted for such a retreat, and +above all there is the well-known conversation after the council, +between the commander in chief and Lanskoy, who was in charge of the +commissariat department. Lanskoy informed the commander in chief +that the army supplies were for the most part stored along the Oka +in the Tula and Ryazan provinces, and that if they retreated on Nizhni +the army would be separated from its supplies by the broad river +Oka, which cannot be crossed early in winter. This was the first +indication of the necessity of deviating from what had previously +seemed the most natural course--a direct retreat on Nizhni-Novgorod. +The army turned more to the south, along the Ryazan road and nearer to +its supplies. Subsequently the inactivity of the French (who even +lost sight of the Russian army), concern for the safety of the arsenal +at Tula, and especially the advantages of drawing nearer to its +supplies caused the army to turn still further south to the Tula road. +Having crossed over, by a forced march, to the Tula road beyond the +Pakhra, the Russian commanders intended to remain at Podolsk and had +no thought of the Tarutino position; but innumerable circumstances and +the reappearance of French troops who had for a time lost touch with +the Russians, and projects of giving battle, and above all the +abundance of provisions in Kaluga province, obliged our army to turn +still more to the south and to cross from the Tula to the Kaluga +road and go to Tarutino, which was between the roads along which those +supplies lay. Just as it is impossible to say when it was decided to +abandon Moscow, so it is impossible to say precisely when, or by whom, +it was decided to move to Tarutino. Only when the army had got +there, as the result of innumerable and varying forces, did people +begin to assure themselves that they had desired this movement and +long ago foreseen its result. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +The famous flank movement merely consisted in this: after the +advance of the French had ceased, the Russian army, which had been +continually retreating straight back from the invaders, deviated +from that direct course and, not finding itself pursued, was naturally +drawn toward the district where supplies were abundant. + +If instead of imagining to ourselves commanders of genius leading +the Russian army, we picture that army without any leaders, it could +not have done anything but make a return movement toward Moscow, +describing an arc in the direction where most provisions were to be +found and where the country was richest. + +That movement from the Nizhni to the Ryazan, Tula, and Kaluga +roads was so natural that even the Russian marauders moved in that +direction, and demands were sent from Petersburg for Kutuzov to take +his army that way. At Tarutino Kutuzov received what was almost a +reprimand from the Emperor for having moved his army along the +Ryazan road, and the Emperor's letter indicated to him the very +position he had already occupied near Kaluga. + +Having rolled like a ball in the direction of the impetus given by +the whole campaign and by the battle of Borodino, the Russian army- +when the strength of that impetus was exhausted and no fresh push +was received--assumed the position natural to it. + +Kutuzov's merit lay, not in any strategic maneuver of genius, as +it is called, but in the fact that he alone understood the +significance of what had happened. He alone then understood the +meaning of the French army's inactivity, he alone continued to +assert that the battle of Borodino had been a victory, he alone--who +as commander in chief might have been expected to be eager to +attack--employed his whole strength to restrain the Russian army +from useless engagements. + +The beast wounded at Borodino was lying where the fleeing hunter had +left him; but whether he was still alive, whether he was strong and +merely lying low, the hunter did not know. Suddenly the beast was +heard to moan. + +The moan of that wounded beast (the French army) which betrayed +its calamitous condition was the sending of Lauriston to Kutuzov's +camp with overtures for peace. + +Napoleon, with his usual assurance that whatever entered his head +was right, wrote to Kutuzov the first words that occurred to him, +though they were meaningless. + + +MONSIEUR LE PRINCE KOUTOUZOV: I am sending one of my +adjutants-general to discuss several interesting questions with you. I +beg your Highness to credit what he says to you, especially when he +expresses the sentiment of esteem and special regard I have long +entertained for your person. This letter having no other object, I +pray God, monsieur le Prince Koutouzov, to keep you in His holy and +gracious protection! + +NAPOLEON + +MOSCOW, OCTOBER 30, 1812 + + +Kutuzov replied: "I should be cursed by posterity were I looked on +as the initiator of a settlement of any sort. Such is the present +spirit of my nation." But he continued to exert all his powers to +restrain his troops from attacking. + +During the month that the French troops were pillaging in Moscow and +the Russian troops were quietly encamped at Tarutino, a change had +taken place in the relative strength of the two armies--both in spirit +and in number--as a result of which the superiority had passed to +the Russian side. Though the condition and numbers of the French +army were unknown to the Russians, as soon as that change occurred the +need of attacking at once showed itself by countless signs. These +signs were: Lauriston's mission; the abundance of provisions at +Tarutino; the reports coming in from all sides of the inactivity and +disorder of the French; the flow of recruits to our regiments; the +fine weather; the long rest the Russian soldiers had enjoyed, and +the impatience to do what they had been assembled for, which usually +shows itself in an army that has been resting; curiosity as to what +the French army, so long lost sight of, was doing; the boldness with +which our outposts now scouted close up to the French stationed at +Tarutino; the news of easy successes gained by peasants and +guerrilla troops over the French, the envy aroused by this; the desire +for revenge that lay in the heart of every Russian as long as the +French were in Moscow, and (above all) a dim consciousness in every +soldier's mind that the relative strength of the armies had changed +and that the advantage was now on our side. There was a substantial +change in the relative strength, and an advance had become inevitable. +And at once, as a clock begins to strike and chime as soon as the +minute hand has completed a full circle, this change was shown by an +increased activity, whirring, and chiming in the higher spheres. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +The Russian army was commanded by Kutuzov and his staff, and also by +the Emperor from Petersburg. Before the news of the abandonment of +Moscow had been received in Petersburg, a detailed plan of the whole +campaign had been drawn up and sent to Kutuzov for his guidance. +Though this plan had been drawn up on the supposition that Moscow +was still in our hands, it was approved by the staff and accepted as a +basis for action. Kutuzov only replied that movements arranged from +a distance were always difficult to execute. So fresh instructions +were sent for the solution of difficulties that might be +encountered, as well as fresh people who were to watch Kutuzov's +actions and report upon them. + +Besides this, the whole staff of the Russian army was now +reorganized. The posts left vacant by Bagration, who had been +killed, and by Barclay, who had gone away in dudgeon, had to be +filled. Very serious consideration was given to the question whether +it would be better to put A in B's place and B in D's, or on the +contrary to put D in A's place, and so on--as if anything more than +A's or B's satisfaction depended on this. + +As a result of the hostility between Kutuzov and Bennigsen, his +Chief of Staff, the presence of confidential representatives of the +Emperor, and these transfers, a more than usually complicated play +of parties was going on among the staff of the army. A was undermining +B, D was undermining C, and so on in all possible combinations and +permutations. In all these plottings the subject of intrigue was +generally the conduct of the war, which all these men believed they +were directing; but this affair of the war went on independently of +them, as it had to go: that is, never in the way people devised, but +flowing always from the essential attitude of the masses. Only in +the highest spheres did all these schemes, crossings, and +interminglings appear to be a true reflection of what had to happen. + + +Prince Michael Ilarionovich! (wrote the Emperor on the second of +October in a letter that reached Kutuzov after the battle at Tarutino) +Since September 2 Moscow has been in the hands of the enemy. Your last +reports were written on the twentieth, and during all this time not +only has no action been taken against the enemy or for the relief of +the ancient capital, but according to your last report you have even +retreated farther. Serpukhov is already occupied by an enemy +detachment and Tula with its famous arsenal so indispensable to the +army, is in danger. From General Wintzingerode's reports, I see that +an enemy corps of ten thousand men is moving on the Petersburg road. +Another corps of several thousand men is moving on Dmitrov. A third +has advanced along the Vladimir road, and a fourth, rather +considerable detachment is stationed between Ruza and Mozhaysk. +Napoleon himself was in Moscow as late as the twenty-fifth. In view of +all this information, when the enemy has scattered his forces in large +detachments, and with Napoleon and his Guards in Moscow, is it +possible that the enemy's forces confronting you are so considerable +as not to allow of your taking the offensive? On the contrary, he is +probably pursuing you with detachments, or at most with an army +corps much weaker than the army entrusted to you. It would seem +that, availing yourself of these circumstances, you might +advantageously attack a weaker one and annihilate him, or at least +oblige him to retreat, retaining in our hands an important part of the +provinces now occupied by the enemy, and thereby averting danger +from Tula and other towns in the interior. You will be responsible +if the enemy is able to direct a force of any size against +Petersburg to threaten this capital in which it has not been +possible to retain many troops; for with the army entrusted to you, +and acting with resolution and energy, you have ample means to avert +this fresh calamity. Remember that you have still to answer to our +offended country for the loss of Moscow. You have experienced my +readiness to reward you. That readiness will not weaken in me, but I +and Russia have a right to expect from you all the zeal, firmness, and +success which your intellect, military talent, and the courage of +the troops you command justify us in expecting. + + +But by the time this letter, which proved that the real relation +of the forces had already made itself felt in Petersburg, was +dispatched, Kutuzov had found himself unable any longer to restrain +the army he commanded from attacking and a battle had taken place. + +On the second of October a Cossack, Shapovalov, who was out +scouting, killed one hare and wounded another. Following the wounded +hare he made his way far into the forest and came upon the left +flank of Murat's army, encamped there without any precautions. The +Cossack laughingly told his comrades how he had almost fallen into the +hands of the French. A cornet, hearing the story, informed his +commander. + +The Cossack was sent for and questioned. The Cossack officers wished +to take advantage of this chance to capture some horses, but one of +the superior officers, who was acquainted with the higher authorities, +reported the incident to a general on the staff. The state of +things on the staff had of late been exceedingly strained. Ermolov had +been to see Bennigsen a few days previously and had entreated him to +use his influence with the commander in chief to induce him to take +the offensive. + +"If I did not know you I should think you did not want what you +are asking for. I need only advise anything and his Highness is sure +to do the opposite," replied Bennigsen. + +The Cossack's report, confirmed by horse patrols who were sent +out, was the final proof that events had matured. The tightly coiled +spring was released, the clock began to whirr and the chimes to +play. Despite all his supposed power, his intellect, his experience, +and his knowledge of men, Kutuzov--having taken into consideration the +Cossack's report, a note from Bennigsen who sent personal reports to +the Emperor, the wishes he supposed the Emperor to hold, and the +fact that all the generals expressed the same wish--could no longer +check the inevitable movement, and gave the order to do what he +regarded as useless and harmful--gave his approval, that is, to the +accomplished fact. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Bennigsen's note and the Cossack's information that the left flank +of the French was unguarded were merely final indications that it +was necessary to order an attack, and it was fixed for the fifth of +October. + +On the morning of the fourth of October Kutuzov signed the +dispositions. Toll read them to Ermolov, asking him to attend to the +further arrangements. + +"All right--all right. I haven't time just now," replied Ermolov, +and left the hut. + +The dispositions drawn up by Toll were very good. As in the +Austerlitz dispositions, it was written--though not in German this +time: + +"The First Column will march here and here," "the Second Column will +march there and there," and so on; and on paper, all these columns +arrived at their places at the appointed time and destroyed the enemy. +Everything had been admirably thought out as is usual in dispositions, +and as is always the case, not a single column reached its place at +the appointed time. + +When the necessary number of copies of the dispositions had been +prepared, an officer was summoned and sent to deliver them to +Ermolov to deal with. A young officer of the Horse Guards, Kutuzov's +orderly, pleased at the importance of the mission entrusted to him, +went to Ermolov's quarters. + +"Gone away," said Ermolov's orderly. + +The officer of the Horse Guards went to a general with whom +Ermolov was often to be found. + +"No, and the general's out too." + +The officer, mounting his horse, rode off to someone else. + +"No, he's gone out." + +"If only they don't make me responsible for this delay! What a +nuisance it is!" thought the officer, and he rode round the whole +camp. One man said he had seen Ermolov ride past with some other +generals, others said he must have returned home. The officer searched +till six o'clock in the evening without even stopping to eat. +Ermolov was nowhere to be found and no one knew where he was. The +officer snatched a little food at a comrade's, and rode again to the +vanguard to find Miloradovich. Miloradovich too was away, but here +he was told that he had gone to a ball at General Kikin's and that +Ermolov was probably there too. + +"But where is it?" + +"Why, there, over at Echkino," said a Cossack officer, pointing to a +country house in the far distance. + +"What, outside our line?" + +"They've put two regiments as outposts, and they're having such a +spree there, it's awful! Two bands and three sets of singers!" + +The officer rode out beyond our lines to Echkino. While still at a +distance he heard as he rode the merry sounds of a soldier's dance +song proceeding from the house. + +"In the meadows... in the meadows!" he heard, accompanied by +whistling and the sound of a torban, drowned every now and then by +shouts. These sounds made his spirits rise, but at the same time he +was afraid that he would be blamed for not having executed sooner +the important order entrusted to him. It was already past eight +o'clock. He dismounted and went up into the porch of a large country +house which had remained intact between the Russian and French forces. +In the refreshment room and the hall, footmen were bustling about with +wine and viands. Groups of singers stood outside the windows. The +officer was admitted and immediately saw all the chief generals of the +army together, and among them Ermolov's big imposing figure. They +all had their coats unbuttoned and were standing in a semicircle +with flushed and animated faces, laughing loudly. In the middle of the +room a short handsome general with a red face was dancing the trepak +with much spirit and agility. + +"Ha, ha, ha! Bravo, Nicholas Ivanych! Ha, ha, ha!" + +The officer felt that by arriving with important orders at such a +moment he was doubly to blame, and he would have preferred to wait; +but one of the generals espied him and, hearing what he had come +about, informed Ermolov. + +Ermolov came forward with a frown on his face and, hearing what +the officer had to say, took the papers from him without a word. + + +"You think he went off just by chance?" said a comrade, who was on +the staff that evening, to the officer of the Horse Guards, +referring to Ermolov. "It was a trick. It was done on purpose to get +Konovnitsyn into trouble. You'll see what a mess there'll be +tomorrow." + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Next day the decrepit Kutuzov, having given orders to be called +early, said his prayers, dressed, and, with an unpleasant +consciousness of having to direct a battle he did not approve of, +got into his caleche and drove from Letashovka (a village three and +a half miles from Tarutino) to the place where the attacking columns +were to meet. He sat in the caleche, dozing and waking up by turns, +and listening for any sound of firing on the right as an indication +that the action had begun. But all was still quiet. A damp dull autumn +morning was just dawning. On approaching Tarutino Kutuzov noticed +cavalrymen leading their horses to water across the road along which +he was driving. Kutuzov looked at them searchingly, stopped his +carriage, and inquired what regiment they belonged to. They belonged +to a column that should have been far in front and in ambush long +before then. "It may be a mistake," thought the old commander in +chief. But a little further on he saw infantry regiments with their +arms piled and the soldiers, only partly dressed, eating their rye +porridge and carrying fuel. He sent for an officer. The officer +reported that no order to advance had been received. + +"How! Not rec..." Kutuzov began, but checked himself immediately and +sent for a senior officer. Getting out of his caleche, he waited +with drooping head and breathing heavily, pacing silently up and down. +When Eykhen, the officer of the general staff whom he had summoned, +appeared, Kutuzov went purple in the face, not because that officer +was to blame for the mistake, but because he was an object of +sufficient importance for him to vent his wrath on. Trembling and +panting the old man fell into that state of fury in which he sometimes +used to roll on the ground, and he fell upon Eykhen, threatening him +with his hands, shouting and loading him with gross abuse. Another +man, Captain Brozin, who happened to turn up and who was not at all to +blame, suffered the same fate. + +"What sort of another blackguard are you? I'll have you shot! +Scoundrels!" yelled Kutuzov in a hoarse voice, waving his arms and +reeling. + +He was suffering physically. He, the commander in chief, a Serene +Highness who everybody said possessed powers such as no man had ever +had in Russia, to be placed in this position--made the laughingstock +of the whole army! "I needn't have been in such a hurry to pray +about today, or have kept awake thinking everything over all night," +thought he to himself. "When I was a chit of an officer no one would +have dared to mock me so... and now!" He was in a state of physical +suffering as if from corporal punishment, and could not avoid +expressing it by cries of anger and distress. But his strength soon +began to fail him, and looking about him, conscious of having said +much that was amiss, he again got into his caleche and drove back in +silence. + +His wrath, once expended, did not return, and blinking feebly he +listened to excuses and self-justifications (Ermolov did not come to +see him till the next day) and to the insistence of Bennigsen, +Konovnitsyn, and Toll that the movement that had miscarried should +be executed next day. And once more Kutuzov had to consent. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Next day the troops assembled in their appointed places in the +evening and advanced during the night. It was an autumn night with +dark purple clouds, but no rain. The ground was damp but not muddy, +and the troops advanced noiselessly, only occasionally a jingling of +the artillery could be faintly heard. The men were forbidden to talk +out loud, to smoke their pipes, or to strike a light, and they tried +to prevent their horses neighing. The secrecy of the undertaking +heightened its charm and they marched gaily. Some columns, +supposing they had reached their destination, halted, piled arms, and +settled down on the cold ground, but the majority marched all night +and arrived at places where they evidently should not have been. + +Only Count Orlov-Denisov with his Cossacks (the least important +detachment of all) got to his appointed place at the right time. +This detachment halted at the outskirts of a forest, on the path +leading from the village of Stromilova to Dmitrovsk. + +Toward dawn, Count Orlov-Denisov, who had dozed off, was awakened by +a deserter from the French army being brought to him. This was a +Polish sergeant of Poniatowski's corps, who explained in Polish that +he had come over because he had been slighted in the service: that +he ought long ago to have been made an officer, that he was braver +than any of them, and so he had left them and wished to pay them +out. He said that Murat was spending the night less than a mile from +where they were, and that if they would let him have a convoy of a +hundred men he would capture him alive. Count Orlov-Denisov +consulted his fellow officers. + +The offer was too tempting to be refused. Everyone volunteered to go +and everybody advised making the attempt. After much disputing and +arguing, Major-General Grekov with two Cossack regiments decided to go +with the Polish sergeant. + +"Now, remember," said Count Orlov-Denisov to the sergeant at +parting, "if you have been lying I'll have you hanged like a dog; +but if it's true you shall have a hundred gold pieces!" + +Without replying, the sergeant, with a resolute air, mounted and +rode away with Grekov whose men had quickly assembled. They +disappeared into the forest, and Count Orlov-Denisov, having seen +Grekov off, returned, shivering from the freshness of the early dawn +and excited by what he had undertaken on his own responsibility, and +began looking at the enemy camp, now just visible in the deceptive +light of dawn and the dying campfires. Our columns ought to have begun +to appear on an open declivity to his right. He looked in that +direction, but though the columns would have been visible quite far +off, they were not to be seen. It seemed to the count that things were +beginning to stir in the French camp, and his keen-sighted adjutant +confirmed this. + +"Oh, it is really too late," said Count Orlov, looking at the camp. + +As often happens when someone we have trusted is no longer before +our eyes, it suddenly seemed quite clear and obvious to him that the +sergeant was an impostor, that he had lied, and that the whole Russian +attack would be ruined by the absence of those two regiments, which he +would lead away heaven only knew where. How could one capture a +commander in chief from among such a mass of troops! + +"I am sure that rascal was lying," said the count. + +"They can still be called back," said one of his suite, who like +Count Orlov felt distrustful of the adventure when he looked at the +enemy's camp. + +"Eh? Really... what do you think? Should we let them go on or not?" + +"Will you have them fetched back?" + +"Fetch them back, fetch them back!" said Count Orlov with sudden +determination, looking at his watch. "It will be too late. It is quite +light." + +And the adjutant galloped through the forest after Grekov. When +Grekov returned, Count Orlov-Denisov, excited both by the abandoned +attempt and by vainly awaiting the infantry columns that still did not +appear, as well as by the proximity of the enemy, resolved to advance. +All his men felt the same excitement. + +"Mount!" he commanded in a whisper. The men took their places and +crossed themselves.... "Forward, with God's aid!" + +"Hurrah-ah-ah!" reverberated in the forest, and the Cossack +companies, trailing their lances and advancing one after another as if +poured out of a sack, dashed gaily across the brook toward the camp. + +One desperate, frightened yell from the first French soldier who saw +the Cossacks, and all who were in the camp, undressed and only just +waking up, ran off in all directions, abandoning cannons, muskets, and +horses. + +Had the Cossacks pursued the French, without heeding what was behind +and around them, they would have captured Murat and everything +there. That was what the officers desired. But it was impossible to +make the Cossacks budge when once they had got booty and prisoners. +None of them listened to orders. Fifteen hundred prisoners and +thirty-eight guns were taken on the spot, besides standards and +(what seemed most important to the Cossacks) horses, saddles, +horsecloths, and the like. All this had to be dealt with, the +prisoners and guns secured, the booty divided--not without some +shouting and even a little themselves--and it was on this that the +Cossacks all busied themselves. + +The French, not being farther pursued, began to recover +themselves: they formed into detachments and began firing. +Orlov-Denisov, still waiting for the other columns to arrive, advanced +no further. + +Meantime, according to the dispositions which said that "the First +Column will march" and so on, the infantry of the belated columns, +commanded by Bennigsen and directed by Toll, had started in due +order and, as always happens, had got somewhere, but not to their +appointed places. As always happens the men, starting cheerfully, +began to halt; murmurs were heard, there was a sense of confusion, and +finally a backward movement. Adjutants and generals galloped about, +shouted, grew angry, quarreled, said they had come quite wrong and +were late, gave vent to a little abuse, and at last gave it all up and +went forward, simply to get somewhere. "We shall get somewhere or +other!" And they did indeed get somewhere, though not to their right +places; a few eventually even got to their right place, but too late +to be of any use and only in time to be fired at. Toll, who in this +battle played the part of Weyrother at Austerlitz, galloped +assiduously from place to place, finding everything upside down +everywhere. Thus he stumbled on Bagovut's corps in a wood when it +was already broad daylight, though the corps should long before have +joined Orlov-Denisov. Excited and vexed by the failure and supposing +that someone must be responsible for it, Toll galloped up to the +commander of the corps and began upbraiding him severely, saying +that he ought to be shot. General Bagovut, a fighting old soldier of +placid temperament, being also upset by all the delay, confusion, +and cross-purposes, fell into a rage to everybody's surprise and quite +contrary to his usual character and said disagreeable things to Toll. + +"I prefer not to take lessons from anyone, but I can die with my men +as well as anybody," he said, and advanced with a single division. + +Coming out onto a field under the enemy's fire, this brave general +went straight ahead, leading his men under fire, without considering +in his agitation whether going into action now, with a single +division, would be of any use or no. Danger, cannon balls, and bullets +were just what he needed in his angry mood. One of the first bullets +killed him, and other bullets killed many of his men. And his division +remained under fire for some time quite uselessly. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Meanwhile another column was to have attacked the French from the +front, but Kutuzov accompanied that column. He well knew that +nothing but confusion would come of this battle undertaken against his +will, and as far as was in his power held the troops back. He did +not advance. + +He rode silently on his small gray horse, indolently answering +suggestions that they should attack. + +"The word attack is always on your tongue, but you don't see that we +are unable to execute complicated maneuvers," said he to +Miloradovich who asked permission to advance. + +"We couldn't take Murat prisoner this morning or get to the place in +time, and nothing can be done now!" he replied to someone else. + +When Kutuzov was informed that at the French rear--where according +to the reports of the Cossacks there had previously been nobody--there +were now two battalions of Poles, he gave a sidelong glance at Ermolov +who was behind him and to whom he had not spoken since the previous +day. + +"You see! They are asking to attack and making plans of all kinds, +but as soon as one gets to business nothing is ready, and the enemy, +forewarned, takes measures accordingly." + +Ermolov screwed up his eyes and smiled faintly on hearing these +words. He understood that for him the storm had blown over, and that +Kutuzov would content himself with that hint. + +"He's having a little fun at my expense," said Ermolov softly, +nudging with his knee Raevski who was at his side. + +Soon after this, Ermolov moved up to Kutuzov and respectfully +remarked: + +"It is not too late yet, your Highness--the enemy has not gone away- +if you were to order an attack! If not, the Guards will not so much as +see a little smoke." + +Kutuzov did not reply, but when they reported to him that Murat's +troops were in retreat he ordered an advance, though at every +hundred paces he halted for three quarters of an hour. + +The whole battle consisted in what Orlov-Denisov's Cossacks had +done: the rest of the army merely lost some hundreds of men uselessly. + +In consequence of this battle Kutuzov received a diamond decoration, +and Bennigsen some diamonds and a hundred thousand rubles, others also +received pleasant recognitions corresponding to their various +grades, and following the battle fresh changes were made in the staff. + +"That's how everything is done with us, all topsy-turvy!" said the +Russian officers and generals after the Tarutino battle, letting it be +understood that some fool there is doing things all wrong but that +we ourselves should not have done so, just as people speak today. +But people who talk like that either do not know what they are talking +about or deliberately deceive themselves. No battle--Tarutino, +Borodino, or Austerlitz--takes place as those who planned it +anticipated. That is an essential condition. + +A countless number of free forces (for nowhere is man freer than +during a battle, where it is a question of life and death) influence +the course taken by the fight, and that course never can be known in +advance and never coincides with the direction of any one force. + +If many simultaneously and variously directed forces act on a +given body, the direction of its motion cannot coincide with any one +of those forces, but will always be a mean--what in mechanics is +represented by the diagonal of a parallelogram of forces. + +If in the descriptions given by historians, especially French +ones, we find their wars and battles carried out in accordance with +previously formed plans, the only conclusion to be drawn is that those +descriptions are false. + +The battle of Tarutino obviously did not attain the aim Toll had +in view--to lead the troops into action in the order prescribed by the +dispositions; nor that which Count Orlov-Denisov may have had in view- +to take Murat prisoner; nor the result of immediately destroying the +whole corps, which Bennigsen and others may have had in view; nor +the aim of the officer who wished to go into action to distinguish +himself; nor that of the Cossack who wanted more booty than he got, +and so on. But if the aim of the battle was what actually resulted and +what all the Russians of that day desired--to drive the French out +of Russia and destroy their army--it is quite clear that the battle of +Tarutino, just because of its incongruities, was exactly what was +wanted at that stage of the campaign. It would be difficult and even +impossible to imagine any result more opportune than the actual +outcome of this battle. With a minimum of effort and insignificant +losses, despite the greatest confusion, the most important results +of the whole campaign were attained: the transition from retreat to +advance, an exposure of the weakness of the French, and the +administration of that shock which Napoleon's army had only awaited to +begin its flight. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +Napoleon enters Moscow after the brilliant victory de la Moskowa; +there can be no doubt about the victory for the battlefield remains in +the hands of the French. The Russians retreat and abandon their +ancient capital. Moscow, abounding in provisions, arms, munitions, and +incalculable wealth, is in Napoleon's hands. The Russian army, only +half the strength of the French, does not make a single attempt to +attack for a whole month. Napoleon's position is most brilliant. He +can either fall on the Russian army with double its strength and +destroy it; negotiate an advantageous peace, or in case of a refusal +make a menacing move on Petersburg, or even, in the case of a reverse, +return to Smolensk or Vilna; or remain in Moscow; in short, no special +genius would seem to be required to retain the brilliant position +the French held at that time. For that, only very simple and easy +steps were necessary: not to allow the troops to loot, to prepare +winter clothing--of which there was sufficient in Moscow for the whole +army--and methodically to collect the provisions, of which +(according to the French historians) there were enough in Moscow to +supply the whole army for six months. Yet Napoleon, that greatest of +all geniuses, who the historians declare had control of the army, took +none of these steps. + +He not merely did nothing of the kind, but on the contrary he used +his power to select the most foolish and ruinous of all the courses +open to him. Of all that Napoleon might have done: wintering in +Moscow, advancing on Petersburg or on Nizhni-Novgorod, or retiring +by a more northerly or more southerly route (say by the road Kutuzov +afterwards took), nothing more stupid or disastrous can be imagined +than what he actually did. He remained in Moscow till October, letting +the troops plunder the city; then, hesitating whether to leave a +garrison behind him, he quitted Moscow, approached Kutuzov without +joining battle, turned to the right and reached Malo-Yaroslavets, +again without attempting to break through and take the road Kutuzov +took, but retiring instead to Mozhaysk along the devastated Smolensk +road. Nothing more stupid than that could have been devised, or more +disastrous for the army, as the sequel showed. Had Napoleon's aim been +to destroy his army, the most skillful strategist could hardly have +devised any series of actions that would so completely have +accomplished that purpose, independently of anything the Russian +army might do. + + +Napoleon, the man of genius, did this! But to say that he +destroyed his army because he wished to, or because he was very +stupid, would be as unjust as to say that he had brought his troops to +Moscow because he wished to and because he was very clever and a +genius. + +In both cases his personal activity, having no more force than the +personal activity of any soldier, merely coincided with the laws +that guided the event. + +The historians quite falsely represent Napoleon's faculties as +having weakened in Moscow, and do so only because the results did +not justify his actions. He employed all his ability and strength to +do the best he could for himself and his army, as he had done +previously and as he did subsequently in 1813. His activity at that +time was no less astounding than it was in Egypt, in Italy, in +Austria, and in Prussia. We do not know for certain in how far his +genius was genuine in Egypt--where forty centuries looked down upon +his grandeur--for his great exploits there are all told us by +Frenchmen. We cannot accurately estimate his genius in Austria or +Prussia, for we have to draw our information from French or German +sources, and the incomprehensible surrender of whole corps without +fighting and of fortresses without a siege must incline Germans to +recognize his genius as the only explanation of the war carried on +in Germany. But we, thank God, have no need to recognize his genius in +order to hide our shame. We have paid for the right to look at the +matter plainly and simply, and we will not abandon that right. + +His activity in Moscow was as amazing and as full of genius as +elsewhere. Order after order order and plan after plan were issued +by him from the time he entered Moscow till the time he left it. The +absence of citizens and of a deputation, and even the burning of +Moscow, did not disconcert him. He did not lose sight either of the +welfare of his army or of the doings of the enemy, or of the welfare +of the people of Russia, or of the direction of affairs in Paris, or +of diplomatic considerations concerning the terms of the anticipated +peace. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +With regard to military matters, Napoleon immediately on his entry +into Moscow gave General Sabastiani strict orders to observe the +movements of the Russian army, sent army corps out along the different +roads, and charged Murat to find Kutuzov. Then he gave careful +directions about the fortification of the Kremlin, and drew up a +brilliant plan for a future campaign over the whole map of Russia. + +With regard to diplomatic questions, Napoleon summoned Captain +Yakovlev, who had been robbed and was in rags and did not know how +to get out of Moscow, minutely explained to him his whole policy and +his magnanimity, and having written a letter to the Emperor +Alexander in which he considered it his duty to inform his Friend +and Brother that Rostopchin had managed affairs badly in Moscow, he +dispatched Yakovlev to Petersburg. + +Having similarly explained his views and his magnanimity to +Tutolmin, he dispatched that old man also to Petersburg to negotiate. + +With regard to legal matters, immediately after the fires he gave +orders to find and execute the incendiaries. And the scoundrel +Rostopchin was punished by an order to burn down his houses. + +With regard to administrative matters, Moscow was granted a +constitution. A municipality was established and the following +announcement issued: + + +INHABITANTS OF MOSCOW! + +Your misfortunes are cruel, but His Majesty the Emperor and King +desires to arrest their course. Terrible examples have taught you +how he punishes disobedience and crime. Strict measures have been +taken to put an end to disorder and to re-establish public security. A +paternal administration, chosen from among yourselves, will form +your municipality or city government. It will take care of you, of +your needs, and of your welfare. Its members will be distinguished +by a red ribbon worn across the shoulder, and the mayor of the city +will wear a white belt as well. But when not on duty they will only +wear a red ribbon round the left arm. + +The city police is established on its former footing, and better +order already prevails in consequence of its activity. The +government has appointed two commissaries general, or chiefs of +police, and twenty commissaries or captains of wards have been +appointed to the different wards of the city. You will recognize +them by the white ribbon they will wear on the left arm. Several +churches of different denominations are open, and divine service is +performed in them unhindered. Your fellow citizens are returning every +day to their homes. and orders have been given that they should find +in them the help and protection due to their misfortunes. These are +the measures the government has adopted to re-establish order and +relieve your condition. But to achieve this aim it is necessary that +you should add your efforts and should, if possible, forget the +misfortunes you have suffered, should entertain the hope of a less +cruel fate, should be certain that inevitable and ignominious death +awaits those who make any attempt on your persons or on what remains +of your property, and finally that you should not doubt that these +will be safeguarded, since such is the will of the greatest and most +just of monarchs. Soldiers and citizens, of whatever nation you may +be, re-establish public confidence, the source of the welfare of a +state, live like brothers, render mutual aid and protection one to +another, unite to defeat the intentions of the evil-minded, obey the +military and civil authorities, and your tears will soon cease to +flow! + + +With regard to supplies for the army, Napoleon decreed that all +the troops in turn should enter Moscow a la maraude* to obtain +provisions for themselves, so that the army might have its future +provided for. + + +*As looters. + + +With regard to religion, Napoleon ordered the priests to be +brought back and services to be again performed in the churches. + +With regard to commerce and to provisioning the army, the +following was placarded everywhere: + + +PROCLAMATION! + +You, peaceful inhabitants of Moscow, artisans and workmen whom +misfortune has driven from the city, and you scattered tillers of +the soil, still kept out in the fields by groundless fear, listen! +Tranquillity is returning to this capital and order is being +restored in it. Your fellow countrymen are emerging boldly from +their hiding places on finding that they are respected. Any violence +to them or to their property is promptly punished. His Majesty the +Emperor and King protects them, and considers no one among you his +enemy except those who disobey his orders. He desires to end your +misfortunes and restore you to your homes and families. Respond, +therefore, to his benevolent intentions and come to us without fear. +Inhabitants, return with confidence to your abodes! You will soon find +means of satisfying your needs. Craftsmen and industrious artisans, +return to your work, your houses, your shops, where the protection +of guards awaits you! You shall receive proper pay for your work. +And lastly you too, peasants, come from the forests where you are +hiding in terror, return to your huts without fear, in full +assurance that you will find protection! Markets are established in +the city where peasants can bring their surplus supplies and the +products of the soil. The government has taken the following steps +to ensure freedom of sale for them: (1) From today, peasants, +husbandmen, and those living in the neighborhood of Moscow may without +any danger bring their supplies of all kinds to two appointed markets, +of which one is on the Mokhovaya Street and the other at the Provision +Market. (2) Such supplies will be bought from them at such prices as +seller and buyer may agree on, and if a seller is unable to obtain a +fair price he will be free to take his goods back to his village and +no one may hinder him under any pretense. (3) Sunday and Wednesday +of each week are appointed as the chief market days and to that end +a sufficient number of troops will be stationed along the highroads on +Tuesdays and Saturdays at such distances from the town as to protect +the carts. (4) Similar measures will be taken that peasants with their +carts and horses may meet with no hindrance on their return journey. +(5) Steps will immediately be taken to re-establish ordinary trading. + +Inhabitants of the city and villages, and you, workingmen and +artisans, to whatever nation you belong, you are called on to carry +out the paternal intentions of His Majesty the Emperor and King and to +co-operate with him for the public welfare! Lay your respect and +confidence at his feet and do not delay to unite with us! + + +With the object of raising the spirits of the troops and of the +people, reviews were constantly held and rewards distributed. The +Emperor rode through the streets to comfort the inhabitants, and, +despite his preoccupation with state affairs, himself visited the +theaters that were established by his order. + +In regard to philanthropy, the greatest virtue of crowned heads, +Napoleon also did all in his power. He caused the words Maison de ma +Mere to be inscribed on the charitable institutions, thereby combining +tender filial affection with the majestic benevolence of a monarch. He +visited the Foundling Hospital and, allowing the orphans saved by +him to kiss his white hands, graciously conversed with Tutolmin. Then, +as Thiers eloquently recounts, he ordered his soldiers to be paid in +forged Russian money which he had prepared: "Raising the use of +these means by an act worthy of himself and of the French army, he let +relief be distributed to those who had been burned out. But as food +was too precious to be given to foreigners, who were for the most part +enemies, Napoleon preferred to supply them with money with which to +purchase food from outside, and had paper rubles distributed to them." + +With reference to army discipline, orders were continually being +issued to inflict severe punishment for the nonperformance of military +duties and to suppress robbery. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +But strange to say, all these measures, efforts, and plans--which +were not at all worse than others issued in similar circumstances--did +not affect the essence of the matter but, like the hands of a clock +detached from the mechanism, swung about in an arbitrary and aimless +way without engaging the cogwheels. + +With reference to the military side--the plan of campaign--that work +of genius of which Thiers remarks that, "His genius never devised +anything more profound, more skillful, or more admirable," and +enters into a polemic with M. Fain to prove that this work of genius +must be referred not to the fourth but to the fifteenth of October- +that plan never was or could be executed, for it was quite out of +touch with the facts of the case. The fortifying of the Kremlin, for +which la Mosquee (as Napoleon termed the church of Basil the +Beatified) was to have been razed to the ground, proved quite useless. +The mining of the Kremlin only helped toward fulfilling Napoleon's +wish that it should be blown up when he left Moscow--as a child +wants the floor on which he has hurt himself to be beaten. The pursuit +of the Russian army, about which Napoleon was so concerned, produced +an unheard-of result. The French generals lost touch with the +Russian army of sixty thousand men, and according to Thiers it was +only eventually found, like a lost pin, by the skill--and apparently +the genius--of Murat. + +With reference to diplomacy, all Napoleon's arguments as to his +magnanimity and justice, both to Tutolmin and to Yakovlev (whose chief +concern was to obtain a greatcoat and a conveyance), proved useless; +Alexander did not receive these envoys and did not reply to their +embassage. + +With regard to legal matters, after the execution of the supposed +incendiaries the rest of Moscow burned down. + +With regard to administrative matters, the establishment of a +municipality did not stop the robberies and was only of use to certain +people who formed part of that municipality and under pretext of +preserving order looted Moscow or saved their own property from +being looted. + +With regard to religion, as to which in Egypt matters had so +easily been settled by Napoleon's visit to a mosque, no results were +achieved. Two or three priests who were found in Moscow did try to +carry out Napoleon's wish, but one of them was slapped in the face +by a French soldier while conducting service, and a French official +reported of another that: "The priest whom I found and invited to +say Mass cleaned and locked up the church. That night the doors were +again broken open, the padlocks smashed, the books mutilated, and +other disorders perpetrated." + +With reference to commerce, the proclamation to industrious +workmen and to peasants evoked no response. There were no +industrious workmen, and the peasants caught the commissaries who +ventured too far out of town with the proclamation and killed them. + +As to the theaters for the entertainment of the people and the +troops, these did not meet with success either. The theaters set up in +the Kremlin and in Posnyakov's house were closed again at once because +the actors and actresses were robbed. + +Even philanthropy did not have the desired effect. The genuine as +well as the false paper money which flooded Moscow lost its value. The +French, collecting booty, cared only for gold. Not only was the +paper money valueless which Napoleon so graciously distributed to +the unfortunate, but even silver lost its value in relation to gold. + +But the most amazing example of the ineffectiveness of the orders +given by the authorities at that time was Napoleon's attempt to stop +the looting and re-establish discipline. + +This is what the army authorities were reporting: + +"Looting continues in the city despite the decrees against it. Order +is not yet restored and not a single merchant is carrying on trade +in a lawful manner. The sutlers alone venture to trade, and they +sell stolen goods." + +"The neighborhood of my ward continues to be pillaged by soldiers of +the 3rd Corps who, not satisfied with taking from the unfortunate +inhabitants hiding in the cellars the little they have left, even have +the ferocity to wound them with their sabers, as I have repeatedly +witnessed." + +"Nothing new, except that the soldiers are robbing and pillaging- +October 9." + +"Robbery and pillaging continue. There is a band of thieves in our +district who ought to be arrested by a strong force--October 11." + +"The Emperor is extremely displeased that despite the strict +orders to stop pillage, parties of marauding Guards are continually +seen returning to the Kremlin. Among the Old Guard disorder and +pillage were renewed more violently than ever yesterday evening, +last night, and today. The Emperor sees with regret that the picked +soldiers appointed to guard his person, who should set an example of +discipline, carry disobedience to such a point that they break into +the cellars and stores containing army supplies. Others have disgraced +themselves to the extent of disobeying sentinels and officers, and +have abused and beaten them." + +"The Grand Marshal of the palace," wrote the governor, "complains +bitterly that in spite of repeated orders, the soldiers continue to +commit nuisances in all the courtyards and even under the very windows +of the Emperor." + +That army, like a herd of cattle run wild and trampling underfoot +the provender which might have saved it from starvation, disintegrated +and perished with each additional day it remained in Moscow. But it +did not go away. + +It began to run away only when suddenly seized by a panic caused +by the capture of transport trains on the Smolensk road, and by the +battle of Tarutino. The news of that battle of Tarutino, +unexpectedly received by Napoleon at a review, evoked in him a +desire to punish the Russians (Thiers says), and he issued the order +for departure which the whole army was demanding. + +Fleeing from Moscow the soldiers took with them everything they +had stolen. Napoleon, too, carried away his own personal tresor, but +on seeing the baggage trains that impeded the army, he was (Thiers +says) horror-struck. And yet with his experience of war he did not +order all the superfluous vehicles to be burned, as he had done with +those of a certain marshal when approaching Moscow. He gazed at the +caleches and carriages in which soldiers were riding and remarked that +it was a very good thing, as those vehicles could be used to carry +provisions, the sick, and the wounded. + +The plight of the whole army resembled that of a wounded animal +which feels it is perishing and does not know what it is doing. To +study the skillful tactics and aims of Napoleon and his army from +the time it entered Moscow till it was destroyed is like studying +the dying leaps and shudders of a mortally wounded animal. Very +often a wounded animal, hearing a rustle, rushes straight at the +hunter's gun, runs forward and back again, and hastens its own end. +Napoleon, under pressure from his whole army, did the same thing. +The rustle of the battle of Tarutino frightened the beast, and it +rushed forward onto the hunter's gun, reached him, turned back, and +finally--like any wild beast--ran back along the most +disadvantageous and dangerous path, where the old scent was familiar. + +During the whole of that period Napoleon, who seems to us to have +been the leader of all these movements--as the figurehead of a ship +may seem to a savage to guide the vessel--acted like a child who, +holding a couple of strings inside a carriage, thinks he is driving +it. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Early in the morning of the sixth of October Pierre went out of +the shed, and on returning stopped by the door to play with a little +blue-gray dog, with a long body and short bandy legs, that jumped +about him. This little dog lived in their shed, sleeping beside +Karataev at night; it sometimes made excursions into the town but +always returned again. Probably it had never had an owner, and it +still belonged to nobody and had no name. The French called it Azor; +the soldier who told stories called it Femgalka; Karataev and others +called it Gray, or sometimes Flabby. Its lack of a master, a name, +or even of a breed or any definite color did not seem to trouble the +blue-gray dog in the least. Its furry tail stood up firm and round +as a plume, its bandy legs served it so well that it would often +gracefully lift a hind leg and run very easily and quickly on three +legs, as if disdaining to use all four. Everything pleased it. Now +it would roll on its back, yelping with delight, now bask in the sun +with a thoughtful air of importance, and now frolic about playing with +a chip of wood or a straw. + +Pierre's attire by now consisted of a dirty torn shirt (the only +remnant of his former clothing), a pair of soldier's trousers which by +Karataev's advice he tied with string round the ankles for warmth, and +a peasant coat and cap. Physically he had changed much during this +time. He no longer seemed stout, though he still had the appearance of +solidity and strength hereditary in his family. A beard and mustache +covered the lower part of his face, and a tangle of hair, infested +with lice, curled round his head like a cap. The look of his eyes +was resolute, calm, and animatedly alert, as never before. The +former slackness which had shown itself even in his eyes was now +replaced by an energetic readiness for action and resistance. His feet +were bare. + +Pierre first looked down the field across which vehicles and +horsemen were passing that morning, then into the distance across +the river, then at the dog who was pretending to be in earnest about +biting him, and then at his bare feet which he placed with pleasure in +various positions, moving his dirty thick big toes. Every time he +looked at his bare feet a smile of animated self-satisfaction +flitted across his face. The sight of them reminded him of all he +had experienced and learned during these weeks and this recollection +was pleasant to him. + +For some days the weather had been calm and clear with slight frosts +in the mornings--what is called an "old wives' summer." + +In the sunshine the air was warm, and that warmth was particularly +pleasant with the invigorating freshness of the morning frost still in +the air. + +On everything--far and near--lay the magic crystal glitter seen only +at that time autumn. The Sparrow Hills were visible in the distance, +with the village, the church, and the large white house. The bare +trees, the sand, the bricks and roofs of the houses, the green +church spire, and the corners of the white house in the distance, +all stood out in the transparent air in most delicate outline and with +unnatural clearness. Near by could be seen the familiar ruins of a +half-burned mansion occupied by the French, with lilac bushes still +showing dark green beside the fence. And even that ruined and befouled +house--which in dull weather was repulsively ugly--seemed quietly +beautiful now, in the clear, motionless brilliance. + +A French corporal, with coat unbuttoned in a homely way, a +skullcap on his head, and a short pipe in his mouth, came from +behind a corner of the shed and approached Pierre with a friendly +wink. + +"What sunshine, Monsieur Kiril!" (Their name for Pierre.) "Eh? +Just like spring!" + +And the corporal leaned against the door and offered Pierre his +pipe, though whenever he offered it Pierre always declined it. + +"To be on the march in such weather..." he began. + +Pierre inquired what was being said about leaving, and the +corporal told him that nearly all the troops were starting and there +ought to be an order about the prisoners that day. Sokolov, one of the +soldiers in the shed with Pierre, was dying, and Pierre told the +corporal that something should be done about him. The corporal replied +that Pierre need not worry about that as they had an ambulance and a +permanent hospital and arrangements would be made for the sick, and +that in general everything that could happen had been foreseen by +the authorities. + +"Besides, Monsieur Kiril, you have only to say a word to the +captain, you know. He is a man who never forgets anything. Speak to +the captain when he makes his round, he will do anything for you." + +(The captain of whom the corporal spoke often had long chats with +Pierre and showed him all sorts of favors.) + +"'You see, St. Thomas,' he said to me the other day. 'Monsieur Kiril +is a man of education, who speaks French. He is a Russian seigneur who +has had misfortunes, but he is a man. He knows what's what.... If he +wants anything and asks me, he won't get a refusal. When one has +studied, you see, one likes education and well-bred people.' It is for +your sake I mention it, Monsieur Kiril. The other day if it had not +been for you that affair would have ended ill." + +And after chatting a while longer, the corporal went away. (The +affair he had alluded to had happened a few days before--a fight +between the prisoners and the French soldiers, in which Pierre had +succeeded in pacifying his comrades.) Some of the prisoners who had +heard Pierre talking to the corporal immediately asked what the +Frenchman had said. While Pierre was repeating what he had been told +about the army leaving Moscow, a thin, sallow, tattered French soldier +came up to the door of the shed. Rapidly and timidly raising his +fingers to his forehead by way of greeting, he asked Pierre whether +the soldier Platoche to whom he had given a shirt to sew was in that +shed. + +A week before the French had had boot leather and linen issued to +them, which they had given out to the prisoners to make up into +boots and shirts for them. + +"Ready, ready, dear fellow!" said Karataev, coming out with a neatly +folded shirt. + +Karataev, on account of the warm weather and for convenience at +work, was wearing only trousers and a tattered shirt as black as soot. +His hair was bound round, workman fashion, with a wisp of lime-tree +bast, and his round face seemed rounder and pleasanter than ever. + +"A promise is own brother to performance! I said Friday and here +it is, ready," said Platon, smiling and unfolding the shirt he had +sewn. + +The Frenchman glanced around uneasily and then, as if overcoming his +hesitation, rapidly threw off his uniform and put on the shirt. He had +a long, greasy, flowered silk waistcoat next to his sallow, thin +bare body, but no shirt. He was evidently afraid the prisoners looking +on would laugh at him, and thrust his head into the shirt hurriedly. +None of the prisoners said a word. + +"See, it fits well!" Platon kept repeating, pulling the shirt +straight. + +The Frenchman, having pushed his head and hands through, without +raising his eyes, looked down at the shirt and examined the seams. + +"You see, dear man, this is not a sewing shop, and I had no proper +tools; and, as they say, one needs a tool even to kill a louse," +said Platon with one of his round smiles, obviously pleased with his +work. + +"It's good, quite good, thank you," said the Frenchman, in French, +"but there must be some linen left over. + +"It will fit better still when it sets to your body," said Karataev, +still admiring his handiwork. "You'll be nice and comfortable...." + +"Thanks, thanks, old fellow.... But the bits left over?" said the +Frenchman again and smiled. He took out an assignation ruble note +and gave it to Karataev. "But give me the pieces that are over." + +Pierre saw that Platon did not want to understand what the Frenchman +was saying, and he looked on without interfering. Karataev thanked the +Frenchman for the money and went on admiring his own work. The +Frenchman insisted on having the pieces returned that were left over +and asked Pierre to translate what he said. + +"What does he want the bits for?" said Karataev. "They'd make fine +leg bands for us. Well, never mind." + +And Karataev, with a suddenly changed and saddened expression, +took a small bundle of scraps from inside his shirt and gave it to the +Frenchman without looking at him. "Oh dear!" muttered Karataev and +went away. The Frenchman looked at the linen, considered for a moment, +then looked inquiringly at Pierre and, as if Pierre's look had told +him something, suddenly blushed and shouted in a squeaky voice: + +"Platoche! Eh, Platoche! Keep them yourself!" And handing back the +odd bits he turned and went out. + +"There, look at that," said Karataev, swaying his head. "People said +they were not Christians, but they too have souls. It's what the old +folk used to say: 'A sweating hand's an open hand, a dry hand's +close.' He's naked, but yet he's given it back." + +Karataev smiled thoughtfully and was silent awhile looking at the +pieces. + +"But they'll make grand leg bands, dear friend," he said, and went +back into the shed. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +Four weeks had passed since Pierre had been taken prisoner and +though the French had offered to move him from the men's to the +officers' shed, he had stayed in the shed where he was first put. + +In burned and devastated Moscow Pierre experienced almost the +extreme limits of privation a man can endure; but thanks to his +physical strength and health, of which he had till then been +unconscious, and thanks especially to the fact that the privations +came so gradually that it was impossible to say when they began, he +endured his position not only lightly but joyfully. And just at this +time he obtained the tranquillity and ease of mind he had formerly +striven in vain to reach. He had long sought in different ways that +tranquillity of mind, that inner harmony which had so impressed him in +the soldiers at the battle of Borodino. He had sought it in +philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the dissipations of town life, in +wine, in heroic feats of self-sacrifice, and in romantic love for +Natasha; he had sought it by reasoning--and all these quests and +experiments had failed him. And now without thinking about it he had +found that peace and inner harmony only through the horror of death, +through privation, and through what he recognized in Karataev. + +Those dreadful moments he had lived through at the executions had as +it were forever washed away from his imagination and memory the +agitating thoughts and feelings that had formerly seemed so important. +It did not now occur to him to think of Russia, or the war, or +politics, or Napoleon. It was plain to him that all these things +were no business of his, and that he was not called on to judge +concerning them and therefore could not do so. "Russia and summer +weather are not bound together," he thought, repeating words of +Karataev's which he found strangely consoling. His intention of +killing Napoleon and his calculations of the cabalistic number of +the beast of the Apocalypse now seemed to him meaningless and even +ridiculous. His anger with his wife and anxiety that his name should +not be smirched now seemed not merely trivial but even amusing. What +concern was it of his that somewhere or other that woman was leading +the life she preferred? What did it matter to anybody, and +especially to him, whether or not they found out that their prisoner's +name was Count Bezukhov? + +He now often remembered his conversation with Prince Andrew and +quite agreed with him, though he understood Prince Andrew's thoughts +somewhat differently. Prince Andrew had thought and said that +happiness could only be negative, but had said it with a shade of +bitterness and irony as though he was really saying that all desire +for positive happiness is implanted in us merely to torment us and +never be satisfied. But Pierre believed it without any mental +reservation. The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of one's needs +and consequent freedom in the choice of one's occupation, that is, +of one's way of life, now seemed to Pierre to be indubitably man's +highest happiness. Here and now for the first time he fully +appreciated the enjoyment of eating when he wanted to eat, drinking +when he wanted to drink, sleeping when he wanted to sleep, of warmth +when he was cold, of talking to a fellow man when he wished to talk +and to hear a human voice. The satisfaction of one's needs--good food, +cleanliness, and freedom--now that he was deprived of all this, seemed +to Pierre to constitute perfect happiness; and the choice of +occupation, that is, of his way of life--now that that was so +restricted--seemed to him such an easy matter that he forgot that a +superfluity of the comforts of life destroys all joy in satisfying +one's needs, while great freedom in the choice of occupation--such +freedom as his wealth, his education, and his social position had +given him in his own life--is just what makes the choice of occupation +insolubly difficult and destroys the desire and possibility of +having an occupation. + +All Pierre's daydreams now turned on the time when he would be free. +Yet subsequently, and for the rest of his life, he thought and spoke +with enthusiasm of that month of captivity, of those irrecoverable, +strong, joyful sensations, and chiefly of the complete peace of mind +and inner freedom which he experienced only during those weeks. + +When on the first day he got up early, went out of the shed at dawn, +and saw the cupolas and crosses of the New Convent of the Virgin still +dark at first, the hoarfrost on the dusty grass, the Sparrow Hills, +and the wooded banks above the winding river vanishing in the purple +distance, when he felt the contact of the fresh air and heard the +noise of the crows flying from Moscow across the field, and when +afterwards light gleamed from the east and the sun's rim appeared +solemnly from behind a cloud, and the cupolas and crosses, the +hoarfrost, the distance and the river, all began to sparkle in the +glad light--Pierre felt a new joy and strength in life such as he +had never before known. And this not only stayed with him during the +whole of his imprisonment, but even grew in strength as the +hardships of his position increased. + +That feeling of alertness and of readiness for anything was still +further strengthened in him by the high opinion his fellow prisoners +formed of him soon after his arrival at the shed. With his knowledge +of languages, the respect shown him by the French, his simplicity, his +readiness to give anything asked of him (he received the allowance +of three rubles a week made to officers); with his strength, which +he showed to the soldiers by pressing nails into the walls of the hut; +his gentleness to his companions, and his capacity for sitting still +and thinking without doing anything (which seemed to them +incomprehensible), he appeared to them a rather mysterious and +superior being. The very qualities that had been a hindrance, if not +actually harmful, to him in the world he had lived in--his strength, +his disdain for the comforts of life, his absent-mindedness and +simplicity--here among these people gave him almost the status of a +hero. And Pierre felt that their opinion placed responsibilities +upon him. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +The French evacuation began on the night between the sixth and +seventh of October: kitchens and sheds were dismantled, carts +loaded, and troops and baggage trains started. + +At seven in the morning a French convoy in marching trim, wearing +shakos and carrying muskets, knapsacks, and enormous sacks, stood in +front of the sheds, and animated French talk mingled with curses +sounded all along the lines. + +In the shed everyone was ready, dressed, belted, shod, and only +awaited the order to start. The sick soldier, Sokolov, pale and thin +with dark shadows round his eyes, alone sat in his place barefoot +and not dressed. His eyes, prominent from the emaciation of his +face, gazed inquiringly at his comrades who were paying no attention +to him, and he moaned regularly and quietly. It was evidently not so +much his sufferings that caused him to moan (he had dysentery) as +his fear and grief at being left alone. + +Pierre, girt with a rope round his waist and wearing shoes +Karataev had made for him from some leather a French soldier had +torn off a tea chest and brought to have his boots mended with, went +up to the sick man and squatted down beside him. + +"You know, Sokolov, they are not all going away! They have a +hospital here. You may be better off than we others," said Pierre. + +"O Lord! Oh, it will be the death of me! O Lord!" moaned the man +in a louder voice. + +"I'll go and ask them again directly," said Pierre, rising and going +to the door of the shed. + +Just as Pierre reached the door, the corporal who had offered him +a pipe the day before came up to it with two soldiers. The corporal +and soldiers were in marching kit with knapsacks and shakos that had +metal straps, and these changed their familiar faces. + +The corporal came, according to orders, to shut the door. The +prisoners had to be counted before being let out. + +"Corporal, what will they do with the sick man?..." Pierre began. + +But even as he spoke he began to doubt whether this was the corporal +he knew or a stranger, so unlike himself did the corporal seem at that +moment. Moreover, just as Pierre was speaking a sharp rattle of +drums was suddenly heard from both sides. The corporal frowned at +Pierre's words and, uttering some meaningless oaths, slammed the door. +The shed became semidark, and the sharp rattle of the drums on two +sides drowned the sick man's groans. + +"There it is!... It again!..." said Pierre to himself, and an +involuntary shudder ran down his spine. In the corporal's changed +face, in the sound of his voice, in the stirring and deafening noise +of the drums, he recognized that mysterious, callous force which +compelled people against their will to kill their fellow men--that +force the effect of which he had witnessed during the executions. To +fear or to try to escape that force, to address entreaties or +exhortations to those who served as its tools, was useless. Pierre +knew this now. One had to wait and endure. He did not again go to +the sick man, nor turn to look at him, but stood frowning by the +door of the hut. + +When that door was opened and the prisoners, crowding against one +another like a flock of sheep, squeezed into the exit, Pierre pushed +his way forward and approached that very captain who as the corporal +had assured him was ready to do anything for him. The captain was also +in marching kit, and on his cold face appeared that same it which +Pierre had recognized in the corporal's words and in the roll of the +drums. + +"Pass on, pass on!" the captain reiterated, frowning sternly, and +looking at the prisoners who thronged past him. + +Pierre went up to him, though he knew his attempt would be vain. + +"What now?" the officer asked with a cold look as if not recognizing +Pierre. + +Pierre told him about the sick man. + +"He'll manage to walk, devil take him!" said the captain. "Pass +on, pass on!" he continued without looking at Pierre. + +"But he is dying," Pierre again began. + +"Be so good..." shouted the captain, frowning angrily. + +"Dram-da-da-dam, dam-dam..." rattled the drums, and Pierre +understood that this mysterious force completely controlled these +men and that it was now useless to say any more. + +The officer prisoners were separated from the soldiers and told to +march in front. There were about thirty officers, with Pierre among +them, and about three hundred men. + +The officers, who had come from the other sheds, were all +strangers to Pierre and much better dressed than he. They looked at +him and at his shoes mistrustfully, as at an alien. Not far from him +walked a fat major with a sallow, bloated, angry face, who was wearing +a Kazan dressing grown tied round with a towel, and who evidently +enjoyed the respect of his fellow prisoners. He kept one hand, in +which he clasped his tobacco pouch, inside the bosom of his dressing +gown and held the stem of his pipe firmly with the other. Panting +and puffing, the major grumbled and growled at everybody because he +thought he was being pushed and that they were all hurrying when +they had nowhere to hurry to and were all surprised at something +when there was nothing to be surprised at. Another, a thin little +officer, was speaking to everyone, conjecturing where they were now +being taken and how far they would get that day. An official in felt +boots and wearing a commissariat uniform ran round from side to side +and gazed at the ruins of Moscow, loudly announcing his observations +as to what had been burned down and what this or that part of the city +was that they could see. A third officer, who by his accent was a +Pole, disputed with the commissariat officer, arguing that he was +mistaken in his identification of the different wards of Moscow. + +"What are you disputing about?" said the major angrily. "What does +it matter whether it is St. Nicholas or St. Blasius? You see it's +burned down, and there's an end of it.... What are you pushing for? +Isn't the road wide enough?" said he, turning to a man behind him +who was not pushing him at all. + +"Oh, oh, oh! What have they done?" the prisoners on one side and +another were heard saying as they gazed on the charred ruins. "All +beyond the river, and Zubova, and in the Kremlin.... Just look! +There's not half of it left. Yes, I told you--the whole quarter beyond +the river, and so it is." + +"Well, you know it's burned, so what's the use of talking?" said the +major. + +As they passed near a church in the Khamovniki (one of the few +unburned quarters of Moscow) the whole mass of prisoners suddenly +started to one side and exclamations of horror and disgust were heard. + +"Ah, the villains! What heathens! Yes; dead, dead, so he is... And +smeared with something!" + +Pierre too drew near the church where the thing was that evoked +these exclamations, and dimly made out something leaning against the +palings surrounding the church. From the words of his comrades who saw +better than he did, he found that this was the body of a man, set +upright against the palings with its face smeared with soot. + +"Go on! What the devil... Go on! Thirty thousand devils!..." the +convoy guards began cursing and the French soldiers, with fresh +virulence, drove away with their swords the crowd of prisoners who +were gazing at the dead man. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +Through the cross streets of the Khamovniki quarter the prisoners +marched, followed only by their escort and the vehicles and wagons +belonging to that escort, but when they reached the supply stores they +came among a huge and closely packed train of artillery mingled with +private vehicles. + +At the bridge they all halted, waiting for those in front to get +across. From the bridge they had a view of endless lines of moving +baggage trains before and behind them. To the right, where the +Kaluga road turns near Neskuchny, endless rows of troops and carts +stretched away into the distance. These were troops of Beauharnais' +corps which had started before any of the others. Behind, along the +riverside and across the Stone Bridge, were Ney's troops and +transport. + +Davout's troops, in whose charge were the prisoners, were crossing +the Crimean bridge and some were already debouching into the Kaluga +road. But the baggage trains stretched out so that the last of +Beauharnais' train had not yet got out of Moscow and reached the +Kaluga road when the vanguard of Ney's army was already emerging +from the Great Ordynka Street. + +When they had crossed the Crimean bridge the prisoners moved a few +steps forward, halted, and again moved on, and from all sides vehicles +and men crowded closer and closer together. They advanced the few +hundred paces that separated the bridge from the Kaluga road, taking +more than an hour to do so, and came out upon the square where the +streets of the Transmoskva ward and the Kaluga road converge, and +the prisoners jammed close together had to stand for some hours at +that crossway. From all sides, like the roar of the sea, were heard +the rattle of wheels, the tramp of feet, and incessant shouts of anger +and abuse. Pierre stood pressed against the wall of a charred house, +listening to that noise which mingled in his imagination with the roll +of the drums. + +To get a better view, several officer prisoners climbed onto the +wall of the half-burned house against which Pierre was leaning. + +"What crowds! Just look at the crowds!... They've loaded goods +even on the cannon! Look there, those are furs!" they exclaimed. "Just +see what the blackguards have looted.... There! See what that one +has behind in the cart.... Why, those are settings taken from some +icons, by heaven!... Oh, the rascals!... See how that fellow has +loaded himself up, he can hardly walk! Good lord, they've even grabbed +those chaises!... See that fellow there sitting on the trunks.... +Heavens! They're fighting." + +"That's right, hit him on the snout--on his snout! Like this, we +shan't get away before evening. Look, look there.... Why, that must be +Napoleon's own. See what horses! And the monograms with a crown! +It's like a portable house.... That fellow's dropped his sack and +doesn't see it. Fighting again... A woman with a baby, and not +bad-looking either! Yes, I dare say, that's the way they'll let you +pass... Just look, there's no end to it. Russian wenches, by heaven, +so they are! In carriages--see how comfortably they've settled +themselves!" + +Again, as at the church in Khamovniki, a wave of general curiosity +bore all the prisoners forward onto the road, and Pierre, thanks to +his stature, saw over the heads of the others what so attracted +their curiosity. In three carriages involved among the munition carts, +closely squeezed together, sat women with rouged faces, dressed in +glaring colors, who were shouting something in shrill voices. + +From the moment Pierre had recognized the appearance of the +mysterious force nothing had seemed to him strange or dreadful: +neither the corpse smeared with soot for fun nor these women +hurrying away nor the burned ruins of Moscow. All that he now +witnessed scarcely made an impression on him--as if his soul, making +ready for a hard struggle, refused to receive impressions that might +weaken it. + +The women's vehicles drove by. Behind them came more carts, +soldiers, wagons, soldiers, gun carriages, carriages, soldiers, +ammunition carts, more soldiers, and now and then women. + +Pierre did not see the people as individuals but saw their movement. + +All these people and horses seemed driven forward by some +invisible power. During the hour Pierre watched them they all came +flowing from the different streets with one and the same desire to get +on quickly; they all jostled one another, began to grow angry and to +fight, white teeth gleamed, brows frowned, ever the same words of +abuse flew from side to side, and all the faces bore the same +swaggeringly resolute and coldly cruel expression that had struck +Pierre that morning on the corporal's face when the drums were +beating. + +It was not till nearly evening that the officer commanding the +escort collected his men and with shouts and quarrels forced his way +in among the baggage trains, and the prisoners, hemmed in on all +sides, emerged onto the Kaluga road. + +They marched very quickly, without resting, and halted only when the +sun began to set. The baggage carts drew up close together and the men +began to prepare for their night's rest. They all appeared angry and +dissatisfied. For a long time, oaths, angry shouts, and fighting could +be heard from all sides. A carriage that followed the escort ran +into one of the carts and knocked a hole in it with its pole. +Several soldiers ran toward the cart from different sides: some beat +the carriage horses on their heads, turning them aside, others +fought among themselves, and Pierre saw that one German was badly +wounded on the head by a sword. + +It seemed that all these men, now that they had stopped amid +fields in the chill dusk of the autumn evening, experienced one and +the same feeling of unpleasant awakening from the hurry and +eagerness to push on that had seized them at the start. Once at a +standstill they all seemed to understand that they did not yet know +where they were going, and that much that was painful and difficult +awaited them on this journey. + +During this halt the escort treated the prisoners even worse than +they had done at the start. It was here that the prisoners for the +first time received horseflesh for their meat ration. + +From the officer down to the lowest soldier they showed what +seemed like personal spite against each of the prisoners, in +unexpected contrast to their former friendly relations. + +This spite increased still more when, on calling over the roll of +prisoners, it was found that in the bustle of leaving Moscow one +Russian soldier, who had pretended to suffer from colic, had +escaped. Pierre saw a Frenchman beat a Russian soldier cruelly for +straying too far from the road, and heard his friend the captain +reprimand and threaten to court-martial a noncommissioned officer on +account of the escape of the Russian. To the noncommissioned officer's +excuse that the prisoner was ill and could not walk, the officer +replied that the order was to shoot those who lagged behind. Pierre +felt that that fatal force which had crushed him during the +executions, but which he had not felt during his imprisonment, now +again controlled his existence. It was terrible, but he felt that in +proportion to the efforts of that fatal force to crush him, there grew +and strengthened in his soul a power of life independent of it. + +He ate his supper of buckwheat soup with horseflesh and chatted with +his comrades. + +Neither Pierre nor any of the others spoke of what they had seen +in Moscow, or of the roughness of their treatment by the French, or of +the order to shoot them which had been announced to them. As if in +reaction against the worsening of their position they were all +particularly animated and gay. They spoke of personal reminiscences, +of amusing scenes they had witnessed during the campaign, and +avoided all talk of their present situation. + +The sun had set long since. Bright stars shone out here and there in +the sky. A red glow as of a conflagration spread above the horizon +from the rising full moon, and that vast red ball swayed strangely +in the gray haze. It grew light. The evening was ending, but the night +had not yet come. Pierre got up and left his new companions, +crossing between the campfires to the other side of the road where +he had been told the common soldier prisoners were stationed. He +wanted to talk to them. On the road he was stopped by a French +sentinel who ordered him back. + +Pierre turned back, not to his companions by the campfire, but to an +unharnessed cart where there was nobody. Tucking his legs under him +and dropping his head he sat down on the cold ground by the wheel of +the cart and remained motionless a long while sunk in thought. +Suddenly he burst out into a fit of his broad, good-natured +laughter, so loud that men from various sides turned with surprise +to see what this strange and evidently solitary laughter could mean. + +"Ha-ha-ha!" laughed Pierre. And he said aloud to himself: "The +soldier did not let me pass. They took me and shut me up. They hold me +captive. What, me? Me? My immortal soul? Ha-ha-ha! Ha-ha-ha!..." and +he laughed till tears started to his eyes. + +A man got up and came to see what this queer big fellow was laughing +at all by himself. Pierre stopped laughing, got up, went farther +away from the inquisitive man, and looked around him. + +The huge, endless bivouac that had previously resounded with the +crackling of campfires and the voices of many men had grown quiet, the +red campfires were growing paler and dying down. High up in the +light sky hung the full moon. Forests and fields beyond the camp, +unseen before, were now visible in the distance. And farther still, +beyond those forests and fields, the bright, oscillating, limitless +distance lured one to itself. Pierre glanced up at the sky and the +twinkling stars in its faraway depths. "And all that is me, all that +is within me, and it is all I!" thought Pierre. "And they caught all +that and put it into a shed boarded up with planks!" He smiled, and +went and lay down to sleep beside his companions. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +In the early days of October another envoy came to Kutuzov with a +letter from Napoleon proposing peace and falsely dated from Moscow, +though Napoleon was already not far from Kutuzov on the old Kaluga +road. Kutuzov replied to this letter as he had done to the one +formerly brought by Lauriston, saying that there could be no +question of peace. + +Soon after that a report was received from Dorokhov's guerrilla +detachment operating to the left of Tarutino that troops of +Broussier's division had been seen at Forminsk and that being +separated from the rest of the French army they might easily be +destroyed. The soldiers and officers again demanded action. Generals +on the staff, excited by the memory of the easy victory at Tarutino, +urged Kutuzov to carry out Dorokhov's suggestion. Kutuzov did not +consider any offensive necessary. The result was a compromise which +was inevitable: a small detachment was sent to Forminsk to attack +Broussier. + +By a strange coincidence, this task, which turned out to be a most +difficult and important one, was entrusted to Dokhturov--that same +modest little Dokhturov whom no one had described to us as drawing +up plans of battles, dashing about in front of regiments, showering +crosses on batteries, and so on, and who was thought to be and was +spoken of as undecided and undiscerning--but whom we find commanding +wherever the position was most difficult all through the +Russo-French wars from Austerlitz to the year 1813. At Austerlitz he +remained last at the Augezd dam, rallying the regiments, saving what +was possible when all were flying and perishing and not a single +general was left in the rear guard. Ill with fever he went to Smolensk +with twenty thousand men to defend the town against Napoleon's whole +army. In Smolensk, at the Malakhov Gate, he had hardly dozed off in +a paroxysm of fever before he was awakened by the bombardment of the +town--and Smolensk held out all day long. At the battle of Borodino, +when Bagration was killed and nine tenths of the men of our left flank +had fallen and the full force of the French artillery fire was +directed against it, the man sent there was this same irresolute and +undiscerning Dokhturov--Kutuzov hastening to rectify a mistake he +had made by sending someone else there first. And the quiet little +Dokhturov rode thither, and Borodino became the greatest glory of +the Russian army. Many heroes have been described to us in verse and +prose, but of Dokhturov scarcely a word has been said. + +It was Dokhturov again whom they sent to Forminsk and from there +to Malo-Yaroslavets, the place where the last battle with the French +was fought and where the obvious disintegration of the French army +began; and we are told of many geniuses and heroes of that period of +the campaign, but of Dokhturov nothing or very little is said and that +dubiously. And this silence about Dokhturov is the clearest +testimony to his merit. + +It is natural for a man who does not understand the workings of a +machine to imagine that a shaving that has fallen into it by chance +and is interfering with its action and tossing about in it is its most +important part. The man who does not understand the construction of +the machine cannot conceive that the small connecting cogwheel which +revolves quietly is one of the most essential parts of the machine, +and not the shaving which merely harms and hinders the working. + +On the tenth of October when Dokhturov had gone halfway to +Forminsk and stopped at the village of Aristovo, preparing +faithfully to execute the orders he had received, the whole French +army having, in its convulsive movement, reached Murat's position +apparently in order to give battle--suddenly without any reason turned +off to the left onto the new Kaluga road and began to enter +Forminsk, where only Broussier had been till then. At that time +Dokhturov had under his command, besides Dorokhov's detachment, the +two small guerrilla detachments of Figner and Seslavin. + +On the evening of October 11 Seslavin came to the Aristovo +headquarters with a French guardsman he had captured. The prisoner +said that the troops that had entered Forminsk that day were the +vanguard of the whole army, that Napoleon was there and the whole army +had left Moscow four days previously. That same evening a house serf +who had come from Borovsk said he had seen an immense army entering +the town. Some Cossacks of Dokhturov's detachment reported having +sighted the French Guards marching along the road to Borovsk. From all +these reports it was evident that where they had expected to meet a +single division there was now the whole French army marching from +Moscow in an unexpected direction--along the Kaluga road. Dokhturov +was unwilling to undertake any action, as it was not clear to him +now what he ought to do. He had been ordered to attack Forminsk. But +only Broussier had been there at that time and now the whole French +army was there. Ermolov wished to act on his own judgment, but +Dokhturov insisted that he must have Kutuzov's instructions. So it was +decided to send a dispatch to the staff. + +For this purpose a capable officer, Bolkhovitinov, was chosen, who +was to explain the whole affair by word of mouth, besides delivering a +written report. Toward midnight Bolkhovitinov, having received the +dispatch and verbal instructions, galloped off to the General Staff +accompanied by a Cossack with spare horses. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +It was a warm, dark, autumn night. It had been raining for four +days. Having changed horses twice and galloped twenty miles in an hour +and a half over a sticky, muddy road, Bolkhovitinov reached Litashevka +after one o'clock at night. Dismounting at a cottage on whose wattle +fence hung a signboard, GENERAL STAFF, and throwing down his reins, he +entered a dark passage. + +"The general on duty, quick! It's very important!" said he to +someone who had risen and was sniffing in the dark passage. + +"He has been very unwell since the evening and this is the third +night he has not slept," said the orderly pleadingly in a whisper. +"You should wake the captain first." + +"But this is very important, from General Dokhturov," said +Bolkhovitinov, entering the open door which he had found by feeling in +the dark. + +The orderly had gone in before him and began waking somebody. + +"Your honor, your honor! A courier." + +"What? What's that? From whom?" came a sleepy voice. + +"From Dokhturov and from Alexey Petrovich. Napoleon is at Forminsk," +said Bolkhovitinov, unable to see in the dark who was speaking but +guessing by the voice that it was not Konovnitsyn. + +The man who had wakened yawned and stretched himself. + +"I don't like waking him," he said, fumbling for something. "He is +very ill. Perhaps this is only a rumor." + +"Here is the dispatch," said Bolkhovitinov. "My orders are to give +it at once to the general on duty." + +"Wait a moment, I'll light a candle. You damned rascal, where do you +always hide it?" said the voice of the man who was stretching himself, +to the orderly. (This was Shcherbinin, Konovnitsyn's adjutant.) +"I've found it, I've found it!" he added. + +The orderly was striking a light and Shcherbinin was fumbling for +something on the candlestick. + +"Oh, the nasty beasts!" said he with disgust. + +By the light of the sparks Bolkhovitinov saw Shcherbinin's +youthful face as he held the candle, and the face of another man who +was still asleep. This was Konovnitsyn. + +When the flame of the sulphur splinters kindled by the tinder burned +up, first blue and then red, Shcherbinin lit the tallow candle, from +the candlestick of which the cockroaches that had been gnawing it were +running away, and looked at the messenger. Bolkhovitinov was +bespattered all over with mud and had smeared his face by wiping it +with his sleeve. + +"Who gave the report?" inquired Shcherbinin, taking the envelope. + +"The news is reliable," said Bolkhovitinov. "Prisoners, Cossacks, +and the scouts all say the same thing." + +"There's nothing to be done, we'll have to wake him," said +Shcherbinin, rising and going up to the man in the nightcap who lay +covered by a greatcoat. "Peter Petrovich!" said he. (Konovnitsyn did +not stir.) "To the General Staff!" he said with a smile, knowing +that those words would be sure to arouse him. + +And in fact the head in the nightcap was lifted at once. On +Konovnitsyn's handsome, resolute face with cheeks flushed by fever, +there still remained for an instant a faraway dreamy expression remote +from present affairs, but then he suddenly started and his face +assumed its habitual calm and firm appearance. + +"Well, what is it? From whom?" he asked immediately but without +hurry, blinking at the light. + +While listening to the officer's report Konovnitsyn broke the seal +and read the dispatch. Hardly had he done so before he lowered his +legs in their woolen stockings to the earthen floor and began +putting on his boots. Then he took off his nightcap, combed his hair +over his temples, and donned his cap. + +"Did you get here quickly? Let us go to his Highness." + +Konovnitsyn had understood at once that the news brought was of +great importance and that no time must be lost. He did not consider or +ask himself whether the news was good or bad. That did not interest +him. He regarded the whole business of the war not with his +intelligence or his reason but by something else. There was within him +a deep unexpressed conviction that all would be well, but that one +must not trust to this and still less speak about it, but must only +attend to one's own work. And he did his work, giving his whole +strength to the task. + +Peter Petrovich Konovnitsyn, like Dokhturov, seems to have been +included merely for propriety's sake in the list of the so-called +heroes of 1812--the Barclays, Raevskis, Ermolovs, Platovs, and +Miloradoviches. Like Dokhturov he had the reputation of being a man of +very limited capacity and information, and like Dokhturov he never +made plans of battle but was always found where the situation was most +difficult. Since his appointment as general on duty he had always +slept with his door open, giving orders that every messenger should be +allowed to wake him up. In battle he was always under fire, so that +Kutuzov reproved him for it and feared to send him to the front, and +like Dokhturov he was one of those unnoticed cogwheels that, without +clatter or noise, constitute the most essential part of the machine. + +Coming out of the hut into the damp, dark night Konovnitsyn frowned- +partly from an increased pain in his head and partly at the unpleasant +thought that occurred to him, of how all that nest of influential +men on the staff would be stirred up by this news, especially +Bennigsen, who ever since Tarutino had been at daggers drawn with +Kutuzov; and how they would make suggestions, quarrel, issue orders, +and rescind them. And this premonition was disagreeable to him +though he knew it could not be helped. + +And in fact Toll, to whom he went to communicate the news, +immediately began to expound his plans to a general sharing his +quarters, until Konovnitsyn, who listened in weary silence, reminded +him that they must go to see his Highness. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Kutuzov like all old people did not sleep much at night. He often +fell asleep unexpectedly in the daytime, but at night, lying on his +bed without undressing, he generally remained awake thinking. + +So he lay now on his bed, supporting his large, heavy, scarred +head on his plump hand, with his one eye open, meditating and +peering into the darkness. + +Since Bennigsen, who corresponded with the Emperor and had more +influence than anyone else on the staff, had begun to avoid him, +Kutuzov was more at ease as to the possibility of himself and his +troops being obliged to take part in useless aggressive movements. The +lesson of the Tarutino battle and of the day before it, which +Kutuzov remembered with pain, must, he thought, have some effect on +others too. + +"They must understand that we can only lose by taking the offensive. +Patience and time are my warriors, my champions," thought Kutuzov. +He knew that an apple should not be plucked while it is green. It will +fall of itself when ripe, but if picked unripe the apple is spoiled, +the tree is harmed, and your teeth are set on edge. Like an +experienced sportsman he knew that the beast was wounded, and +wounded as only the whole strength of Russia could have wounded it, +but whether it was mortally wounded or not was still an undecided +question. Now by the fact of Lauriston and Barthelemi having been +sent, and by the reports of the guerrillas, Kutuzov was almost sure +that the wound was mortal. But he needed further proofs and it was +necessary to wait. + +"They want to run to see how they have wounded it. Wait and we shall +see! Continual maneuvers, continual advances!" thought he. "What +for? Only to distinguish themselves! As if fighting were fun. They are +like children from whom one can't get any sensible account of what has +happened because they all want to show how well they can fight. But +that's not what is needed now. + +"And what ingenious maneuvers they all propose to me! It seems to +them that when they have thought of two or three contingencies" (he +remembered the general plan sent him from Petersburg) "they have +foreseen everything. But the contingencies are endless." + +The undecided question as to whether the wound inflicted at Borodino +was mortal or not had hung over Kutuzov's head for a whole month. On +the one hand the French had occupied Moscow. On the other Kutuzov felt +assured with all his being that the terrible blow into which he and +all the Russians had put their whole strength must have been mortal. +But in any case proofs were needed; he had waited a whole month for +them and grew more impatient the longer he waited. Lying on his bed +during those sleepless nights he did just what he reproached those +younger generals for doing. He imagined all sorts of possible +contingencies, just like the younger men, but with this difference, +that he saw thousands of contingencies instead of two or three and +based nothing on them. The longer he thought the more contingencies +presented themselves. He imagined all sorts of movements of the +Napoleonic army as a whole or in sections--against Petersburg, or +against him, or to outflank him. He thought too of the possibility +(which he feared most of all) that Napoleon might fight him with his +own weapon and remain in Moscow awaiting him. Kutuzov even imagined +that Napoleon's army might turn back through Medyn and Yukhnov, but +the one thing he could not foresee was what happened--the insane, +convulsive stampede of Napoleon's army during its first eleven days +after leaving Moscow: a stampede which made possible what Kutuzov +had not yet even dared to think of--the complete extermination of +the French. Dorokhov's report about Broussier's division, the +guerrillas' reports of distress in Napoleon's army, rumors of +preparations for leaving Moscow, all confirmed the supposition that +the French army was beaten and preparing for flight. But these were +only suppositions, which seemed important to the younger men but not +to Kutuzov. With his sixty years' experience he knew what value to +attach to rumors, knew how apt people who desire anything are to group +all news so that it appears to confirm what they desire, and he knew +how readily in such cases they omit all that makes for the contrary. +And the more he desired it the less he allowed himself to believe +it. This question absorbed all his mental powers. All else was to +him only life's customary routine. To such customary routine +belonged his conversations with the staff, the letters he wrote from +Tarutino to Madame de Stael, the reading of novels, the distribution +of awards, his correspondence with Petersburg, and so on. But the +destruction of the French, which he alone foresaw, was his heart's one +desire. + +On the night of the eleventh of October he lay leaning on his arm +and thinking of that. + +There was a stir in the next room and he heard the steps of Toll, +Konovnitsyn, and Bolkhovitinov. + +"Eh, who's there? Come in, come in! What news?" the field marshal +called out to them. + +While a footman was lighting a candle, Toll communicated the +substance of the news. + +"Who brought it?" asked Kutuzov with a look which, when the candle +was lit, struck Toll by its cold severity. + +"There can be no doubt about it, your Highness." + +"Call him in, call him here." + +Kutuzov sat up with one leg hanging down from the bed and his big +paunch resting against the other which was doubled under him. He +screwed up his seeing eye to scrutinize the messenger more +carefully, as if wishing to read in his face what preoccupied his +own mind. + +"Tell me, tell me, friend," said he to Bolkhovitinov in his low, +aged voice, as he pulled together the shirt which gaped open on his +chest, "come nearer--nearer. What news have you brought me? Eh? That +Napoleon has left Moscow? Are you sure? Eh?" + +Bolkhovitinov gave a detailed account from the beginning of all he +had been told to report. + +"Speak quicker, quicker! Don't torture me!" Kutuzov interrupted him. + +Bolkhovitinov told him everything and was then silent, awaiting +instructions. Toll was beginning to say something but Kutuzov +checked him. He tried to say something, but his face suddenly puckered +and wrinkled; he waved his arm at Toll and turned to the opposite side +of the room, to the corner darkened by the icons that hung there. + +"O Lord, my Creator, Thou has heard our prayer..." said he in a +tremulous voice with folded hands. "Russia is saved. I thank Thee, O +Lord!" and he wept. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +From the time he received this news to the end of the campaign all +Kutuzov's activity was directed toward restraining his troops, by +authority, by guile, and by entreaty, from useless attacks, maneuvers, +or encounters with the perishing enemy. Dokhturov went to +Malo-Yaroslavets, but Kutuzov lingered with the main army and gave +orders for the evacuation of Kaluga--a retreat beyond which town +seemed to him quite possible. + +Everywhere Kutuzov retreated, but the enemy without waiting for +his retreat fled in the opposite direction. + +Napoleon's historians describe to us his skilled maneuvers at +Tarutino and Malo-Yaroslavets, and make conjectures as to what would +have happened had Napoleon been in time to penetrate into the rich +southern provinces. + +But not to speak of the fact that nothing prevented him from +advancing into those southern provinces (for the Russian army did +not bar his way), the historians forget that nothing could have +saved his army, for then already it bore within itself the germs of +inevitable ruin. How could that army--which had found abundant +supplies in Moscow and had trampled them underfoot instead of +keeping them, and on arriving at Smolensk had looted provisions +instead of storing them--how could that army recuperate in Kaluga +province, which was inhabited by Russians such as those who lived in +Moscow, and where fire had the same property of consuming what was set +ablaze? + +That army could not recover anywhere. Since the battle of Borodino +and the pillage of Moscow it had borne within itself, as it were, +the chemical elements of dissolution. + +The members of what had once been an army--Napoleon himself and +all his soldiers fled--without knowing whither, each concerned only to +make his escape as quickly as possible from this position, of the +hopelessness of which they were all more or less vaguely conscious. + +So it came about that at the council at Malo-Yaroslavets, when the +generals pretending to confer together expressed various opinions, all +mouths were closed by the opinion uttered by the simple-minded soldier +Mouton who, speaking last, said what they all felt: that the one thing +needful was to get away as quickly as possible; and no one, not even +Napoleon, could say anything against that truth which they all +recognized. + +But though they all realized that it was necessary to get away, +there still remained a feeling of shame at admitting that they must +flee. An external shock was needed to overcome that shame, and this +shock came in due time. It was what the French called "le hourra de +l'Empereur." + +The day after the council at Malo-Yaroslavets Napoleon rode out +early in the morning amid the lines of his army with his suite of +marshals and an escort, on the pretext of inspecting the army and +the scene of the previous and of the impending battle. Some Cossacks +on the prowl for booty fell in with the Emperor and very nearly +captured him. If the Cossacks did not capture Napoleon then, what +saved him was the very thing that was destroying the French army, +the booty on which the Cossacks fell. Here as at Tarutino they went +after plunder, leaving the men. Disregarding Napoleon they rushed +after the plunder and Napoleon managed to escape. + +When les enfants du Don might so easily have taken the Emperor +himself in the midst of his army, it was clear that there was +nothing for it but to fly as fast as possible along the nearest, +familiar road. Napoleon with his forty-year-old stomach understood +that hint, not feeling his former agility and boldness, and under +the influence of the fright the Cossacks had given him he at once +agreed with Mouton and issued orders--as the historians tell us--to +retreat by the Smolensk road. + +That Napoleon agreed with Mouton, and that the army retreated, +does not prove that Napoleon caused it to retreat, but that the forces +which influenced the whole army and directed it along the Mozhaysk +(that is, the Smolensk) road acted simultaneously on him also. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +A man in motion always devises an aim for that motion. To be able to +go a thousand miles he must imagine that something good awaits him +at the end of those thousand miles. One must have the prospect of a +promised land to have the strength to move. + +The promised land for the French during their advance had been +Moscow, during their retreat it was their native land. But that native +land was too far off, and for a man going a thousand miles it is +absolutely necessary to set aside his final goal and to say to +himself: "Today I shall get to a place twenty-five miles off where I +shall rest and spend the night," and during the first day's journey +that resting place eclipses his ultimate goal and attracts all his +hopes and desires. And the impulses felt by a single person are always +magnified in a crowd. + +For the French retreating along the old Smolensk road, the final +goal--their native land--was too remote, and their immediate goal +was Smolensk, toward which all their desires and hopes, enormously +intensified in the mass, urged them on. It was not that they knew that +much food and fresh troops awaited them in Smolensk, nor that they +were told so (on the contrary their superior officers, and Napoleon +himself, knew that provisions were scarce there), but because this +alone could give them strength to move on and endure their present +privations. So both those who knew and those who did not know deceived +themselves, and pushed on to Smolensk as to a promised land. + +Coming out onto the highroad the French fled with surprising +energy and unheard-of rapidity toward the goal they had fixed on. +Besides the common impulse which bound the whole crowd of French +into one mass and supplied them with a certain energy, there was +another cause binding them together--their great numbers. As with +the physical law of gravity, their enormous mass drew the individual +human atoms to itself. In their hundreds of thousands they moved +like a whole nation. + +Each of them desired nothing more than to give himself up as a +prisoner to escape from all this horror and misery; but on the one +hand the force of this common attraction to Smolensk, their goal, drew +each of them in the same direction; on the other hand an army corps +could not surrender to a company, and though the French availed +themselves of every convenient opportunity to detach themselves and to +surrender on the slightest decent pretext, such pretexts did not +always occur. Their very numbers and their crowded and swift +movement deprived them of that possibility and rendered it not only +difficult but impossible for the Russians to stop this movement, to +which the French were directing all their energies. Beyond a certain +limit no mechanical disruption of the body could hasten the process of +decomposition. + +A lump of snow cannot be melted instantaneously. There is a +certain limit of time in less than which no amount of heat can melt +the snow. On the contrary the greater the heat the more solidified the +remaining snow becomes. + +Of the Russian commanders Kutuzov alone understood this. When the +flight of the French army along the Smolensk road became well defined, +what Konovnitsyn had foreseen on the night of the eleventh of +October began to occur. The superior officers all wanted to +distinguish themselves, to cut off, to seize, to capture, and to +overthrow the French, and all clamored for action. + +Kutuzov alone used all his power (and such power is very limited +in the case of any commander in chief) to prevent an attack. + +He could not tell them what we say now: "Why fight, why block the +road, losing our own men and inhumanly slaughtering unfortunate +wretches? What is the use of that, when a third of their army has +melted away on the road from Moscow to Vyazma without any battle?" But +drawing from his aged wisdom what they could understand, he told +them of the golden bridge, and they laughed at and slandered him, +flinging themselves on, rending and exulting over the dying beast. + +Ermolov, Miloradovich, Platov, and others in proximity to the French +near Vyazma could not resist their desire to cut off and break up +two French corps, and by way of reporting their intention to Kutuzov +they sent him a blank sheet of paper in an envelope. + +And try as Kutuzov might to restrain the troops, our men attacked, +trying to bar the road. Infantry regiments, we are told, advanced to +the attack with music and with drums beating, and killed and lost +thousands of men. + +But they did not cut off or overthrow anybody and the French army, +closing up more firmly at the danger, continued, while steadily +melting away, to pursue its fatal path to Smolensk. + + + + + + +BOOK FOURTEEN: 1812 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +The Battle of Borodino, with the occupation of Moscow that +followed it and the flight of the French without further conflicts, is +one of the most instructive phenomena in history. + +All historians agree that the external activity of states and +nations in their conflicts with one another is expressed in wars, +and that as a direct result of greater or less success in war the +political strength of states and nations increases or decreases. + +Strange as may be the historical account of how some king or +emperor, having quarreled with another, collects an army, fights his +enemy's army, gains a victory by killing three, five, or ten +thousand men, and subjugates a kingdom and an entire nation of several +millions, all the facts of history (as far as we know it) confirm +the truth of the statement that the greater or lesser success of one +army against another is the cause, or at least an essential +indication, of an increase or decrease in the strength of the +nation--even though it is unintelligible why the defeat of an army- +a hundredth part of a nation--should oblige that whole nation to +submit. An army gains a victory, and at once the rights of the +conquering nation have increased to the detriment of the defeated. +An army has suffered defeat, and at once a people loses its rights +in proportion to the severity of the reverse, and if its army +suffers a complete defeat the nation is quite subjugated. + +So according to history it has been found from the most ancient +times, and so it is to our own day. All Napoleon's wars serve to +confirm this rule. In proportion to the defeat of the Austrian army +Austria loses its rights, and the rights and the strength of France +increase. The victories of the French at Jena and Auerstadt destroy +the independent existence of Prussia. + +But then, in 1812, the French gain a victory near Moscow. Moscow +is taken and after that, with no further battles, it is not Russia +that ceases to exist, but the French army of six hundred thousand, and +then Napoleonic France itself. To strain the facts to fit the rules of +history: to say that the field of battle at Borodino remained in the +hands of the Russians, or that after Moscow there were other battles +that destroyed Napoleon's army, is impossible. + +After the French victory at Borodino there was no general engagement +nor any that were at all serious, yet the French army ceased to exist. +What does this mean? If it were an example taken from the history of +China, we might say that it was not an historic phenomenon (which is +the historians' usual expedient when anything does not fit their +standards); if the matter concerned some brief conflict in which +only a small number of troops took part, we might treat it as an +exception; but this event occurred before our fathers' eyes, and for +them it was a question of the life or death of their fatherland, and +it happened in the greatest of all known wars. + +The period of the campaign of 1812 from the battle of Borodino to +the expulsion of the French proved that the winning of a battle does +not produce a conquest and is not even an invariable indication of +conquest; it proved that the force which decides the fate of peoples +lies not in the conquerors, nor even in armies and battles, but in +something else. + +The French historians, describing the condition of the French army +before it left Moscow, affirm that all was in order in the Grand Army, +except the cavalry, the artillery, and the transport--there was no +forage for the horses or the cattle. That was a misfortune no one +could remedy, for the peasants of the district burned their hay rather +than let the French have it. + +The victory gained did not bring the usual results because the +peasants Karp and Vlas (who after the French had evacuated Moscow +drove in their carts to pillage the town, and in general personally +failed to manifest any heroic feelings), and the whole innumerable +multitude of such peasants, did not bring their hay to Moscow for +the high price offered them, but burned it instead. + +Let us imagine two men who have come out to fight a duel with +rapiers according to all the rules of the art of fencing. The +fencing has gone on for some time; suddenly one of the combatants, +feeling himself wounded and understanding that the matter is no joke +but concerns his life, throws down his rapier, and seizing the first +cudgel that comes to hand begins to brandish it. Then let us imagine +that the combatant who so sensibly employed the best and simplest +means to attain his end was at the same time influenced by +traditions of chivalry and, desiring to conceal the facts of the case, +insisted that he had gained his victory with the rapier according to +all the rules of art. One can imagine what confusion and obscurity +would result from such an account of the duel. + +The fencer who demanded a contest according to the rules of +fencing was the French army; his opponent who threw away the rapier +and snatched up the cudgel was the Russian people; those who try to +explain the matter according to the rules of fencing are the +historians who have described the event. + +After the burning of Smolensk a war began which did not follow any +previous traditions of war. The burning of towns and villages, the +retreats after battles, the blow dealt at Borodino and the renewed +retreat, the burning of Moscow, the capture of marauders, the +seizure of transports, and the guerrilla war were all departures +from the rules. + +Napoleon felt this, and from the time he took up the correct fencing +attitude in Moscow and instead of his opponent's rapier saw a cudgel +raised above his head, he did not cease to complain to Kutuzov and +to the Emperor Alexander that the war was being carried on contrary to +all the rules--as if there were any rules for killing people. In spite +of the complaints of the French as to the nonobservance of the +rules, in spite of the fact that to some highly placed Russians it +seemed rather disgraceful to fight with a cudgel and they wanted to +assume a pose en quarte or en tierce according to all the rules, and +to make an adroit thrust en prime, and so on--the cudgel of the +people's war was lifted with all its menacing and majestic strength, +and without consulting anyone's tastes or rules and regardless of +anything else, it rose and fell with stupid simplicity, but +consistently, and belabored the French till the whole invasion had +perished. + +And it is well for a people who do not--as the French did in 1813- +salute according to all the rules of art, and, presenting the hilt +of their rapier gracefully and politely, hand it to their +magnanimous conqueror, but at the moment of trial, without asking what +rules others have adopted in similar cases, simply and easily pick +up the first cudgel that comes to hand and strike with it till the +feeling of resentment and revenge in their soul yields to a feeling of +contempt and compassion. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +One of the most obvious and advantageous departures from the +so-called laws of war is the action of scattered groups against men +pressed together in a mass. Such action always occurs in wars that +take on a national character. In such actions, instead of two crowds +opposing each other, the men disperse, attack singly, run away when +attacked by stronger forces, but again attack when opportunity offers. +This was done by the guerrillas in Spain, by the mountain tribes in +the Caucasus, and by the Russians in 1812. + +People have called this kind of war "guerrilla warfare" and assume +that by so calling it they have explained its meaning. But such a +war does not fit in under any rule and is directly opposed to a +well-known rule of tactics which is accepted as infallible. That +rule says that an attacker should concentrate his forces in order to +be stronger than his opponent at the moment of conflict. + +Guerrilla war (always successful, as history shows) directly +infringes that rule. + +This contradiction arises from the fact that military science +assumes the strength of an army to be identical with its numbers. +Military science says that the more troops the greater the strength. +Les gros bataillons ont toujours raison.* + + +*Large battalions are always victorious. + + +For military science to say this is like defining momentum in +mechanics by reference to the mass only: stating that momenta are +equal or unequal to each other simply because the masses involved +are equal or unequal. + +Momentum (quantity of motion) is the product of mass and velocity. + +In military affairs the strength of an army is the product of its +mass and some unknown x. + +Military science, seeing in history innumerable instances of the +fact that the size of any army does not coincide with its strength and +that small detachments defeat larger ones, obscurely admits the +existence of this unknown factor and tries to discover it--now in a +geometric formation, now in the equipment employed, now, and most +usually, in the genius of the commanders. But the assignment of +these various meanings to the factor does not yield results which +accord with the historic facts. + +Yet it is only necessary to abandon the false view (adopted to +gratify the "heroes") of the efficacy of the directions issued in +wartime by commanders, in order to find this unknown quantity. + +That unknown quantity is the spirit of the army, that is to say, the +greater or lesser readiness to fight and face danger felt by all the +men composing an army, quite independently of whether they are, or are +not, fighting under the command of a genius, in two--or three-line +formation, with cudgels or with rifles that repeat thirty times a +minute. Men who want to fight will always put themselves in the most +advantageous conditions for fighting. + +The spirit of an army is the factor which multiplied by the mass +gives the resulting force. To define and express the significance of +this unknown factor--the spirit of an army--is a problem for science. + +This problem is only solvable if we cease arbitrarily to +substitute for the unknown x itself the conditions under which that +force becomes apparent--such as the commands of the general, the +equipment employed, and so on--mistaking these for the real +significance of the factor, and if we recognize this unknown +quantity in its entirety as being the greater or lesser desire to +fight and to face danger. Only then, expressing known historic facts +by equations and comparing the relative significance of this factor, +can we hope to define the unknown. + +Ten men, battalions, or divisions, fighting fifteen men, battalions, +or divisions, conquer--that is, kill or take captive--all the +others, while themselves losing four, so that on the one side four and +on the other fifteen were lost. Consequently the four were equal to +the fifteen, and therefore 4x = 15y. Consequently x/y = 15/4. This +equation does not give us the value of the unknown factor but gives us +a ratio between two unknowns. And by bringing variously selected +historic units (battles, campaigns, periods of war) into such +equations, a series of numbers could be obtained in which certain laws +should exist and might be discovered. + +The tactical rule that an army should act in masses when +attacking, and in smaller groups in retreat, unconsciously confirms +the truth that the strength of an army depends on its spirit. To +lead men forward under fire more discipline (obtainable only by +movement in masses) is needed than is needed to resist attacks. But +this rule which leaves out of account the spirit of the army +continually proves incorrect and is in particularly striking +contrast to the facts when some strong rise or fall in the spirit of +the troops occurs, as in all national wars. + +The French, retreating in 1812--though according to tactics they +should have separated into detachments to defend themselves- +congregated into a mass because the spirit of the army had so fallen +that only the mass held the army together. The Russians, on the +contrary, ought according to tactics to have attacked in mass, but +in fact they split up into small units, because their spirit had so +risen that separate individuals, without orders, dealt blows at the +French without needing any compulsion to induce them to expose +themselves to hardships and dangers. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +The so-called partisan war began with the entry of the French into +Smolensk. + +Before partisan warfare had been officially recognized by the +government, thousands of enemy stragglers, marauders, and foragers had +been destroyed by the Cossacks and the peasants, who killed them off +as instinctively as dogs worry a stray mad dog to death. Denis +Davydov, with his Russian instinct, was the first to recognize the +value of this terrible cudgel which regardless of the rules of +military science destroyed the French, and to him belongs the credit +for taking the first step toward regularizing this method of warfare. + +On August 24 Davydov's first partisan detachment was formed and then +others were recognized. The further the campaign progressed the more +numerous these detachments became. + +The irregulars destroyed the great army piecemeal. They gathered the +fallen leaves that dropped of themselves from that withered tree- +the French army--and sometimes shook that tree itself. By October, +when the French were fleeing toward Smolensk, there were hundreds of +such companies, of various sizes and characters. There were some +that adopted all the army methods and had infantry, artillery, staffs, +and the comforts of life. Others consisted solely of Cossack +cavalry. There were also small scratch groups of foot and horse, and +groups of peasants and landowners that remained unknown. A sacristan +commanded one party which captured several hundred prisoners in the +course of a month; and there was Vasilisa, the wife of a village +elder, who slew hundreds of the French. + +The partisan warfare flamed up most fiercely in the latter days of +October. Its first period had passed: when the partisans themselves, +amazed at their own boldness, feared every minute to be surrounded and +captured by the French, and hid in the forests without unsaddling, +hardly daring to dismount and always expecting to be pursued. By the +end of October this kind of warfare had taken definite shape: it had +become clear to all what could be ventured against the French and what +could not. Now only the commanders of detachments with staffs, and +moving according to rules at a distance from the French, still +regarded many things as impossible. The small bands that had started +their activities long before and had already observed the French +closely considered things possible which the commanders of the big +detachments did not dare to contemplate. The Cossacks and peasants who +crept in among the French now considered everything possible. + +On October 22, Denisov (who was one of the irregulars) was with +his group at the height of the guerrilla enthusiasm. Since early +morning he and his party had been on the move. All day long he had +been watching from the forest that skirted the highroad a large French +convoy of cavalry baggage and Russian prisoners separated from the +rest of the army, which--as was learned from spies and prisoners- +was moving under a strong escort to Smolensk. Besides Denisov and +Dolokhov (who also led a small party and moved in Denisov's vicinity), +the commanders of some large divisions with staffs also knew of this +convoy and, as Denisov expressed it, were sharpening their teeth for +it. Two of the commanders of large parties--one a Pole and the other a +German--sent invitations to Denisov almost simultaneously, +requesting him to join up with their divisions to attack the convoy. + +"No, bwother, I have gwown mustaches myself," said Denisov on +reading these documents, and he wrote to the German that, despite +his heartfelt desire to serve under so valiant and renowned a general, +he had to forgo that pleasure because he was already under the command +of the Polish general. To the Polish general he replied to the same +effect, informing him that he was already under the command of the +German. + +Having arranged matters thus, Denisov and Dolokhov intended, without +reporting matters to the higher command, to attack and seize that +convoy with their own small forces. On October 22 it was moving from +the village of Mikulino to that of Shamshevo. To the left of the +road between Mikulino and Shamshevo there were large forests, +extending in some places up to the road itself though in others a mile +or more back from it. Through these forests Denisov and his party rode +all day, sometimes keeping well back in them and sometimes coming to +the very edge, but never losing sight of the moving French. That +morning, Cossacks of Denisov's party had seized and carried off into +the forest two wagons loaded with cavalry saddles, which had stuck +in the mud not far from Mikulino where the forest ran close to the +road. Since then, and until evening, the party had the movements of +the French without attacking. It was necessary to let the French reach +Shamshevo quietly without alarming them and then, after joining +Dolokhov who was to come that evening to a consultation at a +watchman's hut in the forest less than a mile from Shamshevo, to +surprise the French at dawn, falling like an avalanche on their +heads from two sides, and rout and capture them all at one blow. + +In their rear, more than a mile from Mikulino where the forest +came right up to the road, six Cossacks were posted to report if any +fresh columns of French should show themselves. + +Beyond Shamshevo, Dolokhov was to observe the road in the same +way, to find out at what distance there were other French troops. They +reckoned that the convoy had fifteen hundred men. Denisov had two +hundred, and Dolokhov might have as many more, but the disparity of +numbers did not deter Denisov. All that he now wanted to know was what +troops these were and to learn that he had to capture a "tongue"--that +is, a man from the enemy column. That morning's attack on the wagons +had been made so hastily that the Frenchmen with the wagons had all +been killed; only a little drummer boy had been taken alive, and as he +was a straggler he could tell them nothing definite about the troops +in that column. + +Denisov considered it dangerous to make a second attack for fear +of putting the whole column on the alert, so he sent Tikhon +Shcherbaty, a peasant of his party, to Shamshevo to try and seize at +least one of the French quartermasters who had been sent on in +advance. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +It was a warm rainy autumn day. The sky and the horizon were both +the color of muddy water. At times a sort of mist descended, and +then suddenly heavy slanting rain came down. + +Denisov in a felt cloak and a sheepskin cap from which the rain +ran down was riding a thin thoroughbred horse with sunken sides. +Like his horse, which turned its head and laid its ears back, he +shrank from the driving rain and gazed anxiously before him. His +thin face with its short, thick black beard looked angry. + +Beside Denisov rode an esaul,* Denisov's fellow worker, also in felt +cloak and sheepskin cap, and riding a large sleek Don horse. + + +*A captain of Cossacks. + + +Esaul Lovayski the Third was a tall man as straight as an arrow, +pale-faced, fair-haired, with narrow light eyes and with calm +self-satisfaction in his face and bearing. Though it was impossible to +say in what the peculiarity of the horse and rider lay, yet at first +glance at the esaul and Denisov one saw that the latter was wet and +uncomfortable and was a man mounted on a horse, while looking at the +esaul one saw that he was as comfortable and as much at ease as always +and that he was not a man who had mounted a horse, but a man who was +one with his horse, a being consequently possessed of twofold +strength. + +A little ahead of them walked a peasant guide, wet to the skin and +wearing a gray peasant coat and a white knitted cap. + +A little behind, on a poor, small, lean Kirghiz mount with an +enormous tail and mane and a bleeding mouth, rode a young officer in a +blue French overcoat. + +Beside him rode an hussar, with a boy in a tattered French uniform +and blue cap behind him on the crupper of his horse. The boy held on +to the hussar with cold, red hands, and raising his eyebrows gazed +about him with surprise. This was the French drummer boy captured that +morning. + +Behind them along the narrow, sodden, cutup forest road came hussars +in threes and fours, and then Cossacks: some in felt cloaks, some in +French greatcoats, and some with horsecloths over their heads. The +horses, being drenched by the rain, all looked black whether +chestnut or bay. Their necks, with their wet, close-clinging manes, +looked strangely thin. Steam rose from them. Clothes, saddles, +reins, were all wet, slippery, and sodden, like the ground and the +fallen leaves that strewed the road. The men sat huddled up trying not +to stir, so as to warm the water that had trickled to their bodies and +not admit the fresh cold water that was leaking in under their +seats, their knees, and at the back of their necks. In the midst of +the outspread line of Cossacks two wagons, drawn by French horses +and by saddled Cossack horses that had been hitched on in front, +rumbled over the tree stumps and branches and splashed through the +water that lay in the ruts. + +Denisov's horse swerved aside to avoid a pool in the track and +bumped his rider's knee against a tree. + +"Oh, the devil!" exclaimed Denisov angrily, and showing his teeth he +struck his horse three times with his whip, splashing himself and +his comrades with mud. + +Denisov was out of sorts both because of the rain and also from +hunger (none of them had eaten anything since morning), and yet more +because he still had no news from Dolokhov and the man sent to capture +a "tongue" had not returned. + +"There'll hardly be another such chance to fall on a transport as +today. It's too risky to attack them by oneself, and if we put it +off till another day one of the big guerrilla detachments will +snatch the prey from under our noses," thought Denisov, continually +peering forward, hoping to see a messenger from Dolokhov. + +On coming to a path in the forest along which he could see far to +the right, Denisov stopped. + +"There's someone coming," said he. + +The esaul looked in the direction Denisov indicated. + +"There are two, an officer and a Cossack. But it is not +presupposable that it is the lieutenant colonel himself," said the +esaul, who was fond of using words the Cossacks did not know. + +The approaching riders having descended a decline were no longer +visible, but they reappeared a few minutes later. In front, at a weary +gallop and using his leather whip, rode an officer, disheveled and +drenched, whose trousers had worked up to above his knees. Behind him, +standing in the stirrups, trotted a Cossack. The officer, a very young +lad with a broad rosy face and keen merry eyes, galloped up to Denisov +and handed him a sodden envelope. + +"From the general," said the officer. "Please excuse its not being +quite dry." + +Denisov, frowning, took the envelope and opened it. + +"There, they kept telling us: 'It's dangerous, it's dangerous,'" +said the officer, addressing the esaul while Denisov was reading the +dispatch. "But Komarov and I"--he pointed to the Cossack--"were +prepared. We have each of us two pistols.... But what's this?" he +asked, noticing the French drummer boy. "A prisoner? You've already +been in action? May I speak to him?" + +"Wostov! Petya!" exclaimed Denisov, having run through the dispatch. +"Why didn't you say who you were?" and turning with a smile he held +out his hand to the lad. + +The officer was Petya Rostov. + +All the way Petya had been preparing himself to behave with +Denisov as befitted a grownup man and an officer--without hinting at +their previous acquaintance. But as soon as Denisov smiled at him +Petya brightened up, blushed with pleasure, forgot the official manner +he had been rehearsing, and began telling him how he had already +been in a battle near Vyazma and how a certain hussar had +distinguished himself there. + +"Well, I am glad to see you," Denisov interrupted him, and his +face again assumed its anxious expression. + +"Michael Feoklitych," said he to the esaul, "this is again fwom that +German, you know. He"--he indicated Petya--"is serving under him." + +And Denisov told the esaul that the dispatch just delivered was a +repetition of the German general's demand that he should join forces +with him for an attack on the transport. + +"If we don't take it tomowwow, he'll snatch it fwom under our +noses," he added. + +While Denisov was talking to the esaul, Petya--abashed by +Denisov's cold tone and supposing that it was due to the condition +of his trousers--furtively tried to pull them down under his greatcoat +so that no one should notice it, while maintaining as martial an air +as possible. + +"Will there be any orders, your honor?" he asked Denisov, holding +his hand at the salute and resuming the game of adjutant and general +for which he had prepared himself, "or shall I remain with your +honor?" + +"Orders?" Denisov repeated thoughtfully. "But can you stay till +tomowwow?" + +"Oh, please... May I stay with you?" cried Petya. + +"But, just what did the genewal tell you? To weturn at once?" +asked Denisov. + +Petya blushed. + +"He gave me no instructions. I think I could?" he returned, +inquiringly. + +"Well, all wight," said Denisov. + +And turning to his men he directed a party to go on to the halting +place arranged near the watchman's hut in the forest, and told the +officer on the Kirghiz horse (who performed the duties of an adjutant) +to go and find out where Dolokhov was and whether he would come that +evening. Denisov himself intended going with the esaul and Petya to +the edge of the forest where it reached out to Shamshevo, to have a +look at the part of the French bivouac they were to attack next day. + +"Well, old fellow," said he to the peasant guide, "lead us to +Shamshevo." + +Denisov, Petya, and the esaul, accompanied by some Cossacks and +the hussar who had the prisoner, rode to the left across a ravine to +the edge of the forest. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +The rain had stopped, and only the mist was falling and drops from +the trees. Denisov, the esaul, and Petya rode silently, following +the peasant in the knitted cap who, stepping lightly with outturned +toes and moving noiselessly in his bast shoes over the roots and wet +leaves, silently led them to the edge of the forest. + +He ascended an incline, stopped, looked about him, and advanced to +where the screen of trees was less dense. On reaching a large oak tree +that had not yet shed its leaves, he stopped and beckoned mysteriously +to them with his hand. + +Denisov and Petya rode up to him. From the spot where the peasant +was standing they could see the French. Immediately beyond the forest, +on a downward slope, lay a field of spring rye. To the right, beyond a +steep ravine, was a small village and a landowner's house with a +broken roof. In the village, in the house, in the garden, by the well, +by the pond, over all the rising ground, and all along the road uphill +from the bridge leading to the village, not more than five hundred +yards away, crowds of men could be seen through the shimmering mist. +Their un-Russian shouting at their horses which were straining +uphill with the carts, and their calls to one another, could be +clearly heard. + +"Bwing the prisoner here," said Denisov in a low voice, not taking +his eyes off the French. + +A Cossack dismounted, lifted the boy down, and took him to +Denisov. Pointing to the French troops, Denisov asked him what these +and those of them were. The boy, thrusting his cold hands into his +pockets and lifting his eyebrows, looked at Denisov in affright, but +in spite of an evident desire to say all he knew gave confused +answers, merely assenting to everything Denisov asked him. Denisov +turned away from him frowning and addressed the esaul, conveying his +own conjectures to him. + +Petya, rapidly turning his head, looked now at the drummer boy, +now at Denisov, now at the esaul, and now at the French in the village +and along the road, trying not to miss anything of importance. + +"Whether Dolokhov comes or not, we must seize it, eh?" said +Denisov with a merry sparkle in his eyes. + +"It is a very suitable spot," said the esaul. + +"We'll send the infantwy down by the swamps," Denisov continued. +"They'll cweep up to the garden; you'll wide up fwom there with the +Cossacks"--he pointed to a spot in the forest beyond the village--"and +I with my hussars fwom here. And at the signal shot..." + +"The hollow is impassable--there's a swamp there," said the esaul. +"The horses would sink. We must ride round more to the left...." + +While they were talking in undertones the crack of a shot sounded +from the low ground by the pond, a puff of white smoke appeared, +then another, and the sound of hundreds of seemingly merry French +voices shouting together came up from the slope. For a moment +Denisov and the esaul drew back. They were so near that they thought +they were the cause of the firing and shouting. But the firing and +shouting did not relate to them. Down below, a man wearing something +red was running through the marsh. The French were evidently firing +and shouting at him. + +"Why, that's our Tikhon," said the esaul. + +"So it is! It is!" + +"The wascal!" said Denisov. + +"He'll get away!" said the esaul, screwing up his eyes. + +The man whom they called Tikhon, having run to the stream, plunged +in so that the water splashed in the air, and, having disappeared +for an instant, scrambled out on all fours, all black with the wet, +and ran on. The French who had been pursuing him stopped. + +"Smart, that!" said the esaul. + +"What a beast!" said Denisov with his former look of vexation. "What +has he been doing all this time?" + +"Who is he?" asked Petya. + +"He's our plastun. I sent him to capture a 'tongue.'" + +"Oh, yes," said Petya, nodding at the first words Denisov uttered as +if he understood it all, though he really did not understand +anything of it. + +Tikhon Shcherbaty was one of the most indispensable men in their +band. He was a peasant from Pokrovsk, near the river Gzhat. When +Denisov had come to Pokrovsk at the beginning of his operations and +had as usual summoned the village elder and asked him what he knew +about the French, the elder, as though shielding himself, had replied, +as all village elders did, that he had neither seen nor heard anything +of them. But when Denisov explained that his purpose was to kill the +French, and asked if no French had strayed that way, the elder replied +that some "more-orderers" had really been at their village, but that +Tikhon Shcherbaty was the only man who dealt with such matters. +Denisov had Tikhon called and, having praised him for his activity, +said a few words in the elder's presence about loyalty to the Tsar and +the country and the hatred of the French that all sons of the +fatherland should cherish. + +"We don't do the French any harm," said Tikhon, evidently frightened +by Denisov's words. "We only fooled about with the lads for fun, you +know! We killed a score or so of 'more-orderers,' but we did no harm +else..." + +Next day when Denisov had left Pokrovsk, having quite forgotten +about this peasant, it was reported to him that Tikhon had attached +himself to their party and asked to be allowed to remain with it. +Denisov gave orders to let him do so. + +Tikhon, who at first did rough work, laying campfires, fetching +water, flaying dead horses, and so on, soon showed a great liking +and aptitude for partisan warfare. At night he would go out for +booty and always brought back French clothing and weapons, and when +told to would bring in French captives also. Denisov then relieved him +from drudgery and began taking him with him when he went out on +expeditions and had him enrolled among the Cossacks. + +Tikhon did not like riding, and always went on foot, never lagging +behind the cavalry. He was armed with a musketoon (which he carried +rather as a joke), a pike and an ax, which latter he used as a wolf +uses its teeth, with equal case picking fleas out of its fur or +crunching thick bones. Tikhon with equal accuracy would split logs +with blows at arm's length, or holding the head of the ax would cut +thin little pegs or carve spoons. In Denisov's party he held a +peculiar and exceptional position. When anything particularly +difficult or nasty had to be done--to push a cart out of the mud +with one's shoulders, pull a horse out of a swamp by its tail, skin +it, slink in among the French, or walk more than thirty miles in a +day--everybody pointed laughingly at Tikhon. + +"It won't hurt that devil--he's as strong as a horse!" they said +of him. + +Once a Frenchman Tikhon was trying to capture fired a pistol at +him and shot him in the fleshy part of the back. That wound (which +Tikhon treated only with internal and external applications of +vodka) was the subject of the liveliest jokes by the whole detachment- +jokes in which Tikhon readily joined. + +"Hallo, mate! Never again? Gave you a twist?" the Cossacks would +banter him. And Tikhon, purposely writhing and making faces, pretended +to be angry and swore at the French with the funniest curses. The only +effect of this incident on Tikhon was that after being wounded he +seldom brought in prisoners. + +He was the bravest and most useful man in the party. No one found +more opportunities for attacking, no one captured or killed more +Frenchmen, and consequently he was made the buffoon of all the +Cossacks and hussars and willingly accepted that role. Now he had been +sent by Denisov overnight to Shamshevo to capture a "tongue." But +whether because he had not been content to take only one Frenchman +or because he had slept through the night, he had crept by day into +some bushes right among the French and, as Denisov had witnessed +from above, had been detected by them. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +After talking for some time with the esaul about next day's +attack, which now, seeing how near they were to the French, he +seemed to have definitely decided on, Denisov turned his horse and +rode back. + +"Now, my lad, we'll go and get dwy," he said to Petya. + +As they approached the watchhouse Denisov stopped, peering into +the forest. Among the trees a man with long legs and long, swinging +arms, wearing a short jacket, bast shoes, and a Kazan hat, was +approaching with long, light steps. He had a musketoon over his +shoulder and an ax stuck in his girdle. When he espied Denisov he +hastily threw something into the bushes, removed his sodden hat by its +floppy brim, and approached his commander. It was Tikhon. His wrinkled +and pockmarked face and narrow little eyes beamed with +self-satisfied merriment. He lifted his head high and gazed at Denisov +as if repressing a laugh. + +"Well, where did you disappear to?" inquired Denisov. + +"Where did I disappear to? I went to get Frenchmen," answered Tikhon +boldly and hurriedly, in a husky but melodious bass voice. + +"Why did you push yourself in there by daylight? You ass! Well, +why haven't you taken one?" + +"Oh, I took one all right," said Tikhon. + +"Where is he?" + +"You see, I took him first thing at dawn," Tikhon continued, +spreading out his flat feet with outturned toes in their bast shoes. +"I took him into the forest. Then I see he's no good and think I'll go +and fetch a likelier one." + +"You see?... What a wogue--it's just as I thought," said Denisov +to the esaul. "Why didn't you bwing that one?" + +"What was the good of bringing him?" Tikhon interrupted hastily +and angrily--"that one wouldn't have done for you. As if I don't +know what sort you want!" + +"What a bwute you are!... Well?" + +"I went for another one," Tikhon continued, "and I crept like this +through the wood and lay down." (He suddenly lay down on his stomach +with a supple movement to show how he had done it.) "One turned up and +I grabbed him, like this." (He jumped up quickly and lightly.) +"'Come along to the colonel,' I said. He starts yelling, and +suddenly there were four of them. They rushed at me with their +little swords. So I went for them with my ax, this way: 'What are +you up to?' says I. 'Christ be with you!'" shouted Tikhon, waving +his arms with an angry scowl and throwing out his chest. + +"Yes, we saw from the hill how you took to your heels through the +puddles!" said the esaul, screwing up his glittering eyes. + +Petya badly wanted to laugh, but noticed that they all refrained +from laughing. He turned his eyes rapidly from Tikhon's face to the +esaul's and Denisov's, unable to make out what it all meant. + +"Don't play the fool!" said Denisov, coughing angrily. "Why didn't +you bwing the first one?" + +Tikhon scratched his back with one hand and his head with the other, +then suddenly his whole face expanded into a beaming, foolish grin, +disclosing a gap where he had lost a tooth (that was why he was called +Shcherbaty--the gap-toothed). Denisov smiled, and Petya burst into a +peal of merry laughter in which Tikhon himself joined. + +"Oh, but he was a regular good-for-nothing," said Tikhon. "The +clothes on him--poor stuff! How could I bring him? And so rude, your +honor! Why, he says: 'I'm a general's son myself, I won't go!' he +says." + +"You are a bwute!" said Denisov. "I wanted to question..." + +"But I questioned him," said Tikhon. "He said he didn't know much. +'There are a lot of us,' he says, 'but all poor stuff--only soldiers +in name,' he says. 'Shout loud at them,' he says, 'and you'll take +them all,'" Tikhon concluded, looking cheerfully and resolutely into +Denisov's eyes. + +"I'll give you a hundwed sharp lashes--that'll teach you to play the +fool!" said Denisov severely. + +"But why are you angry?" remonstrated Tikhon, "just as if I'd +never seen your Frenchmen! Only wait till it gets dark and I'll +fetch you any of them you want--three if you like." + +"Well, let's go," said Denisov, and rode all the way to the +watchhouse in silence and frowning angrily. + +Tikhon followed behind and Petya heard the Cossacks laughing with +him and at him, about some pair of boots he had thrown into the +bushes. + +When the fit of laughter that had seized him at Tikhon's words and +smile had passed and Petya realized for a moment that this Tikhon +had killed a man, he felt uneasy. He looked round at the captive +drummer boy and felt a pang in his heart. But this uneasiness lasted +only a moment. He felt it necessary to hold his head higher, to +brace himself, and to question the esaul with an air of importance +about tomorrow's undertaking, that he might not be unworthy of the +company in which he found himself. + +The officer who had been sent to inquire met Denisov on the way with +the news that Dolokhov was soon coming and that all was well with him. + +Denisov at once cheered up and, calling Petya to him, said: "Well, +tell me about yourself." + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +Petya, having left his people after their departure from Moscow, +joined his regiment and was soon taken as orderly by a general +commanding a large guerrilla detachment. From the time he received his +commission, and especially since he had joined the active army and +taken part in the battle of Vyazma, Petya had been in a constant state +of blissful excitement at being grown-up and in a perpetual ecstatic +hurry not to miss any chance to do something really heroic. He was +highly delighted with what he saw and experienced in the army, but +at the same time it always seemed to him that the really heroic +exploits were being performed just where he did not happen to be. +And he was always in a hurry to get where he was not. + +When on the twenty-first of October his general expressed a wish +to send somebody to Denisov's detachment, Petya begged so piteously to +be sent that the general could not refuse. But when dispatching him he +recalled Petya's mad action at the battle of Vyazma, where instead +of riding by the road to the place to which he had been sent, he had +galloped to the advanced line under the fire of the French and had +there twice fired his pistol. So now the general explicitly forbade +his taking part in any action whatever of Denisov's. That was why +Petya had blushed and grown confused when Denisov asked him whether he +could stay. Before they had ridden to the outskirts of the forest +Petya had considered he must carry out his instructions strictly and +return at once. But when he saw the French and saw Tikhon and +learned that there would certainly be an attack that night, he +decided, with the rapidity with which young people change their views, +that the general, whom he had greatly respected till then, was a +rubbishy German, that Denisov was a hero, the esaul a hero, and Tikhon +a hero too, and that it would be shameful for him to leave them at a +moment of difficulty. + +It was already growing dusk when Denisov, Petya, and the esaul +rode up to the watchhouse. In the twilight saddled horses could be +seen, and Cossacks and hussars who had rigged up rough shelters in the +glade and were kindling glowing fires in a hollow of the forest +where the French could not see the smoke. In the passage of the +small watchhouse a Cossack with sleeves rolled up was chopping some +mutton. In the room three officers of Denisov's band were converting a +door into a tabletop. Petya took off his wet clothes, gave them to +be dried, and at once began helping the officers to fix up the +dinner table. + +In ten minutes the table was ready and a napkin spread on it. On the +table were vodka, a flask of rum, white bread, roast mutton, and salt. + +Sitting at table with the officers and tearing the fat savory mutton +with his hands, down which the grease trickled, Petya was in an +ecstatic childish state of love for all men, and consequently of +confidence that others loved him in the same way. + +"So then what do you think, Vasili Dmitrich?" said he to Denisov. +"It's all right my staying a day with you?" And not waiting for a +reply he answered his own question: "You see I was told to find out- +well, I am finding out.... Only do let me into the very... into the +chief... I don't want a reward... But I want..." + +Petya clenched his teeth and looked around, throwing back his head +and flourishing his arms. + +"Into the vewy chief..." Denisov repeated with a smile. + +"Only, please let me command something, so that I may really +command..." Petya went on. "What would it be to you?... Oh, you want a +knife?" he said, turning to an officer who wished to cut himself a +piece of mutton. + +And he handed him his clasp knife. The officer admired it. + +"Please keep it. I have several like it," said Petya, blushing. +"Heavens! I was quite forgetting!" he suddenly cried. "I have some +raisins, fine ones; you know, seedless ones. We have a new sutler +and he has such capital things. I bought ten pounds. I am used to +something sweet. Would you like some?..." and Petya ran out into the +passage to his Cossack and brought back some bags which contained +about five pounds of raisins. "Have some, gentlemen, have some!" + +"You want a coffeepot, don't you?" he asked the esaul. "I bought a +capital one from our sutler! He has splendid things. And he's very +honest, that's the chief thing. I'll be sure to send it to you. Or +perhaps your flints are giving out, or are worn out--that happens +sometimes, you know. I have brought some with me, here they are"- +and he showed a bag--"a hundred flints. I bought them very cheap. +Please take as many as you want, or all if you like...." + +Then suddenly, dismayed lest he had said too much, Petya stopped and +blushed. + +He tried to remember whether he had not done anything else that +was foolish. And running over the events of the day he remembered +the French drummer boy. "It's capital for us here, but what of him? +Where have they put him? Have they fed him? Haven't they hurt his +feelings?" he thought. But having caught himself saying too much about +the flints, he was now afraid to speak out. + +"I might ask," he thought, "but they'll say: 'He's a boy himself and +so he pities the boy.' I'll show them tomorrow whether I'm a boy. Will +it seem odd if I ask?" Petya thought. "Well, never mind!" and +immediately, blushing and looking anxiously at the officers to see +if they appeared ironical, he said: + +"May I call in that boy who was taken prisoner and give him +something to eat?... Perhaps..." + +"Yes, he's a poor little fellow," said Denisov, who evidently saw +nothing shameful in this reminder. "Call him in. His name is Vincent +Bosse. Have him fetched." + +"I'll call him," said Petya. + +"Yes, yes, call him. A poor little fellow," Denisov repeated. + +Petya was standing at the door when Denisov said this. He slipped in +between the officers, came close to Denisov, and said: + +"Let me kiss you, dear old fellow! Oh, how fine, how splendid!" + +And having kissed Denisov he ran out of the hut. + +"Bosse! Vincent!" Petya cried, stopping outside the door. + +"Who do you want, sir?" asked a voice in the darkness. + +Petya replied that he wanted the French lad who had been captured +that day. + +"Ah, Vesenny?" said a Cossack. + +Vincent, the boy's name, had already been changed by the Cossacks +into Vesenny (vernal) and into Vesenya by the peasants and soldiers. +In both these adaptations the reference to spring (vesna) matched +the impression made by the young lad. + +"He is warming himself there by the bonfire. Ho, Vesenya! +Vesenya!--Vesenny!" laughing voices were heard calling to one +another in the darkness. + +"He's a smart lad," said an hussar standing near Petya. "We gave him +something to eat a while ago. He was awfully hungry!" + +The sound of bare feet splashing through the mud was heard in the +darkness, and the drummer boy came to the door. + +"Ah, c'est vous!" said Petya. "Voulez-vous manger? N'ayez pas +peur, on ne vous fera pas de mal,"* he added shyly and affectionately, +touching the boy's hand. "Entrez, entrez."*[2] + + +*"Ah, it's you! Do you want something to eat? Don't be afraid, +they won't hurt you." + +*[2] "Come in, come in." + + +"Merci, monsieur,"* said the drummer boy in a trembling almost +childish voice, and he began scraping his dirty feet on the threshold. + + +*"Thank you, sir." + + +There were many things Petya wanted to say to the drummer boy, but +did not dare to. He stood irresolutely beside him in the passage. Then +in the darkness he took the boy's hand and pressed it. + +"Come in, come in!" he repeated in a gentle whisper. "Oh, what can I +do for him?" he thought, and opening the door he let the boy pass in +first. + +When the boy had entered the hut, Petya sat down at a distance +from him, considering it beneath his dignity to pay attention to +him. But he fingered the money in his pocket and wondered whether it +would seem ridiculous to give some to the drummer boy. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +The arrival of Dolokhov diverted Petya's attention from the +drummer boy, to whom Denisov had had some mutton and vodka given, +and whom he had had dressed in a Russian coat so that he might be kept +with their band and not sent away with the other prisoners. Petya +had heard in the army many stories of Dolokhov's extraordinary bravery +and of his cruelty to the French, so from the moment he entered the +hut Petya did not take his eyes from him, but braced himself up more +and more and held his head high, that he might not be unworthy even of +such company. + +Dolokhov's appearance amazed Petya by its simplicity. + +Denisov wore a Cossack coat, had a beard, had an icon of Nicholas +the Wonder-Worker on his breast, and his way of speaking and +everything he did indicated his unusual position. But Dolokhov, who in +Moscow had worn a Persian costume, had now the appearance of a most +correct officer of the Guards. He was clean-shaven and wore a +Guardsman's padded coat with an Order of St. George at his +buttonhole and a plain forage cap set straight on his head. He took +off his wet felt cloak in a corner of the room, and without greeting +anyone went up to Denisov and began questioning him about the matter +in hand. Denisov told him of the designs the large detachments had +on the transport, of the message Petya had brought, and his own +replies to both generals. Then he told him all he knew of the French +detachment. + +"That's so. But we must know what troops they are and their +numbers," said Dolokhov. "It will be necessary to go there. We can't +start the affair without knowing for certain how many there are. I +like to work accurately. Here now--wouldn't one of these gentlemen +like to ride over to the French camp with me? I have brought a spare +uniform." + +"I, I... I'll go with you!" cried Petya. + +"There's no need for you to go at all," said Denisov, addressing +Dolokhov, "and as for him, I won't let him go on any account." + +"I like that!" exclaimed Petya. "Why shouldn't I go?" + +"Because it's useless." + +"Well, you must excuse me, because... because... I shall go, and +that's all. You'll take me, won't you?" he said, turning to Dolokhov. + +"Why not?" Dolokhov answered absently, scrutinizing the face of +the French drummer boy. "Have you had that youngster with you long?" +he asked Denisov. + +"He was taken today but he knows nothing. I'm keeping him with me." + +"Yes, and where do you put the others?" inquired Dolokhov. + +"Where? I send them away and take a weceipt for them," shouted +Denisov, suddenly flushing. "And I say boldly that I have not a single +man's life on my conscience. Would it be difficult for you to send +thirty or thwee hundwed men to town under escort, instead of staining- +I speak bluntly--staining the honor of a soldier?" + +"That kind of amiable talk would be suitable from this young count +of sixteen," said Dolokhov with cold irony, "but it's time for you +to drop it." + +"Why, I've not said anything! I only say that I'll certainly go with +you," said Petya shyly. + +"But for you and me, old fellow, it's time to drop these amenities," +continued Dolokhov, as if he found particular pleasure in speaking +of this subject which irritated Denisov. "Now, why have you kept +this lad?" he went on, swaying his head. "Because you are sorry for +him! Don't we know those 'receipts' of yours? You send a hundred men +away, and thirty get there. The rest either starve or get killed. So +isn't it all the same not to send them?" + +The esaul, screwing up his light-colored eyes, nodded approvingly. + +"That's not the point. I'm not going to discuss the matter. I do not +wish to take it on my conscience. You say they'll die. All wight. Only +not by my fault!" + +Dolokhov began laughing. + +"Who has told them not to capture me these twenty times over? But if +they did catch me they'd string me up to an aspen tree, and with all +your chivalry just the same." He paused. "However, we must get to +work. Tell the Cossack to fetch my kit. I have two French uniforms +in it. Well, are you coming with me?" he asked Petya. + +"I? Yes, yes, certainly!" cried Petya, blushing almost to tears +and glancing at Denisov. + +While Dolokhov had been disputing with Denisov what should be done +with prisoners, Petya had once more felt awkward and restless; but +again he had no time to grasp fully what they were talking about. +"If grown-up, distinguished men think so, it must be necessary and +right," thought he. "But above all Denisov must not dare to imagine +that I'll obey him and that he can order me about. I will certainly go +to the French camp with Dolokhov. If he can, so can I!" + +And to all Denisov's persuasions, Petya replied that he too was +accustomed to do everything accurately and not just anyhow, and that +he never considered personal danger. + +"For you'll admit that if we don't know for sure how many of them +there are... hundreds of lives may depend on it, while there are +only two of us. Besides, I want to go very much and certainly will go, +so don't hinder me," said he. "It will only make things worse..." + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +Having put on French greatcoats and shakos, Petya and Dolokhov +rode to the clearing from which Denisov had reconnoitered the French +camp, and emerging from the forest in pitch darkness they descended +into the hollow. On reaching the bottom, Dolokhov told the Cossacks +accompanying him to await him there and rode on at a quick trot +along the road to the bridge. Petya, his heart in his mouth with +excitement, rode by his side. + +"If we're caught, I won't be taken alive! I have a pistol," +whispered he. + +"Don't talk Russian," said Dolokhov in a hurried whisper, and at +that very moment they heard through the darkness the challenge: "Qui +vive?"* and the click of a musket. + + +*"Who goes there?" + + +The blood rushed to Petya's face and he grasped his pistol. + +"Lanciers du 6-me,"* replied Dolokhov, neither hastening nor +slackening his horse's pace. + + +*"Lancers of the 6th Regiment." + + +The black figure of a sentinel stood on the bridge. + +"Mot d'ordre."* + + +*"Password." + + +Dolokhov reined in his horse and advanced at a walk. + +"Dites donc, le colonel Gerard est ici?"* he asked. + + +*"Tell me, is Colonel Gerard here?" + + +"Mot d'ordre," repeated the sentinel, barring the way and not +replying. + +"Quand un officier fait sa ronde, les sentinelles ne demandent pas +le mot d'ordre..." cried Dolokhov suddenly flaring up and riding +straight at the sentinel. "Je vous demande si le colonel est ici."* + + +*"When an officer is making his round, sentinels don't ask him for +the password.... I am asking you if the colonel is here." + + +And without waiting for an answer from the sentinel, who had stepped +aside, Dolokhov rode up the incline at a walk. + +Noticing the black outline of a man crossing the road, Dolokhov +stopped him and inquired where the commander and officers were. The +man, a soldier with a sack over his shoulder, stopped, came close up +to Dolokhov's horse, touched it with his hand, and explained simply +and in a friendly way that the commander and the officers were +higher up the hill to the right in the courtyard of the farm, as he +called the landowner's house. + +Having ridden up the road, on both sides of which French talk +could be heard around the campfires, Dolokhov turned into the +courtyard of the landowner's house. Having ridden in, he dismounted +and approached a big blazing campfire, around which sat several men +talking noisily. Something was boiling in a small cauldron at the edge +of the fire and a soldier in a peaked cap and blue overcoat, lit up by +the fire, was kneeling beside it stirring its contents with a ramrod. + +"Oh, he's a hard nut to crack," said one of the officers who was +sitting in the shadow at the other side of the fire. + +"He'll make them get a move on, those fellows!" said another, +laughing. + +Both fell silent, peering out through the darkness at the sound of +Dolokhov's and Petya's steps as they advanced to the fire leading +their horses. + +"Bonjour, messieurs!"* said Dolokhov loudly and clearly. + + +*"Good day, gentlemen." + + +There was a stir among the officers in the shadow beyond the fire, +and one tall, long-necked officer, walking round the fire, came up +to Dolokhov. + +"Is that you, Clement?" he asked. "Where the devil...?" But, noticing +his mistake, he broke off short and, with a frown, greeted Dolokhov as +a stranger, asking what he could do for him. + +Dolokhov said that he and his companion were trying to overtake +their regiment, and addressing the company in general asked whether +they knew anything of the 6th Regiment. None of them knew anything, +and Petya thought the officers were beginning to look at him and +Dolokhov with hostility and suspicion. For some seconds all were +silent. + +"If you were counting on the evening soup, you have come too +late," said a voice from behind the fire with a repressed laugh. + +Dolokhov replied that they were not hungry and must push on +farther that night. + +He handed the horses over to the soldier who was stirring the pot +and squatted down on his heels by the fire beside the officer with the +long neck. That officer did not take his eyes from Dolokhov and +again asked to what regiment he belonged. Dolokhov, as if he had not +heard the question, did not reply, but lighting a short French pipe +which he took from his pocket began asking the officer in how far +the road before them was safe from Cossacks. + +"Those brigands are everywhere," replied an officer from behind +the fire. + +Dolokhov remarked that the Cossacks were a danger only to stragglers +such as his companion and himself, "but probably they would not dare +to attack large detachments?" he added inquiringly. No one replied. + +"Well, now he'll come away," Petya thought every moment as he +stood by the campfire listening to the talk. + +But Dolokhov restarted the conversation which had dropped and +began putting direct questions as to how many men there were in the +battalion, how many battalions, and how many prisoners. Asking about +the Russian prisoners with that detachment, Dolokhov said: + +"A horrid business dragging these corpses about with one! It would +be better to shoot such rabble," and burst into loud laughter, so +strange that Petya thought the French would immediately detect their +disguise, and involuntarily took a step back from the campfire. + +No one replied a word to Dolokhov's laughter, and a French officer +whom they could not see (he lay wrapped in a greatcoat) rose and +whispered something to a companion. Dolokhov got up and called to +the soldier who was holding their horses. + +"Will they bring our horses or not?" thought Petya, instinctively +drawing nearer to Dolokhov. + +The horses were brought. + +"Good evening, gentlemen," said Dolokhov. + +Petya wished to say "Good night" but could not utter a word. The +officers were whispering together. Dolokhov was a long time mounting +his horse which would not stand still, then he rode out of the yard at +a footpace. Petya rode beside him, longing to look round to see +whether or no the French were running after them, but not daring to. + +Coming out onto the road Dolokhov did not ride back across the +open country, but through the village. At one spot he stopped and +listened. "Do you hear?" he asked. Petya recognized the sound of +Russian voices and saw the dark figures of Russian prisoners round +their campfires. When they had descended to the bridge Petya and +Dolokhov rode past the sentinel, who without saying a word paced +morosely up and down it, then they descended into the hollow where the +Cossacks awaited them. + +"Well now, good-by. Tell Denisov, 'at the first shot at +daybreak,'" said Dolokhov and was about to ride away, but Petya seized +hold of him. + +"Really!" he cried, "you are such a hero! Oh, how fine, how +splendid! How I love you!" + +"All right, all right!" said Dolokhov. But Petya did not let go of +him and Dolokhov saw through the gloom that Petya was bending toward +him and wanted to kiss him. Dolokhov kissed him, laughed, turned his +horse, and vanished into the darkness. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Having returned to the watchman's hut, Petya found Denisov in the +passage. He was awaiting Petya's return in a state of agitation, +anxiety, and self-reproach for having let him go. + +"Thank God!" he exclaimed. "Yes, thank God!" he repeated, +listening to Petya's rapturous account. "But, devil take you, I +haven't slept because of you! Well, thank God. Now lie down. We can +still get a nap before morning." + +"But... no," said Petya, "I don't want to sleep yet. Besides I +know myself, if I fall asleep it's finished. And then I am used to not +sleeping before a battle." + +He sat awhile in the hut joyfully recalling the details of his +expedition and vividly picturing to himself what would happen next +day. + +Then, noticing that Denisov was asleep, he rose and went out of +doors. + +It was still quite dark outside. The rain was over, but drops were +still falling from the trees. Near the watchman's hut the black shapes +of the Cossacks' shanties and of horses tethered together could be +seen. Behind the hut the dark shapes of the two wagons with their +horses beside them were discernible, and in the hollow the dying +campfire gleamed red. Not all the Cossacks and hussars were asleep; +here and there, amid the sounds of falling drops and the munching of +the horses near by, could be heard low voices which seemed to be +whispering. + +Petya came out, peered into the darkness, and went up to the wagons. +Someone was snoring under them, and around them stood saddled horses +munching their oats. In the dark Petya recognized his own horse, which +he called "Karabakh" though it was of Ukranian breed, and went up to +it. + +"Well, Karabakh! We'll do some service tomorrow," said he, +sniffing its nostrils and kissing it. + +"Why aren't you asleep, sir?" said a Cossack who was sitting under a +wagon. + +"No, ah... Likhachev--isn't that your name? Do you know I have +only just come back! We've been into the French camp." + +And Petya gave the Cossack a detailed account not only of his ride +but also of his object, and why he considered it better to risk his +life than to act "just anyhow." + +"Well, you should get some sleep now," said the Cossack. + +"No, I am used to this," said Petya. "I say, aren't the flints in +your pistols worn out? I brought some with me. Don't you want any? You +can have some." + + +The Cossack bent forward from under the wagon to get a closer look +at Petya. + +"Because I am accustomed to doing everything accurately," said +Petya. "Some fellows do things just anyhow, without preparation, and +then they're sorry for it afterwards. I don't like that." + +"Just so," said the Cossack. + +"Oh yes, another thing! Please, my dear fellow, will you sharpen +my saber for me? It's got bl..." (Petya feared to tell a lie, and +the saber never had been sharpened.) "Can you do it?" + +"Of course I can." + +Likhachev got up, rummaged in his pack, and soon Petya heard the +warlike sound of steel on whetstone. He climbed onto the wagon and sat +on its edge. The Cossack was sharpening the saber under the wagon. + +"I say! Are the lads asleep?" asked Petya. + +"Some are, and some aren't--like us." + +"Well, and that boy?" + +"Vesenny? Oh, he's thrown himself down there in the passage. Fast +asleep after his fright. He was that glad!" + +After that Petya remained silent for a long time, listening to the +sounds. He heard footsteps in the darkness and a black figure +appeared. + +"What are you sharpening?" asked a man coming up to the wagon. + +"Why, this gentleman's saber." + +"That's right," said the man, whom Petya took to be an hussar. +"Was the cup left here?" + +"There, by the wheel!" + +The hussar took the cup. + +"It must be daylight soon," said he, yawning, and went away. + +Petya ought to have known that he was in a forest with Denisov's +guerrilla band, less than a mile from the road, sitting on a wagon +captured from the French beside which horses were tethered, that under +it Likhachev was sitting sharpening a saber for him, that the big dark +blotch to the right was the watchman's hut, and the red blotch below +to the left was the dying embers of a campfire, that the man who had +come for the cup was an hussar who wanted a drink; but he neither knew +nor waited to know anything of all this. He was in a fairy kingdom +where nothing resembled reality. The big dark blotch might really be +the watchman's hut or it might be a cavern leading to the very +depths of the earth. Perhaps the red spot was a fire, or it might be +the eye of an enormous monster. Perhaps he was really sitting on a +wagon, but it might very well be that he was not sitting on a wagon +but on a terribly high tower from which, if he fell, he would have +to fall for a whole day or a whole month, or go on falling and never +reach the bottom. Perhaps it was just the Cossack, Likhachev, who +was sitting under the wagon, but it might be the kindest, bravest, +most wonderful, most splendid man in the world, whom no one knew of. +It might really have been that the hussar came for water and went back +into the hollow, but perhaps he had simply vanished--disappeared +altogether and dissolved into nothingness. + +Nothing Petya could have seen now would have surprised him. He was +in a fairy kingdom where everything was possible. + +He looked up at the sky. And the sky was a fairy realm like the +earth. It was clearing, and over the tops of the trees clouds were +swiftly sailing as if unveiling the stars. Sometimes it looked as if +the clouds were passing, and a clear black sky appeared. Sometimes +it seemed as if the black spaces were clouds. Sometimes the sky seemed +to be rising high, high overhead, and then it seemed to sink so low +that one could touch it with one's hand. + +Petya's eyes began to close and he swayed a little. + +The trees were dripping. Quiet talking was heard. The horses neighed +and jostled one another. Someone snored. + +"Ozheg-zheg, Ozheg-zheg..." hissed the saber against the +whetstone, and suddenly Petya heard an harmonious orchestra playing +some unknown, sweetly solemn hymn. Petya was as musical as Natasha and +more so than Nicholas, but had never learned music or thought about +it, and so the melody that unexpectedly came to his mind seemed to him +particularly fresh and attractive. The music became more and more +audible. The melody grew and passed from one instrument to another. +And what was played was a fugue--though Petya had not the least +conception of what a fugue is. Each instrument--now resembling a +violin and now a horn, but better and clearer than violin or horn- +played its own part, and before it had finished the melody merged with +another instrument that began almost the same air, and then with a +third and a fourth; and they all blended into one and again became +separate and again blended, now into solemn church music, now into +something dazzlingly brilliant and triumphant. + +"Oh--why, that was in a dream!" Petya said to himself, as he lurched +forward. "It's in my ears. But perhaps it's music of my own. Well, +go on, my music! Now!..." + +He closed his eyes, and, from all sides as if from a distance, +sounds fluttered, grew into harmonies, separated, blended, and again +all mingled into the same sweet and solemn hymn. "Oh, this is +delightful! As much as I like and as I like!" said Petya to himself. +He tried to conduct that enormous orchestra. + +"Now softly, softly die away!" and the sounds obeyed him. "Now +fuller, more joyful. Still more and more joyful!" And from an +unknown depth rose increasingly triumphant sounds. "Now voices join +in!" ordered Petya. And at first from afar he heard men's voices and +then women's. The voices grew in harmonious triumphant strength, and +Petya listened to their surpassing beauty in awe and joy. + +With a solemn triumphal march there mingled a song, the drip from +the trees, and the hissing of the saber, "Ozheg-zheg-zheg..." and +again the horses jostled one another and neighed, not disturbing the +choir but joining in it. + +Petya did not know how long this lasted: he enjoyed himself all +the time, wondered at his enjoyment and regretted that there was no +one to share it. He was awakened by Likhachev's kindly voice. + +"It's ready, your honor; you can split a Frenchman in half with it!" + +Petya woke up. + +"It's getting light, it's really getting light!" he exclaimed. + +The horses that had previously been invisible could now be seen to +their very tails, and a watery light showed itself through the bare +branches. Petya shook himself, jumped up, took a ruble from his pocket +and gave it to Likhachev; then he flourished the saber, tested it, and +sheathed it. The Cossacks were untying their horses and tightening +their saddle girths. + +"And here's the commander," said Likhachev. + +Denisov came out of the watchman's hut and, having called Petya, +gave orders to get ready. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +The men rapidly picked out their horses in the semidarkness, +tightened their saddle girths, and formed companies. Denisov stood +by the watchman's hut giving final orders. The infantry of the +detachment passed along the road and quickly disappeared amid the +trees in the mist of early dawn, hundreds of feet splashing through +the mud. The esaul gave some orders to his men. Petya held his horse +by the bridle, impatiently awaiting the order to mount. His face, +having been bathed in cold water, was all aglow, and his eyes were +particularly brilliant. Cold shivers ran down his spine and his +whole body pulsed rhythmically. + +"Well, is ev'wything weady?" asked Denisov. "Bwing the horses." + +The horses were brought. Denisov was angry with the Cossack +because the saddle girths were too slack, reproved him, and mounted. +Petya put his foot in the stirrup. His horse by habit made as if to +nip his leg, but Petya leaped quickly into the saddle unconscious of +his own weight and, turning to look at the hussars starting in the +darkness behind him, rode up to Denisov. + +"Vasili Dmitrich, entrust me with some commission! Please... for +God's sake...!" said he. + +Denisov seemed to have forgotten Petya's very existence. He turned +to glance at him. + +"I ask one thing of you," he said sternly, "to obey me and not shove +yourself forward anywhere." + +He did not say another word to Petya but rode in silence all the +way. When they had come to the edge of the forest it was noticeably +growing light over the field. Denisov talked in whispers with the +esaul and the Cossacks rode past Petya and Denisov. When they had +all ridden by, Denisov touched his horse and rode down the hill. +Slipping onto their haunches and sliding, the horses descended with +their riders into the ravine. Petya rode beside Denisov, the pulsation +of his body constantly increasing. It was getting lighter and lighter, +but the mist still hid distant objects. Having reached the valley, +Denisov looked back and nodded to a Cossack beside him. + +"The signal!" said he. + +The Cossack raised his arm and a shot rang out. In an instant the +tramp of horses galloping forward was heard, shouts came from +various sides, and then more shots. + +At the first sound of trampling hoofs and shouting, Petya lashed his +horse and loosening his rein galloped forward, not heeding Denisov who +shouted at him. It seemed to Petya that at the moment the shot was +fired it suddenly became as bright as noon. He galloped to the bridge. +Cossacks were galloping along the road in front of him. On the +bridge he collided with a Cossack who had fallen behind, but he +galloped on. In front of him soldiers, probably Frenchmen, were +running from right to left across the road. One of them fell in the +mud under his horse's feet. + +Cossacks were crowding about a hut, busy with something. From the +midst of that crowd terrible screams arose. Petya galloped up, and the +first thing he saw was the pale face and trembling jaw of a Frenchman, +clutching the handle of a lance that had been aimed at him. + +"Hurrah!... Lads!... ours!" shouted Petya, and giving rein to his +excited horse he galloped forward along the village street. + +He could hear shooting ahead of him. Cossacks, hussars, and ragged +Russian prisoners, who had come running from both sides of the road, +were shouting something loudly and incoherently. A gallant-looking +Frenchman, in a blue overcoat, capless, and with a frowning red +face, had been defending himself against the hussars. When Petya +galloped up the Frenchman had already fallen. "Too late again!" +flashed through Petya's mind and he galloped on to the place from +which the rapid firing could be heard. The shots came from the yard of +the landowner's house he had visited the night before with Dolokhov. +The French were making a stand there behind a wattle fence in a garden +thickly overgrown with bushes and were firing at the Cossacks who +crowded at the gateway. Through the smoke, as he approached the +gate, Petya saw Dolokhov, whose face was of a pale-greenish tint, +shouting to his men. "Go round! Wait for the infantry!" he exclaimed +as Petya rode up to him. + +"Wait?... Hurrah-ah-ah!" shouted Petya, and without pausing a moment +galloped to the place whence came the sounds of firing and where the +smoke was thickest. + +A volley was heard, and some bullets whistled past, while others +plashed against something. The Cossacks and Dolokhov galloped after +Petya into the gateway of the courtyard. In the dense wavering smoke +some of the French threw down their arms and ran out of the bushes +to meet the Cossacks, while others ran down the hill toward the +pond. Petya was galloping along the courtyard, but instead of +holding the reins he waved both his arms about rapidly and +strangely, slipping farther and farther to one side in his saddle. His +horse, having galloped up to a campfire that was smoldering in the +morning light, stopped suddenly, and Petya fell heavily on to the +wet ground. The Cossacks saw that his arms and legs jerked rapidly +though his head was quite motionless. A bullet had pierced his skull. + +After speaking to the senior French officer, who came out of the +house with a white handkerchief tied to his sword and announced that +they surrendered, Dolokhov dismounted and went up to Petya, who lay +motionless with outstretched arms. + +"Done for!" he said with a frown, and went to the gate to meet +Denisov who was riding toward him. + +"Killed?" cried Denisov, recognizing from a distance the +unmistakably lifeless attitude--very familiar to him--in which Petya's +body was lying. + +"Done for!" repeated Dolokhov as if the utterance of these words +afforded him pleasure, and he went quickly up to the prisoners, who +were surrounded by Cossacks who had hurried up. "We won't take +them!" he called out to Denisov. + +Denisov did not reply; he rode up to Petya, dismounted, and with +trembling hands turned toward himself the bloodstained, +mud-bespattered face which had already gone white. + +"I am used to something sweet. Raisins, fine ones... take them all!" +he recalled Petya's words. And the Cossacks looked round in surprise +at the sound, like the yelp of a dog, with which Denisov turned +away, walked to the wattle fence, and seized hold of it. + +Among the Russian prisoners rescued by Denisov and Dolokhov was +Pierre Bezukhov. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +During the whole of their march from Moscow no fresh orders had been +issued by the French authorities concerning the party of prisoners +among whom was Pierre. On the twenty-second of October that party +was no longer with the same troops and baggage trains with which it +had left Moscow. Half the wagons laden with hardtack that had traveled +the first stages with them had been captured by Cossacks, the other +half had gone on ahead. Not one of those dismounted cavalrymen who had +marched in front of the prisoners was left; they had all +disappeared. The artillery the prisoners had seen in front of them +during the first days was now replaced by Marshal Junot's enormous +baggage train, convoyed by Westphalians. Behind the prisoners came a +cavalry baggage train. + +From Vyazma onwards the French army, which had till then moved in +three columns, went on as a single group. The symptoms of disorder +that Pierre had noticed at their first halting place after leaving +Moscow had now reached the utmost limit. + +The road along which they moved was bordered on both sides by dead +horses; ragged men who had fallen behind from various regiments +continually changed about, now joining the moving column, now again +lagging behind it. + +Several times during the march false alarms had been given and the +soldiers of the escort had raised their muskets, fired, and run +headlong, crushing one another, but had afterwards reassembled and +abused each other for their causeless panic. + +These three groups traveling together--the cavalry stores, the +convoy of prisoners, and Junot's baggage train--still constituted a +separate and united whole, though each of the groups was rapidly +melting away. + +Of the artillery baggage train which had consisted of a hundred +and twenty wagons, not more than sixty now remained; the rest had been +captured or left behind. Some of Junot's wagons also had been captured +or abandoned. Three wagons had been raided and robbed by stragglers +from Davout's corps. From the talk of the Germans Pierre learned +that a larger guard had been allotted to that baggage train than to +the prisoners, and that one of their comrades, a German soldier, had +been shot by the marshal's own order because a silver spoon +belonging to the marshal had been found in his possession. + +The group of prisoners had melted away most of all. Of the three +hundred and thirty men who had set out from Moscow fewer than a +hundred now remained. The prisoners were more burdensome to the escort +than even the cavalry saddles or Junot's baggage. They understood that +the saddles and Junot's spoon might be of some use, but that cold +and hungry soldiers should have to stand and guard equally cold and +hungry Russians who froze and lagged behind on the road (in which case +the order was to shoot them) was not merely incomprehensible but +revolting. And the escort, as if afraid, in the grievous condition +they themselves were in, of giving way to the pity they felt for the +prisoners and so rendering their own plight still worse, treated +them with particular moroseness and severity. + +At Dorogobuzh while the soldiers of the convoy, after locking the +prisoners in a stable, had gone off to pillage their own stores, +several of the soldier prisoners tunneled under the wall and ran away, +but were recaptured by the French and shot. + +The arrangement adopted when they started, that the officer +prisoners should be kept separate from the rest, had long since been +abandoned. All who could walk went together, and after the third stage +Pierre had rejoined Karataev and the gray-blue bandy-legged dog that +had chosen Karataev for its master. + +On the third day after leaving Moscow Karataev again fell ill with +the fever he had suffered from in the hospital in Moscow, and as he +grew gradually weaker Pierre kept away from him. Pierre did not know +why, but since Karataev had begun to grow weaker it had cost him an +effort to go near him. When he did so and heard the subdued moaning +with which Karataev generally lay down at the halting places, and when +he smelled the odor emanating from him which was now stronger than +before, Pierre moved farther away and did not think about him. + +While imprisoned in the shed Pierre had learned not with his +intellect but with his whole being, by life itself, that man is +created for happiness, that happiness is within him, in the +satisfaction of simple human needs, and that all unhappiness arises +not from privation but from superfluity. And now during these last +three weeks of the march he had learned still another new, consolatory +truth--that nothing in this world is terrible. He had learned that +as there is no condition in which man can be happy and entirely +free, so there is no condition in which he need be unhappy and lack +freedom. He learned that suffering and freedom have their limits and +that those limits are very near together; that the person in a bed +of roses with one crumpled petal suffered as keenly as he now, +sleeping on the bare damp earth with one side growing chilled while +the other was warming; and that when he had put on tight dancing shoes +he had suffered just as he did now when he walked with bare feet +that were covered with sores--his footgear having long since fallen to +pieces. He discovered that when he had married his wife--of his own +free will as it had seemed to him--he had been no more free than now +when they locked him up at night in a stable. Of all that he himself +subsequently termed his sufferings, but which at the time he +scarcely felt, the worst was the state of his bare, raw, and +scab-covered feet. (The horseflesh was appetizing and nourishing, +the saltpeter flavor of the gunpowder they used instead of salt was +even pleasant; there was no great cold, it was always warm walking +in the daytime, and at night there were the campfires; the lice that +devoured him warmed his body.) The one thing that was at first hard to +bear was his feet. + +After the second day's march Pierre, having examined his feet by the +campfire, thought it would be impossible to walk on them; but when +everybody got up he went along, limping, and, when he had warmed up, +walked without feeling the pain, though at night his feet were more +terrible to look at than before. However, he did not look at them now, +but thought of other things. + +Only now did Pierre realize the full strength of life in man and the +saving power he has of transferring his attention from one thing to +another, which is like the safety valve of a boiler that allows +superfluous steam to blow off when the pressure exceeds a certain +limit. + +He did not see and did not hear how they shot the prisoners who +lagged behind, though more than a hundred perished in that way. He did +not think of Karataev who grew weaker every day and evidently would +soon have to share that fate. Still less did Pierre think about +himself. The harder his position became and the more terrible the +future, the more independent of that position in which he found +himself were the joyful and comforting thoughts, memories, and +imaginings that came to him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +At midday on the twenty-second of October Pierre was going uphill +along the muddy, slippery road, looking at his feet and at the +roughness of the way. Occasionally he glanced at the familiar crowd +around him and then again at his feet. The former and the latter +were alike familiar and his own. The blue-gray bandy legged dog ran +merrily along the side of the road, sometimes in proof of its +agility and self-satisfaction lifting one hind leg and hopping along +on three, and then again going on all four and rushing to bark at +the crows that sat on the carrion. The dog was merrier and sleeker +than it had been in Moscow. All around lay the flesh of different +animals--from men to horses--in various stages of decomposition; and +as the wolves were kept off by the passing men the dog could eat all +it wanted. + +It had been raining since morning and had seemed as if at any moment +it might cease and the sky clear, but after a short break it began +raining harder than before. The saturated road no longer absorbed +the water, which ran along the ruts in streams. + +Pierre walked along, looking from side to side, counting his steps +in threes, and reckoning them off on his fingers. Mentally +addressing the rain, he repeated: "Now then, now then, go on! Pelt +harder!" + +It seemed to him that he was thinking of nothing, but far down and +deep within him his soul was occupied with something important and +comforting. This something was a most subtle spiritual deduction +from a conversation with Karataev the day before. + +At their yesterday's halting place, feeling chilly by a dying +campfire, Pierre had got up and gone to the next one, which was +burning better. There Platon Karataev was sitting covered up--head and +all--with his greatcoat as if it were a vestment, telling the soldiers +in his effective and pleasant though now feeble voice a story Pierre +knew. It was already past midnight, the hour when Karataev was usually +free of his fever and particularly lively. When Pierre reached the +fire and heard Platon's voice enfeebled by illness, and saw his +pathetic face brightly lit up by the blaze, he felt a painful prick at +his heart. His feeling of pity for this man frightened him and he +wished to go away, but there was no other fire, and Pierre sat down, +trying not to look at Platon. + +"Well, how are you?" he asked. + +"How am I? If we grumble at sickness, God won't grant us death," +replied Platon, and at once resumed the story he had begun. + +"And so, brother," he continued, with a smile on his pale +emaciated face and a particularly happy light in his eyes, "you +see, brother..." + +Pierre had long been familiar with that story. Karataev had told +it to him alone some half-dozen times and always with a specially +joyful emotion. But well as he knew it, Pierre now listened to that +tale as to something new, and the quiet rapture Karataev evidently +felt as he told it communicated itself also to Pierre. The story was +of an old merchant who lived a good and God-fearing life with his +family, and who went once to the Nizhni fair with a companion--a +rich merchant. + +Having put up at an inn they both went to sleep, and next morning +his companion was found robbed and with his throat cut. A bloodstained +knife was found under the old merchant's pillow. He was tried, +knouted, and his nostrils having been torn off, "all in due form" as +Karataev put it, he was sent to hard labor in Siberia. + +"And so, brother" (it was at this point that Pierre came up), "ten +years or more passed by. The old man was living as a convict, +submitting as he should and doing no wrong. Only he prayed to God +for death. Well, one night the convicts were gathered just as we +are, with the old man among them. And they began telling what each was +suffering for, and how they had sinned against God. One told how he +had taken a life, another had taken two, a third had set a house on +fire, while another had simply been a vagrant and had done nothing. So +they asked the old man: 'What are you being punished for, Daddy?'--'I, +my dear brothers,' said he, 'am being punished for my own and other +men's sins. But I have not killed anyone or taken anything that was +not mine, but have only helped my poorer brothers. I was a merchant, +my dear brothers, and had much property. 'And he went on to tell +them all about it in due order. 'I don't grieve for myself,' he +says, 'God, it seems, has chastened me. Only I am sorry for my old +wife and the children,' and the old man began to weep. Now it happened +that in the group was the very man who had killed the other +merchant. 'Where did it happen, Daddy?' he said. 'When, and in what +month?' He asked all about it and his heart began to ache. So he comes +up to the old man like this, and falls down at his feet! 'You are +perishing because of me, Daddy,' he says. 'It's quite true, lads, that +this man,' he says, 'is being tortured innocently and for nothing! I,' +he says, 'did that deed, and I put the knife under your head while you +were asleep. Forgive me, Daddy,' he says, 'for Christ's sake!'" + +Karataev paused, smiling joyously as he gazed into the fire, and +he drew the logs together. + +"And the old man said, 'God will forgive you, we are all sinners +in His sight. I suffer for my own sins,' and he wept bitter tears. +Well, and what do you think, dear friends?" Karataev continued, his +face brightening more and more with a rapturous smile as if what he +now had to tell contained the chief charm and the whole meaning of his +story: "What do you think, dear fellows? That murderer confessed to +the authorities. 'I have taken six lives,' he says (he was a great +sinner), 'but what I am most sorry for is this old man. Don't let +him suffer because of me.' So he confessed and it was all written down +and the papers sent off in due form. The place was a long way off, and +while they were judging, what with one thing and another, filling in +the papers all in due form--the authorities I mean--time passed. The +affair reached the Tsar. After a while the Tsar's decree came: to +set the merchant free and give him a compensation that had been +awarded. The paper arrived and they began to look for the old man. +'Where is the old man who has been suffering innocently and in vain? A +paper has come from the Tsar!' so they began looking for him," here +Karataev's lower jaw trembled, "but God had already forgiven him--he +was dead! That's how it was, dear fellows!" Karataev concluded and sat +for a long time silent, gazing before him with a smile. + +And Pierre's soul was dimly but joyfully filled not by the story +itself but by its mysterious significance: by the rapturous joy that +lit up Karataev's face as he told it, and the mystic significance of +that joy. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +"A vos places!"* suddenly cried a voice. + + +*"To your places." + + +A pleasant feeling of excitement and an expectation of something +joyful and solemn was aroused among the soldiers of the convoy and the +prisoners. From all sides came shouts of command, and from the left +came smartly dressed cavalrymen on good horses, passing the +prisoners at a trot. The expression on all faces showed the tension +people feel at the approach of those in authority. The prisoners +thronged together and were pushed off the road. The convoy formed up. + +"The Emperor! The Emperor! The Marshal! The Duke!" and hardly had +the sleek cavalry passed, before a carriage drawn by six gray horses +rattled by. Pierre caught a glimpse of a man in a three-cornered hat +with a tranquil look on his handsome, plump, white face. It was one of +the marshals. His eye fell on Pierre's large and striking figure, +and in the expression with which he frowned and looked away Pierre +thought he detected sympathy and a desire to conceal that sympathy. + +The general in charge of the stores galloped after the carriage with +a red and frightened face, whipping up his skinny horse. Several +officers formed a group and some soldiers crowded round them. Their +faces all looked excited and worried. + +"What did he say? What did he say?" Pierre heard them ask. + +While the marshal was passing, the prisoners had huddled together in +a crowd, and Pierre saw Karataev whom he had not yet seen that +morning. He sat in his short overcoat leaning against a birch tree. On +his face, besides the look of joyful emotion it had worn yesterday +while telling the tale of the merchant who suffered innocently, +there was now an expression of quiet solemnity. + +Karataev looked at Pierre with his kindly round eyes now filled with +tears, evidently wishing him to come near that he might say +something to him. But Pierre was not sufficiently sure of himself. +He made as if he did not notice that look and moved hastily away. + +When the prisoners again went forward Pierre looked round. +Karataev was still sitting at the side of the road under the birch +tree and two Frenchmen were talking over his head. Pierre did not look +round again but went limping up the hill. + +From behind, where Karataev had been sitting, came the sound of a +shot. Pierre heard it plainly, but at that moment he remembered that +he had not yet finished reckoning up how many stages still remained to +Smolensk--a calculation he had begun before the marshal went by. And +he again started reckoning. Two French soldiers ran past Pierre, one +of whom carried a lowered and smoking gun. They both looked pale, +and in the expression on their faces--one of them glanced timidly at +Pierre--there was something resembling what he had seen on the face of +the young soldier at the execution. Pierre looked at the soldier and +remembered that, two days before, that man had burned his shirt +while drying it at the fire and how they had laughed at him. + +Behind him, where Karataev had been sitting, the dog began to +howl. "What a stupid beast! Why is it howling?" thought Pierre. + +His comrades, the prisoner soldiers walking beside him, avoided +looking back at the place where the shot had been fired and the dog +was howling, just as Pierre did, but there was a set look on all their +faces. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +The stores, the prisoners, and the marshal's baggage train stopped +at the village of Shamshevo. The men crowded together round the +campfires. Pierre went up to the fire, ate some roast horseflesh, +lay down with his back to the fire, and immediately fell asleep. He +again slept as he had done at Mozhaysk after the battle of Borodino. + +Again real events mingled with dreams and again someone, he or +another, gave expression to his thoughts, and even to the same +thoughts that had been expressed in his dream at Mozhaysk. + +"Life is everything. Life is God. Everything changes and moves and +that movement is God. And while there is life there is joy in +consciousness of the divine. To love life is to love God. Harder and +more blessed than all else is to love this life in one's sufferings, +in innocent sufferings." + +"Karataev!" came to Pierre's mind. + +And suddenly he saw vividly before him a long-forgotten, kindly +old man who had given him geography lessons in Switzerland. "Wait a +bit," said the old man, and showed Pierre a globe. This globe was +alive--a vibrating ball without fixed dimensions. Its whole surface +consisted of drops closely pressed together, and all these drops moved +and changed places, sometimes several of them merging into one, +sometimes one dividing into many. Each drop tried to spread out and +occupy as much space as possible, but others striving to do the same +compressed it, sometimes destroyed it, and sometimes merged with it. + +"That is life," said the old teacher. + +"How simple and clear it is," thought Pierre. "How is it I did not +know it before?" + +"God is in the midst, and each drop tries to expand so as to reflect +Him to the greatest extent. And it grows, merges, disappears from +the surface, sinks to the depths, and again emerges. There now, +Karataev has spread out and disappeared. Do you understand, my child?" +said the teacher. + +"Do you understand, damn you?" shouted a voice, and Pierre woke up. + +He lifted himself and sat up. A Frenchman who had just pushed a +Russian soldier away was squatting by the fire, engaged in roasting +a piece of meat stuck on a ramrod. His sleeves were rolled up and +his sinewy, hairy, red hands with their short fingers deftly turned +the ramrod. His brown morose face with frowning brows was clearly +visible by the glow of the charcoal. + +"It's all the same to him," he muttered, turning quickly to a +soldier who stood behind him. "Brigand! Get away!" + +And twisting the ramrod he looked gloomily at Pierre, who turned +away and gazed into the darkness. A prisoner, the Russian soldier +the Frenchman had pushed away, was sitting near the fire patting +something with his hand. Looking more closely Pierre recognized the +blue-gray dog, sitting beside the soldier, wagging its tail. + +"Ah, he's come?" said Pierre. "And Plat-" he began, but did not +finish. + +Suddenly and simultaneously a crowd of memories awoke in his +fancy--of the look Platon had given him as he sat under the tree, of +the shot heard from that spot, of the dog's howl, of the guilty +faces of the two Frenchmen as they ran past him, of the lowered and +smoking gun, and of Karataev's absence at this halt--and he was on the +point of realizing that Karataev had been killed, but just at that +instant, he knew not why, the recollection came to his mind of a +summer evening he had spent with a beautiful Polish lady on the +veranda of his house in Kiev. And without linking up the events of the +day or drawing a conclusion from them, Pierre closed his eyes, +seeing a vision of the country in summertime mingled with memories +of bathing and of the liquid, vibrating globe, and he sank into +water so that it closed over his head. + +Before sunrise he was awakened by shouts and loud and rapid +firing. French soldiers were running past him. + +"The Cossacks!" one of them shouted, and a moment later a crowd of +Russians surrounded Pierre. + +For a long time he could not understand what was happening to him. +All around he heard his comrades sobbing with joy. + +"Brothers! Dear fellows! Darlings!" old soldiers exclaimed, weeping, +as they embraced Cossacks and hussars. + +The hussars and Cossacks crowded round the prisoners; one offered +them clothes, another boots, and a third bread. Pierre sobbed as he +sat among them and could not utter a word. He hugged the first soldier +who approached him, and kissed him, weeping. + +Dolokhov stood at the gate of the ruined house, letting a crowd of +disarmed Frenchmen pass by. The French, excited by all that had +happened, were talking loudly among themselves, but as they passed +Dolokhov who gently switched his boots with his whip and watched +them with cold glassy eyes that boded no good, they became silent. +On the opposite side stood Dolokhov's Cossack, counting the +prisoners and marking off each hundred with a chalk line on the gate. + +"How many?" Dolokhov asked the Cossack. + +"The second hundred," replied the Cossack. + +"Filez, filez!"* Dolokhov kept saying, having adopted this +expression from the French, and when his eyes met those of the +prisoners they flashed with a cruel light. + + +*"Get along, get along!" + + +Denisov, bareheaded and with a gloomy face, walked behind some +Cossacks who were carrying the body of Petya Rostov to a hole that had +been dug in the garden. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +After the twenty-eighth of October when the frosts began, the flight +of the French assumed a still more tragic character, with men +freezing, or roasting themselves to death at the campfires, while +carriages with people dressed in furs continued to drive past, +carrying away the property that had been stolen by the Emperor, kings, +and dukes; but the process of the flight and disintegration of the +French army went on essentially as before. + +From Moscow to Vyazma the French army of seventy-three thousand +men not reckoning the Guards (who did nothing during the whole war but +pillage) was reduced to thirty-six thousand, though not more than five +thousand had fallen in battle. From this beginning the succeeding +terms of the progression could be determined mathematically. The +French army melted away and perished at the same rate from Moscow to +Vyazma, from Vyazma to Smolensk, from Smolensk to the Berezina, and +from the Berezina to Vilna--independently of the greater or lesser +intensity of the cold, the pursuit, the barring of the way, or any +other particular conditions. Beyond Vyazma the French army instead +of moving in three columns huddled together into one mass, and so went +on to the end. Berthier wrote to his Emperor (we know how far +commanding officers allow themselves to diverge from the truth in +describing the condition of an army) and this is what he said: + + +I deem it my duty to report to Your Majesty the condition of the +various corps I have had occasion to observe during different stages +of the last two or three days' march. They are almost disbanded. +Scarcely a quarter of the soldiers remain with the standards of +their regiments, the others go off by themselves in different +directions hoping to find food and escape discipline. In general +they regard Smolensk as the place where they hope to recover. During +the last few days many of the men have been seen to throw away their +cartridges and their arms. In such a state of affairs, whatever your +ultimate plans may be, the interest of Your Majesty's service +demands that the army should be rallied at Smolensk and should first +of all be freed from ineffectives, such as dismounted cavalry, +unnecessary baggage, and artillery material that is no longer in +proportion to the present forces. The soldiers, who are worn out +with hunger and fatigue, need these supplies as well as a few days' +rest. Many have died last days on the road or at the bivouacs. This +state of things is continually becoming worse and makes one fear +that unless a prompt remedy is applied the troops will no longer be +under control in case of an engagement. + +November 9: twenty miles from Smolensk. + + +After staggering into Smolensk which seemed to them a promised land, +the French, searching for food, killed one another, sacked their own +stores, and when everything had been plundered fled farther. + +They all went without knowing whither or why they were going. +Still less did that genius, Napoleon, know it, for no one issued any +orders to him. But still he and those about him retained their old +habits: wrote commands, letters, reports, and orders of the day; +called one another sire, mon cousin, prince d'Eckmuhl, roi de +Naples, and so on. But these orders and reports were only on paper, +nothing in them was acted upon for they could not be carried out, +and though they entitled one another Majesties, Highnesses, or +Cousins, they all felt that they were miserable wretches who had +done much evil for which they had now to pay. And though they +pretended to be concerned about the army, each was thinking only of +himself and of how to get away quickly and save himself. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +The movements of the Russian and French armies during the campaign +from Moscow back to the Niemen were like those in a game of Russian +blindman's bluff, in which two players are blindfolded and one of them +occasionally rings a little bell to inform the catcher of his +whereabouts. First he rings his bell fearlessly, but when he gets into +a tight place he runs away as quietly as he can, and often thinking to +escape runs straight into his opponent's arms. + +At first while they were still moving along the Kaluga road, +Napoleon's armies made their presence known, but later when they +reached the Smolensk road they ran holding the clapper of their bell +tight--and often thinking they were escaping ran right into the +Russians. + +Owing to the rapidity of the French flight and the Russian pursuit +and the consequent exhaustion of the horses, the chief means of +approximately ascertaining the enemy's position--by cavalry +scouting--was not available. Besides, as a result of the frequent +and rapid change of position by each army, even what information was +obtained could not be delivered in time. If news was received one +day that the enemy had been in a certain position the day before, by +the third day when something could have been done, that army was +already two days' march farther on and in quite another position. + +One army fled and the other pursued. Beyond Smolensk there were +several different roads available for the French, and one would have +thought that during their stay of four days they might have learned +where the enemy was, might have arranged some more advantageous plan +and undertaken something new. But after a four days' halt the mob, +with no maneuvers or plans, again began running along the beaten +track, neither to the right nor to the left but along the old--the +worst--road, through Krasnoe and Orsha. + +Expecting the enemy from behind and not in front, the French +separated in their flight and spread out over a distance of +twenty-four hours. In front of them all fled the Emperor, then the +kings, then the dukes. The Russian army, expecting Napoleon to take +the road to the right beyond the Dnieper--which was the only +reasonable thing for him to do--themselves turned to the right and +came out onto the highroad at Krasnoe. And here as in a game of +blindman's buff the French ran into our vanguard. Seeing their enemy +unexpectedly the French fell into confusion and stopped short from the +sudden fright, but then they resumed their flight, abandoning their +comrades who were farther behind. Then for three days separate +portions of the French army--first Murat's (the vice-king's), then +Davout's, and then Ney's--ran, as it were, the gauntlet of the Russian +army. They abandoned one another, abandoned all their heavy baggage, +their artillery, and half their men, and fled, getting past the +Russians by night by making semicircles to the right. + +Ney, who came last, had been busying himself blowing up the walls of +Smolensk which were in nobody's way, because despite the unfortunate +plight of the French or because of it, they wished to punish the floor +against which they had hurt themselves. Ney, who had had a corps of +ten thousand men, reached Napoleon at Orsha with only one thousand men +left, having abandoned all the rest and all his cannon, and having +crossed the Dnieper at night by stealth at a wooded spot. + +From Orsha they fled farther along the road to Vilna, still +playing at blindman's buff with the pursuing army. At the Berezina +they again became disorganized, many were drowned and many +surrendered, but those who got across the river fled farther. Their +supreme chief donned a fur coat and, having seated himself in a +sleigh, galloped on alone, abandoning his companions. The others who +could do so drove away too, leaving those who could not to surrender +or die. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +This campaign consisted in a flight of the French during which +they did all they could to destroy themselves. From the time they +turned onto the Kaluga road to the day their leader fled from the +army, none of the movements of the crowd had any sense. So one might +have thought that regarding this period of the campaign the +historians, who attributed the actions of the mass to the will of +one man, would have found it impossible to make the story of the +retreat fit their theory. But no! Mountains of books have been written +by the historians about this campaign, and everywhere are described +Napoleon's arrangements, the maneuvers, and his profound plans which +guided the army, as well as the military genius shown by his marshals. + +The retreat from Malo-Yaroslavets when he had a free road into a +well-supplied district and the parallel road was open to him along +which Kutuzov afterwards pursued him--this unnecessary retreat along a +devastated road--is explained to us as being due to profound +considerations. Similarly profound considerations are given for his +retreat from Smolensk to Orsha. Then his heroism at Krasnoe is +described, where he is reported to have been prepared to accept battle +and take personal command, and to have walked about with a birch stick +and said: + +"J'ai assez fait l'empereur; il est temps de faire le general,"* but +nevertheless immediately ran away again, abandoning to its fate the +scattered fragments of the army he left behind. + + +*"I have acted the Emperor long enough; it is time to act the +general." + + +Then we are told of the greatness of soul of the marshals, +especially of Ney--a greatness of soul consisting in this: that he +made his way by night around through the forest and across the Dnieper +and escaped to Orsha, abandoning standards, artillery, and nine tenths +of his men. + +And lastly, the final departure of the great Emperor from his heroic +army is presented to us by the historians as something great and +characteristic of genius. Even that final running away, described in +ordinary language as the lowest depth of baseness which every child is +taught to be ashamed of--even that act finds justification in the +historians' language. + +When it is impossible to stretch the very elastic threads of +historical ratiocination any farther, when actions are clearly +contrary to all that humanity calls right or even just, the historians +produce a saving conception of "greatness." "Greatness," it seems, +excludes the standards of right and wrong. For the "great" man nothing +is wrong, there is no atrocity for which a "great" man can be blamed. + +"C'est grand!"* say the historians, and there no longer exists +either good or evil but only "grand" and "not grand." Grand is good, +not grand is bad. Grand is the characteristic, in their conception, of +some special animals called "heroes." And Napoleon, escaping home in a +warm fur coat and leaving to perish those who were not merely his +comrades but were (in his opinion) men he had brought there, feels que +c'est grand,*[2] and his soul is tranquil. + + +*"It is great." + +*[2] That it is great. + + +"Du sublime (he saw something sublime in himself) au ridicule il n'y +a qu'un pas,"* said he. And the whole world for fifty years has been +repeating: "Sublime! Grand! Napoleon le Grand!" Du sublime au ridicule +il n'y a qu'un pas. + + +*"From the sublime to the ridiculous is but a step." + + +And it occurs to no one that to admit a greatness not +commensurable with the standard of right and wrong is merely to +admit one's own nothingness and immeasurable meanness. + +For us with the standard of good and evil given us by Christ, no +human actions are incommensurable. And there is no greatness where +simplicity, goodness, and truth are absent. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +What Russian, reading the account of the last part of the campaign +of 1812, has not experienced an uncomfortable feeling of regret, +dissatisfaction, and perplexity? Who has not asked himself how it is +that the French were not all captured or destroyed when our three +armies surrounded them in superior numbers, when the disordered +French, hungry and freezing, surrendered in crowds, and when (as the +historians relate) the aim of the Russians was to stop the French, +to cut them off, and capture them all? + +How was it that the Russian army, which when numerically weaker than +the French had given battle at Borodino, did not achieve its purpose +when it had surrounded the French on three sides and when its aim +was to capture them? Can the French be so enormously superior to us +that when we had surrounded them with superior forces we could not +beat them? How could that happen? + +History (or what is called by that name) replying to these questions +says that this occurred because Kutuzov and Tormasov and Chichagov, +and this man and that man, did not execute such and such maneuvers... + +But why did they not execute those maneuvers? And why if they were +guilty of not carrying out a prearranged plan were they not tried +and punished? But even if we admitted that Kutuzov, Chichagov, and +others were the cause of the Russian failures, it is still +incomprehensible why, the position of the Russian army being what it +was at Krasnoe and at the Berezina (in both cases we had superior +forces), the French army with its marshals, kings, and Emperor was not +captured, if that was what the Russians aimed at. + +The explanation of this strange fact given by Russian military +historians (to the effect that Kutuzov hindered an attack) is +unfounded, for we know that he could not restrain the troops from +attacking at Vyazma and Tarutino. + +Why was the Russian army--which with inferior forces had withstood +the enemy in full strength at Borodino--defeated at Krasnoe and the +Berezina by the disorganized crowds of the French when it was +numerically superior? + +If the aim of the Russians consisted in cutting off and capturing +Napoleon and his marshals--and that aim was not merely frustrated +but all attempts to attain it were most shamefully baffled--then +this last period of the campaign is quite rightly considered by the +French to be a series of victories, and quite wrongly considered +victorious by Russian historians. + +The Russian military historians in so far as they submit to claims +of logic must admit that conclusion, and in spite of their lyrical +rhapsodies about valor, devotion, and so forth, must reluctantly admit +that the French retreat from Moscow was a series of victories for +Napoleon and defeats for Kutuzov. + +But putting national vanity entirely aside one feels that such a +conclusion involves a contradiction, since the series of French +victories brought the French complete destruction, while the series of +Russian defeats led to the total destruction of their enemy and the +liberation of their country. + +The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that the +historians studying the events from the letters of the sovereigns +and the generals, from memoirs, reports, projects, and so forth, +have attributed to this last period of the war of 1812 an aim that +never existed, namely that of cutting off and capturing Napoleon +with his marshals and his army. + +There never was or could have been such an aim, for it would have +been senseless and its attainment quite impossible. + +It would have been senseless, first because Napoleon's +disorganized army was flying from Russia with all possible speed, that +is to say, was doing just what every Russian desired. So what was +the use of performing various operations on the French who were +running away as fast as they possibly could? + +Secondly, it would have been senseless to block the passage of men +whose whole energy was directed to flight. + +Thirdly, it would have been senseless to sacrifice one's own +troops in order to destroy the French army, which without external +interference was destroying itself at such a rate that, though its +path was not blocked, it could not carry across the frontier more than +it actually did in December, namely a hundredth part of the original +army. + +Fourthly, it would have been senseless to wish to take captive the +Emperor, kings, and dukes--whose capture would have been in the +highest degree embarrassing for the Russians, as the most adroit +diplomatists of the time (Joseph de Maistre and others) recognized. +Still more senseless would have been the wish to capture army corps of +the French, when our own army had melted away to half before +reaching Krasnoe and a whole division would have been needed to convoy +the corps of prisoners, and when our men were not always getting +full rations and the prisoners already taken were perishing of hunger. + +All the profound plans about cutting off and capturing Napoleon +and his army were like the plan of a market gardener who, when driving +out of his garden a cow that had trampled down the beds he had +planted, should run to the gate and hit the cow on the head. The +only thing to be said in excuse of that gardener would be that he +was very angry. But not even that could be said for those who drew +up this project, for it was not they who had suffered from the +trampled beds. + +But besides the fact that cutting off Napoleon with his army would +have been senseless, it was impossible. + +It was impossible first because--as experience shows that a +three-mile movement of columns on a battlefield never coincides with +the plans--the probability of Chichagov, Kutuzov, and Wittgenstein +effecting a junction on time at an appointed place was so remote as to +be tantamount to impossibility, as in fact thought Kutuzov, who when +he received the plan remarked that diversions planned over great +distances do not yield the desired results. + +Secondly it was impossible, because to paralyze the momentum with +which Napoleon's army was retiring, incomparably greater forces than +the Russians possessed would have been required. + +Thirdly it was impossible, because the military term "to cut off" +has no meaning. One can cut off a slice of bread, but not an army. +To cut off an army--to bar its road--is quite impossible, for there is +always plenty of room to avoid capture and there is the night when +nothing can be seen, as the military scientists might convince +themselves by the example of Krasnoe and of the Berezina. It is only +possible to capture prisoners if they agree to be captured, just as it +is only possible to catch a swallow if it settles on one's hand. Men +can only be taken prisoners if they surrender according to the rules +of strategy and tactics, as the Germans did. But the French troops +quite rightly did not consider that this suited them, since death by +hunger and cold awaited them in flight or captivity alike. + +Fourthly and chiefly it was impossible, because never since the +world began has a war been fought under such conditions as those +that obtained in 1812, and the Russian army in its pursuit of the +French strained its strength to the utmost and could not have done +more without destroying itself. + +During the movement of the Russian army from Tarutino to Krasnoe +it lost fifty thousand sick or stragglers, that is a number equal to +the population of a large provincial town. Half the men fell out of +the army without a battle. + +And it is of this period of the campaign--when the army lacked boots +and sheepskin coats, was short of provisions and without vodka, and +was camping out at night for months in the snow with fifteen degrees +of frost, when there were only seven or eight hours of daylight and +the rest was night in which the influence of discipline cannot be +maintained, when men were taken into that region of death where +discipline fails, not for a few hours only as in a battle, but for +months, where they were every moment fighting death from hunger and +cold, when half the army perished in a single month--it is of this +period of the campaign that the historians tell us how Miloradovich +should have made a flank march to such and such a place, Tormasov to +another place, and Chichagov should have crossed (more than +knee-deep in snow) to somewhere else, and how so-and-so "routed" and +"cut off" the French and so on and so on. + +The Russians, half of whom died, did all that could and should +have been done to attain an end worthy of the nation, and they are not +to blame because other Russians, sitting in warm rooms, proposed +that they should do what was impossible. + +All that strange contradiction now difficult to understand between +the facts and the historical accounts only arises because the +historians dealing with the matter have written the history of the +beautiful words and sentiments of various generals, and not the +history of the events. + +To them the words of Miloradovich seem very interesting, and so do +their surmises and the rewards this or that general received; but +the question of those fifty thousand men who were left in hospitals +and in graves does not even interest them, for it does not come within +the range of their investigation. + +Yet one need only discard the study of the reports and general plans +and consider the movement of those hundreds of thousands of men who +took a direct part in the events, and all the questions that seemed +insoluble easily and simply receive an immediate and certain solution. + +The aim of cutting off Napoleon and his army never existed except in +the imaginations of a dozen people. It could not exist because it +was senseless and unattainable. + +The people had a single aim: to free their land from invasion. +That aim was attained in the first place of itself, as the French +ran away, and so it was only necessary not to stop their flight. +Secondly it was attained by the guerrilla warfare which was destroying +the French, and thirdly by the fact that a large Russian army was +following the French, ready to use its strength in case their movement +stopped. + +The Russian army had to act like a whip to a running animal. And the +experienced driver knew it was better to hold the whip raised as a +menace than to strike the running animal on the head. + + + + + +BOOK FIFTEEN: 1812 --13 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +When seeing a dying animal a man feels a sense of horror: +substance similar to his own is perishing before his eyes. But when it +is a beloved and intimate human being that is dying, besides this +horror at the extinction of life there is a severance, a spiritual +wound, which like a physical wound is sometimes fatal and sometimes +heals, but always aches and shrinks at any external irritating touch. + +After Prince Andrew's death Natasha and Princess Mary alike felt +this. Drooping in spirit and closing their eyes before the menacing +cloud of death that overhung them, they dared not look life in the +face. They carefully guarded their open wounds from any rough and +painful contact. Everything: a carriage passing rapidly in the street, +a summons to dinner, the maid's inquiry what dress to prepare, or +worse still any word of insincere or feeble sympathy, seemed an +insult, painfully irritated the wound, interrupting that necessary +quiet in which they both tried to listen to the stern and dreadful +choir that still resounded in their imagination, and hindered their +gazing into those mysterious limitless vistas that for an instant +had opened out before them. + +Only when alone together were they free from such outrage and +pain. They spoke little even to one another, and when they did it +was of very unimportant matters. + +Both avoided any allusion to the future. To admit the possibility of +a future seemed to them to insult his memory. Still more carefully did +they avoid anything relating to him who was dead. It seemed to them +that what they had lived through and experienced could not be +expressed in words, and that any reference to the details of his +life infringed the majesty and sacredness of the mystery that had been +accomplished before their eyes. + +Continued abstention from speech, and constant avoidance of +everything that might lead up to the subject--this halting on all +sides at the boundary of what they might not mention--brought before +their minds with still greater purity and clearness what they were +both feeling. + +But pure and complete sorrow is as impossible as pure and complete +joy. Princess Mary, in her position as absolute and independent +arbiter of her own fate and guardian and instructor of her nephew, was +the first to be called back to life from that realm of sorrow in which +she had dwelt for the first fortnight. She received letters from her +relations to which she had to reply; the room in which little Nicholas +had been put was damp and he began to cough; Alpatych came to +Yaroslavl with reports on the state of their affairs and with advice +and suggestions that they should return to Moscow to the house on +the Vozdvizhenka Street, which had remained uninjured and needed +only slight repairs. Life did not stand still and it was necessary +to live. Hard as it was for Princess Mary to emerge from the realm +of secluded contemplation in which she had lived till then, and +sorry and almost ashamed as she felt to leave Natasha alone, yet the +cares of life demanded her attention and she involuntarily yielded +to them. She went through the accounts with Alpatych, conferred with +Dessalles about her nephew, and gave orders and made preparations +for the journey to Moscow. + +Natasha remained alone and, from the time Princess Mary began making +preparations for departure, held aloof from her too. + +Princess Mary asked the countess to let Natasha go with her to +Moscow, and both parents gladly accepted this offer, for they saw +their daughter losing strength every day and thought that a change +of scene and the advice of Moscow doctors would be good for her. + +"I am not going anywhere," Natasha replied when this was proposed to +her. "Do please just leave me alone!" And she ran out of the room, +with difficulty refraining from tears of vexation and irritation +rather than of sorrow. + +After she felt herself deserted by Princes Mary and alone in her +grief, Natasha spent most of the time in her room by herself, +sitting huddled up feet and all in the corner of the sofa, tearing and +twisting something with her slender nervous fingers and gazing +intently and fixedly at whatever her eyes chanced to fall on. This +solitude exhausted and tormented her but she was in absolute need of +it. As soon as anyone entered she got up quickly, changed her position +and expression, and picked up a book or some sewing, evidently waiting +impatiently for the intruder to go. + +She felt all the time as if she might at any moment penetrate that +on which--with a terrible questioning too great for her strength- +her spiritual gaze was fixed. + +One day toward the end of December Natasha, pale and thin, dressed +in a black woolen gown, her plaited hair negligently twisted into a +knot, was crouched feet and all in the corner of her sofa, nervously +crumpling and smoothing out the end of her sash while she looked at +a corner of the door. + +She was gazing in the direction in which he had gone--to the other +side of life. And that other side of life, of which she had never +before thought and which had formerly seemed to her so far away and +improbable, was now nearer and more akin and more comprehensible +than this side of life, where everything was either emptiness and +desolation or suffering and indignity. + +She was gazing where she knew him to be; but she could not imagine +him otherwise than as he had been here. She now saw him again as he +had been at Mytishchi, at Troitsa, and at Yaroslavl. + +She saw his face, heard his voice, repeated his words and her own, +and sometimes devised other words they might have spoken. + +There he is lying back in an armchair in his velvet cloak, leaning +his head on his thin pale hand. His chest is dreadfully hollow and his +shoulders raised. His lips are firmly closed, his eyes glitter, and +a wrinkle comes and goes on his pale forehead. One of his legs +twitches just perceptibly, but rapidly. Natasha knows that he is +struggling with terrible pain. "What is that pain like? Why does he +have that pain? What does he feel? How does it hurt him?" thought +Natasha. He noticed her watching him, raised his eyes, and began to +speak seriously: + +"One thing would be terrible," said he: "to bind oneself forever +to a suffering man. It would be continual torture." And he looked +searchingly at her. Natasha as usual answered before she had time to +think what she would say. She said: "This can't go on--it won't. You +will get well--quite well." + +She now saw him from the commencement of that scene and relived what +she had then felt. She recalled his long sad and severe look at +those words and understood the meaning of the rebuke and despair in +that protracted gaze. + +"I agreed," Natasha now said to herself, "that it would be +dreadful if he always continued to suffer. I said it then only because +it would have been dreadful for him, but he understood it differently. +He thought it would be dreadful for me. He then still wished to live +and feared death. And I said it so awkwardly and stupidly! I did not +say what I meant. I thought quite differently. Had I said what I +thought, I should have said: even if he had to go on dying, to die +continually before my eyes, I should have been happy compared with +what I am now. Now there is nothing... nobody. Did he know that? No, +he did not and never will know it. And now it will never, never be +possible to put it right." And now he again seemed to be saying the +same words to her, only in her imagination Natasha this time gave +him a different answer. She stopped him and said: "Terrible for you, +but not for me! You know that for me there is nothing in life but you, +and to suffer with you is the greatest happiness for me," and he +took her hand and pressed it as he had pressed it that terrible +evening four days before his death. And in her imagination she said +other tender and loving words which she might have said then but +only spoke now: "I love thee!... thee! I love, love..." she said, +convulsively pressing her hands and setting her teeth with a desperate +effort... + +She was overcome by sweet sorrow and tears were already rising in +her eyes; then she suddenly asked herself to whom she was saying this. +Again everything was shrouded in hard, dry perplexity, and again +with a strained frown she peered toward the world where he was. And +now, now it seemed to her she was penetrating the mystery.... But at +the instant when it seemed that the incomprehensible was revealing +itself to her a loud rattle of the door handle struck painfully on her +ears. Dunyasha, her maid, entered the room quickly and abruptly with a +frightened look on her face and showing no concern for her mistress. + +"Come to your Papa at once, please!" said she with a strange, +excited look. "A misfortune... about Peter Ilynich... a letter," she +finished with a sob. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +Besides a feeling of aloofness from everybody Natasha was feeling +a special estrangement from the members of her own family. All of +them--her father, mother, and Sonya--were so near to her, so familiar, +so commonplace, that all their words and feelings seemed an insult +to the world in which she had been living of late, and she felt not +merely indifferent to them but regarded them with hostility. She heard +Dunyasha's words about Peter Ilynich and a misfortune, but did not +grasp them. + +"What misfortune? What misfortune can happen to them? They just live +their own old, quiet, and commonplace life," thought Natasha. + +As she entered the ballroom her father was hurriedly coming out of +her mother's room. His face was puckered up and wet with tears. He had +evidently run out of that room to give vent to the sobs that were +choking him. When he saw Natasha he waved his arms despairingly and +burst into convulsively painful sobs that distorted his soft round +face. + +"Pe... Petya... Go, go, she... is calling..." and weeping like a +child and quickly shuffling on his feeble legs to a chair, he almost +fell into it, covering his face with his hands. + +Suddenly an electric shock seemed to run through Natasha's whole +being. Terrible anguish struck her heart, she felt a dreadful ache +as if something was being torn inside her and she were dying. But +the pain was immediately followed by a feeling of release from the +oppressive constraint that had prevented her taking part in life. +The sight of her father, the terribly wild cries of her mother that +she heard through the door, made her immediately forget herself and +her own grief. + +She ran to her father, but he feebly waved his arm, pointing to +her mother's door. Princess Mary, pale and with quivering chin, came +out from that room and taking Natasha by the arm said something to +her. Natasha neither saw nor heard her. She went in with rapid +steps, pausing at the door for an instant as if struggling with +herself, and then ran to her mother. + +The countess was lying in an armchair in a strange and awkward +position, stretching out and beating her head against the wall. +Sonya and the maids were holding her arms. + +"Natasha! Natasha!..." cried the countess. "It's not true... it's +not true... He's lying... Natasha!" she shrieked, pushing those around +her away. "Go away, all of you; it's not true! Killed!... ha, ha, +ha!... It's not true!" + +Natasha put one knee on the armchair, stooped over her mother, +embraced her, and with unexpected strength raised her, turned her face +toward herself, and clung to her. + +"Mummy!... darling!... I am here, my dearest Mummy," she kept on +whispering, not pausing an instant. + +She did not let go of her mother but struggled tenderly with her, +demanded a pillow and hot water, and unfastened and tore open her +mother's dress. + +"My dearest darling... Mummy, my precious!..." she whispered +incessantly, kissing her head, her hands, her face, and feeling her +own irrepressible and streaming tears tickling her nose and cheeks. + +The countess pressed her daughter's hand, closed her eyes, and +became quiet for a moment. Suddenly she sat up with unaccustomed +swiftness, glanced vacantly around her, and seeing Natasha began to +press her daughter's head with all her strength. Then she turned +toward her daughter's face which was wincing with pain and gazed +long at it. + +"Natasha, you love me?" she said in a soft trustful whisper. +"Natasha, you would not deceive me? You'll tell me the whole truth?" + +Natasha looked at her with eyes full of tears and in her look +there was nothing but love and an entreaty for forgiveness. + +"My darling Mummy!" she repeated, straining all the power of her +love to find some way of taking on herself the excess of grief that +crushed her mother. + +And again in a futile struggle with reality her mother, refusing +to believe that she could live when her beloved boy was killed in +the bloom of life, escaped from reality into a world of delirium. + +Natasha did not remember how that day passed nor that night, nor the +next day and night. She did not sleep and did not leave her mother. +Her persevering and patient love seemed completely to surround the +countess every moment, not explaining or consoling, but recalling +her to life. + +During the third night the countess kept very quiet for a few +minutes, and Natasha rested her head on the arm of her chair and +closed her eyes, but opened them again on hearing the bedstead +creak. The countess was sitting up in bed and speaking softly. + +"How glad I am you have come. You are tired. Won't you have some +tea?" Natasha went up to her. "You have improved in looks and grown +more manly," continued the countess, taking her daughter's hand. + +"Mamma! What are you saying..." + +"Natasha, he is no more, no more!" + +And embracing her daughter, the countess began to weep for the first +time. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +Princess Mary postponed her departure. Sonya and the count tried +to replace Natasha but could not. They saw that she alone was able +to restrain her mother from unreasoning despair. For three weeks +Natasha remained constantly at her mother's side, sleeping on a lounge +chair in her room, making her eat and drink, and talking to her +incessantly because the mere sound of her tender, caressing tones +soothed her mother. + +The mother's wounded spirit could not heal. Petya's +death had torn from her half her life. When the news of Petya's +death had come she had been a fresh and vigorous woman of fifty, but a +month later she left her room a listless old woman taking no +interest in life. But the same blow that almost killed the countess, +this second blow, restored Natasha to life. + +A spiritual wound produced by a rending of the spiritual body is +like a physical wound and, strange as it may seem, just as a deep +wound may heal and its edges join, physical and spiritual wounds alike +can yet heal completely only as the result of a vital force from +within. + +Natasha's wound healed in that way. She thought her life was +ended, but her love for her mother unexpectedly showed her that the +essence of life--love--was still active within her. Love awoke and +so did life. + +Prince Andrew's last days had bound Princess Mary and Natasha +together; this new sorrow brought them still closer to one another. +Princess Mary put off her departure, and for three weeks looked +after Natasha as if she had been a sick child. The last weeks passed +in her mother's bedroom had strained Natasha's physical strength. + +One afternoon noticing Natasha shivering with fever, Princess Mary +took her to her own room and made her lie down on the bed. Natasha lay +down, but when Princess Mary had drawn the blinds and was going away +she called her back. + +"I don't want to sleep, Mary, sit by me a little." + +"You are tired--try to sleep." + +"No, no. Why did you bring me away? She will be asking for me." + +"She is much better. She spoke so well today," said Princess Mary. + +Natasha lay on the bed and in the semidarkness of the room scanned +Princess Mary's face. + +"Is she like him?" thought Natasha. "Yes, like and yet not like. But +she is quite original, strange, new, and unknown. And she loves me. +What is in her heart? All that is good. But how? What is her mind +like? What does she think about me? Yes, she is splendid!" + +"Mary," she said timidly, drawing Princess Mary's hand to herself, +"Mary, you mustn't think me wicked. No? Mary darling, how I love +you! Let us be quite, quite friends." + +And Natasha, embracing her, began kissing her face and hands, making +Princess Mary feel shy but happy by this demonstration of her +feelings. + +From that day a tender and passionate friendship such as exists only +between women was established between Princess Mary and Natasha. +They were continually kissing and saying tender things to one +another and spent most of their time together. When one went out the +other became restless and hastened to rejoin her. Together they felt +more in harmony with one another than either of them felt with herself +when alone. A feeling stronger than friendship sprang up between them; +an exclusive feeling of life being possible only in each other's +presence. + +Sometimes they were silent for hours; sometimes after they were +already in bed they would begin talking and go on till morning. They +spoke most of what was long past. Princess Mary spoke of her +childhood, of her mother, her father, and her daydreams; and +Natasha, who with a passive lack of understanding had formerly +turned away from that life of devotion, submission, and the poetry +of Christian self-sacrifice, now feeling herself bound to Princess +Mary by affection, learned to love her past too and to understand a +side of life previously incomprehensible to her. She did not think +of applying submission and self-abnegation to her own life, for she +was accustomed to seek other joys, but she understood and loved in +another those previously incomprehensible virtues. For Princess +Mary, listening to Natasha's tales of childhood and early youth, there +also opened out a new and hitherto uncomprehended side of life: belief +in life and its enjoyment. + +Just as before, they never mentioned him so as not to lower (as they +thought) their exalted feelings by words; but this silence about him +had the effect of making them gradually begin to forget him without +being conscious of it. + +Natasha had grown thin and pale and physically so weak that they all +talked about her health, and this pleased her. But sometimes she was +suddenly overcome by fear not only of death but of sickness, weakness, +and loss of good looks, and involuntarily she examined her bare arm +carefully, surprised at its thinness, and in the morning noticed her +drawn and, as it seemed to her, piteous face in her glass. It seemed +to her that things must be so, and yet it was dreadfully sad. + +One day she went quickly upstairs and found herself out of breath. +Unconsciously she immediately invented a reason for going down, and +then, testing her strength, ran upstairs again, observing the result. + +Another time when she called Dunyasha her voice trembled, so she +called again--though she could hear Dunyasha coming--called her in the +deep chest tones in which she had been wont to sing, sing, and +listened attentively to herself. + +She did not know and would not have believed it, but beneath the +layer of slime that covered her soul and seemed to her impenetrable, +delicate young shoots of grass were already sprouting, which taking +root would so cover with their living verdure the grief that weighed +her down that it would soon no longer be seen or noticed. The wound +had begun to heal from within. + +At the end of January Princess Mary left for Moscow, and the count +insisted on Natasha's going with her to consult the doctors. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +After the encounter at Vyazma, where Kutuzov had been unable to hold +back his troops in their anxiety to overwhelm and cut off the enemy +and so on, the farther movement of the fleeing French, and of the +Russians who pursued them, continued as far as Krasnoe without a +battle. The flight was so rapid that the Russian army pursuing the +French could not keep up with them; cavalry and artillery horses broke +down, and the information received of the movements of the French +was never reliable. + +The men in the Russian army were so worn out by this continuous +marching at the rate of twenty-seven miles a day that they could not +go any faster. + +To realize the degree of exhaustion of the Russian army it is only +necessary to grasp clearly the meaning of the fact that, while not +losing more than five thousand killed and wounded after Tarutino and +less than a hundred prisoners, the Russian army which left that +place a hundred thousand strong reached Krasnoe with only fifty +thousand. + +The rapidity of the Russian pursuit was just as destructive to our +army as the flight of the French was to theirs. The only difference +was that the Russian army moved voluntarily, with no such threat of +destruction as hung over the French, and that the sick Frenchmen +were left behind in enemy hands while the sick Russians left behind +were among their own people. The chief cause of the wastage of +Napoleon's army was the rapidity of its movement, and a convincing +proof of this is the corresponding decrease of the Russian army. + +Kutuzov as far as was in his power, instead of trying to check the +movement of the French as was desired in Petersburg and by the Russian +army generals, directed his whole activity here, as he had done at +Tarutino and Vyazma, to hastening it on while easing the movement of +our army. + +But besides this, since the exhaustion and enormous diminution of +the army caused by the rapidity of the advance had become evident, +another reason for slackening the pace and delaying presented itself +to Kutuzov. The aim of the Russian army was to pursue the French. +The road the French would take was unknown, and so the closer our +troops trod on their heels the greater distance they had to cover. +Only by following at some distance could one cut across the zigzag +path of the French. All the artful maneuvers suggested by our generals +meant fresh movements of the army and a lengthening of its marches, +whereas the only reasonable aim was to shorten those marches. To +that end Kutuzov's activity was directed during the whole campaign +from Moscow to Vilna--not casually or intermittently but so +consistently that he never once deviated from it. + +Kutuzov felt and knew--not by reasoning or science but with the +whole of his Russian being--what every Russian soldier felt: that +the French were beaten, that the enemy was flying and must be driven +out; but at the same time he like the soldiers realized all the +hardship of this march, the rapidity of which was unparalleled for +such a time of the year. + +But to the generals, especially the foreign ones in the Russian +army, who wished to distinguish themselves, to astonish somebody, +and for some reason to capture a king or a duke--it seemed that now- +when any battle must be horrible and senseless--was the very time to +fight and conquer somebody. Kutuzov merely shrugged his shoulders when +one after another they presented projects of maneuvers to be made with +those soldiers--ill-shod, insufficiently clad, and half starved--who +within a month and without fighting a battle had dwindled to half +their number, and who at the best if the flight continued would have +to go a greater distance than they had already traversed, before +they reached the frontier. + +This longing to distinguish themselves, to maneuver, to overthrow, +and to cut off showed itself particularly whenever the Russians +stumbled on the French army. + +So it was at Krasnoe, where they expected to find one of the three +French columns and stumbled instead on Napoleon himself with sixteen +thousand men. Despite all Kutuzov's efforts to avoid that ruinous +encounter and to preserve his troops, the massacre of the broken mob +of French soldiers by worn-out Russians continued at Krasnoe for three +days. + +Toll wrote a disposition: "The first column will march to so and +so," etc. And as usual nothing happened in accord with the +disposition. Prince Eugene of Wurttemberg fired from a hill over the +French crowds that were running past, and demanded reinforcements +which did not arrive. The French, avoiding the Russians, dispersed and +hid themselves in the forest by night, making their way round as +best they could, and continued their flight. + +Miloradovich, who said he did not want to know anything about the +commissariat affairs of his detachment, and could never be found +when he was wanted--that chevalier sans peur et sans reproche* as he +styled himself--who was fond of parleys with the French, sent envoys +demanding their surrender, wasted time, and did not do what he was +ordered to do. + + +*Knight without fear and without reproach. + + +"I give you that column, lads," he said, riding up to the troops and +pointing out the French to the cavalry. + +And the cavalry, with spurs and sabers urging on horses that could +scarcely move, trotted with much effort to the column presented to +them--that is to say, to a crowd of Frenchmen stark with cold, +frost-bitten, and starving--and the column that had been presented +to them threw down its arms and surrendered as it had long been +anxious to do. + +At Krasnoe they took twenty-six thousand prisoners, several +hundred cannon, and a stick called a "marshal's staff," and disputed +as to who had distinguished himself and were pleased with their +achievement--though they much regretted not having taken Napoleon, +or at least a marshal or a hero of some sort, and reproached one +another and especially Kutuzov for having failed to do so. + +These men, carried away by their passions, were but blind tools of +the most melancholy law of necessity, but considered themselves heroes +and imagined that they were accomplishing a most noble and honorable +deed. They blamed Kutuzov and said that from the very beginning of the +campaign he had prevented their vanquishing Napoleon, that he +thought nothing but satisfying his passions and would not advance from +the Linen Factories because he was comfortable there, that at +Krasnoe he checked the advance because on learning that Napoleon was +there he had quite lost his head, and that it was probable that he had +an understanding with Napoleon and had been bribed by him, and so +on, and so on. + +Not only did his contemporaries, carried away by their passions, +talk in this way, but posterity and history have acclaimed Napoleon as +grand, while Kutuzov is described by foreigners as a crafty, +dissolute, weak old courtier, and by Russians as something indefinite- +a sort of puppet useful only because he had a Russian name. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +In 1812 and 1813 Kutuzov was openly accused of blundering. The +Emperor was dissatisfied with him. And in a history recently written +by order of the Highest Authorities it is said that Kutuzov was a +cunning court liar, frightened of the name of Napoleon, and that by +his blunders at Krasnoe and the Berezina he deprived the Russian +army of the glory of complete victory over the French.* + + +*History of the year 1812. The character of Kutuzov and +reflections on the unsatisfactory results of the battles at Krasnoe, +by Bogdanovich. + + +Such is the fate not of great men (grands hommes) whom the Russian +mind does not acknowledge, but of those rare and always solitary +individuals who, discerning the will of Providence, submit their +personal will to it. The hatred and contempt of the crowd punish +such men for discerning the higher laws. + +For Russian historians, strange and terrible to say, Napoleon- +that most insignificant tool of history who never anywhere, even in +exile, showed human dignity--Napoleon is the object of adulation and +enthusiasm; he is grand. But Kutuzov--the man who from the beginning +to the end of his activity in 1812, never once swerving by word or +deed from Borodino to Vilna, presented an example exceptional in +history of self-sacrifice and a present consciousness of the future +importance of what was happening--Kutuzov seems to them something +indefinite and pitiful, and when speaking of him and of the year +1812 they always seem a little ashamed. + +And yet it is difficult to imagine an historical character whose +activity was so unswervingly directed to a single aim; and it would be +difficult to imagine any aim more worthy or more consonant with the +will of the whole people. Still more difficult would it be to find +an instance in history of the aim of an historical personage being +so completely accomplished as that to which all Kutuzov's efforts were +directed in 1812. + +Kutuzov never talked of "forty centuries looking down from the +Pyramids," of the sacrifices he offered for the fatherland, or of what +he intended to accomplish or had accomplished; in general he said +nothing about himself, adopted no prose, always appeared to be the +simplest and most ordinary of men, and said the simplest and most +ordinary things. He wrote letters to his daughters and to Madame de +Stael, read novels, liked the society of pretty women, jested with +generals, officers, and soldiers, and never contradicted those who +tried to prove anything to him. When Count Rostopchin at the Yauza +bridge galloped up to Kutuzov with personal reproaches for having +caused the destruction of Moscow, and said: "How was it you promised +not to abandon Moscow without a battle?" Kutuzov replied: "And I shall +not abandon Moscow without a battle," though Moscow was then already +abandoned. When Arakcheev, coming to him from the Emperor, said that +Ermolov ought to be appointed chief of the artillery, Kutuzov replied: +"Yes, I was just saying so myself," though a moment before he had said +quite the contrary. What did it matter to him--who then alone amid a +senseless crowd understood the whole tremendous significance of what +was happening--what did it matter to him whether Rostopchin attributed +the calamities of Moscow to him or to himself? Still less could it +matter to him who was appointed chief of the artillery. + +Not merely in these cases but continually did that old man--who by +experience of life had reached the conviction that thoughts and the +words serving as their expression are not what move people--use +quite meaningless words that happened to enter his head. + +But that man, so heedless of his words, did not once during the +whole time of his activity utter one word inconsistent with the single +aim toward which he moved throughout the whole war. Obviously in spite +of himself, in very diverse circumstances, he repeatedly expressed his +real thoughts with the bitter conviction that he would not be +understood. Beginning with the battle of Borodino, from which time his +disagreement with those about him began, he alone said that the battle +of Borodino was a victory, and repeated this both verbally and in +his dispatches and reports up to the time of his death. He alone +said that the loss of Moscow is not the loss of Russia. In reply to +Lauriston's proposal of peace, he said: There can be no peace, for +such is the people's will. He alone during the retreat of the French +said that all our maneuvers are useless, everything is being +accomplished of itself better than we could desire; that the enemy +must be offered "a golden bridge"; that neither the Tarutino, the +Vyazma, nor the Krasnoe battles were necessary; that we must keep some +force to reach the frontier with, and that he would not sacrifice a +single Russian for ten Frenchmen. + +And this courtier, as he is described to us, who lies to Arakcheev +to please the Emperor, he alone--incurring thereby the Emperor's +displeasure--said in Vilna that to carry the war beyond the frontier +is useless and harmful. + +Nor do words alone prove that only he understood the meaning of +the events. His actions--without the smallest deviation--were all +directed to one and the same threefold end: (1) to brace all his +strength for conflict with the French, (2) to defeat them, and (3) +to drive them out of Russia, minimizing as far as possible the +sufferings of our people and of our army. + +This procrastinator Kutuzov, whose motto was "Patience and Time," +this enemy of decisive action, gave battle at Borodino, investing +the preparations for it with unparalleled solemnity. This Kutuzov +who before the battle of Austerlitz began said that it would be +lost, he alone, in contradiction to everyone else, declared till his +death that Borodino was a victory, despite the assurance of generals +that the battle was lost and despite the fact that for an army to have +to retire after winning a battle was unprecedented. He alone during +the whole retreat insisted that battles, which were useless then, +should not be fought, and that a new war should not be begun nor the +frontiers of Russia crossed. + +It is easy now to understand the significance of these events--if +only we abstain from attributing to the activity of the mass aims that +existed only in the heads of a dozen individuals--for the events and +results now lie before us. + +But how did that old man, alone, in opposition to the general +opinion, so truly discern the importance of the people's view of the +events that in all his activity he was never once untrue to it? + +The source of that extraordinary power of penetrating the meaning of +the events then occuring lay in the national feeling which he +possessed in full purity and strength. + +Only the recognition of the fact that he possessed this feeling +caused the people in so strange a manner, contrary to the Tsar's wish, +to select him--an old man in disfavor--to be their representative in +the national war. And only that feeling placed him on that highest +human pedestal from which he, the commander in chief, devoted all +his powers not to slaying and destroying men but to saving and showing +pity on them. + +That simple, modest, and therefore truly great, figure could not +be cast in the false mold of a European hero--the supposed ruler of +men--that history has invented. + +To a lackey no man can be great, for a lackey has his own conception +of greatness. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +The fifth of November was the first day of what is called the battle +of Krasnoe. Toward evening--after much disputing and many mistakes +made by generals who did not go to their proper places, and after +adjutants had been sent about with counterorders--when it had become +plain that the enemy was everywhere in flight and that there could and +would be no battle, Kutuzov left Krasnoe and went to Dobroe whither +his headquarters had that day been transferred. + +The day was clear and frosty. Kutuzov rode to Dobroe on his plump +little white horse, followed by an enormous suite of discontented +generals who whispered among themselves behind his back. All along the +road groups of French prisoners captured that day (there were seven +thousand of them) were crowding to warm themselves at campfires. +Near Dobroe an immense crowd of tattered prisoners, buzzing with +talk and wrapped and bandaged in anything they had been able to get +hold of, were standing in the road beside a long row of unharnessed +French guns. At the approach of the commander in chief the buzz of +talk ceased and all eyes were fixed on Kutuzov who, wearing a white +cap with a red band and a padded overcoat that bulged on his round +shoulders, moved slowly along the road on his white horse. One of +the generals was reporting to him where the guns and prisoners had +been captured. + +Kutuzov seemed preoccupied and did not listen to what the general +was saying. He screwed up his eyes with a dissatisfied look as he +gazed attentively and fixedly at these prisoners, who presented a +specially wretched appearance. Most of them were disfigured by +frost-bitten noses and cheeks, and nearly all had red, swollen and +festering eyes. + +One group of the French stood close to the road, and two of them, +one of whom had his face covered with sores, were tearing a piece of +raw flesh with their hands. There was something horrible and bestial +in the fleeting glance they threw at the riders and in the +malevolent expression with which, after a glance at Kutuzov, the +soldier with the sores immediately turned away and went on with what +he was doing. + +Kutuzov looked long and intently at these two soldiers. He +puckered his face, screwed up his eyes, and pensively swayed his head. +At another spot he noticed a Russian soldier laughingly patting a +Frenchman on the shoulder, saying something to him in a friendly +manner, and Kutuzov with the same expression on his face again +swayed his head. + +"What were you saying?" he asked the general, who continuing his +report directed the commander in chief's attention to some standards +captured from the French and standing in front of the Preobrazhensk +regiment. + +"Ah, the standards!" said Kutuzov, evidently detaching himself +with difficulty from the thoughts that preoccupied him. + +He looked about him absently. Thousands of eyes were looking at +him from all sides awaiting a word from him. + +He stopped in front of the Preobrazhensk regiment, sighed deeply, +and closed his eyes. One of his suite beckoned to the soldiers +carrying the standards to advance and surround the commander in +chief with them. Kutuzov was silent for a few seconds and then, +submitting with evident reluctance to the duty imposed by his +position, raised his head and began to speak. A throng of officers +surrounded him. He looked attentively around at the circle of +officers, recognizing several of them. + +"I thank you all!" he said, addressing the soldiers and then again +the officers. In the stillness around him his slowly uttered words +were distinctly heard. "I thank you all for your hard and faithful +service. The victory is complete and Russia will not forget you! Honor +to you forever." + +He paused and looked around. + +"Lower its head, lower it!" he said to a soldier who had +accidentally lowered the French eagle he was holding before the +Preobrazhensk standards. "Lower, lower, that's it. Hurrah lads!" he +added, addressing the men with a rapid movement of his chin. + +"Hur-r-rah!" roared thousands of voices. + +While the soldiers were shouting Kutuzov leaned forward in his +saddle and bowed his head, and his eye lit up with a mild and +apparently ironic gleam. + +"You see, brothers..." said he when the shouts had ceased... and all +at once his voice and the expression of his face changed. It was no +longer the commander in chief speaking but an ordinary old man who +wanted to tell his comrades something very important. + +There was a stir among the throng of officers and in the ranks of +the soldiers, who moved that they might hear better what he was +going to say. + +"You see, brothers, I know it's hard for you, but it can't be +helped! Bear up; it won't be for long now! We'll see our visitors +off and then we'll rest. The Tsar won't forget your service. It is +hard for you, but still you are at home while they--you see what +they have come to," said he, pointing to the prisoners. "Worse off +than our poorest beggars. While they were strong we didn't spare +ourselves, but now we may even pity them. They are human beings too. +Isn't it so, lads?" + +He looked around, and in the direct, respectful, wondering gaze +fixed upon him he read sympathy with what he had said. His face grew +brighter and brighter with an old man's mild smile, which drew the +corners of his lips and eyes into a cluster of wrinkles. He ceased +speaking and bowed his head as if in perplexity. + +"But after all who asked them here? Serves them right, the bloody +bastards!" he cried, suddenly lifting his head. + +And flourishing his whip he rode off at a gallop for the first +time during the whole campaign, and left the broken ranks of the +soldiers laughing joyfully and shouting "Hurrah!" + +Kutuzov's words were hardly understood by the troops. No one could +have repeated the field marshal's address, begun solemnly and then +changing into an old man's simplehearted talk; but the hearty +sincerity of that speech, the feeling of majestic triumph combined +with pity for the foe and consciousness of the justice of our cause, +exactly expressed by that old man's good-natured expletives, was not +merely understood but lay in the soul of every soldier and found +expression in their joyous and long-sustained shouts. Afterwards +when one of the generals addressed Kutuzov asking whether he wished +his caleche to be sent for, Kutuzov in answering unexpectedly gave a +sob, being evidently greatly moved. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +When the troops reached their night's halting place on the eighth of +November, the last day of the Krasnoe battles, it was already +growing dusk. All day it had been calm and frosty with occasional +lightly falling snow and toward evening it began to clear. Through the +falling snow a purple-black and starry sky showed itself and the frost +grew keener. + +An infantry regiment which had left Tarutino three thousand strong +but now numbered only nine hundred was one of the first to arrive that +night at its halting place--a village on the highroad. The +quartermasters who met the regiment announced that all the huts were +full of sick and dead Frenchmen, cavalrymen, and members of the staff. +There was only one hut available for the regimental commander. + +The commander rode up to his hut. The regiment passed through the +village and stacked its arms in front of the last huts. + +Like some huge many-limbed animal, the regiment began to prepare its +lair and its food. One part of it dispersed and waded knee-deep +through the snow into a birch forest to the right of the village, +and immediately the sound of axes and swords, the crashing of +branches, and merry voices could be heard from there. Another +section amid the regimental wagons and horses which were standing in a +group was busy getting out caldrons and rye biscuit, and feeding the +horses. A third section scattered through the village arranging +quarters for the staff officers, carrying out the French corpses +that were in the huts, and dragging away boards, dry wood, and +thatch from the roofs, for the campfires, or wattle fences to serve +for shelter. + +Some fifteen men with merry shouts were shaking down the high wattle +wall of a shed, the roof of which had already been removed. + +"Now then, all together--shove!" cried the voices, and the huge +surface of the wall, sprinkled with snow and creaking with frost, +was seen swaying in the gloom of the night. The lower stakes cracked +more and more and at last the wall fell, and with it the men who had +been pushing it. Loud, coarse laughter and joyous shouts ensued. + +"Now then, catch hold in twos! Hand up the lever! That's it... Where +are you shoving to?" + +"Now, all together! But wait a moment, boys... With a song!" + +All stood silent, and a soft, pleasant velvety voice began to +sing. At the end of the third verse as the last note died away, twenty +voices roared out at once: "Oo-oo-oo-oo! That's it. All together! +Heave away, boys!..." but despite their united efforts the wattle +hardly moved, and in the silence that followed the heavy breathing +of the men was audible. + +"Here, you of the Sixth Company! Devils that you are! Lend a hand... +will you? You may want us one of these days." + +Some twenty men of the Sixth Company who were on their way into +the village joined the haulers, and the wattle wall, which was about +thirty-five feet long and seven feet high, moved forward along the +village street, swaying, pressing upon and cutting the shoulders of +the gasping men. + +"Get along... Falling? What are you stopping for? There now..." + +Merry senseless words of abuse flowed freely. + +"What are you up to?" suddenly came the authoritative voice of a +sergeant major who came upon the men who were hauling their burden. +"There are gentry here; the general himself is in that hut, and you +foul-mouthed devils, you brutes, I'll give it to you!" shouted he, +hitting the first man who came in his way a swinging blow on the back. +"Can't you make less noise?" + +The men became silent. The soldier who had been struck groaned and +wiped his face, which had been scratched till it bled by his falling +against the wattle. + +"There, how that devil hits out! He's made my face all bloody," said +he in a frightened whisper when the sergeant major had passed on. + +"Don't you like it?" said a laughing voice, and moderating their +tones the men moved forward. + +When they were out of the village they began talking again as loud +as before, interlarding their talk with the same aimless expletives. + +In the hut which the men had passed, the chief officers had gathered +and were in animated talk over their tea about the events of the day +and the maneuvers suggested for tomorrow. It was proposed to make a +flank march to the left, cut off the Vice-King (Murat) and capture +him. + +By the time the soldiers had dragged the wattle fence to its place +the campfires were blazing on all sides ready for cooking, the wood +crackled, the snow was melting, and black shadows of soldiers +flitted to and fro all over the occupied space where the snow had been +trodden down. + +Axes and choppers were plied all around. Everything was done without +any orders being given. Stores of wood were brought for the night, +shelters were rigged up for the officers, caldrons were being +boiled, and muskets and accouterments put in order. + +The wattle wall the men had brought was set up in a semicircle by +the Eighth Company as a shelter from the north, propped up by musket +rests, and a campfire was built before it. They beat the tattoo, +called the roll, had supper, and settled down round the fires for +the night--some repairing their footgear, some smoking pipes, and some +stripping themselves naked to steam the lice out of their shirts. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +One would have thought that under the almost incredibly wretched +conditions the Russian soldiers were in at that time--lacking warm +boots and sheepskin coats, without a roof over their heads, in the +snow with eighteen degrees of frost, and without even full rations +(the commissariat did not always keep up with the troops)--they +would have presented a very sad and depressing spectacle. + +On the contrary, the army had never under the best material +conditions presented a more cheerful and animated aspect. This was +because all who began to grow depressed or who lost strength were +sifted out of the army day by day. All the physically or morally +weak had long since been left behind and only the flower of the +army--physically and mentally--remained. + +More men collected behind the wattle fence of the Eighth Company +than anywhere else. Two sergeants major were sitting with them and +their campfire blazed brighter than others. For leave to sit by +their wattle they demanded contributions of fuel. + +"Eh, Makeev! What has become of you, you son of a bitch? Are you +lost or have the wolves eaten you? Fetch some more wood!" shouted a +red-haired and red-faced man, screwing up his eyes and blinking +because of the smoke but not moving back from the fire. "And you, +Jackdaw, go and fetch some wood!" said he to another soldier. + +This red-haired man was neither a sergeant nor a corporal, but being +robust he ordered about those weaker than himself. The soldier they +called "Jackdaw," a thin little fellow with a sharp nose, rose +obediently and was about to go but at that instant there came into the +light of the fire the slender, handsome figure of a young soldier +carrying a load of wood. + +"Bring it here--that's fine!" + +They split up the wood, pressed it down on the fire, blew at it with +their mouths, and fanned it with the skirts of their greatcoats, +making the flames hiss and crackle. The men drew nearer and lit +their pipes. The handsome young soldier who had brought the wood, +setting his arms akimbo, began stamping his cold feet rapidly and +deftly on the spot where he stood. + +"Mother! The dew is cold but clear.... It's well that I'm a +musketeer..." he sang, pretending to hiccough after each syllable. + +"Look out, your soles will fly off!" shouted the red-haired man, +noticing that the sole of the dancer's boot was hanging loose. "What a +fellow you are for dancing!" + +The dancer stopped, pulled off the loose piece of leather, and threw +it on the fire. + +"Right enough, friend," said he, and, having sat down, took out of +his knapsack a scrap of blue French cloth, and wrapped it round his +foot. "It's the steam that spoils them," he added, stretching out +his feet toward the fire. + +"They'll soon be issuing us new ones. They say that when we've +finished hammering them, we're to receive double kits!" + +"And that son of a bitch Petrov has lagged behind after all, it +seems," said one sergeant major. + +"I've had an eye on him this long while," said the other. + +"Well, he's a poor sort of soldier..." + +"But in the Third Company they say nine men were missing yesterday." + +"Yes, it's all very well, but when a man's feet are frozen how can +he walk?" + +"Eh? Don't talk nonsense!" said a sergeant major. + +"Do you want to be doing the same?" said an old soldier, turning +reproachfully to the man who had spoken of frozen feet. + +"Well, you know," said the sharp-nosed man they called Jackdaw in +a squeaky and unsteady voice, raising himself at the other side of the +fire, "a plump man gets thin, but for a thin one it's death. Take +me, now! I've got no strength left," he added, with sudden +resolution turning to the sergeant major. "Tell them to send me to + +hospital; I'm aching all over; anyway I shan't be able to keep up." + +"That'll do, that'll do!" replied the sergeant major quietly. + +The soldier said no more and the talk went on. + +"What a lot of those Frenchies were taken today, and the fact is +that not one of them had what you might call real boots on," said a +soldier, starting a new theme. "They were no more than make-believes." + +"The Cossacks have taken their boots. They were clearing the hut for +the colonel and carried them out. It was pitiful to see them, boys," +put in the dancer. "As they turned them over one seemed still alive +and, would you believe it, he jabbered something in their lingo." + +"But they're a clean folk, lads," the first man went on; "he was +white--as white as birchbark--and some of them are such fine +fellows, you might think they were nobles." + +"Well, what do you think? They make soldiers of all classes there." + +"But they don't understand our talk at all," said the dancer with +a puzzled smile. "I asked him whose subject he was, and he jabbered in +his own way. A queer lot!" + +"But it's strange, friends," continued the man who had wondered at +their whiteness, "the peasants at Mozhaysk were saying that when +they began burying the dead--where the battle was you know--well, +those dead had been lying there for nearly a month, and says the +peasant, 'they lie as white as paper, clean, and not as much smell +as a puff of powder smoke.'" + +"Was it from the cold?" asked someone. + +"You're a clever fellow! From the cold indeed! Why, it was hot. If +it had been from the cold, ours would not have rotted either. 'But,' +he says, 'go up to ours and they are all rotten and maggoty. So,' he +says, 'we tie our faces up with kerchiefs and turn our heads away as +we drag them off: we can hardly do it. But theirs,' he says, 'are +white as paper and not so much smell as a whiff of gunpowder.'" + +All were silent. + +"It must be from their food," said the sergeant major. "They used to +gobble the same food as the gentry." + +No one contradicted him. + +"That peasant near Mozhaysk where the battle was said the men were +all called up from ten villages around and they carted for twenty days +and still didn't finish carting the dead away. And as for the +wolves, he says..." + +"That was a real battle," said an old soldier. "It's the only one +worth remembering; but since that... it's only been tormenting folk." + +"And do you know, Daddy, the day before yesterday we ran at them +and, my word, they didn't let us get near before they just threw +down their muskets and went on their knees. 'Pardon!' they say. That's +only one case. They say Platov took 'Poleon himself twice. But he +didn't know the right charm. He catches him and catches him--no +good! He turns into a bird in his hands and flies away. And there's no +way of killing him either." + +"You're a first-class liar, Kiselev, when I come to look at you!" + +"Liar, indeed! It's the real truth." + +"If he fell into my hands, when I'd caught him I'd bury him in the +ground with an aspen stake to fix him down. What a lot of men he's +ruined!" + +"Well, anyhow we're going to end it. He won't come here again," +remarked the old soldier, yawning. + +The conversation flagged, and the soldiers began settling down to +sleep. + +"Look at the stars. It's wonderful how they shine! You would think +the women had spread out their linen," said one of the men, gazing +with admiration at the Milky Way. + +"That's a sign of a good harvest next year." + +"We shall want some more wood." + +"You warm your back and your belly gets frozen. That's queer." + +"O Lord!" + +"What are you pushing for? Is the fire only for you? Look how he's +sprawling!" + +In the silence that ensued, the snoring of those who had fallen +asleep could be heard. Others turned over and warmed themselves, now +and again exchanging a few words. From a campfire a hundred paces +off came a sound of general, merry laughter. + +"Hark at them roaring there in the Fifth Company!" said one of the +soldiers, "and what a lot of them there are!" + +One of the men got up and went over to the Fifth Company. + +"They're having such fun," said he, coming back. "Two Frenchies have +turned up. One's quite frozen and the other's an awful swaggerer. He's +singing songs...." + +"Oh, I'll go across and have a look...." + +And several of the men went over to the Fifth Company. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +The fifth company was bivouacking at the very edge of the forest. +A huge campfire was blazing brightly in the midst of the snow, +lighting up the branches of trees heavy with hoarfrost. + +About midnight they heard the sound of steps in the snow of the +forest, and the crackling of dry branches. + +"A bear, lads," said one of the men. + +They all raised their heads to listen, and out of the forest into +the bright firelight stepped two strangely clad human figures clinging +to one another. + +These were two Frenchmen who had been hiding in the forest. They +came up to the fire, hoarsely uttering something in a language our +soldiers did not understand. One was taller than the other; he wore an +officer's hat and seemed quite exhausted. On approaching the fire he +had been going to sit down, but fell. The other, a short sturdy +soldier with a shawl tied round his head, was stronger. He raised +his companion and said something, pointing to his mouth. The +soldiers surrounded the Frenchmen, spread a greatcoat on the ground +for the sick man, and brought some buckwheat porridge and vodka for +both of them. + +The exhausted French officer was Ramballe and the man with his +head wrapped in the shawl was Morel, his orderly. + +When Morel had drunk some vodka and finished his bowl of porridge he +suddenly became unnaturally merry and chattered incessantly to the +soldiers, who could not understand him. Ramballe refused food and +resting his head on his elbow lay silent beside the campfire, +looking at the Russian soldiers with red and vacant eyes. Occasionally +he emitted a long-drawn groan and then again became silent. Morel, +pointing to his shoulders, tried to impress on the soldiers the fact +that Ramballe was an officer and ought to be warmed. A Russian officer +who had come up to the fire sent to ask his colonel whether he would +not take a French officer into his hut to warm him, and when the +messenger returned and said that the colonel wished the officer to +be brought to him, Ramballe was told to go. He rose and tried to walk, +but staggered and would have fallen had not a soldier standing by held +him up. + +"You won't do it again, eh?" said one of the soldiers, winking and +turning mockingly to Ramballe. + +"Oh, you fool! Why talk rubbish, lout that you are--a real peasant!" +came rebukes from all sides addressed to the jesting soldier. + +They surrounded Ramballe, lifted him on the crossed arms of two +soldiers, and carried him to the hut. Ramballe put his arms around +their necks while they carried him and began wailing plaintively: + +"Oh, you fine fellows, my kind, kind friends! These are men! Oh, +my brave, kind friends," and he leaned his head against the shoulder +of one of the men like a child. + +Meanwhile Morel was sitting in the best place by the fire, +surrounded by the soldiers. + +Morel, a short sturdy Frenchman with inflamed and streaming eyes, +was wearing a woman's cloak and had a shawl tied woman fashion round +his head over his cap. He was evidently tipsy, and was singing a +French song in a hoarse broken voice, with an arm thrown round the +nearest soldier. The soldiers simply held their sides as they +watched him. + +"Now then, now then, teach us how it goes! I'll soon pick it up. How +is it?" said the man--a singer and a wag--whom Morel was embracing. + +"Vive Henri Quatre! Vive ce roi valiant!" sang Morel, winking. "Ce +diable a quatre..."* + + +*"Long live Henry the Fourth, that valiant king! That rowdy devil." + + +"Vivarika! Vif-seruvaru! Sedyablyaka!" repeated the soldier, +flourishing his arm and really catching the tune. + +"Bravo! Ha, ha, ha!" rose their rough, joyous laughter from all +sides. + +Morel, wrinkling up his face, laughed too. + +"Well, go on, go on!" + + "Qui eut le triple talent, + De boire, de battre, + Et d'etre un vert galant."* + + +*Who had a triple talent + + For drinking, for fighting, + + And for being a gallant old boy... + + +"It goes smoothly, too. Well, now, Zaletaev!" + +"Ke..." Zaletaev, brought out with effort: "ke-e-e-e," he drawled, +laboriously pursing his lips, "le-trip-ta-la-de-bu-de-ba, e +de-tra-va-ga-la" he sang. + +"Fine! Just like the Frenchie! Oh, ho ho! Do you want some more to +eat?" + +"Give him some porridge: it takes a long time to get filled up after +starving." + +They gave him some more porridge and Morel with a laugh set to +work on his third bowl. All the young soldiers smiled gaily as they +watched him. The older men, who thought it undignified to amuse +themselves with such nonsense, continued to lie at the opposite side +of the fire, but one would occasionally raise himself on an elbow +and glance at Morel with a smile. + +"They are men too," said one of them as he wrapped himself up in his +coat. "Even wormwood grows on its own root." + +"O Lord, O Lord! How starry it is! Tremendous! That means a hard +frost...." + +They all grew silent. The stars, as if knowing that no one was +looking at them, began to disport themselves in the dark sky: now +flaring up, now vanishing, now trembling, they were busy whispering +something gladsome and mysterious to one another. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +The French army melted away at the uniform rate of a mathematical +progression; and that crossing of the Berezina about which so much has +been written was only one intermediate stage in its destruction, and +not at all the decisive episode of the campaign. If so much has been +and still is written about the Berezina, on the French side this is +only because at the broken bridge across that river the calamities +their army had been previously enduring were suddenly concentrated +at one moment into a tragic spectacle that remained in every memory, +and on the Russian side merely because in Petersburg--far from the +seat of war--a plan (again one of Pfuel's) had been devised to catch +Napoleon in a strategic trap at the Berezina River. Everyone assured +himself that all would happen according to plan, and therefore +insisted that it was just the crossing of the Berezina that +destroyed the French army. In reality the results of the crossing were +much less disastrous to the French--in guns and men lost--than Krasnoe +had been, as the figures show. + +The sole importance of the crossing of the Berezina lies in the fact +that it plainly and indubitably proved the fallacy of all the plans +for cutting off the enemy's retreat and the soundness of the only +possible line of action--the one Kutuzov and the general mass of the +army demanded--namely, simply to follow the enemy up. The French crowd +fled at a continually increasing speed and all its energy was directed +to reaching its goal. It fled like a wounded animal and it was +impossible to block its path. This was shown not so much by the +arrangements it made for crossing as by what took place at the +bridges. When the bridges broke down, unarmed soldiers, people from +Moscow and women with children who were with the French transport, +all--carried on by vis inertiae--pressed forward into boats and into +the ice-covered water and did not, surrender. + +That impulse was reasonable. The condition of fugitives and of +pursuers was equally bad. As long as they remained with their own +people each might hope for help from his fellows and the definite +place he held among them. But those who surrendered, while remaining +in the same pitiful plight, would be on a lower level to claim a share +in the necessities of life. The French did not need to be informed +of the fact that half the prisoners--with whom the Russians did not +know what to do--perished of cold and hunger despite their captors' +desire to save them; they felt that it could not be otherwise. The +most compassionate Russian commanders, those favorable to the +French--and even the Frenchmen in the Russian service--could do +nothing for the prisoners. The French perished from the conditions +to which the Russian army was itself exposed. It was impossible to +take bread and clothes from our hungry and indispensable soldiers to +give to the French who, though not harmful, or hated, or guilty, +were simply unnecessary. Some Russians even did that, but they were +exceptions. + +Certain destruction lay behind the French but in front there was +hope. Their ships had been burned, there was no salvation save in +collective flight, and on that the whole strength of the French was +concentrated. + +The farther they fled the more wretched became the plight of the +remnant, especially after the Berezina, on which (in consequence of +the Petersburg plan) special hopes had been placed by the Russians, +and the keener grew the passions of the Russian commanders, blamed one +another and Kutuzov most of all. Anticipation that the failure of +the Petersburg Berezina plan would be attributed to Kutuzov led to +dissatisfaction, contempt, and ridicule, more and more strongly +expressed. The ridicule and contempt were of course expressed in a +respectful form, making it impossible for him to ask wherein he was to +blame. They did not talk seriously to him; when reporting to him or +asking for his sanction they appeared to be fulfilling a regrettable +formality, but they winked behind his back and tried to mislead him at +every turn. + +Because they could not understand him all these people assumed +that it was useless to talk to the old man; that he would never +grasp the profundity of their plans, that he would answer with his +phrases (which they thought were mere phrases) about a "golden +bridge," about the impossibility of crossing the frontier with a crowd +of tatterdemalions, and so forth. They had heard all that before. +And all he said--that it was necessary to await provisions, or that +the men had no boots--was so simple, while what they proposed was so +complicated and clever, that it was evident that he was old and stupid +and that they, though not in power, were commanders of genius. + +After the junction with the army of the brilliant admiral and +Petersburg hero Wittgenstein, this mood and the gossip of the staff +reached their maximum. Kutuzov saw this and merely sighed and shrugged +his shoulders. Only once, after the affair of the Berezina, did he get +angry and write to Bennigsen (who reported separately to the +Emperor) the following letter: + +"On account of your spells of ill health, will your excellency +please be so good as to set off for Kaluga on receipt of this, and +there await further commands and appointments from His Imperial +Majesty." + +But after Bennigsen's departure, the Grand Duke Tsarevich +Constantine Pavlovich joined the army. He had taken part in the +beginning of the campaign but had subsequently been removed from the +army by Kutuzov. Now having come to the army, he informed Kutuzov of +the Emperor's displeasure at the poor success of our forces and the +slowness of their advance. The Emperor intended to join the army +personally in a few days' time. + +The old man, experienced in court as well as in military affairs- +this same Kutuzov who in August had been chosen commander in chief +against the sovereign's wishes and who had removed the Grand Duke +and heir--apparent from the army--who on his own authority and +contrary to the Emperor's will had decided on the abandonment of +Moscow, now realized at once that his day was over, that his part +was played, and that the power he was supposed to hold was no longer +his. And he understood this not merely from the attitude of the court. +He saw on the one hand that the military business in which he had +played his part was ended and felt that his mission was +accomplished; and at the same time he began to be conscious of the +physical weariness of his aged body and of the necessity of physical +rest. + +On the twenty-ninth of November Kutuzov entered Vilna--his "dear +Vilna" as he called it. Twice during his career Kutuzov had been +governor of Vilna. In that wealthy town, which had not been injured, +he found old friends and associations, besides the comforts of life of +which he had so long been deprived. And he suddenly turned from the +cares of army and state and, as far as the passions that seethed +around him allowed, immersed himself in the quiet life to which he had +formerly been accustomed, as if all that was taking place and all that +had still to be done in the realm of history did not concern him at +all. + +Chichagov, one of the most zealous "cutters-off" and +"breakers-up," who had first wanted to effect a diversion in Greece +and then in Warsaw but never wished to go where he was sent: +Chichagov, noted for the boldness with which he spoke to the +Emperor, and who considered Kutuzov to be under an obligation to him +because when he was sent to make peace with Turkey in 1811 +independently of Kutuzov, and found that peace had already been +concluded, he admitted to the Emperor that the merit of securing +that peace was really Kutuzov's; this Chichagov was the first to +meet Kutuzov at the castle where the latter was to stay. In undress +naval uniform, with a dirk, and holding his cap under his arm, he +handed Kutuzov a garrison report and the keys of the town. The +contemptuously respectful attitude of the younger men to the old man +in his dotage was expressed in the highest degree by the behavior of +Chichagov, who knew of the accusations that were being directed +against Kutuzov. + +When speaking to Chichagov, Kutuzov incidentally mentioned that +the vehicles packed with china that had been captured from him at +Borisov had been recovered and would be restored to him. + +"You mean to imply that I have nothing to eat out of.... On the +contrary, I can supply you with everything even if you want to give +dinner parties," warmly replied Chichagov, who tried by every word +he spoke to prove his own rectitude and therefore imagined Kutuzov +to be animated by the same desire. + +Kutuzov, shrugging his shoulders, replied with his subtle +penetrating smile: "I meant merely to say what I said." + +Contrary to the Emperor's wish Kutuzov detained the greater part +of the army at Vilna. Those about him said that he became +extraordinarily slack and physically feeble during his stay in that +town. He attended to army affairs reluctantly, left everything to +his generals, and while awaiting the Emperor's arrival led a +dissipated life. + +Having left Petersburg on the seventh of December with his suite- +Count Tolstoy, Prince Volkonski, Arakcheev, and others--the Emperor +reached Vilna on the eleventh, and in his traveling sleigh drove +straight to the castle. In spite of the severe frost some hundred +generals and staff officers in full parade uniform stood in front of +the castle, as well as a guard of honor of the Semenov regiment. + +A courier who galloped to the castle in advance, in a troyka with +three foam-flecked horses, shouted "Coming!" and Konovnitsyn rushed +into the vestibule to inform Kutuzov, who was waiting in the hall +porter's little lodge. + +A minute later the old man's large stout figure in full-dress +uniform, his chest covered with orders and a scarf drawn round his +stomach, waddled out into the porch. He put on his hat with its +peaks to the sides and, holding his gloves in his hand and walking +with an effort sideways down the steps to the level of the street, +took in his hand the report he had prepared for the Emperor. + +There was running to and fro and whispering; another troyka +furiously up, and then all eyes were turned on an approaching sleigh +in which the figures of the Emperor and Volkonski could already be +descried. + +From the habit of fifty years all this had a physically agitating +effect on the old general. He carefully and hastily felt himself all +over, readjusted his hat, and pulling himself together drew himself up +and, at the very moment when the Emperor, having alighted from the +sleigh, lifted his eyes to him, handed him the report and began +speaking in his smooth, ingratiating voice. + +The Emperor with a rapid glance scanned Kutuzov from head to foot, +frowned for an instant, but immediately mastering himself went up to +the old man, extended his arms and embraced him. And this embrace too, +owing to a long-standing impression related to his innermost feelings, +had its usual effect on Kutuzov and he gave a sob. + +The Emperor greeted the officers and the Semenov guard, and again +pressing the old man's hand went with him into the castle. + +When alone with the field marshal the Emperor expressed his +dissatisfaction at the slowness of the pursuit and at the mistakes +made at Krasnoe and the Berezina, and informed him of his intentions +for a future campaign abroad. Kutuzov made no rejoinder or remark. The +same submissive, expressionless look with which he had listened to the +Emperor's commands on the field of Austerlitz seven years before +settled on his face now. + +When Kutuzov came out of the study and with lowered head was +crossing the ballroom with his heavy waddling gait, he was arrested by +someone's voice saying: + +"Your Serene Highness!" + +Kutuzov raised his head and looked for a long while into the eyes of +Count Tolstoy, who stood before him holding a silver salver on which +lay a small object. Kutuzov seemed not to understand what was expected +of him. + +Suddenly he seemed to remember; a scarcely perceptible smile flashed +across his puffy face, and bowing low and respectfully he took the +object that lay on the salver. It was the Order of St. George of the +First Class. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Next day the field marshal gave a dinner and ball which the +Emperor honored by his presence. Kutuzov had received the Order of St. +George of the First Class and the Emperor showed him the highest +honors, but everyone knew of the imperial dissatisfaction with him. +The proprieties were observed and the Emperor was the first to set +that example, but everybody understood that the old man was +blameworthy and good-for-nothing. When Kutuzov, conforming to a custom +of Catherine's day, ordered the standards that had been captured to be +lowered at the Emperor's feet on his entering the ballroom, the +Emperor made a wry face and muttered something in which some people +caught the words, "the old comedian." + +The Emperor's displeasure with Kutuzov was specially increased at +Vilna by the fact that Kutuzov evidently could not or would not +understand the importance of the coming campaign. + +When on the following morning the Emperor said to the officers +assembled about him: "You have not only saved Russia, you have saved +Europe!" they all understood that the war was not ended. + +Kutuzov alone would not see this and openly expressed his opinion +that no fresh war could improve the position or add to the glory of +Russia, but could only spoil and lower the glorious position that +Russia had gained. He tried to prove to the Emperor the +impossibility of levying fresh troops, spoke of the hardships +already endured by the people, of the possibility of failure and so +forth. + +This being the field marshal's frame of mind he was naturally +regarded as merely a hindrance and obstacle to the impending war. + +To avoid unpleasant encounters with the old man, the natural +method was to do what had been done with him at Austerlitz and with +Barclay at the beginning of the Russian campaign--to transfer the +authority to the Emperor himself, thus cutting the ground from under +the commander in chief's feet without upsetting the old man by +informing him of the change. + +With this object his staff was gradually reconstructed and its +real strength removed and transferred to the Emperor. Toll, +Konovnitsyn, and Ermolov received fresh appointments. Everyone spoke +loudly of the field marshal's great weakness and failing health. + +His health had to be bad for his place to be taken away and given to +another. And in fact his health was poor. + +So naturally, simply, and gradually--just as he had come from Turkey +to the Treasury in Petersburg to recruit the militia, and then to +the army when he was needed there--now when his part was played out, +Kutuzov's place was taken by a new and necessary performer. + +The war 1812, besides its national significance dear to every +Russian heart, was now to assume another, a European, significance. + +The movement of peoples from west to east was to be succeeded by a +movement of peoples from east to west, and for this fresh war +another leader was necessary, having qualities and views differing +from Kutuzov's and animated by different motives. + +Alexander I was as necessary for the movement of the peoples from +east to west and for the refixing of national frontiers as Kutuzov had +been for the salvation and glory of Russia. + +Kutuzov did not understand what Europe, the balance of power, or +Napoleon meant. He could not understand it. For the representative +of the Russian people, after the enemy had been destroyed and Russia +had been liberated and raised to the summit of her glory, there was +nothing left to do as a Russian. Nothing remained for the +representative of the national war but to die, and Kutuzov died. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +As generally happens, Pierre did not feel the full effects of the +physical privation and strain he had suffered as prisoner until +after they were over. After his liberation he reached Orel, and on the +third day there, when preparing to go to Kiev, he fell ill and was +laid up for three months. He had what the doctors termed "bilious +fever." But despite the fact that the doctors treated him, bled him, +and gave him medicines to drink, he recovered. + +Scarcely any impression was left on Pierre's mind by all that +happened to him from the time of his rescue till his illness. He +remembered only the dull gray weather now rainy and now snowy, +internal physical distress, and pains in his feet and side. He +remembered a general impression of the misfortunes and sufferings of +people and of being worried by the curiosity of officers and +generals who questioned him, he also remembered his difficulty in +procuring a conveyance and horses, and above all he remembered his +incapacity to think and feel all that time. On the day of his rescue +he had seen the body of Petya Rostov. That same day he had learned +that Prince Andrew, after surviving the battle of Borodino for more +than a month had recently died in the Rostovs' house at Yaroslavl, and +Denisov who told him this news also mentioned Helene's death, +supposing that Pierre had heard of it long before. All this at the +time seemed merely strange to Pierre: he felt he could not grasp its +significance. Just then he was only anxious to get away as quickly +as possible from places where people were killing one another, to some +peaceful refuge where he could recover himself, rest, and think over +all the strange new facts he had learned; but on reaching Orel he +immediately fell ill. When he came to himself after his illness he saw +in attendance on him two of his servants, Terenty and Vaska, who had +come from Moscow; and also his cousin the eldest princess, who had +been living on his estate at Elets and hearing of his rescue and +illness had come to look after him. + +It was only gradually during his convalescence that Pierre lost +the impressions he had become accustomed to during the last few months +and got used to the idea that no one would oblige him to go anywhere +tomorrow, that no one would deprive him of his warm bed, and that he +would be sure to get his dinner, tea, and supper. But for a long +time in his dreams he still saw himself in the conditions of +captivity. In the same way little by little he came to understand +the news he had been told after his rescue, about the death of +Prince Andrew, the death of his wife, and the destruction of the +French. + +A joyous feeling of freedom--that complete inalienable freedom +natural to man which he had first experienced at the first halt +outside Moscow--filled Pierre's soul during his convalescence. He +was surprised to find that this inner freedom, which was independent +of external conditions, now had as it were an additional setting of +external liberty. He was alone in a strange town, without +acquaintances. No one demanded anything of him or sent him anywhere. +He had all he wanted: the thought of his wife which had been a +continual torment to him was no longer there, since she was no more. + +"Oh, how good! How splendid!" said he to himself when a cleanly laid +table was moved up to him with savory beef tea, or when he lay down +for the night on a soft clean bed, or when he remembered that the +French had gone and that his wife was no more. "Oh, how good, how +splendid!" + +And by old habit he asked himself the question: "Well, and what +then? What am I going to do?" And he immediately gave himself the +answer: "Well, I shall live. Ah, how splendid!" + +The very question that had formerly tormented him, the thing he +had continually sought to find--the aim of life--no longer existed for +him now. That search for the aim of life had not merely disappeared +temporarily--he felt that it no longer existed for him and could not +present itself again. And this very absence of an aim gave him the +complete, joyous sense of freedom which constituted his happiness at +this time. + +He could not see an aim, for he now had faith--not faith in any kind +of rule, or words, or ideas, but faith in an ever-living, +ever-manifest God. Formerly he had sought Him in aims he set +himself. That search for an aim had been simply a search for God, +and suddenly in his captivity he had learned not by words or reasoning +but by direct feeling what his nurse had told him long ago: that God +is here and everywhere. In his captivity he had learned that in +Karataev God was greater, more infinite and unfathomable than in the +Architect of the Universe recognized by the Freemasons. He felt like a +man who after straining his eyes to see into the far distance finds +what he sought at his very feet. All his life he had looked over the +heads of the men around him, when he should have merely looked in +front of him without straining his eyes. + +In the past he had never been able to find that great inscrutable +infinite something. He had only felt that it must exist somewhere +and had looked for it. In everything near and comprehensible he had +only what was limited, petty, commonplace, and senseless. He had +equipped himself with a mental telescope and looked into remote space, +where petty worldliness hiding itself in misty distance had seemed +to him great and infinite merely because it was not clearly seen. +And such had European life, politics, Freemasonry, philosophy, and +philanthropy seemed to him. But even then, at moments of weakness as +he had accounted them, his mind had penetrated to those distances +and he had there seen the same pettiness, worldliness, and +senselessness. Now, however, he had learned to see the great, eternal, +and infinite in everything, and therefore--to see it and enjoy its +contemplation--he naturally threw away the telescope through which +he had till now gazed over men's heads, and gladly regarded the +ever-changing, eternally great, unfathomable, and infinite life around +him. And the closer he looked the more tranquil and happy he became. +That dreadful question, "What for?" which had formerly destroyed all +his mental edifices, no longer existed for him. To that question, +"What for?" a simple answer was now always ready in his soul: "Because +there is a God, that God without whose will not one hair falls from +a man's head." + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +In external ways Pierre had hardly changed at all. In appearance +he was just what he used to be. As before he was absent-minded and +seemed occupied not with what was before his eyes but with something +special of his own. The difference between his former and present self +was that formerly when he did not grasp what lay before him or was +said to him, he had puckered his forehead painfully as if vainly +seeking to distinguish something at a distance. At present he still +forgot what was said to him and still did not see what was before +his eyes, but he now looked with a scarcely perceptible and +seemingly ironic smile at what was before him and listened to what was +said, though evidently seeing and hearing something quite different. +Formerly he had appeared to be a kindhearted but unhappy man, and so +people had been inclined to avoid him. Now a smile at the joy of +life always played round his lips, and sympathy for others, shone in +his eyes with a questioning look as to whether they were as +contented as he was, and people felt pleased by his presence. + +Previously he had talked a great deal, grew excited when he +talked, and seldom listened; now he was seldom carried away in +conversation and knew how to listen so that people readily told him +their most intimate secrets. + +The princess, who had never liked Pierre and had been particularly +hostile to him since she had felt herself under obligations to him +after the old count's death, now after staying a short time in Orel- +where she had come intending to show Pierre that in spite of his +ingratitude she considered it her duty to nurse him--felt to her +surprise and vexation that she had become fond of him. Pierre did +not in any way seek her approval, he merely studied her with interest. +Formerly she had felt that he regarded her with indifference and +irony, and so had shrunk into herself as she did with others and had +shown him only the combative side of her nature; but now he seemed +to be trying to understand the most intimate places of her heart, and, +mistrustfully at first but afterwards gratefully, she let him see +the hidden, kindly sides of her character. + +The most cunning man could not have crept into her confidence more +successfully, evoking memories of the best times of her youth and +showing sympathy with them. Yet Pierre's cunning consisted simply in +finding pleasure in drawing out the human qualities of the embittered, +hard, and (in her own way) proud princess. + +"Yes, he is a very, very kind man when he is not under the influence +of bad people but of people such as myself," thought she. + +His servants too--Terenty and Vaska--in their own way noticed the +change that had taken place in Pierre. They considered that he had +become much "simpler." Terenty, when he had helped him undress and +wished him good night, often lingered with his master's boots in his +hands and clothes over his arm, to see whether he would not start a +talk. And Pierre, noticing that Terenty wanted a chat, generally +kept him there. + +"Well, tell me... now, how did you get food?" he would ask. + +And Terenty would begin talking of the destruction of Moscow, and of +the old count, and would stand for a long time holding the clothes and +talking, or sometimes listening to Pierre's stories, and then would go +out into the hall with a pleasant sense of intimacy with his master +and affection for him. + +The doctor who attended Pierre and visited him every day, though +he considered it his duty as a doctor to pose as a man whose every +moment was of value to suffering humanity, would sit for hours with +Pierre telling him his favorite anecdotes and his observations on +the characters of his patients in general, and especially of the +ladies. + +"It's a pleasure to talk to a man like that; he is not like our +provincials," he would say. + +There were several prisoners from the French army in Orel, and the +doctor brought one of them, a young Italian, to see Pierre. + +This officer began visiting Pierre, and the princess used to make +fun of the tenderness the Italian expressed for him. + +The Italian seemed happy only when he could come to see Pierre, talk +with him, tell him about his past, his life at home, and his love, and +pour out to him his indignation against the French and especially +against Napoleon. + +"If all Russians are in the least like you, it is sacrilege to fight +such a nation," he said to Pierre. "You, who have suffered so from the +French, do not even feel animosity toward them." + +Pierre had evoked the passionate affection of the Italian merely +by evoking the best side of his nature and taking a pleasure in so +doing. + +During the last days of Pierre's stay in Orel his old Masonic +acquaintance Count Willarski, who had introduced him to the lodge in +1807, came to see him. Willarski was married to a Russian heiress +who had a large estate in Orel province, and he occupied a temporary +post in the commissariat department in that town. + +Hearing that Bezukhov was in Orel, Willarski, though they had +never been intimate, came to him with the professions of friendship +and intimacy that people who meet in a desert generally express for +one another. Willarski felt dull in Orel and was pleased to meet a man +of his own circle and, as he supposed, of similar interests. + +But to his surprise Willarski soon noticed that Pierre had lagged +much behind the times, and had sunk, as he expressed it to himself, +into apathy and egotism. + +"You are letting yourself go, my dear fellow," he said. + +But for all that Willarski found it pleasanter now than it had +been formerly to be with Pierre, and came to see him every day. To +Pierre as he looked at and listened to Willarski, it seemed strange to +think that he had been like that himself but a short time before. + +Willarski was a married man with a family, busy with his family +affairs, his wife's affairs, and his official duties. He regarded +all these occupations as hindrances to life, and considered that +they were all contemptible because their aim was the welfare of +himself and his family. Military, administrative, political, and +Masonic interests continually absorbed his attention. And Pierre, +without trying to change the other's views and without condemning him, +but with the quiet, joyful, and amused smile now habitual to him, +was interested in this strange though very familiar phenomenon. + +There was a new feature in Pierre's relations with Willarski, with +the princess, with the doctor, and with all the people he now met, +which gained for him the general good will. This was his +acknowledgment of the impossibility of changing a man's convictions by +words, and his recognition of the possibility of everyone thinking, +feeling, and seeing things each from his own point of view. This +legitimate peculiarity of each individual which used to excite and +irritate Pierre now became a basis of the sympathy he felt for, and +the interest he took in, other people. The difference, and sometimes +complete contradiction, between men's opinions and their lives, and +between one man and another, pleased him and drew from him an amused +and gentle smile. + +In practical matters Pierre unexpectedly felt within himself a +center of gravity he had previously lacked. Formerly all pecuniary +questions, especially requests for money to which, as an extremely +wealthy man, he was very exposed, produced in him a state of +hopeless agitation and perplexity. "To give or not to give?" he had +asked himself. "I have it and he needs it. But someone else needs it +still more. Who needs it most? And perhaps they are both impostors?" +In the old days he had been unable to find a way out of all these +surmises and had given to all who asked as long as he had anything +to give. Formerly he had been in a similar state of perplexity with +regard to every question concerning his property, when one person +advised one thing and another something else. + +Now to his surprise he found that he no longer felt either doubt +or perplexity about these questions. There was now within him a +judge who by some rule unknown to him decided what should or should +not be done. + +He was as indifferent as heretofore to money matters, but now he +felt certain of what ought and what ought not to be done. The first +time he had recourse to his new judge was when a French prisoner, a +colonel, came to him and, after talking a great deal about his +exploits, concluded by making what amounted to a demand that Pierre +should give him four thousand francs to send to his wife and children. +Pierre refused without the least difficulty or effort, and was +afterwards surprised how simple and easy had been what used to +appear so insurmountably difficult. At the same time that he refused +the colonel's demand he made up his mind that he must have recourse to +artifice when leaving Orel, to induce the Italian officer to accept +some money of which he was evidently in need. A further proof to +Pierre of his own more settled outlook on practical matters was +furnished by his decision with regard to his wife's debts and to the +rebuilding of his houses in and near Moscow. + +His head steward came to him at Orel and Pierre reckoned up with him +his diminished income. The burning of Moscow had cost him, according +to the head steward's calculation, about two million rubles. + +To console Pierre for these losses the head steward gave him an +estimate showing that despite these losses his income would not be +diminished but would even be increased if he refused to pay his wife's +debts which he was under no obligation to meet, and did not rebuild +his Moscow house and the country house on his Moscow estate, which had +cost him eighty thousand rubles a year and brought in nothing. + +"Yes, of course that's true," said Pierre with a cheerful smile. +"I don't need all that at all. By being ruined I have become much +richer." + +But in January Savelich came from Moscow and gave him an account +of the state of things there, and spoke of the estimate an architect +had made of the cost of rebuilding the town and country houses, +speaking of this as of a settled matter. About the same time he +received letters from Prince Vasili and other Petersburg acquaintances +speaking of his wife's debts. And Pierre decided that the steward's +proposals which had so pleased him were wrong and that he must go to +Petersburg and settle his wife's affairs and must rebuild in Moscow. +Why this was necessary he did not know, but he knew for certain that +it was necessary. His income would be reduced by three fourths, but he +felt it must be done. + +Willarski was going to Moscow and they agreed to travel together. + +During the whole time of his convalescence in Orel Pierre had +experienced a feeling of joy, freedom, and life; but when during his +journey he found himself in the open world and saw hundreds of new +faces, that feeling was intensified. Throughout his journey he felt +like a schoolboy on holiday. Everyone--the stagecoach driver, the +post-house overseers, the peasants on the roads and in the villages- +had a new significance for him. The presence and remarks of +Willarski who continually deplored the ignorance and poverty of Russia +and its backwardness compared with Europe only heightened Pierre's +pleasure. Where Willarski saw deadness Pierre saw an extraordinary +strength and vitality--the strength which in that vast space amid +the snows maintained the life of this original, peculiar, and unique +people. He did not contradict Willarski and even seemed to agree +with him--an apparent agreement being the simplest way to avoid +discussions that could lead to nothing--and he smiled joyfully as he +listened to him. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +It would be difficult to explain why and whither ants whose heap has +been destroyed are hurrying: some from the heap dragging bits of +rubbish, larvae, and corpses, others back to the heap, or why they +jostle, overtake one another, and fight, and it would be equally +difficult to explain what caused the Russians after the departure of +the French to throng to the place that had formerly been Moscow. But +when we watch the ants round their ruined heap, the tenacity, +energy, and immense number of the delving insects prove that despite +the destruction of the heap, something indestructible, which though +intangible is the real strength of the colony, still exists; and +similarly, though in Moscow in the month of October there was no +government no churches, shrines, riches, or houses--it was still the +Moscow it had been in August. All was destroyed, except something +intangible yet powerful and indestructible. + +The motives of those who thronged from all sides to Moscow after +it had been cleared of the enemy were most diverse and personal, and +at first for the most part savage and brutal. One motive only they all +had in common: a desire to get to the place that had been called +Moscow, to apply their activities there. + +Within a week Moscow already had fifteen thousand inhabitants, in +a fortnight twenty-five thousand, and so on. By the autumn of 1813 the +number, ever increasing and increasing, exceeded what it had been in +1812. + +The first Russians to enter Moscow were the Cossacks of +Wintzingerode's detachment, peasants from the adjacent villages, and +residents who had fled from Moscow and had been hiding in its +vicinity. The Russians who entered Moscow, finding it plundered, +plundered it in their turn. They continued what the French had +begun. Trains of peasant carts came to Moscow to carry off to the +villages what had been abandoned in the ruined houses and the streets. +The Cossacks carried off what they could to their camps, and the +householders seized all they could find in other houses and moved it +to their own, pretending that it was their property. + +But the first plunderers were followed by a second and a third +contingent, and with increasing numbers plundering became more and +more difficult and assumed more definite forms. + +The French found Moscow abandoned but with all the organizations +of regular life, with diverse branches of commerce and +craftsmanship, with luxury, and governmental and religious +institutions. These forms were lifeless but still existed. There +were bazaars, shops, warehouses, market stalls, granaries--for the +most part still stocked with goods--and there were factories and +workshops, palaces and wealthy houses filled with luxuries, hospitals, +prisons, government offices, churches, and cathedrals. The longer +the French remained the more these forms of town life perished, +until finally all was merged into one confused, lifeless scene of +plunder. + +The more the plundering by the French continued, the more both the +wealth of Moscow and the strength of its plunderers was destroyed. But +plundering by the Russians, with which the reoccupation of the city +began, had an opposite effect: the longer it continued and the greater +the number of people taking part in it the more rapidly was the wealth +of the city and its regular life restored. + +Besides the plunderers, very various people, some drawn by +curiosity, some by official duties, some by self-interest--house +owners, clergy, officials of all kinds, tradesmen, artisans, and +peasants--streamed into Moscow as blood flows to the heart. + +Within a week the peasants who came with empty carts to carry off +plunder were stopped by the authorities and made to cart the corpses +out of the town. Other peasants, having heard of their comrades' +discomfiture, came to town bringing rye, oats, and hay, and beat +down one another's prices to below what they had been in former +days. Gangs of carpenters hoping for high pay arrived in Moscow +every day, and on all sides logs were being hewn, new houses built, +and old, charred ones repaired. Tradesmen began trading in booths. +Cookshops and taverns were opened in partially burned houses. The +clergy resumed the services in many churches that had not been burned. +Donors contributed Church property that had been stolen. Government +clerks set up their baize-covered tables and their pigeonholes of +documents in small rooms. The higher authorities and the police +organized the distribution of goods left behind by the French. The +owners of houses in which much property had been left, brought there +from other houses, complained of the injustice of taking everything to +the Faceted Palace in the Kremlin; others insisted that as the +French had gathered things from different houses into this or that +house, it would be unfair to allow its owner to keep all that was +found there. They abused the police and bribed them, made out +estimates at ten times their value for government stores that had +perished in the fire, and demanded relief. And Count Rostopchin +wrote proclamations. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +At the end of January Pierre went to Moscow and stayed in an annex +of his house which had not been burned. He called on Count +Rostopchin and on some acquaintances who were back in Moscow, and he +intended to leave for Petersburg two days later. Everybody was +celebrating the victory, everything was bubbling with life in the +ruined but reviving city. Everyone was pleased to see Pierre, everyone +wished to meet him, and everyone questioned him about what he had +seen. Pierre felt particularly well disposed toward them all, but +was now instinctively on his guard for fear of binding himself in +any way. To all questions put to him--whether important or quite +trifling--such as: Where would he live? Was he going to rebuild? +When was he going to Petersburg and would he mind taking a parcel +for someone?--he replied: "Yes, perhaps," or, "I think so," and so on. + +He had heard that the Rostovs were at Kostroma but the thought of +Natasha seldom occurred to him. If it did it was only as a pleasant +memory of the distant past. He felt himself not only free from +social obligations but also from that feeling which, it seemed to him, +he had aroused in himself. + +On the third day after his arrival he heard from the Drubetskoys +that Princess Mary was in Moscow. The death, sufferings, and last days +of Prince Andrew had often occupied Pierre's thoughts and now recurred +to him with fresh vividness. Having heard at dinner that Princess Mary +was in Moscow and living in her house--which had not been burned--in +Vozdvizhenka Street, he drove that same evening to see her. + +On his way to the house Pierre kept thinking of Prince Andrew, of +their friendship, of his various meetings with him, and especially +of the last one at Borodino. + +"Is it possible that he died in the bitter frame of mind he was then +in? Is it possible that the meaning of life was not disclosed to him +before he died?" thought Pierre. He recalled Karataev and his death +and involuntarily began to compare these two men, so different, and +yet so similar in that they had both lived and both died and in the +love he felt for both of them. + +Pierre drove up to the house of the old prince in a most serious +mood. The house had escaped the fire; it showed signs of damage but +its general aspect was unchanged. The old footman, who met Pierre with +a stern face as if wishing to make the visitor feel that the absence +of the old prince had not disturbed the order of things in the +house, informed him that the princess had gone to her own +apartments, and that she received on Sundays. + +"Announce me. Perhaps she will see me," said Pierre. + +"Yes, sir," said the man. "Please step into the portrait gallery." + +A few minutes later the footman returned with Dessalles, who brought +word from the princess that she would be very glad to see Pierre if he +would excuse her want of ceremony and come upstairs to her apartment. + +In a rather low room lit by one candle sat the princess and with her +another person dressed in black. Pierre remembered that the princess +always had lady companions, but who they were and what they were +like he never knew or remembered. "This must be one of her +companions," he thought, glancing at the lady in the black dress. + +The princess rose quickly to meet him and held out her hand. + +"Yes," she said, looking at his altered face after he had kissed her +hand, "so this is how we meet again. He spoke of you even at the +very last," she went on, turning her eyes from Pierre to her companion +with a shyness that surprised him for an instant. + +"I was so glad to hear of your safety. It was the first piece of +good news we had received for a long time." + +Again the princess glanced round at her companion with even more +uneasiness in her manner and was about to add something, but Pierre +interrupted her. + +"Just imagine--I knew nothing about him!" said he. "I thought he had +been killed. All I know I heard at second hand from others. I only +know that he fell in with the Rostovs.... What a strange coincidence!" + +Pierre spoke rapidly and with animation. He glanced once at the +companion's face, saw her attentive and kindly gaze fixed on him, and, +as often happens when one is talking, felt somehow that this companion +in the black dress was a good, kind, excellent creature who would +not hinder his conversing freely with Princess Mary. + +But when he mentioned the Rostovs, Princess Mary's face expressed +still greater embarrassment. She again glanced rapidly from Pierre's +face to that of the lady in the black dress and said: + +"Do you really not recognize her?" + +Pierre looked again at the companion's pale, delicate face with +its black eyes and peculiar mouth, and something near to him, long +forgotten and more than sweet, looked at him from those attentive +eyes. + +"But no, it can't be!" he thought. "This stern, thin, pale face that +looks so much older! It cannot be she. It merely reminds me of her." +But at that moment Princess Mary said, "Natasha!" And with difficulty, +effort, and stress, like the opening of a door grown rusty on its +hinges, a smile appeared on the face with the attentive eyes, and from +that opening door came a breath of fragrance which suffused Pierre +with a happiness he had long forgotten and of which he had not even +been thinking--especially at that moment. It suffused him, seized him, +and enveloped him completely. When she smiled doubt was no longer +possible, it was Natasha and he loved her. + +At that moment Pierre involuntarily betrayed to her, to Princess +Mary, and above all to himself, a secret of which he himself had +been unaware. He flushed joyfully yet with painful distress. He +tried to hide his agitation. But the more he tried to hide it the more +clearly--clearer than any words could have done--did he betray to +himself, to her, and to Princess Mary that he loved her. + +"No, it's only the unexpectedness of it," thought Pierre. But as +soon as he tried to continue the conversation he had begun with +Princess Mary he again glanced at Natasha, and a still-deeper flush +suffused his face and a still-stronger agitation of mingled joy and +fear seized his soul. He became confused in his speech and stopped +in the middle of what he was saying. + +Pierre had failed to notice Natasha because he did not at all expect +to see her there, but he had failed to recognize her because the +change in her since he last saw her was immense. She had grown thin +and pale, but that was not what made her unrecognizable; she was +unrecognizable at the moment he entered because on that face whose +eyes had always shone with a suppressed smile of the joy of life, +now when he first entered and glanced at her there was not the least +shadow of a smile: only her eyes were kindly attentive and sadly +interrogative. + +Pierre's confusion was not reflected by any confusion on Natasha's +part, but only by the pleasure that just perceptibly lit up her +whole face. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +"She has come to stay with me," said Princess Mary. "The count and +countess will be here in a few days. The countess is in a dreadful +state; but it was necessary for Natasha herself to see a doctor. +They insisted on her coming with me." + +"Yes, is there a family free from sorrow now?" said Pierre, +addressing Natasha. "You know it happened the very day we were +rescued. I saw him. What a delightful boy he was!" + +Natasha looked at him, and by way of answer to his words her eyes +widened and lit up. + +"What can one say or think of as a consolation?" said Pierre. +"Nothing! Why had such a splendid boy, so full of life, to die?" + +"Yes, in these days it would be hard to live without faith..." +remarked Princess Mary. + +"Yes, yes, that is really true," Pierre hastily interrupted her. + +"Why is it true?" Natasha asked, looking attentively into Pierre's +eyes. + +"How can you ask why?" said Princess Mary. "The thought alone of +what awaits..." + +Natasha without waiting for Princess Mary to finish again looked +inquiringly at Pierre. + +"And because," Pierre continued, "only one who believes that there +is a God ruling us can bear a loss such as hers and... yours." + +Natasha had already opened her mouth to speak but suddenly +stopped. Pierre hurriedly turned away from her and again addressed +Princess Mary, asking about his friend's last days. + +Pierre's confusion had now almost vanished, but at the same time +he felt that his freedom had also completely gone. He felt that +there was now a judge of his every word and action whose judgment +mattered more to him than that of all the rest of the world. As he +spoke now he was considering what impression his words would make on +Natasha. He did not purposely say things to please her, but whatever +he was saying he regarded from her standpoint. + +Princess Mary--reluctantly as is usual in such cases--began +telling of the condition in which she had found Prince Andrew. But +Pierre's face quivering with emotion, his questions and his eager +restless expression, gradually compelled her to go into details +which she feared to recall for her own sake. + +"Yes, yes, and so...?" Pierre kept saying as he leaned toward her +with his whole body and eagerly listened to her story. "Yes, yes... so +he grew tranquil and softened? With all his soul he had always +sought one thing--to be perfectly good--so he could not be afraid of +death. The faults he had--if he had any--were not of his making. So he +did soften?... What a happy thing that he saw you again," he added, +suddenly turning to Natasha and looking at her with eyes full of +tears. + +Natasha's face twitched. She frowned and lowered her eyes for a +moment. She hesitated for an instant whether to speak or not. + +"Yes, that was happiness," she then said in her quiet voice with its +deep chest notes. "For me it certainly was happiness." She paused. +"And he... he... he said he was wishing for it at the very moment I +entered the room...." + +Natasha's voice broke. She blushed, pressed her clasped hands on her +knees, and then controlling herself with an evident effort lifted +her head and began to speak rapidly. + +"We knew nothing of it when we started from Moscow. I did not dare +to ask about him. Then suddenly Sonya told me he was traveling with +us. I had no idea and could not imagine what state he was in, all I +wanted was to see him and be with him," she said, trembling, and +breathing quickly. + +And not letting them interrupt her she went on to tell what she +had never yet mentioned to anyone--all she had lived through during +those three weeks of their journey and life at Yaroslavl. + +Pierre listened to her with lips parted and eyes fixed upon her full +of tears. As he listened he did not think of Prince Andrew, nor of +death, nor of what she was telling. He listened to her and felt only +pity for her, for what she was suffering now while she was speaking. + +Princess Mary, frowning in her effort to hold back her tears, sat +beside Natasha, and heard for the first time the story of those last +days of her brother's and Natasha's love. + +Evidently Natasha needed to tell that painful yet joyful tale. + +She spoke, mingling most trifling details with the intimate +secrets of her soul, and it seemed as if she could never finish. +Several times she repeated the same thing twice. + +Dessalles' voice was heard outside the door asking whether little +Nicholas might come in to say good night. + +"Well, that's all--everything," said Natasha. + +She got up quickly just as Nicholas entered, almost ran to the +door which was hidden by curtains, struck her head against it, and +rushed from the room with a moan either of pain or sorrow. + +Pierre gazed at the door through which she had disappeared and did +not understand why he suddenly felt all alone in the world. + +Princess Mary roused him from his abstraction by drawing his +attention to her nephew who had entered the room. + +At that moment of emotional tenderness young Nicholas' face, which +resembled his father's, affected Pierre so much that when he had +kissed the boy he got up quickly, took out his handkerchief, and +went to the window. He wished to take leave of Princess Mary, but +she would not let him go. + +"No, Natasha and I sometimes don't go to sleep till after two, so +please don't go. I will order supper. Go downstairs, we will come +immediately." + +Before Pierre left the room Princess Mary told him: "This is the +first time she has talked of him like that." + + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + + +Pierre was shown into the large, brightly lit dining room; a few +minutes later he heard footsteps and Princess Mary entered with +Natasha. Natasha was calm, though a severe and grave expression had +again settled on her face. They all three of them now experienced that +feeling of awkwardness which usually follows after a serious and +heartfelt talk. It is impossible to go back to the same +conversation, to talk of trifles is awkward, and yet the desire to +speak is there and silence seems like affectation. They went +silently to table. The footmen drew back the chairs and pushed them up +again. Pierre unfolded his cold table napkin and, resolving to break +the silence, looked at Natasha and at Princess Mary. They had +evidently both formed the same resolution; the eyes of both shone with +satisfaction and a confession that besides sorrow life also has joy. + +"Do you take vodka, Count?" asked Princess Mary, and those words +suddenly banished the shadows of the past. "Now tell us about +yourself," said she. "One hears such improbable wonders about you." + +"Yes," replied Pierre with the smile of mild irony now habitual to +him. "They even tell me wonders I myself never dreamed of! Mary +Abramovna invited me to her house and kept telling me what had +happened, or ought to have happened, to me. Stepan Stepanych also +instructed me how I ought to tell of my experiences. In general I have +noticed that it is very easy to be an interesting man (I am an +interesting man now); people invite me out and tell me all about +myself." + +Natasha smiled and was on the point of speaking. + +"We have been told," Princess Mary interrupted her, "that you lost +two millions in Moscow. Is that true?" + +"But I am three times as rich as before," returned Pierre. + +Though the position was now altered by his decision to pay his +wife's debts and to rebuild his houses, Pierre still maintained that +he had become three times as rich as before. + +"What I have certainly gained is freedom," he began seriously, but +did not continue, noticing that this theme was too egotistic. + +"And are you building?" + +"Yes. Savelich says I must!" + +"Tell me, you did not know of the countess' death when you decided +to remain in Moscow?" asked Princess Mary and immediately blushed, +noticing that her question, following his mention of freedom, ascribed +to his words a meaning he had perhaps not intended. + +"No," answered Pierre, evidently not considering awkward the meaning +Princess Mary had given to his words. "I heard of it in Orel and you +cannot imagine how it shocked me. We were not an exemplary couple," he +added quickly, glancing at Natasha and noticing on her face +curiosity as to how he would speak of his wife, "but her death shocked +me terribly. When two people quarrel they are always both in fault, +and one's own guilt suddenly becomes terribly serious when the other +is no longer alive. And then such a death... without friends and +without consolation! I am very, very sorry for her," he concluded, and +was pleased to notice a look of glad approval on Natasha's face. + +"Yes, and so you are once more an eligible bachelor," said +Princess Mary. + +Pierre suddenly flushed crimson and for a long time tried not to +look at Natasha. When he ventured to glance her way again her face was +cold, stern, and he fancied even contemptuous. + +"And did you really see and speak to Napoleon, as we have been +told?" said Princess Mary. + +Pierre laughed. + +"No, not once! Everybody seems to imagine that being taken +prisoner means being Napoleon's guest. Not only did I never see him +but I heard nothing about him--I was in much lower company!" + +Supper was over, and Pierre who at first declined to speak about his +captivity was gradually led on to do so. + +"But it's true that you remained in Moscow to kill Napoleon?" +Natasha asked with a slight smile. "I guessed it then when we met at +the Sukharev tower, do you remember?" + +Pierre admitted that it was true, and from that was gradually led by +Princess Mary's questions and especially by Natasha's into giving a +detailed account of his adventures. + +At first he spoke with the amused and mild irony now customary +with him toward everybody and especially toward himself, but when he +came to describe the horrors and sufferings he had witnessed he was +unconsciously carried away and began speaking with the suppressed +emotion of a man re-experiencing in recollection strong impressions he +has lived through. + +Princess Mary with a gentle smile looked now at Pierre and now at +Natasha. In the whole narrative she saw only Pierre and his +goodness. Natasha, leaning on her elbow, the expression of her face +constantly changing with the narrative, watched Pierre with an +attention that never wandered--evidently herself experiencing all that +he described. Not only her look, but her exclamations and the brief +questions she put, showed Pierre that she understood just what he +wished to convey. It was clear that she understood not only what he +said but also what he wished to, but could not, express in words. +The account Pierre gave of the incident with the child and the woman +for protecting whom he was arrested was this: "It was an awful +sight--children abandoned, some in the flames... One was snatched +out before my eyes... and there were women who had their things +snatched off and their earrings torn out..." he flushed and grew +confused. "Then a patrol arrived and all the men--all those who were + +not looting, that is--were arrested, and I among them." + +"I am sure you're not telling us everything; I am sure you did +something..." said Natasha and pausing added, "something fine?" + +Pierre continued. When he spoke of the execution he wanted to pass +over the horrible details, but Natasha insisted that he should not +omit anything. + +Pierre began to tell about Karataev, but paused. By this time he had +risen from the table and was pacing the room, Natasha following him +with her eyes. Then he added: + +"No, you can't understand what I learned from that illiterate man- +that simple fellow." + +"Yes, yes, go on!" said Natasha. "Where is he?" + +"They killed him almost before my eyes." + +And Pierre, his voice trembling continually, went on to tell of +the last days of their retreat, of Karataev's illness and his death. + +He told of his adventures as he had never yet recalled them. He now, +as it were, saw a new meaning in all he had gone through. Now that +he was telling it all to Natasha he experienced that pleasure which +a man has when women listen to him--not clever women who when +listening either try to remember what they hear to enrich their +minds and when opportunity offers to retell it, or who wish to adopt +it to some thought of their own and promptly contribute their own +clever comments prepared in their little mental workshop--but the +pleasure given by real women gifted with a capacity to select and +absorb the very best a man shows of himself. Natasha without knowing +it was all attention: she did not lose a word, no single quiver in +Pierre's voice, no look, no twitch of a muscle in his face, nor a +single gesture. She caught the unfinished word in its flight and +took it straight into her open heart, divining the secret meaning of +all Pierre's mental travail. + +Princess Mary understood his story and sympathized with him, but she +now saw something else that absorbed all her attention. She saw the +possibility of love and happiness between Natasha and Pierre, and +the first thought of this filled her heart with gladness. + +It was three o'clock in the morning. The footmen came in with sad +and stern faces to change the candles, but no one noticed them. + +Pierre finished his story. Natasha continued to look at him intently +with bright, attentive, and animated eyes, as if trying to +understand something more which he had perhaps left untold. Pierre +in shamefaced and happy confusion glanced occasionally at her, and +tried to think what to say next to introduce a fresh subject. Princess +Mary was silent. It occurred to none of them that it was three o'clock +and time to go to bed. + +"People speak of misfortunes and sufferings," remarked Pierre, +"but if at this moment I were asked: 'Would you rather be what you +were before you were taken prisoner, or go through all this again?' +then for heaven's sake let me again have captivity and horseflesh! +We imagine that when we are thrown out of our usual ruts all is +lost, but it is only then that what is new and good begins. While +there is life there is happiness. There is much, much before us. I say +this to you," he added, turning to Natasha. + +"Yes, yes," she said, answering something quite different. "I too +should wish nothing but to relive it all from the beginning." + +Pierre looked intently at her. + +"Yes, and nothing more." said Natasha. + +"It's not true, not true!" cried Pierre. "I am not to blame for +being alive and wishing to live--nor you either." + +Suddenly Natasha bent her head, covered her face with her hands, and +began to cry. + +"What is it, Natasha?" said Princess Mary. + +"Nothing, nothing." She smiled at Pierre through her tears. "Good +night! It is time for bed." + +Pierre rose and took his leave. + + +Princess Mary and Natasha met as usual in the bedroom. They talked +of what Pierre had told them. Princess Mary did not express her +opinion of Pierre nor did Natasha speak of him. + +"Well, good night, Mary!" said Natasha. "Do you know, I am often +afraid that by not speaking of him" (she meant Prince Andrew) "for +fear of not doing justice to our feelings, we forget him." + +Princess Mary sighed deeply and thereby acknowledged the justice +of Natasha's remark, but she did not express agreement in words. + +"Is it possible to forget?" said she. + +"It did me so much good to tell all about it today. It was hard +and painful, but good, very good!" said Natasha. "I am sure he +really loved him. That is why I told him... Was it all right?" she +added, suddenly blushing. + +"To tell Pierre? Oh, yes. What a splendid man he is!" said +Princess Mary. + +"Do you know, Mary..." Natasha suddenly said with a mischievous +smile such as Princess Mary had not seen on her face for a long +time, "he has somehow grown so clean, smooth, and fresh--as if he +had just come out of a Russian bath; do you understand? Out of a moral +bath. Isn't it true?" + +"Yes," replied Princess Mary. "He has greatly improved." + +"With a short coat and his hair cropped; just as if, well, just as +if he had come straight from the bath... Papa used to..." + +"I understand why he" (Prince Andrew) "liked no one so much as him," +said Princess Mary. + +"Yes, and yet he is quite different. They say men are friends when +they are quite different. That must be true. Really he is quite unlike +him--in everything." + +"Yes, but he's wonderful." + +"Well, good night," said Natasha. + +And the same mischievous smile lingered for a long time on her +face as if it had been forgotten there. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + + +It was a long time before Pierre could fall asleep that night. He +paced up and down his room, now turning his thoughts on a difficult +problem and frowning, now suddenly shrugging his shoulders and +wincing, and now smiling happily. + +He was thinking of Prince Andrew, of Natasha, and of their love, +at one moment jealous of her past, then reproaching himself for that +feeling. It was already six in the morning and he still paced up and +down the room. + +"Well, what's to be done if it cannot be avoided? What's to be done? +Evidently it has to be so," said he to himself, and hastily undressing +he got into bed, happy and agitated but free from hesitation or +indecision. + +"Strange and impossible as such happiness seems, I must do +everything that she and I may be man and wife," he told himself. + +A few days previously Pierre had decided to go to Petersburg on +the Friday. When he awoke on the Thursday, Savelich came to ask him +about packing for the journey. + +"What, to Petersburg? What is Petersburg? Who is there in +Petersburg?" he asked involuntarily, though only to himself. "Oh, yes, +long ago before this happened I did for some reason mean to go to +Petersburg," he reflected. "Why? But perhaps I shall go. What a good +fellow he is and how attentive, and how he remembers everything," he +thought, looking at Savelich's old face, "and what a pleasant smile he +has!" + +"Well, Savelich, do you still not wish to accept your freedom?" +Pierre asked him. + +"What's the good of freedom to me, your excellency? We lived under +the late count--the kingdom of heaven be his!--and we have lived under +you too, without ever being wronged." + +"And your children?" + +"The children will live just the same. With such masters one can +live." + +"But what about my heirs?" said Pierre. "Supposing I suddenly +marry... it might happen," he added with an involuntary smile. + +"If I may take the liberty, your excellency, it would be a good +thing." + +"How easy he thinks it," thought Pierre. "He doesn't know how +terrible it is and how dangerous. Too soon or too late... it is +terrible!" + +"So what are your orders? Are you starting tomorrow?" asked +Savelich. + +"No, I'll put it off for a bit. I'll tell you later. You must +forgive the trouble I have put you to," said Pierre, and seeing +Savelich smile, he thought: "But how strange it is that he should +not know that now there is no Petersburg for me, and that that must be +settled first of all! But probably he knows it well enough and is only +pretending. Shall I have a talk with him and see what he thinks?" +Pierre reflected. "No, another time." + +At breakfast Pierre told the princess, his cousin, that he had +been to see Princess Mary the day before and had there met--"Whom do +you think? Natasha Rostova!" + +The princess seemed to see nothing more extraordinary in that than +if he had seen Anna Semenovna. + +"Do you know her?" asked Pierre. + +"I have seen the princess," she replied. "I heard that they were +arranging a match for her with young Rostov. It would be a very good +thing for the Rostovs, they are said to be utterly ruined." + +"No; I mean do you know Natasha Rostova?" + +"I heard about that affair of hers at the time. It was a great +pity." + +"No, she either doesn't understand or is pretending," thought +Pierre. "Better not say anything to her either." + +The princess too had prepared provisions for Pierre's journey. + +"How kind they all are," thought Pierre. "What is surprising is that +they should trouble about these things now when it can no longer be of +interest to them. And all for me!" + +On the same day the Chief of Police came to Pierre, inviting him +to send a representative to the Faceted Palace to recover things +that were to be returned to their owners that day. + +"And this man too," thought Pierre, looking into the face of the +Chief of Police. "What a fine, good-looking officer and how kind. +Fancy bothering about such trifies now! And they actually say he is +not honest and takes bribes. What nonsense! Besides, why shouldn't +he take bribes? That's the way he was brought up, and everybody does +it. But what a kind, pleasant face and how he smiles as he looks at +me." + +Pierre went to Princess Mary's to dinner. + +As he drove through the streets past the houses that had been burned +down, he was surprised by the beauty of those ruins. The +picturesqueness of the chimney stacks and tumble-down walls of the +burned-out quarters of the town, stretching out and concealing one +another, reminded him of the Rhine and the Colosseum. The cabmen he +met and their passengers, the carpenters cutting the timber for new +houses with axes, the women hawkers, and the shopkeepers, all looked +at him with cheerful beaming eyes that seemed to say: "Ah, there he +is! Let's see what will come of it!" + +At the entrance to Princess Mary's house Pierre felt doubtful +whether he had really been there the night before and really seen +Natasha and talked to her. "Perhaps I imagined it; perhaps I shall +go in and find no one there." But he had hardly entered the room +before he felt her presence with his whole being by the loss of his +sense of freedom. She was in the same black dress with soft folds +and her hair was done the same way as the day before, yet she was +quite different. Had she been like this when he entered the day before +he could not for a moment have failed to recognize her. + +She was as he had known her almost as a child and later on as Prince +Andrew's fiancee. A bright questioning light shone in her eyes, and on +her face was a friendly and strangely roguish expression. + +Pierre dined with them and would have spent the whole evening there, +but Princess Mary was going to vespers and Pierre left the house +with her. + +Next day he came early, dined, and stayed the whole evening. +Though Princess Mary and Natasha were evidently glad to see their +visitor and though all Pierre's interest was now centered in that +house, by the evening they had talked over everything and the +conversation passed from one trivial topic to another and repeatedly +broke off. He stayed so long that Princess Mary and Natasha +exchanged glances, evidently wondering when he would go. Pierre +noticed this but could not go. He felt uneasy and embarrassed, but sat +on because he simply could not get up and take his leave. + +Princess Mary, foreseeing no end to this, rose first, and +complaining of a headache began to say good night. + +"So you are going to Petersburg tomorrow?" she asked. + +"No, I am not going," Pierre replied hastily, in a surprised tone +and as though offended. "Yes... no... to Petersburg? Tomorrow--but I +won't say good-by yet. I will call round in case you have any +commissions for me," said he, standing before Princess Mary and +turning red, but not taking his departure. + +Natasha gave him her hand and went out. Princess Mary on the other +hand instead of going away sank into an armchair, and looked sternly +and intently at him with her deep, radiant eyes. The weariness she had +plainly shown before had now quite passed off. With a deep and +long-drawn sigh she seemed to be prepared for a lengthy talk. + +When Natasha left the room Pierre's confusion and awkwardness +immediately vanished and were replaced by eager excitement. He quickly +moved an armchair toward Princess Mary. + +"Yes, I wanted to tell you," said he, answering her look as if she +had spoken. "Princess, help me! What am I to do? Can I hope? Princess, +my dear friend, listen! I know it all. I know I am not worthy of +her, I know it's impossible to speak of it now. But I want to be a +brother to her. No, not that, I don't, I can't..." + +He paused and rubbed his face and eyes with his hands. + +"Well," he went on with an evident effort at self-control and +coherence. "I don't know when I began to love her, but I have loved +her and her alone all my life, and I love her so that I cannot imagine +life without her. I cannot propose to her at present, but the +thought that perhaps she might someday be my wife and that I may be +missing that possibility... that possibility... is terrible. Tell +me, can I hope? Tell me what I am to do, dear princess!" he added +after a pause, and touched her hand as she did not reply. + +"I am thinking of what you have told me," answered Princess Mary. +"This is what I will say. You are right that to speak to her of love +at present..." + +Princess Mary stopped. She was going to say that to speak of love +was impossible, but she stopped because she had seen by the sudden +change in Natasha two days before that she would not only not be +hurt if Pierre spoke of his love, but that it was the very thing she +wished for. + +"To speak to her now wouldn't do," said the princess all the same. + +"But what am I to do?" + +"Leave it to me," said Princess Mary. "I know..." + +Pierre was looking into Princess Mary's eyes. + +"Well?... Well?..." he said. + +"I know that she loves... will love you," Princess Mary corrected +herself. + +Before her words were out, Pierre had sprung up and with a +frightened expression seized Princess Mary's hand. + +"What makes you think so? You think I may hope? You think...?" + +"Yes, I think so," said Princess Mary with a smile. "Write to her +parents, and leave it to me. I will tell her when I can. I wish it +to happen and my heart tells me it will." + +"No, it cannot be! How happy I am! But it can't be.... How happy I +am! No, it can't be!" Pierre kept saying as he kissed Princess +Mary's hands. + +"Go to Petersburg, that will be best. And I will write to you," +she said. + +"To Petersburg? Go there? Very well, I'll go. But I may come again +tomorrow?" + +Next day Pierre came to say good-by. Natasha was less animated +than she had been the day before; but that day as he looked at her +Pierre sometimes felt as if he was vanishing and that neither he nor +she existed any longer, that nothing existed but happiness. "Is it +possible? No, it can't be," he told himself at every look, gesture, +and word that filled his soul with joy. + +When on saying good-by he took her thin, slender hand, he could +not help holding it a little longer in his own. + +"Is it possible that this hand, that face, those eyes, all this +treasure of feminine charm so strange to me now, is it possible that +it will one day be mine forever, as familiar to me as I am to +myself?... No, that's impossible!..." + +"Good-by, Count," she said aloud. "I shall look forward very much to +your return," she added in a whisper. + +And these simple words, her look, and the expression on her face +which accompanied them, formed for two months the subject of +inexhaustible memories, interpretations, and happy meditations for +Pierre. "'I shall look forward very much to your return....' Yes, yes, +how did she say it? Yes, 'I shall look forward very much to your +return.' Oh, how happy I am! What is happening to me? How happy I am!" +said Pierre to himself. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + + +There was nothing in Pierre's soul now at all like what had troubled +it during his courtship of Helene. + +He did not repeat to himself with a sickening feeling of shame the +words he had spoken, or say: "Oh, why did I not say that?" and, +"Whatever made me say 'Je vous aime'?" On the contrary, he now +repeated in imagination every word that he or Natasha had spoken and +pictured every detail of her face and smile, and did not wish to +diminish or add anything, but only to repeat it again and again. There +was now not a shadow of doubt in his mind as to whether what he had +undertaken was right or wrong. Only one terrible doubt sometimes +crossed his mind: "Wasn't it all a dream? Isn't Princess Mary +mistaken? Am I not too conceited and self-confident? I believe all +this--and suddenly Princess Mary will tell her, and she will be sure +to smile and say: 'How strange! He must be deluding himself. Doesn't +he know that he is a man, just a man, while I...? I am something +altogether different and higher.'" + +That was the only doubt often troubling Pierre. He did not now +make any plans. The happiness before him appeared so inconceivable +that if only he could attain it, it would be the end of all things. +Everything ended with that. + +A joyful, unexpected frenzy, of which he had thought himself +incapable, possessed him. The whole meaning of life--not for him alone +but for the whole world--seemed to him centered in his love and the +possibility of being loved by her. At times everybody seemed to him to +be occupied with one thing only--his future happiness. Sometimes it +seemed to him that other people were all as pleased as he was +himself and merely tried to hide that pleasure by pretending to be +busy with other interests. In every word and gesture he saw +allusions to his happiness. He often surprised those he met by his +significantly happy looks and smiles which seemed to express a +secret understanding between him and them. And when he realized that +people might not be aware of his happiness, he pitied them with his +whole heart and felt a desire somehow to explain to them that all that +occupied them was a mere frivolous trifle unworthy of attention. + +When it was suggested to him that he should enter the civil service, +or when the war or any general political affairs were discussed on the +assumption that everybody's welfare depended on this or that issue +of events, he would listen with a mild and pitying smile and +surprise people by his strange comments. But at this time he saw +everybody--both those who, as he imagined, understood the real meaning +of life (that is, what he was feeling) and those unfortunates who +evidently did not understand it--in the bright light of the emotion +that shone within himself, and at once without any effort saw in +everyone he met everything that was good and worthy of being loved. + +When dealing with the affairs and papers of his dead wife, her +memory aroused in him no feeling but pity that she had not known the +bliss he now knew. Prince Vasili, who having obtained a new post and +some fresh decorations was particularly proud at this time, seemed +to him a pathetic, kindly old man much to be pitied. + +Often in afterlife Pierre recalled this period of blissful insanity. +All the views he formed of men and circumstances at this time remained +true for him always. He not only did not renounce them subsequently, +but when he was in doubt or inwardly at variance, he referred to the +views he had held at this time of his madness and they always proved +correct. + +"I may have appeared strange and queer then," he thought, "but I was +not so mad as I seemed. On the contrary I was then wiser and had +more insight than at any other time, and understood all that is +worth understanding in life, because... because I was happy." + +Pierre's insanity consisted in not waiting, as he used to do, to +discover personal attributes which he termed "good qualities" in +people before loving them; his heart was now overflowing with love, +and by loving people without cause he discovered indubitable causes +for loving them. + + + + + +CHAPTER XX + + +After Pierre's departure that first evening, when Natasha had said +to Princess Mary with a gaily mocking smile: "He looks just, yes, just +as if he had come out of a Russian bath--in a short coat and with +his hair cropped," something hidden and unknown to herself, but +irrepressible, awoke in Natasha's soul. + +Everything: her face, walk, look, and voice, was suddenly altered. +To her own surprise a power of life and hope of happiness rose to +the surface and demanded satisfaction. From that evening she seemed to +have forgotten all that had happened to her. She no longer +complained of her position, did not say a word about the past, and +no longer feared to make happy plans for the future. She spoke +little of Pierre, but when Princess Mary mentioned him a +long-extinguished light once more kindled in her eyes and her lips +curved with a strange smile. + +The change that took place in Natasha at first surprised Princess +Mary; but when she understood its meaning it grieved her. "Can she +have loved my brother so little as to be able to forget him so +soon?" she thought when she reflected on the change. But when she +was with Natasha she was not vexed with her and did not reproach +her. The reawakened power of life that had seized Natasha was so +evidently irrepressible and unexpected by her that in her presence +Princess Mary felt that she had no right to reproach her even in her +heart. + + Natasha gave herself up so fully and frankly to this new feeling +that she did not try to hide the fact that she was no longer sad, +but bright and cheerful. + +When Princess Mary returned to her room after her nocturnal talk +with Pierre, Natasha met her on the threshold. + +"He has spoken? Yes? He has spoken?" she repeated. + +And a joyful yet pathetic expression which seemed to beg forgiveness +for her joy settled on Natasha's face. + +"I wanted to listen at the door, but I knew you would tell me." + +Understandable and touching as the look with which Natasha gazed +at her seemed to Princess Mary, and sorry as she was to see her +agitation, these words pained her for a moment. She remembered her +brother and his love. + +"But what's to be done? She can't help it," thought the princess. + +And with a sad and rather stern look she told Natasha all that +Pierre had said. On hearing that he was going to Petersburg Natasha +was astounded. + +"To Petersburg!" she repeated as if unable to understand. + +But noticing the grieved expression on Princess Mary's face she +guessed the reason of that sadness and suddenly began to cry. + +"Mary," said she, "tell me what I should do! I am afraid of being +bad. Whatever you tell me, I will do. Tell me...." + +"You love him?" + +"Yes," whispered Natasha. + +"Then why are you crying? I am happy for your sake," said Princess +Mary, who because of those tears quite forgave Natasha's joy. + +"It won't be just yet--someday. Think what fun it will be when I +am his wife and you marry Nicholas!" + +"Natasha, I have asked you not to speak of that. Let us talk about +you." + +They were silent awhile. + +"But why go to Petersburg?" Natasha suddenly asked, and hastily +replied to her own question. "But no, no, he must... Yes, Mary, He +must...." + + + + + + +FIRST EPILOGUE: 1813 --20 + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +Seven years had passed. The storm-tossed sea of European history had +subsided within its shores and seemed to have become calm. But the +mysterious forces that move humanity (mysterious because the laws of +their motion are unknown to us) continued to operate. + +Though the surface of the sea of history seemed motionless, the +movement of humanity went on as unceasingly as the flow of time. +Various groups of people formed and dissolved, the coming formation +and dissolution of kingdoms and displacement of peoples was in +course of preparation. + +The sea of history was not driven spasmodically from shore to +shore as previously. It was seething in its depths. Historic figures +were not borne by the waves from one shore to another as before. +They now seemed to rotate on one spot. The historical figures at the +head of armies, who formerly reflected the movement of the masses by +ordering wars, campaigns, and battles, now reflected the restless +movement by political and diplomatic combinations, laws, and treaties. + +The historians call this activity of the historical figures "the +reaction." + +In dealing with this period they sternly condemn the historical +personages who, in their opinion, caused what they describe as the +reaction. All the well-known people of that period, from Alexander and +Napoleon to Madame de Stael, Photius, Schelling, Fichte, +Chateaubriand, and the rest, pass before their stern judgment seat and +are acquitted or condemned according to whether they conduced to +progress or to reaction. + +According to their accounts a reaction took place at that time in +Russia also, and the chief culprit was Alexander I, the same man who +according to them was the chief cause of the liberal movement at the +commencement of his reign, being the savior of Russia. + +There is no one in Russian literature now, from schoolboy essayist +to learned historian, who does not throw his little stone at Alexander +for things he did wrong at this period of his reign. + +"He ought to have acted in this way and in that way. In this case he +did well and in that case badly. He behaved admirably at the beginning +of his reign and during 1812, but acted badly by giving a constitution +to Poland, forming the Holy Alliance, entrusting power to Arakcheev, +favoring Golitsyn and mysticism, and afterwards Shishkov and +Photius. He also acted badly by concerning himself with the active +army and disbanding the Semenov regiment." + +It would take a dozen pages to enumerate all the reproaches the +historians address to him, based on their knowledge of what is good +for humanity. + +What do these reproaches mean? + +Do not the very actions for which the historians praise Alexander +I (the liberal attempts at the beginning of his reign, his struggle +with Napoleon, the firmness he displayed in 1812 and the campaign of +1813) flow from the same sources--the circumstances of his birth, +education, and life--that made his personality what it was and from +which the actions for which they blame him (the Holy Alliance, the +restoration of Poland, and the reaction of 1820 and later) also +flowed? + +In what does the substance of those reproaches lie? + +It lies in the fact that an historic character like Alexander I, +standing on the highest possible pinnacle of human power with the +blinding light of history focused upon him; a character exposed to +those strongest of all influences: the intrigues, flattery, and +self-deception inseparable from power; a character who at every moment +of his life felt a responsibility for all that was happening in +Europe; and not a fictitious but a live character who like every man +had his personal habits, passions, and impulses toward goodness, +beauty, and truth--that this character--though not lacking in virtue +(the historians do not accuse him of that)--had not the same +conception of the welfare of humanity fifty years ago as a present-day +professor who from his youth upwards has been occupied with +learning: that is, with books and lectures and with taking notes +from them. + +But even if we assume that fifty years ago Alexander I was +mistaken in his view of what was good for the people, we must +inevitably assume that the historian who judges Alexander will also +after the lapse of some time turn out to be mistaken in his view of +what is good for humanity. This assumption is all the more natural and +inevitable because, watching the movement of history, we see that +every year and with each new writer, opinion as to what is good for +mankind changes; so that what once seemed good, ten years later +seems bad, and vice versa. And what is more, we find at one and the +same time quite contradictory views as to what is bad and what is good +in history: some people regard giving a constitution to Poland and +forming the Holy Alliance as praiseworthy in Alexander, while others +regard it as blameworthy. + +The activity of Alexander or of Napoleon cannot be called useful +or harmful, for it is impossible to say for what it was useful or +harmful. If that activity displeases somebody, this is only because it +does not agree with his limited understanding of what is good. Whether +the preservation of my father's house in Moscow, or the glory of the +Russian arms, or the prosperity of the Petersburg and other +universities, or the freedom of Poland or the greatness of Russia, +or the balance of power in Europe, or a certain kind of European +culture called "progress" appear to me to be good or bad, I must admit +that besides these things the action of every historic character has +other more general purposes inaccessible to me. + +But let us assume that what is called science can harmonize all +contradictions and possesses an unchanging standard of good and bad by +which to try historic characters and events; let us say that Alexander +could have done everything differently; let us say that with +guidance from those who blame him and who profess to know the ultimate +aim of the movement of humanity, he might have arranged matters +according to the program his present accusers would have given him--of +nationality, freedom, equality, and progress (these, I think, cover +the ground). Let us assume that this program was possible and had then +been formulated, and that Alexander had acted on it. What would then +have become of the activity of all those who opposed the tendency that +then prevailed in the government--an activity that in the opinion of +the historians was good and beneficent? Their activity would not +have existed: there would have been no life, there would have been +nothing. + +If we admit that human life can be ruled by reason, the +possibility of life is destroyed. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +If we assume as the historians do that great men lead humanity to +the attainment of certain ends--the greatness of Russia or of +France, the balance of power in Europe, the diffusion of the ideas +of the Revolution general progress or anything else--then it is +impossible to explain the facts of history without introducing the +conceptions of chance and genius. + +If the aim of the European wars at the beginning of the nineteenth +century had been the aggrandizement of Russia, that aim might have +been accomplished without all the preceding wars and without the +invasion. If the aim was the aggrandizement of France, that might have +been attained without the Revolution and without the Empire. If the +aim was the dissemination of ideas, the printing press could have +accomplished that much better than warfare. If the aim was the +progress of civilization, it is easy to see that there are other +ways of diffusing civilization more expedient than by the +destruction of wealth and of human lives. + +Why did it happen in this and not in some other way? + +Because it happened so! "Chance created the situation; genius +utilized it," says history. + +But what is chance? What is genius? + +The words chance and genius do not denote any really existing +thing and therefore cannot be defined. Those words only denote a +certain stage of understanding of phenomena. I do not know why a +certain event occurs; I think that I cannot know it; so I do not try +to know it and I talk about chance. I see a force producing effects +beyond the scope of ordinary human agencies; I do not understand why +this occurs and I talk of genius. + +To a herd of rams, the ram the herdsman drives each evening into a +special enclosure to feed and that becomes twice as fat as the +others must seem to be a genius. And it must appear an astonishing +conjunction of genius with a whole series of extraordinary chances +that this ram, who instead of getting into the general fold every +evening goes into a special enclosure where there are oats--that +this very ram, swelling with fat, is killed for meat. + +But the rams need only cease to suppose that all that happens to +them happens solely for the attainment of their sheepish aims; they +need only admit that what happens to them may also have purposes +beyond their ken, and they will at once perceive a unity and coherence +in what happened to the ram that was fattened. Even if they do not +know for what purpose they are fattened, they will at least know +that all that happened to the ram did not happen accidentally, and +will no longer need the conceptions of chance or genius. + +Only by renouncing our claim to discern a purpose immediately +intelligible to us, and admitting the ultimate purpose to be beyond +our ken, may we discern the sequence of experiences in the lives of +historic characters and perceive the cause of the effect they +produce (incommensurable with ordinary human capabilities), and then +the words chance and genius become superfluous. + +We need only confess that we do not know the purpose of the European +convulsions and that we know only the facts--that is, the murders, +first in France, then in Italy, in Africa, in Prussia, in Austria, +in Spain, and in Russia--and that the movements from the west to the +east and from the east to the west form the essence and purpose of +these events, and not only shall we have no need to see exceptional +ability and genius in Napoleon and Alexander, but we shall be unable +to consider them to be anything but like other men, and we shall not +be obliged to have recourse to chance for an explanation of those +small events which made these people what they were, but it will be +clear that all those small events were inevitable. + +By discarding a claim to knowledge of the ultimate purpose, we shall +clearly perceive that just as one cannot imagine a blossom or seed for +any single plant better suited to it than those it produces, so it +is impossible to imagine any two people more completely adapted down +to the smallest detail for the purpose they had to fulfill, than +Napoleon and Alexander with all their antecedents. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +The fundamental and essential significance of the European events of +the beginning of the nineteenth century lies in the movement of the +mass of the European peoples from west to east and afterwards from +east to west. The commencement of that movement was the movement +from west to east. For the peoples of the west to be able to make +their warlike movement to Moscow it was necessary: (1) that they +should form themselves into a military group of a size able to +endure a collision with the warlike military group of the east, (2) +that they should abandon all established traditions and customs, and +(3) that during their military movement they should have at their head +a man who could justify to himself and to them the deceptions, +robberies, and murders which would have to be committed during that +movement. + +And beginning with the French Revolution the old inadequately +large group was destroyed, as well as the old habits and traditions, +and step by step a group was formed of larger dimensions with new +customs and traditions, and a man was produced who would stand at +the head of the coming movement and bear the responsibility for all +that had to be done. + +A man without convictions, without habits, without traditions, +without a name, and not even a Frenchman, emerges--by what seem the +strangest chances--from among all the seething French parties, and +without joining any one of them is borne forward to a prominent +position. + +The ignorance of his colleagues, the weakness and insignificance +of his opponents, the frankness of his falsehoods, and the dazzling +and self-confident limitations of this man raise him to the head of +the army. The brilliant qualities of the soldiers of the army sent +to Italy, his opponents' reluctance to fight, and his own childish +audacity and self-confidence secure him military fame. Innumerable +so called chances accompany him everywhere. The disfavor into which he +falls with the rulers of France turns to his advantage. His attempts +to avoid his predestined path are unsuccessful: he is not received +into the Russian service, and the appointment he seeks in Turkey comes +to nothing. During the war in Italy he is several times on the verge +of destruction and each time is saved in an unexpected manner. Owing +to various diplomatic considerations the Russian armies--just those +which might have destroyed his prestige--do not appear upon the +scene till he is no longer there. + +On his return from Italy he finds the government in Paris in a +process of dissolution in which all those who are in it are inevitably +wiped out and destroyed. And by chance an escape from this dangerous +position presents itself in the form of an aimless and senseless +expedition to Africa. Again so-called chance accompanies him. +Impregnable Malta surrenders without a shot; his most reckless schemes +are crowned with success. The enemy's fleet, which subsequently did +not let a single boat pass, allows his entire army to elude it. In +Africa a whole series of outrages are committed against the almost +unarmed inhabitants. And the men who commit these crimes, especially +their leader, assure themselves that this is admirable, this is glory- +it resembles Caesar and Alexander the Great and is therefore good. + +This ideal of glory and grandeur--which consists not merely in +considering nothing wrong that one does but in priding oneself on +every crime one commits, ascribing to it an incomprehensible +supernatural significance--that ideal, destined to guide this man +and his associates, had scope for its development in Africa. +Whatever he does succeeds. The plague does not touch him. The +cruelty of murdering prisoners is not imputed to him as a fault. His +childishly rash, uncalled-for, and ignoble departure from Africa, +leaving his comrades in distress, is set down to his credit, and again +the enemy's fleet twice lets him slip past. When, intoxicated by the +crimes he has committed so successfully, he reaches Paris, the +dissolution of the republican government, which a year earlier might +have ruined him, has reached its extreme limit, and his presence there +now as a newcomer free from party entanglements can only serve to +exalt him--and though he himself has no plan, he is quite ready for +his new role. + +He had no plan, he was afraid of everything, but the parties +snatched at him and demanded his participation. + +He alone--with his ideal of glory and grandeur developed in Italy +and Egypt, his insane self-adulation, his boldness in crime and +frankness in lying--he alone could justify what had to be done. + +He is needed for the place that awaits him, and so almost apart from +his will and despite his indecision, his lack of a plan, and all his +mistakes, he is drawn into a conspiracy that aims at seizing power and +the conspiracy is crowned with success. + +He is pushed into a meeting of the legislature. In alarm he wishes +to flee, considering himself lost. He pretends to fall into a swoon +and says senseless things that should have ruined him. But the once +proud and shrewd rulers of France, feeling that their part is played +out, are even more bewildered than he, and do not say the words they +should have said to destroy him and retain their power. + +Chance, millions of chances, give him power, and all men as if by +agreement co-operate to confirm that power. Chance forms the +characters of the rulers of France, who submit to him; chance forms +the character of Paul I of Russia who recognizes his government; +chance contrives a plot against him which not only fails to harm him +but confirms his power. Chance puts the Duc d'Enghien in his hands and +unexpectedly causes him to kill him--thereby convincing the mob more +forcibly than in any other way that he had the right, since he had the +might. Chance contrives that though he directs all his efforts to +prepare an expedition against England (which would inevitably have +ruined him) he never carries out that intention, but unexpectedly +falls upon Mack and the Austrians, who surrender without a battle. +Chance and genius give him the victory at Austerlitz; and by chance +all men, not only the French but all Europe--except England which does +not take part in the events about to happen--despite their former +horror and detestation of his crimes, now recognize his authority, the +title he has given himself, and his ideal of grandeur and glory, which +seems excellent and reasonable to them all. + +As if measuring themselves and preparing for the coming movement, +the western forces push toward the east several times in 1805, 1806, +1807, and 1809, gaining strength and growing. In 1811 the group of +people that had formed in France unites into one group with the +peoples of Central Europe. The strength of the justification of the +man who stands at the head of the movement grows with the increased +size of the group. During the ten-year preparatory period this man had +formed relations with all the crowned heads of Europe. The discredited +rulers of the world can oppose no reasonable ideal to the insensate +Napoleonic ideal of glory and grandeur. One after another they +hasten to display their insignificance before him. The King of Prussia +sends his wife to seek the great man's mercy; the Emperor of Austria +considers it a favor that this man receives a daughter the Caesars +into his bed; the Pope, the guardian of all that the nations hold +sacred, utilizes religion for the aggrandizement of the great man. +It is not Napoleon who prepares himself for the accomplishment of +his role, so much as all those round him who prepare him to take on +himself the whole responsibility for what is happening and has to +happen. There is no step, no crime or petty fraud he commits, which in +the mouths of those around him is not at once represented as a great +deed. The most suitable fete the Germans can devise for him is a +celebration of Jena and Auerstadt. Not only is he great, but so are +his ancestors, his brothers, his stepsons, and his brothers-in-law. +Everything is done to deprive him of the remains of his reason and +to prepare him for his terrible part. And when he is ready so too +are the forces. + +The invasion pushes eastward and reaches its final goal--Moscow. +That city is taken; the Russian army suffers heavier losses than the +opposing armies had suffered in the former war from Austerlitz to +Wagram. But suddenly instead of those chances and that genius which +hitherto had so consistently led him by an uninterrupted series of +successes to the predestined goal, an innumerable sequence of +inverse chances occur--from the cold in his head at Borodino to the +sparks which set Moscow on fire, and the frosts--and instead of +genius, stupidity and immeasurable baseness become evident. + +The invaders flee, turn back, flee again, and all the chances are +now not for Napoleon but always against him. + +A countermovement is then accomplished from east to west with a +remarkable resemblance to the preceding movement from west to east. +Attempted drives from east to west--similar to the contrary +movements of 1805, 1807, and 1809--precede the great westward +movement; there is the same coalescence into a group of enormous +dimensions; the same adhesion of the people of Central Europe to the +movement; the same hesitation midway, and the same increasing rapidity +as the goal is approached. + +Paris, the ultimate goal, is reached. The Napoleonic government +and army are destroyed. Napoleon himself is no longer of any +account; all his actions are evidently pitiful and mean, but again +an inexplicable chance occurs. The allies detest Napoleon whom they +regard as the cause of their sufferings. Deprived of power and +authority, his crimes and his craft exposed, he should have appeared +to them what he appeared ten years previously and one year later--an +outlawed brigand. But by some strange chance no one perceives this. +His part is not yet ended. The man who ten years before and a year +later was considered an outlawed brigand is sent to an island two +days' sail from France, which for some reason is presented to him as +his dominion, and guards are given to him and millions of money are +paid him. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +The flood of nations begins to subside into its normal channels. The +waves of the great movement abate, and on the calm surface eddies +are formed in which float the diplomatists, who imagine that they have +caused the floods to abate. + +But the smooth sea again suddenly becomes disturbed. The +diplomatists think that their disagreements are the cause of this +fresh pressure of natural forces; they anticipate war between their +sovereigns; the position seems to them insoluble. But the wave they +feel to be rising does not come from the quarter they expect. It rises +again from the same point as before--Paris. The last backwash of the +movement from the west occurs: a backwash which serves to solve the +apparently insuperable diplomatic difficulties and ends the military +movement of that period of history. + +The man who had devastated France returns to France alone, without +any conspiracy and without soldiers. Any guard might arrest him, but +by strange chance no one does so and all rapturously greet the man +they cursed the day before and will curse again a month later. + +This man is still needed to justify the final collective act. + +That act is performed. + +The last role is played. The actor is bidden to disrobe and wash off +his powder and paint: he will not be wanted any more. + +And some years pass during which he plays a pitiful comedy to +himself in solitude on his island, justifying his actions by intrigues +and lies when the justification is no longer needed, and displaying to +the whole world what it was that people had mistaken for strength as +long as an unseen hand directed his actions. + +The manager having brought the drama to a close and stripped the +actor shows him to us. + +"See what you believed in! This is he! Do you now see that it was +not he but I who moved you?" + +But dazed by the force of the movement, it was long before people +understood this. + +Still greater coherence and inevitability is seen in the life of +Alexander I, the man who stood at the head of the countermovement from +east to west. + +What was needed for him who, overshadowing others, stood at the head +of that movement from east to west? + +What was needed was a sense of justice and a sympathy with +European affairs, but a remote sympathy not dulled by petty interests; +a moral superiority over those sovereigns of the day who co-operated +with him; a mild and attractive personality; and a personal +grievance against Napoleon. And all this was found in Alexander I; all +this had been prepared by innumerable so-called chances in his life: +his education, his early liberalism, the advisers who surrounded +him, and by Austerlitz, and Tilsit, and Erfurt. + +During the national war he was inactive because he was not needed. +But as soon as the necessity for a general European war presented +itself he appeared in his place at the given moment and, uniting the +nations of Europe, led them to the goal. + +The goal is reached. After the final war of 1815 Alexander possesses +all possible power. How does he use it? + +Alexander I--the pacifier of Europe, the man who from his early +years had striven only for his people's welfare, the originator of the +liberal innovations in his fatherland--now that he seemed to possess +the utmost power and therefore to have the possibility of bringing +about the welfare of his peoples--at the time when Napoleon in exile +was drawing up childish and mendacious plans of how he would have made +mankind happy had he retained power--Alexander I, having fulfilled his +mission and feeling the hand of God upon him, suddenly recognizes +the insignificance of that supposed power, turns away from it, and +gives it into the hands of contemptible men whom he despises, saying +only: + +"Not unto us, not unto us, but unto Thy Name!... I too am a man like +the rest of you. Let me live like a man and think of my soul and of +God." + +As the sun and each atom of ether is a sphere complete in itself, +and yet at the same time only a part of a whole too immense for man to +comprehend, so each individual has within himself his own aims and yet +has them to serve a general purpose incomprehensible to man. + +A bee settling on a flower has stung a child. And the child is +afraid of bees and declares that bees exist to sting people. A poet +admires the bee sucking from the chalice of a flower and says it +exists to suck the fragrance of flowers. A beekeeper, seeing the bee +collect pollen from flowers and carry it to the hive, says that it +exists to gather honey. Another beekeeper who has studied the life +of the hive more closely says that the bee gathers pollen dust to feed +the young bees and rear a queen, and that it exists to perpetuate +its race. A botanist notices that the bee flying with the pollen of +a male flower to a pistil fertilizes the latter, and sees in this +the purpose of the bee's existence. Another, observing the migration +of plants, notices that the bee helps in this work, and may say that +in this lies the purpose of the bee. But the ultimate purpose of the +bee is not exhausted by the first, the second, or any of the processes +the human mind can discern. The higher the human intellect rises in +the discovery of these purposes, the more obvious it becomes, that the +ultimate purpose is beyond our comprehension. + +All that is accessible to man is the relation of the life of the bee +to other manifestations of life. And so it is with the purpose of +historic characters and nations. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +Natasha's wedding to Bezukhov, which took place in 1813, was the +last happy event in the family of the old Rostovs. Count Ilya Rostov +died that same year and, as always happens, after the father's death +the family group broke up. + +The events of the previous year: the burning of Moscow and the +flight from it, the death of Prince Andrew, Natasha's despair, Petya's +death, and the old countess' grief fell blow after blow on the old +count's head. He seemed to be unable to understand the meaning of +all these events, and bowed his old head in a spiritual sense as if +expecting and inviting further blows which would finish him. He seemed +now frightened and distraught and now unnaturally animated and +enterprising. + +The arrangements for Natasha's marriage occupied him for a while. He +ordered dinners and suppers and obviously tried to appear cheerful, +but his cheerfulness was not infectious as it used to be: on the +contrary it evoked the compassion of those who knew and liked him. + +When Pierre and his wife had left, he grew very quiet and began to +complain of depression. A few days later he fell ill and took to his +bed. He realized from the first that he would not get up again, +despite the doctor's encouragement. The countess passed a fortnight in +an armchair by his pillow without undressing. Every time she gave +him his medicine he sobbed and silently kissed her hand. On his last +day, sobbing, he asked her and his absent son to forgive him for +having dissipated their property--that being the chief fault of +which he was conscious. After receiving communion and unction he +quietly died; and next day a throng of acquaintances who came to pay +their last respects to the deceased filled the house rented by the +Rostovs. All these acquaintances, who had so often dined and danced at +his house and had so often laughed at him, now said, with a common +feeling of self-reproach and emotion, as if justifying themselves: +"Well, whatever he may have been he was a most worthy man. You don't +meet such men nowadays.... And which of us has not weaknesses of his +own?" + +It was just when the count's affairs had become so involved that +it was impossible to say what would happen if he lived another year +that he unexpectedly died. + +Nicholas was with the Russian army in Paris when the news of his +father's death reached him. He at once resigned his commission, and +without waiting for it to be accepted took leave of absence and went +to Moscow. The state of the count's affairs became quite obvious a +month after his death, surprising everyone by the immense total of +small debts the existence of which no one had suspected. The debts +amounted to double the value of the property. + +Friends and relations advised Nicholas to decline the inheritance. +But he regarded such a refusal as a slur on his father's memory, which +he held sacred, and therefore would not hear of refusing and +accepted the inheritance together with the obligation to pay the +debts. + +The creditors who had so long been silent, restrained by a vague but +powerful influence exerted on them while he lived by the count's +careless good nature, all proceeded to enforce their claims at once. +As always happens in such cases rivalry sprang up as to which should +get paid first, and those who like Mitenka held promissory notes given +them as presents now became the most exacting of the creditors. +Nicholas was allowed no respite and no peace, and those who had seemed +to pity the old man--the cause of their losses (if they were +losses)--now remorselessly pursued the young heir who had +voluntarily undertaken the debts and was obviously not guilty of +contracting them. + +Not one of the plans Nicholas tried succeeded; the estate was sold +by auction for half its value, and half the debts still remained +unpaid. Nicholas accepted thirty thousand rubles offered him by his +brother-in-law Bezukhov to pay off debts he regarded as genuinely +due for value received. And to avoid being imprisoned for the +remainder, as the creditors threatened, he re-entered the government +service. + +He could not rejoin the army where he would have been made colonel +at the next vacancy, for his mother now clung to him as her one hold +on life; and so despite his reluctance to remain in Moscow among people +who had known him before, and despite his abhorrence of the civil +service, he accepted a post in Moscow in that service, doffed the +uniform of which he was so fond, and moved with his mother and Sonya +to a small house on the Sivtsev Vrazhek. + +Natasha and Pierre were living in Petersburg at the time and had +no clear idea of Nicholas' circumstances. Having borrowed money from +his brother-in-law, Nicholas tried to hide his wretched condition from +him. His position was the more difficult because with his salary of +twelve hundred rubles he had not only to keep himself, his mother, and +Sonya, but had to shield his mother from knowledge of their poverty. +The countess could not conceive of life without the luxurious +conditions she had been used to from childhood and, unable to +realize how hard it was for her son, kept demanding now a carriage +(which they did not keep) to send for a friend, now some expensive +article of food for herself, or wine for her son, or money to buy a +present as a surprise for Natasha or Sonya, or for Nicholas himself. + +Sonya kept house, attended on her aunt, read to her, put up with her +whims and secret ill-will, and helped Nicholas to conceal their +poverty from the old countess. Nicholas felt himself irredeemably +indebted to Sonya for all she was doing for his mother and greatly +admired her patience and devotion, but tried to keep aloof from her. + +He seemed in his heart to reproach her for being too perfect, and +because there was nothing to reproach her with. She had all that +people are valued for, but little that could have made him love her. +He felt that the more he valued her the less he loved her. He had +taken her at her word when she wrote giving him his freedom and now +behaved as if all that had passed between them had been long forgotten +and could never in any case be renewed. + +Nicholas' position became worse and worse. The idea of putting +something aside out of his salary proved a dream. Not only did he +not save anything, but to comply with his mother's demands he even +incurred some small debts. He could see no way out of this +situation. The idea of marrying some rich woman, which was suggested +to him by his female relations, was repugnant to him. The other way +out--his mother's death--never entered his head. He wished for nothing +and hoped for nothing, and deep in his heart experienced a gloomy +and stern satisfaction in an uncomplaining endurance of his +position. He tried to avoid his old acquaintances with their +commiseration and offensive offers of assistance; he avoided all +distraction and recreation, and even at home did nothing but play +cards with his mother, pace silently up and down the room, and smoke +one pipe after another. He seemed carefully to cherish within +himself the gloomy mood which alone enabled him to endure his +position. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +At the beginning of winter Princess Mary came to Moscow. From +reports current in town she learned how the Rostovs were situated, and +how "the son has sacrificed himself for his mother," as people were +saying. + +"I never expected anything else of him," said Princess Mary to +herself, feeling a joyous sense of her love for him. Remembering her +friendly relations with all the Rostovs which had made her almost a +member of the family, she thought it her duty to go to see them. But +remembering her relations with Nicholas in Voronezh she was shy +about doing so. Making a great effort she did however go to call on +them a few weeks after her arrival in Moscow. + +Nicholas was the first to meet her, as the countess' room could only +be reached through his. But instead of being greeted with pleasure +as she had expected, at his first glance at her his face assumed a +cold, stiff, proud expression she had not seen on it before. He +inquired about her health, led the way to his mother, and having sat +there for five minutes left the room. + +When the princess came out of the countess' room Nicholas met her +again, and with marked solemnity and stiffness accompanied her to +the anteroom. To her remarks about his mother's health he made no +reply. "What's that to you? Leave me in peace," his looks seemed to +say. + +"Why does she come prowling here? What does she want? I can't bear +these ladies and all these civilities!" said he aloud in Sonya's +presence, evidently unable to repress his vexation, after the +princess' carriage had disappeared. + +"Oh, Nicholas, how can you talk like that?" cried Sonya, hardly able +to conceal her delight. "She is so kind and Mamma is so fond of her!" + +Nicholas did not reply and tried to avoid speaking of the princess +any more. But after her visit the old countess spoke of her several +times a day. + +She sang her praises, insisted that her son must call on her, +expressed a wish to see her often, but yet always became ill-humored +when she began to talk about her. + +Nicholas tried to keep silence when his mother spoke of the +princess, but his silence irritated her. + +"She is a very admirable and excellent young woman," said she, +"and you must go and call on her. You would at least be seeing +somebody, and I think it must be dull for you only seeing us." + +"But I don't in the least want to, Mamma." + +"You used to want to, and now you don't. Really I don't understand +you, my dear. One day you are dull, and the next you refuse to see +anyone." + +"But I never said I was dull." + +"Why, you said yourself you don't want even to see her. She is a +very admirable young woman and you always liked her, but now +suddenly you have got some notion or other in your head. You hide +everything from me." + +"Not at all, Mamma." + +"If I were asking you to do something disagreeable now--but I only +ask you to return a call. One would think mere politeness required +it.... Well, I have asked you, and now I won't interfere any more +since you have secrets from your mother." + +"Well, then, I'll go if you wish it." + +"It doesn't matter to me. I only wish it for your sake." + +Nicholas sighed, bit his mustache, and laid out the cards for a +patience, trying to divert his mother's attention to another topic. + +The same conversation was repeated next day and the day after, and +the day after that. + +After her visit to the Rostovs and her unexpectedly chilly reception +by Nicholas, Princess Mary confessed to herself that she had been +right in not wishing to be the first to call. + +"I expected nothing else," she told herself, calling her pride to +her aid. "I have nothing to do with him and I only wanted to see the +old lady, who was always kind to me and to whom I am under many +obligations." + +But she could not pacify herself with these reflections; a feeling +akin to remorse troubled her when she thought of her visit. Though she +had firmly resolved not to call on the Rostovs again and to forget the +whole matter, she felt herself all the time in an awkward position. +And when she asked herself what distressed her, she had to admit +that it was her relation to Rostov. His cold, polite manner did not +express his feeling for her (she knew that) but it concealed +something, and until she could discover what that something was, she +felt that she could not be at ease. + +One day in midwinter when sitting in the schoolroom attending to her +nephew's lessons, she was informed that Rostov had called. With a firm +resolution not to betray herself and not show her agitation, she +sent for Mademoiselle Bourienne and went with her to the drawing room. + +Her first glance at Nicholas' face told her that he had only come to +fulfill the demands of politeness, and she firmly resolved to maintain +the tone in which he addressed her. + +They spoke of the countess' health, of their mutual friends, of +the latest war news, and when the ten minutes required by propriety +had elapsed after which a visitor may rise, Nicholas got up to say +good-by. + +With Mademoiselle Bourienne's help the princess had maintained the +conversation very well, but at the very last moment, just when he +rose, she was so tired of talking of what did not interest her, and +her mind was so full of the question why she alone was granted so +little happiness in life, that in a fit of absent-mindedness she sat +still, her luminous eyes gazing fixedly before her, not noticing +that he had risen. + +Nicholas glanced at her and, wishing to appear not to notice her +abstraction, made some remark to Mademoiselle Bourienne and then again +looked at the princess. She still sat motionless with a look of +suffering on her gentle face. He suddenly felt sorry for her and was +vaguely conscious that he might be the cause of the sadness her face +expressed. He wished to help her and say something pleasant, but could +think of nothing to say. + +"Good-by, Princess!" said he. + +She started, flushed, and sighed deeply. + +"Oh, I beg your pardon," she said as if waking up. "Are you going +already, Count? Well then, good-by! Oh, but the cushion for the +countess!" + +"Wait a moment, I'll fetch it," said Mademoiselle Bourienne, and she +left the room. + +They both sat silent, with an occasional glance at one another. + +"Yes, Princess," said Nicholas at last with a sad smile, "it doesn't +seem long ago since we first met at Bogucharovo, but how much water +has flowed since then! In what distress we all seemed to be then, +yet I would give much to bring back that time... but there's no +bringing it back." + +Princess Mary gazed intently into his eyes with her own luminous +ones as he said this. She seemed to be trying to fathom the hidden +meaning of his words which would explain his feeling for her. + +"Yes, yes," said she, "but you have no reason to regret the past, +Count. As I understand your present life, I think you will always +recall it with satisfaction, because the self-sacrifice that fills +it now..." + +"I cannot accept your praise," he interrupted her hurriedly. "On the +contrary I continually reproach myself.... But this is not at all an +interesting or cheerful subject." + +His face again resumed its former stiff and cold expression. But the +princess had caught a glimpse of the man she had known and loved, +and it was to him that she now spoke. + +"I thought you would allow me to tell you this," she said. "I had +come so near to you... and to all your family that I thought you would +not consider my sympathy misplaced, but I was mistaken," and +suddenly her voice trembled. "I don't know why," she continued, +recovering herself, "but you used to be different, and..." + +"There are a thousand reasons why," laying special emphasis on the +why. "Thank you, Princess," he added softly. "Sometimes it is hard." + +"So that's why! That's why!" a voice whispered in Princess Mary's +soul. "No, it was not only that gay, kind, and frank look, not only +that handsome exterior, that I loved in him. I divined his noble, +resolute, self-sacrificing spirit too," she said to herself. "Yes, +he is poor now and I am rich.... Yes, that's the only reason.... +Yes, were it not for that..." And remembering his former tenderness, +and looking now at his kind, sorrowful face, she suddenly understood +the cause of his coldness. + +"But why, Count, why?" she almost cried, unconsciously moving closer +to him. "Why? Tell me. You must tell me!" + +He was silent. + +"I don't understand your why, Count," she continued, "but it's +hard for me... I confess it. For some reason you wish to deprive me of +our former friendship. And that hurts me." There were tears in her +eyes and in her voice. "I have had so little happiness in life that +every loss is hard for me to bear.... Excuse me, good-by!" and +suddenly she began to cry and was hurrying from the room. + +"Princess, for God's sake!" he exclaimed, trying to stop her. +"Princess!" + +She turned round. For a few seconds they gazed silently into one +another's eyes--and what had seemed impossible and remote suddenly +became possible, inevitable, and very near. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +In the winter of 1813 Nicholas married Princess Mary and moved to +Bald Hills with his wife, his mother, and Sonya. + +Within four years he had paid off all his remaining debts without +selling any of his wife's property, and having received a small +inheritance on the death of a cousin he paid his debt to Pierre as +well. + +In another three years, by 1820, he had so managed his affairs +that he was able to buy a small estate adjoining Bald Hills and was +negotiating to buy back Otradnoe--that being his pet dream. + +Having started farming from necessity, he soon grew so devoted to it +that it became his favorite and almost his sole occupation. Nicholas +was a plain farmer: he did not like innovations, especially the +English ones then coming into vogue. He laughed at theoretical +treatises on estate management, disliked factories, the raising of +expensive products, and the buying of expensive seed corn, and did not +make a hobby of any particular part of the work on his estate. He +always had before his mind's eye the estate as a whole and not any +particular part of it. The chief thing in his eyes was not the +nitrogen in the soil, nor the oxygen in the air, nor manures, nor +special plows, but that most important agent by which nitrogen, +oxygen, manure, and plow were made effective--the peasant laborer. +When Nicholas first began farming and began to understand its +different branches, it was the serf who especially attracted his +attention. The peasant seemed to him not merely a tool, but also a +judge of farming and an end in himself. At first he watched the serfs, +trying to understand their aims and what they considered good and bad, +and only pretended to direct them and give orders while in reality +learning from them their methods, their manner of speech, and their +judgment of what was good and bad. Only when he had understood the +peasants' tastes and aspirations, had learned to talk their +language, to grasp the hidden meaning of their words, and felt akin to +them did he begin boldly to manage his serfs, that is, to perform +toward them the duties demanded of him. And Nicholas' management +produced very brilliant results. + +Guided by some gift of insight, on taking up the management of the +estates he at once unerringly appointed as bailiff, village elder, and +delegate, the very men the serfs would themselves have chosen had they +had the right to choose, and these posts never changed hands. Before +analyzing the properties of manure, before entering into the debit and +credit (as he ironically called it), he found out how many cattle +the peasants had and increased the number by all possible means. He +kept the peasant families together in the largest groups possible, not +allowing the family groups to divide into separate households. He +was hard alike on the lazy, the depraved, and the weak, and tried to +get them expelled from the commune. + +He was as careful of the sowing and reaping of the peasants' hay and +corn as of his own, and few landowners had their crops sown and +harvested so early and so well, or got so good a return, as did +Nicholas. + +He disliked having anything to do with the domestic serfs--the +"drones" as he called them--and everyone said he spoiled them by his +laxity. When a decision had to be taken regarding a domestic serf, +especially if one had to be punished, he always felt undecided and +consulted everybody in the house; but when it was possible to have a +domestic serf conscripted instead of a land worker he did so without +the least hesitation. He never felt any hesitation in dealing with the +peasants. He knew that his every decision would be approved by them +all with very few exceptions. + +He did not allow himself either to be hard on or punish a man, or to +make things easy for or reward anyone, merely because he felt inclined +to do so. He could not have said by what standard he judged what he +should or should not do, but the standard was quite firm and +definite in his own mind. + +Often, speaking with vexation of some failure or irregularity, he +would say: "What can one do with our Russian peasants?" and imagined +that he could not bear them. + +Yet he loved "our Russian peasants" and their way of life with his +whole soul, and for that very reason had understood and assimilated +the one way and manner of farming which produced good results. + +Countess Mary was jealous of this passion of her husband's and +regretted that she could not share it; but she could not understand +the joys and vexations he derived from that world, to her so remote +and alien. She could not understand why he was so particularly +animated and happy when, after getting up at daybreak and spending the +whole morning in the fields or on the threshing floor, he returned +from the sowing or mowing or reaping to have tea with her. She did not +understand why he spoke with such admiration and delight of the +farming of the thrifty and well-to-do peasant Matthew Ermishin, who +with his family had carted corn all night; or of the fact that his +(Nicholas') sheaves were already stacked before anyone else had his +harvest in. She did not understand why he stepped out from the +window to the veranda and smiled under his mustache and winked so +joyfully, when warm steady rain began to fall on the dry and thirsty +shoots of the young oats, or why when the wind carried away a +threatening cloud during the hay harvest he would return from the +barn, flushed, sunburned, and perspiring, with a smell of wormwood and +gentian in his hair and, gleefully rubbing his hands, would say: +"Well, one more day and my grain and the peasants' will all be under +cover." + +Still less did she understand why he, kindhearted and always ready +to anticipate her wishes, should become almost desperate when she +brought him a petition from some peasant men or women who had appealed +to her to be excused some work; why he, that kind Nicholas, should +obstinately refuse her, angrily asking her not to interfere in what +was not her business. She felt he had a world apart, which he loved +passionately and which had laws she had not fathomed. + +Sometimes when, trying to understand him, she spoke of the good work +he was doing for his serfs, he would be vexed and reply: "Not in the +least; it never entered my head and I wouldn't do that for their good! +That's all poetry and old wives' talk--all that doing good to one's +neighbor! What I want is that our children should not have to go +begging. I must put our affairs in order while I am alive, that's all. +And to do that, order and strictness are essential.... That's all +about it!" said he, clenching his vigorous fist. "And fairness, of +course," he added, "for if the peasant is naked and hungry and has +only one miserable horse, he can do no good either for himself or +for me." + +And all Nicholas did was fruitful--probably just because he +refused to allow himself to think that he was doing good to others for +virtue's sake. His means increased rapidly; serfs from neighboring +estates came to beg him to buy them, and long after his death the +memory of his administration was devoutly preserved among the serfs. +"He was a master... the peasants' affairs first and then his own. Of +course he was not to be trifled with either--in a word, he was a +real master!" + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +One matter connected with his management sometimes worried Nicholas, +and that was his quick temper together with his old hussar habit of +making free use of his fists. At first he saw nothing reprehensible in +this, but in the second year of his marriage his view of that form +of punishment suddenly changed. + +Once in summer he had sent for the village elder from Bogucharovo, a +man who had succeeded to the post when Dron died and who was accused +of dishonesty and various irregularities. Nicholas went out into the +porch to question him, and immediately after the elder had given a few +replies the sound of cries and blows were heard. On returning to lunch +Nicholas went up to his wife, who sat with her head bent low over +her embroidery frame, and as usual began to tell her what he had +been doing that morning. Among other things he spoke of the +Bogucharovo elder. Countess Mary turned red and then pale, but +continued to sit with head bowed and lips compressed and gave her +husband no reply. + +"Such an insolent scoundrel!" he cried, growing hot again at the +mere recollection of him. "If he had told me he was drunk and did +not see... But what is the matter with you, Mary?" he suddenly asked. + +Countess Mary raised her head and tried to speak, but hastily looked +down again and her lips puckered. + +"Why, whatever is the matter, my dearest?" + +The looks of the plain Countess Mary always improved when she was in +tears. She never cried from pain or vexation, but always from sorrow +or pity, and when she wept her radiant eyes acquired an irresistible +charm. + +The moment Nicholas took her hand she could no longer restrain +herself and began to cry. + +"Nicholas, I saw it... he was to blame, but why do you... Nicholas!" +and she covered her face with her hands. + +Nicholas said nothing. He flushed crimson, left her side, and +paced up and down the room. He understood what she was weeping +about, but could not in his heart at once agree with her that what +he had regarded from childhood as quite an everyday event was wrong. +"Is it just sentimentality, old wives' tales, or is she right?" he +asked himself. Before he had solved that point he glanced again at her +face filled with love and pain, and he suddenly realized that she +was right and that he had long been sinning against himself. + +"Mary," he said softly, going up to her, "it will never happen +again; I give you my word. Never," he repeated in a trembling voice +like a boy asking for forgiveness. + +The tears flowed faster still from the countess' eyes. She took +his hand and kissed it. + +"Nicholas, when did you break your cameo?" she asked to change the +subject, looking at his finger on which he wore a ring with a cameo +of Laocoon's head. + +"Today--it was the same affair. Oh, Mary, don't remind me of it!" +and again he flushed. "I give you my word of honor it shan't occur +again, and let this always be a reminder to me," and he pointed to the +broken ring. + +After that, when in discussions with his village elders or +stewards the blood rushed to his face and his fists began to clench, +Nicholas would turn the broken ring on his finger and would drop his +eyes before the man who was making him angry. But he did forget +himself once or twice within a twelvemonth, and then he would go and +confess to his wife, and would again promise that this should really +be the very last time. + +"Mary, you must despise me!" he would say. "I deserve it." + +"You should go, go away at once, if you don't feel strong enough +to control yourself," she would reply sadly, trying to comfort her +husband. + +Among the gentry of the province Nicholas was respected but not +liked. He did not concern himself with the interests of his own class, +and consequently some thought him proud and others thought him stupid. +The whole summer, from spring sowing to harvest, he was busy with +the work on his farm. In autumn he gave himself up to hunting with the +same business like seriousness--leaving home for a month, or even two, +with his hunt. In winter he visited his other villages or spent his +time reading. The books he read were chiefly historical, and on +these he spent a certain sum every year. He was collecting, as he +said, a serious library, and he made it a rule to read through all the +books he bought. He would sit in his study with a grave air, +reading--a task he first imposed upon himself as a duty, but which +afterwards became a habit affording him a special kind of pleasure and +a consciousness of being occupied with serious matters. In winter, +except for business excursions, he spent most of his time at home +making himself one with his family and entering into all the details +of his children's relations with their mother. The harmony between him +and his wife grew closer and closer and he daily discovered fresh +spiritual treasures in her. + +From the time of his marriage Sonya had lived in his house. Before +that, Nicholas had told his wife all that had passed between himself +and Sonya, blaming himself and commending her. He had asked Princess +Mary to be gentle and kind to his cousin. She thoroughly realized +the wrong he had done Sonya, felt herself to blame toward her, and +imagined that her wealth had influenced Nicholas' choice. She could +not find fault with Sonya in any way and tried to be fond of her, +but often felt ill-will toward her which she could not overcome. + +Once she had a talk with her friend Natasha about Sonya and about +her own injustice toward her. + +"You know," said Natasha, "you have read the Gospels a great deal- +there is a passage in them that just fits Sonya." + +"What?" asked Countess Mary, surprised. + +"'To him that hath shall be given, and from him that hath not +shall be taken away.' You remember? She is one that hath not; why, I +don't know. Perhaps she lacks egotism, I don't know, but from her is +taken away, and everything has been taken away. Sometimes I am +dreadfully sorry for her. Formerly I very much wanted Nicholas to +marry her, but I always had a sort of presentiment that it would not +come off. She is a sterile flower, you know--like some strawberry +blossoms. Sometimes I am sorry for her, and sometimes I think she +doesn't feel it as you or I would." + +Though Countess Mary told Natasha that those words in the Gospel +must be understood differently, yet looking at Sonya she agreed with +Natasha's explanation. It really seemed that Sonya did not feel her +position trying, and had grown quite reconciled to her lot as a +sterile flower. She seemed to be fond not so much of individuals as of +the family as a whole. Like a cat, she had attached herself not to the +people but to the home. She waited on the old countess, petted and +spoiled the children, was always ready to render the small services +for which she had a gift, and all this was unconsciously accepted from +her with insufficient gratitude. + +The country seat at Bald Hills had been rebuilt, though not on the +same scale as under the old prince. + +The buildings, begun under straitened circumstances, were more +than simple. The immense house on the old stone foundations was of +wood, plastered only inside. It had bare deal floors and was furnished +with very simple hard sofas, armchairs, tables, and chairs made by +their own serf carpenters out of their own birchwood. The house was +spacious and had rooms for the house serfs and apartments for +visitors. Whole families of the Rostovs' and Bolkonskis' relations +sometimes came to Bald Hills with sixteen horses and dozens of +servants and stayed for months. Besides that, four times a year, on +the name days and birthdays of the hosts, as many as a hundred +visitors would gather there for a day or two. The rest of the year +life pursued its unbroken routine with its ordinary occupations, and +its breakfasts, lunches, dinners, and suppers, provided out of the +produce of the estate. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +It was the eve of St. Nicholas, the fifth of December, 1820. Natasha +had been staying at her brother's with her husband and children +since early autumn. Pierre had gone to Petersburg on business of his +own for three weeks as he said, but had remained there nearly seven +weeks and was expected back every minute. + +Besides the Bezukhov family, Nicholas' old friend the retired +General Vasili Dmitrich Denisov was staying with the Rostovs this +fifth of December. + +On the sixth, which was his name day when the house would be full of +visitors, Nicholas knew he would have to exchange his Tartar tunic for +a tail coat, and put on narrow boots with pointed toes, and drive to +the new church he had built, and then receive visitors who would +come to congratulate him, offer them refreshments, and talk about +the elections of the nobility; but he considered himself entitled to +spend the eve of that day in his usual way. He examined the +bailiff's accounts of the village in Ryazan which belonged to his +wife's nephew, wrote two business letters, and walked over to the +granaries, cattle yards and stables before dinner. Having taken +precautions against the general drunkenness to be expected on the +morrow because it was a great saint's day, he returned to dinner, +and without having time for a private talk with his wife sat down at +the long table laid for twenty persons, at which the whole household +had assembled. At that table were his mother, his mother's old lady +companion Belova, his wife, their three children with their +governess and tutor, his wife's nephew with his tutor, Sonya, Denisov, +Natasha, her three children, their governess, and old Michael +Ivanovich, the late prince's architect, who was living on in +retirement at Bald Hills. + +Countess Mary sat at the other end of the table. When her husband +took his place she concluded, from the rapid manner in which after +taking up his table napkin he pushed back the tumbler and wineglass +standing before him, that he was out of humor, as was sometimes the +case when he came in to dinner straight from the farm--especially +before the soup. Countess Mary well knew that mood of his, and when +she herself was in a good frame of mind quietly waited till he had had +his soup and then began to talk to him and make him admit that there +was no cause for his ill-humor. But today she quite forgot that and +was hurt that he should be angry with her without any reason, and +she felt unhappy. She asked him where he had been. He replied. She +again inquired whether everything was going well on the farm. Her +unnatural tone made him wince unpleasantly and he replied hastily. + +"Then I'm not mistaken," thought Countess Mary. "Why is he cross +with me?" She concluded from his tone that he was vexed with her and +wished to end the conversation. She knew her remarks sounded +unnatural, but could not refrain from asking some more questions. + +Thanks to Denisov the conversation at table soon became general +and lively, and she did not talk to her husband. When they left the +table and went as usual to thank the old countess, Countess Mary +held out her hand and kissed her husband, and asked him why he was +angry with her. + +"You always have such strange fancies! I didn't even think of +being angry," he replied. + +But the word always seemed to her to imply: "Yes, I am angry but I +won't tell you why." + +Nicholas and his wife lived together so happily that even Sonya +and the old countess, who felt jealous and would have liked them to +disagree, could find nothing to reproach them with; but even they +had their moments of antagonism. Occasionally, and it was always +just after they had been happiest together, they suddenly had a +feeling of estrangement and hostility, which occurred most +frequently during Countess Mary's pregnancies, and this was such a +time. + +"Well, messieurs et mesdames," said Nicholas loudly and with +apparent cheerfulness (it seemed to Countess Mary that he did it on +purpose to vex her), "I have been on my feet since six this morning. +Tomorrow I shall have to suffer, so today I'll go and rest." + +And without a word to his wife he went to the little sitting room +and lay down on the sofa. + +"That's always the way," thought Countess Mary. "He talks to +everyone except me. I see... I see that I am repulsive to him, +especially when I am in this condition." She looked down at her +expanded figure and in the glass at her pale, sallow, emaciated face +in which her eyes now looked larger than ever. + +And everything annoyed her--Denisov's shouting and laughter, +Natasha's talk, and especially a quick glance Sonya gave her. + +Sonya was always the first excuse Countess Mary found for feeling +irritated. + +Having sat awhile with her visitors without understanding anything +of what they were saying, she softly left the room and went to the +nursery. + +The children were playing at "going to Moscow" in a carriage made of +chairs and invited her to go with them. She sat down and played with +them a little, but the thought of her husband and his unreasonable +crossness worried her. She got up and, walking on tiptoe with +difficulty, went to the small sitting room. + +"Perhaps he is not asleep; I'll have an explanation with him," she +said to herself. Little Andrew, her eldest boy, imitating his +mother, followed her on tiptoe. She not notice him. + +"Mary, dear, I think he is asleep--he was so tired," said Sonya, +meeting her in the large sitting room (it seemed to Countess Mary that +she crossed her path everywhere). "Andrew may wake him." + +Countess Mary looked round, saw little Andrew following her, felt +that Sonya was right, and for that very reason flushed and with +evident difficulty refrained from saying something harsh. She made +no reply, but to avoid obeying Sonya beckoned to Andrew to follow +her quietly and went to the door. Sonya went away by another door. +From the room in which Nicholas was sleeping came the sound of his +even breathing, every slightest tone of which was familiar to his +wife. As she listened to it she saw before her his smooth handsome +forehead, his mustache, and his whole face, as she had so often seen +it in the stillness of the night when he slept. Nicholas suddenly +moved and cleared his throat. And at that moment little Andrew shouted +from outside the door: "Papa! Mamma's standing here!" Countess Mary +turned pale with fright and made signs to the boy. He grew silent, and +quiet ensued for a moment, terrible to Countess Mary. She knew how +Nicholas disliked being waked. Then through the door she heard +Nicholas clearing his throat again and stirring, and his voice said +crossly: + +"I can't get a moment's peace.... Mary, is that you? Why did you +bring him here?" + +"I only came in to look and did not notice... forgive me..." + +Nicholas coughed and said no more. Countess Mary moved away from the +door and took the boy back to the nursery. Five minutes later little +black-eyed three-year-old Natasha, her father's pet, having learned +from her brother that Papa was asleep and Mamma was in the sitting +room, ran to her father unobserved by her mother. The dark-eyed little +girl boldly opened the creaking door, went up to the sofa with +energetic steps of her sturdy little legs, and having examined the +position of her father, who was asleep with his back to her, rose on +tiptoe and kissed the hand which lay under his head. Nicholas turned +with a tender smile on his face. + +"Natasha, Natasha!" came Countess Mary's frightened whisper from the +door. "Papa wants to sleep." + +"No, Mamma, he doesn't want to sleep," said little Natasha with +conviction. "He's laughing." + +Nicholas lowered his legs, rose, and took his daughter in his arms. + +"Come in, Mary," he said to his wife. + +She went in and sat down by her husband. + +"I did not notice him following me," she said timidly. "I just +looked in." + +Holding his little girl with one arm, Nicholas glanced at his wife +and, seeing her guilty expression, put his other arm around her and +kissed her hair. + +"May I kiss Mamma?" he asked Natasha. + +Natasha smiled bashfully. + +"Again!" she commanded, pointing with a peremptory gesture to the +spot where Nicholas had placed the kiss. + +"I don't know why you think I am cross," said Nicholas, replying +to the question he knew was in his wife's mind. + +"You have no idea how unhappy, how lonely, I feel when you are +like that. It always seems to me... " + +"Mary, don't talk nonsense. You ought to be ashamed of yourself!" he +said gaily. + +"It seems to be that you can't love me, that I am so plain... +always... and now... in this cond..." + +"Oh, how absurd you are! It is not beauty that endears, it's love +that makes us see beauty. It is only Malvinas and women of that kind +who are loved for their beauty. But do I love my wife? I don't love +her, but... I don't know how to put it. Without you, or when something +comes between us like this, I seem lost and can't do anything. Now +do I love my finger? I don't love it, but just try to cut it off!" + +"I'm not like that myself, but I understand. So you're not angry +with me?" + +"Awfully angry!" he said, smiling and getting up. And smoothing +his hair he began to pace the room. + +"Do you know, Mary, what I've been thinking?" he began, +immediately thinking aloud in his wife's presence now that they had +made it up. + +He did not ask if she was ready to listen to him. He did not care. A +thought had occurred to him and so it belonged to her also. And he +told her of his intention to persuade Pierre to stay with them till +spring. + +Countess Mary listened till he had finished, made some remark, and +in her turn began thinking aloud. Her thoughts were about the +children. + +"You can see the woman in her already," she said in French, pointing +to little Natasha. "You reproach us women with being illogical. Here +is our logic. I say: 'Papa wants to sleep!' but she says, 'No, he's +laughing.' And she was right," said Countess Mary with a happy smile. + +"Yes, yes." And Nicholas, taking his little daughter in his strong +hand, lifted her high, placed her on his shoulder, held her by the +legs, and paced the room with her. There was an expression of carefree +happiness on the faces of both father and daughter. + +"But you know you may be unfair. You are too fond of this one," +his wife whispered in French. + +"Yes, but what am I to do?... I try not to show..." + +At that moment they heard the sound of the door pulley and footsteps +in the hall and anteroom, as if someone had arrived. + +"Somebody has come." + +"I am sure it is Pierre. I will go and see," said Countess Mary +and left the room. + +In her absence Nicholas allowed himself to give his little +daughter a gallop round the room. Out of breath, he took the +laughing child quickly from his shoulder and pressed her to his heart. +His capers reminded him of dancing, and looking at the child's round +happy little face he thought of what she would be like when he was +an old man, taking her into society and dancing the mazurka with her +as his old father had danced Daniel Cooper with his daughter. + +"It is he, it is he, Nicholas!" said Countess Mary, re-entering +the room a few minutes later. "Now our Natasha has come to life. You +should have seen her ecstasy, and how he caught it for having stayed +away so long. Well, come along now, quick, quick! It's time you two +were parted," she added, looking smilingly at the little girl who +clung to her father. + +Nicholas went out holding the child by the hand. + +Countess Mary remained in the sitting room. + +"I should never, never have believed that one could be so happy," +she whispered to herself. A smile lit up her face but at the same time +she sighed, and her deep eyes expressed a quiet sadness as though +she felt, through her happiness, that there is another sort of +happiness unattainable in this life and of which she involuntarily +thought at that instant. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Natasha had married in the early spring of 1813, and in 1820 already +had three daughters besides a son for whom she had longed and whom she +was now nursing. She had grown stouter and broader, so that it was +difficult to recognize in this robust, motherly woman the slim, lively +Natasha of former days. Her features were more defined and had a calm, +soft, and serene expression. In her face there was none of the +ever-glowing animation that had formerly burned there and +constituted its charm. Now her face and body were of all that one saw, +and her soul was not visible at all. All that struck the eye was a +strong, handsome, and fertile woman. The old fire very rarely +kindled in her face now. That happened only when, as was the case that +day, her husband returned home, or a sick child was convalescent, or +when she and Countess Mary spoke of Prince Andrew (she never mentioned +him to her husband, who she imagined was jealous of Prince Andrew's +memory), or on the rare occasions when something happened to induce +her to sing, a practice she had quite abandoned since her marriage. At +the rare moments when the old fire did kindle in her handsome, fully +developed body she was even more attractive than in former days. + +Since their marriage Natasha and her husband had lived in Moscow, in +Petersburg, on their estate near Moscow, or with her mother, that is +to say, in Nicholas' house. The young Countess Bezukhova was not often +seen in society, and those who met her there were not pleased with her +and found her neither attractive nor amiable. Not that Natasha liked +solitude--she did not know whether she liked it or not, she even +thought that she did not--but with her pregnancies, her +confinements, the nursing of her children, and sharing every moment of +her husband's life, she had demands on her time which could be +satisfied only by renouncing society. All who had known Natasha before +her marriage wondered at the change in her as at something +extraordinary. Only the old countess with her maternal instinct had +realized that all Natasha's outbursts had been due to her need of +children and a husband--as she herself had once exclaimed at +Otradnoe not so much in fun as in earnest--and her mother was now +surprised at the surprise expressed by those who had never +understood Natasha, and she kept saying that she had always known that +Natasha would make an exemplary wife and mother. + +"Only she lets her love of her husband and children overflow all +bounds," said the countess, "so that it even becomes absurd." + +Natasha did not follow the golden rule advocated by clever folk, +especially by the French, which says that a girl should not let +herself go when she marries, should not neglect her accomplishments, +should be even more careful of her appearance than when she was +unmarried, and should fascinate her husband as much as she did +before he became her husband. Natasha on the contrary had at once +abandoned all her witchery, of which her singing had been an unusually +powerful part. She gave it up just because it was so powerfully +seductive. She took no pains with her manners or with of speech, or +with her toilet, or to show herself to her husband in her most +becoming attitudes, or to avoid inconveniencing him by being too +exacting. She acted in contradiction to all those rules. She felt that +the allurements instinct had formerly taught her to use would now be +merely ridiculous in the eyes of her husband, to whom she had from the +first moment given herself up entirely--that is, with her whole +soul, leaving no corner of it hidden from him. She felt that her unity +with her husband was not maintained by the poetic feelings that had +attracted him to her, but by something else--indefinite but firm as +the bond between her own body and soul. + +To fluff out her curls, put on fashionable dresses, and sing +romantic songs to fascinate her husband would have seemed as strange +as to adorn herself to attract herself. To adorn herself for others +might perhaps have been agreeable--she did not know--but she had no +time at all for it. The chief reason for devoting no time either to +singing, to dress, or to choosing her words was that she really had no +time to spare for these things. + +We know that man has the faculty of becoming completely absorbed +in a subject however trivial it may be, and that there is no subject +so trivial that it will not grow to infinite proportions if one's +entire attention is devoted to it. + +The subject which wholly engrossed Natasha's attention was her +family: that is, her husband whom she had to keep so that he should +belong entirely to her and to the home, and the children whom she +had to bear, bring into the world, nurse, and bring up. + +And the deeper she penetrated, not with her mind only but with her +whole soul, her whole being, into the subject that absorbed her, the +larger did that subject grow and the weaker and more inadequate did +her powers appear, so that she concentrated them wholly on that one +thing and yet was unable to accomplish all that she considered +necessary. + +There were then as now conversations and discussions about women's +rights, the relations of husband and wife and their freedom and +rights, though these themes were not yet termed questions as they +are now; but these topics were not merely uninteresting to Natasha, +she positively did not understand them. + +These questions, then as now, existed only for those who see nothing +in marriage but the pleasure married people get from one another, that +is, only the beginnings of marriage and not its whole significance, +which lies in the family. + +Discussions and questions of that kind, which are like the +question of how to get the greatest gratification from one's dinner, +did not then and do not now exist for those for whom the purpose of +a dinner is the nourishment it affords; and the purpose of marriage is +the family. + +If the purpose of dinner is to nourish the body, a man who eats +two dinners at once may perhaps get more enjoyment but will not attain +his purpose, for his stomach will not digest the two dinners. + +If the purpose of marriage is the family, the person who wishes to +have many wives or husbands may perhaps obtain much pleasure, but in +that case will not have a family. + +If the purpose of food is nourishment and the purpose of marriage is +the family, the whole question resolves itself into not eating more +than one can digest, and not having more wives or husbands than are +needed for the family--that is, one wife or one husband. Natasha +needed a husband. A husband was given her and he gave her a family. +And she not only saw no need of any other or better husband, but as +all the powers of her soul were intent on serving that husband and +family, she could not imagine and saw no interest in imagining how +it would be if things were different. + +Natasha did not care for society in general, but prized the more the +society of her relatives--Countess Mary, and her brother, her +mother, and Sonya. She valued the company of those to whom she could +come striding disheveled from the nursery in her dressing gown, and +with joyful face show a yellow instead of a green stain on baby's +napkin, and from whom she could hear reassuring words to the effect +that baby was much better. + +To such an extent had Natasha let herself go that the way she +dressed and did her hair, her ill-chosen words, and her jealousy- +she was jealous of Sonya, of the governess, and of every woman, pretty +or plain--were habitual subjects of jest to those about her. The +general opinion was that Pierre was under his wife's thumb, which +was really true. From the very first days of their married life +Natasha had announced her demands. Pierre was greatly surprised by his +wife's view, to him a perfectly novel one, that every moment of his +life belonged to her and to the family. His wife's demands +astonished him, but they also flattered him, and he submitted to them. + +Pierre's subjection consisted in the fact that he not only dared not +flirt with, but dared not even speak smilingly to, any other woman; +did not dare dine at the Club as a pastime, did not dare spend money a +whim, and did not dare absent himself for any length of time, except +on business--in which his wife included his intellectual pursuits, +which she did not in the least understand but to which she +attributed great importance. To make up for this, at home Pierre had +the right to regulate his life and that of the whole family exactly as +he chose. At home Natasha placed herself in the position of a slave to +her husband, and the whole household went on tiptoe when he was +occupied--that is, was reading or writing in his study. Pierre had but +to show a partiality for anything to get just what he liked done +always. He had only to express a wish and Natasha would jump up and +run to fulfill it. + +The entire household was governed according to Pierre's supposed +orders, that is, by his wishes which Natasha tried to guess. Their way +of life and place of residence, their acquaintances and ties, +Natasha's occupations, the children's upbringing, were all selected +not merely with regard to Pierre's expressed wishes, but to what +Natasha from the thoughts he expressed in conversation supposed his +wishes to be. And she deduced the essentials of his wishes quite +correctly, and having once arrived at them clung to them +tenaciously. When Pierre himself wanted to change his mind she would +fight him with his own weapons. + +Thus in a time of trouble ever memorable to him after the birth of +their first child who was delicate, when they had to change the wet +nurse three times and Natasha fell ill from despair, Pierre one day +told her of Rousseau's view, with which he quite agreed, that to +have a wet nurse is unnatural and harmful. When her next baby was +born, despite the opposition of her mother, the doctors, and even of +her husband himself--who were all vigorously opposed to her nursing +her baby herself, a thing then unheard of and considered injurious- +she insisted on having her own way, and after that nursed all her +babies herself. + +It very often happened that in a moment of irritation husband and +wife would have a dispute, but long afterwards Pierre to his +surprise and delight would find in his wife's ideas and actions the +very thought against which she had argued, but divested of +everything superfluous that in the excitement of the dispute he had +added when expressing his opinion. + +After seven years of marriage Pierre had the joyous and firm +consciousness that he was not a bad man, and he felt this because he +saw himself reflected in his wife. He felt the good and bad within +himself inextricably mingled and overlapping. But only what was really +good in him was reflected in his wife, all that was not quite good was +rejected. And this was not the result of logical reasoning but was a +direct and mysterious reflection. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +Two months previously when Pierre was already staying with the +Rostovs he had received a letter from Prince Theodore, asking him to +come to Petersburg to confer on some important questions that were +being discussed there by a society of which Pierre was one of the +principal founders. + +On reading that letter (she always read her husband's letters) +Natasha herself suggested that he should go to Petersburg, though +she would feel his absence very acutely. She attributed immense +importance to all her husband's intellectual and abstract interests +though she did not understand them, and she always dreaded being a +hindrance to him in such matters. To Pierre's timid look of inquiry +after reading the letter she replied by asking him to go, but to fix a +definite date for his return. He was given four weeks' leave of +absence. + +Ever since that leave of absence had expired, more than a +fortnight before, Natasha had been in a constant state of alarm, +depression, and irritability. + +Denisov, now a general on the retired list and much dissatisfied +with the present state of affairs, had arrived during that +fortnight. He looked at Natasha with sorrow and surprise as at a bad +likeness of a person once dear. A dull, dejected look, random replies, +and talk about the nursery was all he saw and heard from his former +enchantress. + +Natasha was sad and irritable all that time, especially when her +mother, her brother, Sonya, or Countess Mary in their efforts to +console her tried to excuse Pierre and suggested reasons for his delay +in returning. + +"It's all nonsense, all rubbish--those discussions which lead to +nothing and all those idiotic societies!" Natasha declared of the very +affairs in the immense importance of which she firmly believed. + +And she would go to the nursery to nurse Petya, her only boy. No one +else could tell her anything so comforting or so reasonable as this +little three-month-old creature when he lay at her breast and she +was conscious of the movement of his lips and the snuffling of his +little nose. That creature said: "You are angry, you are jealous, +you would like to pay him out, you are afraid--but here am I! And I am +he..." and that was unanswerable. It was more than true. + +During that fortnight of anxiety Natasha resorted to the baby for +comfort so often, and fussed over him so much, that she overfed him +and he fell ill. She was terrified by his illness, and yet that was +just what she needed. While attending to him she bore the anxiety +about her husband more easily. + +She was nursing her boy when the sound of Pierre's sleigh was +heard at the front door, and the old nurse--knowing how to please +her mistress--entered the room inaudibly but hurriedly and with a +beaming face. + +"Has he come?" Natasha asked quickly in a whisper, afraid to move +lest she should rouse the dozing baby. + +"He's come, ma'am," whispered the nurse. + +The blood rushed to Natasha's face and her feet involuntarily moved, +but she could not jump up and run out. The baby again opened his +eyes and looked at her. "You're here?" he seemed to be saying, and +again lazily smacked his lips. + +Cautiously withdrawing her breast, Natasha rocked him a little, +handed him to the nurse, and went with rapid steps toward the door. +But at the door she stopped as if her conscience reproached her for +having in her joy left the child too soon, and she glanced round. +The nurse with raised elbows was lifting the infant over the rail of +his cot. + +"Go, ma'am! Don't worry, go!" she whispered, smiling, with the +kind of familiarity that grows up between a nurse and her mistress. + +Natasha ran with light footsteps to the anteroom. + +Denisov, who had come out of the study into the dancing room with +his pipe, now for the first time recognized the old Natasha. A flood +of brilliant, joyful light poured from her transfigured face. + +"He's come!" she exclaimed as she ran past, and Denisov felt that he +too was delighted that Pierre, whom he did not much care for, had +returned. + +On reaching the vestibule Natasha saw a tall figure in a fur coat +unwinding his scarf. "It's he! It's really he! He has come!" she +said to herself, and rushing at him embraced him, pressed his head +to her breast, and then pushed him back and gazed at his ruddy, +happy face, covered with hoarfrost. "Yes, it is he, happy and +contented..." + +Then all at once she remembered the tortures of suspense she had +experienced for the last fortnight, and the joy that had lit up her +face vanished; she frowned and overwhelmed Pierre with a torrent of +reproaches and angry words. + +"Yes, it's all very well for you. You are pleased, you've had a good +time.... But what about me? You might at least have shown +consideration for the children. I am nursing and my milk was +spoiled.... Petya was at death's door. But you were enjoying yourself. +Yes, enjoying..." + +Pierre knew he was not to blame, for he could not have come +sooner; he knew this outburst was unseemly and would blow over in a +minute or two; above all he knew that he himself was bright and happy. +He wanted to smile but dared not even think of doing so. He made a +piteous, frightened face and bent down. + +"I could not, on my honor. But how is Petya?" + +"All right now. Come along! I wonder you're not ashamed! If only you +could see what I was like without you, how I suffered!" + +"You are well?" + +"Come, come!" she said, not letting go of his arm. And they went +to their rooms. + +When Nicholas and his wife came to look for Pierre he was in the +nursery holding his baby son, who was again awake, on his huge right +palm and dandling him. A blissful bright smile was fixed on the baby's +broad face with its toothless open mouth. The storm was long since +over and there was bright, joyous sunshine on Natasha's face as she +gazed tenderly at her husband and child. + +"And have you talked everything well over with Prince Theodore?" she +asked. + +"Yes, capitally." + +"You see, he holds it up." (She meant the baby's head.) "But how +he did frighten me... You've seen the princess? Is it true she's in +love with that..." + +"Yes, just fancy..." + +At that moment Nicholas and Countess Mary came in. Pierre with the +baby on his hand stooped, kissed them, and replied to their inquiries. +But in spite of much that was interesting and had to be discussed, the +baby with the little cap on its unsteady head evidently absorbed all +his attention. + +"How sweet!" said Countess Mary, looking at and playing with the +baby. "Now, Nicholas," she added, turning to her husband, "I can't +understand how it is you don't see the charm of these delicious +marvels." + +"I don't and can't," replied Nicholas, looking coldly at the baby. +"A lump of flesh. Come along, Pierre!" + +"And yet he's such an affectionate father," said Countess Mary, +vindicating her husband, "but only after they are a year old or so..." + +"Now, Pierre nurses them splendidly," said Natasha. "He says his +hand is just made for a baby's seat. Just look!" + +"Only not for this..." Pierre suddenly exclaimed with a laugh, and +shifting the baby he gave him to the nurse. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +As in every large household, there were at Bald Hills several +perfectly distinct worlds which merged into one harmonious whole, +though each retained its own peculiarities and made concessions to the +others. Every event, joyful or sad, that took place in that house +was important to all these worlds, but each had its own special +reasons to rejoice or grieve over that occurrence independently of the +others. + +For instance, Pierre's return was a joyful and important event and +they all felt it to be so. + +The servants--the most reliable judges of their masters because they +judge not by their conversation or expressions of feeling but by their +acts and way of life--were glad of Pierre's return because they knew +that when he was there Count Nicholas would cease going every day +to attend to the estate, and would be in better spirits and temper, +and also because they would all receive handsome presents for the +holidays. + +The children and their governesses were glad of Pierre's return +because no one else drew them into the social life of the household as +he did. He alone could play on the clavichord that ecossaise (his only +piece) to which, as he said, all possible dances could be danced, +and they felt sure he had brought presents for them all. + +Young Nicholas, now a slim lad of fifteen, delicate and intelligent, +with curly light-brown hair and beautiful eyes, was delighted +because Uncle Pierre as he called him was the object of his +rapturous and passionate affection. No one had instilled into him this +love for Pierre whom he saw only occasionally. Countess Mary who had +brought him up had done her utmost to make him love her husband as she +loved him, and little Nicholas did love his uncle, but loved him +with just a shade of contempt. Pierre, however, he adored. He did +not want to be an hussar or a Knight of St. George like his uncle +Nicholas; he wanted to be learned, wise, and kind like Pierre. In +Pierre's presence his face always shone with pleasure and he flushed +and was breathless when Pierre spoke to him. He did not miss a +single word he uttered, and would afterwards, with Dessalles or by +himself, recall and reconsider the meaning of everything Pierre had +said. Pierre's past life and his unhappiness prior to 1812 (of which +young Nicholas had formed a vague poetic picture from some words he +had overheard), his adventures in Moscow, his captivity, Platon +Karataev (of whom he had heard from Pierre), his love for Natasha +(of whom the lad was also particularly fond), and especially +Pierre's friendship with the father whom Nicholas could not +remember--all this made Pierre in his eyes a hero and a saint. + +From broken remarks about Natasha and his father, from the emotion +with which Pierre spoke of that dead father, and from the careful, +reverent tenderness with which Natasha spoke of him, the boy, who +was only just beginning to guess what love is, derived the notion that +his father had loved Natasha and when dying had left her to his +friend. But the father whom the boy did not remember appeared to him a +divinity who could not be pictured, and of whom he never thought +without a swelling heart and tears of sadness and rapture. So the +boy also was happy that Pierre had arrived. + +The guests welcomed Pierre because he always helped to enliven and +unite any company he was in. + +The grown-up members of the family, not to mention his wife, were +pleased to have back a friend whose presence made life run more +smoothly and peacefully. + +The old ladies were pleased with the presents he brought them, and +especially that Natasha would now be herself again. + +Pierre felt the different outlooks of these various worlds and +made haste to satisfy all their expectations. + +Though the most absent-minded and forgetful of men, Pierre, with the +aid of a list his wife drew up, had now bought everything, not +forgetting his mother--and brother-in-law's commissions, nor the dress +material for a present to Belova, nor toys for his wife's nephews. +In the early days of his marriage it had seemed strange to him that +his wife should expect him not to forget to procure all the things +he undertook to buy, and he had been taken aback by her serious +annoyance when on his first trip he forgot everything. But in time +he grew used to this demand. Knowing that Natasha asked nothing for +herself, and gave him commissions for others only when he himself +had offered to undertake them, he now found an unexpected and +childlike pleasure in this purchase of presents for everyone in the +house, and never forgot anything. If he now incurred Natasha's censure +it was only for buying too many and too expensive things. To her other +defects (as most people thought them, but which to Pierre were +qualities) of untidiness and neglect of herself, she now added +stinginess. + +From the time that Pierre began life as a family man on a footing +entailing heavy expenditure, he had noticed to his surprise that he +spent only half as much as before, and that his affairs--which had +been in disorder of late, chiefly because of his first wife's debts- +had begun to improve. + +Life was cheaper because it was circumscribed: that most expensive +luxury, the kind of life that can be changed at any moment, was no +longer his nor did he wish for it. He felt that his way of life had +now been settled once for all till death and that to change it was not +in his power, and so that way of life proved economical. + +With a merry, smiling face Pierre was sorting his purchases. + +"What do you think of this?" said he, unrolling a piece of stuff +like a shopman. + +Natasha, who was sitting opposite to him with her eldest daughter on +her lap, turned her sparkling eyes swiftly from her husband to the +things he showed her. + +"That's for Belova? Excellent!" She felt the quality of the +material. "It was a ruble an arshin, I suppose?" + +Pierre told her the price. + +"Too dear!" Natasha remarked. "How pleased the children will be +and Mamma too! Only you need not have bought me this," she added, +unable to suppress a smile as she gazed admiringly at a gold comb +set with pearls, of a kind then just coming into fashion. + +"Adele tempted me: she kept on telling me to buy it," returned +Pierre. + +"When am I to wear it?" and Natasha stuck it in her coil of hair. +"When I take little Masha into society? Perhaps they will be +fashionable again by then. Well, let's go now." + +And collecting the presents they went first to the nursery and +then to the old countess' rooms. + +The countess was sitting with her companion Belova, playing +grand-patience as usual, when Pierre and Natasha came into the drawing +room with parcels under their arms. + +The countess was now over sixty, was quite gray, and wore a cap with +a frill that surrounded her face. Her face had shriveled, her upper +lip had sunk in, and her eyes were dim. + +After the deaths of her son and husband in such rapid succession, +she felt herself a being accidentally forgotten in this world and left +without aim or object for her existence. She ate, drank, slept, or +kept awake, but did not live. Life gave her no new impressions. She +wanted nothing from life but tranquillity, and that tranquillity +only death could give her. But until death came she had to go on +living, that is, to use her vital forces. A peculiarity one sees in +very young children and very old people was particularly evident in +her. Her life had no external aims--only a need to exercise her +various functions and inclinations was apparent. She had to eat, +sleep, think, speak, weep, work, give vent to her anger, and so on, +merely because she had a stomach, a brain, muscles, nerves, and a +liver. She did these things not under any external impulse as people +in the full vigor of life do, when behind the purpose for which they +strive that of exercising their functions remains unnoticed. She +talked only because she physically needed to exercise her tongue and +lungs. She cried as a child does, because her nose had to be +cleared, and so on. What for people in their full vigor is an aim +was for her evidently merely a pretext. + +Thus in the morning--especially if she had eaten anything rich the +day before--she felt a need of being angry and would choose as the +handiest pretext Belova's deafness. + +She would begin to say something to her in a low tone from the other +end of the room. + +"It seems a little warmer today, my dear," she would murmur. + +And when Belova replied: "Oh yes, they've come," she would mutter +angrily: "O Lord! How stupid and deaf she is!" + +Another pretext would be her snuff, which would seem too dry or +too damp or not rubbed fine enough. After these fits of irritability +her face would grow yellow, and her maids knew by infallible +symptoms when Belova would again be deaf, the snuff damp, and the +countess' face yellow. Just as she needed to work off her spleen so +she had sometimes to exercise her still-existing faculty of +thinking--and the pretext for that was a game of patience. When she +needed to cry, the deceased count would be the pretext. When she +wanted to be agitated, Nicholas and his health would be the pretext, +and when she felt a need to speak spitefully, the pretext would be +Countess Mary. When her vocal organs needed exercise, which was +usually toward seven o'clock when she had had an after-dinner rest +in a darkened room, the pretext would be the retelling of the same +stories over and over again to the same audience. + +The old lady's condition was understood by the whole household +though no one ever spoke of it, and they all made every possible +effort to satisfy her needs. Only by a rare glance exchanged with a +sad smile between Nicholas, Pierre, Natasha, and Countess Mary was the +common understanding of her condition expressed. + +But those glances expressed something more: they said that she had +played her part in life, that what they now saw was not her whole +self, that we must all become like her, and that they were glad to +yield to her, to restrain themselves for this once precious being +formerly as full of life as themselves, but now so much to be +pitied. "Memento mori," said these glances. + +Only the really heartless, the stupid ones of that household, and +the little children failed to understand this and avoided her. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + + +When Pierre and his wife entered the drawing room the countess was +in one of her customary states in which she needed the mental exertion +of playing patience, and so--though by force of habit she greeted +him with the words she always used when Pierre or her son returned +after an absence: "High time, my dear, high time! We were all weary of +waiting for you. Well, thank God!" and received her presents with +another customary remark: "It's not the gift that's precious, my dear, +but that you give it to me, an old woman..."--yet it was evident +that she was not pleased by Pierre's arrival at that moment when it +diverted her attention from the unfinished game. + +She finished her game of patience and only then examined the +presents. They consisted of a box for cards, of splendid +workmanship, a bright-blue Sevres tea cup with shepherdesses +depicted on it and with a lid, and a gold snuffbox with the count's +portrait on the lid which Pierre had had done by a miniaturist in +Petersburg. The countess had long wished for such a box, but as she +did not want to cry just then she glanced indifferently at the +portrait and gave her attention chiefly to the box for cards. + +"Thank you, my dear, you have cheered me up," said she as she always +did. "But best of all you have brought yourself back--for I never +saw anything like it, you ought to give your wife a scolding! What are +we to do with her? She is like a mad woman when you are away. +Doesn't see anything, doesn't remember anything," she went on, +repeating her usual phrases. "Look, Anna Timofeevna," she added to her +companion, "see what a box for cards my son has brought us!" + +Belova admired the presents and was delighted with her dress +material. + +Though Pierre, Natasha, Nicholas, Countess Mary, and Denisov had +much to talk about that they could not discuss before the old +countess--not that anything was hidden from her, but because she had +dropped so far behindhand in many things that had they begun to +converse in her presence they would have had to answer inopportune +questions and to repeat what they had already told her many times: +that so-and-so was dead and so-and-so was married, which she would +again be unable to remember--yet they sat at tea round the samovar +in the drawing room from habit, and Pierre answered the countess' +questions as to whether Prince Vasili had aged and whether Countess +Mary Alexeevna had sent greetings and still thought of them, and other +matters that interested no one and to which she herself was +indifferent. + +Conversation of this kind, interesting to no one yet unavoidable, +continued all through teatime. All the grown-up members of the +family were assembled near the round tea table at which Sonya presided +beside the samovar. The children with their tutors and governesses had +had tea and their voices were audible from the next room. At tea all +sat in their accustomed places: Nicholas beside the stove at a small +table where his tea was handed to him; Milka, the old gray borzoi +bitch (daughter of the first Milka), with a quite gray face and +large black eyes that seemed more prominent than ever, lay on the +armchair beside him; Denisov, whose curly hair, mustache, and whiskers +had turned half gray, sat beside countess Mary with his general's +tunic unbuttoned; Pierre sat between his wife and the old countess. He +spoke of what he knew might interest the old lady and that she could +understand. He told her of external social events and of the people +who had formed the circle of her contemporaries and had once been a +real, living, and distinct group, but who were now for the most part +scattered about the world and like herself were garnering the last +ears of the harvests they had sown in earlier years. But to the old +countess those contemporaries of hers seemed to be the only serious +and real society. Natasha saw by Pierre's animation that his visit had +been interesting and that he had much to tell them but dare not say it +before the old countess. Denisov, not being a member of the family, +did not understand Pierre's caution and being, as a malcontent, much +interested in what was occurring in Petersburg, kept urging Pierre +to tell them about what had happened in the Semenovsk regiment, then +about Arakcheev, and then about the Bible Society. Once or twice +Pierre was carried away and began to speak of these things, but +Nicholas and Natasha always brought him back to the health of Prince +Ivan and Countess Mary Alexeevna. + +"Well, and all this idiocy--Gossner and Tatawinova?" Denisov +asked. "Is that weally still going on?" + +"Going on?" Pierre exclaimed. "Why more than ever! The Bible Society +is the whole government now!" + + "What is that, mon cher ami?" asked the countess, who had +finished her tea and evidently needed a pretext for being angry +after her meal. "What are you saying about the government? I don't +understand." + +"Well, you know, Maman," Nicholas interposed, knowing how to +translate things into his mother's language, "Prince Alexander +Golitsyn has founded a society and in consequence has great influence, +they say." + +"Arakcheev and Golitsyn," incautiously remarked Pierre, "are now the +whole government! And what a government! They see treason everywhere +and are afraid of everything." + +"Well, and how is Prince Alexander to blame? He is a most +estimable man. I used to meet him at Mary Antonovna's," said the +countess in an offended tone; and still more offended that they all +remained silent, she went on: "Nowadays everyone finds fault. A Gospel +Society! Well, and what harm is there in that?" and she rose +(everybody else got up too) and with a severe expression sailed back +to her table in the sitting room. + +The melancholy silence that followed was broken by the sounds of the +children's voices and laughter from the next room. Evidently some +jolly excitement was going on there. + +"Finished, finished!" little Natasha's gleeful yell rose above +them all. + +Pierre exchanged glances with Countess Mary and Nicholas (Natasha he +never lost sight of) and smiled happily. + +"That's delightful music!" said he. + +"It means that Anna Makarovna has finished her stocking," said +Countess Mary. + +"Oh, I'll go and see," said Pierre, jumping up. "You know," he +added, stopping at the door, "why I'm especially fond of that music? +It is always the first thing that tells me all is well. When I was +driving here today, the nearer I got to the house the more anxious I +grew. As I entered the anteroom I heard Andrusha's peals of laughter +and that meant that all was well." + +"I know! I know that feeling," said Nicholas. "But I mustn't go +there--those stockings are to be a surprise for me." + +Pierre went to the children, and the shouting and laughter grew +still louder. + +"Come, Anna Makarovna," Pierre's voice was heard saying, "come +here into the middle of the room and at the word of command, 'One, +two,' and when I say 'three'... You stand here, and you in my arms- +well now! One, two!..." said Pierre, and a silence followed: +"three!" and a rapturously breathless cry of children's voices +filled the room. "Two, two!" they shouted. + +This meant two stockings, which by a secret process known only to +herself Anna Makarovna used to knit at the same time on the same +needles, and which, when they were ready, she always triumphantly +drew, one out of the other, in the children's presence. + + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + + +Soon after this the children came in to say good night. They +kissed everyone, the tutors and governesses made their bows, and +they went out. Only young Nicholas and his tutor remained. Dessalles +whispered to the boy to come downstairs. + +"No, Monsieur Dessalles, I will ask my aunt to let me stay," replied +Nicholas Bolkonski also in a whisper. + +"Ma tante, please let me stay," said he, going up to his aunt. + +His face expressed entreaty, agitation, and ecstasy. Countess Mary +glanced at him and turned to Pierre. + +"When you are here he can't tear himself away," she said. + +"I will bring him to you directly, Monsieur Dessalles. Good +night!" said Pierre, giving his hand to the Swiss tutor, and he turned +to young Nicholas with a smile. "You and I haven't seen anything of +one another yet... How like he is growing, Mary!" he added, addressing +Countess Mary. + +"Like my father?" asked the boy, flushing crimson and looking up +at Pierre with bright, ecstatic eyes. + +Pierre nodded, and went on with what he had been saying when the +children had interrupted. Countess Mary sat down doing woolwork; +Natasha did not take her eyes off her husband. Nicholas and Denisov +rose, asked for their pipes, smoked, went to fetch more tea from +Sonya--who sat weary but resolute at the samovar--and questioned +Pierre. The curly-headed, delicate boy sat with shining eyes unnoticed +in a corner, starting every now and then and muttering something to +himself, and evidently experiencing a new and powerful emotion as he +turned his curly head, with his thin neck exposed by his turn-down +collar, toward the place where Pierre sat. + +The conversation turned on the contemporary gossip about those in +power, in which most people see the chief interest of home politics. +Denisov, dissatisfied with the government on account of his own +disappointments in the service, heard with pleasure of the things done +in Petersburg which seemed to him stupid, and made forcible and +sharp comments on what Pierre told them. + +"One used to have to be a German--now one must dance with Tatawinova +and Madame Kwudener, and wead Ecka'tshausen and the bwethwen. Oh, they +should let that fine fellow Bonaparte lose--he'd knock all this +nonsense out of them! Fancy giving the command of the Semenov wegiment +to a fellow like that Schwa'tz!" he cried. + +Nicholas, though free from Denisov's readiness to find fault with +everything, also thought that discussion of the government was a +very serious and weighty matter, and the fact that A had been +appointed Minister of This and B Governor General of That, and that +the Emperor had said so-and-so and this minister so-and-so, seemed +to him very important. And so he thought it necessary to take an +interest in these things and to question Pierre. The questions put +by these two kept the conversation from changing its ordinary +character of gossip about the higher government circles. + +But Natasha, knowing all her husband's ways and ideas, saw that he +had long been wishing but had been unable to divert the conversation +to another channel and express his own deeply felt idea for the sake +of which he had gone to Petersburg to consult with his new friend +Prince Theodore, and she helped him by asking how his affairs with +Prince Theodore had gone. + +"What was it about?" asked Nicholas. + +"Always the same thing," said Pierre, looking round at his +listeners. "Everybody sees that things are going so badly that they +cannot be allowed to go on so and that it is the duty of all decent +men to counteract it as far as they can." + +"What can decent men do?" Nicholas inquired, frowning slightly. +"What can be done?" + +"Why, this..." + +"Come into my study," said Nicholas. + +Natasha, who had long expected to be fetched to nurse her baby, +now heard the nurse calling her and went to the nursery. Countess Mary +followed her. The men went into the study and little Nicholas +Bolkonski followed them unnoticed by his uncle and sat down at the +writing table in a shady corner by the window. + +"Well, what would you do?" asked Denisov. + +"Always some fantastic schemes," said Nicholas. + +"Why this," began Pierre, not sitting down but pacing the room, +sometimes stopping short, gesticulating, and lisping: "the position in +Petersburg is this: the Emperor does not look into anything. He has +abandoned himself altogether to this mysticism" (Pierre could not +tolerate mysticism in anyone now). "He seeks only for peace, and +only these people sans foi ni loi* can give it him--people who +recklessly hack at and strangle everything--Magnitski, Arakcheev, +and tutti quanti.... You will agree that if you did not look after +your estates yourself but only wanted a quiet life, the harsher your +steward was the more readily your object might be attained," he said +to Nicholas. + + +*Without faith or law. + + +"Well, what does that lead up to?" said Nicholas. + +"Well, everything is going to ruin! Robbery in the law courts, in +the army nothing but flogging, drilling, and Military Settlements; the +people are tortured, enlightenment is suppressed. All that is young +and honest is crushed! Everyone sees that this cannot go on. +Everything is strained to such a degree that it will certainly break," +said Pierre (as those who examine the actions of any government have +always said since governments began). "I told them just one thing in +Petersburg." + +"Told whom?" + +"Well, you know whom," said Pierre, with a meaning glance from under +his brows. "Prince Theodore and all those. To encourage culture and +philanthropy is all very well of course. The aim is excellent but in +the present circumstances something else is needed." + +At that moment Nicholas noticed the presence of his nephew. His face +darkened and he went up to the boy. + +"Why are you here?" + +"Why? Let him be," said Pierre, taking Nicholas by the arm and +continuing. "That is not enough, I told them. Something else is +needed. When you stand expecting the overstrained string to snap at +any moment, when everyone is expecting the inevitable catastrophe, +as many as possible must join hands as closely as they can to +withstand the general calamity. Everything that is young and strong is +being enticed away and depraved. One is lured by women, another by +honors, a third by ambition or money, and they go over to that camp. +No independent men, such as you or I, are left. What I say is widen +the scope of our society, let the mot d'ordre be not virtue alone +but independence and action as well!" + +Nicholas, who had left his nephew, irritably pushed up an +armchair, sat down in it, and listened to Pierre, coughing +discontentedly and frowning more and more. + +"But action with what aim?" he cried. "And what position will you +adopt toward the government?" + +"Why, the position of assistants. The society need not be secret +if the government allows it. Not merely is it not hostile to +government, but it is a society of true conservatives--a society of +gentlemen in the full meaning of that word. It is only to prevent some +Pugachev or other from killing my children and yours, and Arakcheev +from sending me off to some Military Settlement. We join hands only +for the public welfare and the general safety." + +"Yes, but it's a secret society and therefore a hostile and +harmful one which can only cause harm." + +"Why? Did the Tugendbund which saved Europe" (they did not then +venture to suggest that Russia had saved Europe) "do any harm? The +Tugendbund is an alliance of virtue: it is love, mutual help... it +is what Christ preached on the Cross." + +Natasha, who had come in during the conversation, looked joyfully at +her husband. It was not what he was saying that pleased her--that +did not even interest her, for it seemed to her that was all extremely +simple and that she had known it a long time (it seemed so to her +because she knew that it sprang from Pierre's whole soul), but it +was his animated and enthusiastic appearance that made her glad. + +The boy with the thin neck stretching out from the turn-down collar- +whom everyone had forgotten--gazed at Pierre with even greater and +more rapturous joy. Every word of Pierre's burned into his heart, +and with a nervous movement of his fingers he unconsciously broke +the sealing wax and quill pens his hands came upon on his uncle's +table. + +"It is not at all what you suppose; but that is what the German +Tugendbund was, and what I am proposing." + +"No, my fwiend! The Tugendbund is all vewy well for the sausage +eaters, but I don't understand it and can't even pwonounce it," +interposed Denisov in a loud and resolute voice. "I agwee that +evewything here is wotten and howwible, but the Tugendbund I don't +understand. If we're not satisfied, let us have a bunt of our own. +That's all wight. Je suis vot'e homme!"* + + +*"I'm your man." + + +Pierre smiled, Natasha began to laugh, but Nicholas knitted his +brows still more and began proving to Pierre that there was no +prospect of any great change and that all the danger he spoke of +existed only in his imagination. Pierre maintained the contrary, and +as his mental faculties were greater and more resourceful, Nicholas +felt himself cornered. This made him still angrier, for he was fully +convinced, not by reasoning but by something within him stronger +than reason, of the justice of his opinion. + +"I will tell you this," he said, rising and trying with nervously +twitching fingers to prop up his pipe in a corner, but finally +abandoning the attempt. "I can't prove it to you. You say that +everything here is rotten and that an overthrow is coming: I don't see +it. But you also say that our oath of allegiance is a conditional +matter, and to that I reply: 'You are my best friend, as you know, but +if you formed a secret society and began working against the +government--be it what it may--I know it is my duty to obey the +government. And if Arakcheev ordered me to lead a squadron against you +and cut you down, I should not hesitate an instant, but should do it.' +And you may argue about that as you like!" + +An awkward silence followed these words. Natasha was the first to +speak, defending her husband and attacking her brother. Her defense +was weak and inapt but she attained her object. The conversation was +resumed, and no longer in the unpleasantly hostile tone of Nicholas' +last remark. + +When they all got up to go in to supper, little Nicholas Bolkonski +went up to Pierre, pale and with shining, radiant eyes. + +"Uncle Pierre, you... no... If Papa were alive... would he agree +with you?" he asked. + +And Pierre suddenly realized what a special, independent, complex, +and powerful process of thought and feeling must have been going on in +this boy during that conversation, and remembering all he had said +he regretted that the lad should have heard him. He had, however, to +give him an answer. + +"Yes, I think so," he said reluctantly, and left the study. + +The lad looked down and seemed now for the first time to notice what +he had done to the things on the table. He flushed and went up to +Nicholas. + +"Uncle, forgive me, I did that... unintentionally," he said, +pointing to the broken sealing wax and pens. + +Nicholas started angrily. + +"All right, all right," he said, throwing the bits under the table. + +And evidently suppressing his vexation with difficulty, he turned +away from the boy. + +"You ought not to have been here at all," he said. + + + + + +CHAPTER XV + + +The conversation at supper was not about politics or societies, +but turned on the subject Nicholas liked best--recollections of +1812. Denisov started these and Pierre was particularly agreeable +and amusing about them. The family separated on the most friendly +terms. + +After supper Nicholas, having undressed in his study and given +instructions to the steward who had been waiting for him, went to +the bedroom in his dressing gown, where he found his wife still at her +table, writing. + +"What are you writing, Mary?" Nicholas asked. + +Countess Mary blushed. She was afraid that what she was writing +would not be understood or approved by her husband. + +She had wanted to conceal what she was writing from him, but at +the same time was glad he had surprised her at it and that she would +now have to tell him. + +"A diary, Nicholas," she replied, handing him a blue exercise book +filled with her firm, bold writing. + +"A diary?" Nicholas repeated with a shade of irony, and he took up +the book. + +It was in French. + + +December 4. Today when Andrusha (her eldest boy) woke up he did +not wish to dress and Mademoiselle Louise sent for me. He was +naughty and obstinate. I tried threats, but he only grew angrier. Then +I took the matter in hand: I left him alone and began with nurse's +help to get the other children up, telling him that I did not love +him. For a long time he was silent, as if astonished, then he jumped +out of bed, ran to me in his shirt, and sobbed so that I could not +calm him for a long time. It was plain that what troubled him most was +that he had grieved me. Afterwards in the evening when I gave him +his ticket, he again began crying piteously and kissing me. One can do +anything with him by tenderness. + + +"What is a 'ticket'?" Nicholas inquired. + +"I have begun giving the elder ones marks every evening, showing how +they have behaved." + +Nicholas looked into the radiant eyes that were gazing at him, and +continued to turn over the pages and read. In the diary was set down +everything in the children's lives that seemed noteworthy to their +mother as showing their characters or suggesting general reflections +on educational methods. They were for the most part quite +insignificant trifles, but did not seem so to the mother or to the +father either, now that he read this diary about his children for +the first time. + +Under the date "5" was entered: + + +Mitya was naughty at table. Papa said he was to have no pudding. +He had none, but looked so unhappily and greedily at the others +while they were eating! I think that punishment by depriving +children of sweets only develops their greediness. Must tell +Nicholas this. + + +Nicholas put down the book and looked at his wife. The radiant +eyes gazed at him questioningly: would he approve or disapprove of her +diary? There could be no doubt not only of his approval but also of +his admiration for his wife. + +Perhaps it need not be done so pedantically, thought Nicholas, or +even done at all, but this untiring, continual spiritual effort of +which the sole aim was the children's moral welfare delighted him. Had +Nicholas been able to analyze his feelings he would have found that +his steady, tender, and proud love of his wife rested on his feeling +of wonder at her spirituality and at the lofty moral world, almost +beyond his reach, in which she had her being. + +He was proud of her intelligence and goodness, recognized his own +insignificance beside her in the spiritual world, and rejoiced all the +more that she with such a soul not only belonged to him but was part +of himself. + +"I quite, quite approve, my dearest!" said he with a significant +look, and after a short pause he added: "And I behaved badly today. +You weren't in the study. We began disputing--Pierre and I--and I lost +my temper. But he is impossible: such a child! I don't know what would +become of him if Natasha didn't keep him in hand.... Have you any idea +why he went to Petersburg? They have formed..." + +"Yes, I know," said Countess Mary. "Natasha told me." + +"Well, then, you know," Nicholas went on, growing hot at the mere +recollection of their discussion, "he wanted to convince me that it is +every honest man's duty to go against the government, and that the +oath of allegiance and duty... I am sorry you weren't there. They +all fell on me--Denisov and Natasha... Natasha is absurd. How she +rules over him! And yet there need only be a discussion and she has no +words of her own but only repeats his sayings..." added Nicholas, +yielding to that irresistible inclination which tempts us to judge +those nearest and dearest to us. He forgot that what he was saying +about Natasha could have been applied word for word to himself in +relation to his wife. + +"Yes, I have noticed that," said Countess Mary. + +"When I told him that duty and the oath were above everything, he +started proving goodness knows what! A pity you were not there--what +would you have said?" + +"As I see it you were quite right, and I told Natasha so. Pierre +says everybody is suffering, tortured, and being corrupted, and that +it is our duty to help our neighbor. Of course he is right there," +said Countess Mary, "but he forgets that we have other duties nearer +to us, duties indicated to us by God Himself, and that though we might +expose ourselves to risks we must not risk our children." + +"Yes, that's it! That's just what I said to him," put in Nicholas, +who fancied he really had said it. "But they insisted on their own +view: love of one's neighbor and Christianity--and all this in the +presence of young Nicholas, who had gone into my study and broke all +my things." + +"Ah, Nicholas, do you know I am often troubled about little +Nicholas," said Countess Mary. "He is such an exceptional boy. I am +afraid I neglect him in favor of my own: we all have children and +relations while he has no one. He is constantly alone with his +thoughts." + +"Well, I don't think you need reproach yourself on his account. +All that the fondest mother could do for her son you have done and are +doing for him, and of course I am glad of it. He is a fine lad, a fine +lad! This evening he listened to Pierre in a sort of trance, and +fancy--as we were going in to supper I looked and he had broken +everything on my table to bits, and he told me of it himself at +once! I never knew him to tell an untruth. A fine lad, a fine lad!" +repeated Nicholas, who at heart was not fond of Nicholas Bolkonski but +was always anxious to recognize that he was a fine lad. + +"Still, I am not the same as his own mother," said Countess Mary. "I +feel I am not the same and it troubles me. A wonderful boy, but I am +dreadfully afraid for him. It would be good for him to have +companions." + +"Well it won't be for long. Next summer I'll take him to +Petersburg," said Nicholas. "Yes, Pierre always was a dreamer and +always will be," he continued, returning to the talk in the study +which had evidently disturbed him. "Well, what business is it of +mine what goes on there--whether Arakcheev is bad, and all that? +What business was it of mine when I married and was so deep in debt +that I was threatened with prison, and had a mother who could not +see or understand it? And then there are you and the children and +our affairs. Is it for my own pleasure that I am at the farm or in the +office from morning to night? No, but I know I must work to comfort my +mother, to repay you, and not to leave the children such beggars as +I was." + +Countess Mary wanted to tell him that man does not live by bread +alone and that he attached too much importance to these matters. But +she knew she must not say this and that it would be useless to do +so. She only took his hand and kissed it. He took this as a sign of +approval and a confirmation of his thoughts, and after a few +minutes' reflection continued to think aloud. + +"You know, Mary, today Elias Mitrofanych" (this was his overseer) +"came back from the Tambov estate and told me they are already +offering eighty thousand rubles for the forest." + +And with an eager face Nicholas began to speak of the possibility of +repurchasing Otradnoe before long, and added: "Another ten years of +life and I shall leave the children... in an excellent position." + +Countess Mary listened to her husband and understood all that he +told her. She knew that when he thought aloud in this way he would +sometimes ask her what he had been saying, and be vexed if he +noticed that she had been thinking about something else. But she had +to force herself to attend, for what he was saying did not interest +her at all. She looked at him and did not think, but felt, about +something different. She felt a submissive tender love for this man +who would never understand all that she understood, and this seemed to +make her love for him still stronger and added a touch of passionate +tenderness. Besides this feeling which absorbed her altogether and +hindered her from following the details of her husband's plans, +thoughts that had no connection with what he was saying flitted +through her mind. She thought of her nephew. Her husband's account +of the boy's agitation while Pierre was speaking struck her +forcibly, and various traits of his gentle, sensitive character +recurred to her mind; and while thinking of her nephew she thought +also of her own children. She did not compare them with him, but +compared her feeling for them with her feeling for him, and felt +with regret that there was something lacking in her feeling for +young Nicholas. + +Sometimes it seemed to her that this difference arose from the +difference in their ages, but she felt herself to blame toward him and +promised in her heart to do better and to accomplish the impossible- +in this life to love her husband, her children, little Nicholas, and +all her neighbors, as Christ loved mankind. Countess Mary's soul +always strove toward the infinite, the eternal, and the absolute, +and could therefore never be at peace. A stern expression of the +lofty, secret suffering of a soul burdened by the body appeared on her +face. Nicholas gazed at her. "O God! What will become of us if she +dies, as I always fear when her face is like that?" thought he, and +placing himself before the icon he began to say his evening prayers. + + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + + +Natasha and Pierre, left alone, also began to talk as only a husband +and wife can talk, that is, with extraordinary clearness and rapidity, +understanding and expressing each other's thoughts in ways contrary to +all rules of logic, without premises, deductions, or conclusions, +and in a quite peculiar way. Natasha was so used to this kind of +talk with her husband that for her it was the surest sign of something +being wrong between them if Pierre followed a line of logical +reasoning. When he began proving anything, or talking +argumentatively and calmly and she, led on by his example, began to do +the same, she knew that they were on the verge of a quarrel. + +From the moment they were alone and Natasha came up to him with +wide-open happy eyes, and quickly seizing his head pressed it to her +bosom, saying: "Now you are all mine, mine! You won't escape!"--from +that moment this conversation began, contrary to all the laws of logic +and contrary to them because quite different subjects were talked +about at one and the same time. This simultaneous discussion of many +topics did not prevent a clear understanding but on the contrary was +the surest sign that they fully understood one another. + +Just as in a dream when all is uncertain, unreasoning, and +contradictory, except the feeling that guides the dream, so in this +intercourse contrary to all laws of reason, the words themselves +were not consecutive and clear but only the feeling that prompted +them. + +Natasha spoke to Pierre about her brother's life and doings, of +how she had suffered and lacked life during his own absence, and of +how she was fonder than ever of Mary, and how Mary was in every way +better than herself. In saying this Natasha was sincere in +acknowledging Mary's superiority, but at the same time by saying it +she made a demand on Pierre that he should, all the same, prefer her +to Mary and to all other women, and that now, especially after +having seen many women in Petersburg, he should tell her so afresh. + +Pierre, answering Natasha's words, told her how intolerable it had +been for him to meet ladies at dinners and balls in Petersburg. + +"I have quite lost the knack of talking to ladies," he said. "It was +simply dull. Besides, I was very busy." + +Natasha looked intently at him and went on: + +"Mary is so splendid," she said. "How she understands children! It +is as if she saw straight into their souls. Yesterday, for instance, +Mitya was naughty..." + +"How like his father he is," Pierre interjected. + +Natasha knew why he mentioned Mitya's likeness to Nicholas: the +recollection of his dispute with his brother-in-law was unpleasant and +he wanted to know what Natasha thought of it. + +"Nicholas has the weakness of never agreeing with anything not +generally accepted. But I understand that you value what opens up a +fresh line," said she, repeating words Pierre had once uttered. + +"No, the chief point is that to Nicholas ideas and discussions are +an amusement--almost a pastime," said Pierre. "For instance, he is +collecting a library and has made it a rule not to buy a new book till +he has read what he had already bought--Sismondi and Rousseau and +Montesquieu," he added with a smile. "You know how much I..." he began +to soften down what he had said; but Natasha interrupted him to show +that this was unnecessary. + +"So you say ideas are an amusement to him...." + +"Yes, and for me nothing else is serious. All the time in Petersburg +I saw everyone as in a dream. When I am taken up by a thought, all +else is mere amusement." + +"Ah, I'm so sorry I wasn't there when you met the children," said +Natasha. "Which was most delighted? Lisa, I'm sure." + +"Yes," Pierre replied, and went on with what was in his mind. +"Nicholas says we ought not to think. But I can't help it. Besides, +when I was in Petersburg I felt (I can this to you) that the whole +affair would go to pieces without me--everyone was pulling his own +way. But I succeeded in uniting them all; and then my idea is so clear +and simple. You see, I don't say that we ought to oppose this and +that. We may be mistaken. What I say is: 'Join hands, you who love the +right, and let there be but one banner--that of active virtue.' Prince +Sergey is a fine fellow and clever." + +Natasha would have had no doubt as to the greatness of Pierre's +idea, but one thing disconcerted her. "Can a man so important and +necessary to society be also my husband? How did this happen?" She +wished to express this doubt to him. "Now who could decide whether +he is really cleverer than all the others?" she asked herself, and +passed in review all those whom Pierre most respected. Judging by what +he had said there was no one he had respected so highly as Platon +Karataev. + +"Do you know what I am thinking about?" she asked. "About Platon +Karataev. Would he have approved of you now, do you think?" + +Pierre was not at all surprised at this question. He understood +his wife's line of thought. + +"Platon Karataev?" he repeated, and pondered, evidently sincerely +trying to imagine Karataev's opinion on the subject. "He would not +have understood... yet perhaps he would." + +"I love you awfully!" Natasha suddenly said. "Awfully, awfully!" + +"No, he would not have approved," said Pierre, after reflection. +"What he would have approved of is our family life. He was always so +anxious to find seemliness, happiness, and peace in everything, and +I should have been proud to let him see us. There now--you talk of +my absence, but you wouldn't believe what a special feeling I have for +you after a separation...." + +"Yes, I should think..." Natasha began. + +"No, it's not that. I never leave off loving you. And one couldn't +love more, but this is something special.... Yes, of course-" he did +not finish because their eyes meeting said the rest. + +"What nonsense it is," Natasha suddenly exclaimed, "about +honeymoons, and that the greatest happiness is at first! On the +contrary, now is the best of all. If only you did not go away! Do +you remember how we quarreled? And it was always my fault. Always +mine. And what we quarreled about--I don't even remember!" + +"Always about the same thing," said Pierre with a smile. "Jealo..." + +"Don't say it! I can't bear it!" Natasha cried, and her eyes +glittered coldly and vindictively. "Did you see her?" she added, after +a pause. + +"No, and if I had I shouldn't have recognized her." + +They were silent for a while. + +"Oh, do you know? While you were talking in the study I was +looking at you," Natasha began, evidently anxious to disperse the +cloud that had come over them. "You are as like him as two peas- +like the boy." (She meant her little son.) "Oh, it's time to go to +him.... The milk's come.... But I'm sorry to leave you." + +They were silent for a few seconds. Then suddenly turning to one +another at the same time they both began to speak. Pierre began with +self-satisfaction and enthusiasm, Natasha with a quiet, happy smile. +Having interrupted one another they both stopped to let the other +continue. + +"No. What did you say? Go on, go on." + +"No, you go on, I was talking nonsense," said Natasha. + +Pierre finished what he had begun. It was the sequel to his +complacent reflections on his success in Petersburg. At that moment it +seemed to him that he was chosen to give a new direction to the +whole of Russian society and to the whole world. + +"I only wished to say that ideas that have great results are +always simple ones. My whole idea is that if vicious people are united +and constitute a power, then honest folk must do the same. Now +that's simple enough." + +"Yes." + +"And what were you going to say?" + +"I? Only nonsense." + +"But all the same?" + +"Oh nothing, only a trifle," said Natasha, smilingly still more +brightly. "I only wanted to tell you about Petya: today nurse was +coming to take him from me, and he laughed, shut his eyes, and clung +to me. I'm sure he thought he was hiding. Awfully sweet! There, now +he's crying. Well, good-by!" and she left the room. + + +Meanwhile downstairs in young Nicholas Bolkonski's bedroom a +little lamp was burning as usual. (The boy was afraid of the dark +and they could not cure him of it.) Dessalles slept propped up on four +pillows and his Roman nose emitted sounds of rhythmic snoring. +Little Nicholas, who had just waked up in a cold perspiration, sat +up in bed and gazed before him with wide-open eyes. He had awaked from +a terrible dream. He had dreamed that he and Uncle Pierre, wearing +helmets such as were depicted in his Plutarch, were leading a huge +army. The army was made up of white slanting lines that filled the air +like the cobwebs that float about in autumn and which Dessalles called +les fils de la Vierge. In front was Glory, which was similar to +those threads but rather thicker. He and Pierre were borne along +lightly and joyously, nearer and nearer to their goal. Suddenly the +threads that moved them began to slacken and become entangled and it +grew difficult to move. And Uncle Nicholas stood before them in a +stern and threatening attitude. + +"Have you done this?" he said, pointing to some broken sealing wax +and pens. "I loved you, but I have orders from Arakcheev and will kill +the first of you who moves forward." Little Nicholas turned to look at +Pierre but Pierre was no longer there. In his place was his father- +Prince Andrew--and his father had neither shape nor form, but he +existed, and when little Nicholas perceived him he grew faint with +love: he felt himself powerless, limp, and formless. His father +caressed and pitied him. But Uncle Nicholas came nearer and nearer +to them. Terror seized young Nicholas and he awoke. + +"My father!" he thought. (Though there were two good portraits of +Prince Andrew in the house, Nicholas never imagined him in human +form.) "My father has been with me and caressed me. He approved of +me and of Uncle Pierre. Whatever he may tell me, I will do it. +Mucius Scaevola burned his hand. Why should not the same sort of thing +happen to me? I know they want me to learn. And I will learn. But +someday I shall have finished learning, and then I will do +something. I only pray God that something may happen to me such as +happened to Plutarch's men, and I will act as they did. I will do +better. Everyone shall know me, love me, and be delighted with me!" +And suddenly his bosom heaved with sobs and he began to cry. + +"Are you ill?" he heard Dessalles' voice asking. + +"No," answered Nicholas, and lay back on his pillow. + +"He is good and kind and I am fond of him!" he thought of Dessalles. +"But Uncle Pierre! Oh, what a wonderful man he is! And my father? +Oh, Father, Father! Yes, I will do something with which even he +would be satisfied...." + + + + + + + +SECOND EPILOGUE + + + + + +CHAPTER I + + +History is the life of nations and of humanity. To seize and put +into words, to describe directly the life of humanity or even of a +single nation, appears impossible. + +The ancient historians all employed one and the same method to +describe and seize the apparently elusive--the life of a people. +They described the activity of individuals who ruled the people, and +regarded the activity of those men as representing the activity of the +whole nation. + +The question: how did individuals make nations act as they wished +and by what was the will of these individuals themselves guided? the +ancients met by recognizing a divinity which subjected the nations +to the will of a chosen man, and guided the will of that chosen man so +as to accomplish ends that were predestined. + +For the ancients these questions were solved by a belief in the +direct participation of the Deity in human affairs. + +Modern history, in theory, rejects both these principles. + +It would seem that having rejected the belief of the ancients in +man's subjection to the Deity and in a predetermined aim toward +which nations are led, modern history should study not the +manifestations of power but the causes that produce it. But modern +history has not done this. Having in theory rejected the view held +by the ancients, it still follows them in practice. + +Instead of men endowed with divine authority and directly guided +by the will of God, modern history has given us either heroes +endowed with extraordinary, superhuman capacities, or simply men of +very various kinds, from monarchs to journalists, who lead the masses. +Instead of the former divinely appointed aims of the Jewish, Greek, or +Roman nations, which ancient historians regarded as representing the +progress of humanity, modern history has postulated its own aims- +the welfare of the French, German, or English people, or, in its +highest abstraction, the welfare and civilization of humanity in +general, by which is usually meant that of the peoples occupying a +small northwesterly portion of a large continent. + +Modern history has rejected the beliefs of the ancients without +replacing them by a new conception, and the logic of the situation has +obliged the historians, after they had apparently rejected the +divine authority of the kings and the "fate" of the ancients, to reach +the same conclusion by another road, that is, to recognize (1) nations +guided by individual men, and (2) the existence of a known aim to +which these nations and humanity at large are tending. + +At the basis of the works of all the modern historians from Gibbon +to Buckle, despite their seeming disagreements and the apparent +novelty of their outlooks, lie those two old, unavoidable assumptions. + +In the first place the historian describes the activity of +individuals who in his opinion have directed humanity (one historian +considers only monarchs, generals, and ministers as being such men, +while another includes also orators, learned men, reformers, +philosophers, and poets). Secondly, it is assumed that the goal toward +which humanity is being led is known to the historians: to one of them +this goal is the greatness of the Roman, Spanish, or French realm; +to another it is liberty, equality, and a certain kind of civilization +of a small corner of the world called Europe. + +In 1789 a ferment arises in Paris; it grows, spreads, and is +expressed by a movement of peoples from west to east. Several times it +moves eastward and collides with a countermovement from the east +westward. In 1812 it reaches its extreme limit, Moscow, and then, with +remarkable symmetry, a countermovement occurs from east to west, +attracting to it, as the first movement had done, the nations of +middle Europe. The counter movement reaches the starting point of +the first movement in the west--Paris--and subsides. + +During that twenty-year period an immense number of fields were left +untilled, houses were burned, trade changed its direction, millions of +men migrated, were impoverished, or were enriched, and millions of +Christian men professing the law of love of their fellows slew one +another. + +What does all this mean? Why did it happen? What made those people +burn houses and slay their fellow men? What were the causes of these +events? What force made men act so? These are the instinctive, +plain, and most legitimate questions humanity asks itself when it +encounters the monuments and tradition of that period. + +For a reply to these questions the common sense of mankind turns +to the science of history, whose aim is to enable nations and humanity +to know themselves. + +If history had retained the conception of the ancients it would have +said that God, to reward or punish his people, gave Napoleon power and +directed his will to the fulfillment of the divine ends, and that +reply, would have been clear and complete. One might believe or +disbelieve in the divine significance of Napoleon, but for anyone +believing in it there would have been nothing unintelligible in the +history of that period, nor would there have been any contradictions. + +But modern history cannot give that reply. Science does not admit +the conception of the ancients as to the direct participation of the +Deity in human affairs, and therefore history ought to give other +answers. + +Modern history replying to these questions says: you want to know +what this movement means, what caused it, and what force produced +these events? Then listen: + +"Louis XIV was a very proud and self-confident man; he had such +and such mistresses and such and such ministers and he ruled France +badly. His descendants were weak men and they too ruled France +badly. And they had such and such favorites and such and such +mistresses. Moreover, certain men wrote some books at that time. At +the end of the eighteenth century there were a couple of dozen men +in Paris who began to talk about all men being free and equal. This +caused people all over France to begin to slash at and drown one +another. They killed the king and many other people. At that time +there was in France a man of genius--Napoleon. He conquered +everybody everywhere--that is, he killed many people because he was +a great genius. And for some reason he went to kill Africans, and +killed them so well and was so cunning and wise that when he +returned to France he ordered everybody to obey him, and they all +obeyed him. Having become an Emperor he again went out to kill +people in Italy, Austria, and Prussia. And there too he killed a great +many. In Russia there was an Emperor, Alexander, who decided to +restore order in Europe and therefore fought against Napoleon. In 1807 +he suddenly made friends with him, but in 1811 they again quarreled +and again began killing many people. Napoleon led six hundred thousand +men into Russia and captured Moscow; then he suddenly ran away from +Moscow, and the Emperor Alexander, helped by the advice of Stein and +others, united Europe to arm against the disturber of its peace. All +Napoleon's allies suddenly became his enemies and their forces +advanced against the fresh forces he raised. The Allies defeated +Napoleon, entered Paris, forced Napoleon to abdicate, and sent him +to the island of Elba, not depriving him of the title of Emperor and +showing him every respect, though five years before and one year later +they all regarded him as an outlaw and a brigand. Then Louis XVIII, +who till then had been the laughingstock both of the French and the +Allies, began to reign. And Napoleon, shedding tears before his Old +Guards, renounced the throne and went into exile. Then the skillful +statesmen and diplomatists (especially Talleyrand, who managed to +sit down in a particular chair before anyone else and thereby extended +the frontiers of France) talked in Vienna and by these conversations +made the nations happy or unhappy. Suddenly the diplomatists and +monarchs nearly quarreled and were on the point of again ordering +their armies to kill one another, but just then Napoleon arrived in +France with a battalion, and the French, who had been hating him, +immediately all submitted to him. But the Allied monarchs were angry +at this and went to fight the French once more. And they defeated +the genius Napoleon and, suddenly recognizing him as a brigand, sent +him to the island of St. Helena. And the exile, separated from the +beloved France so dear to his heart, died a lingering death on that +rock and bequeathed his great deeds to posterity. But in Europe a +reaction occurred and the sovereigns once again all began to oppress +their subjects." + +It would be a mistake to think that this is ironic--a caricature +of the historical accounts. On the contrary it is a very mild +expression of the contradictory replies, not meeting the questions, +which all the historians give, from the compilers of memoirs and the +histories of separate states to the writers of general histories and +the new histories of the culture of that period. + +The strangeness and absurdity of these replies arise from the fact +that modern history, like a deaf man, answers questions no one has +asked. + +If the purpose of history be to give a description of the movement +of humanity and of the peoples, the first question--in the absence +of a reply to which all the rest will be incomprehensible--is: what is +the power that moves peoples? To this, modern history laboriously +replies either that Napoleon was a great genius, or that Louis XIV was +very proud, or that certain writers wrote certain books. + +All that may be so and mankind is ready to agree with it, but it +is not what was asked. All that would be interesting if we +recognized a divine power based on itself and always consistently +directing its nations through Napoleons, Louis-es, and writers; but we +do not acknowledge such a power, and therefore before speaking about +Napoleons, Louis-es, and authors, we ought to be shown the +connection existing between these men and the movement of the nations. + +If instead of a divine power some other force has appeared, it +should be explained in what this new force consists, for the whole +interest of history lies precisely in that force. + +History seems to assume that this force is self-evident and known to +everyone. But in spite of every desire to regard it as known, anyone +reading many historical works cannot help doubting whether this new +force, so variously understood by the historians themselves, is really +quite well known to everybody. + + + + + +CHAPTER II + + +What force moves the nations? + +Biographical historians and historians of separate nations +understand this force as a power inherent in heroes and rulers. In +their narration events occur solely by the will of a Napoleon, and +Alexander, or in general of the persons they describe. The answers +given by this kind of historian to the question of what force causes +events to happen are satisfactory only as long as there is but one +historian to each event. As soon as historians of different +nationalities and tendencies begin to describe the same event, the +replies they give immediately lose all meaning, for this force is +understood by them all not only differently but often in quite +contradictory ways. One historian says that an event was produced by +Napoleon's power, another that it was produced by Alexander's, a third +that it was due to the power of some other person. Besides this, +historians of that kind contradict each other even in their +statement as to the force on which the authority of some particular +person was based. Thiers, a Bonapartist, says that Napoleon's power +was based on his virtue and genius. Lanfrey, a Republican, says it was +based on his trickery and deception of the people. So the historians +of this class, by mutually destroying one another's positions, destroy +the understanding of the force which produces events, and furnish no +reply to history's essential question. + +Writers of universal history who deal with all the nations seem to +recognize how erroneous is the specialist historians' view of the +force which produces events. They do not recognize it as a power +inherent in heroes and rulers, but as the resultant of a +multiplicity of variously directed forces. In describing a war or +the subjugation of a people, a general historian looks for the cause +of the event not in the power of one man, but in the interaction of +many persons connected with the event. + +According to this view the power of historical personages, +represented as the product of many forces, can no longer, it would +seem, be regarded as a force that itself produces events. Yet in +most cases universal historians still employ the conception of power +as a force that itself produces events, and treat it as their cause. +In their exposition, an historic character is first the product of his +time, and his power only the resultant of various forces, and then his +power is itself a force producing events. Gervinus, Schlosser, and +others, for instance, at one time prove Napoleon to be a product of +the Revolution, of the ideas of 1789 and so forth, and at another +plainly say that the campaign of 1812 and other things they do not +like were simply the product of Napoleon's misdirected will, and +that the very ideas of 1789 were arrested in their development by +Napoleon's caprice. The ideas of the Revolution and the general temper +of the age produced Napoleon's power. But Napoleon's power +suppressed the ideas of the Revolution and the general temper of the +age. + +This curious contradiction is not accidental. Not only does it occur +at every step, but the universal historians' accounts are all made +up of a chain of such contradictions. This contradiction occurs +because after entering the field of analysis the universal +historians stop halfway. + +To find component forces equal to the composite or resultant +force, the sum of the components must equal the resultant. This +condition is never observed by the universal historians, and so to +explain the resultant forces they are obliged to admit, in addition to +the insufficient components, another unexplained force affecting the +resultant action. + +Specialist historians describing the campaign of 1813 or the +restoration of the Bourbons plainly assert that these events were +produced by the will of Alexander. But the universal historian +Gervinus, refuting this opinion of the specialist historian, tries +to prove that the campaign of 1813 and the restoration of the Bourbons +were due to other things beside Alexander's will--such as the activity +of Stein, Metternich, Madame de Stael, Talleyrand, Fichte +Chateaubriand, and others. The historian evidently decomposes +Alexander's power into the components: Talleyrand, Chateaubriand, +and the rest--but the sum of the components, that is, the interactions +of Chateaubriand, Talleyrand, Madame de Stael, and the others, +evidently does not equal the resultant, namely the phenomenon of +millions of Frenchmen submitting to the Bourbons. That +Chateaubriand, Madame de Stael, and others spoke certain words to +one another only affected their mutual relations but does not +account for the submission of millions. And therefore to explain how +from these relations of theirs the submission of millions of people +resulted--that is, how component forces equal to one A gave a +resultant equal to a thousand times A--the historian is again +obliged to fall back on power--the force he had denied--and to +recognize it as the resultant of the forces, that is, he has to +admit an unexplained force acting on the resultant. And that is just +what the universal historians do, and consequently they not only +contradict the specialist historians but contradict themselves. + +Peasants having no clear idea of the cause of rain, say, according +to whether they want rain or fine weather: "The wind has blown the +clouds away," or, "The wind has brought up the clouds." And in the +same way the universal historians sometimes, when it pleases them +and fits in with their theory, say that power is the result of events, +and sometimes, when they want to prove something else, say that +power produces events. + +A third class of historians--the so-called historians of culture- +following the path laid down by the universal historians who sometimes +accept writers and ladies as forces producing events--again take +that force to be something quite different. They see it in what is +called culture--in mental activity. + +The historians of culture are quite consistent in regard to their +progenitors, the writers of universal histories, for if historical +events may be explained by the fact that certain persons treated one +another in such and such ways, why not explain them by the fact that +such and such people wrote such and such books? Of the immense +number of indications accompanying every vital phenomenon, these +historians select the indication of intellectual activity and say that +this indication is the cause. But despite their endeavors to prove +that the cause of events lies in intellectual activity, only by a +great stretch can one admit that there is any connection between +intellectual activity and the movement of peoples, and in no case +can one admit that intellectual activity controls people's actions, +for that view is not confirmed by such facts as the very cruel murders +of the French Revolution resulting from the doctrine of the equality +of man, or the very cruel wars and executions resulting from the +preaching of love. + +But even admitting as correct all the cunningly devised arguments +with which these histories are filled--admitting that nations are +governed by some undefined force called an idea--history's essential +question still remains unanswered, and to the former power of monarchs +and to the influence of advisers and other people introduced by the +universal historians, another, newer force--the idea--is added, the +connection of which with the masses needs explanation. It is +possible to understand that Napoleon had power and so events occurred; +with some effort one may even conceive that Napoleon together with +other influences was the cause of an event; but how a book, Le Contrat +social, had the effect of making Frenchmen begin to drown one +another cannot be understood without an explanation of the causal +nexus of this new force with the event. + +Undoubtedly some relation exists between all who live +contemporaneously, and so it is possible to find some connection +between the intellectual activity of men and their historical +movements, just as such a connection may be found between the +movements of humanity and commerce, handicraft, gardening, or anything +else you please. But why intellectual activity is considered by the +historians of culture to be the cause or expression of the whole +historical movement is hard to understand. Only the following +considerations can have led the historians to such a conclusion: (1) +that history is written by learned men, and so it is natural and +agreeable for them to think that the activity of their class +supplies the basis of the movement of all humanity, just as a +similar belief is natural and agreeable to traders, agriculturists, +and soldiers (if they do not express it, that is merely because +traders and soldiers do not write history), and (2) that spiritual +activity, enlightenment, civilization, culture, ideas, are all +indistinct, indefinite conceptions under whose banner it is very +easy to use words having a still less definite meaning, and which +can therefore be readily introduced into any theory. + +But not to speak of the intrinsic quality of histories of this +kind (which may possibly even be of use to someone for something) +the histories of culture, to which all general histories tend more and +more to approximate, are significant from the fact that after +seriously and minutely examining various religious, philosophic, and +political doctrines as causes of events, as soon as they have to +describe an actual historic event such as the campaign of 1812 for +instance, they involuntarily describe it as resulting from an exercise +of power--and say plainly that that was the result of Napoleon's will. +Speaking so, the historians of culture involuntarily contradict +themselves, and show that the new force they have devised does not +account for what happens in history, and that history can only be +explained by introducing a power which they apparently do not +recognize. + + + + + +CHAPTER III + + +A locomotive is moving. Someone asks: "What moves it?" A peasant +says the devil moves it. Another man says the locomotive moves because +its wheels go round. A third asserts that the cause of its movement +lies in the smoke which the wind carries away. + +The peasant is irrefutable. He has devised a complete explanation. +To refute him someone would have to prove to him that there is no +devil, or another peasant would have to explain to him that it is +not the devil but a German, who moves the locomotive. Only then, as +a result of the contradiction, will they see that they are both wrong. +But the man who says that the movement of the wheels is the cause +refutes himself, for having once begun to analyze he ought to go on +and explain further why the wheels go round; and till he has reached +the ultimate cause of the movement of the locomotive in the pressure +of steam in the boiler, he has no right to stop in his search for +the cause. The man who explains the movement of the locomotive by +the smoke that is carried back has noticed that the wheels do not +supply an explanation and has taken the first sign that occurs to +him and in his turn has offered that as an explanation. + +The only conception that can explain the movement of the +locomotive is that of a force commensurate with the movement observed. + +The only conception that can explain the movement of the peoples +is that of some force commensurate with the whole movement of the +peoples. + +Yet to supply this conception various historians take forces of +different kinds, all of which are incommensurate with the movement +observed. Some see it as a force directly inherent in heroes, as the +peasant sees the devil in the locomotive; others as a force +resulting from several other forces, like the movement of the +wheels; others again as an intellectual influence, like the smoke that +is blown away. + +So long as histories are written of separate individuals, whether +Caesars, Alexanders, Luthers, or Voltaires, and not the histories of +all, absolutely all those who take part in an event, it is quite +impossible to describe the movement of humanity without the conception +of a force compelling men to direct their activity toward a certain +end. And the only such conception known to historians is that of +power. + +This conception is the one handle by means of which the material +of history, as at present expounded, can be dealt with, and anyone who +breaks that handle off, as Buckle did, without finding some other +method of treating historical material, merely deprives himself of the +one possible way of dealing with it. The necessity of the conception +of power as an explanation of historical events is best demonstrated +by the universal historians and historians of culture themselves, +for they professedly reject that conception but inevitably have +recourse to it at every step. + +In dealing with humanity's inquiry, the science of history up to now +is like money in circulation--paper money and coin. The biographies +and special national histories are like paper money. They can be +used and can circulate and fulfill their purpose without harm to +anyone and even advantageously, as long as no one asks what is the +security behind them. You need only forget to ask how the will of +heroes produces events, and such histories as Thiers' will be +interesting and instructive and may perhaps even possess a tinge of +poetry. But just as doubts of the real value of paper money arise +either because, being easy to make, too much of it gets made or +because people try to exchange it for gold, so also doubts +concerning the real value of such histories arise either because too +many of them are written or because in his simplicity of heart someone +inquires: by what force did Napoleon do this?--that is, wants to +exchange the current paper money for the real gold of actual +comprehension. + +The writers of universal histories and of the history of culture are +like people who, recognizing the defects of paper money, decide to +substitute for it money made of metal that has not the specific +gravity of gold. It may indeed make jingling coin, but will do no more +than that. Paper money may deceive the ignorant, but nobody is +deceived by tokens of base metal that have no value but merely jingle. +As gold is gold only if it is serviceable not merely for exchange +but also for use, so universal historians will be valuable only when +they can reply to history's essential question: what is power? The +universal historians give contradictory replies to that question, +while the historians of culture evade it and answer something quite +different. And as counters of imitation gold can be used only among +a group of people who agree to accept them as gold, or among those who +do not know the nature of gold, so universal historians and historians +of culture, not answering humanity's essential question, serve as +currency for some purposes of their own, only in universities and +among the mass of readers who have a taste for what they call "serious +reading." + + + + + +CHAPTER IV + + +Having abandoned the conception of the ancients as to the divine +subjection of the will of a nation to some chosen man and the +subjection of that man's will to the Deity, history cannot without +contradictions take a single step till it has chosen one of two +things: either a return to the former belief in the direct +intervention of the Deity in human affairs or a definite explanation +of the meaning of the force producing historical events and termed +"power." + +A return to the first is impossible, the belief has been +destroyed; and so it is essential to explain what is meant by power. + +Napoleon ordered an army to be raised and go to war. We are so +accustomed to that idea and have become so used to it that the +question: why did six hundred thousand men go to fight when Napoleon +uttered certain words, seems to us senseless. He had the power and +so what he ordered was done. + +This reply is quite satisfactory if we believe that the power was +given him by God. But as soon as we do not admit that, it becomes +essential to determine what is this power of one man over others. + +It cannot be the direct physical power of a strong man over a weak +one--a domination based on the application or threat of physical +force, like the power of Hercules; nor can it be based on the effect +of moral force, as in their simplicity some historians think who say +that the leading figures in history are heroes, that is, men gifted +with a special strength of soul and mind called genius. This power +cannot be based on the predominance of moral strength, for, not to +mention heroes such as Napoleon about whose moral qualities opinions +differ widely, history shows us that neither a Louis XI nor a +Metternich, who ruled over millions of people, had any particular +moral qualities, but on the contrary were generally morally weaker +than any of the millions they ruled over. + +If the source of power lies neither in the physical nor in the moral +qualities of him who possesses it, it must evidently be looked for +elsewhere--in the relation to the people of the man who wields the +power. + +And that is how power is understood by the science of jurisprudence, +that exchange bank of history which offers to exchange history's +understanding of power for true gold. + +Power is the collective will of the people transferred, by expressed +or tacit consent, to their chosen rulers. + +In the domain of jurisprudence, which consists of discussions of how +a state and power might be arranged were it possible for all that to +be arranged, it is all very clear; but when applied to history that +definition of power needs explanation. + +The science of jurisprudence regards the state and power as the +ancients regarded fire--namely, as something existing absolutely. +But for history, the state and power are merely phenomena, just as for +modern physics fire is not an element but a phenomenon. + +From this fundamental difference between the view held by history +and that held by jurisprudence, it follows that jurisprudence can tell +minutely how in its opinion power should be constituted and what +power--existing immutably outside time--is, but to history's questions +about the meaning of the mutations of power in time it can answer +nothing. + +If power be the collective will of the people transferred to their +ruler, was Pugachev a representative of the will of the people? If +not, then why was Napoleon I? Why was Napoleon III a criminal when +he was taken prisoner at Boulogne, and why, later on, were those +criminals whom he arrested? + +Do palace revolutions--in which sometimes only two or three people +take part--transfer the will of the people to a new ruler? In +international relations, is the will of the people also transferred to +their conqueror? Was the will of the Confederation of the Rhine +transferred to Napoleon in 1806? Was the will of the Russian people +transferred to Napoleon in 1809, when our army in alliance with the +French went to fight the Austrians? + +To these questions three answers are possible: + +Either to assume (1) that the will of the people is always +unconditionally transferred to the ruler or rulers they have chosen, +and that therefore every emergence of a new power, every struggle +against the power once appointed, should be absolutely regarded as +an infringement of the real power; or (2) that the will of the +people is transferred to the rulers conditionally, under definite +and known conditions, and to show that all limitations, conflicts, and +even destructions of power result from a nonobservance by the rulers +of the conditions under which their power was entrusted to them; or +(3) that the will of the people is delegated to the rulers +conditionally, but that the conditions are unknown and indefinite, and +that the appearance of several authorities, their struggles and +their falls, result solely from the greater or lesser fulfillment by +the rulers of these unknown conditions on which the will of the people +is transferred from some people to others. + +And these are the three ways in which the historians do explain +the relation of the people to their rulers. + +Some historians--those biographical and specialist historians +already referred to--in their simplicity failing to understand the +question of the meaning of power, seem to consider that the collective +will of the people is unconditionally transferred to historical +persons, and therefore when describing some single state they assume +that particular power to be the one absolute and real power, and +that any other force opposing this is not a power but a violation of +power--mere violence. + +Their theory, suitable for primitive and peaceful periods of +history, has the inconvenience--in application to complex and stormy +periods in the life of nations during which various powers arise +simultaneously and struggle with one another--that a Legitimist +historian will prove that the National Convention, the Directory, +and Bonaparte were mere infringers of the true power, while a +Republican and a Bonapartist will prove: the one that the Convention +and the other that the Empire was the real power, and that all the +others were violations of power. Evidently the explanations +furnished by these historians being mutually contradictory can only +satisfy young children. + +Recognizing the falsity of this view of history, another set of +historians say that power rests on a conditional delegation of the +will of the people to their rulers, and that historical leaders have +power only conditionally on carrying out the program that the will +of the people has by tacit agreement prescribed to them. But what this +program consists in these historians do not say, or if they do they +continually contradict one another. + +Each historian, according to his view of what constitutes a nation's +progress, looks for these conditions in the greatness, wealth, +freedom, or enlightenment of citizens of France or some other country. +But not to mention the historians' contradictions as to the nature +of this program--or even admitting that some one general program of +these conditions exists--the facts of history almost always contradict +that theory. If the conditions under which power is entrusted +consist in the wealth, freedom, and enlightenment of the people, how +is it that Louis XIV and Ivan the Terrible end their reigns +tranquilly, while Louis XVI and Charles I are executed by their +people? To this question historians reply that Louis XIV's activity, +contrary to the program, reacted on Louis XVI. But why did it not +react on Louis XIV or on Louis XV--why should it react just on Louis +XVI? And what is the time limit for such reactions? To these questions +there are and can be no answers. Equally little does this view explain +why for several centuries the collective will is not withdrawn from +certain rulers and their heirs, and then suddenly during a period of +fifty years is transferred to the Convention, to the Directory, to +Napoleon, to Alexander, to Louis XVIII, to Napoleon again, to +Charles X, to Louis Philippe, to a Republican government, and to +Napoleon III. When explaining these rapid transfers of the people's +will from one individual to another, especially in view of +international relations, conquests, and alliances, the historians +are obliged to admit that some of these transfers are not normal +delegations of the people's will but are accidents dependent on +cunning, on mistakes, on craft, or on the weakness of a diplomatist, a +ruler, or a party leader. So that the greater part of the events of +history--civil wars, revolutions, and conquests--are presented by +these historians not as the results of free transferences of the +people's will, but as results of the ill-directed will of one or +more individuals, that is, once again, as usurpations of power. And so +these historians also see and admit historical events which are +exceptions to the theory. + +These historians resemble a botanist who, having noticed that some +plants grow from seeds producing two cotyledons, should insist that +all that grows does so by sprouting into two leaves, and that the +palm, the mushroom, and even the oak, which blossom into full growth +and no longer resemble two leaves, are deviations from the theory. + +Historians of the third class assume that the will of the people +is transferred to historic personages conditionally, but that the +conditions are unknown to us. They say that historical personages have +power only because they fulfill the will of the people which has +been delegated to them. + +But in that case, if the force that moves nations lies not in the +historic leaders but in the nations themselves, what significance have +those leaders? + +The leaders, these historians tell us, express the will of the +people: the activity of the leaders represents the activity of the +people. + +But in that case the question arises whether all the activity of the +leaders serves as an expression of the people's will or only some part +of it. If the whole activity of the leaders serves as the expression +of the people's will, as some historians suppose, then all the details +of the court scandals contained in the biographies of a Napoleon or +a Catherine serve to express the life of the nation, which is +evident nonsense; but if it is only some particular side of the +activity of an historical leader which serves to express the +people's life, as other so-called "philosophical" historians +believe, then to determine which side of the activity of a leader +expresses the nation's life, we have first of all to know in what +the nation's life consists. + +Met by this difficulty historians of that class devise some most +obscure, impalpable, and general abstraction which can cover all +conceivable occurrences, and declare this abstraction to be the aim of +humanity's movement. The most usual generalizations adopted by +almost all the historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, +progress, civilization, and culture. Postulating some generalization +as the goal of the movement of humanity, the historians study the +men of whom the greatest number of monuments have remained: kings, +ministers, generals, authors, reformers, popes, and journalists, to +the extent to which in their opinion these persons have promoted or +hindered that abstraction. But as it is in no way proved that the +aim of humanity does consist in freedom, equality, enlightenment, or +civilization, and as the connection of the people with the rulers +and enlighteners of humanity is only based on the arbitrary assumption +that the collective will of the people is always transferred to the +men whom we have noticed, it happens that the activity of the millions +who migrate, burn houses, abandon agriculture, and destroy one another +never is expressed in the account of the activity of some dozen people +who did not burn houses, practice agriculture, or slay their fellow +creatures. + +History proves this at every turn. Is the ferment of the peoples +of the west at the end of the eighteenth century and their drive +eastward explained by the activity of Louis XIV, XV, and XVI, their +mistresses and ministers, and by the lives of Napoleon, Rousseau, +Diderot, Beaumarchais, and others? + +Is the movement of the Russian people eastward to Kazan and +Siberia expressed by details of the morbid character of Ivan the +Terrible and by his correspondence with Kurbski? + +Is the movement of the peoples at the time of the Crusades explained +by the life and activity of the Godfreys and the Louis-es and their +ladies? For us that movement of the peoples from west to east, without +leaders, with a crowd of vagrants, and with Peter the Hermit, +remains incomprehensible. And yet more incomprehensible is the +cessation of that movement when a rational and sacred aim for the +Crusade--the deliverance of Jerusalem--had been clearly defined by +historic leaders. Popes, kings, and knights incited the peoples to +free the Holy Land; but the people did not go, for the unknown cause +which had previously impelled them to go no longer existed. The +history of the Godfreys and the Minnesingers can evidently not cover +the life of the peoples. And the history of the Godfreys and the +Minnesingers has remained the history of Godfreys and Minnesingers, +but the history of the life of the peoples and their impulses has +remained unknown. + +Still less does the history of authors and reformers explain to us +the life of the peoples. + +The history of culture explains to us the impulses and conditions of +life and thought of a writer or a reformer. We learn that Luther had a +hot temper and said such and such things; we learn that Rousseau was +suspicious and wrote such and such books; but we do not learn why +after the Reformation the peoples massacred one another, nor why +during the French Revolution they guillotined one another. + +If we unite both these kinds of history, as is done by the newest +historians, we shall have the history of monarchs and writers, but not +the history of the life of the peoples. + + + + + +CHAPTER V + + +The life of the nations is not contained in the lives of a few +men, for the connection between those men and the nations has not been +found. The theory that this connection is based on the transference of +the collective will of a people to certain historical personages is an +hypothesis unconfirmed by the experience of history. + +The theory of the transference of the collective will of the +people to historic persons may perhaps explain much in the domain of +jurisprudence and be essential for its purposes, but in its +application to history, as soon as revolutions, conquests, or civil +wars occur--that is, as soon as history begins--that theory explains +nothing. + +The theory seems irrefutable just because the act of transference of +the people's will cannot be verified, for it never occurred. + +Whatever happens and whoever may stand at the head of affairs, the +theory can always say that such and such a person took the lead +because the collective will was transferred to him. + +The replies this theory gives to historical questions are like the +replies of a man who, watching the movements of a herd of cattle and +paying no attention to the varying quality of the pasturage in +different parts of the field, or to the driving of the herdsman, +should attribute the direction the herd takes to what animal happens +to be at its head. + +"The herd goes in that direction because the animal in front leads +it and the collective will of all the other animals is vested in +that leader." This is what historians of the first class say--those +who assume the unconditional transference of the people's will. + +"If the animals leading the herd change, this happens because the +collective will of all the animals is transferred from one leader to +another, according to whether the animal is or is not leading them +in the direction selected by the whole herd." Such is the reply +historians who assume that the collective will of the people is +delegated to rulers under conditions which they regard as known. (With +this method of observation it often happens that the observer, +influenced by the direction he himself prefers, regards those as +leaders who, owing to the people's change of direction, are no +longer in front, but on one side, or even in the rear.) + +"If the animals in front are continually changing and the +direction of the whole herd is constantly altered, this is because +in order to follow a given direction the animals transfer their will +to the animals that have attracted our attention, and to study the +movements of the herd we must watch the movements of all the prominent +animals moving on all sides of the herd." So say the third class of +historians who regard all historical persons, from monarchs to +journalists, as the expression of their age. + +The theory of the transference of the will of the people to historic +persons is merely a paraphrase--a restatement of the question in other +words. + +What causes historical events? Power. What is power? Power is the +collective will of the people transferred to one person. Under what +condition is the will of the people delegated to one person? On +condition that that person expresses the will of the whole people. +That is, power is power: in other words, power is a word the meaning +of which we do not understand. + + +If the realm of human knowledge were confined to abstract reasoning, +then having subjected to criticism the explanation of "power" that +juridical science gives us, humanity would conclude that power is +merely a word and has no real existence. But to understand phenomena +man has, besides abstract reasoning, experience by which he verifies +his reflections. And experience tells us that power is not merely a +word but an actually existing phenomenon. + +Not to speak of the fact that no description of the collective +activity of men can do without the conception of power, the +existence of power is proved both by history and by observing +contemporary events. + +Whenever an event occurs a man appears or men appear, by whose +will the event seems to have taken place. Napoleon III issues a decree +and the French go to Mexico. The King of Prussia and Bismarck issue +decrees and an army enters Bohemia. Napoleon I issues a decree and +an army enters Russia. Alexander I gives a command and the French +submit to the Bourbons. Experience shows us that whatever event occurs +it is always related to the will of one or of several men who have +decreed it. + +The historians, in accord with the old habit of acknowledging divine +intervention in human affairs, want to see the cause of events in +the expression of the will of someone endowed with power, but that +supposition is not confirmed either by reason or by experience. + +On the one side reflection shows that the expression of a man's +will--his words--are only part of the general activity expressed in an +event, as for instance in a war or a revolution, and so without +assuming an incomprehensible, supernatural force--a miracle--one +cannot admit that words can be the immediate cause of the movements of +millions of men. On the other hand, even if we admitted that words +could be the cause of events, history shows that the expression of the +will of historical personages does not in most cases produce any +effect, that is to say, their commands are often not executed, and +sometimes the very opposite of what they order occurs. + +Without admitting divine intervention in the affairs of humanity +we cannot regard "power" as the cause of events. + +Power, from the standpoint of experience, is merely the relation +that exists between the expression of someone's will and the execution +of that will by others. + +To explain the conditions of that relationship we must first +establish a conception of the expression of will, referring it to +man and not to the Deity. + +If the Deity issues a command, expresses His will, as ancient +history tells us, the expression of that will is independent of time +and is not caused by anything, for the Divinity is not controlled by +an event. But speaking of commands that are the expression of the will +of men acting in time and in relation to one another, to explain the +connection of commands with events we must restore: (1) the +condition of all that takes place: the continuity of movement in +time both of the events and of the person who commands, and (2) the +inevitability of the connection between the person commanding and +those who execute his command. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI + + +Only the expression of the will of the Deity, not dependent on time, +can relate to a whole series of events occurring over a period of +years or centuries, and only the Deity, independent of everything, can +by His sole will determine the direction of humanity's movement; but +man acts in time and himself takes part in what occurs. + +Reinstating the first condition omitted, that of time, we see that +no command can be executed without some preceding order having been +given rendering the execution of the last command possible. + +No command ever appears spontaneously, or itself covers a whole +series of occurrences; but each command follows from another, and +never refers to a whole series of events but always to one moment only +of an event. + +When, for instance, we say that Napoleon ordered armies to go to +war, we combine in one simultaneous expression a whole series of +consecutive commands dependent one on another. Napoleon could not have +commanded an invasion of Russia and never did so. Today he ordered +such and such papers to be written to Vienna, to Berlin, and to +Petersburg; tomorrow such and such decrees and orders to the army, the +fleet, the commissariat, and so on and so on--millions of commands, +which formed a whole series corresponding to a series of events +which brought the French armies into Russia. + +If throughout his reign Napoleon gave commands concerning an +invasion of England and expended on no other undertaking so much +time and effort, and yet during his whole reign never once attempted +to execute that design but undertook an expedition into Russia, with +which country he considered it desirable to be in alliance (a +conviction he repeatedly expressed)--this came about because his +commands did not correspond to the course of events in the first case, +but did so correspond in the latter. + +For an order to be certainly executed, it is necessary that a man +should order what can be executed. But to know what can and what +cannot be executed is impossible, not only in the case of Napoleon's +invasion of Russia in which millions participated, but even in the +simplest event, for in either case millions of obstacles may arise +to prevent its execution. Every order executed is always one of an +immense number unexecuted. All the impossible orders inconsistent with +the course of events remain unexecuted. Only the possible ones get +linked up with a consecutive series of commands corresponding to a +series of events, and are executed. + +Our false conception that an event is caused by a command which +precedes it is due to the fact that when the event has taken place and +out of thousands of others those few commands which were consistent +with that event have been executed, we forget about the others that +were not executed because they could not be. Apart from that, the +chief source of our error in this matter is due to the fact that in +the historical accounts a whole series of innumerable, diverse, and +petty events, such for instance as all those which led the French +armies to Russia, is generalized into one event in accord with the +result produced by that series of events, and corresponding with +this generalization the whole series of commands is also generalized +into a single expression of will. + +We say that Napoleon wished to invade Russia and invaded it. In +reality in all Napoleon's activity we never find anything resembling +an expression of that wish, but find a series of orders, or +expressions of his will, very variously and indefinitely directed. +Amid a long series of unexecuted orders of Napoleon's one series, +for the campaign of 1812, was carried out--not because those orders +differed in any way from the other, unexecuted orders but because they +coincided with the course of events that led the French army into +Russia; just as in stencil work this or that figure comes out not +because the color was laid on from this side or in that way, but +because it was laid on from all sides over the figure cut in the +stencil. + +So that examining the relation in time of the commands to the +events, we find that a command can never be the cause of the event, +but that a certain definite dependence exists between the two. + +To understand in what this dependence consists it is necessary to +reinstate another omitted condition of every command proceeding not +from the Deity but from a man, which is, that the man who gives the +command himself takes part in. + +This relation of the commander to those he commands is just what +is called power. This relation consists in the following: + +For common action people always unite in certain combinations, in +which regardless of the difference of the aims set for the common +action, the relation between those taking part in it is always the +same. + +Men uniting in these combinations always assume such relations +toward one another that the larger number take a more direct share, +and the smaller number a less direct share, in the collective action +for which they have combined. + +Of all the combinations in which men unite for collective action one +of the most striking and definite examples is an army. + +Every army is composed of lower grades of the service--the rank +and file--of whom there are always the greatest number; of the next +higher military rank--corporals and noncommissioned officers of whom +there are fewer, and of still-higher officers of whom there are +still fewer, and so on to the highest military command which is +concentrated in one person. + +A military organization may be quite correctly compared to a cone, +of which the base with the largest diameter consists of the rank and +file; the next higher and smaller section of the cone consists of +the next higher grades of the army, and so on to the apex, the point +of which will represent the commander in chief. + +The soldiers, of whom there are the most, form the lower section +of the cone and its base. The soldier himself does the stabbing, +hacking, burning, and pillaging, and always receives orders for +these actions from men above him; he himself never gives an order. The +noncommissioned officers (of whom there are fewer) perform the +action itself less frequently than the soldiers, but they already give +commands. An officer still less often acts directly himself, but +commands still more frequently. A general does nothing but command the +troops, indicates the objective, and hardly ever uses a weapon +himself. The commander in chief never takes direct part in the +action itself, but only gives general orders concerning the movement +of the mass of the troops. A similar relation of people to one another +is seen in every combination of men for common activity--in +agriculture, trade, and every administration. + +And so without particularly analyzing all the contiguous sections of +a cone and of the ranks of an army, or the ranks and positions in +any administrative or public business whatever from the lowest to +the highest, we see a law by which men, to take associated action, +combine in such relations that the more directly they participate in +performing the action the less they can command and the more +numerous they are, while the less their direct participation in the +action itself, the more they command and the fewer of them there +are; rising in this way from the lowest ranks to the man at the top, +who takes the least direct share in the action and directs his +activity chiefly to commanding. + +This relation of the men who command to those they command is what +constitutes the essence of the conception called power. + +Having restored the condition of time under which all events +occur, find that a command is executed only when it is related to a +corresponding series of events. Restoring the essential condition of +relation between those who command and those who execute, we find that +by the very nature of the case those who command take the smallest +part in the action itself and that their activity is exclusively +directed to commanding. + + + + + +CHAPTER VII + + +When an event is taking place people express their opinions and +wishes about it, and as the event results from the collective activity +of many people, some one of the opinions or wishes expressed is sure +to be fulfilled if but approximately. When one of the opinions +expressed is fulfilled, that opinion gets connected with the event +as a command preceding it. + +Men are hauling a log. Each of them expresses his opinion as to +how and where to haul it. They haul the log away, and it happens +that this is done as one of them said. He ordered it. There we have +command and power in their primary form. The man who worked most +with his hands could not think so much about what he was doing, or +reflect on or command what would result from the common activity; +while the man who commanded more would evidently work less with his +hands on account of his greater verbal activity. + +When some larger concourse of men direct their activity to a +common aim there is a yet sharper division of those who, because their +activity is given to directing and commanding, take less less part +in the direct work. + +When a man works alone he always has a certain set of reflections +which as it seems to him directed his past activity, justify his +present activity, and guide him in planning his future actions. Just +the same is done by a concourse of people, allowing those who do not +take a direct part in the activity to devise considerations, +justifications, and surmises concerning their collective activity. + +For reasons known or unknown to us the French began to drown and +kill one another. And corresponding to the event its justification +appears in people's belief that this was necessary for the welfare +of France, for liberty, and for equality. People ceased to kill one +another, and this event was accompanied by its justification in the +necessity for a centralization of power, resistance to Europe, and +so on. Men went from the west to the east killing their fellow men, +and the event was accompanied by phrases about the glory of France, +the baseness of England, and so on. History shows us that these +justifications of the events have no common sense and are all +contradictory, as in the case of killing a man as the result of +recognizing his rights, and the killing of millions in Russia for +the humiliation of England. But these justifications have a very +necessary significance in their own day. + +These justifications release those who produce the events from moral +responsibility. These temporary aims are like the broom fixed in front +of a locomotive to clear the snow from the rails in front: they +clear men's moral responsibilities from their path. + +Without such justification there would be no reply to the simplest +question that presents itself when examining each historical event. +How is it that millions of men commit collective crimes--make war, +commit murder, and so on? + +With the present complex forms of political and social life in +Europe can any event that is not prescribed, decreed, or ordered by +monarchs, ministers, parliaments, or newspapers be imagined? Is +there any collective action which cannot find its justification in +political unity, in patriotism, in the balance of power, or in +civilization? So that every event that occurs inevitably coincides +with some expressed wish and, receiving a justification, presents +itself as the result of the will of one man or of several men. + +In whatever direction a ship moves, the flow of the waves it cuts +will always be noticeable ahead of it. To those on board the ship +the movement of those waves will be the only perceptible motion. + +Only by watching closely moment by moment the movement of that +flow and comparing it with the movement of the ship do we convince +ourselves that every bit of it is occasioned by the forward movement +of the ship, and that we were led into error by the fact that we +ourselves were imperceptibly moving. + +We see the same if we watch moment by moment the movement of +historical characters (that is, re-establish the inevitable +condition of all that occurs--the continuity of movement in time) +and do not lose sight of the essential connection of historical +persons with the masses. + +When the ship moves in one direction there is one and the same +wave ahead of it, when it turns frequently the wave ahead of it also +turns frequently. But wherever it may turn there always will be the +wave anticipating its movement. + +Whatever happens it always appears that just that event was foreseen +and decreed. Wherever the ship may go, the rush of water which neither +directs nor increases its movement foams ahead of it, and at a +distance seems to us not merely to move of itself but to govern the +ship's movement also. + + +Examining only those expressions of the will of historical persons +which, as commands, were related to events, historians have assumed +that the events depended on those commands. But examining the events +themselves and the connection in which the historical persons stood to +the people, we have found that they and their orders were dependent on +events. The incontestable proof of this deduction is that, however +many commands were issued, the event does not take place unless +there are other causes for it, but as soon as an event occurs--be it +what it may--then out of all the continually expressed wishes of +different people some will always be found which by their meaning +and their time of utterance are related as commands to the events. + +Arriving at this conclusion we can reply directly and positively +to these two essential questions of history: + +(1) What is power? + +(2) What force produces the movement of the nations? + +(1) Power is the relation of a given person to other individuals, in +which the more this person expresses opinions, predictions, and +justifications of the collective action that is performed, the less is +his participation in that action. + +(2) The movement of nations is caused not by power, nor by +intellectual activity, nor even by a combination of the two as +historians have supposed, but by the activity of all the people who +participate in the events, and who always combine in such a way that +those taking the largest direct share in the event take on +themselves the least responsibility and vice versa. + +Morally the wielder of power appears to cause the event; +physically it is those who submit to the power. But as the moral +activity is inconceivable without the physical, the cause of the event +is neither in the one nor in the other but in the union of the two. + +Or in other words, the conception of a cause is inapplicable to +the phenomena we are examining. + +In the last analysis we reach the circle of infinity--that final +limit to which in every domain of thought man's reason arrives if it +is not playing with the subject. Electricity produces heat, heat +produces electricity. Atoms attract each other and atoms repel one +another. + +Speaking of the interaction of heat and electricity and of atoms, we +cannot say why this occurs, and we say that it is so because it is +inconceivable otherwise, because it must be so and that it is a law. +The same applies to historical events. Why war and revolution occur we +do not know. We only know that to produce the one or the other action, +people combine in a certain formation in which they all take part, and +we say that this is so because it is unthinkable otherwise, or in +other words that it is a law. + + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + + +If history dealt only with external phenomena, the establishment +of this simple and obvious law would suffice and we should have +finished our argument. But the law of history relates to man. A +particle of matter cannot tell us that it does not feel the law of +attraction or repulsion and that that law is untrue, but man, who is +the subject of history, says plainly: I am free and am therefore not +subject to the law. + +The presence of the problem of man's free will, though +unexpressed, is felt at every step of history. + +All seriously thinking historians have involuntarily encountered +this question. All the contradictions and obscurities of history and +the false path historical science has followed are due solely to the +lack of a solution of that question. + +If the will of every man were free, that is, if each man could act +as he pleased, all history would be a series of disconnected +incidents. + +If in a thousand years even one man in a million could act freely, +that is, as he chose, it is evident that one single free act of that +man's in violation of the laws governing human action would destroy +the possibility of the existence of any laws for the whole of +humanity. + +If there be a single law governing the actions of men, free will +cannot exist, for then man's will is subject to that law. + +In this contradiction lies the problem of free will, which from most +ancient times has occupied the best human minds and from most +ancient times has been presented in its whole tremendous significance. + +The problem is that regarding man as a subject of observation from +whatever point of view--theological, historical, ethical, or +philosophic--we find a general law of necessity to which he (like +all that exists) is subject. But regarding him from within ourselves +as what we are conscious of, we feel ourselves to be free. + +This consciousness is a source of self-cognition quite apart from +and independent of reason. Through his reason man observes himself, +but only through consciousness does he know himself. + +Apart from consciousness of self no observation or application of +reason is conceivable. + +To understand, observe, and draw conclusions, man must first of +all be conscious of himself as living. A man is only conscious of +himself as a living being by the fact that he wills, that is, is +conscious of his volition. But his will--which forms the essence of +his life--man recognizes (and can but recognize) as free. + +If, observing himself, man sees that his will is always directed +by one and the same law (whether he observes the necessity of taking +food, using his brain, or anything else) he cannot recognize this +never-varying direction of his will otherwise than as a limitation +of it. Were it not free it could not be limited. A man's will seems to +him to be limited just because he is not conscious of it except as +free. + +You say: I am not and am not free. But I have lifted my hand and let +it fall. Everyone understands that this illogical reply is an +irrefutable demonstration of freedom. + +That reply is the expression of a consciousness that is not +subject to reason. + +If the consciousness of freedom were not a separate and +independent source of self-consciousness it would be subject to +reasoning and to experience, but in fact such subjection does not +exist and is inconceivable. + +A series of experiments and arguments proves to every man that he, +as an object of observation, is subject to certain laws, and man +submits to them and never resists the laws of gravity or +impermeability once he has become acquainted with them. But the same +series of experiments and arguments proves to him that the complete +freedom of which he is conscious in himself is impossible, and that +his every action depends on his organization, his character, and the +motives acting upon him; yet man never submits to the deductions of +these experiments and arguments. Having learned from experiment and +argument that a stone falls downwards, a man indubitably believes this +and always expects the law that he has learned to be fulfilled. + +But learning just as certainly that his will is subject to laws, +he does not and cannot believe this. + +However often experiment and reasoning may show a man that under the +same conditions and with the same character he will do the same +thing as before, yet when under the same conditions and with the +same character he approaches for the thousandth time the action that +always ends in the same way, he feels as certainly convinced as before +the experiment that he can act as he pleases. Every man, savage or +sage, however incontestably reason and experiment may prove to him +that it is impossible to imagine two different courses of action in +precisely the same conditions, feels that without this irrational +conception (which constitutes the essence of freedom) he cannot +imagine life. He feels that however impossible it may be, it is so, +for without this conception of freedom not only would he be unable +to understand life, but he would be unable to live for a single +moment. + +He could not live, because all man's efforts, all his impulses to +life, are only efforts to increase freedom. Wealth and poverty, fame +and obscurity, power and subordination, strength and weakness, +health and disease, culture and ignorance, work and leisure, repletion +and hunger, virtue and vice, are only greater or lesser degrees of +freedom. + +A man having no freedom cannot be conceived of except as deprived of +life. + +If the conception of freedom appears to reason to be a senseless +contradiction like the possibility of performing two actions at one +and the same instant of time, or of an effect without a cause, that +only proves that consciousness is not subject to reason. + +This unshakable, irrefutable consciousness of freedom, +uncontrolled by experiment or argument, recognized by all thinkers and +felt by everyone without exception, this consciousness without which +no conception of man is possible constitutes the other side of the +question. + +Man is the creation of an all-powerful, all-good, and all-seeing +God. What is sin, the conception of which arises from the +consciousness of man's freedom? That is a question for theology. + +The actions of men are subject to general immutable laws expressed +in statistics. What is man's responsibility to society, the conception +of which results from the conception of freedom? That is a question +for jurisprudence. + +Man's actions proceed from his innate character and the motives +acting upon him. What is conscience and the perception of right and +wrong in actions that follows from the consciousness of freedom? +That is a question for ethics. + +Man in connection with the general life of humanity appears +subject to laws which determine that life. But the same man apart from +that connection appears to free. How should the past life of nations +and of humanity be regarded--as the result of the free, or as the +result of the constrained, activity of man? That is a question for +history. + +Only in our self-confident day of the popularization of knowledge- +thanks to that most powerful engine of ignorance, the diffusion of +printed matter--has the question of the freedom of will been put on +a level on which the question itself cannot exist. In our time the +majority of so-called advanced people--that is, the crowd of +ignoramuses--have taken the work of the naturalists who deal with +one side of the question for a solution of the whole problem. + +They say and write and print that the soul and freedom do not exist, +for the life of man is expressed by muscular movements and muscular +movements are conditioned by the activity of the nerves; the soul +and free will do not exist because at an unknown period of time we +sprang from the apes. They say this, not at all suspecting that +thousands of years ago that same law of necessity which with such +ardor they are now trying to prove by physiology and comparative +zoology was not merely acknowledged by all the religions and all the +thinkers, but has never been denied. They do not see that the role +of the natural sciences in this matter is merely to serve as an +instrument for the illumination of one side of it. For the fact +that, from the point of view of observation, reason and the will are +merely secretions of the brain, and that man following the general law +may have developed from lower animals at some unknown period of +time, only explains from a fresh side the truth admitted thousands +of years ago by all the religious and philosophic theories--that +from the point of view of reason man is subject to the law of +necessity; but it does not advance by a hair's breadth the solution of +the question, which has another, opposite, side, based on the +consciousness of freedom. + +If men descended from the apes at an unknown period of time, that is +as comprehensible as that they were made from a handful of earth at +a certain period of time (in the first case the unknown quantity is +the time, in the second case it is the origin); and the question of +how man's consciousness of freedom is to be reconciled with the law of +necessity to which he is subject cannot be solved by comparative +physiology and zoology, for in a frog, a rabbit, or an ape, we can +observe only the muscular nervous activity, but in man we observe +consciousness as well as the muscular and nervous activity. + +The naturalists and their followers, thinking they can solve this +question, are like plasterers set to plaster one side of the walls +of a church who, availing themselves of the absence of the chief +superintendent of the work, should in an access of zeal plaster over +the windows, icons, woodwork, and still unbuttressed walls, and should +be delighted that from their point of view as plasterers, everything +is now so smooth and regular. + + + + + +CHAPTER IX + + +For the solution of the question of free will or inevitability, +history has this advantage over other branches of knowledge in which +the question is dealt with, that for history this question does not +refer to the essence of man's free will but its manifestation in the +past and under certain conditions. + +In regard to this question, history stands to the other sciences +as experimental science stands to abstract science. + +The subject for history is not man's will itself but our +presentation of it. + +And so for history, the insoluble mystery presented by the +incompatibility of free will and inevitability does not exist as it +does for theology, ethics, and philosophy. History surveys a +presentation of man's life in which the union of these two +contradictions has already taken place. + +In actual life each historic event, each human action, is very +clearly and definitely understood without any sense of +contradiction, although each event presents itself as partly free +and partly compulsory. + +To solve the question of how freedom and necessity are combined +and what constitutes the essence of these two conceptions, the +philosophy of history can and should follow a path contrary to that +taken by other sciences. Instead of first defining the conceptions +of freedom and inevitability in themselves, and then ranging the +phenomena of life under those definitions, history should deduce a +definition of the conception of freedom and inevitability themselves +from the immense quantity of phenomena of which it is cognizant and +that always appear dependent on these two elements. + +Whatever presentation of the activity of many men or of an +individual we may consider, we always regard it as the result partly +of man's free will and partly of the law of inevitability. + +Whether we speak of the migration of the peoples and the +incursions of the barbarians, or of the decrees of Napoleon III, or of +someone's action an hour ago in choosing one direction out of +several for his walk, we are unconscious of any contradiction. The +degree of freedom and inevitability governing the actions of these +people is clearly defined for us. + +Our conception of the degree of freedom often varies according to +differences in the point of view from which we regard the event, but +every human action appears to us as a certain combination of freedom +and inevitability. In every action we examine we see a certain measure +of freedom and a certain measure of inevitability. And always the more +freedom we see in any action the less inevitability do we perceive, +and the more inevitability the less freedom. + +The proportion of freedom to inevitability decreases and increases +according to the point of view from which the action is regarded, +but their relation is always one of inverse proportion. + +A sinking man who clutches at another and drowns him; or a hungry +mother exhausted by feeding her baby, who steals some food; or a man +trained to discipline who on duty at the word of command kills a +defenseless man--seem less guilty, that is, less free and more subject +to the law of necessity, to one who knows the circumstances in which +these people were placed, and more free to one who does not know +that the man was himself drowning, that the mother was hungry, that +the soldier was in the ranks, and so on. Similarly a man who committed +a murder twenty years ago and has since lived peaceably and harmlessly +in society seems less guilty and his action more due to the law of +inevitability, to someone who considers his action after twenty +years have elapsed than to one who examined it the day after it was +committed. And in the same way every action of an insane, intoxicated, +or highly excited man appears less free and more inevitable to one who +knows the mental condition of him who committed the action, and +seems more free and less inevitable to one who does not know it. In +all these cases the conception of freedom is increased or diminished +and the conception of compulsion is correspondingly decreased or +increased, according to the point of view from which the action is +regarded. So that the greater the conception of necessity the +smaller the conception of freedom and vice versa. + +Religion, the common sense of mankind, the science of jurisprudence, +and history itself understand alike this relation between necessity +and freedom. + +All cases without exception in which our conception of freedom and +necessity is increased and diminished depend on three considerations: + +(1) The relation to the external world of the man who commits the +deeds. + +(2) His relation to time. + +(3) His relation to the causes leading to the action. + +The first consideration is the clearness of our perception of the +man's relation to the external world and the greater or lesser +clearness of our understanding of the definite position occupied by +the man in relation to everything coexisting with him. This is what +makes it evident that a drowning man is less free and more subject +to necessity than one standing on dry ground, and that makes the +actions of a man closely connected with others in a thickly +populated district, or of one bound by family, official, or business +duties, seem certainly less free and more subject to necessity than +those of a man living in solitude and seclusion. + +If we consider a man alone, apart from his relation to everything +around him, each action of his seems to us free. But if we see his +relation to anything around him, if we see his connection with +anything whatever--with a man who speaks to him, a book he reads, +the work on which he is engaged, even with the air he breathes or +the light that falls on the things about him--we see that each of +these circumstances has an influence on him and controls at least some +side of his activity. And the more we perceive of these influences the +more our conception of his freedom diminishes and the more our +conception of the necessity that weighs on him increases. + +The second consideration is the more or less evident time relation +of the man to the world and the clearness of our perception of the +place the man's action occupies in time. That is the ground which +makes the fall of the first man, resulting in the production of the +human race, appear evidently less free than a man's entry into +marriage today. It is the reason why the life and activity of people +who lived centuries ago and are connected with me in time cannot +seem to me as free as the life of a contemporary, the consequences +of which are still unknown to me. + +The degree of our conception of freedom or inevitability depends +in this respect on the greater or lesser lapse of time between the +performance of the action and our judgment of it. + +If I examine an act I performed a moment ago in approximately the +same circumstances as those I am in now, my action appears to me +undoubtedly free. But if I examine an act performed a month ago, +then being in different circumstances, I cannot help recognizing +that if that act had not been committed much that resulted from it- +good, agreeable, and even essential--would not have taken place. If +I reflect on an action still more remote, ten years ago or more, +then the consequences of my action are still plainer to me and I +find it hard to imagine what would have happened had that action not +been performed. The farther I go back in memory, or what is the same +thing the farther I go forward in my judgment, the more doubtful +becomes my belief in the freedom of my action. + +In history we find a very similar progress of conviction +concerning the part played by free will in the general affairs of +humanity. A contemporary event seems to us to be indubitably the doing +of all the known participants, but with a more remote event we already +see its inevitable results which prevent our considering anything else +possible. And the farther we go back in examining events the less +arbitrary do they appear. + +The Austro-Prussian war appears to us undoubtedly the result of +the crafty conduct of Bismarck, and so on. The Napoleonic wars still +seem to us, though already questionably, to be the outcome of their +heroes' will. But in the Crusades we already see an event occupying +its definite place in history and without which we cannot imagine +the modern history of Europe, though to the chroniclers of the +Crusades that event appeared as merely due to the will of certain +people. In regard to the migration of the peoples it does not enter +anyone's head today to suppose that the renovation of the European +world depended on Attila's caprice. The farther back in history the +object of our observation lies, the more doubtful does the free will +of those concerned in the event become and the more manifest the law +of inevitability. + +The third consideration is the degree to which we apprehend that +endless chain of causation inevitably demanded by reason, in which +each phenomenon comprehended, and therefore man's every action, must +have its definite place as a result of what has gone before and as a +cause of what will follow. + +The better we are acquainted with the physiological, +psychological, and historical laws deduced by observation and by which +man is controlled, and the more correctly we perceive the +physiological, psychological, and historical causes of the action, and +the simpler the action we are observing and the less complex the +character and mind of the man in question, the more subject to +inevitability and the less free do our actions and those of others +appear. + +When we do not at all understand the cause of an action, whether a +crime, a good action, or even one that is simply nonmoral, we +ascribe a greater amount of freedom to it. In the case of a crime we +most urgently demand the punishment for such an act; in the case of +a virtuous act we rate its merit most highly. In an indifferent case +we recognize in it more individuality, originality, and +independence. But if even one of the innumerable causes of the act +is known to us we recognize a certain element of necessity and are +less insistent on punishment for the crime, or the acknowledgment of +the merit of the virtuous act, or the freedom of the apparently +original action. That a criminal was reared among male factors +mitigates his fault in our eyes. The self-sacrifice of a father or +mother, or self-sacrifice with the possibility of a reward, is more +comprehensible than gratuitous self-sacrifice, and therefore seems +less deserving of sympathy and less the result of free will. The +founder of a sect or party, or an inventor, impresses us less when +we know how or by what the way was prepared for his activity. If we +have a large range of examples, if our observation is constantly +directed to seeking the correlation of cause and effect in people's +actions, their actions appear to us more under compulsion and less +free the more correctly we connect the effects with the causes. If +we examined simple actions and had a vast number of such actions under +observation, our conception of their inevitability would be still +greater. The dishonest conduct of the son of a dishonest father, the +misconduct of a woman who had fallen into bad company, a drunkard's +relapse into drunkenness, and so on are actions that seem to us less +free the better we understand their cause. If the man whose actions we +are considering is on a very low stage of mental development, like a +child, a madman, or a simpleton--then, knowing the causes of the act +and the simplicity of the character and intelligence in question, we +see so large an element of necessity and so little free will that as +soon as we know the cause prompting the action we can foretell the +result. + +On these three considerations alone is based the conception of +irresponsibility for crimes and the extenuating circumstances admitted +by all legislative codes. The responsibility appears greater or less +according to our greater or lesser knowledge of the circumstances in +which the man was placed whose action is being judged, and according +to the greater or lesser interval of time between the commission of +the action and its investigation, and according to the greater or +lesser understanding of the causes that led to the action. + + + + + +CHAPTER X + + +Thus our conception of free will and inevitability gradually +diminishes or increases according to the greater or lesser +connection with the external world, the greater or lesser remoteness +of time, and the greater or lesser dependence on the causes in +relation to which we contemplate a man's life. + +So that if we examine the case of a man whose connection with the +external world is well known, where the time between the action and +its examination is great, and where the causes of the action are +most accessible, we get the conception of a maximum of inevitability +and a minimum of free will. If we examine a man little dependent on +external conditions, whose action was performed very recently, and the +causes of whose action are beyond our ken, we get the conception of +a minimum of inevitability and a maximum of freedom. + +In neither case--however we may change our point of view, however +plain we may make to ourselves the connection between the man and +the external world, however inaccessible it may be to us, however long +or short the period of time, however intelligible or +incomprehensible the causes of the action may be--can we ever conceive +either complete freedom or complete necessity. + +(1) To whatever degree we may imagine a man to be exempt from the +influence of the external world, we never get a conception of +freedom in space. Every human action is inevitably conditioned by what +surrounds him and by his own body. I lift my arm and let it fall. My +action seems to me free; but asking myself whether I could raise my +arm in every direction, I see that I raised it in the direction in +which there was least obstruction to that action either from things +around me or from the construction of my own body. I chose one out +of all the possible directions because in it there were fewest +obstacles. For my action to be free it was necessary that it should +encounter no obstacles. To conceive of a man being free we must +imagine him outside space, which is evidently impossible. + +(2) However much we approximate the time of judgment to the time +of the deed, we never get a conception of freedom in time. For if I +examine an action committed a second ago I must still recognize it +as not being free, for it is irrevocably linked to the moment at which +it was committed. Can I lift my arm? I lift it, but ask myself: +could I have abstained from lifting my arm at the moment that has +already passed? To convince myself of this I do not lift it the next +moment. But I am not now abstaining from doing so at the first +moment when I asked the question. Time has gone by which I could not +detain, the arm I then lifted is no longer the same as the arm I now +refrain from lifting, nor is the air in which I lifted it the same +that now surrounds me. The moment in which the first movement was made +is irrevocable, and at that moment I could make only one movement, and +whatever movement I made would be the only one. That I did not lift my +arm a moment later does not prove that I could have abstained from +lifting it then. And since I could make only one movement at that +single moment of time, it could not have been any other. To imagine it +as free, it is necessary to imagine it in the present, on the boundary +between the past and the future--that is, outside time, which is +impossible. + +(3) However much the difficulty of understanding the causes may be +increased, we never reach a conception of complete freedom, that is, +an absence of cause. However inaccessible to us may be the cause of +the expression of will in any action, our own or another's, the +first demand of reason is the assumption of and search for a cause, +for without a cause no phenomenon is conceivable. I raise my arm to +perform an action independently of any cause, but my wish to perform +an action without a cause is the cause of my action. + +But even if--imagining a man quite exempt from all influences, +examining only his momentary action in the present, unevoked by any +cause--we were to admit so infinitely small a remainder of +inevitability as equaled zero, we should even then not have arrived at +the conception of complete freedom in man, for a being uninfluenced by +the external world, standing outside of time and independent of cause, +is no longer a man. + +In the same way we can never imagine the action of a man quite +devoid of freedom and entirely subject to the law of inevitability. + +(1) However we may increase our knowledge of the conditions of space +in which man is situated, that knowledge can never be complete, for +the number of those conditions is as infinite as the infinity of +space. And therefore so long as not all the conditions influencing men +are defined, there is no complete inevitability but a certain +measure of freedom remains. + +(2) However we may prolong the period of time between the action +we are examining and the judgment upon it, that period will be finite, +while time is infinite, and so in this respect too there can never +be absolute inevitability. + +(3) However accessible may be the chain of causation of any +action, we shall never know the whole chain since it is endless, and +so again we never reach absolute inevitability. + +But besides this, even if, admitting the remaining minimum of +freedom to equal zero, we assumed in some given case--as for +instance in that of a dying man, an unborn babe, or an idiot--complete +absence of freedom, by so doing we should destroy the very +conception of man in the case we are examining, for as soon as there +is no freedom there is also no man. And so the conception of the +action of a man subject solely to the law of inevitability without any +element of freedom is just as impossible as the conception of a +man's completely free action. + +And so to imagine the action of a man entirely subject to the law of +inevitability without any freedom, we must assume the knowledge of +an infinite number of space relations, an infinitely long period of +time, and an infinite series of causes. + +To imagine a man perfectly free and not subject to the law of +inevitability, we must imagine him all alone, beyond space, beyond +time, and free from dependence on cause. + +In the first case, if inevitability were possible without freedom we +should have reached a definition of inevitability by the laws of +inevitability itself, that is, a mere form without content. + +In the second case, if freedom were possible without inevitability +we should have arrived at unconditioned freedom beyond space, time, +and cause, which by the fact of its being unconditioned and +unlimited would be nothing, or mere content without form. + +We should in fact have reached those two fundamentals of which man's +whole outlook on the universe is constructed--the incomprehensible +essence of life, and the laws defining that essence. + +Reason says: (1) space with all the forms of matter that give it +visibility is infinite, and cannot be imagined otherwise. (2) Time +is infinite motion without a moment of rest and is unthinkable +otherwise. (3) The connection between cause and effect has no +beginning and can have no end. + +Consciousness says: (1) I alone am, and all that exists is but me, +consequently I include space. (2) I measure flowing time by the +fixed moment of the present in which alone I am conscious of myself as +living, consequently I am outside time. (3) I am beyond cause, for I +feel myself to be the cause of every manifestation of my life. + +Reason gives expression to the laws of inevitability. +Consciousness gives expression to the essence of freedom. + +Freedom not limited by anything is the essence of life, in man's +consciousness. Inevitability without content is man's reason in its +three forms. + +Freedom is the thing examined. Inevitability is what examines. +Freedom is the content. Inevitability is the form. + +Only by separating the two sources of cognition, related to one +another as form to content, do we get the mutually exclusive and +separately incomprehensible conceptions of freedom and inevitability. + +Only by uniting them do we get a clear conception of man's life. + +Apart from these two concepts which in their union mutually define +one another as form and content, no conception of life is possible. + +All that we know of the life of man is merely a certain relation +of free will to inevitability, that is, of consciousness to the laws +of reason. + +All that we know of the external world of nature is only a certain +relation of the forces of nature to inevitability, or of the essence +of life to the laws of reason. + +The great natural forces lie outside us and we are not conscious +of them; we call those forces gravitation, inertia, electricity, +animal force, and so on, but we are conscious of the force of life +in man and we call that freedom. + +But just as the force of gravitation, incomprehensible in itself but +felt by every man, is understood by us only to the extent to which +we know the laws of inevitability to which it is subject (from the +first knowledge that all bodies have weight, up to Newton's law), so +too the force of free will, incomprehensible in itself but of which +everyone is conscious, is intelligible to us only in as far as we know +the laws of inevitability to which it is subject (from the fact that +every man dies, up to the knowledge of the most complex economic and +historic laws). + +All knowledge is merely a bringing of this essence of life under the +laws of reason. + +Man's free will differs from every other force in that man is +directly conscious of it, but in the eyes of reason it in no way +differs from any other force. The forces of gravitation, +electricity, or chemical affinity are only distinguished from one +another in that they are differently defined by reason. Just so the +force of man's free will is distinguished by reason from the other +forces of nature only by the definition reason gives it. Freedom, +apart from necessity, that is, apart from the laws of reason that +define it, differs in no way from gravitation, or heat, or the force +that makes things grow; for reason, it is only a momentary undefinable +sensation of life. + +And as the undefinable essence of the force moving the heavenly +bodies, the undefinable essence of the forces of heat and electricity, +or of chemical affinity, or of the vital force, forms the content of +astronomy, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and so on, just in the +same way does the force of free will form the content of history. +But just as the subject of every science is the manifestation of +this unknown essence of life while that essence itself can only be the +subject of metaphysics, even the manifestation of the force of free +will in human beings in space, in time, and in dependence on cause +forms the subject of history, while free will itself is the subject of +metaphysics. + +In the experimental sciences what we know we call the laws of +inevitability, what is unknown to us we call vital force. Vital +force is only an expression for the unknown remainder over and above +what we know of the essence of life. + +So also in history what is known to us we call laws of +inevitability, what is unknown we call free will. Free will is for +history only an expression for the unknown remainder of what we know +about the laws of human life. + + + + + +CHAPTER XI + + +History examines the manifestations of man's free will in connection +with the external world in time and in dependence on cause, that is, +it defines this freedom by the laws of reason, and so history is a +science only in so far as this free will is defined by those laws. + +The recognition of man's free will as something capable of +influencing historical events, that is, as not subject to laws, is the +same for history as the recognition of a free force moving the +heavenly bodies would be for astronomy. + +That assumption would destroy the possibility of the existence of +laws, that is, of any science whatever. If there is even a single body +moving freely, then the laws of Kepler and Newton are negatived and no +conception of the movement of the heavenly bodies any longer exists. +If any single action is due to free will, then not a single historical +law can exist, nor any conception of historical events. + +For history, lines exist of the movement of human wills, one end +of which is hidden in the unknown but at the other end of which a +consciousness of man's will in the present moves in space, time, and +dependence on cause. + +The more this field of motion spreads out before our eyes, the +more evident are the laws of that movement. To discover and define +those laws is the problem of history. + +From the standpoint from which the science of history now regards +its subject on the path it now follows, seeking the causes of events +in man's freewill, a scientific enunciation of those laws is +impossible, for however man's free will may be restricted, as soon +as we recognize it as a force not subject to law, the existence of law +becomes impossible. + +Only by reducing this element of free will to the infinitesimal, +that is, by regarding it as an infinitely small quantity, can we +convince ourselves of the absolute inaccessibility of the causes, +and then instead of seeking causes, history will take the discovery of +laws as its problem. + +The search for these laws has long been begun and the new methods of +thought which history must adopt are being worked out simultaneously +with the self-destruction toward which--ever dissecting and dissecting +the causes of phenomena--the old method of history is moving. + +All human sciences have traveled along that path. Arriving at +infinitesimals, mathematics, the most exact of sciences, abandons +the process of analysis and enters on the new process of the +integration of unknown, infinitely small, quantities. Abandoning the +conception of cause, mathematics seeks law, that is, the property +common to all unknown, infinitely small, elements. + +In another form but along the same path of reflection the other +sciences have proceeded. When Newton enunciated the law of gravity +he did not say that the sun or the earth had a property of attraction; +he said that all bodies from the largest to the smallest have the +property of attracting one another, that is, leaving aside the +question of the cause of the movement of the bodies, he expressed +the property common to all bodies from the infinitely large to the +infinitely small. The same is done by the natural sciences: leaving +aside the question of cause, they seek for laws. History stands on the +same path. And if history has for its object the study of the movement +of the nations and of humanity and not the narration of episodes in +the lives of individuals, it too, setting aside the conception of +cause, should seek the laws common to all the inseparably +interconnected infinitesimal elements of free will. + + + + + +CHAPTER XII + + +From the time the law of Copernicus was discovered and proved, the +mere recognition of the fact that it was not the sun but the earth +that moves sufficed to destroy the whole cosmography of the +ancients. By disproving that law it might have been possible to retain +the old conception of the movements of the bodies, but without +disproving it, it would seem impossible to continue studying the +Ptolemaic worlds. But even after the discovery of the law of +Copernicus the Ptolemaic worlds were still studied for a long time. + +From the time the first person said and proved that the number of +births or of crimes is subject to mathematical laws, and that this +or that mode of government is determined by certain geographical and +economic conditions, and that certain relations of population to +soil produce migrations of peoples, the foundations on which history +had been built were destroyed in their essence. + +By refuting these new laws the former view of history might have +been retained; but without refuting them it would seem impossible to +continue studying historic events as the results of man's free will. +For if a certain mode of government was established or certain +migrations of peoples took place in consequence of such and such +geographic, ethnographic, or economic conditions, then the free will +of those individuals who appear to us to have established that mode of +government or occasioned the migrations can no longer be regarded as +the cause. + +And yet the former history continues to be studied side by side with +the laws of statistics, geography, political economy, comparative +philology, and geology, which directly contradict its assumptions. + +The struggle between the old views and the new was long and +stubbornly fought out in physical philosophy. Theology stood on +guard for the old views and accused the new of violating revelation. +But when truth conquered, theology established itself just as firmly +on the new foundation. + +Just as prolonged and stubborn is the struggle now proceeding +between the old and the new conception of history, and theology in the +same way stands on guard for the old view, and accuses the new view of +subverting revelation. + +In the one case as in the other, on both sides the struggle provokes +passion and stifles truth. On the one hand there is fear and regret +for the loss of the whole edifice constructed through the ages, on the +other is the passion for destruction. + +To the men who fought against the rising truths of physical +philosophy, it seemed that if they admitted that truth it would +destroy faith in God, in the creation of the firmament, and in the +miracle of Joshua the son of Nun. To the defenders of the laws of +Copernicus and Newton, to Voltaire for example, it seemed that the +laws of astronomy destroyed religion, and he utilized the law of +gravitation as a weapon against religion. + +Just so it now seems as if we have only to admit the law of +inevitability, to destroy the conception of the soul, of good and +evil, and all the institutions of state and church that have been +built up on those conceptions. + +So too, like Voltaire in his time, uninvited defenders of the law of +inevitability today use that law as a weapon against religion, +though the law of inevitability in history, like the law of Copernicus +in astronomy, far from destroying, even strengthens the foundation +on which the institutions of state and church are erected. + +As in the question of astronomy then, so in the question of +history now, the whole difference of opinion is based on the +recognition or nonrecognition of something absolute, serving as the +measure of visible phenomena. In astronomy it was the immovability +of the earth, in history it is the independence of personality--free +will. + +As with astronomy the difficulty of recognizing the motion of the +earth lay in abandoning the immediate sensation of the earth's +fixity and of the motion of the planets, so in history the +difficulty of recognizing the subjection of personality to the laws of +space, time, and cause lies in renouncing the direct feeling of the +independence of one's own personality. But as in astronomy the new +view said: "It is true that we do not feel the movement of the +earth, but by admitting its immobility we arrive at absurdity, while +by admitting its motion (which we do not feel) we arrive at laws," +so also in history the new view says: "It is true that we are not +conscious of our dependence, but by admitting our free will we +arrive at absurdity, while by admitting our dependence on the external +world, on time, and on cause, we arrive at laws." + +In the first case it was necessary to renounce the consciousness +of an unreal immobility in space and to recognize a motion we did +not feel; in the present case it is similarly necessary to renounce +a freedom that does not exist, and to recognize a dependence of +which we are not conscious. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, WAR AND PEACE *** + +This file should be named wrnpc11.txt or wrnpc11.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, wrnpc12.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, wrnpc11a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we usually do not +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance +of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing. +Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections, +even years after the official publication date. + +Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til +midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. +The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at +Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A +preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment +and editing by those who wish to do so. + +Most people start at our Web sites at: +http://gutenberg.net or +http://promo.net/pg + +These Web sites include award-winning information about Project +Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new +eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!). + + +Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement +can get to them as follows, and just download by date. This is +also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the +indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an +announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext05 or +ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext05 + +Or /etext04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, +91 or 90 + +Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want, +as it appears in our Newsletters. + + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The +time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours +to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. Our +projected audience is one hundred million readers. If the value +per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2 +million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text +files per month: 1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+ +We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002 +If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total +will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end. + +The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks! +This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers, +which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users. + +Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated): + +eBooks Year Month + + 1 1971 July + 10 1991 January + 100 1994 January + 1000 1997 August + 1500 1998 October + 2000 1999 December + 2500 2000 December + 3000 2001 November + 4000 2001 October/November + 6000 2002 December* + 9000 2003 November* +10000 2004 January* + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created +to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people +and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, +Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, +Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, +Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New +Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, +Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South +Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West +Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. + +We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones +that have responded. + +As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list +will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states. +Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state. + +In answer to various questions we have received on this: + +We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally +request donations in all 50 states. If your state is not listed and +you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have, +just ask. + +While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are +not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting +donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to +donate. + +International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about +how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made +deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are +ways. + +Donations by check or money order may be sent to: + + PROJECT GUTENBERG LITERARY ARCHIVE FOUNDATION + 809 North 1500 West + Salt Lake City, UT 84116 + +Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment +method other than by check or money order. + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by +the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN +[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154. Donations are +tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law. As fund-raising +requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be +made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +You can get up to date donation information online at: + +http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html + + +*** + +If you can't reach Project Gutenberg, +you can always email directly to: + +Michael S. Hart + +Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message. + +We would prefer to send you information by email. + + +**The Legal Small Print** + + +(Three Pages) + +***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START*** +Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. +They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with +your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from +someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our +fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement +disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how +you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to. + +*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK +By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept +this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive +a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by +sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person +you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical +medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request. + +ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS +This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks, +is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart +through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project"). +Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright +on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and +distribute it in the United States without permission and +without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth +below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook +under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. + +Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market +any commercial products without permission. + +To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable +efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain +works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any +medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other +things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged +disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer +codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. + +LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES +But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, +[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may +receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims +all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including +legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR +UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, +INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE +OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. + +If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of +receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) +you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that +time to the person you received it from. If you received it +on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and +such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement +copy. If you received it electronically, such person may +choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to +receive it electronically. + +THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS +TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or +the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the +above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you +may have other legal rights. + +INDEMNITY +You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation, +and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated +with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including +legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the +following that you do or cause: [1] distribution of this eBook, +[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook, +or [3] any Defect. + +DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" +You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by +disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this +"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, +or: + +[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this + requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the + eBook or this "small print!" statement. You may however, + if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable + binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, + including any form resulting from conversion by word + processing or hypertext software, but only so long as + *EITHER*: + + [*] The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although tilde + (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may + be used to convey punctuation intended by the + author, and additional characters may be used to + indicate hypertext links; OR + + [*] The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at + no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent + form by the program that displays the eBook (as is + the case, for instance, with most word processors); + OR + + [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at + no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the + eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC + or other equivalent proprietary form). + +[2] Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this + "Small Print!" statement. + +[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the + gross profits you derive calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. If you + don't derive profits, no royalty is due. Royalties are + payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation" + the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were + legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent + periodic) tax return. Please contact us beforehand to + let us know your plans and to work out the details. + +WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? +Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of +public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form. + +The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time, +public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses. +Money should be paid to the: +"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or +software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at: +hart@pobox.com + +[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only +when distributed free of all fees. Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by +Michael S. Hart. Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be +used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be +they hardware or software or any other related product without +express permission.] + +*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + + the + be + of + and + a + in + to + have + it + to + for + i + that + you + he + on + with + do + at + by + not + this + but + from + they + his + that + she + or + which + as + we + an + say + will + would + can + if + their + go + what + there + all + get + her + make + who + as + out + up + see + know + time + take + them + some + could + so + him + year + into + its + then + think + my + come + than + more + about + now + last + your + me + no + other + give + just + should + these + people + also + well + any + only + new + very + when + may + way + look + like + use + her + such + how + because + when + as + good + find + man + our + want + day + between + even + there + many + those + one + after + down + yeah + so + thing + tell + through + back + still + must + child + here + over + too + put + own + on + no + work + become + more + old + government + mean + part + leave + life + great + where + case + woman + over + seem + same + us + work + need + feel + system + each + might + may + much + ask + group + number + yes + however + another + again + world + area + show + course + company + shall + under + problem + against + never + all + most + service + try + call + hand + party + high + about + something + school + in + small + place + before + why + while + away + keep + point + house + different + country + really + provide + week + hold + large + member + off + always + next + follow + without + turn + end + within + local + where + during + bring + most + word + begin + although + example + next + family + rather + fact + like + social + write + state + percent + quite + both + start + run + long + right + set + help + every + home + month + side + night + important + eye + head + information + question + business + play + power + money + change + move + interest + order + book + often + development + young + national + pay + hear + room + whether + water + form + car + other + yet + perhaps + meet + level + until + though + policy + include + believe + council + already + possible + nothing + line + allow + need + effect + big + use + lead + stand + idea + study + lot + live + job + since + name + result + body + happen + friend + right + least + right + almost + much + carry + authority + long + early + view + himself + public + together + talk + report + after + only + before + bit + face + sit + market + appear + continue + able + political + later + hour + rate + law + door + court + office + let + war + produce + reason + less + minister + subject + person + term + particular + full + involve + sort + require + suggest + far + towards + anything + period + consider + read + change + society + process + mother + offer + late + voice + both + once + police + kind + lose + add + probably + expect + ever + available + no + price + little + action + issue + far + remember + position + low + cost + little + matter + community + remain + figure + type + research + actually + education + fall + speak + few + today + enough + open + bad + buy + programme + minute + moment + girl + age + centre + stop + control + value + send + health + decide + main + win + understand + decision + develop + class + industry + receive + back + several + return + build + spend + force + condition + itself + paper + themselves + off + major + describe + agree + economic + increase + upon + learn + general + century + therefore + father + section + patient + around + activity + road + table + including + church + reach + real + lie + mind + likely + among + team + experience + death + soon + act + sense + staff + certain + student + half + around + language + walk + die + special + difficult + international + particularly + department + management + morning + draw + hope + across + plan + product + city + early + committee + ground + letter + create + evidence + foot + clear + boy + game + food + role + practice + bank + else + support + sell + event + building + range + behind + sure + report + pass + black + stage + meeting + sometimes + thus + accept + town + art + further + club + cause + arm + history + parent + land + trade + watch + white + situation + whose + ago + teacher + record + manager + relation + common + strong + whole + field + free + break + yesterday + support + window + account + explain + stay + few + wait + usually + difference + material + air + wife + cover + apply + project + raise + sale + relationship + indeed + light + claim + form + base + care + someone + everything + certainly + rule + home + cut + grow + similar + story + quality + tax + worker + nature + structure + data + necessary + pound + method + unit + central + bed + union + movement + board + true + well + simply + contain + especially + open + short + personal + detail + model + bear + single + join + reduce + establish + herself + wall + face + easy + private + computer + former + hospital + chapter + scheme + theory + choose + wish + property + achieve + financial + poor + officer + up + charge + director + drive + deal + place + approach + chance + application + seek + cos + foreign + along + top + amount + son + operation + fail + human + opportunity + simple + leader + look + share + production + recent + firm + picture + source + security + serve + according + end + contract + wide + occur + agreement + better + kill + act + site + either + labour + plan + various + since + test + eat + loss + close + represent + love + colour + clearly + shop + benefit + animal + heart + election + purpose + standard + due + secretary + rise + date + hard + music + hair + prepare + factor + other + anyone + pattern + manage + piece + discuss + prove + front + evening + royal + tree + population + fine + plant + pressure + response + catch + street + pick + performance + knowledge + despite + design + page + enjoy + individual + suppose + rest + instead + wear + basis + size + environment + per + fire + series + success + natural + wrong + near + round + thought + list + argue + final + future + introduce + analysis + enter + space + arrive + ensure + demand + statement + to + attention + love + principle + pull + set + doctor + choice + refer + feature + couple + step + following + thank + machine + income + training + present + association + film + region + effort + player + everyone + present + award + village + control + organisation + whatever + news + nice + difficulty + modern + cell + close + current + legal + energy + finally + degree + mile + means + growth + whom + treatment + sound + above + task + provision + affect + please + red + happy + behaviour + concerned + point + function + identify + resource + defence + garden + floor + technology + style + feeling + science + relate + doubt + horse + force + answer + compare + suffer + individual + forward + announce + user + fund + character + risk + normal + myself + nor + dog + obtain + quickly + army + indicate + forget + station + glass + cup + previous + husband + recently + publish + serious + anyway + visit + capital + either + note + season + argument + listen + show + responsibility + significant + deal + prime + economy + element + finish + duty + fight + train + maintain + attempt + leg + investment + save + throughout + design + suddenly + brother + improve + avoid + wonder + tend + title + hotel + aspect + increase + help + industrial + express + summer + determine + generally + daughter + exist + used + share + baby + nearly + smile + sorry + sea + skill + claim + treat + remove + concern + university + labour + left + dead + discussion + specific + customer + box + outside + state + conference + whole + total + profit + division + throw + procedure + fill + king + assume + image + oil + obviously + unless + appropriate + circumstance + military + proposal + mention + client + sector + direction + admit + though + replace + basic + hard + instance + sign + original + successful + okay + reflect + aware + measure + attitude + yourself + disease + exactly + above + commission + intend + beyond + seat + president + encourage + addition + goal + round + miss + popular + affair + technique + respect + drop + professional + less + once + item + fly + reveal + version + maybe + ability + operate + good + campaign + heavy + advice + institution + top + discover + surface + library + pupil + record + refuse + prevent + advantage + dark + teach + memory + culture + blood + cost + majority + answer + variety + press + depend + bill + competition + ready + general + access + hit + stone + useful + extent + employment + regard + apart + present + appeal + text + parliament + cause + terms + bar + attack + effective + mouth + down + result + fish + future + visit + little + easily + attempt + enable + trouble + traditional + payment + best + post + county + lady + holiday + realise + importance + chair + facility + complete + article + object + context + survey + notice + complete + turn + direct + immediately + collection + reference + card + interesting + considerable + television + extend + communication + agency + physical + except + check + sun + species + possibility + official + chairman + speaker + second + career + laugh + weight + sound + responsible + base + document + solution + return + medical + hot + recognise + talk + budget + river + fit + organization + existing + start + push + tomorrow + requirement + cold + edge + opposition + opinion + drug + quarter + option + sign + worth + call + define + stock + influence + occasion + eventually + software + highly + exchange + lack + shake + study + concept + blue + star + radio + no + arrangement + examine + bird + green + band + sex + finger + past + independent + equipment + north + mind + move + message + fear + afternoon + drink + fully + race + gain + strategy + extra + scene + slightly + kitchen + speech + arise + network + tea + peace + failure + employee + ahead + scale + hardly + attend + shoulder + otherwise + railway + directly + supply + expression + owner + associate + corner + past + match + sport + status + beautiful + offer + marriage + hang + civil + perform + sentence + crime + ball + marry + wind + truth + protect + safety + partner + completely + copy + balance + sister + reader + below + trial + rock + damage + adopt + newspaper + meaning + light + essential + obvious + nation + confirm + south + length + branch + deep + none + planning + trust + working + pain + studio + positive + spirit + college + accident + star + hope + mark + works + league + clear + imagine + through + cash + normally + play + strength + train + travel + target + very + pair + male + gas + issue + contribution + complex + supply + beat + artist + agent + presence + along + environmental + strike + contact + protection + beginning + demand + media + relevant + employ + shoot + executive + slowly + relatively + aid + huge + late + speed + review + test + order + route + consequence + telephone + release + proportion + primary + consideration + reform + driver + annual + nuclear + latter + practical + commercial + rich + emerge + apparently + ring + distance + exercise + key + close + skin + island + separate + aim + danger + credit + usual + link + candidate + track + safe + interested + assessment + path + merely + plus + district + regular + reaction + impact + collect + debate + lay + rise + belief + conclusion + shape + vote + aim + politics + reply + press + approach + file + western + earth + public + survive + estate + boat + prison + additional + settle + largely + wine + observe + limit + deny + for + straight + somebody + writer + weekend + clothes + active + sight + video + reality + hall + nevertheless + regional + vehicle + worry + powerful + possibly + cross + colleague + charge + lead + farm + respond + employer + carefully + understanding + connection + comment + grant + concentrate + ignore + phone + hole + insurance + content + confidence + sample + transport + objective + alone + flower + injury + lift + stick + front + mainly + battle + generation + currently + winter + inside + impossible + somewhere + arrange + will + sleep + progress + volume + ship + legislation + commitment + enough + conflict + bag + fresh + entry + smile + fair + promise + introduction + senior + manner + background + key + touch + vary + sexual + ordinary + cabinet + painting + entirely + engine + previously + administration + tonight + adult + prefer + author + actual + song + investigation + debt + visitor + forest + repeat + wood + contrast + extremely + wage + domestic + commit + threat + bus + warm + sir + regulation + drink + relief + internal + strange + excellent + run + fairly + technical + tradition + measure + insist + his + farmer + until + traffic + dinner + consumer + meal + warn + living + package + half + increasingly + description + soft + stuff + award + existence + improvement + coffee + appearance + standard + attack + sheet + category + distribution + equally + session + cultural + loan + bind + museum + conversation + threaten + link + launch + proper + victim + audience + famous + master + lip + religious + joint + cry + potential + broad + exhibition + experience + judge + formal + housing + past + concern + freedom + gentleman + attract + explanation + appoint + note + chief + total + lovely + official + date + demonstrate + construction + middle + yard + unable + acquire + surely + crisis + propos + west + impose + market + care + god + favour + before + name + equal + capacity + flat + selection + alone + football + victory + factory + rural + twice + sing + whereas + own + head + examination + deliver + nobody + substantial + invite + intention + egg + reasonable + onto + retain + aircraft + decade + cheap + quiet + bright + contribute + row + search + limit + definition + unemployment + spread + mark + flight + account + output + last + tour + address + immediate + reduction + interview + assess + promote + everybody + suitable + ought + growing + nod + reject + while + high + dream + vote + divide + declare + handle + detailed + challenge + notice + rain + destroy + mountain + concentration + limited + finance + pension + influence + afraid + murder + neck + weapon + hide + offence + absence + error + representative + enterprise + criticism + average + quick + sufficient + appointment + match + transfer + acid + spring + birth + ear + recognize + recommend + module + instruction + democratic + park + weather + bottle + address + bedroom + kid + pleasure + realize + assembly + expensive + select + teaching + desire + whilst + contact + implication + combine + temperature + wave + magazine + totally + mental + used + store + scientific + frequently + thanks + beside + settlement + absolutely + critical + recognition + touch + consist + below + silence + expenditure + institute + dress + dangerous + familiar + asset + belong + educational + sum + publication + partly + block + seriously + youth + tape + elsewhere + cover + fee + program + treaty + necessarily + unlikely + properly + guest + code + hill + screen + household + sequence + correct + female + phase + crowd + welcome + metal + human + widely + undertake + cut + sky + brain + expert + experiment + tiny + perfect + disappear + initiative + assumption + photograph + ministry + congress + transfer + reading + scientist + fast + fast + closely + thin + solicitor + secure + plate + pool + gold + emphasis + recall + shout + generate + location + display + heat + gun + shut + journey + imply + violence + dry + historical + step + curriculum + noise + lunch + fear + succeed + fall + bottom + initial + theme + characteristic + pretty + empty + display + combination + interpretation + rely + escape + score + justice + upper + tooth + organise + cat + tool + spot + bridge + double + direct + conclude + relative + soldier + climb + breath + afford + urban + nurse + narrow + liberal + coal + priority + wild + revenue + membership + grant + approve + tall + apparent + faith + under + fix + slow + troop + motion + leading + component + bloody + literature + conservative + variation + remind + inform + alternative + neither + outside + mass + busy + chemical + careful + investigate + roll + instrument + guide + criterion + pocket + suggestion + aye + entitle + tone + attractive + wing + surprise + male + ring + pub + fruit + passage + illustrate + pay + ride + foundation + restaurant + vital + alternative + burn + map + united + device + jump + estimate + conduct + derive + comment + east + advise + advance + motor + satisfy + hell + winner + effectively + mistake + incident + focus + exercise + representation + release + leaf + border + wash + prospect + blow + trip + observation + gather + ancient + brief + gate + elderly + persuade + overall + rare + index + hand + circle + creation + drawing + anybody + flow + matter + external + capable + recover + shot + request + impression + neighbour + theatre + beneath + hurt + mechanism + potential + lean + defendant + atmosphere + slip + chain + accompany + wonderful + earn + enemy + desk + engineering + panel + distinction + deputy + discipline + strike + married + plenty + establishment + fashion + roof + milk + entire + tear + secondary + finding + welfare + increased + attach + typical + meanwhile + leadership + walk + negotiation + clean + religion + count + grey + hence + alright + first + fuel + mine + appeal + servant + liability + constant + hate + shoe + expense + vast + soil + writing + nose + origin + lord + rest + drive + ticket + editor + switch + provided + northern + significance + channel + convention + damage + funny + bone + severe + search + iron + vision + via + somewhat + inside + trend + revolution + terrible + knee + dress + unfortunately + steal + criminal + signal + notion + comparison + academic + outcome + lawyer + strongly + surround + explore + achievement + odd + expectation + corporate + prisoner + question + rapidly + deep + southern + amongst + withdraw + afterwards + paint + judge + citizen + permanent + weak + separate + ourselves + plastic + connect + fundamental + plane + height + opening + lesson + similarly + shock + rail + tenant + owe + originally + middle + somehow + minor + negative + knock + root + pursue + inner + crucial + occupy + that + independence + column + proceeding + female + beauty + perfectly + struggle + gap + house + database + stretch + stress + passenger + boundary + easy + view + manufacturer + sharp + formation + queen + waste + virtually + expand + contemporary + politician + back + territory + championship + exception + thick + inquiry + topic + resident + transaction + parish + supporter + massive + light + unique + challenge + inflation + assistance + list + identity + suit + parliamentary + unknown + preparation + elect + badly + moreover + tie + cancer + champion + exclude + review + licence + breakfast + minority + appreciate + fan + chief + accommodation + subsequent + democracy + brown + taste + crown + permit + buyer + gift + resolution + angry + metre + wheel + clause + break + tank + benefit + engage + alive + complaint + inch + firm + abandon + blame + clean + quote + yours + quantity + rule + guilty + prior + round + eastern + coat + involvement + tension + diet + enormous + score + rarely + prize + remaining + significantly + glance + dominate + trust + naturally + interpret + land + frame + extension + mix + spokesman + friendly + acknowledge + register + regime + fault + mine + dispute + grass + quietly + decline + dismiss + delivery + complain + conservative + shift + port + beach + string + depth + unusual + travel + pilot + obligation + gene + yellow + republic + shadow + dear + analyse + anywhere + average + phrase + long + crew + lucky + restore + convince + coast + engineer + heavily + extensive + glad + charity + oppose + defend + alter + warning + arrest + framework + approval + bother + novel + accuse + surprised + currency + restrict + possess + moral + protein + distinguish + gently + reckon + incorporate + proceed + assist + sure + stress + justify + behalf + councillor + setting + command + maintenance + stair + poem + chest + like + secret + restriction + efficient + suspect + hat + tough + firmly + willing + healthy + focus + construct + occasionally + mode + saving + comfortable + camp + trade + export + wake + partnership + daily + abroad + profession + load + countryside + boot + mostly + sudden + implement + reputation + print + calculate + keen + guess + recommendation + autumn + conventional + cope + constitute + poll + voluntary + valuable + recovery + cast + premise + resolve + regularly + solve + plaintiff + critic + agriculture + ice + constitution + communist + layer + recession + slight + dramatic + golden + temporary + suit + shortly + initially + arrival + protest + resistance + silent + presentation + soul + self + judgment + feed + muscle + shareholder + opposite + pollution + wealth + video + kingdom + bread + perspective + camera + prince + illness + cake + meat + submit + ideal + relax + penalty + purchase + tired + beer + specify + short + monitor + electricity + specifically + bond + statutory + laboratory + federal + captain + deeply + pour + boss + creature + urge + locate + being + struggle + lifespan + flat + valley + like + guard + emergency + dark + bomb + dollar + efficiency + mood + convert + possession + marketing + please + habit + subsequently + round + purchase + sort + outside + gradually + expansion + competitive + co + acceptable + angle + cook + net + sensitive + ratio + kiss + amount + sleep + finance + essentially + fund + preserve + wedding + personality + bishop + dependent + landscape + pure + mirror + lock + symptom + promotion + global + aside + tendency + conservation + reply + estimate + qualification + pack + governor + expected + invest + cycle + alright + philosophy + gallery + sad + intervention + emotional + advertising + regard + dance + cigarette + predict + adequate + variable + net + retire + sugar + pale + frequency + guy + feature + furniture + administrative + wooden + input + phenomenon + surprising + jacket + actor + kick + producer + hearing + chip + equation + certificate + hello + remarkable + alliance + smoke + awareness + throat + discovery + festival + dance + promise + rose + principal + brilliant + proposed + coach + absolute + drama + recording + precisely + bath + celebrate + substance + swing + for + rapid + rough + investor + fire + rank + compete + sweet + decline + rent + dealer + bend + solid + cloud + across + level + enquiry + fight + abuse + golf + guitar + electronic + cottage + scope + pause + mixture + emotion + comprehensive + shirt + allowance + retirement + breach + infection + resist + qualify + paragraph + sick + near + researcher + consent + written + literary + ill + wet + lake + entrance + peak + successfully + sand + breathe + cold + cheek + platform + interaction + need + watch + borrow + birthday + knife + extreme + core + peasant + armed + permission + supreme + overcome + greatly + visual + lad + genuine + personnel + judgement + exciting + stream + perception + guarantee + disaster + darkness + bid + sake + organize + tourist + policeman + castle + figure + race + demonstration + anger + briefly + presumably + clock + hero + expose + custom + maximum + wish + earning + priest + resign + store + widespread + comprise + chamber + acquisition + involved + confident + circuit + radical + detect + stupid + grand + consumption + hold + zone + mean + altogether + rush + numerous + sink + everywhere + classical + respectively + distinct + mad + honour + statistics + false + square + differ + disk + truly + survival + proud + tower + deposit + pace + compensation + adviser + consultant + drag + advanced + landlord + whenever + delay + green + car + holder + secret + edition + occupation + agricultural + intelligence + empire + definitely + negotiate + host + relative + mass + helpful + fellow + sweep + poet + journalist + defeat + unlike + primarily + tight + indication + dry + cricket + whisper + routine + print + anxiety + witness + concerning + mill + gentle + curtain + mission + supplier + basically + assure + poverty + snow + prayer + pipe + deserve + shift + split + near + consistent + carpet + ownership + joke + fewer + workshop + salt + aged + symbol + slide + cross + anxious + tale + preference + inevitably + mere + behave + gain + nervous + guide + remark + pleased + province + steel + practise + flow + holy + dose + alcohol + guidance + constantly + climate + enhance + reasonably + waste + smooth + dominant + conscious + formula + tail + ha + electric + sheep + medicine + strategic + disabled + smell + operator + mount + advance + remote + measurement + favour + neither + architecture + worth + tie + barrier + practitioner + outstanding + enthusiasm + theoretical + implementation + worried + pitch + drop + phone + shape + clinical + lane + apple + catalogue + tip + publisher + opponent + live + burden + tackle + historian + bury + stomach + percentage + evaluation + outline + talent + lend + silver + pack + fun + democrat + fortune + storage + professional + reserve + interval + dimension + honest + awful + manufacture + confusion + pink + impressive + satisfaction + visible + vessel + stand + curve + pot + replacement + accurate + mortgage + salary + impress + constitutional + emphasise + developing + proof + furthermore + dish + interview + considerably + distant + lower + favourite + tear + fixed + by + luck + count + precise + determination + bite + dear + consultation + range + residential + conduct + capture + ultimately + cheque + economics + sustain + secondly + silly + merchant + lecture + musical + leisure + check + cheese + lift + participate + fabric + distribute + lover + childhood + cool + ban + supposed + mouse + strain + specialist + consult + minimum + approximately + participant + monetary + confuse + dare + smoke + movie + seed + cease + open + journal + shopping + equivalent + palace + exceed + isolated + poetry + perceive + lack + strengthen + snap + readily + spite + conviction + corridor + behind + ward + profile + fat + comfort + bathroom + shell + reward + deliberately + automatically + vegetable + imagination + junior + unemployed + mystery + pose + violent + march + found + dig + dirty + straight + psychological + grab + pleasant + surgery + inevitable + transform + bell + announcement + draft + unity + airport + upset + pretend + plant + till + known + admission + tissue + magistrate + joy + free + pretty + operating + headquarters + grateful + classroom + turnover + project + shrug + sensible + limitation + specialist + newly + tongue + refugee + delay + dream + composition + alongside + ceiling + highlight + stick + favourite + tap + universe + request + label + confine + scream + rid + acceptance + detective + sail + adjust + designer + running + summit + participation + weakness + block + so + adapt + absorb + encounter + defeat + excitement + brick + blind + wire + crop + square + transition + thereby + protest + roll + stop + assistant + deaf + constituency + continuous + concert + breast + extraordinary + squad + wonder + cream + tennis + personally + communicate + pride + bowl + file + expertise + govern + leather + observer + margin + uncertainty + reinforce + ideal + injure + holding + universal + evident + dust + overseas + desperate + swim + occasional + trouser + surprisingly + register + album + guideline + disturb + amendment + architect + objection + chart + cattle + doubt + react + consciousness + right + purely + tin + tube + fulfil + commonly + sufficiently + coin + frighten + grammar + diary + flesh + summary + infant + stir + storm + mail + rugby + virtue + specimen + psychology + paint + constraint + trace + privilege + completion + progress + hers + grade + exploit + import + potato + repair + passion + seize + low + underlying + heaven + nerve + park + collapse + win + printer + coalition + button + pray + ultimate + venture + timber + companion + horror + gesture + moon + remark + clever + van + consequently + raw + glance + broken + jury + gaze + burst + charter + feminist + discourse + reflection + carbon + sophisticated + ban + taxation + prosecution + softly + asleep + aids + publicity + departure + welcome + sharply + reception + cousin + relieve + linguistic + vat + forward + blue + multiple + pass + outer + vulnerable + patient + evolution + allocate + creative + potentially + just + out + judicial + risk + ideology + smell + agenda + transport + illegal + chicken + plain + innovation + opera + lock + grin + shelf + pole + punishment + strict + wave + inside + carriage + fit + conversion + hurry + essay + integration + resignation + treasury + traveller + chocolate + assault + schedule + undoubtedly + twin + format + murder + sigh + seller + lease + bitter + double + ally + stake + processing + informal + flexible + cap + stable + till + sympathy + tunnel + pen + instal + suspend + blow + wander + notably + disappoint + wipe + folk + attraction + disc + inspire + machinery + undergo + nowhere + inspector + wise + balance + purchaser + resort + pop + organ + ease + friendship + deficit + dear + convey + reserve + planet + frequent + loose + intense + retail + wind + lost + grain + particle + destruction + witness + pit + registration + conception + steady + rival + steam + back + chancellor + crash + belt + logic + premium + confront + precede + experimental + alarm + rational + incentive + roughly + bench + wrap + regarding + inadequate + ambition + since + fate + vendor + stranger + spiritual + increasing + anticipate + logical + fibre + attribute + sense + black + petrol + maker + generous + allocation + depression + declaration + spot + modest + bottom + dividend + devote + condemn + integrate + pile + identification + acute + barely + providing + directive + bet + modify + bare + swear + final + accordingly + valid + wherever + mortality + medium + silk + funeral + depending + cow + correspond + cite + classic + inspection + calculation + rubbish + minimum + hypothesis + youngster + slope + patch + invitation + ethnic + federation + duke + wholly + closure + dictionary + withdrawal + automatic + liable + cry + slow + borough + well + suspicion + portrait + local + jew + fragment + revolutionary + evaluate + competitor + sole + reliable + weigh + medieval + clinic + shine + knit + complexity + remedy + fence + bike + freeze + eliminate + interior + intellectual + established + voter + garage + era + pregnant + plot + greet + electrical + lie + disorder + formally + excuse + socialist + cancel + harm + excess + exact + oblige + accountant + mutual + fat + volunteer + laughter + trick + load + disposal + taxi + murmur + tonne + spell + clerk + curious + satisfactory + identical + applicant + removal + processor + cotton + reverse + hesitate + professor + admire + namely + electoral + delight + urgent + prompt + mate + exposure + server + distinctive + marginal + structural + rope + miner + entertainment + acre + pig + encouraging + guarantee + gear + anniversary + past + ceremony + rub + monopoly + left + flee + yield + discount + above + uncle + audit + advertisement + explosion + contrary + tribunal + swallow + typically + fun + rat + cloth + cable + interrupt + crash + flame + controversy + rabbit + everyday + allegation + strip + stability + tide + illustration + insect + correspondent + devise + determined + brush + adjustment + controversial + organic + escape + thoroughly + interface + historic + collapse + temple + shade + craft + nursery + piano + desirable + assurance + jurisdiction + advertise + bay + specification + disability + presidential + arrest + unexpected + switch + penny + respect + celebration + gross + aid + superb + process + innocent + leap + colony + wound + hardware + satellite + float + bible + statistical + marked + hire + cathedral + motive + correct + gastric + raid + comply + accommodate + mutter + induce + trap + invasion + humour + bulk + traditionally + commission + upstairs + translate + rhythm + emission + collective + transformation + battery + stimulus + naked + white + menu + toilet + butter + surprise + needle + effectiveness + accordance + molecule + fiction + learning + statute + reluctant + overlook + junction + necessity + nearby + experienced + lorry + exclusive + graphics + stimulate + warmth + therapy + convenient + cinema + domain + tournament + doctrine + sheer + proposition + grip + widow + discrimination + bloody + ruling + fit + nonetheless + myth + episode + drift + assert + terrace + uncertain + twist + insight + undermine + tragedy + enforce + criticise + march + leaflet + fellow + object + pond + adventure + diplomatic + mixed + rebel + equity + literally + magnificent + loyalty + tremendous + airline + shore + restoration + physically + render + institutional + emphasize + mess + commander + straightforward + singer + squeeze + full + breed + successor + triumph + heading + mathematics + laugh + clue + still + ease + specially + biological + forgive + trustee + photo + fraction + chase + whereby + mud + pensioner + functional + copy + strictly + desperately + await + coverage + wildlife + indicator + lightly + hierarchy + evolve + mechanical + expert + creditor + capitalist + essence + compose + mentally + gaze + seminar + target + label + fig + continent + chap + flexibility + verse + minute + whisky + equivalent + recruit + echo + unfair + launch + cupboard + bush + shortage + prominent + merger + command + subtle + capital + gang + fish + unhappy + lifetime + elite + refusal + finish + aggressive + superior + landing + exchange + debate + educate + separation + productivity + initiate + probability + virus + reporter + fool + pop + capitalism + painful + correctly + complex + rumour + imperial + justification + availability + spectacular + remain + ocean + cliff + sociology + sadly + missile + situate + artificial + apartment + provoke + oral + maximum + angel + spare + shame + intelligent + discretion + businessman + explicit + book + uniform + push + counter + subject + objective + hungry + clothing + ride + romantic + attendance + part + trace + backing + sensation + carrier + interest + classification + classic + beg + appendix + doorway + density + working + legislative + hint + shower + current + succession + nasty + duration + desert + receipt + native + chapel + amazing + hopefully + fleet + comparable + oxygen + installation + developer + disadvantage + recipe + crystal + modification + schedule + midnight + successive + formerly + loud + value + physics + truck + stroke + kiss + envelope + speculation + canal + unionist + directory + receiver + isolation + fade + chemistry + unnecessary + hit + defender + stance + sin + realistic + socialist + subsidy + content + toy + darling + decent + liberty + forever + skirt + coordinate + tactic + influential + import + accent + compound + bastard + ingredient + dull + cater + scholar + faint + ghost + sculpture + ridiculous + diagnosis + delegate + neat + kit + lion + dialogue + repair + tray + fantasy + leave + export + forth + lamp + allege + pavement + brand + constable + compromise + flag + filter + reign + execute + pity + merit + diagram + wool + organism + elegant + red + undertaking + lesser + reach + marvellous + improved + locally + entity + rape + secure + descend + backwards + peer + excuse + genetic + fold + portfolio + consensus + thesis + shop + nest + frown + builder + administer + tip + lung + delegation + outside + heating + like + instinct + teenager + lonely + residence + radiation + extract + concession + autonomy + norm + musician + graduate + glory + bear + persist + rescue + equip + partial + officially + capability + worry + liberation + hunt + daily + heel + contract + update + assign + spring + single + commons + weekly + stretch + pregnancy + happily + spectrum + interfere + suicide + panic + invent + intensive + damp + simultaneously + giant + casual + sphere + precious + sword + envisage + bean + time + crazy + changing + primary + concede + besides + unite + severely + separately + instruct + insert + go + exhibit + brave + tutor + tune + debut + continued + bid + incidence + downstairs + cafe + regret + killer + delicate + subsidiary + gender + entertain + cling + vertical + fetch + strip + plead + duck + breed + assistant + pint + abolish + translation + princess + line + excessive + digital + steep + jet + hey + grave + exceptional + boost + random + correlation + outline + intervene + packet + motivation + safely + harsh + spell + spread + draw + concrete + complicated + alleged + redundancy + progressive + intensity + crack + fly + fancy + alternatively + waiting + scandal + resemble + parameter + fierce + tropical + colour + ours + engagement + contest + edit + courage + hip + delighted + sponsor + carer + crack + substantially + occupational + trainer + remainder + related + inherit + resume + assignment + conceal + disclose + exclusively + working + mild + chronic + splendid + function + rider + clay + firstly + conceive + politically + terminal + accuracy + coup + ambulance + living + offender + similarity + orchestra + brush + systematic + striker + guard + casualty + steadily + painter + opt + handsome + banking + sensitivity + navy + fascinating + disappointment + auditor + hostility + spending + scarcely + compulsory + photographer + ok + neighbourhood + ideological + wide + pardon + double + criticize + supervision + guilt + deck + payable + execution + suite + elected + solely + moral + collector + questionnaire + flavour + couple + faculty + tour + basket + mention + kick + horizon + drain + happiness + fighter + estimated + copper + legend + relevance + decorate + continental + ship + operational + incur + parallel + divorce + opposed + equilibrium + trader + ton + can + juice + forum + spin + research + hostile + consistently + technological + nightmare + medal + diamond + speed + peaceful + accounting + scatter + monster + horrible + nonsense + chaos + accessible + humanity + frustration + chin + bureau + advocate + polytechnic + inhabitant + evil + slave + reservation + slam + handle + provincial + fishing + facilitate + yield + elbow + bye + warm + sleeve + exploration + creep + adjacent + theft + round + grace + predecessor + supermarket + smart + sergeant + regulate + clash + assemble + arrow + nowadays + giant + waiting + tap + shit + sandwich + vanish + commerce + pursuit + post + will + waste + collar + socialism + skill + rice + exclusion + upwards + transmission + instantly + forthcoming + appointed + geographical + fist + abstract + embrace + dynamic + drawer + dismissal + magic + endless + definite + broadly + affection + dawn + principal + bloke + organiser + trap + communist + competence + complicate + neutral + fortunately + commonwealth + breakdown + combined + candle + venue + supper + analyst + vague + publicly + marine + fair + pause + notable + freely + counterpart + lively + script + sue + legitimate + geography + reproduce + moving + lamb + gay + contemplate + terror + stable + founder + utility + signal + shelter + poster + hitherto + mature + cooking + head + wealthy + fucking + confess + age + miracle + magic + jaw + pan + coloured + tent + telephone + reduced + tumour + super + funding + dump + stitch + shared + ladder + keeper + endorse + invariably + smash + shield + heat + surgeon + centre + orange + explode + comedy + classify + artistic + ruler + biscuit + workstation + prey + manual + cure + overall + tighten + tax + pope + manufacturing + adult + rush + blanket + republican + referendum + palm + nearby + mix + devil + adoption + workforce + segment + regardless + contractor + portion + differently + deposit + cook + prediction + oven + matrix + liver + fraud + beam + signature + limb + verdict + dramatically + container + aunt + dock + submission + arm + odd + certainty + boring + electron + drum + wisdom + antibody + unlike + terrorist + post + circulation + alteration + fluid + ambitious + socially + riot + petition + fox + recruitment + well + top + service + flood + taste + memorial + helicopter + correspondence + ye + beef + overall + lighting + harbour + empirical + shallow + seal + decrease + constituent + exam + toe + reward + thrust + bureaucracy + wrist + nut + plain + magnetic + evil + widen + hazard + dispose + dealing + absent + reassure + model + inn + initial + suspension + respondent + over + naval + monthly + log + advisory + fitness + blank + indirect + tile + rally + economist + vein + strand + disturbance + stuff + seldom + coming + cab + grandfather + flash + destination + actively + regiment + closed + boom + handful + remarkably + encouragement + awkward + required + flood + defect + surplus + champagne + liquid + shed + welcome + rejection + discipline + halt + electronics + administrator + sentence + ill + contradiction + nail + senior + lacking + colonial + primitive + whoever + lap + commodity + planned + intellectual + imprisonment + coincide + sympathetic + atom + tempt + sanction + praise + favourable + dissolve + tightly + surrounding + soup + encounter + abortion + grasp + custody + composer + charm + short + metropolitan + waist + equality + tribute + bearing + auction + standing + manufacture + horn + barn + mayor + emperor + rescue + integrated + conscience + commence + grandmother + discharge + profound + takeover + nationalist + effect + dolphin + fortnight + elephant + seal + spoil + plea + forwards + breeze + prevention + mineral + runner + pin + integrity + thereafter + quid + owl + rigid + orange + draft + reportedly + hedge + formulate + associated + position + thief + tomato + exhaust + evidently + eagle + specified + resulting + blade + peculiar + killing + desktop + bowel + long + ugly + expedition + saint + variable + supplement + stamp + slide + faction + enthusiastic + enquire + brass + inequality + eager + bold + neglect + saying + ridge + earl + yacht + suck + missing + extended + valuation + delight + beat + worship + fossil + diminish + taxpayer + corruption + accurately + honour + depict + pencil + drown + stem + lump + applicable + rate + mobility + immense + goodness + price + preliminary + graph + referee + calm + onwards + omit + genuinely + excite + dreadful + cave + revelation + grief + erect + tuck + meantime + barrel + lawn + hut + swing + subject + ruin + slice + transmit + thigh + practically + dedicate + mistake + corresponding + albeit + sound + nurse + discharge + comparative + cluster + propose + obstacle + motorway + heritage + counselling + breeding + characteristic + bucket + migration + campaign + ritual + originate + hunting + crude + protocol + prejudice + inspiration + dioxide + chemical + uncomfortable + worthy + inspect + summon + parallel + outlet + okay + collaboration + booking + salad + productive + charming + polish + oak + access + tourism + independently + cruel + diversity + accused + supplement + fucking + forecast + amend + soap + ruling + interference + executive + mining + minimal + clarify + strain + novel + try + coastal + rising + quota + minus + kilometre + characterise + suspicious + pet + beneficial + fling + deprive + covenant + bias + trophy + verb + honestly + extract + straw + stem + eyebrow + noble + mask + lecturer + girlfriend + forehead + timetable + symbolic + farming + lid + librarian + injection + sexuality + irrelevant + bonus + abuse + thumb + survey + ankle + psychologist + occurrence + profitable + deliberate + bow + tribe + rightly + representative + code + validity + marble + bow + plunge + maturity + hidden + contrast + tobacco + middle + grip + clergy + trading + passive + decoration + racial + well + embarrassment + sauce + fatal + banker + compensate + make + seat + popularity + interior + eligible + continuity + bunch + hook + wicket + pronounce + ballet + heir + positively + insufficient + substitute + mysterious + dancer + trail + caution + donation + added + weaken + tyre + sufferer + managerial + elaborate + restraint + renew + gardener + dilemma + configuration + rear + embark + misery + importantly + continually + appreciation + radical + diverse + revive + trip + lounge + dwelling + parental + loyal + privatisation + outsider + forbid + yep + prospective + manuscript + inherent + deem + telecommunication + intermediate + worthwhile + calendar + basin + utterly + rebuild + pulse + suppress + predator + width + stiff + spine + betray + punish + stall + lifestyle + compile + arouse + partially + headline + divine + unpleasant + sacred + useless + cool + tremble + statue + obey + drunk + tender + molecular + circulate + exploitation + explicitly + utterance + linear + chat + revision + distress + spill + steward + knight + sum + semantic + selective + learner + dignity + senate + grid + fiscal + activate + rival + fortunate + jeans + select + fitting + commentator + weep + handicap + crush + towel + stay + skilled + repeatedly + defensive + calm + temporarily + rain + pin + villa + rod + frontier + enforcement + protective + philosophical + lordship + disagree + boyfriend + activist + viewer + slim + this + textile + mist + harmony + deed + merge + invention + commissioner + caravan + bolt + ending + publishing + gut + stamp + map + loud + stroke + shock + rug + picture + slip + praise + fine + monument + material + garment + toward + realm + melt + reproduction + reactor + furious + distinguished + characterize + alike + pump + probe + feedback + aspiration + suspect + solar + fare + carve + qualified + membrane + dependence + convict + bacteria + trading + ambassador + wound + drug + conjunction + cabin + trail + shaft + treasure + inappropriate + half + attribute + liquid + embassy + terribly + exemption + array + tablet + sack + erosion + bull + warehouse + unfortunate + promoter + compel + motivate + burning + vitamin + sail + lemon + foreigner + powder + persistent + bat + ancestor + predominantly + mathematical + compliance + arch + woodland + serum + overnight + doubtful + doing + coach + binding + surrounding + peer + ozone + mid + invisible + depart + brigade + manipulate + consume + temptation + intact + glove + aggression + emergence + stag + coffin + beautifully + clutch + wit + underline + trainee + scrutiny + neatly + follower + sterling + tariff + bee + relaxation + negligence + sunlight + penetrate + knot + temper + skull + openly + grind + whale + throne + supervise + sickness + package + intake + within + inland + beast + rear + morality + competent + sink + uniform + reminder + permanently + optimistic + bargain + seemingly + respective + horizontal + decisive + bless + bile + spatial + bullet + respectable + overseas + convincing + unacceptable + confrontation + swiftly + paid + joke + instant + illusion + cheer + congregation + worldwide + winning + wake + toss + medium + jewellery + fond + alarm + guerrilla + dive + desire + cooperation + thread + prescribe + calcium + redundant + marker + chemist + mammal + legacy + debtor + testament + tragic + silver + grin + spectacle + inheritance + heal + sovereignty + enzyme + host + neighbouring + corn + layout + dictate + rip + regain + probable + inclusion + booklet + bar + privately + laser + fame + bronze + mobile + metaphor + complication + narrow + old + chop + synthesis + diameter + bomb + silently + shed + fusion + trigger + printing + onion + dislike + embody + curl + sunshine + sponsorship + rage + loop + halt + cop + bang + toxic + thinking + orientation + likelihood + wee + up + polite + apology + exile + brow + miserable + outbreak + comparatively + pump + fuck + forecast + timing + headmaster + terrify + sigh + premier + joint + incredible + gravity + regulatory + cylinder + curiosity + resident + narrative + cognitive + lengthy + gothic + dip + adverse + accountability + hydrogen + gravel + willingness + inhibit + attain + specialise + steer + selected + like + confer + usage + portray + planner + manual + boast + unconscious + jail + fertility + documentation + wolf + patent + exit + corps + proclaim + multiply + brochure + screen + orthodox + locomotive + considering + unaware + syndrome + reform + confirmation + printed + curve + costly + underground + territorial + designate + comfort + plot + misleading + weave + scratch + echo + ideally + endure + verbal + stride + nursing + exert + compatible + causal + mosaic + manor + implicit + following + fashionable + valve + proceed + sofa + snatch + jazz + patron + provider + interim + intent + chosen + applied + shiver + pie + fury + abolition + soccer + corpse + accusation + kind + dead + nursing + contempt + prevail + murderer + liberal + gathering + adequately + subjective + disagreement + cleaner + boil + static + scent + civilian + monk + abruptly + keyboard + hammer + despair + controller + yell + entail + cheerful + reconstruction + patience + legally + habitat + queue + spectator + given + purple + outlook + genius + dual + canvas + grave + pepper + conform + cautious + dot + conspiracy + butterfly + sponsor + sincerely + rating + weird + teenage + salmon + recorder + postpone + maid + furnish + ethical + bicycle + sick + sack + renaissance + luxury + gasp + wardrobe + native + fringe + adaptation + quotation + hunger + enclose + disastrous + choir + overwhelming + glimpse + divorce + circular + locality + ferry + balcony + sailor + precision + desert + dancing + alert + surrender + archive + jump + philosopher + revival + presume + node + fantastic + herb + assertion + thorough + quit + grim + fair + broadcast + annoy + divert + accelerate + polymer + sweat + survivor + subscription + repayment + anonymous + summarise + punch + lodge + landowner + ignorance + discourage + bride + likewise + depressed + abbey + quarry + archbishop + sock + large + glare + descent + stumble + mistress + empty + prosperity + harm + formulation + atomic + agreed + wicked + threshold + lobby + repay + varying + track + crawl + tolerate + salvation + pudding + counter + propaganda + cage + broker + ashamed + scan + document + apparatus + theology + analogy + efficiently + bitterly + performer + individually + amid + squadron + sentiment + making + exotic + dominance + coherent + placement + flick + colourful + mercy + angrily + amuse + mainstream + appraisal + annually + torch + intimate + gold + arbitrary + venture + preservation + shy + disclosure + lace + inability + motif + listener + hunt + delicious + term + substitute + highway + haul + dragon + chair + accumulate + unchanged + sediment + sample + exclaim + fan + volunteer + root + parcel + psychiatric + delightful + confidential + calorie + flash + crowd + aggregate + scholarship + monitor + disciplinary + rock + hatred + pill + noisy + feather + lexical + staircase + autonomous + viewpoint + projection + offensive + controlled + flush + racism + flourish + resentment + pillow + courtesy + photography + monkey + glorious + evolutionary + gradual + bankruptcy + sacrifice + uphold + sketch + presidency + formidable + differentiate + continuing + cart + stadium + dense + catch + beyond + immigration + clarity + worm + slot + rifle + screw + harvest + foster + academic + impulse + guardian + ambiguity + triangle + terminate + retreat + pony + outdoor + deficiency + decree + apologise + yarn + staff + renewal + rebellion + incidentally + flour + developed + chorus + ballot + appetite + stain + notebook + loudly + homeless + census + bizarre + striking + greenhouse + part + burial + embarrassed + ash + actress + cassette + privacy + fridge + feed + excess + calf + associate + ruin + jointly + drill + photograph + devoted + indirectly + driving + memorandum + default + costume + variant + shatter + methodology + frame + allegedly + swell + investigator + imaginative + bored + bin + awake + recycle + group + enjoyment + contemporary + texture + donor + bacon + sunny + stool + prosecute + commentary + bass + theirs + sniff + repetition + eventual + credit + suburb + organisational + newcomer + romance + film + experiment + daylight + warrant + fur + parking + nuisance + civilian + foolish + bulb + balloon + vivid + surveyor + spontaneous + biology + injunction + appalling + amusement + aesthetic + vegetation + stab + rude + offset + thinking + mainframe + flock + amateur + academy + shilling + reluctance + velocity + spare + wartime + soak + rib + mighty + shocked + vocational + spit + gall + bowl + prescription + fever + axis + reservoir + magnitude + rape + cutting + bracket + agony + strive + strangely + pledge + recipient + moor + invade + dairy + chord + shrink + poison + pillar + washing + warrior + supervisor + outfit + innovative + dressing + dispute + jungle + brewery + adjective + straighten + restrain + monarchy + trunk + herd + deadline + tiger + supporting + moderate + kneel + ego + sexually + ministerial + bitch + wheat + stagger + snake + ribbon + mainland + fisherman + economically + unwilling + nationalism + knitting + irony + handling + desired + bomber + voltage + unusually + toast + feel + suffering + polish + technically + meaningful + aloud + waiter + tease + opposite + goat + conceptual + ant + inflict + bowler + roar + drain + wrong + galaxy + aluminium + receptor + preach + parade + opposite + critique + query + outset + integral + grammatical + testing + patrol + pad + unreasonable + sausage + criminal + constructive + worldwide + highlight + doll + frightened + biography + vocabulary + offend + accumulation + linen + fairy + disco + hint + versus + ray + pottery + immune + retreat + master + injured + holly + battle + solidarity + embarrassing + cargo + theorist + reluctantly + preferred + dash + total + reconcile + drill + credibility + copyright + beard + bang + vigorous + vaguely + punch + prevalence + uneasy + boost + scrap + ironically + fog + faithful + bounce + batch + smooth + sleeping + poorly + accord + vice + duly + blast + square + prohibit + brake + asylum + obscure + nun + heap + smoothly + rhetoric + privileged + liaison + jockey + concrete + allied + rob + indulge + except + distort + whatsoever + viable + nucleus + exaggerate + compact + nationality + direct + cast + altar + refuge + presently + mandatory + authorise + accomplish + startle + indigenous + worse + retailer + compound + admiration + absurd + coincidence + principally + passport + depot + soften + secretion + invoke + dirt + scared + mug + convenience + calm + optional + unsuccessful + consistency + umbrella + solo + hemisphere + extreme + brandy + belly + attachment + wash + uncover + treat + repeated + pine + offspring + communism + nominate + soar + geological + frog + donate + co + nicely + innocence + housewife + disguise + demolish + counsel + cord + semi + reasoning + litre + inclined + evoke + courtyard + arena + simplicity + inhibition + frozen + vacuum + immigrant + bet + revenge + jail + helmet + unclear + jerk + disruption + attainment + sip + program + lunchtime + cult + chat + accord + supposedly + offering + broadcast + secular + overwhelm + momentum + infinite + manipulation + inquest + decrease + cellar + counsellor + avenue + rubber + labourer + lab + damn + comfortably + tense + socket + par + thrust + scenario + frankly + slap + recreation + rank + spy + filter + clearance + blessing + embryo + varied + predictable + mutation + equal + can + burst + retrieve + elder + rehearsal + optical + hurry + conflict + combat + absorption + ion + wrong + heroin + bake + x + vector + stolen + sacrifice + robbery + probe + organizational + chalk + bourgeois + villager + morale + express + climb + notify + jam + bureaucratic + literacy + frustrate + freight + clearing + aviation + legislature + curiously + banana + deploy + passionate + monastery + kettle + enjoyable + diagnose + quantitative + distortion + monarch + kindly + glow + acquaintance + unexpectedly + handy + deprivation + attacker + assault + screening + retired + quick + portable + hostage + underneath + jealous + proportional + gown + chimney + bleak + seasonal + plasma + stunning + spray + referral + promptly + fluctuation + decorative + unrest + resent + plaster + chew + grouping + gospel + distributor + differentiation + blonde + aquarium + witch + renewed + jar + approved + advocate + worrying + minimise + footstep + delete + underneath + lone + level + exceptionally + drift + spider + hectare + colonel + swimming + realism + insider + hobby + computing + infrastructure + co + burn + cereal + fold + compromise + boxing + rear + lick + constrain + clerical + hire + contend + amateur + instrumental + terminal + electorate + congratulate + balanced + manufacturing + split + domination + blink + bleed + unlawful + precedent + notorious + indoor + upgrade + trench + therapist + illuminate + bargain + warranty + scar + consortium + anger + insure + extensively + appropriately + spoon + sideways + enhanced + disrupt + satisfied + precaution + kite + instant + gig + continuously + consolidate + fountain + graduate + gloom + bite + structure + noun + nomination + armchair + virtual + unprecedented + tumble + ski + architectural + violation + rocket + inject + departmental + row + luxury + fax + deer + climber + photographic + haunt + fiercely + dining + sodium + gossip + bundle + bend + recruit + hen + fragile + deteriorate + dependency + swift + scramble + overview + imprison + trolley + rotation + denial + boiler + amp + trivial + shout + overtake + make + hunter + guess + doubtless + syllable + obscure + mould + limestone + leak + beneficiary + veteran + surplus + manifestation + vicar + textbook + novelist + halfway + contractual + swap + guild + ulcer + slab + detector + detection + cough + whichever + spelling + lender + glow + raised + prolonged + voucher + t + linger + humble + honey + scream + postcard + managing + alien + trouble + reverse + odour + fundamentally + discount + blast + syntactic + scrape + residue + procession + pioneer + intercourse + deter + deadly + complement + restrictive + nitrogen + citizenship + pedestrian + detention + wagon + microphone + hastily + fixture + choke + wet + weed + programming + power + nationally + dozen + carrot + bulletin + wording + vicious + urgency + spoken + skeleton + motorist + interactive + compute + whip + urgently + telly + shrub + porter + ethics + banner + velvet + omission + hook + gallon + financially + superintendent + plug + continuation + reliance + justified + fool + detain + damaging + orbit + mains + discard + dine + compartment + revised + privatization + memorable + lately + distributed + disperse + blame + basement + slump + puzzle + monitoring + talented + nominal + mushroom + instructor + fork + board + want + disposition + cemetery + attempted + nephew + magical + ivory + hospitality + besides + astonishing + tract + proprietor + license + differential + affinity + talking + royalty + neglect + irrespective + whip + sticky + regret + incapable + franchise + dentist + contrary + profitability + enthusiast + crop + utter + pile + pier + dome + bubble + treasurer + stocking + sanctuary + ascertain + arc + quest + mole + marathon + feast + crouch + storm + hardship + entitlement + circular + walking + strap + sore + complementary + understandable + noticeable + mankind + majesty + course + pigeon + goalkeeper + ambiguous + walker + virgin + prestige + preoccupation + upset + municipal + groan + craftsman + anticipation + revise + knock + infect + denounce + confession + turkey + toll + pal + transcription + sulphur + provisional + hug + particular + intent + fascinate + conductor + feasible + vacant + trait + meadow + creed + unfamiliar + optimism + wary + twist + sweet + substantive + excavation + destiny + thick + pasture + archaeological + tick + profit + pat + papal + cultivate + awake + trained + civic + voyage + siege + enormously + distract + stroll + jewel + immediately + honourable + helpless + hay + expel + eternal + demonstrator + correction + civilization + ample + retention + rehabilitation + premature + encompass + distinctly + diplomat + articulate + restricted + prop + intensify + deviation + contest + workplace + lazy + kidney + insistence + whisper + multimedia + forestry + excited + decay + screw + rally + pest + invaluable + homework + harmful + bump + bodily + grasp + finished + facade + cushion + conversely + urge + tune + solvent + slogan + petty + perceived + install + fuss + rack + imminent + short + revert + ram + contraction + tread + supplementary + ham + defy + athlete + sociological + physician + crossing + bail + unwanted + tight + plausible + midfield + alert + feminine + drainage + cruelty + abnormal + relate + poison + symmetry + stake + rotten + prone + marsh + litigation + curl + urine + latin + hover + greeting + chase + spouse + produce + forge + salon + handicapped + sway + homosexual + handicap + colon + upstairs + stimulation + spray + original + lay + garlic + suitcase + skipper + moan + manpower + manifest + incredibly + historically + decision + wildly + reformer + quantum + considering + +the of and to in I that was his he it with is for as had you not be her on at by which have or from this him but all she they were my are me one their so an said them we who would been will no when there if more out up into do any your what has man could other than our some very time upon about may its only now like little then can should made did us such a great before must two these see know over much down after first mr good men + + + +own never most old shall day where those came come himself way work life without go make well through being long say might how am too even def again many back here think every people went same last thought away under take found hand eyes still place while just also young yet though against things get ever give god years off face nothing right once another left part saw house world head three took new love always mrs put night each king between tell mind heart few because thing whom far seemed looked called whole de set both got find + + + +done heard look name days told let lord country asked going seen better p having home knew side something moment father among course hands woman enough words mother soon full end gave room almost small thou cannot water want however light quite brought nor word whose given door best turned taken does use morning myself gutenberg felt until since power themselves used rather began present voice others white works less money next poor death stood form within together till thy large matter kind often certain herself year friend half order round true anything keep sent wife means believe passed feet + + + +near public state son hundred children thus hope alone above case dear thee says person high read city already received fact gone girl known hear times least perhaps sure indeed english open body itself along land return leave air nature answered either law help lay point child letter four wish fire cried women speak number therefore hour friends held free war during several business whether er manner second reason replied united call general why behind became john become dead earth boy lost forth thousand looking i'll family soul feel coming england spirit question care truth ground really rest mean + + + + +different making possible fell towards human kept short town following need cause met evening returned five strong able french live lady subject sn answer sea fear understand hard terms doubt around ask arms turn sense seems black bring followed beautiful close dark hold character sort sight ten show party fine ye ready story common book electronic talk account mark interest written can't bed necessary age else force idea longer art spoke across brother early ought sometimes line saying table appeared river continued eye ety sun information later everything reached suddenly past hours strange deep change miles feeling act meet paid + + + +further purpose happy added seem taking blood rose south beyond cold neither forward view i've position sound none entered clear road late stand suppose la daughter real nearly mine laws knowledge comes toward bad cut copy husband six france living peace didn't low north remember effect natural pretty fall fair service below except american hair london laid pass led copyright doing army run horse future opened pleasure history west pay red an' hath note although wanted gold makes desire play master office tried front big dr lived certainly wind receive attention government unto church strength length company placed paper + + + +letters probably glad important especially greater yourself fellow bear opinion window ran faith ago agreement charge beauty lips remained arm latter duty send distance silence foot wild object die save gentleman trees green trouble smile books wrong various sleep persons blockquote happened particular drew minutes hardly walked chief chance according beginning action deal loved visit thinking follow standing knows try presence heavy sweet plain donations immediately wrote mouth rich thoughts months u won't afraid paris single joy enemy broken unless states ship condition carry exclaimed including filled seeing influence write boys appear outside secret parts please appearance evil march george + + + +whatever slowly tears horses places caught stay instead struck blue york impossible period sister battle school mary raised occasion married man's former food youth learned merely reach system twenty dinner quiet easily moved afterwards giving walk stopped laughed language expression week hall danger property wonder usual figure born court generally grew showed getting ancient respect third worth simple tree leaving remain society fight wall result heaven william started command tone regard expected mere month beside silent perfect experience street writing goes circumstances entirely fresh duke covered bound east wood stone quickly notice bright christ boat noble meant somewhat sudden value + + + +c direction chair due support tom date waiting christian village lives reading agree lines considered field observed scarcely wished wait greatest permission success piece british ex charles formed speaking trying conversation proper hill music opportunity that's german afternoon cry cost allowed girls considerable c broke honour seven private sit news top scene discovered marriage step garden race begin per individual sitting learn political difficult bit speech henry lie cast eat authority etc floor ill ways officers offered original happiness flowers produced summer provide study religion picture walls personal america watch pleased leaves declared hot understood effort prepared escape attempt supposed + + + + +killed fast author indian brown determined pain spring takes drawn soldiers houses beneath talking turning century steps intended soft straight matters likely corner trademark justice simply produce trust appears rome laugh forget europe passage eight closed ourselves gives dress passing terrible required medium efforts sake breath wise ladies possession pleasant perfectly o' memory usually grave fixed modern spot troops rise break fifty island meeting camp nation existence reply i'd copies sky touch equal fortune v shore domain named situation looks promise orders degree middle winter plan spent allow pale conduct running religious surprise minute roman cases shot lead move names + + + +stop higher et father's threw worse built spoken glass board vain affairs instance safe loss doctor offer class complete access lower wouldn't repeated forms darkness military warm drink passion ones physical example ears questions start lying smiled keeping spite shown directly james hart serious hat dog silver sufficient main mentioned servant pride crowd train wonderful moral instant associated path greek meaning fit ordered lot he's proved obliged enter rule sword attack seat game health paragraph statement social refund sorry courage members grace official dream worthy rock jack provided special shook request mighty glance heads movement fee share expect couldn't dollars + + + +spread opposite glory twelve space engaged peter wine ordinary mountains taste iron isn't distribute trade consider greatly accepted forced advantage ideas decided using officer rate clothes sign feelings native promised judge difference working anxious marry captain finished extent watched curious foreign besides method excellent confidence marked 'em jesus exactly importance finally bill vast prove fancy quick yes sought prevent neck hearts liberty interesting sides legal gentlemen dry serve aside pure concerning forgotten lose powers possessed thrown evidence distant michael progress similar narrow altogether building page particularly knowing weeks settled holding mountain search sad sin lies proud pieces clearly price ships + + + +thirty sick honest shut talked bank fate dropped judgment conditions king's accept hills removed forest measure species seek highest otherwise stream honor carefully obtained ear bread bottom additional presented aid fingers q remembered choose agreed animal events there's fully delight rights amount obtain tax servants sons cross shoulders thick points stranger woods facts dare grow creature hung rain false tall gate nations created refused quietly surface freely holy streets blow july regarded fashion report coast daily file shoulder surprised faces succeeded birds distribution royal song wealth comfort failed freedom peculiar anyone advance gentle surely animals waited secure desired grass touched + + + + +occupied draw stage portion expressed opening june spirits fish tongue capital angry growing served carriage weather breast presently snow david papers necessity practice claim hast education sharp prince permitted group enemies robert played throughout pity expense yours million add pray taught explained tired leading kill shadow companion weight mass established suffered gray brave thin satisfied check virtue golden numerous frequently famous telling powerful alive waters national weak divine material principal gathered suggested frank valley guess finding yellow heat remains bent seized guard equally naturally box remarkable gods moon slight style pointed saved windows crossed louis pounds ain't evidently principle immediate + + + +willing consequence richard principles characters paul season remarked science tender worked grown whispered interested quarter midst liked advanced apparently bore pwh active noticed aware thomas uncle list dangerous august calm genius sacred kingdom entire popular unknown nice habit spanish familiar reader published direct handsome you'll joined actually kings sd posted approach washington hearing needed increased walking twice throw intellectual appointed wisdom ceased truly numbers demanded priest wounded sorrow drive fault listened palace affair contact distinguished station beat distributed e listen italy fool becomes watching hurt wants express occurred favour height size edge subjects task follows interests nine sympathy burst putting + + + + +dressed lifted hopes suffer noise smiling rode tells minds farther literature vessel affection suffering proceeded flesh advice grand carrying legs spain post collection empty rank storm god's imagine wore duties admitted countries pocket arrival imagination driven loud sentence lovely extraordinary november december happen absence breakfast population thank rules inhabitants series laughing address relief bird owner impression satisfaction coat prepare relations shape birth rapidly smoke january mother's machine content consideration accompanied regular moving stands wholly teeth busy treated burning shame quality bay discover inside brain soil completely message ring resolved calling phrase acts mention square pair won title understanding sunday fruit + + + +mad forces included tea rocks nearer slaves falling absolutely slow bearing mercy larger explain contain grief soldier wasn't countenance previous explanation welcome proposed prayer stars germany belief informed moments poetry constant buy final faithful ride policy supper drawing excitement dying demand fighting fields drove upper sum philip motion assistance forty april stones edward fees kindly dignity catch october seated knees amongst current sending parties objects gained bitter possibly slave separate loose text receiving worst sold don credit chosen hoped printed terror features fond control capable fifteen doesn't firm superior cruel spiritual harry splendid proof pressed sooner join process crime dust + + + +instantly lands relation doors concerned deeply practical colour sing destroy anger distributing results increase reasons nose friendly entrance rooms admit supply clean useful yesterday delicate fail continue remove addressed choice huge needs wear blind unable cover double victory dozen constantly level india release rough ended shows fly praise devil ahead smith connected degrees gain addition committed chamber notes italian gradually acquaintance bought souls mission sacrifice cities mistake exercise conscience based car buried theory commanded nobody minister closely energy dick bare fought partly mistress hate arose playing color lake safety provisions description asleep centre faint thinks parents escaped careful enjoy drop + + + +brilliant brief bringing worship goods tale skin roof grey highly crown castle excited throne stated despair ease attached total kindness mile citizens circle dull extreme clouds figures intention prison term assured hidden thoroughly cup member civil apply labor everywhere intelligence strike fairly comply fellows haven't event gently connection protection conscious edition directed pulled flight evident surrounded wishes yards voices weary couple variety whilst volume details older requirements custom apart bow awful everybody labour asking lover showing introduced suit becoming composed plans rendered pictures lest volunteers singing eager precious paused require meat whenever milk dogs successful plants vision rare granted raise + + + +egypt manners cousin you've development arthur obs cool trial learning approached bridge abroad devoted paying literary writer fn israel disappeared interrupted stock readers dreadful female protect accustomed virginia type recognized salt destroyed signs innocent temper plenty pope avoid hurried represented favor mental attitude returning admiration brothers anxiety queen teach count curiosity solemn causes vessels compelled dance hotel wicked fled kissed guns fill visible younger guide earnest actual companions prisoner miserable lad harm views irish utterly ends shop stairs pardon gay beg seldom kinds record fat sand violent branches inquired iv september worn ireland flat departure delivered gift ruin skill cattle + + + +equipment temple calls earlier license visited en consent sufficiently natives wound laughter contained perceived scattered whence rushed chiefly bold anywhere witness foolish helped kitchen sell anybody self extremely treatment throat dreams patient speed growth quantity latin immense conclusion computer affected severe excuse triumph origin joseph slept eternal thine audience pages sounds swift limited wings stepped services library remaining containing base confusion win maid charming editions attended softly reality performed glorious likewise site sail frightened acquainted unhappy feared article prisoners store adopted shalt remark cook thousands pause inclined convinced band valuable hence desert effects kiss plant ice ball stick absolute readily + + + + +behold fierce argument observe blessed bosom rage striking discovery creatures shouted guilty related setting forgot punishment gun slightly articles police mysterious extended confess shade murder emotion destruction wondered increasing hide expedition horror local expenses ignorant doctrine generous range host wet cloud mystery ed waste changes possess consciousness february trembling disease formerly spend production source mankind universal deck sees habits estate aunt reign humble compliance delay shining reported hers unfortunate midnight listening flower hero accomplished doth classes thanks banks philosophy belong finger comfortable market cap waves woman's glanced troubled difficulties picked european purposes somewhere delighted pushed press household fleet baby region + + + + +lately uttered exact image ages murmured melancholy suspicion bowed refuse elizabeth staff liability we'll enjoyed stretched gaze belonged ashamed reward meal blame nodded status opinions indicate poem savage arise voyage misery guests painted attend afford donate job proceed loves forehead regret plainly risk ad lighted angel rapid distinct doubtless properly wit fame singular error utmost methods reputation appeal she's w strongly margaret lack breaking dawn violence fatal render career design displayed gets commercial forgive lights agreeable suggestion utter sheep resolution spare patience domestic concluded 'tis farm reference chinese exist corn approaching alike mounted jane issue key providing majority measures towns + + + +flame boston dared ignorance reduced occasionally y weakness furnished china priests flying cloth gazed profit fourth bell hitherto benefit movements eagerly acted urged ascii disposed electronically atmosphere chapter begged helen hole invited borne departed catholic files reasonable sugar replacement sigh humanity thrust frame opposition disk haste lonely artist knight quarters charm substance rolled email flung celebrated division slavery verse decision probable painful governor forever turns branch ocean rear leader delightful stared boats keen disposition senses occasions readable beloved inches bones enthusiasm materials luck derived managed community apparent preserved magnificent hurry scheme oil thence reaching dim wretched hanging pipe useless nevertheless + + + +print smooth solid pursued necessarily build attempted centuries eggs equivalent hastily burned you'd recent oh travel cries noon crying generations located cabin announcement britain compared handed cease smaller circumstance tent frequent alarm nervous beast what's aloud independent gates distinction essential observation stronger recovered belonging loving masters writers cf permanent mortal stern gratitude preserve burden aspect millions merry knife dread clever applicable district shadows jim silk failure links cent sentiment amid profits agent finds russia bade russian desperate union imagined contempt raising lords hell separated grant seriously tribes hit enormous defective conviction secured mixed insisted wooden prefer prayers fever selected daughters + + + +treat warning flew speaks developed impulse slipped ours johnson mistaken damages ambition resumed christmas yield ideal schools confirmed descended rush falls deny calculated correct perform hadn't somehow accordingly stayed acquired counsel distress sins notion discussion constitution anne hundreds instrument firmly actions steady remarks empire elements idle pen entering online africa permit th' tide vol leaned college maintain sovereign tail generation crowded fears nights limitation tied horrible cat displaying port male experienced opposed treaty contents rested mode poured les occur seeking practically abandoned reports eleven sank begins founded brings trace instinct collected scotland characteristic chose cheerful tribe costs threatened arrangement western + + + + +sang beings sam pressure politics sorts shelter rude scientific revealed winds riding scenes shake industry claims pp merit profession lamp interview territory sleeping sex coffee devotion thereof creation trail romans supported requires fathers prospect obey alexander shone operation northern nurse profound hungry scott sisters assure exceedingly match wrath continually rest gifts folly chain uniform debt teaching venture execution shoes mood crew perceive accounts eating multitude declare yard o'er astonishment version vague odd grateful nearest infinite elsewhere copying apartment activity wives parted security cared sensible owing martin saturday cottage jews leaning capacity joe settle referred francis holder involved sunshine dutch council + + + +princes ate examination steel strangers beheld test noted slightest widow charity realized element shed errors communication reflection attacked organization maintained restored folks concealed accordance heavens star examined deeds wordforms somebody incident oath guest bar row poverty bottle prevented bless stir intense completed quarrel touching inner available fix resistance unusual deed derive hollow suspected contains sighed province deserted establishment vote muttered thither oxford cavalry lofty endure succeed leg bid alice hated civilization u s acting landed christians passions interior scarce lightly disturbed rev supreme hang notwithstanding shock exception offering display strain drank confined o exhausted poets sounded aim critical jerusalem directions negro + + + + +fearful standard studied bag n buildings consequences commenced deeper repeat driving beasts track rid holds residence steadily intimate drinking swear treasure fun throwing apt enterprise queer seed tower runs defend favourite desires heavily assembled existed depends poems hesitated stuff section settlement staring sole roads plate mexico overcome pains performing dwell grounds taxes marble recently tones ability awake walter wave shaking folk possibility butter fury marched moses writes issued sailed instructions hatred pursuit pull furniture additions hid rope vi adventure royalty vanished arts elder signal wanting supplied feast safely burn describe references lesson annual card passes application intelligent county beaten presents + + + +format flow sixty scale damage marks obtaining moreover commerce startled southern consequently outer belongs ben wrought average naked conducted rivers songs obvious foundation concern ceremony magic campaign hunting carolina liberal whisper largely commonly torn exists contributions hunt teacher christianity lawyer operations detail shortly caesar wondering leaders blessing princess he'd altar tenderness tiny web cardinal sharply regiment chest distinctly purple creating gather depth indignation performance election prosperity gloomy conception clerk decide drunk victim reflected pour preceding individuals gazing absurd lift gesture armies limbs manage brethren hugh plays hastened dragged motive whatsoever pointing verses pronounced exchange definite emperor tendency remote finish flag + + + +boots enabled administration denied churches rarely earnestly considering previously ugly bears signed genuine harmless mingled obedience walks training badly feed central contrast relieved romance mississippi structure payment pace passages succession persuaded sources inquiry inspired angels roll wilt inch troubles perfection lee wherever owe handle advantages trip shoot fortunate newspaper employment fitted refuge misfortune providence owns cutting beard stirred tear dan resist bob depths maiden determine commission merchant whereas crossing independence lively breeze provinces jean virtues conceived relative solitary smell wandering thereby eighteen locked provision courts eaten historical regarding florence preferred pick ruined wherein vanity condemned deliver unexpected desk gross lane + + + +happens represent billy root holland mud respectable cleared feels fruits testimony milton existing bride rang ranks responsibility beating disappointed suitable depend judges giant grasp arrive simplicity autumn absent legally veil gloom doubtful suspect weapons limits determination feeble prophet shak gathering basis examine corrupt payments returns laying prize instances greeks d they're theatre purchase comparison composition rival someone realize defeat demands foe shared consists studies balance intercourse id forming slender coach criminal knocked silly humour masses indifferent recall occupation discourse keeps regions intervals assist novel intellect leads hither tales sale revenge lucy yonder resources jealous we're wheel invitation narrative risen burnt + + + +sentiments inferior amusement marie flash recognize swiftly portrait create summoned suggest induced conflict fed curse disappointment helpless preparing construction lincoln zeal responsible indicated groups positive germans attracted vengeance fort club cure stout missed gracious include flood satisfy agony respects ventured implied maria stupid seas spaniards grain enjoyment wearing indifference conceal horizon pleasures therein precisely canada day's assume registered estimate steep route gardens visitor closer harmony non thunder wire graceful crept greece childhood knee saddle supplies weeping mostly paragraphs unconscious mutual scorn grows external agents software institutions losing universe clock attempts instruction injury roots receipt jumped dearest sore earliest finest enable + + + +discipline motives fastened introduction converted wilderness confused fancied offices slip revolution wedding girl's farmer silently fires wept behalf reckon responded uncertain neglected stroke exquisite engagement dirty rolling platform messenger privilege admirable offers mischief physician imposed organized covering student daring cave wars convey he'll sincere tradition gravely combined gallant sensation travelling charges submit tragedy specific commander inn stiff accompany score virgin farewell paradise villages hunger trembled favorite criticism proprietary customs cotton ruth hospital restrictions outward impressed blows plains flashed rent prey owed longing musical satisfactory ridiculous sheet disgrace colored shouldn't originally samuel wages papa gas inevitable extensive leisure deadly chin claimed + + + +glow husband's emotions adam jealousy leaf publication englishman allah jones hostile wandered railway translation procession betrayed pound admired elected pierre sunk ruins eastern roses citizen reminded deceived tables beach starting funeral arrested flour feature correspondence consisted counted reserve proceedings roar romantic twenty five hut strangely absorbed propose seats bark reception pleasing attained wake research prayed monarch clothing dollar illness calmly obeyed heartily pressing daylight warriors jest abruptly washed comment metal preparations nerves solution pretended sixteen assembly tobacco entity dwelling depart swung bitterly alteration colony disclaimers wing peaceful lion opportunities alarmed furnish resting accused culture writings dwelt conquered trick trusted column financial + + + +cunning preparation drama joke entertained mist hypertext shell medicine proofread nest reverence situated yielded conceive appointment lessons fetch tomb candle offence coarse heap mixture homes model men's defect destined occasional fourteen hint knights solicit dreamed objection craft acid namely asia neglect data weapon confessed arrangements repose complying copied pink user heels grandfather other's income i e regards streams vigorous accepting bishop lightning authors flames observations compressed sport powder beds orange painting shout austria bath careless chap derivative roused primitive doorway climbed volumes vulgar arguments st sunset convenient mail recalled wrapped abode planted paint surrender establish mild promptly appearing department parish stephen + + + +nay lit handkerchief basket easier deserve quit assurance mirror plot yer upward sadly secretary adding modest dish cares straw net advised heavenly largest proceeding impatient wounds warmth certainty restless meantime rays salvation lovers experiment shores today tremendous afforded moonlight intend california cultivated flushed shakespeare newspapers rocky pious wont steam improvement garments ned treasury merchants perpetual trained products affectionate dispute visitors poison proposition maybe rifle warned parting shield erected employ prevailed talent rises climate chairs searched unlike recover mate arrange fortunes puzzled committee aged ohio ashes ghost b promises bushes effective distinguish manifest comparatively esteem blew revelation wash recognition confession clay + + + +nonsense trunk management undoubtedly dried dorothy chiefs coal stolen earthly restore indirectly lasted selfish renewed canoe protest vice races deemed temporary pile frederick chapel moderate spell massachusetts upright quoted area bone solitude instruments formal students greatness struggling monday reproach altered grim leaped venice federal questioned editor desirable acknowledge motionless remedy bestowed pursue representative pole gladly linen vital sink pacific hopeless dangers gratefully president travelled ward nephew ms cheer bloody siege commands justified atlantic stomach improved admire openly sailors abide advancing forests records polly recorded modification dramatic statements upstairs varied letting wilson comrades sets descent whither envy load pretend folded brass + + + +internal furious curtain healthy obscure summit alas fifth center faced cheap saints colonel egyptian contest owned adventures exclusion seize chances springs alter landing fence leagues glimpse statue contract luxury artillery doubts saving fro string combination awakened faded arrest protected temperature strict contented professional intent brother's injured neighborhood andrew abundance smoking yourselves medical garrison likes corps heroic inform wife's retained agitation nobles prominent institution judged embrace wheels closing damaged pack affections eldest anguish surrounding obviously strictly capture drops inquire ample remainder justly recollection deer answers bedroom purely bush plunged thyself joint refer expecting madam railroad spake respecting jan columns weep identify + + + +discharge bench ralph heir oak rescue limit unpleasant anxiously innocence awoke expectation incomplete program reserved secretly we've invention faults disagreeable piano defeated charms purse persuade deprived electric endless interval chase heroes invisible well known occupy jacob gown cruelty lock lowest hesitation withdrew proposal destiny recognised commons foul loaded amidst titles ancestors types commanding madness happily assigned declined temptation lady's subsequent jewels breathed willingly youthful bells spectacle uneasy shine formidable stately machinery fragments rushing attractive product economic sickness uses dashed engine ashore dates theirs adv clasped international leather spared crushed interfere subtle waved slope floating worry effected passengers violently donation steamer witnesses + + + +specified learnt stores designed guessed roger timber talents heed jackson murdered vivid woe calculate killing laura savages wasted trifle funny pockets philosopher insult den representation incapable eloquence dine temples ann sensitive robin appetite wishing picturesque douglas courtesy flowing remembrance lawyers sphere murmur elegant honourable stopping guilt welfare avoided fishing perish sober steal delicious infant lip norman offended dost memories wheat japanese humor exhibited encounter footsteps marquis smiles amiable twilight arrows consisting park retire economy sufferings secrets na halted govern favourable colors translated stretch formation immortal gallery parallel lean tempted frontier continent knock impatience unity dealing prohibition decent fiery images tie + + + +punished submitted julia albert rejoined speedily consented major preliminary cell void placing prudence egg amazement border artificial hereafter fanny crimes breathe exempt anchor chicago sits purchased eminent neighbors glowing sunlight examples exercised wealthy seeming bonaparte shouting thanked illustrious curiously inspiration seeds naval foes everyone longed abundant doubted painter greeted erect glasses meanwhile shooting athens wagon lend lent crisis undertake particulars eh veins polite anna experiences seal header clergy mount array corners magazine loudly bitterness texas guardian searching rejected harsh includes boldly maurice kate lunch pine shells seconds despite hoping injustice expressions flies push tight problems landscape sue protested scarlet abandon + + + + +artistic mainly measured loyal boiling desirous suited alliance advise waist sinking apprehension stable gregory maximum commit hideous hamilton sweetness dismissed tore affect shaken evils unworthy significance modified miracle lieu peasant considerably observing conveyed resemblance extend riches personally morality rebellion thread dumb inclination forbidden copper differences sailor requested alfred response promoting imperial blank purity victor bending solemnly twenty four minor del crimson republic teachers ma'am danced bargain dealt fatigue telephone cents whip adams dislike witnessed infantry acres checked countrymen enemy's companies normal shirt addresses introduce sofa mothers sweep conversion sketch african deserved answering virtuous persian anyway thief driver retain constructed daniel ut + + + +philadelphia conspicuous channel nobility edith berlin editing cambridge declaration guards personality smallest excess separation disgust ha accomplish speeches herbert convent rightly suspended reform mob thirst unnecessary treasures asks viewed designs gleam threatening palm missouri filling quoth fur fortnight holes addressing frightful encourage speaker tribute procure frankly recommended relieve intentions unjust legislation project threshold merits morrow traces induce spear inward pupils corresponding fairy conclude clung neat lucky lap session torture damp ridge spoil liable swords hearty bc abraham thoughtful traveller chains favorable tin imp strongest horace dependent couch bills warrant complaint endeavour sails dined convention guarded angle widely illinois charlotte endeavoured + + + + +ardent cow mill victims prejudice foremost map probability porch lieutenant surprising fountain sustained appropriate ford clara assisted lewis rejoice extending marvellous clothed jew collar bands confident hasty nigh organ prose privileges selection inquiries codes replace saint districts deliberately awe beforehand strife released compare beer retorted relate cheerfully pistol presume velvet wretch susan pennsylvania stirring righteousness missing fain facing fashionable producing peoples positively reasoning gravity disturb sermon exchanged partner brains lowered association estates abuse flock niece languages asserted bodily notions oliver faculty cannon thirteen sailing rings smart possessions disciples petty widest divisions prudent caution justify awhile boxes manuscript cigar warrior impressions + + + +aught lifting inaccurate tidings friday liquid staying concept creek lo brush download specially cream meetings jump unwilling adapted practised combat subdued jewish innumerable blowing extra civilized invented japan pitch cliff crowned portions awkward horrid pulling appreciate communicated kentucky jury encountered attacks monster simon maintaining sites frozen invariably dies survive literally consolation m phenomena pot ellen briefly rice planned barbara respected sublime dropping guy behaviour desolate penny adopt replaced revenue formats hired regularly infringement curtains eagerness helping investigation constitutional insist occurs fools inheritance latest leap games apple visiting travellers experiments hasn't pupil enjoying totally twisted discuss firing background subscribe tenderly transcribe + + + +descend differ majesty's avail disaster bet periodic bull entertainment computers cursed raw fulfilled georgia virus log skies scotch embraced hospitality faintly solomon robbed cart influences ascended incidents childish robe aboard resembling reflect dominion dreary serving complexion engage tents herd attain collect disclaims pan relatives borrowed convert outline blown comprehend peasants opera assault deceive doctrines representatives dedicated struggled officials hiding paths backs prominently prices procured mourning compliment heights approval gasped breadth withdraw tune compassion polished latitude dishes parent contrived delicacy projected akin f betray traced resentment indemnify pseud sacrifices disguise transcription document neighbour squire punish bars glittering tossed block lots worldly + + + +muscles elbow obligation trifling decline attachment ambitious filename artists bloom holiday brute repair fist recollect eagle honorable significant barren functions guided dense fiction viz adds rows recommend suspicious resulting seventy shillings educational duly governed scripture upwards sworn nicholas horn brook fund vienna lodge infinitely clergyman marshal ruled fiercely portuguese costume pit disorder sheer exalted fare applause chaucer remind binary packed pillow jersey abbey nowhere anyhow agitated marching catching el grasped arrow tend carved fitting bonds instructed elaborate corpse bewildered essence positions emily edited continues harold elevation realm debts glancing shops complained loyalty coin clad staircase documents interpreted th extremity accord + + + +sally lace tremble exile gospel mechanical successfully scholar wonders arab temperament expressing fred trap spots awaiting potatoes likeness harbour proofs jolly contributed wits generosity ruler lawrence cake lamps crazy sincerity entertain madame sir faculties hesitate deepest seventeen lordship greeting feminine monstrous tongues barely d mansion facility praised warranties sarah happier indicating rob gigantic honey ladder ending wales swallowed sunny knelt tyranny decree stake divide dreaming proclaimed dignified tread mines viewing defense oldest incredible bidding brick arch everlasting elect sprung harder winding deductible magistrate respective liquor imitation shy perished prime studying eighty hebrew unfortunately licensed fog coloured bits consult moves r + + + + +warn taylor vile depended phil legend locations shallow doom dreaded encouragement impatiently scent varieties irregular battles compass neighbouring bliss harvest promotion stove faithfully anthony excellence transfer awaited heathen poetic consulted illustrated gilbert br fundamental bundle rebel cultivation joys rigid tragic review representing flowed brows whereupon terribly melted venerable towers cooking mustn't suspicions old fashioned oppressed australia friend's revolt swell improve williams describes goddess wreck tennessee convince sentences bowl radiant prussia westward indignant refined unseen illustration pertaining swamp austrian saxon congregation nerve undertaking disclaimer characteristics stare specimens ascertain pledge earn warfare supposing subsequently attending angrily select animated industrial hurriedly manhood quantities interpretation + + + +dressing rejoiced edinburgh catherine challenge produces forbid gang boiled shouts so called theme thankful admission enters elevated frenchman pool terrified lads persisted conference equality genus didst newly generals surroundings sorrows occasioned invasion workmen monks sends turkish discretion pattern reveal endured resolve columbia preach exceeding ringing triumphant defiance errand woke grandmother weighed wool orleans communicate strikes promising scenery righteous essentially oppose joyous specimen doctors eloquent manager organs sticks drag haunted chorus rational crop processing accurate wolf adorned sheets resort refusal bond vicinity preacher sympathetic casting opens prophets horns warmly salary continuous satan continual defended breaks workers lantern balls rod blaze examining naples + + + +peculiarly vegetables ingenious excite howard horseback re use louisiana farmers wildly mouths carpet sadness customary circles aren't wonderfully max juan successor allied ceiling confirmation glances diamonds goal representations cash vacant antiquity despise lawn they'll appealed turkey texts neighbor spreading discharged phrases ultimate tastes submission entry rachel blush monument hardy thorough ein ecclesiastical fertile exciting captive severity considerations shew faster louise grandeur winning solely globe malice echoed lodging conservative throng prosperous whistle floated transferred declaring reckoned cheese bite thoughtfully breach enthusiastic cars downstairs allowing invite adjoining dusk cathedral truths plague sandy boil caroline beautifully inhabited tomorrow exclamation finishing shocked escort forgetting hanged + + + +hats mirth uncomfortable connecticut bows pierced harbor tricks rubbed apparatus mysteries honesty negroes concerns wander assert ceremonies sacrificed utterance dismay fright rail reflections crops pushing proves jimmy pathetic imperfect haughty navy fortress hurrying x blessings attempting insects selling appreciation suppressed acquire offensive ripe dresses reigned coldly candles km sixth blazing youngest mask florida lecture parlor decidedly whereby gordon reverend successive perception buffalo sire quitted keys develop function morals damned vexed d pouring bullet excessive bind identical cliffs tools byron mexican piety superstition git substantial bulk prevail wiser preaching prolonged annoyed westminster splendour remembering richmond upset cab bunch pencil subjected vegetable + + + +exhibit emerged cooked hay kansas gale preached arnold trousers debate dated tumult corruption summons comrade eternity hears lingered propriety stillness partial welcomed cabinet proceeds vow quaint soup beef rests slay surgeon irresistible sealed repeating needn't allowance undertaken treachery posts borders attendant unite murderer owners nm sweeping unconsciously blade saviour theories graham behaved pleaded spy possesses lawful tommy seasons withdrawn reckless factory shades gossip seventh attendance robes journal systems dryden maine token intimacy abstract machines bestow chanced locks honestly legitimate accent symptoms votes ragged thursday manifested fidelity swinging descending sincerely bred whereof indies novels league failing succeeding santa approve cautiously miller + + + + +afflicted lodgings petition traffic sparkling limb architecture disposal carriages crack kindred naught ornament slew steward fantastic evolution patiently reverse survey dug amuse stretching isaac forthwith contemporary foliage receives scandal donors deliberate influenced intolerable hearth symbol governments repaired pleasantly homage victorious columbus recovery defined attendants modesty diana washing pavement unnatural decisive wisely precise negative occurrence snatched shaft linked festival exclusively jove wickedness visions maggie rosy carelessly stem corporation dec feeding allen cows schemes preference urge husbands labours shrill exercises sovereignty reduce distressed clearing removal dean scottish assertion accessible comedy flush code philosophers adequate vaguely treason hunter chambers split yielding newsletter snake + + + +pub historian ass intensity democracy battery draws netherlands creed liking luke tyrant strove attraction slaughter dismal deposited assent cups concert downward canal evenings wax detective fancies spoiled revolver murray earned analysis finer paces roaring prompt paperwork wherefore emphasis sharing delayed inherited bronze waking garment redistributing wholesome remorse plato morris stooped dew monk thrill hue exclusive funds porter uncommon dash strained confounded swim strip middle aged ultimately team missionary esteemed tracks envelope whoever expensive headquarters cherished brandy startling homer talks acute cigarette motor embarrassed janet volunteer offspring network reaches indispensable plane reaction regiments g sums partially prejudices proudly baggage terrace deaf allusion + + + +grip juice isabel resigned humility benjamin blast ministry sexual nile diameter troop onward crowds marrying tightly sullen brutal axe holmes penalty tops diamond boards corridor endowed strengthened cells proportions alternate echo restraint trials reads identity headed softened quivering stages sway poetical objected screen professed dirt ascertained era wider ambassador constituted breed interference eyebrows shapes afar consist acceptance displays flashing hunted beauties lazy shrewd extravagant momentary cordial engineer rapidity nov halt alternative devils stamp compact whites breathless encoding drift disappear roared revived counter venus imaginary diminished honoured th despatched objections ray climbing attract astonishing competition suggestions ink oft crystal shower diseases + + + +ferdinand obedient draught wondrous await armour massive bottles kin cellar falsehood pillars edgar philosophical martha worlds memorable jacques detected stealing noisy henceforth cicero laden frost device glare touches senate lasting communion transport constantinople coffin eventually johnny enclosed forgiveness awfully clinging darkened contemplation termed manufacture swallow commonplace nancy resembled she'd labors contracted inscription comfortably indulge indulgence bravely kneeling yea keenly exhibition agricultural enlightened quest compliments crest extension uneasiness constitute inflicted lakes swing meadow noblest downloading complex controversy freed resignation tempest guidance prospects humbly lined serene shrugged honours roughly checks remarkably dainty overhead commencement singularly brightness oppression repeatedly conspiracy restrain splendor preservation + + + +pub pepper basin creeping matthew publicly percy continuing grove calamity pony vigour melody profitable descendants hire speculation discoveries accepts drunken candidate principally worried obstinate hasten foreigners elderly overwhelmed instincts telegraph russell university ghastly patron varying barbarous celestial t' patriotism modify earnestness exertion fox refusing horsemen inspection stations grieved louder bursting regretted mournful pursuing traitor associations cautious foundations stamped prior undertook telegram beggar chimney complicated davis striving magistrates converse graces wiped oars apology scared imprisonment eastward substitute yahweh handful usage lodged of villain banished restoration serpent hedge k jurisdiction captains settlers gaining valiant primary storms beam victoria tour prophecy spectacles obsolete + + + +buying shepherd wells harriet exaggerated heated penetrated travels earl hereditary ali supernatural competent piled hostess agriculture boughs urgent gratified suffice ports drifted accuracy deceased circular securing possibilities rhine alert neighboring democratic quebec bud accounted aided augustus blanket hail pretence beams andy pig shaped oven rounded ivory northward isolated policeman aug conventional babylon dusty bishops complaints stripped plead hinder vo cord flows personage classical alongside wrongs extract rewarded lungs lighter kisses serves pint forgiven sternly proclamation realised pipes arising pitched tube observer smote avenue elephant burke footing statesman rebels nails wears doomed edges esther indiana affecting stormy bee bury efficient mix + + + +supporting actor disturbance sweat executive seemingly tenth blossoms ethel folds painfully polish shudder oe roofs comparative begging imposing notable invested imprisoned mute amy cage esq pg cured cargo prof negotiations assented jail skilful ideals conferred resulted illusion torment troublesome crowns feb repentance blankets proprietor uncertainty concentrated mediterranean covers scream compromise respectful chariot ammunition bonnet secondary persia persecution lesser assistant saluted fits indulged springing cane fold boundary valued she'll rugged aloft thieves parlour indebted tons processes dave moore argue dearly logic panic restrained lb vainly weariness enlarged franklin tasted rural torrent resolute refrain kissing gorgeous meets circulation passionately inasmuch unexpectedly stress + + + + +consumption groan suits sustain hosts crash resemble epoch quote lacking nominally choked aristocracy granite gradual delights hurled joyful sack slumber detached snapped shadowy accompanying annoyance crush needle repent phenomenon execute canst smoked greet monarchy behave richly controlled strive endeavor barrier canadian curve politeness flora rely flank convenience courteous logs lamb effectually robinson logical shan't dimly withered diet praises fulfil mantle ne'er discussing chicken judicial consistent ridicule as reins barrel distrust trunks verily hunters feather desperately goodly habitual voluntary luncheon eighteenth exertions expert coolly mistakes tedious contemplated clark jacket gleaming shrank swimming kent perplexed impressive universally displeasure maids rates underneath expedient + + + +emma impress bees bounded worshipped resisted provincial popularity baker shattered merciful olive tramp compensation ernest martial genial syria conjecture van waiter detained items promote delaware covenant nought interposed seizing sinner vigor devote decorated sentimental yoke properties warlike perilous threats kindled lays hostility dragging mare regulations obstacle sage destitute pays sleepy dublin jonathan posterity they'd nod mason patriotic plantation pitiful foster requisite expose oxen patch anderson stuart interruption lance payable definition birthday thumb wolves hammer overwhelming intensely revolutionary fragrant bleeding sheltered circuit dominions sales energetic insignificant repetition we'd amazing trains skirts tip trivial kick tended rejoicing dig pet skull lectures ness + + + +threat legislature plunder removing jungle ghosts numbered famine palaces sorrowful improvements coleridge fuller asp blocks darted shrine heel typical throws fortunately recognise fuel th tranquil frown destination plunge moor pin mars associate here's owen th arabic vicious framed banquet expressive instinctively lighting scanning subordinate jaws patent courtyard gulf destroying detailed regulating closet compel inland excepting pretext legislative stationed rash margin champion settling billion shorter betwixt admiring morgan nick chemical chapters worthless aristocratic nan especial hon attentive maintenance charlie explanatory differently furiously pulse scanty flee admiral clause resume compound pilot growled charmed imitate happening knot rags mock majestic messages prussian suspense + + + + +clare relationship skirt agency arisen grin unusually michigan hoarse mills intently dining demonstration depression lain expectations joining weekly trenches technical vehicle aimed borrow flattering portugal prodigious scope vegetation switzerland arkansas swelling fortified favoured salute topic blushed superb strengthen confidential crow shawl sunrise sings coats sturdy dissolved lifetime dispersed sergeant contribute strode brigade verdict they've honors panting females richest attribute brighter hook discontent orderly airs tiger messengers penetrate sabbath identification holiness crooked housekeeper productions prescribed rector spark sleeve honored tame highway alabama edmund militia nobleman energies spacious tearing affliction photograph ally hampshire ascent ditch fishes jupiter rubbing tract standards afore ribbon + + + +cecilia oregon integrity plus transparent farms pulpit ropes nineteen rescued counting perfume socrates hounds solicited bother fascinating qualified desolation essay rains renew odious assuredly suggests rider loneliness pond activities dazzling leaping squadron bowing novelty wrist keeper homeward alexandria finely li efficiency marvel tranquillity agnes charities spenser condemn elephants elders julian tries nd sweetly endurance bags reared jaw unique navigation inevitably admirably sect drum poles verge piercing sanction russians forlorn approbation organic stanley allegiance bin expressly ingenuity dispose stained theology withal duration fundraising adj collecting weigh sweetest float consul monastery raging publish knocking precaution privately aaron endeavored insight definitely stature troy + + + +miriam judah oblige urging shift mould courses countless associates hymn rapture tonight trumpet parker entrusted firmness comic breeding ken questioning factor monuments loveliness handled communities saloon stumbled witch confronted traveling seamen backed profoundly gladness pomp mess practise sanctuary superstitious casual iowa analyzed historic bored shrink judging treating expenditure encouraging diplomatic forcing studio exposure crude compilation vermont eve ascend unbroken apollo countess binding exceed frail hans champagne shuddered carter mule inserted parson rascal inspire banner divorce treacherous nineteenth invalid weaker organizations bolt ticket backwards captivity lame provoked vein lists gallop communications dagger passive shoe thrice corrected mystic infancy foam keith tavern + + + +fraud th cradle rifles vigorously censure gentleness jr sobbing monotonous explosion catastrophe respectfully wearied cats blamed needful fireplace gravel affords discovering jar selfishness tolerably clerks ark moist wid sauce prompted exceptions bullets writ bruce insolent moisture thompson furnace healing fewer deem apron humiliation punctuation rolls doe rotten richer swiss behavior nowadays pamphlet loan beads divers unreasonable realise lust ah annually detach gaily shares gifted planet feverish resurrection saul consecrated enforced vincent shelf fan fluid brightly damsel gabriel kid frantic neatly anon ascribed insane tropical th milan hardened overthrow phase achievement immortality obscurity assumption discern hopeful humorous composure turf poland dame + + + + +missionaries orator perpetually arbitrary ecstasy retirement pronounce authorized familiarity nl hastings clubs reconciled grievous mercury elegance chivalry luminous beseech benevolent confided dances perplexity escaping terrific companionship commence daisy parliament th creep pleading disdain pm sympathies guides emergency parcel suicide replies drawer contribution supposition vii weren't link homely pluck ruling patrick statesmen hannah printing joshua synonymous sinister advocate destructive environment blossom bridle yon waistcoat extends confirm listing solemnity projects reporter deprive detachment infernal traversed moss skilled announce hateful fugitive gothic coolness insurrection cum med coachman expend stepping julius resign despatch excluded reject tough plea roy fragment lacked wordsworth balcony darker mac + + + +nevada christopher fork flatter iniquity meditation disastrous stain patches hints ordained drinks whipped burial matt employee employer hypothesis steed width sweden transaction victories devout outrage vary attorney rouse doubled sidney schooner flaming offend sheriff encamped magnificence vent politely vines flags italians necessities austin nobler accusation impulses packet shabby irritated dakota industrious classic ranch ascending cruelly happiest antonio accuse insulted bridges players sixteenth solicitation embarked idol odds aims illuminated enchanted adversary pie reflecting pension luxurious pigs choir tumbled conqueror irritation verb monkey acceptable dynasty accurately divinity signature heretofore hazard dora sq stead attire fling marine occupations soothing devised singer spaces emerson + + + +disguised antique orthodox poisoned dove gratification sydney electricity alien sorely cracked supremacy summon depressed sexes offerings pledged irony recourse tortured thickly correspondent sounding sombre brushed reasonably th duel reluctantly implies cable ridden acre grieve inquiring colonists addison republican illustrate tim liverpool gilded clumsy satin displeased odor clearer prairie hudson feudal flint easter freshness nursery explanations adoption reluctance crosses blushing imported notorious equipped sinful starving eugene bedside sovereigns abrupt excused injure incessant correctly drooping adored embroidered pasture pillar import founder torch vault worm ay bravery confinement trusting butler rattle transported estimation edit gotten cuts headlong outfit insolence secrecy thereupon unlucky + + + +eighth valour grammar relaxed mentions adjacent knives attacking exceptional recollections deposit establishing muddy arches aspects senior fragrance colonial penetrating refinement te yacht intelligible stray forcibly jenny superficial tends identified wan choosing frighten grotesque reprinted tutor contributing welsh gaiety besieged robbery transmitted swam consequential slid stony donald gratify heavier confidently mabel demon treatise mechanically batteries trading cock pilgrimage extinct idleness sicily merrily excursion handling utah eminence lump boyhood montana superfluous wee dome shivering accidental thickness darwin continuance fixing harris rustic cheered vernon premises delivery nodding snowy curved productive discouraged variations shilling swollen miraculous stubborn belgium drives jerome orchard persuasion invaded alps + + + +ungrateful insensible muscle madrid flanders cultivate involuntarily speedy variation marian harp peaks daybreak magnitude precautions rub requiring coral grapes fairest locality opponent bondage beans cowardly grandson leo gertrude nail protecting hospitable proving benevolence brussels civilisation mounting desiring rushes precision watchful harness perchance forbade channels indication zealous tact seventeenth theodore stating toast dreadfully judith asterisk virgil edifice swelled accomplishment sundry reckoning mouse prostrate helm slim whistling syllable handwriting commissioners lime spur unfit gen relish reduction sown venetian cordially hush breasts slipping pat arabian dialogue forwards entreat fascination belly neutral grasping diligence disgusted retiring strokes sob vine compose valentine harvey icy inconvenience + + + +v pots dimensions abused armor detect contradiction banker infamous powerless passenger crust historians disclaim norway peculiarities sting simultaneously watches cong episode achieve populace sherman incense rebecca jordan persistent wisconsin ho ta fruitful scoundrel coasts starve denmark scots consultation habitation goat howling tailor flourish trifles dashing disappearance sour practicable shameful inviting criminals leisurely accumulated audible topics expends radiance underline parade spoils helmet consternation expenditures impose originator pa unequal wooded enduring ox valet proclaim carl impossibility lydia territories deference ravine geoffrey blanche accommodation boyish spray theological anonymous injurious formally sports ab scales wyoming discontinue calf manual disturbing potent anticipation melt tilde thames + + + +grade mischievous pang pathos alternately brisk stool justification foreigner endeavouring satire al delete masculine spies umbrella transportation yell remnant boot ignored thrilling ale mineral goose nebraska truce lastly airy sketches groves col th comprehension cling duck abyss alaska baffled planning abominable aversion drawings customers weird stewart traveled alan incessantly flattery director improbable moderation awakening males pairs temporal con nicely lapse vitality soap patriot malicious eyed pirates enforce doll briskly sez skeleton comprehensive buttons crushing personages threaten nuts undone wright frankness hides progressive rogers villa aristotle resource irs confine sewing co congratulate walt reconcile insurance terminated dusky appoint pearl thrilled gains + + + +interrupt extravagance jokes suppress quod signify layer clue kettle contemplate aforesaid tooth sensibility boldness mature cuba tolerable rabbit befallen needless yankee awaken clasp lets blinded conductor dependence guarantee affectionately player wires thicket walker outstretched procedure wheeled aye oneself recommendation projecting shriek futile cheerfulness deity fifteenth gap muscular dripping insect values brooding restaurant baptism imaginative rhyme exhaustion intrigue senseless hercules yearly baron occupying imply absurdity launched resolutely vowed attach characterized fellowship posture caps leon demanding owl beset ensuring suite tennyson thereto heaped jewel regained voluntarily longitude permanently jumping babe secondly violin rogue rainy reconciliation emotional radical accursed tendencies concrete resident lustre + + + +hull ominous overboard uproar cavern combine respectively menace pilgrims jeff peak currency silken violet khan mastery objective plucked litter memorial bids fondly clapped tariff beneficial unsolicited reluctant separately patronage revenues dragon zeus mike ranges vexation indicates overheard tray raymond thereafter exporting mound taxation frenzy horizontal thirsty disputed charter redistribution boasted item moscow termination eminently suggestive linger shady calculation expansion mast confer sophia commanders pitied twist traditional involve interfered achilles wanton repay brother in law routine son in law gaul groom solve grassy tempt unsuccessful witty politician yearning lid noticing courtiers cheering bounty consequent renown regulation fowl mayor wrinkled defy threads violation junction boss particles + + + +glories signifies constrained paternal piles hardware engaging e g peer counties mocking ch avoiding rebuke abolished cheers idiot rd morbid wrung e mail outcome gilt coldness applying strand renowned fishermen creative circus moustache proverb lowering biggest sly nursing boon weighing oklahoma brink degraded avenge hum minority spaniard ridges perils larry merchandise aloof despairing acquisition asylum chickens placid affirm trod gardener schedule calmness protector concealment trench fore accession h dey connexion cairo mend considers twenty one municipal achievements cherish deserving exert riot veteran advancement inventor meek cameron hopelessly judicious tending testify governess orchestra garb condemnation foregoing bacon maternal wasting australian strata hushed maryland sculpture + + + + +miniature corrections tangled completion regulated athenian flavor brand intimately unlimited dipped luggage inconsistent forsaken feebly woven lloyd rubbish tool spirited christendom chaos twinkling muffled accents accidentally degradation emancipation prosecution cleveland outbreak defending dwarf abundantly turner disadvantage abolition disregard deliberation filthy ak notifies dealings demonstrated paced tense drums interpreter vanish astray hen workman asunder baked baltimore bustle winged mentioning pastoral fabric trim musician twenty two patty mentally wrecked discreet godfrey apostle ledge roast accessed preface convincing quiver stocks mourn commented redistribute precipice outdated juliet dialect elementary freight cowardice wipe deserts shelves denial b traits denounced eric underground phantom whirling pecuniary dire hostilities + + + +gait it'll vividly instruct dickens puritan clutched acknowledgment conjunction oppressive intermediate formula hungary sneer ore plentiful plump combinations purest cheat doubly inadequate leslie blest forbear haunt treaties fearless constable enveloped enmity watson bridegroom curate developing frock mining audacity improper motto parisian faction architect melting delicately register heroine indefinite console defensive perceptible fruitless ransom surplus solicitude effectual shiver gal wed contemptuous plough snakes felicity reef outset constitutes lament tissue draft impelled epic fisherman hawaii obstinacy ulysses lemon voltaire hound measuring conscientious robber toy impart statute barry girdle basil rebellious stair biting consulting perseverance manila massacre cough blazed claude transition button headache + + + +tenant burns harmonious dreamy burgundy collections unkind inscribed cushions programme din laborious manufacturing markets zone humane ac fertility languid ninth curses introducing alcohol impending declining advantageous heal millennium karl ft staid planting theatrical spectator winchester greedy commonwealth suffrage tremulous commodities stuffed admitting aching ninety discomfort imperative montreal bobby bachelor geographical longest courageous carpenter sundays concluding danish steer influential surround random ounce afresh dictated ruddy rusty drown irving slide sow appalling profess sickly rides spoon imminent dominant leadership pinch wearily ducks diary duchess regain rum churchyard fondness apprehend ordinarily quicker thereon ni balloon individuality securely connecting celebrate bluff dawned amiss chalk + + + +sticking fuss dazed deputy forsake automobile discussions harrison refreshment amendment appealing eden vertical insufficient manchester hem gorge baptized damn silvery pastor inherent preventing inference advertisement mutton packing enclosure theft publisher spontaneous otto rats apparition refreshing irene sweetheart renounce lifeless adore vinegar normandy uncovered utility orphan symbols gracefully mightily peculiarity ash floods partake contemptible deities profane foreseen ti conceit commend twelfth bristol manifestation revive prone connect princely overtake improving downwards ferocious intervention subsistence susceptible tunnel disciple revival twins ivy puzzle citadel temporarily despotism internet mechanism stoop directors mathematics raft fade soothe pork substituted physically brilliancy dot loaf expanse shocking rudely isle + + + +balanced extracted fable matches index gerard cigars liver transmit dispatch onto veranda dip inexplicable liar diminish dungeon unit pagan phillips brig monopoly rim sordid complaining temperate chat gambling maps amber trot howl shipping ton magazines bricks submarine roberts cumberland cecil semblance palestine perpendicular regardless fervent sane wreath animation earthquake sloping smoothly tension intrigues fearfully macaulay laboratory cork comments whale wedded whiteness convicted deception paved scruple paintings therewith religions governing colleagues shrinking tickets prophetic undergo hare haze poisonous omit beware sagacity concession worker ted incline caste leapt dissatisfied hardest self control toilet buddha offense woodland gentry starvation grudge penance tips rooted outburst + + + +fortitude turk devour malignant accorded brandon anticipate speechless inquisition eccentric anecdote annals scrutiny burroughs rhythm discord marius diversion archie rat knit correspond detain dis esp interpret vehement soda naughty salon operate idly imperious peru candid whig blooming wharf disgraceful stunned redemption drain wage cooper embassy unfinished nasty impetuous cemetery oblivion prohibited breeches abound christine frivolous hugo essays plaster tap chairman dismiss katherine provoke reside deficient decoration heroism toe wade apparel hazel inability farthest invent knave twain carelessness affectation connections climax avowed industries brood tempting define antwerp forefathers stretches gratifying plight restricted cupboard ludicrous alms colossal stupidity monotony stimulus vigilance digest + + + +vale overcoat colorado wink nous rack incomprehensible antagonist methinks barley plateau superintendent indescribable expanded presentation archbishop devise rubber adieu exclude carts lone whisky abuses inflict nightfall counts chocolate privileged hermit exultation overtook coincidence scratch screw caravan divert eliza comparing hood explore glove chaste whirl adventurous skipper tiresome implements recompense plank insure laboured exaggeration mi shepherds lilies ballad befall cylinder teddy summary daresay photographs colleges dissolution geneva marches instituted seals vehemence chaplain knots wail kneel unlikely deceit challenged geography herald lowly peep swarm clarke joyfully engraved ll bowels purposely blindness systematic virtually conformity remedies maxim indexes marshall baking invincible impertinent bust + + + + +visage intuition mingle bathing arched investment tabernacle client ghostly furs catalogue dock tenor arouse verbal excessively brazil strenuous irishman recess unclean psalms analogy chemistry peninsula infer maritime secular hawk rein averted bake constantine oracle alley softness pierce spinning snatch manufactured launch psychology worms regulate farming fasten actress etiquette theater thanksgiving valor untouched tactics drug adverse gaunt conducting veritable overtaken distorted rosa nina quart caprice candy obliging planets soothed sic opium pavilion strait sanguine cords odour trout paste regularity metallic scrap convict instructive investigate celtic package pirate fiend moan revealing trades rounds accomplishments crawl aft prevalent role dose evans hypocrisy + + + +l salmon snap alma magical tire hetty impenetrable geese madly manifold noticeable pudding volcanic locke magnetic deals core decency observance durst scratched predecessor diplomacy wert impartial disinterested wig pump swedish norfolk reigns similarly reap dam facilities slippery transformation oxygen suburbs dares ornamental pondered fringe raiment henrietta wellington foreman feat thirteenth sultan certificate rue heresy arabia medal location ether ruby heading subdue adorn ancestor warmer cluster quotation fullest exposition custody thermometer plausible toss desperation rhetoric scornful bailey rung civility dingy scaffold concentration avarice scrape pools oar flutter martyr handy montague bait login commotion congenial drawers telescope deposits edwards craving bureau oscar + + + + +speculative huddled diverse slice renaissance angelo meg murderous serenity perspiration coventry impudent ardor necklace alight stimulated clifford steadfast genoa anglo saxon courier inflamed xi drill spelling respond seriousness fourteenth womb literal singers usefulness cloudy mortality profusion fleeting twentieth maturity surf weed phases overcame womanhood envious tapped latent whiskey relatively forbidding cleopatra willow mathematical sojourn booty camel implore amateur morally qualifications gasp gliding tested racing brightest joel extremes damascus labored peggy exit originality humming isolation sometime glee adult solace biography ff hardship lied donkey trader rumour amply confide favors perspective belgian withstand robust pro val eats snare monthly wines ignore envoy + + + +flown reverie jehovah contrive chatter judas nourishment reforms clatter adrian allude corrupted thorn junior tony calcutta re holt psychological constancy misunderstood signals drying harshly distressing novelist cyril editors intricate limestone forty five collision pebbles willie knitting ordeal foresee peas repast supplying clan abject dart berth bridal indirect unnoticed tint insults precedent twisting bully vacation 'll canon aisle click inspiring oval impracticable delirium cedar contradict ingratitude soften bewilderment servitude comely stump redeem spun elastic poultry horseman dictionary prettiest adoration icel wager involving pathway essex wistful advent gear celebration conceivable drowning faintest acquiring befell good looking wares rendezvous snug watery accompaniment chaps crawling lumber + + + +publishing customer mediaeval prints lavish md genesis rug analogous eleventh noah galley partition blunder glasgow fanciful ham rainbow sentinel hereby outlook smitten unmarried mice installed vivacity marking aesthetic consume resent pose contentment sterling veneration p m barking bower organism unintelligible emphatic occurring factors guise editorial impudence midday corporal sg aright nigger lily noun scout spit cursing friedrich manifestly marco battalion heritage brotherhood nun wad folding discerned powerfully mitchell helpful persist ellis frigate spotted atoms curves outlet erroneous violated withheld fairies inherit sledge taller supervision butt handsomely tank velocity arctic colleague pins butcher drowsy butterfly chart twin sunken exasperated narrowly collins insulting + + + +deficiency operating overthrown gallows diligent hindu blunt omen bleak vehemently wretchedness e'er ensure denotes sentenced unfair encampment possessor absorbing descendant sub drugs engineers independently bucket clerical ache glitter ordinance bamboo amsterdam vocation admirer limp pallid mildly organisation timothy dealer yorkshire auspicious deuce emblem gibson primarily reducing ritual decorations thigh groaning scant fiscal mien charging cor railing peers inferred sanctity accumulation cynical inspector wardrobe jesuit texture adjustment epistle adventurer priesthood seaman turbulent chant marsh palmer unaware vase ty initial baths weighty minimum correction morsel overlook meagre unanimous magician mystical twenty three inhabit shaggy unaccountable nightmare carbon coil lawless stairway willingness sarcasm crisp + + + +jerk tout vocabulary stroll poorly composing parliamentary controlling fitness thoughtless soames temperance illumination translations martyrdom mellow nationality jam austere shoots casually pensive flavour nets dice satisfactorily shrunk administer ante swine baptist listener unimportant genera contrivance deplorable museum benefactor tints alphabet rout scatter boer ftp steve extant bohemia misunderstanding universities dexterity rag inseparable punch brazen economical pernicious craig mythology drained bolted abel stride circumference meddle axis gum las kinder closes ferocity giddy secluded resisting satisfying reliable disgusting thirty six ethical raleigh crouching lash recital buddhist collapse unsatisfactory lore varies mainland scot repute cushion confound scrub myth flights oats layers ownership cape glimmer + + + + +scare waked bengal scrupulous equals redress brake nut stability crafty kirk bough momentous albeit enlarge hardness civilised dotted defiant timidity solar heartless thomson mat shun raid disclose suppression puff juncture beak unjustly foresaw rot aggressive predicted quaker grate lease ponderous maketh repaid charcoal chilly arrogance friction participation pier stale intoxicated commissioned ratio comb masterpiece wholesale embraces trodden ephraim shaw translate mortar recreation rite truthful cavalier caress si curling rivalry whim abreast thebes faust peg wilhelm pestilence ceremonial receiver sample distinctive consummate matron claiming plural initiative inexhaustible a m spider reed streak blocked titus smashed populous baronet commodore jelly advocates dinah + + + +salutation mutiny chronicles comforting serviceable parchment playful potato transient administrative anarchy barber revision operated farce germ profile provides noting disordered menacing heightened finance averse azure bathe campaigns lessen slate acquaint gin humiliating cleft conveyance chivalrous capricious tribune pilgrim entreaty womanly paltry sporting maker digestion bart infamy lambs gaping periodical standpoint amorous tub luxuriant basic mutually chris greed premature extinction boiler intimation scandalous separating oratory banish electrical herb multiply prosper friar nightly ole monkeys interminable enjoys similarity riddle cleaning subscription copious exclaim forged voting scourge darkly privacy arena bearded vera alacrity sensual spin neutrality flannel fasting trailer avert trustworthy jamaica unchanged + + + +traveler unfamiliar puffed mirrors phoebe father in law conform particle railways stupendous paddle innate reformation volley statistics agrees simpler padre congratulations lids muse inhabitant ishmael rustle clump calendar flute inaccessible yore jay repulsive fray po nomination conclusive peaceable beth inconceivable e'en emerald lava trillion uppermost arduous lyric downright reproduction foresight consistency ape senators pallor span salad snuff drooped greetings chestnut inquisitive vicar noel attic savings affirmative ills applications t dye gloucester nominal demonstrate dispense dissatisfaction merciless trusty coloring perusal plaintive discarded precarious infection ruinous bolts arithmetic considerate lark ethics conventions stumbling pitcher slips seine officially danube annoy glide impunity amends sol conveying + + + +abandonment mane tinge brim forenoon seventy five sparkle syllables shrug enchantment franz trait bribe composer preparatory audacious outskirts soiled fiddle football isaiah partnership continuation pioneer vest bass derby quarry rigging dizzy abnormal omission idolatry sequence squeeze cabbage canopy athletic shirley drunkenness intrusion 'cause assign tackle dreamt sceptre exacting parched eddy percentage twinkle curb sandstone invaluable fathom preferable adelaide advertising scraps lever muster cavity barbarian sleepless fried abstraction forefinger spade erection scorned pail withdrawal senator mortgage ancestral succour ma forbearance repress spouse valid witchcraft workmanship legacy proximity bombay paula incorporated muzzle reuben clusters valve compelling dissipated flickering guinea sup tarry derision vehicles + + + +accommodate glossy iris relic ant heath bug vocal downfall construct undue vapor bat whimsical contradictory unlocked foretold automatic explicit indolent mates artful downcast well being winston ordinances catharine effectively missions stalk indistinct pregnant reddish coveted fret peeping buck sumptuous indefinitely reliance panama cocked dad everyday intoxication aghast subterranean turmoil forfeit chasm inspect perverse precipitate dover ambush evermore mass blot nook verdure parapet jake cessation ankle classification fervently oddly haul saxony embarrassing hairy northwest disabled laurel preston arrogant hurts demonstrations splash curl livelihood wary scattering brace converts detestable abandoning somerset weakly clothe gem tremor surveying variable anniversary thirty two wrap curly diversity + + + + +prestige desertion freezing heedless sentry believer ram rowing negligence self sulphur discrimination cooling millionaire flowering meridian wins awed beastly nuisance abstain continental stanza target unwonted whit jason stall sham dictate empress gout jobs manure nigel sidewalk sate grievance axes bony invest birmingham ebb rabble restlessness cruise rally rumor hysterical girlish actively shortest marseilles cheque disregarded retort rocking emerge perch flask ka countryman lonesome manned unarmed wast frog twenty eight unscrupulous yarn victuals outrageous appropriation foolishness quickness adversity parma diseased iliad salutary smelt territorial hurricane irons canyon jeremiah brooklyn indulging vapour disobedience atrocious leaps tapestry provocation twenty six impotent smite acquitted os tumultuous + + + +barge palpable apprentice lances compartment godly sarcastic therefrom specifically uniformity emerging atonement whereabouts davy framework sponge mountainous annoying cot squirrel wand grind bang unreal blacksmith injunction scarcity withhold outright bavaria cement growl aggregate fraction exaltation inexorable jug purer sap illegal sister in law presses stealthily dissolve volcano hungarian equilibrium obstinately sullenly assassination commissions respectability bases maxwell resounded closest embroidery gunpowder reproof yale combining weaving earnings hamburg indoors manufacturers pitiless scarf picnic misled pompous brian respite exploit tracing geological passport confines dishonour executioner township vacancy acquiescence cornwall crumbling three quarters exploration needy stationary disconcerted wanderer beaver lookout onion depicted boisterous couples speakers woollen lightness + + + +bitten aux toleration lucia scar bohemian vested affinity carlo sous penitent simpson abiding ca immoral dishonest yawning mustache supplement whirlwind clash terence lamentable bennett farthing speck biscuit appellation gdp reserves uncouth birch armchair judy greasy leaden dough lining cleverness ascetic clutch krishna embark quotations friendliness liberally trance untrue rejection grating hanover inexperienced mon wintry stalwart meats stamping variance apiece firmament absorption apprehensive terminate wilful conveniently 'n' cleanliness collective angela filth philippines timely herein ignoble canton lamentations moslem ware adjective glen invade livid buggy prolong weaken folio dismissal quay enchanting heave purified syrian significantly experimental film repressed cooperation sequel wench calves +Retrieved from "http //en wiktionary org/wiki/Wiktionary Frequency_lists/PG/ / / " + +def g(): + global big + big = file('big.txt').read() + N = len(big) + s = set() + for i in xrange(6, N): + c = big[i] + if ord(c) > 127 and c not in s: + print i, c, ord(c), big[max(0, i-10):min(N, i+10)] + s.add(c) + print s + print [ord(c) for c in s] diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/nums.txt b/tests/pipeline_tests/test_content/nums.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 diff --git a/tests/pipeline_tests/tests.txt b/tests/pipeline_tests/tests.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4a32f298a --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/pipeline_tests/tests.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +cat.sh +grep.sh +uniq.sh +tr.sh +cat_tr.sh +cat_grep.sh +grep_uniq.sh +cat_grep_uniq.sh +cat_tr_grep_uniq.sh \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests/test_cases/dettests.txt b/tests/test_cases/dettests.txt index 5359f924d8..dc9ac9615f 100644 --- a/tests/test_cases/dettests.txt +++ b/tests/test_cases/dettests.txt @@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ poll.c sem_forks.c uds-getsockname.c uds-nb-select.c -uds-serverclient.c signal-simple.c signal-fork.c sigprocmask.c diff --git a/tests/test_cases/nondet.txt b/tests/test_cases/nondet.txt index 9b29b9f0dd..293717a334 100644 --- a/tests/test_cases/nondet.txt +++ b/tests/test_cases/nondet.txt @@ -28,3 +28,4 @@ statfs.c pipe2.c getifaddrs.c uds-socketselect.c +uds-serverclient.c diff --git a/tests/test_cases/uds-serverclient.py b/tests/test_cases/uds-serverclient.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c2a6131f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/test_cases/uds-serverclient.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +#!/bin/python2 +# Check if uds-serverclient.c runs correctly in native as it does within Lind + +import re +import sys +from collections import Counter + +# Receive result +lind_results = sys.argv[1] +native_results = sys.argv[2] + +# Extract output +lind_result_split = lind_results.split('\n') +native_result_split = native_results.split('\n') + +# Check if the number of lines are the same +if len(lind_result_split) != len(native_result_split): + print "Mismatched number of lines!" + exit(-1) + +# Check if same number of each line is contained in both lists +if Counter(lind_result_split) != Counter(native_result_split): + print "Mismatched lines!\nLind: " + lind_result_split + "\nNative: " + native_result_split + exit(-1) diff --git a/tests/test_cases/uds-socketselect.py b/tests/test_cases/uds-socketselect.py index c126f96262..c08ab67e54 100644 --- a/tests/test_cases/uds-socketselect.py +++ b/tests/test_cases/uds-socketselect.py @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import re import sys +from collections import Counter # Receive result lind_results = sys.argv[1] @@ -17,12 +18,14 @@ print "Mismatched number of lines!" exit(-1) -# Check if the lines are the same +# Replace specific fds in lines with * for i in range(len(lind_result_split)): if lind_result_split[i].find("New incoming connection") != -1 or lind_result_split[i].find("Descriptor") != -1: lind_result_split[i] = re.sub("\d", "*", lind_result_split[i]) if native_result_split[i].find("New incoming connection") != -1 or native_result_split[i].find("Descriptor") != -1: native_result_split[i] = re.sub("\d", "*", native_result_split[i]) - if lind_result_split[i] != native_result_split[i]: - print "Mismatched lines!\nLind: " + lind_result_split[i] + "\nNative: " + native_result_split[i] - exit(-1) + +# Check if same number of each line is contained in both lists +if Counter(lind_result_split) != Counter(native_result_split): + print "Mismatched lines!\nLind: " + lind_result_split + "\nNative: " + native_result_split + exit(-1)